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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOLUME: 56%

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1926

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~ The scientific publications of the National Museum include two
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.

The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium
for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the
National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology,
anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and
revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form,
are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations
and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects.
The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded
in the table of contents of each of the volumes.

The present volume is the sixty-seventh of this series.

The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consists of a
‘series of separate publications comprising monographs of large
zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally
in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogues.
of type-specimens, special collections, and other material of similar
nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a
quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates
were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear vol-
umes under the heading Contributions from the United States National
Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since
1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of
the Museum.

ALEXANDER WETMORE,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
Wasuineton, D. C., May 26, 1926.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AMARAL, AFRANIO DO. South American snakes in the collec-
tion of the United States National Museum. No. 2596, pp.
1-30 December 2a too ee te ark Os Bes wt Wk

Bartscu, Paut. Three new land shells from Mexico. No.
2994- pp. lb: December, 1925 ‘57 es

New species: Holospira (Holospira) orcutti, H. (H.) monclovana, H.
(Eudistemma) picta.

Basster, Ray S. and Frerpinanp Canu. (See FERDINAND
OFS 0) Veet eas eke Cp ELE Yi be Peebles Oe eral oe aMe a eee eee eee Eee

Canu, FERDINAND, and Ray S. Basser. Studies on the
Cyclostomatous Bryozoa. No. 2593, pp. 1-124. March
AO TOOL Sin REE ER cde Tene ly cea ed OM ose Det ea ore

New genera: Chartecytis, Multigalea, Diplocava.

New species: Proboscina coarctata, Berenicea parvula, B. grandipora,
B. faringdonensis, B. filifera, Clinopora quadripartita, Heteropora
nummularia, Multicrescis galaefera, M. parvipora, M. lamellosa, M.
mammillosa, M. pulchella, M. (Acanthopora) formosa, Ceriopora
tenuis, C. ovoidea, C. angustipedis, C. aequipedis, C. solida, C.
parvipora, C. nummularia, C. lobifera, C. fallax, C. spongioides,
C. dimorphocella, Defranciopora neocomiensis, Neuropora ramosa,
N. arbuscula, N. micropora, N. tenuinervosa, Neuroporella hemi-
spherica, Spinopora neocomiensis, Trigonoecia semota, Cardioeciea
verticellata, C. faringdonensis, C. pauper, Nematifera incrustans,
N. reticuloides, Cea granulata, Diaperoecia(?) simplex, D. orbifera,
Plethopora aptensis, Chartecytis compressa, Multigalea marginata,
Meliceritites transversa, Ceriocava grandipora, C. junctata, C.
multilamellosa, C. ingens, C. tenuirama, Diplocava incondita, D.
inordinata, D. orbiculifera, D. globulosa, Leiosoecia aequiporosa,
L. grandipora, L. proxima, Clausa cranet, C. zonifera, Repto-
clausa denticulata, Tretocycloecia(?) multiporosa, T. densa, Latero-
cavea intermedia, Siphodictyum irregulare, Zonopora compressa.

New varieties: Stomatopora granulata, var. neocomiensis, Cardioecia
neocomiensis parvula, C. n. entalophoroides.

Casanowicz, I. M. The dragon god (Dai-Ja) in Idzumo,
Japan. A Japanese Tale. No. 2587, pp. 1-4. May 23,
ND pe te Sar es Suey yay py ee we fe es ae

Article

1 Date of publication.

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS

CusHMAN, JosepH A. Foraminifera of the genera Siphogene-
rina and Pavonina. No. 2597, pp. 1-24. March 9, 1926 1_

New species: Siphogenerina mexicana, Pavonina mexicana.
New varieties: Siphogenerina raphanus, var. tropica, S. striata, var.
curta, S. dimorpha, var. pacifica.

CusHMAN, R. A. Ten new North American Ichneumon-flies.
No. 2595, pp.1=13 3. Mebruary 2, 1926 022 220 aa ee

New species: Neotypus americanus, Anisobas nearcticus, A. bicolor,
Apaeleticus americanus, Polycyrtus neglectus Brachycryptus niger,
Syzeuctus sigmoidalis, S. epischniae, Campoplex digitatus, Cre-
mastus (Cremastus) sinuatus.

GARDNER, Leon L. The adaptive modifications and the
taxonomic value of the tongue in birds. No. 2591, pp. 1-49.
September 25,1925 4. a5 ee og ye eee

Howe ti, A. Brazier. Asymmetry in the skulls of mam-
mals. No. 2599, pp. 1-18. December 31, 19251_______--

Hyman, O. W. Studies on the larvae of crabs of the family
Xanthidae.. .No. 2575, pp. 1-22. June 1, 1925+___.-_.2

Kertioce, RemMincTton. Supplementary observations on the
skull of the fossil porpoise Zarhachis flagellator Cope. No.
2600, pp». 1-18. Hebruary 24,1926 7— ee

MacCatium, G. A. Eggs of a new species of nematoid worm
from a shark. No. 2588, pp. 1-2. May 9, 1925722 lus: _-

McAteer, W. L., and J. R. Mattocu. Revision of bugs of
the family Cryptostemmatidae in the collection of the
United States National Museum. No. 2585, pp. 1-42.
dune TQ POD 5A Se are Ae 52 RISE ac EEO a oo ee

New genera: Ceratocomboides, Hoplonannus, Membracioides.

New species: Ceratocombus (Ceratocombus) areolatus, C. (C.) hes-
perus, C. (Xylonannus major, C. (X.) cuneatus, C. (X.) vagans,
Cryptostemma pedunculatum, C. smithi, C. uhleri, Ceratocom-
boides prima, Schizoptera (Orthorhagus) plana, S. (Odontorhagus)
bipartita, S. (O.) repetita, S. (O.) clodius, S. (O.) decius, S. (O.)
commodus, S. (O.) drusus, S. (Kophaegis) cubensis, S. (K.)
similis, S. (Zygophleps) unica, S. (Cantharocoris) reuteri, S. (C.)
uhleri, S. (C.) elmis, S. (C.) scymnus, S. (Schizoptera) reticulata,
S. (S.) hirta, S. (S.) caudata, S. (S.) mexicana, S. (S.) paraguayana,
S. (S.) pilosa, S. (S.) nigrita, S. GS.) apictpunctata, S. (S.) licinius,
S. (S.) vitellius, S. (Lophopleurum) sulcata, S. (L.) bispina, S. (L.)
tenuispina, Corixidea crassa, C. major, Membracioides parallela,
Nannocoris cavifrons, N. nasua, N. schwarzi, N. flavomarginata,
Hoplonannus brunnea, Hypselosoma boops.

New variety: Ceratocombus areolatus, var. accola.

1 Date of publication.

Article

- kG

TABLE OF CONTENTS

McATEE, W. L., and J. R. Mattocn. Revision of the Ameri-
can bugs of the Reduviid subfamily Ploiariinae. No. 2573,
ee ale Aree Ne Oe LOA) ee ee SN ee en a

New genus: Polauchenia.

New species: Empicoris orthoneuron, E. winnemana, E. reticulatus,
E. subparallelus, E. nudus, Stenolemus pristinus, S. pallidipennis,
S. variatus, S. interstitialis, S. hirtipes, S. mexicanus, S. spiniger,
S. perplexus, Deliastes stramineipes, Emesa (Emesa) marmoratus, E.
(Myiagreutes) minor, E. testaceus, E. (Rothbergia) testaceus, EH.
(R.) rapax, E. (R.) diffinis, Polauchenia protentor, P. biannulata,
Ploiaria brunnea, P. sicaria, P. setulifera, P. varipennis, P. granu-
lata, P. bispina, P. albipennis, P. umbrarum, P. pilicornis, P. un-
iseriata, P. punctipes, P. similis, P. denticauda, P. aptera, Gardena
caesonia, G. crispina, G. domitia, G. eutropia, G. marcia, G. messali-
na, G. pipara, G. pyrallis, G. aggripina, G. faustina, G. poppaea,
Emesaya banksi, E. incisa, E. lineata, E. modica, E. apiculata, E.
pollex, E. manni, Metapterus aberrans, M. neglectus, Ghilianella
bicaudata, G. simillima, G. persimilis, G. longula, G. alveola, G.
minimula, G. succincta, G. aliena, G. alterata, G. maculata, G. per-
sonata, G. perversa, G. apiculata, G. ica, G. pachitea, G. colona, G.
aracataca, G. cuneata, G. gladiator, G. stipitata, G. simi ata, G.
pendula, G. approximata, G. globulata, G. patruela, G. recondita, G.
perigynium, G. signata, G. strigata, G. subglobulata, G. uncinata,
G. mirabilis, G. peruviana, G. annectens, G. truncata, G. (Ploeo-
donyx) amicula, G. (P.) glabrata.

New name: Emesaya.

New subgenera: Stenolemoides, Rothbergia.

New subspecies: Emesaya brevepennis australis, E. b. occidentalis.

Miannooned. Kh. (See MoAtmn. Wl.) ono oe ee eee

MarsHat_, Witi1am B. Microscopic sculpture of pearly
fresh-water mussel shells. No. 2576, pp. 1-14. March 23,
10 ES ae aR os an Aoi To De ne egg er pr Ee a

Mason, Preston W. A revision of the insects of the aphid
genus Amphorophora. No. 2592, pp. 1-92. September 23,
EL Rae SR ai sai RL a WR Pe tn ata cal ag RIL CN ie cro
New species: Amphorophora alni, A. azaleae, A. borealis, A. braggi,
A. davidsoni, A. hayhursti, A. laingi, A. maxima, A. minima, A.
mitchelli, A. pallida, A. pergandei, A. reticulata, A. rhododendronia,
A. takahashii, A. vaccinit.

New names: Amphorophora cosmopolitana, A. essigwanat.
MERRILL, GEORGE P. A new meteoric stone from Baldwyn,
Mississippi. No. 2578, pp. 1-2. May 22, 19251______.--

Notes on the meteoric stone of Colby, Wisconsin. No.
57k ap. 13... May 28, 1905 steko A sentemheh ”poiewgy

1 Date of publication.

VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS

Article

MuEsEBEcK, C. F. W. A revision of the parasitic wasps of
the genus Microbracon occurring in America north of
Mexico. . No. 2580; pp: 1-85; Miay 25, 925s 72 8

New species: Microbracon punctatus, M. sphenophori, M. pyralidi-
phagus, M. rudbeckiae, M. tenwiceps, M. tychii, M. pini, M. sesiae,

M. thurberiphagae, M. pityophthori, M. laemosacci, M. oenotherae,
M. tachypteri, M. geraei, M. cerambycidiphagus.

New names: Microbracon cushmani, M. ashmeadt.

Notman, Howarp. A review of the beetle family Pseudo-
morphidae, and a suggestion for a rearrangement of the
Adephaga, with descriptions of a new genus and new
species. No. 2586, pp. 1-34.. May 25, 19251______....- 14

New genus: Cainogenion.

New species: Adelotopus niger, A. puncticollis, A. serie-punctatus,
Pseudomorpha falli, P. hubbardi, P. tenebroides, P. alutacea,

P. vicina, P. van dykei, P. consanguinea, P. vindicata, P. arrowt,
P. confusa, P. champlaini, P. schwarzi.

—— A synoptic review of the beetles of the tribe Osoriini
from the western hemisphere. No. 2583, pp. 1-26. April
SOTO tao so aha a a Gz Sie yg ees eee 1

New genera: Ouloglene, Oryssomma.

New species: Ouloglene barberi, Oryssomma_ schwarzi, Osorius
hubbardi, O. parviceps, O. breviceps, O. schwarzi, O. minor, O
brevipennis, O. laeviceps, O. carinicollis, O. exiguus, O. variolatus
O. difficilis, O. crenulifrons, O. manni, O. buscki, O. confusus,

O. morio.

Ross, CLarENCcE S., and Earu V. SHannon. The origin, oc-
currence, composition, and physical properties of the mineral
iddingsité: >" No. 25795 pp: 1-19: "May -15) 19257423 228 7 7

Scuwartz, Bensamin. A new species of hookworm from a
North American raccoon. No. 2598, pp. 1-4. December 2,

1925 F2,0 Se Dee ot ee Ee A Ae Res ee 26

New species: Uncinaria lotoris.

—— Two new larval nematodes belonging to the genus Por-
rocaecum from mammals of the order Insectivora. No.

2589: pp. t-8. > May 23 1905002 ae eg
New species: Porrocaecum encapsulatum, P. americanum.
SHANNON, Haru V. (See CLARENCE S. Ross)_._._.-------- 7
Sprincer, Frank. Occurrence of the crinoid genus Apiocri-
nus in America. No 2590, pp. 1-5. April 8, 19251... _- 18

New species: A piocrinus tehuantepec.
—— The genus Pentacrinus in Alaska. No. 2577, pp. 1-7.
Moaiy?:22.°1925, tion sco nh se ee 2 eee eee 5

1 Date of publication.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPRINGER, FRANK. Unusual forms of fossil crinoids. No.
2esiepoel (a7. Menruary 15, 192602: 2h ck.

New genera: Ammonicrinus, Paradichocrinus, Ulrichicrinus.

New species: Myelodactylus brevis, M. extensus, M. keyserensis, M,
schucherti, Ammonicrinus wanneri, Camptocrinus praenuntius, C.
crawfordsvillensis, C. plenicirrus, C. multicirrus, Macrostylocrinus
recumbens, Acrocrinus praecursor, A. intermedius, Paradichocrinus
planus, Ulrichicrinus oklahoma, Zeacrinus girtyi.

TREADWELL, A. L. A list of the annelids collected by Captain
R. A. Bartlett in Alaska, 1924, with description of a new
species. No. 2601, pp. 1-38. November 18, 19251. ___.--

New species: Enipo cirrata.

—— A new species of polychaetous annelid from Uruguay,

Aphrodita magna. No. 2584, pp.1-3. April 11, 19251}__-
New species: A phrodita magna.

WHITEBREAD, CHARLES. The Indian medical exhibit of the
Division of Medicine in the United States National Mu-
Seume? Now2582/ pp. 1-26. duly 22, 1925)" ey

Article

1 Date of publication.

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ane { wy A
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A Ts
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{ = q ‘ 8 - ud
7 af

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES
REVISION OF THE AMERICAN BUGS OF THE REDUVIID SUBFAMILY PLOIARIINAE

By W. L. McAtee and J. R. Malloch

Facing page
1. Structural details of Emesopsis, Empicoris, and Stenolemus_...._.___- 136
2. Structural details of Stenolemus and Myiophanes___----------------- 139
3. Structural details of Deliastes, Panamia, Lutevopsis, and Emesa_-__---- 140
4, Structural details of Emesa, Polauchenia, and Ploiaria__..----------- 143
5) suructural. details of Plovaria and Gardena-.._..22 0-5 __- 222-2 144
6. Structural details of Gardena and Emesaya___---------------------- 147
7. Structural details of Metapterus and Ischnonyctes_-.....-.----------- 148
8. puructural details of Gialianclars.2_ 222 e254 25 ee sete 151
eo sceucturalydetails of Ghulianelia =. =20 2-2 Seek ee os 8 tous lls 152
NoTES ON THE METEORIC STONE OF CoLBy, WISCONSIN
By George P. Merrill
ft; (Metegric stone from Colby, Wisconsim. < --2 =~. 22 4
STUDIES ON THE LARVAE OF CRABS OF THE FAMILY XANTHIDAE
By O. W. Hyman
1-2), Larvae of-crabs-of the family Kanthidac sy. of joe 22
3-5. Xanthid larvae of the genus Neopanope_____.._----__-------_--- 22
6-7. Appendages of larvae of the genus Neopanope_____._____-_-_----- 22
8. Xanthid larvae of the genus Neopanope_____.._...-......_-_--- = 22
9. Xanthid larvae of the genus Hurypanopeus_______.-_-.__--------- 22
105 -Xanthid larvae of thegenus | Panopeuss —— = 552 eee ee 22,
le Xanthid larvaervof the sens eianthos )_— bal ee 22
12yylarvyae of crabsof thefamily Manthidacss— 9 =—- 2555220505 ol 22
13, Xanthid larvae of theigenus:, Menippe_ 222-2 22
145 Xanthid Jarvaevot the: cenus Pilumnus. 222-82 se 22
MIcROSCOPIC SCULPTURE OF PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSEL SHELLS
By William B. Marshall
1-4. Microscopic sculpture of fresh-water mussels_____________________ 14
THE GENUS PENTACRINUS IN ALASKA
By Frank Springer
1. The.crinoid genus Pentacrinws im Alaska. 223.21.) 3 20 lessee 5 bs seL2 8
A NEW METEORIC STONE FROM BALDWwyYN, MISSISSIPPI
By George P. Merrill
1. The Baldwyn, Mississippi, meteoric stone____________-_-_-------_-- 2

XIT LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

THE ORIGIN, OCCURRENCE, COMPOSITION, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE

By Clarence S. Ross and Earl V. Shannon
Facing page
1-2. Photomicrographs of Iddingsite-bearing rocks____________.______- 20

A REVISION OF THE PARASITIC WASPS OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON
OCCURRING IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

By C. F. W. Muesebeck

1. Details ofsMicrobracor ee teks Ee es Teese ha yee ee 84
2: Wings of Species: Of Miacrobnacon= = ae se ee 84

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS
By Frank Springer
1—26= Unusualforms of LOssilicrimOlG Sa ee 98

Tue INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT OF THE DIVISION OF MEDICINE IN
THE UNITED StTaTES NATIONAL MuUsEUM

By Charles Whitebread

1. History of medicine exhibits—East gallery_.._...._....-.-.---------- it
2. Indian medicineexhibitas 223 222 ae eee eee 1

REVISION OF BUGS OF THE FAMILY CRYPTOSTEMMATIDAE IN THE
COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

By W. L. McAtee and J. R. Malloch

1. Structural characters of Cryptostemmatinae:..-....£--.---__.-_-__ 42
2. Structural characters of Schizopterinae. 2 42 225-5 fo ae ee 42
Se Wil SScOL SCHIUZO PTCA ee ee eee ea eg 42
4. Hypopygial characters of Schizopterinae.____..___..-._....--..i--- 42

THE DRAGON Gop (Dai-Ja) 1n Ipzumo, JAPAN (A JAPANESE TALB)
By I. M. Casanowicz
13 Dhe dragon god (Dai-Ja) ingidzumo. japan. es se eee 1
e

EGGs OF A NEW SPECIES OF NEMATOID WORM FROM A SHARK
By G. A. MacCallum

1. Eggs of Capillaria carcharhini, new species___...------------------- 2

Two NEW LARVAL NEMATODES BELONGING TO THE GENUS PoR-
ROCAECUM FROM MAMMALS OF THE ORDER INSECTIVORA

By Benjamin Schwartz
1. New larval nematodes of the genus Porrocaecum___.---------------- 8
OCCURRENCE OF THE CRINOID GENUS APIOCRINUS IN AMERICA
By Frank Springer

1. Apiocrinus and other crinoid generas. 2295222 ease ee eee 6

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XIII
THE ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS AND THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF
THE TONGUE IN BIRDS
By Leon L. Gardner
Facing page
1. Series illustrating multiple tubular tongues, modifications of a general-
IZeGet ype Pattern op} we 8 a4 See ab os Sea Sea ce se skens 34
2. Tongues adaptively modified for an omnivorous diet, fish fare, rap-
torial feeding, or food strained from water_.__...-..-.-..-----~-- 35
3. Spearing tongues, tongues of seed and fruit feeders, flower frequenters,
ANGETUGIMeNUATYE byPeS oo =e aoe ears = ee ee ee 36
4A. Tongues of various water: birds:. 322525232 2-2-4 58 ole woes Birt
Do LON CUCsEOleVATIONS DIGS! soo oa eA Fo Oe ee oe a 38
Gm NoneuestOlevArlOUS DITGS™ 2oia ee aie ae pS a ys oe 39
7. Tongues of Gruiformes and Charadriufermes=—~__..-.......2-...-= 40
Sa bongs Or VATIOUS DIKGS i hg a ee ee ee Se ee 41
Oe Nonguesioiyarlous DITGS <- - -oo + ese ome ee Ce Ae eae 42
On hangues.o@ CaprimUlgins2 95s ot ere ee ee ot eee 43
fieeonpiestoimeasserii OFMes 442 ae eae ee oo eS 44
te hongucs-OlebasseMiOrmeso 2.224 22. eo es Se et 45
3 -Tongueciomibasceriformes= a= 52 = = =< eae oe oc ee oS 46
i lungics Ofme asseriionticge= 5225 kee ie eee eee ee 47
5 sULoneueniOn Passermornics: 302022 Oe Me ea Oe ee ee 48
16a Vonguesof, Passeriiormes. 24. 2s a= 22 Dee eo eS seg 49
A REVISION OF THE INSECTS OF THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA
By Preston W. Mason
11S. eApmeds of the genus Amnhorophora-= 2s. 52= "52 2.62 8 - == 74-91
STUDIES ON THE CycLosTOMATOUS BRYOZOA
By Ferdinand Canu and Ray S. Bassler
1-31. Lower Cretaceous Cyclostomatous Bryozoa_-_...-------------- 94-124
THREE NEW LAND SHELLS FROM MEXICO
By Paul Bartsch
ie Newland shelisftronteNiexicos 22-2220 2" Naka sneer e 6
FORAMINIFERA OF THE GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA
By Joseph A. Cushman
i548 Species:ofSiphogencrimas .cse.25 205 nce ee ee 24
Ga Speciesiolohavonevauoven eee oo Ue seek eee ek eee eee 24
ASYMMETRY IN THE SKULLS OF MAMMALS
By A. Brazier Howell
i. Skullof monkey, Lasvopyga griseovirides= —- -< 2225 2-=--2 2 ele 18
2. Skulliof monkey, Dasiopyga griseoviridis=.._ 12 22 22-2...--_--=-.---- 18
Soop RCN far ort Sate ees eee MO Diapl k e eeee eS eee 18
A hecthieandeskullion gorilla’. 298 see. 2s nee eee ee ee ee 18
Seas MulisronmoniliarandaseaeroOne te ea (he ese e ee ewe ne 18

XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Facing page
6. Mandibles of gorilla and ‘seajlion= 2 ae ea ee eee 18
7: Skull of male‘sea ‘Vion = 2.5 SS ee See ae eee epee ee 18
8: Skull of female ‘sea, lion 2232 aas ee: See ee eee eee 18
SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF THE FOSSIL POR-
POISE ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR COPE
By Remington Kellogg
1. Dorsal view of skull of Zarhachts flagellator2. (2202 ee 18
2. Frontal view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator................--_----- 18
3. Posterior view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator..........._._-_------ 18
4, Lateral view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator_.._...........______---- 18
5. Ventral view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator._......._.._.....-.--_-- 18
TEXT FIGURES
UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS
By Frank Springer
1, Analysis of calyx of Agassizocrnius._ 222 = ee ee 62
2. (1-9 Zeacrinus; variations in anal area. 1. Z. elegans; 2. Z. comma-
ticus; 3. Z. girtyi; 4,5. Z. magnoliaeformis; 6,7, 8,9. Z. wortheni-_- 83

CHONATAR WN

THE INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT OF THE Division oF MEDICINE IN
THE UNITED States Nationa Musrum

By Charles Whitebread

py eriest-doctoris lod gewe tt Ske oe ee ae ee eee

. A ‘Blackfoot ipriestedoctor: 2. 52 ee ee ee
Indian prophet’s lodge 2-55.) jo Sede ee ee eee ee eee
Medicine mantremoving diseases ta.) 92. See ee ee

. Herbalist doctor preparing medicines 22 2-2 2h 2) Sees eee

Medicine man administering to patient__________..___-------------
Siouximedicine: Maniss26 6.” aa ee ee

. Medicine bowl= st . 34.2228 a a ee ae
. ndian-mortar and! pestle ses 2-2 =. ee ae ee ee
. Wild=cherry bark. 2-222 222,5- 622522. -- ee eee eee

. Sudatory (sweat). baths. cee 3.2 i a a Se ee
, uancets and ‘scarificator. see ee ee ee ee

A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCHAETOUS ANNELID FROM URvGUAY,
APHRODITA MAGNA

By A. L. Treadwell

and 2. (1) Anterior end X< 7.5. The large facial tubercle is shown
under the median tentacle. (2) Fourth parapodium X 2. The elytron
is bent so as to lie parallel with the vertical face of the parapodium_---

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XV

STUDIES ON THE CycLosToMATOUS BRYOZOA
By Ferdinand Canu and Ray S. Bassler

Facing page

1. Clinopora quadripartita, new species. A, B, longitudinal and trans-

verse sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon,
AERTS ge LEA TG) ees eee eyes eee RS Cas fe I meh 12

2. Genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1881. <A. Multicrescis lamellosa, new

species. Portion of a transverse section, X 16, with two lamellae.

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. B. M.

galaefera, new species. Meridian section, * 16. The subcolonies

grow from a lateral tube of an inferior subcolony. Lower Creta-
ceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_---__.._._....-.----- 14

3. Genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1852. A, B. Multicrescis landrioti

Michelin, 1841. <A. Portion of a meridian section, < 16, showing

two superposed lamellae. B. Sketch, X 30, exhibiting annular

structure of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-

Croix, Switzerland. C. Multicrescis parvipora, new species. Meri-

dian section, X 16. The tubes of the enveloping lamellae are per-

pendicular to the tubes of the primitive zoarium. Each lamella is

formed of a variable number of subcolonies. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.__. 2 ==. -.-- =... 15

4, Multicrescis pulchella, new species. A. Transverse section, X 16, of

a hollow zoarium. The external lamella seems to have had only

one tube of origin. B. Longitudinal section through the same

zoarium, X 16, showing the tube of origin which gave rise to the

external lamella. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
UG ZC TAL 1 Ge setae te a eee Bee een) eet OY See eee 17

5. Certopora ovoidea, new species. A. Meridian section, X 16, through

a zoarium with definite zonal lines. Lower Cretacious (Valangian) :
NAIMLO-CPOLS.. OWILZELIAN Gs 9 2. oes Se ee eee ee 20

6. Ceriopora ovoidea, new species. B. Meridian section of another zoa-

rium, X 16, in which the zonal lines have been transformed into

basal lamellae. The main zoarial tubes are oriented in a different

direction from those of the primitive zoarium. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian) > Sante-Croix,owluzerland. 2222-5 ee 22

7. Ceriopora angustipedis, new species. Meridian section, X 16, en-

tirely across a zoarium. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-

Grote SO WloZerlan Ge tes eee Da eed ee ee ra 23
8. Ceriopora aequipedis, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland____________-- 24
9. Ceriopora solida, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower Cre-
taceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_______________--- 25
10. Ceriopora parvipora, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_____________- 26

11. Ceriopora nummularia, new species. Longitudinal section, X 16,
exhibiting the moniliform tubes with large vesicles and the zonal
lines. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland__- 26
12. Ceriopora lobifera, new species. A meridian section, X 16. The
zonal lines are transformed sometimes into basal lamellae. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland___________-_- 27
13. Ceriopora fallax, new species. A meridian section, X 16. The zonal
lines are transformed into basal lamellae. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_______________________-_- 28

XVI

15.

16.

lye

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Facing page

Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species. Portion of a meridian section,
16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England_-_-_--------
Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909. Meridian section, X 16,
showing superposed cellular lamellae, and the thick walls with large
vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England_-_-_-_-
Defranciopora neocomiensis, new species. Meridian section through a
characteristic specimen, 16, with potential zonal lines. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland__________----
Mecynoecia icaunensis D’Orbigny, 1850. A-—B. Transverse and longi-
tudinal sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-
Croix, Switzerland. - 52 0056 2 «ho Beye ase eee
Genus Trigonoecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Trigonoecia tubu-
losa D’Orbigny, 1851. A. Longitudinal section, < 16, of the hollow
zoarium, showing cylindrical tubes with dorsal gemmation. B.
Transverse section of a branch, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valan-
gian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D. Trigonoecia neocomiensis
D’Orbigny, 18538. Portion of a longitudinal section, X 16, showing
the triparietal gemmation and the club-shaped tubes. D. Trans-
verse section, X 16, exhibiting the polygonal form of the tubes.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland __-_-____-
Genus Cardioecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Cardioecia neocomi-
ensis D’Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal and transverse sections, X 16.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D.
Cardioecia verticillata, new species. Longitudinal and transverse
sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland. E, F, G. Cardioecia faringdonensis, new species.
E, F. Two transverse sections, X 16, with the median lamella short
and curved in the second. G. Portion of a meridian section, X 16,
showing the form of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Far-
Ingdon, JM eaN des ees ea NR ee ee rl cee ee ee
Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal and transverse
sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzeriand 2 seis hes aE een oy ye ek op er
Mesenteripora marginata D’Orbigny, 1853. Transverse section, X 16.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_______-_
Notoplagioecia faringdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Two
transverse sections, X 16. C. Longitudinal section, * 16, showing
the club-shaped tubes, the pseudofacettes, and the vesicular walls.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England____-_-____---_-_-
Cea granulata, new species. A, B. Longitudinal and transverse sec-
tions, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England____
Fasciculipora flabellata D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal thin sec-
tion, X 16. B. Meridian thin section, * 16, in the vicinity of a
bifureation. C. Zooecial walls, X 35, showing the arrangement of
vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland -
Genus Plethopora Hagenow, 1851. A, B. Plethopora malmi Hennig,
1894. A. Zoarium, X 2.6. B. Longitudinal section magnified,
showing zooecial tubes (z) and the nematopores (f) (A, B, after
Hennig, 1894). Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. C, D. Plethopora
aptensis, new species. C. Longitudinal section, * 16, showing the
nematopores with thickened walls and the large axial tubes. D.
Transverse section, X 16, exhibiting the base of the salient fascicles
with open tubes and the thin zone of nematopores. Lower Creta-
ceous (Aptian): Earingdon, England=3—2 222 2== SS eee ee

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

XVII

Facing page

Plethoporella ramulosa D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section,
X 8, in a zoarium containing a partially enveloping subcolony, the
initial tube of which is at r. B. Portion of fig. A, X 16. C. Part
of longitudinal section, X 16, through a tuberosity where the tubes
are broader. D. Portion of a transverse section, X 16. E. Tan-
gential section, X 16, showing the larger tubes of the tuberosities
and the other smaller tubes. Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) :
EVO eT rE Th CG eee ee open ages cree er weeey aA eeicee Ae SR 5 TOES Wok RN Ste ae

Chartecytis compressa, new species. A meridian section, X 16, show-
ing the special method of ramification of the branches. B. Longi-
tudinal section, X 16, illustrating the peripheral gemmation. C.
Transversal thin section, X 16. D. Zooecial walls, X 45, showing
the minute central vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-
@TOUR SMSO UZELIA IN es oe Rents me eee Ln eearan ys Daas 2 Ee eS

Retenoa campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal section, X 16,
showing the cylindrical tubes and the intrazoarial gemmation.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland __-_-_---_-

Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section,
xX 16. The tubes are thickened at their extremity. B. Transverse
section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Swale ze rl am lee ee Me air ee ele mie Slee Meee Dn eee OR ee

Multifascigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Transverse section, X
4, showing the origin of a superior subcolony. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian); Sainte-Croix, Switzerland__-_-_---- GMEDO ABEL AS Baty MA

Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909. Longitudinal section, X 16. Lower
Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England--.--.---------:------

Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845. A. Transverse section X 16.
B. Longitudinal section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. The
tubes are widened and have dorsal gemmation. Cretaceous: Le-
PROT OVS Cee Yeas a Sid a Rg SO oe eee a

Meliceritites transversa, new species. A. Transverse section, X 16,
made between the orifices. The peristomes were in transverse
somewhat oblique rows which causes the helicoidal arrangement of
the peripheral tubes. B. Transverse section, X 16, cutting some
orifices. C. Longitudinal section, X 16. The clear tubes are cut
along the median axis while the shaded ones are cut tangentially to
their walls, this arrangement resulting from the disposition of the
peristomes in transverse rows. At the center is a long tube which
may branch. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England__--

Ceriocava junctata, new species. Transverse section, X 16, through
a solid cylindrical branch. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-
@rorx- “Switzer lam ce sts SS ed STS REEDS ig te

Ceriocava multilamellosa, new species. A. Transverse section of
specimen D, X 16. B. Transverse section, X 16. C. Section
through a branch, < 16, in which the exterior lamella is engendering
an adventitious branch. D. Longitudinal section (see also A), X
16, in which the orifices are arranged in quincunx. E. Longitudinal
section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. F. Longitudinal sec-
tion, X 16, through a multilamellar branch. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland...--.......---~----------

XVII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44,

Facing page

Diplocava incondita, new species. A. Longitudinal section, < 16,
through a specimen with two joined branches. B. Longitudinal
section, X 16, through the extremity of a branch in which the tubes
have facettes. The walls are hollow and moniliform. Lower Cre-
taceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland________________-

Diplocava inordinata, new species. Longitudinal section, X 16, ex-
hibiting the variations in diameter of the tubes at their extremity.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_______-

Diplocava globulosa, new species. A. Meridian section, X 16, show-
ing the many enveloping lamellae. B. Tangential thin section, <X
16. Dimorphism occurs. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-
Groix,;(Switzerlan dyts 52 5 e008 =e ps oye 2 ie fe ae

Genus Letosoecia Canu and Bassler, 1920. A-—B. Leiosoecia proxima,
new species. A. Longitudinal section, X 16, through a specimen
with an extra lamellar layer. B. Transverse section, < 16, of the
same specimen. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland. C. Leiosoecia aequiporosa, new species. Transverse
thin section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous. D. Leiosoecia grandi-
pora, new species. Longitudinal thin section, X 16, showing the
rarity of mesopores. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland .- 28 222 eae SU ee oe ee Se ee ee

Leiosoecia constanti D’Orbigny, 1850. A. Longitudinal section, X 16,
showing the zonal lines and the undulated tubes with their dia-
phragms. B. Portion of a transverse section, < 16, illustrating
the polygonal form of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) :
sainte-Croix, Switzerland: =U. 30268 2 a ee

Clausa zonifera, new species. A. Longitudinal section, X 16. The
dactylethrae are produced by dichotomous branching of the walls
(peripheral gemmation). B. Transverse section, X 16. The dis-
persion of the small tubes among the large ones show that gemma-
tion occurs at all distances from the central axis by regular periph-
eral dichotomous branching. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faring-
don; ‘Pnpland’)) 2524 Soe ce oe os ee ee

Tretocycloecia densa, new species. A, B. Longitudinal sections, X 16.
The mesopores are almost closed by thick tissue. Lower Cretaceous
(Aptian): *Barmgdon;, Hingland 2 oe ee eee eee

Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Meridian section, X 16,
through a growing branch, showing the lozenge-shaped areas. B.
Longitudinal section, X 16, with an accessory exterior lamella at
the left. C. Meridian section, X 16, showing mesopores only in
the lateral faces. D. Transverse section, X 16, through a normal
branch. E. Longitudinal section, X 16, illustrating the cylindrical
tubes with triparietal gemmation around a central tube. Lower
Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England___.......------------

Genus Siphodictyum Lonsdale, 1849. A—E. Siphodictyum irregulare,
new species. A. Transverse section, X 16, showing the polygonal
tubes. B. Another transverse section, 16, exhibiting the central
axis. C. Tangential section, < 16, illustrating the arrangement of
the vacuoles around the orifices. D. Longitudimal section, X 16.
The vacuoles perforate the epitheca all around the zoarium. E.
Longitudinal section, X 16, showing the cylindrical tubes and the
vacuoles perforating the epitheca. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian):
Faringdon, England. F-H. Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849.
F. Transverse section, X 16. G. Meridian section, X 16. H.
Longitudinal section, * 16, with the vacuoles perforating the thick
epitheca. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England _-----

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XIX

Facing page
45. Sparsicavea irregularis D’Orbigny, 1851. A. Transverse section, X 16.
B. Longitudinal section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Far-

Te MOTE ANG eee eee ee tel Sl Ate ee ee rs 91
46. Genus Corymbopora Michelin, 1845. A. Corymbopora? cupula D’Or-
bigny, 1853. Meridian section, X 16. Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
Le Mans, France. B, C. Corymbopora neocomiensis D’Orbigny,
1853. B. Transverse section, X 8. The tubes are polygonal with
walls adjacent and larger at the zoarial center. C. Longitudinal
section, X 16, in a branch with three pinnules. The walls of the
tubes are moniliform. Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,

BS RUC EneU ING peers he ett ie el Se oe oy eae 92

A NEW SPECIES OF HOOKWORM FROM A NortH AMERICAN RACCOON
By Benjamin Schwartz

1-3. Uncinaria lotoris, new species. 1, Anterior end of worm viewed
from the side. 2, Surface view of the anterior end of the worm,
from the side, showing the sutures. 3, Posterior end of female.
a., anus; d., dorsal ray; e. d., externo-dorsal ray; e. l., externo-
lateral ray; gub., gubernaculum; J. v., latero-ventral ray; m. l.,
medio-lateral ray; p. /., postero-lateral ray; sp., spicule; v. v.,
VENLTO-VONUTAl TAVa = Siac ee eon 2 ae eres oe ea

4, Uncinaria lotoris, new species. Posterior end of male_____________

ow bo

A LIST OF THE ANNELIDS COLLECTED BY CapTaIN R. A. BARTLETT
IN ALASKA, 1924, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

A. L. Treadwell

1-4, Enipo cirrata, 1. Anterior end X 12.5; 2, 15th parapodium X 22.5;
3, parapodium from somite 52 X 22.5; 4, ventral seta X 250____ 2

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REVISION OF THE AMERICAN BUGS OF THE REDUVIID
SUBFAMILY PLOIARIINAE.

By W. L. McArrr and J. R. Matzocu.
Of the United States Biological Survey.

INTRODUCTION.

Begun in an effort to get additional light on certain problems not
solved by then-existing literature, this study has gradually grown to
the proportions indicated by the title. That we have been able to
go so far is due in large part to generous loans of material for which
we record our great appreciation. The initial basis of the work was
the very good collection of Ploiariinae in the United States Na-
tional Museum, but we have been favored with loans of large num-
bers of specimens by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, through E. T. Cresson, jr.; the Carnegie Museum of Pitts-
burgh, through Dr. W. J. Holland; Cornell University, through
Dr. J. C. Bradley; and the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de
Paris, through Dr. E. L. Bouvier. Smaller, but none the less appre-
ciated, lots of material have been received from the Universitetets
Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, through William Lundbeck; the
Riksmuseets Entomologiska Afdelning, Stockholm, through Dr. B.
Y. Sjostedt; the American Museum of Natural History, New York,
through Dr. F. E. Lutz; the British Museum of Natural History,
London, through C. J. Gahan; and the Bishop Museum, Hono-
lulu, through O. H. Swezey. Dr. Walther Horn, of the Deutsches
Entomologisches Institut, generously sent us, with other specimens,
the type of Phasmatocoris spectrum Breddin. Individuals who have
kindly loaned us valuable material are Dr. E. Bergroth, who sent us
the types of all his American species; Nathan Banks, H. G. Barber,
J. R. de la Torre Bueno, William T. Davis (including the type of
Ghilianella productilis Barber), W. Downes, Dr. Carl J. Drake,
J.S. Hine, Dr. H. S. Parshley, and Dr. Miles S. Pennington. Assist-
ance in reporting on the characters of specimens in their care has
been given by Nathan Banks, of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge; W. E. China, of the British Museum; and
C. W. Johnson, of the Boston Society of Natural History. The

No. 2573.—PROcEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, No. I.

94993—25——_1
1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

collections of the Boston Society, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
and Field Museum of Natural History have been examined also by
one of the authors during the progress of the work.

THE GROUP TREATED.
(Subfamily Ploiariinae; Family Reduviidae.)

Insects of the subfamily Ploiariinae, in common with all other
Reduviidae, have a longitudinal groove between the fore coxae
which is invariably microscopically transversely striate, and in which
the tip of the beak generally lies when at rest. This groove is called
by some writers a “stridulatory groove” but whether it is really so
we are unable to say. However, it is highly characteristic, as it is
not present in any other family of LE CSISaay pee known to us except
the Phymatidae.

Absence of ocelli, and presence of anteriorly opening coxal cavities,
and of usually very elongate fore coxae are the principal distinguish-
ing characters of the Ploiariinae but neither is sufficient in itself for
their recognition. The Saicinae also lack ocelli but the fore coxae
are less elongate than in most Ploiariinae, the beak is armed with
upwardly directed spines and the lower surface of the head is pro-
vided with two or more strong bristles. These spines and bristles
are absent in the Ploiariinae. The Bactrodinae look considerably like
Ploiariinae but differ structurally from them in characters more 1m-
portant even than do the Saicinae. The Bactrodinae have less elon-
gate coxae than most Ploiariinae, possess ocelli, and the head is in-
serted not on the front or at most on the anterior margin of the
prothorax but on the dorsum of that sclerite distinctly posterior to
the front margin.

Expressing the most characteristic differences between these sub-
families in key form we have:

1. Anterior coxal cavities opening straight downward; ocelli none; underside
of head with downwardly projecting, and beak with upwardly projecting,

Dristles: Or Spines ss a22 2 so ee EE Se Saicinae.

Anterior coxal cavities opening forward and downward; head and beak

without. ‘such ‘armature! 227... 22U ile RACs Si eee ss eee 2

2. Ocelli absent; head scarcely pedicillate, lower anterior border of prothorax

scarcely produced beyond upper margin, on which the head is inserted.

Ploiariinae.

Ocelli present ; head pedicillate; lower anterior border of prothorax produced
distinetly beyond the upper margin, behind which the head is inserted.

Bactrodinae.

The antennae in Ploiariinae are very long and slender, 4-seg-
mented, sometimes with a pseudo-suture near apex of fourth seg-

ment which is often pointed and more or less angulate or curved;
the beak is elongate, curved downward and backward, usually

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH a

swollen at base, and acute at tip, and distinctly 3-segmented. The
thorax is variously formed and the wings may be either large, re-
duced, or absent. The basal abdominal tergite is situated on the
posterior part of thorax and the basal sternite is absent, a fact that
should be borne in mind in counting the abdominal segments. The
male hypopygium opens more or less dorsally, and the apical tergite
sometimes entirely covers the orifice.

The fore wings of the Ploiariinae (as also those of some other
Reduviidae) constitute an exception to a commonly accepted cri-
terion to the Heteroptera in that they are of uniform texture
throughout. The venation has not been homologized with that of
other insects and the names applied by us to the cells and veins are
arbitrary terms, which however, are clearly defined in the explana-
tion of plate 1.

The fore legs of Ploiariinae are adapted for capture of prey by
closure hinge-wise of the fore tibia and tarsus against the lower
surface of the fore femur. The opposing surfaces of the front fem-
ora and tibia are nearly always armed with spines or setulae, the
arrangement of which is characteristic, as a rule, in each genus,
minor variations in them indicating subgeneric or specific groups.
The fore tibia has a rather conspicuous transverse slit (figs. 13, 18,
136, and 145) on the anterior surface near apex which is surrounded
by dense pilosity. The fore tarsi present a range of differentiation
not found in any group of similarly related forms known to us. In
the case of this strictly predaceous subfamily, it is natural to sup-
pose that evolution has been in the direction of efficiency in the most
important raptorial organs, the front legs. In our opinion, the fore
tarsus in its most generalized form consists of distinctly separated
segments the terminal one with two equal claws. We assume the
course of evolution to be from that condition through forms with
poorly defined, heavily chitinized segments with one large and one
small claw to a highly specialized stage in which the fore tarsus is
thorn-like, the joints entirely fused, and wholly without differenti-
ated claw. The mid and hind tarsi are invariably 3-segmented and
being used in the normal manner, not for grasping prey, are not
specialized.

IS TRIBAL DIVISION OF THE PLOIARIINAE ADVISABLE?

Attempts have been made to define tribes of Ploiariinae. two of the
principal efforts along this line being by Stal? and by Distant.’
Put in the form of indented dichotomous keys these schemes are
herewith appended.

1Hnum. Hemip., vol. 4, 1874, pp. 92-94.
2Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, vol. 2, 1904, pp. 201-216.

A’.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

TRIBES OF PLOIARIINAE ACCORDING TO STAL.

Front femora armed for their whole length beneath with long, slender
spines, all or most of them setiform; hind femora surpassing apex of
abdomen; front tibia and tarsus together usually subequal in length to
front femur, rarely distinctly shorter; body usually winged.

. Front tarsi short, segmented, flexible or sub-flexible, two-clawed, scarcely

or not at all longer than hind tarsi; front tibia a little shorter than

femur; hemelytra of species known to me marked with fuscous;

secutellum and post-scutellum armed apically with spines.
PLOIARIARIA.
Ploiaria (—Empicoris).
Malacopus.
Stenolemus.

. Front tarsi long, scarcely or not at all shorter than tibia, one segmented

or composed of three connate segments, subecurved, subcompressed, as
seen from the side usually distinctly tapering toward apex, provided
with two unequal contiguous or subcontiguous claws, or with one claw;
front tibia much shorter than femur, sometimes only about half as
long; first joint of antenna long; hemelytra scarcely or only very

pale fuscous marked.
LEISTARCHARIA.

Orthunga.
Tinna.
Cerascopus.
Luteva.

A®, Front femur unarmed beneath toward the base or in front of middle; half

or less than half its length, apically, armed with unequal spines; front

tibia and tarsus together shorter than femur; body much elongated ;

head with the small eyes scarcely or only slightly wider than apex of

thorax.

Postocular part of head perceptibly tapering posteriorly, quite slender
behind; hind femur distinctly, sometimes far, surpassing apex of abdo-

men; legs very long.
EMESARIA.

Gardena.
Ghilianella.
Emesa.
Ischnob2ena.
Postocular part of head scarcely or only slightly narrowed posteriorly,
abruptly rotund coarctate at base; hind femur attaining or slightly
surpassing apex of abdomen; head armed between the antennae with
an usually very distinct tubercle or more often with a spine; tylus

usually projecting as a spine.
METAPTERARIA.

Barce.
Metapterus.
Ischnonyctes.
Bargylia.

In criticism of the foregoing arrangement we would point out that:
1. The spines of the front femur of numerous species included under

Stal’s first major division are not setiform, but on the contrary,
strongly chitinized.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 5

2. Failure of the character of relative length of joints of front leg is
admitted in the key.

3. “ Usually winged” is an expression not applicable to Cerascopus.

4, Reference to color markings of hemelytra is entirely out of place
in a key to tribes and especially when both sections are the same
in this respect.

5. Plotarta in the sense of Ploiariola (=Empicoris) is the inex-
plicable but frequent error of using the name of this monobasic
genus for a species not the genotype nor congeneric with it.

6. There are no one-segmented tarsi in the genera named by Stal
in his Letstarcharia.

7. Orthunga and Tinna are Saicinae not Plotariinae.

8. Cerascopus—=Ploiaria and we include Luteva as congeneric.

9. Head with eyes scarcely wider than apex of thorax is a character
not in contrast with that of certain forms in the first division of
key, species of Plotaria for instance.

10. The attempt to define the tribes /’mesaria and Metapteraria is
futile; all gradations in posterior narrowing of head can be
found in the species of the single genus Ghilianella. Most of the
species of this genus have a spine or tubercle between antennae
which would put the genus in the Metapteraria; and there is
confessedly nothing to depend upon in length of hind femur.

11. Barce=Metapterus. Stal’s character for separating them is of
no more than specific importance.

TRIBPS OF PLOIARIINAH ACCORDING TO DISTANT.

A.’ Anterior femora spined beneath for their whole length.
B. Anterior tarsi short, not longer, or a little longer than the posterior tarsi;
hemelytra present or absent, when present, so far as known, orna-
mented with fuscous; scutellum and postscutellum frequently spined

at apices.
STENOLAEMARIA.

Stenolaemus.
Ploiariola.
Myiophanes.
Eugubinus.

B. Anterior tarsi long, not, or a very little shorter than the tibiae; hemelytra
either not or sometimes very strongly marked with fuscous.
LEISTARCHARIA.
Bagauda.
Luteva.
Ploearia.

A.’ Anterior femora spined beneath only from about or near middle.
C." Head much narrowed at base; posterior femora either almost reaching
or passing abdominal apex.

EMESARIA.
Ghilianella.
Gomesius.
Ischnobaena.
Gardena,

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

C. Head not prominently narrowed posteriorly; posterior femora nearly
reaching or passing abdominal apex; head between antenniferous
tubercles distinctly spinous or tuberculous.

METAPTERARIA.
Ischnonyctes.
The criticisms of Stal’s definitions of the tribes mostly apply to
Distant’s efforts also; and the lack of contrast in the characters as-
signed to the last two tribes is even more apparent. The truth is
that the exact nature of important characters has been overlooked
and an attempt made to define tribes upon criteria not acceptable
even for the differentiation of genera. In our view attempting to
recognize tribes of Ploiariinae is no more likely at the present
moment to elucidate the relationships of the genera, than one would
be led to suppose from the futile attempts of the past.

CHARACTERS USED FOR THE RECOGNITION OF GENERA.

In arriving at decisions as to what groups constitute valid genera
and subgenera we have used as our criteria characters that appear
to us to be of phylogenetic value, and in our arrangement have in-
dicated what are in our opinion evolutionary steps insofar as the
available material has permitted.

We have used the wing venation to a greater extent than has
previously been attempted in this group, and this character has
proved very useful in the alignment of related forms. As noted above
the structure ef the fore legs and their armatures, and especially the
segmentation and form of the fore tarsi, have been used to an even
greater extent than in preceding works upon this subfamily, but
these characters have invariably been correlated with venational and
other structural characters in the final analysis before assigning any
particular species to a genus or subgenus.

In our work on this and other groups we have endeavored to
utilize as generic indices characters which appear to us to indicate
a common origin for the included species, and slight departures from
the general rule such as we find in Plotarta and Ghilianella, we have
not considered as sufficient grounds for elevating the divergent forms
to full generic status. Had we failed to find the intermediate sub-
genus Ploeodonyzx, linking (hilianella s.s. and Lissonya we would
very probably have considered the latter as a valid genus but with
an intermediate form present it is undesirable to give to these closely
related segregates the same rank as we accord to such distinctly
separated genera as Gardena and Emesaya.

In the case of the last two genera there is a striking similarity in
wing venation accompanying a great dissimilarity in the structure
of the fore legs, the tarsi of Gardena being of the generalized simple
type, while those of H’mesaya are heavily chitinized and subfused.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 7

In this case the evidence of the venation of the wings, in our opinion,
outweighs that of the fore tarsal structure as an index to relation-
ship, and we consider the genera as much more closely related to
each other than either is to Stenolemus or E'mesa. That such a re-
lationship should be expressed by the use of tribal designation may
be urged, but it should not be forgotten that characters of generic
value are distributed in many intermeshing combinations and that
as a consequence, definition of tribes of phyletic significance becomes
impracticable.

The characters used as generic criteria in this synopsis of the
Ploiariinae may have in allied subfamilies and families either more
or less significance, but in our work we have steadfastly adhered to
the idea that when classifying these insects we were dealing with a
group, which though related to others, is subject to modification
through influences that may or may not have affected these related
groups. Any group of organisms must be classified on the basis of
the characters it possesses, and the value these or other characters
have in other groups, has nothng to do with the case. Classified on
the basis of venation practically all of the vast family of An-
thomyiidae would fall into a single genus, on leg structure the
Jassoidea could be but little divided, nor could Coccidae on the char-
acters of the beak, and so on. A synopsis of a group should be
based on characters inspection proves to be of value for that group.
There has been no greater retarding factor in systematic entomology
than that of grafting supplementary work here and there upon the
old, of using the characters and methods that have been used instead
of seeking something of greater significance. Each new piece of
synoptic work should penetrate as much further into the heart of
things as possible, judiciously noting and using, but neither copying
nor worshipping previous contributions to the study.

Under each genus will be found a discussion of the characters and
a systematic alignment of the included species, the groups being in
all cases distinguished by means of characters that we consider are
of more than specific value, but not of sufficient importance in most
cases to justify the use of a distinctive appellation for the groups
concerned.

METHOD OF DESCRIPTION.

The keynote of descriptions throughout this paper is avoidance of
repetition. In other words characters common to the whole sub-
family are not mentioned in definitions of genera, and it has been our
intention to hold to the minimum, repetition in specific descrptions of
characters noted in descriptions of genera, in the keys to the species,
or in descriptions of very similar forms. As a result, in some cases,
specific descriptions may appear brief and inadequate. Nevertheless

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

we believe the method adopted to be the best, not only because it
saves space and therefore cost of printing, but what is more im-
portant it avoids burying in a mass of verbiage, the really essential
points of characterization. Some entomologists insist upon the so-
called full descriptions and while their motive is laudable, a little
consideration of actual entomological practice indicates that the
results are not those hoped for. It seems the almost certain fate,
for instance, when revising a group, to find that no matter how
“full” previous descriptions may be, they contain no mention of the
particular detail about which information is sought. And this defect
is inherent in the very nature of taxonomic practice. In every revision
worthy of the name intensive search is made for new characters that
will aid in classification of the group and the more success attained
in finding them the more will previous descriptions fail to satisfy.
Viewed from this standpoint, it is obvious that an isolated descrip-
tion, however lengthy, might fail to mention any character essential
to recognition of the species. The moral is that the best method
of describing new forms is in revisions where keys are given, and
other comparisons made with related forms. A few words of de-
scription or comparison in such a connection is likely to be worth
more than pages of description not formulated as a result of re-
visional work.

Statements of length in this paper refer to greatest length from
front of head to tip of abdomen or of hemelytra as the case may be.

PRINCIPAL WORKS CITED.

Because of the frequency with which certain writings on the
Ploiariinae are cited, it seems desirable to adopt much abbreviated
references to them. The shortened forms used and bibliographic
references in full for the papers in point are given in the following
lists:

BANKS. EMESIDAE. 1909.
BANKS, NATHAN. Notes on our species of Emesidae. Pysche, vol. 16, No.
3, June, 1909, pp. 43-48, 2 figs.

Keys to genera and species of the United States; 6 species described as new.

BERGROTH. PLOEARIINEN. 1906.

BerGroTH, H. Zur Kenntnis der Ploeariinen. Verhandlungen der kaiser-
lich-kbniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. 56,
1906, pp. 305-321.

Original descriptions of 6 American species, and redescription of one of Dohrn's
species.
CHAMPION. Brooara, 2. 1898.

CHAMPION, G. ©. [EHEmesinae.] Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta.
Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. vol. 2, pp. 162-175, pl. 10, figs
7-24, October, 1898.

Key to the genera, two of which and 9 species are described as new.

ART. 1 ~ AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 9

DowrRn. PMeESINA. 1860.
Dourn, ANTON. Beitriige zur einer monographischen Bearbeitung der
Familie der Emesina. Linnaea Entomologica, vol. 14, 1860, pp. 206-252,
with Nachtrag, pp. 253-255, pl. 1.
Key to the genera, of which 3 that occur in the Americas, and 15 species are
described as new.

Donrn. Nacutrace. 18638.
Dourn, ANTON. Same title (Zweites Stiick) and journal, vol. 15, 1863,
pp. 42-63, with Nachtriige, pp. 6£-76.
Redescriptions of a number of genera and species both of Dohrn and other
authors. In the Nachtriige, two genera and 4 species from the Americas are

described as new.

KEY TO THD GENERA,

We have placed in the following key only those genera of which
we have examined authentic material, including a few of extralimital
distribution inserted for comparative purposes. Notes on other
American genera follow the key.

1. Fore tarsi distinctly segmented, sometimes heavily chitinized and the seg-
ments subfused, but the dividing sutures always visible under a high-
power lens; claws of fore tarsus consisting of an equal sized pair except
in some species of Ploiaria and in Deliastes._._.._-____-_-_=»_-_-__-___- 2

Fore tarsi without distinguishable segmentation under the highest power
lens (even when cleared), consisting of but one heavily chitinized seg-
ment, with an unequal pair of claws, a single claw, or without distinct
CONS ae ana a at a a ea Sa ah el alle pile AINE eh EES 13

2. Fore femur without distinguishable ventral spines or bristles, only fine
hairs present; third antennal segment as long as second and about three
times as long as fourth; mesonotum without, metanotum with a spine;
VEAL OM AS LIne £1 SUT ee eee eee a ene an *Emesopsis Uhler (p. 13).
Fore femur with distinct spines or bristles on ventral surface which are

readily distinguishable from any fine hairs which may be present except
in some species of the genus Empicoris; third antennal segment not
nearly as long as second and frequently shorter than fourth______ a
3. Ventral spines on fore femur commencing at or very close to base; fore
tibia very distinctly over half as long as fore femur________________ 4

Ventral spines of fore femur commencing at or very close to middle; fore
tibia not over half~as long” as’ fore femurs] 222 ee 12

4. Forewing with a closed subtriangular cell at basal extremity of the large

discal cell, which does not touch margin of wing at any part (fig. 14) ;
adults always winged; prothorax always with a deep constriction and
distinctly bilobate, often pedunculate______._____-_________ 5

Forewing lacking a closed subtriangular cell at basal extremity of the
large discal cell (fig. 11) ; adults sometimes apterous; prothorax neither
pedunculate nor lobate, never more than slightly constricted______ 8

5. A longitudinal vein which connects with either the small subtriangular

cell or the base of discal cell fuses with the vein joining apex of former at
some distance from base of wing so that the disk of wing has 8 closed cells

*°The Oriental species of this genus which we have seen have very weak spines on the
ventral surface of fore femora and the antennae similar to those of FEmpicoris in general
structure.

94993—25—_2

=~!

vo)

10.

abs

12.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM > * VOL.07

(figs. 45, 46, 47); mesonotum and metanotum sometimes with tubercles
but without long spines at apices; fore tarsi 3-segmented.

Emesa Fabricius (Westermannia Dohrn) (p. 38).

When there is a vein connecting with the small discal cell it is usually

short and its end is either free or it does not fuse with the other longi-

tudinal vein, i. e., disk of wing with but 2 closed cells (figs. 35, 65,

66) 2th ee ae a ee eee ee 6

. Mesonotum and metanotum without long spines; fore tarsi 3-segmented.

Myiophanes Reuter (Extralimital).

Mesonotum and metanotum each with a long spine or thorn_____-____ 7

. Fore tarsi 3-segmented ; no short vein emanating from costal margin of basal
discal cell of forewing (fig. 65) —----__~_ Polauchenia, new genus (p. 47).
Fore tarsi 2-segmented; a short vein emitted from costal margin of basal
discal cellGfics.) 2iei230204 20) ee Stenolemus Signoret (p. 25).

. Fore tarsi 2-segmented, the segments nearly fused and subequal in length;
Claw SsUneqU als eS eee Deliastes Dohrn (p. 34).
Fore tarsi either 3-segmented or the segments not as above and claws
equal oT 2 ae a PRE) ee ot Ss ee tas See ee 9

. Pronotum not extending over mesonotum even in the winged forms; fore

tarsus long, heavily chitinised, glossy and bare above, the 3 segments
fused so closely that the oblique sutures are visible only under a very
high-power lens; venation of forewings as in figures 73, 84, 89; adults
often apterous=-—~=2 = Ploriaria Scopoli. (incl. Lvteva Dohrn) (p. 48).
Pronotum extending over mesonotum to base of wings; adults always
winged; fore tarsus short, not heavily chitinized nor glossy and bare
above; «the Segmentation. GIStiNCG. = = 2 eee ee 10
Prothorax slightly constricted near anterior margin; mesonotum, meta-
notum, and basal abdominal tergite each with a long erect spine; fore
tarsi 2-segmented.
Empicoris Wolff (=Ploiariodes Buchanan-White) (p. 138).
Prothorax slightly constricted at or near middle; mesonotum without a
spine ;, fore -tarsis 3-segmentéd = 2. 22 eS ee ee 11
Basal segment of beak shorter than second; fore tibia with a complete series
of short ventral denticles; venation of forewing as in figure 43.
Lutevopsis Champion (p. 37).
Basal segment of beak longer than second; fore tibia with short decumbent
pale setulae on ventral surface; venation of forewing as in figure 38.
Panamia Kirkaldy (p. 36).
Fore tibia almost half as long as fore femur; basal ventral spine of fore
femur not longer than the longest of the others; fore tarsus with the seg-
ments well defined, not heavily chitinized, hairy above; venation of fore-
wing as in figure 94; mesonotum highly glossy___Gardena Dohrn (p. 66).
Fore tibia not nearly half as long as fore femur; basal ventral spine of
fore femur very distinctly longer than the longest of the others; fore
tarsus with the segments poorly defined, heavily chitinized, bare above;
venation of forewing as in figure 137; mesothorax sericeous.
Emesaya n.n. (for Emesa Authors not Fabricius) (p. 74).

. Fore tarsus with two longitudinal series of angularly deflected spines which

under a high power appear like elongate knife-like teeth on its ventral

surface (fig. 166) ; head with a more or less pronounced spine or tubercle

between bases of antennae, labrum closely adherent to base of rostrum,
not projecting spine-like (fig. 165); adults never winged.

Ghilianella Spinola (p. 90).

Fore tarsus with two series of decumbent setulose hairs on its ventral

surface (fig: 141): adults sometimes! winged =) eee 14

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 1l

14. Head normally with two stout tubercles or spines, one between bases of
antennae and the other (labrum) above base of proboscis (fig. 189) ; pro-
notum in winged form overlapping mesonotum to base of wings.

Metapterus Costa (Barce Stal) (p. 83).

Head with neither of the above mentioned tubercles or spines (fig. 140) ;
pronotum in winged forms not overlapping mesonotum except at anterior
OxLremiGyee ss: hee ee i a Ischnonyctes Stal (Extralimital*).

NOTES ON AMERICAN GENERA NOT INCLUDED IN THE
FOREGOING KEY.

Emesella DoHRN, Emesina. 1860, p. 239. [Monobasic, H. nebulosa, new
species, genotype, Bolivia, pp. 239-240.] From the original description it is
impossible to determine the relationships of this group. If Hmesella immitis
(Bergroth, Ploeariinen, 1906, pp. 312-314, Venezuela) really is congeneric,
we should say from inspection of imperfect specimens of this species, that
Emesella probably would place in our classification as a subgenus of Ghilianella
near Lissonyx. Signoret adds a species to this genus, namely EH. dohrni
Revision des Hemipteres du Chili, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 4, vol. 3, 1863,
pp. 587-588 [Chili].

Malacopus Srau, C. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-Fauna, 1862,
pp. 80-81. [Monobasic, M. cellularis, new species genotype, Brazil. ]

Palacus Dourn, Nachtriige, 18638, pp. 74-75 [Monobasic P. cubensis, new
species genotype, Cuba, p. 75.] See remarks under Deliastes p. 34. The species
described by Guerin-Meneville as Ploiaria pallida is put in Palacus by
Lethierry and Severin, Cat. Gen. Hemip., vol. 3, 1896, p. 74. The original de-
scription of the species occurs in Sagra, Ramon de la, Historia Fisica, Politica y
Natural de la Isla de Cuba, vol. 7, Crustaceos, Aragnides e Insectos, 1856 [Cuba].
This name is preoccupied by Ploiaria pallida Montrouzier, P., Essai sur la
Faune de l’Isle de Woodlark ou Moiou, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Lyon, ser. 2, vol. 7,
Dt 1s 1855." ps, 110) :

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE AMERICAN GENERA

In connection with this arrangement we would first point out that
in this as in most groups of existing insects there is little to which
the much overworked word “ primitive” can legitimately be applied.
Rather we have in the modern insect world the products of speciali-
zation along a multitude of intercrossing lines, any one of which
may be highly specialized in some, and but little specialized in other
respects. The selection of the least specialized form and the tracing
of the probable course of evolution in a group, is, therefore, a sub-
ject upon which opinion may vary greatly, according to the choice
of characters of primary, secondary, and lesser degrees of im-
portance.

Adhering to the idea that development of predatory efficiency is
the course of evolution of the Ploiariinae we believe little objection
can be made to placing /’mesopsis at the base of the American series
of genera. While the venation of this genus is more complex and

* There is a damaged specimen of Ischnonyctes in the National Collection, labelled N. O.,
La., R. H. Browne. We assume this is an accidentally introduced individual, and that it
was collected in New Orleans.

12 ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM © - vou. 67

therefore less specialized according to a prevalent view of the sub-
ject, there can be little doubt that this specialization is secondary,
for there is no probability that an insect participating in the long
course of evolution of so specialized a group as the Ploiariinae could
carry along the whole route a primitive type of venation.

Theoretical considerations are involved also in the question as to
whether the possession of 2-segmented fore-tarsi (a nymphal charac-
ter) is a forward- or a backward-looking specialization. Despite the
fact that it would appear to be a step toward greater predatory
effectiveness we have been obliged to give greater weight to certain
other characters when the whole organization of a genus having
3-segmented fore tarsi seemed to be more perfectly fitted for preda-
tion.

We have endeavored to strike a fair balance among the characters
entitled to consideration in settling upon a systematic arrangement,
and believe we have been in a better position for so doing than our
predecessors because of the much larger amount of material ex-
amined.

Fore tarsi segmented.
Fore femora without spines or bristles; fore tarsi 2-segmented; forewing
reticulate toward base, with about 5-6 discal cells. Emesopsis (p. 18).
Fore femora with spines or bristles; forewing (when present) with
fewer discal cells. ;
Fore femora spined for almost their whole length; fore tibiae rela-
tively long.
Fore tarsi 2-segmented.
Fore tarsi not heavily chitinized, basal segment the shorter, claws
equal; apices of mesoe- and meta-thoraces, each usually bearing
a spine.
Forewing with one discal cell; prothorax scarcely constricted.
Empicoris (p. 13).
Forewing with two discal cells; prothorax deeply constricted or
pediciliatec:» 2-2] 2 ee Stenolemus (p. 25).
Fore tarsi heavily chitinized, segments subfused, subequal, claws un-
equaled ; meso- and meta-thoraces without spines; forewing with
3 discal cellgut Ute SMT ie ota e tt Ne eee Deliastes (p. 34).
Fore tarsi 3-segmented.
Fore tarsi usually flexible, hairy, at least above, claws equal.
Meso- and meta-notum each with a spine; fore wing with 2 discal

COL S22 aac eee cadre eS ee Polauchenia (p. 47).
Meso- and meta-nota unspined.

Fore wing with 3 discal cells___________----_-- Emesa (p. 88).

Fore wing with 1 discal cell____________---- Panamia (p. 36).

Lutevopsis (p. 37).

Fore tarsi inflexible, polished, sutures inconspicuous, claws usually
unequal; fore-wing when present with 1 discal cell.

Ploiaria (p. 48).

Fore femora spined on distal half; fore tibiae relatively shorter; fore

Wille with, 1 @iscal Ce) lie tee ee secant eee eee Gardena (p. 66).

Emesaya (p. 74).

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 18

Fore tarsi not segmented (even in nymphs); fore wing (when present) with 2
@GIscalycelishee tae oar et oe ee Fn ee eee Metapterus (p. 88).
Ghilianella (p. 90).

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES.

Genus EMESOPSIS Uhler.

Emesopsis UMLER, P. R. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera collected in the
Island of St. Vincent by Mr. Herbert H. Smith; with descriptions of New Genera
and Species. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 18938, p. 718 [Monobasic, genotype E.
nubilus, new species, St. Vincent: Cuba] .

In addition to the characters in the key the following may be
mentioned for this genus: Head and prothorax similar to those of
Empicoris, the prothorax however, without lateral carinae. The
mesonotum is produced into a backwardly directed subtriangular
proeess which is rounded above, the metanotum has a long erect
slender spine at apex, and the basal abdominal tergite has a much
shorter spine. Fore tarsi as in Stenolemus: Basal segment of beak
about twice as long as second, the latter subglobose; the third joint
slender, nearly as long as first. The reticulate venation of corium
is very characteristic (see fig. 1).

EMESOPSIS NUBILUS Uhler.

Hmesopsis nubilus UHurr, P. R. Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1893, pp. 718-9
[St. Vincent: Cuba].

A testaceous yellow species without distinct markings, the fore
wings with indistinct yellowish brown mottling; eyes ruby red.
Posterior lobe of head convex, distance from posterior margin of
eye to back of head about twice as great as from anterior margin of
eye to front of head and greater than width of eye; hairs of antennae
much shorter than those of mid and hind legs. Fore coxae a little
over half as long as fore tibiae, the latter over four-fifths as long
as femur. Abdomen elongate ovate, the lateral outline smooth, spi-
racles slightly elevated; spical margin of male hypopygium. pro-
duced into a subtriangular plate, the apex of which is thorn-like;
claspers long, slender, curved at apices; apex of abdomen of female
without processes, similar to that of females of E’mpicoris. Vena-
tion of fore wing as in figure 1.

Length 4-5 mm.

Localities—Mount Gay Estate, and Balthazar, Grenada, West
Indies, H. H. Smith; Cayamas, Cuba, May 31, June 5, E. A.
Schwarz; Cuba, Uhler Collection (U.S.N.M.).

Genus EMPICORIS Wolff.

Empicoris Wourr, J. F. Icones Cimicum Descriptionibus illustratae, Fasc.
5, 1811, p. 1v [Monobasic, Gerris vagabundus Linnaeus genotype].

Ploiariodes Wuitr, F. BucHANAN. Descriptions of new species of Heterop-
terous Hemiptera collected in the Hawaiian Islands by the Rey. T. Blackburn.—

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

No. 3, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 7, 1881, pp. 58-59. [Monobasic, P.
whitei Blackburn ms., genotype, Mauna Loa.]

Ploiariola Reuter, P. M. Revisio synonymica Heteropterorum palearcti-
corum quae descripserunt Auctores vetustiores (Linnaeus 1758—Latreille 1806).
II. Acta Soe. Sei. Fennicae, vol. 15, 1888, p. 711 [New name for Ploiaria of
Latreille not of Scopoli, the genotype of which, Cimex vagabundus Linnaeus
automatically assumed the same relation to the new name. ]

Emendations: Ploeariodes; Ploeariola.

We are not in ignorance of what has been said® in favor of re-
garding Ploiariodes and Ploiariola as distinct genera, but we find
the chief character advanced for their separation, namely the lateral
carina of pronotum, showing practically all phases from distinct to
obsolete.* Even were this character unequivocal we should regard
it of no more than subgeneric value in view of the agreement
throughout the species in general coloration and habitus as well
as in the venation of the forewings and the structure of the fore
legs. All species known to us have the legs and antennae as well
as the beak with blackish spots or annuli, and the wings are in-
variably dark spotted. The head and thorax have silvery hairs, usu-
ally arranged in distinct lines, some of these being almost invaria-
bly evident on pleura and pectus. The pronotum is more or less
distinctly vittate, at least behind the constriction but there are
‘some differences in this respect which are used in defining a few of
the species; the carina on side of pronotum is nearly always pale.
The abdomen usually is dark, with the spiracles and spots on con-
nexivum pale, the venter finely pubescent, with more or less of
the median line, and sometimes spots about bases of certain
longer hairs, bare.

The radial vein runs to beyond the middle of the fore wing, end-
ing in the costa, the apical portion of it being what we have called
the “ stigma ” which offers some good distinguishing characters for
the species both in its shape and color. The pronotum is divided into
two parts by a broad constriction, the anterior part being about half
as long as the posterior, but there are no species known to us in
which the pronotum is at all pedicillate. AJl species have the meso-
notum and metanotum, and usually the basal abdominal tergite with
a slender thorn on the middle of the hind margin; the presence or
absence of a process, on middle of hind margin of the pronotum is a
specific character. The spines or bristles on fore femora are some-
times difficult to see even with a high power lens.

5 Rspecially Bergroth, E. Ploeariodes B. White und Ploeariola Reut. (Hemiptera-He-
teroptera, Reduviidae.) Rev. Russe d’Ent., vol. 9, No. 3, Nov. 1909. p. 324.

6 We have examined several species from the Oceanic region in addition to those
treated herein.

ART, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 15

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

. Pronotum with the lateral carinae distinguishable only at anterior and pos-
terior extremities, obsolete in middle; eighth sternite in male with a large
rounded central incision in posterior margin (fig. 2); stigma with a red-
dish line along inner or posterior margin from cross-vein to apex.

rubromaculatus (Blackburn) (p. 16).

Pronotum with the lateral carinae complete, pale colored on their entire
length; eighth sternite in male produced in middle of hind margin; stigma
without a red line along inner margin apically_____________________ 2,

. Pronotum with two dorsal linear yellowish carinae similar to the lateral
carinae, extending the entire length of dorsum; dark markings of forewings
peppered with minute hyaline dots; lateral carinae of pronotum not capi-
tate at anterior extremity________ barberi (McAtee and Malloch) (p. 19).

Pronotum without sharp dorsal carinae, with two slight rounded longitudinal
elevations; dark markings of forewings solid; lateral carinae more or less

distinctly, produced or capitate at anterior extremities_______________- 3

. Hind wings conspicuously spotted with black apically, or fuscous with white
TE. tr UTE SAH T O10 Senne ere ee Nee er ne ease ern Senn wea N aA aS TEST 4
Hind wings not spotted apically or very faintly so at extreme tip (cf.
TEL DNA ROD ee a ae ee he ee ed ee ee eo 5

. Pronotum with a conspicuous tubercle on middle of hind margin; anterior ex-
tremity of lateral carina of pronotum with a small capitate process which
projects nearly at right angles to pronotum; fore wings not perceptibly
honeycombed as in next species; vein closing posterior half of apex of dis-
cal cell much more conspicuously bent than its fellow (fig. 11).

errabundus (Say) (p. 24).

Pronotum without a median tubercie on hind margin; lateral carina of pro-
notum with at most a slight process at anterior extremity which is not
capitate nor at right angles to pronotum; fore wings microscopically honey-
combed with fine black lines which are most noticeable basad of apex of
discal cell and in the dark spots of membrane (best seen in transmitted
light) ; veins closing discal cell almost symmetrically formed.

reticulatus, new species (p. 20).

5. Both veins closing discal cell of hemelytra at apex nearly straight (fig. 4) ;
posterior lobe of pronotum not narrowed in front, a iittle broader than long,
without a median process on middle of hind margin, the lateral carina with
a small process at anterior extremity ; wing without microscopic honeycomb-
ing; hind wings may be faintly spotted apically.

orthoneuron, new species (p. 18).

At least the vein closing posterior half of apex of discal cell conspicuously
bent or angulated; posterior lobe of pronotum as long as or longer than
broad, narrowed anteriorly, the sides not straight; wings without micro-
SCODLGs NONE VCO MLD TI ee ee ee eee ee ee 6

6. The large fuscous spots on forewings irrorated with minute clear dots; one

or two of the spines at base of ventral series on fore femur about as long
as the femoral diameter and quite stout; fore coxa stouter than usual, not
longer than distance from coxal cavity to upper margin of pronotum; tu-
bercle on hind margin of pronotum small, the lateral carina with a small
process at anterior extremity which projects at nearly right angles to the
DEOROtum ssa eee ee ee ee parshleyi (Bergroth) (p. 22).
The large fuscous spots on forewings not irrorated; fore femoral spines

not nearly as long as the femoral diameter; fore coxa longer than dis-

tance from coxal cavity to upper margin of pronotum anteriorly____ 7

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

7. Pronotum witb a distinguishable tubercle on middle of hind margin-__- 8
Pronotum without a distinguishable tubercle on middle of hind margin- 10
8. Tubercle on middle of hind margin of pronotum very small, the linear white
vittae distinct in front of constriction, almost straight, disk almost bare;
bases of fore wings spotted with fuscous.
subparallelus, new species (p. 21).
Tubercle on middle of hind margin of pronotum large________--______ 3
9. Pronotum with two conspicuously curved linear pilose white vittae which
are distinct in front of constriction; bases of fore wings white.
nudus, new species (p. 22).
Pronotum with two moderately broad whitish vittae which do not extend
in front of constriction nor to hind margin, the disk with rather con-
spicuous white decumbent hairs; eighth sternite in male with a very
slender apical process (fig. 8) ------------- armatus (Champion) (p. 20).
10. Stigma linear, entirely black, forming a conspicuous costal streak centered
on vein closing costal half of discal cell, the latter much longer than that
closing the other half (fig. 6) ; cross-veins in middle of hind wing forming
alstraightslines (figs 7) eae eee eee winnemana, new species (p. 19).
Stigma widened beyond vein closing costal half cf discal cell, the latter
not longer than that closing other half (fig. 3) ; cross-veins in middle of
pind .wine forming an-anegulate line 22282) See. eee ee eee 11
11. Stigma with two or three blackish spots beyond the cross-vein; male hy:
popygial claspers knobbed, the knob concave at tip (fig. 9).
culiciformis (DeGeer) (p. 23).
Stigma without dark spots beyond the cross-vein; claspers not knobbed.
vagabundus (Linnaeus) (p. 17).

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.

Lateral carinae of pronotum incomplete; armature of fore femora consisting of
uniform bristly hairs, none as long as femoral diameter; pronotum without
tubercle ‘on, hind) margin ye eee aes BE ee ee rubromaculatus.

Lateral carinae of pronotum complete.

Armature of fore femora consisting chiefly of bristly hairs, often with

spine-like bases.
Pronotum without a tubercle on hind margin_________- vagabundus.
orthoneuron.

barberi.
winnemana,
reticulatus.
Prontum with a tubercle on hind margin -__-_______ armatus.
subparallelus.
nudus.

Armature of fore femora more definitely spinous, usually a few spines

at base of series are longer than the others.

Pronotum without a tubercle on hind margin. parshleyi.
culiciformis.

Pronotum with a tubercle on hind margin.
errabundus,

EMPICORIS RUBROMACULATUS (Blackburn).

Ploiariodes rubromaculata BLAcKBURN, T. Notes on the Hemiptera of the
Hawaiian Islands, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, 1889, p. 349
[Mauna Loa, Hawaii].

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 17

Ploiariodes euryale Kirxatpy, G. W. <A Catalogue of the Hemiptera of
Fiji, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8S. W., vol. 33, 1908, p. 872 [Riwa, Fiji].

Ploiariodes californica Banxs, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 46 [Stanford Uni-
versity, Calif.].

Ploiariola froggatti HorvarH, G. Miscellanea hemipterologica XV, Ann. Mus.
Nae. Hung., vol. 12, 1914, pp. 643-644, fig. 5 [Sydney, New South Wales].

This species is readily distinguished by the characters cited in the
key. In some cases the anterior rudiment of the lateral carina is
dark in color and therefore inconspicuous. The fore femur is about
as long as the pronotum and the apical antennal segment is not
over one-third as long as the third segment. This species has no
round bare spots at bases of the longer hairs on venter as in erra-
bundus and some others. For the male genitalia, see figure 2.

Length: 5—5.5 mm.

Specimens examined.— Kilauea, Hawaii, 4,000 feet. (Bishop Mus.,
det. Kirkaldy) ; Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii, 5,000 feet, R. C. Perkins
(British Mus.); Mount View, Calif., G. W. Ehrhorn; Alameda
County, Calif., December (U.S.N.M.) ; Salinas, Calif., June 20, 1908,
Riverside, Calif., June 10, 1908, FE. D. Ball (Ball); Stanford Uni-
versity, Calif., September (Holotype of Ploiariodes californica
Banks, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Palo Alto, Calif., Sept., 1908, Bradley
(Van Duzee); Berkeley, Calif., Oct. 31, J. C. Bradley (Cornell
Univ.) ; Calcedonia, Miss., June 24, 25, 1921, C. J. Drake; Gaines-
ville, Fla., J. R. Watson (Drake); Chain Bridge, Va., Sept. 11,
1921, J. R. Malloch. (Biol. Survey); Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, July
23, 1916, E. G. Smyth (U.S.N.M.); Tallabao near Ponce, Porto
Rico, July 23, 1914 (Am. Mus.) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Carnegie
Mus.).

A male collected at Funchal, Madeira, December 30, by F. Jones
(U.S.N.M.) differs only in having no red streak along inner margin
of the stigma. Since this marking varies in extent and intensity
in the other specimens studied we are not inclined to consider this
form as a distinct species.

EMPICORIS VAGABUNDUS (Linnaeus).

Cimex vagabundus LiInNArEus, C. Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae,
secundum Ordines, Genera, Species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis,
locis., ed. 10, 1758, p. 450 (Engelmann Reprint 1894) [Europe].

We have examined several European specimens of this species
which agree in all particulars with those from North America.
The armature of fore femora, the lack of pronotal tubercle, and
the shape and color of the stigma are characteristic; the apical
antennal segment is not more than one-third as long as preapical.
Apex of forewing as in figure 3.

Length; 6-7 mm.

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

KEY TO THE VARIETIES.

A. Antennae and fore femora with very short hairs, those on the former very
little longer than the segmental diameter; general color usually somewhat
PUSCOUS! tech seat bog tok ely ee ee ee ee vagabundus.

AA. Antennae and fore femora with very long hairs, those on the former
about four times as long as the diameter of segments; general color usu-
ally, whitish = 30/222 ey ee he AE eee nS ees ee ee eee pilosus.

EMPICORIS VAGABUNDUS, var. VAGABUNDUS (Linnaeus).

Original citation same as for the species.

Ploiariola canadensis ParsHLEY, H. M. On some Hemiptera from West-
ern Canada. Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, No. 71, Aug. 29, 1919, pp. 25-27 [ Victoria, B. C.].

American specimens examined are from Victoria, B. C., August 18,
25, 1919, W. Downes, including type of P. canadensis Parshley
(Downes, Parshley.) ; Washington, D. C., from the breeding cage
of the Division of Entomology, June 10, 1898, F. H. Chittenden
(Cornell Univ.). The scutellar spine is not developed in Parshley’s
type and in certain other specimens, but this is a malformation.

EMPICORIS VAGABUNDUS, var. PILOSUS (Fieber).

Ploearia pilosa Firper, F. X. Die europaischen Hemiptera. Halbfliigler
(Rhynchota Heteroptera), 1861, pp. 149-150 [France].

Ploiariodes hirtipes BANKS, N. A new species of Emesidae from Vermont.
Psyche, vol. 19, No. 3, June 1912, p. 97 [Brattleboro, Vt.].

This variety is represented in North American material by speci-
mens which agree exactly with a European example.

Full data for the specimens examined are: Wisconsin; Pennsyl-
vania no other data (U.S.N.M.); Nantucket, Mass., Aug. 21, 1911
(Parshley); Victoria, B. C., Aug. 16, 18, 1919, W. Downes
(Downes) ; Brattleboro, Vt., July 15, 1908, C. W. Johnson, type of
P. hirtipes Banks (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).

This form has been recorded also from Gogebic County, Mich.
(Hussey, R. F., Pysche, 28, No. 1, Feb. 1921, p. 10).

EMPICORIS ORTHONEURON, new species.

Male.—Similar to errabundus in color, except that the type shows
no distinct spotting at the apices of the hind wings, but these wings
in this specimen are in poor condition and it is not possible to be
absolutely sure of this character. The venation of apex of the
discal cell is as in reticulatus, but the minute honeycomb of lines
is absent (fig. 4), the stigma is narrower, fuscous, and there is a
more conspicuous blackish mark on middle of veins closing discal
cell and the base of the vein that emanates from them. The form
of the apical sternite is shown in figure 5.

Length, 4 mm.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 19

Holotype.—Monterey, Calif., July 12. E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.).

A female from Santa Cruz, Calif., August (Coll. Parshley) also is
in poor condition, the wings being stuck to abdomen, but apparently
the hind pair are faintly spotted apically.

Type—Cat. No. 27090 U.S.N.M.

EMPICORIS BARBERI (McAtee and Malloch).

Ploiariodes barberi McATrEE, W. L., and Mauitocnu, J. R. American Museum
Novitates, No. 75, May 11, 19238, pp. 7-8 [Porto Rico].

Male.—Head with white pruinosity in front of eyes and a white
line from base of each antenna, which connects with another that
runs diagonally from lower hind margin of eye to upper occiput;
faint lines of pruinosity on lower sides of pronotum in front and on
pleura, and posterior and lateral margins, and lateral and dorsal
carinae of pronotum white. Abdominal spiracles white; venter
mottled, each sternite with a large round bare spot on each side on
hind margin. Antennae and legs with narrow annulations, a sub-
apical one on each femur and on first segment of antenna broader.
Dark areas on fore wings profusely areolate with minute pale dots;
apices of hind wings fuscous with white reticulations.

Pronotum without median tubercle on hind margin; submedian
dorsal carinae as sharp as the lateral ones, but little curved; meso-
notal and metanotal thorns absent in type, the one at base of abdomen
distinct. Apical abdominal sternite not deeply excavated at tip. Fore
femur with very weak ventral spinules. Stigma normal, cross-vein
closing apex of discal cell on its anterior half straight, the other one
curved.

Length (without wings) : 3 mm.

Holotype.—Tallabao, near Ponce, Porto Rico, July 23, 1914, H. G.
Barber (American Museum).

Named in honor of the collector. This is one of the most distinct
species known to us. The submedian dorsal pronotal carinae are
not sharp in any other species, and the only other which has the dark
areas of the forewings with minute hyaline dots is P. parshleyi
Bergroth.

EMPICORIS WINNEMANA, new species.

Male—tThis species differs from all the others in having the legs
and antennae almost entirely brownish fuscous, with but faint annuli
except at extreme apices of segments, the fore and mid femora alone
showing distinguishable annuli. The pronotum is almost uniformly
brownish and the thoracic spines are stramineous. The wings are as
in errabundus, but the linear stigma is entirely black as far before
as beyond the cross-vein.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67

Antenna with short pubescence, apical segment over one-third as
long as the subapical. Lateral carina of pronotum not sharp. Apical
abdominal sternite subtriangular, hypopygial claspers slender, ta-
pered at apices. Fore femur over twice as long as coxa, rather
densely short haired ventrally, the spines minute. Stigma and veins
closing discal cell as in figure 6. Cross-veins in middle of hind
wing forming a straight line (fig. 7).

Female.—Similar to male, the abdomen broader.

Length, 4.5 mm.

Holotype-—Plummer Island, Md., October 10, 1921, taken at hight
in the cabin of the Washington Biologists’ Field Club, H. L. Viereclkk
(U.S.N.M.), Allotype, Vienna, Va., October 17, 1890, (Cornell Univ.) .

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26703, U.S.N.M.

EMPICORIS RETICULATUS, new species.

Male and female.—Similar to errabundus in color, the spots at
apices of hind wings very distinct. Differs as indicated in key, the
reticulation or honeycombing of forewings visible only under a very
high power. The apical abdominal sternite of male is similar to that
of orthoneuron and quite different from that of errabundus (figs. 5
and 12). As in errabundus and orthoneuron the cross-veins in mid-
dle of hind-wings are angulated and the apices of forewings are
notched where the vein joins the margin. Apical antennal segment
nearly half as long as preapical. Base of abdomen with a much
shorter dorsal thorn than in errabundus.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Cordoba, Mexico, December 25, 1907, F. Knab,
Allotype, found on imported orchids from Port Barrios, Guatemala ;
Paratype male, Natchez, Miss., June 2, 1909, EK. A. Schwarz
(U.S.N.M.) ; female, Plummer Island, Md., August, 1903, A. Busck
(Cornell Univ.) ; Plummer Island, Md., Sept. 9, Falls Church, Va.,
Oct. 18, N. Banks; Malden, Mass., Oct., 1888, F. H. Sprague (Mus.
Comp. Zool.).

Type, allotype, and paratype—Cat. No. 26704, U.S.N.M.

EMPICORIS ARMATUS (Champion).

Ploiariodes armata CHAMPION, G. ©. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 165 [Guate-
mala; Panama].

Ploeariola mansueta BrrerotH, E. The American Species of Ploeariola Reut.
(Hem. Reduviidae). Notulae Entomologicae, vol. 2, 1922, pp. 51, 80-81 [San-
ford, Fla., Mandeville, Jamaica].

Head with white decumbent hairs which form three curved longi-
tudinal lines on each side, one from lower posterior angle of eye, one
from just above middle of eye and a third from upper posterior an-
gle of eye, the latter curved inward at middle. Pronotum with two

ArT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH Ppl

whitish submedian vittae which do not reach anterior or posterior
margins, the space betwen them yellowish, laterad of these and across
their posterior extremities dark brown, hind margin of pronotum
narrowly pale yellowish in middle, broadly so on each posterior Ja-
terial angle, dorsum with rather dense decumbent white hairs; meso-
notal spine dark brown, pale at tip; mentanotal spine whitish; basal
abdominal spine dark brown. Abdomen brown, venter unspotted,
spiracles and a connexival streak in front of them on each segment,
whitish. Wing spots not irrorate; stigma from cross-vein to near
tip filled with two contiguous or subcontiguous brown or fuscous
spots.

Lateral pronotal carina complete, without anterior process; me-
dian process on hind margin of pronotum stout, conspicuous. Fore
coxa slender, almost as long as pronotum and half as long as femur.
Vein closing posterior half of discal cell much curved. Apical anten-
nal segment fully one-third as long as preapical. Male genitalia as
in figure 8.

Length, 4-5.5 mm.

Localities—Sanford, Fla., April 26, 1908, Mandeville, Jamaica,
April 1906, KE. P. Van Duzee (Type material Ploeartola mansueta
Bergroth, Coll. Van Duzee) ; Aibonito, Porto Rico, July 14-17, 1914
(Am. Mus.) ; Paraiso, Canal Zone, February 10, 1911 E. A. Schwarz;
Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 21, E. A. Schwarz and H. S.
Barber; Vega Alta, Porto Rico, February 26, 1917, R. J. Cotton,
Paradise Key, Fla., Feb. 28, 1918, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.) ; Se-
bastian, Fla., February 11, 1919, A. Wetmore (Biol. Survey) ;
Gainesville, Fla., June 9, 1918, C. J. Drake (Drake.).

We had this species identified as armatus Champion prior to the
appearance of Doctor Bergroth’s paper and to settle whether we
were in error we requested W. E. China to supply data from an
examination of the type. The information kindly furnished by that
gentleman confirms our identification and synonymy.

EMPICORIS SUBPARALLELUS, new species.

Male.—Similar to nudus in color and structure, differing as stated
in key. The black spots on antennae are much smaller than in
nudus, and especially apically, the last two segments in nudus be-
ing almost entirely fuscous whereas in subparallelus they are largely
white, the apical segment having a small black spot at base and a
larger one near apex.

Length, 4.5 mm.

Type.—Cayamas, Cuba, March 2, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.).

A female specimen from Brownville, Texas, May 7, H. S. Barber,
(U.S.N.M.), lacking the head and most of the legs appears to belong

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

to this species; the pronotal tubercle is better developed than in
the type.
Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26705, U.S.N.M.

; EMPICORIS NUDUS, new species.

Female-—Head marked as in armatus; the white lines are not
composed of moderately long decumbent hairs but of microscopic
pile or pruinescence, and the two lines on dorsum are regularly
arcuate, the anterior and posterior extremities being incurved. The
dorsum of pronotum is chocolate brown on disk between the white
lines, the latter are very slender, converge from anterior margin to
constriction, and then arcuately diverge, ending a short distance from
hind margin of pronotum; laterad of the white lines the posterior
half of pronotum is paler brown; there is a slender white Y-shaped
mark extending from constriction over humerus on each side, a
white line along the hind margin, and the lateral carinae are white.
In other respects as armatus.

Pronotum almost nude, processes and spines as in armatus. Fore
coxa stouter than in that species, distinctly shorter than pronotum,
and half as long as femur; stigmatal spot farther from apex.
Apical antennal segment fully half as long as preapical.

Length, 4.5 mm.

Holotype.—Paradise Key, Fla., March 6, 1919, E. A. Schwarz
and H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).

EMPICORIS PARSHLEYI (Bergroth).

Ploeariola parshleyi BrrcrotH, E. Am. Ploeariola. Notulae Entomologicae,
vol. 2, 1922, pp. 50-51 and 79 [Falls Church, Va.].

Color decidedly more brownish than in erxvabundus. Dorsum of
pronotum behind suture pale yellowish brown, but little darker than
the lateral carinae; thoracic spines pale. Venter of abdomen pale
brown, unspotted. Most of the fuscous spots on wings and espe-
cially those in discal cell with minute clear dots in them; apices of
hind wings not spotted. Legs and antennae ringed and spotted with
fuscous.

Pronotum with lateral carina, which has a small process at anterior
extremity, and with a poorly developed but distinguishable median
process on hind margin. Fore legs short and stout, the femur not
longer than the pronotum, the coxa about half as long as the femur
and not longer than distance from coxal cavity to upper anterior
margin of pronotum. Stigma normal, rather broadly rounded at
apex; discal cell produced at apex, both veins closing cell curved.
Apical antennal segment fully half as long as preapical.

Length, 5-6 mm.

art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 23

Localities —Falls Church, Va., August 1, N. Banks (Holotype,
Coll. Bergroth) ; same locality, August 22 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
same locality, August 6, 25, N. Banks (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Plummer
Island, Md., June 27, 1911, August 10, 1915, H. S. Barber (U.S.
N.M.); Contoocook, N. H., July 16, 1920, E. W. Hall (Drake) ;
Beverly, Mass., July 15, 1906 (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).

EMPICORIS CULICIFORMIS (De Geer).

Cimex culiciformis Dr GEER, CHARLES. Mem. Hist. Insects, 3, 1773, pp.
323-8, pl. 17, figs. 1-S [France].

Ploiaria alata Scoport, J. A. Deliciae Florae et Faunae Insubricae, etc.,
pt. 3, 1788, pp. 52-53, pl. 25, figs. 6-10 [Austria].

Gerris erraticus FALLEN, C. F. Monographia Cimicum Sueciae, 1818, pp.
117118:

Ploiaria maculata HALDEMAN, S. S. Descriptions of several new species and
one new genus of insects. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3 (1846-7) 1848,
p. 151 [Pennsylvania]. A longer description is given in a later article by
Haldeman entitled “ On four new species of Hemiptera of the genera Ploiaria,
Chermes, and Aleurodes,” ete. (Amer. Journ, Sci., ser. 2, vol. 9, 1850, p. 108).

Ploiariodes errabunda BANKs, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 46 [Va., Md.].

We have before us several European specimens of this species in-
cluding one male. A number of North American specimens, com-
prising males also, agree in every particular with those from Europe
so that we have been compelled to accept the American species as
culiciformis. In color it agrees very closely with errabundus but it
is distinguished structurally as indicated in the key, and also by the
lateral carina of the pronotum lacking the anterior process. The
apical sternite in male is more broadly rounded at apex than in erra-
bundus and the hypopygial claspers are knobbed at apices as shown
in figure 9. No other species so far as we know has this last struc-
tural peculiarity. The wings are as in errabundus but the hind pair
are not spotted apically (fig. 10). Apical antennal segment about
half as long as preapical. One or two of the basal ventral spines on
fore femur quite prominent.

Length, 4-4.5 mm.

Localities.—Boston, Mass., Oct. 26, 1921, H. Biddle (Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist.) ; Pennsylvania, June, Uhler Coll. labeled as type of Plozaria
maculata Haldeman (U.S. N. M.); Plummer Island, Md., May 22,
1912, at hight, E. A. Schwarz (U.S. N. M.) ; Kenilworth, D. C., July
26, 1912, O. Heidemann (Cornell Univ.); Eastern Branch, D. C.,
May 14, 1901, at light, A. Busck (Van Duzee) ; Maywood, Va., Oct.
16, 1915, W. L. McAtee (McAtee) ; Vienna, Va., Aug. 17, 1913, H. G.
Barber (Barber) ; Falls Church, Va., May 27, July 20, 25, Aug. 2,
29, N. Banks (M. C. Z.); Falls Church, Va., July 20, N. Banks (Cor-
nell Univ.) ; Falls Church, Va., Aug. 6, and no date (Van Duzee) ;
Falls Church, Va., Aug. 7, N. Banks (Parshley) ; Falls Church, Va.,

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Sept. 29, N. Banks (McAtee) ; Falls Church, Va., Aug. 22, N. Banks
(U. S. N. M.); Berkeley, W. Va., Aug. 20, 1891 (Cornell Univ.) ;
The Dalles, Ore., May 19 (Cornell Univ.).

With reference to the supposed type of Plotaria maculata Halde-
man listed above it is to be said that in Haldeman’s first article the
data for his specimen are given as “ Pennsylvania, July,” and in
the second “ Pennsylvania, June and July.” Uhler tells us:7 “ Prof.
Haldeman generously gave me the type of his description,” but this
specimen is the type of the second, not the original description. The
latter, Haldeman informs us, was mutilated and now probably is lost.

This species, next to errabundus, is the commonest of the genus
in America.

EMPICORIS ERRABUNDUS (Say).

Ploiaria errabunda Say, THoMAS. Descriptions of new species of Heterop-
terous Hemiptera of North America, 1831; Reprint Trans. N. Y. State Agr.
Soe. 1857, p. 804; Complete Writings, vol. 1, 1859, p. 359 [North America].

Ploiariodes tuberculata BANKs, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 46 [Sea Cliff, N. Y.,
Falls Church, Va.].

In addition to the characters mentioned in the key, this species
has the venter with dense appressed white pile except on numerous
small round areas at bases of the longer hairs which give it under a
a moderate magnification the appearance of being spotted. The
fore coxa is nearly as long as the pronotum, the cross-veins in the
hind wing form an angulated line, both the veins closing the discal
cell are curved so that the apex of the cell is drawn out into a rather
long point, the stigma is spotted beyond the cross-vein (fig. 11), and
the eighth sternite in the male has an obtusely pointed terminal
process (fig. 12). The apical antennal segment is one-third as long
as preapical. Fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 13.

Length: 44.5 mm.

Our most common and widely distributed species, represented in
the material examined by the following collections: Paris, Me., July
4, 1916, C. A. Frost (Parshley); Monmouth, Me., July 27, 1912,
C. A. Frost; Fall River, Mass., May 22, 1911, N. S. Easton (Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Amherst, Mass., June 5, 1914; Cold Spring Har-
bor, New York, July 29, O. B. Meiner (Parshley) ; Sea Cliff, N. Y.,
Aug., N. Banks (M. C. Z.); White Plains, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1909
(Bueno); Penn Mar, Pa., July 15 (Cornell Univ.) ; Bedford Co.,
Pa., Aug. 8, O. Heidemann (Cornell Univ.); Bedford Co., Pa.,
Aug. (EK. P. Van Duzee); Cropley, Md., April 27, 1910, laid eggs
soon after capture, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.); Forest Glen, Md.,
July 14, 1915, at light, O. Heidemann (Cornell Univ.) ; Plummer
Island, Md., May 7, 1916, R. C. Shannon (U.S.N.M.); Plummer

7Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 481, Nov. 1878.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 25

Island, Md., May 21, 1910, Aug. 16, 1914, W. L. McAtee (Biol.
Survey); Falls Church, Va., Aug. 7, Sept. 24 (type of P. tuber-
culata Banks), N. Banks (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Herndon, Va., Aug.
1911, H. G. Barber (Barber, Bueno, U.S,N.M.) ; Mount Vernon, Va.,
Aug. 20, 1916, W. L. McAtee (McAtee) ; Berkeley Springs, W. Va.,
Sept. 20, 1886 (Cornell Univ.) ; Thomasville, Ga., Mrs. A. P. Tay-
lor (U.S.N.M.); Michigan (U.S.N.M.); Ridgeway, Ont., Aug. 7,
1886; E. P. Van Duzee (Iowa Agr. Coll.); Kansas (E. P. Van
Duzee) ; Onaga, Kansas, F. F. Crevecoeur (U.S.N.M.) ; Texas, Uhler
Coll. (U.S.N.M.) ; Dallas, Tex., June 7, 1907, F. C. Pratt (U.S.N.M.) ;
Kerrville; Tex., June'19, 1907, F. C. ‘Pratt (U.S.N.M.); Mexico
(Cornell Univ.).

After a careful examination of all the American species available,
and consideration of Say’s original description, we have no doubt
that this is the species Say had before him and not that here iden-
tified as culiciformis De Geer which has gone under the name evra-
bunda. ‘The present species has the small knob on the anterior end
of lateral carina of prothorax, which Say specifically mentions
(“the lateral carinate line of the thorax has a prominence like an
obtuse spine before”), while the other never has it so far as we have
been able to find. The fact that no mention was made by Say of the
median process on middle of hind margin of pronotum may have
been due either to his considering it of generic value or to oversight,
the latter being not at all improbable as the tubercle is net conspicu-
ous except when viewed from the side.

Genus STENOLEMUS Signoret.

Stenolemus SIGNORET, V. Description d’un nonveau Genre de la Tribu des
Longicoxes, Amyot et Serville. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 6, 1858, pp.
251-2, pl. 6, figs. 1-3 [Monobasic, S. spiniventris, new species, genotype. ]

Phantasmatophanes Kirkaupy, G. W. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji,
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 88, 1968, pp. 869-370, fig. 2 [Monobasie,
P. muiri, new species, genotype. ]

Emendation. Stenolaemus.

In species of this genus the labrum is closely adherent to base of
rostrum and there is no spine between bases of antennae; the apices
of the latter are more or less enlarged, ending in an acute process
which may be more or less curved or angled. The prothorax is
very variable in structure, but is always carried backward over
mesonotum to the bases of wings, and is very noticeably constricted
near middle, or pedicillate; there are great differences in the length
of the pedicel connecting the anterior and posterior lobes. Some
species have merely a constriction while others have a long pedicel.
This difference is however not coordinated with any other outstand-
ing structural character except in the case of arizonensis which has

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the venation of forewing different from that of the other species;
we consider this species entitled to subgeneric rank. The mesonotum
and metanotum each have a long spine on middle of hind margin.
The male hypopygium is of the form shown in figure 16. Fore
femur spinose from base, fore tarsus not heavily chitinized, short
and straight, with two distinct segments, hairy above and below;
claws equal.

With the exception of S. arizonensis members of this genus are
whitish to stramineous with brown to black markings of variable
extent; their usual pale coloration and the abundance of long hairs
on most parts of the body give them a habitus quite distinct among
American genera. While the extent to which dark markings prevail
is variable, the pattern is nearly the same throughout all of the sub-
genus Stenolemus. The principal features of these markings are
the following: Bands differing in number, width and intensity, and
sometimes in character of pubescence, and even of the supporting
integument, on antennae and legs; two longitudinal vittae on top
of anterior lobe of head; a band on each side of head from neck
toward eyes dividing so as to leave the tubercles and a spot behind
each eye pale; on prothorax a stripe nearly percurrent on lower
surface, embracing most of pedicel, and sending a tongue posteriorly
along side of posterior lobe, and anteriorly a band above front coxa,
and a broad vitta each side of the median line on dorsum, these
latter vittae interrupted by one or two pale stripes on outer side
near base; mesothorax and metathorax largely dark, with pale edg-
ings, and abdomen the same, more or less marked with pale. In
most cases we have figured the forewings in order to give a clearer
idea of their markings.

KEY TO THE SUBGENERA AND SPECIES,

1. A distinct vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cell of forewing
(figs. 21, 23, 26, 29) (Subgenus, Stenolemus)/2—02-==_2 224-222) ees 2

No vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cell of forewing (fig. 14) ;
basal stout spine on posteroventral surface of fore femur directed down-
ward, not angling towards base of femur; prothorax hardly pedunculate,
anterior lobe gradually narrowed posteriorly, posterior lobe without tu-
bercles on posterior margin; dorsum of head without post-sutural tubercles.
Subgenus Stenolemoides, new subgenus, type species, Luteva arizonensis
Bankssae. acl fut og ee Poors gh co pa ee (ps i28)).

2. Basal spine of fore femur directed straight downward, not angling towards
base of femur; prothorax deeply constricted but not pedunculate, anterior
lobe quadrate, posterior lobe with four distinct tubercles near hind margin;
subapical antennal segment longer than apical; fore tibia stout (fig. 17),
barely longer than fore coxa and hardly as long as head and interior lobe

of prothorax combined; mesothoracic and metathoracie spines short and
stout, tapered apically. 22 2 soe eee pristinus, new species (p. 29).
Basal spine of fore femur angling towards base of femur____-____-___~ 3

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH OT

8. Prothorax not distinctly pedunculate, anterior lobe tapered posteriorly, tu-
bercles on posterior lobe nearly obsolete; subapical antennal segment less
than half as long as apical: fore tibia slender (fig. 20) about twice as long as
fore coxa and as long as head and thorax combined ; mesothoracie and me-
tathoracic spines long and slender_____~ pallidipennis, new species (p. 30).

Prothorax pedunculate, the peduncle sharply differentiated from the anterior
and posterior swollen lobes and about as long as or longer than the former ;
posterior lobe with four tubercles near hind margin___-_~-_-------_-- 4

4. Abdomen without submedian spines on venter in addition to the pedicillate
spiracles; posterior discal cell bisected longitudinally by a distinct vein:
basal and apical bands on hind femur brownish, the middle one deep black
AndeveryeCOnSpICUOUSs = ene ae ee eee schwarzi Bergroth (p. 30).

Abdomen with a pair of submedian spines on hind margin of sternites 3 to 5
or at least on 3 and 4 in addition to the pedicillate spiracles__________ 5

5. Submedian spines on venter distinguishable only on sternites 3 and 4, poste-
rior discal cell not bisected by a longitudinal vein (fig. 24) ; all hind fem-

oral dark bands broad and fuscous in color, not conspicuously dark

DLL OSCR eee ee ER ee RS Re wie oe eee ee Ne variatus, new species (p. 31).
Submedian spines on abdomen present on sternites 3 to 5, inclusive____~_ 6

6. The small cross-vein behind basal discal cell in line with the posterior ex-
tremity of the vein closing that cell (fig. 25); submedian spines near hind
margin of pronotum not acute, mere convexities on surface; posterior discal
cell without longitudinal vein; dark bands on hind femora except the apical
ONGRVECRY NAT OW. ee ee interstitialis, new species (p. 31).

The small cross-vein behind basal discal cell distinctly proximad of the
posterior extremity of the vein closing that cell (fig. 28) ; submedian spines

NEAL POSteLrior margin Of pronotum=acutes= = —_ ee iG
7. Posterior discal cell of forewing bisected longitudinally by a distinct vein ;
mesothoracie and metathoracice spines not thickened near apices______ 8

Posterior discal cell of forewing not bisected by a distinct vein; meso-
thoracic and metathoracic spines more or less swollen near apices (figs. 31.
32); tubercles on hind lobe of head prominent, acute_______________- 9

8. Dark bands on hind femora broad, separated by about their own width,
brown in color, the short hairs uniformly brown on all bands; bands on
hind tibiae pale, third one from base especially so; sixth tergite without a
pair of submedian spines at apex; wing venation as in figure 26; basal
discal cell with two or three narrow whitish lines through the dark in-
CORIO ee Mae St Oe Ae Se ee ae hirtipes, new species (p. 32).

Dark bands on hind femora narrow, separated by much more than their own
width, the basal bands black and black haired, the apical one golden
haired; bands on hind tibiae all black; sixth tergite with a pair of sub-
median spines at apex; basal discal cell with numerous reticulating pale
Hnéestinedark part. t 32- tee eae mexicanus, new species (p. 32).

9. Portion of vein along inner margin of basal discal cell longer than the por-
tion along same margin of posterior discal cell, and much arcuated ba-
sally (fig. 29) ; mesothoracic and metathoracic spines as in figure 31.

spiniger, new species (p. 33).

Portion of vein along inner margin of basal discal cell shorter than that along
same margin of posterior discal cell, and but little arcuate basally ; meso-
thoracic and metathoracic spines as in figure 82.

perplexus, new species (p. 33),

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

NOTES ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES NOT INCLUDED IN THD FOREGOING KEY.

spiniventris (Stenolemus) SignoreT, V. Ann. Soe, Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 6,
1858, p. 253 [Mexico].

Apparently runs to that section of our key embracing the new
species, spiniger and perplewus, but the meso- and meta-notal spines
if properly figured, differ from those of either of these species or in
fact from any we have seen. The mesonotal spine is represented as
erect and acute and the metanotal, swollen at tip and curved so as
to extend forward past the mesonotal spine.

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF TH® SPECIES.

No cross vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cell; basal spine of
fore femur directed downward; posterior lobe of head and of pronotum
without tubercles. (Subgenus Stenolemoides)—--____-__--___ arizonensis.

A eross vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cell; posterior lobe
of head and of pronotum with tubercles (Subgenus Stenolemus).

Prothorax deeply constricted but not pedunculate.

Basal spine of fore femur directed downward__________ pristinus.
Basal spine of fore femur directed basad____________ pallidipennis,
Prothorax pedunculate; basal spine of fore femur directed basad.
Abdomen without submedian ventral spines____________ schwarzi.
Abdomen with submedian ventral spines.
variatus.
interstitialis.
hirtipes.
mexicanus.
spiniger.
perplexus.

STENOLEMOIDEs, new subgenus.

Differs from subgenus Stenolemus in the venation of fore and hind
wings as shown in figures 14 and 15, the basal discal cell in former
having no vein emitted from its costal margin. The basal spine of
posteroventral series on fore femur is directed downward and _ not
sloped towards base of femur as in most species of Stenolemus.
Type spectes—Luteva arizonensis Banks, N. (Emesidae 1909, p. 45).

STENOLEMUS (STENOLEMOIDES) ARIZONENSIS (Banks).
Luteva arizonensis BANKS, N., Emesidae, 1909, p. 45 [Palmerlee, Arizona].
A pale brownish yellow species, without distinct markings on fore-
wings. Basal two antennal segments with a few whitish annuli.
Anterior third or more of posterior lobe of pronotum whitish, poste-
rior margin subfuscous. Anterior femora and tibiae faintly whitish
annulate, mid and hind femora each with six whitish annuli. Most
of the veins of fore wings paler than the membrane.
Head about as wide as long on dorsum, eyes large, the posterior
lobe slightly bulbous above and neither tuberculate nor sulcate. An-

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 29

terior lobe of prothorax about 1.5 as long as wide, much tapered
posteriorly, barely half as wide at posterior as at anterior margin,
dorsum arched, posterior lobe slightly widened posteriorly, a little
longer than anterior lobe, with a broad shallow median depression,
posterior width less than greatest length, no tubercles near posterior
margin. Legs less elongate and hairy than usual in the genus; fore
tibia and tarsus as in figure 18. Hypopygium as in figure 16.

Length, 8-9 mm.

Data for specimens examined: Arizona, C. U. Lot 34 (Uhler
Coll.) ; Oracle, Ariz., July 23; Yerington, Nev., July 18, J. P. Baum-
berger; Los Angeles, Calif., August (U.S.N.M.). The holotype also
was examined (M. C. Z.).

Subgenus STENOLEMUS Signoret.

STENOLEMUS PRISTINUS, new species.

Female——Head, anterior lobe of prothorax, and abdomen con-
spicuously marked and clouded with brownish fuscous and the fore
wings almost entirely of that color, with the veins, some reticulating
lines, and a few minute dots, whitish. The antennal, and femoral,
and tibial annuli of mid and hind legs are very pale brown and,
with the exception of the preapical one on each femur, inconspicu-
ous; front coxa with 2, and front femora and tibiae with 4 rather
conspicuous brown bands.

Head broader than long, eyes large, covering much more than
half the entire length of side of head, transverse suture on dorsum
not very deep, posterior lobe with two small but sharp processes on
dorsum anteriorly; antennae much stouter than usual, with long
hairs, third segment fuily as long as fourth. Anterior lobe of pro-
thorax subquadrate, not tapered, separated from posterior lobe by
a deep constriction, posterior lobe widened from anterior to poste-
rior margin, with four distinct but not very large tubercles near
posterior margin; mesothoracic and metathoracic spines compara-
tively short and stout. Spines on fore legs much shorter than in
any of the other species, the basal one not bent towards base of
femur (fig. 17). Abdomen elongate ovate, third, fourth, and fifth
tergites each with an angular projection near posterior lateral
angles; venter without submedian spines, spiracles elevated. Poste-
rior discal cell of fore wing with a longitudinal vein bisecting it,
vein emitted by basal discal cell not as close to base as in next
species, the cell acute at base.

Length, 7.5 mm.

Holotype—Key West, Fla., April 9, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.).

The fore tibia in this species has about three series of minute sub-
decumbent black setulae on venter, while in pallidipennis it has two

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

series, one anteroventral and the other posteroventral, which consist

of much longer suberect spines of unequal lengths alternating. All

the other species of the genus in this paper have the anteroventral

series complete (arizonensis), or that series complete and the postero-

ventral series present on at least the apical half of tibia.
Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26707, U.S.N.M.

STENOLEMUS PALLIDIPENNIS, new species.

Male——Much paler than the other species of the genus, the gen-
eral color stramineous, the femoral annuli very indistinct, and the
wing markings pale fuscous.

Head as broad as long, arched above, the posterior lobe slightly
tumid on each side of median line anteriorly; basal antennal seg-
ment and base of second segment above very long haired, third seg-
ment not one-third as long as fourth. Profile of head and thorax
as in figure 19. Anterior lobe of prothorax not longer than its
greatest width, anterior lateral angles tumid, narrowed posteriorly,
and separated from posterior lobe by a deep constriction, posterior
lobe gradually widened from anterior to posterior margin, about
1.5 times as long as anterior lobe and as long as wide, the four
tubercles before hind margin barely evident; mesothoracic and
metathoracic spines slender, curved, the pointed apices directed for-
ward. Venter lacking submedian processes, the spiracles slightly
elevated and situated very close to lateral margins; hypopygium
not large, almost covered on dorsum by the broadly rounded
posterior projection of the apical tergite, claspers small, slender,
curved. Venter and all femora and tibiae with very long fine
hairs; fore femur with the postero-ventral spines longer and more
widely spaced than usual, four or five of them conspicuously longer
than the others, the basal one directed somewhat toward the base
of femur (fig. 20). Venation as in figures 21 and 22.

Length, 8.5 mm.

Holotype.—Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., June 12, 1898, E. A.
Schwarz (U. S. N. M.).

Type.—Cat. No. 26708 U.S. N. M.

STENOLEMUS SCHWARZI Bergroth.

Stenolaemus schwarzi BrererotH, H. New and little known heteropterous
Hemiptera in the United States National Museum, Proc., U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
51, pp. 229-230, Oct. 28, 1916 [Tampico, Mex.].

This species, in common with most of those treated in this paper,
has the forewing concave behind the apex (fig. 23), the degree
of concavity varying with the species, the least occurring in
pallidipennis.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 81

The antennae and legs in schwarzi appear slightly thicker at the
dark annuli and are also furnished with more dense blackish
pubescence on these parts; thoracic spines piceous. Wings with
the fuscous markings as seen with the naked eye consisting of two
or three bands irrorated with whitish.

Head across eyes slightly broader than long, eye as wide as inter-
ocular space; posterior lobe with 2 moderate swellings on dorsum
anteriorly. Anterior lobe of prothorax a little longer than the
peduncle, posterior lobe rather abruptly widened, the posterior
tubercles distinct. Basal and one other spine of the postero-ventral
series on fore femur much longer than the others. Venation and
markings of forewings as in figure 23. The male has the wings
less extensively blackened, the disk being almost all white.

Length, 8-10 mm.

Redescribed from the type specimen, a female, No. 20149, U.S.N.M.,
Tampico, Mexico, Dec. 21, E. A. Schwarz, two males, Teena
Honduras, July 25 and 26, 1917, and one female, La Ceiba, Honduras,
September 27, 1916, F. J. Dyer (U.S.N.M.).

STENOLEMUS VARIATUS, new species.

Mdale-—Mesothoracic spine pale, metathoracic one darker. Wings
more evenly infuscated than in schwarzz, basal discal cell almost
solid black, center of poster ior discal cell with an amoeboid yellowish
splotch. Fland femoral and tibial bands broader than in other species
and lacking short dark hairs, the long hairs on the bands dark
brown, those on other parts of femora and tibiae pale brown.

Tubercles on posterior lobe of head barely perceptible. Anterior
lobe of prothorax a little longer than pedicel; processes near hind
margin of posterior lobe elongate, acute; mesothoracic and metathor-
acic spines slender, of about equal size, blunt at tips, with rather
long hairs. Abdomen as stated in key. Fore coxa a little longer
than pedicel of prothorax, fore femur slightly curved, with normal
armature. Basal discal cell of fore wing as in figure 24, apical
discal cell not subdivided longitudinally, acute at apex.

Length, 10 mm.

Holotype.—Near San Ignacio, Misiones, Argentina, 1910, E. R.
Wagner. (Paris Museum.)

STENOLEMUS INTERSTITIALIS, new species.

Male—General color as in variatus but the hind femoral and tibial
bands are much narrower and paler.

Tubercles on posterior lobe of head small but rather acute. An-
terior lobe of prothorax slightly shorter than pedicel: submedian
tubercles on posterior lobe mere round swellings (the thorax is in

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

poor condition owing to faulty pining) ; metathoracic spine slightly
more thickened preapically than mesothoracic, both attenuated
apically and rather densely long haired but not so pronouncedly
so as in spiniger, submedian ventral spines long, posteriorly
curved. Basal discal cell as in figure 25; apical discal cell lacking
longitudinal dividing vein. Dark bands on hind femora separated
by about twice their own width, lacking short dark hairs.

Length, 10 mm.

Holotype—F¥rench Guiana, 1899, R. Oberthur (Paris Museum).

STENOLEMUS HIRTIPES, new species.

Female.——Similar to schwarzi in color, rather paler, with the
fore wings differently marked (fig. 26), and the antennal, femoral,
and tibial annuli much paler.

In addition to the structural characters mentioned in the key the
following are the principal characters possessed by this species:
Head as broad as long, bituberculate on dorsum of posterior lobe
anteriorly; basal antennal segment and base of second above very
long haired, third segment about three-fifths as long as fourth.
Anterior lobe of prothorax as long as peduncle, posterior lobe not
abruptly widened, the tubercles large and rather sharp; mesothoracic
and metathoracic spines erect and slender. Fore femur with only
two of the postero-ventral spines conspicuously longer and stoutér
than the others; all legs, the prothorax, and venter densely and
rather long haired. Fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 27.

Length, 9-10 mm.

Holotype.—Female, and two paratypes Mississippi, no other data,
Coll. Ashmead (U.S.N.M.); one paratype, Miami, Fla., September
24, 1918, W. T. Davis (Davis); and another N. Landing, S. C.,
W. F. Fiske (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26709, U.S.N.M.

STENOLEMUS MEXICANUS, new species.

Female.—Head, thorax, and wings more extensively blackened
than in other species of this subgenus, the markings on the wings
much broken by narrow white lines and irregular dots.

Pedicel of prothorax a little longer than anterior lobe, posterior
lobe with the 4 tubercles distinct; mesothoracic spine slender, tapered
to apex, metathoracic one stouter and not so much tapered apically,
both with rather inconspicuous hairs. Basal discal cell of forewings
as in figure 28; a distinct, undulated, longitudinal vein through mid-
dle of posterior discal cell, as in schwarzi. Basal 2 bands on hind
femora very narrow, middle one (deeper black) broader than these
two combined and distinctly broader than either of the apical two;
hind tibial bands except basal one about three times as long as tibial

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 38

diameter; fore coxa a lttle longer than prothoracic pedicel; fore
femur as thick as pedicel, the basal spine long, normal.

Length, 10 mm.

/Tolotype.—F rontera, Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1897, Townsend
(Lowa State College).

STENOLEMUS SPINIGER, new species.

Male and female.—Similar to hirtipes in color, the wings marked
as in figure 29, but rather variable in intensity and form of markings.

Besides the characters mentioned in the key, the peduncle of the
prothorax is slightly longer than the anterior lobe (on dorsum) and
distinctly tapered anteriorly (fig. 30), not equally thick the whole
length as in hirtipes; the vein emitted by basal discal cell is longer
and nearer base of cell than in that species, and there are three or
four outstanding stout spines on the posteroventral surface of fore
femur. Thoracic spines as in figure 31.

Length: 10-12 mm.

Holotype—Male, Brownsville, Tex., May 21, 1904, H. S. Barber.
Allotype, Brownsville, Tex., A. Jagow. Paratypes, one female,
Escuintla, Guatemala, August, 1898, F. Knab; one female with label
“ Venedo ” and no other data (U.S.N.M.) ; one female, Brownsville,
Tex., Dorner (Ill. Nat. Hist. Survey); and a male, Motzorongo,
V. C., Mexico, Feb. 11, 1892 (Iowa State College).

There is a small nymph from Brownsville, Tex., April 30, 1904,
H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) which may belong to this species or to
hirtipes, the presence of only two outstanding postero-ventral spines
on fore femur apparently associating it with Airtipes, though we
have seen no specimens of that species from Texas. The mesonotum
and metanotum bear no spines; each abdominal tergite has a series
of four long tubercles near posterior margin and numerous minute
discal papillae, while each sternite has about eight small papillae
along posterior margin.

Type, allotype, and paratypes —Male, Cat. No. 26710, U.S.N.M.

STENOLEMUS PERPLEXUS, new species.

Male and female—vVery similar in coloration and structure to
spiniger, the dark color more intense as a rule. The pedicel of pro-
thorax is longer, being distinctly longer than anterior lobe; the
upper margin of male hypopygium between the claspers has no pro-
nounced notch in center in perplewus while in spiniges it has. The
other distinctions are as stated in key. Thoracic spines as in figure
32.

Length, 11 mm.

Holotype.—Male, El Campamento Col. Perene, Peru, June 21,
1920 (Cornell Univ. Exped., Lot 569). Allotype, Jatahy, Prov.
Goyas, Brazil, 1889, H. Donckier (Paris Museum).

94993—25 3

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Genus DELIASTES Dohrn.

Deliastes DourRn, A. Nachtriige, 18638, pp. 75-76 [Monobasic, D. reticulatus,
new species, genotype, p. 76].

This genus differs from any known to us in having the fore tarsi
heavily chitinized, bare above, and with but one oblique suture; the
claws are unequal in size. The fore femur is spined from near base
to apex, the basal spine longest; and the fore tibia has a series of
setulae along the ventral surface which are stout at bases and are
bent at right angles at middle, their apices directed toward apex of
tibia. Second antennal segment slightly longer than first (13 :12),
third very short (0.75). Prothorax bilobate, in the winged forms the
posterior lobe extending to bases of wings. Mesonotum and meta-
notum unspined; abdomen normal. Venation of fore wing as in
figure 34; posterior discal cell with a nearly percurrent median longi-
tudinal fold, simulating a vein.

The female of the genotype is wingless, and, like all apterous
forms of Ploiariinae known to us, has the prothorax without
a backwardly projecting flap overlying the dorsum of mesothorax.
The abdomen is much broader than in male and with tergites 4-7
tuberculate posteriorly.

Through the kindness of Dr. M. S. Pennington, of Buenos Aires,
we have received a specimen of Deliastes brachmanni Berg compared
by him with the type. Study of this specimen in connection with the
descriptions of Dohrn and Berg emboldens us to identify the genus
which we had previously failed to do and to synonymize Berg’s
species with reticu/atus Dohrn. There is a possibility of error here
as Dohrn’s description calls for reticulate venation of the hemelytra;
however, because of the agreement of our specimens with the descrip-
tion in every other respect, we conclude that the “ whitish veins ”
mentioned are only color markings, not true veins. Since Dohrn
cites these “veins” as the principal distinction of Deliastes from
Palacus it is probable that these are really only one genus. If this
presumption is verified upon appeal to the types, the name Palacus
will have the preference due to page priority.

KEY 10 THE SPECIES.

1. Mid and hind femora dark brown or fuscous, each with two narrow strami-
neous annuli, one at one third of the length from apex and the other
close to apex; mid and hind tibiae paler than femora, especially api-
cally, a narrow band of fuscous marking off a pale band near base;
antennae brown, with a narrow stramineous band near apex and
another near base of first segment_________________- reticulatus Dohrn.

Mid and hind femora and tibiae, pale stramineous, each hind femur with a

small dark brown mark above at apex, the tibiae with a similar mark
at base, mid femora with 2 brown marks on posterior side of apical
half, mid tibiae with a narrow dark brown annulus near base; antennae

pale stramineous, narrowly dark brown at bases and apices of first and
SECONG SESMICMUG Se ee ee stramineipes, new species.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCHL 35

DELIASTES RETICULATUS. Dohrn.

Deliastes reticulatus DourN, A. Nachtriige, 1868, p. 76 [Cuba].

Deliastes brachmanni Bere, C. Addenda et Emendanda ad Hemiptera
Argentina, 1884, pp. 114-115 [Mendoza, Argentina].

Male.—Brownish fuscous, spotted and mottled with whitish. Fore
femur with two irregular whitish annuli, fore tibia with a broad
band on basal half and a narrower one on apical half, whitish. Fore
wings brownish fuscous, reticulated with fine whitish lines; hind
wings whitish hyaline.

Head very little longer than wide, convex above, the transverse
constriction deep; eyes large, as wide as the distance between them;
antennae without long hairs. Anterior lobe of prothorax a little
shorter than posterior one, slightly tapered posteriorly, with no
distinct constriction between it and the posterior lobe, its extreme
length about twice its greatest width; posterior lobe arcuate both
longitudinally and transversely, tapering anteriorly, greatest length
about 1.5 times its greatest width, not tuberculate posteriorly. Apical
tergite forming a broad lobe which extends to apex of hypopygium
and almost entirely covers it, the apex bluntly rounded; upper
posterior border of hypopygium as in figure 35; claspers long,
slender, recurved apically; seventh sternite slightly concave posteri-
orly, not half as long as preceding one.

Female.—Similar to male in color, the abdomen with venter largely
yellowish, marked with brown, more conspicuously on sides, the
dorsum darker and with dark brown marbling over entire surface.

The eyes are much smaller than in male, being a little narrower
above than the interocular space. The prothorax has a noticeable
annular swelling just before its posterior margin and the margin
is not flared; the mesonotum is distinctly humped posteriorly, with a
median straight, and 2 lateral curved carinae; metanotum also
tricarinate. Abdominal tergites 4 to 7 each with a median pointed
tubercle on middle of hind margin, the intermediate two largest,
posterior angles of connexivum angulate, most conspicuously so on
segments 4 to 6; tergites 8 and 9 as in figure 36.

Length, 10-11 mm.

Male specimen compared with type of brachmanni, La Rioja,
Argentina, M. 8S. Pennington (Pennington) ; 3 males and 3 females,
Argentina, Chaco de Santiago del Estero, near Icano, KE. R. Wagner
(Paris Museum) ; one male, South America (Cornell Univ.).

There are three nymphs from the Paris Museum collection (with
the same data as the adults) which agree in general characters of
head, thorax, and legs with the female, but the claws of the fore
tarsi are poorly differentiated, and there are no processes on dorsum
of abdomen.

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM You. 67

DELIASTES STRAMINEIPES, new species.

Male.—Very similar to the male of the preceding species. Differs
in color as stated in key and also in having the forewings more
closely reticulated with whitish lines, and the process on upper
margin of hypopygium as in figure 37.

Length, 11 mm.

Holotype.—Argentina. Chaco de Santiago de Estero, near Icano,
EK. R. Wagner (Paris Museum).

Genus PANAMIA Kirkaldy.

Panamia Kirkatpy, G. W. Notes on Central American Hemipterous Fauna,
Can. Ent., vol. 39, p. 249, July, 1907 [Monobasic, genotype, Lutevopsis ornata
Champion].

This genus may readily be separated from its allies by the peculiar
venation of the fore wings (fig. 38) and also by the characters men-
tioned in the generic key.

PANAMIA ORNATA (Champion).

Lutevopsis ornata CHAMPION, Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 166-7, Oct. 1896 [Bugaba,
Panama].

Panamia ornata KirKatpy, G. W. Notes on Central American Hemip-
terous Fauna, Can. Ent., vol. 39, p. 249, July 1907.

A. pale testaceous yellow species, the pronotum sometimes with one
or two short oblique brown streaks on each side, and a faint median
vitta and sometimes 2 lateral clouds on posterior lobe. Fore wings
with some faint fuscous spots, the most distinct, being one in ex-
treme base of discal cell, one or more at middle of same, and one
near the cross vein at its apex.

Head including eyes nearly as broad as long, rounded above
(fig. 39) ; proboscis slender; antennal hairs not very long. Anterior
lobe of prothorax smooth, slightly shiniig, a little tapered poster-
iorly, with a punctiform depression in middle posteriorly, the con-
striction between it and the posterior lobe shallow, length about 1.5
as great as its width; posterior lobe granular, slightly sulcate cen-
trally, with four very slight elevations near posterior margin,
length about 1.5 as great as width, slightly tapered anteriorly;
mesonotum with a rounded central elevation, metanotum with a
longitudinal ridge a little more prominent apically; first abdominal
segment with a short, erect, spine. Abdomen slender, a little en-
larged terminally; segment preceding hypopygium in male deeply
concave both above and below, extending as a rounded flap on each
side for about half the length of the rather large hypopygium, the
latter open above posteriorly, the claspers slender and upturned
apically on each side of the very slender and acute hypopygial spine,

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 87

which exceeds them by about a third of its length (figs. 40, 41).
Structure of hypopygium of female not very evident in the speci-
mens at hand, the ventral valve somewhat inflated, capping over
the end of the abdomen, the apical tergite with a rounded projec-
tion apically, and an emargination each side of it. Fore coxa about
as long as prothorax and five-sixths as long as fore tibia; fore femur
slender, about one fourth of its length longer than tibia, with about
four minute stout postero-ventral thorns and short soft hairs;
tibia lacking distinct armature; tarsus with two small slightly
divergent claws. Venation of hind wing as in figure 42. .

Length, 7-8 mm.

Localities —Tabernilla, Canal Zone, Panama, April 27, 1907, A
Buseck. (U.S.N.M.); Chapada, Brazil, August, September, October
(Carnegie Mus.).

Genus, LUTEVOPSIS Champion.

Lutevopsis CHAMPION, G. C. Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 165-6, Oct. 1898. [Included
species L. longimanus and L. ornata, both new; Mexico and Panama}.

This genus was originally erected for the reception of two species
which Champion in his remarks on the genus points out “ differ
greatly, but they may be retained in the same genus for the present.”
We consider that the shape of the head, structure of the fore legs
and their armature, and the venation of the fore wings are suffi-
ciently distinct to warrant their assignment to different genera.
For the venation of the fore wing of Lutevopsis (s.s.) see figure 43.
The armature of the fore femur consists of moderately long thorns
and intervening shorter setulae and hairs, while the fore tibia has
a complete series of minute stubby denticles along the entire ventral
surface as in Gardena (fig. 95).

Genotype.—Lutevopsis longimanus Champion.

LUTEVOPSIS LONGIMANUS Champion.

Luteropsis longimanus CHAMPION, G. C. Biologia, vol. 2, p. 166, Oct., 1898
(Chilpancingo, Mexico].

Female.—Reddish testaceous, shining, without distinct markings,
the venter of the abdomen darkest, and the wings unmarked. Head
over 1.5 times as long as wide, much tapered anteriorly, convex
above, anterior lobe with a deep short central longitudinal cavity at
posterior margin, the posterior lobe not sulcate (fig. 44). Anterior
lobe of prothorax fully twice as long as its greatest width, gradually
tapered from anterior to posterior margin, subopaque, with a slight
linear sulcus posteriorly, posterior lobe subquadrate, about two-
thirds as long as anterior, slightly elevated on each lateral angle
and in center posteriorly. Abdominal spiracles slightly raised, no
protuberances on tergites, the apical sternite convex at apex; seventh

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

and eighth tergites polished, moderately convex apically, the former
three times as long as latter. Fore legs rather slender, coxa about five
sixths as long as tibia, the latter slightly curved. “ Venation of fore
wing as in figure 43.

Length, 10 mm.

Locality, Istachatla, Fla., July 24, Heidemann Collection (U. S.
NoM.):;

We have had the opportunity of examining the type specimen of
Lutevopsis muscicapa Bergroth through the kindness of its describer
and find that it falls in the same genus as longimanus though the
spines on fore femur do not extend as near to base, and the fore tibia
is a little less than two-thirds as long as fore femur. It is a much
darker species than the genotype, being brownish fuscous, with yel-
lowish apical annulus on each hind femur (mid femora missing).
Doctor Bergroth has expressed a doubt as to the region from which
this species came. It is labelled “ Borneo,” but he suspects that it
may really be South American.

SPECIES NOT SEEN.

L. chilensis Porter, Carlos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 25 (1921)
1922, pp. 505-506 [Chile]. Seems too small for this genus.

Genus EMESA Fabricius.

Emesa Fasrictus, J. C. Systema Rhyngotorum secundum Ordines, Genera,
Species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. 1803,
p. 263. [For a discussion of the genotype see below. ]

Westermannia Donrn, A., Emesina 1860, p. 251. [Includes three new species:
W. difficilis, Colombia: W. tenerrima, Porto Rico; and W. annulata, Mexico,
of which the last is here designated as the type species. |

Westermannias Kirkatpy, G. W. Biographical and Nomenclatorial Notes on
the Hemiptera. The Entomologist, 1904, p. 280. New name for Wester-
mannia Dohrn, 1860, preoccupied by Hiibner’s genus of the same name in
the Lepidoptera, 1516.

I’. L. de Laporte in his Essai d’une Classification Systematique de
Vordre des Hémiptéres (Hémiptéres Héteroptéres Latreille) , Guerin’s
Magasin de Zoologie, 1833 (p. 84), gives mesa mantis Fabricius as
sole example of this genus. It is customary to accept the first such
mention of a single species in illustration of a genus as selection of
a genotype. E. P. Van Duzee in his Catalogue of the Hemiptera of
America North of Mexico, 1917 (p. 236), gives /’. precatorius as the
type by original designation, a view in which we are unable to con-
cur. Tor a fuller discussion of the matter see Appendix 1.

Since the fate of the Fabrician genus “mesa and its component
species underlies the nomenclature of the whole subfamily it may be
well to give here a rather full discussion of the subject.

The genus “mesa originally included the following four species
at the pages indicated in the Systema Rhyngotorum.

ART, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 39

1. filum, Ent. Syst., vol. 4, 1794, p. 191. East India, p. 263.

2. longipes, Ent. Syst., vol. 4, 1794, p. 191. America, p. 263.

3. mantis, Ent. Syst., vol. 4, 1794, p. 190. Islands of America,
p. 263.

4. precatorius, new species. Middle America, pp. 263-264.

The status of these species is discussed in the following para-
graphs.

1. Unidentified by Dohrn (Emesina, 1860, p. 230) who shows that
the references by Gray, Brullé, and Blanchard do not certainly apply
to the insect Fabricius had. Distant’s citation * adds nothing that
would make definite the status of this species. Stal*® queries filwm
showing that the type could not be found. We conclude that the
species is entirely unidentifiable.

2. Stal® writes that /ongipes is a Zelus, thus removing it as a fac-
tor in taxonomy of the Ploiariinae.

3. The type of mantis recorded by Fabricius in his original de-
scription as being in the British Museum is still in that institution
and in good condition. Through the kindness of W. E. China we
are able to describe and illustrate it in this paper.

4. The “mesa precatorius of the Systema Rhyngotorum is not the
Gerris praecatorius of the Entomologia Systematica (described from
Guinea). The type is still is existence (Sehestedt Museum), and we
have been furnished data concerning it by Dr. William Lundbeck.
(See p. 82.)

Summarizing data as to the type species of H’mesa Fabricius, it
appears that mantis was at least acceptably selected by Laporte as
the genotype. On the other hand it is only by a stretch of the
imagination that precatorius can be considered the genotype. (See
Appendix 1.)

The genus L'mesa differs from Stenolemus in number of tarsal
joints, in venation, and in having no long spines on either the meso-
notum or metanotum, though the former has a central elevation and
the latter an apical tubercle, sometimes pronounced. The genus
Mytophanes Reuter is related to H’mesa and we have figured the
venation of the forewing (fig. 33) for comparative purposes.

KEY TO THE SUPBGENERA.

1. Fore tibia with a series of erect antero-ventral spinules which are about half
as long as diameter of tibia, and between each pair of these two or more
shorter spinules; fore femur as in Stenolemus, without a distinet break in
antero-ventral series of spines near base, but the postero-ventral series
curved ventrad at base so that the last long spine is almost in middle of
ventral surface; venation of forewing as in figures 45, 46, 47; prothorax
elongate pedunculate, two small round warts on disk of posterior lobe.

Emesa Fabricius (p. 40).

§ Fauna British India, Rhynchota, vol. 2, 1904, p. 216.
®° Hemiptera Fabriciana, vol. 2, 1869, p. 128.

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Fore tibia either with a complete postero-ventral series of spinules mostly
as long as, or longer than, tibial diameter, or with microscopic ventral
denticles; venation of forewing as in figure 54; prothorax not pedunculate,
without small warts on disk of posterior lobe_______________________-_ 2,

2. Fore femur with armature of postero-ventral surface consisting of short
stout spines with black apices and between each pair and in line with
them much shorter similar spines and longer fine bristles alternating, the
antero-ventral series consisting of only short spines alternating with fine
bristles, a rather wide break in the series near base, beyond which there
are two short spines; fore tibia about two-thirds as long as femur, slightly
ridged on ventral surface, the apex of the ridge with two series of minute
denticles which are visible only under a high power lens; third antennal
segment a little shorter than fourth______-_ Myiagreutes Bergroth (p. 42).

Fore femur with long fine bristles on postero-ventral surface, which are
situated on short elevated bases and rather closely spaced, the antero-
ventral surface with a similar series of shorter bristles which is in-
terrupted near base, there being one or more bristles basad of the
interruption. i os Ee eS ee 3

3. Fore tibia with a slight ridge along ventral surface which is surmounted by
two series of short black denticles______-_-- Phasmatocoris Breddin (p. 44).

Fore tibia with a single complete series of minute blunt denticles on ventral
SUL Tf et Ceca te gee Wet a a Rothbergia, new subgenus (p. 44).

Subgenus EmEsaA Dohrn.
Bibliographical citation and type species same as for the genus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Basal discal cell large, distinctly longer than wide, interpolated between sup-
plementary discal cell and posterior discal cell (fig. 45); anterior lobe of
pronotum without sharp tubercle on each side anteriorly.

annulatus (Dohrn) (p. 40).

Basal discal cell small or almost obsolete, when distinct much wider than
long, supplementary discal cell abutting on base of posterior discal
TDs te a 2

2. Basal discal cell subobsolete (fig. 46); anterior lobe of pronotum with a
sharply pointed tubercle on each side anteriorly ; posterior lobe without

spinesiis sist ie bee Se ee eee mantis (Fabricius) (p. 41).
Basal discal cell distinet (fig. 47); anterior lobe of pronotum with a small

rounded tubercle on each side anteriorly; posterior lobe with a conical
acute spine on each humeral angle___--~-- marmoratus, new species (p. 41).

EMESA (EMESA) ANNULATUS (Dohrn).’°

Westermannia annulata DoHrRN, A. Emesina, 1860, p. 251 [Mexico].
We have not seen this species but have been favored by W. E.

China with data and sketches drawn from the specimens in the
British Museum identified as annulata by Champion. Our inform-

10 Apparently the name Emesa as a genus of Heteroptera must be considered mascu-
line in gender since of the originally included species the only one with a termination
indicating gender, namely precatorius, is masculine.

arr. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 41

ant points out that the specimens agree with Dohrn’s Latin descrip-
tion of 1860 but not with the German one of 1863 (Nachtriige, p. 49).

We reproduce Mr. China’s sketches showing structural details of
the species (figs. 45, 48, 49). The color of the forewing is brownish,
with base, a band across basal discal cell, and the apex, much darker.
The brown annulations on mid and hind femora and tibiae are as
broad as, or broader than, the intervening pale spaces, whereas in
the next two species they are narrower than the pale spaces.

Length, 28 mm.

Locality, Mexico.

EMESA (EMESA) MANTIS (Fabricius).

Gerris mantis Faspricius, J. C. Ent. Syst., vol. 4, 1794, p. 190 [no locality].
In the Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, p. 2638, a locality, Islands of America is

given.
Westermannia mantis CHAMPION, G. C. Ent. Mo. Mag., ser. 2, vol. 9, 1898,

p. 258.

We have not seen this species but have been supplied with data and
drawings from the type by W. E. China. We have thus been able to
definitely identify the species. The principal structural characters
are represented in Figures 46, 50, 51, 52.

The color of the forewings is similar to that of marmoratus, the
most conspicuous marking being the rather broad white veins at base
of outer discal cell which form an angulated mark across the middle
of the wing; the base of costa also is white. Structurally similar
to marmoratus except as stated in key.

Length, 20 mm.

The type is from Jamaica; there is a second specimen, also in the
British Museum from Jamaica, which, according to Mr. China,
agrees with the type in all characters.

EMESA (EMESA) MARMORATUS, new species.

Female—Dark brown, marked with yellowish white. Beak, an-
tennae, and legs conspicuously annulated. Anterior lobe of protho-
rax mottled, the pedicel largely whitish above, with brown spots,
black beneath; lateral carina of posterior lobe and a pair of small
tubercles on disk whitish. Abdomen almost black, with a few yel-
lowish white marks, the most conspicuous, being one on connexivum,
and another on each sternite in front of spiracles, the spiracles whitish.
Fore wings fuscous brown, mottled with darker, veins at base of
discal cell and the anterior half of the one closing costal half of outer
discal cell ivory white, the membrane near them hyaline.

Head longer than wide, hind lobe tapered posteriorly, with two
slight dorsal humps. Anterior lobe of prothorax about two-thirds as

94993—25——-4

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

long as pedicel, tapered posteriorly, not sulcate on dorsum, posterior
lobe a little shorter than pedicel, tapered anteriorly, about 1.5 as
long as wide, with a slight but distinct carina on each side, a sharp
tubercle near each posterior lateral angle, a pair of very small sub-
median tubercles behind middle, and a shallow median sulcus an-
teriorly. Connexivum with prominent angulate flaps on segments
6 and 7, eighth tergite longer than ninth, broadly rounded. Fore
femur slender, the shorter spines distinctly shorter than the femoral
diameter. Venation of fore and hind wings as in figures 47 and
53, respectively.

Male.—Anterior lobe of pronotum a little less than half as long
as pedicel, the fore legs longer and more slender than in female, the
abdomen more extended beyond apices of wings, with the apical ter-
gite tapering to tip, where it is rounded, its basal width about three-
fourths as great as its median length, the hypopygial claspers curved,
moderately stout and hairy, hind margin of hypopygium with a cen-
tral erect pale spike broad at base.

Length, 13-20 mm.

Holotype —Female, Cayamas, Cuba, March 14, E. A. Schwarz.
Allotype, male, Uhler Collection (U. S. Nat. Mus.); paratype,
female, much broken, without data (Bueno).

Type and allotype—Cat. No. 26711, U.S.N.M.

Subgenus MYIAGREUTES Bergroth.

AMfyiagreutes BrrcrotH, E. New neotropical Ploeariinae, Psyche, vol. 18,
1911, pp. 15-16. [Monobasic, type species, W. praecellens, new species. ]

KEY TO THE SPECINS.

1. Hind margin of pronotum with three long slender spines; more than four
outstanding spines present on postero-ventral surface of fore femur, the
distance between them distinctly less than the length of fore tarsus.

praecellens (Bergroth) (p. 42).

Hind margin of pronotum without long spines, only indistinct rounded eleva-
tions present ; four outstanding spines present in the postero-ventral series
on fore femur, the distance between them equal to or greater than the
length of. fore itarsus2us2_ eet ie te minor, new species (p. 48).

EMESA (MYIAGREUTES) PRAECELLENS (Gergroth).

Myiagreutes praecellens BrrerotH, E. New neotropical Ploeariinae, Psyche,
vol. 18, pp. 16-17 [French Guiana].

Female.—Black, variegated with brown and with yellowish white
markings. Base and apex of first antennal segment whitish; beak
annulated. Thoracic thorns, more or less of sides, hind margin of
prothorax and sometimes two vittae connected thereto, disk of me-
sonotum, four marks on anterior margin of posterior lobe of pro-
thorax, and a spot above each of the fore and mid coxae yellowish

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITNAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 43

white. Abdomen with a spot on connexivum in front of each spir-
acle, and membrane surrounding the spiracles whitish. Legs castan-
eous, femora blackish apically, and with a broad whitish apical an-
nulus, bases of tibiae each with a broad white annulus, the ground
color immediately beyond almost black. Markings of fore wing as
in figure 54. Coxal spots and bases of mid and hind tibiae some-
times touched with orange red.

Head about twice as long as wide, not tuberculate on dorsum, the
median transverse constriction very deep. Anterior lobe of prothorax
arcuate, tapered slightly posteriorly, about 1.75 as long as wide,
faintly suleate on dorsum and obliquely on sides, and with a pair of
outwardly directed sharp thorns on anterior margin above; posterior
lobe a little shorter than anterior, but little tapered anteriorly, as long
as wide, with a broad shallow median sulcus, and three long slender

thorns near posterior margin; mesonotum with a subtriangular ele-

vation; metanotum with a short spine. Abdomen slightly sloped
downward from apex of seventh tergite, the eighth in the form of a
broadly rounded lobe which at center is not over half as long as
ninth tergite. Fore legs as stated in key, femora tapered at base and
apex. Venation as in figures 54 and 55.

The male has the pale color markings rather more accentuated;
the apical tergite has a broad, triangularly pointed process; hypo-
pygium wanting in the specimen examined.

Length, 15-20 mm.

In addition to the holotype female from French Guiana, kindly
submitted by Doctor Bergroth, we have seen two other female speci-
mens from French Guiana (Bas Carsevenne, F. Geay, 1898; R. Ober-
thur, 1899) belonging to the Paris Museum, one male and one female
from Para, Brazil, June (Carnegie Museum), and one female from
Trinidad Rio, Panama, June 4, 1912, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.).

EMESA (MYIAGREUTES) MINOR, new species.

Female.—Much paler than the preceding species, the general color
being ochreous without the conspicuous cream colored markings
which are so evident on the thorax and abdomen in praecellens. The
legs are paler and while the apices of femora and bases of tibiae are
paler than the other parts the immediately adjacent areas do not show
the dark brown annuli so conspicuous in praecellens. The forewings
are missing in the type and but one hind wing remains, which has
the same venation as praecellens. Structural characters other than
those mentioned in key much the same as in praecellens.

Length, 12 mm.

Holotype—Female, Chaco Austral, near Icano, Argentina, 1910,
E. R. Wagner (Paris Museum).

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

Subgenus PHASMATOCORIS Breddin.

Phasmatocoris Breppin, G. Neue Rhynchotenausbeute aus Sitid-Amerika,
Societas entomologica, vol. 18, No. 19, Jan. 1, 1904, p. 148. [Monobasic, type
species P. spectrum, new species. ]

This subgenus is very closely related to Myiagreutes having the
same venation and structure of fore tibia. In the armature of the
fore femur, however, it agrees with fothbergia, new subgenus,
next described, though there are about 3 bristles instead of one
basad of the interruption of the antero-ventral series. Only one
species is known.

EMESA (PHASMATOCORIS) SPECTRUM (Breddin).

Phasmatocoris spectrum Breppin, G. Neue Rhynchotenausbeute aus Siid-
Amerika,, Societas entomologica, vol. 18, No. 19, Jan. 1, 1904, pp. 148-149
( Bolivia].

Male.—Reddish brown, including the fore-wings, the bases of
the latter between the veins, and the extreme apices of mid and
hind femora and tibiae are cream colored.

Fore coxa and tibia subequal in length, each about four-sevenths
as long as fore femur. Eye not as wide as interocular space;
posterior lobe of head rounded above. Pronotum with a short,
round tubercle on each side of anterior margin; anterior lobe
almost parallel-sided, as long as posterior lobe, separated from
iatter by a deep constriction; posterior lobe slightly concave in
center of disk, with 3 short wart-like tubercles posteriorly. Hypo-
pygium as in figure 56. Fore wing almost identical in appearance
with that of #. praecellens (fig. 54).

Length, 20 mm.

Bolivia (Berlin Mus.). Redescribed from the holotype kindly
sent to us for examination by Dr. Walther Horn. Another speci-
men from same collection which reached us in fragments is labeled
Yungas de la Paz, Bolivia, 100 m., Breddin.

ROTHBERGIA, new subgenus.
Genotype.—E'meésa testaceus, new species.
KEY TO THE SPECIBS.

1. Ventral spines on fore femur ceasing about the length of tarsus from base of
femur (slender hairs basad of this point); anterior lobe of prothorax
longer than posterior lobe (27:22), slightly narrowed posteriorly when
seen from above (fig. 57) ; basal diseal cells of forewing as in figure 58.

, rapax, new species (p. 45).
Ventral spines on fore femur extending to or almost to base of femur__ 2

ART, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 45

2. Basal discal cells of forewings as in figure 59; prothorax similar to that of
rapax (fig. 57), but the anterior lobe is not narrowed posteriorly.

testaceus, new species (p. 45).

Basal diseal cells of forewings as in figure 60; prothorax shorter than in

preceding species, the anterior lobe declivitous in front (fig. 61).
diffinis, new species (p. 46).

EMESA (ROTHBERGIA) TESTACEUS, new species.

Female.—Pale brownish testaceous, without distinguishable mark-
ings.

Head a little longer than wide, tylus forming a ridge in front of
eyes, posterior lobe with a slight median hump just behind con-
striction; basal segment of beak over half as long as second; second
antennal segment not two thirds as long as first, third nearly as long
as fourth, third and fourth combined over three fourths as long as
second. Anterior lobe of prothorax not narrowed posteriorly, arcuate,
with a tubercle in front each side of the neck and a percurrent median
longitudinal sulcus, about twice as wide as long, separated from pos-
terior lobe by a deep constriction; fore coxal cavities slightly flaring,
the prosternal sulcus almost vertical, pointed posteriorly; posterior
lobe of prothorax about four fifths as long as anterior, subquadrate,
without tubercles or distinct elevations; mesonotum and metanotum
slightly elevated in center. Abdomen elongate, slightly ovate, tergites
1 to 7 broader than long, eighth very short, shghtly rounded apically,
about one fourth as long as seventh and over three times as broad as
long, ninth longer than eighth, transverse at apex, disk depressed, mar-
gins and median line elevated. Fore femur stouter than usual, tapered
apically, armature as stated in key; fore tibia well over half as long
as femur (40:67) and equal to fore coxa; the three tarsal segments
subequal in length, tarsal claws rather large, divergent. Venation
of forewings much as in E'mesa praecellens, basal cells as in figure 59.

Length, 11 mm.

Holotype.—Cacao, Trece Aguas, Guatemala, June, 1907, G. P.
Goll (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26712, U.S.N.M.

EMESA (ROTHBERGIA) RAPAX, new species.

Male——Similar in color to testaceus,; differs as stated in the key.
Apical tergite with a rounded flap extending over hypopygium, the
latter opening upward, claspers rather short, pointed apically and
shghtly incurved, the process from hind margin of hypopygium
erect, broad at base, thin and rounded apically. There is but one
bristle on anteroventral surface of fore femur basad of the break in
the series and this is situated at more than the length of the tarsus
from the base of femur, the fore tibia is a little longer than half the

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

entire length of femur (45:80) and a little shorter than fore coxae
(50). Prothorax as in Figure 57; basal discal cells of forewing as
in figure 58.

Length: 12 mm.

Holotype—Tapia, Argentina, 2,000 feet, W. F. H. Rosenberg
(U.S.N.M.).

T'ype.—Male, Cat. No. 26713, U.S.N.M.

EMESA (ROTHBERGIA) DIFFINIS, new species.

Female.—A darker species than either of the others, the posterior
lobe of pronotum, fore wings, and fore femora being largely in-
fuscated.

The most noticeable structural difference is in the fore-shortened
and declivitous pronotum which is illustrated in figure 61. The
transverse constriction on head in this species is very shallow as
compared with that of the others. Length of fore tibia as com-
pared with fore femur 26 as to 45, of fore coxa 25. Basal discal cells
of forewing as in figure 60.

Length, 9 mm.

Holotype.—Bolivia, W. M. Mann (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—fFemale, Cat. No. 26714, U.S.N.M.

UNPLACED SPECIES,

difficilis (Westermannia) Donrn, A. Emesina, 1860, p. 251 [Colombia].

tenerrima (Westermannia) Dourn, A. Emesina, 1860, p. 251 [Porto Rico]

We are unable to place these species in our keys without fuller
knowledge of the characters of their types.

We have been unable to enter into communication with the author-
ities who have the specimens in charge but W. E. China of the
British Museum has supplied data dealing with the characters of
the specimens that are identified as these species in that institution.
Both have 3-segmented fore tarsi which would seem to ally them
closely with #'mesa, but the basal discal cell of forewings has a short
vein emanating from it as in Stenolemus (fig. 62). The basal stout
spine on ventral surface of fore femur is directed straight down-
ward as in /’mesa and the forewing is rounded at apex, not at all
concave behind tip. In tenerrima the peduncle of prothorax is
longer while in diffictlis 1t is shorter than the anterior lobe. Mr.
China also writes that the subapical antennal segment in difficilis
is much longer than the apical. In the species of related genera ex-
amined by us this is never the case, the third being shorter than the
fourth. There is, however, in some species a slightly indicated
suture just before the apical swollen part of fourth segment which
may be mistaken for a true joint, in which case the antenna would

ArT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 47

be considered as 5-segmented. This is, however, not really the case,
the pseudosuture being almost indistinguishable in cleared material

and much less so in dry specimens.

Genus POLAUCHENIA, new genus.

Differs from “mesa in having only 2 discal cells in forewing (fig.
65) and in having the mesonotum and metanotum spined, and from
Stenolemus in having the fore tarsi 3-segmented (fig. 64a), and in
having no vein arising from the costal margin of the basal discal
cell. The fore femur has the basal ventral spine directed down-
ward and not sloped backward (fig. 64), the head has two pointed
conical tubercles behind the transverse constriction and the posterior
lateral angles of pronotum have divergent spines of moderate length.

Genotype—FPolauchenia protentor, new species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Peduncle of prothorax but little longer than anterior lobe; posterior lobe of
prothorax with two broader stramineous vittae; mid and hind tibiae each
with two brown bands on basal half; preapical brown band on hind femur
reduced tona small ‘Spotsht=— "22 = biannulata, new species (p. 458).

Peduncle of prothorax about three times as long as anterior lobe (fig. 63) ;
posterior lobe of prothorax with three narrower stramineous vittae on
disk; mid and hind tibiae each with five brown bands on basal half; pre-
apical brown band on hind femur broad____protentor, new species (p. 47).

POLAUCHENIA PROTENTOR, new species.

Female.—Dark brown, marked with pale yellow. Basal and sec-
ond antennal segments each with four pale annuli; basal two seg-
ments of beak pale at apices; prothorax with markings as in figure
63. Spines of mesothorax and metathorax pale. Abdomen fuscous,
spiracles, lateral posterior angles of segments, and some linear marks
on venter yellowish. Legs whitish yellow, each femur with five
brown annuli; fore tibiae with four brown annuli, mid and hind
pairs each with five brown annuli on basal half. Wings brown,
darker apically, veins yellow, the membrane along the cross-veins,
most of clavus, and base of corium whitish.

Head, antennae, prothorax, and fore coxae as in Figure 63. Fore
femur a little less than twice as long as fore coxae, with armature
as in figure 64; spines of mesothorax and metathorax short and
straight, pubescent. Abdomen broadened slightly beyond middle,
the tergites angulate laterally but without well developed lateral
appendages; venter without submedian spines, spiracles but little
elevated, not pedicillate, seventh pair not exposed. Hind femora
about as long as head and body together, the tibiae distinctly longer,

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the hairs on legs of moderate length and not dense. Venation and
shape of wing as in figure 65.

Length, 15 mm.

Holotype.—Tabernilla, Canal Zone, Panama, May 14, 1907, “K.
Busck (U.S.N.M.).

Type—F¥emale. Cat. No. 26715, U.S.N.M.

POLAUCHENIA BIANNULATA, new species.

Male.—Similar in color to protentor, the prothorax bivittate in-
stead of trivittate on disk posteriorly, and the mesothoracic and _
metathoracic spines black instead of yellow. The apices of fore-
wings are not uniformly dark brown as in protentor, but have an
elongate yellow mark with dark spotting in center about one-third
of the width of wing. The principal color difference les in the bi-
annulate hind tibia, protentor having 5 brown annuli.

A much stouter species than protentor, the length of head and
thorax combined being barely over two-thirds that of the abdomen,
whereas in protentor they almost or quite equal the abdomen. The
forewings (fig. 66) exceed the tip of abdomen and their posterior
apical margin is but slightly concave. The head is much broader
and shorter than in protentor, the interocular space is much narrower
than one eye, the mesothoracic thorn is short, the metathoracic one
longer, tapered, and neither very hairy. Venter about as in pro-
tentor; hypopygial claspers small, slender, and shghtly upcurved
apically.

Length, 16 mm.

Holotype-—Mana River, French Guiana, May, 1917 (Camegie

Mus.).
Genus PLOIARIA Scopoli.

Ploiaria Scopoul, J. A. Deliciae Florae et Faunae Insubricae. Part 1, 1786,
p. 60, pl. 24, fig. A (8 parts). [Monobasie P. domestica, new species, genotype,
Austria.] Plate 23, Part 2, 1786, further (and better) illustrates the species
and pp. 69-73 are devoted to an account of the habits and structure of the
insect. Plate 25, figs. 1-5, Part 3, 1788, illustrate the egg and nymph, the
latter with a strong submedian spine on front femur, a character the adult
does not have.

Cerascopus HEINEKEN, C. Descriptions of a new genus of Hemiptera, and
of a species of Hegeter. The Zoological Journal, No. 17, Jan—May, 1829
(1880), pp. 86-40, pl. 2, fig. 5. [Monobasic, C. marginatus, new species, geno-
type, Madeira. ]

Emesodema Sprnota, MAXIMILIEN. Essai sur les Insectes Hémiptéres,
Rhyngotes ou Hetéroptéres, 1840, p. 87 [founded on Ploiaria domestica Scopoli,
hence an absolute synonym of Ploiaria.]

Luteva Dourn, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 242-3 [included species, all new;
I. concolor, Celebes; DL. gundlachi, Cuba; and L. macrophthalmus, Brazil
and Colombia, of which the first named was subsequently designated as
type by Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. Amer. North of Mexico, 1917, p. 235].

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 49

Ploiariopsis CHuampion, G. C. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta.
Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera, vol. 2, p. 1738, Oct. 1898. [Included
species, both new: P. megalops, Panama; and P. praedator, Guatemala, of
which the former was subsequently designated as type by Van Duzee, Cat.
Hemip. 1917, p. 235.]

Emendation: Ploearia.

This genus shows in the structure of the fore tarsi an approach
to the form of those of Barce, but in the armature of the fore femora
there is a stronger resemblance to /’mesa and its allies. In the
winged forms of this genus the pronotum does not extend over
dorsum of mesonotum except at the extreme anterior margin. The
venation of the forewing is characteristic and in the hind wing
there is immediately beyond the cross-vein a distinct thickening of
the membrane and a slightly denser appearance similar to that
of the costa extending almost across the field of the wing which is
not found in any other genus in the subfamily so far as we know.
The latter character is shown in figure 83. That we have here a
group of closely allied species well regarded as belonging to a single
genus is evident from the intergradation observable in what have
been considered diagnostic characters. This is true not only of the
armature of the fore legs, but also of the spines on the posterior lobe
of the head. As for the presence or absence of hairs on the antennae
it may be said that in this and some other genera the degree of devel-
opment of these is a sexual character. If minor differences in the
armature of the fore-legs and other characters of like importance
are seized upon as justifying the recognition of additional genera,
there will be almost no end to the process in a subfamily so rich in
structural differences as the Ploiariinae.

To illustrate what would happen in the present genus if Ploiaria
and Luteva were recognized as genera and the process carried to its
logical end, Plotaria would consist only of domestica and its closest
allies; the species with two-spined trochanters would form a different
genus; Luteva could not include a species with like femoral armature
but with spined trochanter like setulifera here described; Cerascopus
would be resurrected, and various segregates of one or a few species
could be made on equally valid grounds. Generic importance has
been claimed for a character, absence or presence of wings, which is
not even of specific value in this group. Recognizing an excessive
number of genera makes it difficult to construct and to use the generic
key. When the genera approach the one-species standard the generic
key becomes as difficult to use as an unusually long specific key: Is it
not better to divide the burden between them? This can be done only
by the recognition so far as practicable of genera which comprehend
more species than the mere variants of a single specific type. If one
gets off the track in a complicated generic key, he may soon go far

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

into strange country; while with a simple key, after following an
easy lead to the genus, even if he does find a key grouping a con-
siderable number of related forms, he will at least be near his destina-
tion (that is, among forms truly related to that in hand). Winged
and apterous specimens occur in the same species of Plozaria, and it
requires close observation at times to make certain whether apterous
specimens are nymphs or adults. The full development of the geni-
talia and the three, instead of two, segmented tarsi, however, serve
to identify adults in such cases.

KEY TO THE SPECIBS.

1. Fore trochanters with one or more spines (sometimes merely bristles), usu-
ally set on raised bases (the body of trochanter itself often acutely pro-
duced), never with numerous setae; fore femur with 4 to 7 stout spines
which are always set on more or less distinctly enlarged and elevated
bases, standing in line with or almost in line with a larger number of much
smaller spines or bristles on the posteroventral surface, the longer spines
sometimes with an outward curvature (fig. 80) ; apical antennal segment
longer than subapical, never:shorter than it; length of fore coxa variable
in relation to length of fore tibia (Subgenus Ploiaria) _-_____--__-__- Z

Fore trochanters nearly bare or with few to numerous fine hairs, one or two
of which are sometimes bristle-like; fore femur with the spines or bristles
on the posteroventral surface more uniform in length, the larger bristles
lacking enlarged elevated bases, and almost straight (fig. 74); apical
antennal segment shorter than subapical, equal to it only in setulifera;

fore coxa invariably longer than fore tibia (Subgenus Luteva)_——_--__- 16

2. Posterior lobe of head with a prominent median backwardly projecting spine
(CEES) ate eee a ee ee 3
Posterior lobe of head lacking spine. 22) Uy ee See eee 4

8. Last tergite of male with a slender, obtuse, strap-shaped process extending
back over hypopygium and closely adherent to it (fig. 86) ; hind margin of
hypopygium as in figure 87; median process of seventh tergite of female
extending distinctly farther caudad than the acute lateral angles (fig. 88).

denticauda, new species (p. 63).
Last tergite of male with a shorter, pointed process (fig. 92) ; hind margin
of hypopygium as in figure 91; median process of seventh tergite of fe-
male extending but little farther caudad than the rounded lateral angles

(fig. GO) ice eae es a a ie a hirticornis (Banks) (p. 64).

4. Posterior lobe of head with an erect spinelet at margin of eye on each side
Dehn de CONSELI CHO T= ee eee ere eee reticulata (Baker) (p. 63).
Posterior Jobe’ of “head not. solarmedl oes eS eee 5

5. Posterior lobe of head with a more or less prominent median ridge____ 6
Posterior Jobevof head) lackine such) a ridges 2 ee vi

6. Posterior lobe of head with a slight central elevation anteriorly, and an-
other posteriorly, between which there is a low longitudinal ridge; ante-
rior lobe of head suleate behind; fore coxa little longer than fore tibia;
a highly colored species, beak with two dark bands, mid and hind femora
fuscous apically, each with a subapical pale annulus, the corresponding
tibiae fuscous basally, with subbasal pale annuli.

granulata, new species (p. 57).

Posterior lobe of head with a more or less distinct median carina. (This
is true of uniseriata and punctipes which run on other characters be-
ginning: with next. couplet222 == == 23 ee eee v4

art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH |

7. Fore coxa shorter than fore tibia; wings entirely absent______________ 8
Fore coxa as long as, or longer than, fore tibia; wings or wing pads
TOTES C1 Ge aes reas NORE Pie OE Epa hee Ce ed ee ey Sore ett es Fb ee 2 9

8. The long spines on postero-ventrsl surface of fore femur forming a series
distinctly laterad of the short setulae___-_marginata (Heineken) (p. 65).

The long spines on posteroventral surfaces of fore femur in the same series
as the Shorteserul we Os. Srey si ee ed Ss es aptera, new species (p. 66)

9. Fore coxa nearly twice as long as fore tibia (fig. SO); anterior lobe of
head with a short but deep sulcus posteriorly ; spines on fore femur dis
tinctly longer than’ the, femoral diammeterl. 2201 2. ess 10

Fore coxa but little longer than fore tibia; anterior lobe of head without

VS SUL CUS ee ere ae ed ee Spee meee Ra ALIEN DS AMES ASR ROASTER LIS ee 12

10. Mesonotum rather depressed, with a broad elliptical sulcus extending nearly

its entire length; only soft hairs between the strong postero-ventral

spines on fore femur; thorax pale above; legs not banded; length 4 mm.;
discal cell of fore wing as in figure 81, the inner apical part angulate.

uniseriata, new species (p. 61).

Mesonotum well arched both transversely and longitudinally, without me-

dian depression; legs banded; short spines between the strong postero-

ventral spines on fore femur; larger species, darker colored ; inner apical

part of discal cell of forewings rounded (fig. 82) ~--_______________ ial

11. Male hypopygial claspers nearly as long as genital segment; length of in-

SECULORINT = 5 5 aaean eee ee eens ee punctipes, new species (p. 62).

Male hypopygial claspers much shorter than genital segment; length of in-

SSG e te} onl en ke ee ee similis, new species (p. 62).

12. Distance between eyes on dorsum of head greater than the width of one
eye: antennae short hispid or microscopically pubescent ____________ 13

Distance between eyes on dorsum of head not greater than width of one
eye; basal two antennal segments distinctly hairy, the hairs longer than

thes@iametersot segments = 6 = ee 14

13. Fore tarsus fully two-thirds as long as fore tibia; hind border of male hy-
poppy sium as in fleute, (HL. 23 carolina (Uerrich-Schiffer) (p. 58).

Fore tarsus not two-thirds as long as fore tibia; hind border of male
hypopygium as in figure 76________________ floridana (Bergroth) (p. 59).

14. Wings whitish, without distinct markings; basal segment of antenna at
lerstyas@lon? as entire sinSech2 2-2. 2. se IN I AT ee 14a

Wings brownish, with dark markings; basal segment of antenna not as
Lonevasyentine snSeCh ee ites yeh tered ee TS baie AN At 15

14a. Discal cell of forewing broad, not over 2.5 as long as its greatest width and
about four-fifths as long as the vein emanating from its apex; cross-vein
at two-fifths from apex of longitudinal vein.
albipennis, new species (p. 60).
Diseal cell of forewing narrow, at least five times as long as its greatest
width and a little longer than the vein emanating from its apex; cross-
vein at not more than one-third from apex of longitudinal vein.
umbrarum, new species (p. 60).
15. Antennal hairs but little longer than diameter of segments; hind border of
male hypopygium as in figure 77____________ bispina, new species (p. 59).
Antennal hairs four or five times as long as the diameter of segments; hind
border of male hypopygium as in figure 79.
pilicornis, new species (p. 61).
16) Hye wider than-interocular space" (fig 61) 2 22 Ut Sree 17
Eye not wider than interocular space (fig. 72)___________________ 19

59 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

17. Large pale species, over 10 min. in length; antennae conspicuously hairy ;
fore femur with two brown annuli, one before and one beyond the middle ;

mid and hind femora yellow, whitish apically, with one broad preapical

dark brown band; thorax largely yellow ventrally. more conspicuously
blackened on dorsum than on venter____macrophthalma (Dohrn) (p. 53).
Smaller, darker species, less than 10 mm. in length: fore femur with four
brown annuli, including one at base and another at apex; mid and hind
femora brown with one or two preapical pale annuli; thorax fuscous

On! “Venter 20 _ ee Piees sel yen 85 pe ey EX Ej og Pre SRR pip See oes ia nt saber: tives asin

18. Pronotum twice as long as its greatest width; venation of forewing as in
varipennis, the vein leaving apex of discal cell undulated, crossvein near

its middle; mid and hind femora each with 2 preapical pale annuli; fore
trochanter with one outstanding bristle____brunnea, new species (p. 54).
Pronotum about one third longer than its greatest width; discal cell of fore-
wing as in punctipes; vein leaving apex of discal cell straight, cross-vein

at one third length of that vein from apex; mid and hind femora each

with 1 pale annulus; fore trochanter with two fine, rather widely sepa-
rated. outstanding, bristles2-2== == sn ss ae sicaria, new species (p. 55).
19:>Hore trochanter, bareors with only Sott alse me ee ee renee 20:
Fore trochanter with soft hairs and a single outstanding bristle anteriorly ;
fore femora faintly banded, other legs nearly unicolorous, pale fuscous,

knees narrowly pale*_ coe SE bo ees bse ee setulifera, new species (p. 55).
20. Mid and hind femora each with a subapical dark or reddish band______ 21
Mid and hind legs entirely pale____________ varipennis, new species (p. 56).

21. Apical cross-vein of forewing at or close to middle of vein from apex of dis-
cal cell; the elongate dark mark in middle of discal cell rather faint.

gundlachi (Dohrn) (p. 56).

Apical eross-vein at one-third from base of vein from apex of discal cell;

elongate dark mark in discal cell linear, almost black, appearing chiti-

OU VAS, 0 baled pepe ee EBL De eS he tet Att rufoannulata (Bergreth) (p. 57).

REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THE KEY.

californiensis (Ploiaria) Baxker, C. F. Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent., vol. 2,

No. 2, May, 1910, pp. 226—-7.[Claremont, Calif. ]

May be the nymph of P. reticulata Baker. If adult it may be
related to P. marginata.

fairmairei (Hmesodema) Dourn, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 248-249 [West Indies].

megalops (Ploiariopsis) CHAMPION, G. C. Biologia, vol. 2, p. 174, Oct. 1898
[Volean de Chiriqui, Panama].

Apparently granulata of our key is close to this species, which
however has much larger eyes and pilose antennae; our species may
prove to be the female of megalops.

praedator (Ploiariopsis), CHAMPION, G. C. Biologia,- vol. 2, p. 174, Oct
1898 [Capetillo, Guatemala].

Agrees to some extent with our wniseriata, but the eyes are smaller,
and the posterior lobe of head not sulcate anteriorly.

sonoraensis (Ploiariopsis), VAN Duzrr, EH. P. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 4, vol.
12, No. 11, June 7, 1923, p. 144. [San Diego Id., Gulf of Calif.] -Said to be

allied to megalops.
terana (Ploiaria), BANKs, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 44 [College Station, Tex.].

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 53

We have examined the type of this species (Mus. Comp. Zool.) and
possibly we have renamed it in our P. similis. However, the abdo-
men of type is missing and the genitalia have neither been figured nor
described ; specific identification thus is impracticable.

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.

Fore trochanter of normal form, bare, pubescent, or with one or two bristles;
spines of postero-ventral series of fore femur nearly uniform in length.
Subgenus Luteva, sens. lat.

brunnea.
sicaria.
gundlachi.
macrophthalma.,.
rufoannulata.
setulifera.

varipennis.
Fore trochanter often produced ventrally as a base for the 1 to 3 spines or

bristles with which it is armed; spines of postero-ventral series of fore femur
very unequal in size, sometimes in a double row.
Subgenus Ploiaria, sens. lat.
Wings or wing-pads present in adults.
Fore coxa subequal to fore tibia, hind lobe of head with a median
ridge.
granulata.
Fore coxa longer than fore tibia. Hind lobe of head unarmed.
albipennis.
bispina.
carolina.
floridana.
pilicornis.
umbrarum.
Hind lobe of head with a median carina.
punctipes.
similis.
uniseriata.
Hind lobe of head with orbital spinelets.
reticulata.
Hind lobe of head with two tubercles and a median spine.
denticauda.
hirticornis.
Wing pads absent in adults; fore coxa shorter than fore tibia.
aptera.
marginata.
PLOIARIA MACROPHTHALMA (Dohrn).

Luteva macrophthalmus Donen, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 244-5, pl. 1, figs. 23, 24
[Brazil; Colombia].

A pale brownish-testaceous species with conspicuous black eyes
and dark brown to black marks on each side of pronotum and
mesonotum, disk of metanotum, and on mesopleura. The fore femur
has two brown annuli, one before and the other beyond the middle;

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

mid and hind femora each with a pre-apical and tibiae with a
faint sub-basal brown annulus. Forewing with four dark brown
clouds, one at base of discal cell, one on costa, and another on hind
margin at middle of discal cell, and one on costa at extremity of
transverse apical vein.

Head as in figure 67; apical antennal segment 0.75 as long as
subapical, basal 2 segments long-haired. Pronotum slender, longer
than mesonotum, gradually narrowed to near posterior margin, then
rather abruptly widened; mesonotum slightly suleate centrally.
Hind margin of preapical abdominal tergite broadly concave;
hypopygium of male without a central spine, the claspers long, very
slender, overlapping and much curved, fanglike. Fore coxa 1.75
as long as pronotum and four-fifths as long as fore femur; tro-
chanters pilose; femur slender, the armature consisting of fine
shghtly irregular spines; fore tibia half as long as femur and
twice as long as fore tarsus, without erect ventral setulae; tip of
tarsus falling considerably short of base of femur; mid and hind
legs very long and slender. Discal cell of forewing ending in
a narrow point (fig. 68).

Length, 11-12 mm.

Locality, Portobello, Panama, April 18, 1912, February 21, 1911,
and March 12, 1911, A. Buseck (U.S.N.M.)

PLOIARIA BRUNNEA, new species.

A much darker species than macrophthalma, differing as stated
in key and in having a much more noticeable white annulus at apex
of each of the first two segments of antenna, that on basal one
being much narrower.

Head as in figure 69, not so much narrowed posteriorly as in
macrophthalma. Antennae and fore legs similar to those of pre-
ceding species in proportions. Pronotum and mesonotum slightly
granulose and subopaque, not conspicuously shining as in macro-
phthalma, nor so gradually tapered.

Fore wing more conspicuously marked than in preceding species,
the dark marks in cells more or less distinctly radiating from a cen-
tral spot or streak. Apical tergite of male less concave than in
preceding species, the hypopygium with a strong blunt upwardly
directed protuberance in center, not conspicuously haired, the claspers
stouter and more circularly curved, gradually tapered from base.

Length, 7 mm.

Holotype—Male, Chapada, Brazil, June (Carnegie Mus.) ; allo-
type, Trinidad Rio, Panama, May 7, 1911, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.).

Alloty pe.—Female, Cat. No. 26716, U.S.N.M.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 55
PLOIARIA SICARIA, new species.

Male.—Coloration similar to that of brunnea but with the lateral
margins and a carinate line on each side of disk of mesonotum, white;
the costa of forewing is more extensively reddish, and the cell beyond
the apical cross vein is entirely fuscous instead of only partly so.

Proportions of fore tibia and fore femur 20:35 (in brunnea
25:45); claws of fore tarsi slightly unequal as in brunnea. Upper
margin of hypopygium similar to that of béspina (fig. 77) but the
spines much shorter; claspers as in figure 70, more abruptly nar-
rowed than in brunnea.

Length, 8 mm.

Holotype.—Uuachi Beni, Bolivia, September, 1922, W. M. Mann.
([Mulford Biological Expedition] (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Cat. No. 26717 U.S.N.M.

PLOIARIA SETULIFERA, new species.

Female——A_ pale yellowish brown species without conspicuous
markings, the apices of hind and mid femora whitish. Forewings
with a few brown markings consisting of poorly defined spots or
streaks, the most noticeable situated in middle of discal cell and
just behind discal cell on inner side of wing.

Head similar to that of pélicornis; preapical and apical antennal
segments about as in last two species as to proportions. Pronotum
almost uniform in width to near posterior margin, where it is |
slightly flared, microscopically granulose and not sulcate; meso-
notum with a very shallow broad central sulcus. Fore coxa about
1.5 as long as pronotum; fore trochanter with some fine hairs and
one or two distinct, but short bristles; fore femur as in preceding
two species; fore tibia half as long as femur, with a ventral series
of decumbent setulae, which are directed apicad, very minute at base
and becoming gradually longer apically; fore tarsus over three
fourths as long as tibia, extending almost to base of femur.

Forewing as in figure 71.

Length, 8 mm.

Holotype—West Lake, Cape Sable, Fla., February 26, 1919, A.
Wetmore; Paradise Key, Fla.. March 10, E. A. Schwarz and H.
S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—F emale, Cat. No. 26718, U.S.N.M.

There are also three nymphs from the same localities which agree
in most respects with the foregoing description. The wingpads
are present, there are only two segments in the tarsi, and the arma-
ture of the fore legs is relatively stronger (especially. in the brist-
ling of the trochanter), more noticeably so in the younger speci-
mens.

56 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

We have seen a species of this group, very closely related to
setulifera, from Hong Kong, China, F. W. Terry (Bueno).

PLOIARIA GUNDLACHI (Dohrn).

Luteva gundlachi Dourn, A. Emesina, 1860, p. 244, pl. 1, fig. 19 [Cuba].

A pale yellowish species with more or less distinct dark brown
markings. The most constant marks are on the mesonotum and
before the apices of the mid and hind femora, the former having
three rudimentary vittae and the latter a broad subapical band.
The wings have more numerous brown spots than in the three pre-
ceding species, three on costa (one at base of discal cell, one about
one third from base, and the other about one fourth from apex)
being most conspicuous; there are two elongate marks, one in discal
cell and the other beyond the cell between the longitudinal vein and
hind margin, from which emanate brown linear markings giving
the wing a reticulated appearance.

Head as in figure 72. Pronotum slightly longer than mesonotum,
almost parallel-sided to near posterior margin, then dilated, not
suleate; mesonotum slightly widened posteriorly and like the pro-
notum, opaque and with fine decumbent pubescence. Hind border
of male hypopygium without a central spine, furnished with many
stiff, backwardly directed hairs on each side near bases of claspers,
the latter slender apically, much curved and hairy. Fore legs as
_in the preceding species. Transverse apical vein a little less than
“midway between apex of discal cell and apex of wing.

Length, 9-10 mm.

Localities, Balthazar, Grenada, West Indies, H. H. Smith (U.S.
N.M.); Cayenne, French Guiana, February, 1917 (Carnegie Mus.) ;
Mayaguez, Porto Rico, July, 1914 (Amer. Mus.).

PLOIARIA VARIPENNIS, new species.

Similar in color to the preceding species, but the preapical fem-
oral band and mesonotal markings are very faint or absent. The
markings of the forewings are darker, and of about the same pat-
tern, but there is only one large dark brown spot on costa, namely,
the one about one-third from base of discal cell, the others being
very small and not. more conspicuous than the other spots on wing.

Head as in gundlacht. Male hypopygium with a slight rounded
central, production of the hind border and with fewer and finer hairs
than in last species, the claspers more abruptly curved. Fore wing
as in figure 73. Fore legs as in figure 74.

Length, 10-11 mm.

Holotype—A male; allotype, and five nymphs, Cacao, Trece
Aguas, Alto Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 23. Paratype female, and

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 57

one nymph, same locality, April 11, and four nymphs, April 2, 13,
and 21, EK. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).
Type, allotype, and paratype—Cat. No. 26719 U.S.N.M.

PLOIARIA RUFOANNULATA (Bergroth).

Leteva rufoannulata BrererotH, E. Psyche, yol. 18, No. 1, Feb. 1911, pp.
18-19 [Famaica].

We have examined the type of this species. It is closely related
to gundlachi, the principal distinctions being found in the wings.
The markings of the forewings appear to furnish a ready means of
identification. There are eight dark marks along costa, those op-
posite base, and middle of discal cell and the one at apex of the
cross-vein being especially conspicuous, while there are two discal
linear blackish brown marks that are especially prominent; one in
discal cell and the other in the cell below the cross-vein; neither of
these marks has radiating streaks emanating from it as is the case
in gundlachi. Mid femur with a preapical reddish annulus, fore
coxa with most of apical half, and fore femur with three bands of
the same color.

The abdomen is missing in type so that we can not compare the
genitalia with those of gundlachi, but in other structural characters
the species are very close.

Length to tip of hemelytra, 9 mm. |

Holotype.——Mandeville, Jamaica, EK. P. Van Duzee (Van Duzee).

PLOIARIA GRANULATA, new species.

Female—A dark-colored species with pale legs, the latter very
characteristically marked, with a narrow fuscous subapical annulus
and a broader apical one on each mid and hind femur, and a mod-
erately broad basal annulus on each mid and hind tibia which have
a median whitish spot on outer side that does not entirely encircle
the tibia. The antennae are yellowish, fuscous at bases and apices
of segments, the basal segment with a broad subbasal whitish
annulus. The swollen bases of fore femoral spines fuscous, the
spines yellow.

Eyes small, about half as long as distance from their anterior
margin to apex of head; anterior lobe of head with a slight eleva-
tion on each side of sulcus; apical antennal segment about 1.75 as
long as subapical; head and pronotum minutely granulate, each
granule surmounted by a microscopic hair. Wing pads present,
the mesothoracic pair largest. Abdomen slightly ovate, each tergite
slightly produced on each side posteriorly, the amount of produc-
tion increasing gradually to tergite 6, a slight median process near
posterior margin of each tergite from second to seventh, inclusive.

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the largest on tergite 6. Fore coxa a little longer than pronotum,
minutely granulose, each granule with a microscopic pale hair which
is directed towards apex of coxa; fore trochanter with two thorns
on elevated bases; fore femur curved outwardly at middle, upper
surface granulose as in coxae, the elevated bases of long postero-
ventral spines about .as long as the femoral diameter, the longest
spines at least twice as long as their bases, the short spines also with
elevated bases, one or two between each pair of the longer spines
and slightly nearer to ventral surface than that series, the spines
of postero-ventral series are curved outward and those of the antero-
ventral series inward so that the tibia lies entirely clear of them
when it is placed against the under surface of the femur; fore
tibia with a series of distinct semierect setulae along postero-ventral
surface and a similar series of longer setulae on basal half of antero-
ventral surface; fore tarsus about two-thirds as long as tibia, with
some setulae along the postero-ventral margin of basal segment.

Length, 44.5 mm.

Holotype-—F¥emale Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guate-
mala, April 20; paratype female topotypical, April 14, E. A.
Schwarz and H. 8S. Barber (U.S.N.M.)

Type and paratype-——Female, Cat. No. 26720, U.S.N.M.

PLOIARIA CAROLINA (Herrich-Schiffer).

Emesodema carolina HERRICH-SCHAFFER, G. A. W. Die wanzenartigen In-
secten, vol. 9, 1853, p. 8, fig. 986 [Carolina].

A dark brown species with a pale dorso-central line on head and
thorax, the fore femora with fairly prominent pale annuli and the
apices of mid and hind femora yellowish. The wings are brown and
faintly marbled with darker brown, not distinctly reticulated with
fine brown lines as in some other species; a darker spot in discal
cell.

In the nymph there is a rather noticeable central elevation on an-
terior margin of posterior lobe of head, but in the mature specimens
this is almost or entirely absent. The apterous forms have the pro-
notum tapered posteriorly and almost without a constriction be-
fore the hind margin on top, the sides somewhat flared; in the
winged forms the hind margin ist noticeably flared dorsally also.
Male hypopygium with the hind border as in figure 75. Fore
femur stout, with 6 or 7 long postero-ventral spines, the longest
fully as long as the femoral diameter, the apical one well beyond
middle of femur; fore tibia without readily distinguishable setulae,
but somewhat densely haired.

Length, 4.5-5.5 mm.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 59

Localities, Thomasville, Ga., May 6, 1912, male, Mrs. A. P. Tay-
lor (U.S.N.M.) ; Wrightsville, N. C., April 16, 1916, female, W. T.
Davis (Davis); Wilmington, N. C., one winged male, one apterous
female, and one nymph, H. G. Barber (Barber).

PLOIARIA FLORIDANA (Bergroth).

Luteva fioridana BrererorH, E. Two new American Ploeariinae (Hem., Re-
duviidae), Konowia, vol. 1, 1922, pp. 218-219, August 20, 1922 [Florida].

Male—Very similar to the preceding species, differing as stated
in the key. The pronotum is without the shght dorso-median sulcus
of carolina, the eyes in the winged form are larger, and the longest
spines on the postero-ventral surface of fore femur are not as long
as the femoral diameter; fore tibia not so much expanded distally ;
central spine on posterior border of hypopygium apparently simple
instead of paired (fig. 76). The forewing has the venation as in
denticauda (fig. 89).

Length, 6 mm.

The type which we have eeanned is from Florida (Van Duzee
Coll.). We have the species also from Crescent City, Fla., Uhler
Coll. (U.S.N.M.)

The crossvein connecting the apical longitudinal vein with costa
is erroneously stated in the original description to be absent.

PLOIARIA BISPINA, new species.

Male.—Almost uniformly pale brownish yellow, paler than caro-
dina, the fore femur not annulate, mid and hind legs with apices of
femora and bases of tibiae whitish. Wings pale brownish, some-
what mottled.

Width of head across eyes almost as great as its dorsal length.
Pronotum a little shorter than mesonotum, very slightly sulcate
centrally. Fore coxa 1.5 as long as pronotum, slender, not granu-
lose; spines on postero-ventral surface of fore femur numerous,
three or four between each pair of the longer spines, the latter not
longer than the femoral diameter, the apical long spine very short
and but little beyond middle of femur; ventral setulae on fore tibia
distinct at least on apical half or more. Posterior border of hypo-
pygium as in figure 77.

Length, 5.5-6.5 mm.

Holotype—Male, Mexico, 2154, no other data, C. F. Baker
(U.S.N.M.). Paratype, males, Bartica, British Guiana (Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila.) ; Para, Brazil, August (Carnegie Mus.).

Other specimens in poor condition, labelled Cuba, 181 (U.S.N.M.
and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).

Type.—Cat. No. 26721 U.S.N.M.

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

PLOIARIA ALBIPENNIS, new species.

Male.—A pale stramineous species without conspicuous markings.
The forewings are entirely unmarked, the veins on basal half slightly
smoky, those on apical half very pale. The fore femora have a
faint narrow preapical and a narrower and less distinct apical band
brown, while the mid and hind pairs are pale brownish with a
rather distinet preapical broad darker brown annulus; knees pale.

Basal segment of antenna long-haired, as long as 2+3, fourth
about five-sixths as long as third. Fore coxa nearly as long as
pronotum and mesonotum, and subequal to fore tibia; trochanter
with two moderately strong spines, and a bristle; femur with about
six outstanding spines, the intervening short spines set on elevated
bases. A pair of slender spines inside of upper border of hypo-
pygium as in bispina, the hypopygial claspers slender, abruptly
curved near apex and pointed. Venation normal, discal cell about
four-fifths as long as vein emanating from its apex, the latter dis-
tinctly curved, not reaching margin of wing, the cross vein nearly
straight, at two-fifths length of posterior vein from apex.

Length, 7 mm.

Holotype.—Lower California, 1895, Diguet (Paris Mus.). Para-
type, Frontera, Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1897, C. H. T. Townsend
(Iowa).

PLOIARIA UMBRARUM, new species.

Male.—Brownish testaceous, the wings apparently immaculate;
and only the apices of hind femora and bases of hind tibia whitish.
The specimens were preserved in alcohol which may have changed
the coloring.

Width of head less than its length; interocular space less than
width of one eye. Prothorax and mesothorax subequal. Hy-
popygium without strong paired spines inside the apical border,
the claspers rather angularly bent at middle, with acutely pointed
tips. Fore coxa fully as long as prothorax and mesothorax com-
bined, and very slightly longer than fore tibia; armature of fore
femur rather fine, the longest bristles at middle shorter than femoral
diameter. Venation as stated in key.

Length, 7 mm.

Holotype—And one paratype male, Mandeville, Jamaica, in a
cave. (U.S.N.M.)

This is the only species of the subfamily from the New World
which we have any record of as occurring in caves but there are
several species so recorded from the Eastern Hemisphere.

Type and paratype.—Cat. No. 26722, U.S.N.M.

ART. 2 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 61
PLOIARIA PILICORNIS, new species.

Male.—Similar to bispina in color but the fore femur has a faint
subapical fuscous annulus.

The head is slightly broader than in bispina (fig. 78), the pro-
notum is not suleate and is more constricted before the hind margin,
the fore femora are stouter, the short spines are less numerous, the
long spines are longer, the longest fully as long as the femoral
diameter, and the apical one is at one-third the length of femur from
apex. Hind border of hypepygium as in figure 79.

Length, 5.5 mm.

Holotype—Higley, Ariz., June 27, 1917, E. G. Holt (U.S.N.M.).

Type—Cat. No. 26723 U.S.N.M.

PLOIARIA UNISERIATA, new species.

Male.—Brownish fuscous, dorsum of mesonotum yellowish-testa-
ceous, antennae and legs brown, not noticeably annulated. Wings
with dusky reticulation and a more prominent spot in discal cell
and in area of wing just posterior to it on inner side.

Kyes large, as high as head and nearly half its length, width of
one above equal to space between them; posterior margin of anterior
lobe of head and anterior margin of posterior lobe each with a short
deep sulcus in center, on each side of which the surface is slightly
tumid; antennae long-haired. Pronotum not much tapered, very
slightly flared posteriorly ; mesonotum gradually widened posteriorly,
with a shallow median dorsal sulcus; mesonotum ending in a rounded
knob; metanotum with the margin raised and three discal carinae.

Fore coxa slender, about 1.25 as long as pronotum; trochanter with
one long curved spine and one or two shorter bristles; femur curved,
a little thicker than coxa, postero-ventral series of spines consisting
of about six, their bases distinctly swollen, the longest more than
twice as long as femoral diameter, the spines bent outward; ventral
surface fine-haired, with a series of short erect setulae on median
third; antero-ventral spines much shorter than postero-ventral, about
seven in number, inwardly curved, a wider space in the series near
base for the reception of the tarsus; tibia two-thirds as long as coxa,
with fine setulae along antero-ventral surface which are about as long
as tibial diameter; tarsus about as long as tibia, basal segment with
microscopic setulae posteriorly (fig. 80). Transverse vein at one-
third of the distance from tip of wing to apex of discal cell, the latter
as in figure 81. Hypopygium rather long, black and _ polished
medianly, claspers long and slender, much curved and tapered on
apical half; apical tergite convex posteriorly.

Female.—Similar to the male in armature of the fore legs. The
eyes are much smaller; there are only small wingpads present; the

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

abdomen is much more robust, and there are small but distinct proc-
esses on middle of hind margins of tergites; seventh tergite horizontal,
with a short, triangular median process, the margin concave, then
angled each side of it; eighth tergite deflexed, narrowed toward apex,
which is transverse.

Length, Male, 4 mm.; nymph, 3.5 mm.

Holotype.—Male, San Thomas, Brownsville, Tex., May 30, 1904;
allotype, Brownsville, Tex., May 21, 1904, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).

Type and allotype.—Cat. No, 26724 U.S.N.M.

PLOIARIA PUNCTIPES, new species.

Male—Brownish fuscous, with testaceous markings and gray pu-
bescence on head and thorax. Legs and antennae testaceous-yellow,
coxae and femora spotted and annulated with fuscous. Wings with
fuscous markings much as in preceding species, but the dark spot
in center of discal cell is more conspicuous and while in uniseriata
there is an isolated dark spot just beyond apex of discal cell clear of
the longitudinal vein in this species the spot touches the vein; mark-
ings somewhat more aggregated in clouds at apex of wing.

Posterior lobe of head not sulcate anteriorly, but with a low longi-
tudinal median carina; subapical antennal segment fully three-
fourths as long as apical. Pronotum narrower and longer than in
uniseriata. Fore coxa slender, about 1.25 as long as pronotum; fore
femur slender, slightly curved, long postero-ventral spines as in pre-
ceding species, but with one or two short spines between each pair
of antero-ventral spines, a rather irregular series of short setulae
ventrad of them; antero-ventral setulae on fore tibia very short;
tibia and tarsus as in unéserdata. Apical sternite less than half as
long as preceding one; hypopygium long, dark and polished medianly,
claspers long, slender, much curved but not tapered, ending abruptly
in a sharp point, posterior hypopygial border with a short stout
spike. Discal cell of forewing and the hind wing as in figures 82
and 83.

Length, 6 mm.

Holotype.—lLa Chorrera, Panama, May 17, 1912, A. Busck (U.S.
N.M.).

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26725, U.S.N.M.

PLOIARIA SIMILIS, new species.

Male——Similar to the preceding species in color and structure,
differing as stated in key, and in size. Forewings as in figure 84.

Length, 8 mm.

Holotype.—Los Borregas, Brownsville, Tex., May 23, 1904, H. S.
Barber (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26726, U.S.N.M.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 63
PLOIARIA RETICULATA (Baker).

Ploiariopsis reticulata Baker, C. F. California Emesidae (Hemiptera),
Pomona College Journal of Entomology, vol. 2, No. 2, May, 1910, pp. 225-6
[Claremont, Calif.].

Male-—Head and thorax testaceous yellow, mottled with fuscous.
Antennae stramineous, basal segment fuscous at base and apex and
with a rather broad subapical and a narrow apical whitish annulus;
beak annulate. Mesonotum with 2 linear submedian brown vittae,
laterad of these the disk is grayish, each lateral margin broadly
brown. Abdomen black, faintly speckled with yellowish, spiracles
white. Legs stramineous, fore pair mottled with blackish and rather
imperfectly annulate, mid and hind femora with faint brownish dots
on basal half and each with 3 broad brown annuli on apical half.
Forewings with brownish fuscous markings, forming reticulations
on the greater part of disk, the most distinct marks being 2 long
blackish streaks, one in apical half of discal cell and the other beyond
that cell and behind the longitudinal vein but distinctly clear of it,
the hind margin of the vein narrowly brown.

Head about as broad as long, with a small sharp spike at eye mar-
gin just behind transverse dorsal constriction, and a small round pro-
tuberance behind eye on side of head; antennae long-haired, third
segment fully as long as fourth. Pronotum slightly flared poste-
riorly. Hypopygium with a bifid process projecting upward inside
of hind border, the claspers not very long, curved, tapered at apices.

Fore trochanters produced into an acute process below which is
armed with 2 or 3 spines. Forewing with discal cell subequal in
length to longitudinal vein beyond it. the transverse apical vein
faint, situated at nearly three fourths of the distance from apex of
discal cell to apex of wing, the longitudinal vein bent down apically.

Length, 9 mm.

Redescribed from a male paratype, Claremont, Calif., Metz
(Cornell Univ.).

Dr. C. F. Baker reports the species common about Claremont.

PLOIARIA DENTICAUDA, new species.

Male.—This species is colored like granulata, but the femoral and
tibial annulation is much less distinct. Head as in figure 85.

In addition to the characters mentioned in the key it differs from
granulata as follows: The fore coxae, fore femora, and pronotum
are not granulose and haired as in that species, the postero-ventral
spines on fore femur are in an almost regular series, the bases of the
longer spines are pale, but little differentiated from the spines and
both combined are but little longer than the femoral diameter; the
fore tibia has the series of setulae on postero-ventral surface very

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

weak and short and that on basal half of antero-ventral surface prac-
tically absent; the fore tarsi are as long as tibiae. The male hypopy-
gium is as shown in figures 86 and 87, the tergites are not produced
on sides and the processes on the middle of hind margins of tergites
except the last one are very small. The series of males contains
winged and subapterous specimens; the venation of the forewing is
shown in figure 89.

Female——Similar to the male but the apical tergites are as de-
scribed in key (fig. 88), and the antennae are very short hispid in-
stead of long-haired.

Length, 5-5.5 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Fort Yuma, Ariz., January 23, H. G. Hubbard;
allotype, Palm Springs, Calif., February 7, H.G. Hubbard, paratypes
same data as foregoing (U.S.N.M.) ; and Calipatria, Calif., Novem-
ber 28, 1921, E. R. Kalmbach (Biol. Survey). Broken specimens not
designated as type material: Williams, Ariz., May 27 and June 9,
E. A. Schwarz and H. 8. Barber (U.S.N.M.).

Type, allotype, and paratypes.—Cat. No. 2672, U.S.N.M.

PLOIARIA HIRTICORNIS (Banks).

Ploiariopsis hirticornis BANKS, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 44 [Southern Pines,
Nixes}

Ploiaria carolina Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, pp. 4445 [Southern Pines,
N. C.]. The female of P. hirticornis.

This species closely resembles the last in structure of the fore
legs, but the coxae are more slender and nearly twice as long as the
tibiae, the fore tarsi are as long as the tibiae, the elevated bases of
the long spines of postero-ventral series are about as in the last
species, white, and the spines are blackish; the pronotum is longer
and narrower than in granulosa, the abdomen has no lateral projec-
tions on tergites and the dorsal tubercles are small anteriorly, in-
creasing in size posteriorly; the seventh tergite of the female has the
lateral angles slightly produced and a longer central process (fig.
90); the apical border of the male hypopygium is as in figure 91;
apical tergite as in figure 92. All our specimens have minute wing
pads except one male paratype which is fully winged; the wings are
rather closely reticulated with fuscous, the heaviest markings being
in discal cell and along hind side of vein emanating from it.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Localities, Mulligans Hill, D. C., December 10, 1916, H. S. Barber
(U.S.N.M.); Southern Pines, N. C., December 28, 29, 1908, A. H.
Manee, type material (McAtee, Mus. Comp. Zool.). The holotype
examined.

An immature female from Shreveport, La. (Mus. Comp. Zool.)
has the abdomen inflated, especially posteriorly, median tubercles

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH . 65

on all tergites, that on five most prominent; eighth tergite concave
apically, without process.

PLOIARIA MARGINATA (Heineken).

Cerascopus marginatus HEINEKEN, ©. Zool. Journ., Jan.May, 1829 (1830),
pp. 386-40, pl. 2, fig. 5 [Madeira].

Cerascopus canariensis NOUALHIER, MAurice. Note sur le genre Ploiaria
Scop. Reut. (Hmesodema Spin., Cerascopus Hein.) et description de quatre
especes nouvelles palearctiques. Rey. dEnt., vol. 14, 1895, p. 168 [Canary
Islands].

Male——Brownish fuscous, with a longitudinal central line on head
and thorax, two round spots on each lobe of head and upper sides
of pronotum, the lateral margins of pronotum and mesonotum and
ventral surface of head and thorax yellowish. Antennae and legs
brownish yellow, darker just before apices of femora and yellowish
at apices.

Antennae short-hispid, apical segment about 1.75 as long as sub-
apical; eyes small, not occupying over half the height of head, and
shorter than distance from their hind margin to posterior margin
of head, surface of head microscopically granulose; fore coxa as
long as pronotum and about two thirds as long as fore tibia, with
microscopic subdecumbent hairs, but not granulose; fore femur stout,
surface as in coxa, outer series of strong spines on posterodorsal
surface numbering four or five, their bases elevated, their entire
length not greater than diameter of femur, the inner series not
interrupted opposite bases of the strong spines, consisting of many
closely placed setulae; antero-ventral series with no isolated bristle
at or near base as in the species which have the tarsus falling short
of apex of coxa; tibia two thirds as long as femur, the antero-ventral
and postero-ventral hairs short; tarsus extending to middle. of
trochanter, fully half as long as tibia, basal segment without evi-
dent setulae. Pronotum with a rounded low tubercle each side of
neck, tapered posteriorly, constricted just behind anterior margin,
widest in front of middle, a distinct constriction between pronotum
and mesonotum, the latter widening to above coxal insertions, with
a median linear sulcus and slight longitudinal ridge along each side
of dorsum separating the pale color of disk from the dark sides.
Abdominal tergites without processes, the spiracles on top of con-
nexival fold, the apical tergite with hind margin rounded; hypo-
pygium as in figure 93, the claspers farther from apex than in any
of the other species seen and the apical hook larger.

Female.——Differs from male chiefly in character of abdomen,
which is broader, especially apically and has the spiracles on outer
side of connexival fold; widest part of abdomen about at the junc-
ture of fourth and fifth tergites, sixth tergite somewhat narrowed

94993—25 5

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 67

apically the end slightly convex; seventh tergite semi-circular;
eighth a little longer, depressed medianly and emarginate apically.

Length, 4.5-5.5 mm.

Data for specimens examined: La Valli Province, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, May 15, 1920, B. S. Donaldson (McAtee); Brazil, on
orchids, H. B. Shaw (U.S.N.M.); Teneriffe, Canary Ids., A. Cab-
rera; Laguna, Oct. 1, 1910 (Bueno).

PLOIARIA APTERA, new species.

Female—Much paler than marginata, the dorsum of thorax but
little darker than the venter.

Head as in the preceding species, but the eyes comparatively
larger and the subapical antennal segment appreciably longer than
the apical. Fore coxae, femora, and tibiae similar in lengths to those
of marginata, the postero-ventral long and short spines in an almost
straight series, only two or three of the short spines between each
pair of the long spines and none opposite their bases; there is an
isolated spine near base on antero-ventral surface, the antero-ventral
series of setulae on apical half of tibia is stronger than in marginata.
Abdomen ovate, distorted in type, but evidently lacking well de-
veloped median processes on hind margins of tergites.

Length, 5.5 mm.

Holotype.—Female, Galiuro Mountains, Ariz., May 24, H. G.
Hubbard (U.S. N.M.).

This and the preceding species lack wing pads, the present one
having a very faint ridge on each posterior lateral angle of meso-
notum and metanotum which may represent the wing pads. We
know of no American species of this genus except these two in which
the adults have neither wings nor wing pads.

Genus GARDENA Dohrn.

Gardena Dourn, A., Emesina, 1860, p. 214, monobasic, genotype G. melinar-
thrum Dohrn [Ceylon.]; Nachtriige 1873, p. 64.—CuHAmpiIon, G. C. Biologia
vol. 2, p. 167, 1898.

As amplified in the Nachtrige, Dohrn’s characterization of Gardena
may be accepted in the sense of Champion for American species.
However, there remains one notable discrepancy to be explained;
Dohrn describes the prothorax as being subequal in length to the
mesothorax and metathorax together. Measured on the median
dorsal surface the prothorax in American species is twice or more
than twice as long as the other divisions of the thorax together.
However, illustrations of Asiatic species show the same condition, so
the discrepancy probably is due to error or is to be explained by
difference in method of taking the measurements.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 67

Characters common to all the American species besides those
mentioned in the generic key are: head lacking spines, prothorax
(measurements taken on dorsum) twice or more than twice as long
as meso- and meta-thoraces taken together (even in wingless forms) ;
the anterior division of prothorax is trumpet-shaped with a low
tubercle each side in front and expands posteriorly in the winged
forms into a capacious, inverted, scoop-shaped, highly polished
portion which completely covers the mesothorax, hind margin usu-
ally somewhat concave with a slight median swelling, but there are
notable departures from this character in some species; mesopleura
and mesosternum highly polished, either subnude or with a bare
stripe in front of coxa; hind margins of sternites 2-6 in both sexes
more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally, most pro-
nouncedly so on 6; sixth sternite in males visible from above, form-
ing apparently an almost complete body ring; in most species it is
overlaid dorsally by a flap-like process of sixth tergite; the ninth
sternite also is largely exposed dorsally, where it is divided by a
broad V-shaped cleft open posteriorly (fig. 97, and others); the
surface of hypopygial segments is polished; all of the legs and the
antennae exceed the body in length; antennae of males with abun-
dant long hairs decreasing in length and erectness distally; espe-
cially from middle of second segment; wing venation as in figure
94; fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 95.

Coloration in the genus is very uniform, the species being chiefly
castaneous, darkest on front legs, prothorax, and genitalia; the
mid and hind trochanters and knees are stramineous, the pale base
of tibia being more or less interrupted by fuscous; the tegmina and
wings in most cases are dusky hyaline, whitish at base.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Males.

1. Cylindrical part of prothorax sulcate in center of dorsum posteriorly ; hind
lobe usually transversely wrinkled anteriorly_____________________ De
Prothorax without sulcus; hind lobe usually not distinctly wrinkled____ 8

2. Hind margin of hypopygium more or less sinuate or emarginate in middle
(figs. 96, 98, 102, 104) ; sixth tergite with a longer slender process (figs.

Oi ep OSS) ees Seale Pe Rhee EN MEE PS WLIO AINE TERS Ep sekh. ae 83
Hind margin of hypopygium practically straight (fig. 105) ; 7th tergite with
a shorter, and usually more rounded process (figs. 109, 112)_________ 4

3. Supero-posterior angles of hypopygium strongly produced, projecting when
viewed from behind, much above hind margin; median process of seventh
tergite elongate, but falling considerably short of apex of hypopygium (fig.
97) ; hind margin of pronotum concave, with a slight median swelling.

americana Champion (p. 69).

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM . VOL. 67

(oa)

Supero-posterior angles of hypopygium elevated but little above hind margin;
median process of seventh tergite elongate, falling but little short of apex
of hypopygium (fig. 108) ; hind margin of pronotum undulated, extending
farthest posteriorly on each side of median line.

crispina, new species (p. 70).

. Apex of hypopygial clasper circularly curved, the supero-anterior angle not

produced (fig. 106) ; fore femur not evidently banded.
domitia, new species (p. 71).
Apex of hypopygial clasper not circularly curved, the supero-anterior angle
produced (figs. 99, 100, 101) ; fore femur with one or more bands_____ 5

. Clasper fitting into a groove which extends forward on the outer side below

supero-posterior angle of hypopygium (fig. 111) ; posterior angle of clasper

a weak hook, process of anterior angle much stouter (fig. 99).
eutropia, new species (p. 71).
Clasper not fitting into such a groove, and of different shape__________ 6

. Both branches of clasper slender (fig. 100); supero-posterior angle of hy-

popygium spine like; hind lobe of pronotum almost smooth.
marcia, new species (p. 72).
Both branches of clasper stout (fig. 101) ; supero-posterior angle of hypo-
pygium, obtuse; snotyspine Wilkes 22 gs ee eee 1

. Antennae copiously hairy; hind lobe of pronotum strongly wrinkled in front,

eranulate behind =] 5252s 2226 Se ae pipara, new species (p. 72).
Antennae not hairy, hind lobe only slightly wrinkled in front and ‘almost
Smooth *behrid ss. te) De ee esse pyrallis, new species (p. 73).

. Hind margin of hypopygium with a sharp tooth on each side of a rounded

median emargination (fig. 104); seventh tergite with a moderate, pointed

median process) (he 14) eee poppaea, new species (p. 74).
Hind margin of hypopygium slightly or not at all emarginate, and lacking
teeth; seventh tergite either convex or with a distinct process________ 9

. Hind lobe of pronotum much more than half as long as the less than usually

slender anterior portion, bearing three pale yellow vittae; forewings al-
most uniform stramineous in color; Seventh tergite with a broadly trian-
gular process; clasper circularly curved similar to figure 106.
agrippina, new species (p. 73).
Hind lobe of pronotum not half as long as the very slender anterior portion,
without pale vittae; hind margin nearly straight across, the declivity just
anterior to hind margin slightly carinate medianly; bases of forewings
much paler in color than remainder; seventh tergite convex posteriorly but
not produced; clasper not circularly curved (fig. 103).
faustina, new species (p. {(33))y

Females.

. Cylindrical part of prothorax suleate in center of dorsum posteriorly; hind

lobe distinctly transversely wrinkled anteriorly; seventh sternite more
or less; produced: apiealliye (Hess 1 ial ss) oe ee 2
Prothorax without sulcus; hind lobe not distinctly transversely wrinkled ;

seventh sternite convex but not produced apically.
faustina, new species (p. 73).

. Seventh sternite with a short rather acute process at middle of posterior

margin (fig. 107) ; mid and hind femora each with a preapical as well as
ap apical pale bandin ses 222 2a eee ee messalina, new species (p. 72).
Seventh sternite with a longer process (figs. 110, 113)_~-______________ 3

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 69

3. Mid and hind femora each with a preapical and an apical pale yellow band;
process of seventh sternite long and slender, reaching nearly to apex of

INYO Vo ee ee ee ee pipara, new species (p. 72).

Mid and hind femora lacking preapical pale band_____-_-__________--__- 4

4. Process of seventh sternite broad, the apex rounded and not reaching apex of
Abdomen Chicas) ee nee ee eee caesonia, new species (p. 70).
Process of seventh sternite narrower, extending to apex of abdomen, and
there somewhat upcurved (fig. 110) ------___- domitia, new species (p. 71).

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THB SPECIES.

Cylindrical part of prothorax suleate in center of dorsum posteriorly.
americana.
; caesonia.
crispina.
domitia.
eutropia.
marcia,
= messalina.
pipara.
pyrallis.
Cylindrical part of prothorax not sulcate.
agrippina.
faustina.
poppaea.
GARDENA AMERICANA Champion.

Gardena americana Cyuampion, G. C., Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 167-8, pl. 10,
fig. 12, 1898 (part).

We have not identified the female of this species but the males are
rather paler in general color than most of the species, being yellow-
ish-brown, castaneous on posterior expansion of prothorax, meso-
and meta-thorax and genitalia; sternites 7 and 8 distinctly emargi-
nate medianly and arcuate laterally; ninth sternite, or hypopygium,
with the apical margin triangularly excised medianly (fig. 96) be-
tween the elevated supero-posterior angles, within which lie the
terete, somewhat curved and capitate hairy claspers; the part of ninth
sternite visible from above is longer than sixth tergite without its
median process; the latter is ligulate, rounded apically and its length
compared to the tergite is as 15:35 (fig. 97). Fore tibia and tarsus as
in figure 95; fore wings as in figure 94.

Length, 18-20 mm.

Two specimens seen, one labeled only Cordoba in the Uhler Col-
lection (U.S.N.M.), and the other collected by J. S. Hine at Maza-
tenango, Guatemala, February 3, 1905 (Ohio State Univ. Coll.).

It is only through the great kindness of W. E. China of the British
Museum that we are enabled to announce this determination of Gar-
dena americana. With a copy of our key in hand Mr. China has
worked over the type series and informs us that the specimen figured

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

in the Biologia Centrali-Americana (reference above) has been taken
as the type and that it is the present species which we designated as
No. 2 in the key sent to him. Mr. China has kindly furnished a re-
port upon the entire British Museum series which is well worth re-
cording.
SERIES OF GARDENA AMERICANA CHAMPION IN THH BRITISH MUSEUM.
Mexico.
1, male, Atoyac, Vera Cruz equals species 2, that is, americana.
2, female, Atoyac, Vera Cruz equals species 6, that is, caesonia.
3-8, males, Teapa, Tabasco equals species 2, that 1s, americana.
9, female, Dos Arroyos, Guerrero equals species 6, that is, caesonia.
9a, female, Chilpancingo, Guerrero equals species 6, that is,
Cacsonit.
Panama.
10-15, males and females, Bugaba equals species 4, that is,
faustina.
Guatemala.
16, male, Teleman, Vera Paz; prothorax suleated but hypopy-
gium mutilated.
17, male, Mirandilla equals species 2, that is, americana. This
is the type specimen figured in Biologia, vol. 2, pl. 10, fig. 12.
Colombia.
18, male, Mazo equals species 2, that is, americana.
19, male, locality illegible, equals species 2, that is, americana.
It is worth noting that the above tabulation agrees in the associa-
tion of sexes as concerns species 4 (faustina); and it strongly in-
dicates that species 6 (caesonia) is the female of americana. For
the present, however, we will allow these forms to stand under dif-
ferent names.
GARDENA CAESONIA, new species.

Female.—Kighth tergite only a third a long as wide, bluntly
rounded apically; 9th longer than broad, almost parallel-sided
viewed from above, truncate apically; process of 7th sternite long
triangular, pointed (fig. 113).

Length, 20 mm.

Holotype.—Female, Guatemala (U.S.N.M.). Paratype, Frontera,
Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1897, C. H. T. Townsend (Iowa).

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26729, U.S.N.M.

GARDENA CRISPINA, new species.

Male.——Coloration as described for the genus; hind margins of
sternite 7 and 8 moderately emarginate medianly, of 7 slightly con-

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH cL

cave, and of 8 a little convex laterally ; 9th sternite polished, its hind
margin with a shallow rounded emargination (fig. 98) ; that part of
9th sternite visible from above shorter than 7th tergite without me-
dian process, the latter ligulate, rather pointed and nearly as long
as remainder of its tergite, proportion to whole tergite as 18 is to 37,
(fig. 108).

Length, 18 mm.

Holotype.—Male Turrialba, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf (U.
S.N.M.).

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26730, U.S.N.M.

GARDENA DOMITIA, new species.

Male—Hypopygium strigate, not so shining as usual, part visible
from above about as long as 7th tergite including process, the latter
broad, rounded apically, its length compared to the whole tergite as
12 is to 27 (fig. 109); hind margin of hypopygium transverse (fig.
105) ; clasper as in figure 106.

Female.——Connexivum elevated posteriorly, pale-edged; 6th ter-
gite rounded apically; 8th semi-circular in shape; 9th broad, some-
what inflated, depressed on each side apically; 7th sternite promi-
nently inflated anteriorly, posterior process as described in key, the
margins each side of it slightly sinuate. (fig. 110).

Length, 20-22 mm.

Holotype—Male, allotype female, with genital segments well pre-
served, and another pair with them damaged, Pachitea, Peru. —
(Bueno).

Paratypes—Male, Lower Mamore River, Bolivia, Dec. 1913, 2
females, La Juntas, Bolivia, Dec. 1913, Quatra Ojos, Nov. 1918, J.
Steinbach (Carnegie Mus.)

GARDENA EUTROPIA, new species.

Mule.—Color about the same as in pipara. Process of 7th tergite
of moderate length, in proportion to remainder of tergite as 2 is to
3, its apex rounded. Hind margin of 6th sternite with a broad and
deep median emargination, and strong sinuations on each side; sev-
enth and eighth sternites distinctly although shallowly concave
medianly and convex laterally. Ninth sternite long, opening up-
ward, the posterior margin straight; viewed from above the flaring
part of cleft.is short, bordered each side by 'a broad, sloping, trun-
cate process, beneath which the claspers are withdrawn (fig. 111) ;
claspers as described in key (fig. 99).

Length, 17 mm.

Holotype-——Male, Santarem, Brazil. (Carnegie Mus.)

12 -PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
GARDENA MARCIA, new species.

Male.—Color as in pipara; posterior lobe of pronotum almost lack-
ing transverse wrinkles. Lobe of seventh tergite very short, in pro-
portion to remainder of tergite as 2 is to 5, broadly rounded. Hind
margin of sixth sternite broadly and deeply emarginate medianly,
arcuate laterally; seventh and eighth sternites shallowly concave
medianly and convex laterally, the former nearly straight across.
Ninth sternite short, opening posteriorly and upwardly, its hind
margin nearly straight; cleft of upper surface opening gradually
from the base (fig. 112), supero-posterior angles, produced, elevated
and spinelike at apices, hollowed out beneath for reception of the
claspers, which are as described in key (fig. 100).

Length, 14 mm.

Holotype-——Male, Santarem, Brazil. (Carnegie Mus.)

GARDENA MESSALINA, new species.

Female.—F ore femora each with a faint subapical pale band; mid
femora and tibiae each with two pale bands. Seventh tergite very
slightly convex on hind margin, eighth moderately long, semi-ellip-
tical; ninth very convex transversely, somewhat constricted near
middle of exposed portion, rounded apically. Sixth sternite with
a deep emargination posteriorly involving the entire hind border;
seventh sternite long, with a short, median triangular process pos-
teriorly (fig. 107) sides of hind margin slightly concave; eighth
sternite broadly exposed on sides, profoundly emarginate in middle.

Length, 17 mm.

Holotype.—Female, Victoria, Texas. (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26731, M.S.N.M.

This is a wingless but mature specimen, which, because of different
leg markings is treated as a different species from G’. poppaea, repre-
sented by a wingless male, also from Victoria.

GARDENA PIPARA, new species.

Male.—Head and body chiefly castaneous, the appendages yellow-
brown; apex of first antennal segment, two bands on front femur, apex
of mid and hind femur and subapical annulus, bases of mid and hind
tibia and sub-basal annulus paler; wings dusky fumose. Seventh
tergite rather short, its body exceeding the short rounded lobe only
as 8 is to 2. Seventh and eighth sternites shallowly emarginate me-
dianly, convex laterally ; ninth or hypopygium, long, opening upward
and backward, the hind margin nearly straight, the supero-posterior
angles moderately elevated, the expanded part of dorsal cleft short,
claspers as described in key (fig. 101).

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 13

Female.—Coloration as in male. Seventh tergite broadly rounded,
and narrowly abruptly declivate apically; eighth tergite short,
rounded apically, almost horizontal; ninth tergite long, slightly
inflated above, abruptly narrowed below; the apical half is trans-
versely rounded, marked off by two oblique depressions, and the mid-
dle of apical margin is slightly excised. Seventh sternite rather
prominently inflated subbasally, apical margin straight across except
at middle, which is produced as a long, slender pointed process,
reaching nearly to apex of body.

Length, 18-20 mm.

Holotype-——Male, Province del Sara, Bolivia, April 1913, J. Stein-
bach.

Allotype and paratype—Two females, same locality, 350 meters
elevation, December, 1912, J. Steinbach. Paratype, two females,
Chapada, Brazil, June. (All these specimens in Carnegie Museum.)
Paratype male, La Zanga, Paraguay, V. Benzon (Copenhagen Mu-
seum), and another, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, September, 1917 (Pen-
nington).

GARDENA PYRALLIS, new species.

Male.—Paler than G. pipara, the leg markings, etc., therefore not
so distinct; hind lobe of pronotum much smoother as described in
key; genitalia very similar.

Length, 16 mm.

Holotype.—Ulanos, Venezuela, F. Geay (Paris Mus.).

GARDENA AGGRIPINA, new species.

Male.—Paler in ground color and with more pale markings than
is usual in the genus; fore femur with three distinct pale bands, and
front legs with other pale areas; pronotum with a median broad,
and two lateral narrow pale vittae on posterior lobe; wings stramin-
eous almost throughout; mid and hind legs pale, the femora and
tibiae each with a distinct sub-basal and another faint darker an-
nulus. Hind margins of sternites 7 and 8 concave medianly, convex
laterally, of 9 nearly straight, cleft of ninth sternite; as seen from
above, about one-third the length of part dorsally exposed; process
of seventh tergite, well-developed, rounded apically, length compared
with that of remainder of tergite as 9 is to 17.

Length, 16 mm.

Holotype.—Provincio del Sara, Bolivia, 350 meters elevation, Dec.
1912, J. Steinbach (Carnegie Mus.).

GARDENA FAUSTINA, new species.

Male.—Chiefly distinguished by the long and slender prothorax
and the prominently convex but scarcely produced hind margin
94993—25——6

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

of tergite 7 (fig. 115); sternites 7 and 8 are concave medianly, con-
vex laterally; part of sternite 9 exposed dorsally about as long as
tergite 7, the V-shaped cleft short, the supero-posterior angles trun-
cate, not elevated but somewhat flaring laterally, posterior margin
shallowly emarginate medianly (fig. 102); clasper ending in a fiat-
tish hook the blade of which is long acuminate and directed upward
(fig. 103).

Female.—The hind margin of 7th tergite is slightly convex, trans-
verse; the 8th tergite is semi-elliptical and the ninth longer than
wide, somewhat narrowed and bluntly rounded apically; the 7th
sternite is moderately convex apically.

Length, 20-22 mm.

In this species the coxae and adjoining parts vary from yellow to
black in color and the hind part of thorax and tip of abdomen are
quite dark, contrasting strongly with the yellow-brown abdomen,
front part of body, and legs.

Holotype.—Male, Porto Bello, Panama, Feb. 28, 1911, E. A.
Schwarz; allotype female, Feb. 21, other data the same; paratype
males, Porto Bello, Panama, Feb. 15, 28, 1911, A. Busck; Trinidad
River, Panama, May 7, 1911, A. Busck. A male and female from
Biologia series of “americana” are labelled, Bugaba, 800—1,500
feet, Champion, and Caldera, Panama, Champion, respectively. All
preceding specimens in United States National Museum. Four
females, Cacagualito, Colombia, May, and one from Chapada,
Brazil, Sept. (Carnegie Mus.). One male, French Guiana, Nov.,
1914, R. Benoist (Paris Mus.).

Type, allotype and paratypes.—Cat. No. 26732, U.S.N.M.

GARDENA POPPAEA, new species.

Male.—Posterior margin of hypopygium with two teeth, the
superoposterior angles considerably elevated (fig. 104), portion of
this sternite visible from above as long as 7th tergite including
process, the latter barely lapping base of V-shaped cleft of hypo-
pygium, its length compared to entire tergite as 3 is to 8 (fig. STOUR :
claspers retracted, their form unknown.

Length, 20 mm.

Holotype-—Male, Victoria, Tex., Feb. 1905, J. D. Mitchell
(UZS NM).

While this specimen is entirely wingless it is obviously mature.

Type—Male, Cat. No. 26733, U.S.N.M.

Genus EMESAYA, new name.

For mesa of authors not of Laporte (1833, p. 84) who named
E£. mantis Fabricius as type. Since this species belongs to the genus

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 75

subsequently called Westermannias the latter name therefore falls
into synonymy, and the insects formely known as /’mesa are left
without a distinctive name. See fuller data under the name “’mesu
as accepted in this paper (p. 38).

Genotype.—Ploiaria brevipennis Say. For full reference see
under L'mesaya brevipennis Say (p. 78). ‘This new name is intended
to combine a reminder of the long familiar term with a tuibute to
the pioneer American naturalist Thomas Say.

Characters of the genus besides those mentioned in the key to
genera are: Mid and hind legs and antennae longer than body; head
without frontal spine, the transverse sulcus convex posteriorly, its
ends in front of eyes, its middle course between them; prothorax in
unwinged forms somewhat shorter than meso- and meta-thoraces
together, in winged forms decidedly longer, expanded posteriorly
and entirely covering dorsum of mesothorax, its hind margin more
or less concave medianly; wings extending only to about middle of
abdomen; sutures between tergites difficult to distinguish, those
seen are straight; sixth tergite of male ending in a long apically
rounded flap covering hypopygium; sutures between sternites convex
anteriorly, that between 5 and 6 most so; hypopygium of male long,
somewhat compressed, hind margin with a median process; in fe-
males the seventh tergite is approximately semi-circular in outline,
the eighth is oblong, somewhat tapering apically, with the apex vari-
ously modified, yielding the most valuable characters for the separa-
tion of species; the connexivum is more elevated in females than in
males. Structure of fore tibia and tarsus and venation of wings as
in figures 186, 137, and 138, respectively.

Coloration in the genus is simple, the general tone varying from
stramineous to reddish (erythrization being especially characteristic
of maturity); the whole head and body has a fine short sericeous
pubescence, bare spots and lines in which account for most of the
apparent markings, as a line over anterior half of pronotum and
head, forked in front of transverse constriction, a straight line under
each eye, cirrhose maculations on pronotum, and dotting over both
upper and lower surfaces of abdomen; the mesosternum and meso-
pleura are entirely sericeous, not glossy as in Gardena. The front
legs are more or less dark spotted and the spines dark-tipped; at
least the knees (femora-tibial joints) of mid and hind legs are pale,
often there is another distinct pale band each side of this joint.
When the antennae are not entirely pale the first segment is pale
apically. The wings vary from stramineous to fuscous-hyaline,
often paler at base.

76 ’ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

KEY TO THD SPECIES.

Males.

1. Hind margin of hypopygium without median process, nearly straight across.
manni, new species (p. 83).

Hind margin of hypopygium with a median process, sometimes partly con-
cealed, by; theyvclaspens bie = pie 2 Sa oF ae oe ep 2

2. Hind margin of hypopgyium nearly straight across, bearing on its inner
side a process which extends upward and forward between (and usually

concealed by) apices vor-elaspers' “(fig 121!) Sse ee ee 3
Hind margin of hypopygium produced, in the plane of its outer surface, into
a process which is not concealed between apices of claspers____----~-~ 4+

3. Clasper broadly concave on upper Margin, swollen at base and expanded on
inner side toward apex into a triangular lobe (fig. 183), not hairy.
pollex, new species (p. 82).
Clasper convex on upper margin, neither swollen at base nor expanded lat-
erally toward apex, hairy, the hairs on inner surface long and erect (fig.
DDD) weg ge Si Ee ent a gilt ee ene aE brevipennis (Say) (p. 78).
4, Process tapering gradually from base, slender and pointed, a little recurved
apically ; clasper nearly terete, strongly curved and somewhat bulbous api-
cally .¢figs: 130-131) eee eee ee apiculata, new species (p. 81).
Process notched on the sides at base, broadly expanding apically, with a
terminal notch; clasper nearly straight, curved only near apex which is not
bulbous ((igss18 2419-9120) ee ee incisa, new species (p. 78).

Females.

1. Highth tergite with the lateral angles produced considerably beyond middle

Of DMG MALOU AMS S|) See Sa ee ee ee yy)
Highth tergite with the lateral angles produced no farther than middle of
hind *mareins or: roundedi(figs) 129) VSiliq) ae ee eae ee 5

2. Seventh tergite with a pair of divergent carinae bounding disk, within and
distinct from the ridges which divide the upper surface from the down-
folded lateral portions of thertergite. (fig, 116) 2252 =e 3

Seventh ‘tergite’ without, such caring ee. ee ee +

. Fore femur about 7.5 mm. long; fore coxa hardly twice as long as head.

brevicoxa (Banks) (p. 77).
Tore femur about 9 mm. long; fore coxa fully twice as long as head.
banksi, new species (p. 77).

4. Hind margin of eighth tergite between the processes decidedly concave, the
emargination broadly U-shaped; seventh and eighth tergites with a me-
dian longitudinal bare and slightly elevated line (fig. 127) ; side of eighth
tergite subangulate posteriorly_______________ lineata, new species (p. 81).

Hind margin of eighth tergite between the processes nearly straight, the
emargination nearly rectangular (fig. 128); seventh and eighth tergites
lacking such a line; side of eighth tergite not at all angulate posteriorly
CTS a ee ce ee Re ee eee brevipennis (Say) (p. 78).

. Hind margin of eighth tergite bisinuate, the lateral angles and median point
about equally produced (fig. 129) _-_-_____-___ modica, new species (p. 81).

Hind margin of eighth tergite with the lateral angles rounded and the median
portion apiculate or-much produced Se 6

11JIn partially collapsed or distorted specimens, the seventh tergite is prone to fold
along the lines of the lateral and central carinae; these accidental and usually unsym-
metrical folds must not be mistaken for the true carinae which are clear-cut and sym-
metrical.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH rar

6. Median portion of hind margin of eighth tergite apiculate (fig. 131q).
apiculata, new species (p. 81).

Median portion of hind margin of eighth tergite produced in a rather long,
keel-like process (figs. 184, 185) ---------_-__- pollex, new species (p. 82).

REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THB KEY AND
SYNONYMY.

affinis [Emesa] Dourn, Emesina 1860, pp. 222-8 [Columbia].

No hypopygial characters mentioned; the color markings de-
scribed in themselves have no significance; examination of type
necessary to identification. Champion (Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 168)
synonymizes this species with longipes Dn Grerr=brevipennis Say.
longipes [Emesa] Fasrictus, Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, p. 263 [America].

Stal refers this to Zelus. See p. 39.
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THD SPECIES.

(Females only.)

FHighth tergite with the lateral angles produced farther than middle of hind

margin.
Seventh tergite with a pair of divergent carinae. brevicoxa,
banksi.
Seventh tergite lacking such carinae. brevipennis.
lineata.

Highth tergite with lateral angles not so much produced or even rounded, me-

dian portion of this tergite more or less produced posteriorly.
modica.

apiculata.
pollex.
EMESAYA BREVICOXA (Banks).

Emesa brevicora BANKS, N. Hmesidae, 1909, p. 48 [Los Angeles, Calif.].

Described from a single female which remains the unique repre-
sentative of the form. This specimen, now in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology has been studied in the course of the present revi-
sion. The carinae of seventh tergite, not mentioned in original
description are very distinctive, grouping the species with the new
form banksi described below. The coloration is scarcely different
from that of £. brevipennis; however it was noted that the mid and
hind tibiae are entirely pale except for a sub-basal dusky band on
each. Approximate measurements are: Length of head and body
together 29 mm.; of front coxa, 5 mm.; of front femur 7.5 mm.

EMESAYA BANKSI, new species.

Agrees with /. brevicowa Banks in carination of seventh tergite
(fig. 116; lateral view of female hypopygium, fig. 117) but differs in
measurements of front legs as indicated in key. The posterior
jateral angles of eighth tergite are less produced than in LZ. brevi-
coxa and much less than in average specimens of /. brevipennis

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 67

Say. General color pale reddish-brown, short gray pubescence
abundant; leg bands only faintly indicated.

Length about 29 mm.

Holotype-—F¥emale, San Antonio, Texas, Sept. 18-27 (Museum of
Comparative Zoology).

Paratype.—F¥emale, vicinity of La Paz, Lower California, 1903,
L. Diguet (Paris Mus.).

EMESAYA INCISA, new species.

Somewhat smaller than /’. brevipennis, and most of the specimens
are paler than the average color in the genus, this being especially
true of the legs and antennae; the dark annuli therefore unusually
prominent.

Male.—Ground color stramineous, broad vittae on sides of head
and posterior lobe of pronotum (sometimes whole of this expan-
sion), dorsum of abdomen more or less, leg bands and dots fuscous.
Genitalia as described in key (see figs. 118, 119, 120).

Length, 24-27 mm.

Males from Palm Springs, Calif., Feb. 25, H. G. Hubbard (holo-
type); Monclova, Mex., Nov. 23, 1909, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.) ;
Higley, Ariz., July 10, 1917, E. G. Holt (Biol. Survey).

Type and paratype—Male, Cat. No. 26734, U.S.N.M.

This may be the male of one of the preceding two species.

EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS (Say).

Ploiaria brevipennis Say, THomas. American Entomology, vol. 3, 1828, pp.
105-6, pl. 47 [Philadelphia] ; Complete Writings, vol. 1, 1859, pp. 105-6.

Cimex longipcs De GrErR, CHARLES. Memoires pour servir a l’Histoire des
Insectes, vol. 3, 1773, pp. 352-4, pl. 35, figs. 16-17 [Pennsylvania]. This name
though older than Say’s is preoccupied by Cimex longipes Linnaeus, Systema
Naturae, ed. 12, 1767, p. 724.

Emesa filum? GrirritH, Epwarp. The Animal Kingdom arranged in con-
formity with its organization, by the Baron Cuvier * * * with supple-
mentary additions to each order by Edward Griffith, vol. 15, 1832, p. 244, pl. 97,
fig. 3. [North America.] Index p. 786 states “ Hmesa filum? Filum, read
brevipennis of Mr. Say.”

Emesa pia Amyor, ©. B. J. and Servitte, A. Histoire naturelle des Insectes,
1843, p. 394. [Philadelphia. ]

Emesa pia Herricu-ScHiArrer, G. A. W. Die wanzenartigen Insecten, IX,
1853, p. 114, fig. 9837. [North America.]

Dmesa choctawana Kirkautpy, G. W. Hemiptera, Old and New, No. 2, Can.
Ent., vol. 41, No. 11, Nov. 1909, p. 888. New name for brevipennis Dohrn not
of Say. However, Dohrn’s brevipennis probably is Say’s species and no new
name was required. The generic name an obvious typographical error.

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES.

1. Processes of 8th tergite shorter and more rounded as seen from above; disk
of tergite stramineous, with more copious and longer pubescence, giving it
a. ‘sericeous appearance... ==-+- == 6252 ee eee ee occidentalis.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 719

Processes of 8th tergite longer, more slender and pointed; disk of tergite
darker pubescence, Shortercandysparsen. ees ee ee 2
2. Pale annuli on mid and hind legs tending to obsolescence, especially in males,

OftenetheskHECSEOMLY alee = ee Le ee australis.
Full complement of pale leg markings usually evident in both sexes.
brevipennis.

EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS BREVIPENNIS (Say).

In general color this subspecies varies from rubiginous to fuscous
with the pale leg markings distinct; nymphs and teneral specimens
are paler, mature specimens redder or darker. Genitalia as described
in key (figs. 121 to 124). Fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 136;
wings as in figures 137, 188.

Length, 28-36 millimeters.

Many specimens have been examined from a range with the fol-
lowing States as its extremes: Massachusetts, Missouri, Florida, and
Texas. The species has been recorded also from Iowa.

The eggs (fig. 125) of this species are about 2 millimeters in
length, long-elliptical in outline, the opercle with a large central,
truncately conical tubercle, the periphery of which is more or less
eroded at the base; the main body of the egg is black in ground color,
somewhat compressed and with longitudinal rows of membranous,
saw-tooth-shaped exfoliations, the bases of which are almost con-
tinuous; these lines of projections are arranged more or less in con-
centric ellipses (if we may use the expression) on the flat sides of the
egg. Specimens examined were laid by a female captured on Plum-
mer Island, Md., October 6, 1912. This individual laid about 20
eggs before October 11. M. Faunce. Another female collected at
the same locality by E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber, November 16,
1912, also laid eggs in confinement.

Nymphs about 6 millimeters long collected at Plummer Island,
April 20, by H. S. Barber are pale ivory color with fuscous markings
as follows: A slender vitta from base of antenna along side of head,
interrupted at eye; two more or less interrupted vittae along sides of
all divisions of thorax; a slender line along outside of each front
coxa and trochanter; front femur with a short vitta and 2 partial
bands; mid and hind femora and tibiae each with 2 bands near the
knee; apex of abdomen below with 2 series of markings, each con-
sisting of a dot and-2 dashes; spiracles black. The posterior lobe of
head is much more swollen than in adult.

EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS AUSTRALIS, new subspecies.

From the Gulf States southward to Panama occurs what seems to
be a geographical race characterized by a strong tendency, which is
almost universal among the males, to lack all pale leg markings
except at knees. We have not been able to correlate this character

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

with any structural differences, whether of genitalia or otherwise,
although it is noticeable that in this form the processes of the eighth
tergite often are shorter than in northern specimens.

The obvious question as to whether any of the several synonyms of
Emesa brevipennis apply to this subspecies apparently must be
answered in the negative. Two of these names, longipes De Geer and
pia Amyot and Serville, were founded on specimens coming from
the same State as Say’s material, namely from Pennsylvania, where
only one form is known to occur. /. pia Herrich-Schiaffer has the
characters of the old, not the new, subspecies, and choctawana Kirk-
aldy applies to a form agreeing in description with, and which prob-
ably is, true 2. brevipennis Say. Dohrn’s key * attributes the prin-
cipal character of our new subspecies to 1’. longipes De Geer, but his
fuller description (pp. 221-2), based on De Geer’s type, contradicts
the statement in the key; De Geer’s description does not mention the
character at all, and his name is unavailable, as we have noted in the
synonymy.

Specimens of the new subspecies examined are:

Holotype—Male, Taboga Island, Panama, Feb. 27, 1912. A.
Busck; allotype, same locality and collector, June 14, 1911 (U.S.
N.M.).

Paratypes with the following data: Taboga Island, Panama, June
14, 1911, Feb. 22, 27, 1912, A. Busck; Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama,
A. H. Jennings; Limon, Canal Zone, Panama, Aug. 24, 1918, H. Mor-
rison; Gamboa, Canal Zone, Panama, July 17, 1918, H. Dietz and J.
Zetek; Panama, June 25, Wirt Robinson; Paraiso, C. Z., Panama,
Jan. 28, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April
8, E. A. Schwarz; Altenas, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf; Ana-
huac, Tex., Nov. 8, 1918, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.); Orange, Tex.,
July, 1914, Wm. T. Davis (Davis) ; Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.,
July, 1912; Bainbridge, Ga., July 15, 1912 (Cornell Univ.) ; Gaines-
ville, Fla., July 20, 1918, C. J. Drake (Drake).

Type, allotype, and paratypes.—Male, Cat. No. 26735, U.S.N.M.

EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS OCCIDENTALIS, new subspecies.

A pair of specimens from the Uhler Collection (U.S. Nat. Mus.)
marked L. Cal. are selected as holotype (female) and allotype
(male) of this subspecies. The general color is rufo-stramineous
with all markings whether darker or paler much less noticeable
than in /. b. brevipennis. Length 31-34 mm.

A paratype female from Palo Alto, Calif., July 25, 1892, W. G.
Johnson (Cornell Univ.) agrees in hypopygial characters (fig. 126)
but is much shorter (26 mm.) and somewhat darker in coloration.

12 Emesina, 1860, p. 217.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH Sl

A female of the brevipennis complex from La Belle, Fla., April
28, 1912 (Amer. Mus.) has the 8th tergite merely concave posteriorly,
the lateral angles not forming teat-like processes, but since a male
collected at same place and time is not separable from /’. brevipennis
the unusual character of the female is attributed to individual
variation.

EMESAYA LINEATA, new species.

Female.—Knees of posterior two pairs of legs pale, the middle
legs with, the hind legs without, a faint subbasal pale annulus on
femur; legs in general pale, head and body dark reddish-brown.
Apex of abdomen as in figure 127.

Length, 31 mm.

Holotype-—Female, Crescent City, Fla. Broken specimen
(U.S.N.M.)

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26736, U.S.N.M.

EMESAYA MODICA, new species.

A dark species varying from reddish-brown to fuscous, the usual
pale markings present, however; bare spots about setae on ventral
surface of abdomen much less conspicuous than in L’. brevipennis ;
hypopygium as described in key (figs. 128, 129).

Length, 33 mm.

Holotype.—Female, Cordoba, Mex., F. Knab. (U.S.N.M.)

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26737, U.S.N.M.

Another female specimen probably of this species, but having the
genitalia badly mashed is from Cachi, Costa Rica, April 27, 1910,
C. H. Lankester (Acad. Sci. Phila.).

Length, 34 mm.

EMESAYA APICULATA, new species.

Male.—General color deep castaneous, coxal margins, beak except
apex, antennal tubercles, wedge-shaped markings behind and inside
eyes, margins of posterior lobe of pronotum and connexivum ivory-
colored. First joint of antenna pale at apex and near base. Legs
in general much paler than body; front ones with the lower sur-
faces and a broad subterminal and narrower subbasal annulus on
tibia, and two narrow annuli near apex of femur ivory color; mid
and hind legs with apices of femora and bases of tibiae ivory,
sharply contrasting with general color, the other annuli but faintly
indicated. Wings dusky hyaline, scarcely paler at bases.

Hypopygium (fig. 130) of moderate length, opening upward,
hind margin and claspers as described in key (fig. 131) hind margin
of sixth sternite slightly concave medianly, more so laterally; seventh

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

nearly straight across; process of sixth tergite long, but not quite
reaching apex of hypopygium, almost parallel-sided for most of its
length, a little constricted beyond middle, transversely wrinkled
basally, rather abruptly narrowed, bluntly-pointed and punctate
apically.

Length, 30-32 mm.

Specimens: Males, Province del Sara, Bolivia, December, 1913,
J. Steinbach (Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5068); Buena Vista,
Bolivia, J. Steinbach (Carnegie Mus. Acc. 5573); Rio Autuz, Ama-
zon, September, Roman (Stockholm Mus.). The last specimen dif-
fers in having hind margin of sixth sternite convex instead of
shghtly concave medianly. A female nymph, E. Bolivia, J. Stein-
bach (Carnegie Mus., Acc. No. 5572) probably is this species; as
usual with nymphs of the genus it is more profusely and boldly
marked than the adults.

Holotype—tThe first specimen listed.

An adult female, for geographical reasons regarded as belonging
to this species, bears the following data: French Guiana, R. Oberthiir,
1899 (Paris Mus.). It differs in coloration from the male only in
being a little duller, the markings especially of the front legs being
less contrasted. The seventh tergite is very broad apically, the whole
margin of the disk a little swollen; eighth tergite strongly carinate
along the nearly parallel sides of disk, the carinae thickest at base,
each with deep impression basally, apex of tergite rounded subangu-
late medianly (figs. 131a, 182).

E'mesaya precatoria (E'mesa precatorius Fabricius, J. C.13 [Middle
America|), seems to be much like #’. apiculata. We have been sup-
plied, through the kindness of Dr. William Lundbeck, with sketches
and notes relating to the type specimen, which differs chiefly from
the species here described in the emargination of the male clasper
(fig. 1316) and shape of the apical hypopygial process (fig. 131c).

EMESAYA POLLEX, new species.

Male—Chiefly castaneous, the legs and antennae paler; the tylus,
middle of head just behind it, areas inside eyes and posterior lobe of
thorax tending to be paler. Darkening of the disk of latter in some
specimens gives the effect of pale marginal stripes. The connexivum
is touched with luteous. Front tibia and femur with pale areas but
scarcely banded; mid and hind femora with evident terminal and
faint subterminal, tibiae with basal and subbasal, pale annuli. Tip
of first antennal segment pale. Wings hyaline, a little denser at
base.

13 Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, pp. 265-264.

arT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 83

Hypopygium long, opening upward (fig. 132@) ; spine and claspers
as described in key (fig. 133). Sixth sternite with a shallow rounded
emargination medianly, the sides first convex, then concave, pos-
teriorly; 7th sternite with hind margin of approximately the same
shape, but lacking median emargination. Process of 6th tergite
narrowing very gradually, rounded apically, not quite reaching
apices of claspers.

Length, 23-26 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Corumba, Brazil, May (Carnegie Museum, Acc.
No. 2966). Paratypes male, two, same locality as type, highlands
in March; and another, Province del Sara, Bolivia, February, 1913,
Steinbach (Carnegie Museum) ; male, Brazil, G. Fallon (Paris Mus.).

A female certainly of this species from Santarem, Brazil (Acc.
No. 2966, Carnegie Mus.) is selected as allotype. Coloration agrees
very closely with that of the male. The seventh tergite is somewhat
narrowly rounded apically, and the eighth is rather compressed,
deep-sided and pointed apically, otherwise as described in key and
figured (figs. 134, 185). Another female, labeled merely Amazon
River (Stockholm Mus.), and one Goyaz, Jatahy, Brazil, Breddin
(Berlin Mus.).

EMESAYA MANNI, new species.

General color castaneous, posterior lobe of pronotum, wings, and
legs paler brown, the fore femur with a subapical and the fore tibia
with two pale bands. Male hypopygium as noted in key, the claspers
oblong, not touching each other apically, the extremity pointed within,
apical tergite moderately pointed and slightly surpassing hypopy-
gium. Length, 32 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Huachi Beni, Bolivia, September, 1921, Wm. M.
Mann (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26738, U.S.N.M.

Genus METAPTERUS Costa.

Metapterus, Costa, ACHILLE. Additamenta ad Centurias Cimicum Regni
neapolitani. Atti del real Istit. d’ Incorag. Sci. nat. Napoli. 1860, p. 10.

This is the only bibliographical reference in the paper not personally veri-
fied. We have been unable to find this publication in the largest scientific
libraries in the United States. The genotype is Metapterus linearis Costa,
whether by original designation or Otherwise, we are unable to say.

Barce, Stat, C. Hemiptera Africana descripsit, vol. 3, 1865, pp. 162-163.
[A genus without species here.] Analecta hemipterologica, Berliner Entomolo-
gische Zeitschrift, vol. 10, 1866, p. 168. [Monobasic, B. annulipes, new species,
genotype. ]

Carambis Star, C. Hem. Afr. 3, 1865, p. 1638. [A genus without species here. ]
Anal, hemip. Berlin Eni. Zeitschr., vol. 10, 1866, p. 168. [Monobasic, genotype,
Emesa caspica Dohrn.] This synonymy clears up Stal’s reference to specimens
of Carambis from America. (Hnum. Hemip. 2, 1872, p. 127.)

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

\fantisoma, IAKovLEV, V. BE. Materials for the entomological fauna of Euro-
pean Russia, Proc. Russian Ent. Soec., St. Petersburg, vol. 7, 1874, pp. 34-35,
pl. 1, fig. 2. [Monobasic, genotype M. aplera, new species.] The citation
of this genus from Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., sometimes seen, is, of course, in-
correct.

In the form of the forelegs this genus resembles Hmesaya, Gar-
dena, and C@hilianella, but is readily distinguished from them by the
characters indicated in the generic key (figs. 139, 141.). In the caudal
elongation of the apical abdominal tergite of the male, which covers
the dorsal surface of the hypopygium to or beyond the apex, the
genus resembles some of the species in @hilianella, but the cephalic
and some other characters readily separate it from that genus. The
venation of the forewings (fig. 142) is evidence of relationship to
Emesaya and Gardena, but the fore tarsal structure and the form
of the hypopygia are quite different and indicate that Metapterus
is no more closely related to these genera than to Ghilianella. The
apical antennal segment is at least four times as long as the sub-
apical.

Our identification of Barce with Metapterus is based on compari-
son of the two type species, the specimens of Metapterus linearis in
our hands being some identified by Dr. A. L. Montandon. The male
hypopygium of this species has a longer central spine than in the
most closely related American species (whleri, neglectus) and this
causes the last tergite to appear more decidedly arcuate. The hy-
popygial claspers are rectangularly bent at about midway to apices,
the apical half projecting upward lke the central thorn, whereas
in the North American species the claspers are slightly or almost
imperceptibly curved. The female of M. linearis resembles that of
uhleri most closely, the apical tergite being without notch, and the
sixth sternite without a broad central emargination; the apical tergite
is broadly defilexed on apical half.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Males.

1. Basal spine of postero-ventral series on fore femur less than its own length
from base of femur; apical outline of hypopygium from side irregular (fig.

BB: br) i a ik Pay BA Dac Paha als ane aly I eg oe abe 8 eT, aberrans, new species (p. 86).
Basal spine of postero-ventral series on fore femur more than its own length
from base of femur; apical outline of hypopygium from side usually
regularly rounded] 2) 2) == ss Se ee ee eee ee He

2. Head with a pale yellowish stripe along venter which is of about equal width
on its entire length, filling the interocular space, and without a dark spot

on each side behind eye; upper margin of hypopygium with a squarish
backwardly curved process which is more or less emarginate at tip (fig.
158), no erect spine within the upper border of hypopygium_________ 3

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 85

Head with a pale yellowish stripe along venter which is narrower than inter-
ocular space or has a distinct dark spot on each side behind eye; upper
margin of hypopygium not produced backward at apex, with a long

spine within upper border (figs. 151, 152) —-----_------------------- 5
3 Hore coxa about twice as long as -foretibias- 2 —--—_-=— -$===- 4
Fore coxa less than 1.5 as long as fore tibia_______-_ banksii (Baker) (p. 87).

4, Mid and hind femora each with more than one brown band; seventh tergite
obtusely rounded, projecting little if any beyond hypopygium (fig. 157).
annulipes (Stal) (p. 88).
Mid and hind femora each with only one brown band; seventh tergite more
acutely rounded and projecting more or less beyond hypopygium.
fraternus (Say) (p. 89).
5. Apical spine of hypopygium conspicuously backwardly curved at tip (lig.
150) ; general color fuscous; surface rugulae of abdomen both above and
below forming a distinct reticulation_________-_~ uhleri (Banks) (p. 86).
Apical hypopygial spine straight or almost so, only slightly curved at tip (fig.
153) ; general color stramineous; surface rugulae of abdomen chiefly longi-
tudinal, not forming a reticulation_________ neglectus, new species (p. 87).

Females.

1. Basal postero-ventral spine on fore femur less than its own length from base

of femur; apical tergite entire______________ aberrans, new species (p. 86).
Basal postero-ventral spine on fore femur more than its own length from
DASCRO tee TNl Ite ca tee eee ne Sige ee ald Seu ne Bones nme one ee es 2

2. Head with a pale yellowish stripe on venter which is not decidedly nar-

rower than interocular space nor with a dark spot on each side behind

CEN Ee pee OO Be PW Ml FE See Pe ae fares OE OGD ae Bey en ae 3

Head with a pale yellow stripe on venter which is narrower than interocular

space or has a dark spot on each side behind eye_______-_-----_--- 5

3. Fore coxa only about one third longer than fore tibia__banksii (Baker) (p. 87).

Fore coxa nearly or quite twice as long as fore tibia_________-----__- 4

4. Mid and hind femora each with more than one brown band; spines on pos-

tero-ventral surface of fore femur less elongate, the process between bases

of antenna less pronounced, wing pads in apterous forms less developed

than in fraternus; notch in apex of apical tergite of an open type, its sides

varying from concave to nearly straight________~- annulipes (Stal) (p. 88).

Mid and hind femora each with one brown band; spines on postero-ventral

surface of fore femur more elongate, the process between bases of an-

tennae more pronounced, the wing pads in apterous forms better developed

than in annulipes; notch in apical tergite of a narrower type, its sides
more or less convex, the apex of the notch more acute (fig. 162).

fraternus (Say) (p. 89).

5. Seventh tergite entire or barely emarginate at apex (fig. 148) general color

OLMSVECCIES | LUSCOUGse es eee 8 ts ee ek Ne uhleri (Banks) (p. 86).
Seventh tergite with a short and acute apical incision (fig. 154); general
COLOIStranINCOUSS ae se eee eee neglectus, new species (p. 87).

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THF SPECIES,

Male hypopygium with an erect spine inside of hind margin.
Fore coxa but little longer than fore tibia; first spine of fore femur at less
than its length from base of femur. aberrans.

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Fore coxa 1.5 or more longer than fore tibia; first spine of fore femur at
more than its own length from base. uhleri.
neglectus.
Male hypopygium with a squarish process on hind margin; first spine of fore
femur at more than its length from base.

Fore coxa less than 1.5 times as long as fore tibia. panksii,
Fore coxa nearly twice as long as fore tibia. annulipes.
fraternus.

METAPTERUS ABERRANS, new species.

‘A small, dark, robust species, wth characters of male hypopygium
and female genital segments similar to those of whleri. ‘The head
lacks the process between the bases of antennae and the labrum is
but little protruded, in one specimen almost imperceptibly so. The
pronotum has a very deep constriction near posterior margin and
its hind margin has a short backwardly projecting process in middle.
Wing pads small. Apical tergite in female as in whlert but shorter ;
male hypopygium as seen from the side as in figure 147, the upper
posterior margin with an erect spine.

Length, 7-8 mm.

Holotype.—Male, allotype, and one male paratype, Austin, Tex.,
January 3, 1901 (Bueno).

METAPTERUS UHLERI (Banks).

Barce uhleri BANKS, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 47 [Southern Pines, N. C.].

This species, aberrans and neglectus, agree with linearis, the
genotype, in having an erect spine inside the hind border of male
hypopygium, but like all the other American species known to us
differs from linearis in that the male claspers are not abruptly
bent apically and directed upward on each of the apical spine.
M. aberrans, uhleri, and neglectus have another character also in
common with linearis, namely that the pale streak on lower surface
of head is narrower than interocular width or is interrupted by a
dark spot behind each eye. The external genital characters of both
sexes of Mf. vAleri are illustrated by figures 148 to 151, the fore
leg by figure 146.

Length, 7-9 mm.

Data for specimens examined: Forest Hills, Mass., March 30, 1915,
F. X. Williams; Truro, Mass., Sept. 4, 1904; North Attleboro,
Mass., Oct. 8, 1920, C. A. Frost (Parshley) ; Hyannisport, Mass.,
Aug. 18, 1899, J. L. Zabriskie (Am. Mus.); New York (Cornell
Univ.) ; Central Park; Long Island;’N: Y:;'April 11, 1915, G., P.
Englehardt (Bueno); Sea Cliff, Long Island, N. Y., N. Banks
(Paratype, McAtee); Ithaca, N. Y., July 21, 1921, Aug. 22, 1892
(Cornell Univ.) ; White Plains, N. Y., Oct. 25, 1908 (Bueno) ; Cape
May County, N. J., April 10, 11, 1911, Wm. T. Davis (Davis) ; Lake-
hurst, N. J., May 2, 1908, H. G. Barber; Vienna, Va., Aug., 1919,

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 87

H. G. Barber (Barber); Southern Pines, N. C., December, N.
Banks (Paratypes, U.S.N.M.); also same locality, Feb., March,
June, Sept., Dec., A. H. Manee (Davis Coll. Cornell Univ., Bueno,
Drake, Barber, Parshley); South Dakota (Parshley); Oxbow,
Saskatchewan, April 14, 21, 22, 1907, F. Knab (U.S.N.M.).

Rarely a female specimen of this species has a distinct notch in
posterior margin of apical tergite. The color varies somewhat and
the varietal name brunnea Banks** was applied to specimens with
pale spots on the connexivum and pale irrorations on the venter;
the color of the dorsum suggests bronzed leather. Type examined
at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The proportion of winged
specimens in the whole material is small.

METAPTERUS NEGLECTUS, new species.

A larger and much paler species than whleri, the general color
being yellowish brown. Male hypopygium similar to that of whler:,
differing in having the apical spine without a conspicuously recurved
tip (fig. 152, 153). Female differing as stated in the key, the apical
tergite as in figure 154.

Length, 11-12 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Lakehurst, N. J., May 13, 1917, under a pile
of old bricks, W. T. Davis (Davis). Allotype, Winchester, Mass.,
L. L. Thaxter (U.S.N.M.). Paratypes: male, Lakehurst, N. J.,
March 30, 1907, H. G. Barber (Barber); White Plains, N. Y., one
male, August 31, 1909; one male, March, 1919, under a stone; one
male, April 4, 1909; one male, April 9, 1911; one female, April 30,
1911; Staten Island, N. Y., March 29, 1903 (Bueno).

Allotype-—Female, Cat. No. 26739, U.S.N.M.

METAPTERUS BANKSII (Baker).

Barce banksii Baker, ©. F. California Hmesidae, Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent.
2, No. 2, May, 1910, p. 227 [Claremont, Calif. ].

Similar in color to fraternus, differing as stated in key. The fore
tibia of male is about three-sevenths as long as fore femur while in
the preceding two species it is but little over one-third as long. The
male hypopygium is very much less keeled on apical half than in
fraternus and has the small process at apex above larger, while from
the rear view it is much less tapered below (fig. 155). Both sexes have
the process between bases of antennae moderately well developed.

Length, 9-12 mm.

Data for specimens examined:

Palm Springs, Calif., February 17; California, no other data,
Uhler Coll. (U.S.N.M.); San Mateo County, Calif. (Cornell
Univ.) ; Pasadena, Calif., June 17, 1908 (Ball).

14 EHmesidae, 1909, p. 47.

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 67

METAPTERUS ANNULIPES (Stal).

Barce annulipes Stat, C. Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 10, 1866, p. 168 [Wis-
consin].

Emesodema simplicipes Say Ms., Uhler, P. R. Notices of the Hemiptera
Heteroptera in the collection of the late T. W. Harris, M. D. Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, pp. 4830-431, Nov. 1878 [Salem, Mass.]. The synonymy
of this name with annulipes is by no means certain, and would not be adopted
on the basis of the original description. The type specimen, however, is re-
ported to agree with annulipes. Without this testimony we should be inclined
to use the same simplicipes for the following species and to drop Say’s name
as unidentifiable.

A brownish fuscous species, varying considerably in intensity of
color, the darker specimens having the annulations of the legs
most distinct. The broad yellowish stripe on ventral surface of
head is uniform in width throughout and not narrower than interocu-
lar space, a character annulipes has in common with banksii and
fraternus.

The principal structural characters for distinguishing annulipes
among this group of species are enumerated in the key and illus-
trated in figures 156, 157, 158, 159; the comparatively small size
of the process between bases of antennae appears to be a reliable
character, judging from our material, which is quite extensive. The
fore tibia and tarsus are illustrated by figure 145.

Length, 10-11 mm.

Data for specimens examined: Monmouth, Me., Oct. 10, 1920,
C. A. Frost; Jackson, N. H., Sept. 22, 1907, Bryant (Parshley) ; Con-
toocook, N. H., Aug. 23, 1923, E. W. Hall (Iowa State Coll.) ;
Andover, Mass., Nov. 9, 1915, F. X. Williams; Sherborn, Mass.,
Oct. 17, 1920, C. A., Frost;, North Attleboro, Mass., Oct. 3, 1920,
C. A. Frost; Cold Spring Harbor, L. L., N. Y., July 30, Aug. 2, 1922,
H.°M. Parshley (Parshley); Cypress Hills, L. I., N. Y., May 18,
1909, Chas. J. Martin (Am. Mus.) ; Indian Lake, Sabael, N. Y., Aug.
15, 1921 (Barber) ; White Plains, N. Y., March 2, 1919, Aug. 31,
1908, Oct. 19, 1919, Nov. 21,.1914 (Bueno); N. Y., Scudder
(U.S.N.M.) ; Paterson, N. J., July 25 (Am. Mus.) ; Roselle, N. J., Oct.
5, 1913, H. G. Barber (Barber.) ; Penn Station, Pa., June 6 (Cornell
Univ.) ; Aug. 2, 1902. M. Wirtner (Bueno), Aug. 6, 1905, M. Wirt-
ner (Cornell Univ., U.S.N.M.); Henson Creek, Prince Georges
County, Md. (Cornell Univ.) ; Plummer Island, Md., July 5, 1911,
July 17, 1914, July 20, 1911, Sept. 2, 10, 1916, E. A. Schwarz and
H. S. Barber, July 22, 1915, Aug. 29, 1905, and 1912, H. S. Barber
(U.S.N.M.) ; Glen Echo, Md., July 23, 1921, J. R. Malloch (Biol.
Surv.) ; Great Falls, Va., Sept. 5, 1916, W. L. McAtee; Virginia near
Plummer Island, Md., March 18, 1917, W. L. McAtee (McAtee),
July 21, 1912, R. A. Cushman, Sept. 21, 1912, H. S. Barber, Fair-
fax County, Va., Aug. 16, 1911, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.); Glen-

ART, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 89

carlyn, Va., Oct. 10 (Cornell Univ.) ; Vienna, Va., Aug. 9, 1916,
H. G. Barber (Barber) ; Ridgeway, Ont., Aug. 6, 1887 (Iowa State
Coll.) ; Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 14, 17, 1906 (Ball) ; Wis. (U.S.N.M.) ;
Winnipeg, Manitoba (Ball); Ames, Iowa, Sept. 13, 1907 (Iowa
State Coll.), Aug. 13, 1895 (Ball).

METAPTERUS FRATERNUS (Say).

Ploiaria fraterna Say, Tuomas, Descriptions of new species of Heteropter-
ous Hemiptera of North America, 1831; Complete Writings, vol. 1, 1859, pp.
358-359 [New Orleans].

A fairly common species, closely related to the preceding, averag-
ing larger, and with more southern and western distribution. All our
specimens from Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and one from Mis-
souri are winged, the others including one from Missouri are fur-
nished with minute wing pads only. In the winged forms the fore
wings are brownish with upper surface irregularly granulose, the
slight elevations or granules darker than the remainder of wing.
Distinguishable from annulipes as stated in the key, and illustrated
in figures 160 to 162. .

Length, 12-13 mm.

Data for specimens examined: Cold Spring Harbor, L. I, N. Y.,
July 1902, H. G. Barber (Barber) ; White Plains, N. Y., August 31,
1909, September 4, 1911, September 18, 1919, October 10, 1909, Octo-
ber 23, 1921, November 7, 1909; Palisades, N. J., August 20 (Bueno) ;
Woodbury, N. J., January 1, 1905 (Drake) ; Bay Ridge, Md., August
3, 1908 (Cornell Univ.) ; Plum Point, Md., August 10, 1918, W. L.
McAtee (McAtee) ; Chesapeake Beach, Md., August 3, 1913, A. Wet-
more (Biol. Survey), September 4, N. Banks, September 2, 1908
(Cornell Univ.) ; Cabin John Bridge, Md., August, 1907, W. Palmer;
Plummer Island, Md., October 4, 1912, October 26, 1913, laid eggs
(See figs. 163, 164), H. S. Barber; Jackson Island, Md., July 3, 1911;
Offutt Island, Md., October 3, 1919, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) ; Glen
Echo, Md., October 15, 1892, O. Heidemann (Iowa State Coll.) ;
Washington, D. C., October 7, 1885, November 5, 1881 (U.S.N.M.),
July 10, Feb. 5, 1893, F. C. Pratt (Cornell Univ.) ; Great Falls, Va.,
September 5, 1916, October 4, 1916. W. L. McAtee (McAtee, Drake,
Biol. Survey) ; Falls Church, Va., August 30, 1904, October 1, Sep-
tember 5, November 2, N. Banks (Cornell Univ.) ; Southern Pines,
N. C., December (Parshley) ; Daytona, Fla., (Cornell Univ.) ; Ohio
(Drake) ; Natchez, Miss., May 13, 22, 25, 1909, E. S. Tucker; Baton
Rouge, La., June 1, 1893, H. S: Weed (U.S.N.M.) ; Falls City, Nebr.,
July 31, H. G. Barber (Barber) ; Lincoln, Nebr., July, at light (Iowa
State Coll.) ; Wichita, Kansas; Missouri; Charleston, Md., October
28, 1915; Durant, Okla., June 2, 1905, F. C. Bishopp; Texas; Dallas,
Tex., May 10, 1908, E. S. Tucker, November 27, 1906, R. A. Cush-
man; Columbus, Tex., June 16 (U.S.N.M.).

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

It is only by assumption that this species has been identified with
that described by Say. The original description is very inadequate,
and the few tangible characters mentioned in it do not apply well
to the present species. It would be no injustice to drop Say’s name,
as unidentifiable.

Genus GHILIANELLA Spinola.

Ghilianella Sprnoua, M. Di alcuni Genervi d’Insetti Artroidignati nuovamente
proposti dal Socio Attuale Signor Marchese Massimiliano Spinola nella sua
Tavola Sinottica di questo Ordine. Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della
Societa Italiana delle Scienze residente in Modena, vol. 25, pt. 1, 1852, pp.
142-143. Monobasic: Genotype, G. filiventris, new species [Para].

The inclusion and brief definition of Ghilianella in the Tavola
Sinottica (p. 85) of the same work, is responsible for citation of
that reference as the original description of the genus. However,
we prefer the reference here given where the genus and its genotype
are described at length.

Characters of the genus besides those mentioned in the key to
genera are: the presence between bases of antennae of a projection
varying from a mere wart to a prominent porrect or decurved spine
(fig. 165) ; head and thorax more or less granulate, the former with
a profound constriction anterior of eyes; meso- and meta-thorax
each tricarinate (or with a median carina and lateral rows of tu-
bercles above) and usually unicarinate below; abdomen more or
less carinate or keeled below; front tibia with a patch of short pale
golden hairs on inner side apically and a tuft of longer ones at the
apex inferiorly; mid and hind legs and antennae each longer than
body. Color varies much according to age, usually the nymphs are
pale and the color darkens steadily with age until the final stage is
dark reddish brown or even blackish; in some species, however, the
adults are pale; when the legs have pale markings they are almost
invariably as follows: mid and hind femora with two postmedian
bands and a subapical spot, and tibiae with a sub-basal spot; in the
pale species, dark markings tend to appear at these same places;
frontal and femoral spines mostly pale. The whole head and body
of Ghilianella species are sparsely pale haired, the hair tending
to aggregate in patches about base of frontal spine, juncture of
head and pronotum, and on sides anteriorly of meso- and meta-
thoraces.

The principal characters for separating the species are derived
from the terminal segments of the abdomen and are rarely men-
tioned in previous descriptions. We have had little success therefore
in identifying described species of which we have not seen specimens.
Precise determination of these species depends upon examination
of the types practically all of which are in Europe. We have fortu-

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 91

nately been able through the kindness of Dr. KE. Bergroth to examine
the types of his species, aid which has been of the utmost value in
the study of the present genus.

However, inability to inspect other type specimens can not be per-
mitted to prevent a revision of the genus which proves to be richer in
species than has previously been suspected. This latter fact in itself
insures that few of our species will prove identical with the older
ones, while the total to be discovered in neotropical regions can only
be indicated by an estimate so large that it would be considered ab-
surd by many entomologists.

KEY TO THD SPECIBS.

Males.
1. Mesothorax distinetly longer than prothorax; shape of abdomen varicus_ 2
Mesothorax little if any longer than prothorax; abdomen gradually widen-

LITOP EL OTM ASC ee eee ere rere at RAS ead it Seeds ee 20

2. Abdomen with an abrupt bulbous swelling behind middle (figs. 196,
COE) ee eee eee aad RAE SE ES A ed ETA ho eet 3
Abdomen without bulbous swelling (figs. 169, 210)_-____--_--__-__ 14

3. Spine between antennae well developed, acute; head and prothorax usually
distinctly granulose; claspers of hypopygium with upper and lower mar-
gins in most species without a rounded subapical notch above or below;
metathorax usually much attenuated anteriorly____________--_-_____ 4

Spine between antennae not developed, a mere wart, blunt; head and pro-
thorax but little granulose; claspers of hypopygium long, obtriangular
with at least the upper margin notched_____-_______________-______- 13

4. Hypopygium with a large apical hook like process which has an emargina-
tion or coneavity on each side of hook, not entirely filled by the claspers
(CEES LDS oT OEE 1200) ice eS La ed a ee de 2 12

Hypopygium with a small apical process which is visible only under high
magnification, the upper margin of hypopygium but little concave, the
claspers entirely filling the space between the margin and the process

(Gi) See £76) Peat LO ie ise 6s 6, eS Coes Ue Og EER) S urn! GOS NCTE Ao leAe RE ONeS EMCO S ae 5

5. Fifth tergite bearing a pair of strongly divergent long conical horns, equal in
length to entire bulbosity (fig. 205)______ mirabilis, new species (p. 124).
Witth-tergite without such-horns!i 23 aa Wei Pe Fol ie) 6

6. Seventh tergite short, sixth entirely incorporated into the bulbosity which
thus-appears: almost; terminal. (fig. 201) 2 ee if
Seventh tergite long, sixth not wholly incorporated into bulbosity which is
distinctly “subtermingke S) ein aiestis biggie galoin onic! 8

7. Sixth tergite more than half as long as fifth, provided with a smaller ele-
vation similar in shape to that of fifth (fig. 201).
filiventris Spinola (p. 123).
Sixth tergite less than half as long as fifth, without elevations.
atriclava Bergroth (p. 128).
8. Widest part of bulbosity in fourth segment; top of abdomen with 2 distinct

longitudinal lines of gray hairs_____________ globifera Bergroth (p. 110).
Widest part/ofibulbosity in fifth: seementit 207 7 bobo itis lista bor | 9
9. Fifth tergite lacking subangulate ridged elevations; sixth trisinuate poste-
rion y=) SE Sey ers) dine 3 ran ews claviventris Bergroth (p. 109).

Fifth tergite with subangulate ridged elevations; sixth slightly convex
PROS ECE TOE] pgp arse eee SS ead eh ee ee 10

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

10. Elevation of fifth tergite distinctly inside lateral margins of disk.
approximata, new species (p. 117).
Elevations of fifth tergite on lateral margins of disk, the margins passing
OWOL QS CAT TING Cs a eae ne 11
11. Elevations of fifth tergite at middle; clasper oblong, about a third as wide
as long (figs 197) ose She eR ee eae ee perigynium, new species (p. 120).
Elevations of fifth tergite nearer posterior margin; clasper much narrower,
terete 20) tr fect ien is Pave ns oP ei recondita, new species (p. 119).
12. Seventh tergite with a longitudinal carina on apieal half, tip of tergite pro-
jecting well beyond apex of hypopygium ; apical central hook of latter rela-
tively small, not much curved at base and not standing well clear of the
sternite at base so that it is only visible as a hook under a.moderate
ie reaou Teeny el, (Gates, TGR) ee ee globulata, new species (p. 118).
subglobulata, new species (p. 121).
Seventh tergite without longitudinal carina, tip of tergite projecting little if
any beyond apex of hypopygium; apical hook of latter much curved at
base, standing well clear of the sternite so that it’ is usually visible as a
hook to the unaided eye (fig. 200) ________ uncinata, new species (p. 122).
13. Hypopygial claspers each with a deep excavation on upper margin before
apex, the lower margin entire (fig. 199); fifth sternite with regular mi-
scrosecopie striae which run from base to apex and are slightly outwardly
directedis2:s frye Vou i os Bee, Bas strigata, new species (p. 121).
Hypopygial claspers each with a deep rounded excavation on upper margin
before apex, and a deep incision about opposite on lower margin (fig.
194) ; fifth sternite lacking regular striae, granular, the granulations be-

ing partially grouped in irregular transverse rows.

patruela, new species (p. 119).
14. Abdomen nearly as wide at hypopygium as at any point proximad of it_._ 15
Abdomen notably widest at third or fourth segment; seventh tergite re-
markably elongated and slender, projecting beyond apex of hypopygium
by. atleast, the length of latter (figs, 187, 188) = 2s 2 ee a ee 19
15. Hypopygium almost annular, the terminal hook large, flanked each side by
a space which is not filled by the broadly triangular claspers; seventh
tergite not especially narrowed subapically, apex a strong process project-
ing well beyond hypopygium (fig. 180)____apiculata, new species (p. 111).
Hypopygium more elongate, hook small, concealed between apices of
claspers; apex of seventh tergite not strongly tuberculate nor project-

ing far beyond hypopygium (fig. 181-22 ee eee ee ee 16

16. Hypopygium somewhat inflated, notably deeper vertically than adjacent
part: of abdomen 2.22" 22 rs _ ee Fy) ee a ee ee 18
Hypopygium scarcely inflated and but little deeper than abdomen______ alr

17. Claspers oblong, almost truncate apically, slightly beveled off at inferior
ahgles = tie Peis bee te Pa ee Pe egal re ica, new species (p. 111).
Claspers broader basally, rather pointed apically, superior angle sloped off
with; along sybeyelu@ie: 181) 2-2-2 pachitea, new species (p. 111).

18. Seventh tergite longer, much narrowed and slightly transversely corrugated
subapically, the apex pointed and slightly keeled.

aracataca, new species (p. 112).

Seventh tergite shorter, but little narrowed and faintly transversely
wrinkled subapically, the apex triangular, bluntly pointed.

colona, new species (p. 112).

19. Abdomen widest at fourth segment, each tergite with a pair of small round
spots of pale yellow pile on hind margin; spiracles yellow.

assa-nutrix Bergroth (p. 114).

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 93

20.

Abdomen widest at fifth segment, tergites lacking pilose spots; spiracles
| 0) Eze) ASN aE SE) Ns BE We Pe AAT DS ES yee veg gladiator, new species (p. 115).
Hind margin of sixth sternite almost straight; head and thorax copiously,
coarsely granulate; seventh tergite triangular apically, not keeled, ex-
tending little if any beyond hypopygium (fig. 175); apical antennal seg-
ment only a little longer than subapical_-_____ pascoei Bergroth (p. 106).
Hind margin of sixth sternite with a broad central rounded concavity and
smaller lateral ones, the sternite longest at a point between the lateral
margin and POU YSKO CM ah INTO) ey at co aN ee nee ane ee ce a eee ee a

21. Head and UTES conspicuously granulate; length 15 to 17 mm.
minimula, new species (p. 105).
Head and thorax not conspicuously granulate; longer species______-_ 22
22. Highth sternite visible on its entire width, the spiracle moderately peduncu-
Dy ue eel Eek Ag eS pe pees a) 1) E91} eee eee gees Vee Nice) Wa 2 sh a 23
Highth sternite with the sides more or less concealed_______.______- Px
23. Abdomen nearly cylindrical; clasper very broadly triangular, width at apex
equaling; lenotha (Giga i)is 2B personata, new species (p. 108).
Abdomen otherwise; clasper not so broadly triangular_______________ 24
24. Abdomen clavate, posterior angles of tergites subangularly ampliate;

25.

26.

27.

tergites lacking dark warts on middle of hind margins.
angulata (Uhler) (p. 128).
Abdomen parallel-sided; tergites 2-6 each with a small dark wart at
MMGdlenote Hin Gia Maroim: Sone = ee os aes ee ee eee ee ee 25
Narrowed portion of seventh tergite distinctly longer than terminal ex-

peandedepart! (esa (0) Ses sees persimilis, new species (p. 103).
Narrowed portion of seventh tergite distinctly shorter than terminal ex-
DANG Sa pear esse LES a Fae eae Ae vee D aye seer ely ire ist SN ee 85 a) ieee 2 26

Claspers of about same width throughout their length; pale species.
productilis Barber (p. 102).
Claspers wide subbasally, much narrowed apically ; dark species.
simillima, new species (p. 102).
Highth sternite visible only at center, its sides, including spiracles, covered;
abdomen with flecks of denser pubescence; fore femur gradually thickened
from base to first ventral spine___________ maculata, new species (p. 108).
Spiracles of eighth sternite exposed; head, thorax and abdomen with
patches of dense golden pubescence; fore femur thickened on basal half
of that part basad of the first ventral spine (fig. 215).
insidiatrix Bergroth (p. 126).

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Females.
. Mesothorax (viewed from above) longer than prothorax_____________ 2
Mesothorax not; longer than’ prothorax_--- bi eee ee 17
. Abdomen with a bulbous swelling beyond middle, and prominent lateral
elevations on either fifth or ‘sixth tergites (figs. 196,201)___________ 3
Abdomen without bulbous swelling or lateral elevations on fifth and sixth
GG Te BES ee a ae ta ee Net SS, MCR Pen AEN OPE IM EA 12

. Fifth tergite the widest, its ides before hind margin prominently ele-

VAitea wusually Standing above, CONNeXIVUM= 2s BE +4
Sixth tergite about as wide as or wider than fifth, bearing a large median
EUDELE Cm (fi Sys 4) a= eee a ee ee tere et eat 15

+
Cl

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

. Sixth tergite lacking a large median tubercle, though fifth and sixth ter-

gites may be more or less elevated at middle of hind margin__-_____ 5
Sixth tergite with a prominent, median, faleate tubercle on its hind margin,
bethei (Dohrn) (p. 112).

Fifth tergite with a pair of divergent, long conical horns, each nearly equal
in length to width of tergite (fig. 208) ____mirabilis, new species (p. 124).
Fifth tercite without: suchthorns]_ 2 tier others. eh ieee 6

. Elevations of fifth tergite distinctly inside lateral margins of disk.

approximata, new species (p. 117).

Elevations of fifth tergite on lateral margins of disk, the margins passing
over themiasyGarinnetttlet.. 2.2 eee 7
Pronotum not noticeably granulose; abdomen with one or more pairs of
large pale pilose spots on dorsum and venter__signata, new species (p. 120).
Pronotum distinctly granulose; abdomen not or very inconspicuously

spotted... 2 pote sul ge ye Sel es ee 8
Highth tergite asilong.-as wid@2s2e 2 ssf nbn i ae 10
Highth tergite*mueh' shorter than wide.-__ 2) 2s aa eee 9

. Posterior lateral angles of seventh tergite produced no farther posteriorly

than median convexity of hind margin which is more or less tuberculate.
globulata, new species (p. 118).
Posterior angles of seventh tergite produced distinctly beyond middle of
hind margin, which is merely convex, not at all tuberculate.
subglobulata, new species (p. 121).
Posterior lateral angles of seventh tergite produced distinctly beyond middle
of hind margin which is not tuberculate___gladiator, new species (p. 115).
Posterior lateral angles of sixth tergite produced no farther than median
convexity of hind margin which is slightly tuberculate_____________ 11
Seventh sternite about twice as long on median line as sixth, with a broad
convex process apically which is slightly emarginate medianly.
perigynium, new species (p. 120).
Seventh sternite only a third longer than sixth; somewhat angulate apically.
recondita, new species (p. 119).
Seventh tergite with the posterior angles produced as divergent, acute proc-
esses; other tergites ornamented on their hind margins witha pair of spots
of golden pubescence ; abdomen boat-shaped__assa-nutrix Bergroth (p. 114).
Posterior angles of seventh tergite not so produced; abdomen clavate, not
so ornamented=! 222 + ek ae fan tin joe aA Wa Biicg 2 ol fuente ee 13
Tergite 7 about as wide as long, with a distinct median tubercle posteriorly ;
sternite 7 merely convex medianly, but little produced.
filiventris Spinola (p. 123).
Tergite 7 not tuberculate; sternite 7 much produced and acute poste-
ViOTly= 202" 25S een ee ea ee ee ee 14
Tergite 7 much longer than wide, middle of hind margin conspicuously
declivate, the lateral angles prominent, acute; sternites 5 to 7 as in
AT ON 8 eae ee stipitata, new species (p. 116).
Tergite 7 little longer than wide, hind margin not declivate medianly, almost
straight across, the lateral angles and median point only very slightly em-
phasized ; sternites 5 to 7 as in figure 192._similata, new species (p. 116).

. Fifth tergite about equal in length to its width at hind margin; abdomen

with a bulbous swelling beyond middle____pendula, new species (p. 116).
Fifth tergite about twice as long as its width at hind margin; abdomen
tapered from base to apex, or slightly clubbed apically______________ 16

art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 95

16.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24,

25.

26.

bo
-]

Seventh sternite very slightly longer than sixth, the latter with the hind
margin slightly Concavele: S2see2" AeA hess cuneata, new species (p. 113).
Seventh sternite at least 1.5 as long as sixth on median line, the latter with
a very deep concavity on hind margin____aracataca, new species (p. 112).
Posterior angles of tergites more or less ampliate or produced, the outline
of dorsum of abdomen as seen from above not a continuous straight or
CliiVecimlinem (fossa) mete So eet oe ee ee eee 18
Posterior angles of tergites (except sometimes the seventh) not produced,
the outline or dorsum of abdomen a continuous straight (fig. 169) or

CUTVE Cl pl Tn eee ERR ea a Eas TE Se ee es ee ey iat ee ba esieie 2 23
Fore femur notably thicker near base than at first strong spine (fig.
2S) RE ee Sed De Dyas Ls or ae ee el 9 tt abe 19
Fore femur enlarging gradually from base to first strong spine (fig.
51 SS) Pome ae ae Rae ne a ES AES aera RA he eee SS) WS ete oh entre ek See wl ef 2 21
A strong tubercle on hind margin of sixth tergite (fig. 184)_________ 20

No obvious tubercle on hind margin of sixth tergite.

glabrata, new species (p. 128).
Highth tergite with disk prominently elevated each side of a broad median
sulcus; ninth tergite convex medianly the margin slightly elevated; cor-
rugations of these tergites indistinct________ insidiatrix Bergroth (p. 126).
Highth and ninth tergites with disk depressed and margins elevated, each

longitudinally carinate and transversely corrugated.
amicula, new species (p. 127).

Angulations of tergites more pronounced; apex of sixth notably wider
thankthatoLseventhy (higs(21Q)))te kh ees 5 a ee aad ep es a oh eee 22
Angulation of tergites less pronounced; apex of sixth tergite scarcely wider
than that of séventh sive vu ody ee peruviana, new species (p. 125).
Elevated margins of ninth tergite produced apically as distinct spines (fig.
Mil) eee otek eT te cers a Bi gee annectens, new species (p. 125).

Elevated margins of ninth tergite not forming spines (fig. 218).
truncata, new species (p. 126).
Basal spine of fore femur at less than its own length from base of femur
(i. e. juncture of the trochanter) ; fore tibia and tarsus combined three-
fourths as long as femur (fig. 167); spine between bases of antennae

much reduced, a2 mere wart___________ galapagensis Heidemann (p. 100).
Basal spine of fore femur at distinctly more than its own length from
base of femur; other characters not as above____...... 24
Seventh sternite distinctly produced on middle of hind margin________ 25
Seventh stermitesnotiproduced ase est eee ee STS 31
Hind margin of seventh tergite without tubercle____. 26

Hind margin of seventh tergite concave medianly.

personata, new species (p. 108).
Hind margin of seventh tergite not concave medianly___-__________ 27

. Hind margin of seventh tergite straight across_semipallida Bergroth (p. 100).

Hind margin of seventh tergite angulate, produced medianly but not tu-
Dereulate sesh sesame ames Sele Nel ee alterata, new species (p. 107).

28. Median tubercle on hind margin of seventh tergite extending farther poste

riorly than lateral angles; ninth tergite with 3 finger-like ridges at apex.
(To (2) eee er mo ee eer RS persimilis, new species (p. 103).
Median tubercle on hind margin of seventh tergite not extending as far
posteriorly as laterial angles; apex of ninth tergite lacking finger-like
fOISIEUChAle nese ee x ee en ee a ee 2 29

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

29. Apex of ninth tergite distinctly upcurved, transversely wrinkled and with a
low median longitudinal carina; process of seventh sternite large.
productilis Barber (p. 102).
Apex of ninth tergite otherwise; process of seventh sternite small____ 30
30. Apex of ninth tergite distinctly decurved, longitudinally strigate, and with
a strong median carina, the lateral margins depressed.
succincta, new species (p. 105).
Apex of ninth tergite slightly decurved, the lateral margins strongly ele-
vated, depressed median area with a carina which extends from the
upper transversely corrugated third of the sternite.
aliena, new species (p. 106).
31. Eighth tergite visible only as two small rounded laterally situated protu-
berances, below apex of seventh tergite, not continued downward in center

over base of ninth tergite (fig. 174) ------__ alveola, new species (p. 104).
Highth tergite covering base of ninth tergite_________-_-_____-__-___-_- 32

32. Sixth tergite with a prominent protuberance, seventh with a smaller one
On Middle-of hing hava si (hl) ee ee 3
Sixth tergite without a prominent protuberance___--_----_--____--___ 34

33. Abdomen ten times as long as its greatest width; first antennal joint with
severaliidark thandsisst. 2 Sa bEeet es ee varicornis Dohrn (p. 101).

Abdomen not so long and slender, clavate; ninth tergite rounded apically,

the depressed apex overlaid by two short tapering ridges (fig. 179).
perversa, new species (p. 110).
34. Hind margin of sixth sternite almost straight; apex of ninth tergite with
a strong bidentate tubercle on each side__bicaudata, new species (p. 101).
Hind margin of sixth sternite more or less concave__________-_--___-- 35

35. Sixth sternite a third longer on sides than in middle (fig. 176).

pascoei Bergroth (p. 106).
Sixth sternite not so deeply emarginate posteriorly____________-_______ 36
36. Apex of ninth tergite overlaid by two strong finger-like processes (fig. 173) ;
lengthtover s0tmmsssiew = eee ee eee longula, new species (p. 104).
Apex of ninth tergite with a low median carina; length less than 20 mm.
minimula, new species (p. 105).

REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THE KEY.

analis (Hmesa) Dourn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 229-280, pl. 1, fig. 5 [Surinam].

This species runs to the division of our key including apiculata
and aracataca. Dohrn’s figure shows that the hypopygium is not
annular with a large hook as in the former, and that the sixth tergite
projects far beyond hypopygium which is not true of the latter.
annulata (Hmesa) Dourn. Nachtrige, 1863, pp. 65-6 [S. A.?].

Closely related to analis, “last dorsal segment scarcely petiolate.”
This indicates that the species is to be compared with aracataca and
may possibly be identical.

argentina Bere, Carot. Tres Reduviidae novae argentinae. Communicaciones
del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 1, No. 6, May 23, 1900, pp.
189-190 [prope Buenos Aires].

Not a Ghilianella, possibly a Ploiaria but the characters given do
not permit its being run in our key to that genus.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 97

brasiliensis (Hmesa) Dourn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 227-8 [Brazil].

Abdomen with high and sharp lateral carinae, mid and hind
femora each with 2 yellowish rings.
buldifera CHAMPION. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 171, pl. 10, figs. 17-18 [Panama].

The male runs to recondita among our species, but has the sixth
segment less involved in the bulbosity and the seventh tergite not
surpassing hypopygium and apparently not apiculate. The female
described by Champion probably is a different species; specimens
seemingly agreeing with Champion’s description of that sex are
given a new name on page 116.
gerstaeckeri (Hmesa) Dourn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 223-4 [Haiti].

There is very little doubt that all of the American species in sec-
tion B or Dohrn’s key to Emesa, are (hilianella. ‘The present
species is said to have the sixth (that is seventh) segment bispinose
apically.
gibbiventris CHAMPION. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 172, pl. 10, fig. 20 [Panama].

This species is of a different type from any we have seen, since
while the pro- and meso-thorax are subequal in length, the abdomen
in the male is bulbous.

Granulata CHAMPION. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, pp. 171-2, pl. 10, fig. 19 [British
Honduras].

Unidentifiable, the terminal abdominal segments of the type be-
ing missing.
ignorata DoHRN. Emesina, 1860, pp. 238-9, pl. 1, figs. 9, 11 [La Guayra, and

Brazil].

The male runs to recondita in our key but does not have the
seventh tergite produced beyond hypopygium. Champion’ de-
scribes and illustrates a species under Dohrn’s name, but he de-
fines the species on characters not mentioned by Dohrn, and does not
speak of seeing the type; hence there is no certainty that the identi-
fication is correct.
imbecilla (Emesa) Dourn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 228-9 [Para].

Mid and hind femora each with three pale rings; described from
a specimen with collapsed abdomen; may not be identifiable.
signoreti (Emesa) Donrn. Emesina, 1860, p. 227, pl. 1, fig. 1 [Jamaica].

This species has the mid and hind femora each with apex and two
subapical rings paler, not agreeing in this respect with any species
having the same shaped abdomen (figured) that we have examined.

spinolae DoHRN. Emesina, 1860, p. 238 [Amazon River].

Abdominal segments 1-3 yellow and longer even than in filiven-
tris indicates a species distinct from any here described.

15 Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 170-1, pl. 10, figs. 15-16, 1898.
94993—25—_7

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.

Claws of fore tarsus two, the inner short, closely applied to the base of outer.
(Subgenus Ghilianella Spinola.)

Inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of hairs or bristles which
may or may not arise from wart-like bases (fig. 186), usually a
single spine at apical end of the series; fore femur usually slender.
enlarging slightly from base toward first stout spine (fig. 185).

Fore femur rather stout, first strong spine at less than its own length
from base (that is apex of trochanter) ; abdomen racket-shaped.
galapagensis.
Fore femur usually more slender, first strong spine at more (usually
considerably more) than its own length from base. d
A small wart (dark in mature specimens) at middle of hind margin
of each of tergites 2-6; spiracles dark, prominent; a dark blotch
or spot on inner side of upper surface of fore femur near apex.
Metathorax shorter than mesothorax; unspined portion of fore
femur shorter than spined part--_--_--_-----~---. semipallida.
varicornis.
bicaudata.
Metathorax nearly or quite as long as mesothorax; unspined por-
tion of fore femur nearly equal in length to spined part.
simillima.
productilis.
persimilis.
longula.
No such warts on tergites 2-6; species lacking the above combina-
tion of characters.
Mesothorax not longer than prothorax ; abdomen not bulbous.
Prothorax longer; spineless part of fore femur shorter than spined
DOWEL OT Se eA OE ee ee ee ee, alveola.
minimula.
succincta.
Mesothorax and prothorax about equal in length.
Spineless part of fore femur distinctly shorter than spined

portion.
aliena.
pascoei.
alterata.
Spineless part of fore femur nearly as long as spined
portion.
maculata.
personata.
Mesothorax distinctly longer than prothorax; abdomen bulbous.
elaviventris.

globifera.”
Inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of spines (which may
alternate large and small or be almost equal in size) and between
them longer fine hairs (fig. 204).

Fore femur slender in most cases, with the unspined portion rela-
tively long; abdominal tergites not angulate produced.

Mesothorax shorter than prothorax; abdomen nearly parallel-

96 (= 6 [a ee RNR a = ONLY BES Ep ee APB th ge A 8 oe el perversa.

16 See footnote 17, p. 99.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 99

Mesothorax longer than prothorax.

Abdomen long, nearly parallel-sided__________________ apiculata.”
ica;
Abdomentielavate a 5 204 78 oh ee Ae pachitea.
colona.
bethei.
aracataca.
cuneata.

assa-nutrix.
[filiventris, female].
gladiator, male.
stipitata.
similata.
Abdomen bulbous.

Bulbosity longer than wide____--______- gladiator, female.
pendula.

Bulbosity as wide as or wider than long.

Bulbosity. subterminal 93-22-22 approximata.
globifera.*
globulata.
patruela.
perigynium.
recondita.
signata.
strigata.
subglobulata.
uncinata.

Bulbosity. termingl= 22s ee atriclava.
filiventris, male.
mirabilis.

Fore femur stouter, the unspined portion relatively short, but little
longer than basal spine; abdominal tergites angulate produced
at sides posteriorly; prothorax longest, mesothorax and meta-
PHOLAXWISUCCESSIVEelysSHOTteT see ee ee ee ee peruviana,

truncata.
annectens.
Claw of fore tarsus single; inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of
chitinous tubercles or spines, with a few long hairs intermixed (fig. 212) ;
a strong spine on outer side slightly distad of basal spine, out of alignment
with the others and slightly outwardly directed; posterior angles of ab-
dominal tergites slightly ampliate.
Claw separated from tarsus by a suture; fore femur rather slender as 2
whole, but notably thicker near base than at first strong spine (fig.
215) (Subgenus Ploeodonyxs new subgenus, type species Ghilianella
insidiatriz Bergroth).
insidiatrix.
amicula.
glabrata.
Claw entirely fused with tarsus; fore femur rather stout, little if any
thicker at base than at first strong spine; hind margin of prothorax
with two rather long, blunt, divergent teat-like processes. (Subgenus
Lissonyx, new subgenus, type species Hmesa angulata Uhler.)
angulata.

17 Armature of fore femur unknown.
18 Armature of fore femur unknown, the species entered in two places in the list.

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES.
GHILIANELLA GALAPAGENSIS Heidemann.

Ghilianella galapagensis HEIDEMANN, O. H. Papers from the Hopkins Stan-
ford Galapagos Wxpedition, 1898-1899. Entomological Results (1) Hemiptera,
Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 867-8, Aug. 23, 1901 [Hood Island].

Female——General color testaceous, the abdomen considerably
clouded with fuscous; abdomen gradually widened to juncture of
fifth and sixth segments and tapered from thence to apex, the expan-
sion involving more segments (38-7) and having more of them (4-7)
of nearly equal width than in other species; dorsal sutures transverse,
the tergites with small but progressively increasing elevations on the
hind margins of 2-6; posterior angles of tergite 7 rather prominent,
the hind margin between nearly straight, with a median elevation;
eighth tergite two-thirds as long as broad, very slightly sculptured,
apex very broadly rounded; exposed portion of tergite 9 much
shorter than 8, depressed apically on each side of a short keel; hind
margins of sternites 4-5 nearly transverse, slightly inclined anteri-
orly, of 2, 38, and 6, more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate
laterally, 6 most so; seventh tergite convex medianly, concave later-
ally, eighth just the reverse, with a large median emargination,
seventh with a small one. Fore leg and its armature as in figures
167, 168.

Length, 12.5 mm.

Holotype—Kemale, Hood Island, Galapagos Archipelago, May
18, 1899 (type No. 4931, U.S.N.M.).

A nymph also, Albemarle Island, March 11, 1899 (U.S.N.M.).

GHILIANELLA SEMIPALLIDA Bergroth.

Ghilianella semipallida BrrcrotH, HH. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 3817-318
[Venezuela ].

Female.—A specimen without antennae, or mid and hind legs,
and with the abdomen collapsed, Corozal, Collection E. Bergroth,
is the only one we have seen. General color of upper surface stra-
mineous, of lower pale castaneous. Frontal spine porrect, sharp.
Head sparsely granulate, divisions of thorax with practically no
granulations on top and only a few along the sides; mesothorax
longer than either of the other divisions. Abdomen very long and
slender, apparently widening gradually from base to apex; tergites
without tubercles; hind margin of seventh about straight across;
eighth semicircular; ninth longer, cuneate portion of disk raised
above lateral portions, its point coalescing at apex with the slightly
elevated margins. Seventh sternite slightly angulate medianly,
slightly concave laterally; eighth sternite broadly exposed on each
side.

Length, 23 mm.

Corozal, Venezuela (Coll. EK. Bergroth). The type.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 101

GHILIANELLA VARICORNIS (Dohrn).

E.[mesa] varicornis Doorn, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 226-227 [Porto Rico].

Ghilianella variicornis Bererotru, EH. Ploeariinen 1906, p. 317.

Dohrn had a male with collapsed abdomen and his description
deals mainly with coloration; Bergroth describes the structural
characters from a female, the specimen examined during the present
revision.

Female.—Closely related to G. productilis Barber, of the same
long slender form, and coloration including the characteristic dark
dots; those on posterior lobe of head and on pronotum are obsolete,
however, in the specimen at hand, while there is a faint pair on
front lobe of head. Legs stramineous, mid and hind pairs va-
riegated, the mid tibiae each with a single distinct, and the femora
with numerous indistinct, fuscous annuli; some longitudinal striping
each side of the knee-joint. Basal segment of antenna with nu-
merous faint brown annuli. Frontal spine prominent, decurved;
head and thorax moderately granulate; the divisions of thorax de-
creasing in length from front to rear; a tubercle each side of base
of head on anterior margin of pronotum, prominent, rather pointed,
much more distinct than in G. productilis. Abdomen widening very
gradually from base to apex, tubercled as in @. productilis, the lat-
eral angles and median tubercle of 7 about equally produced; eighth
semi-octagonal in shape, transversely wrinkled and indistinctly lon-
gitudinally keeled, the apex rather pointed, and the margins be-
tween apex and lateral angles slightly concave; ninth longer than
eighth, faintly transversely corrugated, slightly narrowed apically,
apex concave, with the lateral angles each side of the concavity dis-
tinctly pointed as seen from behind, broader as seen from side.
Seventh sternite distinctly concave medianly, the sides of hind mar-
gin also shallowly concave.

Length, 26.5 mm.

Porto Rico (Coll. E. Bergroth).

GHILIANELLA BICAUDATA, new species.

Female.—Testaceous, legs and thorax above washed with rufous
and lightly marked, the thorax below and abdomen above more
heavily, variegated, with fuscous; a pair of dark blotches near
hind margin of each sternite; species in general appearance much
like productilis. Abdomen widening gradually to juncture of fourth
and fifth segments, then tapering very slightly to end; connexivum
slightly elevated; central strips of tergites with a longitudinal
ridge; seventh tergite with the lateral angles slightly flaring and
projecting well posteriorly, the hind margin between them nearly
straight and bearing at the middle a terete, pointed, porrect tubercle,
which slightly exceeds the lateral angles (fig. 169); eighth tergite

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

more than twice as wide as long, strongly transversely corrugated,
apical margin wide, erose; ninth tergite longer than eighth, trans-
versely wrinkled, narrowed apically, the posterior angles raised into
two strong bidentate tubercles; hind margins of sternites 2-6
slightly concave; seventh somewhat convex medianly and concave
laterally; eighth narrowly visible on each side.

Length, 24 mm.

Holotype—Female, Cayamas, Cuba, Jan. 24, E. A. Schwarz
(U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26740, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA SIMILLIMA, new species.

A species closely allied to productilis, agreeing with it even in
shape of seventh tergite (in contrast to persimilis), but in the single
male specimen at hand, dark castaneous so that the characteristic
dark dots of this group of species are much obscured. However,
they are discernible upon close inspection. Legs and antennae paler
castaneous than body but without pale annuli. Hypopygium rather
short, opening upward, the sides rather pinched in, the upper mar-
gin flaring laterally and ridged posteriorly, claspers as described
in key.

Length, 29 mm.

Holotype.—Male labelled “ Cuba, Sojo, 6 Al. 83” (Paris Mus.).

GHILIANELLA PRODUCTILiS Barber.

Ghilianella productilis Barser, H. G. Insects of Florida, vol. 2, Hemiptera,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 38, pp. 502-8, Aug. 21, 1914. [Marco, Fla.]

Male.—General color light reddish-brown, more or less variegated
with fuscous; the legs and antennae stramineous, punctate but not
annulate with the general color. There is a distinct black dot on
the upper surface of each fore femur near the apex, a pair of dots
about middle of posterior lobe of head, and another pair sometimes
larger than the preceding about middle of pronotum; each abdom-
inal sternite from 3-6, also bears near its hind margin a pair of
black dots which tend to become larger and blotch-like posteriorly.
Pilosity fine, short, pale, more abundant toward apices of mid and
hind legs and antennae. Abdomen almost parallel-sided, widest at
hypopygium, a black wart on middle of hind margin of tergites
2-6, the connexivum more or less elevated, the spiracles dark. Sev-
enth tergite somewhat longer than sixth, a little constricted beyond
middle, the apical moiety faintly transversely corrugated, lanceolate
in outline, with a rounded keel apically, and projecting a little
beyond hypopygium. Posterior margins of sternites 2-6, more or

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 103

less emarginate medianly, and arcuate laterally, most pronounced.
on 6; 7 a little emarginate, 8 a little convex medianly, both slightly
concave laterally; claspers oblong.

Female——Color as in male; form of abdomen much the same,
seventh tergite about. one-third shorter than sixth, the lateral angles
produced distinctly beyond the keeled and slightly tuberculate mid-
dle of hind margin; eighth tergite about semicircular, keeled longi-
tudinally and corrugated transversely; ninth somewhat longer than
eighth, keeled, corrugated herringbone fashion, narrowed, rounded,
and upturned apically; sutures between sternites less sinuate than
in male; seventh sternite somewhat shorter than sixth, its hind
margin concave laterally and forming a distinct rounded process
medianly; eighth sternite appearing as an elliptical plate on each
side, spiracle barely visible.

Length, 23-25 mm.

Holotype——Male, Marco, Fla., April 19, 1912, Wm. T. Davis (Coll.
Davis) ; males, females, and nymphs from Big Pine, Fla., March 8,
1919, H. S. Barber; and Vict. de las Tunas, Cuba, W. M. Mann
(U.S.N.M.).

In the male nymph the eighth tergite is broadly visible across
base of anal tube, the ninth apparently is membraneous, the seventh
has a large upwardly and backwardly projecting pointed process,
and the lateral angles slightly pointed tuberculate; in the female
nymph the seventh tergite has a rather prominent erect tubercle, the
eighth and ninth are keeled and less rounded apically than in adult
since they form the roof of complete segments inclosing the anal tube.

GHILIANELLA PERSIMILIS, new species.

Male——Very similar to male of productilis; the only tangible
difference seems to be that in this species the narrowed portion of the
seventh tergite is distinctly longer than the terminal expanded, then
apiculate part (fig. 170), while in productilis it is distinctly shorter.
Hypopygium of male as in figure 171.

Hemale.—Color much as in male; very similar to female of produc-
tilis, the chief distinction, being in the form of tergites 7-9 and
sternite 7; these have been mentioned in the key, to the descriptions
in which may be added that the eighth tergite is much broader than
long, transversely wrinkled, and very obtusely angulate at apex;
tergite 9 is somewhat wrinkled above and much narrowed apically;
hind margin of sternite 7 is only slightly convex medianly and con-
cave laterally (fig. 172).

Length, 21-23 mm.

Holotype.—Male, allotype female, Vict. de las Tunas, Cuba,
W. M. Mann. (U.S.N.M.)

Type and allotype—Male, Cat. No. 26741, U.S.N.M.

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 67

A female nymph with same data has the lateral angles of seventh
tergite less prominent, the median tubercle long, and elevated at an
angle of 45°; eighth and ninth tergites indistinctly keeled and trans-
versely wrinkled. Another female nymph, apparently of this species
has the data: Havana, Cuba, 1908, P. Serre (Paris Mus.).

GHILIANELLA LONGULA, new species.

Female——Color dark reddish brown, legs paler, femoral and
frontal spines whitish; head and thorax only slightly granulate;
hairs throughout abundant, short grayish to yellowish; abdomen
attaining nearly its full width at third segment, widening almost. .
imperceptibly caudad, except at end of seventh tergite, the posterior
angles of which are flaring and moderately angulate-produced; hind
margin of this tergite between the produced angles nearly straight,
bearing medianly a porrect tubercle considerably shorter than the
lateral productions; eighth tergite broad, much wrinkled, the proc-
esses much elevated, free and pointed apically (fig. 173) ; hind mar-
gins of sternites 2-6, moderately emarginate medianly, and slightly
sinuate laterally ; seventh sternite convex medianly, concave laterally.

Length, 32 mm.

Holotype.—Female, San Blas, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 1918, W. M.
Mann (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26742, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA ALVEOLA, new species.

Female.—Legs stramineous tinged with reddish; head and thorax
testaceous, darker below, conspicuously granulate; abdomen testa-
ceous, marbled with fuscous, lightly above and heavily below; ab-
domen widening gradually to apex of seventh tergite, lateral strips
of tergites and the connexivum coelevated, vertical except at extreme
apex; sutures between tergites transverse, each tergite with an in-
distinct longitudinal ridge, darker colored posteriorly; seventh
tergite roughened on disk, expanded apically, the posterior angles
prominent, rounded, the margin between them convex, bearing at
the middle a short pointed tubercle; eighth tergite as described in
key; ninth transversely corrugated, and broadly longitudinally
suleate from base to near apex where elevations each side of the
sulcus are interrupted, apical margin elevated, calloused (fig. 174) ;
hind margin of sixth sternite decidedly sinuate laterally, the preced-
ing sternites with only a suggestion of this form; hind margin of
seventh sternite very broadly and shallowly emarginate; eighth
sternite visible as an elliptical plate on each side.

Length, 20 mm.

Holotype.—Female, Balthazar, Grenada, H. H. Smith (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26748, U.S.N.M.

ArT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 105

GHILIANELLA MINIMULA, new species.

Male.—Head and body dark reddish-brown, legs and antennae
yellowish, fuscous near joints; head and thorax decidedly granulate,
pubescence short and sparse. Frontal spine strong, porrect, head
with a pair of divergent pointed tubercles just behind transverse
sulcus. Abdomen widest at the anterior part of fifth segment,
tapering gradually both fore and aft; seventh tergite narrowing
rather rapidly from middle to the rather broadly rounded apex which
projects a little beyond hypopygium. Hind margins of all sternites
emarginate medianly, those of 5 and 6 most so, that of 7 very broadly
and shallowly, and that of 8, narrowly and slightly. Hypopygium
short, opening upward, claspers short, tapering from base to apex.

Female.—Color, granulation and pubescence, also spine and tuber-
cles of head as in male. Abdomen widening to end of seventh ter-
gite, which has a moderate median tubercle a little farther produced
than the hind angles. Eighth tergite short, semi-elliptical, ninth
moderately long, rounded at apex, each with a median carina and
transverse corrugations. Sutures between sternites on the same plan
as in male, hind margin of seventh prominent but not produced
medianly, concave laterally; eighth visible only on sides.

Length, 15-17 mm.

Holotype.—Male, paratype female, allotype, female, Chapada,
Brazil, September, no date, and August, respectively (Carnegie
Mus.).

GHIiLIANELLA SUCCINCTA, new species.

While this species runs in cur key to the same couplet with G. pro-
ductilis, it is not as closely related to that species as is persimli3,
lacking the long terete head and characteristic dark dots, in addition
to having a distinctively shaped abdomen.

Female.—F uscous, spotted and marbled with ochraceous; head
and thorax indistinctly granulate, but with plentiful, short, crinkly,
pale reddish hair, abdomen more sparsely provided with similar but
straight hairs; the seventh tergite is but little longer than wide (in
productilis it is twice as long as wide) ; lateral pieces of this tergite
produced posteriorly as short rounded angles, the hind margin be-
tween them slightly convex but not tuberculate medianly; eighth
tergite semi-elliptical, with broad median carina and transverse cor-
rugations; ninth as described in key. Hind margin of sixth sternite
shightly emarginate medianly and less so laterally, of seventh rather
strongly concave, with a short triangular process in the middle.

Length, 23 mm.

Holotype——F¥emale, Para, Brazil (Carnegie Mus.).

94993—25——_8

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
GHILIANELLA ALIENA, new species.

Female.—Legs and antennae yellow, head and body darker, brown,
the former practically without markings, the abdomen with some
paler marblings. Frontal spine porrect, stramineous; pubescence
short, grayish. Prothorax longest, metathorax shortest; thorax
and head conspicuously granulate. Abdomen long and smoothly
clavate, widest’ at distal part of fourth segment. Seventh tergite
nearly square, the hind margin declivate, the posterior angles and
median tubercle slightly and about equally produced; eighth tergite
semicircular, carinate medianly, corrugated laterally; ninth as
described in key. Seventh sternite moderately convex medianly,
concave laterally.

Length, 18 mm.

Holotype—KFemale, Sarare, Venezuela, 1896, F. Geay (Paris
Mus.).

A teneral female, same data, apparently of the same species, is
21 mm. long.

GHILIANELLA PASCOEI Bergroth.

Ghilianella pascoei BrrcrotH, ©. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 315-317 [Venezuela].

Male.—General color dark reddish brown (less mature specimens
yellow-brown, variegated with darker), hairs numerous but short
and little aggregated into patches; abdomen widening gradually
from base to hypopygium; seventh tergite a fourth longer than
sixth, somewhat corrugated transversely on posterior two-thirds;
second sternite slightly sinuate laterally, third and fourth almost
transverse, fifth rounded emarginate medianly, sixth almost trans-
verse, seventh and eighth shallowly emarginate medianly, slightly
convex laterally, spiracle of latter included within border of seg-
ment; hypopygium rather short, claspers oblong, narrowed apically
the upper margin convex (fig. 175). Sternites 2-7, finely wrinkled
transversely.

Female—Color as in male; in pale specimens the abdomen is
marbled and leg markings are evident; abdomen widening gradually
from base to juncture of fourth and fifth segments, narrowing little
posterior of that point; connexivum more or less carinate; hind mar-
gins of tergites 2-6 very slightly elevated medianly, otherwise un-
modified; tergite 7 with the posterior angles prominent and very
slightly flaring, middle of hind margin with a small angulate prom-
inence, extending about as far posteriorly as lateral angles, margin
between prominences slightly concave and declivate; eighth tergite
rather long, convex posteriorly, short median line, two transverse
lines near upper end of former, and margin, slightly elevated, ar-
cuate both transversely and longitudinally, median line almost

ArT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 107

carinate on upper third, apex rounded; hind margins of sternites
2-6 emarginate medianly, 6 most so, this sternite a fourth longer on
side than on middle (fig. 176) ; seventh sternite a third longer than
sixth on median line, its hind margin convex medianly, concave
laterally, eighth sternite visible as an elliptical plate on each side,
or when exposed, rounded emarginate medianly, convex laterally.

Length, 17-22 mm.

Pair from La Guaila, Venezuela (Coll. EK. Bergroth), male, the
type. Three males, Trinidad, March 26, 1916, R. A. Wood (Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; one male Botanic Garden, Port-of-Spain, Trini-
dad, Oct. 18, 1918, Harold Morrison (U.S.N.M.).

Females agreeing with pascoeé in general appearance and in most
characters but differing in details of eighth and ninth tergites from
the female assigned to this species by Bergroth are left without
definite determinations for the present. All of these have the head
and thorax conspicuously granulate, the sternites finely corrugated
transversely, and both sternites and tergites up to and including
7 similar to those of pascoeit. Three from Trinidad, March 26,
1916, R. A. Wood (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.), and one from Mont-
serrat, Trinidad, June 29, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.), have the eighth
tergite depressed medianly, with transverse wrinkles or irregular
elevations each side of the depression; and ninth tergite is arcuate
both transversely and longitudinally, but is depressed apically and
more or less concave between the apices of the somewhat elevated
lateral margins. A single female from Ivon Beni, Bolivia, January,
1922, M. R. Lopez (U.S.N.M.), has the eighth tergite distinctly
carinate medianly and corrugated transversely on each side; the
ninth tergite has a median carina above which widens so as to cover
the whole apex, this part of the tergite being distinctly elevated
above the sides of the disk, apex truncate. While these variations
are rather greater than we should expect in a single species, the
weight of evidence in hand seems to be against attributing them to
specific distinctness.

GHILIANELLA ALTERATA, new species.

Female—Dark castaneous; beak, antennae and mid and hind legs
yellow-brown but unmarked; frontal spine stramineous. Head and
thorax copiously granulate and yellowish-white haired; prothorax
longest, metathorax shortest of the three divisions. Abdomen
smoothly clavate, attaining its greatest width at posterior part of
fourth segment; tergites except 1, longer than wide, seventh with
the posterior angles prominent but not produced, median portion
declivate and triangularly produced, slightly surpassing lateral
angles. Eighth tergite short and broad, faintly rugose; ninth much
longer, narrowing rapidly and rounded apically; middle of apex

108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

and some irregular small areas each side of the median line de-
pressed. Seventh sternite moderately subangulately produced in the
middle of hind margin, concave laterally.

Length, 22 mm.

Holotype—F¥emale, Sarare, Venezuela, 1899, F. Geay (Paris
Mus.).

GHILIANELLA MACULATA, new species.

Male——Head, thorax and legs yellow brown; frontal and femoral
spines pale; abdomen reddish brown; pilosity of head and thorax
gray, abundant, markedly pollinose; pile of abdomen pale tawny,
aggregated into irregular spots especially on segments 3-6, spots
more numerous anteriorly and on sides of both tergites and sternites;
abdomen nearly circular in cross-section, forming almost a smooth
cone based on hypopygium; seventh tergite a little longer than sixth,
transversely corrugated on posterior third, tapered from the middle,
and apiculate, terminating in a moderate point which extends well
beyond hypopygium. Sternum without keel; sutures between ster-
nites emarginate medianly, arcuate laterally, this condition most
pronounced between sixth and seventh; eighth sternite almost trans-
verse posteriorly, with a narrow rounded emargination; ninth ster-
nite very narrowly visible, with a similar but smaller emargination ;
claspers closely fitting the upper margin of hypopygium, their own
upper margin broadly emarginate medianly. Fore leg and its arma-
ture as in figures 185 and 186.

Length, 28 mm.

Holotype—Male, Cayamas, Cuba, Jan. 16, E. A. Schwarz.
(U.S.N.M.)

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26744, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA PERSONATA, new species.

Male—tLight to dark reddsh-brown, almost uniform; head and
thorax without granulations, short gray slightly flocculent pubescence
abundant, much shorter and less conspicuous on abdomen. Abdomen
widening gradually to hypopygium, dorsum convex, without ridges
or tubercles, sutures mostly obsolete; seventh tergite long, narrowed
gradually from a point two-fifths of its length from base, terminal
fifth more abruptly tapering, moderately pointed, thickened and
projecting beyond hypopygium. Sternum unkeeled, ventral sutures
as described in key, hind margin of seventh sternite nearly straight,
and eighth narrowly and slightly emarginate; ninth sternite or
hypopygium long, with a transverse impression bounding the
thickened margin, opening upward and backward, the apex pro-
jecting as a rounded triangle, the claspers broadly triangular, (fig.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 109

177), filling the space between hypopygium and seventh tergite, ex-
cept for a narrow vertical space between their apices.

Female.—Color and pubescence as in male; abdomen widening
gradually from base, the dorsal sutures evident; seventh tergite
with the hind angles moderately produced as obtusely pointed pro-
cesses, margin between distinctly concave, without tubercle; eighth
tergite semielliptical, with a median carina interrupting the trans-
verse corrugations; ninth tergite rather short, median carina and
cross corrugations low, indistinct, apex narrowly rounded. Seventh
sternite moderately produced medianly as a rounded lobe, the sides
of hind margin concave; eighth sternite visible only as a long ellipse
on each side.

Length, 25-28 mm.

Holotype—Male, paratype male, allotype female, Chapada,
Brazil, collected in July, April, and August, respectively (Carnegie
Mus.).

GHILIANELLA CLAVIVENTRIS Bergroth.

Ghilianella claviventris BrrcrotH, E. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 318-9 [Vene-
zuela ].

Male.—Dark reddish-brown, frontal spine, connexivum, hind edge
of sixth tergite, posterior third of seventh and a few other edgings,
yellowish. Head and thorax scarcely granulate; pale reddish
pubescence very short, fine and sparse. Abdomen widening gradually
to apical fourth of fourth segment, which is abruptly inflated and
together with the fifth and most of the sixth segment forms a
globular expansion of the abdomen; remainder of abdomen tapering
posteriorly and upcurved. The fifth tergite is finely longitudinally
strigate and is smoothly inflated, without ridged elevations laterally.
The sixth tergite is distinctly trisinuate posteriorly, and the seventh
narrowing from the basal third, has the posterior half transversely
wrinkled and an acuminate apex which slightly surpasses hy-
popygium. Sutures between sternites concave anteriorly, that be-
tween sixth and seventh most so; hind edge of seventh conspicuously
emarginate medianly and only slightly less so laterally; eighth
sternite visible on its entire width, nearly straight posteriorly; ninth
sternite, or hypopygium, rather long, more or less granulate and
transversely wrinkled, opening upward, claspers oblong, somewhat
upturned and bluntly pointed at apex.

Length, 26 mm.

Two males, Colonia Tovar, E. Simon 1.11.88 (Coll. E. Bergroth).
One the type. Another male Cerro del Avila, 6,000 feet, Venezuela,
December, 1913, S. M. Klages (Carnegie Mus.).

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
GHILIANELLA GLOBIFERA Bergroth.

Ghilianella globifera Brererotu, EK. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 319-320 [Vene-
zuela].

Color throughout dark reddish-brown, legs and antennae without
pale markings; the sharp downwardly slanting frontal spine, most of
beak, the spiracles and edgings on genital segments pale. Gray
pubescence rather plentiful, a little more prominent on fourth to
sixth sternites and in two percurrent lines on dorsum. Bulbosity
farther forward than in any other species examined, widest at fourth
segment and sixth not at all involved in it; seventh tergite long, the
process making up two-thirds of length, wrinkled transversely, ridged
longitudinally, and punctate apically, rather pointed. Seventh stern-
ite well exposed, eighth moderately long, opening upward, claspers
oblong, narrowed and incurved apically.

Length, 19 mm.

Male, Caracas (Coll. E. Bergroth.). The type.

Two males, Sarare, Venezuela, F. Geay, 1896; and two (one teneral
and damaged), Llanos, Venezuela, F. Geay, 1896 (Paris Mus.).

Length of these specimens, 18.5-20 mm.

GHILIANELLA PERVERSA, new species.

Female—Legs testaceous with more or less distinct dark bands,
ground color elsewhere testaceous, but obscured largely above, and
almost entirely below, by fuscous to black marbling; granulations
prominent on head, inconspicuous on thorax; pubescence short and
fine; proportions of pro-, meso-, and meta-thoraces as 8, 6, and 3;
abdomen widening gradually to junction of fifth and sixth segments,
tapering gradually posteriorly; unusually narrow median strips of
tergites with indistinct longitudinal ridge; hind margin of tergite 6
with a prominent backwardly projecting tubercle; that of tergite 7
with a short, porrect, blunt tubercle from which the margin slopes
away on each side to the simply rounded lateral angles; eighth ter-
gite nearly as long as wide, the general form broadly elliptical, the
disk wrinkled and granulate, the apex apiculate. Hind margins of
all sternites more or less sinuate laterally, 3 least and 6 most so, the
latter sternite a fourth wider on sides than in middle; seventh sternite
slightly convex medianly and concave laterally; eighth visible as an
elliptical plate on each side (fig. 178). Appearance of female hypo-
pygium from rear as in figure 179.

Length, 18 mm.

Holotype—¥emale, Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia, August 12,
1920, in heavy forest with dense undergrowth, J. A. G. Rehn (Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila.).

arr. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 111

GHILIANELLA APICULATA, new species.

Male.—General color dull blackish, pale vestiture unusually abun-
dant, patch at anterior end of metathorax crossing the notum, pubes-
cence on top of abdomen arranged in lines: beak, frontal and
hypopygial spines pale yellow to reddish, spiracles concolorous; sixth
tergite with a slight prominence on middle of hind margin; sternum
without keel; sternites 4-6 more or less emarginate medianly and
sinuate laterally, this feature becoming more pronounced posteriorly ;
seventh sternite broadly emarginate medianly, eighth about trans-
verse; ninth with supero-posterior angles prominent, extending as
far posteriorly as base of hypopygial hook (fig. 180), the latter ante-
riorly and upwardly directed, the apex bent forward, divaricate,
and apparently otherwise modified.

Length, 27 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Blanton Mine, north of San Christobal, Repub-
he of Dominica, July 26, 1919, Harold Morrison (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26745, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA ICA, new species.

Male.—Color castaneous, chiefly dark, scarcely relieved by pale
markings. Frontal process mammiform; head and thorax scarcely
granulate. Seventh tergite narrowed gradually from middle to near
apex, then rather abruptly pointed, transversely corrugated on pos-
terior half. Seventh sternite rounded emarginate medianly, almost
straight laterally; eighth nearly straight posteriorly, spiracle mod-
erately pedicellate; ninth rather long, opening upward, a little
elevated along hind margin which is produced between the claspers,
where it bears the anteriorly directed somewhat curved process,
which is a little widened and slightly concave at apex; claspers
oblong, beveled off on lower side at apex.

Length, 28 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Rio Ica, Crevaux, 1880 (Paris Mus.).

GHILIANELLA PACHITEA, new species.

Male.—Difters from pascoei Bergroth in having the ventral spines
on fore femora and the one between the bases of antennae dark
brown instead of stramineous; also the spine between bases of an-
tennae is much stouter and a little shorter than in pascoei; the cross
striation of abdominal sternites is much finer than in that species,
and the hypopygium is as in figure 181.

Length, 22 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Pachitea, Peru (Bueno).

112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67
GHILIANELLA COLONA, new species.

Male.—Similar in general to G. aracataca, but the pubescence of
head and thorax less abundant and none of it pollinose; abdomen
gradually widening to seventh segment, which differs from that of
aracataca as described in key; eighth sternite almost straight on hind
margin, the spiracles conspicuously pedunculate.

Length, 22 mm.

Holotype—Male, Don Diego, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia (Car-
negie Mus.). A nymph with same data probably is this species.

GHILIANELLA BETHET Dohrn.

Ghilianella bethei DouRN, A. Nachtrige, 1863, pp. 68-70 [Bogota].

Female.—F uscous, relieved by ochraceous spots and clouding; leg
bands faint. Head and thorax distinctly granulate, short pale pu-
bescence rather abundant, that of abdomen shorter and less plenti-
ful. Frontal spine pale, decurved. Abdomen widening to apex
of fifth segment and narrowing gradually to end, clavate rather
than bulbous in shape. Fifth tergite with angular dilatations near
hind angles, sixth with a prominent, acute, falcate tubercle; seventh
nearly straight across hind margin, the middle of latter slightly
elevated and with a short pointed tubercle; eighth tergite semi-cir-
cular, transversely rugose, but scarcely longitudinally carinate; 9th
rather inflated basally, obsoletely rugose, depressed subapically, with
the apical margin rounded and elevated. Sutures between sternites
inclined anteriorly and-showing more or less anterior curvature
medianly; hind margin of seventh moderately angulate, prominent
medianly and slightly concave laterally.

Length, 20-22 mm.

Cacagualito, Colombia, May; Bonda, Colombia, June (Carnegie
Mus.).

The specimens listed seem to answer well to the original descrip-
tion, the only real discrepancy being that none of them show “a
slight cross furrow ” on the apical half of tergite 5. However, this
appearance in Dohrn’s specimen may have been due to bending at
the time of capture or to some effect of drying.

GHILIANELLA ARACATACA, new species.

Male——Dark reddish-brown, pubescence rather abundant, more
or less pollinose in character anteriorly; beak yellow-brown, frontal
spine whitish, leg bands moderately distinct; abdomen gradually
widened to fifth segment, sixth narrowed, seventh swollen, as thick
as fifth; tergites slightly elevated at the middle of their posterior
margins, seventh twice as long as sixth; sternites 2-7 more or less
emarginate apically and sinuate laterally, the sixth most pronounced

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 113

in these respects, eighth with a small, triangular median projection,
the supero-posterior angles rounded, and the spiracles not conspicu-
ously pedunculate (fig. 182).

Female.—Similar to the male in color, pilosity somewhat less con-
spicuous, pollinosity rather more so; abdomen widest at fifth seg-
ment, tapering gradually both fore and aft, tubercle of sixth tergite,
projecting posteriorly, bluntly falcate; seventh tergite with a straight
median porrect process extending considerably beyond the promi-
nent but not produced lateral angles; eighth tergite rounded tri-
angular somewhat broader than long; ninth with the sides convexly
sloping apically, the median line keeled and apiculate (fig. 183) ;
sternites 2-4 slightly emarginate medianly, and sinuate laterally, en-
tire posterior margins of sternites 5 and 6 anteriorly arcuate, the
latter most deeply, this sclerite being a fifth longer on sides than
in middle; seventh sternite concave on sides of posterior margin,
with a rather prominent rounded median projection; eighth sternite
visible as an elliptical plate on each side (fig. 184).

Length, 22-24 mm.

Holotype.—Male and allotype female, Aracataca, Magdalena, Co-
lombia, Aug. 6, 1920, in heavy forest with dense undergrowth, J. A.

G. Rehn (Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.)

GHILIANELLA CUNEATA, new species.

Female.—Y ellowish to reddish brown, the leg bands more or less
distinct, the abdomen marbled with fuscous; pubescence in no way
unusual; abdomen widened gradually to apex of sixth segment, then
tapering to apex of seventh; hind margin of all of the tergites promi-
nent medianly, sixth with large slightly falcate tubercle, and the
posterior angles a little prominent and expanded; the hind margin
of the seventh with a short, median, pointed tubercle which extends
slightly farther posteriorly than the prominent lateral angles; eighth
tergite considerably wider than long, with transverse corrugations
and a central keel which is produced in a point slightly beyond gen-
eral line of the posterior margin; ninth tergite much longer than
eighth, somewhat wrinkled transversely, the narrowed apex with a
broad prominent keel; sutures between sternites 2-6 slightly anteri-
orly directed, that between six and seven quite concave anteriorly;
sternite seven about a fourth longer than six on the median line, its
hind margin slightly concave laterally, somewhat produced medianly,
the extreme apex with a small emargination; eighth sternite narrowly
visible on each side.

Length, 23-26 mm.

Holotype—Female, Alhajuelo, Panama, April 18, 1911, Aug.
Busck; five female paratypes, Porto Bello, Panama, March 16, 1911,

114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Feb. 19, A. Busck; Feb. 17, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; Upper Pequiru
River, Camp No. 3, Panama, A. H. Jennings; Buena Ventura,
Panama, March 1911, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.).

Type and paratypes.—Female, Cat. No. 26746, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA ASSA-NUTRIX Bergroth.

Ghilianella assa-nutriz BrrerorH. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 314-5 [Venezuela].

Male.—General color dark reddish-brown, frontal spine pale; the
usual patches of pilosity a little more extensive than in average
species, the metathoracic patches contiguous over dorsum, color of
pile in general sordid yellowish, tending to be golden in the denser
patches; in addition to the typical patches there are two small
rounded spots on the posterior margin of each tergite from 2-6,
largest on 4; most of the first tergite and adjacent disk of second
also are covered by a patch of golden pubescence; seventh tergite
more than twice as long as sixth, strongly transversely corrugated
about the middle, and tapering apically into a long, roof-shaped,
pointed process which exceeds hypopygium by more than length of
latter; sternum unkeeled; sutures between sternites directed moder-
ately forward; posterior margin of six and seven rounded emarginate
medianly, and arcuate laterally; eighth narrow, transverse, spiracle
moderately pedunculate; hypopygium with a terminal, anteriorly
and upwardly directed hook, margin receding and arcuate each side
of this; claspers oblong, bluntly rounded apically (fig. 187).

Female——Color and pubescence as in male. Abdomen widening
gradually from anterior part of second segment to about middle of
fifth, and increasing in depth, as seen from side, to anterior part of
seventh segment. Hind margins of tergites 1-5 nearly straight, of
six slightly convex posteriorly, of seven slightly prominent medianly,
concave each side of this, with acute divergent lateral processes as
described in key; eighth tergite short, semielliptical, depressed
medianly, and with obliquely transverse wrinkling each side of the
depression; ninth tergite longer than eighth, an oblique impression
each side of middle near base, the median line elevated, especially
near apex, where it forms a distinct carina joining the raised apical
margin; the surface near apex is polished, with two subsidiary
oblique ridges each side of the median one. Hind margins of sternites
more or less concave posteriorly, that of six most so; seventh slightly
convex medianly, and concave laterally; eighth moderately exposed,
the spiracle barely visible from the side.

Length, 28-30 mm.

Male and female San Esteban, Venezuela, March, 1888, E. Simon
(Coll. E. Bergroth). One the type.

Two males, San Esteban, Venezuela, Oct._Nov., 1910, M. A. Car-
riker, jr. (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). One male, Caracas (Cophenhagen
Mus.).

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 115
GHILIANELLA GLADIATOR, new species.

Male.—General color dark reddish-brown, pilosity much more
abundant than usual, short, grayish; abdomen widest at fifth seg-
ment, tapering gradually both fore and aft; seventh tergite twice as
long as sixth, with a projection similar to that of assa-nutrix; all
sternites more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally,
6 and 7 most pronouncedly so; eighth varying from slightly emargi-
nate to transverse, narrow, spiracle moderately prominent; hypo-
pygial spine small, margins not excavated each side of it, claspers
long, narrow, slightly enlarged apically (fig. 188).

Female—General color reddish-brown to blackish; short, fine
yellowish pubescence abundant, much denser than usual on head and
thorax, particularly about rear parts of the posterior divisions of
the latter and on the fourth and fifth tergites; bulbosity of abdomen
rather long, including half of fourth, all of fifth and sixth, and
half of seventh segments; sutures between tergites 2-7 all nearly
transverse; the ninth tergite is narrowly keeled along the sides, and
more prominently elevated medianly, especially at the narrowed
apex; the sutures between sternites 2-5 slope anteriorly, the hind
margin of the fifth is emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally,
and that of the sixth concave throughout; the seventh sternite is
prominently angulate produced medianly, and the eighth is nar-
rowly visible on each side.

Length, 24-26 mm.

Holotype.—Male, allotype female, and paratype male, Trinidad,
March 26, 1916, R. A. Wood. (Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila.)

Paratype.—Female, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, F. W. Urich
(U.S.N.M.), Cat. No. 26747, U.S.N.M.

The latter specimen is accompanied by some eggs (figs. 189, 190)
and newly emerged nymphs; the former are 1.75 mm. in length, with
sparse longitudinally arranged, irregular granulations, a nipple-like
longitudinally striate cap, which is surrounded by about 18 delicate,
tapered, and finely pointed appendages of the main egg case, the
apices of which are bent inward at about the same level as peak of
the cap (fig. 189). The nymphs are notable chiefly for the surpris-
ingly advanced state of development of the thorax and its append-
ages, and for the very undeveloped condition of the abdomen; they
are certainly equipped for capture before digestion of prey.

The males and females here listed are associated as one species not
only because of their general agreement in color and form but specif-
ically because they share a character unusual in the genus, namely,
absence of central keel on meta- and meso-sterni.

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 67
GHILIANELLA STIPITATA, new species.

Female.—Much like the same sex of G. filiventris except in shape
of abdomen and details of genital segments. Length of prothorax
and mesothorax as 3 is to 4. The abdomen is smoothly, almost round
clavate, with the fifth sezment the largest in all dimensions; tergites
4-7 are relatively longer than in filiventris, the last especially being
distinctive as described in key (fig. 191). Eighth tergite rather long
and narrow, the middle line and margins slightly elevated, apex
rounded; ninth tergite longer than eighth, narrowing and rounded
apically, the median line, some irregular oblique branches from it,
and the apex somewhat elevated. Seventh sternite rather strongly
and acutely produced medianly, concave laterally.

Length, 25 mm.

Holotype—¥emale, Llanos, Venezuela, 1895, F. Geay (Paris
Mus.).

GHILIANELLA SIMILATA, new species.

Female.—Much like stipitata in form, but head and thorax de-
cidedly less granulate, and the mid and hind femora each with 3
pale bands on apical half, instead of unicolorous as in that species.
Length of prothorax and mesothorax as 3.75 is to 4. The seventh
tergite is as described in key, the eighth nearly semicircular, de-
pressed medianly, and obscurely wrinkled; ninth about as long as
eighth, but considerably narrower and somewhat tapered posteriorly,
margins and median line elevated, apex blunt, slightly convex. Ven-
ter as in figure 192.

Length, 19-20 mm.

Holotype——aAnd another female, Caracas, Meinert (Copenhagen
Mus.).

GHILIANELLA PENDULA, new species.

Ghilianella bulbifera CHAMPION (females) Biologia, vol. 2, p. 171, fig. 18,
Oct. 1898. [Bugaba, Panama.]

Female.—Color varying from yellowish- to dark reddish-brown,
the paler specimens have the abdomen more or less variegated with
fuscous and the leg bands more distinct; pubescence and granula-
tion in no way unusual. Abdomen rather smoothly clavate, widest at
fifth and sixth segments (the sixth tergite widest), but the bulbosity
includes the entire sixth segment; posterior angles and middle of
hind margin of segments 4-7 prominent, most conspicuously so on
six where the median elevation is a large slightly posteriorly in-
clined cone; on the hind margin of seventh tergite a small triangular
prominence extends slightly farther posteriorly than the prominent
but blunt lateral angles; eighth tergite broader than long, rounded
apically, ninth a trifle longer than eighth, narrowed, and the margins

ART, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH PE?

raised apically, but 8 and 9 with low median keels and more or less
corrugated; hind margins of sternites 4-6 emarginate medianly, ar-
cuate laterally, the lateral convexity on 6 being almost angulate;
seventh sternite a third longer than 6, slightly angulate-produced
medianly; eighth narrowly visible on each side.

Length, 21-24 mm.

Holotype.—Female, Cabima, Panama, May 18, 1911, Aug. Busck;
paratype female, Alhajuela, Panama, A. H. Jennings; another fe-
male without locality.

Type and paratype—F¥emale, Cat. No. 26748, U.S.N.M.

For disposition of males of bulbifera see page 97.

GHILIANELLA APPROXIMATA, new species.

Male—Head, thorax and appendages, bulbosity and hypopygium
piceous, remainder of abdomen chiefly, frontal spine, anterior tibia
and tarsus, and spines of front femur, yellow-brown or paler. Pubes-
cence sordid gray, rather dense and matted over thorax and in
patches elsewhere. Bulbosity formed chiefly by fifth segment, fourth
and sixth only shghtly involved. Seventh tergite rather long,
neither wrinkled nor coarsely punctate as in many species, rather
sharply apiculate and slightly surpassing hypopygium. Sternites of
ordinary form, eighth almost straight across on hind margin, slightly
concave laterally, moderately exposed. Ninth sternite long, open-
ing upward, claspers oblong, pointed apically.

Female.—Generally paler than male, with edgings and much mar-
bling of yellow-brown; legs with usual pale markings. Mesothorax
shorter than in male, but longer than either of its fellow thoracic
parts. Bulbosity involving more of fourth and sixth segments, the
elevations of fifth tergite more remote from lateral margins than in
male. Hind margin of sixth tergite concave each side the median
point, which is about as far produced posteriorly as the rounded
lateral angles; hind margin of seventh tergite of similar shape,
declivous each side of median prominence; eighth tergite semi-cir-
cular, low carinate medianly and radiately corrugated each side in
best developed specimen; ninth longer, narrowed and notched at
apex, the margins elevated above the disk which has three coarse
transverse wrinkles. Eighth sternite broadly exposed, angles each
side the median cleft are thickened, pointed, black, and with a tuft
of long golden hairs.

Length, 24-25 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Rurrenabaque, Bolivia, Oct. 1921; allotype fe-
male, Huachi, Bolivia, 1922; another female Corenda, Bolivia, 1921,
and two males, Huachi, Bolivia, Sept. 1921, W. M. Mann (U.S.N.M.).

Type, allotype, and paratypes—Cat. No. 26749, U.S.N.M.

LTS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
GHILIANELLA GLOBULATA, new species.

Ghilianella ignorata CHAMPION, Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 170-171, pl. 10, figs.
15-16, 1898 [Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Panama], not of Dohrn, Emesina,
1860, pp. 238-9, pl. 1, figs. 9-11 [La Guayra and Brazil].

Male—Color dark reddish-brown, sometimes with irregular dark
maculations, legs and antennae without pale annuli or sometimes
with markings as described for female; head and thorax strongly
granulate; segments 2-4 of abdomen slender, widening gradually
to apical fourth of fourth, which is abruptly expanded, bulbosity
composed chiefly of the fifth segment which is about three times
as wide as anterior part of fourth; fifth tergite angulate dilated at
about middle of sides, margin receding abruptly behind the dila-
tion; sixth segment about half as wide as fifth, the tergite rounded
emarginate posteriorly; seventh tergite about twice as long as sixth,
projecting considerably beyond hypopygium, strongly transversely
corrugated, and with a conspicuous central keel on posterior half.
Sixth sternite with a rather deep rounded median emargination,
seventh emarginate, both medianly and laterally, eighth transverse,
narrow; hypopygium inflated, with a slightly projecting, moderately
large terminal hook, the tip of which is concealed between the ob-
long claspers (fig. 194).

Female——Color somewhat paler, front femora with two partial
bands, mid and hind femora with two bands and a subapical spot,
and hind tibiae with subbasal spot, pale; the abdomen is stouter
throughout, the fourth and fifth segments in particular being broader
and more involved in the bulbosity; sixth tergite shghtly emarginate
and a little elevated in the middle behind; seventh tergite equally
but only shghtly prominent; eighth tergite about a third shorter
than ninth, the latter transversely wrinkled and longitudinally keeled,
depressed on each side of keel apically; fifth sternite shallowly and
sixth more deeply emarginate posteriorly; 7th with a short rounded
projection; eighth sternite visible as a narrow elliptical plate on each
side.

Length, 23-26 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala,
April 9; allotype female, same locality April 23, 8 male and 4 female
paratypes, same locality, March 27, 29, 30, April 2, 7, 15, 18, 22, 26,
29, EK. A. Schwarz and H. 8. Barber; 1 male paratype, same locality
June, 1907, and 1 female Nov.—Dec., 1906, G. P. Goll; 1 female,
Polochi River, Guatemala, March 22, Barber and Schwarz, 1 male,
La Ceiba, Honduras, Jan. 24, 1916, F. J. Dyer (U.S.N.M.) ; 1 female,
Yurimaguas, Peru, June 14, 1920, H. S. Parish (McAtee).

Type, allotype, and paratypes.—Cat. No. 26750, U.S.N.M.

art, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 119

Nymphs.—Several nymphs presumably of this species are at hand
from Cacao, Trece Aguas, March 27 to April 26. There is a rather
prominent triangular elevation on the middle of the hind margin of
each tergite, that on the seventh being most prominent and angularly
projecting; the lateral angles also are tuberculate prominent; the
eighth and ninth tergite roofing the anal tube of the female have
only suggestions of the corrugations and keels they later acquire.

GHILIANELLA PATRUELA, new species.

Male.—Color dark reddish brown, pale markings of legs merely
suggested; granulations of head and thorax nearly obsolete, a few
small ones on sides of mesothorax; abdomen about as in strqgata,
lacking the wartlike elevations, however, and the suture between the
fourth and fifth tergites is straight across, instead of posteriorly
convex as in that form; all sternites rounded emarginate medianly,
arcuate laterally, the posterior ones more pronouncedly so; hy-
popygium rather long, the posterior margin bisinuate on each side,
the lower angle conspicuous but by no means so much so as 1n strigata,
the more slender genital hook arising from within the angle and
directed posteriorly and upwards, the apex simply truncate; claspers
and fifth sternite as described in key (fig. 194).

Length, 20 mm.

Holotype.—Male, San Carlos, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf.
CWS IN ME)*

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26751, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA RECONDITA, new species.

Color reddish-brown to pitchy-black, legs and antennae without
pale annuli, spines of fore tibiae yellowish; spine between antennae
also yellowish, and with an enlarged base; head, and thorax dis-
tinctly granulate.

Male.—Segments 2—4 of abdomen very slender, the fourth abruptly
expanded apically, forming anterior fourth of the bulbosity; the
latter composed chiefly of the fifth segment which is greatly ex-
panded, the sides elevated and forming rather pointed tubercles
somewhat behind the middle; sixth segment posteriorly only a third
as wide as fifth and somewhat shorter; seventh tergite almost twice
as long as fifth, acuminate apically and projecting somewhat beyond
hypopygium (fig. 195); seventh sternite slightly emarginate at the
middle of hind margin, eighth half as long as the seventh.

Female-—Segments 2-4 of abdomen less slender, the fourth not
so abruptly expanded, about half of sixth segment involved in the
bulbosity (fig. 196); seventh tergite slightly bisinuate apically, the

120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

posterior lateral angles and median convexity not at all prominent;
eighth tergite about as long as ninth, the latter not especially modi-
fied apically, that region being only slightly impressed medianly ;
fourth and fifth sternites broadly but shallowly emarginate at the
middle of hind margin; seventh sternite shghtly angulated at middle
of hind margin; eighth sternite narrowly visible on each side of
hypopygium.

Length, 18-20 mm.

Holotype.—Male, allotype, female, and 3 paratypes, 2 males and
1 female from Minca, Magdalena, Colombia, 2,500 feet, July 24-25,
1920, and 1 paratype male from Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia,
dense undergrowth, J. A. G. Rehn (Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.).

GHILIANELLA PERIGYNIUM, new species.

Male.—Similar to vecondita in many respects, but longer and with
more abundant grayish-yellow pile; general color reddish-brown,
connexivum of segments 2-4 narrowly pale; hypopygium much as in
recondita, claspers differing as described in key (fig. 197); seventh
sternite more deeply emarginate and sixth sternite also with a broad,
deep median emargination.

“emale.—Similar in color to male, tending to be somewhat paler
with dark motthngs; structure about the same as in female of
recondita, eighth tergite not depressed medianly near apex and the
latter somewhat flaring or upturned and notched medianly, while it
is rather rounded off in recondita; hind margin of seventh sternite
concave laterally, convex medianly, with a sight emargination at the
extreme apex.

Length, 23-28 mm.

Holotype.—Male, allotype female, and one paratype female, Pachi-
tea, Peru (Bueno).

GHILIANELLA SIGNATA, new species.

Female.—General color dark reddish brown, shading to blackish
on distal parts of legs and abdomen; head and thorax unusually free
from granulations, some present along dorsal carinae of mesothorax ;
pile pale tawny, distribution on head and thorax about typical,
aggregated into scattering minute tufts and regularly arranged large
patches on abdomen, a pair of latter on posterior margin of fourth
tergite, and a pair covering postero-lateral angles of fourth, fifth,
and sixth sternites; bulbous expansion of abdomen including fifth
segment, posterior third of segment 4, and anterior third of segment
6; lateral elevations of segment 5 somewhat posteriorly directed, a
little wrinkled dorsally and bluntly falcate; segments 6 and 7 con-
jointly elevated at middle of suture, the elevation surmounted by a
minute nipple on 6; tergite 7 a little longer than 6, hind margin

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 121

moderately prominent medianly and laterally, thus being slightly
bisinuate; eighth tergite much broader than long, broadly rounded
apically, strongly corrugated and keeled; ninth tergite pale basally,
with broad, rounded, low, pale side margins; disk dark, corrugated,
and keeled, the apex narrowed and bent so that it is at right angles
to general plane of tergite (fig. 198); ventral sutures little special-
ized; hind margin of seventh sternite slightly angulate-produced
medianly, concave laterally; eighth sternite rather broadly exposed
each side, the spiracle, however, only barely visible, the hind margin
deeply rounded emarginate medianly.

Length, 25 mm.

Holotype.—Female, Hacienda Cincinnati, Sierra San Lorenzo,
Magdalena, Colombia, Trail to Vista Nieve, 4,500—-4,700 feet, July 21,
1920, J. A. G. Rehn (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; female paratype, Vista
Nieve, Colombia, Dec. 16, 1922 (C. Carriker).

GHILIANELLA STRIGATA, new species.

Male.—General color yellowish-brown, legs with faint yellowish
annuli in the standard positions; the head and thorax are only ob-
soletely warty, almost smooth; the mesothorax and the metathorax
with a few warts on the sides; abdomen abruptly expanded at pos-
terior third of segment 4, segment 5 widest, the tergite with rounded
elevations laterally ; segments 2-5 each with a wart-like elevation on
middle of hind margin, most conspicuous on 4; segment 6 rapidly
tapering to about half width of 5; tergite 7 half again as long as 6,
transversely corrugated posteriorly, moderately acuminate and ex-
tending slightly beyond hypopygium; sternites 6-8 rounded emar-
ginate medianly, arcuate laterally, the eighth about a third as wide
as seventh, the spiracle conspicuously pedunculate; ninth sternite
longest on lower half, which forms apically a prominent rounded
angle from which arises the long anteriorly and upwardly directed
genital hook, the apex of which is bluntly trilobate; claspers and
fourth sternite as described in key (fig. 199).

Length, 22-23 mm.

Holotype.—Male, San Carlos, Costa Rica; paratype male, Costa
Rica, Schild and Burgdorf (U.S.N.M.).

Type and paratype.—Cat. No. 26752, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA SUBGLOBULATA, new species.

Male.—Practically a copy of globulata except in the following
particulars. Pedicel of abdomen is shorter and thicker, each of seg-
ments 2-4 being shorter than width of bulbosity which the corre-
sponding segments of globulata equal; sixth tergite not longer than
wide at base, while it is distinctly longer in globulata. Ninth sternite
not opening so nearly posteriorly as in globulata, the hook higher

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

therefore, and less easily distinguished; claspers oblong, incurved at
tips, each with a distinct rounded subapical notch in upper margin.

Female—K¥emales assigned to this species are still closer dupli-
cations of globulata than is the male, for the reason that the abdomen
is short and the segments of the same proportions as in that species.
The only tangible difference is that the posterior angles of seventh
tergite are distinctly produced beyond median part of hind margin
which is merely convex and not at all tuberculate.

Length, 19-21 mm.

Holotype.—And one other male, allotype female, Venezuela, Noual-
hier, 1898 (Paris Mus.) ; two other females, Maracaibo, Venezuela,
Wibske (Copenhagen Mus.).

Two teneral and damaged females which may belong here have
the prominences of fifth tergite more conspicuous, projecting dis-
tinctly beyond sides of abdomen. If assignment to the present
species is correct the indication would be that these prominences
may undergo a reduction from the condition attained in the
nymphal or teneral state in the processes of ecdysis or hardening.
The data for these specimens is Venezuela, one collected by G. Fal-
lon, 1895, the other by Noualhier 1898 (Paris Mus.).

GHILIANELLA UNCINATA, new species.

Male—Color dark reddish-brown, head and thorax with more
abundant short, semipollinose hair than usual in the genus; legs
with faint pale bands disposed as in last species; abdomen a little
stouter than in allied species, about a third of segment 4, and about
half of segment 6 involved in the bulbosity; tergite 5 widely angu-
larly emarginate anteriorly, tergite 6 almost transverse posteriorly,
with a small rounded elevation on middle of hind margin; seventh
tergite about half again as long as sixth, faintly corrugated, without
keel but more or less apiculate, extending little if any beyond hypo-
pygium. Sternites all more or less angulate emarginate posteriorly
and sinuate laterally, the former condition most marked on 7, the
latter on 6; eighth sternite plainly visible, shallowly rounded emar-
ginate; ninth sternite long, straight, rather trough-like, terminating
in a large, prominent hook; claspers oblong, narrowed above sub-
apically, the apices turned inward and slightly upward (fig. 200).

Length, 21-25 mm.

Holotype—Male, Trinidad Rio, Panama, March 29, 1912, A.
Buseck; paratype males same locality March 23, November 2, 5;
Cabima, Panama, May 18, 1911; Alhajuelo, Panama, April 15, 1911;
Porto Bello, Panama, March 10, 18, 1911; April 21, 1912, all A.
Busck; last locality, Feb. 17, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; .and no date, A. H.
Jennings, 12 in all (U.S.N.M.).

Type and paratypes.—Cat. No. 26753, U.S.N.M.

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 123

GHILIANELLA ATRICLAVA Bergroth.

Ghilianella atriclava BrercrotH, FE. New Neotropical Ploeariinae. Psyche,
vol. 18, No. 1, Feb., 1911, pp. 19-20 [French Guiana].

Body in general yellow-brown, bulbosity and legs piceous, the
latter practically without pale markings. Frontal spine pale, short,
decurved. Abdomen long pedicillate, increasing but slightly in
thickness from base to posterior third of fourth segment which ab-
ruptly expands and together with the fifth and sixth segments forms
an almost globular expansion beyond which the short seventh seg-
ment projects but little. Elevations of fifth tergite large, subacute,
compressed, longitudinally ridged; sixth and seventh tergites very
short, the latter transversely corrugated on the apical half, which is
short acuminate; ninth sternite short, opening upwards, the claspers
oblong, the upper posterior angles truncate.

Length, 24 mm.

Male, French Guinana (Coll. E. Bergroth). The type.

GHILIANELLA FILIVENTRIS Spinola.

Ghilianella filiventris Sprno“taA, M. Generi Insetti Artroidignati, 1852, pp.
143, 144 [Para].

Dohrn ?° describes and illustrates a species of Ghilianella as filiven-
tris Spinola and it is upon this work that the present identification
is based. Certainly the males before us are the same species that
Dohrn figured ; discrepancies in color from what he described are not
a matter for concern in this genus. The specimens agree also with
Spinola’s description and some of them are from the type locality.
The association of sexes here made is based on examination of a
series of 18 specimens from the same locality collected at the same
season, the genitalia of a number of which show evidences of recent
use.

Male—Color chiefly dark reddish (one specimen has peduncle
yellowish); head and thorax copiously granulate; fine, short
pubescence plentiful on head and thorax, sparse on abdomen and
legs. Abdomen reaching the greatest degree of pedunculation
seen in any species, segments 2, 3, and most of 4 forming a stalk of
almost uniform diameter, the apex of fourth segment abruptly ex-
panded, and together with the fifth and sixth forming a globular
expansion which on account of the shortness of the seventh segment
seems almost to terminate the abdomen (fig. 201); this is the only
species observed to have ridged prominences near posterior angles
of the sixth as well as on the fifth tergite; the seventh tergite has
the basal portion almost square, this tapering rapidly into a short
more or less upturned apiculation, slightly surpassing the hypopygium

19 Hmesina, 1860, pp. 237, 238; pl. 1, figs. 8, 10.

124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

(fig. 202). Sternites 5, 6, and 7 are shorter than in less bulbous
species and each is broadly emarginate medianly; the ninth sternite
or hypopygium is short and opens upward; the claspers are short-
oblong, narrowed apically. Fore leg and its armature as in fig-
ures 203, 204.

Female.—in color like the male, with a greater tendency, how-
ever, to yellowish spotting or marbling; granulation and pubescence
about the same. The abdomen widens gradually from base to apex
of fourth segment, from which point to end of seventh the width is
nearly uniform; it is thus a very good illustration of the clavate
form; the median line of tergites is slightly elevated, subapically
the lateral margins of tergite 6 tend to project beyond the common
lateral outline of abdomen, and the hind margin of tergites 5 and
6 is bisinuate, the slight median angulation and the lateral angles
projecting about equally posteriorly; hind margin of the seventh
tergite slightly concave, with a distinct small median tubercle;
eighth tergite almost semicircular, radiately wrinkled; ninth trun-
cate cuneate, the base faintly transversely corrugated, the apex raised
medianly, more or less concave distally, sometimes faintly longitudi-
nally ridged; the hind margins of sternites 2 and 3 are emarginate
medianly, those of 4, 5, and 6 are nearly simply concave; that of
7 is convex medianly and slightly concave laterally; and the ex-
posed portions of 8 are elliptical.

Length, 23-27 mm.

Santarem, April—July 1919, S. M. Klages; Chapada, Para, all
Brazil (Carnegie Mus.); a male labelled Amazon, Stevens (Stock-
holm Mus.) ; two females Itaituba, Amazon, Brazil, Noualhier, 1898;
three males, Para, and one Amazonas, Noualhier, 1898 (Paris Mus.).

GHILIANELLA MIRABILIS, new species.

Male——Head and thorax moderately granulate; pubescence short;
color castaneous, varying in depth, but without definite pale mark-
ings anywhere; frontal spine porrect, sharp, stramineous. Abdomen
terete and of nearly uniform diameter from base to posterior fourth
of fourth tergite which expands abruptly to form anterior wall of
bulbosity. The largest component of the latter is the remarkably
horned fifth segment described in key (figs. 205, 206), but the sixth
segment is wholly included and the seventh is so short that the
bulbosity is practically terminal. Seventh tergite an approximately
equilateral triangle (fig. 207), corrugated transversely, and elevated
and apiculate distally. Hind margin of the fourth sternite with
a shorter and deeper median, and broader but shallower lateral con-
cavities; fifth deeply concave, thus being very short on median line;
sixth also deeply concave but of about same length in middle as on
‘sides; seventh longer, with a short but distinct median emargina-

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 125

tion; eighth sternite barely visible; ninth short, strongly curved,
opening upward; claspers oblong, narrowed apically.

Female——Similar in general to male, but showing traces of pale
leg markings, and abdominal marblings. Abdomen from base to
and including fifth segment like that of male, the horns of fifth
tergite shorter however (fig. 208); bulbosity much longer than in
male, due to greater length of sixth and seventh segments which
may be said to form part of it. Hind margin of seventh tergite
with the median point and lateral angles slightly more prominent
than intervening portions; eighth semicircular; ninth much longer,
cuneate, faintly corrugated basally and striate apically, the apex
rounded, margin slightly thickened (fig. 209). Sternites up to 6
inclusive of about same shape as in male, seventh much longer on
median line than fifth and sixth together, the hind margin some-
what convex medianly and slightly concave laterally; eighth broadly
exposed on each side.

Length, 27-29 mm.

Male holotype, female allotype, and a teneral male, Rio Autuz,
Amazon, Roman (Stockholm Mus.).

GHIILIANELLA PERUVIANA, new species.

Female.—Dark castaneous, pubescence short and inconspicuous;
head and thorax rather strongly granulate; central region of tergites
with a percurrent ridge; a strong blunt tubercle at hind margin of
6; seventh with the hind margin nearly straight, bevelled off medianly
on each side of the fairly prominent apex of longitudinal ridge;
eighth tergite semicircular, considerably depressed medianly, with a
low carina in the depression; ninth tergite tapering rather rapidly,
rounded and slightly emarginate apically; with indistinct corruga-
tions and no prominent longitudinal or marginal ridges.

Length, 22 mm.

Holotype.—Female, El] Campamiento, Col. Perene, Peru, June
21, 1920, Cornell University Expedition, Lot 569 (Cornell Univ.).

GHILIANELLA ANNECTENS, new species.

Emesa angulata Unter, P. R. Heteroptera of St. Vincent, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., pp. 717-8, Nov. 21, 1893 [Panama specimens in part].

Female.—Testaceous, more or less variegated with fuscous and
washed with rufous; thorax and head decidedly granular; pu-
bescence sparse; abdomen widening gradually to apex of sixth seg-
ment, seventh somewhat narrower but nearly parallel-sided; tergites
with a percurrent nodulose median ridge, becoming more prominent
posteriorly and culminating in a large backward sloping tubercle
on hind margin of tergite 6; posterior angles of tergites 3-6 pro-
gressively elevated and expanded, thus interrupting the lateral out-

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

line of abdomen as seen from above (fig. 210) ; seventh tergite almost
straight across hind margin, the lateral angles slightly prominent
and the median line near apex with a small recumbent tubercle which
scarcely projects beyond the medianly depressed hind margin; eighth
tergite broadly elliptical, wrinkled transversely and with a median
keel which is elevated posteriorly and forms a small projection on
hind margin; ninth tergite twice as long as eighth, with sinuate
transverse wrinkles, a low median keel, the sides elevated and toothed
posteriorly, the apex narrowed, depressed and black in color (fig
211); sutures between sternites while not greatly modified have a
tendency toward median emargination and lateral sinuation; 6 is
more concave behind and 7 somewhat produced medianly and con-
cave laterally; an elliptical, vertically ridged and _ horizontally
wrinkled portion of eighth sternite visible on each side. Arma-
ture of fore femur as in figure 212.

Length, 20 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Panama, Scudder (Uhler Collection, U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26754, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA TRUNCATA, new species.

Emesa angulata Unwurr, P. R. Heteroptera of St. Vincent, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., pp. 717-8, Nov. 21, 18938 [Panama specimens, in part].

Very similar to the preceding; ninth tergite differing as noted in
key; eighth with the median keel not projecting behind posterior
margin (figs. 2138, 214).

Length, 21 mm.

Holotype—K¥emale, labelled E’mesa angulata Uhler, Panama
(U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Cat. No. 27091 U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) INSIDIATRIX Bergroth.

Ghilianella insidiatriz, Bercrotu, E. Konowia, vol. 1, pp. 219-220, August 20,
1922 [French Guiana].

Male.—Head and body dark, legs and antennae paler castaneous;
front femora with 2 pale bands across the spined portion; antennae
pale at base; mid and hind legs with faint pale annuli. Frontal
spine short but pointed and decurved; head and thorax practically
without granulation but prothorax is obsoletely rugulose; tubercles
of pronotum each side of neck rather prominent, also a pair on hind
margin; divisions of thorax successively shorter posteriorly.
Pubescence golden, short and sparse in general, but aggregated in
dense patches as follows: Posterior lobe of head above (front lobe
also of more than average hairiness), top and sides of front end of
pronotum, top and sides of thorax at sutures between meso- and
meta-thoraces, and between metathorax and abdomen; upper surfaces

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 127

of mid and hind coxae, first tergite, series of blotches practically
forming a ring about abdomen at front of fourth segment, and simi-
lar patches or indications of them on following two segments. Ab-
domen widest about middle of fifth segment, holding its width well
posteriorly, but narrowed considerably anteriorly especially segment
2; a slight elevation on the ampliate posterior angle of each tergite,
and on middle of hind margin of sixth; median strip of dorsum
with a series of squarish depressions; seventh tergite obsoletely
ridged, wrinkled transversely on posterior half, narrowed in round-
ing fashion then abruptly apiculate, apex projecting slightly beyond
hypopygium. Sternites of ordinary shape, seventh shallowly emargi-
nate medianly, nearly straight laterally, eighth well exposed and
broadly convex medianly, retreating laterally but not covered by
seventh, spiracle moderately pedunculate; ninth sternite rather long,
opening upward; claspers oblong, not narrowed apically. Fore leg
and its armature as in figures 215, 216.

Length, 21-22 mm.

Holotype-——Male, French Guiana [Coll. Bergroth]. Other male
specimens: Bourdonville, French Guiana, R. Benoist, August, 1914;
Lunier River, Tumac Humac Mts., French Guiana, 1898, IF’. Geay;
Napo River, Upper Amazon, 1899, Sarkady (Paris Mus.).

This series shows considerable variation in the extent of the
patches of golden hair, and some in thickness of claspers, but these
are not regarded as of taxonomic import.

We are accepting the female (allotype from French Guiana, ex-
amined by us) assigned to this species by Bergroth. His specimens
of this sex apparently were collected at the same time and place as
the males and probably are of the same species. However, among
the three species of females of this group we have examined, one (gla-
brata) agrees better in structural characters with the male znsidia-
trix than does the specimen from Bergroth’s collection. All of the
females differ considerably from the male in characters other than
those used in defining the subgenus. The frontal spine is much
blunter, there are no patches of golden hair, and the leg markings
are much fainter.

The allotype from Bergroth collection is pale castaneous, with the
head and thorax almost free from granulations. The hypopygium
is as described in key; the following details may be added: There
is no longitudinal carina in the depression of tergite 8; and the apical
margin of tergite 9 has on each side two ridges which are confluent
medianly. Length, 25 mm.

GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) AMICULA, new species.

Female.—Description in most particulars would read like that of
insidiatriz, from which the present species differs chiefly by hypo-

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

pygial characters as described in key; eighth tergite is moderately
long, squarish apically, with subobsolete radiating ridges.

Length, 23.5 mm.

Holotype-—Female, Charvein, French Guiana, November, 1914;
R. Benoist (Paris Mus.).

GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) GLABRATA, new species.

A rather dark species with the head and body fuscous and the
appendages yellowish to reddish-brown. Head and thorax practi-
cally without granulations; pubescence rather sparse, short, pale
reddish. Central region of tergites nodulose but hardly tuberculate;
hind margin of seventh tergite slightly concave, with a small median
pointed tubercle. Eighth tergite almost semicircular, strongly trans-
versely wrinkled; ninth tergite with a few strong cross wrinkles,
tapering rather rapidly, otherwise as described in key.

Length, 24 mm.

Holotype.—Female, Essequebo River, British Guiana, July, 1921,
Aug. Busck (U.S.N.M.).

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26755, U.S.N.M.

GHILIANELLA (LISSONYX) ANGULATA (Uhler).

Hmesa angulata UHtrr, P. R. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera col-
lected in the Island of St. Vincent by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, with Descriptions of
New Genera and Species. Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1893, pp. 717-718 [St. Vincent,

W. Li.

Male.—General color yellow-brown, more fuscous on underside of
thorax and hypopygium; legs banded and upper surface more or
less variegated with dark-brown; mid and hind femora each with
four dark bands and tibiae with 38, the latter also more or less
darkened apically; front tibiae each with one pale band, and femora
with two bands and some pale spots above; head and _ thorax
with few and inconspicuous granulations; each succeeding division
of thorax is shorter than that in front of it; abdomen widening
gradually to juncture of fifth and sixth segments and narrowing
as gradually to middle of seventh tergite posteriorly; the posterior
angles of tergites 3-6 are slightly expanded laterally; tergite 7 is
decidedly narrowed about the middle, transversely corrugated and
broadly rounded apically, with a prominent median apiculation
reaching about as far posteriorly as any part of hypopygium; hind
margins of sternites 2-5 fairly straight, a little emarginate medianly,
that of sixth decidedly so and arcuate laterally, of seventh and
eighth on same plan as that of sixth but less pronounced; spiracle
of eighth rather pedunculate; ninth sternite elongate, rather com-
pressed posteriorly, with a strong anteriorly and almost horizontally

ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 129

directed apical hook; claspers obtriangular, broadened apically,
the angles rounded (fig. 217).

Female.—F rontal spine and pronotal tubercles much smaller than
in male, color of head, thorax, and legs paler, the dark markings
merely indicated, abdomen more heavily maculated with fuscous;
posterior angles of tergites 3-6 expanded laterally into rather promi-
nent slightly backwardly directed teeth; tergites 4-6 each with a
tubercle on median line near hind margin; seventh tergite almost
parallel-sided, the hind angles but slightly concave, with a small
median tubercle; eighth tergite about two-thirds as long as wide,
transversely wrinkled and apiculate medianly; ninth tergite trans-
versely corrugated, narrowed subapically, the margins raised, the
disk depressed and smooth apically; hind margins of sternites 2-5
slightly emarginate medianly and sinuate laterally, of 6 deeply
concave; seventh sternite nearly twice as long as sixth, the hind
margin convex medianly, slightly concave laterally; eighth sternite
barely visible from side.

Male, labelled St. Vincent Island, H. H. Smith. Length 17 milli-
meters.

Female, labelled Balthazar, Windward Side, Grenada, W. I..
H. H. Smith. Length 18 millimeters.

The female from Grenada here described, with shorter pronotal
tubercles, and with elevations on the hind margins of tergites 4-6,
and other differences, may well be a species distinct from the true
angulata of St. Vincent. However, settlement of this question may
well await the availability of more material.

APPENDIX 1.

GHNOTYPES OF THE FABRICIAN GENERA.

Certain authors claim that Fabricius indicated types of various
hemipterous genera by repeating generic characters in the specific
descriptions of the so-called genotypes. Much is made also of the
fact that in most cases some of the phrases in these descriptions begin
with italicized words.

In examining these claims it will be well to state the historical
background of the case. Of the various early authors credited with
the selection of genotypes in Hemiptera, Latreille (Considerations
générales, etc., 1810) is the only one who asserts his definite inten-
tion (l’indication de V’espéce qui leur sert de type) and who consist-
ently names only a single species to a genus. Lamarck and Laporte
frequently.cite more than one species to a genus and are only credited
with fixing types when they happen to name just one illustration of
a genus. Now it is clear that using the term in the modern sense

94993—25——9

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

these last two authors were not selecting genotypes. Because of ex
post facto considerations we credit them with so doing when they
accidentally mention but one species for a genus, but essentially we
are putting a false construction on their work. Their system of
citing illustrations of genera was followed by much later authors
(as for instance Fieber, 1866) ; Stal who named more genera than
any other hemipterist described many of them without any species,
and never made a practice of naming genotypes; Reuter also still
later paid little or no attention to type designation. In fact conscious
selection of genotypes is a comparatively modern development in
taxonomy and it is only in the most recent catalogues that an effort
has been made to indicate definite type fixations for all the genera in
large groups of insects.

In the light of these facts what probability is there that Fabricius
in 1803 or earlier as in 1794 (as some authors claim) took action that
we can consider as genotype fixation? The answer is there is no
probability whatever that such was the case. Going further into
the matter it should be said in this connection that the works of
Fabricius have been viewed in an entirely different way than those
of the other early authors. The latter are credited with type fixa-
tion only when they chanced to name a single species as an illustra-
tion of a genus or in connection with the description of a new genus.
Fabricius had only one such instance in the Systema Rhyngotorum
(1803), but in numerous cases he gave a preponderantly structural
description of one of the species in a genus (not a repetition of the
generic characters as has been stated) and in most of these instances
he italicized the names of the different anatomical parts described.
The statistics in the matter are: 45 genera are recognized in the
Systema Rhyngotorum, of which 30 have species with special struc-
tural descriptions, and all but 2 of these have the italicized words.
If Fabricius had been intentionally indicating genotypes it is highly
probable he would have given all the genera uniform treatment; in-
stead of only two-thirds of them. Further light can be had by
tracing the matter back to the Entomologica Systematica (vol. 4,
1794). Kirkaldy finding some of the chiefly structural descriptions
of species in that work logically accepted them as being as good in-
dications of genotypes as those in the Systema Rhyngotorum. Other
hemipterists do not agree with him, but the so-called type fixations
in the earlier work stand or fall with those in the later, as they have
exactly the same basis. In both works the descriptions in ques-
tions are merely more structural than others (compare genus Mem-
bracis for instance), and neither work gives them for all the genera.
nor uniformly so far as italicization is concerned.

ArT, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 181

The four genotypes accepted by Kirkaldy from the earlier work
are here listed with comment on their treatment in the later.

1794 1803
1. Coreus scapha______ Given a much shorter though structural de-
scription.
2. Lygaeus valgus_____ The structural description is transferred to tene-
brosus,
3. Miris dolabratus___._ No species has a structural description.
4. Gerris lacustris_____ Species is transferred to Hydrometra retaining

the structural description.

Again we would repeat the question, Does this look like type fixa-
tion?, and again we answer, It does not. If Fabricius had been fixing
genotypes he would not have altered his choice from a certain species
in his earlier to ‘another in the later work (2); after selecting a type
in the former treatise he would not have left a genus entirely with-
out one in the latter (3); nor would he have attempted to make the
same species serve as type for two different genera (4).

It has been asserted that Fabricius somewhere has mentioned his
intention of selecting genotypes, and that Fallén says he did, etc. We
have examined the Philosophia Entomologica, 1778, and there is
nothing in it to indicate that Fabricius had any conception of geno-
types. He says nothing about selecting types in the Systema Rhyn-
gotorum so the requirements of the International Code of Nomen-
clature, that type fixation must be definite, are not met. What Fa-
bricius or any other author may have thought or said subsequent to
publication has no effect on nomenclatorial practice.

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
APPENDIX 2.
SUMMARY OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Genera seen.
¢ Described | Described New
Genus synonyms indented. species species A Total.
seerr. not seen. | SPectes.

Emesopsis Ubler 1893 — 3 - 90425-2222 1 ear 1
Empicoris Wolfh 18M oe ee ar Sh vahenn a4 4 12

Ploiariodes White 1881.

Ploiariola Reuter 1888.
Stenolemus Signoret 1858_-_-_----------- - 2 1 8 i

Phantasmatophanes Kirkaldy 1908.

Stenolemoides, new subgenus.
Deliastes, Dohtny 863220020 42-2 = 1 At ee 1 2
Panamialirkaldy 190% 52 eee 1 Re ae Sem tes e4 SIE LS Od Lee 5 1
Lutevopsis Champion 1898_-______------- 1 1 aes eee 2
Emesa Pabriciusal803 52 22 = = 2 4 5 11

Westermannia Dohrn 1860.

Westermannias Kirkaldy 1904.

Myiagreutes Bergroth 1911.

Phasmatocoris Breddin 1904.

Rothbergia, new subgenus.
Polauchenta mews Genser ee ee ee a ae 2 2
Plovarta Scopoli 1786. - 22s ieer | 8 6 | 14 28

Cerascopus Heineken 1830. | |

Emesodema Spinola 1840.

Luteva Dohrn 1860.

Ploiariopsis Champion 1898.
Gardenia -Dolrny! S602 e 2 2 eee 1 peeps have 11 12
Emesaya, new name to 5 628 se se 2 2 az 1

Emesa Authors.
Metanteras Costa 186022 Sets ee ADs ee ee 2 6

Barce Stal 1865.

Carambis Stal 1866.

Mantisoma lakovlev 1874. |
Ghilianella Spinola 1852______________-- 13 te 36 61

Ploeodonyx, new subgenus.

Lissonyx, new subgenus.

ARO GRE ee el he ele ae ae oe een 44 26 90 160
« Three a pointes also aeneribed: i iy
Genera not seen.
Described
Genus. species Total.
not seen.
Emeselia: Dohrn 186024 22 ee ee ee eee 3 3
Malacopius: Stal W862 5-2 = ee ee eee 1 1
Palacus DohrntS63 S20 oo ee | 2° 2
Total 2) sac. thee a or | 6 6

INDEX

Page numbers in boldface type indicate the principal account of the group concerned.
Generic names in parentheses are those of combinations not valid in the sense of this

paper.
Page
aberrans, Metapterus __--______ 84, 85, 86
SMUTIS VE MCkP a ee ee eee 77
HIMGSH Vale tee eee ee 17
aecrppinga, (Gardena =. = = 68, 69, 73
peace GCE LOLAT1S) eee en ee ee 23
albipennis; Ploiwria =. 51, 53, 60
aliens Ghilianelia == 22 2 96, 98, 106
alterata, Ghilianella ______ 95, 98, 107-108
alveola, Ghilianella _____.______ 96, 98, 104
americana, Gardena_____ 67, 69, 69-70, 74
amicula, Ghilianella ___-__ 95, 99, 127-128
analis) (umes). 22 oe - en 96
Ghiliane lias ees 96
angulata (Emesa) —-_--___ 99, 125, 126,128
Ghilianella_______ 93, 99, 128-129
annectens, Ghilianella__—__ 95, 99, 125-126
AMAT Gale CHINES A) ese ee ee ee 96
Ghilianelia 2 Sie ee 96
(Westermannia) __________ 38, 40
PAN Wats ermMesa— — = HS ee 40-41
AUNT EST USAT CC) ae ee 83, 88
Metapterus_____ 83, 85, 86, 88-89
apiculata, Ghilianella__________ 92,99, 111
approximata, Ghilianella__ 92, 94, 99, 117
aptera (Mantisoma rs 22. se ee 84
Me Tap tCLUS s2 a eee e 84
PlOUar a ee os 51, 53, 66
aracataca, Ghilianella___ 92,95, 99, 112-113
argentina (Ghilianella) _-__________ 96
ALIZONCHSISA ULC V A) a ee 26, 28
Stenolemus -. _______ 26, 28-29
armata ((Ploiariedes) ==— <———=-_ = 20
armatus, HMpilcoris! ——-- — = 16, 20-21
assa-nutrix, Ghilianella_____ 92, 94, 99, 114
atriclava, Ghilianella __________ 91, 99, 123
SUSELAIS eMIMCNA VA ee 79-80
PACHROGMAG Mee = we eee PA
FES SARIN Co Sy er re 5
DS ain Cpe ee 4,5, 11, 83, 84
Bane Vili ee ee ee 4
Danks MIMCSAYA =~ = = ae 76, 77-78
Danks (Barce) 22s ee ee 87
Metapteruss= 22. sa 85, 86, 87
parperl, Hmpicoris —-- 15, 16,19
(lois riodes) sae 19
bethei, Ghilianella _______-___-_ 94, 99, 112
biannulata, Polauchenia ___________ 47,48
bicaudata, Ghilianella _____ 96, 98, 101-102
Disping.Llowria=—— === = 51, 53, 59
brachmanni, Deliastes —--=-__=_ 34, 35

: Page

prasiliensis;(fimeésa)) 2222-22 97
Ghillanellaye == sae 97

Ibrevicoxa.| (lumesa) == ae ng
FOIMCS AY Qe eee 76, 77
brevipennis, Emesaya__~__~ 75, 76, 77, 78-81
(Plotaria) pees soos Se 75, 78

prunnes (barce) =) a ee 87
Metaptenis=-—— => =. 87

Pl Oia Tine a ee ee 52, 53, 54
bulbiferaiGhilianella= === —=_—-— 97
eaesonia, Gardena—- == -- === 68, 69, 70
ealifornica (Ploiariodes) ____----~- 17
ealiformmicnsiss: Clolariai== == 52
canadensis (Ploiariola) ______-__-- 18
canariensis (Cerascopus) ~----_---- 65
@arambis? £2 oe oa ee 83
earolina (Emesodema) —~_---------- 58
Ploiarias= == 51, 53, 58-59, 64
caspicar(Carambis)iz2222--25——-— = 83
@imeéss)) == ee 83
Metaptecus ==] == 83
cellularis Malacopus=-———=-——- == 11
@erascopus == 22 ee oe eee 4,5
chilensiss uteyopsis =——=— === 38
choctawana: GDmesa))) == oases Sea 78, 80
claviventris, Ghilianella _______ 91, 98, 109
eolona, Ghilianella 22 == 92, 99, 112
concolor (Luteva)) = —=———— === 48
erispina, Gardena —=-=-—-—-=— 68, 69, 70-71
cubensis, Palacus____-_____-____-_ = ot
culiciformis. (Cimex)) = ====" 25
Hm picorisa= 16, 23-24

cuneata, Ghilianella _______ 95, 99, 113-114
Deliastess- = == ee 9, 10, 12, 34-86
denticauda, Ploiaria____--___ 50, 53, 63-64
difficilis (Westermannia) __----_ 38, 46-47
@afinis; Mesa 2 = ee eee 45, 46
dolrni, Hmesellal== =a =e 11
domestica. Ploiaria, === —— = = 48
Ggomitia. (Gardenda=-.2—— = ae 68, 69, 71
Message ===! sos = 4, 7,10, 12, 38—47, 74, 75
PIM es ania os ee ee ee 4,5
Hmesaya, -- see ee 6, 10, 12, 74-83
IMeSell ay = oy eee eee 11
Mmesodema. 222 = === = e 48
WMeSODSIS 22 = ae eae 9,11, 12, 13
Hm picorisp 4,5, 9,10, 12, 13-25
errabunda(Plolaria) =~ 2 == = 24

CBloianiodes)) 22 ==s2--——— 23
errabundus, Empicoris ____-__

133

134 INDEX

‘ Page Page
erraticus (Gerris) 7 25:,||)- Mantisoma=>s—5 5 awe ee eee 84
Hugubinusi=) 22: Sis ee ee ae eee Sul mareia \Gardena sa eee 68, 69, 72
euryale:(Ploiariodes)==22-——--=- == 17 | marginata, Ploiaria ______ 48, 51, 53, 65-66
eutropia, Gardeng == ae 68, 69, 71 | marginatus (Cerascopus) ~___--____ 48, 65
fairmairei (Emesodema) —~__________ 52 | marmoratus, Emesa ___-________ 40, 41-42
faustina, Gardena________ 68, 69, 70, 78-74 | megalops (Ploiariopsis) ____________ 49, 52
filiventris; Ghilianella) ===) ee 90, | melinarthrum, Gardena ____________ 66
91, 94, 99, 128-124 | messalina, Gardena ____________ 68, 69, 72
filme (Hm esa) ) ee 30) (ool Metapteraria ee ee 4, 5, 6
floridanas(autey a) =e ee 59) Metapteris === ae 4, 5, 11, 13, 88-90
Ploiarias ieee es 51, 53,59 | mexicanus, Stenolemus ______ 27, 28, 32-83
fraterna®(Ploiaria pete ee ee eee 89 | minimula, Ghilianella__-_____ 93, 96, 98, 105
fraternus, Metapterus _______ 85;/86,/89—90) || minor," mesa eee 43
frogzgatti(bloisriola) ==— = == 17 | mirabilis, Ghilianella___ 91, 94, 99, 124-125
galapagensis, Ghilianella _______ 95, 98, 100 | modica, Emesaya ~_~_____-____=___ 76, 81
Gardena===20 22a. nee 4, 5, 6,10, 12, 66-74 | muiri (Phantasmatophanes)________ 25

gerstaeckeri (Emesa) —-__-_________ 9% | muscicapa, Lutevopsis=2=—= ==> 3}
. Ghilianella ee 97 |) Myiaerentes=s === = =e 40, 42-48
Ghilianella_______ 455, 6510; 31, 1390-129) | Myliophanés= === n= ee eee 5, 10, 39
gibbiventris, Ghilianella ___________ 9@ |) mebulosayhimesellay= == a a ee lal
glabrata, Ghilianella ______ 95, 99, 127, 128 | neglectus, Metapterus___________ 85, 86, 87
gladiator, Ghilianella _.________ 93, 99, 1125 | nubilus, Hmesopsis———_— 2 = a 13
globifera, Ghilianella _______ 91,98;:995 110) nudus;Empicoris) 222 16, 22
globulata, Ghilianella___ 92, 94, 99, 118-119 | occidentalis, Emesaya ~--_______ 78, 80-81
GOMES Ig = Sa ee A eS eee 5) || ormata(anteavopsis) i= ae ee 36, 37
granulata, Ghilianella 2-2 ee 97 ‘Panamigve so eee 36-37
Ploianiagas=-s-—= = 50, 538, 57-58 | orthoneuron, Empicoris —-____ 15, 16, 18-19
gundlachi"@uuteya )pe== eee 48) 6G" ‘Orthunga t=.) eee ee eee 4,5
Plioiarig=e essa 52, 53, 56 | pachitea, Ghilianella _._________ 92,99, 111
hirticormis: Plolaria.=— == 50;,50,,04—00: |PPalacusy = @Sns. eel eae 11, 34
(Bloiariopsis)== == G4, pallida ala cus eee eee 11
hirtipes|(Eloiariodes) hoo = 18 POIs Tidy = =e eee See ali
Stenolemus see 27, 28, 32 | pallidipennis, Stenolemus________ 27, 28, 80
fea Ghilianeliay= ee G2 599) iets | ai rn i ee 10, 12, 36-87
ignorata, Ghilianelia@) === 2-2 97,118 | parshleyi, Empicoris_________ 15, 16, 22-28
imbeciilac(Hmesa)e. = 97 (Ploecariola) === Ze,
Ghilianellayes=s se = =a 97 | paseoei, Ghilianella_____ 93, 96, 98, 106-107
MINIMNGEES) OM CR Gl ae eee eee 1s) patruclay Ghilianella == 92,99, 119
INCiSa eM eS Ay A ee ee 76, 78 | pendula, Ghilianella _______ 94, 99, 116-117
insidiatrix, Ghilianella__ 93, 95, 99, 126-127 | perigynium, Ghilianella _____ 92, 94, 99, 120
interstitialis, Stenolemus_____ 27, 28, 831-32 | perplexus, Stenolemus___-----~~ 27, 28, 33
Ischnohbdenava= = So ae ee 4,5 | persimilis, Ghilianella__ 93, 95, 98, 103-104
ISchnonyCtes m= = ee ee 4,6,11 | personata, Ghilianella__ 93, 95, 98, 108-109
Leistanchariavs=—= se) == see ae 4,5 | peruviana, Ghilianella _________ 95, 99, 125
linearis, Metapterus=— = >= ee 83 | perversa, Ghilianella __________ 96, 98, 110
lineata, smomesaya oo. ee ee (6; 0, 5. |) Phantasmatophanes—— = —-- == 25
LiSsOny xo so. ea eee Gr 199 128-129 1 ehasme tocor sae eee 40, 44
longimanus, Lutevopsis _________-__ $4—88'4||) DiaiCHMESa)) ee ee ee 78, 80
LON aA DeSh( Cim ex) ye (ie fS.50) || spLliconnis; elolatia =a. eee 51, 538, 61
(EMESaNh ee ee ee BO ski tay) SOTLOS Sa Gea] OC Au] st) eee ere ee 18
INIMe Saya) See ee ee eres ia lispilosus; Hmpicoris==] =] =e ae 18
(Zelts) ta eee Soh I) Dipara,Gardendee = ae 68, 69, 72-73
longula, Ghilianella ___________ $6.98) 104 | Plocarias eS ee 5, 49
Tteya: = ieee <a eee 4705 LONAS OOS OS | isl OCA TIO CLCS ieee eee ee 14
hutevopsisy. === eee NO 2S —s Si LOCA Tl eee eee 14
macrophthalma (Luteva) ________ ae Spi Vy p< Ge ee 6, 99, 126-128
Plolaria == —— 52,00, 05-04 || Ploiaria ====2" ee == 4,5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 48-66
macrophthalmus (Luteva) _________ 45.05.) | PelOIs Tari dee a ee of
maculata, Ghilianella__________ 93798, LOS || Heloy anti sy Cese = ee eee 2,5
CPIGIA Tia) hee ee 252 Oo; tobe | ME LOLS OC OR a ete ea ee 10, 18, 14
Malecopusi. ee ee ee 4011 | Ploianolaes ee 5,14
manni, Dmesaya = -- ee 16.89" || elOlaTiOpS Sp ee 49
mansueta (Ploiariola) __-___________ 20, 2109) Lolavchenia==——]— == 10, 12, 47-48
Mantis, WMesda= ea 38, 39, 40, 41, 74 | pollex, Emesaya —~--_-—__-___ 76, 77, 82-83
(Gerris)\) ee ee 41 | poppaea, Gardéna_ == ——- 22 68, 69, 74
(Westermannia) —-=-2 22-2 4}) praecatorius (Gerris)j-=—= 39

INDEX 135
Page Page
mraecellens,Wimesa === a 42-43 | spectrum, Emesa__________________ 44
(Miviserentes)) ==—=— = 42 (GBhasmatocoris) === 44
praedator (Ploiariopsis) __--------- 49,52 | spiniger, Stenolemus____________ 27, 28, 88
precatoria, Hmesaya——___---_____-.- 82 | spiniventris, Stenolemus ___________ 25,28
precatorius (Emesa) —-------_+- 38739) 82) | spinolae, Ghilianella= = =eeee sooo 97
pristinus, Stenolemus____~~~~_ 26s 28029-80i | mSLenolaemaria soe ee 5
productilis, Ghilianella__ 93, 96, 98, 102-108 | Stenolaemus —~______~--_--____-~__ 5, 25
protentor, Polauchenia_-__-------__ 47 4.8 Len OLeMO) Ces ae ee ee 26, 28-29
punctipes: Eloiaria =——=——-=——=—— HioSsG2y | sLeDOleMuUs =—— = == 4, 7, 10, 12, 25-88
DyLallisvGardeng. =2 =) 68, 69, 78 | stipitata, Ghilianella __________ 94, 99, 116
MADAXeMOMesa = see ee ee 44, 45-46 | Stramineipes, Deliastes ____________ 34, 36
recondita, Ghilianella___ 92, 94, 99, 119-120 | strigata, Ghilianella --_______-_ 92,99, 121
reticulata, Ploiaria___________/_ 50, 53, 63 | Subglobulata, Ghilianella___ 94, 99, 121-122
(Ploiariopsis) _...-._--_ 63 | Subparallelus, Empicoris ___--~_~ 16, 21-22
reticulatus, Deliastes ______________ 34, 35 succincta, Ghilianella__________ 96, 98, 105
Empicoris __________ 15, 16, 20 tenerrima (Westermannia) _________ 38, 46
Rrothbersin eat token a eeh jn Eas 40, 44-46 | testaceus, Emesa --------__---_-___ 44, 45
rubromaculata (Ploiariodes) ~~_-__~- 16 | texana, Ploiaria_---------__-_-____ pee
rubromaculatus, Empicoris —_____ 15, 16-17 | Tinma ---~-----------_-------_--- 4,5
rufoannulata (Luteva)---____-_____ 57 | truncata, Ghilianella ~----~_-__ 95, 99, 126
Eine ee 52, 53, 57 tuberculata (Ploiariodes) ________~-~- 24, 25
Saicinae__-__-_- 205 uber} ee EP Oa, Pee ee ae 85 86 ee
Rowena an cep RR age. : etapterus mes 85 86—
SERGE Ee Oo Somos oy nmbrarim Selo ria sae ae 51, 53, 60
i Recnorcmans Omani an Cr RADY uncinata, Ghilianella__________ 92, 99, 122
semipallida, Ghilianella ek LOS es 95, 98, 100 uniseriatas Plolarin a8 Men 51, 53, 61-62
setulifera, Ploiaria=—=-——___ 52, 53, 55-56 yasabundnm ache) aaseet ios ie 14,17
Sicariajbloliariaeen a= = 52, 53, 55 Hunpicoriqeenl mate 16, 17-18
signata, Ghilianella eS 94, 99, 120-121 CPST eae 13
signoreti (Emesa) SSCS SSS SSeS 97 | variatus, Stenolemus __________ 27, 28, 81
Ghilianella_-__~_----__--- 97 varicornis (hmess)) 2) oo 101
similata, Ghilianella___________ 94, 99, 116 Ghillie anaes 96, 98, 101
similis, Ploiaria_-__---____-____ 51, 53, 62 | varipennis, Ploiaria _________ 52, 53, 56-57
simillima, Ghilianella__________ 93,95) L.02i" Westermannia= 222222 e ee oe ae 10, 38
simplicipes (Emesodema) __________ 88") Westermannias -= = 38, 75
Metapterds 22) = seas a SSalienchitei@eloiariodes) a= ane 14
sonoraensis (Plotariopsis)__________ 52 | winnemana, Empicoris -_________ 16, 19-20

PLATE 1.

Fic. 1. Emesopsis nubila, fore wing, 3 mm.”

2. Empicoris rubromaculatus, apex of abdomen of male from below. 0.25
mm.

3. Empicoris vagabundus, apex of fore wing. 2.25 mm.

4. Empicoris orthoneuron, fore wing, markings omitted. Apical notch
possibly too pronounced. 2.75 mm.

5. Empicoris orthoneuron, male hypopygium from below. 0.2 mm.

6. Empicoris winnemana, apex of fore wing. 2 mm.

7. Hmpicoris winnemana, cross-veins of hind wing. 1 mm.

8. Hmpicoris armatus, apex of abdomen of male from below. 0.25 mm.

9. Empicoris culiciformis, same from side. 0.25 mm.

0. Empicoris culiciformis, hind wing. 2.75 mm.

11. Empicoris errabundus, fore wing. 3 mm.

12. Empicoris errabundus, apex of abdomen of male from below. 0.25 mm.

13. Empicoris errabundus, fore tibia and tarsus. 1 mm.

14. Stenolemus arizonensis, fore wing. 7 mm.

15. Stenolemus arizonensis, hind wing. 5.5 mm.

16. Stenolemus arizonensis, apex of abdomen of male from side. 0.75 mm.

17. Stenolemus pristinus, fore leg. Femur 1.8 mm.
S—Stigma ; B—Basal discal cell; D—Discal cell.

2 Since the scale of the drawings varies, length in mm. is given in each case for the
object shown or some definite part thereof.

136

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. | PL. 1

1S 16

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF EMESOPSIS, EMPICORIS, AND STENOLEMUS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 136

94993==25——— 110) 137

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, WAVES (fq “Naito {] ris

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF STENOLEMUS AND MY!tOPHANES

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 139

138

IME Ibs}
19.

20.
Palle

“_.
24.
25.
26.
20.
28.
29.
30.

Stenolemus

antenna,
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus
Stenolemus

antenna,
Stenolemus
Stenolemus

Myiophanes tipulina, fore wing.

PAE, 2.

53.5 mim.
Length without

arizonensis, fore tibia and tarsus.
pallidipennis, profile of head and thorax.
head to end of pronotum 3 min.
pallidipennis, fore leg. Femur 2 mim.

pallidipennis, fore wing. 7.5 min.
pallidipennis, hind wing. 5.75 min.
schwarzi, fore wing. 7 mm.

variatus, basal discal cell of fore wing. 1 mm.
interstitialis, same. 1 mim.

hirtipes, fore wing. T mim.

hirtipes, fore tibia and tarsus. 2 mm.
mericanus, basal discal cell of fore wing.
Spiniger, fore wing. 6.5 mim.

spiniger, profile of head and thorax,
head to end of pronotum. 3.5 mm.
spiniger, thoracic spines in profile.
0.75 mim.

13 mm.

2 MIM:
Length without

0.75 mm,
perplerzus, same.

139

PUATH oo:

Irig. 384. Deliastes reticulatus, fore wing. 6.75 min.
55. Deliastes reticulatus, apex of male abdomen from behind. 1 mm.
36. Deliastes reticulatus, apex of abdomen of female from behind. 1 mm.
7. Deliastes stramineipes, process of hypopygium of male from behind.
0.2 mm.
38. Panamia ornata, fore wing. 4.75 mm.
9. Panamia ornata, head from above. 0.5 mm.
40. Panamia ornata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 0.5 min.
41. Panamia ornata, same from behind. 0.3 mm.
42. Panamia ornata, hind wing. 4.5 mm.
43. Lutevopsis longimanus, fore wing. 5.5 mm.
44. Lutevopsis longimanus, head from above. 1.1 mm,
45.7 Hinesa annulatus, fore wing.
46.7 Bmesa mantis, same.
47. EPmesa marmoratus, same. 8S mm.
48.7% Hmesa annulatus, apex of abdomen of female from side.
49.% Hmesa annulatus, same from behind.
50.7° Hmesa mantis, apex of abdomen of female from side.
51.7% Hmesa mantis, same, from behind.
52." Hmesa mantis, head and anterior part of prothorax from above.
53. Hmesa marmoratus, hind wing. 7.5 mm.

2 Figs. 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, from sketches by W. E. China.
140

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. | PL. 3

52
S|

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF DELIASTES, PANAMIA, LUTEVOPSIS, AND EMESA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 140

141

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. | PL. 4

68 69
STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF EMESA, POLAUCHENIA, AND PLOIARIA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 143

142

PLATE 4.

54. Hiesa praecellens, fore wing. 10.5 mm.

55. Hmesa praecellens, hind wing. 9 mm.

56. Emesa spectrum, apex of abdomen of male from side. From type;
not measured.

57. Emesa rapar, prothorax from side. 2.75 min.

58. Emesa rapax, basal discal cell of fore wing. 2.5 mm.

59. Emesa testaceus, same. 1.9 mm.

60. Emesa diffinis, same. 1.5 mm.

61. Emesa diffinis, prothorax from side. 1.5 mm.

62. Emesa? difficilis?, fore wing, from sketch by W. E. China.

63. Polauchenia protentor, head and prothorax in profile. 6.75 mm.

64. Polauchenia protentor, fore femur. 4.5 mm.

64a. Polauchenia protentor, fore tarsus. 1.1 mm.

65. Polauchenia protentor, fore wing, markings omitted. 6 mm.

66. Polauchenia biannulata, fore wing. 10 mm.

67. Ploiaria macrophthalma, head from above. 1 mm.

68. Ploiaria macrophthalma, apex of discal cell of fore wing. 1.5 mm.

69. Ploiaria brunnea, head from above. 0.75 mm.

70. Ploiaria sicaria, right clasper of male hypopygium. 0.2 mm.

71. Ploiaria setulifera, fore wing. 5.5 mm.

145

PEATE Oo:

Fig. 72. Ploiaria gundlachi, head from above. 0.8 mm.
73. Ploiaria varipennis, fore wing, Markings omitted. T mm.

74. Ploiaria varipeniis, fore leg. Femur 3.2 mm.
75. Ploiaria carolina, hypopygium male, hind margin. 0.838 mm. wide.

76. Ploiaria floridana, same. 0.8 mm. wide.

77. Ploiaria bispina, same. 0.25 mm. wide.

78. Ploiaria pilicornis, head from above. 0.66 mm.

79. Ploiaria pilicornis, male hypopygium, hind margin. 0.2 mm.
80. Ploiaria uniseriata, fore leg. Trochanter plus femur, 1 mm.

81. Ploiaria uniseriata, discal cell of fore wing. 1 mm.
82. Ploiaria punctipes, same. 1.2 mm.

3. Ploiaria punctipes, hind wing. 3.5 mm.
84. Ploiaria similis, fore wing. 5.9 mm.
85. Ploiaria denticauda, head from above. 0.66 mm.
86. Ploiaria denticauda, apex of abdomen of male from above, 0.66 mm.
87. Ploiaria denticauda, male hypopygium, hind margin, 0.2 mm.

88. Ploiaria denticauda, apical tergite of female. 0.538 mm. wide.
89. Ploiaria denticauda, fore wing. 4.25 mm.
90. Ploiaria hirticornis, apical tergite of female. 0.83 mm. wide.
91. Ploiaria hirticornis, male hypopygium, hind margin. 0.25 mm. wide.
92. Ploiaria hirticornis, apical tergite of male. 0.25 mm. wide.
98. Ploiaria marginata, male hypopygium. 0.6 mm.
94, Gardena americana, fore wing. S mm.
95. Gardena americana, for tibia and tarsus. 3.75 mm.

96. Gardena americana, hypopygium of male, hind margin, 0.75 min.
97. Gardena americana, apex of abdomen of male from above. 1.25 mm.
98. Gardena crispina, male hypopygium, hind margin. 0.66 mi.

99. Gardena eutropia, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.2 mm.
100. Gardena marcia, same. 0.15 mm.
101. Gardena pipara, same. 0.15 mm.
102. Gardena faustina, male hypopygium, hind margin. 0.75 mm.
103. Gardena faustina, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.1 mm.
104. Gardena poppaea, male hypopygium, bind margin. 0.75 mm.
105. Gardena domitia, same. 0.8 mm.

106. Gardena domitia, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.1 mm.
107. Gardena messalina, apex of abdomen of female from below, 0.66 1m.

144

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. | PL. 5

7 |

Pod as 2s
CFUFT As

97 Hos ‘oo 101

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF PLOIARIA AND GARDENA

145

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. | PL. 6

\
\

oe
/

/ |

ie a neg \.f\
Ya ce oe 134
I3a Ne

ae,

(Cage 132 13Ic 135
126 130

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF GARDENA AND EMESAYA
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 146

146

PLATE 6.

108. Gardena erispina, apex of abdomen of male from above. 1.25 min.

109. Gardena domitia, same. 2 mm.

110. Gardena domitia, apex of abdomen of female from below. 0.55 mim.

111. Gardena eutropia, apex of abdomen of male from aboye. 2 mm.

112. Gardena marcia, same. 0.5 mm.

113. Gardena caesonia, apex of abdomen of female from below. 0.75 mm.

114. Gardena poppszea, apex of abdemen of male from above. 1.25 mm.

115. Gardena faustina, same. 1.25 min.

116. Emesaya banksi, apex of abdomen of female from above. 1.1 mm.

117. Emesaya banksi, same from side. 1 mm.

118. Emesaya incisa, apex of abdomen of male from below. 0.5 mim.

119. Emesaya incisa, same from side. 1.25 mm.

120. Emesaya incisa, hypopygial clasper of male from above. 0.66 min.

121. Emesaya brevipennis, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2.2 mim.

121a. Emesaya brevipennis, same from below. 0.75 mm. wide.

122. Emesaya brevipennis, hypopygial clasper of male from above. 0.5
mm.

123. Emesaya brevipennis, apex of apical tergite of female. 0.6 mm. wide.

124. Emesaya brevipennis, apex of abdomen of female from side. 1.25
mm.

125. Emesaya brevipennis, egg. 2.1 mm.

126. Emesaya brevipennis, occidentalis, apex of abdomen of female from
above. 1.1 mm.

127. Hmesaya lineata, same. 0.66 mm.

128. Emesaya modica, same from side. 0.5 mm.

129. Emesaya modica, same from above. 0.5 min.

130. Emesaya apiculata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.6 mm.

131. Emesaya apiculata, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.5 mim.

13la. Hmesaya apiculata, apex of abdomen of female from above. 0.8
mm.

181b." Hmesaya precatoria, male from above.

131¢." Emesaya precatoria, male hypopygial process from behind.

132. Emesaya apiculata, apex of abdomen of female from side. 0.8 mm.

132a. Emesaya pollex, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.25 mim.

133. Emesaya pollex, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.2. min.

134. Emesaya poller, apex of abdomen of female from side. 1 mm.

135. Emesaya poller, apex of last tergite of same from above. 0.2 mm.

136. Emesaya brevipennis, fore tibia and tarsus. 4 mm.

137. Hmesaya brevipennis, fore wing. 10.5 mm.

138. Emesaya brevipennis, hind wing. 10mm.

2 From sketches supplied by William Lundbeck.

147

Fie. 139.

140.
141.

142.
143.
144.
145,
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.

152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.

158.

159.
160.
161.
162.
163.

164.

PvArE)

Metapterus fraterna, head from side. 1.25 mm.
Tschnonyctes, species, head and prothorax in profile. 2.8 mm.

Metapterus

fraternus, section of fore tarsus showing ventral arma-

ture. 0.33 mm.

Metapterus
Metapterus

fraternus, fore wing. 6.5 min.
fraternus, hind wing. 6 mm.

Tschnonyctes, species, fore leg except coxa. Femur 3 mm.

Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus

annulipes, fore tibia and tarsus. 1.9 mm.

uhleri, fore leg except coxa. Femur 1.8 mm.

aberrans, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1 mm.
uwhleri, apical tergite of female from above. 0.6 mm.
uhleri, apex of abdomen of female from below. 1.2 mm.
uhleri, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1 mm.
uhleri, hypopygial hook and apices of claspers of male

from rear, 0.2 mm.

Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
wide.
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus
Metapterus

148

neglectus, male hypopygium from behind. 0.7 mm.
neglectus, hypopygial hook from side. 0.2 mm,
neglectus, apical tergite of female from above. 0.9 mm.
banksii, male hypopygium from behind. 0.7 mm.
annulipes, apex of abdomen of female from below. 1 mm.
annulipes, apex of male abdomen from side. 2 mm.
annulipes, hypopygial hook of male from behind. 0.15 mm.

annulipes, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.6 mm.
fraternus, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.8 mm.
fraternus, hypopygium of male from behind. 0.8 mm.
fraternus, apical tergite of female from above. 0.8 mm.
fraternus, egg. 1 mm.

fraternus, same, cross section. 0.38 mm.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. | PL. 7

162 150

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF METAPTERUS AND ISCHNONYCTES

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 148

149

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. | Pl. 8

165 71

'7o

178

| . 7 va at aes ee 182
| woe BSS
| \ i fy | = ic

/ \,' U | , eal |

1384

183 179

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF GHILIANELLA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 151

150

tic. 165,
166.

167.
16s.
169.
170.
alfrale
172.

Ghilianella,
Ghilianella,
About 0.5 mi.

ture.
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella

0.5 mm.
Ghilianella
Ghilianella

Ghilianella pascoci, apex of abdomen of male from side.

Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Die gaabaals
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
4.75 mm.
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella
Ghilianella

PLATE 8S.

Head in profile. About 2 min.
Section of fore tarsus showing ventral

species.
species. arma-
galapagensis, fore leg except coxa. Femur 5.6 mm.
galapagensis, section of fore femur. About 0.2 mm.
bicaudata, apex of abdomen of female from above. 5.2 mm.

persimilis, apical tergite of male from above. 2.5 mim.

persinvilis, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2 mm.
persimilis, apex ot abdomen of female from behind.
longula, same. 1 mm.

alveola, same. 1m.

125) mS
pascoci, apex of abdomen of female from side.
personata, apex of abdomen of male from side.
perversa, apex of abdomen of female from side.
perversa, same from behind. 1.25 mm.
apiculata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2.

+ mm.
2 mm.
3.9 mm.

lm.
pachitea, same. 1.8 mim.

aracatacd, same. 3 mm.

aracataca, apex of abdomen of female from behind.
aracataca, same from side. 2.25 mm.

maculata, fore leg except coxa. Femur 6.2. mm.
maculata, section of fore femur. 0.5 mm

assad-nutriy, apex of abdomen ot male from side.

gladiator, apex of abdomen of male from side. 3

mm.
gladiator, egg. 1.6 mm.

gladiator, same, cap. 0.2 mm.

stipititata, abdomen of female from below. 6 mm.

Siuvilata, same. 4.75 mm.

HG:

194.
195.
196.

LOG:
198.

1D:
200.
201.
202.
203.

204.

205.

206.
207.
208.

209.

210.
A

212.

218.

214.
215.
216.
217.

PLATE 9.

Ghilianella globulata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 3.25 mm.

Ghilianella patruela, same. 38 mm.

Ghilianella recondita, same. 1.9 mm.

Ghilianella recondita, apical portion of abdomen of female from
above. 6 mm.

Ghilianella perigynium, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.5 mm.

Ghilianella signata, apex of abdomen of female from behind.
1.25 mm.

Ghilianella strigata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2.25 mm.

Ghilianella uwncinata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2.5 mm.

Ghilianella filiventris, abdomen of male from above. 10 mi.

Ghilianella filiventris, apex of same from side. 38.5 min.

Ghilianella filiventris, fore leg except coxa. Femur 5.5 mm.

Ghilianella filiventris, section of fore femur. 0.7 mm.

Ghilianella mirabilis, apex of abdomen of male from side. 6 mm.
long, 5 mm. high.

Ghilianella mirabilis, same from behind. 5 mm. across points.

Ghilianella mirabilis, apical tergite of male from above. 0.8 mm.

Ghilianella mirabilis, apex of abdomen of female from side. 6 mm.

Ghilianella mirabilis, same from behind. 1 mm.

Ghilianella annectens, apex of abdomen of female from aboye. 6 mm.

Ghilianella annectens, same from side. 1.5 mm. high.

Ghilianella annectens, section of fore femur in front of basal spine.
1 mm.

Ghilianella, truncata, apex of abdomen of female from side. 1.25
mm. high.

Ghilianella truncata, same from behind. 1.25 mm. high.

Ghilianella insidiatria, fore leg except coxa. Femur 7 min.

Ghilianella insidiatriz, section of fore femur. 1 mm.

Ghilianella angulata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2 mm.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. | PL. 9

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF GHILIANELLA

FOR EXPLANATION OF. PLATE SEE PAGE 152

94993—25——_11 153

NOTES ON THE METEORIC STONE OF COLBY, WIS-
CONSIN

By Grorcre P. Merrit

Head Curator of Geology, United States National Museum

The stone described below was made the subject of a preliminary
description? shortly after its fall by Prof. H. L. Ward, then direc-
tor of the Public Museum of Milwaukee. Other data than those
given were subsequently secured by Mr. Ward and an informal
agreement entered into by which a joint descriptive paper was to be
prepared by Mr. Ward and the present writer. Ill health and busi-
ness matters on the part of the first named prevented the carrying
out of this agreement and the matter has lain dormant—indeed was
forgotten—until recently found while clearing up matters relating
to my recent investigations under a grant from the National Aca-
demy of Sciences. As in the meantime the stone has been widely
circulated, it would seem advisable to publish so much of the matter
as pertains to my own studies, together with that which is essential
from the first publication of Professor Ward.

The fall took place about 6.20 in the afternoon, July 4, 1917, with-
in the corporate limits of Colby, Clark County, Wis. According to
Professor Ward’s original paper
two pieces fell, the smaller about one half mile NNE, from the other. The
larger stone (said to weigh 150 pounds) fell in a pasture, striking a granite
rock, at least 2 inches in thickness, lying upon or near the surface, breaking
this rock into many fragments and itself breaking into 27 or more pieces. The
larger mass, weighing 22%, pounds, penetrated the stiff Colby clay to a depth
of 5 feet. Some of the smaller pieces are said to have distributed themselves
in the soil to the extent of about 4 feet.

The smaller stone fell in a cultivated field without breaking and is said to
have penetrated the soil about 2 feet. This stone is variously described as
about 10 by 14 by 3 or 4 inches, 17 or 18 inches by 9 by 9 inches and 21 by 11
by 11 inches at larger end, sloping in two directions to a wedge shape with
rounded corners. This piece was said to be entirely covered with crust and
to have weighed from 15 to 85 pounds.

The man who extracted it from the earth informs me that it was so cold
that frost immediately formed on its surface when exposed to the air.

1 Science, vol. 46, Sept. 14, 1917.

No. 2574.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 2.

22245—25 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Of the 75 or 85 pounds of material mentioned above, two pieces
weighing, respectively, 1,686 and 1,956 grams, were received at the
United States National Museum, and it is upon these that the fol-
lowing descriptive matter is based.

Macroscopically the stone is of a fine compact. texture, sufficiently
firm to take a polish, showing on a sawn surface an abundant
sprinkling of small white and gray chondrules in part breaking
with the matrix and but little metal, though it must be confessed
that there is apparently more than indicated in the analysis quoted
below. There are a number of sharp black veins along which a slight
movement has taken place, producing slicken-sided or hornischfldche
surfaces. They are plainly fractures due to crushing or some sudden
shock, and not true veins.

Microscopic examination shows the silicate portion of the stone
(91.415 per cent) to consist of olivine and enstatite, with small
amounts of a maskelynite and more rarely the calcium phosphate
merrillite. (See pl.1.) There are also small black granules, assumed
to be chromite. Troilite is rather abundant. An analysis made by
Dr. J. E. Whitfield for the Milwaukee Museum, which I am per-
mitted to use here, yielded:

Mineral: spottione+=. 5244. sizeret si oie Ae a eh ane 91. 415
Metallic DOrtioncl: tees eae Be ee ee | 0. 995
Tronenicke li call oye ee re ee ne i

ET ORATE' (NCS) a eS a 7. 590

100. 000

Composition of the m‘neral portion:

Silica, i.CSiOs) 22225 sae ee et Pe eee 45. 280
ATuming: “CAIs Os) 22 = es ee ee 3. 103
Chromicacid? (Cr:O3) Sa es a ee ere
Phosphoric acidk (¢P30;))22 a eee AE at 0. 284
Merrous FONE? ( WEO Ne. seek gee See ee eee 16. 484)
Manganese ‘oxide™-@GMn@) (2 2 bars Abe ae cae hs eee 0. 500
Caleram! *oxide"( CaO) 22 eee ee eee none
Malemesitimy oxide svi!) as tee ee a eee ee ee ee eee 52. 166
Nickel oxide: ‘CNiO)i222 2... ee See eee 0. 231
Cobalt oxide".(CoO)) 2-2 ee SS ee ee eee 0. 028
Soda-( Nas): 2 oe ee ee ee ee ee eee 1. 218
Potash (CREO) Le ae ae EE oe eee ee 0. 158

99. 999

The composition of the metal alloy obtained: by analysis of 0.4400
prams separated from accompanying troilite is as follows:

Per cent
MPON St os ad eee 0. 4025=91. 4777
INIGIGL: & aa 3 he eS See eee 0. 0338= T. 682

Cobalt 22222-5522) ee 0. 0037= 0. 841

arr. 2 COLBY, WISCONSIN, METEORIC STONE—MERRILL 3

Recalculated, this gave the following totals:

Si @ penis ee ee ee ee ES 41.39
NEL = a ee 2. 83
Cr phe ee ee es Se See 0. 50
1 0 | es ae ey, I 0. 25
HeOe sass) ee 3 15. 06
BFS gga |Scnte anton
IM? 0 eee ee ae ee 29. 40
INT (0) es Se Se et eS 0. 21
COMES ew et a Se ae ee a 0. 02
INV is Ss sai ee ae es Se 1 ala
KG @ site eae ee eee ae 0. 14
Hess Se Se ee ee 0. 90
Nios es Ae a ee 0. 07 ;Metallic portion.
COM aes Beamer ae oo eee Eee 0. 02
{ea
99. 94

Two features of the fall of this stone, as reported, are of unusual
interest. (1,) The force of impact which was such as to fracture a
piece of granite two inches in thickness and to penetrate the stiff
clay—probably ground moraine—to a depth of five feet, and (2,) the
temperature, which was so low that frost formed immediately upon
its surface. In this respect the fall resembles that of Dhurmsala.

The statement made by Professor Ward that the stone was an
achondrite is obviously an error, due either to a superficial examina-
tion or perhaps a typographical error. According to the prevailing
method it should be classed as an intermediate chondrite.

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2 PL.

METEORIC STONE FROM COLBY, WISCONSIN

FOR REFERENCE TO PLATE SEE PAGE 2

STUDIES ON THE LARVAE OF CRABS OF THE FAMILY
XANTHIDAE?

By O. W. Hyman
Of the College of Medicine, University of Tennessee

The larval stages of the Xanthidae are better known than those
of any other family of the Brachyura. This doubtless is due to the
fact that the adults habitually are found in shallow water near
the shore and usually are very abundant. Ovigerous females may
be taken without trouble, and thus the early zoeal stages may be
known with certainty.

The family is well represented at Beaufort, N. C., and the writer
is able to incorporate in these pages descriptions of the larvae of
five genera based upon material collected there. Most of the known
Xanthid larvae hatch with the prezoeal cuticle still intact. This
is shed, however, within a few minutes. The first zoeal stage is
characterized by the presence of dorsal, lateral, and rostral spines
on the carapace and usually long and Hen antennae.

The known zoeas of the family are separable into two groups.
Those of Panopeus and Xantho have extremely minute exopodites
on the antennae. Those of the remaining genera so far known have
a well-developed exopodite. When arranged in a series, the zoea
of Panopeus is found to be most highly specialized, while that of
Pilummnus is least so.

The author is greatly indebted to Drs. Mary J. Rathbun and
Waldo L. Schmitt of the United States National Museum for their
generous aid in preparing the material of this paper for the press.
The indebtedness of the author is also acknowledged to the United
States Bureau of Fisheries for the use of the facilities of its Beau-
fort, N. C., station. The director, Mr. Charles Hatsel, has been of
great assistance in collecting the material presented here

1This is the third of a series of studies on the larval stages of crabs. The first,
Studies on larvae of crabs of the Family Pinnotheridae was published in the Proceedings
ot the U. S. National Museum (vol. 64, art. 7, pp. 1-9, pls. 1-6), and the second, Studies
upon larvae of crabs of the Family Grapsidae, in the same serial, vol. 65, art. 10, pp. 1-8,
pis. 1-2. <A further study on the Development of Gelasimus [Uca] after hatching, is
cited in the accompanying bibliography.

No. 2575.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 3
22246—25, if 1

ys PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

KEY TO KNOWN ZOEAS

a2 Exopodite of antenna minute.
b.2 Distal third of antenna smooth____-________ Neopanope texana sayi.
db. Distal third of antenna hairy.
c. Antennule bearing pigment spot distally.
Eurypanopeus depressus.
c. Antennule without pigment.
d2 Third maxilliped distally bifurcated___._______ Xantho.
d.’ Third maxilliped not distally bifurcated.

Panopeus herbstii.
a.’ Exopodite of antenna a distinct segment.

Oa Antennaslongers Chamenostrall Spom cee eee en Pilumnus.
vb. Antenna shorter than rostral spine.
Ca Lip of cOstral (spine ph adr ya eee oe ae eee Trapezia.

c2 Tip of rostral spine smooth.
d. Antenna one-half as long as rostral spine

Menippe mercenaria.
d.? Antenna two-thirds as long as rostral spine.

Eriphia spinifrons.
PIGMENTATION
Although the pigmentation of the zoeas of each species is a con-
stant feature and is often of diagnostic value, the older papers do
not describe it except in the most general terms. The following
table is based upon the material collected at Beaufort. The pig-
ment color varies from black to brown.

Table showing position of chromatophores of zoeas

Neopa- | Eurypa- Herapa- .
nope nopeus |Penopeus nopeus | Menippe
SANILSLION TOSUTa ee eee ee ee ee ee eee + + ok 4+ +
nterorbital ss see Fe eee + + + + +
SupracarGiac. hate 25 See FE eee eee eee eee + + 4- + +
Worsal'carapace'spine = aoe ee ee ee oe oe Ne ee a ee ee oo
Lateral to first abdominal segment_____-------------- |e | ee | ee ee
‘Postero-ventual lobe. ee eee + + “+ ob oh
Bl O7E=)) 0) 000 Ye ee | PP ee (ee ee (Sa ee +
Wamdible:: #2023 eee Re ts ae ee ese ++ + ++ + +
PATICCTITIUELO eee CEA SS RN ee aN ee lene een Mamet (Se, Sears cay (ne emcee, |e et
Sternals=-) 5055 oe ee a ee eee + a + oe +
Paselicfiantenna ss 28 See. RAE Fa i ee Dee Oe ean ea as eee ae +
Basipodite first maxilliped____-.------ ++ ++ + s- +
Basipodite second maxilliped - -_--_---- ++ ++ ok ++ +
Dorso-lateral first abdominal segment_ : + + + oo +
Wentralifirs tabdominalisegment 22 S21 Ae) eee eo eee ee on noe ea ee ee ee ee
Ventro-lateral second abdominal segment__-___-__-_-- + + + a +
Ventro-lateral third abdominal segment___-_.______-_- -b + + Se +
Ventro-lateral fourth abdominal segment----_-___--- + + + + ff
Ventro-lateral fifth abdominal segment----______--_-- + + + fe of
Melson! 22.2205 325k sos Sage ee so ee ee ee + + + + +
METAMORPHOSIS

The complete larval history of Veopanope has been described
while a nearly complete description has been given for Xantho,
Pilumnus, and Eriphia. Only the prezoeal and first zoeal forms
are known for the other genera.

ART, 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—-HYMAN 84

In Neopanope the prezoea is followed by four zoeal stages and
at least two megalops stages. The juvenile history of the crab
stages has not been reported.

NEOPANOPE TEXANA SAYi (Smith)
Plate 1, figs. 1, 3, 7, 11, 18, 17; plate 2, figs. 23, 27, 31; plates 3-8

The larval history of this species has been reported very fully
by Birge. The writer has checked over the development on mate-
rial secured at Beaufort, where the species is abundant. The follow-
ing description varies from that of Birge in a number of details.

PREZOEA (fig. 1)

The larva hatches with the embryonic cuticle still intact. It is
generally sluggish at first but becomes more active and—under
laboratory conditions—sheds the cuticle in a few hours.

Cephalothorax.—The cuticle covering the cephalothorax is smooth
and without processes, but the processes of the first zoeal stage
may be seen folded beneath it. The dorsal spine is bent forward.
It is telescoped upon itself and is quite wrinkled. The lateral spines
are quite difficult to see but are present, folded against the side of
the body. The rostral spine is wrinkled and telescoped like the
dorsal spine. It is folded posteriorly and ventrally, lying between
the bases of the appendages.

Cephalic appendages.—The antennular process (fig. 3) of the
embryonic cuticle is greatly prolonged. It is bifurcated distally.
One ramus is much longer and is sparsely hairy while the other is
short, blunt, and smooth. The antennule of the first zoea extends
out into the process, reaching to the point of bifurcation. At its
tip it bears several sensory hairs that are partially invaginated.

The prezoeal antennal process (fig. 7) is also entirely different
in shape from the zoeal antenna that it incloses. The prozoeal
antenna is biramous. One ramus is a simple, smooth, blunt process
into which the great spine of the zoeal antenna extends. The
other ramus carries three sparsely hairy spines that are digitately
arranged. A fourth spine is present as a minute, smooth process.
The antenna of the zoea is seen within the cuticle. It is wrinkled
and its distal two-thirds is telescoped on itself.

The mandibles (fig. 11), the maxillules (fig. 13), and the maxillae
(fig. 17) are inclosed in simple sac-like prolongations of the cuticle.
Each is typically brachyuran except that the hairs are invaginated.

Thoracic appendages.—Four pairs of thoracic appendages are
recognizable, three pairs of maxillipeds and the chelipeds. Each
is inclosed in a closely fitting, unsegmented sac of the embryonic

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

cuticle. The first and second maxillipeds (figs. 23 and 27) are well
developed. The endopodite of the first shows five segments and
that of the second three. All of the hairs are invaginated. The
third maxillipeds and the chelipeds appear as buds.

Abdomen.—The five segments and telson are clearly defined. The
segments are closely invested by the embryonic cuticle, which is,
however, not segmented. The cuticle covering the telson (fig. 31)
is bifurcated. Each ramus bears seven large spines. Of these, the
median three are sparsely hairy, elongated, and tapering. The
middle spine is short, blunt, and smooth. Two of the lateral group
are sparsely hairy and tapering, while the most lateral spine again
is short and smooth. The zoeal telson nearly fills the cuticle. The
tips of its cornua are invaginated. They extend out into the middle
blunt spine. The hairs of the telson are only slightly invaginated.
They extend out into the remaining spines.

FIRST ZOFA (figs. 35 and 36)

After a few hours the embryonic cuticle is shed and the striking
first zoea emerges. The elongated spines and antennae give the
larva an awkward appearance, but it is quite active and swims well.

Cephalothorax.—Among the most striking features of the zoea
are the dorsal and rostral spines. The dorsal spine rises from a
slightly swollen base and sweeps upward and backward as a long,
tapering process. It is almost straight. The rostral spine is longer
and more slender than the dorsal. It extends ventrally and slightly
anteriorly. The lateral spines are short and slender.

Cephalic appendages.—The antennae (fig. 59) are noteworthy.
The spine is tremendously elongated, extending even beyond the
rostral spine of the carapace. It is smooth to its tip. The minute
exopodite is scarcely discernible where it is attached to the spine
near its base. The other cephalic appendages are typical.

Thoracic appendages.—The first and second maxillipeds (figs. 63
and 67) show the usual four swimming hairs on the exopodites.
The proximal segments of the endopodites are developed as masti-
cating organs while the distal segments bear sensory hairs. The
remaining thoracic appendages are discernible as minute buds.

Abdomen.—It is characteristic that the posterior lateral border of
each segment is produced posteriorly as a spinous process. These
are not very pronounced in this early stage. The corntua of the
telson (fig. 72) are slender and greatly elongated. In addition to
the usual three hairs on the median margin of each cornu, there are
three minute spines placed laterally and dorsally.

ART, 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS——HYMAN 5
SECOND zZonmaA (figs. 45 and 46)

According to Birge, the zoea molts a large number of times before
it reaches the condition designated as the second zoeal stage. While
my observations are not numerous enough to justify a dogmatic
statement, I have not found this to be the case. Each of the first
zoeas under my observation became transformed into a second-stage
zoea at the first molt.

Cephalothorax.—The dorsal and rostral spines are longer and
more slender. The eyes are movable.

Cephalic appendages—The antennae (fig. 60) are longer and
more slender. The maxillae (fig. 56) show changes in the scaphog-
nathite, which is now a flattened plate with hairs along its border.

Thoracic appendages——The number of swimming hairs on the
first and second maxilipeds (figs. 64 and 68) 1s now six or seven.
The third maxillipeds are larger and, at their distal ends, cleft
into exopodite and endopodite. The chelipeds also show cleft ex-
tremities. The buds of the remaining pereiopods are easily iden-
tified.

Abdomen.—The lateral spinous processes on the segments are
somewhat more pronounced. The anlagen of the abdominal ap-
pendages are visible beneath the cuticle but do not yet form protru-
sions. The cornua of the telson (fig. 73) are further elongated.

THIRD ZOEA (figs. 47 and 49)

Again Birge states that several molts occur before the third
zoeal stage is reached but my observations indicate that the second
zoea becomes a third-stage zoea at the first molt.

While the earlier zoeas are taken in large numbers at the surface
of the water, the third-stage form is rather rare. It is taken in
small numbers both from the surface and from near the bottom.
It doubtless has difficulty in maintaining itself at the surface on
account of its increased weight.

Cephalothorax.—The dorsal and rostral spines are again longer
and relatively more slender. The eyes are more freely movable and
are relatively larger.

Cephalic appendages. -TL« antennules (fig. 39) are appreciably
Jarger and are superficially constricted near the base. The antennae
(fig. 61) are longer and more slender. Each shows now the anlage
of the flagellum of the permanent wtenna. This appears as a bud
between the exopodite and the spine. The maxillule (fig. 53) shows
a minute but significant change—a single epipodal hair appears on
‘the basipodite.

Thoracic appendages.—The swimming hairs are now eight or nine.
The exopodites of the first and second maxillipeds (figs. 65 and 69)

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

show a sharp constriction indicating a division into two segments.
The endopodite of the second maxilliped is significantly enlarged.
The third maxillipeds and the remaining thoracic appendages are
more prominent.

Abdomen.—The telson is now divided from the sixth abdominal
segment. Each segment except the first shows a pair of buds—the
abdominal appendages. ‘The lateral spines on the third, fourth, and
fifth segments are further prolonged. A fourth median spine ap-
pears on each cornu of the telson (fig. 74).

FOURTH zOPA (figs. 49 and 50)

The fourth and last zoea is larger and heavier and correspondingly
clumsier. It is found most commonly on the bottom, where it swims
spasmodically upward toward the light at intervals, but in the main
is rolled along by the sweep of the tides.

Cephalothorax.—The body is now appreciably increased in weight
while the spines are scarcely longer than in the previous stage.

Cephalic appendages.—The basal portion of the antennule (fig. 40)
is now swollen and partially separated from the distal region by a
deep constriction. The beginning of the statocyst appears in the
swollen part. The tip of the antennule is divided into two rami.
The inner ramus bears five or six sensory hairs; the outer is a short
blunt bud. The flagellar bud of the antenna (fig. 63) is elongated.
Its cuticle is not segmented but the internal fleshy part shows four or
five segments distally. The mandible (fig. 44) now shows the anlage
of its palp asa simple bud. -

Thoracic appendages.—There are now twelve swimming hairs.
The third maxilliped is well-developed although slender and weak
in comparison with the first and second. Its exopodite carries a
few hairs distally. Its endopodite shows indications of five seg-
ments. The pereiopods are large and, although they are short, all of
their segments are clearly marked. A number of gill buds are dis-
tinguishable at this stage as follows: One on the third maxilliped,
two on the cheliped, and one on each of the second and third pereio-
pods,

Abdomen.—The lateral spines and the cornua of the telson (fig.
75) now reach their maximum development. The buds of the ab-
dominal appendages are elongated and cleft into exopodite and mi-

nute endopodite.
MEGALOPS (figs. 76 and 77)

According to Birge, there are at least four molts during the
megalops stage. The changes at each molt are slight, however. The
megalops is an active and powerful swimmer. It occurs most com-
monly at the surface, but may be taken near the bottom. As its

ART, 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—HYMAN af

final molt approaches it seeks a crevice in some shell or stone near
the tide line.

Cephalothorax.—An astonishing change in the form of the cara-
pace occurs when the zoea changes to the megalops. The dorsal and
lateral spines disappear completely. The frontal spine remains as
a short, notched projection anteriorly. It is quite inconspicuous.
The whole cephalothorax is now depressed rather than compressed.

Cephalic appendages.—The antennule (fig. 81) now acquires very
nearly its permanent form. The basal part is composed of four
large segments. The most proximal of these is swollen and con-
tains the statocyst. The bud of the outer flagellum is elongated and
separated from the basal segments by a joint. It carries a few hairs
at its tip. The inner flagellum arises from the tip of the distal
segment of the basal portion. It is composed of two or three seg-
ments, each bearing several hairs.

The antenna (fig. 83) now assumes practically the adult condi-
tion. It is compesed of a basal portion of three large segments and
a distal flavellum of about nine segments.

The mandible (fig. 85) is completely formed. Its palp shows
three segments.

The maxillule (fig. 88) changes considerably. The two lobes of
the basal portion become greatly elongated. The distal part loses
its joint, becomes flattened, and is bent sharply outward.

The changes in the maxilla (fig. 91) are similar to those of the
maxillule, although not so pronounced. The basal lobes are elon-
gated and the distal part becomes a flattened plate bent slightly
outward.

Thoracic appendages——The maxillipeds all undergo profound
changes. On the first maxilliped (fig. 94) there appears a large
epipodite for the first time. The basipodite is produced into three
or four lobes along its median margin and is much enlarged. The
exopodite loses its joint, but is permanently flexed medially at that
point. Its hairs are reduced to four or five and these are small. ‘The
endopodite loses its joints and becomes a flattened plate with few
hairs. The appendage has lost its locomotor function and becomes
an organ of mastication with, possibly, some sensory function.

The second maxilliped (fig. 97) is changed much like the first. Its
epipodite appears. Its basipodite forms obscure median lobes, but
is only slightly enlarged. The changes in the exopodite are like
those in the first maxilliped but the retrogression is not so great.
The endopodite becomes four-segmented and flattened.

The third maxilliped (fig. 100) is greatly enlarged, becoming the
most robust of the three. It has a large epipodite. Its basipodite
is scarcely larger. The exopodite is similar to that of the other

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

two. The endopodite is composed of five segments and is greatly
enlarged.

At the change to the megalops, the pereiopods acquire what is
practically the adult condtion. Each appendage, however, is rela-
tive longer and more slender than in the adult. There is‘no differ-
ence between the right and left chelae.

Abdomen.—The whole abdomen becomes depressed. The telson
is greatly changed. Its long cornua are lost and it becomes a simple
plate with a rounded posterior border. The abdominal appendages
(figs. 103 and 104) now become the chief organs of locomotion. In
each the exopodite becomes flattened and carries long swimming
hairs along its distal border. There are 18 such hairs on the append-
age of the second segment and 6 on that of the sixth. The endopo-
dite in each case is a small simple bud.

FIRST CRAB (figs. 78 and 79)

After at least four molts, the megalops assumes the ferm of the
first crab stage. The structural changes are not great. The animal
now loses the power of swimming and crawls about near the tide
line.

Cephalathorax.—The carapace is somewhat broadened. The last
trace of the rostral spine is lost and the frontal margin of the cara-
pace very closely resembles that of the adult. The eye is still a
single segment and can not be erected. ’

Cephalic appendages—The antennule assumes the adult condi-
tion. The external flagellum disappears and the internal becomes
divided into six segments. The other cephalic appendages undergo
very slight modifications.

Thoracic appendages—The maxillipeds are very slightly changed.
The most noticeable change is in the endopodite of the third. Its
proximal two segments become enlarged to form an operculum for
the mouthparts and the distal three segments appear as a palp.

Abdomen.—With the assumption of the crab form. the abdomen
undergoes a considerable change. It is further flattened and is
permanently flexed under the sternum. Birge does not describe the
abdominal appendages of the juvenile crab stages. Possibly the
larval appendages of the megalops atrophy and are replaced by the
permanent organs as in Uca (@elasimus).?

EURYPANOPEUS DEPRESSUS (Smith)
Plate 1, figs. 2, 4, 8, 14, 18; plate 2, figs. 24, 28, 32; plate 9

This species is not uncommon at Beaufort, but it is not so abund-
ant as Veopanope. Its zoeas are frequently found in the tow and

2 Hyman, 1920, p. 499; 1922, pp. 457, 458.

ART, 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—HYMAN 9

they may be distinguished from those of Veopanope at all stages,
including the megalops, by the simple fact that all stages of the
zoea and megalops of Lurypanopeus have a pigment spot on the
antennule.

Birge mentions the first zoea of this species and gives certain
characters by which it may be distinguished from sayz. I have
studied only the prezoea and first zoea in detail, but have identifed
the remaining zoea and megalops stages in specimens from the tow.
Superficially, the development seems to be the same as in sayz. The
characteristic differences between the first zoeal forms hold
throughout.

PREZOEA (fig. 2)

The prezoea is appreciably larger and more robust than that of
sayz, but it agrees in structure except in certain details.

The prezoeal antennal cuticle (fig. 4) shows four large digita-
tions on the lobe instead of three large ones and one minute one.
The remaining appendages approximate those of sayi very closely,
differing only relatively. In the telson (fig. 32) of depressus the
spines of the prezoeal cuticle are longer than in sayz.

FIRST ZOBA (figs. 106 and 107)

In general the zoea shows the features that characterize say.
There are differences in detail, however, that make the zoeas more
easily distinguishable than the adults.

Cephalothorax.—The dorsal and rostral spines are very long and
slender. The dorsal spine is strongly hooked at its extremity.

Cephalic appendages.—The antennules are of the usual type, but
each bears a large pigment spot distally (fig. 108). The antennae
(fig. 109) are long and slender and gently curved. They bear bristles
for nearly a third of their length distally.

There is nothing about the remaining appendages or the abdomen
that would distinguish this species from say.

PANOPEUS HERBSTII (Milne Edwards)
Plate 1, figs. 5, 9, 15, 19; plate 2, figs. 21, 25, 29, 33; plate 10

Panopeus herbstii is the most abundant Xanthid at Beaufort. It
swarms under shells and débris all along the shores. I have studied
the development up to the megalops stage, but only the prezoeal and
first zoeal stages in detail. These resemble similar stages in depressus
quite closely. The remaining zoeal stages develop as in sayi. The
characteristics that distinguish the first zoea distinguish all subse-
quent zoeal stages.

PREZOEA (fig. 21)

The prezoea is large, as in depressus, and is quite robust. The

carapace is in an unusually immature condition, extending poste-

riorly hardly beyond the heart. The resemblances to the prezoea of
22246—25

2
-

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

depressus are so close that one would have great difficulty in dis-
tinguishing the two, except that in herbstii the antennule does not
have a pigment spot.

FIRST ZOEA (figs. 116 and 117)

The resemblance of the first zoea to that of depressus is very close.
They may be distinguished by the absence of pigment on the anten-
nule of herbstit and by several relative though pronounced differ-
ences.

The dorsal and rostral spines are slender as in depressus and the
dorsal shows a terminal hook. However, both are distinctly shorter
than in depressus. The antennae are shorter than in depressus and
the exopodite is much larger.

The remaining appendages and the abdomen are like those of
depressus except in minute details.

HEXAPANOPEUS ANGUSTIFRONS (Benedict and Rathbun)
Plate 1, figs. 6, 10, 12, 16, 20; plate 2, figs. 22, 26, 30, 34

This species is rare at Beaufort. A single female was identified
by Dr. W. P. Hay and presented to me in 1916. The eggs hatched
but none of the prezoeas molted. None of the zoeal stages have
been found in the tow.

PREZOEA (fig. 22)

The prezoea resembles that of sayz quite closely in size and gen-
eral appearance. It may be distinguished by details of structure.
The lobe of the prezoeal cuticle of the antenna (fig. 6) has four
large digitations instead of three. The telson (fig. 34) is bicornu-
ate, but prezoeal cuticle of either ramus carries six hairs or processes
instead of seven.

Genus XANTHO

Plate 11; plate 12, figs. 141-151

The development of Xantho has been studied by Couch, Gourret,
and Cano. Cano has given the most nearly complete description of
its metamorphosis. He studied 1. rivulosus, X. floridus, and X.
tuberculatus but did not distinguish between the larval stages of the
different species.

The zoeas of Xantho resemble those of Neopanope quite closely.
They have the same type of carapace spines and of antennae.

FIRST ZOEA (fig. 125)

Cephalothorax.—The rostral and dorsal spines are long and
slender. The lateral spines are short and slender.

Cephalic appendages—The antennules (fig. 188) have the typical
conical form. The antennae (fig. 133) are as long as the rostral

ART. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—-HYMAN 11

spine and are hairy along their distal two-thirds. The exopodite
is minute. The remaining appendages are typical.

Thoracie appendages.—These are typical, except that the third
maxilliped is unusually far advanced. Its bud already shows a
distal bifurcation.

Abdomen.—The telson (fig. 150) is bicornuate. Each cornu bears
three large spines medially, one minute hair dorsally, and two small
hairs laterally.

SECOND ZOEA

This stage has not been described. It seems to have been over-
looked by Cano.

THIRD ZOEA (figs. 126 and 127)

This stage is characterized by the increase in the number of swim-
ming hairs to 9 or 10, and the presence of abdominal appendages
as finger-shaped buds.

Cephalothorar.—TVhe dorsal and rostral spines are still further
elongated. The eye stalks are differentiated and the eyes are moy-
able although the stalks can not be lifted from the orbits.

Cephalic appendages.—The antennule (fig. 126) shows a super-
ficial differentiation into proximal and distal portions. The proxi-
mal portion is slightly enlarged. On the antenna (fig. 126) the
anlage of the future flagellum appears as a finger-shaped bud be-
tween the exopodite and the spine.

Thoracic appendages—The swimming hairs are now 9 or 10.
The third maxilliped and the remaining thoracic appendages are
long, finger-shaped buds and their points are indicated by super-
ficial annulations.

Abdomen.—The telson is separated from the sixth abdominal seg-
ment by a joint. Each segment except the first bears a pair of
finger-shaped buds—the abdominal appendages. The lateral spines
on the third, fourth, and fifth segments are longer.

FOURTH ZOBA (fig. 128)

In the last zoeal stage the body is increased in size and weight
without ‘a corresponding increase in the size of the carapace spine
or the appendages.

Cephalic appendages——The proximal portion of the antennule
(fig. 184) is composed of two enlarged segments. The distal of
these bears two rami, an inner of a single segment bearing sensory
hairs and an outer that is a simple bud.

The flagellum of the antenna (fig. 184) is considerably elongated.
The mandible (fig. 187) shows the bud of the future palp. The
maxillule and the maxilla (fig. 142) reach their maximum differ-
entiation.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

Thoracie appendages.—There are now 11 or 12 swimming hairs.
All of the thoracic appendages are developed and the segments of
each are evident. Gull buds appear on the third maxilliped and the
first and second pereiopods.

Abdomen.—The lateral spines of the third, fourth, and fifth seg-
ments are greatly elongated. The abdominal appendages are elon-
gated and biramous.

FIRST MEGALOPS (fig. 129)

After the molt from the last zoeal stage, the form of the car-
apace is almost completely changed. The dorsal and lateral spines
are lost. The rostral spine has disappeared and two small frontal
spines protrude from the anterior border of the carapace. The perei-
opods are fully developed and the abdominal appendages are power-
ful swimming organs. The sense organs are all well developed in
consonance with the more independent habits of the megalops.

Cephalic appendages—The antennule (fig. 1385) is now well
formed. Its basal segment is greatly enlarged and contains the
statocyst. Distally its two rami appear as short flagella that carry
numerous sensory hairs.

The antenna (fig. 185) assumes what is practically the adult con-
dition. The tremendous spine of the zoea disappears completely as
does also the minute exopodite. The endopodite remains as a slender,
many jointed flagellum that is sparsely hairy at the joints.

‘he mandible (fig. 1388) also assumes the adult condition. ‘The
palp is divided into three segments, each of which bears a few hairs.

The maxillule (fig. 140 and the maxilla (fig. 143) begin to de-
generate at this stage. Their endopodites begin to lose their joints
and hairs.

Thoracic appendages——The maxillipeds undergo a very striking
transformation. They are no longer swimming organs, but are
changed into masticatory appendages with sensory palps.

The first maxilliped (fig. 145) shows these typical changes. The
exopodite becomes relatively smaller and permanently flexed near its
middle. Its distal portion becomes a short flagellum and if carries
several small hairs at its tip. The endopodite loses its joints and
becomes adapted for mastication. The lobes of the basipodite are
enlarged and adapted for mastication. A large epipodite is present.

The second maxilliped (fig. 146) has an exopodite like the first.
The endopodite shows five segments. The basipodite carries a small
epipodite and a gill bud.

The third maxilliped now becomes the largest of the three. Its
exopodite is like that of the first and second. The endopodite is
greatly enlarged and consists of six segments. The proximal three
are large and flattened and form an operculum, while the distal three

arr, 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—-HYMAN 13

form a sensory palp. The basipodite carries an epipodite and two
gills.

The pereiopods assume practically the adult condition (fig. 149).
The cheliped shows the characteristic spine on the third segment.

Abdomen.—The abdomen is broadened and depressed. Each seg-
ment, beginning with the second, bears a well-developed appendage.
Each typically consists of a proximal segment bearing a flattened
exopodite and a minute endopodite. The exopodite carries long,
plumose swimming hairs along its border. The hairs of the en-
dopodite are small and curled inward as hooks. The appendages of
the last segment do not have endopodites.

SECOND MEGALOPS (fig. 130)

The second megalops stage differs only slightly from the first. The
front of the carapace is altered and the whole carapace somewhat
broadened in outline.

FIRST CRAB (fig. 131)

The carapace is further depressed and its front is gently rounded.
The outline of the carapace dorsally is almost circular. The appen-
dages have undergone minor changes only.

ERIPHIA SPINIFRONS (Herbst)
Plate 12, figs. 152-161

Cano has described the development of Hriphia and compared it
with Yantho. The two show close agreement in many particulars,
but Lriphia belongs with Alenippe, Trapezia, and Pilumnus in hav-
ing smaller antennae with well-developed exopodites.

FIRST ZOEA (fig. 152)

The first zoea is sharply distinguished from those of Panopeus
and Xantho by the relatively inconspicuous antenna. The dorsal
spine is long and robust, as is also the rostral, although neither is as
long as in the above-mentioned forms. The lateral spines are
slender.

Cephalic appendages—The antennule (fig. 155) is typical.
The antenna (fig. 155) has a short spine that is hairy along its
distal three-fourths. The spine is approximately half as long as
the frontal spine of the carapace. The exopodite is composed of a
single fingerlike segment that bears two or three hairs distally. It
is two-thirds as long as the spine. The other cephalic appendages
are typical.

Thoracic appendages.—These all have the typical brachyuran
form.

Abdomen.—The telson (fig. 159) has three median spines and two
minute lateral spines on each cornu.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
THIRD (SECOND?) ZOBA (fig. 153)

It is difficult to decide from Cano’s description and figures whether
his second zoeal stage should arise directly from his first or whether
he has overlooked a stage between the two. Figure 153 seems to
be that of a second zoea. There are only five abdominal segments.
The pleopods are not protruding as is typically the case in the third
zoea. The swimming hairs number six. On the other hand the an-
tenna (fig. 156) shows the bud of the endopodite, a characteristic
of the third zoeal stage, and the telson (fig. 160) shows four pairs
of medial spines that also characterize the third zoea.

It may be that Lriphia has only three zoeal stages or it may be
that Cano has failed to distinguish the second stage from the third
and thus has described the appendages of the third stage as belonging
to the second.

FOURTH ZOEA (fig. 154)

The last zoeal stage described by Cano agrees very closely with
the fourth zoeal stage of Panopeus and Xantho. The swimming
hairs number 12 to 14. The endopodite of the antenna is elongated
and the pleopods are elongated and biramous.

Cephalic appendages.—The antennule (fig. 157) shows a proximal
portion composed of three enlarged segments. The first of these
contains the developing statocyst. Distally the inner ramus of the
antennule shows evidence of two or three joints, while the outer
is a simple bud.

The endopodite of the antenna (fig. 157) is almost as long as the
spine and shows the outlines of its future joints.

Thoracic appendages——The pereiopods are all well formed and
their gill buds are prominent. The first and second maxillipeds are
the only thoracic appendages that are functional as yet however.

Abdomen.—The telson is now separated from the sixth abdominal
segment by a joint. The pleopods are elongated and biramous,
although none of them bear hairs as yet. The telson (fig. 161) has
four pairs of median spines.

MENIPPE MERCENARIA (Say)
Plate 13
Menippe mercenaria is quite abundant at Beaufort and its zoeas
are frequently taken in towing. However, only the prezoeal and first
zoeal stages are known. AJfenippe differs from many other

Brachyura in that its eggs do not always hatch at dusk or at night.
They seem to hatch at any hour of day or night.

PREZOEBA (fig. 163)

The prezoea sheds its cuticle in a few minutes after leaving the
egg. It differs from that of Panopeus in details only. The cuticle

ART. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—HYMAN 15

of the prezoeal antennule (fig. 164) shows two broad spines of un-
equal lengths. The antenna (fig. 165) terminates in a blunt point.
It bears a lateral ramus near its tip that is prolonged into four sub-
equal hairy digitations. The telson (fig. 166) carries seven spines on
each cornu. The middle spine is short and smooth, the others long

and hairy.
FIRST ZOEA (figs. 167 and 168)

The zoea of Menippe differs strikingly from that of Panopeus and
Xantho, but resembles that of Hriphia closely. The carapace spines
are all robust. The antenna is scarcely as long as the rostral spine
and its exopodite is as long as the antennal spine. The pigmentation
along the anterior surface of the dorsal carapace spine is helpful in
identifying this zoea.

Cephalic appendages—The antennule (fig. 169) is simple and
conical but it is longer than usual. The antenna (fig. 170) is com-
paratively small for a Xanthid. Its spine is slender and hairy along
its distal portion. The exopodite is quite long and, with its terminal
hairs, equals or exceeds the spine in length. The remaining cephalic
appendages (figs. 171 and 172 and 173) have the typical brachyuran
form,

Thorax and abdomen.—The thoracic appendages are typical
(figs. 174 and 175). The fourth and fifth abdominal segments are
characterized by short lateral spines that spring from their posterior
borders. The telson (fig. 176) has the three pairs of median spines.
In addition each cornu has a minute lateral spine and a minute
dorsal spine.

Genus TRAPEZIA

Plate 12, fig. 162

Spence Bate has described the first zoea of 7rapezia very briefly
and given one figure. The description is confined to the enumeration
of the appendages present but other details may be learned from the
figure.

The dorsal spine of the carapace is slender and is curved posteri-
orly. The rostral spine is short and covered with spines near its tip.
The antenna is nearly as long as the rostral spine. The antennal
spine is hairy near its tip. Its exopodite is nearly as long as its
spine. The posterior borders of the third, fourth, and fifth abdomi-
nal segments are produced laterally into long, spinous processes.

Genus PILUMNUS
Plate 14

Cano studied Pilwmnus hirtellus, P. villosus, and P. spinifer but
he did not distinguish between the species in his descriptions. Gour-
ret states that the larvae of P. spinifer hatch at night but he does not

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou, 67

describe them. Couch simply states that P. hirtellus hatches as
a zoea. ‘The following descriptions are based on Cano.

FIRST ZOEA (fig. 177)

The zoea of Pialumnus is distinguished by its slender rostral spine
and relatively large antenna. The buds of all the thoracic append-
ages are present and that of the third maxilliped is obviously bira-
mous.

Cephalic appendages-—The antennule (fig. 183) has the usual
conical form. The antenna (fig. 183) is nearly twice as long as the
small rostral spine. The exopodite is as long as the antennal spine
and bears a lateral hair near its tip. The remaining cephalic ap-
pendages are typical.

Thoracic appendages and abdomen.—The first and second maxilli-
peds are typical. The third maxilliped and the pereiopods are pre-
cociously developed. The buds are all large and that of the third
maxilliped is biramous. The telson (fig. 192) has three median
spines, two lateral spines—one very minute—and one dorsal spine
on each cornu.

SECOND ZOBA (fig. 178)

The second zoea shows the usual changes. There are six swim-
ming hairs on each maxilliped. The gill buds have appeared on the
thoracic appendages. Cano does not give a detailed description of
the stage.

THIRD ZORA

Cano seems to have overlooked the third zoeal stage. His third

stage apparently is the fourth zoea.

FOURTH ZOBPA (fig. 179)

The fourth zoea has ten to twelve swimming hairs, six abdominal
segments, and biramous pleopods.

Cephalic appendages.—The antennule (fig. 184) now has a swollen
basal segment for the statocyst. The inner of the two distal rami
shows several constrictions and bears several sensory hairs; the outer
is a simple bud. The antenna (fig. 184) shows an endopodite that
nearly equals its spine in length.

Thoracic appendages and abdomen.—The third maxilliped and
pereiopods are greatly enlarged and all their segments are differen-
tiated. The pleopods, except that of the sixth segment, are bifur-
cated. The telson (fig. 193) is somewhat larger than in earlier
stages but otherwise is not changed.

FIRST MEGALOPS (fig. 180)

The rostral spine leaves a slight remnant. The thoracic appen-
dages reach what is practically the adult condition. The abdominal

ART. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—HYMAN V7

appendages become the organs of locomotion, each appendage being
equipped with numerous long swimming hairs.

Cephalic appendages.—These are typical for the megalops.

Thoracic appendages.—The first maxilliped is relatively smaller
and its endopodite and exopodite are degenerated (fig. 186). It car-
ries a large epipodite. The second maxilliped (fig. 188) issmall. Its
exopodite is degenerated and its exopodite has become a palp of five
segments. It carries a small epipodite and a small gill bud. The
third maxilliped (fig. 189) is quite large. Its endopodite is com-
posed of six segments. It carries an epipodite and two gills. The
cheliped (fig. 191) shows the typical spine on its third segment and
has two gills on the coxopodite.

SECOND ME&GALOPS (fig. 182)

The carapace is further broadened and depressed. The frontal
margin is broadened and somewhat bulbous. The abdomen is per-
manently flexed under the sternum.

The first maxilliped (fig. 187) is somewhat enlarged and has ac-
quired its adult form. The third maxilliped (fig. 190) has reached
its adult form. Both exopodite and endopodite terminate in palps.
The proximal segments of the endopodite form an operculum for the
other mouth parts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1879. BATE, C. Spence. Report on the present state of our knowledge of the
Crustacea. Part 4. On development, Report Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
48th Meeting, 1878, pp. 193-209, pls. 5-7.

1882. Bircr, E. A. Notes on the development of Panopzus sayi (Smith).
Johns Hopkins University Studies, Biol. Lab., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 411-426,
pls. 30-83.

1891. Cano, G. Sviluppo postembrionale dei Cancridi. Bull. Soe, Entomol.
Ital., 1891, vol. 23, pp. 146-158,: pls. 3, 4.

1843. CoucH, R. Q. On the metamorphosis of the Decapod Crustaceans. 11th
Ann. Rept. Roy. Cornwall Polytechnic Soc., pp. 28-43, pl. 1.

1880. Faxon, W. On some points in the structure of the embryonic zoea.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6él. Harvard College, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 1-8, pls. 1-2.

1883. GourrET, P. Considérations sur la faune pélagique du Golfe de Mar-
seille. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille, Zool., vol. 2, mem. 2, pt. 1,
pp. 14-24, pls. 1, 2, Marseille, 1882.

1920. Hyman, O. W. On the development of Gelasimus after hatching. Journ.
Morphology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 485-524, pls. 1-12.

Adventures in the life of a Fiddler Crab. Smithsonian Rept. for

1920 (1922), pp. 448-460, pls. 1-5.

1922.

Fic.

HMHSODNA AR wWN

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

. Prezoea, Neopanope texana sayi.

. Prezoea, Hurypanopeus depressus.

. Antennule, Neopanope texana sayi.
. Antennule, Hurypanopeus depressus.
. Antennule, Panopeus herbsti.

Antennule, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.

. Antenna, Neopanope texana sayi.
. Antenna, Hurypanopeus depressus.
. Antenna, Panopeus herbstii.

10.
she
. Mandible, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
. Maxillule, Neopanope texrana sayi.

. Maxillule, Hurypanopeus depressus.

5. Maxillule, Panopeus herbstii.

. Maxillule, Herapanopeus angustifrons.
. Maxilla, Neopanope texrana sayi.

. Maxilla, Hurypanopeus depressus.

. Maxilla, Panopeus herbstii.

. Maxilla, Herapanopeus angustifrons.

Antenna, Herapanopeus angustifrons.
Mandible, Neopanope texana sari.

PLATE 2

. Prezoea, Panopeus herbstii.

. Prezoea, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.

. First maxilliped, Neopanope texana sayi.

. First maxilliped, Hurypanopeus depressus.

. First maxilliped, Panopeus herbstii.

. First maxilliped, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
. Second maxilliped, Neopanope texane sayi.

. Second maxilliped, Hurypanopeus depressus.

. Second maxilliped, Panopeus herbstii.

. Second maxilliped, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
. Telson, Neopanope texana sayi.

. Telson, Hurypanopeus depressus.

. Telson, Panopeus herbstit.

. Telson, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.

Prarre 3

Neonanoepe texana sayi

. First zoea, frontal view.

36. First zoea, lateral view.

. Antennule, first zoea.

. Antennule, second zoea.
. Antennule, third zoea.
. Antennule, fourth zoea.
. Mandible, first zoea.

. Mandible, second zoea.
. Mandible, third zoea.

. Mandible, fourth zoea.

VOL. 67

ART. 3

Fic. 45
46.
47.
48.

Fic.

STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—HYMAN

PLATE 4
Neopanope texrana sayi

. Second zoea, frontal view.
Second zoea, lateral view.
Third zoea, lateral view.
Third zoea, frontal view.

PLATE 5
Neopanope texrana sayi

. Fourth zoea, frontal view.
. Fourth zoea, lateral view.
. Maxillule, first zoea.

. Maxillule, second zoea.

. Maxillule, third zoea.

. Maxillule, fourth zoea.

. Maxilla, first zoea.

. Maxilla, second zoea.

. Maxilla, third zoea.

. Maxilla, fourth zoea.
PLATE 6

Neopanope texana sayi

59. Antenna, first’ zoea.

. Antenna, second zoea.

. Antenna, third zoea.

. Antenna, fourth zoea.

. First maxilliped, first zoea.

. First maxilliped, second zoea.
. First maxilliped, third zoea.

. First maxilliped, fourth zoea.

PLATE 7

Neopanope texama sayi

67. Second maxilliped, first zoea.

. Second maxilliped, second zoea.
. Second maxilliped, third zoea.

. Second maxilliped, fourth zoea.
. Pleopod, fourth zoea.

2. Telson, first zoea.

. Telson, Second zoea,
. Telson, third zoea.

. Telson, fourth zoea.
PLATE 8

Neopanope texana sayi (after Birge)

. First megalops, lateral view.

. First megalops, dorsal view.

. Carapace of first crab stage, dorsal view.
. Carapace of first crab stage, ventral view.

Fia. 80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

Carapace of adult crab, dorsal view.
Antennule, first megalops.
Antennule, adult.

Antenna, first megalops.
Antenna, adult megalops.
Mandible, first megalops.
Mandible, late megalops.
Mandible, adult.

Maxillule, first megalops.
Maxillule, first crab.

Maxillule, adult.

Maxilla, first megalops.
Maxilla, young crab.

Maxilla, adult.

First maxilliped, first megalops.
First maxilliped, first crab.
First maxilliped, adult.

. Second maxilliped, first megalops.
. Second maxilliped, first crab.

. Second maxilliped, adult.

. Third maxilliped, first megalops.
. Third maxilliped, first crab.

. Third maxilliped, adult.

. Last pleopod, first megalops.

. Third pleopod, first megalops.

5. Third pleopod, adult.

PLATE 9
Eurypanopeus depressus, first zoea

First zoea, lateral view.

. First zoea, frontal view.
. Antennule.

9. Antenna.

. Mandibles.

. Maxillule.

. Maxilla.

. First maxilliped.

. Second maxilliped.

. Telson.

PLATE 10
Panopeus herbstii, first zoea

First zoea, lateral view.

. First zoea, frontal view.
. Antennule.

. Antenna.

. Maxillule.

. Maxilla.

. First maxilliped.

. Second maxilliped.

. Telson.

VOL. 67

ART. 3

Fig. 125.

126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.

STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS—HYMAN
PLATE 11

Aantho (after Cano)

First zoea, lateral view.

Third zoea, frontal view.

Third zoea, lateral view.

Fourth zoea, lateral view.

First megalops.

Second megalops.

First crab.

Older crab.

Antennule and antenna, first zoea.
Antennule and antenna, fourth zoea.
Antennule and antenna, first megalops.
Mandible, first zoea.

Mandible, fourth zoea.

Mandible, first megalops.

Maxillule, first zoea.

Maxillule, first megalops.

PLATE 12

Xantho (after Cano)
Maxilla, first zoea.

. Maxilla, fourth zoea.

. Maxilla, first megalops.

. Thoracic appendages, fourth zoea.
. First maxilliped, first megalops.

. Second maxilliped, first megalops.
. Third maxilliped, first megalops.

. Third maxilliped, first crab.

. Cheliped, first megalops.

. Telson, first zoea.

. Telson, fourth zoea.

Eriphia spinifrons (after Cano)
First zoea.

. Second zoea.

. Fourth zoea.

. Antennule and antenna, first zoea.

. Antennule and antenna, second zoea.
. Antennule and antenna, fourth zoea.
. Mandible, fourth zoea.

. Telson, first zoea.

. Telson, second zoea.

. Telson, fourth zoea.

Trapezia (after Spence Bate)

. First zoea.

Fie. 163

164.
165.

166.

. 167.
168.

169.
170.

171.
172.
173.
174.

175.
176.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

PLATE 13

Menippe mercenaria

Prezoea
. Prezoea.
Antennule.
Antenna.
Telson.

First zoea
First zoea, frontal view.

First zoea, lateral view.
Antennule.
Antenna.
Mandible.
Maxillule.
Maxilla.
First maxilliped.
Second maxilliped.
Telson.
PLATE 14

Pilumnus (after Cano)
First zoea.

. Second zoea.

. Fourth zoea.

. First megalops.

. Second megalops.

. First crab.

. Antennule and antenna, first zoea.
. Antennule and antenna, fourth zoea.
. Mandible, first zoea.

. First maxilliped, first megalops.

. First maxilliped, first crab.

. Second maxilliped, first megalops.
. Third maxilliped, first megalops.

. Third maxilliped, first crab.

. Cheliped, first megalops.

. Telson, first zoea.

. Telson, fourth zoea.

VOL. 6%

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. |

LARVAE OF CRABS OF THE FAMILY XANTHIDAE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 2

LARVAE OF CRABS OF THE FAMILY XANTHIDAE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 3

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS NEOPANOPE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 4

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS NEOPANOPE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I9

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 5

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS NEOPANOPE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 19

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 6

APPENDAGES OF LARVAE OF THE GENUS NEOPANOPE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 19

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 7

APPENDAGES OF LARVAE OF THE GENUS NEOPANOPE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 19

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 8

Sst
SS faeany) co

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS NEOPANOPE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 19 AND 20

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 9

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS EURYPANOPEUS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 20

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 10

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS PANOPEUS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 20

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. II

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS XANTHO

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 21

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 12

LARVAE OF CRABS OF THE FAMILY XANTHIDAE

FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 21

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 13

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS MENIPPE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 22

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 14

XANTHID LARVAE OF THE GENUS PILUMNUS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 22

MICROSCOPIC SCULPTURE OF PEARLY FRESH-WATER
MUSSEL SHELLS

By Witti1am B. Marsuay

Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum

In a note under the description of Diplodontites cooket* special
attention was called to its minute sculpture in the following words:
“The sculpture of the exterior is remarkable and of great beauty.
The radiating striae between the impressed radiating lines are of a
fineness rarely if ever equaled in shells with the rude structure of
the naiads.” In the same paper the new species Monocondylaea
felipponet was described, but nothing was said of its possessing
minute radiating striae. In fact, the fine sculpture of this shell was
not detected as it was not shown by the fairly strong hand lens used
in making an examination. Later the use of a two-thirds inch
objective on a compound microscope showed that this species has
microscopic sculpture of the same general character as that of Diplo-
dontites cooket. Even with a two-thirds inch objective careful
focusing is needed to reveal the fine striae. The new species Ano-
dontites colombiensis described in the same paper was then sub-
jected to microscopic examination and was found to possess minute
striae of the same nature as in the two species mentioned above.

The presence of microscopic striae in the three species mentioned
above led to an examination of many other species of South Ameri-
can shells, and it was found that in those belonging to the family
Mutelidae the striae were generally present, while in Viplodon and
other genera of the Unionidae they were lacking. The investigation
was then broadened to include an examination of many species repre-
senting practically all genera of naiads from all parts of the world.
The results have been thought sufficiently interesting and important
to warrant publishing them. The results are of value in themselves
and the discovery of the minute striae will call attention to the fact
that many details may lie close at hand and yet remain unnoticed
for years. The genera Anodontites and Monocondylaea have been
known for many years, but, so far as I have been able to determine,

Proc. Ua: Nat. Mus, .vol.- 61, 1922:

No. 2576.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 4.
22947—25 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

no mention has ever been made of the microscopic features of the
periostracum which are shown so clearly in many of the species.
Anodontites crispatus Bruguiere, described in 1792, the type of the
genus, has sculpture nearly as fine and beautiful as that of Diplo-
dontites cookei and yet that fact has remained unrevealed for a
period of 132 years. In the genus Monocondylaca the two species I.
paraguayana Orbigny and I. franciscana Moricand were described
in 1835 and 1837, respectively. Both species show the microscopic,
radiating striae, the latter especially having them in unusual per-
fection. Apparently no mention of them has ever been made until
the present time.

A somewhat parallel case, though relating to a different style of
sculpture, is presented by the Chinese genus Schistodesmus, which
possesses a concentric sculpture of microscopic striae wonderfully
fine and beautiful. Baird and Adams (1867) in their description
of the species lampreyanus failed to mention them, and they seem
to have escaped any notice until 1900, when Simpson, in his descrip-
tion of the genus Schistodesmus, called attention to them thus:
“ Marvelously delicate, concentric, microscopic lirae.” The genus
Cuneopsis, also of China, has a similar sculpture, though on a cloth-
like periostracum, and it seems that these two genera should stand
next to each other instead of being separated by the genus Gibbosula,
which Simpson has placed between them.

As has already been said, an examination has been made of the
microscopic sculpture of shells of practically all the genera of naiads
from all parts of the world. So far as those of the Unionidae are
concerned, not much may be said at present. For our immediate
purpose it is sufficient to say that in this family regularly arranged
microscopic details are usually lacking, and none of them has a
periostracum made up of fine radiating threads. With the naiads
of the family Mutelidae the case is different. Here many species
have an almost infinite number of radiating threads, and while the
threads seem to be absent in a few species it is believed that with
good material every species belonging to this family would reveal
this type of periostracum and that it is a family characteristic.

This peculiar periostracum is so striking in many of the genera
and species of the family that if it be shown that any species ab-
solutely lacks it then the right of that species to a place in the
Mutelidae becomes subject to some doubt.

The family Mutelidae as at present understood contains 14 genera,
of which 6 are restricted to Africa, namely, Spatha, Mutela, Cheli-
donopsis, Brazzea, Arthropteron, and Pleiodon, while 6 are re-
stricted to South America, namely, Monocondylaea, Theringella,
Fossula, Leila, Mycetopoda, and Diplodontites. Anodontites, the
largest genus of Mutelidae, is restricted to America, some species

art. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS—MARSHALL 3

being found as far north as Mexico and others in Centra] America,
while yet others are found in South America only, many of them
as far south as Rio de Ja Plata, and one species as far as Patagonia.

Of the two genera Brazzea and Arthropteron no material was at
hand for examination. Of the other 12 genera many species were
given careful scrutiny. In the genus Chelidonopsis, of which only
three specimens were available, there seems to be no sign of ra-
diating threads. In the genus Mycetopoda threads were found
on only a couple of specimens and then they were not of the usual
type. The other 10 genera all showed the threads clearly in most
of the species. The threads in the African genera Spatha and
Mutela are much finer and more numerous than in the American
genera, but the African genus Pletodon has threads which are al-
most exactly like those of the South American genus M/onocondylaca.

In general it may be said that the radiating striae resemble the
threads in finely woven serge cloth when it is viewed with the naked
eye, or perhaps it would be better to say that they resemble the
fine ridges which occur on our finger tips. When viewed under the
microscope the shells whose periostracum retains the threads look
as if they had been marked with fingerprints.

In some cases the radiating threads are very clear and can be
found on all parts of the shell. Déplodontites cookei and Mono-
condylaea franciscana are notable in this respect. In other cases the
threads have disappeared from most of the shell, and sometimes
there are but very small patches of threads left here and there. Fre-
quently it is necessary to make a very careful search over the whole
surface of a number of specimens in order to find a spot in which
the striae have been preserved. In some of the groups of large Ano-
dontites typified by trapesialis (containing jewettianus, forbesianus,
glaucus, and others) no striae have thus far been observed. It is not
possible to say at this time whether threads are lacking in these shells
or have been worn away or lost in the shedding of a fugacious
periostracum. In Mycetopoda the threads are not of the usual type.
This genus will be discussed later in this paper in dealing with the
species of shell which is called Solenaia falcata Higgins.

In the preceding paragraph reference has been made to a fuga-
cious periostracum. Some explanation of this kind of periostracum
is advisable, as its presence is not generally known. Very often
there is a sort of bloom found in spots, or sometimes covering a
large portion of the shell. Perhaps it has generally been mistaken
for a deposit of some extraneous material. It seems to be a part
of the periostracum. When present the bloom is likely to show the
microscopic threads more clearly than do the parts of the shell
from which the bloom has disappeared. It appears to be usually
only temporary. On a specimen of Anodontites tencbricosus Lea

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

from Arroyo Miguelete, Montevideo, Uruguay (Cat. No. 270908,
U.S.N.M.), the fugacious periostracum persists over a large portion
of the shell, making this portion appear as if covered with very
thin dead skin. On the portion where the fugacious periostracum
has disappeared the surface has the appearance most usually seen
in this species. In Spatha wahlbergi of South Africa the bloom
persists in only a few spots and is so thin that it forms but the thin-
nest of films. In Anodontites tenebricosus Lea it is much thicker,
more easily visible, and sometimes remains over a large area. In
Monocondylaea it becomes somewhat like pale yellowish or whitish
paper, and in many places where it has partly torn away from the
shell it stands up on the surface in little concentric plates. This
is what gives Monocondylaea the generally roughened appearance
so often noted and sometimes mentioned in descriptions as being
lamellate. In this genus there are numerous cracks arranged con-
centrically, with many cross cracks uniting them. In many of these
cracks the fugacious periostracum persists throughout the life of
the shell. This makes Monocondylaea one of the best genera for
examination in a study of radiating threads, as they are almost
always to be found on the paper-like fugacious periostracum re-
maining in the cracks. In some spots on the type of Monocondylaea
felipponei Marshall little sheets of this kind of periostracum still
lie flat and apparently loose except along one edge. In the genus
Diplodontites there are but the faintest traces of a fugacious peri-
ostracum of any kind. Each genus seems to have its own peculi-
arities in this kind of periostracum.

In giving details of the radiating strie of each: genus frequent
mention is made of the sinulus of the various species, and a few
general remarks concerning this feature of the shell may well be
made here. In most of the shells of the family Mutelidae the sinulus
is distinctly triangular, but in a few cases where the shells have a
very elongated form the sinulus, too, is elongated, and its triangular
shape is not so apparent. In Mycetopoda, although the shell is
elongated, the sinulus is distinctly triangular. The Mutelidae and
the Aetheriidae are the only families in which the sinulus is typically
triangular. The latter family contains the three genera, M/ulleria,
Actheria, and Bartlettia. None of these has radiating striae so far
as can be determined at this time. There seems to be no doubt as
to some relationship between Bartlettia and Mulleria and the family
Mutelidae. The form of the young of Bartlettia and Mulleria, the
locality (South America) in which the two genera are found, the
type of sinulus, and the texture of the shell seem to indicate a nearer
relationship between these two genera and the Mutelidae than be-
tween Aetheria and the Mutelidae. The genus Pseudodon of eastern
Asia sometimes has a triangular sinulus. It will be discussed in
connection with the genus J/onocondylaea.

ART. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS—-MARSHALL 5

Genus SPATHA
Plate 4, fig. 3

. Microscopic radiating threads in this genus are finer than those of
the South American genera. They are quite clear, though showing
some tendency to become reticulate. The threads of Spatha wahl-
bergi, which are supposed to be represented on plate 4, figure 3,
are the finest that have been observed in any shell. The striae are
so fine that a satisfactory photograph could not be obtained. The
figure shown here is magnified 50 diameters. Even with a magnifi-
cation of 100 diameters a photograph did not show the striae. The
specimen shows a bloom here and there, and on these spots the striae
become very striking. It is estimated that there are in the neighbor-
hood of 300 striae to the millimeter in this species. In this genus
the species differ greatly in form, size, degree of polish, and in
sculpture. It is interesting to note that the striae appear in wah/-
bergi, which is a very large, quite smooth shell; in vignoniana, which
is rather small and extremely roughened with stout ribs; and in
chaziana, which is a small, highly polished shell. In this genus,
no matter what the form of the shell may be, whether long or short
or rounded, the sinulus is always triangular, as it should be in Mutelid
shells.
Genus MUTELA

In this genus the striae are fine like in the genus Spatha, but are
not so clearly defined. They are more given to reticulating and
do not have the appearance of threads laid alongside each other.
They appear lke a lot of fibers more or less felted rather than
spun. It is quite difficult to find spots in which the threads show
at all. All the species of A/utela have an elongated form—this
length in proportion to height being especially marked in Mutela
rostrata. 'The sinulus in this genus is not equilaterally triangular
in any of the species, but the triangle is drawn out posteriorly into
a long point, yet this does not necessarily mean that the sinulus falls
outside of allowable variation of the Mutelid type, but simply that
length of shell has affected form of sinulus. No satisfactory figure
could be obtained in this genus.

Genus CHELIDONOPSIS

But three specimens of this genus, Chelidonopsis hirundo, were
available for examination. It is a very peculiar shell, highly
polished and very elongated, and has a sinulus which, like that of
Mutela, does not exactly conform to the usual type in the Mutelidae.
Further study with young specimens is necessary to determine the
facts in this group.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Genera BRAZZEA and ARTHROPTERON
No material available for examination and data in general lacking.
Genus PLEIODON
Plate 4, fig. 2

In this genus but two species were available for study, Pleiodon
ovatus Swainson from Senegal, and P. spechii from Lake Tanganyi-
ka. The latter is a very large old specimen and_periostracal
characters have disappeared. Of P. ovatus there are two rather
young having a length of 50 and 60 millimeters, respectively. These
two specimens have the radiating threads present over a large part
of the surface and they are perfectly preserved and number about.
105 to the millimeter. There are also seven adult specimens of this
species in the collection, the largest having a length of 110 milli-
meters. In these specimens it is difficult to find a spot in which
threads can be seen. The sinulus in this genus is aberrent from the
Mutelid type, though in P. speck?é it approaches it. The figure (pl.
4, fig. 2), is from a young P. ovatus from Senegal, Africa (Cat. No.
86774, U.S.N.M.). The broad light-colored band near the bottom
of the figure represents the remains of fugacious periostracum at-
tached along a growth line. Other remains are seen at the left of
the figure.

Genus MONOCONDYLAEA

Plate 1, fig. 2; plate 2, fig. 1

In nearly every specimen of this genus the radiating threads
persist on some part of the surface, regardless of the age of the speci-
men. Often they are to be found only on the paper-like remains of
the fugacious periostracum which has been sheltered in the peculiar
concentric and cross cracks nearly always found in these shells. In
Monocondylaea franciscana Moricand the threads occur in fine condi-
tion, number about 85 to the millimeter, and are found over nearly the
whole extent of the shell. On the single specimen of J/. felipponez
Marshall available for examination the threads number about 110 to
the millimeter, cover nearly the whole shell, and are clearly defined
and easy to find. M. franciscana is figured on plate 1, figure 2.
The specimen came from Rio Francisco, Brazil (Cat. No. 863834,
U.S.N.M.). M. felipponei is represented on plate 2, figure 1. It
came from Barra del Arroyo Sacra, Paysandu, Uruguay (Cat. No.
340663, U.S.N.M.).

Some comparisons between the Unionid genus Pseudodon and the
Mutelid genus Monocondylaca may not be amiss. The shells of
Pseudodon present some peculiar and interesting features. The
genus is restricted to Eastern Asia and some of the near-by islands.

ART, 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS—MARSHALL 7

The shells have an apparently near relationship to some of the
South American naiads, especially to those of the genus M/onocondy-
laea, because of the single cardinal tooth and the general character
of the sinulus in some of the Pscudodon species. Because of these
features, several species of Pseudodon were described as JMonocon-
dylaea, and many years passed before it became generally recognized
that the apparent close relationship of the two genera comes from
a superficial resemblance rather than from structural affinities. As
time passed the shells were not only placed in different genera, but
as they became more fully understood they were classified into
different families, Pscudodon in the Unionidae and Monocondylaea
in the Mutelidae. The collection of the United States National Mu-
seum contains many specimens representing eleven species of Pseudo-
don. All of these have been subjected to searching microscopical
examination to determine the presence or absence of the radiating
threads characteristic of dJ/onocondylaea and other Mutelidae. No
trace of such threads was found in any species. Their absence
affords additional evidence of the lack of any very close relationship
between Pseudodon and Monocondylaea.

As has been said above, the sinulus of Pseudodon often resembles
that of the Mutelidae. In some species of Psewdodon the resem-
blance is quite sharp, but in others it is not clear or is lacking.
Even in the cases in which it is most striking (as in Pseudodon
cambojensis Petit, P. polita Mousson, and P. eumingii Lea) it lacks
the sharply equilaterally triangular form of the sinulus of the Mute-
hidae, being more or less rounded at the lower point. Some of the
other species of Pseudodon, such as P. loomist Simpson and P.
crebristriatus Anthony, have the sinulus as in the other Unionidae.

Genus IHERINGELLA

Of this genus, which shows an intimate relationship to Jono-
condylaea, but one specimen was available. It is /heringella iso-
cardioides Lea (Cat. No. 86326, U.S.N.M.), and comes from the
Rio de la Plata, South America. While it is in rather poor con-
dition, fortunately a few small spots are well enough preserved to
show that the radiating threads occur in this genus. The striae do
not show sufliciently well to photograph.

Genus FOSSICULA
Plate 2, fig. 2
But one of the two species was available; namely, Fossicula
fossiculifera Lea, represented by four specimens, three of which
came from the Parana River and one from Piricicaba, Sao Paulo,

Brazil. This is a peculiar genus whose relationships point in two
directions—to Monocondylaea, because of the cardinal tooth, and to

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Anodontites, because of its form, colors, and wide prismatic border,
which are exactly like those of Anodontites patagonicus. Were the
portion of the hinge line bearing the tooth broken away one would
be absolutely unable to separate F. fossiculifera from A. pata-
gonicus. If Fossiewa and Leila be valid genera it seems there
should be some shifting in classification in order to bring the former
near A. patagonicus and the latter near A. trapesialis, instead of
arranging Leila between Fossicula and Anodontites. The radiating
threads do not show well in any of the four specimens at hand, but
enough remains to tell that the threads occur in this genus and that
they are like those to be found in some specimens of Anodontites
patagonicus. Plate 2, figure 2, represents a small spot in a specimen
from Parana River (Cat. No. 86346, U.S.N.M.). It has about 105
threads to the millimeter.
Genus LEILA

The shells of this genus are uniformly large. In the whole family
Mutelidae they are exceeded in size by only one species, Anodontites
trapesialis Lamarck, with which perhaps they should be placed in
a section of the genus Anodontites, or perhaps trapesialis should be
taken from that genus and placed in the genus Zei/a. Surely the
shells show a very near relationship to each other. The radiating
threads in Leila are extremely fine and resemble those of the African
genus Spatha, rather than those usual to the South American species
of Mutelidae. They are of about the same nature as those of
- Spatha wahlbergi. In these large shells the striae are difficult
to find because they are so very fine, and they seem to be easily lost
as growth progresses. A specimen of Lela blainuilleana from the
Amazon River (Cat. No. 25815, U.S.N.M.) shows the fine lines, but
not clearly enough to be photographed.

Genus ANODONTITES
Plate 1, fig. 1; plate 2, fig. 3; plate 3, figs. 1 and 38

To this genus belong the larger portion of all the species referred
to the family Mutelidae. There are recognized some 50 species of
Anodontites. They have been divided into several sections and
groups, but there is ground for believing that further study will
result in dividing this genus into several genera. ‘The shells now
included in Anodontites show a wide range of characteristics, vary-
ing in form, size, colors, weight, sculpture, etc. For instance, com-
pare A, rotundus Spix with A. trapesialis Lamarck; A. patagonicus
Lamarck with A. strebeli Lea, and any of these with A. tenebricosus
Lea; or compare A. ensiformis Spix and A. falsus Simpson with
any of the other Anodontites. The genus has a great geographic
range, extending from Mexico to Patagonia. In nearly all of the

ART, 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS—MARSHALL 9

species of this genus the radiating threads have been observed,
though they have not yet been found in some. No doubt they will
be found in all in the course of time. As might be expected in a
genus containing so many species and ranging over so large a ter-
ritory, there is some variation in the character of the microscopic
striae, but it may be said that in all cases these striae conform to some
one of the few variations found in the Mutelidae. Four specimens
have been selected for illustration. Plate 2, figure 3, represents the
striae on a typical A. patagonicus from Arroyo Miguelete, Monte-
video, Uruguay (Cat. No. 335746, U.S.N.M.). Plate 3, figure 3, rep-
resents the striae on a specimen of the rotund form of the same
species from the Uruguay River (Cat. No. 347885, U.S.N.M.). In this,
the striae are unusually clear and cover a large part of the surface.
Plate 3, figure 2, represents the threads on a specimen of A. inaequi-
valvis Lea from Lake Nicaragua, Central America (Cat. No. 59878,
U.S.N.M.). Although the species is a very small one and comes
from so far north, the striae, of which there are about 100 to the
millimeter, are strictly according to type. The cracks and crevices
of this shell, especially on the posterior dorsal area, are apt to re-
tain remains of fugacious periostracum, which resembles little pieces
of onion skin, and in which the striae show very plainly. In the two
species composing the section Virgula, Anodontites (Virgula) ensi-
formis Spix and A. (V.) falsus Simpson, so far no radiating striae
have been observed. As but five specimens were available for ex-
amination, it will be well to wait until additional material is studied
before coming to any definite conclusions as to this group. Because
of their great length they look unlike other Anodontites.

In the series which Simpson arranges as the “ Group of Anodon-
tites crispatus” twelve of the thirteen species have been examined
and all of them show the radiating striz. In all, the threads were
easy to find, were well developed, and were distinctly of the Mutelid
type. In this group all the species have the peculiarly puckered,
radiating impressed lines, and drooping concentric folds which I
have likened to festooned drapery and which Ortmann describes by
the adjective “ scalariform.” Some of the species are rather rough,
such as A. crispatus; others are highly polished, such as A. strebeli
Lea and A. holtonis Lea. In this group, as in most other Anodon-
tites, the striae are most easily found on some part of the posterior
dorsal area, but it is not unusual to find them on the disk of the shell
in spots covered with the puckered radiating impressed lines. Plate
1, figure 1, represents the radiating striae of a specimen of Anodon-
tites crispatus Bruguiere from Venezuela (Cat. No. 24020, U.S.N.M.),
in which there are about 90 striae to the millimeter.

This was the first species of Anodontites described and is the type
of the genus. In many details the periostracum of this species re-

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

sembles that of Diplodontites cookei Marshall, and especially in the
radiating striae and in the festooning of the coarser sculpture.

Genus MYCETOPODA

All the species of this genus are long and narrow, and have the
general appearance of being out of place in the family Mutelidae,
but notwithstanding their great length the sinulus is of the Mutelid
type, though somewhat drawn out. Radiating striae of the usual
type fail in this genus. In twenty-seven of the twenty-nine speci-
mens examined no trace of radiating threads could be discovered.
In two other specimens there were radiating marks resembling
thumb prints. A specimen of M/ycetopoda pygmaea Spix from
Carthagena, United States of Colombia (Cat. No. 86795, U.S.N.M.),
shows the striae best, but it is not sufficiently clear to be worth
figuring.

The relationships of this genus have never been satisfactorily
traced, and the peculiar nature of the striae in the periostracum adds
another feature which should have further study.

Genus ———————_?
Plate 4, fig. 1

Under the head “ genus unknown ” attention is called to the shell
known as Solenaia falcata Higgins. When Simpson, in 1900, pub-
lished his Synopsis of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels,’
this shell was a puzzle to him. Higgins, in his description of the
species, gave its locality as “ forest streams, near Chyavetas, Upper
Amazons.” As pointed out by Simpson, the shell is almost a minia-
ture of Solenaia emarginata Lea, which inhabits Siam, and on this
account he thought the habitat cited by Higgins was erroneous. He
doubtfully substituted the locality Southeastern Asia and removed
the species from the genus Mycetopus (=Mycetopoda) of the family
Mutelidae in which Higgins placed it and shifted it to the genus
Solenaia in. the Unionidae. In 1914, when Simpson’s Descriptive
Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels appeared,
the species was still a puzzle to him and he again preferred to substi-
tute the habitat “ Southeastern Asia?” and remained firmly con-
vinced that it could not have come from South America. Disregard-
ing the close resemblance of falcata to emarginata, which may be only
a resemblance without any backing of close relationship, the weight
of the evidence at hand is in favor of a South American habitat for
falcata. The main points of evidence in favor of this are, first, the
type locality given in Higgins’s description; second, a specimen in
the Isaac Lea collection (Cat. No. 86788, U.S.N.M.), which Lea

2Proec. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, pp. 501-1044.
* Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 179, pl. 14, fig. 6, 1868.

ART. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS—MARSHALL i

received from Wheatly. It is figured on plate 4, figure 1. The
-locality given for this specimen is Amazon. Third, no specimen has
ever been reported*from Southeastern Asia. Fourth, the character of
the periostracum. Were all other evidence lacking, this would be
sufficient to establish the fact of a South American origin for the
shell. The radiating microscopic threads are exactly like those found
in Diplodontitis cooket Marshall, Anodontites tenebricosus Lea,
Monocondylwa franciscana Moricand, and many other species of
South American naiad. The striae number about 90 to the milli-
meter.

In what genus “ Solenaia” falcata should be placed remains an
open question. The data at hand is not sufficient to answer that
question, and we must wait for further details as to anatomy, breed-
ing habits, and beak sculpture. The U. S. National Museum con-
tains six speciment representing four species of undoubted Solenaia.
The periostracum of these is altogether different from that of falcata
and shows no sign of radiating threads. To place it in the genus
Solenaia would involve a faunistic mixing that would be unusual,
namely, South America and Eastern Asia, and the difference between
the periostracum of falcata and that of species whose right to a
place in the genus Solenaia is undoubted would involve a mixing of
not only generic characters but of features which are believed to be
family characteristics.

Granting that “ Solenaia” falcata is a South American shell and
that it does not belong in the genus Solenaia, the next step is to de-
fine its position among the South American Naiades. It was described
as a Mycetopus (—Mycetopoda). In a cursory consideration of it
one would naturally place it in or very near the genus Mycetopoda,
this allocation being made chiefly because of its elongated form.
Possibly it does belong to that genus, but it is to be doubted. It may
belong in the genus Anodontites, as it shows some relationship to
arcuate specimens of the tenebricosus group. Its position here like-
wise is doubtful. In radiating threads its periostracum differs
widely from that of Mycetopoda, in which genus what radiating
threads have been observed being far from the kind usual in
Mutelidae. Of falcata it may be said that its sinulus is not dis-
tinctly of the Mutelid type, not being clearly triangular nor sub-
equilateral. This may be due to the great length of the shell in
proportion to its height. The species may require a new genus to
accommodate it.

Since the above was written our library has received a copy of a
paper entitled “ Nayades del Viaje al Pacifico,” by F. Hass, pub-
lished in 'Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Zoo-
logical series, Number 25 (Madrid, Spain, Aug. 1916). In this paper
the supposed new species M/ycetopoda bolivari Hass is described on
page 36 and figured on plate 2, figure 2. It comes from Rio

a PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

Unuyacu, affluent of the Napo River, Ecuador. The Napo is a
tributary to the Maranon, which in turn is tributary to the Amazon.
The description, the figures, and the locality all show that this shell
is the same species as the one described by Higgins as Mycetopus
falcatus and called Solenaia falcatus Higgins by Simpson.

Genus DIPLODONTITES
Plate 1, fig. 3

It was in this genus that the microscopic radiating striae were first
observed, and they were described and figured in the original descrip-
tion of the only species, Diplodontites cooket Marshall.t In this
genus the striae are of unusual importance, as the allocation of the
genus to its proper family depends upon shell characters and the
striae afford additional evidence that it belongs in the Mutelidae. In
this genus they are especially clear and cover nearly the whole sur-
face of the shell, about 90 striae to the millimeter. Fugacious perio-
stracum appears to be lacking, as at best there are only a few traces
bere and there of what may be this kind of material. The genus
differs from all other Mutelidae in having three cardinal teeth. It
agrees with them in having no lateral teeth, in the nature of the
sinlus, and, like most of them, it comes from South America. The
figure is from a paratype (Cat. No. 341473, U.S.N.M.), from a
tributary of the Rio Colorado in the Province of Santander, Co-

lombia.
SUMMARY

1. The radiating microscopic threads may be considered a family
characteristic of the Mutelidae as they appear in all the genera,
with the possible exception of the genus J/ycetopoda.

2. This characteristic, being found in Mutelidae only, is confined
to naiads inhabiting Africa, South America, Central America, and
Mexico.

3. Data as to breeding, anatomy, and beak sculpture of the genus
Diplodontites being lacking, its place in Mutelidae depends upon
conchological features. The radiating striae add to the number of
characters which indicate that it belongs in that family.

4. The nature of the periostracum of “ Solenaia” falcata Hig-
gins shows it to be South American, as stated by Higgins, and not
from southeastern Asia, as supposed by Simpson. It also shows
that falcata belongs in the family Mutelidae, although to what genus
remains undecided.

5. The genus Mycetopoda does not strictly conform to the usual
rule so far as microscopic threads and form of shell are concerned,
though its sinulus is triangular, like that of other Mutelidae.

4Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, 1922.

ART, 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS—MARSHALL 13

6. The sinulus:and tooth of some of the shells of the genus
Pseudodon of eastern Asia and near-by islands present a problem.
It is believed that they do not indicate any close relationship of
this genus to the Mutelidae.

7. The triangular sinulus, the absence of teeth, and the South
American habitat of the genera A/ullerta and Bartlettia of the
family Aetheriidae seem to indicate some close relation of this
family with the Mutelidae. The periostracum of J/ullerta and
Bartlettia shows no sign of radiating threads. Further study of
this family with young specimens is desirable.

8. The number of striae on the shells in which a count has been
made was: Per millimeter

SDOEN UBIO WO CHO te AUSS a) t= eine ee ee ee en ee 300

PLCLOLONBOUALLSH SWVOlNS Ole ee ee ee eee 105
Monocondylaea franciscana Moricand _____________----____-- 85
Monocondylaea felipponet. Marshall___________--_____=___=___ 110
TROGSOWTE TOR GLAS ERR MES oe Se ee ee 105
Anondontttes Crispatus Bruguiere. 2 lee eee eee 80
ANONGONTLLES LENECUTIGOSUS: bed na a ee ee ee 130
Anodontites patagonicus, bamarck=_=— === 2S eee ee 90
ANOLOTLELLES VILA CQULUGLD TS ee ee ee ee 100
INOLENUIO aE OLC@EGs NIG ON Sees eee ees ee ee eae 90
Dantodontites.cooke;, Marshallese ee eee 90

In conclusion it may be well to advise those who wish to make

a microscopic examination of the radiating striae in the Mutelidae
to begin, if possible, with Diplodontites cookei Marshall, then take
Monocondylaea franciscana Moricand, and then Anodontites cris-
patus Bruguiere, passing from this to any of the other members of
the family. ‘The species mentioned will give the idea of what to
look for.
> EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Via. 1. Anodontites crispatus Bruguiere. At posterior portion of the disk X
30 diameters.
2. Monocondylea franciscana Moricand. At the upper portion of the
disk X 50 diameters.
3. Diplodontites cookei Marshall. At the center of the disk X 50 diam-
eters.
Pram +2

All figures X 50 diameters

Vie. 1. Monocondyluea felipponei Marshall. Anterior to the center of the disk.
. Fossula fossiculifera Lea. Anterior to the center of the disk.

. Anodontites patagonicus Lamarck. Posterior to the center of the disk.

Go bt ee

PrAMEIS
All figures * 50 diameters
Fic. 1, Anodontites tenebricosus Lea. At the upper portion of the disk.
. Anodontites inacquivalvis Lea. On the dorsal ridge.
. Anodontites patagonicus Lamarck. High up on the disk.

C2 DO

Iie. 1

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

PLATE 4
All figures X 50 diameters

. “Solenaia” falcata Higgins. At the posterior dorsal angle.
It would have been better if this figure could have been arranged
to have the striae running horizontally and the growth lines on a
slant. Being near the posterior dorsal margin, the striae, which
radiate from the beak. are, at this point, nearly parallel to the dorsal
edge, and nearly horizontal.
. Pleiodon ovatus Swainson. Below the middle of the posterior dorsal
ridge.
. Spatha wahlbergi IWrauss. Posterior to the center of the disk.

)

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. |

MICROSCOPIC SCULPTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE [3

NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. 2

Lt é ye 4
& 76 4 pie
‘ Lafie :

“ge
4 1 oe
' . ¥

Microscopic SCULPTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 13

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. 3

Tr mya =

° tus me
¥ . & gre ’# Pa
ee i %

+ Mh 3 4
- "

aha a hess Sarpue

goes.

ie ip
hr)

all tohiat Bish V

MICROSCOPIC SCULPTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 13

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. 4

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Microscopic SCULPTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 14

THE GENUS PENTACRINUS IN ALASKA

By Frank SprINGER

Associate in Paleontology, United States National Museum

In April, 1918, Dr. T. W. Stanton, of the United States Geological
Survey, submitted to me for examination some crinoid remains col-
lected by field parties of the survey in the extreme northern part of
Alaska, near the Arctic Ocean. These proved to belong to the true
Pentacrinus (Fatracrinus of Austin, de Loriol, and P. H. Carpen-
ter) of the lower Jurassic of England and continental Europe, and
of the type of P. subangularis Miller, from the Lias of Boll, Met-
zingen, Holzmaden, and other localities in Wurtemburg, Germany.
I advised Doctor Stanton of this identification in a preliminary re-
port, which was published.t_ The occurrence was of much interest
as the first discovery of Pentacrinus, with the exception of isolated
stem segments, yet made in American rocks, and because these speci-
mens gave evidence of an unexpectedly -wide distribution of one of
the typical species. A detailed account of the material was deferred
in the hope of obtaining more complete specimens from one of the
localities, as it was then expected that Mr. Leffingwell might visit
the region again. Nothing further has been accomplished, however,
and it has been thought advisable to proceed with what we have.

The material in hand comes from two localities. The first is on a
small island called Black Island, in Canning River, opposite Mount
Copleston, longitude 146° 20’ W., latitude 69° 30’ N.; it is about 100
miles above the mouth of the river where it debouches into the Arctic
Ocean near Flaxman Point. Here a single specimen was secured,
consisting of a small slab containing crinoid remains brought from
the island by a native. It was derived from a formation composed
of about 4,000 feet of shale called the Kingak shale, correlated by
Mr. Leffingwell as of lower Jurassic age.2 The specimen consists of
part of a set of arms of a large individual, probably associated with
numerous others, in a preservation so exquisite as to induce a strong
desire to secure further treasures from the locality. Although won-

1 Professional Paper 109, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1919, The Canning River Region, Northern
Alaska, by Ernest de K. Leffingwell, p. 119.
2Idem, p. 119.

No. 2577.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 5.

2224895 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

derful specimens of the species to which this probably belongs have
been obtained in various European localities—one of the finest being
on exhibition in the hall of Invertebrate Paleontology in the United
States National Museum, having complete arms 15 inches long, and
5 feet of stem attached—none of them exhibit such perfection in fine
structural details as this, especially in the sharp definition of the
pinnules, as shown by the figure herewith. The condition of this
specimen indicates that it was part of a considerable colony, in which
a large number of these crinoids were imbedded together, as is the
case at some of the European localities.

The second locality is about 125 miles east of the first, near the
international boundary line, on a tributary to Overthrust Creek, 134
miles above its mouth, and about 8 miles west of the one hundred and

‘forty-first meridian. A. G. Maddren, while engaged in geological
investigations along the Canada-Alaska boundary during 1911 and
1912, found at this locality a crinoid bed composed of fragments of
the same Pentacrinus as the Black Island specimen, in a formation
largely made up of black shales which are probably the equivalent
of the Kingak shale.* These remains consist of numerous column
and arm fragments of large size, rather closely packed together, in-
dicating a bed of considerable extent, in which, however, the speci-
mens lack the fine preservation of that of locality 1. The matrix
is highly ferruginous, with much oxidation at the surface by which
the structural details are destroyed, except in some of the column
fragments, which have the joint-faces well preserved, showing the
petaloid sectors characteristic of the genus.

There is a general similarity in size and appearance of the parts
recovered from the two localities, which indicates the probability of
their being of the same species. ‘They are larger than the corre-
sponding parts of specimens as usually found at Lyme-Regis in
Dorsetshire, England, but not of greater size than that of many
specimens from the Wurtemburg localities.

Among Mesozoic crinoids no genus has attracted more attention,
both in the literature and in the rocks, than Pentacrinus of the lower
Jurassic. From what has been learned in recent years, it probably
had a wider distribution than any other. In view of this faet, and
of the evidence as disclosed by the material now before us of its great
abundance in a region where it was least expected, I have thought
it well, for the benefit of those who may not have convenient access
to the publications, to give a brief summary of the leading facts rela-
tive to the genus. The chief descriptive matter may be found in
the works of J. S. Miller, Quenstedt, de Loriol, and P. H. Carpenter;
but for a comprehensive and lucid exposition of the genus and the

“efingwell, same reference, p. 120.

arr, 5 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS—SPRINGER 3

complications relative to it, the reader should consult Bather’s paper
on “ Pentacrinus, a Name and a History.” +

The name is involved in considerable confusion, and students are
apt to be misled by the manner of its use in the literature at certain
periods. The two principal species were described by J. S. Miller
in his Natural History of the Crinoidea, 1821, as Pentacrinus briar-
eus (p. 56, pls. 1 and 2) from the lower Lias, and P. subangularis
(p. 59, pls. 1 and 2) from the middle or upper Lias. It is evident
from Miller’s descriptions that he had as types specimens from the
typical localities: P. briareus from Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire, Eng-
land, and P. subangularis from the black slate in Wurtembure,
Germany. He credits subangularis also to Lyme-Regis, and de
Loriol refers a specimen from France to that species; while Quen-
stedt describes several varieties of P. briareus from Wurtemburg
localities; but it is open to question whether the two forms are not
chiefly confined in Europe to their respective localities and horizons.
There is some confusion in the descriptions as to horizon; swbangu-
laris is credited to both the middie and upper Lias, and briareus to
upper and lower.

These two most common species in the Lias of England and Ger-
many are extremely abundant, often composing entire strata, in
which their remains are beautifully preserved, furnishing most
striking specimens, which are to be seen in nearly all museums.

The name Pentacrinus as employed by Miller included two types:
1, in which the radials project downward over the proximal col-
umnals, and the arms are heterotomous; and 2, in which the radials
do not so project, and the arms are dichotomous. The name was
also appled to the earlier described stalked crinoids of the present
seas, such as P. caput-medusae, P. mullert, P. wyville-thomsoni, P.
decorus, etc. Then the Austins in 1848 proposed to separate the
species of type No. 1 under a new genus, /wtracrinus, leaving only
those of No. 2 under the original name. This course was followed
by de Loriol® and by P. H. Carpenter in the Challenger Report on
the Stalked Crinoids, and the names were applied by them accord-
ingly.

Later on it was discovered that the Pentacrinus briareus of Miller,
which had been illustrated under the name of the Briarean Penta-
crinite by Parkinson in 1808° and of which Miller’s name had been
copied into treatises and textbooks generally,’ was the identical
species which had been described by Blumenbach in 1802 from a
specimen from Dorsetshire as Encrinites fossilis, and as Pentacrin-

Natural Science, vol. 12, 1898, p. 254.

5 Crinoides de Ja France, vol. 2, 1868, p. 385.
© Org. Rems., vol. 2, p. 248.

‘Dana’s Manual of Geology, ed. 4, p. 778.

So?)

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

ites fossilis in 1804.8 Under the rules of nomenclature this name
had priority, and Miller’s name would have to be discarded in its
favor. Not only so, but as the name Pentacrinus had been attached
to the (briareus) fossilis type, No. 1, long before the time of the
Austins, it followed that their genus H’xtracrinus must also go into
the discard, and all the species which had been ranked under it
would now have to be listed as the true Pentacrinus.

Furthermore, it was found that the Pentacrinus type No. 2 was
covered by the genus /socrinus Agassiz, 1836 (von Meyer, 1837) ;
so that the species of that type, which included all the Recent
“ Pentacrinus”, would have to be written Jsocrinus, leaving the
species of type No. 1 as the true Pentacrinus, typified by Blumen-
bach’s original species, P. fossdlis.

All this history, of which I am giving but a brief abstract, will
be found fully set forth with ample reference to the original sources,
in Doctor Bather’s paper already mentioned. Thus when in the
literature the name Pentacrinus is encountered for an existing
crinoid, or for a fossil species in the works of de Loriol, it means
Isocrinus; and where the name “ Hatracrinus” occurs it should be
read Pentacrinus. And for. the classic name “ Pentacrinus briareus”
there should now be substituted P. fossélis. Quenstedt did not adopt
the name “ atracrinus,” but continued to use the original term for
both forms.

With this explanation to obviate confusion over the names, we
are in position to consider the questions relating to the particular
forms of the genus suggested by the new material.

According to Quenstedt and de Loriol® the true Pentacrinus
(type No. 1, above) is divisible into two groups, characterized by
stem characters only, which with our present knowledge would be
described as follows:

1. P. (briareus) fossils (Blumenbach), 1802. Lower Lias, Dorsetshire, Eng-
land.

Stem short, sharply pentagonal. Columnals alternating, but not strongly
unequal. Internodals few, from 1 near the calyx, to 3 or 4 distally. Cirri
large, very long, prismatic or flattened, in whorls of 5 to every nodal.

2. P. subanguirais: Miller, 1821. Upper and middle Lias, Wurtemburg,
Germany.

Stem very long, subpentangular or round. Columnals alternating, very
unequal; internodals numerous, increasing from the calyx distalwards by
doubling. Cirri few, small, short and round.

In a good specimen from Holzmaden in my collection the cirrus
intervals increase from 3 ossicles (1 long and 2 short) beginning
with the second large columnal near the calyx, to 7, 15, and 31
internodals at about the fifteenth internode, a distance of about 30

> Abh. Naturh. No. 70, pl. 70.
’ Crin. de la France, vol. 2, p. 385.

ART, 5 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS—SPRINGER 5

cm.; the increase is by interpolation of new internodals, which con-
tinues progressively further down along the stem, the interpolated
columnals appearing at the surface in the form of short and thin
lacunae, which gradually widen and coalesce until they become full
columnals, and these increase in length until they approach the size
of those adjoining them. So the next increase would be to add 32
young thin ossicles to the internode, making 63 in all at about the
twenty-fourth internode.
Thus the progression would be about like this:

AMNtEBNOde ea naswie ONS eles OUt= == ae a ee ee ee ee 3
imternodes*2—9) have’ i long, 2 short;-4 lacunaes2o2__ +. = = 2 7
Internodes 6-10 have 3 long, 4 short, 8 lacunae —_ 2-2 15
internodes) 44—17 thave i lone: 8 short, 16 lacunae 2-2 = 31
Internodes 18-25 have 15 long, 16 short, 32 lacumae_____________-_________ 63

Both groups are cited from Wurtemburg, but apparently only P.
fossilis from England. De Loriol gives a list of the species in the
two groups, and declares that as to those occurring outside of France
they have not been described with sufficient exactness to enable him to
recognize them. And the same may be said of most of those from
France. In fact the literature is encumbered with the names of
more than a hundred species of Pentacrinus, most of them without
definition by which they can be recognized. They have been pro-
posed chiefly upon isolated stem-ossicles, which differ much in con-
tour and markings according to their position in the stem. Outside
of the common species the characters are not well known, and nothing
short of a thorough revision of all species based upon the type and
associated material will afford the knowledge necessary for com-
parison.

The specimens from Alaska without doubt belong to the second,
or subangularis, group. The round column, and strong alternation
of columnals as they appear in figure 2 of our plate, establish this
conclusively. Enough is visible in the lateral views of the few short
stem fragments exposed to show that the internodal columnals merge
in the form of lacunae, as shown by figure 4, and as further ex-
plained in my paper on Pentacrinus rotiensis from the East Indies.?°

No cirri are observable on the parts preserved. The sculpture
of the numerous joint-faces exposed on figure 2 is precisely of the
type of the Wurtemburg specimens, as figured in the above-men-
tioned paper (pl. 1, figs. 3, 4, and herein, fig. 3). But there is to be
seen a slight difference in the outline of the columnals, that of the
latter being distinctly subpentagonal, while those of our specimens
are almost uniformly round, a difference which may be due to dif-
ferent positions in the stem.

10 Nederlandische Timor-Expeditie II. Jaarboek van het Mijnwesen, 45e Jaargang,
1916, Leiden, Holland. Published in 1918S.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The set of arms shown in the Black Island specimen (fig. 1)
are also clearly of the subangularis type. The brachials are slightly
wedge-shaped, giving off a pinnule from the longer side. of each,
both on the main arms and the ramules, so that as seen from either
margin the pinnules are borne alternately on every second brachial.
Their form and proportions, as well as the exquisite delineation of
details, are clearly brought out in the photograph. One notable
item is the very large size of the first pinnular, which articulates
with two brachials. Some of the pinnulars show notches or crenu-
lations on the ventral edges.

In size there is not much difference between our specimens and
the average of those from Wurtemburg. Compared with good-
sized specimens from Holzmaden, as figured in Quenstedt, we
have the following details:

. |

| Alaska | Wurtemburg

| |

| Mim Mm
Diammeterko fac olin ss eee een ee eee eee 6-12 12, 13, 15
Width of arm in lower division._______--_-_-________- | i i
Number of brachials in interval between ramules____-__-_ | 13-14 13

With the foregoing facts to go on, there would seem to be no good
reason for separating the Alaskan form specifically from subangu-
laris. Yet in order to allow for probable migrational changes not
disclosed by our incomplete material, and for more convenient des-
ignation in the literature, I think best to give it a varietal name,
Pentacrinus subangularis, var. alaska, which will have at least as
good ground to stand on as any of the five varieties based on Wur-
temburg specimens into which Quenstedt undertook to subdivide
the species P. briareus, to say nothing of the doubt, before mentioned,
vhether the type of the (bviareus) fossilis group occurs in that area.

Wishing to have the benefit of the fullest information before
finally recording my own impression, I sent copies of my figures to
Dr. F. A. Bather, requesting him to compare them with the speci-
mens in the British Museum, and to favor me with his opinion.
This he has very kindly done, and given me a report from which I
quote the following extract:

Lonpon, 25 May, 1923.

DeEAR Mr. SprincerR: I have examined your photographs of Pentacrinus from
Alaska with great care, comparing them with the published descriptions, and
with the material in this museum from Dorset and Wurtemberg. The only
difference I can see is that the few stem fragments visible from the side do
not show such- marked or regular alternation in the sizes of the columnals as
do all the specimens in this museum. This may depend possibly on the region
of the column from which they came, and in any case the evidence of the
photograph is not very extensive. The photograph of the arms shows the

32 Petref. Deutschl., vol. 4, pl. 101.

ART. 5 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS—SPRINGER 7

pinnules much better preserved than any specimens we have here. The ventral
edges of some of the pinnulars show about four notches or crenulation?s. I am
“unable to detect these in any of our specimens, but the material is insufficient.
I should certainly refer these specimens to P. subangularis in the broad sense.
Quenstedt, you will remember, confessed that his attempts to divide up that
species were not very satisfactory to him.

Perhaps the most interesting feature of the Alaskan discovery is
its bearing upon the: geographical distribution of this vigorous
Jurassic crinoidal type, which now appears to have spread into al-
most all waters, and to have flourished in great profusion in regions
remote from each other. Isolated stem-ossicles from Dakota and
from Utah described as Pentacrinus asteriscus by Meek and Hay-
den,” and as P. white by W. B. Clark, show a still wider spread
upon the American continent. And when we consider the further
evidence now in hand of the existence of a closely related form in
the East Indian archipelago, as given in my paper before cited, we
are impressed with the cosmopolitan range of the genus, far exceed-
ing that of any crinoid of the present ocean. It is a good illustration
of the result of conditions prevailing in the Jurassic and Cretaceous
periods of deep and clear seas, which were favorable to the develop-
ment and spread of marine faunas over large areas with a minimum
of checks and interference, in contrast to those of subsequent periods
down to the present, in which owing to the great changes in land
form affecting the conditions of marine life, and to increasing com-
petition arising from the multiplication of forms, the tendency has
been toward progressively greater restriction of faunal areas.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Pentacrinus subangularis yar. alaska, new variety

Fic. 1. Part of a set of arms, With ramules and pinnules finely preserved.
Natural size. U.S. National Museum. Black Island, Canning River.
2. A small slab filled with stem-fragments, many showing the joint-faces
in detail, and some in side view showing the very unequal columnals
with interpolated lacunae. Natural size. U. §. National Museum.
Overthrust Creek, near international boundary.
Lower Jurassic, Kingak shale; northern Alaska.

Pentacrinus subangularis Miller

3. A typical joint-face, enlarged, for comparisen of structures. 2,
Author’s collection.
Lower Jurassic. Upper Lias; Boll, Wurtembureg.

Pentacrinus rotiensis Springer

4. A stem-fragment containing a complete internode of seven pairs of
internodals, to show the mode of growth of younger ossicles by inter-
polation in the form of small lacunae not yet meeting at the exterior
to form a complete columnal. Collection Dr. G. A. F. Molengraaff,
Delft, Holland. ;

Jurassic. Island of Roti, Dutch East Indies.

22 Pal. Upper Missouri, 1865, p. 67, pl. 3, figs. 2, a0.

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PL.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 5

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

THE CRINOID GENUS PENTACRINUS IN ALASKA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 7

A NEW METEORIC STONE FROM BALDWYN, MISSIS-
SIPPI

By Grorcr P. Merriiu
Head Curator of Geology, United States National Museum

At the time of the meeting of the Geological Society of America
in Washington, December, 1923, the present writer was shown by
Prof. L. C. Glenn, of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., a
beautifully encrusted meteoric stone weighing about 345 grams,
which fell on the farm of Allen Cox, of Baldwyn, Miss., February
2, 1922. Concerning it Mr. Cox furnished the writer aie following
sercibon

This meteoric stone fell * * * on my farm about one and a half miles
northwest of Baldwyn, Miss. Ed. Bush, a negro tenant on my place, who
is an unusually reliable and intelligent darky saw it fall and in fact it
did not miss hitting him by more than 10 feet. He came to the house and
reported it to me and I went with him and picked up the stone which had
buried itself about three or four inches in soft clay. It was still hot, not
hot enough to burn, but very decidedly warm and gave off a smell very
much like brimstone or a flint when it has been struck with steel and sparks
have been made to fly. The darky had been so badly scared thet he had been
afraid to touch it. He said his attention was first attracted sy a humming
noise which he took to be an airplane and he turned to look »m.o the sky for
the airplane but saw nothing. The noise increased and in a short space of
time described by him as about a minute, but which I am stie was only a
few seconds, a rush of air came by his head and the stone buried itself near
his feet. He did not at any time see the actual stone until it hit the ground.
It first was heard in a northwesterly direction from him and in falling de
seribed an arch of about 30 to 85 degrees as nearly as I could tell from the
location he gave me for the position of the first sound.

As no record of this stone has thus far appeared in print, the pres-
ent writer, with Professor Glenn’s permission, cut from it a thin sec-
tion from which the following description was prepared:

The stone is chondritic though the structure is quite indistinct.:
The single thin section examined shows the usual fine g:anular
ground with irregularly outlined areas of larger granules, the evi-
dent residue of chondrules partially obliterated through metamor-

No. 2578.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 6.
22259—25 1

2 PRECEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

phism. The determined silicate minerals are olivine and an ortho-
rhombic pyroxene with small, interstitial areas of a clear, colorless,
doubly refracting mineral which in a few instances shows plainly
the twinning striae characteristic of a plagioclase feldspar. The cut
surface shows numerous black veins, some of which are mere lines,
but in one instance 4—5 millimeters in diameter enclosing fragments
of the silicates, the whole imparting a somewhat breccia structure to
the stone (see pl. 1).

Under the prevailing system it would be classified as a veined
white chondrite.

This stone, the doubtfully meteoric iron of Oktibbeha and a small
stone that fell near Palahatchie in Rankin County on October 17,
1910, represent the sole contributions of the State of Mississippi to
our knowledge of the distribution of these very interesting bodies.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 6 PL. |

THE BALDWYN, MISSISSIPPI, METEORIC STONE

FOR REFERENCE TO PLATE SEE PAGE 2

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. a Fomor

THE ORIGIN, OCCURRENCE, COMPOSITION, AND PHYSI-
CAL PROPERTIES OF THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE

By CrarEence 8. Ross
Geologist, United States Geological Survey

and

Eart V. SHANNON
Assistant Curator of Geology, United States National Museum

INTRODUCTION

Dr. A. C. Lawson,! while studying the volcanic rocks in the vicinity
of Carmelo Bay, Calif., in 1893, found an undescribed mineral in the
rocks called carmeloites, to which he gave the name iddingsite; that,
however, the mineral was a distinct species was not generally recog-
nized and it is still described in the textbooks as a variety of serpen-
tine.2 Subsequent study has shown this to be a widespread and,
at times, an abundant mineral in basaltic rocks, but its chemical com-
position and real nature have long remained matters of speculation.
It is a secondary mineral, rarely entirely free from the olivine from
which it is derived; it is rather finely disseminated among other
minerals of nearly the same specific gravity, and so investigators
have been deterred from making the tedious efforts required for its
separation and analysis.

The chemical portion of the following paper is based upon eight
analyses of iddingsite from six localities, and while the results of
these analyses do not give a complete understanding of the chemical
composition of iddingsite, they show that it is not serpentine and
establish it asa distinct mineral species. All the analyzed iddingsites,
and additional materials from widely separated localities from the
western United States, have been examined; the physical properties
have been determined; its relaticns to the associated minerals have

1 Lawson, Andrew C., Univ. of Calif. Bull. of Dept. of Geol., No. 1, p. 31, 1893.

2 Johannsen, Albert, Determination of rock-forming minerals, p. 361, New York, 1908.
Iddings, Joseph P., Rock minerals, p. 381, New York, 1911. Winchell, N. H., and A. N.,
Elements of optical mineralogy, p. 360, New York, 1909.

No. 2579.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSEuUM, VOL. 67, ART. 7.
23555—25 1 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

been studied; and conclusions as to the genesis of iddingsite have
been reached. This paper is presented in the belief that the available
data on the composition, and a detailed study of the origin of this
long discussed mineral will prove to be of interest, as the results
are distinctly at -variance with previous views about iddingsite.

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS OF IDDINGSITE

In a discussion of the rocks of the Eureka district, Nevada, Id-
dings*® says of the mineral later named iddingsite: “There com-
mences from the surface and from fractures (in olivine) as in the
ordinary process a fibration, not in directions always normal to the
surface, but in lines parallel throughout the crystal, and parallel also
to some direction in the plane of the more perfect cleavage. The
fibers have a light yellow color at first, which deepens into a red-
dish brown or blood red as the decomposition proceeds; they polarize
light brilliantly and show parallel extinction and sometimes faint
pleochroism. The resultant mineral is evidently not a compound
ageregate, but a crystallographic individual, with parallel orienta-
tion in all its parts, for the extinction of light is the same through-
out, and the interference figure is that of a doubly refracting crys-
tal.” Iddings cbserved occasional well crystallized hexagonal plates
in the less altered olivine and found that on treatment with hot
concentrated hydrochloric acid the mineral lost color without chang-
ing its optical properties. This induced him to think that: “The
substance is in this case a nearly colorless micaceous mineral, colored
red by iron oxide.” He concludes:

That the mineral is a foliated, crystailized form of serpentine seems prob-
able from the fact that most of the basalts are so fresh, with the deccomposi-
tion of the olivine frequently confined to the weathered surface, that a very
radical change is not likely to have taken place, and that simple hydration
and oxidation of a very ferruginous olivine would supply all the chemical
elements necessary to transform it into anhydrous unsilicate of magnesia and
ferric iron; besides which is the fact that the optical properties of the min-
eral in question correspond to those given by Miller for thermophyllite.

Describing the * Potlach pseudomorphs after olivine” in the Car-

boniferous tuffs and dolorite of Derbyshire, Arnold-Bemrose‘ says:

The plane of the optic axes is at right angles. to the length of the original
crystal, the angle between the optic axes is very small, and the double refrac-
tion negative. As a rule the pseudomorphs behave as a crystallographic in-
dividual, and not as an aggregate. The traces of the cleavage are generally
parallel to the length of the crystal. * * * When mounted, the thin flakes
appear brown or brownish-yellow by transmitted light. In convergent light
they show a biaxial figure, with a small angle between the axes and negative
double refraction. They are sometimes almost uniaxial. When a fragment does

3 Tddings, Joseph P., Appendix B, Mono. 20, U. S. Geol. Survey, pp. 888-390, 1892.
4 Arnold-Bemrose, H, H., Quart. Journ, Geol. Soe., p. 603, London, 1894.

ART. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 3

not lie on the cleavage plane it shows dichroism, the greatest absorption taking
place when the short axis of the polarizer is parallel to the trace of the
cleavage.

In his investigation of iddingsite, Lawson’ made qualitative
chemical tests and says:

Chemically therefore iddingsite is a hydrous nonaluminous silicate of iron,
magnesia, and soda. * * * The extraction of iron by acids without decom-
position of the mineral indicates that a considerable proportion of that ele-
ment is present, not as a part of the silicate molecule, but as a pigment in the
form of hematite or limonite, probably the latter.

Of the optical properties Lawson says:

Under the microscope the cleavage plates prove to be biaxial, and yield with
great definiteness a figure which shows that the plane of the optic axis is at
right angles to the cleavage and parallel to the e¢ axis, and that the acute
bisectrix is perpendicular to the cleavage, being coincident with the a@ axis.
In these plates and in all sections transverse to the cleavage in the slides the
extinction is strictly parallel to the cleavage, to the fibrous structure, and to
the trace of the pinacoids. This shows that the three axes of elasticity are
parallel to the three crystallographic axes, respectively, and that the mineral
is therefore orthorhombic. * * * In thin section iddingsite becomes trans-
parent in colors which range from a deep chestnut brown to citron yellow, or
occasionally a clear greenish yellow. The pleochroism is strongly marked in
sections transverse to the cleavage, particularly so in those parallel to the
axial plane, but usually very feeble in sections parallel to the cleavage. The
absorption formula is c>b>a.

The double refraction (not given) low. The other properties
determined by Lawson may be summarized as follows: Hardness
2.4; Specific gravity variable, maximum 2.893; Infusible before the
blowpipe, and not perceptibly altered. Yields water in the closed
tube. He concludes: :

It is evidently not the form of erystallized serpentine thermophyllite, since
it differs from the latter in physical appearance, in behavior before the blow-
pipe, in density, in luster, and in color: neither does it correspond optically
with serpentine. Moreover, the development of serpentine from olivine by
hydration is accompanied by a swelling of the mass. In the case of iddingsite,
on the contrary, there is very frequently excellent evidence of shrinkage.
* * * There appears to be no good reason for regarding the mineral as a
crystallized variety of serpentine.

Ransome * studied iddingsite in the eruptive rocks gf Point Bonita
and has the following to say of the mineral:

Iddingsite is present in many of the slides of the diabase, in rounded ideo-
morphic crystals of various sizes up to about 2 millimeters in length, whose
outlines are strongly suggestive of olivine. The color varies from light green-
ish yellow to dark dingy green. * * * These sections are pleochroic, being
dark yellowish green parallel to the cleavage, and light greenish yellow at
right angles to that position. Under crossed nicols the undecomposed portions
show brilliant mottled polarization colors, crimson and green predominating,

3’ Lawson, Andrew C., Univ. of Calif. Bull., Dept. of Geol., No. 1, pp. 31-36, 1895.
® Ransome, F. L., Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. Calif., No. 1, pp. 90-92, 1894.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

and the double refraction is therefore strong. The mean index of refraction
(not given) is rather low. The distinctly terminated prismatic sections are
but slightly pleochroic and show no cleavage. The interference colors are
moreover low. In general they give a distinct biaxial figure, with a small
angle. * * * The plane of the optic axes lies parallel to the longer axis
of the prism, and is, therefore, perpendicular to the cleavage planes. * * *
The mineral was ascertained to be optically negative.

OCCURRENCE

Iddingsite is widely distributed in the basaltic rocks of the San
Juan region of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, and,
indeed, throughout the western United States. Petrographic studies?
of these rocks show conclusively that the red or red-brown altera-
tion product of olivine is not serpentine and indicate that it is a
definite mineral as suggested by Lawson.

Iddingsite nearly always gives clear evidence of its derivation
from olivine, since the outlines of the original olivine crystals are
often beautifully preserved. All degrees of alteration have been ob-
served from perfect, homogeneous crystals of iddingsite to olivine
crystals with the merest film of iddingsite between cleavage cracks.
Usually the outer zone is changed to iddingsite where the alteration
is incomplete, but in one large group of rocks the central area is
usually iddingsite with an outer zone of fresh olivine. The manner
of alteration appears to depend upon some property inherent in the
original olivine itself, which allows some parts to be more easily
altered than others. Much of the iddingsite seems at first glance to
be fibrous, and it has been so described. Close study, however, shows
that this effect in dhe material investigated is the result of minute
inclusions of spinels, magnetite, or hematite. High magnifications
of small grains of iddingsite reveal a clean fracture with no indica-
tion of fibers. The photomicrographs in Plates 1 and 2 show the
relationships between olivine and iddingsite in a number of different
rocks. In many specimens (pl. 1, fig. 1, and pl. 2, fig. 4), there is an
outer zone of iddingsite surrounding a core of olivine with a ragged
area between the two, with shredlike masses of iddingsite extending
into the olivine. In other specimens (pl. 1, figs. 3, 4) there is altera-
tion along cracks in the olivine with the same shredlike masses of
iddingsite extending into olivine. In some specimens (pl. 1, fig. 3)
there is an outer zone of iddingsite around olivine with a sharp con-
tact between the two. In many specimens the large phenocrysts are
completely changed to iddingsite, while small groundmass grains of
olivine of a later generation show little alteration. In one large
group of recks (pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2, figs. 5, 6) there is an inner core of
iddingsite surrounded by fresh olivine. In some specimens (pl. 1,

7 Larsen, Esper S., Bull. 679, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 90, 1921.

ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—-ROSS AND SHANNON 5

fig. 4) alteration has occurred along cracks with very sharp contacts
between iddingsite and olivine. Much of the iddingsite investigated
contains very small grains of magnetite and other spinels arranged
in minute lines parallel to the crystallographic axes of the mineral.

A pale brown or yellow material is associated with iddingsite in
some rocks and this material is represented by analyses 3 and 5.
This is usually cryptocrystalline and has a lower index of refraction
than normal iddingsite and a small axial angle where it is possible
to determine it. It forms a rim around iddingsite in some specimens
and a core in others. The contact between the two types of material
is sharp in some specimens and transitional in others. The evidence
does not clearly indicate whether this pale material is impure, im-
perfectly crystallized iddingsite or a different but closely related
mineral,

Usually there is evidence that there was a very marked loss of
volume during alteration of olivine to iddingsite, as the cleavage
planes (pl. 2, fig. 1) are marked by widely gaping cracks that oc-
cupy 10 to 20 per cent of the volume of the original olivine.

ORIGIN

Iddingsite has usually been described as a weathering product of
olivine. Its origin through the processes of weathering can not be
summarily rejected for all occurrences, but in the material studied in
the preparation of this paper an origin through weathering seems to
be extremely improbable. In the basaltic rocks of southern Colorado
and northern New Mexico there is no observable relation between
the occurrence of olivine or iddingsite in a rock and the amount of
weathering that rock has undergone. In general, there is little
weathering in these rocks and iddingsite occurs in the freshest of
them, in association with unaltered augite, feldspars that are not
even clouded, and basaltic glass (a very unstable material) that is
unchanged. It has been observed evenly distributed from top to bot-
tom of a basaltic sill 50 feet in thickness where no trace of weather-
ing could be found. Its occurrence bears no relation to exposure of
surface, proximity to joint cracks or relative age of the various beds.
It may be abundant in one flow and be absent in any one or all of
either higher or lower flows of a series. Several flows have been
identified where iddingsite of similar characteristics is present over
very wide areas, showing that the characteristics of the iddingsite
are inherent in the rock.

In rocks that do show extensive alteration, serpentine and not
iddingsite has developed from olivine. Some basalts show a narrow
leached zone at the surface, and here impure amorphous aggregates
of hydrous iron oxides have formed from the olivine crystals and
not iddingsite.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

In many of the rocks studied the relation of fresh olivine and
iddingsite present pecularities that appear to give a clew as to the
mode of origin. The presence of small grains of ground-mass
olivine remaining nearly fresh in the presence of large phenocrysts
that have been completely changed to iddingsite suggests that the
processes involved in the change are partly dependent on the original
composition of olivine. The basalt of the Hinsdale volcanic series
of the Rio Grande Valley of northern New Mexico has been traced
for 80 miles, and wherever observed it shows cores of iddingsite
surrounded by fresh olivine (see pl. 1, fig. 2, and pl. 2, figs. 5, 6).
Similarly, rocks from many other sources show a very distinct zonal
relationship in the development of the iddingsite. It seems very
difficult to explain such relationships on the basis of weathering,
especially as these phenomena are characteristic of single flows or
single groups of flows over wide areas. On the other hand, these
facts suggest very strongly that the alteration was partly dependent
upon zonal variations in the original olivine from which the idding-
site was derived. This led to an investigation of the olivines of
iddingsite-bearing rocks. The basalt of Cerro Mohera, New Mexico,
is of the same age and type as that giving rise to the sharp zones of
olivine around iddingsite shown (pl. 1, fig. 2, and pl. 2, figs. 5, 6),
but is itself little altered. A careful study of the optical properties
of this olivine showed that the index of refraction for @ varied from
n=1.711 to n=1.722, and the optical character varied from + to —,
indicating an appreciable variation in the proportion of iron silicate
(Fe,S10,) in the olivine molecule. These facts, supported as they
are by the mineral relationships, seem to show that the formation
of iddingsite from olivine is partly dependent upon the chemical
composition of the olivine.

Iddingsite is confined almost exclusively to extrusive or hypa-
byssal rocks and is practically absent from deep-seated rocks, but
if iddingsite were derived from olivine by ordinary weathering
there is no reason why it should not occur in abyssal rocks. The
restriction in occurrence shows that specialized conditions are re-
quired for the formation of the mineral and that these conditions
are most often realized in a cooling extrusive. This restriction in
occurrence and the relationships described indicate that the develop-
ment of iddingsite is definitely associated with magmas that cooled
near the surface.

In discussing iddingsite, Iddings® says:

There remained in the portion (iddingsite) subjected to acid, well developed,
nearly opaque octahedrons, most likely picotite.

8 Iddings, Joseph P., U. S. Geol. Survey, Mono. 20, p. 390.

ART. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 7

Ransome ® says:

It (iddingsite) includes abundant grains of iron ores, and frequently dark
brown microscopic crystals of chromite or picotite. * * * In the Point
Bonita iddingsite the limonitic p gment is entirely absent. ;

The writers have found very large amounts of magnetite in the
iddingsite from Race Creek, Colo., and spinels in that from Brazos
River, N. Mex. Small amounts of magnetite or-related minerals
seem to be almost always associated with iddingsite. These asso-
ciated minerals that have clearly developed by the same processes as
iddingsite contribute a very convincing line of evidence that id-
dingsite is not the result of ordinary rock weathering. Weathering
would produce hydrous iron oxides probably in the form of lmonite
and would be very unlikely to yield magnetite and other minerals of
the spinel group. On the other hand these would be the very minerals
to form if the alteration of olivine to iddingsite were the result of
magmatic or deuteric 1° processes.

Sederholm says:

I think that it would be advisable to discriminate between such metasomatic
changes which belong to a later period of metamorphism, i. e. are secondary in
the strictest sense of the word, and those which have taken place in the direct
continuation of the consolidation of the magma of the rock itself. I propose
to call the later deuteric, as distinct from secondary changes.

This strongly confirms the evidence presented by the restriction in
occurrence and suggests that ¢ddingsite is a deuteric mineral; that is,
it has been produced by processes largely-inherent in the magma
itself, probably brought about by gases during final cooling.

The conclusion that iddingsite is a deuteric mineral first based
purely on petrographic evidence is strongly supported by the chem-
ical analyses. The ordinary agents of weathering would be ex-
tremely unlikely to produce an homogeneous crystal with definite
optical properties and the chemical composition of iddingsite. On
page 8 is given a typical analysis of iddingsite and the analysis of
an olivine from rocks of the same region.

A comparison of these analyses shows that the proportion of
silica has remained nearly constant, a little aluminum and calcium
appear to have been added, the iron has all been changed from the
ferrous to the ferric state and its proportion has greatly increased,
water has been added in large amount, and magnesium has been
largely abstracted. It is clear that in the change of olivine to
iddingsite there has been a metasomatic replacement, and the only
stages through which these rocks have passed where forces seem-
ingly capable of performing such work have been active are those

®Ransome, Frank L., Univ. of Calif. Bull. of Dept. Geol., No. 1, p. 92, 1893.
10 Sederholm, J. J., Com. Geol. de Finlande, Bull. No. 48, pp. 141-142, 1916.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

associated with magmatic cooling. It is, therefore, concluded that
iddingsite is most probably a deuteric mineral formed in the pres-
ence of heat, water, and gases after the magma has reached a horizon
near enough the surface to give oxidizing conditions. The magma
must have come to rest before iddingsite formed for though it is a
very brittle mineral it is never fractured, or distorted by flow.

A similar result may have been produced in other ways. Thus it
is quite probable that the heat and gases given off by one lava flow
would have a metasomatic action on a previous flow, and iddingsite
might be the result of this action. It is doubted, however, if this
effect could be widespread, and it could not produce a uniform dis-
tribution of iddingsite from top to bottom of a thick flow.

A comparison of the chemical composition of iddingsite and ser-
pentine shows how different are the processes involved in the devel-
opment of the two minerals.

Comparative analyses of iddingsite, serpentine, and olivine

(1) (2) (5) (4)
STO) 5 rth tae ee eg Se no 38. 63 42°17 44,1 38. 76
YNUES Goo Ni en Ra ely eo fs a Se eg ge ee hd 1. 78 | BO} ay tee eee heey ee cee
Fo,0s0. 2 OL aphanee ie BD AGy| ie Acbegiut: catal iat Poe as
Re Oe ou 2 2 2 et eg ees Toe ee ee |e ee GA eee ae 22. 55

CHORE LM #2 SL Ree Cer ages See ea Dae AT PRR BUOE steM lira ABELL oe: trace
Mien BPs ong, shay ile whnce, 1 ian 6.64] 41.33 | 43.0] 38. 52
ETE CO) ee ee ee ae ed ee: ee Hi eerae) iste? 12.9 09
100. 03 99. 73 100. 0 99, 92

(1) Iddingsite from La Jara Creek, Conejos quadrangle, Colo.

(2) Serpentine from Fort Henry, New York,” analysis No. 19.

(3) Serpentine ideal composition.

(4) Olivine from Cerro Mohera near Tres Predias, N. M.

In analyzed serpentine aluminum peroxide (AI,O,) and iron
peroxide (Fe,O,) reach a maximum of 6 per cent, and a variable
amount of iron monoxide (FeO) replaces magnesium oxide (MgO),
but-no serpentine even remotely resembling iddingsite has ever been
described. Serpentine is generally believed to have been the result
of metasomatic changes at some depth and seldom, if ever, the result
of surface weathering, and yet its chemical composition is not very
different from that of the olivine from which it is derived. The
changes in the ratios of the chemical components involved in the
derivation of serpentine from olivine are very much less than the
changes in ratio when iddingsite is derived from olivine. It is also

1 Dana, James D., Descriptive mineralogy, p. 672, 1909.

ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 9

. . . e's . .
evident that serpentine forms under conditions where reducing condi-
tions prevail, and most of the iron remains in the ferrous condition,
while iddingsite forms where oxidizing conditions produce ferric
iron.

PETROLOGY OF IDDINGSITE-BEARING ROCKS

RACE CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE

The rock containing the material represented by analysis (1) is
and andesite of basaltic habit of late Tertiary age collected from a
peak at the headwaters of Race Creek near the south edge of the

Creede quadrangle, Colorado, and about 11 miles south of South
' Fork on the Creede branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Western
Railroad. The rock is gray and somewhat vesicular and in the hand
specimen shows phenocrysts of oligoclase, quartz, and iddingsite.

The modal composition of the rock is as follows:
bd

Mineral composition of andesite from Race Creek, Colo.

OuaG 7 e e s R e 0.5
Eiaetoclasea(OlPOClaSe)) = 2 twas ee Sena ee eee a 60. 0
DN Da eV e a 5 se A SD ac a a tli et a 3 BAe a RIA, EEE AT a EO 185%
VEG URRY SASUT REN. SS A A gee 8.5
(OND TS: 2 a a a Se eee ee 3.8
ANE Sa ory LTT ya ea er a a ee 8.0
PAST) EUs Cea an ges eat Oi Sey MES, ows Se ie AC ee eee es 0.5

Ro talle ws coi nes dae gkt leech tlh ets Soe 100. 6

This rock contains augite and magnetite in notable proportions, but
the feldspars are sedic and like the Brazos River Rock it would be
classed as an andesite. The iddingsite ccecurs in euhedral pseudo-
morphs after olivine reaching 3 millimeters in length and in sub-
hedral aggregates. The alteration from olivine to iddingsite is not
complete in all grains, but the large difference in specific gravity
of olivine and iddingsite allowed its elimination. Part of the ma-
terial was rich in particles of magnetite, but this was separated
magnetically and eliminated before analysis. The particles of
magnetite are arranged in lines parallel to the crystal axes of the
original olivines. In thin section the iddingsite shows very distinct
open shrinkage cracks, and the iddingsite occupies from 15 to 20
per cent less volume than the olivine from which it was derived.

LA JARA CREEK, COLO., GCCURRENCE

The iddingsite of analysis (2) was concentrated from a nearly nor-
mal olivine basalt of late Tertiary age collected near the base of a
cliff on La Jara Creek, 19 miles northwest of Antonnito, Conejos
quadrangle, Colorado.

23555—25.

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The rock is medium-grained, dark gray, and very coarsely vesic-
ular. The modal composition is as follows:

Mineral composition of basalt from La Jura Creek Colo.

Plagioclase: (oligoclase) 2222 es seen ee ee eee 60. 0
AUSIELLO E Se See Eee ake ete PE Re 28.6
Olivine 42 LS se ee ee ee eee 13
POAGIUNSSTG Se 5 Sa Ls eg a 3.8
Maenetites. 2 ee sy oie la eee A ES a on oy pe 6.6

TO tall We sh BEE UE ee ARE NSE a ee 100. 0

The iddingsite occurs in masses of a maximum diameter of 4
millimeters, whose outlines are those of olivine. The olivine is only
partly altered to iddingsite, but the greater specific gravity of olivine
allows an almost complete separation of the two minerals. Part of
the alteration product of olivine was a lemon yellow material, which
under the microscope appeared to be cryptocrystalline. This ma-
terial has a lower specific gravity than crystalline iddingsite and is
represented by analysis No. 3. It contains many minute, highly
magnetic black inclusions arranged in lines running parallel to the
crystallographic axes, which are undoubtedly magnetite.

BERNARDS FERRY, IDAHO, OCCURRENCE

A specimen of basalt from Bernards Ferry, Silver City quad-
rangle, Owyhee County, Idaho, contained in Lindgren’s!® studied
series of rocks yielded the iddingsite used in analysis No. 4. The
rock contains abundant reddish brown iddingsite, although Lindgren
does not mention olivine or iddingsite in his brief description of the
basalts of the region. The rock is coarse-grained, slightly vesicular,
and dark gray. The modal composition is as follows:

Mineral composition of the basalt from Bernards Ferry, Idaho

Plavioclase, “A DasA meas 2 se 2s he ee ee Bi ee ee ee A6. O
ANT GE Oy ot bie ae eee ee eee 43.3
QUI Va G5 So bs Se ee | Se a ee 2.6
Vid Gi SiC ee a aes a 2 ee yes)
Maeone Gite et Pee 8 Ae Soh eee A ee Re ae ee PP

4 Wo): ern ere El es PS eee ee ee 100. 0

The iddingsite is dark reddish brown and occurs as pseudomorphs
after olivine. The larger grains are completely altered to iddingsite,
but some of the smaller ones show outer borders of olivine around
cores of iddingsite.

As in the occurrence previously described, the Bernards Ferry
rock contains a cryptocrystalline substance derived from the olivine
in the same manner as the deeper red crystalline material which is

12 Lindgren, Waldemar, U. S. Geol. Surv. Ann. Rept. 20, pt. 3.

ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE

ROSS AND SHANNON Mba

represented by analysis No. 5. In some specimens this forms at the
core and in others as a border around the crystalline part. It seems
clear that the two types of material were not the result of different
conditions during formation but are dependent upon variations in the
composition of the olivine from which they were derived.

SOUTH ELK CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE

The rock containing the iddingsite represented by analysis 6 was
collected at the cliffs surrounding a cirque at the head of South Elk
Creek in the southwest part of the Conejos quadrangle, Colorado.
The rock is of the same age as the La Jara Creek and Gato Creek oc-
currences. It is a nearly black basalt with conspicuous red areas of
iddingsite reaching a maximum diameter of 2 millimeters. The min-
eral composition of the rocks is as follows:

Mode of basalt from South Elk Creek, Colo.

AP TAC OT Cee ae See eT ee ee ea ee Te Ei 52
PANS en Secreta Ls ae Ee ey ip are Jeane oly ive Any 20
BNE C CT Sf eao Ee s e Er) 19
STVIVEY Gran @ trite awe are eI 2 ae eet et a 8 9

EO Pelee to-2s S Bale aes aoe rest ree ae Ra heey de at 2 100

GATO CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE

The iddingsite represented by analysis 7 was secured from a dike
occurring on Gato Creek, 2 miles above Tipton’s ranch in the north
central part of the Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. The rock is a
fine-grained, porous gray andesite with about the following mineral
composition :

Mode of andesite from Gato Creek, Colo.

PATTCESING) abet 2 SON ais SPR Ss BAGS aT Sey ae Ey 71
JNU SS SS ea Dre eR 2 Rane es ae Me Se SS CR eee 15
MAGN Sit Ca ah eee ee ee eee ee 10
VES VG GL Ge 8 ak Eee ere Rate Pee ee ee 4

D0) el le Pea es bb eal pee iy Seiten eee gap ere Re OE 100

The iddingsite occurs in rounded grains about 0.5 millimeter in
diameter and is clearly derived from olivine.

BRAZOS RIVER, N. MEX., OCCURRENCE

Analysis No. 8 is an iddingsite in an andesite occurring one-half
mile east of the Brazos River in the Rio Ariba County, N. Mex.,
and about 15 miles south of Osier on the Durango branch of the
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The rock appears to be an instru-
sive sill of Miocene age that forms a sheer 50-foot ledge at this place.
A microscopic study showed that it contained a red material de-
rived from olivine, but with no residual olivine. It is rather coarse-

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

grained andesite, is light gray in color, and is very fresh, showing
no indications of weathering. Its modal composition is as follows:

Mineral composition of andesite from Brazcs River, N. Mew.

Plavioclase \(AbeAmig) 2) = 22s soe ee ee 82.9
AUCILG ee eee 8.7
Tddingsite.. 2-222 ee 4.6
Magnetité:..22- 222 2s ee ee eee 3.8

Ota) Mak = ee ew ee ee eek eee 100. 0

This rock contains rather sodic feldspars and is unusually low in
femic minerals to be olivine bearing, but the form of the red altera-
tion product shows that it was derived from that mineral, and other
specimens from the same horizon in the region show olivine in all
degrees of alteration to iddingsite. The alteration mineral occurs in
irregularly rounded grains, in aggregates of several grains, and as
perfectly bounded, pseudomorphs after olivine, varying in size from
0.05 to 2 millimeters. Many of the grains contain minute particles
distributed in lines that run parallel to one of the crystallographic
axes of the original olivine. In partly altered olivine, between id-
dingsite and colorless olivine, may be seen a brown zone which is
filled with lines of inclusions that continue into homogeneous id-
dingsite. These inclusions are dark brown in color and very small.
They are isotropic and have an index of refraction a little lower than
1.74. Their specific gravity is greater than that of iddingsite, since
it was possible to separate and reject that part of the iddingsite con-
taining them in greatest amount. These things make it seem proba-
ble that they are iron-magnesium spinel.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Iddingsite from many localities has been studied, but the material
from Brazos River, N. Mex., is the most homogeneous and shows the
physical properties in greatest perfection. For that reason the
Brazos iddingsite will be described in detail and that from other
localities more briefly.

The iddingsite of the Brazos River rock is very brittle. The
hardness is about 3.5 and the specific gravity 2.80. In small grains
the cleavage is somewhat imperfect, but four cleavages can be
recognized. If the orientation X=a, Y=b, Z=c (a=a, b=6, c=),
proposed by Lawson, is retained, there is one cleavage (100) perpen-
dicular to the acute bisectrix; a second (001) is perpendicular to the
obtuse bisectrix; a third (010) is parallel to the plane of the optic
axes; and the fourth (101) is nearly perpendicular to an optic axis.
That is, a cleavage parallel to the macropinacoid, one parallel to the
basal pinacoid, one parallel to the brachy-pinacoid, and one parallel
to the macrodome. In thin sections three cleavages (100) (001) and

ART. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—-ROSS AND SHANNON 13

(010) can easily be recognized, and (101) is seen less frequently.
The indices of refraction are:
a—1.792+0.003 @ is variable, 1.827 to 1.840+-0.003
~=1.864+0.003 a—y=0.072

The axial angle is variable, the extreme values of 2V ranging from
60 to 90°, but most of the grains have 2V=80 to 90°. The optical
character is usually negative, but in some of the grains the optical
angle passes through 90° and the mineral becomes positive. The
dispersion is strong: e<v when the character is negative and e>v
when it is positive. The color is deep reddish brown to brownish-
ruby red, and the pleochroism is distinct in all but basal sections.
The indices of refraction of the iddingsite from the Brazos River
rock are rather high but the other optical properties are similar to
those of other occurrences.

The iddingsite from Race Creek, Colo., is brittle. The hardness
is about 3.2, and the specific gravity about 2.54. In small grains the
color is dull dark brown. Three mutually perpendicular cleavages
(100), (001), and (010) are very good and a less perfect one (101)
gives plates that are nearly perpendicular to an optic axis. X=a
is the acute bisectrix. The indices of refraction are somewhat
variable a=1.608+.005 @=1.646+.005, y=1.655+.005 a—y=.047
2V=20°—50°, but a large proportion of the grains have 2V=
35°—42°, and only a few reach the maximum values given. The
optical character is negative. The dispersion is strong p<v. In
thin section the color is golden yellow to golden brown, pleochroism
sight.

The iddingsite from Bernards Ferry, Silver City quadrangle,
Idaho, is deep reddish brown in color. It has very perfect cleavage,
but the great brittleness prevents a good development of the cleav-
age. Cleavages parallel to the planes of the three crystal axes are
well developed, and the large number of plates approximately per-
pendicular to an optic axis indicate a fourth. Cleavages (100),
(O02), (010), and, (101). Optical orientation X=c, Y=b, Z=e.

The indices of refraction are: ¢=1.710+.005, {=1.722+.005,
~=1.754+.005, «—y=.044. The optical angle is variable 2V—20°
to 65°, most of the grains about 50°. The optical character is nega-
tive, dispersion strong. The color is deep brownish red, pleochro-
ism slight.

For purposes of comparison the optica] properties of iddingsite
from other localities are given below:

1. Type material from carmeloite, Carmelo Bay, Calif.; reddish
brown; extinction parallel to cleavage; X is normal to cleavage
plates. Optically negative. Dispersion e<v(strong). Pleochroic.
a=1.723+.003. B=1.745+.0038. y=1.765+.003. a—y=0.42. 2V large.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

2. Head of Mill Gulch, south central part of Uncompahgre quad-
rangle. Gabbro inclusion in basalt. Deep reddish brown grains.
X is normal to cleavage plates. Extinction parallel to cleavage.
2V=40° estimated. Optically negative. Dispersion ¢<»(strong).
Pleochroic. Indices a=1.724+.008. @=1.745+.003. y=1.768-.008.
e—y=.044.

3.3 Pyroxene latite, Wicher Mountain knoll, Pikes Peak quad-
rangle. Reddish brown grains. Optically—. 2V_ large. p<v
(strong). X normal to the plates. Indices vary somewhat #=1.71+
0.01. 6=1.74=-0.01.,, y=1.760.01.- ¢—y==.05.

4. Uncompahgre quadrangle, Colorado. In thin section clear pale
reddish brown. Optical properties vary a little. Optically+. 2V
large. p>v (strong). Faintly pleochroic. «=1.70+0.01. $=1.72+
0.01. y=1.74+0.01. o—y=.04.

5. La Jara Creek, Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. Bright reddish
brown. Optical properties vary a little. Optically—. 2V=25° to
45°, e<u(strong). Pleochroic. X perpendicular to plates. a=
1.674+0.0004. @=1.710+0.004. y=1.718+0.004.

Table of optical properties of iddingsite

Optical Indices of refraction Lae
Locality angle | ac amen eee eae re
OV | char-
@ B ae acter
Race Creek, Colo___.---_—- 35°-42° | 1.608 | 1. 650 | 1. 655 | 0. 047 =
La Jara Creek, Colo! v.54 25°—45° | 1.674 | 1.715 | 1. 718 | 0,044 —
Bernard’s Ferry, Idaho __--- 50° | 1.710 | 1. 746 | 1. 754 | 0. 044 =
South Elk Creek, Colo__--__- @60° | 1.710) 1 735. |e 745) 10; 385 =
Gato Creek, Conejos quad- | |
rangle, Colorado. --_-_---- 20°-25° | 1. 70 L, 730) ds 74,1 0040 —
Brazos River, N. Mex__---- 60°—90° | 1. 792 | 1. 827-| 1. 864 | 0. 072 a
1. 846 |
Mill GulchsiColoz)_ =. aes 40°..| 1. 724.) 1. 763: ), 1. 768 | 0. 044.) ::—
Uncompahgre quadrangle | | |
Colorado®-<-2>£u see Large. | 1. 70 1.72 1a 7e 0. 04 +
Wicher Mountain, Colo__-_-_- Large. | 1. 71 1. 74 1. 76 ONO Vee
Carmelo Bay, Calif________- Larges | LaiZoe| i 7455) leaiOoy Os0 22a
Daton Peak, Routt County, | |
Cole _ 2 centr ge wel Pee 35°—42° | 1. 720 | 1. 725 | 1. 760 | 0. 040 —
Death Valley, Calif__..---- 42° | 1. 730 | 1. 725 | 1. 765 | 0. 035 =

@ About.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Tddingsite has not heretofore been analyzed because of its mode
of occurrence, always as small grains, as a rock constituent which
made the obtaining of pure material, in amount sufficient for quan-
titative chemical examination, exceedingly difficult. In the course of

134, 5. Larsen, Esper S., U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 679, p. 91, 1921.

ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 15

the present work there were purified and analyzed, more or less
completely, sixesamples of clean crystalline iddingsite from as many
localities together with cryptocrystalline materials associated with
two of the crystalline materials analyzed.

In most cases the samples of purified material available amounted
to only 0.25 gram. These samples were separated by the use of a
powerful electromagnet and heavy solutions from igneous rocks in
which the iddingsites formed grains seldom exceeding 2 millimeters
in diameter. In general the practice was to crack the iddingsite-
bearing rock into small pieces with a hammer and gouge out the
visible iddingsite with a sharp steel point yielding a product of high
iddingsite content for subsequent treatment. This was crushed and
screened to uniform size, the dust removed, and the material sepa-
rated magnetically and with methylene iodide gravity solutions.

‘The mineral, as established by previous investigators, is insoluble
in acids, but upon digestion in hot hydrochloric acid yields up its
iron and probably its other bases, leaving decolorized scales. This
phenomenon has been interpreted as evidence indicating that the
iron is not essential to the composition but is present as staining films
of limonite or hematite. The fallacy of this reasoning is patent when
it is recalled that many minerals behave thus, even so common a
substance as biotite leaving decolorized scales of silica retaining
the original form and optical properties of the mineral, when
digested in hot concentrated sulphuric acid. Few would venture to
suggest, from this observation, that the iron of biotite is nonessential
or extraneous.

The analytical results on the iddingsites are given in the following
tables:

1. Crystalline iddingsite from Race Creek, Colo.

2. Crystalline iddingsite from La Jara Creek, Colo.

3. Cryptocrystalline material associated with the iddingsite from
La Jara Creek of the preceding analysis.

4. Crystalline iddingsite from Bernards Ferry, Owyhee County,
Idaho. Specimen collected by Lindgren.

5. Cryptocrystalline material associated with the preceding id-
dingsite from Bernards Ferry, Idaho.

6. Crystalline iddingsite from South Elk Creek, Colo.

7. Crystalline iddingsite from Gato Creek, Conejos quadrangle,
Colo.

8. Crystalline iddingsite of high index from Rio Brazos, N. Mex.
Original analysis.

9. Iddingsite from Rio Brazos. Preceding analysis corrected for
impurities and recalculated to 100 per cent.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

(1) (2) | (3) (4) (5)

Si@, 2! Bess lmen eee oe eer mene 42.12 | 38.63 44.38 | 40.28] 44.40
TOs... Se ae ee ee ee Bee ee 222) 2 24 | rail 22, 16
ANG ORGS ts 3-5 Be ae sh ie | ee The "Pts? | 2. 65 3. 16 2.28
He, Opeae Soe ee ee 34. 16 32. 49 26. 87 29. 76 29. 00
BeOo. 308 cee'd wel Diep erenene Noneslitdnacens|.f 4° . oleae 2 tl el ae ze
CaO sep 2b seek a 1. 72 2.79 2. 54 3. 00 2. 20
BaQeec a 3222 eee oe ee ees ‘racers || “braces \os eee aa eee
MeOser: litt. Ssh hae eee 6.40 | 6. 64 5.13 10. 36 7.12
Hs O11 00 (G52 2 a 8. 84 9. 24 10. 09 5. 28 6. 96
He O10? (©2528 aa eee | 7. 20 8. 46 8. 64 8. 12 8. 40

Ota 2 <a et ee | 100. 44 | 100. 27 | 100. 41 | 100. 08 100. 52

SiQsa2 tarts Sal Rm Rens eR a rie g es eres St | 35.60! 38.94 | 23. 22 21. 02
PNT @ re eee 2 eee ee ae ee ee 3. 60 4, 62 3. 18 2. 18
Pies Ogee ears te ee eee Are er ae | “31.24 | 29. 78 53. 88 57. 27
60! . 7S) pia ee ena PG OY ES pent eet nee . 96 . 72 67
CAC S cary: Meade gps ae hs eee ae 1, ds G4 2.26 2. 36 1. 64
Mig Oe ee eee ee eee 11.92 4, 96 3. O1 2. 50
HOF MOTi@ nia 26 essere 5 ay rte | 9. 80 9. 30 9. 36 9. 96
FeO IMO o Css) 8 he EF see, eS |, 6. 72 8. 4 4, 48 4. 76
Motaly see sey ayes eee ee 100. 52 99. 22 | 100. 21 100. 00

Excluding from consideration, for the moment the cryptocrystal-
line materials, columns 3 and 5, and the Brazos River sample, col-
umns 8 and 9, the remaining analyses are decidedly similar as shown
by the following comparison and average :

(1) (2) (4) (6) (7) Average

SiO! ipa ies A 42. 12 38. 63 40. 28 35. 60 38. 94 BOLL
ALO) pet eee er CO ee | eee : 24 al) ee 2 ee ee ee 2,18
AUS Oey ee eee ees | ene we 78 3. 16 3. 60 4. 62 3. 29
HesOz ta. 7 aks yet yoo 34. 16 32. 49 29. 76 31. 24 29. 78 31. 49
PeQue see eee None. TRACES siz waa eee ee oe . 96 2,96
CaO eee ae oe ea 2. 79 3. 00 1. 64 2. 26 2°28
Mig Ont ute a Fe 6. 40 6. 64 10. 36 11. 92 4. 96 8. 05
HeO=F 10S @s2 see 8. 84 9. 24 5. 28 9. 80 9. 30 8. 49
EEO =WG2 {Cee sees mer ee740 8. 46 8. 12 6. 72 8. 40 7. 78
Rotalse= sass ee. | 100. 44 | 100. 27 | 100. 08 | 100. 52 99. 22 101. 63

2 The amounts here indicated are probably about what the averages would be were these constituents
accurately determined on each sample. In most of the analyses, owing to scarcity of material TiO2 is in-
cluded with SiOz and the FeO—, always very small in amount, is included with Fe203. This explains the
high summation of the average column,

ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON ile

The average column gives the following ratios: -

| |
Serene 2 linac eau } 0.651 | 0.217% 3) 0.963

Q------------------- : : 5
Fee ER INE Las a toate AST If 228, tres als Oa

iT/STO Ws a er eso i. OLS: | :

Seep EO) PT TSE \ 2-98] 041 254] °254X 1) LUX 1

iC i ee et ea 8.05) . 200
Ep Mane eeatr ey galt gag |p: BOM ic): 225 6 4a) af BOT
Ratner eee | TOIGG sD an ce te ee

The formula derived from the ratios is:
MgO. Fe,O,.3Si0,.4H,O.

with the magnesia replaced in part by CaO which is in the ratio,
approximately, of CaO: MgO =1 : 4. The calculated composition
for this formula is as follows:

SHG ya ee Mae ale ee a aha sida be alec ee 39. 66
TREAD) go Cle bell cel Sl tb ida tell ete deb ccd 35. 01
Cee ot CE DSTI ed EET AOD TLS 2.46
Meow. sion) Bi Persie tid totis! deen pyiel oiler titi 7.07
Se apa tet Fy ye) ey, Geers Li hye Fycad Ae p saeias: 7.90
PE eee ES rst needs prven EG, neal core t ones, SL lee Jan pee ral 7.90

4 NAY i Lo eB SE, ME map es Pe) (Ree is Ge 100. 00

In view of the agreement of the above analyses with each other
and with the theoretical composition, this formula may be confi-
dently quoted as that of the normal iddingsite. This is especially
true since a comparison of optical properties indicates that the above
are typical of 95 per cent of all iddingsites studied by the writers
or reported by others. Nearly all of the red-brown material sec-
ondary to olivine is shown by its refractive indices and other prop-
erties to be of this type and presumably of this composition.

The cryptocrystalline materials represented by analyses 3 and 5
give the same formula as the crystalline iddingsites. They are dis-
tinguished by pale yellow color, low refractive indices, and very small
extinction angle. Often there is a sharp contact between the idding-
site and the cryptocrystalline material while the latter grades almost
imperceptibly into the residual olivine. This cryptocrystalline ma-
terial may represent a transition stage in the alteration of olivine
to iddingsite. While of the same composition, it is sufficiently dis-
tinct optically to suggest that it is a distinct mineral—possibly a
variety of chloropal. It is certainly not the material commonly
called iddingsite.

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 67

One disturbing factor is introduced into otherwise consistent data
by the Brazos River material represented by the anlaysis given in
columns 8 and 9 of the above tabulation. This analysis, which
differs strikingly from all the others, gives the formula (Mg.Ca)
O. 5¥Fe,O,.4510,.10H,O. This sample was the first one studied
and about 1 gram of material which was separated for analysis was
estimated to contain 2 per cent of augite and 4 per cent of plagio-
clase of the composition Ab,,An,,.. The figures given in colunm 9
have been recalculated after correcting for these impurities. The
loss of water below 110° C. was determined on two portions yielding
4.40 and 4.48 per cent, respectively, with one hours heating while
several hours continued exposure to this temperature occasioned no
further loss. The dehydrated powder showed no change in any of
its optical properties. A gain of 2.28 per cent of the original
weight was acquired by a dried sample upon standing overnight in a
dessicator over sulphuric acid.

While this material is chemically very unlike the others the optical
properties, other than refractive index, are those typical of idding-
site. The refractive indices are very high as would be expected
from the high content of ferric iron, and no other occurrences of
such high refractive index have been recorded. Optically it seems
to be a true iddingsite but until similar materials from other locali-
ties have been analyzed no conclusions can be drawn with regard
to its relationship to the ordinary iddingsites of the above group.

SUMMARY

Iddingsite is a red-brown mineral that is widespread, and often
an abundant mineral in basaltic rocks.

It occurs as cores in fresh olivine, as rims around olivine, or where
cleavage cracks in olivine have formed a locus for its development.
Therefore it is clearly a secondary mineral derived from olivine.

Iddingsite is not confined to weathered surfaces; its development
shows no proximity to joint cracks and evidences of weathering in
associated minerals are entirely absent. Normal products of weather-
ing such-as limonitic pigment are absent, but spinels (minerals not
produced by weathering) are abundant and almost invariable as-
sociates. Thus it is concluded that iddingsite is not a product of
ordinary weathering but is a deuteric mineral; that is, it is the
result of metasomatic processes associated with the later stages of a
cooling magma.

Iddingsite does not commonly occur in abyssal rocks, but is
confined to extrusive and hypabyssal rocks. The relations indicate
that it is formed near or just after the close of crystallization, and
after the magma came to rest. The factors necessary for the forma-
tion are an olivine of suitable composition, a concentration of
mineralizers (principally water), oxidizing conditions and _ heat.

ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 19
The changes involved are principally abstraction of magnesium
oxide (MgO), oxidization of ferrous oxide (FeO) to ferric oxide
(Fe,O,) and addition of water (H,QO).

Iddingsite has a composition and optical properties distinct from
any described mineral, and it is not related to serpentine in mode
of origin, in chemical composition, or in physical properties. Thus
it appears to be a distinct mineral species.

The normal type of iddingsite is represented by the formula:
MgO. Fe,O,.3S10,.4H,O where MgO is replaced by CaO in the
ratio 4:1, and varying proportions of Fe,O, are replaced by A1,O,.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATH 1

Fic. 1. Iddingsite from andesite collected at the headwaters of Race Creek
near the south border of Creede quadrangle, Colorado, Open cracks
show the loss of volume on alteration of olivine to iddingsite. Altera-
tion is complete.

2. Iddingsite in andesite from 1 mile west of Osier, N. Mex., near
Colorado-New Mexico State line. Shows characteristic outline of
olivine crystals. Alteration nearly complete.

. Iddingsite in basalt from Santa Clara Creek, 13 miles west of Espanola,
N. Mex. Iddingsite forming sharp outer borders around unaltered
olivine.

4. Andesite from southeast flank of Green Mountain, northern part of
Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. Euhedral phenocrysts of olivine with
very narrow outer border of iddingsite.

Sand 6. Basalt from cliff on north side of Los Magotes, southeast part Conejos
quadrangle, Colorado, Iddingsite core with narrow sharp outer
border of olivine.

)

PLATE 2

Fic. Basalt with iddingsite collected 4 miles south of the crest of San An-
tonio Peak and 8 miles north of Tres Piedras, N. Mex. Large pheno-
erysts of olivine with core of iddingsite and outer rim of olivine.
8. Basalt from cliffs on north side of Los Magotes, Conejos quadrangle,
Colorado. Many small grains of iddingsite with sharp outer rim of
olivine. Large crystal on upper border shows core of olivine.
9. Basalt from mouth of Rito de los Frijoles Canyon, 10 miles south-

west of San Ildefonso, N. Mex. Phenocryst of olivine showing altera-
tion to iddingsite along border and cracks.

10. Basalt dike in Cerro Negro volcanic cone about 10 miles east of Tres
Piedras, N. Mex. Phenocryst of olivine with very narrow sharp
films of iddingsite developing along cracks.

11. Iddingsite in Brazos River andesite from one-half mile east of Brazos
River, N. Mex., about 15 miles south of Osier, Colo. Jddingsite
crystal showing characteristic outline of olivine. Near the center
of crystal are shown 2 cleavages parallel to erystal axes and the
cleavage parallel to the macrodome (101).

12. Basalt from west slope of Mesa La Sauses, 10 miles east of La Jara,
Colo. Phenocryst of olivine entirely altered to iddingsite.

cant

atiat it ee

ui ee " .

UM ict phy Wess fi aT)
one Se A ne ‘teBLe ire mn
5 Dal 1 soa Lhe Ps F ia

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 7 PL. |

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF IDDINGSITE-BEARING ROCKS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 19

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 7 PL. 2

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF IDDINGSITE-BEARING ROCKS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 19

A REVISION OF THE PARASITIC WASPS OF THE GENUS
MICROBRACON OCCURRING IN AMERICA NORTH OF
MEXICO

By C. F. W. Murseseck

Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture

INTRODUCTION

Ashmead* published the name Aficrobracon with the following
description: “I propose this new genus for the reception of those
species in the genus Bracon having the recurrent vein joining the
first submarginal cell between its middle and its apex, restricting the
genus Bracon to those species having the recurrent vein interstitial
with the first transverse cubital. The majority of species belonging
in this new genus known to me are all small and resemble certain
Rhyssalids.” Subsequently Ashmead? greatly restricted the genus
Bracon, separating it from Microbracon by a group of characters
which are certainly not of generic or even of subgeneric value. Since
that date Viereck * has shown that the name Bracon Fabricius must
be used for Cremnops Foerster, a genus in the Agathidinae, and * that
Microbracon Ashmead becemes the valid name for Bracon of Authors
not Fabricius.

The subfamily formerly known as the Braconinae, for which
Gahan *® proposed the name Viplinae upon the transfer of Bracon
Fabricius to another subfamily, has been largely neglected from the
standpoint of generic revision and is at present very unsatisfactorily
classified. Many of the genera are poorly defined, and doubtless a
considerable number must eventually be placed in synonymy. It
is not, however, the purpose of this paper to present a revision of the
subfamily Vipiinae, and accordingly the merits of the various generic
names, apart from those which are here regarded as synonyms of
Microbracon, will not be discussed. Merely to show the relation of
Microbracon to the remainder of the subfamily an attempt will be
made to point out the more important characters distinguishing this
genus from other genera or groups of genera in our fauna.

1 Bull. No. 1, Colo. Biol. Assoc., 1890, p. 15.
2Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 138.

8 Bull. 83, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1914, pp. 23 and 37.
4Idem, p. 94.

5 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 196.

No. 2580.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 8.
12053—25 1 1

we PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

A study of the genus Microbracon, with the purpose of revising
the group, has been induced by the abundant rearing of species of
this genus in the United States Bureau of Entomology in the course
of work upon various insect pests, and by the difficulty of satis-
factorily identifying these species. In the prosecution of this study .
the chief repositories of the types, which are the United States Na-
tional Museum, the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, the Con-
necticut Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Museum of Pub-
lic Instruction in Quebec, have been visited and the types examined.
Only the types of the following have not been seen: Those of
Say’s four species, which are no longer in existence, so far as known;
kansensis Viereck and piceiceps Viereck, which are in the collec-
tion of the University of Kansas; diversicolor Viereck which is on
deposit at the California Academy of Sciences; and rufomarg ginatus
Ashmead which could not be located.

This paper is a contribution from the office of Gipsy Moth and
Brown-tail Moth Investigations, of the Bureau of Entomology,
United States Department of Agriculture. Grateful acknowledge-
ment is accorded A. F. Burgess, in charge of this branch of the
Bureau of Entomology, for encouragement in the work and for
permission to visit the various institutions in whose collections the
types are contained. Expression of thanks are also due, and cor-
dially given, S. A. Rohwer, A. B. Gahan, and R. A. Cushman, of
the Bureau of Entomology, for helpful suggestions and for the use
of notes; and Dr. W. E. Britton, of the Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station, Dr. Henry Skinner of the Philadelphia Acad-
emy of Sciences, and F. N. Correveau, Assistant Curator of the
Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, for many kindnesses and
for permission to examine the types in their custody.

CLASSIFICATION

Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA
Family BRACONIDAE
Subfamily VIPIINAE

Braconoidae Forrster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., vol. 19, 1862, pp.
227 and 234.

Braconides MARSHALL, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 1.

Braconinae CRESSON, Syn. Hym. North America, 1887, pp. 54 and 56.

Braconidae Tribe I MarsHatr, in Andre, Hymen. Eur. et Alg., vol. 4, 1888,
p. 68.

Braconinae ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 186.—SzEpricETI, .
Genera Insectorum, fase. 22, 1904, p. 10.

Vipiinae GAHAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 196.

Head varying from transverse to cubical; mandibles normal,
touching or crossing at tips and forming with the emarginate and

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON——-MUESEBECK 3

anteriorly somewhat elevated clypeus, a more or less circular open-
ing; occiput entirely immargined; anterior wing ® with three cubital
cells; first discoidal cell always separated from the first cubital; sub-
discoideus never interstitial with the first abscissa of discoideus;
second abscissa of discoideus always much longer than third; sub-
mediellan cell very short, never more than one-fourth the mediellan
cell; cubitella originating at the end of mediella; postnervellus

absent.
Genus MICROBRACON Ashmead

Bracon Nees (part), Hymen. Icheum. affin. Monogr., vol. 1, 1834, p. 46.—
Foerster, Verh. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., vol. 19, 1862, p. 235.—MarsHALL,
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1885, p. 11.—Cresson, Synopsis Hymen. N.
Am., 1887, p. 56.

Microbracon ASHMEAD, Bull. Colorado Biol. Assoc. 1, 1890, p. 15.
Genotype.—Microbracon sulcifrons Ashmead (Monobasic).

Habrobracon (Ashmead) JoHNSON, Ent. News, vol. 6, 1895, p. 324.
Genotype.—Bracon gelechiae Ashmead (By designation of Viereck, Bull.
83, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1914, p. 65).

Macrodyctium ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 138.
Genotype.—Bracon euurae Ashmead (Monabasic).

Bracon ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1900, p. 139.

Habrobracon ASHMEAD, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1900, p. 189.

Tropidobracon ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1900, p. 139. Geno-
type-—Bracon gastroideae Ashmead (Monobasic).

Liobracon (Ashmead) Nason, not Szepligeti, Ent. News, vol. 16, 1905, p. 298.
Genotype.—Bracon nuperus Cresson (Monobasic).

Bracon SzEPLIGETI, Genera Insectorum, fase. 22, 1904, p. 27.

Amyosoma VIERECK, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1918, p. 640.
Genotype-—Amyosoma chilonis Viereck (Monobasic).

Habrobracon CUSHMAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 99.

Habrobracon VieEREcK, Bull. 22, Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 182 and 209.

Microbracon ViERECK, Bull. 22, Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1917
(1916), pp. 182 and 204.

Head transverse to subquadrate, never rostriform, always wider
than long antero-posteriorly; malar space variable but always much
less than half the eye height; eyes oval, rather broad, bare or indis-
tinctly very sparsely hairy; frons not or scarcely impressed; scape
short, not or hardly longer than first flagellar segment, broadening
evenly from base to apex, not excavated, and not prominently
rimmed at apex; first segment of flagellum always much longer than
pedicel, as long as or longer than the second, and never excavated
below nor with a prominent rim at apex; antennal segments varying
in number from thirteen to forty or more; parapsidal grooves
usually well indicated, with the mesonotal lobes distinct; sometimes

6The wing venation terminology employed in this paper is that proposed by Rohwer
and Gahan, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 18, 1916, pp. 20-76.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the parapsidal grooves defined only by lines of pubescence, the mesos-
cutum being rather flat; mesonotum, pleura and propodeum usually
smooth and polished, although sometimes very finely sculptured;
suture between mesoscutum and scutellum finely foveolate; propo-
deum rarely with a median longitudinal carina, but frequently with
a stub of a median ridge at apex; wings varying from clear hyaline
to strongly infumated; usually dusky on the basal two-thirds; ner-
vulus interstitial with basal vein; recurrent vein entering first cubital
cell; second cubital cell varying greatly in length, the second abscissa
of radius being sometimes no longer than the first abscissa, some-
times much more than twice as long; radius usually attaining wing
margin near the apex of wing, rarely much before; spurs of posterior
tibiae rather short, never distinctly half the metatarsus; abdomen
elliptical or ovate, conspicuously angled at the junction of first and
second segments; the first abdominal tergite with lateral membra-
nous margins, the chitinized plate of this tergite with two oblique
grooves converging anteriorly; second abdominal tergite without
lateral oblique diverging impressions; suturiform articulation fre-
quently broad and foveolate; none of the following sutures deep or
foveolate; third tergite without transverse or oblique impressions
setting off the anterior lateral corners of the tergite; abdomen vary-
ing from entirely smooth and polished to entirely rugulose or gran-
ular; ovipositor sheaths varying from less than one-fourth the
length of the abdomen to longer than the entire body. This genus
includes the smallest of the Vipiinae; very rarely does the body
attain a length of 5 mm.

Microbracon is probably more closely related to /phiaulax Foer-
ster and its allies than to any other group of the Vipiinae, although
its species are much smaller than most species of /phiaulax and differ
considerably in general appearance. The species of Jficrobracon,
however, always lack the deep and often foveolate abdominal sutures
usually found in /phiaulaxv and lack also the oblique lateral furrows
on the second tergite, and the anterior corners of the third tergite
are never set off by transverse impressions. Coeloides of Authors,
which includes Viereck’s Habrobraconidea, differs from Aficrobracon
especially in the more cubical head, the excavated frons, and the
short first and second flagellar segments of the antennae which are
scarcely longer than the pedicel, somewhat hollowed out beneath and
flaring a little at the apex. The group typified by Atanycolus Foer-
ster is readily distinguished by the cubical head and impressed
frons, and the scape, which is large, cylindrical, conspicuously ex-
cavated at base and apex, with prominent basal and apical margins,
and supported by a cylindrical stalk. From Compsobracon Ash-

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 5

mead Microbracon is at once distinguished by the propodeal spiracles
which are small and round while in the former they are large and
linear; the unusually long scape further distinguishes Compsobracon.
Zawvipio Viereck is readily separated by its rostriform head, with the
accompanying very long malar space, and by the usually very short
radial cell.

Habrobracon (Ashmead) Johnson, Macrodyctium Ashmead,
L'ropidobracon Ashmead, Liobracon (Ashmead) Nason, not Szeph-
geti, and Amyosoma Viereck can not be held distinct from J/zcro-
bracon. These groups intergrade completely, so that it is entirely
impossible to determine where one ends and another begins. The
characters upon which they have been separated are by no means
sufficiently distinct or constant to serve to distinguish genera. ‘The
genotypes of all must, I believe, be regarded as congeneric even
by those disposed toward a large increase in the number of genera,
if a thorough study is made of the group.

In few groups of the Braconidae is there found so wide a range of
variation within species as in Microbracon. Practically all charac-
ters, many of them excellent characters in other groups, vary greatly
in this genus. Because of this it is always extremely desirable to
have before one a good series of specimens when attempting identifi-
cations. The males are particularly difficult, exhibiting still wider
variations than the females, and single specimens of this sex can
sometimes be only doubtfully named. Host records are often of
much value, for although few, if any, of the species are restricted
to single hosts, and frequently the same species attacks both lepidop-
terous and coleopterous larvae, still one species usually parasitizes
hosts of the same general habit or found in the same food plants. In
a consideration of specific characters in Aficrobracon one is impressed
by the lack of constancy in color or even color pattern, although
sometimes there is a degree of uniformity which is of a little help
and permits the employment of color characters to a small extent
in a table to species. The color of. the face and legs—whether face
and coxae are yellowish or black—will be found of considerable
help, although varying to a slight degree. The wings are usually
somewhat fuscous, rarely clear hyaline, but the degree of infusca-
tion varies more or less within the species, and alone is not de-
pendable for the separation of species. In sculpture there is likewise
so much variation that it becomes difficult to use sculptural char-
acters in a key without qualification, although the presence or ab-
sence of punctate or reticulate sculpture on the frons, and on the
mesonotum, pleura and propodeum is very reliable. The abdominal
sculpture is variable but can be relied upon to a large degree for

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

distinguishing between groups of species, when supported by other
characters. Usually the mesonotal pubescence is restricted to the
parapsidal grooves and the space behind the middle lobe, but in a
few species pubescence arises over the entire surface of the lobes
as well as from the parapsidal furrows; this character appears to
be very constant within species. The length of the head antero-pos-
teriorly is relatively constant, and in the small number of cases
where the difference between species is sufficient to permit the em-
ployment of this character, it is good. The length of the malar space,
the number and the relative length of the antennal segments have
considerable value, but again, must be used with care and supported
by other characters. Wing venation, particularly the length of the
second abscissa of radius as compared with the first and third
abscissae and with the first intercubitus, the relative length also of
that part of cubitus which les between the recurrent and the first
intercubitus, and the length of the radial cell, which is dependent
on the point where radius attains the wing margin, will be found
very helpful, but within limits. It will be seen from this brief
discussion that variability is so pronounced in species of J/icro-
bracon that determinations should be made only after a very careful
weighing of all points. It is hoped that the following key together
with the notes found in the text will aid considerably in making
such determinations. Unfortunately it was found necessary to clas-
sify the females and males separately beyond the thirteenth couplet.
By doing this it has been possible to present a key to the females
which will probably be found quite satisfactory; while if the
males had been incorporated the fullest use could not have been
made of the variations in the length of the ovipositor sheaths between
different species, one of the most valuable characters. Any key to
the males of Alicrobracon must, it seems to me, be rather unsat-
isfactory, because of the apparently complete intergradation of
species. The one here given will, however, probably serve to identify
the normal males. The identity of those which represent the ex-
tremes in variation must often be left in doubt unless they can be
connected by biological records with females or more normal males.
In the following table 66 species are included in the female key and
73 species in the male key; seven species which are known only in
the male sex, and in all cases but one based upon a single specimen,
can not be placed in the female key because of the necessity of mak-
ing much use of the relative length of the ovipositor sheaths in this
part of the table. Some other species are known only from female
specimens, and in these cases the position assigned in the male key
was determined by characters exhibited by the females, after making

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK i

necessary allowance for sexual variations. It has seemed desirable
to place several of the species in two different positions in the female
key.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MICROBRACON

1. Mesoscutum and scutellum more or less, the lateral face of pronotum,
the meso- and meta-pleura, propodeum and posterior coxae minutely

Closely punciates ons reuiculate. Opaques ===. ee ee 2.
Mesoscutum, scutellum, lateral face of pronotum mostly, and mesopleura
SOO uu aT) Cee OLS C eae eee eee a ee Se ee 10.

2. Second abscissa of radius about twice as long as the first, decidedly
longer than first intercubitus and usually distinctly more than half the
third abscissa of radius; pubescence on mesoscutum restricted to the
region of the parapsidal furrows; ovipositor sheaths sometimes nearly as
WG paNees” EMSS Tel aVeY Cal] YG Voy 0S ne ee es ae ae ee ee a ee 3.

Second abscissa of radius much less than twice as long as, often scarcely
longer than, the first, not or searcely longer than first intercubitus, and
much less than half the third abscissa of radius; pubescence on meso-
scutum usually not restricted to the parapsidal furrows, but arising over
the surface of the lobes as well; ovipositor sheaths at most but little
MmOresthaAnynale as ongssas) ther abdomen ss ss ease ee ane ee ee 5.

8. Parapsidal furrows rather thickly hairy, anteriorly as well as posteriorly;
propodeum without a distinct median longitudinal groove; the portion
of cubitus between first intercubitus and recurrent about half as long
as first intercubitus; ovipositor sheaths less than half as long as the
CAO G KONG (29s es ere ge a ae nem ee EE 1. quinnipiacorum Viereck.

Parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy, especially anteriorly; propodeum with
a median longitudinal groove; the portion of cubitus between first
intercubitus and recurrent very short, the recurrent being nearly inter-
stitial with first intercubitus; ovipositor sheaths as long as the ab-
Gdomentabey onGetitSG gtereiter = eee ee ee ee ee 4,

4. Mesoscutum uniformly closely punctate and opaque; frons with a dis-
tinct median longitudinal groove descending from median ocellus; an-
tennae slender, the flagellar segments much longer than broad; last
abscissa of cubitus not distinctly longer than the preceding abscissa;
third abscissa of radius not distinctly longer Ce the first and second
COTIRIO TEC Cl eameeeeee eee a aE erence ere punctatus, new species.

Mesoscutum shining, smooth and polished Bee frons without a
distinct groove below median ocellus; flagellar segments of female an-
tennae rather stout, mostly but very little longer than broad; last
abscissa of cubitus much longer than the preceding abscissa; third
abscissa of radius distinctly longer than the first and second com-
[Dae Cee BARES ESLER ee reas eee Are oe eis 3. sphenophori, new species.

5. Second abdominal tergite rugulose or ruguloso-punctate, usually longi-
tudinally so; if not distinctly rugulose then with a basal median em-
bossed area set off by short longitudinal grooves; suturiform articula-
tion usually rather broad and foveolate; oblique furrows on first tergite
orten broad andadistinctly toveolates === = ee 8.

Second abdominal tergite evenly closely punctate, or finely granular, not
rugulose, and without a basal median area set off by longitudinal im-
pressions; suturiform articulation usually very fine; oblique furrows
on first tergite usually narrow, not foveolate______.0...._____ 6.

10.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

. Ovipositor sheaths at least half as long as the abdomen; cubitus between

recurrent and first intercubitus at least as long as recurrent, usually
decidedly longer; propodeum without a median longitudinal carina on
POSTERIOR a Vis kos RE A eee DE eee eee 4, gelechiae (Ashmead).
5. diversicolor (Viereck).

Ovipositor sheaths less than half as long as the abdomen; cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus not longer than recurrent, often shorter;
propodeum with a median longitudinal carina on posterior half_____~ th

. Seutellum broad, at least as broad as long, very faintly sculptured, sub-

polished; first abscissa of radius at least as long as second, usually a
little longer; radial cell very short, not longer than third cubital cell;
metacarpus not longer, usually shorter, than third abscissa of radius;
cubitus between recurrent and first intercubitus nearly or quite as long
as recurrent; last abscissa of cubitus much more than twice the pre-
Ceding albSCISS also ee ee ee 6. erucarum (Cushman).

Scutellum a little longer than broad at base, minutely reticulately sculp-
tured and opaque; first abscissa of radius not as long as the second;
metacarpus longer than third abscissa of radius; cubitus between re-
current and first intercubitus much shorter than recurrent; last abscissa
of cubitus not more than twice the preceding abscissa.

7. americanus (Ashmead).

. Antennae rather stout, distinctly tapering somewhat toward the tip, in

the female 19 to 22-segmented, the flagellar segments but very little
longer than broad; head and thorax usually mostly yellowish; the
black ocellar spot usually nearly separated from the occipital spot; face
TMOSELY OL WLLO Ly poe] Cee 8. cushmani, new name.
Antennae slender, not distinctly tapering toward the tip; flagellar seg-
ments in the female much longer than broad; head and thorax usually
mostly black; ocellar and occipital spots broadly confluent; face largely
DlaGkish a2 = ke sp . ue et. Ee a ee OE es ee 9.

. Ovipositor sheaths fully half as long as the abdomen; second abdominal

tergite and the third basally not longitudinally rugulose; the oblique
furrows on first tergite not distinctly foveolate; the portion of cubitus
between recurrent and first intercubitus longer than recurrent; first
abscissa of radius very nearly or quite as long as the second.
9. platynotae (Cushman).
Ovipositor sheaths less than half as long as the abdomen; second abdominal
tergite and the third basally longitudinally rugulose; the oblique fur-
rows on first tergite broad and foveolate; the portion of cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus not longer, usually shorter, than recur-
rent; first abscissa of radius nearly always shorter than second.
10. xanthonotus (Ashmead).
Second abscissa of radius not or scarcely longer than the first abscissa,
not longer than first intercubitus and hardly one-third as long as third
abscissa of radius; mesonotal lobes pubescent; antennae stout, tapering
to the tip, the female antennae 13 to 19-segmented and not extending
beyond the apex of the thorax; ovipositor sheaths hardly half as long
as. the-,abdomé@ne22- 921202930 3 oe. ta £2 ee ee eee aa
Second abscissa of radius much longer than the first abscissa, longer than
first intercubitus, and very rarely less than half as long as third abscissa
of radius; mesonotal lobes usually bare, the pubescense nearly always
restricted to the region of the parapsidal furrows; female antennae not
aS above..22- 22.5 See ee ee iy

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 9

12.

13.

15.

16.

asec

Antennae of female 13 to 15-segmented; of male, 18 to 23-segmented ; first
flagellar segment of male antennae usually distinctly longer than the
second, the segments beyond the first but very little longer than broad;
abdomen smooth and shining, rarely distinctly punctate.

11. hebetor (Say).

Antennae of female 17 to 19-segmented, very rarely 16-segmented; of male,
20 to 27-segmented, the first flagellar segment of male antennae usually
not distinctly longer than the second, the segments beyond the first one
and one-half times as long as broad; 3d, 4th, and 5th abdominal tergites
nearly always distinctly punctate___________ 12. brevicornis (Wesmael).

Stigma long and narrow, the radius arising distinctly behind its middle;
radial cell short, ending far before apex of wing; first abscissa of radius
very short, much less than half the first intercubitus; abdomen sculp-
{LOUSY OEE EI) OY ON ak a ante i aha Se eS Sc 133

Radius arising ator before) middle of stizmase_ 2.22 14.

Propodeum mostly smooth and shining, without a complete median longi-
tudinal carina; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen

13. scanticorum Viereck.

Propodeum finely rugulose except at extreme base and provided with a

prominent median longitudinal carina; ovipositor sheaths about as long

as the abdomen beyond 2d tergite_____ dn Tgat pyralidiphagus, new species.
STATED LS pee ee ee ame er en se ECE DOS CERNE) SERIE AG he AE TE 15.
IT ee ge aie PO) sce SIDE AIS LO XO AEST 0S BT BI a Re A 69.

Dorsum of abdomen mostly smooth and polished, the sculpture when pres-
ent restricted to the three basal tergites, only rarely occurring on the
third; the sculpture on second and third tergites when present usually
in the form of longitudinal striae and usually restricted to the middle
two-thirds of the tergite; propodeum mostly or entirely smooth and
polished; frons usually smooth and polished, if sculptured, the face and
coxae are black; face rarely yellow; if so, the abdomen, including first
and second tergites, is entirely smooth and polished________-_________ 16.

Dorsum of abdomen sculptured, although sometimes very minutely so, over
most of its surface; very rarely not distinctly sculptured beyond second
tergite, but then the latter is entirely finely granular, the frons is finely
reticulately sculptured and the face and coxae are yellow; face and
coxae very rarely black; if so, then abdomen is distinctly sculptured
OVELANeAThyaltSrenteRers Uinta COs = eer eee nas mee ee RNG Roe ee 39.

Ovipositor sheaths protruding at least very nearly the length of the abdomen,
SOME EMIS ANUCH LOM S Cees Bee Cre AM LTE VA EAS an Ree eRe ee ee ee 28.

Ovipositor sheaths protruding not more than half the length of the abdomen
| Sea OOS Ls TSS CEN 0) Sek a a SO De RE alg

Opening between clypeus and mandibles unusually large, its transverse di-
ameter at least as long as the distance from lower margin of antennal
foramina to lower margin of clypeus; posterior tarsi short and stout,
much shorter than posterior tibiae; propodeum with a nearly complete
median longitudinal carina; at least posterior coxae black; ovipositor
sheaths protruding less than the length of the first abdominal tergite__ iS.

Opening between clypeus and mandibles not so large; posterior tarsi usually
at least as long as their tibiae; propodeum very rarely with a nearly
complete median carina, and then not combining all the above char-
ACCC Si eee eee eee see a Pa ee Be ee alcatel ies Ene 19.

12053—25 2

18.

20.

21,

22.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Wings strongly infumated; last segment of posterior tarsi unusually large,
broadening strongly from base to apex, much longer than the second seg-
ment and nearly as long as the metatarsus; antennae usually 24 to 80-
segmented; propodeum mostly smooth except for the median carina

15. gastroideae (Ashmead).

Wings hyaline or very nearly; last segment of posterior tarsi not so large;

antennae usually 21 to 24-segmented ; propodeum finely rugulose
16. brachyurus (Ashmead).

Second abdominal tergite with conspicuous, more or less triangular, areas
of weaker chitinization laterally joining the broad membranous margins
of the first tergite; second tergite much shorter than the third; dorsum
of abdomen entirely smooth and polished, without even a suggestion of
sculpture; longitudinal groove on lateral face of pronotum incomplete,

being distinct. only anteriorly—- 2 22 =_ 2222S" eee eee 20.
Second abdominal tergite not as above; at least not agreeing entirely with
the: above, characterization.—.—-.— se eee ilk,
Head and thorax black; abdomen mostly black; legs more or less black-
TS cpa ee Nr 17. melanaspis (Ashmead).
Body mostly yellowish or yellowish-brown, legs, including coxae, yellow-
SSDs oo ae = sed Ee ee ee ee 18. juncicola (Ashmead.)

Frons entirely, and usually the vertex to some extent, closely minutely
punctate or reticulate and opaque; parapsidal grooves entirely thickly
hairy ;*head black with contrasting yellow orbital lines; thorax short and
stout, black; wings rather strongly dusky on basal half; second abscissa

of, radius rarely distinctly, twice the, first. = ee 22.
Frons smooth and polished, at most with faint sculpture just above inser-
tion of antennae; at least not combining all the above characters____ 23.

Second abdominal tergite usually smooth and shining, and provided with two
abbreviated oblique foveolate impressions medially toward base; scattered
pubescence arising from surface of middle lobe of mesoscutum anteriorly ;
antennae normally 21 to 25-segmented____ 19. politiventris (Cushman).

Second abdominal tergite finely sculptured over nearly its entire surface and
without such impressions on the basal middle; surface of middle lobe of
mesoscutum without pubescence although the long hairs arising from the
parapsidal furrows lie upon the lobes; antennae normally 24 to 29-seg-
Mente 25 es eee ee ee 20. pygmaeus (Provancher).

. Head thin antero-posteriorly, hardly thicker at insertion of antennae than,

at clypeus, the face not distinctly receding; propodeum completely pol-

ished, without a stub of a median ridge at apex; first abdominal tergite
wholly smooth and polished; head and thorax black; coxae black.

21. connecticutorum Viereck.

Head not so thin, rather prominent just below insertion of antennae, the

face receding; propodeum usually with a distinct stub of a median ridge

posteriorly —=— 2 =. sac ee ee 24,

. Abdomen wholly smooth and polished, the second tergite with two abbrevi-

ated oblique furrows medially setting off a basal median area; parapsidal
furrows thickly hairy; head more than usually thick antero-posteriorly,
being about as thick antero-posteriorly just below insertion of antennae
as high; antennae normally 30 to 32-segmented, tapering distinctly toward
tip; face yellow; thorax usually mostly yellow___ 22. psilocorsi Viereck.
Second abdominal tergite without oblique furrows setting off a basal median
area; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; head, including face, and thorax
Blache 2 vc ee pete ress Ss, 25.

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 11

25. Second and third abdominal tergites almost entirely minutely granular;
propodeum usually with a nearly complete median longitudinal carina.

23. meromyzae (Gahan).

Third and following abdominal tergites completely smooth and polished;

second tergite only with faint roughening medially_________________ 26.

. Hypopygium attaining apex of abdomen; ovipositor sheaths slender; legs,

including all coxae, and the abdomen laterally and on the venter, bright

yellow ; propodeum smooth and polished with only a very short stub of a

median ridge posteriorly; posterior tarsi slender.

24. nigridorsum (Ashmead).

Hypopygium not distinctly attaining apex of last dorsal abdominal segment;

ovipositor sheaths broad; abdomen usually black; posterior tarsi rather

stout, the last tarsal segment as long as the second and more than half

ho
for)

MN CeaTI CEA GAT SU Sires eB Be oes es a eR ee a ee a 27
27. All coxae and more or less of the femora black__ 25. ashmeadi, new name.
Legs yellow, the posterior coxae blackish at base______ 26. uncas Viereck.

28. Antennae very slender, all the flagellar segments more than twice as long as

thick; legs including all coxae bright yellow; wings perfectly clear hya-

lines with, nonsugzestion, of, duskiness- 2 Sts «ie ts 29.

Antennae not so slender; at least not combining the above characters__ 30.

29. Ovipositor sheaths nearly as long as the body; abdomen entirely smooth and
polished ; face yellow; thorax and abdomen largely yellowish.

27. angelesius (Provancher).

Ovipositor sheaths slightly shorter than the abdomen; second abdominal

tergite finely striate; head, including face, black; thorax and abdomen

lamcely a Dac kee ae Se ees Crewe eee eee 28. auripes (Provancher).

30. Head thin antero-posteriorly, the face rather flat, not prominent at insertion

of antennae and scarcely receding below; propodeum completely smooth

and polished, without a stub of a median ridge at apex; ovipositor

sheaths at least a little longer than the abdomen, and usually fully as

long as the body; antennae normally 20 to 30-segmented____________ 31.

Head rather thick antero-posteriorly at insertion of antennae, the face dis-

tinctly receding below ; propodeum usually with a stub of a median ridge

at apex ; Ovipositor sheaths at most a little longer than the abdomen__ 34.

81. Second abdominal tergite with conspicuous membranous or weakly

chitinized areas laterally opposite the broad membranous margins of the

first tergite; ovipositor sheaths as long as the body, antennae usually

2 ORLON2G-SCOTICTIL CC mee reat eee ee ae ee eee Na alee SRC (aera Mele 82.

Second abdominal tergite without such membranous areas laterally; head

and thorax usually black or blackish; coxae usually, though not always,

PL ete Tae OTe 1) EO eye ees eee cee Seed Ce eee ee Be a So.
52. Head, thorax, abdomen, legs, mostly yellow; second abdominal tergite
usually as long as the third or nearly___--_ 29. rudbeckiae, new species.

Head and thorax wholly black; abdomen black except for the membranous
parts of first and second tergites; second tergite much shorter than

bir eee esta een ae ee as Oe 30. tenuiceps, new species.
33. Ovipositor sheaths as long as the body; second abdominal tergite more or
LeSS Scull humed Sheree. ee et ee ee 31. nuperus (Cresson).

Ovipositor sheaths slightly longer than the abdomen; abdomen completely
SmOOtM. Ande pOlishe Ga ae ee eee 82. curtus (Provancher).

36.

37.

38.

39.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

. Transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles but little

or no greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes; malar
space about as long as first segment of antennal flagellum__________ 30
Transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles much
greater than the distance to the eyes; malar space shorter than first
segment of antennal ‘flacellum tates ee Se eee BAC

. Thorax stout, not nearly twice as long as high; stigma brown, with its

costal thickening and more or less of the membrane toward base, bright
yellow; antennae normally 30 to 34 segmented; ovipositor sheaths a
little longer than the abdomen_—_-_-—-_—_____-__-_- 33. hyslopi Viereck.
Thorax not stout, very nearly twice as long as its greatest height;
stigma unicolorus, brown; antennae normally 25 to 30-segmented;
ovipositor sheaths searcely as long as the abdomen__________________ 36.
Propodeum with a distinct median longitudinal carina on posterior half
and with a somewhat rugulose median line on basal half; second abscissa
of radius more than twice as long as the first; flagellar segments of
antennae but very little longer than broad; legs usually reddish yellow
or brown with only the coxae blackish______ 34. nitidus (Provancher).
Propodeum smooth and polished without a median carina on posterior half
and not rugulose along the median line basally; second abscissa of
radius not twice the first; flagellar segments of antennae considerably
longer than broad; usually all coxae, trochanters, and more or less of
al fem OTe 1D a Chae ee ee 35. tychii, new species.
Second abdominal tergite more or less striate, the third entirely smooth
and polished; antennae not stout, all flagellar segments much longer
than broad; radius going practically to extreme apex of wing, the third
eubital cell scarcely as wide at apex as the second discoidal; abdomen
black except more or less of the second and third tergites; antennae
normality 29) tooo-se2mMented == ee 86. pini, new species.
Second and third abdominal tergites somewhat striate, the latter weakly
so and, rarely, entirely smooth; antennae stout, most of the flagellar
segments but little or no longer than broad; radius attaining wing mar-
gin decidedly before apex of wing; third cubital cell broader at apex
than second discoidal cell; abdomen usually mostly ferruginous, with
only the first tergite and a median spot on second black; antennae nor-
Maly 32-tO. ot. SClMen ted a= — a ee ee 38.
Third abscissa of radius as long as last abscissa of cubitus; all segments
of antennal flagellum distinctly longer than broad; posterior tibiae
RLU: aD Lal CK eae se Seek as epee ee te ae 37. sesiae, new species.
Third abscissa of radius distinctly shorter than last abscissa of cubitus
and searcely as long as first and second abscissae of radius combined ;
some segments of antennal flagellum not distinctly longer than broad;
posterior tibiae fuscous only at apex______-- 38. nevadensis (Ashmead).
Second abdominal tergite almost smooth, strongly shining and provided
with two distinct abbreviated furrows that set off a basal median area,
and usually with two longitudinal furrows laterally; third, fourth, and
fifth tergites granular, subopaque; antennae shorter than the body, nor-
mally 20 to 24 segmented; wings faintly dusky basally; ovipositor
sheaths as long as, or a little longer than, the abdomen; a small yellowish
species with a few dusky markings on thorax.
39. thurberiphagae, new species.
Second abdominal tergite not as above, usually more strongly sculptured
than the following; otherwise not combining all the above characters_ 40.

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 185)

40.

41.

42.

43.

45.

46.

47.

Antennae slender, normally 22 to 29-segmented, most of the flagellar seg-
ments twice as long as thick, the basal segments of flagellum more than
twice as long as thick and not at all thicker, sometimes more slender,
than the apical segments; wings perfectly clear hyaline with not even a
suggestion of duskiness; radius arising much before middle of stigma;
propodeum smooth and polished; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdo-

men; or Slightly (shorter; legs bright ;yellow. i222 25 4 tee 41,
Antennae not as above; if apparently so, then not that combination of
Ghana ebens ye wei tes, Bee Loh doe) ew gairedep res oe lope Neierieys, eet horn Sot bors Poly We 43.

Abdomen very finely sculptured, smooth laterally; second tergite minutely
striato-punctate, the following weakly punctate, strongly shining; an-
tennae normally 22 to 24-segmented; abdomen usually yellow.

40. pityophthori, new species.

Abdomen coarsely sculptured; suturiform articulation very broad, foveo-
late; antennae normally 26 to 29-segmented; abdomen largely black
BUD ONCE ee een iy ah eee Be ape ei tat vig aI ogres ay ye Le 42.

Abdomen, especially second tergite, strongly longitudinally rugulose, the
second tergite usually with a complete median longitudinal raised line;
parapsidal grooves thickly hairy anteriorly as well as posteriorly; abdo-
men black above, more or less yellow medially on third, fourth and
mebhrylengitesstyt escent, theete fies Ee 41. laemosacci, new species.

Abdomen, coarsely granular; parapsidal grooves not thickly hairy anter-
iorly; abdomen blackish above, yellow laterally.

42. metacomet Viereck.

Wings long and rather narrow, uniformly somewhat infumated, the wing
membrane abnormally thickly hairy over its entire surface; cubitus and
subdiscoideus nearly parallel, the second discoidal cell searcely broad-
ening apically; radial cell very long, the radius going to extreme apex
of wing; propodeum entirely finely rugulose; antennae slender, nor-
mally more than 40-segmented; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdo-
menvorrshizhily yon gerwet ei ee 48. atricollis (Ashmead).

Wings not as above; otherwise not that combination of characters____ 44.

. Propodeum entirely, except at extreme base, rugulose; most of the flagellar

segments of antennae scarcely longer than broad; abdomen beyond third
tergite very faintly, almost indistinctly, sculptured; thorax mostly
FV. CULO pV en SGA ett POE oie ON eae hs A as yt 45.
Propodeum usually smooth and polished, although often with short diverg-
ing ridges medially behind, and sometimes very delicately punctate or
faintly minutely reticulate over a large part of its surface________ AG.
Ovipositer sheaths considerably longer than the abdomen; antennae nor-
mally 33 to 36-segmented; second abdominal tergite rather evenly finely
sculptured, without a rugose area on basal middle.
44. analcidis (Ashmead).
Ovipositor sheaths a little shorter than the abdomen; antennae normally
29 to 82-segmented; second abdominal tergite with an irregularly rugulose
areavon basal middlete=-siwse sss ee ee eee 23 45. podunkorum Viereck.
Ovipositor sheaths not half as long as the abdomen_________________ 47.
Ovipositor sheaths more than half as long as the abdomen____________ 50.
Head, including the face, black; either the frons completely smooth and
polished or the parapsidal grooves thickly hairy__________________ -48,
At least the face yellow; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; frons finely
reticulatelyoisculptured! 213 feet este ee es te ee nn Bt 49.

48.

49.

50.

51.

53.

54.

55.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM | VOL, 67

Parapsidal grooves thickly hairy; frons closely punctate and opaque;
thorax stout; head with pale yellow inner and superior orbital lines;
propodeum without a median longitudinal carina; antennae usually 24
to''29-segmentedii tela ¥ Linea aban 2s 20. pygmaeus (Provancher),

Parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; frons smooth and polished; thorax
slender; head wholly black, without pale orbital lines; propodeum with
a complete or nearly complete median longitudinal carina; antennae
usually)28stois2-sermented== aap in re res 23. meromyzae (Gahan).

Second abdominal tergite very finely punctate; third and following tergites
very faintly so, almost polished; antennae usually 29 to 33-seg-

MEented ewes Le _ BT a eee ae ee ee 46. montowesi Viereck.
Abdomen closely granular above, opaque or subopaque; antennae normally
S47tor4 Ozsesmentedt: (80 2. eee 47. cephi Gahan.

All coxae black; remainder of legs more or less blackish; head including
face, black; thorax black; abdomen usually red, short, broad oval,
rugulose on second tergite, granular on third, fourth and fifth tergites;
antennae normally 25 to 29-segmented; ovipositor sheaths about as long

as the abdomen beyond first segment__________ 48. hemimenae Rohwer.
Coxae yellow, rarely posterior coxae somewhat infusecated, and then not
agreeing entirely “with the above_22 = =. ta See ee ee Hie

Propodeum smooth and polished, usually with a complete or nearly complete
median longitudinal carina; abdomen strongly sculptured, the second
tergite irregularly rugose medially and usually much shorter than the
third; wings decidedly infuscated; stigma dark brown; second abscissa
of radius usually much more than twice the first; antennae normally 34
to 40-segmented; malar space about as long as first segment of antennal
flagellum ; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen, not distinctly
Vongver 2? 02 Wiis Gia Ore) a te ee ~» 49. oenotherae, new species.

Propodeum without a median carina, although usually with a stub of a
earina at apex; otherwise not exactly as above________________ ee 2?

. Ovipositor sheaths at most as long as the abdomen beyond first tergite_ 61.

Ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen or longer__________________ O23.
Second abdominal tergite finely granular or punctate, never strongly rugose;
third and following tergites very delicately, usually very faintly sculp-
tured, strongly shining; suturiform articulation fine, straight, the second
tergite not emarginate medially; antennae stout, the segments of the
apical half of flagellum scarcely longer than broad; malar space about
as long as first flagellar segment; wings very nearly hyaline_____--- 54.
Second to fifth or sixth abdominal tergites usually granular, the second
often more or less rugose; if abdomen is not distinctly granular on third
and following tergites the antennae are more slender, or the malar space
is much shorter than the first flagellar segment; at least not combining
all the®above*characters= 22-2 os ee ee eee eee 56.
Ovipositor sheaths about as long as the body or nearly; abdomen usualiy
black above except for the suturiform articulation and a lateral spot at
base of second tergite, which are yellow; antennae normally 26 to 29-
segmented_-+ 2 LEO Say eS ai eae 50. papaipemae Gahan,
Ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen; second and third tergites
usually yellowish; remainder of abdomen more or less blackish_--___ 55.
Suturiform articulation distinctly minutely foveolate; face yellow; an-
tennae normally 29 to 82-segmented__---_ 51. apicatus (Provancher).
Suturiform articulation very fine, weakly impressed, not foveolate; face

hrownish black; antennae normally 24 to 27-segmented.
52. nanus (Provancher).

ART, 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 15

56. Second abscissa of discoideus as long as the recurrent vein; wings somewhat

oT.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

fuscous, the stigma yellow; abdomen strongly granular above, the second
tergite more or less rugulose; suturiform articulation rath-r broad,
foveolate, and somewhat arcuate, the second tergite somewhat emarginate
behind; flagellar segments of antennae rather stout, most wf them only
a little longer than broad; malar space about as long as first flagellar

SCSI CT (eee eaten eee ee re we ee ee a ee 53. mellitor (Say).
Second abscissa of discoideus not as long as the recurrent vein; otherwise
not agreeing completely with the above_________._.___.... LY §

Propodeum finely punctate or granular over its posterior half, and with
a median carina posteriorly; abdomen granular on the second to sixth
tergites, the second usually with an irregularly rugose area on basal mid-
dle; segments of the antennal flagellum mostly but very little longer than
| Oe G at ey eS ea eal pes he 54, nigropectus (Provancher).

Propodeum not punctate over posterior half, although usually with a short
median ridge posteriorly and a few lateral ridges diverging from this_ 58.

Transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles scarcely
greater than the distance between this opening and the eye; malar space
as long, or nearly, as first segment of antennal flagellum; ovipositor
sheaths very slender, but broadening rather conspicuously near tip.

55. furtivus (Kyles).

Transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles much
greater than the distance between this opening and the eye; malar space
much shorter than first segment of antennal flagellum____________ 59.

Ovipositor sheaths very nearly as long as the entire body; face usually
blackish ; abdomen usually mostly black__-_ 56. tachypteri, new species.

Ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen; face yellow; abdomen
usualllysmosthysyello we ae es See oe ei E ENTREES ot Aia ed 60.

Second abdominal tergite usually with a shining irregularly rugose area
on basal middle; third and following tergites granular; abdomen
rather broad-oval; first and second segments of antennal flagellum usually
about equal and usually twice as long as thick, the apical segments of
flagellum slender, usually twice as long as thick; first abdominal tergite,
a median spot at base of second and more or less of the apical tergites
SUS yA Dac kis hea ee eee 57. variabilis (Provancher).

Second abdominal tergite not as above; the tergites beyond third usually
not granular, very faintly sculptured and shining; first segment of
antennal flagellum usually decidedly longer than second, the second not
twice as long as thick; most of the flagellar segments beyond second
but very little longer than broad, the apical segments stout; abdomen
svalbyeentinelivay.ell Owe eee ee eee oe eR 58. sanninoideae Gahan,

Segments of antennal flagellum very stout, beyond the first scarcely as
long as broad; second abdominal tergite very finely punctate, the fol-
lowing tergites exceedingly faintly sculptured and strongly shining;
propodeum finely punctate on posterior half_______ 59. hobomok Viereck.

Segments of antennal flagellum not so stout________________________ 62.

Malar space as long as first segment of antennal flagellum; transverse
diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles scarcely greater than
distance from this opening to the eye; stigma, including its costal margin
largely yellow, brown at apex; second abscissa of radius much more
than twice the first; propodeum usually minutely punctate or reticulate

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

over most of its surface; abdomen granular on the second to sixth
tergites; antennae normally 29 to 35-segmented____ 60. caulicola Gahan.
Malar space not as long as first segment of antennal flagellum; rarely
nearly so, but then not combining all the above characters________ 63.

. Second abdominal tergite very finely sculptured, usually a little striate

medially, the following almost smooth, exceedingly faintly, almost in-
distinctly, punctate; propodeum smooth and polished with a stub of a
Median Caving: POSterLOr] Ve. see ee eae ye ee ee 64.
Second abdominal tergite more coarsely sculptured, usually with an ir-
regularly rugose area on basal middle, the following tergites granular ;
rarely the third and those beyond nearly smooth, but then the propodeum
is minutely punctate or reticulate over most of its surface_______-_ 65.
Coxae more or less infuseated above; face blackish; wings rather strongly
dusky; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen beyond 1st
tercvitej= toa 2e a eles 28 ee eee 61. niger (Provancher).
Coxae entirely pale yellow; face yellow, wings nearly hyaline.
62. aequalis (Provancher).
Antennae normally 23 to 29-segmented, shorter than the body, the seg-
ments of apical half of flagellum but little longer than wide; second ab-
dominal tergite usually as long as the first and longer than the third;
malar space very nearly as long as first flagellar segment; propodeum
usually faintly punctate over its posterior half____ 68. argutator (Say).
Antennae usually as long as the body, the flagellar segments much longer
than broad; second abdominal tergite usually shorter than the first and
Scarcely as long-as the hind 226 ee eee 66.
Propodeum finely punctate or reticulate or very minutely granular over
most of its surface, more coarsely roughened medially and with a median
ridge posteriorly; abdomen beyond third tergite very delicately sculp-
tured, irregularly transversely lineolated______ 64. geraei, new species.
Propodeum smooth and polished, with only a stub of a median longitudinal
ridge posteriorly and with some short lateral carinae diverging from this;
abdomen usually granular on the second to sixth tergites____________ 67.
Antennae normally 34 to 40-segmented ; malar space usually distinctly more
than half the transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and
MANGIUDIES pee 282 ee Se ee eee 68.
Antennae normally 24 to 32-segmented ; malar space scarcely half the trans-
verse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles.
57. variabilis (Provancher).
Suturiform articulation slightly arcuate, the second tergite a little emar-
ginate medially behind; first segment of antennal flagellum usually not
twice as long as wide; first tergite and a median basal spot on second
black; thorax usually mostly blackish__-_______ 65. lutus (Provancher).
Suturiform articulation straight, the second tergite not at all emarginate
behind ; first segment of antennal flagellum twice as long as wide; second
tergite entirely yellow, without a blackish spot medially at base.
66. cerambycidiphagus, new species.
Dorsum of abdomen mostly smooth and polished, the sculpture when present
very rarely extending to the third tergite; propodeum smooth and
polished, sometimes with a median carina or a stub of a median ridge at
apex; frons usually smooth and polished; if sculptured, the face and
coxae black; face very rarely yellow; if so, then the abdomen is entirely
smooth and: polished ]2 22225 Ses a a ee eee ae ee 70.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 17

70.

Tale

(2.

74.

75.

76.

(7.

Dorsum of abdomen mostly sculptured; very rarely not distinctly sculp-
tured beyond second tergite, but then frons is finely reticulately sculp-
tured and face and coxae are yellow; face and coxae very rarely black
and sthenmuabGomen is ‘distinctly sculptured_22: 2 2ue52 3 see 96.

Opening between clypeus and mandibles unusually large, its transverse
diameter as long as, or longer than, the distance from lower margin of
antennal foramina to lower margin of clypeus ; propodeum with a complete
median longitudinal carina; posterior tarsi short and stout, shorter than

GS Le tal a ee Te EE ND Ys eA Fe ES AO Tale
Opening between clypeus and mandibles not so large; at least not agreeing
entirelyzwith: thevalbovels 2606 tele) JS 2 i ee ee es 72.

Wings strongly infuscated; last segment of hind tarsi very large, broad-
ening strongly toward apex and much longer than second tarsal segment ;
antennae 25 to 27 segmented__-_-_---_____ 15. gastroideae (Ashmead).

Wings hyaline or very nearly; last segment of hind tarsi normal, not
broadening strongly toward apex and not longer than second tarsal seg-
ment; antennae usually 21 to 23 segmented__ 16. brachyurus (Ashmead).

Second abdominal tergite with conspicuous, more or less triangular areas
of weaker chitinization laterally opposite the broad membranous mar-
gins of first tergite; abdomen, including first tergite, wholly smooth and
polished, propodeum completely polished without a stub of a median
TLL Oa GND Nee ee a eae Se ee ee oe es 73.

Second abdominal tergite without such membranous areas laterally; first
abdominal tergite usually more or less sculptured at apex; propodeum
most frequently, though not always, with a stub of a carina at apex__ 76.

. Antennae usually 23 to 26 segmented, usually shorter than the body; third

abscissa of radius distinctly longer than the first and second abscissae
combined and about twice as long as the second; last abscissa of cubitus
distinctly longer than the preceding abscissa; wings usually rather
RETO yg S Keys See ee ee ee ee ee ee 74.
Antennae usually 28 to 82 segmented, longer than the body; third abscissa
of radius not distinctly longer than the first and second combined and
not nearly twice as long as the second; last abscissa of cubitus not dis-
tinctly longer than the preceding; wings faintly infuscated_______-_- 75.
Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish, sometimes with fuscous markings;
legs yellow; second abdominal tergite usually as long as third, or
(OVEYs Tre) yea 22 a eee 2) USSD SU tle 1 na oe ener eek area 29. rudbeckiae, new species.
Head, thorax, and abdomen, black; legs black; second abdominal tergite
usually much shorter than third____-__--_-_- 30. tenuiceps, new species.
Head and thorax black; abdomen mostly black; legs more or less black-
TS Hat eng A Nee dg Fe a Dk ek ae aE 17. melanaspis (Ashmead).
Head, thorax, and abdomen mostly yellowish; legs yellowish.
18. juncicola (Ashmead).
Frons entirely, and usually the vertex to some extent, closely minutely
punctate or reticulate and opaque; parapsidal grooves completely thickly
hairy; head black with contrasting yellow orbital lines; thorax short

and stout, black; wings rather strongly infuscated_______--__---_-~- (HE
Frons usually smooth and polished, rarely with faint sculpture just above
insertion of antennae; at least not exactly as above__-__-------_--- 78.

Second abdominal tergite usually smooth and polished, and provided with
two distinct short oblique foveolate impressions medially toward base;
antennae usually 21 to 24 segmented; middle lobe of mososcutum with
scattered pubescence arising from its surface anteriorly.

19. politiventris (Cushman),

78.

79.

80.

§1.

82.

83.

84.

85.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Second abdominal tergite usually finely sculptured over nearly its entire
surface and without such impressions toward the base; antennae nor-
mally 24 to 29-segmented; surface of middle lobe entirely destitute of
pubescence although the long hairs arising in the parapsidal grooves lie
upon. the Jobes_ 2:2 sos eee 20. pygmaeus (Provancher).

Head thin antero-posteriorly, hardly longer at the intersection of the anten-
nae than at the clypeus, the face not strongly receding; thorax rather
stout; propodeum completely smooth and polished, without even a stub of
a median ridge posteriorly; wings rather strongly infuscated on basal
half ot ee ot a ees ee ee ee ei ee te usb 79.

Head not thin, rather prominent just below insertion of antennae, the face
receding; propodeum most frequently with a distinct short stub of a
median ridge atapex 2520-4 hea So ee Beer etree eee 2 81.

Parapsidal grooves rather thickly hairy posteriorly; all coxae and more or
less of remainder of legs, black; first abscissa of radius usually nearly as
long as first intercubitus and much more than half the second abscissa
Of -radilise S22 pea ae ee ee 21. connecticutorum Viereck.

Parapsidal grooves exceedingly sparsely hairy_-__--__-_--______--____ 80.

Second abdominal tergite usually with a rather prominent polished basal
median area and with some sculpture adjoining this; coxae and more or
less of remainder of legs black_____--__-_----__ 31. mnuperus (Cresson).

Second abdominal tergite, like remainder of abdomen, completely polished ;
legs, including all coxae, usually uniformly yellowish-red or reddish-
DROW = sae: 22 ee vee ee eee ene Seth es 32. curtus (Provancher).

Abdomen wholly smooth and polished, the second tergite with two short
oblique furrows setting off a basal median area; parapsidal furrows
thickly hairy ; head more than usually thick antero-posteriorly ; antennae
usually 29 to 32 segmented, tapering distinctly toward tip; face yellow;
body usually mostly yellow; legs yellow, posterior coxae sometimes a

little, infuscated-2== = 2-525) eee eee 22S psilocorsimvlerecks
Abdomen rarely entirely smooth and polished, and then not agreeing com-
pletely with the above characters_______-___-__________-_--__-_____ 82.

Legs including all coxae bright yellow; antennae never stout, all flagellar
segments decidedly longer than broad; suturiform articulation always

very; fines-wings frequently ;hyalines*44 ee Siete See eee ee 83.
Legs dark brown or blackish; coxae black or blackish; wings distinctly
Imfusca ted.ie sec hee. ATi ee a he Ee See i eee eee 88.

Propodeum usually with a complete or nearly complete median longitudinal
earina; second and third tergites finely sculptured; first abdominal ter-
gite mostly rugose___.______._._.....__......__.__ 28. meromyzae (Gahan).

Propodeum smooth and polished with only a short stub of a median ridge
posteriorly ; third tergite always entirely smooth and polished__—-~-~ 84.

Abdomen entirely polished with no indication of sculpture; wings per-
fectly clear hyaline; face yellow; thorax and abdomen usually en-

tirely) yellow Usc2eete_teliaceesr = seers oes 27. angelesius (Provancher).
Second abdominal tergite nearly always a little sculptured; face black;
thorax and more or less"of abdomen *black= 22224022.) ees 85.

First abscissa of radius about as long as inner side of stigma and nearly
as long as first intercubitus; second abscissa of radius not twice the
first; wings distinctly fuscous on basal two-thirds; flagellar segments
of antennae not twice as long as thick_______ 67. cinctus (Provancher).

Not agreeing: ientirely.;with' the aboveis2e_ 22 2 oe ee ee 86.

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 19

86.

87.

92.

Propodeum somewhat sculptured medially at base and with a distinct
median ridge on apical third; posterior tarsi scarcely as long as their
tibiae, the last tarsal segment fully as long as the second, and stout

26. uneas Viereck.

Propodeum perfectly smooth and polished except for an exceedingly short,
often indistinct, stub of a median ridge at apex; posterior tarsi longer
than their tibiae, the last tarsal segment not nearly as long as the
SECON Cee eee een ee 2 Ee eee 87.

Antennae very slender, normally 27 to 32-segmented, all flagellar segments
at least twice as long as broad; head entirely black

28. auripes (Provancher).

Antennae usually 33 to 36-segmented, the flagellar segments mostly less
than twice as long as broad; head usually with very narrow inner and
superior ferruginous orbital lines__----~~~ 24. nigridorsum (Ashmead).

. Posterior tarsi stout, the last tarsal segment fully as long as the second and

more than half the metatarsus; abdomen slender; first tergite long and
narrow, broadening gradually from base and about twice as long as broad
at apex; second tergite at most with faint sculpturing medially; suturi-

form articulation very delicate; stigma large; abdomen black_-_-__~~ 89.
Posterior tarsi more slender, the last tarsal segment shorter than the second
and not more than half the metatarsus; otherwise not as above____ 90.

. Abdomen completely polished; wings strongly infuscated.

68. wawequa Viereck
Abdomen with second tergite a little striate medially ; wings slightly dusky
Onebasalntwo-thind Se 2 ee eee os 25.) ashmeadi, new name.

. Second and third abdominal tergites rather evenly striate; suturiform ar-

ticulation broad, coarsely foveolate; last abscissa of radius shorter than
first and second combined; propodeum with a median carina on apical
half; all segments of antennal flagellum longer than broad
69. sulcifrons (Ashmead).
Third abdominal tergite rarely sculptured and then with only very faint
roughening toward base; at least not the above combination of char-
ECC TS ee a ee ed ee ee hee eens 91.
Stigma yellow*at base and along costal margin; malar space about as long
as first segment of antennal flagellum; all flagellar segments longer than
broad, the first and second of equal length___-____ 33. hyslopi Viereck.
Stigma UNIColOrOus A bTOWMN S23) ee OOS PES sali Spe Se asthe tye” 92.
Antennae stout, frequently broadening faintly beyond the first flagellar seg-
ment, and narrowing again toward apex, most of the flagellar segments
but little or no longer than broad; second abscissa of radius usually
twice the first; abdomen frequently ferruginous with only first tergite
andemedianispotont seconds blacks seni. a st Sey Pare ee 93.
Antennae more slender, all flagellar segments much longer than broad;
second abscissa of radius usually distinctly less than twice the first;
abdomen black with more or less of second and third tergites pale___ 95.

. Antennae normally 25 to 30-segmented; propodeum with a median carina

on apical half and more or less rugulose on the median line toward base;
second abscissa of radius more than twice the first, the third longer
than the first and second combined; abdomen with second and third
tergites mostly yellowish or red, the remainder black.
34. nitidus (Provancher).
Antennae normally 382 to 37-segmented; propodeum not so completely
sculptured on the median line; abdomen usually ferruginous with only
first tergite and a median spot on second black_____________________ 94

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

94. Third abscissa of radius shorter than last abscissa of cubitus and not
distinctly as long as first and second abscissae of radius combined;
flagellar segments of antennae mostly not longer than broad; posterior
tibiaeedusky-only, at apex {= 22 See eee 388. nevadensis (Ashmead).

Third abscissa of radius as long as last abscissa of cubitus and fully as
long as the first and second abscissae of radius combined; all flagellar
segments of antennae a little longer than broad; posterior tibiae wholly
| 0) £21 eRe mee on ete ness Se we ee moyen ie ere Sue ee ee eee 387. sesiae, new species.

95. Propodeum with a prominent stub of a median ridge on its posterior third;
first abscissa of radius not as long as the side of stigma bordering first
Gubi tal’ Cel wis iat otis Su eas 2 a ee ee 36. pini, new species.

Propodeum without a distinct stub of a median carina extending one
third the distance toward base; first abscissa of radius as long’ as the
side of stigma bordering first cubital cell________ 35. tychii, new species.

96. Second abdominal tergite almost smooth, strongly shining and provided
with two distinct short furrows that set off a basal median area and
usually with two longitudinal furrows laterally; third, fourth, and fifth
tergites granular; antennae shorter than the body, usually 20 to 24-seg-
mented; radius arising much befere middle of stigma; posterior coxae
Stronelyaintuscated 2282202 ee ees 39. thurberiphagae, new species.

Not.agreeine: entirely: with the*abovel 222 20) Tike: Sate) Sa a ee 97.

97. Antennae very slender, usually 22 to 29-segmented, all of the flagellar
segments fully twice as long as thick, the basal segments not thicker
than the apical segments, the antennae not tapering toward tip; wings
perfectly clear hyaline; stigma long; radius arising much before its
middie propodeum:smoothsand polished 2k eae eee 98.

Antennae not as above; at least not that combination of characters____ 100.

98. Abdomen very delicately sculptured, smooth laterally; antennae usually
22 to 24-segmented; abdomen usually yellow.

40. pityophthori, new species.

Abdomen coarsely sculptured; suturiform articulation very broad, foveo-
late; antennae usually 26 to 29-segmented; abdomen mostly black
EDO OG ee Sa a a lh 99.

99. Abdomen, especially second tergite, strongly longitudinally rugose, the
second tergite usually with a complete median longitudinal raised line;
parapsidal grooves rather thickly hairy anteriorly as well as posteriorly ;
abdomen black above, more or less yellow medially on third, fourth, and
fifth wtencitesea!*_aoved vy licctopy ers re ene 41. laemosacci, new species.

Abdomen coarsely granular; parapsidal grooves not thickly hairy ante-
riorly ; abdomen blackish above, yellow laterally_ 42. metacomet Viereck.

100. Wings long, uniformly infuscated to apex, the wing membrane abnormally
thickly hairy over its entire surface; cubitus and subdiscoideus nearly
parallel, the second discoidal cell scarcely broadening apically; radial
cell exceptionally long, radius going to extreme apex of wing; pro-
podeum entirely finely rugulose; antennae slender and more than 40-
sermmented he votre hanes + Satan Le ee 43. atricollis (Ashmead).

Wings not agreeing with the above characterization__________--____-_ 101.

101. All coxae and trochanters black; more or less of remainder of legs,
especially posterior tibiae, blackish; head, including face, deep black ;
wings strongly infuscated; thorax black; abdomen usually more or less
PEG aoNT A. eR eile RE See ee eee 48. hemimenae Rohwer.

blackivsciecw. wile pce creerseiel an 2 ett ee Maes aged sep Tepeerter epee 102

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK gt

102.

103.

104.

105.

106

107.

108.

109.

110.

Propodeum, except at extreme base, rugulose; most flagellar segments but
very little longer than broad; body usually yellowish; abdomen only
very faintly sculptured beyond second tergite_____________________ 103.

Propodeum usually smooth and polished, although often with diverging
ridges medially, and sometimes delicately punctate or reticulate over
IMOSTRO MONS MSU Meka CC kes Piso bes Lk Se a A 104.

Second abdominal tergite with an irregularly rugose area on basal middle;
antennae usually 28 to 32-segmented________ 45. podunkorum Viereck.

Second abdominal tergite rather evenly finely sculptured; antennae usually
327 toraG-Sermented ss. he 44, analcidis (Ashmead).

Propodeum faintly reticulate on its posterior half; sometimes more dis-
tinctly granular over its entire surface; thorax never wholly black__ 105.

Propodeum smooth and polished, with no indication of such reticula-
(ECO a 2 Be Sa ae epee red ee Oe ee oe Ser eee, 108.

Second abscissa of radius much more than twice the first; radius going
to extreme apex of wing, the third abscissa of radius almost on a
Straight line with the second; wings distinctly somewhat infuscated,
the stigma usually yellow; antennae rather slender, usually 30 to 36-
segmented; body entirely yellow, very rarely with propodeum and first
tergite dusky; ocell-ocular line not more than twice the diameter of an

CO ECE Sj a ES eel PR sia pes ee Ne a) PO el ak re ae GO. caulicola Gahan.
Second abscissa of radius usually not more than twice the first, and
usually making a distinct angle with the second ________________ 106.

Antennae normally 23 to 29-segmented; second abdominal tergite usually
fully as long as the first and longer than the third; propodeum and
first abdominal tergite usually infuscated; mesonotal lobes often more

ODRLESSE bla Gla Sine See Sat es a eee 63. argutator (Say).
Antennae usually 27 to 87-segmented ; second abdominal tergite very rarely
HGS Tepes EN aT bag La 1s Cl Re sae Be ate 2 0 ee es ee 107,

Flagellar segments of antennae slender; antennae composed of 27 to 33
Segments; abdomen beyond 38d tergite usually only very faintly sculp-
tured; propodeum and first abdominal tergite usually yellow; head,
sometimes including part of face, and anterior parts of mesonotum,
US SUE yas DAC ISLS lesen We ee ee a 64. geraei, new species.

Flagellar segments mostly only a little longer than broad; antennae
normally composed of 82 to 37 segments; third to fifth abdominal
tergites grafiular and opaque; propodeum and first abdominal tergite,

and usually venter of thorax, black-_-_ 54. nigropectus (Provancher).
Abdomen not or only indistinctly sculptured beyond third tergite, strongly
shining) suturifonrm) articulation sveryaitines -205 1528 109,
Abdomen granular on second to fifth tergites; suturiform articulation
Often) rather. broads +foveolate.2 2 8 tes 115.
Antennae stout, most of the flagellar segments but little or no longer
Gans WO a. ts eee es Be Paes Rata et i ee as Ui i en 110.
Antennae slender, flagellar segments much longer than broad; face yellow;
abdomen: -mostlivanyell Ow ses 3) LO ee ee Ae Pe i de 1A

Suturiform articulation usually finely foveolate; antennae usually 28 to
33-segmented ; face yellow ; abdomen usually largely ferruginous, blackish
at base and apex; frons and vertex mostly ferruginous, black only
pOOCEXOUISTIay/dreag soy te) sou Fo ym Was VSS, a ec rea 51. apicatus (Provancher).

59. hobomek Viereck.

Suturiform articulation not distinctly foveolate; antennae usually 24 to
29-segmented; face usually brownish-black; frons and vertex wholly
[ot ac Kee oe eee RE OO Fre ee oe Ee ec Ul

pli file

na 2

113.

114.

115.

116.

ala lee

118.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

First abdominal tergite with a foveolate groove just inside the lateral
margins; abdomen black, with only the suturiform articulation and a
lateral spot on second tergite yellow; segments of antennal flagellum all
a little longer than broad; posterior coxae more or less infuscated.

50. papaipemae Gahan.

First abdominal tergite without a distinct foveolate groove inside lateral
margins, but with elongate apical lateral pits; abdomen with second and
third tergites mostly pale; most segments of antennal flagellum not dis-
tinctly longer than broad; all coxae yellow___ 52. nanus (Provancher).

Face yellow; all coxae bright yellow ; abdomen usually mostly yellow__ 113.

Face brownish-black; posterior coxae more or less infuscated above;
abdomen mostly “blackish-. ==) errr ss 61. niger (Provancher).

Third cubital cell long, the last abscissa of cubitus much longer than the
preceding, the third abscissa of radius considerably longer than the first
and second abscissae combined; second abscissa of radius usually not
twice the first; abdomen black except the suturiform articulation and
Second tercites)] attend] yas eee ee ee 70. canadensis (Ashmead).

Last abscissa of cubitus not, distinctly longer than the preceding; third
abscissa of radius not longer than first and second abscissae combined;
second abscissa of radius at least twice the first; abdomen mostly
Vel Meow era rE eh ae a re le ee 114.

Propodeum very smooth and polished with only an exceedingly short stub
of a median ridge at apex; first flagellar segment more than twice as
long as broad and distinctly longer than the scape; scape yellow.

46. montowesi Viereck.

Propodeum with a median carina extending nearly half-way to the base;
first flagellar segment of antennae nearly twice as long as broad, but
scarcely as long as the scape; scape black_ 62. aequalis (Provancher).

Malar space one-third as long as the eye height; ocelli very small, the
ocell-ocular line three times as long as the diameter of an ocellus;
second abdominal tergite considerably shorter than third; sixth ter-
gite, as well as all the preceding, sculptured; propodeum usually with a
nearly complete median longitudinal carina; antennae usually 33 to 40-
S@g rien tee) See Fenster eae Ae ee 49. oenotherae, new species

Malar space not nearly one-third the eye-height; ocell-ocular line not
three times as long as the diameter of an ocellus; second abdominal
tergite usually as long as the third; sixth tergite practically always
completely: {polished 22 se sl EE RD SA 8 116.

Distance between clypeal foveae more than twice as long as malar space;
antennae usually 24 to 82-segmented, very rarely with 33 or 34 seg-
ments. ts SAA saad a ORI Sa BD Ae eee ALT.

Distance between clypeal foveae not distinctly twice as long as malar
space; or, if apparently as long, then with antennae 34 to 40-segmented ;

antennae rarely with less than 33 segments_____________________ apa
Head, including face black or brownish-blacko 212223000 2 ee 118.
Face pale yellow; frons and vertex mostly yellow__________________ 119.

Thorax and abdomen entirely or mostly yellow; propodeum impressed,
almost grooved along the median line, with some transverse rugae in
the depression; thorax not stout, about twice as long as high, viewed
laterally 222000200 2 242 nae eee ee ee 71. konkapoti Viereck.

Thorax and abdomen mostly black; propodeum smooth and polished ex-
cept for a stub of a median ridge at apex, not impressed along the
median lines thoras'stout=.2252=2s=— =e 56. tachypteri, new species

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 23

119. Second to fifth abdominal tergites evenly granular and opaque, the second
not longitudinally rugulose and without a median irregularly rugose
shining area; ocell-ocular line a little more than twice the diameter of
of an ocellus; last abscissa of radius scarcely as long as first and second
BDSCISSAGeCOMpINeGE fee AT een Fe 72. rhyssemati (Ashmead).

Second abdominal tergite usually with a median irregularly rugose shin-
ing area at base, or longitudinally rugose; fourth and fifth tergites us-
ually much more weakly sculptured and shining; last abscissa of radius
usually a little longer than first and second abscissae combined; ocell-
ocular line scarcely twice as long as greatest diameter of an ocellus__120.

120. Thorax, viewed laterally, twice as long as high; antennae usually 31 to
34-segmented, the first flagellar segment usually distinctly longer than
the second; abdomen usually entirely yellow beyond first tergite.

58. sanninoideae Gahan.

Thorax more compact, not twice as long as its greatest height; antennae
usually 24 to 82-segmented, the first and second flagellar segments
usually of equal length and twice as long as broad; abdomen usually
with first tergite, median spot on second, and more or less of apical
EEA] tS) es a ee 57. variabilis (Provancher).

121. Recurrent vein not distinctly longer than second abscissa of discoideus,
and but very little longer than the portion of cubitus between recur-
rent and first intercubitus; antennae rather stout, none of the flagellar
segments twice as long as broad; second tergite usually slightly emargin-
ate at the middle posteriorly ; wings usually infuscated, with the stigma
GIL @ Wy ee wie ee ee Me ee ee pee MeLLLLOL (Says)

Recurrent vein longer than second abscissa of discoideus and usually twice
as long as the portion of cubitus between recurrent and first inter-
cubitus; antennae usually more slender, with at least the basal flagellar
segments and the terminal segments twice as long as broad____~ 122%

122, Last segment of posterior tarsi as long as the second; second abscissa of?
radius more than twice the first; measured on the cubitus the third
cubital cell shorter than the second; second abdominal tergite not ir-
regularly strongly rugose on hasal middle; antennae 34 to 40-segmented ;

HORAK] ONO teSt OU see se a ee ee Os Ee ed 47. cephi Gahan.
Last segment of posterior tarsi shorter than second; at least not exactly
CAS} PEAY OX ah ee A RS A Ae ee ie ES ee ee eee ee eee 123.

123. Second abdominal tergite with an irregularly rugose shining area on basal
middle; antennae ususally 35 to 42-segmented; malar space scarcely

more than half the distance between clypeal foveae_______-_______- 124,
Second abdominal tergite without such irregularly rugose area on basal
middle, evenly granular or somewhat longtitudinally sculptured

ERT 2 GT aT ye oe A ee PL he a A as ce 125.

124, Suturiform articulation straight, the second abdominal tergite not at all
emarginate behind; second abdominal tergite, like remainder of abdo-

men, usually entirely yellow_____- 66. cerambycidiphagus, new species.
Suturiform articulation broadly a little emarginate behind; second tergite
usually with a black median spot. and more or less of remainder of ab-

domen usually blackish or fuscous________-_~- 65. lutus (Provancher).
125. Face more or less blackish; second abscissa of radius not distinctly
twice the first; thorax wholly black____________ 73. cookii (Ashmead).

Face yellow; second abscissa of radius usually distinctly more than twice
(HOE D gs ee ee Oe Oe i es ee eee ee oes 55. furtivus (I*yles).

24 PROCEEDINGS CF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

1. MICROBRACON QUINNIPIACORUM Viereck

Microbracon quinnipiacorum VIERECK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Survey, 1917 (1916), p. 207.

Type.—tiIn the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at
New Haven.

The antennae of the type are 31-segmented and slender, the basal
flagellar segments twice, or nearly twice, as long as broad; frons,
vertex, mesoscutum, scutellum, pro-, meso-, and metapleura, propo-
deum and dorsum of abdomen entirely, uniformly finely punctate or
reticulate and opaque; parapsidal grooves pubescent; the surface of
the middle lobe of mesoscutum bare; propodeum with a stub of a
median ridge at apex; wings only very slightly dusky; second ab-
scissa of radius at least twice as long as the first, the first and second
abscissae combined scarcely as long as the third; second abdominal
tergite much longer than the third; in the type the ovipositor sheaths
project scarcely the length of the first abdominal tergite. Ferrugin-
ous; head, thorax and base of abdomen more or less marked with
blackish. A small species, about 2 mm. in length.

Distribution —Connecticut, Maryland.

Host—Unknown.

IXnown only from the type, and one female specimen in the United
States National Museum, labeled “ Md., Collection Ashmead.”

2. MICROBRACGN PUNCTATUS, new species

Female.—Length 2.8 mm. Head rather thick antero-posteriorly
at insertion of antennae, the face receding somewhat below; face
including clypeus, frons, and vertex finely closely punctate and
opaque; frons with a distinct median groove from anterior ocellus
to the antennae; antennae 28-segmented, nearly or quite as long as
the body, the two basal flagellar segments about twice as long as
wide, all the following much longer than broad; mesoscutum and
scutellum, pro-, meso- and metapleura, propodeum, and posterior
coxae all finely evenly punctate and opaque; propodeum with a dis-
tinct complete median longitudinal groove; pubescence on mesono-
tum sparse and restricted to the parapsidal grooves; second abscissa
of radius more than twice as long as the first, the latter about half
the first intercubitus; third abscissa of radius about as long as the
first and second abscissae combined; last abscissa of cubitus about
as long as the preceding abscissa; the portion of cubitus between re-
current and first intercubitus very short, the recurrent nearly inter-
stitial with first intercubitus; abdomen ovate; first tergite evenly
punctate, opaque; the second and third finely punctate or minutely
eranular, the posterior tergites much more weakly so and more shin-

ing; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond first tergite.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 25

Ferruginous; frons, vertex and occiput piceous; antennae yellowish
below toward base, brownish to brownish-black above and apically;
wings hyaline, stigma brown; legs ferruginous.
Type.—Cat. No. 26661, U.S.N.M. ‘
Type-locality—Nassau County, New York.
[Tost.—The type is labeled “ With larva of Listronotus latiusculus.”
Described from a single specimen taken by F. H. Chittenden.

38. MICROBRACON SPHENOPHOR!}, new species
Fig. 6

Female.—Length 3 mm. Head very nearly as long antero-pos-
teriorly as high; eyes rather small, hardly more than half as long
as the height of head; distinctly though sparsely hairy; malar space
short, less than half the transverse diameter of the opening between
clypeus and mandibles, which is about equal to the distance from
base of antennae to clypeus; face and frons closely minutely punc-
tate and opaque, the vertex faintly punctate; vertex and temples
broad; frons without a distinct median groove descending from
median ocellus; ocell-ocular line more than three times the diameter
of an ocellus; antennae missing beyond 19th segment; first flagellar
segment about twice as long as broad, much longer than the second,
the following but very little longer than broad; mesoscutum and
seutellum very faintly punctate, more distinctly so in the region of
the parapsidal grooves, shining; anteriorly the mesoscutum is very
smooth and shining, not distinctly punctate; pleura entirely, pro-
podeum and posterior coxae, minutely evenly punctate and sub-
opaque; the propodeum with a more or less distinct median furrow;
pubescence on mesoscutum very sparse and restricted to the parap-
sidal furrows; fore wing with radius going nearly to the apex;
second abscissa of radius fully twice the first, but the first and
second combined less than the third; the first abscissa of radius
about half the first intercubitus; last abscissa of cubitus much longer
than the preceding; the portion of cubitus between recurrent and
intercubitus very short, the recurrent nearly interstitial with first
intercubitus; posterior femora rather stout, but little more than
three times as long as broad; abdomen long and narrow; first
tergite evenly punctate, like the propodeum; the following tergites
very minutely punctate, becoming gradually less distinctly so pos-
teriorly, the apical tergites being smooth and shining; ovipositor
sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond the first tergite. Entirely
yellow including antennae and legs; wings hyaline, stigma and
veins yellowish.

Male.—kKssentially as in the female; the malar space is a little
shorter; the antennae are 36-segmented, and the flagellar segments

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

longer than in the female; on the basal half the antennae are yel-
lowish, on the apical half blackish.

Type.—Cat. No. 26660, U.S.N.M.

Ty pe-locality Charleston, Missouri.

Host.—Sphenophorus callosus Olivier.

Described from three specimens reared by Bagby and Satter-
thwaite, August 16 to 25, 1917 under Webster No. 17835.

4. MICROBRACON GELECHIAE (Ashmead)
Fig. 23

Bracon gelechiae ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 623.
Bracon notaticeps ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888) p. 624.
Bracon, species Rirey and How arp, Insect Life, vol. 2, 1890, p. 349.
Habrobracon gelechiae JOHNSON, Ent. News, vol. 6, 1895, p. 324.
Bracon, species JOHANNSEN and PAtcH, Bull. 195, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., 1912,
p. 243.
Habrobracon johannseni Virreck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1913, p. 622.
Habrobracon tetralophae VirrEck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1913, p. 623.
Habrobracon gelechiae CUSHMAN, Proce. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 106.
Habrobracon johannseni CusHMAn, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 107.
Habrobracon gelechiae STEARNS, Journ. Heon. Ent., vol. 12, 1919, p. 348.

Type.—The types of gelechiae, notaticeps, johannseni, and tetra-
lophae are all in the United States National Museum, and respec-
tively bear Type Catalogue Nos. 2919, 2920, 14720, and 14721.

The female antenne normally are 22 to 26-segmented, although
very small specimens rarely have as few as 19 or 20 segments in the
antenne; the antenne of the males are 22 to 27-segmented; the flag-
ellar segments are always much longer than broad, the first being
twice as long as broad. The entire body is closely finely punctate
and opaque or subopaque; the propodeum is without a distinct stub
of a carina posteriorly; the color varies greatly, but the head is
nearly always black, with pale inner and superior orbital lines, and
the thorax is black; the first abscissa of the radius is almost invari-
ably about as long as the second, and the portion of cubitus between
the recurrent and the first intercubitus is fully as long as the re-
current, and in small specimens longer.

Distribution.—Throughout the United States.

Hosts.—Gelechia, species (Ashmead); (Gelechia) Phthorimaea
cinerella Murtfeldt (Ashmead); “oak-leaf skeletonizer” (Ash-
mead); (Zetralopha) Wanda baptisiella Fernald (Viereck); “ 4-
spotted oak-leaf tyer;” (@elechia) Aristotelia roseosuffusella
Clemens (Riley and Howard) ; Canarsia hammondi Riley; Pyrausta
nubilalis Huebner; Laspeyresia molesta Busck (Stearns) ; Gelechia
hibiscella Busck; Phthorimaea operculella Zeller; Papaipema,

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 27

species in pinks; Desméa funeralis Huebner; Polychrosis viteana
Clemens; and Archips argyrospila Walker.

A large quantity of material which is in the United States
National Museum has been examined. This includes, in addition to
the types, specimens from the hosts listed above and from the follow-
ing localities: Riley Co., Kansas; Franklin Co., Arkansas; Benton-
ville, Arkansas (D. Isely). Watertown, Massachusetts (D. H.
Craig); Peabody and Wakefield, Massachusetts (D. W. Jones and
H. L. Parker); Cedar Point, Maryland; Oswego, New York;
Whitesburg, New Jersey (H. B. Scammell); Leesburg, Virginia
(L. A. Stearns) ; Rutherford, New Jersey (KE. L. Dickerson) ; Fair-
fax County, Virginia (J. F. Strauss); Norfolk, Virginia (F. H.
O’Neill) ; Carlisle, Pennsylvania (P. R. Myers); Northeast, Penn-
sylvania; Champaign, Llinois. Salineville, Ohio; Agricultural Col-
lege, Michigan; Spokane, Washington (H. E. Newman); Los
Angeles and El Monte, California (J. E. Graf). Most of this ma-
terial was reared in the Bureau of Entomology under various Chit-
tenden, Quaintance and Webster numbers. There is also a series
of this species at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, reared by R. T.
Webber from an unknown tortricid on Afonarda didyma, at Melrose
Highlands, Massachusetts, under Gipsy Moth Laboratory No. 12164
Cob,

5. MICROBRACON DIVERSICOLOR (Viereck)

Habrobracon diversicolor Vierrck, Ent. News, vol. 32, 1921, p. 174.

Type.—tIn the California Academy of Sciences.

The type of this species has not been seen; but from the original
description it appears to be gelechiae (Ashmead). However, I pre-
fer to hold the name distinct until an opportunity is presented for an
examination of the type.

Distribution —Berkeley, California.

Host.—Unknown.

6. MICROBRACON ERUCARUM (Cushman)
Fig. 24

Habrobracon erucarum CusHMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1920, p. 291.

Type—Cat. No. 22870, U.S.N.M.

Near americanus (Ashmead) and gelechiae (Ashmead), but separa-
ble from these by the characters given in the foregoing table. Usually
entirely black except for very narrow, sometimes mostly obsolete,
pale inner orbital lines, the venter of the abdomen, which is usually
yellow, and usually more or less of the tibiae, which are somewhat
brownish; the mesonotum, pleura, and propodeum are faintly closely

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

punctate; the scutellum almost polished; the abdomen beyond the
second tergite is smooth and shining, only faintly minutely reticulate;
the radial cell is exceptionally small, measured along the wing mar-
gin but little longer than the stigma; the first abscissa of radius is
usually longer than the second; the only entire female antenna seen
has 22 segments, that of the male 25.

Distribution —Utah; Colorado; Arizona.

Host.—HFuxoa, species.

In addition to the type series the United States National Museum
has one specimen from Chiric Mountains, Arizona (H. G. Hubbard) ;
and another from Colorado (C. F. Baker).

7. MICROBRACON AMERICANUS (Ashmead)

Trachyusa americana ASHMEAD, Bull. Colorado Biol. Assoc., 1, 1890, p. 18.
Habrobracon americanus GAHAN, Proe. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p. 123.

Type.—Cat. No. 18421, U.S.N.M.

Although in his description Ashmead stated that he had but one
specimen, and that a male, the specimen in the National Museum
labeled “type” isa female. It agrees in every detail with Ashmead’s
description and I have no doubt whatever that it is the specimen
which he had before him. The face, frons, vertex, temples, even occi-
put to some extent, and the entire thorax, minutely punctate or
reticulate and opaque; antennae of type 23-sezgmented; antennae of
two other specimens, one female and one male, likewise 23-segmented,
not tapering toward tip; the two basal flagellar segments twice as
long as broad; middle lobe of mesoscutum destitute of pubescence
medially; propodeum with a distinct median carina on its posterior
third or half; abdomen beyond second tergite a little more strongly
punctate and less shining than in erucarum,; radial cell short, the
radius attaining wing margin much before the apex; second abscissa
of radius distinctly longer than first, and at least as long as first inter-
cubitus; the portion of cubitus between recurrent vein and first inter-
cubitus decidedly shorter than recurrent; ovipositor sheaths project-
ing much less than half the length of the abdomen beyond apex of
the last dorsal segment; head black except for narrow superior orbi-
tal lines and a yellowish spot on cheeks adjoining the malar space;
thorax and abdomen mostly or entirely black; coxae black; remainder
of legs more or less black; one male in the National Museum has the
abdomen almost entirely red, and the antennae 22-segmented.

Distribution.—Colorado.

Host.—Unknown.

In addition to the type there are three specimens, one female and
two males, in the United States National Museum, all from Colorado,
the female labeled “ Colo. 2075,” the two males “Colo. 413.”

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 29

8. MICROBRACON CUSHMANI, new name
Vig. 17

Habrobracon variabilis CUSHMAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 103
(not Provancher).

Type.—Cat. No. 18275, U.S.N.M.

Separated from wanthonotus and platynotae by the antennae,
which, especially in the female, are stout and taper toward the tip;
and by the paler head and thorax. It is further distinguished from
platynotae by the usually coarser longitudinal sculpture of the second
tergite, and from wanthonotus by the longer ovipositor sheaths, which
are a little more than half as long as the abdomen. Head and thorax
entirely finely granularly sculptured; antennae of female usually 19
to 22-segmented; of male, normally 21 to 25 segmented; malar space
of female at least as long as the first flagellar segment; of male,
nearly as long; wings a little dusky on basal half or more; second
abscissa of radius only a little or no longer than the first; last ab-
scissa of radius as long as the last abscissa of cubitus, the latter not
distinctly twice the preceding abscissa of cubitus; the portion of
cubitus between recurrent and first intercubitus fully as long as
recurrent; abdomen entirely or nearly entirely sculptured, the second
tergite coarsely so; the oblique grooves on first tergite usually foveo-
late; head, thorax, and abdomen usually mostly testaceous, the
thorax often more or less fuscous; legs mostly yellowish-brown.

Distribution —Occurs from Florida to Arizona and north to Ilhi-
nois and Pennsylvania; also found on the Virgin Islands.

Hosts—Canarsia hammondi Riley; Acrobasis nebulella Riley;
Mineola indiginella Zeller; Mesocondyla gastralis Guenee; Hnar-
monia prunivora Walsh.

Represented in the National Museum by considerable material
from the above-named hosts and from the following localities: Cham-
palgn, Tlinois; Brownsville, Texas (Bridwell) ; Tucson, Arizona;
Siloam Springs, Arkansas (S. W. Foster); Bentonville, Arkansas
(D. Isely) ; Anderson, Missouri (F. L. Wellman and D. Isely) ; Kirk-
wood, Missouri; Thomasville, Georgia; Monticello, Florida (J. B.
Gill); and St. Croix, Virgin Islands. Most of this material was
reared in the Bureau of Entomology under Quaintance Nos. 5083,
9160, 16459, 16487, 20730.

9. MICROBRACON PLATYNOTAE (Cushman)

Habrobracon platynotae CUSHMAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 104.
Type.—Cat. No. 18276, U.S.N.M.

Distinguished from cushmani as noted under that species; from
zanthonotus it differs especially by the characters given in the key;
from gelechiae, which it very closely resembles in general appearance

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

and in the length of ovipositor, it can be separated by the broader,
foveolate suturiform articulation, the presence of a median area cn
the second tergite set off by short longitudinal furrows, and by the
usually more coarsely granular sculpture of the abdomen. Antennae
of female usually 22 to 25 segmented, of the male 24 to 27 segmented ;
first flagellar segment twice as long as thick; head and thorax en-
tirely finely granular; first abscissa of radius usually as long as the
second; the part of cubitus between recurrent and intercubitus longer
than the recurrent; propodeum without a distinct median carina pos-
teriorly; head and thorax mostly black; abdomen usually testaceous,
except at base.

Distribution.—Holly wood, California; Durango, Mexico.

Hosts—Platynota, species; Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders.

In addition to the types the National Museum has a small series of
specimens reared from the pink bollworm, at Tlahualilo and Lirdo,
Durango, Mexico. by A. C. Johnson and N. B. McKinney.

10. MICROBRACON XANTHONOTUS (Ashmead)
Fig. 26

Bracon «xanthonotus ASHMEAD, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888),
p. 618.

Habrobracon hopkinsi VierrcK, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 380.

Habrobracon mali Virreck, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1913, p. 641.

Habrobracon xanthonotus CUSHMAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p.
105.

Type.—Cat. No. 14757, U.S.N.M. The types of hopkinsi (Cat.
No. 12284) and mali (Cat. No. 15331) are also in the National
Museum.

A thorough study of the types of zanthonotus, hopkinsi, and malt
can leave no doubt that all, as Cushman suggested, belong to the
same species. The characters upon which they were originally sepa-
rated are all extremely variable. Some series exhibit practically all
intergradations. The head and thorax are finely punctate or minu-
tely granular; the antennae are slender, and in the female normally
23 to 27- Een d) in the male usually 25 to 28-segmented; the first
flagellar segment is more than twice as long as thick, in the male
nearly three times as long as thick; malar space in female as long as
first segment of flagellum, but eoucider ably, shorter in the male; sec-
ond abscissa of radius nearly always a little longer than the aay
third abscissa of radius going very nearly to extreme apex of wing
and as long as last abscissa of cubitus; the part of cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus nearly always a little shorter than
the recurrent, apparently as long as recurrent in some small males;
abdomen usually strongly sculptured, the second tergite and base of
third usually longitudinally rugulose; the oblique grooves on first

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK ou

tergite coarsely foveolate, the apex of this tergite commonly rugose;
second tergite nearly always with a median basal area set off by
longitudinal foveolate furrows; ovipositor sheaths distinctly less
than half the length of the abdomen; head and thorax usually black,
more or less marked with yellow or red; abdomen varying from
mostly testaceous to entirely black; legs varying from mostly black-
ish to testaceous.

Distribution.—California; Washington; Virginia; Minnesota;
New Hampshire.

Hosts.—Notolophus oslari Barnes; Malacosoma pluvialis Dyar;
M. constricta Packard.

The foregoing discussion and characterization are based on the
types of xanthonotus, mali, and hopkinsi, and on considerable addi-
tional material in the United States National Museum. This ma-
terial includes series reared from Afalacosoma pluvialis, at Pullman,
Washington, under Washington Experiment Station No. 025; from
M. constricta, at Sacramento, California, under Bureau of Entomo-
logy No. 2747; and from an unknown lepidopterous larva, at Vienna,
Virginia, under Quaintance No. 7863 (R. A. Cushman). There are
also collected specimens from Santa Cruz Mountains, Yosemite,
Summerdale and Alameda, California; Durham, New Hampshire
(Weed and Fiske); and St. Anthony Park, Minnesota.

11. MICROBRACON HEBETOR (Say)

Bracon hebetor Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1886, p. 252.

Bracon dorsator Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1836, p. 253.

Bracon brevicornis Kirspy, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, p, xxxi—-MAarRsHALL,
Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1885, p. 24, pl. 1, fig. la and b.

Bracon juglandis ASHMEAD, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 621.

Habrobracon hebetor JOHNSON, Ent. News, vol. 6, 1895, p. 324.

Bracon (Habrobracon) honestor Ritey and Howarp, Ins. Life, vol. 7, 1895,
p. 428. Misprint for hebetor, corrected in general index.

Habrobracon beneficientior Virreck, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, 1911, p. 182.

Habrobracon brevicornis CUSHMAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p.
101.—WHiITtTING, Biol. Bull. 34, 1918, p. 350.

Habrobracon juglandis CUSHMAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 24, 1922, p. 213.

Type.—The types of hebetor Say and dorsator Say have been lost;
that of juglandis Ashmead and that of beneficientior Viereck are in
the United States National Museum, the former bearing type cata-
logue No. 2913, the latter, No. 13494.

This species is exceedingly close to brevicornis (Wesmael), and
the two have been much confused in literature. Cushman (1922)
cleared up this matter, calling attention to the difference in habit in
the two species, and pointing out some morphological differences,
although he did not regard juglandis Ashmead as identical with
hebetor Say. It appears, after a careful consideration of Say’s

on PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

description of hebetor, that there can be no reasonable doubt that
Say and Ashmead were dealing with the same species. In fact,
Ashmead determined some specimens of this species in the National
Museum as hebetor Say, although failing to recognize the identity
of juglandis with this material. The combination of characters
ascribed to hebetor by Say is found nowhere else in the Braconidae,
and after allowing for the wide range of variation occurring in the
species, will be found to agree nicely with juglandis. Bracon dor-
sator Say is also, without question, this species; and a study of the
type of Habrobracon beneficientior Viereck shows this species, too,
to be identical with hebetor Say. References in literature to Bracon
or Habrobracon brevicornis, hebetor or juglandis as parasites of the
Mediterranean flour moth, /phestia kuehniella, of the meal moth,
Plodia interpunctella, or of the bee-moth, Galleria mellonella, con-
cern this species.

The females of hebetor are readily distinguished from those of
brevicornis by the antennae, which are 13 to 15-seemented in the
former, and 17 to 19-segmented in the latter. The males of the two
species are much more difficult to distinguish, but the characters
mentioned in the key will nearly always separate them. The abdo-
men in hebetor is almost invariably somewhat smoother, with the
punctures less distinct, than in brevicornis. In color this species is
exceedingly inconstant.

Distribution—Apparently occurs throughout the world, wher-
ever its hosts, particularly the flour and meal moths, are present.

Hosts —E phestia kuehniella Zeller; /. elutella Huebner; £.
cahiritella Zeller; Plodia interpunctella Huebner; Galleria mellon-
ella Linnaeus; Vitula edmansi Packard; Sitotroga cerealella
Olivier.

The above discussion is based on abundant reared and collected
material in the United States National Museum. Series from the
following hosts and localities are contained in this collection;
EH phestia kuehniella—Reno, Nevada (8S. B. Doten); San Fran-
cisco, California (G. Compere and W. G. Johnson); Vitula ed-
mansii in Bombus nests—Riverton, New Jersey and Champaign,
Ilhnois (T. H. Frison); Sitotroga cerealella—Potchefstroom, S.
Africa (W. F. Schepp); Galleria mellonella—¥ illmore, California
(J. F. McIntyre); Plodia interpunctella—Jamaica Plain, Massa-
chusetts (J. G. Jack); also specimens from cone galls on Salix
longifolia, Reno, Nevada (G. G. Schweiss) ; a series from seeds of
Prosopis juliflora, Cairo, Egypt (H. Morrison); another from a
larva infesting soy beans, Mayaguez, Porto Rico (W. A. Mace) ;
6 specimens labeled “on ship with cocoa beans, O. K. Courtney;”
a series reared from infested corn, Santo Domingo, West Indies

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 33
(W. V. Tower) ; 8 specimens from a lepidopterous larva in seeds of
Canarium indicum, Buitenzorg, Java (L. L. Spessard) ; 12, labeled
“ Grewia cana, Transvaal, 8S. Africa;” 2 from St. Petersburg, Rus-
sia (J. Schreiner) ; 1 from Charroux, France (Oberthur) ; 4 from a
seed storehouse, Yates City, Illinois (W. S. Abbott); other speci-
mens from Jacksonville, Florida; Morgantown, West Virginia;
Agricultural College, Michigan, and Milton, Massachusetts; and
a series of several hundred individuals bred by P. W. Whiting
in connection with genetic studies on this species at the University
of Pennsylvania.
12. MICROBRACON BREVICORNIS (Wesmael)
Vig. 19

Bracon brevicornis WESMAEL, Nouv. Mem. Acad. Sci. Bruxelles, vol. 11, 1838,

p. 23, fig. 2—BriscuKeE, Schr. Naturf. Ges. Danzig, ser. 2, vol. 4, 1882,

p. 135.
Habrobracon brevicornis CUSHMAN, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., vol. 24, 1922. p. 122.

Type.—Probably in the Brussels Academy of Science.

The similarity of this species to hebetor (Say) and the confusion
of the two species in literature are discussed under hebetor.

Listribution—This species apparently occurs throughout Europe.
It has recently been introduced into Massachusetts from France, as
a parasite of the imported European Corn-Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis
Huebner. While it is too early to say whether or not it has become
definitely established in the United States, it is included in this paper
because of the probability that it will eventually establish itself here.

Hosts.—Dioryctria abietella Zinck (Brischke) ; Pyrausta nubilalis
Huebner.

The following material has been examined: a series of 16 specimens
in the National Museum, reared from Pyrausta nubilalis at Auch,
Gers, France and Hyeres, Var, France, by W. R. Thompson, in the
United States Bureau of Entomology, under Webster No. 16490;
collected specimens in the National Museum from Saxony and Berlin,
Germany, and La Chatre, France; and several hundred specimens
bred at the Corn Borer Laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology, at
Arlington, Massachusetts, in reproduction work with this species.

13. MICROBRACON SCANTICORUM Viereck
Microbracon scanticorum ViEreck, Buil. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916) pp. 205, 207.

Type.—tn the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, at
New Haven.

The following notes were made on an examination of the type and
are given here because the species was originally poorly charac-
terized: Antennae broken at 27th segment, first flagellar segment

12053—25——3

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

much longer than the second; malar space shorter than first flagellar
segment; transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandi-
bles much greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes and
about twice the malar space; face minutely sculptured; frons smooth
and polished; thorax smooth and polished; parapsidal furrows
sparsely hairy; propodeum polished with a stub of a median ridge
at apex, and a more or less distinct median roughened groove from
the anterior end of this stub to the base of propodeum; propodeum
also provided with two lateral oblique foveolate grooves; radius
arising distinctly beyond middle of stigma; first abscissa of radius
less than one-third the length of the second abscissa and less than
half the first intercubitus; radius attaining wing margin much before
apex of wing; the portion of cubitus between recurrent and first in-
tercubitus very short, the recurrent very nearly interstitial with first
intercubitus; first abdominal tergite finely sculptured apically and
laterally ; second tergite very minutley granular with a more strongly
roughened area medially; following tergites very delicately punctate,
the apical tergites very faintly or indistinctly so; suturiform articu-
lation very fine, arcuate, not distinctly foveolate; ovipositor sheaths
just about as long as the abdomen. Mostly yellowish; dorsum of
thorax more or less blackish; propodeum and first abdominal tergite
blackish; wings slightly fuliginous; legs, including all coxae, yellow.

Distribution—West Thompson, Connecticut; Algonquin, Illinois.

Host.—Unknown.

Known only from the type, and one additional specimen, a homo-
type determined by Muesebeck, labeled “Algonquin, Ill. 5-16-96,
No. 6603.” The latter is in the United States National Museum.

14. MICROBRACON PYRALIDIPHAGUS, new species

Resembles scanticorum in that the radius arises from beyond the
middle of a rather long, narrow, non-angular stigma; in the very
short first abscissa of radius, and the rather short radial cell; it
differs from that species particularly as noted in the key.

Female.—Length, 3.8 mm. Head transverse but rather thick
antero-posteriorly at insertion of antennae; face finely granular
and opaque; frons smooth and polished; antennae 36-segmented,
slightly shorter than the body; first flagellar segment about twice
as long as thick; mesonotum and mesopleura smooth and polished;
parapsidal grooves sparsely pubescent, more thickly so posteriorly;
propodeum finely rugulose over most of its surface and provided
with a distinct median longitudinal carina; metapleura finely sculp-
tured; stigma rather narrow, not angular; the radius arising dis-
tinctly beyond the middle of stigma; radial cell short, the radius
attaining wing margin much before apex of wing; first abscissa of
radius short, decidedly less than half the first intercubitus and

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 35

hardly one-third the second abscissa of radius; posterior femora
stout, about three times as long as broad; first abdominal tergite
strongly rugulose, the sculpture occurring on the middle of the plate
as well as laterally; second tergite about as long as third, granularly
rugulose, its posterior margin straight; third tergite granular; the
fourth and fifth somewhat granular but less strongly than third;
ovipositor sheaths about as long as that part of the dorsum of ab-
domen beyond second tergite. Reddish brown; head entirely black;
mesonotal lobes, metanotum, propodeum and pectus blackish; wings
entirely a little fuscous; legs ferruginous, the apex of posterior tibiae
and the posterior tarsi dusky; abdomen reddish-brown, the first
tergite somewhat infuscated.

Type.—Cat. No. 26664, U.S.N.M.

Ty pe-locality.—Crowley, Louisiana.

Described from a single specimen labeled “ Parasite of Chilo and
Diatraea, Crowley, La., 9-8-23, J. W. Ingram.”

15. MICROBRACON GASTROIDEAE (Ashmead)
Wig. 1
Bracon gastroideae ASHMEAD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 617.

Type.—Cat. No. 2904, U.S.N.M.

The opening betwen clypeus and mandibles is enormous, its trans-
verse diameter being greater than the length of the face below
antennae; female antennae usually 24 to 27-segmented, the basal
flagellar segment twice as long as broad, all the following somewhat
longer than broad; thorax smooth and polished; parapsidal grooves
very sparsely hairy; propodeum with a nearly complete median lon-
gitudinal carina, otherwise mostly smooth and polished; first
abscissa of radius usually not more than half the first intercubitus
and less than half the second abscissa of radius; radial cell rather
short, the radius attaining wing margin distinctly before apex of
wing; tarsi stout, the posterior tarsi shorter than their tibiae, in
the female much shorter; the last segment of posterior tarsi very
large, broadening strongly toward apex; much longer than the
second segment and more than twice the fourth; in the female at
least, and usually in the male, the posterior tibiae three times as
long as the metatarsi; abdomen smooth and polished, the second
tergite sometimes a little longitudinally sculptured at base; ovi-
positor sheaths scarcely as long as the first abdominal tergite. Head
and thorax black; wings strongly infuscated; coxae black; usually
base of femora and more or less of tibiae and tarsi blackish or
fuscous; abdomen usually red with first tergite and a median spot
on second black, although sometimes abdomen is entirely black.

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

Distribution.—Ohio; Michigan; Illinois; Massachusetts; Canada.

fost.—Gastroidea cyanea Melsh.

In addition to the type which is from Columbus, Ohio, the Na-
tional Museum has specimens from Agricultural College, Michigan;
Algonquin, Illinois; and Canada (C. F. Baker). There is also a
specimen, taken at Arlington, Massachusetts, in the collection of the
Corn Borer Laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology at Arlington.

16. MICROBRACON BRACHYURUS (Ashmead)

Bracon brachyurus ASHMEAD, Can. Ent., vol. 23, 1891, p. 1.

Type.—Cat. No. 6853, U.S.N.M.

Very similar to gastroideae, with which it agrees in the large open-
ing between clypeus and mandibles, the presence of a median carina
on the propodeum, the wing venation, the short posterior tarsi, and
the very short ovipositor. It can be readily distinguished, however,
by the characters given in the key. The ocelli are exceptionally
small, the ocell-ovular lne being four times the diameter of an
ocellus; the propodeum more or less finely rugulose; head and
thorax black; abdomen usually entirely black; posterior coxae black;
the two anterior pairs usually yellowish.

Distribution.—Ottawa, Canada.

Host.—Unknown.

The United States National Museum has, in addition to the type,
one other specimen, also from Ottawa, Canada.

17. MICROBRACON MELANASPIS (Ashmead)
Fig. 5
Bracon melanaspis ASHMEAD, Can. Ent., vol. 23, 1891, p. 1.

Type.—Cat. No. 6863, U.S.N.M.

Distinguished especially by the character of the second tergite as
described in the key. Frons polished; antennae longer than the
body; malar space in the female fully as long as the distance be-
tween clypeal foveae; parapsidal grooves rather conspicuously hairy,
especially posteriorly; propodeum completely polished without a
suggestion of a stub of a median carina at apex; first abscissa of
radius about three-fourths the first intercubitus and more than half
the second abscissa of radius; posterior legs slender; abdomen com-
pletely polished; the chitinized plate of the first tergite slender,
parallel-sided ; the lateral membranous margins of first tergite
broad; second tergite with weakly chitinized areas laterally opposite
the membranous margins of the first tergite; the following tergites
with the apical margins membranous; suturiform articulation rep-
resented by a fine impressed arcuate line, without a suggestion of
foveolae; ovipositor sheaths scarcely half as long as the abdomen.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 37

Black; head and thorax black; abdomen black, the membranous
parts of the dorsum paler; legs usually blackish.
Distribution.—Ottawa, Canada; 8. W. Harbor, Maine.
Host.—Unknown.
Known only from the type, and one other fine female specimen
which is in the Boston Society of Natural History and was taken
by C. W. Johnson at S. W. Harbor, Maine, July 13, 1918.

18. MICROBRACON JUNCICOLA (Ashmead)

Bracon juncicola ASHMEAD, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 620.
Microbracon sebequanash VirrEcK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,

1917 (1916), pp. 204 and 206.

Type—Cat. No. 2911, U.S.N.M. The type of sebequanash is in the
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven.

Exceedingly like melanaspis in structure, but is probably a dis-
tinct species. The few specimens that have been seen differ mark-
edly in color from the type of melanaspis, being mostly yellow.
Face yellow; thorax and abdomen largely yellow; legs, including all
coxae, yellow; malar space about as in melanaspis; antennae likewise
are similar, being slender and usually 25 to 30-segmented ; parapsidal
grooves rather strongly pubescent posteriorly; propodeum com-
pletely polished with not even an indication of a stub of a median
ridge at apex; suturiform articulation exceedingly delicate, merely
a fine impressed line; as in melanaspis, the apical margins of the
tergites beyond the second are usually more or less membranous;
ovipositor sheaths hardly half as long as-the abdomen.

Distribution—From Missouri to West Virginia and Connecticut.

Hosts.—Evidently species of Coleophora (Ashmead).

The above notes are based on the types of juncicola and sebeqgua-
nash and on several other specimens in the National Museum from
the following localities: Highspire, Pennsylvania; Ohio; West
Virginia; Algonquin, Illinois.

19. MICROBRACON POLITIVENTRIS (Cuskman)

Habrobracon politiventris CusHMaAn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919,
Dp. Olt.

Type.—Cat. No. 21639, U.S.N.M.

Very similar to pygmaeus, which it very closely resembles in size,
color, habitus, malar space, the sculptured frons and vertex, the
pubescence of the parapsidal furrows, the color and venation of
the wings, and in other points. It is often difficult to distinguish
from that species.

Malar space in the female usually fully as long as the transverse
diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles; vertex and

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

frons closely punctate and opaque; antennae usually 21 to 25-seg-
mented; thorax stout; parapsidal furrows completely strongly
hairy; the surface of the middle lobe of mesoscutum with scatter-
ing pubescence anteriorly; propodeum usually faintly minutely
reticulate over most of its surface; metapleura with long pubsecence;
second abscissa of radius nearly always less than twice the first, and
sometimes only half the third; the portion of cubitus between recur-
rent and first intercubitus usually: about half the first intercubitus;
abdomen rather broad, smooth and polished; the second tergite
usually considerably longer than the third, polished, and provided
with two short oblique foveolate furrows medially; ovipositor sheaths
not or scarcely half as long as the abdomen. Black; head black,
with pale yellow orbital lines; thorax black; wings dusky; coxae
black or blackish; femora usually yellow; tibiae and tarsi mostly
blackish; abdomen black, usually bright yellow laterally.

Distribution—From Maine to Virginia, and west to Towa.

Hosts—Polychrosis viteana Clemens; Hulia triferana Walker;
Archips paralella Robinson or Pandemis lamprosana Robinson. The
parasite is gregarious, several individuals developing on a single host.

In addition to the types the collection of the United States
National Museum contains two specimens reared from ulia
triferana, at Washington, District of Columbia, under Chittenden
No. 60992; a series reared from a lepidopterous larva on wild
cherry, by R. A. Cushman, at Vienna, Virginia, under Quaintance
No. 7719; a specimen labeled “Ja. Exp. Sta., Plum curculio”; and
one specimen from Hanover, New Hampshire (C. M. Weed). At
the Gipsy Moth Laboratory there is a series reared by J. V. Schaff-
ner from a collection of two different species of Tortricidae, Archips
paralella and Pandemis lamprosana taken at Melrose Highlands,
Massachusetts; one or the other of these was the host. The Collec-
tion of the Boston Society of Natural History has a specimen
collected at Liberty, Maine, by J. A. Cushman.

20. MICROBRACON PYGMAEUS (Provancher)
Figs. 3, 15

Bracon pygmaeus PRovancHeER, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 144.

Bracon junci ASHMEAD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 619.

Bracon trifolii ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 622.

Bracon kansensis ViEREcK, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. 19, 1905 (1903-04),
p. 268.

Microbracon coleophorae RoHwer, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 231.

Microbracon massasoit VirrREcK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 205 and 207.

Type—yYellow label 555, Museum of Public Instruction, Parlia-
ment Building, Quebec, Canada. The types of junci (Cat. No. 2910)

art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 39

trifolii (Cat. No. 2916) and coleophorae (Cat. No. 18180) are in the
United States National Museum; that of /ansensis is in the Kansas
University collection; and that of massasoét is in the collection of the
State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New Haven, Connecticut.

Very similar to the preceding as pointed out in the discussion un-
der that species; but the characters given in the table to species will
serve to distinguish between the two.

Malar space in the female as long as the transverse diameter of
the opening between clypeus and mandibles; frons and vertex closely
punctate and opaque; antennae usually 24 to 29-segmented; thorax
stout; mesoscutum with long and rather thick pubescence along the
anterior lateral margins and in the parapsidal grooves; metapleura
thickly pubescent; propodeum smooth and shining, not minutely reti-
culate; second abscissa of radius rarely distinctly twice as long as
the first; posterior tibiae and tarsi slender; plate of first abdominal
tergite usually a little roughened laterally and across the apex; sec-
ond tergite usually more or less finely granularly sculptured, with-
out oblique foveolate furrows medially toward base; very rarely
third and fourth tergites granular, usually smooth and shining; ovi-
positor sheaths projecting about half the length of the abdomen.
Head black with contrasting yellow inner orbital lines; thorax
mostly black, sometimes ferruginous behind the middle lobe of meso-
scutum and on the scutellum; wings dusky on basal two-thirds; coxae
usually black, although sometimes mostly testaceous; posterior tibiae
at apex and their tarsi fuscous; abdomen often mostly reddish testa-
ceous with the first tergite and the apical tergites black, but this is
variable, the entire abdomen sometimes being black.

Distribution.—Very widely distributed. Occurs from Canada to
Florida and westward to California.

Hosis.—Coleophora leucochrysella Clemens (Rohwer) ; 0. volckei
Heinrich; and various undetermined species of Coleophora.

In addition to the types of pygmaeus, junci, trifolit, coleophorae,
and massasoit, I have seen the following material: In the National
Museum, a series reared from Coleophora volckei at Washington,
District of Columbia, by E. R. Selkrege, under Quaintance No. 7890;
another series reared from the same host, at Watsonville, California
by W. H. Volck; several specimens from a species of Coleophora on
Amaranthus at Washington, District of Columbia; and collected
specimens from Cedar Point, Maryland; Jacksonville, Florida; Al-
gonquin, Illinois; Agricultural College, Maryland; Onaga and Riley
Co., Kansas; Vienna, Virginia (R. A. Cushman); Ames, Iowa (C.
W. Mally); Indiana; Colorado. The Boston Society of Natural
History has one specimen taken by C. W. Johnson at S. W. Harbor,

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Maine. At the Gipsy Moth Laboratory there is a specimen reared
from a species of Coleophora taken at Wilmington, Massachusetts.
The original description of /ansensis and notes on the type by A. B.
Gahan leave no doubt that this species is pygmaeus.

21. MICROBRACON CONNECTICUTORUM Viereck

Microbracon connecticutorum Virreck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Survey, 1917 (1916), pp. 205 and 209.

Lype.—In the State Agricultural Experiment Station at New
Haven, Connecticut. z

Resembles nuperus and curtus in having the head thin antero-pos-
teriorly, in the smooth and polished frons, the completely polished
propodeum and the smooth abdomen, but differs especially in the
much shorter ovipositor sheaths.

Following are notes made on an examination of the type: Face,
frons and vertex smooth and shining; malar space as long as the
transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles;
antennae missing; thorax stout; parapsidal grooves posteriorly, and
the metapleura, thickly pubescent; propodeum completely smooth
and polished, without a suggestion of a stub of a median ridge at
apex; first abscissa of radius nearly as long as the first intercubitus,
the second abscissa hardly one and one-half times as long as the first;
the portion of cubitus between recurrent vein and first intercubitus
nearly as long as the recurrent; abdomen smooth and polished, with
a few extremely faint punctures or striae on second tergite; the
plate of the first tergite completely polished; ovipositor sheaths
not projecting half the length of the abdomen.

Distribution—New Haven, Connecticut.

Host.—Unknown.

Known only from the type.

22. MICROBRACON PSILOCORSI Viereck
Microbracon psilocorsi VirreckK, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 143.

Type.—Cat. No. 14317, U.S.N.M.

Resembles politiventris in habitus, and in some details, but is eas-
ily distinguished. Head thick antero-posteriorly at insertion of an-
tennae; face strongly receding; eyes very short, broad-oval; frons
polished; antennae usually 30 to 33-segmented, tapering distinctly
toward tip; the ten or twelve basal segments of flagellum more
or less subequal; thorax stout, rather thickly pubescent in the parap-
sidal grooves and on metapleura; scutellum large; radius arising
much before middle of stigma and going to extreme apex of wing;
second abscissa of radius much more than twice the first; the part
of cubitus between recurrent and first intercubitus only half the
length of recurrent; measured along cubitus the third cubital cell
not distinctly as long as the second; propodeum smooth and polished ;

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 41

abdomen entirely smooth and polished; second tergite with a basal
median area set off by short oblique foveolate furrows, and some-
times with less distinct longitudinal furrows laterally; second ter-
gite about as long as the third; ovipositor sheaths less than half as
long as the abdomen. Mostly yellowish; face yellow; frons and
vertex sometimes piceous to blackish; mesonotal lobes, lateral faces
of scutellum, metathorax, propodeum, and pectus more or less
piceous, sometimes thorax mostly blackish except on the pleura;
wings infumated on basal two-thirds; legs yellow, the posterior
coxae sometimes infuscated; abdomen usually yellowish, with first
tergite, and the third and following medially, more or less blackish.

Distribution.—Cuero, Texas.

Host—(Psilocorsis) Cryptolechia, species.

Known only from the type series.

23. MICROBRACON MEROMYZAE (Gahan)

Bracon (Tropidobracon) meromyzae GAHAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 46,
1913, p. 482.

Type.—Cat. No. 16350, U.S.N.M.

Head rather thick antero-posteriorly, not broad; face and frons
smooth and polished; antennae slender, usually 28 to 32-segmented,
as long as the body in the female, longer in the male; thorax slender,
polished; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum polished,
usually with a nearly complete median longitudinal carina; radius
going practically to extreme apex of wing; second abscissa of radius
twice as long as the first; the chitinized plate of first tergite slender,
rugose laterally and at apex; second and third tergites finely granu-
lar, shining; rarely the fourth tergite faintly granular in part; re-
mainder of dorsum of abdomen smooth and polished; ovipositor
sheaths less than half the length of abdomen. Head wholly black;
thorax black, pectus sometimes more or less yellowish; wings very
slightly dusky; legs, including all coxae, bright yellow; abdomen
more or less blackish above, second and third tergites mostly yellow.

Iistribution—South Dakota.

Host.—Meromyza americana Fitch.

Known only from the types, and two additional specimens, from
Brookings, South Dakota, in the United States National Museum.

24. MICROBRACON NIGRIDORSUM (Ashmead)

Bracon nigridorsum ASHMEAD, Can. Ent., vol. 23, 1891, p. 2.

Type.—Cat. No. 6862, U.S.N.M.

Head rather thick antero-posteriorly, the face strongly receding:
temples broad; eyes short, broad-oval; face and frons smooth and
polished; antennae slender, 35-segmented in the type, the first flagel-

12053—25——4

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 6%

lar segment twice as long as broad, all the following one and one-
half times as long as broad, thorax stout, smooth and polished;
parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum smooth and polished;
first abdominal tergite somewhat roughened laterally and at apex;
second tergite with a little very faint sculpture medially; suturiform
articulation very fine; third and following tergites completely
smooth and polished; ovipostor sheaths projecting hardly half the
length of the abdomen. Head black, with very narrow ferruginous
inner and superior orbital lines; thorax black; wings hyaline; legs,
including all coxae, bright yellow; abdomen in type honey-yellow,
with first tergite and transverse median spots on second, third and
fourth tergites, black.

Distribution.—Ottawa, Canada.

Host.—Unknown.

The type is the only specimen known to me.

25. MICROBRACON ASHMEADI, new name

Macrodyctium politum ASHMEAD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1902, p. 252;
{not (Bracon politus Provancher)=Microbracon nuperus (Cresson).]

Type.—Cat. No. 5712, U.S.N.M.

Head not thin antero-posteriorly, face receding; eyes broad; face
and frons smooth and polished; opening between clypeus and mandi-
bles small, its transverse diameter not greater than the distance from
the opening to the eye; thorax long and slender, fully twice as long
as its greatest depth; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; metanotum
longer than usual; propodeum long, with a stub of a median carina
at apex and a few short ridges diverging from this; stigma large,
long; both second and third cubital cells long; last abscissa of radius
longer than first and second abscissae combined; posterior tarsi
rather stout, the apical tarsal segment large and fully as long as the
second; abdomen long and narrow; first tergite slender, broadening
gradually toward apex, and a little rugulose laterally and at apex;
second tergite with faint striae medially; suturiform articulation
very delicate; remainder of tergum polished; hypopygium not at-
taining apex of last dorsal segment; ovipositor sheaths less than half
as long as the abdomen. Head, thorax and abdomen entirely black;
wings a little infuscated; legs, including coxae, black; tibiae yellow
on the basal half.

Distribution—Alaska.

Host.—Unknown.

Known only from the unique type.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON——-MUESEBECK 43

26. MICROBRACON UNCAS Viereck

Microbracon uncas ViERECK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1917
(1916), pp. 206 and 208.

Type—tIn the State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New
Haven, Connecticut.

Exceedingly similar to ashmeadi, agreeing in habitus, in the small
size of the opening between clypeus and mandibles, in the smooth
frons, in the form, sculpture and pubescence of thorax; in the vena-
tion of the wings; in the stout tarsi and large last tarsal segment;
in size, shape and sculpture of the abdomen; in the hypopygium not
attaining apex of last dorsal abdominal segment; the length of the
ovipositor sheaths, and the general color. Appears to differ only in
the color of the legs, which are yellow, with the posterior coxae a lit-
tle blackish at extreme base. The propodeum has, in addition to the
apical median carina, a slight median longitudinal elevation and
adjoining fine sculpture at base.

Distribution—New Haven, Connecticut.

Host.—Unknown.

Known only from the type.

27. MICROBRACON ANGELESIUS (Provancher)

979

Bracon angelesius PRovANCHER, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 372.
Bracon cecidomyiae ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 616.
Bracon euurae ASHMEAD, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 621.
Type.—Yellow label 1486, Museum of Public Instruction, at
Quebec, Canada; the head is broken off, but is mounted on one of
the labels. The types of cecidomyiae (Cat. No. 2903) and euwrae
(Cat. No. 2914) are in the United States National Museum.
Distinguished especially by the “very slender antennae, the long
ovipositor, the entirely polished abdomen, hyaline wings, and color
of the body. Head rather thick antero-posteriorly; face receding
rather strongly; antennae of the type, and those of the type of
euurae, are broken at or beyond the middle; the type of cecidomyiae
has 32-segmented antennae; in all three the first flagellar segment
is nearly three times as long as broad, and all the following seg-
ments are fully twice as long as broad; frons polished; thorax pol-
ished; parapsidal grooves very sparsely hairy anteriorly, more
closely hairy behind; propodeum smooth and polished, with a short
stub of a median carina at apex; anterior wings of type are missing;
in the types of ewuwrae and cecidomyiae the radial cell is large and
long, and the second abscissa of radius is not distinctly twice as long
as the first; posterior femora slender; abdomen completely smooth
and polished; ovipositor sheaths one and one-half times as long as

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the abdomen. Face yellow; vertex and occiput more or less piceous;
thorax yellow, the pectus and the propodeum usually fuscous or
blackish; wings perfectly clear hyaline; legs, including all coxae,
bright yellow, the posterior tibiae at apex and their tarsi more or
less infuscated ; abdomen yellow or yellowish-ferruginous with trans-
verse fuscous or blackish bands on the second, third, and fourth
tergites.

Distribution.—California.

Hosts.—Kuura, species, which forms galls on Saliv; and a ceci-
domyid gall on Aimulus.

Known only from the types of angelesius, cecidomyiae, and euurae.
A thorough study of the three types clearly shows them to be
conspecific.

28. MICROBRACON AURIPES (Provancker)

Bracon auripes PRovANCHER, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 372.

Lype.—Blue label 670, yellow label 1571, Museum of Public In-
struction, at Quebec, Canada.

Following are notes made upon an examination of the type: Head
missing; thorax slender, smooth and polished; radius going practi-
cally to extreme : apex of wing; second abscissa of fadinc more than
twice the first, the third longer than first and second combined; re-
current vein more than twice as long as the portion of cubitus be-
tween recurrent and first intercubitus; first abdominal tergite slen-
der, broadening gradually toward apex, with a finely foveolate
groove just inside the lateral margins; second tergite longer than
third, finely ruguloso-striate; suturiform articulation very fine; re-
mainder of abdomen highly polished; ovipositor sheaths very nearly
as long as the abdomen. Thorax*black with a large testaceous spot
behind middle lobe of mesoscutum, and with the propleura testace-
ous; wings hyaline; legs, including all coxae, wholly yellow; abdo-
men black above, with narrow yellow lateral margins and with a
bright yellow spot at the apex; venter mostly yellowish. A homo-
type and other specimens in the same series show the species to have
a black, smooth and polished, evenly rounded head, with very slen-
der antennae, which have all the flagellar segments more than twice
as long as thick, and are 27 to 32-segmented. The thorax is some-
times entirely black.

Distribution.—Ottawa, Canada; Massachusetts.

Hosts.—Lepidopterous larvae boring in various weeds, such as
Amaranthus, Ambrosia, Xanthium, ete.

In addition to the type, I have seen a large series of specimens
reared from such plants as indicated above, at the Corn Borer Labo-
ratory of the Bureau of Entomology, at Arlington, Massachusetts.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 45

This material is from Watertown, Malden, Melrose, Stoneham, Sau-
gus, and Wakefield, Massachusetts. One of these specimens was
compared with the type, designated a homotype, and placed in the
United States National Museum.

29. MICROBRACON RUDBECKIAE, new species
Figs. 2, 22

female.—Length, 3.3 mm. Head rather thin, not prominent at
insertion of antennae, the face rather flat, not, or very slightly, re-
ceding; eyes small; oceili small; ocell-ocular line more three times
the diameter of an ocellus; postocellar line about twice the diameter
of an ocellus; opening between clypeus and mandibles large, its
transverse diameter nearly twice the length of malar space; face,
frons, vertex, temples, smooth and polished; antennae 24-seemented,
shorter than the body, basal flagellar segments the longest; thorax
stout, smooth, and polished; the parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy;
propodeum entirely polished, without even a suggestion of a stub
of a carina at apex; second abscissa of radius usually distinctly less
than twice the first; the third longer than the first and second com-
bined and usually about twice as long as the second, which is but
little longer than the first intercubitus; the portion of cubitus be-
tween recurrent and first intercubitus more than half as long as the
recurrent; the last abscissa of cubitus considerably longer than the
preceding abscissa; legs slender; last segment of posterior tarsi not
as long as the second; abdomen a little longer than the thorax: the
chitinized plate of the first tergite nearly parallel-sided, angled at
the spiracles, smooth and polished, with two fine curved grooves con-
verging toward the base; second tergite transverse, with conspicuous
membranous areas laterally opposite the membranous margins along
the first tergite, and with a slight tubercle at base and adjoining fine
striae; third and following tergites smooth and polished; ovipositor
sheaths distinctly longer than the entire body. Yellow; vertex of
head and occiput more or less piceous; mesonotal lobes and propo-
deum sometimes a little dusky; wings distinctly infuscated on basal
two-thirds, nearly hyaline at apex; legs including all coxae yellow,
the tibiae usually slightly dusky.

Male.—Antennae 26-segmented. Essentially as in the female.

Type.—Cat. No. 26662, U.S.N.M.

Ty pe-locality—Mineral Wells, Texas.

Host.—A larva living in the head of Rudbeckia ample.

Described from 20 female and 2 male specimens reared by C. R.
Jones. The number of segments in the antennae in this series varies
from 238 ta 26.

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
30. MICROBRACON TENUICEPS, new species
Fig. 7

Very similar in structure to rudbeckiae, but is almost completely
black, has the second abdominal tergite wholly smooth and polished,
and differs in numerous details; also resembles nuperus, but differs as
noted in the key.

Female.—Length, 3 mm. Head thin antero-posteriorly, scarcely
thicker at insertion of antennae than at the clypeus, the face not or
hardly receding; the frons almost vertical; face, frons, vertex, and
temples smooth and polished; eyes nearly twice as long as broad,
faintly hairy; transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and
mandibles not twice the length of the malar space; post-ocellar line
not distinctly twice, the ocell-ocular line not distinctly three times,
as long as the diameter of an ocellus; antennae 23-segmented, the
basal flagellar segment nearly three times as long as broad, the
following gradually decreasing in length, but most of them fully
twice as long as broad; thorax rather stout, completely smooth and
polished; parapsidal furrows sparsely hairy anteriorly, more thickly
so posteriorly; propodeum entirely polished, without even a stub of
a median longitudinal ridge at apex; first abscissa of radius longer
than the recurrent vein; second abscissa of radius much less than twice
the first, only half the third, and but very slightly longer than the
first intercubitus; radius attaining wing margin distinctly before the
apex; last abscissa of cubitus a little longer than the preceding ab-
scissa ; legs slender, the posterior femora at least four-fifths as long as
their tibiae; abdomen about as long as the thorax, completely smooth
and highly polished; the chitinized plate of first tergite broad, and
with two fine impressed curved lines converging toward base; sec-
ond abdominal tergite with a small but conspicuous, more or less tri-
angular, membranous area at either side joining the lateral membran-
ous margins of the first tergite; second tergite much shorter than the
third; hypopygium attaining apex of last dorsal abdominal segment ;
ovipositor sheaths fully as long as the entire body. Black; head and
thorax wholly black; wings strongly infuscated; legs deep black,
except the anterior femora at apex, their tibiae within, and the
middle and posterior tibiae at extreme base, where they are brownish;
abdomen black except the membranous margins along first tergite,
the membranous areas in the basal lateral angles of the second, and
a very small spot in the basal lateral angles of the third, which are
bright yellow, contrasting strongly with the deep black of the re-
mainder of the abdomen.

Type.—Cat. No. 27142, U.S.N.M.

Type-locality.—Chester, Virginia.

Host.—? Phytonomus nigrirostris Fabricius.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 47

Described from a fine single specimen taken by W. J. Schoene in
connection with studies of the clover weevil, Phytonomus nigrirostris.
C. W. Johnson, of the Boston Society of Natural History, has several
fine specimens of this striking species, which were collected by him
at Bar Harbor, Southwest Harbor, Salisbury Cove, and Mount
Desert, Maine; one small female in this collection has only 18 ses-
ments in the antennae.

31. MICROBRACON NUPERUS (Cresson)

Bracon nuperus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 187, line 20.

Bracon minimus Cresson, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 187, line 31.

Bracon politus PRovANCHER, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 373.

Microbracon (Bracon) nuperus Pierce, U. 8. D. A., Bur. Ent. Bull. 68, 1909,
p. 44,

Type.—No. 1686, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. The types of minimus (Cat. No. 1613, allotype; holo-
type lost) and politus (Cat. No. 1969) are in the United States
National Museum. The allotype of vernoniae Ashmead, which also
belongs here, is likewise in the National Museum.

Resembles zenuiceps in the general conformation of the head, in
the polished frons, completely polished propodeum, in the dusky
wings and the long ovipositor, but can be readily separated. It is
very closely allied to curtus, and some males can probably be dis-
tinguished only with great difficulty; the female differs in the longer
ovipositor.

Head thin, the face but slightly receding; eyes shorter than in
tenuiceps,; transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and
mandibles not distinctly one and one-half times the length of the
malar space in either sex; ocell-ocular line at least three times the
diameter of an ocellus; antennae usually 21 to 30 segmented, the
number varying with the size of the insect; thorax, with propodeum,
entirely highly polished; second abscissa of radius about twice the
first; the third longer than the first and second combined; radius
attaining wing margin before the apex; last abscissa of cubitus longer
than the preceding abscissa; plate of first abdominal tergite rather
broad posteriorly, smooth and polished, sometimes more or less
punctate along apical margin; second tergite usually with a polished
elevation medially at base, and more or less rugulose on the basal
two-thirds; suturiform articulation usually slightly arcuate medi-
ally and finely foveolate; second tergite as long as the third; third
and following completely polished; ovipositor sheaths as long as the
body. Head black, rarely with poorly defined ferruginous inner

orbital markings; thorax wholly black, although rarely with some
ferruginous or testaceous markings; wings strongly infuscated on

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

basal two-thirds, more hyaline at apex; legs, at least the coxae, nearly
always black; rarely the coxae mostly ferruginous or testaceous;
femora sometimes testaceous or yellowish-brown, although frequently
mostly black; abdomen varying from entirely ferruginous or testa-
ceous, except at extreme base, to entirely black except more or less
of second and third tergites.

Distribution—From Montana to Mexico, and from Illinois to
California; apparently more common over the western half of the
United States.

Hosts—!% Orthoris crotchti LeConte; larva feeding in seed cap-
sules of Vernonia.

In addition to the types, the following material, all of it in the
National Museum, has been examined; the allotype of vernoniae
Ashmead, which is certainly nuperus,; two specimens labeled “ para-
site on dipteron in seeds of Vernonia, Kirkwood, Missouri, M. E.
Murtfeldt ;” one female bearing Bureau of Entomology No. 3557°,
and dated May 18, 1885, which are the same data found on the labels
of the allotype of vernoniae,; one specimen labeled “ Pullman, Wash-
ington, C. V. Piper, Wash. Exp. Sta. No. 010;” and collected speci-
mens from Helena, Montana; Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell) ;
Texas (Belfrage) ; Alameda Co., California; Forest Grove, Oregon
(L. P. Rockwood) ; “40 miles north of Lusk, Wyoming;” Torreon
Coahuilo, Mexico; Algonquin, Illinois. There is one specimen at
the Gipsy Moth Laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology from
Fresno, California (M. E. Philips). Pierce records the species as
having been reared in very large numbers from Orthoris crotchii,
feeding in the seed pods of Mentzelia nuda at Clarendon, Texas.

32. MICROBRACON CURTUS (Provancher)

Phylaxw curtus PRovANCHER, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1886, p. 180.
Zele curtus PRovANcHER, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 380.

Type.—Blue label 277, yellow label 1276, Museum of Public In-
struction, Quebec, Canada.

Head thin antero-posteriorly, the face scarcely receding; malar
space, in female, about as long as first flagellar segment; face and
frons smooth and polished; antennae of type 25-seg@mented, none of
the flagellar segments twice as long as thick; thorax stout, smooth
and polished; propodeum completely polished, without even a stub
of a median ridge at apex; radius arising before middle of stigma;
second abscissa of radius scarcely twice the first; last abscissa of
cubitus not distinctly longer than the preceding abscissa; abdomen
broad-oval, entirely smooth and polished, with no suggestion of sculp-
ture on the second tergite, in which respect this species appears to
differ from nuperus; ovipositor sheaths slightly longer than the ab-

MUESEBECK 49

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON

domen. Head and thorax mostly brownish-black to black; wings
strongly infuscated on basal two-thirds; legs, including coxae tes-
taceous to reddish-brown; abdomen mostly testaceous to ferruginous.

Distribution.—Ottawa, Canada.

Host.—Unknown.

The foregoing notes are based on the type, and a homotype (de-
termined by Rohwer) ; the latter is in the United States National Mu-
seum; it bears no locality data.

33. MICROBRACON HYSLOPI Viereck

Microbracon hyslopi Viereck, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 143.

Type.—Cat. No. 14816, U.S.N.M.

Head not very prominent at insertion of antennae; face slightly
receding; malar space in female about as long as first segment of an-
tennal flagellum; the transverse diameter of the opening between
clypeus and mandibles but little greater than the distance from this
opening to the eye; face very faintly punctate; frons weakly punc-
tate just above insertion of antennae; antennae usually 380 to 40
segmented ; the two basal flagellar segments of equal length, all flagel-
lar segments considerably longer than broad, but none of them dis-
tinctly twice as long as broad; ocell-ocular line three times as long as
the diameter of an ocellus; thorax stout, smocth and polished; pro-
podeum with a distinct stub of a median ridge at apex; radius not
attaining apex of wing, second abscissa of radius about twice as long
as the first, the third about as long as the first and second combined ;
the portion of cubitus between recurrent and first intercubitus more
than half as long as recurrent; abdomen robust, mostly smooth and
polished; lirst tergite rugulose along posterior margin; second ter-
gite more or less rngulose or granular; third tergite rarely faintly
punctate; ovipositor sheaths fully as long as the abdomen. Head
black, sometimes with ferruginous or testaceous inner and superior
orbital markings; cheeks and temples sometimes testaceous; thorax
with mesoscutum and scutellum and more or less of the pleura usually
testaceous; propodeum and pectus black; rarely thorax almost wholly
black; wings rather strongly infuscated, the stigma, at least at base
and along costal margin bright yellow; all coxae and trochanters, and
usually most of the middle and hind femora, tibiae and tarsi, black;
abdomen usually mostly testaceous, with black median areas on most
of the tergites.

Distribution.—W ashington, Oregon, Utah, Colorado.

Host.—EKtiella zinckenella schisticolor Zeller.

In addition to the type the United States National Museum has
three specimens reared from a lepidopteron on 7rifolium at Manzan-

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

ita, Oregon, by L. P. Rockwood, and onespecimen from Colorado. At
the Gipsy Moth Laboratory there are two specimens from Salt Lake
City.

34. MICROBRACON NITIDUS (Provancher)
Bracon nitidus PRovANcCHER, Natural. Canad., vol. 14, 1883, p. 15.

Type—yYellow label 1026, Museum of Public Instruction, at
Quebec, Canada.

The following notes were made upon an examination of the tpye:
Frons polished; antennae 28-segmented, stout, the flagellar segments
beyond second only a little longer than broad; transverse diameter
of opening between clypeus and mandibles but very little greater
than the distance from the opening to the eyes; malar space as long
as or longer than the first segment of antennal flagellum; thorax
nearly twice as long as its greatest height, smooth and polished; pro-
podeum mostly smooth and polished, with a median longitudinal
carina extending from the apex half way to the base, and finely
sculptured along the median line between the end of this carina and
the base, usually also with a little faint sculpture either side of the
median line on the basal half; second abscissa of radius a little more
than twice as long as the first; the third abscissa slightly longer
than the first and second abscissae combined; first abdominal tergite
broad posteriorly, finely rugulose laterally and a little punctate
along the apical margin; second tergite shghtly rugulose over a small
basal middle area, very faintly punctate over most of the remain-
der of its surface, strongly shining, third and following tergites
smooth and polished; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdo-
men. Head blackish; face brownish-black; thorax black; wings a
little dusky; legs reddish-yellow, the coxae black or blackish; abdo-
men black, the second and third tergites mostly yellowish-ferrugi-
nous; apical margin of third tergite black; base of fourth tergite
reddish.

Distribution.—Canada; Maine.

Host.—Unknown.

In addition to the type, I have seen a female specimen taken by
C. W. Johnson at Fort Kent, Maine, August 19, 1910, which, fol-
lowing comparison with the type, I designated a homotype. This
specimen is in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural
History. It differs from the type only in having 25 instead of 28
segments in the antennae, and in having the parts that are testaceous
in the type, reddish or reddish-brown. Mr. Johnson has taken two
other female specimens of this species, at Southwest Harbor and
Mount Desert, Maine, respectively. He has very kindly presented
one of these to the National Museum.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 51
35. MICROBRACON TYCHII, new species
Fig. 21

Somewhat resembles Ayslopi, but can be readily distinguished by
the characters given in the key.

Length 3.8mm. Head rather thick antero-posteriorly at insertion
of antennae; face strongly receding below; temples broad; trans-
verse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles but very
little greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes; malar
space as long as first segment of antennal flagellum, or very nearly;
antennae shorter than the body, 28-segmented, tapering slightly
toward tip, the basal flagellar segment about twice as long as broad,
all the following considerably longer than broad; postocellar line
about twice, ocell-ocular line three times, as long as the diameter of
an ocellus; face very faintly punctate and clothed with long hairs;
frons smooth and polished; thorax rather robust, although about
twice as long as high, smooth and polished; parapsidal furrows with
scattered long hairs; propodeum smooth and polished without a
distinct median longitudinal carina posteriorly, but sometimes with
a faint stub of a median ridge at apex; metapleura, propodeum
laterally, and the posterior coxae clothed with long silken hairs;
second abscissa of radius usually decidedly less than twice the first;
the latter about as long as the side of stigma bordering the first
cubital cell; the third abscissa of radius longer than the first and
second abscissae combined; abdomen fully as long as the thorax;
plate of first tergite more or less sculptured laterally and pos-
teriorly; second tergite transverse, about as long as the third, with
a low polished tubercle at base in the middle, and the integument
immediately adjoining the tubercle more or less finely sculptured;
the second tergite laterally and posteriorly, and the third and fol-
lowing tergites entirely, smooth and polished; suturiform articula-
tion fine, smooth, not at all foveolate; ovipositor sheaths about as
long as the abdomen or slightly shorter. Black; head entirely black;
thorax black, the scutellum usually yellowish or ferruginous at apex
and along its sides, and sometimes poorly defined pale markings
on the mesopleura and pectus; wings dusky toward base, more
hyaline apically; all coxae and trochanters, and more or less of the
femora basally, black; the tibiae and tarsi more or less blackish or
fuscous; abdomen black except along the lateral margins.

Male.—ssentially as in the female. The antennae are 30-seg.
mented ; the malar space is a little shorter and the opening between
clypeus and mandibles a little larger, than in the opposite sex.

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Type.—Cat. No. 26669, U.S.N.M.

Type-locality—Los Angeles County, California.

Host.—T ychius semisquamosus LeConte.

Described from 24 specimens reared in May and June, 1892, by
D. W. Coquillet.

36. MICROBRACON PINI, new species
Fig. 14

Closely resembles tychiz, but differs in the somewhat shorter malar
space, the larger opening between clypeus and mandibles, in the
presence of a distinct sharp stub of a median longitudinal ridge
at the apex of propodeum; in the first abscissa of radius being
shorter than the inner side of stigma, and in the legs being usually

less black.
Female.—Length, 8 mm. Head much thicker antero-posteriorly

at insertion of antennae than at the lower margin of clypeus; trans-
verse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles greater than
the distance from the opening to the eyes, malar space much shorter
than the first segment of antennal flagellum; temples not as broad as
in the preceding species, postocellar line scarcely one and one-half
times, ocell-ocular line less than three times, the diameter of an ocel-
lus; antennae 31-segmented, the first flagellar segment about twice
as long as broad, all the following considerably longer than broad;
face and frons polished; thorax smooth and polished, parapsidal fur-
rows sparsely hairy; propodeum polished, with a distinct stub of a
median longitudinal ridge at apex; second abscissa of radius de-
cidedly less than twice the first; the third abscissa longer than the
first and second abscissae combined; last abscissa of cubitus much
longer than the preceding abscissa; the portion of cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus much more than half as long as the
recurrent; abdomen long-oval; plate of first tergite more or less
sculptured laterally and apically; second tergite reguloso-striate
medially, smooth and shining laterally; third and following tergites
smooth and polished; rarely the third faintly sculptured; ovipositor
sheaths about as long as the abdomen beyond first tergite. Black;
head and thorax wholly black; wings very slightly dusky; coxae
usually mostly black or blackish, remainder of legs brownish with
more or less infuscation; abdomen black; second tergite usually yel-
lowish-brown except medially where it is black; third tergite usually
somewhat yellowish along basal margin and laterally.

Male.—Agrees with the female except for the usual sexual dif-
ferences. Antennae 83-segmented, the flagellar segments a little
more slender than in the female.

Type.—Cat. No. 27143, U.S.N.M.

Ty pe-locality.—Gardner, Massachusetts.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 53

Alloty pe-locality.—Saugus, Massachusetts.

Host.—Pissodes strobi Peck.

Described from 8 female and 4 male specimens reared at the
Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts, from
the above-named host, by J. V. Schaffner under Gipsy Moth Labo-
ratory Nos. 12164 H 1-a, and 12164 H 1-b. There are several addi-
tional specimens in the United States National Museum, reared from
Pissodes strobi taken at Rainbow, Windsor, and Portland, Connecti-
cut, by S. N. Spring, B. H. Walden and M. P. Zappe.

37. MICROBRACON SESIAE, new species
Figs. 8, 9

Very similar to nevadensis, but distinguished as noted in the table
to species. y

Female.—Length, 4 mm. Head thick at insertion of antennae;
face short, receding below; transverse diameter of the opening be-
tween clypeus and mandibles considerably greater than the shortest
distance from the opening to the eyes, and nearly as long as the
distance from lower margin of antennal foramina to the clypeus;
malar space shorter than first sezment of antennal flagellum; eyes
broad, very sparsely hairy; ocell-ocular line about three times as
long as the diameter of an ocellus; face finely punctate; frons
very faintly punctate just above antennae; antennae 32-segmented
in type, stout, most of the flagellar segments only a little longer
than broad; thorax stout, smooth and polished; parapsidal grooves
very sparsely hairy; propodeum smooth and polished, with a short
stub of a median longitudinal ridge at apex and a few short lateral
ridges diverging from this; posterior tibiae and tarsi long, the
third segment of tarsi about as long as the fifth, the second much
longer; radius attaining wing margin distinctly before the apex;
second abscissa of radius twice as long as the first; the third fully
as long as the first and second combined and as long as the last
abscissa of cubitus; the latter is distinctly longer than the preceding
abscissa of cubitus, the third cubital cell being longer, measured
along the cubitus, than the second; abdomen long-oval; the chitin-
ized plate of the first tergite sculptured laterally and along the
apical margin; second tergite usually mostly finely longitudinally
striate with a more or less triangular median embossed area, which
is broadest at the base of the tergite; third tergite nearly always
finely striate toward base; remainder of dorsum of abdomen smooth
and polished; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen.
Head black, usually with poorly defined ferruginous orbital mark-
ings; thorax black, usually somewhat marked with ferruginous,
especially in the parapsidal furrows and on the propleura; wings

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

dusky, weakly so toward apex; coxae and trochanters black or
blackish; the femora varying from entirely ferrugino-testaceous
to almost entirely black; even in specimens having the posterior
femora wholly ferruginous the hind tibiae are entirely black except
at extreme base and their tarsi are black; abdomen mostly yellowish
ferruginous, with the first tergite and the embossed area on second
black; sometimes apex of abdomen is more or less blackish.

Male.—Agrees with the female in all essential characters. The
antennae of allotype are 34-segmented.

Type.—Cat. No. 26663, U.S.N.M.

Ty pe-locality.—W allingford, Connecticut.

Host.—(Sesia) Aegeria tipuliformis Linnaeus.

Described from 7 female and 8 male specimens reared by B. A.
Porter in the Bureau of Entomology. In this series the number of
segments in the antennae varies from 82 to 87.

38. MICROBRACON NEVADENSIS (Ashmead)

Bracon nevadensis ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888),
p. 623.

T'ype.—Cat. No. 2916, U.S.N.M.

Exceedingly similar to sesiae; but the antennal segments are even
stouter than in that species; the radial cell is shorter; the last ab-
scissa of radius is distinctly shorter than the last abscissa of cubitus;
and the duskiness of the posterior tibiae is confined to the apical
third. The antennae are very stout, most of the flagellar segments
being not longer than broad and some of them being broader than
long; opening between clypeus and mandibles large; the thorax is
not quite so deep as in sestae, being twice as long as its greatest
height; in the sculpture of the abdomen and the color of the body
the two species agree almost exactly; the difference in the color of
the tibiae noted above appears to be constant; the ovipositor sheaths
are about as long as the abdomen.

Distribution.—California; Idaho.

In addition to the type, the United States National Museum has
four specimens recorded as a parasite of Chrysobothris deleta
LeConte on strawberry, at Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, under Bureau of
Entomology No. 4765.

39. MICROBRACON THURBERIPHAGAE, new species

Microbracon, new species, WEBB, Journ. Hcon. Ent., vol. 16, 1923, p. 545.

Female.—Length, 2.5 mm.; head rather thick at insertion of an-
tennae; face strongly receding below; malar space much shorter than
first segment of antennal flagellum and only a little more than half
the transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandi-

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON——-MUESEBECK 55

bles; postocellar line one and one-half times, ocellocular line less
than three times, as long as the diameter of an ocellus; antennae 23
segmented in the type, shorter than the body, all the flagellar seg-
ments considerably longer than broad, the first twice as long as broad;
eyes very short-oval, only a little longer than broad; face faintly
punctate, shining; frons closely minutely punctate or reticulate;
thorax compact, smooth and polished; scutellum large, the furrow be-
tween it and the mesoscutum very fine, minutely foveolate; propo-
deum polished, with a short stub of a median longitudinal ridge at
apex; radius arising much before the middle of the long stigma and
going to extreme apex of wing; second abscissa of radius twice, or,
nearly, as long as the first, the third about as long as the first and
second combined; abdomen short oval; the chitinized plate of the
first tergite broad posteriorly, more or less rugulose laterally and
faintly sculptured along apical margin; second tergite emarginate
medially behind, mostly smooth, shining, with a small basal median
embossed area set off by short impressions, and usually with two
longitudinal furrows laterally, suturiform articulation arcuate and
finely foveolate; third, fourth, and fifth tergites evenly granular;
ovipositor sheaths a little longer than the abdomen. Yellow; an-
tennae and stemmaticum black; occiput*blackish ; wings very slightly
dusky ; legs yellow, the posterior tibiae at apex and their tarsi dusky ;
abdomen entirely yellow.

Male—Agrees with the female except for the usual sexual differ-
ences; antennae 23-segmented; the mesonotal lobes, the propodeum,
and the posterior coxae are somewhat infuscated.

Type.—Cat. No. 26667, U.S.N.M.

Type-locality—Sabino Canyon, Arizona.

Host—T hurberiphaga diffusa Barnes.

Described from two female and five male specimens reared by C. H.
T. Townsend, October 2, 1918. The thorax and abdomen are some-
times more or less marked with black, and the middle and posterior
coxae, at least of the males, are sometimes black. The number of
segments in the antennae varies, in this series, from 21 to 23.

40. MICROBRACON PITYOPHTHORI, new species

Female.—Length, 2.3 mm. Head much thicker at insertion of
antennae than at the clypeus, the face strongly receding; malar
space nearly as long as the transverse diameter of the opening be-
tween clypeus and mandibles, but much shorter than the first seg-
ment of antennal flagellum; eyes short oval, hardly one and one-
half times as long as broad; ocelli small; postocellar line about one
and one-half times, ocell-ocular line three times, as long as the
diameter of an ocellus; antennae very slender, slightly shorter than

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 67

the body, 23-segmented; the first flagellar segment three times as
long as thick, all the following at least twice as long as thick; face
very faintly punctate, shining; frons minutely reticulately punc-
tate; thorax robust, smooth and polished; parapsidal grooves very
sparsely hairy anteriorly, more closely so posteriorly; propodeum
smooth and polished with an exceedingly short stub of a median
ridge at apex; stigma very long; veins slender; radius arising much
before middle of stigma and going to extreme apex of wing; first ab-
scissa of radius long; second abscissa hardly twice the first; the
third as long as the first and second combined; abdomen broad-oval ;
chitinized plate of first tergite finely rugulose apically; second ter-
gite delicately ruguloso-striate, with a more or less distinct fine
median raised line down the middle; suturiform articulation slightly
arcuate medially ,and curving forward strongly at the sides, weakly
foveolate; third and fourth tergites finely granular, smooth later-
ally, the fourth with a fine impressed transverse line at the base:
fifth tergite very faintly punctate, strongly shining; ovipositor
sheaths as long as the dorsum of abdomen beyond first tergite.
Head piceous, the face yellowish ferruginous; thorax dark red-
dish brown; legs, including all coxae, yellow; wings perfectly clear
hyaline; abdomen yellowish ferruginous.

Type.—Cat. No. 27144, U.S.N.M.

Type-locality—Las Vegas, New Mexico.

Host.—Pityophthorus, species.

Described from two female specimens reared by Barber and
Schwarz from the above host, which was infesting twigs of Pinus
edulis.

41. MICROBRACON LAEMOSACCI, new species

Closely related to the preceding species, as indicated in the key,
but differing especially in the characters there noted.

Female.—Length, 3 mm.; head thick antero-posteriorly at insertion
of antennae; face receding; transverse diameter of opening between
clypeus and mandibles fully twice as long as the malar space, and
much longer than the distance from the opening to the eyes; eyes
broad-oval; postocellar line slightly longer than the diameter of
an ocellus; ocell-ocular line twice the diameter of an ocellus; an-
tennae slender, a little shorter than the body, 27-segmented; the first
and second flagellar segments nearly three times as long as thick,
all the following at least twice as long as thick; thorax compact,
smooth, and polished; parapsidal grooves thickly hairy anteriorly
as well as posteriorly; propodeum polished, with a short stub of a
median longitudinal ridge at apex; stigma long; radius arising
much before middle of stigma and going practically to the apex of

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBR ESEBECK 57

wing; first abscissa of radius longer than the recurrent; the second
not or hardly twice as long as the first; the third longer than the
first and second combined; last abscissa ice cubitus longer than the
preceding abscissa ; radiella distinct only at base; abdomen broad-
oval; first tergite finely rugulose except at extreme base; second
tergite broadly emarginate behind, strongly longitudinally rugulose,
with a usually distinct fine raised line down the middle; suturiform
articulation very broad, coarsely foveolate; third, fourth, fifth, and
sixth tergites granular, the third more or less longitudinally sculp-
tured; ovipositor sheaths very nearly as long as the abdomen. Head
testaceous, a large median spot on the front and vertex, and the
occiput black; thorax black, the parapsidal grooves and a large
spot behind middle lobe of mesoscutum ferrugino-testaceous; legs,
including all coxae, yellow; the posterior tibiae at apex and their
tarsi dusky, wings clear hyaline; abdomen curiously marked: the
first tergite black, the second mostly black, with two small basal
spots and the middle of the apical margin reddish-yellow; third,
fourth, fifth, and sixth tergites black, reddish-yellow medially and
at the sides.

Male.—Agrees with the female in all essential characters; the an-
tennae are cas the sixth abdominal tergite is smooth and
polished.

Type.—Cat. No. 96666, U.S.N.M.

Type-locality —Altitude, 4,700 feet, Superstition Mountains, Ari-
zona.

Host.—Laemosaccus, species in Thurberia.

Described from seven females and sixteen males reared by H. S.
Barber. The number of segments in the antennae varies in this series
from 26 to 29. The series is remarkably constant in the striking
color pattern.

42. MICROBRACON METACOMET Viereck

Microbracon metacomet ViErEcK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 206, 208.

Type—tIn the State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New
Haven, Connecticut.

Face and frons finely punctate; antennae broken at tip, 25 seg-
ments remaining, very slender, the first flagellar segment nearly
three times as long as thick, the remainder twice as long as broad;
thorax smooth and polished; legs slender; first abscissa of radius
long; the second not distinctly twice the first; the third much
longer than the first and second abscissae combined; last abscissa
of cubitus decidedly longer than the preceding abscissa; abdomen
long, very coarsely granular or rugulose, and nearly as coarsely so
on the fifth tergite as on the third: suturiform articulation broad,

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

foveolate, and somewhat arcuate medially, the second tergite
being a little emarginate behind; hypopygium large; ovipositor
sheaths nearly as long as the abdomen. Face yellow; antennae most-
ly yellowish; frons, vertex and occiput mostly piceous to blackish;
thorax wholly black; legs, including coxae, bright yellow; wings clear
hyaline; abdomen mostly blackish above, yellow laterally.

Distribution—New Canaan, Connecticut.

Host.—Unknown.

Known only from the unique type.

438. MICROBRACON ATRICOLLIS (Ashmead)

Bracon atricollis ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 622.
Microbracon nawaasorum VIERECK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur-
vey, 1917 (1916), pp. 205, 207.

Type.—Cat. No. 2917, U.S.N.M. The type of nawaasorum is in
the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven.

Very distinct from all other species of the genus.. Head thick at
insertion of antennae; face and frons minutely granular; ocell-ocular
line at least three times the diameter of an ocellus; antennae long,
slender, usually about 40-segmented, most of the flagellar segments
twice as long as broad; thorax long, mostly smooth and polished;
parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum finely rugulose; meta-
pleura granular; the metapleura and the propodeum laterally thickly
clothed with long hairs; posterior tibiae and tarsi slender; last seg-
ment of all tarsi long, stout, the claws large; wings long, the entire
wing membrane uniformly very densely covered with very short
pubescence; stigma rather long and narrow; radius arising at or be-
fore its middle and going to extreme apex of wing; first abscissa of
radius a little longer than the recurrent vein; the second abscissa of
radius more than twice the first; the third as long as the first and
second combined and almost on a straight line with the second; the
portion of cubitus between recurrent and intercubitus more than half
as long as the recurrent; lower side of cubital cell decidedly more
than twice the first intercubitus and longer than the lower side of third
cubital cell; last abscissa of radius longer than last abscissa of cubi-
tus; cubitus and subdiscoideus nearly parallel, the second discoidal
cell not or scarcely broadening toward apex; the chitinized plate of
first tergite strongly rugose; second tergite longer than the third,
finely granularly rugulose, much less strongly sculptured than first
tergite; third, fourth, and fifth tergites very delicately sculptured,
the fifth only faintly; ovipositor as long as the abdomen or a little
longer. Head yellow; thorax mostly yellow; pronotum above, propo-
deum, and metapleura partly, blackish; abdomen yellow, the first
tergite black, the following tergites more or less blackish medially.

ArT. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 59

Distribution? Missouri; Connecticut; Illinois.

fTost.—Unknown.

Known only from the holotypes of atricollis and nawaasorum,
and one additional female specimen, labeled “Algonquin, Ill. 18-12-
95-134, 4855.” The only complete antennae are those on the type of
nawaasorum, which have 43 segments. A thorough study of the
types shows nawaasorum to be, without doubt conspecific with
atricollis.

44, MICROBRACON ANALCIDIS (Ashmead)

Bracon analcidis ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 619.

Type.—Cat. No. 2908, U.S.N.M.

Superficially quite similar to sphenophori, but differs especially
in the thorax being smooth and polished, except on the propodeum
which is mostly rugulose. Head thick antero-posteriorly at insertion
of antennae; face and frons finely punctate; opening between clypeus
and mandibles large, its transverse diameter twice as long as the
malar space; antennae 35-segmented, the flagellar segments beyond
second but little or no longer than broad; first flagellar segment
much longer than second; propodeum rugulose, smooth and shining
at base; second abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the
first, the latter about half the first intercubitus; abdomen long;
first tergite sculptured apically and laterally; second and third very
delicately granular, the following smooth and shining; ovipositor
sheaths considerably longer than the abdomen. Entirely yellow;
wings nearly hyaline; antennae, and the legs including all coxae,
yellow.

Distribution —Missouri.

Host.—(Analcis) Tyloderma fragariae Riley.

Known only from the unique type.

45. MICROBRACON PODUNKORUM Viereck

Microbracon podunkorum VierEeck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 205, 207.

Type—tIn the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at
New Haven.

Resembles the preceding species in the rugulose propodeum, and
the delicately sculptured abdomen, but differs as noted in the key.
Antennae 31-segmented, stout, most of the flagellar segments but little
or no longer than broad; face and frons finely punctate and opaque;
thorax mostly polished; parapsidal furrows sparsely hairy; propo-
deum completely finely rugulose; second abscissa of radius twice
as long as the first; abdomen a little longer than the thorax; plate
of first tergite rugulose laterally and at apex; second tergite finely
granular with a strongly shining rugulose basal median area; third

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

tergite very minutely granular; fourth and following tergites in-
creasingly faintly sculptured, the fifth and sixth being almost com-
pletely smooth; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond
first tergite. Yellow; propodeum, first abdominal tergite, and a
basal median spot covering the shining rugulose area on the second
tergite, black; wings very nearly hyaline; legs, including all coxae,
yellow.

Distribution.—Branford, Connecticut; Cadet, Missour.

Host—Aristotelia absconditella Walker.

Known only from the holotype, and a single female in the National
Collection recorded under Bureau of Entomology number 4575°
which was reared December 30, 1889, as a parasite of Avristotelia

absconditella.
46. MICROBRACON MONTOWESI Viereck

Microbracon montowesi ViIERECK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 206, 208.

Type—tn the State Agricultural Experiment Station at New
Haven, Connecticut.

Head not thin, but the temples narrow, receding directly behind
the eyes; head broader than the thorax; eyes unusually large, the
face hardly broader between eyes than long between the antennal
foramina and the lower margin of clypeus; face minutely punctate
laterally, smooth and shining medially; frons very weakly punctate,
shining; antennae as long as the body, 32-segmented, all the flagellar
segments considerably longer than broad; thorax stout, smooth and
polished; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum smooth
and polished, with a very short stub of a median ridge at apex; first
abscissa of radius about as long as recurrent vein; second abscissa
of radius about twice as long as the first; abdomen broad-oval;
chitinized plate of first tergite almost entirely smooth, slightly
sculptured at the apex; second tergite very delicately granular; third
and following tergites smooth and shining; ovipositor sheaths less
than half as long as the abdomen. Face yellow; frons and vertex
mostly piceous to blackish; occiput black; thorax black, with fine
ferruginous lines in the parapsidal furrows, and with the apex of
scutellum and the propleura, ferruginous; wings very slightly dusky;
legs, including all coxae, yellow; the posterior tibiae at apex and
their tarsi dusky; abdomen yellow except the first tergite and a
basal median spot on the second, which are black.

Distribution—New Haven, Connecticut.

Host.—?Priophorus acericaulis McGillivray.

The above notes are based on the type. The United States
National Museum has two male paratypes, reared with the type
from maple leaf-stems infested with larvae of the above-named saw-

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 61

fly. These paratypes agree with the type in the essential characters;
the antennae are 28-segmented; the third and fourth abdominal
tergites are very faintly partly sculptured.

47. MICROBRACON CEPHI Gahan
Fig. 20

Microbracon cephi GAHAN, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., vol. 20, 1918, p. 19.
AMicrobracon cephi Crippie, Can. Ent., vol. 55, 1923, p. 3.

Type—Cat. No. 21772, U.S.N.M.

Transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles
much greater than the distance from this opening to the eyes, in the
male at least twice as long as the malar space; frons minutely
punctate or reticulate; antennae rarely with less than 35 segments;
all the flagellar segments considerably longer than broad; thorax
long, rather slender, highly polished; parapsidal furrows sparsely
hairy; metanotum a little longer than is usual in the genus;
propodeum usually longer than first abdominal tergite; last segment
of posterior tarsi large, usually fully as long as the second tarsal]
segment; second abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the
first, the third about as long as the first and second combined;
last abscissa of cubitus usually a little shorter than the preceding
abscissa; abdomen long oval; first abdominal tergite rugulose later-
ally and apically; second to fifth tergites in the male, second to
sixth in the female, granular; ovipositor sheaths not distinctly half
the length of the abdomen, usually appearing much less than half.
Yellow; usually entirely yellow, or with the mesonotal lobes,
propodeum and first abdominal tergite piceous to blackish; rarely
with the thorax almost wholly black and the abdomen mostly
blackish above; wings a little dusky; legs, including coxae, yellow.

Distribution.—North Dakota; Minnesota; Manitoba, Canada.
Probably occurs throughout the range of its chief host, the Western
Wheat-stem Sawfly.

flost—Cephus cinctus Norton.

In addition to the type series the United States National Museum
has considerable material, all reared in the Bureau of Entomology,
ty C. N. Ainshe, from Cephus cinctus taken at various points in
North Dakota and Minnesota.

48. MICROBRACON HEMIMENAE Rohwer
Fig. 11
Microbracon nemimenae Rouwenr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 232.

Type.—Cat. No. 18434, U.S.N.M.
A very distinct species, combining a black head and black coxae
with a sculptured frons and a nearly completely sculptured abdomen.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Malar space in the female nearly as long as the transverse diameter
of the opening between the clypeus and mandibles; in the male con-
siderably shorter; postocellar line slightly longer than the diameter
of an ocellus; ocell-ocular line less than three times as long as the di-
ameter of an ocellus; antennae about as long as the body, usually 24
to 28-segmented, all the flagellar segments much longer than broad;
face and frons minutely punctate or reticulate, opaque; thorax stout,
smooth and polished; radius arising before middle of stigma; second
abscissa of radius about twice the first; abdomen short and broad,
especially in the female; plate of first tergite broad, more or less
sculptured; second tergite rugulose, shining; suturiform articulation
broad, foveolate; third, fourth and fifth tergites granular; ovipositor
sheaths about as long as the dorsum of abdomen beyond first tergite,
or nearly. Head black, sometimes with ferruginous orbital lines;
thorax black, the parapsidal furrows and a spot behind middle lobe
of mesoscutum sometimes ferruginous; wings strongly infumated,
more weakly so toward apex; coxae and trochanters black; femora
sometimes more or less black; posterior tibiae black except at extreme
base; tarsi blackish; abdomen red, the first tergite black; sometimes,
especially in the males, more or less of the abdomen beyond first
tergite also blackish.

Distribution.—Plummer Island, Maryland.

Host—Hemimene plummerana Busck.

In addition to the types the National Museum has a large series
bearing the same data as the type specimens.

49. MICROBRACON OENOTHERAE. new species

Very similar to medlitor, from which it differs in having usually a
complete median longitudinal carina on the propodeum, in the
shorter second abdominal tergite, and the relatively longer flagellar
segments of the antennae.

Female.—Length, 4 mm.; head rather thick at insertion of anten-
nae; transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandi-
bles but very slightly longer than the distance from the opening to
the eyes; antennae 35-segmented, the first flagellar segment twice as
long as broad, all the following much longer than broad; face and
frons very faintly punctate; thorax stout, smooth and polished;
parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum polished with a com-
plete median longitudinal carina; second abscissa of radius more than
twice as long as the first; the third slightly longer than the first and
second combined; abdomen long-oval; plate of first tergite more or
less sculptured apically and laterally; second tergite very short,
much shorter than the third, with a large median shining rugose
area; remainder of second tergite granular; third, fourth, fifth and

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 63

sixth tergites strongly granular; ovipositor sheaths about as long as
the abdomen. Head, thorax and abdomen yellow; antennae black-
ish; the median line of propodeum dusky; legs, including all coxae,
yellow; the middle and hind tibiae and all tarsi more or less dusky or
blackish; wings strongly infuscated, especially toward the base.

Male.—Agrees in most essential characters with the female. An-
tennae broken, 28 segments remaining, the flagellar segments nearly
twice as long as broad; eyes small; ocell-ocular line about three times
the diameter of an ocellus; malar space fully one-third the eye-
height; propodeal carina not so distinct as in the type.

Type.—Cat. No. 27145, U.S.N.M.

Type-locality— Knoxville, Tennessee.

Allotype-locality.—Vienna, Virginia.

Host—Mompha eloisella Clemens.

Described from 7 females and one male; the type and two female
paratypes were reared from the above host at Knoxville, Tennessee,
by C. C. Hill in the Bureau of Entomology, under Knoxville No.
16334; the allotype was reared by R. A. Cushman from Mompha,
at Vienna, Virginia, under Quaintance No. 7805; two female para-
types were secured by H. B. Weiss from seed capsules of evening
primrose in Middlesex Co., New Jersey; and two other paratypes are
labeled “On Oenothera, Glendale, Md., H. H. Bartlett, Oct. 23,
1915.” All the specimens agree very closely with the type in color and
structure; the number of segments in the antennae varies from 33
to 36.

50. MICROBRACON PAPAIPEMAE Gahan

Microbracon papaipemae GAHAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, 1922, p. 4.

Type.—Cat. No. 24983, U.S.N.M.

Distinguished particularly by the color, the delicate sculpture of
the abdomen, the very fine straight suturiform articulation and the
long ovipositor, the short and stout antennae, and the sculptured
frons. Antennae shorter than the body, 26 to 28-segmented in the
type series; face granular; frons finely reticulately sculptured;
thorax polished; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum pol-
ished, with a short stub of a median carina at apex and a few short
ridges diverging from it; second abscissa of radius more than twice
as long as the first; the third fully as long as the first and second
combined and going to the apex of wing; last abscissa of cubitus no
longer than the preceding abscissa; abdomen long-oval; first tergite
sculptured laterally and at apex; second tergite granular with a
finely rugulose area medially; suturiform articulation very fine, per-
fectly straight; third and following tergites gradually more deli-
cately sculptured, the fourth and fifth faintly so; ovipositor sheaths

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

nearly as long as the body. Head black, except the face which is
yellow; thorax black; wings nearly hyaline; legs yellowish, the hind
tibiae and tarsi blackish; abdomen black, the membranous margins
of first tergite, the sides of the second tergite and the suturiform
articulation, yellow.

Distribution.—Rye, New York.

Host.—Papaipema frigida Smith.

Known only from the four female specimens of the type series.

51. MICROBRACON APICATUS (Provancher)

Bracon apicatus PRovANCHER, Natural, Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 143.
Type.—In the Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, Canada.
The transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and man-

dibles slightly greater than the distance from the opening to the
eyes; antennae of type broken, 25 segments remaining; the flagellar
seements stout, those beyond the second but very little longer than
broad; malar space about as long as the first flagellar segment;
frons minutely closely punctate or reticulate and opaque; thorax
polished; propodétm polished, with a prominent stub of a median
ridge at apex and a little fine sculpture adjoining this; second
abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the first; abdomen
of type missing; head yellow, with a median spot on front and
vertex enclosing ocelli, and the occiput, blackish; thorax black, the
propleura, lateral anterior angles of mesoscutum, the parapsidal fur-
rows and the space behind the middle lobe of mesoscutum, fer-
ruginous; legs, including all coxae, testaceous; the posterior tibiae
at apex and their tarsi, fuscous.

Distribution —Canada; ?Maine; ?Long Island, New York.

Host.—Unknown. :

The above notes are based on the type. The United States Nation-
al Museum has two specimens without locality data, one of them
called apicatus by Ashmead, another from Ottawa, Canada, also
named apicatus by Ashmead, and two specimens from Long Island,
New York, all of which appear to be this species although positive
identification is difficult owing to the loss of the type abdomen. The
head and thorax, with their appendages, agree perfectly with the
type in structure and color, and in placing the species in the key I
have considered these specimens to be apicatus. The single complete
antenna has 30 segments; the abdomen is very delicately sculptured
beyond the second tergite; the second is granular; the suturiform ar-
ticulation, straight, finely minutely foveolate; the ovipositor sheaths
as long as the abdomen. One specimen, with 30-segmented antennae,
in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, was col-
lected by C. W. Johnson at Bar Harbor, Maine. The abdomen of all

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 65

of these specimens is somewhat longer than suggested by Provan-
cher’s description, and the type may be a different species, but the
agreement of the antennae, and of the structure, sculpture and color
of the thorax, is striking.

52. MICROBRACON NANUS (Provancher)
Bracon nanus PRovVANCHER, Natural, Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 143.

Type——tIn the Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, Canada;
bears yellow label 725.

Frons finely reticulately sculptured and opaque; antennae 24-
segmented, the segments of apical half of flagellum scarcely longer
than broad; thorax smooth and polished; propodeum polished, with
a stub of a median longitudinal ridge at apex and a slight longitudi-
nal impression in front of this stub; radius going nearly to the apex
of wing; second abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the
first; second abdominal tergite finely granular; third tergite with
only a faint suggestion of sculpture; remainder of dorsum of abdo-
men smooth and polished; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen.
Head mostly blackish, face brownish-black; thorax black; wings
nearly hyaline; legs, including all coxae, bright testaceous; abdomen
black above, the second tergite mostly, the third laterally, and most
of the venter, yellow.

Distribution.—Canada.

Host.—Unknown.

The above notes are based on the type. The only other specimen
known to me is a female, without locality data, which is in the United
States National Museum. ;

53. MICROBRACON MELLITOR (Say)
Figs. 4, 18

Bracon mellitor Say, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1836, p. 256.

Bracon xanthostigma Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, 1865, p. 303.

Bracon vernoniae ASHMEAD, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889, (1888), p. 619.

Bracon anthonomi ASHMEAD, Insect Life, vol. 5, 1893, p. 185.

Bracon mellitor HuNTER and Hinps, U. 8S. D. A., Bur. Ent. Bull. 45, 1904, p.
106, fig. 4.—Pirrce, U. S. D. A., Bur. Ent. Bull. 73, 1908, p. 39.

Microbracon pembertoni BRIDWELL, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, pt. 1, 1919
(1918), p. 115.

Type.—tThe type of mellitor is lost; that of xanthostigmus is in the
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, and bears No. 1687.1; the types of
vernoniae (Cat. No. 2909), anthonomi (Cat. No. 13860), and paratypes
of pembertoni (Cat. No. 23615) are in the United States National
Museum.

Say’s description of mellitor will fit any one of several other species
of Microbracon as well as this species. But since the name mellitor

12053—-25——5

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

has been widely used in lterature on economic entomology for the
species here treated under that name, and since it is impossible to
show conclusively that Say did not actually prepare his description
from a specimen of this species, it seems best to continue to use the
name mellitor. ‘There is tremendous variation in the size of indi-
viduals of this species, and with this is combined rather marked vari-
ability in structure and sculpture, particularly in the males, which
it is often very difficult to identify. ‘The malar space in the female
is about as long as the first segment of the antennal flagellum; it is
considerably shorter in the male; the antennae are rather stout, and
are from 26 to 40-segmented, the smallest number of segments being
found in very small males; most frequently the antennae are from 32
to 36-segmented; most of the flagellar segments are usually only a
little longer than broad; the thorax is polished; the propodeum with
a stub of a median ridge at apex; second abscissa of radius usually
not distinctly twice as long as the first; the third not longer than the
first and second combined; the radius attaining the wing margin
before the apex; abdomen usually broadly oval; the second tergite
varying from strongly granular to mostly rugose, nearly always dis-
tinctly a little emarginate medially behind; the third to sixth ter-
gites in the female, the third to fifth in the male, granular; oviposi-
tor sheaths at least as long as the abdomen, sometimes considerably
longer, a good deal of variation being evident in the same series of
specimens. In color mellitor is nearly always entirely testaceous or
ferruginous, with the propodeum and the first tergite blackish;
rarely the thorax has black markings on the mesonotum and pectus.

Distribution.—Occurs at least ftom Texas to South Dakota and
eastward to the Atlantic States, where it is found as far north as
southern Massachusetts. Also occurs in the Hawaiian Islands; and
quite probably is much more widely distributed than here noted.

Hosts.——Anthonomus grandis Boheman; A. signatus Say; Poly-
chrosis viteana Clemens; Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders.
Material from these hosts has been examined. Other hosts, re-
corded by Pierce, which records are probably correct, include
Anthonomus albopilosus Dietz, A. eugeniit Cano, A. fulvus LeConte,
A. squamosus LeConte, Desmoris scapalis LeConte.

The National Museum has a large quantity of material of this
species reared from the cotton boll weevil, at various points in the
cotton-growing area of the United States; also an extensive series
reared by R. A. Cushman from the grapeberry moth at North-
east, Pennsylvania, in the Bureau of Entomology under Quaintance
numbers, 11100, 11082, 14410, 14472; many specimens from the same
host reared by H. G. Ingerson at Sandusky, Ohio; and collected speci-
mens from points in Kansas, South Dakota, Florida, Texas, New

ArT. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 67

Jersey, Virginia. In the collection of the Boston Society of Natural
History are two specimens from Woods Hole and Horseneck Beach,
Massachusetts, collected by C. W. Johnson. <A study of the types
leaves no doubt that wanthostigmus, vernoniae, anthonomi, and
pembertoni are the same species. The allotype of vernoniae is
nuperus, as stated under that species.

54. MICROBRACON NIGROPECTUS (Provancher)
Bracon nigropectus PROVANCHER, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 143.

Type.—tIn the Museum of Public Instruction, at Quebec, Canada.

Malar space about as long as the first segment of antennal flagel-
lum; face and frons minutely granular, opaque; antennae of type
missing beyond 10th segment; the flagellar segments beyond second
but little longer than broad; thorax smooth and polished; parap-
sidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum is mostly finely punctate,
and is provided with a stub of a median longitudinal ridge pos-
teriorly, with some short ridges diverging from this stub; second
abscissa of radius not quite twice as long as the first; first abdominal
tergite sculptured apically and laterally; second tergite granular,
with an irregularly rugose basal median area; third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth tergites finely granular; ovipositor sheaths about as long
as the abdomen. Head yellow, antennae blackish; thorax yellow
except propodeum and mesopectus, which are blackish; abdomen yel-
low, the first tergite with a blackish spot and third and fourth
tergites weakly infuscated medially; wings nearly hyaline; legs,
including coxae, yellow.

Distribution.—Canada; Vermont.

Host.—Unknown.

The above description is based on the type. The only other speci-
men which I have seen is a female taken at Bennington, Vermont, by
C. W. Johnson. This specimen, which is in the collection of the
Boston Society of Natural History, was compared with the type,
and designated a homotype. The male is unknown.

55. MICROBRACON FURTIVUS (Fyles)
Fig. 25

Bracon furtivus Fyirs, Can. Ent., vol. 24, 1892, p. 34.
Bracon fungicola ASHMEAD, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 27, 1895,
p. 46.
Type.—The types of both species are in the United States Na-
tional Museum, furtivus Cat. No. 14762 and fungicola Cat. No. 6864.
This species is extremely variable, especially in color; the speci-
mens of some series are entirely or almost entirely yellow; those
of other series are mostly black; all intergradations occur. The an-

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

tennae are rather slender, all the flagellar segments being consider-
ably longer than broad, and the two basal flagellar segments usually
being about equal; face and frons finely sculptured; transverse
diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles scarcely
greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes, in the fe-
male; malar space long; propodeum smooth and polished, with a
stub of a median ridge at apex; second abscissa of radius usually
more than twice as long as the first; last abscissa of radius not
longer than the first and second abscissae combined; first abdominal
tergite rugulose apically and laterally; second and following ter-
gites granular, opaque; ovipositor sheaths as long as, or a Little
longer than, the abdomen, and slender, but broadening conspicu-
ously on the apical fifth. Color varying from wholly yellow to
mostly black; but face and legs, including coxae, always yellow.

Distribution—From Canada to North Carolina, as judged by the
material examined; probably occurs wherever its primary hosts are
found.

Hosts—Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley; G. gallaeasteri-
ella Kellicott.

The above notes are based on the types and extensive series in
the National Museum reared from Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis
by R. A. Cushman, at Vienna and East Falls Church, Virginia, and
northern Pennsylvania, and by R. W. Leiby in North Carolina. At
the Gipsy Moth Laboratory there is a series reared from the same
host taken at Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts. I have been un-
able to separate fungicola from furtivus.

56. MICROBRACON TACHYPTERI, new species

Distinguished especially by combining a sculptured frons and
a short, broad, sculptured abdomen, with a blackish face and very
long ovipositor.

Female—tLength, 3.8 mm. Head not thick; temples not broad,
receding directly behind the eyes; face receding somewhat below;
transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles
nearly twice as long as the malar space and about equal to half
the width of the face; malar space much shorter than the first
segment of antennal flagellum; ocell-ocular line a little more than
twice as long as the diameter of an ocellus; antennae 32-segmented,
all the flagellar segments much longer than broad, the first two of
equal length and about twice as long as broad; face and frons
minutely granular; thorax short, stout, smooth and polished; parap-
sidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum polished, with a short
stub of a median longitudinal ridge at apex; stigma large; second
abscissa of radius about twice the first; the third a little longer
than the first and second combined, and slightly longer than the

ArT, 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 69

last abscissa of cubitus; radius going practically to extreme apex
of wing; abdomen short and broad; first tergite with the chitinized
plate large, strongly elevated posteriorly and rugulose laterally and
along apical margin; second tergite short and broad, slightly
emarginate medially behind, and finely rugulose or granular; suturi-
form articulation arcuate, foveolate; third tergite much more finely
sculptured than the second; fourth, fifth, and sixth tergites very
delicately sculptured, the sculpture becoming faint on the fifth and
sixth; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the entire body. Black;
head including the face, except narrowly along the eyes, black or
blackish; malar space ferruginous; thorax black, the propleura,
parapsidal grooves, and space behind the middle lobe of mesoscutum,
more or less ferruginous; legs, including coxae, testaceous, except
the apical half of posterior tibiae and the posterior tarsi, which parts
are blackish; wings slightly dusky; dorsum of abdomen black, yel-
lowish laterally, the second and third tergites more broadly yel-
lowish laterally.

Type.—Cat. No. 26665, U.S.N.M.

Ty pe-locality—¥ rench Creek, West Virginia.

Host.—Tachy pterus quadrigibbus Say.

Described from a single specimen reared by F. E. Brooks under
Quaintance No. 9521. The United States National Museum has
another female specimen of this species labeled “ Stony Island, N. Y.,
July 8, 1896.”

57. MICROBRACON VARIABILIS (Provancher)
Opius variabilis ProvANcHER, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 382.
Bracon tortricicola ASHMEAD, Proe. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 621.
(Opius rariabilis PRoVANCHER)—Microbracon dorsator GAHAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 93.
Microbracon dorsator, var. variabilis Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat.
Hist. Survey, 1917 (1916), p. 207.

Type.—tiIn the Museum of Public Instruction, Parliament Build-
ing, Quebec, Canada. The type of tortricicola (Cat. No. 2915) is in
the United States National Museum.

Head not thick, the temples receding directly behind the eyes; trans-
verse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles much
greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes, in the male
fully twice as long as the malar space, in the female one and one-half
times as long; face and frons minutely punctate or reticulate; an-
tennae usually 25 to 32-segmented, all the flagellar segments much
longer than broad, the first two usually of about equal length and
twice as long as broad, the apical segments slender; thorax compact,
smooth, and polished; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum
polished, with a stub of a median longitudinal ridge at apex; second
abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the first; the third not

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

distinctly longer than the first and second combined; abdomen broad-
oval; chitinized plate of first tergite rugulose laterally and at apex;
second tergite broad, usually very faintly medially emarginate be-
hind, granular, and usually with a basal median, shining, irregularly
rugose area; suturiform articulation rather broad, foveolate; third
to fifth tergites, and sometimes the sixth in the female, granular; ovi-
positor sheaths usually about equal to the dorsum of the abdomen
beyond first tergite but sometimes apparently as long as the abdomen. —
Yellow, more or less marked with black; sometimes entirely yellow;
but more frequently with a spot enclosing ocelli, occiput, mesonotal
lobes, propodeum, pectus, first abdominal tergite and a basal median
spot on second, black or blackish; face always yellow; rarely thorax
almost entirely black, and the abdomen largely blackish or dusky
above; wings very slightly dusky; legs, including all coxae, yellow,
the posterior tibiae at apex and all the tarsi more or less dusky. A
study of the types of variabilis and tortricicola has convinced me that
they belong to the same species.

Distribution—Canada, Missouri, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Vir-
ginia, West Virginia.

Hosts.—Polychrosis viteana Clemens; Conotrachelus nenuphar
Herbst; Tortricid in seeds of Ambrosia (Ashmead) ; larva in seed-
pod of Oenothera biennis; Tachypterus quadrigibbus Say.

The above characterization is based on the types, and on a large
quantity of material in the National Museum. This material includes
extensive series reared by R. A. Cushman from Polychrosis viteana
at Northeast, Pennsylvania, under Quaintance Nos. 11058, 11070,
11432, and 14462; several series reared from Conotrachelus nenuphar
by the same investigator, at Vienna, Virginia, under Quaintance Nos.
7025, 7050, and 7837; also several specimens obtained by Cushman
from the seed pods of the evening primrose, at Vienna, Virginia,
under Quaintance No. 7195; and a single female reared from Tachyp-
terus quadrigibbus Say, at French Creek, Virginia, by F. E. Brooks,
under Quaintance No. 9505.

58. MICROBRACON SANNINOIDEAE Gahan

Fig. 12

Microbracon sanninoideae GAHAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 196.

Type.—Cat. No. 20374, U.S.N.M.

Differs from mellitor, to which it is quite similar in general ap-
pearance, in having a much larger opening between clypeus and
mandibles; in the shorter malar space; in the second abscissa of
radius being more than twice the first, and the third longer than the
first and second combined; in the posterior margin of the second
tergite being straight, and in the tergites beyond the second being

art.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK Teak

more weakly sculptured. The transverse diameter of the opening
between clypeus and mandibles is usually twice as long as the malar
space; face and frons minutely punctate or reticulate; antennae
usually with 30 to 84 segments, the first flagellar segment longer
than the second, none beyond the first twice as long as broad; pro-
podeum polished, with a stub of a median ridge at apex; radius
going more nearly to extreme apex of wing than is the case in
mellitor; abdomen long-oval, beyond the second tergite usually very
delicately sculptured, the sculpture becoming faint beyond the
fourth tergite; suturiform articulation straight, finely foveolate;
ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen. Usually entirely
yellow, except the antennae and posterior tarsi, but sometimes the
thorax, especially on the mesonotal lobes, propodeum and pectus, and
the abdomen at base, more or less black.

Distribution—Occurs at least from Connecticut to Georgia, and
westward to Kansas and Arkansas.

Host.—(Sanninoidea) Aegeria ewitiosa Say.

In addition to the types the National Museum has the following
material: 2 specimens reared from A. ewitiosa at Indianapolis, Indi-
ana, by F. N. Wallace; 1 obtained from the same host by E. M.
Craighead, at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania; 1 taken on peach at
Hamden, Connecticut, by M. P. Zappe; 1 from Riley Co., Kansas
(Marlatt) ; 6 reared from the peach borer at Fort Valley, Georgia,
by C. H. Alden; 15 from the same host at Rogers, Arkansas; many
specimens reared by E. B. Blakeslee from A. exitiosa, at Winchester,
Virginia, and collected specimens from Harrisburg and Enterline,
Pennsylvania.

59. MICROBRACON HOBOMOK Viereck

Microbracon hobomok VirrecK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 206, 208.

Type—tin the State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New
Haven, Connecticut.

The following notes are based on the type: Malar space nearly as
long as the first segment of antennal flagellum; antennae broken, 20
segments remaining, the flagellar segments beyond the first scarcely
as long as broad; frons finely sculptured; thorax polished; parap-
sidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum mostly polished, with a
stub of a median ridge at apex, a few short ridges diverging from
this stub, and the median part of the posterior face somewhat punc-
tate; last abscissa of radius a little longer than the first and second
abscissae combined; abdomen long-oval; the first tergite rugulose
along the apex; second tergite finely granular; suturiform articula-
tion fine, straight; third to fifth tergites very delicately sculptured,
the sculpture becoming faint on the fourth and fifth; ovipositor

ie PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond first tergite. Face yellow;
vertex and occiput somewhat piceous; thorax mostly black, the
pleura ferruginous; legs, including all coxae bright testaceous;
wings very slightly dusky; abdomen yellowish, the first tergite, and
a basal median spot on the second, blackish; apical tergites more or
less brownish. This species is very similar to apicatus, but differs
especially in the shorter ovipositor. I have seen no males of either
species; doubtless it will be found almost impossible to separate the
two species on the basis of this sex.

Distribution—Branford, Connecticut.

Host.—Unknown.

Known only from the holotype.

60. MICROBRACON CAULICOLA Gahan
Fig. 13

Microbracon caulicola GAHAN, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, 1922, p. 2.

Type.—Cat. No. 24982, U.S.N.M.

Closely resembles mellitor, but differs in the shorter ovipositor, in
the longer flagellar segments of antennae, the usually straight pos-
terior margin of second abdominal tergite; in the second abscissa of
radius being much more than twice as long as the first, in the radius
going more nearly to the extreme apex of wing, and in the propodeum
being usually minutely reticulated over most of its surface. The an-
tennae are usually 29 to 35-segmented, the two basal flagellar seg-
ments usually twice as long as thick; propodeum usually delicately
reticulated, sometimes granular and more strongly sculptured on the
median line; abdomen broadly oval; the first tergite rugulose later-
ally and at apex, the second coarsely granular or rugulose; the third
to sixth tergites in the female, the third to fifth in the male, granular,
much less strongly sculptured than the second; ovipositor sheaths
nearly as long as the dorsum of the abdomen beyond first tergite.
Usually entirely yellow; rarely the propodeum and first abdominal
tergite more or less fuscous; wings dusky, the stigma nearly always
yellow except at apex; in some small male specimens the stigma is
brownish; legs, including all coxae, yellow. :

Distribution.—Evidently occurs throughout the eastern half of the
United States wherever its principal hosts are found.

Hosts—Pyrausta ainslict Heinrich; P. penitalis Grote; P. nubilalis
Huebner.

In addition to the types and the other material mentioned by
Gahan as being contained in the collection of the National Museum,
there are two specimens received from R. W. Harned, of Mississippi,
bearing his No. $4750. At the Corn Borer Laboratory of the Bureau
of Entomology, at Arlington, Massachusetts, there is a large quantity
of material of this species, most of it reared from Pyrausta ainsliei,

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK ie

from Champaign and Urbana, Illinois. There is also a series in this
collection, recorded as probably from Pyrausta nubilalis. the intro-
duced European Corn Borer, taken at Woburn, Massachusetts; and
a single specimen reared from Pyrausta ainsliei by H. W. Allen, at
Agricultural College, Mississippi.

61. MICROBRACON NIGER (Provancher)

Opius niger PROVANCHER, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 381.
Microbracon niger GAHAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 93.
Type.—tIn the Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, Canada.
The following notes are based on the type: Head not thin; frons
distinctly finely punctate; opening between clypeus and mandibles
small, circular, its transverse diameter scarcely greater than the dis-
tance from the opening to the eyes; antennae broken, only 13 seg-
ments of one remaining, the other entirely missing; flagellar seg-
ments slender, very nearly twice as long as thick; thorax stout,
smooth and polished; parapsidal furrows sparsely hairy; propodeum
polished, with a short stub of a median ridge at apex and a few
short ridges diverging from this stub; radius arising much before
middle of stigma; second abscissa of radius fully twice as long as the
first; second cubital cell long; third abscissa of radius hardly as long
as the first and second abscissae combined; last abscissa of cubitus
scarcely as long as the preceding abscissa; second abdominal tergite
minutely granular, finely striate medially; third tergite finely punc-
tate; remainder of dorsum of abdomen smooth; ovipositor sheaths
about as long as the abdomen behind first tergite. Head black, the
face brown; thorax black; wings strongly infumated on basal half;
legs yellowish, the coxae more or less dusky above, the posterior tibiae
and tarsi dusky; abdomen piceous. A very small specimen.
Distribution—Cap Rouge, near Quebec, Canada.
Host.—Unknown.
Known only from the unique type.

62. MICROBRACON AEQUALIS (Provancher)
Bracon aequalis ProvANCHER, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 141.

Type.—tIn the Museum of Public Instruction, at Quebec, Canada.

The following notes are based on the type: Face and frons finely
sculptured; flagellar segments of antennae considerably longer than
broad, the first nearly twice as long as broad; thorax smooth and
polished; propodeum with a median carina extending from the apex
nearly half way to the base; second abscissa of radius fully twice as
long as the first; first tergite sculptured apically and laterally; sec-
ond tergite finely striate either side of the middle, punctate lat-
erally; third and following tergites faintly punctate; ovipositor

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond second tergite. Face yellow;
frons, vertex, and occiput more or less piceous or blackish; thorax
black; legs, including all coxae, yellow; wings nearly hyaline; ab-
domen yellow, first tergite black, the apical tergites brownish.

Distribution.—Canada.

Host.—Unknown.

The unique type is the only specimen of this species that I have

seen.
63. MICROBRACON ARGUTATOR (Say)

Fig. 10
Bracon argutator Say, Journ. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1836, p. 233.

Type.—Lost.

The species here regarded as argutator agrees very well with Say’s
description, and it seems more desirable to identify it as that species
than to describe it as new. Head rather thick at insertion of an-
tennae; temples broad; malar space in the female nearly as long as
the first segment of antennal flagellum; antennae normally 25 to 30-
segmented, shorter than the body in the female; eyes short-oval; face
and frons finely punctate; thorax smooth and polished; parapsidal
grooves weakly hairy; propodeum usually mostly weakly reticulately
sculptured, and more or less rugulose along the median line; second
abscissa of radius about twice as long as the first, the third slightly
longer than the first and second combined; abdomen long-oval, the
first tergite sculptured apically and laterally; the second granular,
usually as long as the first and longer than the third, more than half
as long as broad at base; third, fourth and fifth tergites much more
delicately sculptured, shining; ovipositor sheaths projecting the
length of the abdomen beyond second tergite or a little more. Yel-
low; sometimes entirely yellow, with only a spot enclosing the ocelli
black; the abdomen often of a paler yellow than the thorax; some-
times the occiput, mesonotal lobes, propodeum, pectus and first ab-
dominal tergite more or less blackish; wings slightly dusky, the
stigma more or less yellowish; legs, including all coxae, yellow.

Distribution.—Indiana; Missouri.

Host.— Lepidopterous larva boring in Llymus,” Saluria, species.

The United States National Museum has considerable material
reared from the above hosts at Lafayette, Indiana and Charleston,
Missouri, by C. N. Ainslie, in the Bureau of Entomology, under
Webster Nos. 14705 and 14781.

64. MICROBRACON GERAEI, new species

Very similar to argutator, but distinguished as noted in the table
to species.

Female.—Length, 8 mm. Head rather thick at insertion of an-
tennae; malar space much shorter than first flagellar segment of an-

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK 75

tennae; transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and man-
dibles very much greater than the distance from the opening to the
eyes, and at least one and one-half times as long as the malar
space; face and frons very delicately punctate; antennae usually 27
to 33-segmented, slender, usually as long as the body, the first flagellar
segment about twice as long as broad; thorax smooth and polished;
propodeum finely reticulate or minutely granular and opaque or sub-
opaque; second abscissa of radius hardly twice as long as the first,
the third a little longer than the first and second combined; last
abscissa of cubitus longer than the preceding abscissa; abdomen
long-oval; first tergite rugulose laterally and at apex; second tergite
large, about as long as third, and about twice as broad at base as
long, granular, often a little rugulose medially; third, fourth, and
fifth tergites, and sometimes the sixth, exceedingly delicately sculp-
tured; ovipositor sheaths nearly as long as the dorsum of the abdo-
men beyond first tergite. Yellow; usually the frons, vertex, occiput
and mesonotal lobes more or less black; even in the specimens which
have these parts deep black, the propodeum and the abdomen in-
cluding first tergite are almost invariably yellow; wings very slightly
dusky ; legs including coxae, yellow, the apical tarsal segment black.

Male—Antennae of allotype 31-segmented; other males vary in
this respect, the number of segments being usually 27 to 82. Some-
times the thorax is almost entirely black, although usually at least
the pectus and the propodeum are pale; face occasionally with a quad-
rate blackish spot. In some specimens the fourth and following
abdominal tergites are entirely polished.

Type.—Cat. No. 26668, U.S.N.M.

T'ype-locality— Sioux City, Iowa.

Host.—* Geraeus larva in Panicum.”

Described from eight female and three male specimens reared by
C. N. Ainslie in the Bureau of Entomology, under Webster No.
8885. In addition to the type series there is considerable material
in the National Museum, all of it reared from Panicum by C. N.
Ainslie, at Sioux City, Iowa and Elk Point, South Dakota.

65. MICROBRACON LUTUS (Provancher)

Bracon lutus PRovANcHER, Natural, Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 142.
Bracon lixi ASHMEAD, Canad. Ent., vol. 25, 1893, p. 67.

Type.—In the Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, Canada.
The type of /ixi is in the United States National Museum (Cat. No.
2145).

Very closely related to variabilis and often very difficult to distin-
guish from that species; it is generally more robust, has longer an-
tennae, a slightly longer malar space, and usually slightly shorter
ovipositor sheaths. <A study of the types of Zuétus and léxi has con-

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

vinced me that they are the same species. Eyes very broad, not dis-
tinctly one and one-half times as long as broad, in the female;
malar space, in the female, very nearly half as long as the distance
from the lower margin of antennal foramina to lower margin of
clypeus; antennae usually 36 to 40-segmented; all the segments
at least one and one-half times as long as broad; face and frons
finely punctate, opaque; thorax stout, smooth and polished; pro-
podeum mostly polished; second abscissa of radius a little more than
twice as long as the first; the third slightly longer than the first
and second abscissae combined; second abdominal tergite granular,
with a shining irregularly rugose area on basal middle; third,
fourth, fifth, and in the female, the sixth, tergites finely sculptured;
suturiform articulation rather broad, foveolate, usually a little arcu-
ate medially; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond sec-
ond tergite or a little longer. Yellow; spot enclosing ocelli, and
occiput usually blackish; thorax varying from mostly black to
blackish only on the mesonotal lobes and propodeum; wings usually
slightly dusky; legs, including all coxae, yellow; abdomen yellow,
with first tergite and a median spot on second, black; apical ter-
gites usually brownish.

Distribution —Canada; Virginia; New York; Massachusetts;
Pennsylvania.

Hosts.—Liwus scrobicollis Boheman, in Ambrosia trifida; Papai-
pema nebris Guenee.

But little material of this species, in addition to the types, has
been seen. The United States National Museum has two specimens
reared by H. Bird at Rye, New York, from Papaipema nebris; and
a collected specimen from Natrona, Pennsylvania. The Corn-Borer
Laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology has two specimens reared
from Ambrosia at Manchester, Massachusetts. Al these specimens
are females.

66. MICROBRACON CERAMBYCIDIPHAGUS, new species
Fig. 16

Very similar to the preceding in habitus, structure and sculpture;
it will frequently be found difficult to distinguish them. The char-
acters given in the key together with the description should, how-
ever, suffice to separate these two species, at least in the female sex.

Female.—Length 3.5 mm. Head about as in lutus,; temples reced-
ing directly behind eyes; malar space as in dutws; postocellar line
hardly exceeding the diameter of an ocellus; antennae of type 37-
segmented, the two basal flagellar segments and also the apical seg-
ments twice as long as thick; thorax stout, smooth and polished;
propodeum a little roughened medially toward apex; second abscissa
of radius more than twice as long as the first; the third a little

ART, 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK TE

longer than the first and second abscissae combined; abdomen
broadly oval; first tergite with the chitinized plate broad and
sculptured apically; second tergite broad, nearly three times as
broad at base as long, not at all emarginate posteriorly, granular,
with an irregularly rugose area on its basal middle; suturiform
articulation straight medially, curving forward a little laterally;
third to sixth tergites finely granular; ovipositor sheaths about as.
long as the abdomen beyond second tergite. Head, thorax and
abdomen completely yellow; wings very nearly hyaline; legs, in-
cluding all coxae, wholly yellow.

Male.—Kssentially as in the female; the antennae of the allotype
are 36-segmented; the malar space is much shorter than in the fe-
male; stemmaticum, occiput, mesonotal lobes, pectus, propodeum
and spot on first tergite, black.

Type—Cat. No. 26670, U.S.N.M.

Type-locality—Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Host.—Oberea, species in Crataegus and Prunus.

Described from ten female and two male specimens reared by
H. B. Kirk.

The color is more or less variable, but even in the darkest speci-
mens of the type series the abdomen beyond first tergite is entirely
yellow.

67. MICROBRACON CINCTUS (Provancher)

Phylaz cinctus PROVANCHER, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 175.
Zele cinctus PROVANCHER, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 380.

Type.—tin the Museum of Public Instruction, at Quebec, Canada.

The following notes are based on the type, which is a male: Head
not thin; frons polished; transverse diameter of opening between
clypeus and mandibles a little longer than the distance from the
opening to the eye; antennae broken, 16 segments remaining, none
of the flagellar segments twice as long as thick; thorax smooth and
polished; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum polished,
with a short stub of a median ridge at apex and a slight impression
just before the stub; first abscissa of radius fully as long as the inner
side of stigma; the second abscissa of radius less than twice the first;
abdomen missing; head and thorax black; wings dusky; legs, in-
cluding all coxae, yellow. Somewhat resembles meromyzae, but
the thorax is not so long and slender as in that species, the first
abscissa of radius is longer, and the propodeum is without the
median carina which is usually distinct in meromyzae.

Distribution.—Canada.
- Host——Unknown.

Known only from the broken holotype.

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL: 67

68. MICROBRACON WAWEQUA Viereck
Microbracon wawequa VirREcK, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 204, 206.

Type—In the State Agricultural Experiment Station at New
Haven, Connecticut.

Following are notes made upon an examination of the type, a
male specimen in good condition: Head rather thick at insertion of
antennae; face and frons smooth: and polished; antennae 34-seg-
mented, all the flagellar segments longer than broad, the first dis-
tinctly longer than the second; thorax long, rather slender, appar-
ently twice as long as high, smooth and polished; propodeum pol-
ished, with a short stub of a median ridge at apex; first abscissa of
radius very long, about three-fourths as long as the first intercu-
bitus and more than half the second abscissa of radius; last abscissa
of cubitus longer than the lower side of second cubital cell; abdomen
long; plate of the first tergite with two elongate pits laterally at
apex; medially at apex this tergite is polished; second and follow-
ing tergites completely polished; suturiform articulation very fine,
not punctate or foveolate. Head and thorax wholly black; abdomen
piceous black; wings very strongly infumated; all coxae, and fore
and middle femora mostly, black; posterior femora black at base on
the outer side.

Distribution—New Haven, Connecticut.

Host.—Unknown.

Known only from the unique type.

69. MICROBRACON SULCIFRONS Ashmead

Microbracon sulcifrons ASHMEAD, Bull. 1, Colo. Biol. Assoc., 1890, p. 15.

Type.—Cat. No. 18638, U.S.N.M.

Head rather prominent at insertion of antennae, the face receding
below; face medially, and the frons, smooth and polished; antennae
rather stout, none of the flagellar segments twice as long as thick;
thorax stout, smooth and polished; propodeum with a median carina
extending nearly half way from the apex toward base and with a
few short ridges diverging from this stub; legs of type missing be-
yond coxae; metacarpus nearly twice as long as the stigma; second
abscissa of radius at least twice the first, the third not distinctly as
long as the first and second combined; abdomen rather short; first
tergite sculptured laterally and apically; second tergite and basal two-
thirds of third finely striate; suturiform articulation broad, straight,
and strongly foveolate; apical third of third tergite and the fourth
and following tergites smooth and polished. Body wholly black;
coxae black; wings dusky.

Distribution —Smith’s Park Gulch, Colorado.

Host.—Unknown.

The male type is the only specimen of this species that I have seen.

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—-MUESEBECK 79

70. MICROBRACON CANADENSIS (Ashmead)

Opius canadensis ASHMEAD, Canad. Ent., vol. 23, 1891, p. 4.
Microbracon canadensis GAHAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 93.

Type.—Cat. No. 15061, U.S.N.M.

Somewhat resembles furtivus, but the last abscissa of radius is
much longer, and the sculpture of the abdomen does not agree with
any specimens of furtivus examined. Malar space at least one-third
the length of the face from antennal foramina to lower margin of
clypeus; antennae broken, the segments beyond the nineteenth miss-
ing; first flagellar segment about twice as long as broad, the follow-
ing subequal, about one and one-half times as long as broad; thorax
smooth and polished; second abscissa of radius less than twice the
first; the third much longer than the first and second combined, and
going to the apex of the wing; last segment of posterior tarsi slen-
der; first abdominal tergite sculptured laterally and at apex; the
second granular, more or less striate medially; suturiform articula-
tion straight, finely foveolate; the third tergite finely granular; the
fourth faintly so, strongly shining; the following smooth and pol-
ished. Head piceous black, the face yellow; antennae yellowish
beneath toward base; thorax wholly black; legs, including coxae,
yellow; wings very slightly dusky ; abdomen black, except the second
tergite laterally and the suturiform articulation.

Distribution.—Ottawa, Canada.

Host.—Unknown.

The above characterization is based on the male type, which is the
only specimen I have seen.

71. MICROBRACON KONKAPOTI Viereck
Microbracon konkapoti Virreck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 205, 207.

Type.—tIn the State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New
Haven, Connecticut.

The following notes are based on the type, which is a male speci-
men: Somewhat resembles rhyssemati in habitus and sculpture of
the abdomen, but differs in the color of the head, especially the face,
and in the sculpture of the propodeum. Face smooth and shining
medially; frons very faintly punctate; antennae broken, 20 seg-
ments remaining, the first and second flagellar segments of about
equal length, twice as long as broad; malar space less than half the
transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles;
thorax rather long and slender, smooth and polished; propodeum
polished, with a short stub of a median ridge at apex, and from this
stub toward the base medially impressed, almost grooved, the impres-
sion traversed by transverse ridges; first abscissa of radius a little
longer than the recurrent vein and more than half as long as the

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

second abscissa of radius; radius going to the wing apex, the radial
cell broad; first abdominal tergite sculptured at apex; second, third,
fourth and fifth tergites rather evenly closely granular, the fourth
and fifth a little less strongly so than the second and third. Entire
body honey-yellow except the head which is piceous black; the face
mostly blackish; legs, including all coxae, yellow; wings slightly
dusky.

Distribution—West Thompson, Connecticut.

Host.—Unknown.

Known only from the holotype.

72. MICROBRACON RHYSSEMATI (Ashmead)

Bracon rhyssemati ASHMEAD, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 46.

Type.—Cat. No. 1362, U.S.N.M.

Face and frons very minutely punctate; antennae 28 to 30-seg-
mented, all of the flagellar segments much longer than broad; trans-
verse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles at least
twice as long as the malar space; thorax smooth and polished; parap-
sidal furrows very sparsely hairy; propodeum polished, with a medi-
an longitudinal carina at least on the apical third, this carina some-
times nearly complete, radius going practically to the wing apex;
second abscissa of radius twice as long as the first, the third scarcely
as long as the first and second combined; first abdominal tergite
finely sculptured at apex; second, third, fourth, and fifth tergites
strongly granular, opaque; sixth tergite faintly punctate, shining.
Yellow, the mesonotal lobes, disk of first abdominal tergite and the
apical tergites very slightly dusky; wings faintly dusky; legs, in-
cluding coxae, yellow. The female is unknown.

Distribution.—Ohio.

Host.—Rhyssematus lineaticollis Say.

In addition to the three specimens of the type series the United
States National Museum has one male specimen from Columbus,
Ohio.

73. MICROBRACON COOKII (Ashmead)

Bracon cookii ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 624.

Type.—Cat. No. 2921, U.S.N.M.

Very similar to furtivus; it cannot be satisfactorily distinguished
from that species on the basis of the male holotype, the only speci-
men of cookzi that I have seen. This specimen, however, has a large
quadrate blackish spot on the face, in which respect it differs from
all specimens of furtivus examined. ‘The host record, if correct,
should leave little doubt that cookzi represents a distinct species. The
following notes are based on the type: Ocell-ocular line about twice
as long as the diameter of an ocellus; face and frons very minutely
punctate; antennae broken; thorax smooth and polished; propodeum

ART. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON—MUBESEBECK Sl

polished; first abscissa of radius about as long as recurrent vein;
the second hardly twice as long as the first; the third scarcely as long
as the first and second combined; second intercubitus longer than the
recurrent vein; chitinized plate of first abdominal tergite broadening
rather gradually posteriorly, rugulose apically and laterally; second,
third and fourth tergites granular, opaque; fifth tergite very finely
granular, shining; frons, vertex and occiput blackish except along
the eyes; face with a large quadrate black spot; thorax entirely
black; wings very faintly dusky; legs, including all coxae yellow, the
posterior tibiae and tarsi more or less dusky; first abdominal tergite
and a median spot on the second, black; the apical tergites some-
what fuscous.

Distribution.—Lansing, Michigan.

Host.—* Leaf-miner in basswood.”

Known only from the unique type.

SPECIES OF MICROBRACON NOT INCLUDED IN THE KEY
MICROBRACON RUFOMARGINATUS (Ashmead)
Bracon rufomarginatus ASHMEAD, Canad. Ent., vol. 25, 1893, p. 68.

Lype.—i have been unable to locate the type of this species.
Judged by the original description it is very similar to, possibly
identical with, polttiventris (Cushman); if the type is found and
proves to be politiventris, it will be necessary to place the latter name —
in synonymy.

Type-locality— Morgantown, West Virginia.

Host— Unknown.

MICROBRACON PICEICEPS (Viereck)
Bracon piceiceps ViEREcK, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. 19, 1905, p. 268.

Type.—tn the University of Kansas.

It has been impossible to place this species on the basis of the
original description and notes by Mr. Gahan who has examined the
type, principally because the type is a male specimen and males of
the group to which this species belongs are exceedingly difficult to
identify. It appears to come nearest to mellitor.

Type-locality —Douglas County, Kansas.

Host——Unknown.

SAY’S SPECIES OF THE GENUS BRACON

When attempting to determine which of Say’s species, described in
the genus Bracon, belong to Microbracon, it became necessary to re-
view thoroughly all of the species placed in Bracon by Say; and it
appears desirable to include in this paper a list of these species with
the names of the genera to which they seem to be referable. Some

12053—25——-6

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

of them have long since been assigned to their proper genera but are
nevertheless included here in order to make the list complete. Mr.
A. B. Gahan, of the Bureau of Entomology, very kindly aided in
these determinations, and the following list expresses both his opinion
and that of the writer. The species, the transfer of which has
previously been published, are indicated by an asterisk.

argutator———=— === Microbracon. pullatora2 2. = 2! Spathius.
*dorsator ss eS Microbracon. *rug ators etre Campyloneurus.
evxhalans__-=-———=- Doryctes. rugulosus___--—--=. Rogas.
*eaplonator——_—_- Cardiochiles. scrutator___.—=—__- Rogas.
*RevetOne = Wicrobracon. SUG OT= Rogas.
honestora=— =. === Spathius. *“thoracicus____-_= -. Tridspis.
inescate; Spathius. +t U0LULOn ee Cardiochiies.
TOL OT Heleonidea. transversus___-_~-- Chremylus.
KANO Pe ee Microbracon. *trilobatus..-.-=—— — Triaspis.
DOULLULOT Spathius. truneator. == =. Zele.
pectinator______--- Odontobracon. DESTILOhe Rogas.
populator___--__-- Capitonius. *viator_.-...___-_-:---. Cardiochiles.

HOST LIST
COLEOPTERA

Anihonomus aldopilosus Dietz___ Microbracon mellitor (Say).

eugenii Cano_------ mellitor (Say).

fulvus LeConte_---- mellitor (Say).

grandis Boheman_-_- : mellitor (Say).

signatus Say------- mellitor (Say).

squamosus LeConte_ mellitor (Say).
Chrysobothris deleta LeConte_-_- nevadensis (Ashmead).
Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst_-- variabilis (Provancher ).
Desmoris scapalis LeConte_------ mellitor (Say).
Gastroidea cyanea Melsh__------- gastroideae (Ashmead).
Geracus, species__—-----__--_ = geraei Muesebeck.
Laemosaccus, species —---------- laemosacci Muesebeck.
Listronotus latiusculus Boheman_. punctatus Muesebeck.
Lixus scrobicollis Boheman__--_- lutus (Provancher).
Oberea, species== 223 es cerambycidiphagus Muesebeck.
2 Orthoris crotchii LeConte__----- nuperus (Cresson).
?Phytonomus nigrirostris Fabri-

@litis 162". Cea ee ee tenuiceps Muesebeck.
Pissodes strobi Peck____----.-_-- pint Muesebeck.
Pityophthorus, species____-------. pityophthori Muesebeck.
Rhyssematus lineaticollis Say---- rhyssemati (Ashmead).
Sphenophorus callosus Olivier__-- sphenophori Muesebeck.
Tachypterus quadrigibbus Say_-- tachypteri Muesebeck,.

variabilis (Provancher).
Tychius semisquamosus LeConte- tychii Muesebeck.
Tyloderma fragariae Riley_--_--- analcidis (Ashmead).
HY MPNOPTERA
Cephus cinctis’ Nortoni 222. 2. 22 Microbracon cephi Gahan.
EBuund, speciesvci22. 222-22 ee angelesius (Provancher).

2? Priophorus acericaulis MeGilli-
Wray? -2 ee eee montowesi Viereck.

arr.8 REVISION OF THE GENUS

LEPIDOPTERA

MICROBRACON—MUESEBECK

Acrobasis nebuiella Riley__------ Micrebracon cushmani Muesebeck.
Aegeria exitiosa Say__----------- sanninoideae Gahan.

tipuliformis Linnaeus_-__—

Archips argyrospila Walker__~--~
paralella Robinson__--~~-
Aristotelia absconditella Walker__.-
roseosuffusella Clemens

Canarsia hammondi Riley__------

GiviloT species Sok et i ts eS
Coleophora leucochrysella Cle-
MeNiSw 2 Ls HER oa
volcket Heinrich__-

Coleophora, species_____--_------

Cryptolechia, species__—2=--- =.=
Desmia funeralis Huebner__-----
Digi aed- species) = 2 2S
Dioryctria abietella Zinck_____--~
Enarmonia prunivora Walsh__---
Ephestia cahiritella Zeller___----
elutella Huebner ___----
kuehniella Zeller ____---
Etiella zinckenella schisticolor

Eulia triferana Walker____-----_ -
BUT Od aSPCClCS= 22) awa ee
Galleria mellonella Linnaeus____
Gelechia hibiscella Busck_______-
Gelechiaspecies= =
Gnorimoschema gatlaeastericlla
ICG O ieee ee ees
callaesolidagi-
nis Riley___—-
Hemimene plunimerana Busck__-
Laspeyresia molesta Busck__-__~
Matacosoma constricta Packard__
pluvialis Dyar__-__-.
Meromyza americana Fitch_____~
Mesocondyla gastralis Guenee_-__-
Mineola indiginella Zeller_____-~-
Mompha eloisella Clemens____---
Notolophus oslari Barnes____----
Pandemis lamprosana Robinson__
Papaipema frigida Smith -_-_____
nebris Guenee_______-
Papaipema, sSpeciess = seas ae
Pectinophora gossypiella Saun-

Phthorimaea cinerella Murtfeldt_.
operculeila Zetler__-

sesiae Muesebeck.
gelechiae (Ashmead).
politiventris (Cushman).
podunkorum Viereck.
gelechiae (Ashmead).
cushmani Muesebeck.
gelechiae (Ashmead).
pyralidiphagus Muesebeck.

pygmaeus (Provancher).
pygmaeus (Provancher).
juncicola (Ashmead).
pygmaeus (Provancher).
psilocorsi Viereck.
gelechiae (Ashmead).
pyralidiphagus Muesebeck.
brevicornis (Wesmael).
cushmani Muesebeck.
hebetor (Say).

hebetor (Say).

hyslopi Viereck.
politiventris (Cushman).
erucarum (Cushman).
hebetor (Say).
gelechiae (Ashmead).
gelechiae (Ashmead).

furtivus (Eyles).

furtivus (Fytes).
hemimenae Rohwer.
gelechiae (Ashmead).
xanthonotus (Ashmead).
xanthonotus (Ashmead).
meromyzae (Gahan).
cushmani Muesebeck.
cushmani Muesebeck.
oenotherae Muesebeck.
canthonotus (Ashmead).
politiventris (Cushman).
papaipemae Gahan.
lutus (Provancher).
gelechiae (Ashmead).

mellitor (Say).
platynotae (Cushman).
gelechiae (Ashmead).
gelechiae (Ashmead).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
Piatynota, species____-_-____ Microbracon platynotae (Cushman).
Plodia interpunctella Huebner___ hebetor (Say).

Polychrosis viteana Clemens_____.

Pyrausta ainsliei Heinrich__-____
nubilalis Wuebner_____-

Vitula edmansti Packard

The drawings on Plate 1 are by the writer.

penitalis Grote_-~.____-
Salurigy species. 222 ene
Sitetroga cerealella Olivier2-.___
Thurberiphaga diffusa Barnes___-

gelechiae (Ashmead).
mellitor (Say).
politiventris (Cushman).
variabilis (Provancher).
caulicola Gahan.
caulicola Gahan.
gelechiae (Ashmead).
hebetor (Say).
caulicola Gahan.
argutator (Say).
hebetor (Say).
thurberiphagae Muesebeck.
hebetor (Say).
gelechiae (Ashmead).

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

The photographs on Plate 2

were taken by Mr. C. E. Hood. of the Bureau of Entomology.

Fig.

as)

ote

OAD

Microbracon gastroideae.

. Microbracon
. Mierobracon

Mierobracon
Microbracon
Microbracon

. Microbracon
. Microbracon

. Microbracon
. Microbracon
. Microbracon
. Microbracon
. Microbracon
. Mierobracon
. Microbracon
. Microbracon
. Microbracon
. Microbracon
. Microbracon
. Microbracon
1. Microbracon
2. Microbracon
3. Microbracon
. Microbracon

25. Microbracon
26. Microbracon

rudbeckiae.
pygmaeus.
mellitor. Do
melanaspis.
sphenophori.
tenwiceps.
sesiae.

sesiae.
argutator.

hemimenae.
sanninoideae.
caulicola.
pint.
pygmaeus.

cerambycidiphagus.
Anterior wing.
Anterior wing.

cushmani.
mellitor.

brevicornis.
cephi.
tychii.
rudbeckiae.
gelechiae.

PLATE 1

Front view of head.
Lateral view of abdomen.

Front view of head.

rsal view of abdomen.
Dorsal view of abdomen.
Lateral view of head.

Lateral view of head.
Lateral view of head.

PLATE 2

Anterior wing.
Anterior wing.

Anterior wing.
Anterior wing.
Anterior wing.

Anterior wing:

Anterior wing.

Anterior wing.
Anterior wing.

Anterior wing.

erucarum, Anterior wing.

furtivus.,
ranthonotus.

Anterior wing.

Anterior wing,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 8 PL. |

DETAILS OF MICROBRACON

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 84

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 8 PL. 2

WINGS OF SPECIES OF MICROBRACON

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 84

SPECIES INDEX

[Accepted specific names are in roman; synonyms In italics]

Page Page
aequalis (Provaneher) ~----_-_--_ %3 | metacomet Viereck_._.-...--_-_-.— 57
americanus (Ashmead) —-.._....__ 28 | minimus (Cresson) —.._--__.________ AT
aNalcidis; CAShmead))———- aoe oe 59 | montowesi Viereck_..._......__..— 60
angelesius (Provancher)—----~--- Son Naise Gerovancher) — 65
anthonomi (Ashmead) —~_---_----__ 65 | nawaasorum Viereck..__--.-.-__-_ 58
apicatus (Provancher) ~----~.-~-- 64 | nevadensis (Ashmead) ~~~ ~---~- 54
areutaton (Say) eae=aaee ae ek {4 emnicera(erovancher) o2--- eee 73
ashmeadi Muesebeck__----------_~- 2 | nigridorsum (Ashmead)--_----___- 41
AEricouism (Ashmerd)i2-=22225-2—= 58 | nigropectus (Provancher)__--______ 67
auripes! (Provancher)i-=222-s2=2=— 44>) nitidugs)- (2rovancher)/ 2-2 =-= 2 - = 50
brachyurus (Ashmead) —~---~~---- 36 | notaticeps (Ashmead) —-~~----____- 26
brevicornis (Wesmael)------~---- Solent PELs a CCTESSOM) eee ee 47
canadensis (Ashmead) —----~-----_~ 79 | oenotherae Muesebeck___--_-_-____ 62
ecaulicola Gahanea2 <3 Se %2-| papaipemae Gahan=—__ == == 63
cecidomyiae (Ashmead) ~---~------ 43 | pembertonit Bridwell___._-___-____- 65
Cephim. Gahan wee eee eee Se 61> | Spiceicepss GVaereck) == — 81
ecerambycidiphagus Muesebeck__--~-- ZG. |SpinieMiuesebec kaa =e = a aa, ee 52
beneficientior (Viereck) _---_------~ 31 | pityophthori Muesebeck______-_____ 55
cinctus, (Provancher)=—=--———————— tial splatynotaes(Cushman)= 5-22 5=——2— 29
colcopnorae-RonWer-—o— === =- na 38 | podunkorum Viereck_.______-_-___ 59
connecticutorum Viereck__---_-_--- 40 | politiventris (Cushman) —--__-__--__ ou
cookii, » (Ashmead) 2 == SoS 80 | politum (Ashmead)__~--__________ 42
Cultus CLrOvVancner) ==. 2——s————— 48 | politus (Provancher) ~-_._-----___-_ 47
cushmani . Muesebeck_--_--------- 29> Spsilocovsi Vierecha a= a= oe ane 40
diversicolor (Viereck)-----~ —~---~- 27 | punctatus Muesebeck_-___..-__--~~ 24
COT, 8ALOTECSAY) eee ee 31 | pygmaeus (Provancher)—-~~----~- 38
erucarum (Cushman) ~_--____~-___ 27 | pyralidiphagus Muesebeck _______-- 34
euurae (Ashmead) ==-—22—525 5 ee 43 | quinnipiacorum Viereck____---_~-_-. 24
fungicola (Ashmead) —~_-..-~---.—--. 67 | rhyssemati (Ashmead)_------____- 80
furtiviuse(ityles)——2 sos 2- sone coe 67 | rudbeckiae Muesebeck_.----___~-_~ 45
gastroideae (Ashmead) —----------~- 35 | rufomarginatus (Ashmead)-_------~- 81
gelechiaen(Ashmead)—=— 2 === = 2 26:31 sanninoidese Gahan==_—- == eee 70
<eraei Muesebeck= a2 222255 2 aes {A> |-scanticorum, Viereck=2—-—=--—- === 33
nebetor (Say) ==—5 esse oe a 31 | sebequanash Viereck_--~..__.__.__ 37
hemimense, Rohwer .---s-]-—— 5 == SL. |;sesiae, Muesebecks 2222-222 =o 53
nebpomoke Viereck. ——- oe 71 | sphenophori Muesebeck__-~------_- 25
hopkinsi (Viereck)—~~--.-~-=—.-_—~ 3071 sulcifrons (Ashmead) =222—-=_--—— = 78
NyRlopimVaerecK==— 2 =o See 49 | tachypteri Muesebeck _____________ 68
johannseni (Viereck) ----___-_-----~- 26 | tenuiceps Muesebeck___------_-_-~ 46
jugiandis (Ashmead) =-----=--____ 3! | tetralophae (Viereck)— —.-_---_=--- 26
junc CAshmedg) sess Le Ss ee 38 | thurberiphagae Muesebeck ___--____ 54
JUNCcIcolan CAShMead)/ 37 | tortricicola (Ashmead) ~---.-..---- 69
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UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

By Frank Sprincer,

Associate in Paleontology, United States National Museum

INTRODUCTION

It was originally my intention when preparing the monograph on
the Crinoidea Flexibilia to follow it up with a similar systematic
treatise on the Inadunata. But the time and labor consumed in
bringing out such works proved to be too great, and I have been
compelled to relinquish the project for the last-mentioned treatise.
Many preparatory studies were made, however, with such a work in
view, some of which are embraced in the present paper, containing
the results of researches extending over many years, which I have
long desired to publish, but which have been delayed by the pressure
of other matters. The material used is chiefly from my own col-
lection, now in the United States National Museum, much of it
accumulated with special reference to these researches. Most of the
drawings have been made by Mr. Kenneth M. Chapman, of Santa
Fe, New Mexico, and some by Miss Francesca Wieser, of the Na-
tional Museum. I am much indebted to Dr. R. S. Bassler and Dr.
C. E. Resser, of the National Museum, for their assistance in making
the photographs upon which the drawings are based.

THE USUAL STRUCTURE OF CRINOIDS

The generalized picture of a crinoid, as seen in the forms by
which the class is most commonly known, is that of a marine organ-
ism having a calyx, cup, or theca composed of calcareous plates defi-
nitely arranged, inclosing a cavity which contains the visceral
organs; attached to the sea bottom or other objects, temporarily or
permanently, by a columnar stem formed by a series of centrally
perforated segments; and fringed at the opposite end by a ring of
inovable, food-gathering appendages called arms; these are likewise
built up of calcareous segments, but instead of being pierced by a
central opening for a tubular canal, as in the stem, they are notched
at one side, forming a groove along which the microscopic food is

No. 2581.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 9.
23832—26——1

9, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

carried by means of currents produced by minute cilia to the oral
center, or mouth. The arms when gathering food are stretched up-
ward or outward, but may be folded together when not so employed
in such a manner that the vital organs and soft parts are protected
by an outer envelope of hard calcareous material. The excrement
is discharged through an orifice, either directly piercing the tegmen,
or roof, or at the end or side of a projecting tube, or exceptionally
through the side wall of the cup.

The plates of which the calyx is composed are arranged usually
according to a quinqueradiate plan, most plainly developed on the
lower side to which the stem is attached, from which the radiation
extends upward and continues into the arms. This is called the
dorsal side, in contradistinction to that next to which the arms are
located, which is the ventral side or tegmen; and the part of the
calyx below the origin of the arms is called the dorsal cup, or simply
the cup, which incloses or supports the visceral organs.

This cup in the usual crinoid is made up of a base, consisting either
of a single ring of five, four, three, or two plates (or some of these
coalesced into a single undivided disk), called basals; or of this
and another alternating ring below it of five or three plates (also
sometimes fused into one), called infrabasals; and following the
basal ring another set of five alternating plates, called radials, with
sometimes a ring of interradials in line with them.

The two rings of cup plates—basals and radials—are the funda-
mental elements of the adult crinoid structure. They are found
throughout all the major divisions of the class, and of the blastoids
also. In the typical crinoid these two elements are symmetrically
arranged in alternating contact with each other, and the radials are
symmetric among themselves. This is the plan in the great majority
of fossil, and practically all the existing, crinoids. But to this gen-
eralized type there are numerous exceptions.

The general tendency of the crinoids as a class, starting in the
earliest Paleozoic with the asymmetric form which they inherited
from cystidean ancestors, was toward that of complete pentamerous
symmetry. This was attained in the Mesozoic and Recent crinoids
generally, and in a few genera of the Paleozoic. In most of the
Paleozoic crinoids an incomplete pentamerous symmetry was
reached, modified by the bilaterial symmetry due to the presence of
anal structures. The course of this development was by no means
one of continual progress. It was marked by numerous recessions
and sudden changes.

Two of the major divisions of the crinoids, Camerata and Flexi-
bilia, and for the most part the third, Inadunata, culminated and
were extinguished before the end of the Paleozoic. During this vast
stretch of time many peculiar modifications of the type as we chiefly

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 3

know it occurred, the causes of which are unknown, but which serve
as examples of the infinite variety with which the processes of nature
goon. Many of these are already well known, and some others it is
the purpose of this paper to illustrate. No general discussion of
crinoid morphology is here attempted. For that reference should
be had to the works of Bather in part 3 of the Lankester Zoology ;
of Austin H. Clark on the Existing Crinoids; of Wachsmuth and
Springer on the Crinoidea Camerata; of myself on the Crinoidea
Flexibilia; and to various papers by Jaekel.

I am simply presenting a number of facts, more or less unrelated,
bearing upon some of the unusual features and changes above
alluded to, by which the general progress of the crinoids in geo-
logical time was characterized; together with discussion of some
remarkable parallel modifications which I am now able to illustrate
more completely than was possible heretofore.

THE COILED BILATERAL STEM

While the possession of a stem is one of the characters by which
the crinoids as a class are best known—so much so that a large part
of the early literature treating of them was devoted mainly to discus-
sion of the isolated segments of which it is composed—there was in
some instances a remarkable tendency to get rid of it. This append-
age probably existed in the larval stage of all crinoids, but in by far
the greater part of the existing forms, the comatulids, it is cast off at
approaching maturity, and the adult crinoid becomes a free floater.
In some, the pentacrinites, it attained a great length; and in some
(thought to be due to living on reefs in shallow water) the stem is
very short, or even disappears, fixation being accomplished through
direct attachment by the fused base.

In most of the Paleozoic genera the stem was present, sometimes
attached or anchored by remarkable specialized structures (Seypho-
erinus, Ancyrocrinus, etc.)1; in many cases only resting in the soft
coze of the sea bottom by finely pointed terminals, and often not
permanently fixed.?

The great Paleozoic divisions, Camerata and Flexibilia, and the
chiefly Paleozoic Inadunata, had stems with but few exceptions,
such as “£driocrinus in which the base was fused and attached
directly to other objects or became rounded and free from attach-
ment, and Agassizocrinus in which a free floating stage in some of
its species was also attained. The same thing is true of the Mesozoic
crinoids.

1 Springer, On the crinoid genus Scyphocrinus, Smiths. Mise. Coll. Publication 2440,
1917, pp. 9-12.

?Dr. Edwin Kirk’s instructive paper on Eleutherozoic Pelmatozoa, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 41, 1911, pp. 1-137.

4 PROCEEDINGS. OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

A special form of stem development which I wish to illustrate
is that in which the usually cylindrical or pentagonal straight stem
loses its characteristic shape, becomes coiled, and takes on a bilateral
symmetry, by which for the greater part of its length it is flattened
or concave at the inner side, with the columnals elliptic or crescentic
in cross section; and the cirri, instead of occurring in whorls around
the column, are borne only in two rows at or near the margins of the
flattened or concave side, or sometimes at the back. This structure
is correlated—either as a cause or an effect—with a tendency of the
crown to bend back upon the stem, and of the stem to coil around it
in the opposite direction in such a way that the crown may be tightly
enclosed within the coil and completely enveloped by the cirri. The
part of the stem proximal to the calyx is circular in section, much re-
duced in diameter, relatively short as a rule, but variable in length;
and it bears no cirri. The reversed curve is similar to that of a
swan’s neck, and for convenience the term “neck” may be used for it
in the discussions.

This character was evidently protective in origin, as the crown is
often very small in comparison with the stem; and in some forms,
where the cirri are short and closely packed, the crown is so sur-
rounded by the stem structures that it can rarely be seen in the fos-
sils; while in others, in which the cirri are more scattered but strong
and branching, the neck upon which the crown was borne is long,
slender, and exceedingly brittle, not tightly rolled, but evidently
loosely enveloped in a fringe formed by the strong cirri. Here it
must have been very sensitive to disturbance, for in the fossil the
stem is almost invariably broken off at the slender neck. In those
forms in which the stem was tightly coiled it could be uncoiled and
the crown exposed.

This type of stem is found in otherwise unrelated forms from the
Silurian to the latest member of the Lower Carboniferous. It occurs
irregularly, and so far as yet known, without continuity, and without
any definite or exclusive cvolition with other characters. After
appearing in several Inadunate species in the Niagaran of America,
and the Wenlockian of England and Sweden, closely followed by
three in the Lower Devonian and one of uncertain relations in the
Middle Devonian, the coiled stem structure reappears after a con-
siderable interval in the Burlington limestone of the Lower Car-
boniferous, but in a different suborder of the crinoids, the Camerata,
in one family of which it continues to the end in the upper part of
the Chester. Generic names have been given based upon these occur-
rences; but in the Silurian forms, owing to the closely inrolled con-
dition in which the stems are usually found, the crown is very sel-
dom seen in a state from which the elements of the calyx can be
ascertained sufficiently for a proper diagnosis. While there are

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 5

some well marked differences in the details of the columnals and
cirri, which furnish excellent specific characters, it is not practicable
to correlate them with other characters to form larger groups; and
as to the stem itself, its superficial aspect in some of the Silurian
forms closely approximates that in some from the Lower Carboni-
ferous.

So far as can be ascertained, the crown in the Silurian and Lower
Devonian forms is of irregular composition, more or Jess deformed—
induced perhaps by the restricted mode of life of the crinoid—and
of Heterocrinid type. In some of the Carboniferous species the
crown, while otherwise regular, is somewhat deformed by pressure.

It would appear probable, therefore, that this peculiar modifica-
tion of stem structure is a secondary character, arising from some
special condition of life, which may be repeated independently
without materially influencing the primary characters upon which
genera and families are founded, and therefore of minor taxonomic
importance as compared with the great alteration in the superficial
appearance of the organism which results from it.

The Silurian form of the crinoid with coiled stem was first de-
scribed by Hall in 1852? under the name Myelodactylus, based upon
fragmentary specimens from the Rochester shale which he took to
be parts of arms. In 1873 Salter * described a British species show-
ing the true relation of the crown to the stem, for which he proposed
the name Herpetocrinus. Angelin in the Iconographia, 1878, de-
scribed three species from Gotland under Hall’s name; and in 1893
Bather, in the Crinoidea of Gotland (p. 36 and following), revised the
whole subject, redescribing Salter’s species, rejecting all of Angelin’s,
and adding three new ones of his own. He gave a full summary of
all the literature, together with a minute account of the morphology
of the stem, with elaborate illustrations which for beauty of execu-
tion and fulness of detail leave nothing to be desired. He adopted
Salter’s name Herpetocrinus, rejecting Hall’s Myelodactylus because
he thought it misleading and based upon incorrect interpretation of
the structure. In 1895, in an article in the American Geologist (vol.
16, p. 218) Doctor Bather again discussed Merpetocrinus in con-
nection with Brachiocrinus, another genus of Hall, which he rightly
considered to be of the same type, but which he also rejected because,
as in his first genus, Hall had mistaken his specimens for arm frag-
ments instead of stem.

Hall’s description of MMyelodactylus, however erroneously con-
ceived as to the nature of the specimens, was accompanied by good
figures, by which not only the generic type, but also the two species

3 Paleontology of New York, vol. 2, p. 191.
4 Catalog fossils in the Geological Museum, Cambridge, p. 118.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

which he described under it, may be readily recognized. Therefore
his name will have to stand, under the rules of nomenclature as now
interpreted. Inasmuch as in the type species of Herpetocrinus, H.
fletcheri, as redescribed by Bather, the composition of the calyx has
been definitely shown to be essentially that of the Heterocrinidae,
but with only four rays, while in at least one of the American spe-
cies it is now known to be somewhat different, it might be suggested
that Salter’s name should be retained, at least for that species. But
from the little we know of the crown it is probable that the Silurian
species in America are similarly deformed, and so the separation of
genera on this ground is problematic. Therefore I think it the safe
course, with our present knowledge, to treat all the species under the
name first published.

Six American species have been described: I. convolutus Hall
and M. brachiatus Hall, from the Rochester shale; 7. gorbyi S. A.
Miller, perhaps from the Waldron; M/. bridgeportensis S. A. Miller,
from the Racine dolomite; M. (Homyelodactylus) rotundatus
Foerste, from the Brassfield; M. (Brachiocrinus) nodosarius Hall,
from the Helderbergian. To these will be added two new species
from the Niagaran; also one from the Keyser, and one from the
Linden beds of the Lower Devonian. Furthermore, I have rec-
ognized from the American rocks of Niagaran age one of Doctor
Bather’s Gotland species of the equivalent Wenlockian, which also
occurs in England. From data.now available as to the occurrence
of these several species, it may be said that the Silurian type ranges
from the early Niagaran through most of its principal formations,
and continues into the Lower Devonian. It has not thus far been
recognized from the Middle or Upper Devonian, although a re-
markable modification of it is now known from the former horizon
and will be herein described, which is perhaps more nearly related
to the Lower Carboniferous phase of the coiled stem type.

Genus MYELODACTYLUS Hall

Plates 1-5

Myelodactylus HALL, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 191.
Herpetrocrinus BATHER, Crinoidea of Gotland, 1893, p. 36.
Silurian to Devonian.

Hall’s generic diagnosis, based on the idea that the coiled stem
was an arm, is of no service, but the form can be recognized from
the two species which he figured and described. With our present
Inowledge its characters may be stated as follows:

An Inadunate crinoid with coiled stem, which more or less com-
pletely envelops the crown. Stem in proximal region evolute, cir-
cular in section, composed of very thin uniform ossicles; in middle

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER a

and distal regions involute, enlarging, sometimes diminishing
again, bilaterally symmetric, elliptic or subcrescentric in section;
with two rows of jointed cirri along the margins or the back of the
bilateral part varying in arrangement, which may converge over
the closely coiled noncirriferous proximal portion like spokes of a
wheel. Crown of the type of the Heterocrinidae; without compound
radials, and rather resembling Jocrinus than Heterocrinus,; rays ir-
recular, more or less unequal in size, four or five in number; arms
dichotomous or slightly heterotomous. (Partly adapted from Bather
under Herpetocrinus.)

As observed by Bather,® the chief diagnostic characters within
the genus are furnished by the stem and its appendages. The
crown is rarely seen, and owing to pressure resulting from its in-
rolled habitus the calyx did not have the freedom to develop in the
usual way, and is therefore more or less deformed.

Except in the Devonian species, the crown is usually very slender
and elongate, so that it can lie along the grooved side of the stem,
between the two rows of cirri, without producing any swelling or
bulging to indicate its presence. In that condition it is impossible
to see anything beyond the general outline of the crown, and we are
therefore unable to analyze its composition. In the two cases in
which the full contour of the calyx has been seen, one a Silurian and
the other a Devonian species, the former has four rays and the latter
five. If this difference were known to be constant, it might furnish
ground for a subdivision of the genus. But in the presence of so
remarkable a specialization the crown was doubtless in a plastic con-
dition, and with the evidence we have, or are likely to obtain, there
seems to be no other course than to treat these variations as secondary
occurrences, incident to the cramped condition in which the crown
habitually grew, which necessarily produced more or less suppres-
sion or deformation of the parts subject to pressure.

On the other hand, the stem was a seat of activity unusual in the
stalked crinoids, and the cirri took on special functions analogous
to those of the comatulids—that is to say, they became active, per-
haps prehensile, organs, free to develop according to their condi-
tions; and their modifications, as in the comatulids, furnish impor-
tant characters for the discrimination of species. Bather suggests °
(p. 46) that these probably broke off any rooted attachment they
may have formed, and that they clung to corals or other objects by
their cirri—a mode of life that would furnish the stimulus for nu-
merous variations. This suggestion is reinforced by my observa-
tions, showing positively that in some species the stem was free
from any attachment whatever.

5 Crinoidea of Gotland, p. 45.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Eight or ten different plans of structure and arrangement of the:
cirri and columnals, some of them widely different, are seen in the
material thus far discovered, and in those cases where we are able
to test them in considerable numbers of specimens it is found that
they hold good with remarkable constancy.

The Silurian species of Europe and American fall into two groups
which are somewhat parallel; one in which the cirri, with many vari-
ations, are borne upon the margins formed by the two ends of the
crescentic or elliptic columnals, which is the most frequent condi-
tion, and the other in which they spring more or less from the back
of the stem. .

As usually found, we have for comparison only the coiled proxi-
mal or middle portion of the stem, the longer uncoiled or broadly
curved portion being only exceptionally recovered.

If we trace the course of the stem from the point where the slender
circular portion proximal to the calyx enlarges and changes to a
bilateral form with elliptic section, and the reverse curve begins
(regions 1 and 2 of Bather’s description), we find that the involute
curve usually proceeds for about one to one and a half coils, and
then the stem does one of two things; either 1, tapers off rapidly to
a narrow pointed end which clings rather closely to the preceding
coil; or 2, deviates from this course and goes off in an increasingly
wide curve (which sometimes becomes almost straight) for a con-
siderable distance, without any marked diminution in width, prob-
ably to a terminal of attachment. The first we call a “close coil,”
which in some species is all there is; and the second a “ loose coil”;
and when in the discussion of species measurement is given of the
diameter of coil, it means the same thing ui both types, namely, the
primary coil before the deviation into a broader curve. We can not
fix a very accurate limit for this distinction, but it serves a conven-
ient purpose in description. The “close coil” represents the unat-
tached form; the “loose coil” the form which may have been tem-
porarily or permanently attached by the stem to the sea bottom or to
other objects.

Genotype.—M yelodactylus convolutus Hall.

Distribution —Silurian to Lower Devonian; North America, Eng-
land, Sweden.

MYELODACTYLUS CONVOLUTUS Hall

Plate 1, figs. 1-8

Myelodactylus convoluius Hatt, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 192, pl. 45,
figs. 5a, 6, 6a—h.
Herpetocrinus convolutus, BATHER, Crinoidea of Gotland, 18938, p. 48, pl. 2,
figs. 50-53.
Coil close in proximal region; open and broadly convolute distai-
wards. Columnals very short, quadrangular and uniform. Cirri

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 9

numerous, flat, and closely apposed; regularly paired, one at each
side of successive columnals along greater part of stem.

This is one of two thoroughly distinct and well marked forms,
both described by Hall when proposing the genus, and illustrated by
good figures. It is the most widely distributed species, and the
farthest ranging. Bather has described a specimen of it from the
Wenlockian of Gotland; and in America specimens which can not
be distinguished from it in the condition as found occur in nearly all
the formations from the later Clinton through the greater part of
the Niagaran. Its range may thus be said to be almost coextensive
with the principal Silurian formations of Europe and America.

Hall’s type of the species was from the Rochester shale at Lock-
port, New York. It is rather rare at that locality, only four speci-
mens having been recognized in the abundant material I have from
the shales, and one from the underlying limestone of late Clinton
age. It has since been found to occur (or two forms indistinguishable
from it with our present knowledge) in the Brassfield formation of
the upper Clinton in Ohio; the Laurel limestone of Indiana; the
Racine dolomite of the Chicago area; and in a closely allied species
in the Brownsport limestone of the later Niagaran.

T am now able to illustrate the species more fully than was done
originally, showing the extent of the column distally, the distribu-
tion of the cirri along the greater part of its length, and some of
the slender, circular part leading to the calyx, of which we have
the crown partly visible in one specimen, but not enough to deter-
mine its structure. As shown by these specimens, the stem beyond
the close coil is quite long, and the cirri very narrow, flat and closely
packed, so that as seen from either side each columnal bears a cirrus.
In the large specimen (pl. 1, fig. 1) the stem extends for 12 cm.
beyond the close coil, in which it is 4 mm. wide, maintaining this
width to the incomplete distal end. In the St. Paul specimen (pl.
1, fig. 7) the stem is broken off where it was beginning to open a
short distance beyond the close coil, and it is of the full width cf
4 mm., which is probably maintained for a distance of at least 7 cm.
more. There are five other specimens from the St. Paul locality,
more or less fragmentary, and in all but one of them the convolutus
plan of cirri is constant.

The occurrence of this species in the Laurel limestone at St. Paul,
Indiana, is an excellent illustration of Foerste’s observation ® that
“students of the crinoidea are aware of the frequency with which
species occurring at St. Paul find their nearest relatives in the Wal-
dron, Brownsport, and Racine, many of them showing Gotlandian
affinities.”

° Ohio Journ. Sci., vol. 21, Dec. 1920, p. 64.
23832—26 2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

I also give for comparison (pl. 1) some figures of the type species
of Herpetocrinus, H. fletcheri, from the Wenlock limestone at
Dudley, England, including my own specimen which shows the
crown to consist of 4 rays’; also Salter’s type specimen in the
Geological Museum at Cambridge, England, with the crown ex-
posed on one side. In these, and in two other specimens in my col-
lection, the bead-like form of the slender cirri, which is the chief
distinctive character separating it from the closely related Amer-
ican species, is thoroughly shown. There is some irregularity in
their distribution, as is said by Bather ®; and I find more alternation
in successive columnals than his description indicates. H. fletcheri
occurs both in England and Gotland, and for a complete revised de-
scription see Bather’s work previously cited, especially his beautiful
figures on plate 2, and details of the stem structure on page 41.

Horizon and locality—Silurian, Rochester shale, and also the
later Clinton; Lockport, New York; Brassfield limestone, Xenia,
Ohio; Racine dolomite, Chicago; also the Wenlock limestone;
Dudley, England, and Gotland, Sweden.

MYELODACTYLUS BREVIS, new spccies
Plate 1, figs. 9, 9a

I figure under this name a solitary specimen from the Browns-
port formation of the late Niagaran, which agrees with MM. convolutus
in all the diagnostic characters of the columnals and cirri, but differs
in the extreme shortness of the stem, and the close coil. It lias no
distal extension whatever beyond the tightly rolled coil, as is shown
by the rapid taper, which is evidently very near the end. While
the specimen may be sporadic amid the great abundance of the pre-
valent species of that horizon, yet the agreement with the form from
the Rochester shale in the essentials of cirri structure is so complete
that it can hardly be ignored, while at the same time the close coil,
terminating in a point, is shown by abundant material in another
form to be a good specific character.

Horizon and locality —Silurian, Brownsport formation; Decatur
county, ‘Tennessee.

fYELODACTYLUS AMMONIS (Bather)
Plate 2, figs. 1-9
Lerpetocrinus dimmonis BATHER, Crinoidea of Gotland, 1898, p. 49, pl. 2, figs.
54-63.
Coil very close, stem short, extending but little beyond the prox-
imal part of the involute coil; wide in the middle region and taper-
ing to a point at the distal end. Cirri numerous, short, flat and

"Mentioned by Bather in Crinoidea of Gotland, p. 182, under fig. 38.
*Crinoidea of Gotland, p. 46.

art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER val

closely apposed; either regularly paired on alternate columnals,
or regularly alternating, one from the broad end of successive
columnals. Crown usually concealed by the coil; its detailed struc-
ture unknown.

Among the collections made for me by Professor Pate in the
Brownsport formation of Decatur county, Tennessee, are upwards of
tifty specimens belonging to this genus. With a solitary exception
they all have alternating columnals according to one of two plans:
either 1, long, hourglass-shaped ossicles as seen from the inner side,
with a cirrus at each end and a shorter, lenticular, non-cirriferous
ossicle interposed; or 2, uniform wedge-shaped ossicles, with a
cirrus springing only from the broad end of each. The cirri are in
close contact, short, tapering rapidly, when intact meeting at the
center of the coil, or slightly overlapping at the smaller ends—thus
filling the entire visible space with a conspicious convergent struc-
ture. Seen from either side, there is one cirrus for every two
columnals. The difference between this form and d/. convolutus is
readily apparent. The latter has twice as many cirri, which are
relatively only half as wide, as the former. In the exception above
ruentioned the specimen differs so decisively in structure that I have
separated it as A/. brevis.

These specimens fall into two categories: 1, with a short stem,
closely coiled, the distal end tapering while still in contact with the
coil, thus indicating that it did not extend much farther, and in
fact, when not broken off, narrowing to a point; 2, with stem much
elongated, extending by broad curves beyond the small proximal coil,
without noticeable dimunition in width to near the distal end—
sometimes becoming almost straight. This difference is not due to
age, for both large and small individuals have an open coil, while
those that are closely coiled are sometimes quite robust, although
generally smaller than the former.

These forms constitute two well marked subdivisions of the type
under consideration, each numerously represented among the mate-
rial from the Decatur County area. In a few specimens where the
stem is broken off close to the proximal region of the coil the identi-
fication is uncertain, but in most cases one can determine from the
condition at the point of fracture whether the stem is beginning to
taper distalward or not; and the two structures impart a certain
superficial aspect by which, when once understood, the forms are
readily recognized. In specimens which are nearly complete the
difference is apparent at a glance.

Each of these divisions includes specimens with both types of
columnals as above described, which I have been unable to correlate
with any other character for a further and desirable subdivision.
Bather, when describing his 77. ammonis, recognized two varicties

1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

based upon these characters, which he called bijugicirrus, with the
hourglass-shaped, and alternicirrus, with the wedge-shaped, ossicles.
He did not think it advisable to separate them as species, because he
found the structures somewhat intermingled in his principal type
specimen, and also in view of the practical difficulty of distinguishing
them owing to the fact that the stem in both varieties, as seen from
the outer curve, and also from the side, presents the same appearance,
it being usually only on the inner curve that any difference is appar-
ent. I have found the same difficulty, and among the numerous
specimens now in hand there are several, otherwise well preserved,
which I should be unable to identify upon this character alone. The
intermingling of the two varieties is well shown on plates 2 and 38,
and in one fragment from St. Paul (pl. 3, fig. 12) both are seen to
exist in the same specimen.

Out of 22 specimens of this species in which the form of the col-
umnals can be readily observed, 13 are of the variety bijugicirrus
and 9 of variety alternicirrus. And among 21 specimens of the
species with the loose coil, M/. eatensus, 7 are of variety bijugicirrus,
and 14 of variety alternicirrus. ‘Thus while the two characters are
so intermingled as to preclude the basing of species upon them, yet
on the strength of preponderance in numbers the evidence of these
varieties may be considered as confirmatory of the separation of the
two species which we have made upon other grounds.

I have referred the close coiled form to JZ. (77.) ammonis, on the
strength not only of Bather’s statement in the specific diagnosis, but
of the measurements which he gives on page 50, showing the diminu-
tion in width of the stem in a distal direction, and of his figure 56
on plate 2, which bears a striking resemblance to many of my speci-
mens. For the form with the loose, extended coil I am proposing
the new species, Jf. extensus. From the evidence of specimens which
I have from Dudley, I judge that the two types with the close and
open coil exist among the English forms also.

The recognition of this Swedish and English species in the Amer-
ican rocks a equivalent age adds another fact to the evidence of the
close relationship pee the Silurian faunas of the two regions.

As a rule the specimens are tightly inrolled, so that the cirri are
usually better preserved than in the open coiled form. They have
a very compact, robust, and well-rounded appearance. The stem
swells from the proximal region to a considerable width (often wider
than in open coiled specimens of much greater length) at about mid-
way of the exposed part, and from there diminishes to a narrow point
at the distal end, which is just beyond the last contact with the pre-
ceeding coil (pl. 2, fig. 3a). Usually this narrow terminal is broken
off, but it is present in several specimens (pl. 2, various figures) ;

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 13

even when detached the taper in width of the stem for some dis-
tance back is plain to the eye. The diminution is decisively shown
by measurements. In six specimens having the stem complete to the
narrow distal end, with diameters of coil from 20 mm. down to 12
mm., the diminution from the widest median part to the distal end
is from 5—5+44—3—2.5 mm. down to 1 mm. or less; whereas in
the five largest specimens of the open-coiled form, with diameters
in the corresponding part of the coil of from 24 to 14 mm., the aver-
age maximum width is 3 mm., only reaching 4 mm. in one case; and
this width is in most cases maintained with but little diminution so far
as the stem is preserved. In the largest specimen, with stem extend-
ing about 8 cm. beyond the coil, the width is still 3 mm. at the in-
complete distal end. In one of the six close-coiled specimens above
mentioned, having diameters of 12 and 14 mm., the distal portion
diminishes in width from 4 mm. to a point in a distance of only two
and a half times its maximum width.

In the present species the involute, or bilateral, portion of the stem
is limited to about one and a half convolutions with diameters rang-
ing from 9 mm. to a maximum of 24 mm., while in the open-coiled
form there may be one or two more loose coils, with the stem ex-
tending still farther in a broad curve, or nearly straight.

In many of the specimens the two outer longitudinal sutures, rem-
nants of the primitive five by which the stem was originally divided,
are very prominent (pl. 2, fig. 2a), and the stem between them is
often raised into a rounded ridge, as mentioned by Bather under
H. ammonis.®

There is no doubt that this form, with its abbreviated and root-
less stem, led a free life; whereas it is probable that the other form,
with elongate stem, was sessile, temporarily or permanently.

In addition to the specimens from the Decatur County area, I
have about an equal number from the Waldron shale at Newsom,
Tenn., which I am unable to distinguish from them by any characters
disclosed in the fossils, and which have a remarkable uniformity in
the characters above desscribed. Hence notwithstanding the dif-
ference in horizon, they will with our present knowledge have to be
referred to the same species. So far as observed, the form with the
open coil does not occur at the Waldron locality.

This description is based upon about forty specimens, almost
equally divided between the two localities.

Horizon and locality.—Silurian, Brownsport formation; Decatur
County, Tennessee; and Waldron shale, at Newsom, Tennessee. A
small fragment from St. Paul, Indiana, shows that this or the fol-

® Crinoidea of Gotland, p. 51.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

lowing species exists also in the Laurel formation; it has the clrri
paired on alternate columnals, the cirriferous ossicles having an
hour-glass shape as seen from the inner side of the curve, with a
shorter, lenticular one between them (pl. 2, fig. 5). Also Wenlockian,
Gotland, Sweden, and probably Dudley, England.

MYELODACTYLUS EXTENSUS, new species
Plate 3, figs. 1-18a

Like M. ammonis, except that the coil is open beyond the proximal
region; stem elongate and extended for a considerable distance in a
broad curve toward the distal end.

This species, differing from the preceding only in the extent and
mode of termination of the stem, is represented by a series of about
30 specimens, which for the most part are considerably the largest
of the two. In diameter of the corresponding coil they range from
12 mm. to 30 mm., to which must be added the extension of the stem
after deviating from the coil. In one specimen with the close coil
about 25 mm. in diameter the total length of the bilateral part of the
stem is about 16 cm., of which more than half lies beyond the region
of the coil, without reaching the distal end, and with but little
diminution; and it is almost straight (pl. 3, fig. i). In another, in
which the coil is loosely maintained in large curves, the stem is
preserved to near the distal end, where it seems to terminate in some
small radicular cirri (pl. 3, fig. 3). Another specimen has a close
coil of 12 mm., from which it opens in a broad coil for one and a
half whorls more for about 12 cm., maintaining a width of about
3.5 mm. to near the distal end, where it diminishes to 2.5 mm. (pl. 8,
fig. 5). Another, not figured, has the stem extended beyond the
point of deviation for a distance of 12 cm. and is still large, having
diminished in width from 5 mm. in the median part to4mm. Besides
the other specimens with long extension shown on the plate, there
are three more with incomplete extended part from 4 to 6 cm. long,
with little or no diminution, thus giving ten specimens in which this
character is strongly emphasized, in contrast to the still greater
number belonging to M. ammonis in which the stem is restricted to
the close coil with its pointed distal end. The small size in which
this form also occurs is shown by figures 10 and 11 of plate 3.

The open coiled form would seem to be favorable for the discovery
of the crown; and in view of the fine preservation of many of the
specimens from the Decatur county locality I fully expected to find
it. But after diligent search I was only able to uncover it, in
imperfect condition, in a few specimens, not well enough preserved
to show the composition of the calyx. I then tried grinding, and

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER dG)

after several failures succeeded in getting a polished section giving
the outline of the crown. All that it shows is that the arms are
long and extremely slender, with calyx evidently of the heterocrinid
type (pl. 3, fig. 7). To judge by the space it occupies this crown
may have only four rays.

On plate 9, figure 10, there is a picture of a round stem spirally
coiled and tightly wound about another crinoid stem, without any
trace of bilateralism. It is shown here in order to caution observers
against being misled by a superficial resemblance, in view of the fact
that coiled stem fragments like this, attached to other objects, are not
uncommon in the same Silurian formation of Tennessee which con-
tains species of A/yelodactylus herein described. Such a piece was
figured by Roemer in Silurian Fauna des Westlichen Tennessee, 1860
(pl. 4, figs. 11a, 6, c) and discussed on page 57. These spiral stems
have not been found in connection with the corresponding crown or
calyx. But this form has nothing whatever to do with the bilateral
stem of Myelodactylus, and belongs to some entirely different group.

These two kinds of stem have formed the subject of an elaborate
paper by Dr. K. Ehrenberg upon Coiled Stems in the Pelmatozoa
and their relation to Sessility,!? which only came to my attention
after the present memoir was nearly completed. In it he refers to
another paper devoted especially to Herpetocrinus soon to appear,
but which I have not seen.

Doctor Ehrenberg divides the crinoids with coiled stem into two
general types, the first with nonbilateral stem in which the coiling
is more or less limited to the distal part—which would be lke the
specimens above mentioned; and the second in which the stem is
bilateral, and coiled throughout its entire length, such as A/yelodac-
tylus (Herpetocrinus as he prefers to call it) and similar forms.
The first type, being capable of attachment by its coiled distal end to
other objects, he considers to be adapted to a sessile mode of life.
In the second, where the coiling involves the entire stem, and the
crown is enveloped within it, there is no indication of sessility, but
it had a vagrant, pelagic habitus, somewhat like that of the Ammon-
ites. In each type the coiling must be viewed as an adaptation to its
particular mode of life.

I do not here attempt to follow the author’s discussion of the
origin of the coiled stem, and its bearing upon the phylogeny of the
Pelmatozoa, but I hope the new facts now being brought out may
throw further light upon that phase of the subject.

Horizon and locality —Silurian, Brownsport formation of the late
Niagaran; Decatur County, Tennessee.

10 Acta Zoologica, Vienna, 1922, vol. 3, p. 271, and following.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

MYELODACTYLUS BRIDGEPORTENSIS S. A. Miller

Myelodactylus bridgeportensis, 5S. A. Miter, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
sec. 2, vol. 3, 1880, p. 141, pl. 4, figs. 2a—e.

MYELODACTYLUS GORBYI S. A. Miller

Myclodactylus gorbyi, S. A. Mitier, 17th Rep. Geol. Sury. Indiana, 1891,.
Dei2 pla 2 nhesh OM.

When describing these species Mr. Miller still clung to the idea
that they represented the arms of a crinoid, and his statements there-
fore throw no light upon their specific characters. Both were de-
scribed from rather poor material, but under the first one, from
the Racine dolomite of the Chicago area, there is enough detail in
the figures to show that it is of the type of J. convolutus, having
paired cirri on every columnal; and, so far as appears from the speci-
mens, it should be referred to that species. As to the second species,
M. gorbyi, said to be from the Niagara limestone near Nashville,
Tennessee, the single small type specimen as figured shows no diag-
nostic character whatever. Nor is there any information to indicate
its exact horizon—there being more than one Niagara formation in
the vicinity of Nashville. It possibly was from Newsom, which is
in that vicinity, but whether it belongs to the same species as the:
specimens from that locality siemirin ea under JM. ammonis, can not
be ascertained from the figure or ceser pion, and the location of the
type is unknown.

MYELODACTYLUS ROTUNDATUS (Foerste)

Homyelodactylus rotundatus Forrstr, Bull. 19, Sei. Lab. Denison Univ.,
Dp: 19; ple ne 8) ple 25 fey a:

Under the name Homyelodactylus Foerste has described a speci-
men from the Brassfield formation of Ohio, equivalent to the late:
Clinton, which has all the characters of M. convolutus. As already
stated, this species occurs both in its typical horizon, the Rochester
shale, and the underlying Clinton limestone at Lockport, and there-
fore may well be expected in the Brassfield.

MYELODACTYLUS BRACHIATUS Hall
Plate 4, figs. 1-10

Myelodactylus brachiatus Hai, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 282, pl. 45,.
figs. Ta-e.
Herpetocrinus brachiatus, BATHER, Crinoidea of Gotland, 1893, p. 46.

Coil open; circular part of stem very long and slender. Cirri
few, round, limited to the distal region, and branching; springing
alternately from the back of the stem at intervals of several col-

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER De

umnals. Crown small, superficially resembling Jocrinus, but calyx
elements not fully known.

Hall’s description has scarcely anything of diagnostic value, be-
ing based, like that of convolutus, upon the idea that the fossils be-
fore him were the arms of a crinoid. But his figures clearly show
the important fact that the cirri are few, originating at alternate
intervals from the back of the stem. These characters enable us
readily to identify the prevalent form of the genus occurring in the
Rochester shale at Lockport, New York. I have upwards of seventy
specimens, assembled from the extensive collection of Doctor Ringue-
berg, and the fruits of three seasons’ work in the shales at Lockport
by Frederick Braun. This material brings out the further remark-
able fact, unknown to Hall, that the cirri are branching—a charac-
ter which I believe to be hitherto unknown in any crinoid, fossil or
recent, except in cases where the cirri belong strictly to the root.™

This fact emphasizes the broad distinction between the two
original species from the type locality, the characters of J/. con-
volutus being in strong contrast to those of Af. brachiatus in almost
every particular. Instead of the cirri being short, flat, numerous,
and extending well toward the proximal region, as in the former
species, here there are but few of them, at intervals of several
columnals, springing from the back instead of the lateral margins,
and restricted to the distal region of the stem. But what they lack
in number they make up in size. Notwithstanding the fine preserva-
tion of many of the specimens, in which the strong, round cirri
are present to the extent of several branches, it is doubtful if we
have the cirri preserved to their full length in any of them. But. it
is evident that in many cases—perhaps always—they exceeded in
length the entire elliptic or crescentic portion of the stem, so that
with their numerous branches they formed a complete fringe, by
which when retracted by its slender neck the crown was surrounded
without being closely infolded as in convolutus and species of
similar type We have the stem preserved to the distal end, where
it becomes round and tapers rapidly to a point.

Among the material obtained by Braun during his campaigns
at Lockport in the years 1910, 1911, and 1914, were a number of
specimens in which the thick distal and median portion of the stem
was seen imbedded in a fine-grained matrix favorable for prepara-
tion. Upon carefully following this up, I came first to the slender

1A figure in Goldfuss (Petrof. Germ., vol. 1, 1829, p. 190, pl. 58, T. fig. 7, Z), under
the heading of Cyathocrinus pinnatus Goldfuss, of a fragment from the Devonian of the
Rheinland, seems to show a coiled bilateral stem, with two marginal rows of cirri, which
fork at a distance of several ossicles from the stem. There is nothing to indicate its rela-
tion to other forms, not even to the other fragments figured under the same name; and it
may be an arm trunk of some Melocrinid.

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

neck forming the round part, which proved to be unexpectedly long,
and after executing a doubly reversed curve passed out of the coil
and finally terminated at the crown, which thus assumed an erect
position. It is small and fragile, and while the arms are preserved
to nearly their full length the structure of the calyx can not be fully
made out, so that beyond its /ocrinus-like appearance not much
can be said about it. Encouraged by this favorable beginning in
the new material, expectation was aroused that we should soon
have the desired information as to its exact structure. The second
specimen investigated followed the same course as the first until the
slender neck of the stem turned outward from the coil, and then it
suddenly came to an end, broken squarely off, with the crown absent
And although I worked every specimen, thirty-four in number, in
which the favorable condition appeared, the same result followed.
In every one of them the crown was gone—snapped off at time of
death. This form must have been peculiarly sensitive to disturbance
or change of conditions, causing it to cast off the crown, as certain
existing crinoids cast off their arms on being brought to the surface.

Conformably to the habitus thus described, I do not find in this
species the close coiling of the stem in the proximal region as in the
other species. The contrast in thickness between this part of the
stem and that lower down is very great. The broad curve in the
latter part is always conspicuous, terminating when sufficiently pre-
served to show it in a pointed end. ~

In a maximum specimen the diameter of the coil is 15 mm.; length
of stem from coil to distal end is 30 mm.; and of the part included
in the coil about 35 mm., to which must be added that of the circular
part, 20 mm., making the total length of stem 10 cm. Width of stem
in middle region 4 mm., in circular proximal part 1 mm. Length
of an upper cirrus, branching four times, 2.5 cm.; lower cirri, not
fully preserved, undoubtedly much longer. Maximum number of
cirri about 12 or 18, at intervals of about 6 or 7 columnals between
the cirri at each side. The columnals are quadrangular, very short,
and of uniform length, about .5 to .8 mm. The diameter of an
average cirrus at its base is 1.5 mm., so that its socket may abut
upon 2 or 3 columnals. Minimum specimens may have a diameter
of coil of 7 mm. or less, with other dimensions in proportion.

This species is comparable to Herpetocrinus flabellicirrus Bather,
from Gotland, in the fact that the cirri spring from the back of the
stem and are confined to the distal region, but in no other important
character. In the Gotland species, instead of single cirri at in-
tervals, there are large cirri separated by several columnals bearing
successively diminishing cirri, arranged so as to form a fan-like
cluster. Compare Bather’s figure 68 of plate 2, with figure 5 of plate
4 herein.

arr 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 19

Horizon and locality—Silurian, Rochester shale; Lockport, New
York, where it is one of the leading crinoid species. No trace of
it has been seen in other horizons in which the genus occurs.

MYELODACTYLUS KEYSERENSIS, new species
Plate 6, figs. 1-3

Coil open, with stem diminishing but little distalwards. Cuirri
numerous, long, slender, closely apposed, slightly rounded but not
moniliform; mostly paired on successive columnals. Crown large,
with long arms branching repeatedly; its bulk producing a notice-
able swelling of the two rows of closely packed cirri inclosing it.
Rays 5, irregular, of the Jocrinus type, the anal tube borne on the
left shoulder of r. post. Rs.

This species differs from all Silurian forms in the conspicuous
bulging caused by the large size of the crown. I have nine specimens
from the Keyser beds, in all of which the presence of the crown is
indicated by this feature. In size, shape, and distribution of the
cirri this form does not differ essentially from M/. convolutus, but
the bulkiness of the crown differentiates the two readily.

In two of the specimens the crown is well exposed, so that its com-
position may be studied. The swelling is not due to the calyx, but
appears in the arm region, leading to the inference that it is caused
by an inflated anal tube or sac, such as occurs in Ohdocrinus, and,
though rarely seen, in Anomalocrinus. The rays differ greatly in
size in the one specimen in which they can be fully observed (pl. 6
figs. 1-le); 7. post. and r. ant. being narrow, the other three much
wider; 7. ant. the widest of all, and branching higher up than the
others. The difference in the development of the rays is connected
with their relative position in the curvature of the crown. The
largest one, 7. ant., being at the outside of the curve, was freest to
develop and filled the greatest space; whereas 7. post. and r. ant.
were much cramped at the inner side of the curve, compressed, and
dwarfed in their growth, especially 7. ant., which does not branch
at all. The first bifurcation in the others is at different heights,
and beyond that the arms branch five or six times to very fine finials.

In the two largest specimens, having diameters at the close coil of
about 80 mm., the stems extend for 5 and 6 em. beyond that, and are
4.5 and 5.5 mm. in width, without noticeable diminution; in these
the thickness of the swollen part is 6 and 12.5 mm. respectively,
being thus about double the width of the stems. In another large
incomplete specimen the swelling is 15 mm. thick (pl. 6. fig. 3); and
a smaller specimen, with a coil 18 mm. in diameter, has the swelling
enlarged to 15 mm.

Horizon and locality—Lower Devonian, Helderbergian, Keyser
formation; Keyser, West Virginia.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

MYELODACTYLUS NODOSARIUS (Hall)
Plate 5, figs. 1-8.

Brachiocrinus nodosarius Hatt, Pal. New York, vol. 3, 1859, p. 118, pl. 5,
figs: 0; Gris. Dl. Genes. oS:

Herpetocrinus nodosarius, BATHER, Amer. Geol., vol. 16, 1895, pp. 213, 217.—
Brachiocrinus (Herpetocrinus) nodosarius, TALBor, Amer, Journ. Sci.,
20, 1905, p. 832.—Brachiocrinus nodosarius, Kirk, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 41, 1911, p. 48—Brachiocrinus nodosarius, GoLpRING, Devonian
Crinoids of New York, 1924, p. 382, pl. 41, figs. 1-4.

Coil open. Stem elongate, extending without sensible diminu-
tion considerably beyond the coil, terminating in a bulbous enlarge-
ment; columnals short, uniform. Cirri few, short and thick, com-
posed of a few rounded cirrals; moniliform, thickest about the mid-
dle, where their diameter often exceeds that of the stem from which
they spring; alternating, at intervals of usually 1 to 5 columnals.

The most remarkable thing about this Lower Devonian form is the
ponderous character of its rounded, bead-like, doubly tapering cirri.
In this respect it evolved an unparalleled modification, for in ne
other known crinoid are the cirri thicker than the stem on which
they are borne. Here they are often very much thicker. In three
specimens with stems 3 mm. wide many of the cirri are 4 mm. in
width; and in all the ten specimens in hand the cirri are nearly all
as thick as, or thicker than, the stem. There is considerable irregu-
larity in the size of the cirri, and one gets the impression of hyper-
trophy due to some unusual stimulus,

Some are decidedly swollen in the middle, increasing in size for a
few ossicles, and then diminish to sharp extremities. Some are about
equal throughout, and often both kinds are seen in the same speci-
men; usually the first cirral is shorter than those directly following
it. The cirri originate along the curved outer margins of the modi-
fied stem, alternately at the longer face of successive cuneate col-
umnals, giving them often the appearance of being opposite, and in
pairs. Beginning at the distal end of the stem, the first few cirri
are in close contact, but higher up they are separated by increasing
intervals of one to five columnals, which are short and equal. Oc-
casionally the two cirrus-bearing columnals are fused.

The cirri are few in number, not exceeding eight to ten pairs in
the longest stems observed, which are 5 to 10 em. in length, without
being complete. One of these is almost straight for its entire
length. The proximal part of the stem, and also the crown, are un-
known.

Another character wherein this form is unique among its con-
geners is that the distal end of the stem terminates in a rounded con-
dyle having the appearance of a secondary growth after fracture of

anv 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER rea |

the stem from its original attachment. This is not a mere casual
occurrence; in seven specimens, with the distal end preserved, six
have a bulbous termination, and the seventh is irregularly enlarged,
followed by a short tapering appendix.

The only other known species possessing medially swollen cirri is
H. flabellicirrus Bather, from Gotland, in which they are thickly
crowded, in fan-like clusters, and originate at the back side of the

The material available for this investigation consists of eight spec-
imens in the New York Museum at Albany, most obligingly loaned
me by Dr. John M. Clarke, in which are included two of Hall’s
types. In addition to these I have had the use of some fragments
from a different locality showing the full rotundity of the bulbous
distal end, for which I am indebted to the courtesy of Prof. Charles
Schuchert of the Yale University Museum. The other specimens
figured by Hall I have not been able to locate. One of them‘ has
about 10 cm. of the stem, with the curvature toward the proximal
coil well shown, but not, however, either the proximal or distal end.

I see no reason to doubt the conclusion reached by Bather in his
discussion of 1895 that, this species is congeneric with those which he
referred to Herpetocrinus. The difference from the typical forms
in the character of the cirri is of course very great, but not relatively
more than that of some of the other species, such as fabellicirrus or
brachiatus, while the general type of stem construction remains the
same.

Horizon and locality-—Lower Devonian, Helderbergian, New
Scotland formation; Schoharie, and Helderberg Mountains in Al-
bany County, New York.

MYELODACTYLUS SCHUCHERTI, new species
Plate 5, figs. 9-9e.

Coil apparently of the close variety; circular part of stem long,
and relatively thick. Cirri round, short, tapering, somewhat irregu-
lar in size, paired on successive columnals, which in the cirrus-
bearing part are uniformly quadrangular, with straight sides. Crown
unknown.

Diameter of coil as preserved about 15 mm. Length of main or
crescentic portion of stem remaining about 40 mm.; length of
columnals in that part average 0.5 mm.; width at place of fracture
4 mm., diminishing to 3 mm. in the curve next to the neck, and
then to 2 mm. in the proximal neck, which, as far as preserved, is

2 Paleontology of New York, vol. 3, pl. 5, fig. 5; pl. 6, fig. 1.
13 Idem, pl. 5, fig. 7.

29, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

20 mm. long. Columnals in circular neck average .17 mm. long,
except where increased by coalescing to twice that length.

This species is of interest as giving us an additional Devonian
representative. It is founded upon a single specimen, in excellent
preservation as to some details, but unfortunately broken so that
both the distal and proximal portions are wanting. The arrange-
ment of cirri is upon the plan of MW. convolutus, but they are rela-
tively shorter and coarser. The most striking characters are the
robustness of the proximal neck, which is about half the diameter of °
the main stem in the next adjoining coil, and the peculiar distribu-
tion of the columnals of which it is composed. These are extremely
thin throughout, about .17 mm. on the outer side of the curve, but
in the portion of the neck which is proximal to the calyx, they seem
to become coalesced at either side so as to form for every two ossicles
a single one of double their length. Thus in a side view the colum-
nals here are about .35 mm. in length at the bottom, and when seen
from the top one of the ossicles takes on a lenticular form. At some
point between this part, which is that freely exposed in the figures,
and that where the reversed curve begins, this doubling in length
of columnals seems to disappear, so that it is not continuous for the
whole of the neck. The ends of the enlarged columnals, and the
form of the lenticular ossicle between them, have nearly the appear-
ance of those in the variety bijugicirrus, but in fact they have no
facets and bear no relation whatever to cirri. I am unable to give
any explanation of this singular structure, which is a very definite
one, as shown by the detailed drawings.

The species is named in honor of Prof. Charles Schuchert, by
whom the unique type was collected many years ago in the course of
researches upon the Helderbergian formations of Tennessee.

Horizon and locality —Helderbergian, Linden formation; Benton
county, Tennessee.

AMMONICRINUS, new genus
Plate 6

Of the type of Myclodactylus in having the crown enveloped by
a coiled bilateral stem; but without jointed cirri, their place being
taken by unarticulated solid processes projecting from the two horns
of the crescentic columnals; and with calyx of Camerate type.

Genotype.—Ammonicrinus wanneri, new species.

Distribution —Middle Devonian; Eifel, Germany.

AMMONICRINUS WANNERI, new species
Plate 6, figs. 4-6

I have proposed this genus and species upon the evidence of two

very perfect specimens and some fragments from the Middle De-

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 23

vonian of the Eifel, which have been in my possession for many
years, but hitherto undescribed because I was uncertain of their
affinities. With the present study of this group it seemed probable
that these curious fossils belonged here, although they resemble
nothing in the crinoid line that has ever been seen before. Their
superficial appearance is that of a coiled shell; but that idea was
excluded by the fact that they have a jointed structure, and are
built up of movable segments, coordinated by an axial nerve cord
lodged in a canal which perforates the coil longitudinally, thus en-
-abling it to open and close. Their systematic relation with the group
now under consideration was definitely established when upon re-
moving the projecting processes from the segments on one side there
was disclosed the calyx of a crinoid tightly enveloped within the coil.

The extreme width of the segments forming the enclosing struc-
ture, in proportion to the diameter of the coil, seemed to preclude
any analogy with the stem of a crinoid; but the facts as brought
forth by the investigation show conclusively that it can not be any-
thing else. They disclose a specialization which amounts almost to
a freak, furnishing a fresh exemplification of the truth that in na-
ture any modification of an organism may be expected which is not
a mechanical impossibility.

A few measurements will show to what an extreme the modifica-
tion in this form has gone. The coil is tightly closed in both speci-
mens, with the distal end closely adherent and tapering rapidly to
a point. It is more or less elliptic in both, with: long and short diam-
eters, respectively, of 18-22 and 15-16 mm. It is composed of rela-
tively few segments, or columnals, which are of great width and
thickness, and project on the perimeter of the curve in strong ridges,
like cogs upon a wheel. In the smaller specimen there are 20 colum-
nals on the exposed surface, a distance of about 50 mm., and in
the larger one 24 columnals in a distance of 62 mm. Thus the colum-
nals are about 2.5 mm. in thickness, or length longitudinal to the
curve, at the exterior. In coils of Myelodactylus ammonis of like
diameter there would be about 70 and 85 columnals for correspond-
ing lengths of curve.

The width of the columnals is still more extraordinary as com-
pared with those of any similar form. In the region of greatest
width in the two specimens they are respectively 10 and 12 mm.
wide. That is to say, this over-developed or hypertrophied coiled
stem has a width exceeding half the diameter of the coil. We are
accustomed to think of the stem of a crinoid as a much elongated
structure, but here we have a stem of which the width is about one
sixth of its possible length.

The most remarkable thing about the organism, however, is the
marginal appendages, which occupy at either end of the segments

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

the same position as the cirri in Myelodactylus. They are relatively
of fair length, 5 to 11 mm., and somewhat irregular in shape, al-
though mostly tapering to a point. Upon the most careful examina-
tion I am unable to find any sign of articulation, sutural division
into cirrals, or of any organic structure; yet from the manner in
which they overlap toward the center, these appendages must have
had a certain amount of flexibility, to adapt themselves to the move-
ments of the segments when inrolling. That there was ample facility
for movement of this kind among the segments is clearly shown
by their crenellated edges and strong beveling at the back in the
two principal specimens, and by the presence of a fulcral ridge and
fossae for muscles and ligaments as shown in the isolated ossicles.
The axial nerve canal by which they are perforated extends to the
last of the rapidly narrowing columnals, which are preserved in one
specimen almost to the very end, and is also seen in the fragments.

It does not seem possible that articulations and intercirral sutures
existing in life could have been completely obliterated in these fos-
sils, which are unusually perfect and well preserved; but of course if
the appendages should prove to be jointed structures the generic posi-
tion might depend upon the calyx, as there would be no essential
character discoverable to separate it by the stem alone from M/yelo-
dactylus or from Camptocrinus.

As to the crown, which has been partially exposed by cutting
away the appendages at one side, I am unable to ascertain the de-
tails of its construction. The calyx is strong and thick, and prob-
ably belongs to the Camerata—perhaps to some form of the Hexa-
crinidae, which take on many strange modifications. There is a
suggestion of Arthracantha in the remnants of calyx and arms which
are seen.

In general form this species is to be compared with Myelodactylus
ammonis, which has a similarly short coil, wide, and narrowly ter-
minated, and in some specimens of which the maximum width of the
stem is equal to one-third the diameter of the coil. Both were un-
doubtedly free, this one completely so, as it is hard to see how the
apparently functionless appendages could have served for clinging
to other objects.

From the little we can see of the crown, which bears no re-
semblance to that of the Heterocrinidae, there seems to be no reason
to regard this strangely modified form as the end of the Myelo-
dactylus series. My guess would be that it belongs to the Camerata,
and might be regarded as the beginning of the Camptocrinus series.
From the singular way in which the Carboniferous genus Dichocrinus
adapts itself to some very broad modifications in the structure of
stem, arms, and other appendages, it might reasonably be supposed

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 25

that the prolific genus Zevacrinus among Devonian crinoids would
do something of the same kind.

This remarkable species is named in honor of Prof. Johannes
Wanner, of the University of Bonn, an ardent student of the crinoids,
whose works upon the Echinoderms of the island of Timor have
brought to light one of the most extraordinary crinoidal faunas ever
discovered.

Horizon and locality Middle Devonian, Eifel limestone; Prim,
Eifel, Germany.

CAMPTOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer
Plates 7, 8

Camptocrinus WacusMuTH and Sprincer, North American Crinoidea
Camerata, 1897, p. 779. Mississippian; Burlington to Chester.

Camptocrinus is simply a Dichocrinus with a coiled bilateral stem ;
or it might be called a Myelodactylus with a Camerate crown. It
is the Carboniferous representative of the type under consideration.
Whatever may have been the origin of this extreme stem modifica-
tion, it developed independently in the two orders of the Crinoidea,
without the slightest evidence of any evolutionary connection be-
tween the two genera in which it appeared, and then reappeared
after the long time interval from the Lower Devonian to the Lower
Carboniferous.

The genus Dichocrinus was peculiarly susceptible to secondary
modifications upon a primitive type, and underwent a number of
striking changes involving the stem and arms. The stem especially
was in a plastic condition, yielding a variety of modifications in ad-
dition to that of the bilateral, coiled feature, which were not cor-
related with any material changes in the structure of the crown.
Usually the stem is without cirri (pl. 11, fig. 4), but in some of the
later forms ordinary cirri are present, in whorls along the greater
part of the stem. I have some excellent specimens showing this. In
one species the cirri are developed in numerous crowded whorls,
limited to the upper part of the stem, and rising far beyond the
height of the calyx and arms (pl. 11, fig. 7).

144There is even some ground for suspecting that the mysterious Hdriocrinus might be
an offshoot from the Hexacrinidae. The calyx is fundamentally similar—five strong
radials, with a large anal plate of similar form interposed in line with them. As it is
now known to be a monocyclic crinoid with four basals (Springer, Crinoidea Plexibilia,
1920, p. 448), the analogy in this respect also is not so very remote. The Hexacrinidae
include forms with two and with three basals, why not four? The secondary modification
of the base by way of fused basals, often directly fixed without a stem, thought to be a
result of reef life in shallow waters, reappears in different geological epochs down to the
present time, in wholly unrelated forms; and there is no reason a priori why it may not
have occurred independently in the Hexacrinidae.

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

The arrangement of columnals varies from uniformly short
throughout to alternation with longer ones on different plans. The
arms vary from 10, the usual number, to 20, 30, and 40; from uni-
serial to biserial; and from dichotomous to a heterotomous arrange-
ment. ‘They also in some species take on a recumbent habitus—a
modification which occurs independently among the Rhodocrinidae,
Melocrinidae, Batocrinidae and Platycrinidae. A reduction of
primibrachs to a single small axillary plate forms the genus 7'alaro-
crinus, with the calyx elements otherwise similar to Dichocrinus, but
with incipient changes in the tegmen by the enlargement of the axil-
lary ambulacral, or radial dome plate, which when developed into
huge wing-like processes produces the remarkable specialization of
Pterotocrinus.

Finally the calyx itself begins to add a new element, in the form
of additional rings of plates between basals and radials, leading to
the extraordinary multiplication of such plates which we find in
Acrocrinus, the latest survivor of the Camerata.

In the present form, owing to the more solid construction of the
calyx and the simple character of the arms, there is no such irregular-
ity or deformity as has been observed in Myelodactylus, only a slight
distortion at the base due to pressure; and for the same reason the
crown is more prominent and better exposed. Therefore it is found
in perfect condition in several of the species, so that it may be fully
inspected. Throughout the long geological range in which the genus
persisted—from the Burlington to the later Chester—we find that
the calyx has undergone little material change, and from that alone
it will be difficult to differentiate some of the species. In all where
the arms are known they are ten in number, and usualy uniserial,
the brachials often passing into cuneate form, and perhaps interlock-
ing toward the extremities.

But as in the Silurian type, the specialized stem offers good specific
characters resulting from modifications upon a new plan. In all
species, as before, the columnals in the proximal, rounded and non-
cirriferous region of the stem are very short and uniform; but be-
yond this, where the stem becomes elliptic, the columnals are of dif-
ferent lengths, parallel, and have marginal cirri at each end forming
two rows along the inner or concave side of the stem. These usually
spring from the suture between paired or doubled nodals, with one,
two or three internodals interposed, each about the size of the com-
bined nodal pair. No wedge-formed columnals have been observed.
By far the most frequent plan is that of duplicate or triplicate cirri,
of which the outer ones are borne upon facets at the junction of the
nodal segments, forming clusters which diminish in size inwards.
The cirrus-facet seems to le directly above the suture.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS-—SPRINGER Pat

The peculiar modification in stem structure which is manifested
in the genus Camptocrinus is itself subject to some singular varia-
tions, of which one of the most striking seems to be connected with
an effort toward resumption of the usual arrangement of cirri in
whorls upon a rounded stem. This tendency is evidenced by the
presence of incipient, immature, or rudimentary cirri, supplemental
to those in the marginal rows, usually much dwarfed in size; they
consist of a few small cirrals, often of only a single ossicle breaking
through at the suture between the paired nodal segments, rounded
off distally and without any axial canal through which further
growth could be innervated. Rarely also it results in fully devel-
oped, fairly equal cirri in whorls of five, upon a stem which retains
in part the elliptic section.

In this genus the form of the coiled stem differs considerably in
transverse section from that of Myelodactylus; instead of being
crescentic, with a decided concavity at the inner side as in the latter
(pl. 1, fig. 6), it is here simply elliptic, with the curvature at the
inner and outer sides almost alike, sometimes but little flattened and
tending to become circular (pl. 8, various outline figures).

In this genus also the rounded proximal part of the stem, or neck,
is usually materially shorter than in d/yelodactylus.

Distribution—Mississippian, Burlington to latest Chester; lim-
ited, so far as hitherto known, to North America, but now found to
oecur in the East Indies, in a formation claimed to be Permian.

CAMPTOCRINUS PRAENUNTIUS, new species
Plate 7, fig. 1

Of large size; stem with broad open coil; round, slender, with
reversed curvature in the proximal region, much enlarged in the
middle region, and tapering to the distal end, where it begins to
assume a bilateral form, with a few short cirri. Crown not closely
enveloped by the stem; it is of the type of Dichocrinus angustus,
with ten uniserial arms; apparently only a single primibrach, as long
as the usual two.

This species from the Burlington limestone may be considered
as the beginning of the modification leading to the fully developed
Camptocrinus. It is the largest of the known species, the stem hav-
ing a total length of 19 cm. In the great diminution of the other-
wise thick stem in the proximal region, its reversed curvature, and
the position of the crown in relation to it, the habitus of the species
is thoroughly characteristic of the type; but it lacks the close en-
velopment of the crown by the stem and cirri, the stem being round
for the greater part of its length. The cirri occur at the inner side

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

of the curve only in the last 5 cm., where the columnals, which are
of about equal length throughout, become slightly elliptic; they are
small, not very regularly placed, but mostly on alternate columnals.
The alternation of paired nodals with one or more large internodals,
which is so marked a character in the later species, has not appeared
in this one.

This form is exceedingly rare, not having been observed by any of
the early collectors at Burlington—the fine specimen here illustrated
und another imperfect one being the only examples among the
numerous collections covering a period of over fifty years at that
prolific locality.

Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Upper Burlington lime-
stone; Burlington, Iowa.

CAMPTOCRINUS MYELODACTYLUS Wachsmuth and Springer
Plate 7, figs. 2-56

Camptocrinus myelodactylus WACHSMUTH and SprINGER, North American
Crinoidea Camerata, 1897, p. 779, pl. 75, figs. 2a and 2b (not fig. 1).

Coil close in proximal region. Stem long, extending in the middle
and distal portions into a broad curve, tapering to near the end;
below the proximal neck, which is relatively short, it is composed of
pairs of short columnals (nodals) bearing the cirri in marginal
rows at each end, with a longer one (internodal) interposed between
them equal in length to the two combined nodals. Cirri strong,
rounded, rather long; composed of 15 to 20 diminishing cirrals,
and tapering rapidly from their origin; they are doubled (or
trebled) from each side of the paired nodals, springing from a large
facet midway of the pair, with an additional facet or bifurcation
following behind it. Thus there are along each margin at the con-
cave side of the stem what appear to be duplicate cirri, separated by
the interval of the longer internodal columnal. This is the way
they usually appear in well preserved specimens; but actually there
is frequently a third cirrus, and perhaps a fourth, each smaller than
the one preceding, forming a cluster diminishing in size inward.
The innermost cirri beyond the second are only to be seen after
most careful preparation under a strong magnifier, being crowded
inward and covered by the outer ones overlapping owing to the
curvature of the stem. It was only after patient work, under ex-
ceptionally favorable conditions of preservation, that the facts were
ascertained from which the sketches were composed by Mr. Chap-
man, showing the ‘details of these structures in this and other
species.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 29

The exact mode of succession of these diminishing cirri is rather
difficult to ascertain; the outer one rests in a good sized facet upon
the suture between the two short nodals, and each succeeding one
seems to be articulated upon the first cirral of its predecessor, some-
what as shown by the sketches on plate 7.

The occurrence of the cirri in diminishing clusters recalls the
more elaborate arrangement seen in Bather’s Herpetocrinus flabel-
licirrus. There is no sign of rudimentary cirri, outside of the
marginal rows, in any of the specimens of this species. The crown
is imperfectly known, being usually closely enveloped by the cirri,
as is most of the species of Myelodactylus, but enough is exposed
in one specimen to show that it belongs to the usual Dichocrinus
type; it was evidently smaller than in the other Keokuk species.
Total length of stem in maximum specimen 10.5 em. with probably
1.5 cm. missing at the distal end; length of circular neck about 1 em.;
diameter of proximal coil in two specimens having the most com-
plete stem about one-fourth the total length of stem.

In connection with the original description three specimens were
figured, two of which are of the type above described; and it was
from these two that the description relative to the details of stem and
cirri was made, it being stated that the cirri were slender, composed
of about sixteen to eighteen joints ending in a sharp point, and that
they arose from alternate columnals—overlooking the fact that in
the two specimens above mentioned the “alternate joint” is a pair
of short columnals equaling in length the single one interposed.

The type locality is given as Indian Creek, Montgomery County,
Indiana, and it is from there that the two specimens, together with
three others subsequently acquired, were derived. In one of the
latter the stem is preserved to nearly its full length, showing its
broad and open curve (pl. 7, fig. 5). The original of Wachsmuth
and Springer’s figure 1 is from another locality and a somewhat
higher horizon; it has a different arrangement of columnals and
cirri—a form for which I have proposed the species C. crawfords-
villensis. While it is true that the description of the crown was made
from this specimen, there is nothing substantially distinctive about
it, and as in our present view the decisive specific characters in these
forms are to be looked for in the stem, that fact may be disregarded.

In the character of multiple cirri springing from a pair of short
columnals, this species takes on a plan which became the leading
character in the later Carboniferous forms.

Horizon and locality——Mississippian, Keokuk limestone, lower
horizon; Indian Creek, Montgomery County, Indiana.

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

CAMPTOCRINUS CRAWFORDSVILLENSIS, new species
Plate 8, figs. 1-8e

Camptocrinus myclodactylus WACHSMUTH and SpRINGER, North Amer.
Crin. Cam., 1897, pl. 75, fig. 1 (not 2a, b).

Coil open, not closely enveloping the crown. Cirri doubled, or
rarely trebled, as in the preceding species, or exceptionally single,
and springing from a pair of short nodal columnals; but instead of
these alternating with a single longer one, there are 2, 3, or excep-
tionally 4 internodals interposed between them, each about the size
of the combined pair. The marginal cirri on either side are long
and fairly stout, composed of 20 to 25 cirrals; and in addition to
them there are, especially toward the distal end, remnants of smaller
secondary cirri at the back of the same columnals, as if forming
rudimentary whorls; where these appear the stem tends to lose its
bilateral form and become round. This structure, occurring in a
different horizon of the Keokuk from that of the last species, is
constant in three specimens. The stem is not preserved to its full
length in any of them, but extends well beyond the proximal coil.
The calyx is that of the typical Dichocrinus, elongate with base one
third the height of the cup. Arms two to the ray, composed of
rather long, quadrangular ossicles. ‘The crown is relatively larger
than in the succeeding species.

Horizon and localtiy.—Mississippian, Keokuk limestone, upper
horizon; Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, Indiana.

CAMPTOCRINUS PLENICIRRUS, new species
Plate 7, figs. 6, 6a

This species is proposed for a small specimen associated with the
preceding which, while of the typical Camptocrinus type in the
curvature, form and proportions of the stem and its elliptic section,
has the cirri developed into complete whorls of five, nearly equal in
size. In the arrangement of columnals, with paired short nodals
and a single long internodal, it is like C. myelodactylus, but the cirri
are distributed on a different plan; also it comes from a different
horizon. From the other Crawfordsville species, last described, it
differs in the single internodal, instead of two or more, and in the
short, strongly tapering cirri not arranged in marginal rows. Un-
fortunately less than half the stem is preserved; if we had the whole
of it, I have no doubt we should find it circular toward the distal
end. The species represents a stage in the modifications of the type
under consideration in which the cirri have resumed almost the
distribution of those in a normal crinoid.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 31

Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Keokuk limestone, upper
horizon; Crawfordsville, Indiana.

CAMPTOCRINUS MULTICIRRUS, new species
Plate 8, figs. 4-9

Camptocrinus cirrifer WACHSMUTH and Sprincer North Amer. Crin. Cam.,
1897, pl. 76, fig. 18¢ (not 13a, Db.).

Stem long, tapering almost to a point, becoming round and very
slender at the distal end, but throughout the middle region strongly
elliptic, and maintaining a nearly uniform width. Cirri doubled
or in clusters of 3, diminishing inward; exceptionally single, spring-
ing from each end of pairs of short nodal columnals alternating
with a long internodal as in C. myelodactylus; they are rounded,
long and slender, composed when complete of upwards of 30 cirrals,
mostly longer than wide. Besides the prominent marginal cirri in
two rows at the concave side of the stem, additional cirri occur at
the back in many places tending to form whorls; these secondary
cirri are much smaller than the others and appear in a variety of
rudimentary stages. Some have two, three or four cirrals; many
have only the first cirral remaining, but pierced by the axial canal,
indicating that one or more others followed; still others, rather
numerous, have the first cirral imperfect with no axial canal, but
rounded off like a terminal ossicle, as if it had just broken through
without being able to grow farther. These details are fully shown
by the instructive sketches made from the two remarkably perfect
specimens figured on plate 8 (figs. 4, 4a, 6, 6a). The proximal cir-
cular neck is relatively short, and the crown is not closely enveloped
by the cirri. The calyx is shorter than in C. crawfordsvillensis,
especially the basal plates, which are not over one-fourth the height
of the cup; they are frequently deformed owing to compression by
the curved stem, so that they are shorter at one side than the other,
as shown in figure 4 of plate 8. Arms two to the ray, uniserial
with more or less cuneate ossicles; rather longer than is usual in
Dichocrinus.

Dimensions of a maximum specimen: Total length of stem, 12.5
em.; of circular neck 10 mm.; long diameter of columnal in middle
portion 2.5 mm.; short diameter 1.5 mm.; diameter at circular neck
1 mm.; at distal end, rounded almost to a point, .5 mm.

This is the most abundant and widely distributed species of the
genus, being represented in the collection by upwards of thirty
specimens from two well separated areas, namely, that of Hunts-
ville, Alabama, and of Monroe county, Illinois. It occurs in the
lower part of the Chester, in the Ohara formation at Huntsville,
and in what is. regarded as its equivalent formation at the Illinois

oo PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

locality. Many of the specimens from both localities are beauti-
fully preserved, having the stem to its full length, with the crown
plainly showing through the thin fringe of delicate cirri, and some-
times completely isolated. The multiple arrangement of the cirri on
alternating pairs of columnals is constant throughout all this ma-
terial, except that in some specimens near the distal end the col-
umnals tend to become more nearly equal in length, and the inter-
vals between the cirri somewhat longer. I am figuring characteristic
specimens from each of the localities. In none of them is there such
a close, compact coil in the proximal region as occurs in @. myelo-
dactylus.¥

Horizon and locality—Mississippian, lower part of Chester,
Ohara and Renault formations; Huntsville, Alabama and Burks-
ville, Monroe County, Illinois.

CAMPTOCRINUS CIRRIFER Wachsmuth and Springer
Plate 8, figs. 10, 10a

Camptocrinus cirrifer WACIISMUTH AND Sprincer, North American Crin-
oidea, Camerata, 1897, p. 780, pl. 76, figs. 13a, b (not 18¢c).

Like (. multicirrus, except that the cirri are more attenuate, and
there is a tendency of the pairs of short columnals bearing the mul-
tiple cirri to coalesce so as to resemble a single ossicle; also in some
specimens the rudimentary cirri toward the distal end tend to form
rather well defined whorls associated with a more rounded stem,
which may well mark the end of the specialization by which this
whole type is characterized.

This species occurs in the upper part of the Chester, the Glen Dean
formation, the fauna of which is sharply distinguished from that
of the preceding species. The differences from that species are very
slight, and if the two occurred in the same formation might well
be disregarded. But in view of the changes which took place in
other genera of the echinoderms during the considerable time inter-
val between the respective formations, it seems best to recognize

1 Camptocrinus indoaustralicus Wanner.

Die Permischen Krinoiden yon Timor, vol. 2, 1924, p. 81, pl. 8, figs. 9-11. This species,
thé description of which appeared subsequent to the preparation of the text hereof, adds
another to the strictly Lower Carboniferous types which have been found associated with
the remarkable Permian fauua of the East Indies. The author notes its great similarity
to OC. cirrifer, from which he says a separation is scarcely possible by the characters of
the calyx and arms, but he thinks the structure of the stem offers sufficient differences to
justify a new species. But the similarity is even greater than he thought, when compari-
son is made with the form of C. cirrifer now separated under C. multicirrus. For the
stem character upon which he mainly relies, namely, two short ossicles alternating with
one longer, is most conspicuous in our species; and the “small knots’ which he mentions
as occurring along the suture line between the short pair are the remains of budding
cirri as above described.

ARL 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 33

the modifications, however slight they may appear in the fossils, as
indicating a definite specific change.

Wachsmuth and Springer’s figure 13c, although not very charac-
teristic, must go with C. multictrrus in conformity with the horizon
from which the specimen is derived.

The extreme tenuity of the cirri in this species is constant in sev-
eral specimens, in which they often contain as many as forty nar-
row cirrals, which are longer than wide.

Horizon and locality—Mississippian, upper part of the Chester,
Glen Dean formation; chiefly at Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County,
Kentucky, but also at Newman’s Ridge, Bland County, Virginia.

THE RECUMBENT ARMS

Among existing crinoids those taken by the dredge or otherwise
captured have been found with their arms, when preserved, either
outstretched or folded together. On the sea bottom, in the case of
stalked crinoids, both positions may be assumed, depending upon
whether the crinoid 1, was seeking food, in which case the arms would
be spread so as to bring the maximum of surface on the ventral side
into contact with the water containing the organisms upon which
the crinoid feeds, or 2, was in a state of rest, in which case the arms
would probably be folded as a matter of protection to the vital organs.
Which attitude was most frequent, or longest continued, we have no
means of knowing, but among the specimens as taken out of the water
both conditions are found. When disturbed by the dredge or tangles,
many individuals respond to the contact by opening the arms widely,
while others seem to bring them close together, and still others cast
them off.

Among fossil crinoids the second was undoubtedly the most fre-
quent occurrence, for practically nine out of every ten well preserved
specimens, deposited so as to become imbedded in soft material,
have the arms folded. And in certain large groups, such as the
Flexibilia, they are scarcely ever found in any other condition.
Therefore it is to be assumed that such was the usual position of the
fossil crinoids at death. Any other disposition of the arms by
which they become so firmly retracted as to remain fixed in that
position after death, and to become fossilized in it, must therefore
be associated with some structural modification in the articulation
of the arms by which their motion in an upward direction would
be restricted. Many instances have been observed in which this is
apparently the case, and in which the facts are not explained by sup-
posing that the recumbent arms were due merely to casual move-
ments by the animal, voluntary or involuntary. It is evident that
the mechanics of the arm structure was such that the motion of the

23832—26

»
i)

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

arms upon their hinges was downward rather than upward, and
that the pendent position, with the dorsal side of the arms pressing
backward upon the calyx and stem, was the position of rest, or of
greatest fixity. Then the arms, instead of opening out from the top.
in order to extend themselves and their pinnules for the maximum.
of contact with the water, would be extended from the bottom, the
ventral side containing the food grooves being already in position for-
complete connection with the currents by means of the pinnules and
their softer appendages.

The proof of this is found in the fact that in numerous instances
the marks of long continued pressure by the arms in habitual posi-.
tions are found upon the outer wall of the calyx and the stem, pro-
ducing permanent indentations which could not have occurred unless.
the arms had become fixed in that position (pls. 9, fig. 9; 18, fig. 4).

In the most conspicuous cases of this kind I have observed that the
recumbent arms are always profusely provided with long and
thickly studded pinnules, and these, standing out from the curving
surface of the reversed arms, have all the food-gathering exposure
that they could obtain in any other way.

It is also worth noting that the entire group Flexiblia, in which
the arms are almost invariably found folded together in the fossil
state, and in which recumbent arms are unknown, are destitute of
pinnules.

Neither are the recumbent arms, of the type which I am about to.
describe, found among the Inadunata, whether with pinnules or
without; and regardless of the matter of pinnules it is probable that
the mechanics of the arm joint, both in the Flexibilia and the Ina-
dunata, precluded the possibility of any such backward and down-
ward motion as would be required for the arms to become settled in
that position.

While it is true that among the Recent crinoids specimens brought
up by the dredge frequently have the arms curved backwards upon
the stem, leaving the oral surface open except for its forest of pin-
nules, this is merely one phase of arm movement in the natural and
usual condition, due to their enormous flexibility. There is not that
complete reversal in the habitus of the arm which makes it hang
downward as if suspended from the roof of the calyx. For that
the solid dome of the Camerata is needed to afford a firm anchorage
for the suspended arms, often projecting as it does at the edge of the
tegmen out over the dorsal wall below it, and at all events furnishing
a rigid means of support. In typical examples to be mentioned the
covering plates of adjacent arms are for quite a distance suturally
connected, thus preventing the usual motion of the arms.

It is only among the Camerata that such a well supported hinge is
found; and here the structure occurs in several of its families, occa-

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 35

sionally, as an independent modification, and in otherwise unrelated
forms; specifically distinct, and sufficiently rare to fall within our
category of “unusual forms.” It is not even a generic character.

Hitherto the recumbent type of arms has been observed among the
following families and genera of the Camerata :

Family Rhodocrinidae, genus G2bertsocrinus.

Family Batocrinidae, genus Larrandeocrinus.

Family Platycrinidae, genus /ucladocrinus.

Family Hexacrinidae, genus Dichocrinus.

Family Hexacrinidae, genus Acrocrinus.

I have now to add a remarkable new species of Macrostylocrinus
among the Melocrinidae, and another of the typical Platycrinus.

The oldest example now known, and one of the most characteristic,
of this type of arms is Barrandeocrinus from the Silurian of the
island of Gotland—a form with the calyx of the Batocrinidae. It
exhibits the extreme compactness of the curtain of arms as they press
firmly against the calyx and stem, leaving distinct impressions due
to the protracted pressure, as is shown by the beautiful figure drawn
by Mr. Liljevall from one of the specimens in the Stockholm Museum,
published by Wachsmuth and Springer in the North American
Crinoidea Camerata (pl. 8, fig. 1), and reproduced herein, as plate 9,
figure 6, and by another from a specimen of my own, figure 7,
showing the calyx completely enveloped by the arms.

The next in order was a holdover from the Silurian, which did not
take on the recumbent arm structure until it reappeared under a new
species in the Devonian, which will now be described.

Genus MACROSTYLOCRINUS Hall

Macrostylocrinus Haut, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 208.
Silurian to Devonian.

MACROSTYLOCRINUS RECUMBENS, new species
Plate 9, figs. 1-4

The genus Macrostylocrinus Hall, of the family Melocrinidae, is
diagnosed by Wachsmuth and Springer * substantially as follows:

Monocyclic. Lower brachials, with well defined interbrachials between them,
forming a part of the dorsal cup. Radials in contact all around. Basals
three, unequal. Interbrachials few. Anal area much the widest, and quite
distinct; three plates in the first range, the middle one large, supported by
the sloping shoulders of the two posterior radials, and flanked by a smaller
one at either side which, together with the first primibrach, rests upon the
upper face of the radial; the middle or anal plate is usually followed by one
or two other anals, longitudinally arranged. Radials very large, their upper

16 North American Crinoidea Camerata, 1897, p. 285.

386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

corners but slightly truncated by the interbrachials. Arms usually ten, long,
biserial, simple throughout. Tegmen low, composed of numerous irregular
plates.

The genus stands out distinctly from all the other Melocrinidae
by having three basals, and in the anal interradius three plates in
the first range above the closed radial ring, instead of only one.
The form is typically Silurian, six species having thus far been
recognized, of which two are from the Rochester shale, three from
the Waldron, and one from the Louisville limestone. The speci-
mens of these species are rather small. The arms, so far as known,
are two to the ray, rather heavy, and of the normal type.

When the remarkable Devonian material upon which the present
species is described was first seen, its generic affinities were not. ap-
parent, because the calyx was completely enveloped in the downward
hanging arms, and its composition was thereby hidden; there was
no thought of its belonging to a form of which the superficial ap-
pearance was so widely different. It was only after removing part
of the arms from two specimens that I was able to determine the
essential elements which fixed its position as now recognized. Com-
parison of the two figures on plate 9 with the foregoing statement
of generic characters leaves not the slighest doubt that we have here
a well marked representative of Macrostylocrinus, which on pass-
ing over from the Silurian to the Devonian has undergone some
striking changes.

The outstanding difference from all previously described species
lies in the number of arms, and their recumbent habitus. Instead
of being limited to 10, the arms occur in clusters of 5 to the ray, per-
haps 4 in two of them, given a total of 23 to 25 arms, the bifurca-
tions being indicated in the tegmen by nodose axillary ambulacrals.
The mode of articulation is such that their facets are directed
downwards from underneath a projection, or overhang, from the
edge of the tegmen, which is thus broader by at least a fourth than
the calyx at the arm bases. Accordingly the tegmen is left free
and clear as a smooth roof, and the arms, heavy and closely apposed,
form a closed fringe or curtain about the calyx, meeting by their
distal ends around the stem, and having their outer sides thickly
studded with strong pinnules. They do not, however, in this
species press closely against the calyx wall so as to leave indentations,
as in some other forms, but there is an open space between the calyx
and the dorsal side of the arms, so that in case of fracture in the
region of the arm bases the calyx may come loose and separate freely
from the curtain of arms which surrounds it, as actually happened
with the two largest specimens.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER oe

In the series of specimens obtained there are 14 individuals, and
in all of them, without a single exception, the arms are firmly and
regularly fixed in the position above described—a fact which seems
to warrant the conclusion that this habitus is associated with a
definite structure, and is not a temporary condition due to casual
movements of highly flexible appendages.

As to minor details: The anal series is strongly developed in
this species, forming a more prominent ridge than usual in the
Silurian species, being especially conspicuous when seen from the
tegmen. ‘The stem is constructed of very short columnals, one of
which projects at intervals of five or six, with a beaded perimeter.

In point of size, this species presents a wide difference from all
the others, which, as stated, are usually small, the largest, and latest
in age, WM. meeki Lyon, of the later Niagaran, having the calyx 20
mm. high and 22 mm. wide at the arm bases; whereas our two speci-
mens with the calyx exposed are about 25 mm. high and 25 mm.
wide at the arm bases. Measured from the surface of the tegmen
to the distal end of the pendent arms where they close around the
stem, and in width over all at the outside of the pinnules, these
dimensions are about 35 mm. and 32 mm. respectively. In figure
1, and in two other specimens not figured, the same measurements
give 40 mm. in height and 37 mm. in width.

But this by no means represents the maximum dimensions of the
species, for among the 14 specimens, ail from the same layer and
locality, are two from which the calyx, including tegmen and arm
bases, is broken away, that were more than three times as large.
Only the hollow shell remains, containing the closely apposed arms
from an irregular fractured edge below the arm bases to the distal
end. That much of the crown is 12.5 cm. high and 7.5 cm. wide.
Inasmuch as one-seventh of the individuals attain this great size,
it is clear that the optimum for this species is far beyond that for
any of the Silurian forms.

Horizon and locality—Lower Devonian, Oriskany; Cumberland,
Maryland. The specimens occur in a friable calcareous sandstone,
associated with LHdriocrinus, Technocrinus, and numerous other
forms peculiar to that horizon. The fossils as found have been
leached by the percolation of water, carrying away the calcareous
material, and partially replacing it by silica. By this leaching
the finer surface markings have been obliterated. The series of
specimens under consideration are part of a large collection made
by Frank Hartley and acquired by me many years ago; but they
have remained undescribed until now for want of time.

Some other occurrences of this nature, not all new species, which
should be further illustrated, will be here discussed.

388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Genus GILBERTSOCRINUS Phillips

Devonian to Keokuk.
GILBERTSOCRINUS DISPANSUS Wachsmuth and Springer
Plate 10, fig. 1
Gilbertsocrinus dispansus WACHSMUTH and SprinceR, North Amer. Crin-
Cam., 1897, p. 233.

In most of the species of this genus in which the arms are known
they tend to hang downward over the cup, emerging beneath an
overhang at the edge of the tegmen. One of the species in which
the arms are not pendent, G. tuberculatus of the Burlington lime-
stone, is so closely similar to one of the same formation in which they
are that the two can scarcely be differentiated by other characters.
In a species from the Keokuk limestone of Indiana, G. dispansus ™*
it now appears from specimens obtained since the description was
made that sometimes the arms, which are extremely long and slender,
after extending downward for a part of their length bend backward
upon themselves and are directed upward toward the tegmen, with
the result that the ambulacral furrows and pinnules in one part of
the arm appear to be upon the outside, and in another upon the in-
side (pl. 10, fig. 1). It is rare to find these two conditions com-
pletely shown in one specimen, as is fortunately the case in the one
I have figured; and their presence separately in different specimens
has led to some curious theories touching the properties of arms pe-
culiar to this crincid. This was probably the occasion of the erro-
neous figure by Meek and Worthen in the second volume of the Geo-
logical Survey of Illinois (p. 220), in which the arms are pictured
as recumbent over the dorsal cup, but with the ventral side under-
neath, and as to which the authors say, on page 221:

In the above cut the minute true arms of the typical species of Gonias-
teroidocrinus are seen to branch so as to form nine to each ray. The cut
shows only their outside, on which we have seen no indications of ambulacral
furrows; these may have been obliterated in cleaning the specimen, or possi-
bly they may present the anomalous character of being on the under side and
thus differ from those of all other known crinoids.

Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Keokuk limestone, lower
horizon; Indian Creek, Indiana.

Genus PLATYCRINUS Miller

Deyonian through Lower Carboniferous.
PLATYCRINUS PENDENS Wachsmuth and Springer
Plate 9, figs. 5, 5a
Platycrinus pendens WACHSMUTH and Sprineer, North Amer. Crin. Cam.,
1897, p. 647.

Among the vast number of species of Platycrinus which were
treated by Wachsmuth and Springer in the Camerata Monograph,

17 Wachsmuth and Springer, N. A. Crin. Cam., p. 240, pl. 15, figs. 2a—d.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 39

there were none which showed any indication of recumbent arms. In
the closely related H'ucladocrinus the long radial extensions, or tubu-
lar appendages, frequently show a tendency to bend backward over
the calyx, but always the true arms are folded over the ventral side;
‘even in cases like that of /’. twberosus 1°, where the tegmen is strongly
hemispherical, and the arm bases are directed far below the hori-
zontal, the arms fold in the normal way. The same thing may be
said of other genera with hemispheric calyx, like Megistocrinus,
Agaricocrinus, etc.

In recent years, however, I have obtained two specimens of Platy-
crinus from the well known locality of Le Grand, Iowa, but at a
different horizon from that of the numerous species heretofore de-
scribed, in which the arms are compactly folded backward upon the
calyx and stem, and apparently fixed in that position, after the man-
ner of Barrandeocrinus and Acrocrinus. The calyx in both is com-
pletely enveloped, and can only be partially exposed, considerably
distorted, in one of them. We know that the species belongs to
Platycrinus, because both specimens have the twisted, elliptic stem.
Of other characters little can be said, and the position of the arms
must distinguish the species. I am giving two views of one speci-
men; the other is slightly larger, and equally characteristic as to the
arms.

Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Kinderhook group, lower
horizon; Le Grand, Iowa.

Genus DICHOCRINUS Minster

Plate 11

espe tes WaAcHSMUTH and Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897,
ieee Carboniferous, Kinderhook to Chester.

Among the changes to which this highly variable genus and its
allies were subject, the recumbent arm took a strong hold. This was
illustrated by Wachsmuth and Springer under their species Dicho-
crinus pendens from the Burlington limestone ?°, and I am now giv-
ing some additional figures of it, including one of a specimen with
the complete stem and crown, partly to show the persistence of this
character, several specimens having now been found, and partly to
exhibit the Dichocrinus stem as usually seen, in comparison with one
of its remarkable variations (pl. 11, figs. 4,7). The first is without
cirri, except in the form of distal root branches, while the latter has
cirri in regular whorls, beginning in the upper region of the stem,
of such an extraordinary length that they completely envelop the

18 North Amer. Crin. Cam., pl. 72, figs. 4a, Ge.
12Tdem, p. 774, pl. 78, fig. 15.

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

calyx, and probably the arms, which are broken off. While there is
no trace either of coiling or bilateralism, yet the peculiar behavior
of the cirri in this specimen should be considered in connection with
what was later developed under Camptocrinus.

Wachsmuth and Springer at the same time described from the
Warsaw group another species, Dichocrinus oblongus*°, founded
upon a unique specimen having only the calyx preserved. Speci-
mens subsequently obtained with the arms attached show that these
are of the recumbent variety, and I am accordingly illustrating the
species anew (pl. 11, figs. 5, 6).

In these two species, however, as I see them now, there does not
seem to be quite the same structural type, or mode of attachment
of the arms, that we have in the preceding examples. .The arms
are not so compactly placed, nor connected in the tegmen by their
covering plates, and their appearance seems more like that of ordi-
nary bending backward as the result of great flexibility.

Genus ACROCRINUS Yandell

Plates 9, 12, and 18

Acrocrinus YANDELL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 20, 1855, p. 185.—
WaACHSMUTH and SprincEer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 805.—
BatTuHER, Lankester Zoology, pt. 3, 1900, p. 159.

Carboniferous, Burlington to Pennsylvanian.

Of a very different character from those last mentioned are the
arms of Acrocrinus, the last successor in the family Hexacrinidae,
which is thoroughly illustrated in the Camerata monograph (pl. 80).
In this form we have in one species a perfect example of the re-
cumbent arm structure as I have described it, in which not only
are the arms compactly placed, in close contact, connected in the
tegmen so as to restrict, motion, directed downward from the edge
of the tegmen and closing around the stem, but the calyx is marked
by numerous longitudinal impressions following the course of the
arms and formed by the continued pressure of the arms from their
dorsal side. I think there is no doubt that they grew in that way,
and that the mode of life of this species was to have the arms com-
pletely recurved with the pinnules on the outside.

The species in which the recumbent arm occurs, Acrocrinus am-
phora Wachsmuth and Springer, came from a single colony at
Huntsville, Alabama, in the Ohara formation of the lower Chester
(formerly referred to the St. Louis), in which it was fairly abun-
dant. Upwards of sixty specimens were collected by Wachsmuth,
and with one or two imperfect exceptions the structure as above set

20 North Amer. Crin. Cam., p. 759, pl. 78, fig. 9.

arr 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 41

forth is constant throughout. But this does not apply to the type
species, A. shwmardi, which is from a higher horizon, the Glen Dean
formation of the upper Chester; of this five specimens are known,
and in every one of them the arms are erect, and there is no sign of
indentations upon the calyx, while the species is well characterized
otherwise by the less height and greater width of the radial plates.

Therefore it must be conceded that while this specialization has
nothing to do with the genus as a controlling character, since in five
of the genera in which it occurs both types of arms are found, it
does hold good for the species.

While reference should be had to the ample illustrations given by
Wachsmuth and Springer on plate 80 of the Camerata monograph,
some of which I reproduce, I am for convenience giving some addi-
tional figures, especially a new one of the rarer species, A. shumardi.

ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS IN THE CALYX

In connection with the genera last above discussed, another singu-
lar modification is to be considered.

As before stated, the dorsal cup of a crinoid consists primarily of
a circlet of radials supporting the arms, and one or two rings of
basals below them, plus interradial structures if present. While the
latter may or may not be present, and when present are regarded as
secondary elements which exhibit a wide range of variation in form
and number, any departure from the normal two, or three, rings of
primary plates has been considered as extremely exceptional.
Therefore the occurrence of numerous additional sets or series of
plates between the radial and basal circlets in Acrocrinus, the last
survivor of the Camerata, has been regarded as a structure sui gen-
eris, appearing suddenly at the end of the series, as a reversion to
their cystid ancestry.

While such a multiplication of plates is not uncommon among
the irregular, many-plated cystid types, the definite insertion of an
extra ring of primary plates in a form of otherwise regular construc-
tion is to be noted in the Ordovician genus Macrocystella, thus pro-
ducing a dorsal cup of 4 rings of plates. This modification was not
followed up in either of the orders of the crinoids. But it is now
of interest to note that the extensive development of such addi-
tional plates in Acrocrinus is not the sudden occurrence that we
have hitherto supposed, but is the culmination of one of the several
remarkable modifications that took place in the generic types repre-
sented by Dichocrinus and its derivitives. As evidence of this fact
I am able to offer well-marked specimens of two species from widely
different horizons.

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49 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

ACROCRINUS PRAECURSOR, new species
Plate 12, fig. 1

I have given this name to an isolated specimen from the Burlington
limestone consisting of the calyx and part of the cuneate arms, some-
what displaced, at first supposed to be merely an abnormal Dicho-
crinus. The bisected base and the radials with the interposed anal
plate are distinct, and in good condition. Between these two primi-
tive rings of plates is interpolated a wide band of supplementary
pieces occupying more than half the total height of the dorsal cup.
Those next to the radials are more than half their size, and form a
ring alternating with them; from there down to the basals the plates
diminish rapidly in size, and the alternation becomes irregular, but
represents the equivalent of at least three additional rings of plates.
The smaller size of the lower plates would indicate that they were
the latest formed. The anal plate, which is fully as large as the
radials, is succeeded downward by a diminishing vertical series of
three plates in line with the interbasal suture.

As compared with species of Dichocrinus in the same formation
the radials are very much shorter, the space which they ordinarily
occupy being in part taken by the anomalous additional plates. As
the relative height of the radials becomes important, the following
measurements of the type specimen may be noted: total height of
calyx 9 mm.; of radials 2.5 mm.; of basals 1.5 mm.; of band of sup-
plementary plates 5mm. Thus the radials occupy 27 per cent of the
height of the cup; whereas in four of the principal species of Licho-
crinus of the Upper Burlington limestone the radials constitute
from 60 to 66 per cent of the height of the cup; and in no other
species from any formation do they occupy less than 50 per cent.
In other words, these are not the radials of Dichocrinus. The arms,
ten in number, and relatively slender, are somewhat displaced in
the fossil, and those which appear directly above the anal series do
not belong there.

Irom the fact that no such a specimen has ever been seen before in
all the numerous collections made at Burlington during more than
half a century, it might be suggested that this is a mere sporadic
occurrence. And perhaps it is. Nevertheless it is a definite struc-
ture, foreshadowing one of the most remarkable derivatives of
Dichocrinus, and containing all its essential characters; therefore a
place for it must be found. The question is whether to call it a de-
layed Dichocrinus or a premature Acrocrinus? This question has
in fact been answered in advance; for just such a contingency.as is
here presented was provided for by Wachsmuth and Springer in
the Camerata Monograph, when in discussing these genera we said
on page 804:

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 43

The introduction of a narrow belt of supplementary pieces between the
basals and radials would be sufficient to transform any Dichocrinus into an
Acrocrinus.

When along with this is correlated the further fact that the
radials in this form, by reason of their extreme relative shortness,
are not the radials of Dichocrinus but of Acrocrinus, the conclusion
logically follows that it is best placed under the latter genus.

This means that the tendency to this new specialization by way
of multiplication of calyx plates began earlier than has been sup-
posed; and it will be shown by the next following species that its
development to the extreme stage attained by the typical Acrocrinus
was by a further gradual process.

It may be here observed that along with all these various deriva-
iives of Dichocrinus the strong parent genus continued to carry on
to the end of the lower Carboniferous, where it is represented by a
well defined species, D. superstes, occurring in the latest formation
of the Chester. The only one that survived it was Acrocrinus, which
held over into the Coal Measures with a degenerate species having
only six bands of supplementary plates, actually less like the typical
form than is the species just described.

Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Upper Burlington lme-
stone; Burlington, Iowa.

ACROCRINUS INTERMEDIUS, new species
Plate 12, figs. 2-5

In this species, presenting a further immature or rudimentary
stage of the genus, we are not obliged to rely upon an isolated indi-
vidual, but are fortunate in the possession of a series of excellent
specimens from a single colony, by which all the characters of this
type are thoroughly illustrated. They were found by Frederick
Braun while collecting for me in the season of 19137! in Monroe
County, Illinois, as a part of a considerable colony of well preserved
crinoids from a formation in the lower part of the Chester now des-
ignated by the Geological Survey of Illinois as the Renault for-
mation.

The material consists of two nearly complete specimens, with arms
and stem well preserved, and two calices which contribute important
information. All agree in having a band of supplementary plates,
of either two or of three rings, which diminish downwards, inter-
calated between the bisected base and the radials: the plates of the
successive rings above the basals alternate regularly except at the
posterior side, where there is a vertical series below the anal. Above

21 Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution in 1913. Smithson. Misc.
Coll., vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 14-16.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the anal plate, and back from the edge, is a pyramid of small plates
marking an opening through the tegmen. As in the preceding
species, the radials are relatively short, their average height in the
four specimens being 32 per cent out of a total of 6 to 7mm. The
calyx is well elongated and conical, with curved sides; height to
width at the top being as 1.5 to 1, and at the base as 1.5 to .27. The
species is small, the four specimens varying but little from 6 mm.
in height of cup.

The arms are relatively strong, biserial, erect, and closely fringed
with long pinnules. The stem is composed of rounded, nearly equal
columnals, about half as long as wide, increasing somewhat in width
distally; this is not so evident in one of the figures because not well
exposed in the matrix.

The striking feature of this series of specimens is the extreme
regularity of their construction, with the single exception of the
number of ranges of the supplementary plates; two of the specimens
having two ranges, one three, and the fourth, which is considerably
crushed, apparently has partly both. Thus the addition of the
inserted plates is a definite structure, somewhat plastic, heralding
their great development to the twenty circlets of the typical
Acrocrinus. Presumably the new species preceded the latter in
time, but our knowledge of the stratigraphy of their occurrence is
not sufficiently minute to furnish the proof of it. A. shuwmardi,
from the Glen Dean formation of the Upper Chester, is, of course,
later than the present species. A. amphora, from the Ohara forma-
tion, may be of approximately equivalent age; both of these species
being from a different region. But there is a third very rare species,
A. urnaefornis, in the same mature stage, described by Hall from
the same region in Illinois as our species,” of which there can be no
doubt, as I found a well marked specimen of it in the same layer
which produced the types herein described; so that while the ma-
tured form continued into the later formations, with our present
knowledge it must be considered that both forms existed together
at one period.

As a result of the facts brought out under the last two heads,
we have in the concurrent development in the genus Dichocrinus
and its derivatives of two such striking characters as the recumbent
arms and an added calyx element, a remarkable example of long
preparation for an eventual culmination which is to mark the ex-
tinction of the order to which it belongs.

Horizon and locality Mississippian, lower Chester, Renault for-
mation; Burksville, Monroe County, Illinois.

——

= Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 690, pl. 25, figs. 1la, b.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 45

The following species are also illustrated for comparison :

ACROCRINUS SHUMARDI Yandell
Plate 12, figs 6, 7

Acrocrinus shumardi YANDELL, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 20, 1855, p. 185.—-
WacHSMUTH and Sprrncer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 806,
pl. 80, figs. 1-3.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Grayson County, Kentucky.

ACROCRINUS AMPHORA Wachsmuth and Springer

Plates 9, figs. 8, 9; plate 12, figs. 8, 9; plate 18, fig. 4

Acrocrinus amphora WACHSMUTH and Sprincer, North Amer. Crin. Cam.,
1897, p. 808, pl. 80, figs. 4-9.
Lower Chester, Ohara formation; Huntsville, Alabama.

ACROCRINUS WORTHENI Wachsmuth

Plate 12, fig. 10

Acrocrinus wortheni WacHsMuTH, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 7, 1882, p. 348,
pl. 30, fig. 13—WacHusMuTH and Sprincer, N. A. Crin. Cam., 1897,
p. 807, pl. 80, figs. 10a, B.

Coal Measures; Peoria County, Illinois.

THE WING-LIKE RADIAL PROCESSES

There still remains to point out another line of productive modi-
fication furnished by this fertile genus Dichocrinus, leading to a
specialization of an entirely different type. In this the major de-
velopment takes place in the tegmen, at the expense of the arms and
the dorsal cup. The arms become short and relatively inconspicu-
ous; the radials small and no longer dominating the cup; the two
fair-sized primibrachs of the parent genus have been reduced to a
single minute triangular piece, which is often invisible; the large
anal plate, which was of similar form and size to the radials, is now
a pentangular or more or less wedge-formed piece, narrowing up-
ward, sometimes to an apex below the level of the radials. The
chief developmental activity of the skeleton is concentrated in the
ambulacral region of the tegmen, where the axillary plate, or radial
dome plate, is hypertrophied into a variety of forms, some thin and
knife-like; some thick, rounded, club-shaped, or spatulate; and still
others bifurcating, until there is produced the wing-like processes
of Pterotocrinus, structures unlike those seen in any other crinoid.
They are analogous to the spines of Dorycrinus, but far more spe-
cialized and complex; their different forms are shown upon plate
79 of the Camerata monograph.

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

The essential calyx elements of Pterotocrinus are the same as
those of Dichocrinus, namely, two basals, a ring of radials, and an
anal plate in line with them. The line of succession between them
through the genus 7'alarocrinus, as was stated by Wachsmuth and
Springer when proposing it, is plain and evident. It is intermediate
in structure, and partly so in time. While Dichocrinus carries its
strong and simple calyx through from the Kinderhook to the end of
the Lower Carboniferous, 7'alarocrinus as one of its off-shoots begins
with an isolated species in the Warsaw, and develops mainly in the
lower Chester; and Pterotocrinus, although first occurring in one of
the lower formations of the Chester, is characteristically a genus of
the upper Chester. Zalarocrinus was short lived, sharply limited
in time, and is found by the geologists to be an excellent horizon
marker. (See pls. 13, 14.)

Talarocrinus has the same basals, radials, and anal plate as
Dichocrinus, but drops one primibrach, retaining a small triangular
axillary. In Pterotocrinus the minute primibrach, sometimes in-
visible, is followed by single secundibrachs, also axillary, which
often together with the outer tertibrachs rest almost horizontally
within the radial facet and are suturally connected with it, so that
the ray to that extent is not free, but is incorporated in the dorsal
cup. The Zalarocrinus tegmen enlarges with a variety of more or
less tumid plates, among which the axillary ambulacral especially
begins to develop into prominence, from low convex to sharp, no-
dose or spiniferous (pl. 18, figs. 1-15; pl. 14, fig. 6). Not all of
these plates are so modified; among several hundred well preserved
specimens in which the general tendency can be observed, it appears
that about half of them are distinctly enlarged. Some of these are
shown by figures on plate 78 of the Camerata mongraph, and the
genus has also been extensively illustrated by Ulrich?* and by
Weller, from whose figures the many variations can be studied in
detail.

The modified ambulacral in Pterotocrinus is seated in a distinct
facet, from which it sometimes falls out (pl. 18, fig. 20), and the
same thing occurs in TYalarocrinus (pl. 18, fig. 18). Along with
these tendencies, it is now further instructive to see that occasion-
ally in Z'alarocrinus the anal plate is reduced to the acuminate piece
of Pterotocrinus (pl. 18, fig. 5).

23 Mississippian formations of western Kentucky, 1917, pls. 8, 9, 10.
% Illinois State Geol. Surv. Bulletin 41, 1920, pl. 6.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 47

Genus PTEROTOCRINUS Lyon and Casseday
Plates 138, 14

Asterocrinus Lyon, Geol. Rep. Kentucky, vol. 8, 1857, p. 472.—Ptero-
tocrinus Lyon and Cassepay, Amer. Journ. Sci. and <Arts, vol. 29,
1860, p. 68.—WAaAcHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey. Pal., pt. 2, 1881, p. 87;
North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 791.

Mississippian, Upper Chester.

This genus was proposed by Lyon under the name Asterocrinus
with two species, A. capitalis and A. coronarius, which being pre-
occupied was afterwards changed by Lyon and Casseday to Pteroto-
crinus, and three new species described. The several species are
illustrated by Wachsmuth and Springer;*> but I am adding some
new figures, 1, to illustrate a species of Lyon and Casseday that was
never figured ; 2, to clarify the account of the most remarkable of all
the species, not hitherto understood for lack of proper illustration ;
and 8, to give along with them a good representation of the other
leading species.

PTEROTOCRINUS RUGOSUS Lyon and Casseday
Plate 138, figs. 17-20

Pterotocrinus rugosus Lyon and Cassepay, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts,
vol. 29, 1860, p. 71.

The description, unaccompanied by any figure, is as follows:

The condition of our specimen is such that a particular description can not
be made; the arrangement of the parts, however, is evidently quite similar
to that of P. depressus. The basals, first, second, and third radials are present,
together with parts of the wings and a portion of one of the arms. This
species differs remarkably from P. depressus in the greater thickness of the
pieces, prominence of the base, the knobby protuberances upon it and upon
the first radials, the depth of the columnar pit, as well as by its roughness and
more robust appearance.

This species was founded upon a “single crushed and imperfect
specimen,” which I am now figuring after being developed by further
preparation, together with three other calices which confirm the de-
scription very clearly. This new material shows that instead of
being conspecific with Pt. acutus, as Wachsmuth and Springer **
thought it might be, this form is a very well marked variation of the
type of Pt. depressus, from which it is distinguishable, as the authors
pointed out, by the characters of the base.

Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Upper Chester, Glen Dean
formation; Falls of Rough Creek, Breckinridge County, Kentucky.

2 North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 79.
*6Tdem, p. 801.

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

PTEROTOCRINUS CORONARIUS Lyon
Plate 14, figs. 1-8a

Asterocrinus (?) coronarius Lyon, Geol. Sury. Kentucky, vol. 3, 1857, p.
476, pl. 1, figs. 1, 1a.

Pterotocrinus coronarius Lyon and CASSEDAY, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and
Sci., vol. 4, 1859, p. 302.—WaAcHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey. Pal., pt. 2,
1881, p. 91; North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 795, pl. 79, figs. Ta, b.—
H. E. WItson, Journ. Geol., vol. 34, 1916, pl. 3, fig. 11; note by F. S.
on p. 492.

This species has a singular history. As originally described by
Lyon, the type consisted of the tegmen only, being as stated by him
a “unique crinoidal fragment,” having “neither basal, radial nor
arm plates.” When Wachsmuth and Springer borrowed the type for
description in the Camerata monograph we received the same speci-
men, and thus figured only the tegmen with the ponderous wing
plates. While that work was going through the press I discovered
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard a lead cast of
what was apparently the same specimen, but with the complete dor-
sal cup attached. No explanation of this fact was to be found, but
I made a record of it in a footnote to page 795 of the monograph.
When in 1903 I acquired the collection of the deceased Col. Sydney
S. Lyon, I found associated with the tegmen constituting the pub-
lished type the dorsal cup reproduced in the cast; the two parts were
separated, but I have again united them in the position shown by the
cast.

I was informed by Colonel Lyon’s son, Victor W. Lyon, himself an
experienced collector, that the two pieces were found together but
detached; and from their color, size and lithological appearance there
is every reason to believe that they pertained to the same individual.
Mr. Lyon was of the opinion that subsequent to the description in the
Kentucky Report his father became convinced that the fragments
belonged together and accordingly united them, made and distributed
the casts among his correspondents with the intention of amending
the description when opportunity offered. This was prevented by
the intervention of the Civil War through which he was an officer in
the Federal army; the specimens were afterwards separated during
one of the periodic inundations of the Ohio River by which the col-
lection was submerged. The fact that they belong to the same
species is proved beyond question by another specimen found asso-
ciated with them having the same dorsal cup with one of the wing
plates attached (pl. 14, fig. 2). Along with these, all from the same
locality, is a third good cup and two other fragments—so that there
is now in hand abundant material for the elucidation of the species..
As now understood, the structure of the dorsal cup is fully as anoma-
lous as that of the tegmen, presenting a wide departure from all other-
species of the genus.

art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 49

In this species the basal plates are very small and flat, while the
radials are of enormous size, larger than all the other plates of the
cup combined; this being the reverse of the structure in P. capitalis
and all other known species. In fact, the relative smallness of the
radials is one of the striking differences between this genus in its
usual form and its predecessors, Dichocrinus and Talarocrinus, while
here the radials completely dominate the dorsal side; but instead of
having a cylindrical exterior they form large gibbous protuberances,
which occupy the greater part of the surface of the cup. The single
primibrach and the secundibrachs are relatively large, and, as usual
in the genus, the latter are articulated directly with the radial facet.

I am giving figures of the three important specimens upon which
the foregoing statements are based. The species is exceedingly rare,
no others having been found since Lyon’s time among all the ex-
tensive collections made from the Chester group, except some isolated
plates now thought to belong to it.

Horizon and locality.—Mississippian, lower part of the upper
Chester, Golconda formation; Crittenden County, Kentucky. Lyon
stated that the species was associated with Pt. (Asterocrinus) capi-
talis, another unusual form described by him at the same time. Ex-
tensive investigations of the Chester formations in recent years by
Doctor Weller have shown that the latter species is an exceedingly
characteristic fossil of the Golconda formation of Southern Illinois
and Kentucky, which he correlates with the lower Okaw division of
the Upper Chester, and that it is limited to that horizon. He has
found the plates of capitalis in Johnson and Pope counties, Illinois.”
And in a letter of December 29, 1921, he informed me that he had
since found fragments of Pt. coronarius in the same beds. A species
described by Hall in 1858 ** as Dichocrinus protuberans, from a frag-
mentary base, probably is identical with this. It was said to be from
Chester, Illinois, which, as collections were made at that time, might
mean anywhere in that region.

PTEROTOCRINUS CAPITALIS (Lyon)
Plate 13, fig. 23

Asterocrinus capitalis Lyon, Geol. Rep. Kentucky, vol. 3, 1857, p. 472, pl. 3,
figs. la—-h.

Pterotocrinus capitalis, Lyon and CassEDAy, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and
Sci., 1859, p. 301.—WacuHsmMuTH and SprincerR, North Amer. Crin.
Cam., 1897, p. 794, pl. 79, figs. 6a, B.

Lower part of upper Chester, Goleonda formation; Crittenden County, Ken-
tucky, Johnson and Pope Counties, Illinois.

7 Tllinois State Geol. Sury. Bull. 41, 1920, p. 184.
28 Geol. Rep. Iowa, pt. 2, p. 689, pl. 25, fig. 7.

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

PTEROTOCRINUS PYRAMIDALIS Lyon and Casseday

Plate 13, figs. 21, 22

Pterotocrinus pyramidalis Lyon and CassrepAy, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 29,
1860, p. 69.—WacHSMUTH and Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam.,
1897, p. 798, figs. 4a, 0b.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Grayson Springs, Kentucky.

PTEROTOCRINUS DEPRESSUS Lyon and Casseday

Plate 14, figs. 4, 4a

Pterotocrinus depressus Lyon and CassepAy, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 29,
1860, p. 68—WacHSMUTH and Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam.,
1897, p. 796, pl. 79, figs. 2a—e.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Grayson, Pulaski, and Breckin-
ridge Counties, Kentucky.

PTEROTOCRINUS ACUTUS Wetherby

Plate 138, fig. 16

Pterocrinus acutus WETHERBY, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2,
1879, pl. 11, figs. 2a-e.—WacusMvuTH and Sprineer, North Amer. Crin.
Cam., 1897, p. 799, pl. 79, figs. 3a—g.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Pulaski and Breckinridge Counties,
Kentucky.

PTEROTOCRINUS BIFURCATUS Wetherby

Plate 14, fig. 5

Pterotocrinus bifurcatus WETHERBY, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
2, 1879, p. 186, pl. 11, figs. la-c—WacHsMUTH and Springer, North
Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 801, pl. 79, figs. 9a, b.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County,
Kentucky.

HEHTEROTOMOUS BRANCHING OF THE ARMS

In order to complete the story of the ramifications of Dichocrinus,
attention should be called to the species D. polydactylus Casseday
and Lyon,** from the Keokuk limestone, which has gone off upon a
new line in regard to arm structure. All other species have dichoto-
mous arms, branching by approximately equal bifurcations. In this
one, however, the ray divides into two main branches, from which
usually three subordinate branches are given off to the outer side
of the dichotom, thus producing one form of unilateral heterotomy—
a difference which in other groups has been regarded as sufficient for
generic separation. This is not an isolated or sporadic occurrence,
for it is one of the strongest species of the genus, from the great

7” Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 5, 1860, p. 18. WacHsMUTH and SPRINGER,

’

North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 756, pl. 77, figs. 1a, b.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—svRINGER 51

erinoid colony at Crawfordsville, Indiana, as is evidenced by up-
wards of fifty good specimens in my own collection, all thoroughly
constant in this character.

Furthermore, I have in recent. years acquired some specimens of
this type from the lower horizon at Indian Creek, which per-
sistently differ from the Crawfordsville form in characters sufficient
for specific definition. Both species attain a large size, far larger
than any others that have been referred to Dichocrinus, the crown in
mature specimens being upwards of 10 cm. in height; and in both
the posterior interradius in the tegmen is raised into a pyramid
as high as the cup, the summit of which lodges the anus.

In view of this pronounced differentiation in arm structure
represented by two species, one of which has to be described as new,
it seems advisable to place them in a separate genus based on the
foregoing characters, for which I propose the name Paradicho-
crinus, with P. polydactylus as genotype.

PARADICHOCRINUS, new genus
Mississippian, Keokuk.
PARADICHOCRINUS PLANUS, new species
Plate 10, figs. 2, 3, 4

Similar to P. polydactylus, except that the dorsal cup plates are
smooth, without nodes or tubercles with which that species is pro-
fusely ornamented, and the arms usually give off four subordinate
branches to the outer side of the dichotom, making ten arms to the
ray; also the specimens average rather larger than those of that
species, a maximum crown being 10.5 em. in height. Five speci-
mens have appeared, all from the Indian Creek colony, in which
these characters are well maintained. Three have the arms com-
plete, showing with but a single exception the number constant at
ten to the ray, whereas in P. polydactylus 36 out of 44 specimens
with arms, or 80 per cent of the whole, have 8 arms to the ray, five
of the others having 9, and one or two 10. All the specimens agree
in lacking the pustulose ornament so conspicuous in P. polydactylus,
of which for comparison I give a figure showing the base, and an-
other a posterior view of the calyx (pl. 10, figs. 5, 6).

Horizon and locality—The genus and both species are restricted
to the Keokuk limestone of the Mississippian, ?. planus occurring
at Indian Creek, and P?. polydactylus at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

UNEQUAL RADIALS

Usually the radial plates of a crinoid, as well as the arm struc-
tures which they support, are symmetrically arranged, and substan-

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, GT

tially alike in size and form. Exceptions to this rule must be noted
in the cases of compound radials, of a primitive radianal, and of
many genera in which there is a regular difference among the rays
in the number of arm openings or of arm branches; *° also some
shght irregularities in the size of radials and other plates, as in
Dolatocrinus.* A conspicuous example of complete departure from
equality among the radials is furnished by the family Catillo-
crinidae, in which certain radials regularly exceed the others greatly
in size, and bear a greater number of arms, which I have already
discussed in a separate paper; *? and another equally striking by the
family Cremacrinidae, in which, in conjunction with the bending
of the crown, one or mostly two arms have disappeared, and of those
that remain two are peculiarly modified; the group has been
elaborately treated by Bather** under the name Calceocrinidae.
Other isolated instances of defective radiation arising from the loss
or atrophy of certain rays may be cited, such as Atelestocrinus,.
Tribrachiacrinus, Trigonocrinus, Tetracrinus, Lageniocrinus, Mone-
brachiacrinus, Embryocrinus, and other new genera described by
Wanner from Timor.

Another remarkable case of this kind is to be seen in the Silurian
genus Cholocrinus of the Flexibilia, which I have described when:
treating of that group.’ In that genus, while the radials themselves
are not so very different in size, the arms in the two antero-lateral
rays are dwarfed almost to the extent of atrophy. In the discussion
I alluded to a species described by Whitfield from the Chester
in which an opposite irregularity appears, the antero-lateral rays.
being disproportionately enlarged. The inequality of the rays in
Whitfield’s species goes one step farther than that seen in other
species, in that while in them it occurs among the different rays
of the same specimen, in this it lies also between the two branches.
of the same ray, taking the form of a distinct and constant hyper-
trophy of certain arms. I wish here to consider it in somewhat
greater detail partly for that reason, and partly because it proves:
to be related to a genus which is closely associated geologically with:
some of those just discussed, and which, although one of the most
numerous and widely distributed forms of the Chester group, and
the subject of frequent mention in crinoid literature upon morpho-
logical grounds, has hitherto not been understood, namely :

*® Springer, Crinoidea Flexibilia, 1920, p. 171-2.

31 Springer, Bull. 115, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1921, p. 18.

® On the Fossil crinoid family Catillocrinidae, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 76, 1923,
No 3.

83 Crinoidea of Gotland, 1893, p. 54. Also Jackel, Philogenie und System, 1918, pp..
86, 88.

* Crinoidea Flexibilia, 1920, p. 170.

“ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 58

Genus AGASSIZOCRINUS Owen and Shumard
Plate 15

Agassizocrinus Troost, Ms., Proc. Amer. Assn, Ady. Sci., 1850, p. 60. Not
defined, nomen nudum.—OweEN and SHuMARD, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., ser. 2, 1852, p. 93.—SHuMmarD, Marcy’s Red River Hxped., 1854,
p. 1738.

Astylocrinus RorMrER, Lethaea Geognost., 1855, vol. 1, pl. 2, p. 229.

Agassizocrinus, WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey, Pal., pt. 3, 1886. p. 262.—
S. A. Miturer, N. A. Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 221.—Baruer, Lankester
Zoology, pt. 3, 1900, p. 103.—ZirreL-EastMaN, Textb. Pal., 1913, p. 224.

Mississippian, Upper Chester.

The following species, in chronological order, have been described
under this genus, or referred to it; all upper Chester unless other-
wise stated :

1852. Agassizocrinus conicus OWEN and SHuMARD, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 93, pl. 11, fig. 6; Geol. Sur. Iowa, Wis. and Minn.,
1852, p. 597, pl. 5B, fig. 6—Merrk and WortsHen, Geol. Surv. Il., vol.
5; 1873, pl. 21; fig. 8:

Hlongate conical; no marks for insertion of column; base (IBB)
composed of 5 pieces closely adhering, usually anchylosed ; IBB cone ex-
tremely high, higher than in any species subsequently described;
height to width to height of IBB, in mm., 25/17/15. Chester, Illinois.

1852. Also described in the same publication as Poteriocrinus, and referred by
subsequent authors to this genus: A tumidus (Owen and Shumard),
p. 90, pl. 11; figs. 8a, b. A. occidentalis (Owen and Shumard), p. 92,
pl. 11, figs. 5a, 6. Both Chester, Illinois.
1854. A dactyliformis SHumarp, Marcy’s Red River Exped., p. 173, pl. 1, fig. 7.
Washington county, Arkansas.
. laevis (RoEMER), Lethaea Geogn., vol. 1, pl. 2, p. 229, pl. 4, figs.
13a—d (as Astylocrinus). Figs. b, c, d are from the small basal cones
found in great abundance on Prairie du Long creek in Randolph
county, Illinois; fig. @ from a nearly complete specimen said by the
author to be from Indiana, but the authentic type is from Chester,
Illinois.—PicTeT, Traité d. Pal., 1857, vol. 4, p. 291, pl. 99, fig. 8;
copied from Roemer with some changes, among them inserting a
circlet of divided plates above the basal cone, making 4 ranges of
plates —(As A. dactyliformis Troost), Marek and WorrTHEN, IIL, vol. 5,
1873, pl. 21, figs. Ta, b—S. A. Mititer, North Amer. Geol. and Pal.,
1889, p. 221, fig. 240.—Troost, Ms., nomen nudum. Proc. Amer. Assn.
Adv. Sci., 1850, p. 60; Bull. 64, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1909, p. 96, pl. 12,
fig. 1.

Large, broadly rounded ovate; base fused, with traces of sutures in
upper part; IBB more than ¥% total height of calyx; H to W to IBB
21/19/9. Chester, Illinois.

1858. A. gibbosus Hat1, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, p. 686, pl. 25, fig. 6—WorrtHEN, IIL,
vol. 5, p. 556, pl. 21, fig. 11.

Small, broadly conical; base fused, IBB not over 14 total height

of calyx; 12/11/4. Chester, Illinois.

1855. -

.
=

%T am not attempting to give complete synonymy under any of the genera, but only
such references as will indicate the chief sources of information and facilitate the consid-
eration of the forms under discussion.

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

1858. A constrictus HALL, Iowa, p. 687, pl. 25, fig. 10.

Small, narrow conical; IBB divided, high, constricted, more than
¥% total height; 14/9/6. Chester, Illinois.

1867. A. papillatus WortTHEN, Bull. 1, Illinois State Mus., p. 36; IIl., vol. 7,
1882s oS ple2o Showa.

Small, subovate, wider than high; IBB divided, with 2 or 3 joints.
of column attached, very low; 8/11/2. Probably lower Chester,
Monroe County, Illinois.

1867. A. hemisphericus WortTuHen, Bull. 1, Illinois State Mus., p. 37; IIL,
Volt, L882ipx olGy pla 2o) ne, We

Small, low, globose, much wider than high; figures show column
facet and divided IBB, but description says no column facet; IBB
very low; 6/9/1.5. Randolph County, Illinois.

1878. A. pentagonus WoRTHEN, IIl., vol. 5, p. 556, pl. 21, figs. 10a, b.

Small, wider than high, pentagonal outline; BB coneave; IBB

divided, with distinct column facet, low; 18/15/4. Chester, Illinois.
1878. A. globosus WorRTHEN IIL, vol. 5, p. 557, pl. 21, figs. 12a, b, c.

Small, globose, wider than high; IBB divided, with small, round

column facet, very low; 12/14/2. Chester, Illinois.
1873. A. chesterensis WoRTHEN, II1., vol. 5, p. 558, pl. 21, fig. 9.
Medium size, ovoid, higher than wide; faint trace of column at-
tachment, but no suture lines visible; IBB low. Chester, Illinois.
1873. A. carbonarius WorTHEN, IIll., vol. 5, p. 566, pl. 24, fig. 4.
Fused basal cone only. Coal Measures; Shelby County, Illinois.
1896. A. ovalis Mittiter and Gurtiey, Bull. 9, Illinois State Mus., p. 36, pl. 2,
figs. 13, 14.

Medium size, globose; no evidence of a column; IBB very low;
14/15/3. Randolph County, Illinois.

1920. A. dissimilis Wertirr, Bull. 41, Geol. Surv. Illinois, p. 544, pl. 5, figs.
29, 30.

Small, globose, sutures deeply incised; IBB fused. Lower Chester,

Paint Creek formation; St. Clair County, Illinois.

Although the name Agassizocrinus, and what was formerly held
by some authors to be the type species, A. dactyliformis, was given
by Troost in 1850, yet it was Owen and Shumard who first published,
crediting Troost with the genus, a description and figure of a species
of their own, by which the generic characters may be readily recog-
nized ; therefore under the law of priority the genus must be credited
to them, and their species, A. conicus, must be accepted as the geno-
type. The fact that Shumard two years later, in connection with
the description and figure of a species which he called A. dactyli-
formis, published a short account of the genus, crediting both to
Troost, does not affect the record with regard to the genus.

Even as to the species the record is peculiarly complicated. The
genus is most widely known by the form described by Roemer in
the Lethaea Geognostica, 1855, as Astylocrinus laevis, with a beauti-
ful figure of what was said to be a “nearly perfect specimen,” made
from a cast furnished by Shumard, but having the arms considerably
restored. This figure, somewhat amended, was copied by Pictet;

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 55

and afterwards by Meek and Worthen,®* but under the name “Agas-
sizocrinus dactyliformis Troost,” as of a “specimen perfect in all
its parts,” along with another figure (7b) said to be “from a speci-
men in the State collection”; their figure was in turn copied under
the same name by S. A. Miller,*? and under Roemer’s name by Zittel
in the Grundziige (1895, p. 137), and Zittel-Kastman in Text-book
of Paleontology, editions of 1896 and 1913 (pp. 162 and 224) ; thus
it was given a wide circulation both in this country and in Europe.

Shumard’s description and figure of A. dactyliformis in 1854
were made from an imperfect calyx, consisting only of the fused in-
frabasals and part of the basals, and for any close comparison of
species may be disregarded. But none of these publications, al-
though all using Troost’s name, brought out the authentic type
specimen on which Troost proposed the species, which was not done
until 1909, when his monograph was published by the U. S. National
Museum, edited by Miss Wood. Hence all the figures based on the
Roemer type, either the original or copies, must be called A. laevis;
and Troost’s species, A. dactyliformis, must fall under it as a
synonym.

The original specimen from which Roemer’s figure was made is
now in my possession, formerly in the collection of B. F. Shumard,
and I am giving photographs of it after some additional preparation
(pl. 15, figs. 5, 5a). From this it will be seen that while restoring
the lacking parts of the arms, Roemer missed the important element
of the anal plates, which were not shown in his cast because con-
cealed by the matrix.

In order to have an authentic starting point, I am also figuring
the type specimen of Owen and Shumard’s genotype, A. conicus,
now in the United States National Museum (pl. 15, fig. 1). In ad-
dition to these, I have prepared a number of figures from complete
calices as found in several localities throughout the region in which
the genus abounds, among which may be identified some of the
numerous species which have been described, based upon the more
or less conical or globose form of the calyx (pl. 15). These speci-
mens are also important in connection with the newly discovered
leading character of the genus, to be presently explained.

Agassizocrinus is typically a late Chester form. Its earliest ob-
served occurrence is in the upper Ohara, or Renault formation of the
lower Chester; but it becomes common in the lower Okaw division
of the upper Chester under its local appellations of Golconda, Gas-
per, etc., and what is known as the Pentremites godoni bed. It con-
tinues in great abundance in the upper Okaw, Glen Dean, etc.,

$6 T]]., vol. 5, pl. 21, fig. 7a.
87 North Amer. Geol. and Pal. p. 221.

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

division to the end of the Chester, with which it becomes practically
extinct—a single species, A. carbonarius, having been recognized by
Worthen from an isolated fragment in the Coal Measures of Ih-
nois. As showing the broad distribution of this crinoid, I may add
that I found a specimen of the common infrabasal cup at Santa Fe,
New Mexico, in a formation on the flank of the Rocky Mountains
strongly resembling the upper Chester, but now correlated as
Pennsylvanian.

Fragmentary specimens consisting of the detached bases occur
throughout the upper Chester by the hundreds at all the principal
localities in southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Vir-
ginia, Ohio, and Arkansas. Complete calices are rare, and very few
have been seen with any part of the arms attached; but I have been
fortunate in obtaining several of these in condition available for the
comparison about to be made.

One of the generally accepted traditions about A gasstzocrinus,
and the character by which it is chiefly known and most frequently
referred to in morphological discussions, is that it was a stemless

-erinoid, at least in the adult stage. Shumard describes it thus in
the Marcy Report:

In young individuals the division of the pelvis into 5 pieces is well marked,
but in adult age they are usually firmly anchylosed and often all traces of
sutures obliterated.

This has been adopted as a settled conclusion by Wachsmuth and
Springer and authors generally. Nevertheless the known facts do
not bear out this dictum without qualification.

Among 250 specimens of detached bases from the Gasper forma-
tion at Huntsville, Alabama, mostly of medium size, from 7 to 15
mm. in diameter, about 200 have the infrabasals anchylosed, while
about 35 below medium size and 15 of medium size or larger have
traces of infrabasal sutures and column facet; among these one of
the largest in all the collections, 20 mm. in width, has the infrabasals
well divided on the inside (compare figures 21 and 23 on plate 15
for the two extremes). From the same formation in Breckinridge
County, Kentucky, there are about 70 specimens, of which 23 show
the infrabasals divided at the inside, 18 at the outside with the
column facet traceable, and the remainder have the infrabasals com-
pletely anchylosed; these differences are not strictly related to size,
some of those with column facet present being among the larger.

Specimens are numerous in the collections from the Glen Dean
formation in Grayson and Pulaski counties, Kentucky. Out of up-
wards of 200, about one-fourth (mostly the smaller ones but also
some of above medium size) show infrabasal sutures on the inside;
some of fairly average size have the infrabasals distinctly divided,

AR?’ 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 57

and the column facet present (pl. 15, figs. 10, 11); and also a few
have portions of arms. In the remainder the infrabasals are fused.

From the Chester region, upper Okaw, equivalent to the Glen
Dean formation of Kentucky, in Randolph and adjoining counties
in southern [lnois, from which most of the described species have
been derived, there are about 70 specimens; in about 60 of these all
traces of infrabasal sutures are absent, while in 10 these plates are
divided, and traces of column facet visible. The specimens range
from 8 to 20 mm. in diameter. Roemer’s type is 19 mm. wide, and
shows a sutural division at the upper part of the infrabasals, but
no trace of a column facet.

Among the 15 described species, as shown by the descriptions and
figures, the following have the infrabasals completely fused, and all
trace of column absent: A. conicus, A. dactyliformis, A. laevis, A.
gibbosus, A. chesterensis, A. dissimilis, and A. carbonarius,=%.
These have the infrabasals divided, and a column facet present: A.
occidentalis, A. twmidus, A. constrictus, A. papillatus, A. penta-
gonus, and A. globosus,=6. Of the remaining two, A. hemispher-
tcus and A. ovalis, the figures show the infrabasals divided, but the
descriptions say there is no evidence of a column. Thus at least 40
per cent of the described species had a column, and there is nothing
in either figures or descriptions to indicate that these were based
upon immature individuals.

On examining the specimens with reference to the fusion of the
base several conditions will be found: some have the infrabasals
completely anchylosed—usually a good sized cone; some have them
well divided, with a facet suitable for the attachment of the column;
in some they appear divided only at the inside of the cup; still
-others have a more or less imperfect division, with suture lines
ragged or curving (pl. 15, figs. 18, 19), as if in a transition state, or
one in which the sharp definition of the suture is hindered by a
restricted mode of growth, accompanied by the formation of zigzag
radiating nerve canals, passing out into the wall of the cup instead
of down into a stem (pl. 15, fig. 24).

In 1882 Whitfield described a species from the upper zone of the
Maxville formation of Ohio, equivalent to the Glen Dean of Ken-
tucky, under the name Cyathocrinus inequidactylus.* Some years
afterwards, finding the name preoccupied, he republished the de-
scription, changing the specific name to C. maavillensis.*® He had
three specimens, of which he gave good figures, the arms being
partly preserved in two of them. The distinctive character of the

8 Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 219, pl. 9, figs. 5-8.
89 Idem, vol. 3, Feb. 1891, p. 577, pl. 13, figs. 5-8; Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. 8, 1893, p. 465,
pl. 9, figs. 5-8.

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

species as defined was the inequality of the arms, the structure of
which was described as follows:

Second radials, or first arm plates, smaller than the first radials and nar-
rowing upward; wedge formed above, and each supporting two arms. On the
postero-lateral, with the arms slender. On the anterior ray it is short and
supports two slender arms; while on the antero-lateral rays they support a
slender arm similar to those of the other rays on the anterior side, and on
the outer side an arm several times larger and stronger than the others, and
composed of longer and stronger plates.

That is to say, there are 10 arms, but those on the axillary faces
of the antero-lateral primibrachs are unequal, the branch on each
outer face (toward the posterior side) being hypertrophied, thus
giving two disproportionately large arms, and eight, much smaller,
about equal among themselves.

In one of the specimens the strong antero-lateral arm is preserved
to more than an inch. In all three the infrabasals are distinctly
divided, forming a rather low conical cup, to which a well developed
stem is attached.

Now the radial facets occupy the full width of the radials, and
are equipped with a complete muscular articulation, while the anal
side is that of the later Poteriocrinidae; so it was long ago evident
that this species does not belong to the genus Cyathocrinus. Casting
about to find a place for it, having meantime acquired an excellent
specimen clearly belonging to the species, I was struck with the re-
semblance of the calyx in all essential characters to that of those
species of Agassizocrinus having divided infrabasals and a column
facet. Upon reviewing my material which has been referred to
that genus, I found two specimens with the arms transversely frac-
tured which plainly disclosed in cross section the two hypertrophied _
arms, precisely as in Whitfield’s specimens. In both of these also
the infrabasals are divided, and a distinct column facet is present.

Upon making careful measurements I found that the difference in
the size of arms was reflected in the width of the radials at the dis-
tal facet, which was nearly the same in the two specimens, the mean
of the two, in millimeters, being:

. PayT GaP TERT (0 IS
lant; | 12 post. | r. post. | r. ant.

5. 2 6.7

|=
7 | 5. 2

This suggested the probability that similar measurements might
furnish a clue to the existence of unequal arms in specimens in which
only the calyx was intact. I thereupon assembled all such speci-
mens supposed to belong to Agassizocrinus, from five of the princi-
pal regions, and tabulated the data for the width of the radial facets,
measured at the outside in 15 of these, of which 6 have the infrabas-

Arr 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 09

sals divided and the column facet or distinct traces of it present, and
9 have the infrabasals fused. Taking the means for the two sets, I
obtained a composite for each, and for the whole, as follows:

Four specimens not included in the table, while having the same
relative widths otherwise, have the anterior radial as wide as, or
wider than, the two lateral radials; which indicates that in some
specimens the enlargement extended to the anterior ray while the
two posterior remained small, which might not be unexpected with
an abnormal character like this.

Thus it appears that throughout the entire assemblage of speci-
mens, which includes representatives of the best known species,
including some types, the radials differ in width with a certain
regularity which is expressed by the mean of all the measurements;
and that taking this mean as conclusive evidence of the facts, the
two lateral radials exceed the two posterior radials in width by about
1.8 mm., and the anterior radial by about two thirds of that
amount—this excess being enough in most cases to accommodate the
greater width of arm on one face of the axillary primibrach, the faces
of which differ in the proposition of about 3 to 2, or 5 to 3. Also
that this difference is not confined to those forms having divided
infrabasals and a stem, but is equally pronounced in those having the
infrabasals anchylosed and all traces of stem obliterated.

Among the material under consideration are the type specimens
of two of the earliest described species of A gassizocrinus: 1. That of
the genotype, A. conicus of Owen and Shumard, U. S. National
Museum, Catalogue No. 17937, sent in 1887 from the University of
Indiana, where it had been deposited by David Dale Owen, along
with other types of species described by him and Shumard in the
second of their papers in the Philadelphia Academy of 1852 (those
of the first paper being now in the University of Chicago); one
radial is not visible (pl. 15, fig. 1). 2. That of Roemer’s A. laevis,
already mentioned. Corresponding measurements of these give
the following widths:

i ere —— 2 —

;
i ant la | Sp: | tp: | r.a
iE \ ee ewe seats (zed
| |
Al CONICUSEEe ee eee | 9 | 10 | hep ee See at | 7 | 10. 5 |
9 | | Pair
|

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67°

Thus we find the same relative excess in width of the lateral
radials over the posterior radials. Hence the inequality of radials.
shown to exist in the specimens generally is now found to be a.
character in the types of those species which have been considered.
typical of Agassizocrinus, including the genotype itself. Although.
in these two specimens the anterior radial is also more or less en-
larged, as in some others before mentioned, it does not follow that
the same inequality of arms extends to that ray. For in the A.
laevis type I was able, by additional preparation, to expose the:
distal faces of the axillary primibrachs all around, with the interest-
ing result that while in the antero-lateral rays the faces of the
axillary are 6 and 4 mm. respectively, in the anterior ray the faces.
are equal at 5 mm.—those in the posterior rays being 4.5 mm.; so
that while in some specimens the anterior arms may be a little
larger than the posterior, there is probably no such hypertrophy or:
inequality as exists in the latter in Whitfield’s species. Not only so,.
but this specimen as now prepared affords a comparative view of the
posterior arms and the antero-lateral arm next to them, by which.
the greater size of the latter can be plainly seen (pl. 15, fig. 5a).

By way of a check upon these observations, and in order to see:
whether analogous differences might not exist among the rays of
other closely related genera, I tabulated the widths of the radial
facets in 26 specimens from the same formations and localities, be-
longing to three species of Hupachycrinus, which has the anal side
identical with that of A gassizocrinus, with the result that the mean
width of the five radials differs not exceeding 0.5 mm. between any
two of them, and not. according to any definite plan. The composite
of the 26 is as follows:

ant. as | l. p. | r. p.

| 8! Gels Bowe aay
| | Pie

ra. |
|

The obvious conclusion from these facts is that the anomalous arm
structure exhibited in Whitfield’s species pertains more or less to the
species of Agassizocrinus generally, and that the dominant character
of the latter genus is not the absence of a stem but the hypertrophy
of certain arms in two (perhaps occasionally three) of the rays, pro-
ducing an asymmetry within the ray itself; that the fusion of infra-
basals is not entirely a matter of adult growth (although the elimina-
tion of the stem is undoubtedly an adult character in the ontogeny of
the crinoids) but that the instability of the base follows a tendency
to change directly associated with the abnormal modification of the
arms. It may thus be a character which became fixed in certain
species, or it may have occurred sporadically or at different stages of

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 61

growth in different species. Thus I’. B. Meek commenting in 1874
-on the figures of Agass?zocrinus on plate 21 of volume 5 of the Illi-
nois Reports says:

Some species, such as those represented by figs. 10 and 12, may even have re-
mained attached by a slender column during their whole life.”

The further obvious conclusion follows that Whitfield’s species
must be referred to Agassizocrinus with a modified diagnosis, and
that inasmuch as his original specific name was not preoccupied un-
der the genus to which it now proves to belong, it must under the
rules of nomenclature be now restored, and the species written
Agassizocrinus inequidactylus (Whitfield).

I have reserved for special mention the particular specimen which
led me to the present investigation, and which by reason of its excel-
lent preservation gives us the most striking picture of the remarkable
specialization which has developed in this genus. It was acquired
with the collection of the late Col. S. S. Lyon, who had recognized its
anomalous structure, and, as I have elsewhere stated, proposed to
describe it under one of his favorite hyphenated names as Poterio-
erinus brachialis-irregularis. The two ponderous antero-lateral
arms are almost complete, and they show better than the measure-
ments of radials what an enormous difference in size there is between
them and the other arms (pl. 15, fig. 18). The specimen has the
infrabasals divided, and a column facet with axial opening; and it
belongs beyond question to the species described by Whitfield.

In the structure of the anal interradius there is no appreciable dif-
ference between the species referred to Agassizocrinus and those of
Cromyocrinus and E'upachycrinus, which are all closely associated
in geological position. Bather in the Lankester Zoology (pt. 3, p.
103), defined Agassizocrinus as “a Cromyocrinus that loses its col-
umn in adult life, while IBB fuse to a solid mass.” With the
knowledge furnished by the present investigation we are able to
place the definition of Agassizocrinus upon a surer basis, distin-
guishing it from the other two genera by the inequality of the radii
due to the greater size of the two lateral rays, and of one of the arms
of which they are composed, and perhaps exceptionally of the an-
terior ray also. This will be irrespective of the presence or absence
of a stem, although the strong tendency to fusion of the base and
elimination of the stem is recognized:

Genus AGASSIZOCRINUS Owen and Shumard

Poteriorcrininae with calyx elongate to pyriform. Infrabasals
five, with facet for round column often present, but more frequently
fused into a rounded conical base, on which all trace of column is
wanting. Radials unequal, those of the two lateral rays (and some-

40 Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 7, p. 484.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

times the anterior) larger than the others; primibrachs usually one,
that of the lateral rays unsymmetric, and supporting on the longer
articular face a greatly hypertrophied arm. Arms ten, unequal,
uniserial, brachials mostly quadrangular; pinnules small and closely
packed. Ventral sac unknown, probably inconspicuous or wanting.
Distribution.—-Carboniferous, Chester to Pennsylvanian.
There must now be added to the list of species given above:

AGASSIZOCRINUS INEQUIDACTYLUS (Whitfield)

Cyathocrinus inequidactylus, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 2, 1882, p.
219, pl. 9, figs. 5-8.

Cyathocrinus maxvillensis WHITFIELD, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 5,
1891, p. 557, pl. 18, figs. 5-8; Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. 7, 1893, p. 465, pl.
9, figs. 5-S.—Morssg, Proe. Ohio State Acad. Sci., vol. 5, 1911, p. 361,
362, figs. 3a—d.

Belongs to the subconical type, of medium size, and well character-
ized by a low cone of perfectly divided infrabasals and a strong
ae stem. Highest part of the Chester, Max-

OY Oa XN ville limestone (upper zone) and Glen
C) Oa ¢) Dean formations. Type locality near
OO is Newtonville, Clermont County, Ohio;
ay also occurs at Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski

OBC County, Grayson Springs, Grayson
|) \) ae GH fe U County, and Stephensport, Brecken-
ridge County, all in Kentucky, but has

© a Y not been reported from the equivalent.
as: Okaw of the southern Illinois area.
Qa Like many other species of the Glen

Wien 1 Pe en oF Dean formation this is a wide ranging

: a form. In addition to Whitfield’s types
from Ohio, four specimens have been found at three widely sepa-
rated localities in Kentucky, all from the uppermost beds of the
Chester; they are figured on plate 15. The nearly conical contour
of the calyx and low infrabasal cone are constant in all.

While I am not essaying a critical review of the species of
A gassizocrinus, yet in view of its profuse occurrence and wide dis-
tribution, and the desirability of having the status of the species
fixed as far as possible, I will attempt briefly to summarize our
information regarding them:

Of the seventeen described species (including Whitfield’s and a
new species), two-thirds of which are based upon specimens from
the vicinity of Chester, Illinois, three may be excluded from con-
sideration because not sufficiently defined to show more than generic
characters, namely: A. dactyliformis Shumard, A. twmidus Owen:
and Shumard, and A. carbonarius Worthen.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 63

Five may be accepted distinguished by well defined special char-
acters, some of which may be only individual variations, namely :

1. A. conicus Owen and Shumard, by its strictly conical and very elongate
form, large size, and great relative height of the infrabasal cone, which is
more than half the height of the calyx (pl. 15, fig. 1).

2. A. laevis Roemer, by its broadly rounded, ovoid calyx, of which the base
is more than one-third its height (pl. 15, fig. 5); this includes Troost’s Ms.
species, A dactyliformis, and the specimen figured by Meek and Worthen in
Illinois (vol. 5, pl. 21, fig. 7).

3. A. constrictus Hall, by its very elongate, narrow calyx, and constricted
base.

4. A. pentagonus Worthen, by its pentagonal outline, and concave basal
plates.

5. A. dissimilis Weller, by its deeply incised sutures.

Nos. 1, 2, and 5 have the infrabasals fused.

Of the remaining species, which include three synonyms, six might
be arranged, for want of any better criterion, according to the gen-
eral form of the calyx as used in many of the descriptions, whether
subconical, ovoid, or globose; to which may be usefully added the
relative height of the infrabasal cone or disk:

6. A. gibbosus Hall, syn. A. chesterensis Worthen ; subconical, but much more
rounded and less elongate than conicus, both as to the entire calyx and the
infrabasal cone, the height being slightly more than the greatest width, and
the infrabasals one-fourth to one-third the height of calyx; infrabasals fused
(pl. 15, fig. 8).

Widely distributed, found in all the principal Chester areas.

7. A. inequidactylus (Whitfield) ; similar to last, only having infrabasals
divided and a column; and being more elongate and more distinctly conical
in form (pl. 15, figs. 10-18).

8. A. papiliatus Worthen, syn. A. hemisphericus Worthen; and (7?) A. oc-
cidentalis Owen and Shumard; calyx globose, wider than high; infrabasals
forming a low disk, less than one-fourth the height of calyx, divided, with a
column facet. A. occidentalis is included here with a (?); if the characters
were certain it would have to head the group, being earliest in date. Prob-
ably from the Paint Creek formation, a lower horizon than all the others
except No. 5.

9. A. globosus Worthen; characters not materially different from the last,
but it is slightly larger, and from a higher horizon, being characteristic of the
Gasper formation, especially in Breckrenridge County, Kentucky (pl. 15, fig.
14).

10. A. ovalis Miller and Gurley; same as last, except that while the figures
show divided infrabasals, the descriptions say there is no evidence of a column
(DID sies aL alG AL).

11. Agassizocrinus lobatus, new species. A thoroughly distinct species, from
the Gasper formation at Huntsville, Alabama, represented by 12 specimens
that only came to light in the collection after the foregoing discussion was
prepared. It is remarkable for having the infrabasal cup (which is the only
part known) strongly lobed next to the top, and more or less divided, while
it is rounded and fused at the bottom. I have figured a set of six of the
cups in which these characters are fully shown (pl. 26, figs. 13-18).

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

As a fairly general rule, it seems that those forms with a well
rounded ovoid or globose calyx, combined with very short infra-
basals, have mostly a divided base; but the subconical No. 7 has
it also.

Thus the recognizable species are reduced to eleven, and it is
probable that there are still more synonyms, but the material is not
at hand for close comparison of some species.

THE INFLATED VENTRAL SAC

The leading character of the Fistulate division of the Crinoidea
Inadunata is the great development of the posterior interradius,
which in some genera takes the form of an elongate anal tube with
the opening at the distal end, while in others almost the entire teg-
men is extended into a closed sac, in which the anal opening, in-
stead of being at the distal end, or at the posterior side, is located
at the anterior side of the tube, either at the base, or part way up,
sometimes at the end of a lateral spout.

This organ exhibits various forms and modifications, some of
which are illustrated by Wachsmuth and Springer on plate 7 of the
North American Crinoidea Camerata. It is not my purpose to
discuss these structures in detail, further than is desirable to clarify
our knowledge in regard to one of them that has hitherto been ob-
scure, and to supply some needed information regarding certain
species which for lack of adequate illustration have not hitherto been
clearly understood, several of the important ones never having been
figured at all. The modification which I wish especially to consider
is the one which is characterized by a peculiar reversal in the posi-
tion of the anal opening, by which in certain forms it emerges at
the anterior side instead of the posterior, where it is usually ex-
pected. This has been a perplexing fact in the morphology of the
group, giving rise to some rather far-fetched theories for its ex-
planation. Later investigations, as I have hitherto stated in the
Flexibilia monograph, indicate that there is no essential difference
between the “anal tube,” such as is found in Cyathocrinus, and the
“ventral sac,” as in Aulocrinus; and that all forms of tube in which
the anus is not at the distal end may be explained by the recurving
of the gut with its enveloping tube in its upward or distal extension,
from the vertical toward the anterior side, folding or doubling back
upon itself more or less completely, so that the opening may emerge
through the wall of the tube at any point between the distal end and
the base.

The tendency of the tube, perhaps primarily owing to some ob-
struction in the early stages, is to expand at or near the point where
it is bent, either producing a rounded or nodose enlargement, or

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 65

developing a variety of peculiar inflated or spiniferous structures,
which have been called balloon-shaped or mushroom-shaped. Some
of these extend beyond the limits of the arms, surmounting the
crown with a conspicuous expanded appendage; others are wholly
enclosed by the arms. All are enlarged extensions of a narrow
neck by which they are connected with the cup.

This form of sac was especially developed in the Lower Carbonif-
erous, where it is characteristic of a considerable group of genera,
beginning in the earliest members, the Kinderhook and Lower Bur-
lington, with the genus Coeliocrinus, a variable form, which con-
tinued with modifications into some of the later formations, and was
succeeded toward the close by Hydreionocrinus, which combines one
of its forms of sac with a different type of calyx and arm structure,
and as thus modified passed on to the Upper Carboniferous. The
sac with the infradistal position of the anus is subject to considerable
modification in details of structure, and in one form or another
occurs as a conspicuous feature in several genera besides the two
above named. It is also found associated with different plans of
arm arrangement and forms of calyx. As to these characters there
is no very stable correlation, and the lack of fixity in this respect is
often confusing.

For example: Pachylocrinus arboreus (Worthen) and P. florealis
(Yandell and Shumard) with more or less dichotomous arms, have
the opening toward the top, the former somewhat below the bulbous
enlargement, and the latter almost at the very top, next to the ter-
minal cluster of a few spiniferous plates (pl. 16, figs. 3-9). Abroto-
erinus unicus (Hall), with the arms of Pachylocrinus somewhat
modified but having a pentagonal stem, has the anus about midway
(pl. 17, figs. 1-3) ; as have also Scytalocrinus and Decadocrinus, with
their ten unbranched arms, the former with slender pinnules and the
latter with strong armlets or ramules.*t In Aulocrinus, with arms
and pinnules of the ecadocrinus type, the opening is at about the
same height, but projected from a lateral tube (pl. 19).

Zeacrinus, with heterotomous arms and short brachials, exhibits
great variation in tube structure: Z. elegans of the Burlington has a
rounded sac expanding upwards (pl. 21, fig. 2a); Z. commaticus of
the Keokuk has the opening at the base of an elongated sac (pl. 22,
fig. 8a) ; while the typical species, Z. wortheni of the Chester, has an
altogether different form of sac, being a pyramid narrowing upwards
to an apex, but having the opening about midway (pl. 23, fig. 2a).

Hydreionocrinus, with a highly distinctive spiniferous sac, and the
opening in at least one species about midway, has no less than three

41 North Amer, Crin. Cam., pl. 7, and herein, pl. 17.
238382—26—_5

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

different types of arms: H. wetherbyi nearly dichotomous, an inter-
mediate stage; H. depressus strongly heterotomous, with the branch-
ing toward the inner side of the dichotom (pls. 25 and 26) ; and the
British species, 7. woodianus, with the branching toward the outer
side of the dichotom. As if this were not a sufficient confusion of
characters, it may be added that the two American species have
respectively round and pentagonal stems.

In view of such lack of constancy in the characters of a single
genus of this type, it is not certain that the position of the anal
opening, as shown in the species above mentioned, will hold good for
other species of the respective genera. This unusual development
of the sac represents a hypertrophied condition of the organ, and
structures modified by that sort of growth are apt to be more or less
unstable. In fact the acquisition of large additions to the collection
of the later Inadunate genera, since I discussed the Poteriocrinidae
in 1911, has disclosed such an intermingling of characters which in
other groups are regarded as distinctive, especially in the arrange-
ment of anal structures, as to render the definition of some of these
genera, containing a great number of species, perplexing and subject
to exceptions.

Returning now to the consideration of the process by which the
anal opening came to be upon the anterior side of the sac, it is not
necessary to assume any extraordinary change in the organic develop-
ment of the crinoid to produce this result. It depends merely upon
the movements of the gut, which, as I have elsewhere shown,” are
the cause of great morphological changes, and have produced many
modifications in the external form of the calyx. Beginning in its
primitive position in the ontogeny of the growing crinoid at one of
the corners between the larval basals and orals, it migrates through
a great variety of positions, so that the anal opening may issue and
be finally fixed in the calyx of the adult crinoid at any point between
the level of the radials and the middle of the tegmen. Its general
tendency is towards the latter, that is, an upward growth, which
finds expression in a greatly elongated central tube, such as that of
the Batocrinidae. But this tendency may be diverted by unknown
causes, and the course of the gut completely changed. This occurs
for example in the Camerate genus Siphonocrinus, where in some
species, instead of growing upward from its original posterior posi-
tion, the gut is bent over and continued underneath the plates of the
tegmen, passing completely over the oral portion to the anterior
side of the calyx, where it opens out at or below the arm regions.**
This is precisely what has happened in the Inadunate forms under
consideration, except that the deflection and recurving occur at a

42 Crinoidea Flexibilia, pp. 67, 81, 86. :
43 North Amer, Crin. Cam., p. 210, pl. 19, figs. 3a, b, c; and herein, pl. 18, fig. 5.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 67

later stage, involving not only the gut but also its tubular sheath of
calcareous plates, and that instead of following a simple curvature
continuing along a convex surface, the direction of the tube is more
or less suddenly or abruptly reversed. With its upward growth
thus arrested, the activity of the organ finds an outlet in different
forms of expansion, or abnormal structures, at or near the point
where the reversal occurs. As the tube in forms of this group is
usually built up of plates arranged in longitudinal columns, it is
not difficult to trace the course of these changes.

The simplest case is seen in species of Pachylocrinus, such as P-
arboreus or P. scoparius (pl. 16, figs. 83-7; 2), where the tube is:
greatly curved downward toward the anterior to an opening near’
or above midway; the walls along the line of contact are coalesced
and the curved portion considerably swollen, but not rising beyond
the limit of the arms. The longitudinal lines of plates forming the
sac are distinctly seen in the swollen part.

In P. florealis (pl. 16, figs. 8, 9) the opening lies just below the
distal end, and the tube is terminated by four spiniferous plates
barely surmounting the arms.

In Coeliocrinus ventricosus, where the inflation of the sac is at
the distal end and takes the form of a narrow-necked balloon, the
longitudinal columns of plates which appear in several of the speci-
mens testify that this is only the hypertrophied part of the tube
incident to its reversal of direction (pl. 24, figs. 1-8). The anus
has not been observed in this genus, but we know it must have been
somewhere in the narrow neck below the inflated part.

Aulocrinus, which with its lateral spout appears to be the most
aberrant form of all, really tells the story the best. This may be
understood from the figures upon plate 19, made from a remarkable
series of specimens in which the spout-like tube is shown in various
positions. Here the longitudinal columns of plates are very con-
spicuous, being marked by sharp ridges, and it will be observed
that the number of these columns when seen in a lateral view is
considerably greater above the level of the spout than it is below.
This results from the doubling of the tube upon itself, and the
fusion of the apposed walls of the parts thus brought into contact ;
the process is completely shown by the two specimens in which the
tube is exposed laterally (figs. 2 and 3). In figure 2 the ridged
rows of plates can be traced continuously from the original tube into
the reversed part.

From these it will be seen that the tube of Aulocrinus, instead of
being curved and inflated as in the preceding examples, is abruptly
reversed, as if it might have been bent, almost to the point of frac-
ture, and the pieces bound together so that the distal end could
continue to grow in the opposite direction from before. At the line

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

where the reversal occurred incipient spines were developed, instead
of a swollen sac—a modification which became dominant in Hydrei-
onocrinus.

Thus the position of the anus on the anterior side depends upon
the extent to which the tube grows downward after reversal, and if
this is continued far enough the opening will be at the base of the
tube, as in “ Scaphiocrinus” elegans; and with the evidence afforded
by the above mentioned examples it is clear that its position in all
forms where located below the distal end may be accounted for.

The genera characterized by the Inflated Sac fall into a fairly
well limited group forming a section of the subfamily Poterio-
crininae as defined in the Zittel-Eastman textbook, edition of 1913.
It has an extreme range from the earliest Lower Carboniferous
through the principal subdivisions and into the Upper Carboniferous,
and according to Wanner into the Permian. It reached its acme in
variety and abundance in the Burlington and Keokuk, and in extrav-
agance of form in the later formations. Coincident with the es-
tablishment of the mushroom form in the Chester, the group began
to decline, and to be replaced by a series of genera in which the
strong anal tube as a solid structure disappeared, and the anal plates
were lifted out of the calyx until they no longer occupied a place
within the ring of radials, and ceased to form an integral part of the
calyx wall.

This series started with the long-lhved Hupachycrinus, which
began, as I now know, in the Keokuk with a rare and isolated spe-
cies, and lasted through the Upper Carboniferous; and which, while
retaining the strong radianal and anal plates of its predecessors, had
only a remnant of the tube. The change progressed through Crom-
yocrinus, Agassizocrinus, Ulocrinus, Hrisocrinus, and finally to /’'n-
crinus in the Trias, when all trace of anal structures in the calyx
was lost.

The section with a tube, therefore, all having strong anal plates
in the calyx to support it, includes the genera from Poteriocrinus to
Scytalocrinus of the subfamily Poteriocrininae above mentioned,
with some additions. In view of the close interrelationships of the
genera comprising this group, the need of better description and
illustration of some of them, and the presence of some new forms, it
is desirable to give, along with the new matter, a general summary
of their characters.

In this group, specialized as it is in regard to the ventral sac,
there must be recognized, as already intimated, a considerable com-
plexity and intermingling of characters, and the definition of genera
is complicated by the occurrence of exceptions in regard to char-
acters which in some other groups are considered to be of generic
value. We simply have to select some character that appears to be

art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 69 -

dominant, and hold to it in spite of exceptions and uncertain cor-
relations.

In the mode of arm branching, for instance, between a ray with
two or more subordinate branches always borne on the same side of
a main arm, as in Hydreionocrinus depressus—heterotomous—and
one in which the arms divide by successive nearly equal bifurcations,
as in Pachylocrinus aequalis—dichotomous— there is a clear distinc-
tion. The latter, with two or more full bifurcations, would give 8
or more arms to the ray. But if only 1 arm of the second bifurca-
tion branches, that would give but 6 arms to the ray, making an in-
termediate condition which may occur under either category, and
has to be dealt with according to circumstances, as for example in
the heterotomous Zeacrinus elegans, or the dichotomous Pachylo-
crinus arboreus. So also the stem varies from circular to penta-
gonal, occasionally both in one species, and sometimes both in forms
not otherwise separable generically. In the case of Abrotocrinus I
have utilized Miller and Gurley’s genus, separated only by this
character, because it offers a convenient means of subdividing the
unwieldy genus Pachylocrinus. It is not a very reliable character
in this group. Pachylocrinus aequalis, with usually a round stem,
has it sometimes pentagonal next to the calyx, and Abrotocrinus
unicus has the stem both ways, but mostly pentagonal. Again, in
Zeacrinus, the character most relied on is the very short brachials,
which we call quadrangular, notwithstanding the fact that in various
specimens some of the lower brachials are clearly cuneiform. Such
exceptions, being part of the infinite variety in nature, must not dis-
turb us.

The following table shows the relations of the genera as they
appear in the light of present information :

ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA
Subfamily PoTERIOOCRININAE.

Section A. Poteriocrininae with elongated ventral sac, in which
the anal opening is below the distal end, and at the anterior side.
Anal plates, including radianal, strongly developed within the cup.

IBB 5: 2-3 anals in the calyx.
Radial facet round, not filling distal face of R.
Sac tapering distally to an apex beyond the arms_____---~ Poteriocrinus.
Radial facet straight, filling distal face of R.
Sac enlarging distally to a more or less rounded,
nodose or spiniferous terminal.
Arms branching on or beyond IIBr.
Branching usually more than once.
Dichotomous, uniserial, brachials cuneiform.
Sac strong, club-shaped, occasionally spinose.

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Arms rounded and not abutting.
IBr not more than 2.

Column roundes #2 serie wee eee ee ee ee Pachylocrinus.
(Olim Scaphiocrinus).
Column: pentagonal tjo4 hace See Ae ae SA NEDA ee Abrotocrinus.
IBr more than 2. Arms branching unequally
beyond them .=.:2= 3.00 ee ee ot a Culmicrinus.
Sae with strong median row of plates______________ Liparocrinus.
Heterotomous.

Brachials cuneiform or biserial, arms not abutting.
Sac balloon-shaped, exceptionally spiniferous.

Cupy tabi aeons 228 68 Le oh eee ee ae eS ey Coeliocrinus.
Sac mushroom-shaped, spiniferous.
Cup) low;,.cup-sha ped ee ees Hydreionocrinus.

Brachials quadrangular, uniserial.
Sac club-shaped or pyramidal.
ATrMsiclosélyi abutting 2.2 se te ae eee ee Ole eee Zeacrinus.
Arms branching once on IIBr.
Arms not abutting; 4 to the ray, exceptionally 3 or 2.

Dichotomous: brachials cuneiform, fairly long____________ Ulrichicrinus.
rachials quadrangular, very short,
TINS! Ha Viy-See ee WD ee ee See Pree eas Woodocrinus.

Arms not branching beyond IIBr.
10 main rami, unbranched.
Brachials cuneiform.
Bearing strong ramules.
Cup usually depressed, with flat or concave base.
Anal opening directly through side of sac_________ Decadocrinus.
Anal opening at end of lateral spout________________ Aulocrinus.
Bearing ordinary pinnules.
Cup usually elongate, sometimes obconical to
low bowl-shaped, rounded base.
Anal opening directly through sae________________ Scytalocrinus.

Genus PACHYLOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer

Plate 16

Scaphiocrinus Hatt, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 550.—WacHSMUTH and
SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 112; pt. 3, 1886, p. 235.

Pachylocrinus WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 115;
pt. 3, p. 242.—Sprineer, New Amer. Foss. Crin., 1911, p. 145.—Zirret-
HASTMAN, Textb. Pal., 19138, p. 222.

Mississippian ; Kinderhook to Upper Carboniferous.

The reason for adopting this name for a majority of the great
number of species described under Scaphiocrinus (nomen nudum
because its type species belonged to the previously established
Graphiocrinus) were set forth in my paper of 1911, above cited. It
is ene of the most prolific and long lived of Carboniferous types,
containing, before removal of those with pentagonal stem under
Abrotocrinus, upwards of 100 described species, ranging from the
Kinderhook to the Upper Carboniferous. Although having typi-

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER Th

cally dichotomous arms, it will include some intermediate forms in
which there are one or two arms branching unequally to the inner
side of the ray, provided these are rounded arms, not abutting as in
Zeacrinus. Observance of this distinction will help to remedy some
of the confusion in the descriptions. ‘The type species, ?. aequalis
(Hall) of the Keokuk,** is shown by good figures in Geological Sur-
vey of Illinois (vol. 5, pl. 15, fig. 6), in Zittel-Kastman (19138, p. 222,
fig. 8323), and herein (pl. 16, fig. 1). It is a very abundant species,
and specimens are to be seen in almost all collections. Sac and
opening are similar to those of P. arboreus, but rarely seen.
Other good examples of this type are:

Pachylocrinus (Poteriocrinus) concinnus MEEK and WorTHEN, Geol. Surv.
Illinois, vol. 5, 1873, pl. 14, fig. 3. ,

Pachylocr. (Poteriocr.) jesupi WHITFIELD, Bull. 1, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1881, pls. 1, 2. Syn. of P. swallovi, Merk and WorTHEN, Geol. Surv.
Ill., vol. 2, pl. 16, figs. 4a, 0.

Pachylocr. (Poteriocr.) covanus WortTHen, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 7,
1883, pl. 27, fig. 1. 12 arms to the ray.

Pachylocr. (poterioer.) spartarius MILLER and Guriery, Journ. Cin. Soe.
Nat. Hist., 1890, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, 8. 8 arms to the ray.

Notwithstanding the abundance of species belong to this genus,
specimens showing the position of the anal opening are rare. To
illustrate it I have used two species from the later formations, in
one of which the opening is the nearest to the distal end of any I

have seen.
PACHYLOCRINUS AQUALIS (Hall)

Plate 16, fig. 10

Scaphiocrinus aqualis Haty, Supp. Geol. Iowa, 1860, p. 83.
Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

I am figuring a characteristic specimen of this species, which is
one of the most conspicuous of its formation, but has not before been
illustrated. It attains a large size, some specimens being consider-
ably larger than the one here figured, which I have selected for its
excellent showing of the sac. I am glad of the opportunity to fur-
nish an authentic figure of the species, to help clarify the confusion
heretofore existing between the name and that of P. aequalis of the
Keokuk.

PACHYLOCRINUS ARBOREUS (Worthen)
Plate 16, figs. 3-7
Zeacrinus arboreus WorRTHEN, Geol. Sury. IL, vol. 5, p. 534, pl. 20, fig. 5.—
Sprincer, Amer. Geol., vol. 26, 1900, pl. 16, figs. 18-23.
Chester group, Ohara formation (formerly called St. Louis) ; Huntsville,
Alabama.

This is a prolific species, found in good preservation, and repre-
sented in the collection by upwards of one hundred specimens. The

“Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 316.

q2, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

rounded end of the sac as shown in the figures is constant in form and
position in many specimens, and the opening just below it in several.
The species belongs to the intermediate type of arm branching, which
has caused it sometimes to be labeled Zeacrinus, while the resem-
blance in form of the inflated sac has also led to a reference to Coelio-
crinus.

PACHYLOCRINUS FLOREALIS (Yandell and Shumard)

Plate 16, figs. 8, 9

Cyathocrinus florealis YANDELL and SHuMARD, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847,
p. 24, ply dy fies
Zeacrinus florealis, SHUMARD, Cat. Pal. Foss., 1866, pt. 1 p. 399.
Chester group, Glen Dean formation; Grayson Springs, Kentucky.
Three specimens of this rare species show the same peculiar small

spiniferous termination of the sac above the ends of the arms, with
the anal opening near the distal end. The wide difference in the
structure of the sac between this and the preceding species empha-
sizes the extreme variability of this character.

Genus ABROTOCRINUS Miller and Gurley

Plates 16, 17

Abrotocrinus MILLER and Gurtry, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 18,
1890, p. 80; 16th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1891, p. 350.
Mississippian; Lower Burlington to Keokuk.

As already mentioned, I have utilized this genus, heretofore
ranked as a synonym, to include those species of Pachylocrinus which
have a pentagonal stem. It offers the medium of a convenient and
much needed subdivision of that genus. The character is not a very
reliable one, some intermediate forms having the stem pentagonal
near the calyx and round lower down. The type species, Abroto-
crinus-cymosus Miller and Gurley,*® from the Keokuk limestone of
Canton, Indiana, is in its arm structure a beautiful example of the
Pachylocrinus type. I am illustrating two species, one from the
Upper Burlington which has never been figured, and one from the
Keokuk, showing the median position of the anal opening.

ABROTOCRINUS RUSTICELLUS (White)

Plate 16, fig. 11

Poteriocrinus rusticellus WuHitr, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1863,
p. 505.
Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

Another prominent Burlington species, not hitherto understood.
There are several specimens even more conspicuous than the one

46 Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1890, pl. 5, fig. 2.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 73

here shown, but I am figuring it because enough of the sac can be
seen on the opposite side, although too much shattered for drawing,
to show that it was substantially like that of the other species figured,
with the opening about midway.

ABROTOCRINUS UNICUS (Hall)
Plate 17, figs. 1-3

Poteriocrinus (Scaphiocrinus) unicus Hatt, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist.,
1861, p. 318.—Merrek and WortHEn, Geol. Surv. Ill., vol. 5, pl. 15, fig.
5.—WACHSMUTH and Sprincer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, pl. 7,
fig. 6.

Keokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indiana.

One of the very prominent species of its celebrated locality, in
which the sac with its midway opening is shown by numerous speci-
mens, quite constant throughout. The pentagonal stem, at least
next to the calyx, is distinct in more than fifty specimens.

Genus CULMICRINUS Jaekel
Plate 18

Culmicrinus JAEKEL, Philogenie und System der Polmatozen, Pal. Deut-
schl., Berlin, vol. 3, 1918, p. 62. Untercarb. (Kulm). Pro Poterio-
crinus regularis H. von Meyer, Herborn. To include Poteriocr. mis-
souriensis Shumard.

Devonian to upper Chester.

Under this name Professor Jaekel has included a form which I
have had set apart in my collection for many years as a new genus,
containing species from at least four different formations. The
dominant character is that it has more than two primibrachs, the
number actually ranging from five to ten before the first bifurcation,
after which the arms branch a few times at long intervals, with
rather sparse pinnules borne on cuneiform brachials. The calyx is
elongate, turbinate, with round stem. The remarkable thing about
this form is its extremely large sac, rising to the full height of the
arms, with the anal opening at the very base.

The form with extra primibrachs, varying considerably in other
characters, ranges in America from the Chemung through the
Waverly or its equivalent into the St. Louis, ending in the upper
formation of the Chester. Several Chemung and Portage species
have been described by Miss Winifred Goldring under Liparocrinus
and three other new genera in the Monograph of the Devonian
Crinoids just published by the State Museum of New York, and
received too late for detailed consideration here. The species from
the Waverly equivalent, or basal Mississippian, as yet undescribed,
occurs in the form of imperfect impressions in western Pennsylvania.
The other two are figured herewith.

23832—26——_6

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

CULMICRINUS MISSOURIENSIS (Shumard)

Plate 18, fig. 3

Poteriocrinus missouriensis SHUMARD, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1857, p. 188,
pl. B, figs. a-e.
St. Louis limestone; St. Louis, Missouri.

One of the best known fossils in the St. Louis limestone, of which
many good specimens have been found with the elongate ventral
sac preserved, but it is only in the one herewith figured that the
position of the anal opening is definitely fixed at the anterior side
close down to the base. The species is notable for the slender, grace-
ful contour of the crown.

In the Revision of Palaeocrinoidea (pt. 1, 1879, p. 114), Wach-
smuth and Springer called attention to the fact that this species
“differs from all others in this group in having a single arm to each
ray, the first bifurcation taking place at the tenth or twelfth plate.”

CULMICRINUS ELEGANS (Wachsmuth and Springer)
Plate 18, figs. 1, la
“ Scaphiocrinus”’ elegans, WACHSMUTH and SprincER, North Amer. Crin-

Cam., 1897, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2.
Chester group, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley, Kentucky.

I have figured at full length the type specimen, of which only a
partial figure was given in 1897, in order to show the great size of
the sac, this being the best known example of the lowest position of
the opening. The tube is actually a little longer than is here shown,
as 1t appears in a second specimen from the same locality otherwise
not so perfect, which has some nodose plates to mark the change of
direction. As in many of the genera of this group, the anterior
ray differs from the others, in this case being unbranched.

Genus AULOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer

Plate 19.
AULOCRINUS AGASSIZI Wachsmuth and Springer

Aulocrinus agassizi WACHSMUrTH and SPRINGER, North Amer. Crin. Cain.,
1897, pl. 7, fig. 9—Sprincrer, Amer. Geol., vol. 26, 1900, pl. 16, figs. 11, 12.
Mississippian ; Keokuk group, Indian creek, Montgomery County, Indiana.

A monotypic genus founded on the species A. agassiz?, figured as
above without definition, or description, but based solely upon the
extraordinary form of the ventral sac, which with its lateral spout
exhibits a specialization without precedent among the crinoids. Aside
from this the form is essentially that of Decadocrinus as to calyx and
arms, but differs in the stem and cirri.

SPRINGER 75:

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

The species Aulocrinus agassizi is strongly characterized by sharp
and prominent wrinkles upon the calyx plates; the angular and
keeled brachials; the well defined pores at the sides of the hexagonal
tube plates; and the sharp longitudinal columns in which these
plates are arranged. The stem is sharply pentagonal, and is pro-
vided with strong cirri, which are not shown upon the plate for
want of space. The species is represented by ten specimens, six of
which show the lateral spout. I am figuring a series of these to show
all aspects of the remarkable structures, including a posterior view
of the tube to its full length, and three views of the spout in such
positions as enable us to trace the longitudinal ridges along the tube
past the point where it doubles upon itself and branches backward
into the spout. Especially instructive in this respect is the broken
specimen (fig. 3), in which the ridges may be followed without in-
terruption.

ULRICHICRINUS, new genus

Plate 20
Upper Carboniferous; Pennsylvanian.

Between Pachylocrinus, Scytalocrinus, and Woodocrinus. Of a
facies somewhat similar to that of Scytalocrinus, but has more than
10 long, slender, unbranched arms, bifurcating on the I1Br, both or
only one, giving 4 or 8 arms to the ray. Brachials cuneiform, which
distinguishes it from Woodocrinus, as also does the great relative
difference in size of the arms. It has too many bifurcations for
Scytalocrinus and not enough for Pachylocrinus. Calyx conical,
spreading from the base about the same as in the turbinate Poterio-
crininae generally. The tube has not been exposed, but from the
elongate series of strong anal plates it is undoubtedly of the type of
the related genera. .

This genus is proposed for the reception of a species from the
Morrow formation of Oklahoma, based upon specimens collected
many years ago by Dr. E. O. Ulrich, while engaged in field work
for the U. S. Geological Survey, and now placed in my hands for
description by Dr. George T. Girty, in charge of Carboniferous re-
searches for the Survey, which I have been unable to place under any
of the described genera. It was, however, found to be congeneric
with a well marked species from the Keokuk of Indiana described by
S. A. Miller as Poteriocrinus coryphaeus, which while represented by
numerous good specimens has always made trouble in the collections
because it would not fit exactly under any known genus. With this
addition the new genus is well distributed. I have pleasure in as-
sociating with this interesting form the name of the discoverer, my
neighbor and colleague, Dr. E. O. Ulrich, of the United States
National Museum, and United States Geological Survey.

’

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

ULRICHICRINUS OKLAHOMA, new species
Plate 20, figs. 1, 2

Specimens large, crown about 10 cm. high. Calyx rather low,
turbinate; IBr filling distal face of RR. Anal side with strong
plates of Poteriocrinid type, with RA; post. B wide, narrowing to
a very small apex, barely truncate, followed by a narrow anal plate
x, with a large RA at the right. IBB rather tall and erect. BB
almost as large as RR.

Arms long and deeply rounded, unbranched, pinnulate, of about
uniform thickness to near the extremities, where they taper rapidly;
they are uniserial, composed of extremely short, cuneate brachials,
which in the median portion of the arm interlock to the stage of
incipient biseriality, but become uniserial again towards the ends.
Hence the pinnules springing from the long faces of the brachials
are seen on successive ossicles in the middle portion and on alternate
ossicles towards the distal ends. Stem strong, round, composed of
alternate long and short columnals, contrasting greatly in length, the
shorter ones being almost linear.

The species is to be compared with Poteriocrinus coryphaeus 8. A.
Miller, of the Keokuk limestone, which has flatter and broader arms,
with longer brachials in the lower part, but nowhere tending to in-
terlock. Post. B is not quite so narrow at the top, and is of smaller
size, but the general type, number and mode of branching of the
arms, are substantially the same.

There are two specimens of the new species, showing all the
characters very clearly, except that the most complete one is dam-
aged at the anal side. They were found in the same locality and
horizon with the type of Zeacrinus girtyi, hereinafter described.

Horizon and Locality—Upper Carboniferous. Morrow forma-
tion of the basal Pennsylvanian; near Crittenden, northeastern
Oklahoma.

ULRICHICRINUS CORYPHAEUS (S. A. Miller)
Plate 20, fig. 3

Poteriocrinus coryphaeus S. A. Miter, 17th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana,
1891, p: 44, pl. 9, fig. 1.
Keokuk limestone; Canton, Indiana.

Abundant at Indian creek, Montgomery county, Indiana. P.
brittst S. A. Miller,*® from Boonville, Missouri, may be identical
with this, and if so would take the species. P. amoenus S. A.
Miller,*7 is only a small specimen of P. coryphaeus.

#7 Bull. 4, Geol. Surv. Missouri, p. 30.
4717th Rep. Indiana, p. 45, pl. 9, fig. 6.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 77

Genus WOODOCRINUS De Koninck
Plate 26

Woodocrinus De KoninckK, Rech. Crin. Carb. Belg., Supp. 1854, p. 4.—
WACHSMUTH and Springer, Rey. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 124; pt. 3, 1886,
p. 239.—ZiTtrer-EHaAstTMAN, Textb. Pal., 1913, p. 223—Wricut, Trans.
Geol. Soe. Glasgow, vol. 16, 1917-18, pp. 364-391; Geol. Mag., vol. 61,
1924, pp. 270-9.

Mountain limestone to Hurlet formation; England and Scotland.

Much confusion in the literature was caused by the action of
Wachsmuth and Springer in 1886, in referring to this genus a large
number of American species previously ranged under Pachylocrinus,
Zeacrinus, etc. Subsequent consideration has shown that the ar-
rangmeent was not well founded, and it should be disregarded.

The genus, with a calyx substantially similar to that of other
turbinate forms of the group, is strongly characterized by its few
ponderous, rounded arms, composed of extremely short brachials
with parallel sutures; they branch into mostly equal divisions some-
what irregularly, giving 4, 3, and occasionally only 2, arms to the
ray. The plates of the anal side are unusually conspicuous and
numerous, passing in a strong series up between the rays, which with
the spreading arms indicates a large ventral sac of the expanding
type—not yet observed, however.

The range of this genus as originally described from the mountain
limestone of Yorkshire has been materially increased by the re-
searches of James Wright in the Hurlet Limestone of Inverteil, and
of Penton Linns, Scotland, where he finds it occurring abundantly,
in probably two species different from the type. As the Hurlet
formation represents in part the American Chester, passing up into
the Coal Measures, this gives a stratigraphic range comparable to
that of Zeacrinus and other genera of this group. For comparison
I am figuring a characteristic specimen of the type species, W.
macrodactylus De Koninck, from Richmond, England (pl. 26, fig.
19). There is also a good figure of it in Zittel-Eastman, 1913 (p.
223, fig. 324.)

Genus ZEACRINUS (Troost) Hall
Plates 21, 22, 23

Zeacrinus Haty, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 144—-Mrrk and WortTHEN,
Geol. Surv. Ill. vol. 2, 1860, p. 186—WacHsMUTH and SPRINGER,
Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 125; pt. 3, 1886, p. 248.—BatuHeEr, Edinb. Geol.
Soc., vol. 10, 1911, p. 61—Wricut, Trans. Geol. Soe. Glasgow, vol.
16, pt. 3, 1917-18, 380.

Mississippian ; Kinderhook to Upper Carboniferous; and Hurlet limestone,
Scotland.

The characters of this genus as fully set forth by Wachsmuth
and Springer in 1879 (Rev. Pal., pt. 1, p. 125) hold good in the

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

main for the typical species, and my chief object in introducing
it now is to illustrate more fully the form and structure of the
ventral sac, which is especially notable for its variability. Later ac-
quired specimens confirm the description of the sac given on page
127 of the work above cited as to some of the species, but exhibit
great modification of it in others. They also enable me to show,
what was not before known, the position of the anal opening, which
notwithstanding the acuminate form of the sac as described, hinting
somewhat at the possibility of a distal opening, proves to be strictly
in accordance with the type characteristic of the other genera,
namely, at the anterior side, about midway.

The differences in form of the sac bear some relation to the dif-
ferent geological positions of the species in which they occur, and
the great stratigraphic range of the genus, from the Kinderhook to
the Coal Measures, offers an excellent field for modification of such a
special structure.

The dominant characters of the genus are the rather flat, closely
abutting, infolding arms, meeting by linear margins, branching re-
peatedly but only from the outer arms of the ray toward the inner
side of the dichotom; and the uniserial brachials, usually short, wide,
and quadrangular, but with exceptions in the last respect in the
lower part. This excludes nearly all species with rounded, divergent
arms, and with wedge-shaped brachials, the inclusion of which by
authors has been the cause of considerable confusion; but neverthe-
less allowance must be made for intermediate forms, some of which
have to be included. It was formerly supposed that the genus re-
quired also a depressed cup, basin-shaped, with more or less con-
cave base; but we are compelled to admit an exception in a well
marked, otherwise characteristic species with an elongate, turbinate
calyx, as was recognized in the diagnosis made by Wachsmuth and
Springer. In fact, it seems after a final review of the material now
available that the only stable character is the heterotomous arm-
branching, with mostly uniserial, short and distally quadrangular
brachials. Within this may occur: depressed or turbinate calyx;
wide or narrow anal area; long or short RA; flat or rounded arms;
club or balloon-shaped or pyramidal sac; round or pentagonal stem.

Variations in the structure of the anal side have caused some con-
fusion in the attempt to formulate a generic diagnosis which would
reconcile the differences between the earlier and later species. In
the typical Chester species, Z. wortheni, the radianal is a long and
narrow plate, often passing down between two basals almost to a con-
tact with the infrabasals—a form and position so unusual that 1t
has attracted special attention. But all species from the earlier
formations are now known to have a short and broad radianat;

art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 79

and it appears that in the very latest species of all, from the Pennsyl-
vanian, the earlier form of radianal was resumed. Therefore such
a range of variation in this character must be accepted for the
genus.

So in regard to the arms. The typical species have the arms flat
and closely apposed, touching all around by lnear margins and
forming a more or less smooth, rotund or ellipsoidal crown. But we
are obliged to admit as exceptions others in which the arms are
rounded and not in close contact, with axillaries prominent or nodose,
as for instance, Z. asper Meek and Worthen.

Again, the sac typically is enclosed by the arms; but in some
species, as Z. commaticus and Z. girtyi, it rises distinctly above them,
and among the various species appears in the three different forms
already mentioned.

As a general rule there is only the single axillary primibrach in
the four rays other than the anterior, which regularly adds one or
more brachials between that and the radial; but to this also there
are a few exceptions.

Zeacrinus ranges through the entire Lower Carboniferous, begin-
ning in the Kinderhook, culminating in the Chester, and passing up
into the Pennsylvanian. It has hitherto been regarded as strictly
an American genus, but it now appears prominently as a part cf
the remarkable crinoidal fauna brought to light in recent years by
Mr. Wright from formations in Scotland equivalent to our Chester.

A few representative species will now be considered in detail:

ZEACRINUS BURSAEFORMIS White
Plate 21, fig. 1

Zeacrinus bursaeformis WHITE, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1862,
p. 10.
Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

A well-defined species, not before figured; represented by four
good specimens, besides the type in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology; differing from typical species by having the calyx in the
form of an inverted, truncated cone, spreading directly to the arm
bases, with turbinate base, instead of concave. Arms flat on the
back, rather closely apposed, about 8 to the ray except the anterior
which usually has 6. To the foregoing abstract from the original
description may be added the following remark by the author:

This species not only resembles Zeacrinus above the base, but possesses those
characters which have been regarded as peculiar to that genus of having but
two radials (R+IBr) to four of the rays, and a greater number in the anterior
one; yet the body has the true form and development of Poteriocrinus.

That is, it is one of the striking exceptions to the type which upon
a preponderance of characters must be held within the genus. It

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

has a wide anal area, with posterior basal broadly truncate and a
short and broad radianal, as is the case with all Burlington and
Keokuk species. Form of the sac is unknown, but from the shape
of the crown is probably similar to that of Z. elegans, which the
species also strongly resembles in the short, quadrangular brachials,
and mode of branching of the arms.

There is an undescribed species from the Keokuk limestone at
Indian Creek, Indiana, represented by several specimens, with a
turbinate calyx like bursaeformis, but otherwise a good Zeacrinus.

ZEACRINUS ELEGANS Hall
Plate 21, figs. 2-4

Zeacrinus elegans Hau, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 547, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2.
Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

The true Zeacrinus of the earlier type, with depressed calyx, post.
B broadly truncate, RA short and wide, not passing down between
BB. This structure is uniform in 28 specimens showing the anal
side; and in a total of 43 specimens all have a single IBr, axillary,
in four rays, and 3 or 4 in the anterior. There are 6 to 11 arms to
the ray, usually 8 or 10. In this species we have the expanded, club-
shaped sac, lying well within the arms, in marked contrast to that of
the Chester species. I am figuring a good example of this, also
another to show the range of variation in number of arms, and an-
other of smaller size. The opening has not been observed. The
other Burlington and most of the Keokuk species are true to this
type, with variations as to minor details.

ZEACRINUS COMMATICUS §S. A. Miller
Plate 22, figs. 1-38a

Zeacrinus commaticus S. A. MiLurr, Geol. Surv. Missouri, Bull. 4, 1891,
p. 36, pl: 55 figs: 10; a1:
Upper part Keokuk limestone; Boonville, Missouri.

A species remarkable for the introduction within the genus of a
new type of sac, which rises above the limits of the arms, and has
the anal opening at the base. The term “club-shaped ” is especially
well adapted to this sac, as it is in form a veritable war club, with
a strong handle and knotted end. The species is abundant and
strongly marked. It has the broadly truncate post. B, with short
RA, of the earlier type, 49 specimens being all in that condition
with little variation; and of these 37 have one [Br in four rays,
and 12 have two [Br all around—an exceptional occurrence for the
genus, but one which is repeated in the latest species. The project-
ing part of the sac with its rounded nodes is shown in many speci-
mens, and its full length with the anal opening in two.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 81
ZEACRINUS WORTHENI Hall
Plate 23, figs. 1-8

Zeacrinus worthenit Hatt, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 688, also p. 545.
Chester group, Okaw and Glen Dean formations; Randolph County,
Illinois, Pulaski, Grayson, Todd.and Breckinridge counties, Kentucky.

ZEACRINUS MAGNOLIAEFORMIS (Troost) Hall
Plate 22, figs. 4-11

Zeacrinus magnoliaeformis, Hau, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 684, also p. 545.
Chester group, Gasper formation; Huntsville, Alabama.

The two typical species of the genus, in which is introduced the
pyramidal form of sac, acuminate instead of rounded distally, which
is most commonly associated with the genus, and which was the basis
of the description of the sac in Revision of Paleocrinoidea, (1, p. 126).
It is best shown in Z. wortheni, which is the more widely distributed
and in better preservation. From this we now know the location
of the anal opening, about midway, clearly shown in several speci-
mens, from which the instructive illustrations are selected. In these
species, especially Z. wortheni, is introduced the long, slender radi-
anal, producing the narrow anal side which is so different from that
of the earlier species.

As the two species are among the important fossils of their forma-
tions, and their names have been used rather indiscriminately by
geologists in listing the fossils collected in various localities of the
Chester area, it is very desirable to ascertain which is which.

There is nothing in Hall’s formal description of the species to
separate them. The principal discussion is on page 545, where it is
said that Z. worthent “has a narrow and less rotund base, with the
cavity much less deep, and the subradial and first radial plates (BB
and RR) proportionately shorter and the latter narrower, while the
anterior ray has two intermediate radial plates.” This might be
true as between two individual specimens, but will not hold good
for the numbers that are now in hand. In a note he says that Z.
wortheni is distinct from Z. magnoliaeformis, “ with shorter first
radials, extending a little above the plane of the base, and arms
much shorter and less robust.” He gives a diagram of each, that of
Z. magnoliaeformis from Troost’s type; it does not show the anal
side.

The diagram of Z. wortheni shows the anal side with post. B acumi-
nate like the other BB, not connecting with « (next anal above),
and RA narrow, passing low down between BB—that is, a narrow
anal area.

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The Z. magnoliaeformis type specimen is from Huntsville, Ala-
bama, in what is now known as the Gasper formation of the upper
Chester, where the species occurs numerously; while Z. wortheni, as
found in several localities in Illinois and Kentucky, is from the next
higher formation of the Chester, Glen Dean of Kentucky and Okaw
of Illinois. Numerous specimens of both forms enable me to make
a close comparison as to the corresponding characters.

From the Huntsville locality, Gasper formation, there are about 100
specimens, including 7 complete crowns. Measurement of these for
height of crown and diameter of calyx at top of radials gives an
average of 57 mm. height (ranging from 45 to 68), and 19 mm.
diameter (17 to 21). Out of the total, 79 specimens have post. B
broadly truncate, RA large and broad, producing a more or less wide
anal area; 12 have post. B acuminate as in the type of Z. wortheni—
a narrow anal area; and 9 are in an intermediate stage. Thus with
80 per cent of the specimens having post. B broadly truncate, it may
be said in general that the earlier, Gasper, form has a wide anal
area.

From the later formation, Glen Dean, at the most prolific locality,
Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County, Kentucky, there are 65 specimens,
among which are 22 complete crowns. Measurement of these yields
an average of 30 mm. height (16 to 40) and 13 mm. diameter of
calyx (7 to 17). Thus while on an average the absolute height of
crown is about twice as great in Z. magnoliaeformis as in Z. wortheni,
its relative height to the width of calyx is also much greater, being
as3by1to2.3by1. Of the Sloan’s Valley specimens 37 have the post.
B acuminate, with a narrow RA passing down alongside post. B
almost to a connection with IBB. In the remainder the post. B is
truncate to a varying extent, from 18 having a very narrow connection
with the succeeding anal, being practically acuminate, to 10 in which
the truncation is as broad as in the Huntsville specimens, with some
intermediate stages; but in most of them the RA is an elongate plate,
and the anal area in 85 per cent of the specimens should be classed
as narrow.

These data seemed to furnish two good characters for distinguish-
ing the species, until I was tempted to inspect the anal side of
Troost’s type by removing the hard matrix by which it was en-
closed, and found that it has a pointed post. B, and thus falls under
the exception instead of the general rule. Nevertheless, we are
warranted by the great preponderance of the evidence in claiming the
wide anal area as one of the characters for Z. magnoliaeformis,
when correlated with the larger crown.

From the foregoing facts it results that the decisive difference
between the two species as stated by Hall holds good in the greater

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 83

length of crown in Z. magnoliaeformis,; to which may be added that
along with this it has usually larger basals, deeper basal cavity, and
fewer bifurcations, these rarely exceeding two from the Ji Br, giving
6 arms to the ray, while in Z. wortheni they usually run from 8 to 10,
Each species is limited to its respective formation, and thus they are
good horizon markers.

As in the earlier type, this one has uniformly an extra plate below
the axillary in the anterior ray, but only the axillary IBr in the
other four.

For comparison of the structures of the anal side in these species,
and in those of the earlier type, I am giving a series of drawings
showing the typical forms and the most notable variations observed
in the course of this investigation (text-figures 1 to 9).

&
& &
& a>

FIGS. 1-9.—ZEACRINUS ; VARIATIONS IN ANAL ARBA. 1. Z. ELEGANS; 2. Z. COMMATICUS; 3.
Z. GIRTYI; 4, 5. Z. MAGNOLIAEFORMIS (SEE ALSO PL. 22, rics. 7-10); 6, 7, 8, 9. Z.
WORTHENI (SEB ALSO PL. 22, FIG. 12, AND PL. 23, FIGS. 6, 7, 8)

Dr. Bather #8 has described from the Scotch Carboniferous of Fife
some cups belonging to this genus under the name Zeacrinus honincki.

48 Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc., vol. 10, 1911, p. 61.

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Mr. Wright *’ has given further particulars of the occurrence of the
genus in that region, which he finds to be quite abundant in two
localities. He has noted variations in the anal area analogous to
those which I have recorded for the two Chester species, and it is
interesting to observe that out of 45 specimens examined by him 41
have the post. B acuminate with RA more or less elongate, all from
one locality, and 3 have post. B truncate, with shorter RA, and are
from a different locality. The similarity in this respect to the Ameri-
can species adds another significant fact toward the correlation of
the two horizons, and we shall await with interest the description
of the crowns to see what further resemblance is disclosed.

ZEACRINUS GIRTYI, new species

Plate 23, figs. 9, 9a

This is the latest known occurrence of the genus, having a low
cup, long truncate posterior basal, strongly heterotomous arms,
partly uniserial; but to some extent with cuneiform brachials, and
balloon-shaped ventral sac. The species is founded on a single very
well preserved specimen from the basal Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma,
of larger size than is usual in the genus, the length of crown being
6.5 cm.

Specifically it is exceedingly well marked by the fact that the
heterotomy and the inflated sac are developed to an extent unknown
in any other species. The rays divide on the second plate above
the radial into two main and equal branches; each of these bifurcates
further, but unequally—the outer branch of the ray continuing
strong and dividing several times, giving off to the inner side of
the dichotom successive branches, the lowest about one-third the
thickness of the main branch at the point of bifurcation, and con-
tinuing simple to the full height of the ray. The differences in size
between the outer arm and the inner ramules become less and less
until the last division is about equal. This type of heterotomy is
the same as that of Z. wortheni of the Chester, but it is more marked
in this specimen than in any of that species, the taper of the main
arms is more pronounced, and the bifurcations more numerous—
there being seven here, whereas I have never seen more than five
in the largest Chester specimen.

This species has also two primibrachs, so that the ray bifurcates
on the second plate above the radial, instead of the first as is the
rule in the genus except in the anterior ray, which usually has one
or more additional brachials. In Scytalocrinus and similar genera
closely allied to Pachylocrinus both structures are found, with many
species of each; but in Zeacrinus and the closely related Coelkiocrinus

4) Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 16, pt. 3, 1917-18, p. 380.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 85

and Hydreionocrinus I do not remember to have seen before, except
in a few specimens of Z. commaticus, an exception to the rule of a
single primibrach to all the rays other than the anterior.

The ventral sac, which in other species except commaticus is only
about half the height of the arms, is here of extraordinary size for
the genus, approaching rather the structure of Coeliocrinus in this
respect; it rises entirely above the ends of the arms, which are thern-
selves unusually long and slender.

While the arm structure, as above stated, is like that of the Chester
species, Z. wortheni, it is curious that the calyx of this species is
more like that of the earlier forms of the Burlington limestone, such
as Z. elegans, in having quite large and prominent basals instead of
small ones almost concealed in the basal cavity, and also a short
radianal.

On the whole, this may be termed an acmic species, recapitulating
to some extent the characters found in the genus in earlier periods;
and it doubtless represents the culmination of the genus, which has
not hitherto been recognized later than the Chester.

The specific name of this remarkable species is given’ in honor
of Dr. George T. Girty, in charge of Carboniferous researches for
the U. S. Geological Survey, to whom I am indebted for the use
of the material.

Horizon and Locality—Morrow formation of the basal Pennsyl-
vanian; near Crittenden in northeastern Oklahoma. Found by Dr.
KE. O. Ulrich associated with Ulrichicrinus oklahoma.

Genus COELIOCRINUS White

Plates 24, 25

Coeliocrinus WHITE, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1863, p. 499.

Coeliocrinus, subgenus of Poteriocrinus, MEEK and WoRTHEN, Proc, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 138.

Coeliocrinus, subgenus of Hydreionocrinus, WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev.
Pale opt. ts L800; Da lol.

Mississippian; Lower Burlington to Keokuk.

The prominent features of this genus are stated by the author as
folows:

First, the large inflated ventral sack, varying in size in different species,
from four or five times the capacity of the calyx to ten or twenty times that
capacity. It is widest at the top, in some cases extending above the tips of
the arms—the lower part being contracted between the arms like the neck of
a balloon—and joins by this the anal series.

Second, the proportionally small calyx formed by the basal, subradial, radial,
and first anal plates, which is so small as to render it certain that could not
contain the necessary internal organs for the support of the other parts. These
organs must have been located in the plated sack, which I have denominated
the ventral sack; thus reversing their usual order of operation, as the mouth

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

was doubtless at the side of the neck, near the base of the arms. This aperture,
however, has not been observed, although a separated sack of C. dilatatus has
been carefully examined, together with more than half its neck, without the
discovery of any aperture whatever, and four plates of the anal series seen,
with no better result.

The genus was founded upon three species, Poteriocrinus dilatatus
and P. ventricosus, previously described by Hall, and Coeliocrinus
subspinosus of White, then described, all from the Burlington lime-
stone. P. di/atatus was designated as the genotype. The descriptions
of these species were unaccompanied by any figures, and none of them
has since been illustrated, save by an incidental figure of the inflated
sac of C. ventricosus given by Wachsmuth and Springer on plate 7
of the Camerata Monograph, and one of (. dilatatus by Whitfield
(not of the type) in 1893. The arm branching is of the hetero-
tomous type in principle, but not very well defined, there being
usually seen only a single bifurcation beyond the I1Br, on the outer
arm of the ray, the inner arm of equal size usually remaining un-
branched. It is a sort of intermediate stage between dichotomy and
heterotomy, which might fall under either term in some cases.

COELIOCRINUS DILATATUS (Hall)
Plate 24, figs. 9-18

Poteriocrinus dilatatus Hau, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1861,
p. 800.
Coeliocrinus dilatatus, WHITE, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1863, p.
501.—WAcCHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879,, p. 183.—Wurt-
FIELD, Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1893, pl. 3, fig. 18.
Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

COELIOCRINUS VENTRICOSUS (Hall)

Plate 24, figs. 1-8; plate 25, fig. 1

Poteriocrinus ventricosus HALL, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1861,
Dp. -a0L:
Cocliocrinus ventricosus, WHITE, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1868, p.
501.—WAaACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 188; North
Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, pl. 7, figs. 10a, b.
Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

COELIOCRINUS SUBSPINOSUS White
Plate 25, figs. 2, 3
Cocliocrinus subspinosus WHits, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1863, p.

501.—WAaAcCHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pl. 1, 1879, p. 1338.
Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

The three foregoing species agree in having a cup-shaped, ex-
panding calyx, with a narrow conical base, as distinguished from

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 87

typical Hydreionocrinus with a more or less broadly rounded cup
and concaye base; in all, the arms are composed of wedge-form
brachials, and the branching is more or less of the heterotomous type,
not always very distinct.

The first two, both from the lower Burlington limestone, have a
true balloon-shaped ventral sac, with a narrow neck supporting a
widely expanding bag above it, composed of numerous plates sharply
sculptured or rising into angular nodes; whereas the third, from
the Upper Burlington formation, having likewise a narrow neck,
takes on the mushroom form, spreading out into a flattened disk,
composed of rather numerous plates, some of which are produced into
spines of variable length, like those of the later appearing Hydre-
LOnocrinus.

The differences between the first two as claimed by their author are
rather shght, but between them and the third the distinction is very
great, the spiniferous flattened top being constant in 15 specimens
from the upper Burlington bed, as against about 25 from the lower
in which the sac is always rounded and non-spiniferous; only two
or three somewhat intermediate specimens have been seen. As be-
tween the lower bed species, the author notes that in C. ventricosus
the second radials (IBr) are smaller than the first, and the arms
more distinctly wedge-form, while in (. dilatatus the second radials
are larger than the first and united at their lateral margins; and
that in the former the sac is composed of large plates in the lower
part and smaller in the upper, which is the reverse of the latter.
Taking the specimens as they come these differences seem not to
be very constant, but on the whole the plates of the sac at the distal
part appear generally larger in (@. dilatatus than in C. ventricosus.

As all three of these species were described without illustrations,
paleontologists will welcome the publication of adequate figures now.
I am giving photographs of the types of C. dilatatus and C. ventri-
cosus now in my possession, formerly in the collection of Dr. C. A.
White, together with some other specimens showing the characters of
the species more completely; also of characteristic specimens of (.
subspinosus as well known to the Burlington collectors. In none
of the 40 specimens of the three species is the position of the anal
opening disclosed, but it must be at some point below the inflated
portion of the sac.

T am also figuring two specimens of the inflated sac of one or both
the lower Burlington species from the equivalent horizon in southern
New Mexico discovered by me in 1883,°° showing the great geo-
graphical range of this highly specialized form.

50 Sprigner. On the Occurrence of the lower Burlington limestone in New Mexico,
Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 25, 1884, pp. 97-103.

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 67

Horizon and locality.—Mississippian, lower and upper Burlington
limestone as above stated; Burlington, Iowa, and Lake Valley, New
Mexico.

COELIOCRINUS LYRA (Meek and Worthen)

Zeacrinus lyra MEEK and WoRTHEN, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 5, 1878, p. 482,
Dialysis. Alans:
Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

This species has been referred to Coeliocrinus. The figures do not
show the sac, but the description says that one specimen shows “a
ventral prolongation nearly as long as the arms, somewhat expanded
and covered with spines at the upper extremity.” It has the strictly
heterotomous arms of Zeacrinus, with numerous branches from the
outer arm to the inner side of the dichotom; but the wedge-shaped
brachials exclude it from that genus.

Another species, Zeacrinus dubius of Miller and Gurley,®' from
the Keokuk at Bono, Indiana, is almost a duplicate of Coeliocrinus
subspinosus.

Genus HYDREIONOCRINUS De Koninck

Plates 25, 26

Hydreionocrinus Dre Koninck, Bull. Acad. Royale Belgique, vol. 8, 1858,
pt. 2, p. 13—WaAcHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt.-1, 1879, p. 129;
pt. 3, 1886, p. 245..—Batuer, Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc., vol. 10, pt. 1,
1911-12, pp. 61-76.—-WricutT, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 16, 1917-
18, pp. 364-883.—WaANNER, Permischen Echinod. von Timor, 1916, pp.
150-166.

Lower Carboniferous to Upper Carboniferous.

The distinctive character of this genus, having the form of calyx
and arrangement of anal plates substantially as in Zeacrinus, is the
ventral sac, which at the distal end is transversely flattened like a
mushroom, abruptly spreading beyond the tips of the arms and
forming a low canopy composed of 5 to 35 or more plates; these
are either a few, spiniferous and meeting towards the middle, or
more frequently many nodose or flattened plates in the middle part,
irregularly arranged, and bordered at the margin by a connected
ring of spiniferous plates. This wide spreading sac is supported by
a narrow tube, in which the anal opening is at the anterior side
about midway, as now shown by three specimens. The cup is de-
pressed, rounded, bowl-shaped, with the infrabasals, and sometimes
basals also, sunken in a more or less deep cavity. ‘This form of cup,
and the constant presence of spines on the sac and on many of the
brachial axillaries, distinguish the genus from Coeliocrinus, of

51 Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 44, pl. 7, figs. 7, 8.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 89

which it may be the successor. The genus belongs typically to the
later Lower Carboniferous, Hurlet in Britain and Chester in
America, and ranges up into the Upper Carboniferous.

The British species of the genus have been extensively discussed in
recent years by Doctor Bather and Mr. Wright, with the benefit of
fine newly discovered material obtained by the latter gentleman in
the Hurlet limestone of Scotland, especially of the species H. woodi-
anus, in which the structures of the ventral sac and arms are well
shown. Along with a careful account of the generic characters,
Bather,®? with his usual lucid diagrams and figures, gives the most
particular description yet published of the ventral sac and arms.
Of the latter he says:

Only one ramus, after each bifurcation, bifurcates again, and that is the one
next to the middle line of the ray; all branches on the outer side continue
single to the end.

This excellent description of the mode of arm branching has a
special interest in relation to the American species. As to the ventral
sac he says:

No anal opening is yet known, but it probably lay at the base of the ventral

sac on the anterior side, where Wachsmuth and Springer have found it in
other fistulate crinoids.

Professor Wanner, in his work of 1916 on Permischen Echinod-
ermen von Timor (pp. 150-166), has described and figured several
species under this genus,°* some of which seem to me to have more the
habitus of Coeliocrinus, with the rounded inflated ventral sac.

HYDREIONOCRINUS DEPRESSUS (Hall from Troost)
Plate 26, figs. 1-2

Zeacrinus depressus HAty, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 546.

Hydreionocrinus armiger, WACHSMUTH and SprinGcer, Rey. Pal. pt. 1,
1879, p. 31; pt. 3, p. 245.—WeEtTHERBY, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1881, p. 325, pl. 9, figs. 1-4, 6.

Upper Chester; Pulaski and Grayson Counties, Kentucky.

HYDREIONOCRINUS WETHERBYI Wachsmuth and Springer
Plate 25, figs. 4-12

Hydreionocrinus armiger, WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey. Pal., pt. 1,
1879, p. 181—WeEtTHERBY, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1881, p.
328, pl. 9, figs. 4-11.

Hydreionocrinus wetherbyi WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 3,
1886, p. 245.

Upper Chester; Pulaski and Grayson Counties, Kentucky.

52 Notes on Hydreionocrinus, Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc., vol. 10, pt. 1, 1911-12, pp. 61-76,
with one plate.

53 Now, in the second volume of his work, 1924, p. 250, referred to a new genus, Cado-
crinus, which, for lack of radianal, does not strictly fall within this subfamily.

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The characters of these two species must be sought chiefly in the
work of Wetherby, above cited, where the descriptions are accom-
panied by excellent illustrations made from a series of finely pre-
served specimens of both, which exhibit the structure of the arms
and ventral sac. Although himself in doubt as to their identity with
the species previously described from imperfect material, he rede-
scribed and figured them under the original names. This course as
to the second species was not accepted by Wachsmuth and Springer,
who changed it to H. wetherbyi. <A. large quantity of excellent
material derived from Wetherby’s locality enables me to confirm his
observations in several particulars, and to add some newly discovered
facts. 'These forms are of interest because they represent the cul-
mination of the inflated sac in the later American Lower Carboni-
ferous, and because the two species, although occuring closely asso-
ciated in the same localities, are so completely distinct:

H. depressus. Basal cavity large, deep, rather pentagonal, in-
volving most of BB, the IBB being buried at the bottom; stem
pentagonal. IBr single, axillary and spiniferous except in the ante-
rior ray, where one or two additional biserial pairs of brachials are
interposed, and the bifurcation and spine are on the second or third
brachial. Arms biserial, dividing on the third IIBr, followed by
three or four divisions at intervals of about 4 brachials, always from
the outer arm of the dichotom, the inner branch remaining single
(the reverse of the British species), giving 34-42 ultimate branches,
the number in the anterior ray being diminished. Summit of sac
composed of a central area of numerous irregular plates surrounded
by a peripheral band of plates terminated by spines projecting hori-
zontally or a little downward, 20-85 plates in all.

H. wethebyi. Basal cavity small, shallow, almost restricted to
the infrabasals; stem round; BB mostly visible. IBr single all
around, axillary and spiniferous. Arms dividing on the sixth or
seventh brachial above IAx, with not over two divisions at intervals
of 7 or 8 brachials; usually only the outer branch bifurcating, giv-
ing about 26 final branches; all axillaries nodose or spiniferous;
brachials cuneate, interlocking to biserial. Summit of sac without
any inner set of plates, but composed entirely of spiniferous plates
meeting in the middle, from 5 to 7 or 8 in number.

Thus the two species can be recognized from fragments only by
either: (1) The base, with or without a section of the stem; (2)
the calyx, if the anterior ray can be seen to the bifurcation; (8)
the arms; or (4) the summit of the sac. H. depressus is the more
abundant species, being represented in the collection by 170 speci-
mens, and H. wetherbyi, much rarer, by 30. The characters above
specified are constant throughout them all.

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 91

Horizon and locality.— Mississippian; Glen Dean formation of the
upper Chester; Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County, and Grayson
Springs, Kentucky. Most of the specimens of both species came
from the same locality at Sloan’s Valley, within a distance of a
few hundred feet; but as the collection, was made from the débris
of a tunnel excavation, they may not have been derived from the
same layer, although the matrix and lithological appearance are
identical. Both species also occur at Grayson Springs in the same
formation, but whether in the same layer is not known. They have
not been recognized in other Chester localities.

For completion of the series under this group I am figuring some
representative species of Decadocrinus and Scytalocrinus. The two
genera exhibit variations of a well defined arm structure of two
to the ray, unbranched; and while typical forms of the two are
readily distinguished, there has been some uncertainty in the placing
of certain species. As a general rule Decadocrinus has a depressed
cup, with pentagonal stem, while that of Scytalocrinus is more or
less elongate and turbinate, with rounded stem. But as to these
there are exceptions; and the most reliable character in practice
is found in the structure of the pinnules, those of Decadocrinius
being large and well separated, resembling ramules, while those of
Scytalocrinus are closely packed like regular pinnules. Both show
good examples of the inflated sac. Those of the specimens which
T figure are materially different in form, although both species
have the anal opening about midway. But whether this difference
is constant is not known, as the sac is too rarely found exposed to
furnish a general rule. In both genera the anterior ray occasionally
has but a single arm, making only 9 in all; and in both there may
be either one or two primibrachs.

Genus DECADOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer

Decadocrinus WACHSMUTH and SprRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 119.
Devonian to Lower Carboniferous.

DECADOCRINUS HALLI (Hall)
Plate 17, figs. 4, 5.
Scaphiocrinus halli Hatt, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 308.
Decadocrinus halli WACHSMUTH and Sprincer, Rey. Pal., pt. 1, p. 119.
Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

An excellent example of the delicate Burlington forms of the
genus. It only differs from DP. scalaris,°* from the same bed, which
was designated by Wachsmuth and Springer © as type of the genus,
by having a single primibrach instead of two.

& Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ill., vol. 5, 1869, p. 421, pl. 2, fig. 10.
55 Rey. Pal., pt. 1, p. 120.

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

DECADOCRINUS TUMIDULUS (Miller and Gurley)
Plate 17, fig. 6.

Cyathocrinus tumidulus MILLER and GuRLEY, Bull. 8, Ill. State Mus., p.
31, pl. 3, fig. 7.

Decadocrinus grandis WaAcHSMUTH and Springer, North Amer. Crin.
Cam., 1897, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5—Sprincer, Amer. Geol., vol. 26, 1900, pl.
16, figs. 5, 6.

Keokuk limestone; Indian creek and Canton, Indiana.

A very striking species, numerously represented at its principal
locality, and illustrating the development of the genus through the
later formations. A specimen showing the anal opening about
midway was figured in the Camerata monograph, erroneously
designated as D. grandis.

Genus SCYTALOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer

Scytalocrinus WACHSMUTH and SprRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 116.
Devonian to Upper Carboniferous.

SCYTALOCRINUS VALIDUS Wachsmuth and Springer

Plate 17, figs. 7, 8

Scytalocrinus validus WACHSMUTH and SpriIncER, North Amer. Crin.
Cam., 1897, pl. 7, figs. 2a, 6, 3—Sprincer, Amer. Geol., vol. 26, 1900,
pl. 16, figs. 9, 10.

Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek Indiana.

A characteristic example of the genus, except in the rather de-
pressed calyx; selected to show the anal opening in the sac mid-
way, and the single arm as sometimes found in the anterior ray.

Genus TIMOROCRINUS Wanner, 1912, 1916, 1924

Timorocrinus WANNER, Perm. Krin. Timor, vol. 2, 1924, pp. 54, 63, 181,
269.—JAEKEL, Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen, 1916, p. 64.

The relation of this, the most abundant and heretofore the most
mysterious of all the Timor crinoids, was satisfactorily settled by
Professor Wanner in his latest discussion in 1924. He now recedes
from his former view referring it to the Flexibilia, and concludes,
following the opinion of Jaekel, that this remarkable genus, super-
ficially unlike any other known crinoid, belongs to the Inadunate
family Poteriocrinidae. It has a strongly inflated ventral sac,
strengthened by numerous projecting longitudinal ridges of differ-
ent grades, separated by corresponding furrows, in which the deli-
cate arms and their branches were lodged, probably for protection.
The sac is connected with the dorsal cup by means of a single strong
anal, or proximal, plate meeting the greatly enlarged posterior basal.
Basals are unequal, infrabasals fused and buried under the column.
Anal opening is near the top of the sac, but on the posterior side

ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 93

instead of the anterior, which together with the absence of a radi-
anal, differentiates it from the other genera in the group under
consideration.

Timorocrinus is by far the most prominent crinoid of the Timor
fauna, specimens being found by thousands, from which Wanner
has described 11 species and 5 varieties.

THE CRINOID FAUNA OF TIMOR

Professor Wanner’s second volume (and also his work on the
blastoids) has been published,®® bringing that wonderful assem-
blage of unfamiliar forms up to a total of 41 new crinoid genera
named, 18 hitherto known, all but one from other regions, 42 indi-
cated by imperfect material but not named; and 189 species named
plus about 50 only indicated. The 59 named genera are distributed
as follows: Camerata, 6; Flexibilia, 10; Cyathocrinidae, 14; Poter-
iocrinidae, 25; Larviformia, 2; Insertae sedis, 2. Of the Camerata,
the Rhodocrinidae and Batocrinidae are unrepresented, and the
Actinocrinidae, Platycrinidae and Hexacrinidae are present with
a few species. All the Flexibilia belong to the small and compact
Lecanocrinidae except a single species, evidenced by one specimen,
which falls under the Ichthyocrinidae. Including those forms not
named, but which are all figured and described as far as possible,
we have a probable aggregate of about 100 genera and 239 species.
Besides these, there are 13 genera and 32 species of blastoids, all
but 2 genera and 2 species new, and all belonging to families of
distinctively Lower Carboniferous age.

A considerable part of the Timor crinoids might be classed
among the “ Unusual Forms,” for 10 of the genera and 138 species
are founded upon a single specimen, and many of those which are
abundant are of types elsewhere wholly unknown. But I am only
mentioning a few which bear some relation to the forms herein dis-
cussed. There are some general characteristics of the fauna, however,
to which a brief allusion may be made.

The predominant element consists of types which point to a life
in strongly moving water, essentially a reef life, resulting in a num-
ber of striking modifications and departures from the normal
structures, shown by the great: prevalence of variations, malforma-
tions, and special adaptions to the environment, such as the slanting
position of the calyx upon the stem; compact, rounded forms with
thick calyx plates; short, simple, infolding arms, many of them
fitting snugly into furrows as a means of protection. The highly
organized, complex forms with long, pliant stems and delicately

56 Die Permischen Krinoiden von Timor, pt. 2, 1924, 348 pp., 22 plates. The Hague.
Die Permischen Blastoiden von Timor, 1924. The Hague.

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

constructed arms and pinnules, so characteristic of the great Si-
lurian and Carboniferous crinoid deposits of Europe and America,
are but little represented in Timor; although there were evidently
some areas of quiet water protected from wave action, as on the
lee side of reefs, which accommodated species with thin stems,
especially the multitudes of blastoids, of which there have been
collected, belonging to a single genus, upwards of 60,000 specimens.
The erinoids, now largely imbedded in marls and volcanic tufas,
have been much broken up by action of rough water, transporta-
tion from their original habitat, and by subsequent geological move-
ments, so that complete specimens are rare; and many strong isolated
stem fragments are present, indicating the existence of forms of
which the other parts have disappeared.

The most remarkable modification caused by the life conditions was
the reduction and loss of arms, thought to be due to the action of cur-
rents bringing the food directly to the stationary crinoids without
the aid of moving arms, which through atrophy from disuse were
reduced in number, even finally to complete suppression. There
are 9 genera of such forms occurring here, two of them before des-
eribed from other areas, while 7 are new and restricted to Timor.
Two of these have 3 arm-bearing rays, three have only one, and in
the remaining four all the arms have disappeared. The latter must
represent a persistent larval condition, being composed of the prim-
ative elements of the crinoid skeleton, namely, basals and orals,
with the addition of well developed infrabasals, and in one case
of rudimentary radials. Some of the specimens bear a striking re-
semblance to the larval Comactinia, as illustrated on plate B of my
work on the Crinoidea Flexibilia.

While the absence of arms is the predominating character, the
four genera are separated by differences readily recognized, which
emphasize the extreme modifications produced by the conditions
under which they existed. For example, one of the genera, appro-
priately named EL’mbryocrinus, has radials upon which the arms
might potentially have grown, but did not; they are very small,
rudimentary, and not in contact—substantially as in the early stage
of the Comactinia larva. But in the other three there is no trace
or vestige of radials, the interval between basals and orals, where
the radials normally originate, being shut off by the close contact
of those plates. In one of these, Lageniocrinus, the orals are inter-
radial in position, in line with the basals—being the normal loca-
tion in crinoids generally—which theoretically would leave a place
at the corners for arms to develop; but in the other two, Coenocystis
and Acariaiocrinus, they are radial, alternating with the basals—.
an unprecedented arrangement which would exclude every possi-
bility, actual or theoretical, of the development of arms. Two of-

art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 95

the most striking of these forms, I/onobrachiacrinus with one arm,
and Embryocrinus armless, are very abundant, indicating a wide
extent of the conditions and their effects; while the others are rare.
One of the two genera with aberrant orals, Coenocystis Girty, al-
ready known in America, is represented by a single specimen, which
might be attributed to malformation; but of the other there are
two well defined specimens in which the exceptional character is
clearly shown, leaving no doubt of its being a definite structure.

Evidently this extreme specialization marked the end of the line,
for these armless crinoids left no successors to our knowledge,
either in the prolific deposits of the Mesozoic, or among the
numerous species which inhabit the present oceans. But there are
certain other forms which seem in a remarkable way to anticipate
Mesozoic types; for example, the genera Prophyllocrinus and Pro-
apsidocrinus, which may well be taken as the ancestors of the
Jurassic genera from which their names are adapted. Equally
remarkable as a survival, or a prophetic type, or more probably
as an independent example of adaptation to a reef life, is Palaeho-
lopus, Which like Hdriocrinus of the Devonian, Cyathidium of the
Chalk, and Holopus of the present seas, had no stem, but was
attached directly by the greatly modified base to rocks or corals at
shallow depths.

The age of the Timor crinoids and blastoids, held by the author
to be Permian, remains a perplexing question, owing to the presence
of such a large element of distinctly Lower Carboniferous affini-
ties. This was briefly discussed by me,°* and somewhat further
since.®® While it is admitted that much remains to be learned con-
cerning the geology of Timor, yet in view of the concurrent opinion
to the same effect of the other authors who have studied the asso-
ciated invertebrate fossils, it would seem that the Permian age of
the formation as now determined should be accepted.

57 Smithson. Mise. Coll., vol. 76, 1923, p. 30.
53 Amer. Journ. Science, vol. 8, October, 1924, p. 825

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EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Enlargement, if any, of the drawings is indicated by the sign at the end of
the paragraph. Unless so noted the figure is of natural size. All the speci-

mems figured, except as otherwise stated, are in the author’s collection, now
in the United States National Museum.

PLATE 1

All figures not otherwise noted natural size

Tage
MYELODACTYLUS CONVOLUTUS Hall______-_ > ea eee s
Fig. 1. A very large specimen, with broadly curved stem beyond the
proximal coil, showing the closely packed cirri paired on suc-
cessive parallel columnals in the bilateral part, some of the
noncirriferous proximal coil with circular neck leading to
the crown, which is imperfectly exposed from beneath the
enveloping cirri.

2. Another specimen, with stem broken off beyond the close coil,
and a few cirrals and part of the neck exposed. X 3.

8. Another typical, but smaller specimen, with much of the broad
curve intact, and cirri converging at center of close coil com-
pletely enveloping the crown.

4+. Fragment of bilateral part of stem seen from the outer side of
curve, showing the longitudinal sutures, 4,

». Another fragment from inner side of curve, showing the cirrus-
facets at each end of successive columnals. X= &.

6. Joint-face of a columnal from median bilateral part of stem.

x 4

7. Specimem from Laurel limestone, St. Paul, Ind.; showing close
coil and beginning of broad curve of stem. Cirri not pre-
served, but their facets are to be seen like those in the frag-
ment following.

S. Fragment from same locality, seen from inner side of curve, with

cirrus-facets on each columnal. X $.
All except 7 and 8 are from the Rochester shale, Niagaran ;
Lockport, New York.
MYELODACTYLUS BREVIS, new species__----_- => = eae 10

I'tc. 9. The only specimen; a nearly complete coil tapering to the dis-
tal end, with cirri paired on each columnal and converg-
ing to the center. X 3.
9a. Distal outer view of same, showing taper almost to the
end. X 3.
Niagaran, Brownsport limestone: Decatur County, Ten-
nessee.

23832—26——_ 7 97

O8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Page
= ee Oe eee 10
Ite. 10. Salter’s type, in the museum of Cambridge University, Eneg-
land, by which the true nature of the fossil was first shown.
Drawn from a cast in which the details of calyx and arms
are indistinci, but the composition of stem and cirri is
evident.

11. A speciznen in the British Museum, showing the form, pro-
portions and mutual relations of stem, cirri and crown. By
permission of the Keeper of Geology.

12. A specimen in the author’s collection, of which the crown is
detachable for inspection at all sides, showing that it bas
only 4 radii. X 2.

MYELODACTYLUS FLETCHERI (NSalter)

12a. Calyx of same from posterior side, with anal tube resting
upon the left shoulder of r. post. Rs. X 6

126. Calyx from anterior side. X 6.

12c. Diagram of calyx and arms.
Silurian, Wenlockian; Dudley, England.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDIJINGS;, VOL. 67, ART. 9° PL. |

Ws .

EM s

sit ttt

staat

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 97, 98

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 2

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UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 99, 100

PLATE) 2

All figures not otherwise noted natural size
Page.
MYELODACTYLUS AMMONIS (Bather) : - 10

Fic. 1. A close coil, with stem tapering to a point; cuneate interlock-
ing columnals with a cirrus from the broad end of each;
cirri converging to center, completely enveloping the crown.
x 3.

la. The same specimen, seen from outer curve, showing the rapid
taper of stem to a narrow distal end; longitudinal sutures
not visible in this specimen. 4.

1b. The alternate succession of columnals in outline—var. alterii-
Cirrus.

2. A similar specimen (figure not enlarged), with hour-glass shaped
columnals bearing a cirrus at each end, and lenticular, non
cirriferous ossicles interposed.

2a. The same seen from the outer curve, tapering to a point, and
with longitudinal sutures strongly developed. *« 4%.
2b. The paired succession of cirri in outline—var. bijugicirrus.

3. A small specimen of similar type to last, with strong distal
taper. X 4.

3a. The outer side of same specimen as it would appear if stretched
out straight; to show the great relative breadth in the middle
region, narrowing both ways, and ending distally in a point;
outer longitudinal sutures strong. X 4.

3b. The distal end of same. X 3.

3c. The succession of columnals in outline, with paired arrangement
of cirri—var. bijugicirrus.

4. A similar specimen, With alternate cuneate columnals; small part
of proximal coil is shown. X= 4.

4a, b. The tapering distal end, and the succession of columnals in out-
line—var. alternicivrus,

5. Part of a remnant of two coils, from the inner side of the inner-
most coil, showing the form and arrangement of columnals
for the paired cirri—var. bijugicirrus. X 3.

5a. Transverse view of the fractured sect’on of the two coils, the
upper one being near the distal end, therefore thicker and
narrower than the lower. X 4.

All the foregoing are from the Brownsport limestone,
Niagaran: Decatur County, Tennessee.

6. Specimen with three involute coils, taper ng to a narrow distal
end, The cirri have mostly fallen away, exposing the proxi-
mal evolute coil with the slender, circular neck leading to the
faintly outlined crown lying along the concave side of the
middle coil.

6a. Outer curve of same, showing distal end and longitudinal
sutures.

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Fage
Fic. 6). The succession of columnals—var,. alternicivrus. 10
7. 7a. Similar views of a fractured specimen of same type, showing
form and proportions of first cirrals on three successive
coils—var. alternicirrus.

8. Remnant of a fractured specimen associated with the two pre-
ceding in the same layer, having paired cirri—var. bijugi-
cirrus; a portion of the circular neck and of the crown are
visible. X 3.

9, The tapering distal end only of a stem with extremely slender

termination. < .

The last four specimens (6-9) are from the Waldron shale,
Niagaran: Newsom. Tennessee.

a D6 Dede |)

PEATE 3

All figures not otherwise noted natural size

Page
MYELODACTYLUS EXTENSUS, new species______________________ 14

ic. 1, A large specimen with stem extended about 8 em. beyond the
close coil, nearly straight, not terminating in a point. Has
cirri on alternating, cuneate columnals.

la. The succession of columnals—var. alternicirrus.

2. Another large specimen with stem extended about 5 em. beyond

the deviation from the close coil, and beginning to diminish

at point of fracture; the proximal reverse curve is seen.
Has paired cirri on hour-glass shaped columnals.

2a. The succession of columnals—var. bijugieirrus.

3. Another specimen with stem extended about 6.5 cm. beyond
the close coil, tapering near the end where it seems to termi-
nate in small roots of radicular cirri. Has paired cirri.

3a. The succession of columnals—var. bijugicirrus.

4, 4a. A small specimen with some alternating cirri in place, and out-

line showing succession of columnals—var. alternicirrus. X 4.

5. A large specimen with very small close coil, and the loose coil,

partly restored, extended for about 12 cm. beyond the place

of deviation, and not vet terminated. Parts of a few cirri
are in place. Columnals of var. bijugicirrus.

G6. Smaller specimen with much of extended stem broken off.
Proximal coil is seen, with reversed curve of the circular
neck, followed by the crown, of which the calyx is indistinct.
Columnals of var. alternicirrus. 4.

Large specimen with incomplete stem for about 7 em. beyond
close coil. Polished section obtained by grinding down to
the axial canal, showing the proximal coil, neck, and crown
in outline, with scattered cirrals in some places. Columnals

of var. bijugicirrius,

8, Sa. Reverse sides of a specimen with only the close coil remaining,
having the cirri complete, converging at the center. Colum-
nals of var. bijugicirrus,

9,10,11. Three small specimens with stems broken off, not far beyond
the close coil. All of var. alternicirrus.
12. Fragment of stem from St. Paul, Indiana, showing both paired
and alternate cirri in the same specimen. X 3
13. A specimen from the Wenlockian at Dudley, England, with
paired cirri in place at the closed coil, and stem extended far
beyond that region, not yet diminishing distalwards.
13a. The succession of columnals—var. bijugicirrus,
All except 12 and 13 are from the Brownsport limestone,
Niagaran ; Decatur County, Tennessee.
102

Ais. Oy = PLE;

VOIE. ‘67;

PROCEEDINGS,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102

ART 9S) bien 4

VOL. 67,

PROCEEDINGS,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

sto

iti yy |

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103

PLATE 4
Figures not otherwise noted natural size
NEVE LODACTYLUS, BRACHTATUS, Gall. = 2 a

Fic. 1. Specimen with the crown preserved, showing the extreme length
and slenderness of the proximal neck leading to it at the end
of the reversed curve, and outside of the main coil of the
stem. Some of the branching cirri are shown, limited to the
distal regicn. x 3.

la. The crown of same, further enlarged. X 3.

A small specimen, with nearly complete stem extending to near
the calyx, where the slender neck is broken off outside the
main coil, as in all specimens except the preceding. It shows
the great relative size and repeated branching of the cirri,
which are almost as long as the thickened part of the stem.
XK .o-

5, 4. Two specimens with neck similarly broken off, showing the nu-
merous branching cirri in various positions rising from the
distal region, enveloping the proximal coil like a fringe. Fig.
83 shows the complete stem, tapering to a point at the distal
end. X 2.

A very large specimen seen from outside of curve, showing the
longitudinal sutures, and alternate arrangement of the rounded
cirri arising from back of stem, and limited to the distal region,
Columnals of this specimen are 6 min. wide at the back.

6. Distal portion of a broken specimen seen from the inner side of

the curve.

7. Fragment from above the upper limit of cirri, seen from inner
side of curve. X 3.

S. Transection of stem at about same position as last, showing
form of axial canal. X 3.

9. Fragment toward the distal end, seen from outer side of curve,
showing origin of cirri at back of stem. X 3.

10. Transverse view of joint-face at about same level, showing the

relative narrowing and thickening of the stem approaching a

circular form at the termination. X 3.

Niagaran, Rochester shale; Lockport, New York.

103

PLATE 5
Figures not otherwise noted natural size

MYELODACTYLUS NODOSARIUS Hall__-____- ee 9 ee

Itc. 1. One of Hall’s types (Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, pl. 5, fig. 5), showing the
great size of the ponderous cirri compared with the smaller
stem, and the bulbous terminal at distal end, seen from outer
side of curve.

2. A similar specimen in which the terminal bulb ends in a point.

3. Another type (idem, pl. 6, fig. 1), seen from inner side of curve,
showing the full length of cirri swollen in the middle.

4. Specimen showing still greater swelling of the cirri.

5. Specimen showing considerable length of the cirrus-bearing part
of the stem.

G. Distal end of stem, showing relative size of terminal bulb, and

first cirrals. Author’s collection.

The same structures with addition of several cirri, Showing small

size of first cirrals.

8. Inner side at distal end, showing terminal bulb, small size of
stem and mode of attachment of cirri. Collection Yale
University.

Helderbergian, New Scotland formation; Schoharie County,
New York. All the specimens not otherwise noted are in the
New York State Museum, Albany.

MYELODACTYLUS SCHUCHERTI, new species_____- eee ers Pe "

ric. 9. The only specimen, with both distal and proximal portions
broken off, leaving one coil of the main, crescentic region of
the stem, followed by the reverse curve, and the very robust
proximal neck; several cirri are in place, paired on successive
columnals. X 2.
9a, Reverse side of same, showing the same structures. Note the
peculiar arrangement of columnals in the exposed part of the
proximal neck. X 2.
9b. 9¢. Details of Columnals in the part of the neck towards the calyx;
side and top views, further enlarged. X 6.
Helderbergian, Linden formation; Benton County, Ten-
nessee. Coll. U. S. National Museum.

104

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9

=
=
=
=
—
=

=
——
=
—

f Uy

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104

PL.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hit

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 105, 106

PLATE 6
All figures not otherwise noted natural size
MYELODACTYLUS KEYSERENSIS, new species

Fig. 1. A nearly complete specimen, lacking only the distal part of
the stem; crown fully exposed on both sides by removal of
cirri. Seen from the many branched anterior radius, with
the unbranched right anterior radius to the left of it. The
proximal neck and reverse curve are in full view, and a few
cirri are in place distalwards, one to each columnal.

la. Reverse side of same, left posterior view, showing the same
structures: cirri exposed Gpposite some of those seen in the
preceding figure, proving their paired arrangement on suc-
ceeding columnals. The crescentic stem toward the ends of
the arms is 4.5 mm. wide, while the mass of arms is swollen
beyond it at either side until it is 12 mm. thick, measured
vertical to the plane of these figures.
10. Calyx and lower part of arms of same specimen, from left
anterior radius. X 2.
le. Analysis of the crown, showing the presence of five radii, no
two alike; r. post. radius at the right with anal tube resting
on the left sloping face of the superior half of the radial; r.
ant. radius at the left, unbranched; the others branching at
different heights. General arrangement similar to that of
Tocerinus.

2. Another specimen closely inrolled, with crown completely en-
veloped by the long, slender, cirri converging at the center;
swollen to a thickness of 8.5 mm.

3. A specimen showing the great swelling of the crown at the
distal region, as it lies enveloped in the cirri; it is here 15
mm. in thickness. Seen from outer curve of stem.

Lower Devonian, Keyser formation: Keyser, West Virginia.

AMMONICRINUS WANNERI, new species__-

rig. 4. A small specimen, tightly involled, seen from the side, show-
ing the large columnals, tapering to a point at the distal
end, with strong, apparently non-articulated processes con-
verging toward the center, in the position of cirri.
4a. The same, seen from the reverse side. X 4.
4b. The same, seen from outer side of curve, showing the deep
beveling of the columnals, their great width and rapid taper

to distal end. X #2.

o. The larger specimen; lateral yiew showing the cirrus-like, but
unarticulated, processes converging at the center in irreg-
ular forms. Note perforation at the fractured distal end
for the axial canal. X .

reo

105

Page

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Page
Fic. 5a. Reverse side of same, with the processes partially removed by Pepe
preparation, exposing calyx of a Camerate ecrinoid with trace
of arms. X #3.
5b. Outer curve of same, showing great width of columnals and
their rapid diminution distalwards. 4.
6. Two detached columnals from some other specimen, showing
the articulating joint faces, fulcral ridge, perforation for
axial canal, and non-articulated processes at the side solidly
attached where cirri would be in other forms. % 4,
Middle Devonian; Hifel, Germany.

fod

PLATE, %

All figures not otherwise noted natural size

Page
CAMPTOCRINUS PRAENUNTIUS, new species Ss 5 SE ee 20
Fic. 1. A nearly complete specimen, with scattered cirri at irregular
intervals, limited to the distal portion. Natural size.
Mississippian, Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.
CAMPTOCRINUS MYELODACTYLUS Wachsmuth and Springer —_ 28

IFias.2,8. Two of the types of Wachsmuth and Springer (North Amer.
Crin. Cam., pl. 75, figs. 2a, b,) after additional cleaning; they
show the doubled nodal columnals, each bearing a cluster of
two, three, or rarely four, rather short tapering cirri dimin-
ishing in size inwards; alternating with these is a single
internodal, nearly the length of the pair; occasionally the
internodal is wanting, or the cirri limited to cne. The cirrus
clusters form two marginal rows at the inner side of the curve,
the outermost cirrus being so much larger than the others of
its cluster that the latter often cannot be seen except by very
close observation after careful preparation. X 4.

It should be noted in regard to these and all the figures
showing the marginal cirri, especially the detailed sketches,
that we only see one row, that upon the opposite margin
being omitted in the sketches.

3a,5b. Detail from the original of figure 3, including 16 cirri counting

from the second cirrus next to the broken off distal end. This
drawing is made in two parts for convenience in mounting.
The elliptic outlines in this and similar figures give the cross
sections from measurements at the part of the stem next to
them. Distal is to the rght. X 3.

3e. Detail from the same specimen, further enlarged, to show the
position of the first cirrus-facet directly over the suture be-
tween the nodal pair. X 6.

3d. Another view showing the mode of succession of the cirri fol-
lowing the first cirrus in the cluster. X 6.

4. A specimen with the stem tapering nearly to the distal end, show-
ing the crowded condition of the cirri as seen unenlarged: in
this and the next figure they appear as if chiefly two to the
nodal, but the smaller, inner cirri are mostly crowded inward
out of sight.

5. The largest specimen, the only one showing the proximal circu-
lar part of the stem; it also shows a portion of the calyx, so
distorted and cracked that the plates can not be definitely
shown. The stem is nearly complete, about 9 em. long from
the proximal part distalwards.

23832—26——_S 107

108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

Fig. 5a. Elliptic section of stem, measured at the widest part at right
side about opposite the calyx. 5.

5b. Section measured at about S internodes from distal end, where
stem becomes nearly circular. > 5,

All Keokuk limestone, Mississippian ; Indian Creek, Indiana.

CAMPTOCRINUS PLENICIRRUS, new species

lig. 6. Specimen with crowh complete; the stem having the character-
istic curves and elliptic section of the preceding species, but
the cirri, instead of being limited to two marginal rows of
clusters, are distributed as normally in regular whorls of

nearly uniform size.
6a. Detail of stem of same specimen, with some cirri restored from
the stumps where the dimensions are evident. This should
be compared with the figures on plate S showing whorls of

dwarfed cirri. X 3.
Mississippian, Keokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indiana.

VOL, 67

Page
28

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 7

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FossiL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 107, 108

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 8

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 109,110

PLATE 8

All figures not otherwise noted natural size

CAMPTOCRINUS CRAWFORDSVILLENSIS, new species_.

Fic. 1. Specimen showing full size and proportions of the crown, with
probably less than half the stem preserved; clusters of two
and three elongate cirri spring from each nodal pair in mar-
ginal rows along the inner side of the curye, together with
traces of much smaller rudimentary cirri rather irregularly
distributed around the periphery of the nodals at the convex
outer side; and two, rarely three, internodals interposed.

la. Detail from same next to broken end of stem, with elliptic cross
section at right. Distal is toward the left. 3.

2. A similar specimen, with whorl of dwarfed cirri somewhat
better defined ; two, or three, internodals.

2a. Detail from same next to broken end of stem: with elliptic
section at right. Distal toward the right. %X 3.

3. Original of Wachsmuth and Springer’s plate 75, figure 1, with
stem preserved well toward the distal end where it loses its
elliptic form; marginal cirri apparently limited to a single
one for each nodal pair at either side, and whorls of rudi-
mentary cirri, less prominent than in the last specimen,
are also seen; internodals mostly three, also two or four.

dda. Detail from same near the fracture at bottom in the figure, with
elliptic section measured at the widest part of stem to the
left. Distal is toward the left. X 3.

3b, 8¢e. Section at the lower fracture, where the stem is nearly round,
and at the uppermost fracture where it is entirely so. X 3.

3d,3e. Top and side views of part of same stem at the curve to the
left of the calyx, where the columnals have become trans-
versely hollowed. X 3.

Mississippian, Keokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indianu.

CAMPTOCRINUS MULTICIRRUS, new species____- mw —

ig. 4. Specimen from Huntsville, Alabama, with crown and stem com-
plete; shows the clusters of two and. three marginal cirri to
the nodal pair, and a very large internodal interposed; basal
plates unequal, deformed by pressure of Gurve. A minute
specimen of Taxrocrinus huntsvillae lies alongside. 3.
4a. Detail from stem of same, with section at right from the median
portion; it shows the secondary or incipient cirri dispropor-
tionately small, with two or three cirrals developed in some
places, and in others only single rudimentary ossicles just
broken through on the suture line, without any axial canal
to innervate further growth. Distal is toward the left.
109

Page

5
oU

eo PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

Fic. 5. A very young specimen from the same locality, showing form
and proportions of complete crown and stem.

6. A complete specimen from Monroe county, Llinois, with stem
preserved to the extreme distal extremity, showing that it
terminated in a point, and had no means of attachment to
any solid object except by clinging with the cirri.

6a. Detail from same, with elliptic section, showing arrangement of
the marginal clusters and the rudimentary cirri, and the
undeveloped cirrals lacking the axial canal. Distal is to
the right Xs:

It should be noted that in the two principal specimens,
figs. 4 and 6, both sides are well exposed in some places,
showing the presence of the two rows of cirrus clusters in
conformity -with the bilateral, elliptic form of the stem.

7,8,9. Three specimens from same locality as last, showing various
details of crown and stem.
7a, b. Inner and side views of columnals from stem of specimen 7,
showing position of cirrus-facets with and without remnants
of cirri adhering. 3.
Mississippian, lower part of Chester; Alabama and Tllinois.

CAMPTOCRINUS CIRRIFER Wachsmuth and Springer __-___

Fic. 10. Type of Wachsmuth and Springer (pl. 76, fig. 13a). A com-
plete specimen, showing the extremely long and slender cirrus
clusters.

10a. Detail from same, showing the almost undivided nodals, single
large internodals, and first cirrals of small secondary cirri.

KO
Mississippian, upper part of Chester; Pulaski county, Ken-

tucky.

VOL. 67

Page
31

95)
v=

PLATE 9

All figures natural size unless otherwise stated
Page

MACROSTYLOCRINUS RECUMBENS, new species__-----__-_-_-_- > oD

ig. 1. Side view of a specimen with arms curved backward over the
dorsal cup and around the stem; pinnules directed outward.

2. The tegmen of a large specimen in similar condition, showing
general outline, origin of arms, and projecting anal plates
between the posterior rays.

3. Lateral view of specimen with the arms partly removed; show-
ing relation of calyx, arms, stem and cirri, the plates of two
radii, and the first iBr between them.

4. Posterior view of a similar specimen, showing calyx from the
anal side, with the anal series complete up to the tegmen.

Lower Devonian, Oriskany; Cumberland, Maryland.

PLATYCRINUS PENDENS, New SPCClCSS= ee ee eee 38

ic. 5. Dorsal view, showing calyx as enveloped by the closely recum-
bent arms; much distorted by pressure.
ha. Ventral view of same; showing food grooves, and pinnules
directed to the exterior.
Mississippian. Kinderhook; Le Grand, Lowa.

BARRANDEOCRINUS SCEPTRUM, An¢eln==.2 ee i)

rig. 6. A complete specimen showing the relative position of the recum-
bent arms and stem, and the depressions caused by the contact
of arms with the surface of the calyx. For comparison with
preceding species. From a drawing by G. Liljeva'l made for
Wachsmuth and Springer. Riks Museum, Stockholm.
7. A specimen in the author’s collection, in which the calyx is com-
pletely enveloped by the recumbent arms,
Silurian, Wenlock limestone; Gotland, Sweden.

ACROCRINUS AMPHORA Wachsmuth and Springer -_---_______ 40, 44, 45

¥ias. 8,9. Specimens showing the tegmen, composition of the calyx,
position of the arm bases, and the marks of pressure by arms
upon the outer surface.
Lower Chester, Ohara formation; Huntsville, Alabama.
A coiled stem; not MYELODACTYLUS Ps Pe ee ee 15
fic. 10. A normal stem of unknown species, spirally coiled around a
fragment of another stem. For comparison with figures on
preceding plates.
Niagaran, Waldron shale; Newsom, Tennessee.

PL.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9

NATIONAL MUSEUM

Ss.

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 112

ART. 9° PL.

VOL. 67,

PROCEEDINGS,

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UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I13

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

PLATE 10

All figures natural size

Page
GILBERTSOCRINUS DISPANSUS Wachsinuth and Springer _ _—_ 38
Fie. 1. Specimen with the true arms in place; to show the arms par-
tially recumbent, with the position of the arms and pinnules
apparently opposite in the same individual. In the middle
part the arms bend downward, and the pinnules are outer-
most, away from the calyx; at either side the arms make
a reverse curve, bending upwards, so that the pinnules
point inwards toward the calyx. The hump at the top is a
Platyceras, fastened over the anal opening to feed upon the
excrement of the crinoid.
Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek, Indiana.
PARADICHOCRINUS PLANUS, new species__- < D1
I'ieé.2. An extremely large specimen, with 5 or 4+ arms to the cluster
in each half ray, formed by successive unilateral branching
to the outer side of the dichotom. The very thim and smooth
calyx plates are much broken by pressure, and their arrange-
ment has been restored from other specimens. Interradial
view.
3. A smaller specimen in which the arrangement of the calyx
plates and their perfectly smooth surface are well shown;
it has 5 arms to each outer side of the dichotom. Interradial
view.
4. A calyx, to show structure of the tegmen.
Keokuk limestone, lower horizon; Indian Creek, Indiana.
PARADICHOCRINUS POLYDACTYLUS Cuasseday and Lyon 50

IlieG.5. Dorsal view of a vertically flattened calyx, to show the strong,
pustular or nodose ornamentation, in contrast to the smooth
surface of the last species.

)}. Posterior view of a calyx with nodose ornament, and showing

the great elevation of the tegmen. For the arm = structure

of this species see Wachsmuth and Springer (North Amer.
Cringe Came ple idee tos ian)

Keokuk limestone, higher horizon; Crawfordsville, Indiana.

a ba ls}

PLATE 11
All figures natural size

DICHOCRINUS PENDENS Wachsmuth and Springer ___-

Vig. 1. The holotype, figured in North American Crinoidea Camerata,
pl. 7S, fig. 15, showing the relation of calyx, pendent arms,
pinnules, and stem,

Another specimen, showing form of calyx, with the arms mostly
removed.

3. A specimen with calyx completely enveloped by arms bent baeck-

ward upon the stem; pinnules at the outside.

4. Specimen with complete stem and branching root; no cirri.

Upper Burlington limestone: Burlington, Iowa.

DICHOCRINUS OBLONGUS \Wachsmuth and Springer ___

Wig. 5. The holotype, calyx only, figured in North American Crinoidea
Camerata, pl. 78, fig. 9.
6. A specimen discovered since the original description, showing the
pendent arms.
Warsaw limestone; Spergen Hill, Indiana.
DICHOCRINUS cf. ANGUSTUS White ___

Fig. 7. A specimen with long stem but lacking the arms: having ex-
tremely long curri, enveloping the small calyx in an upward
direction.

Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

114

Page.
39

40)

ART. 9 PE.

VOL. 67,

PROCEEDINGS,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I14

ARiicc 9) BES

VOL. ‘67;

PROCEEDINGS,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I15

PrRATE 12

All figures natural size unless otherwise stated

Page
ACROCRINUS PRAECURSOR, new species_____ gon Neth i ee 42
Tig. 1. Posterior view of calyx and part of arms, both somewhat dis-
placed by pressure, showing numerous ranges of irregular
plates between BB and RR.
Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.
ACROCRINUS INTERMEDIUS, new species. sees 43
Trig. 2. A complete crown with locg stem; r. post, view, showing erect,
biserial arms and pinnules, and the anal series with pyramid
of small plates surmounting it. Has 3 ranges of plates be-
tween BB and RR. X 2.
2a, Diagram of calyx of same; drawn from the posterior side, giving
the complete succession of anal plates.
3. Similar view of a detached calyx having 2 and 3 ranges of supple-
mental plates interposed. X 2.
4. Right anterior view of calyx of another specimen with 2 ranges
of plates interposed. XX 2.
5. Anterior view of a nearly complete crown and stem, with 2 ranges
of plates interposed; natural size.
Lower Chester; Monroe County, Illinois.
ACROCRINUS SHUMARDI Yandell__________________ ___----. 41, 44, 45
Ita. 6. A complete crown, with arms erect. Grayson Springs.
7. Lower part of calyx. After Wachsmuth and Springer. Sloan’s
Valley, Pulaski County. X 2.
Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Kentucky.
ACROCRINUS AMPHORA Wachsmuth and Springer____-____. 40, 44, 45
Iie. S. A specimen from Huntsville, to show relation of base, calyx with
supplementary plates, and recumbent arms.
9. A complete calyx without the arms, to show the arrangement of
plates. Same locality. After Wachsmuth and Springer. X 4.
Lower Chester, Ohara formation; Huntsville, Alabama.
ACROCRINUS WORTHENI Wachsmuth _____ ane 2 ee 45

iG. 10. Outline of the calyx, to show relative size. After Wachsmuth
and Springer.
Lower Coal Measures; Peoria County, Illinois.
115

PLATE 13,

All figures natural size unless otherwise noted

TALAROCRINUS PATEI Miller and Gurley

Figs. 1, 2,3,4. A series of complete crowns, part of a colony of several
hundred specimens from one locality; showing variation in
number of arms from 4, 8, and rarely 2 to the ray. Fig. 8
shows a normal anal plate, completely separating the adjacent
radials.

A specimen with abnormal anal plate, wedge shaped, with the
two radials meeting above it—a variation toward Ptcroto-
cCrinus.

6-12. A series of calices from the same colony showing different
forms of tegmen, in which the axillary ambulacral is but
slightly developed, or not at all. Fig. 12 is enlarged X 2.

18. Lateral view of a calyx in which the axillary ambulacrals are
developed into strong nodes, two of which have been displaced,
affording a view of the facets in which they were seated.
18a is the nodose ambulacral which came out of the facet
seen directly at the front. X 2.

14. Basal view of calyx.

Lower Chester, Ohara formation, formerly called St. Louis,
and afterwards Ste. Genevieve; near Sample, Breckinridge
County, Kentucky.

TALAROCRINUS SEX-LOBTUS Shumard___---_____________- -

Vig. 15. Specimen with very strong spines, closely resembling the form
of these plates in some species of Pterotocrinus. X 2.
Upper Chester, Gasper formation; Flagpoint, Virginia.

PTEROTOCRINUS ACUTUS Wetherby___----_--_____-

Fic. 16. The axillary ambulacrals hypertrophied into large, club-shaped
appendages, tapering to a point. The remainder of the tegmen
is covered by a Platyceras permanently attached over the anus
for feeding commensally upon the excrement of the crinoid.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley, Pu-
laski County, Kentucky.

PTEROTOCRINUS RUGOSUS Lyon and Casseday___-

Fies, 17, 18, 19, 20. Lyon’s type (17) with thin wing-like processes; and
other specimens showing basal, lateral, and tegminal views—
the latter especially showing the facets in which the proc-
esses are seated.

Upper Chester, Gasper formation; Breckinridge County,
Kentucky.

9 117

23832—26

= a4 a

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

PTEROTOCRINUS PYRAMIDALIS Lyon and Casseday

Fics, 21, 22. Lateral and basal views of the type.
Horizon and locality same as last.

PTEROTOCRINUS CAPITALIS Lyon and Casseday_______-

Fic. 23. The type, with extremely large and gibbous basals, and heavy
processes, thickening outward to large blunt extremities.
Upper Chester, Golconda formation; Crittenden

County,
Kentucky.

VOL. 67

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS
118

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES I17,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 14

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I19

PLaTE 14

All figures natural size

Page.
PTEROTOCRINUS CORONARIUS Lyon___________________ cae 48

Trias. 1,1a,1b,1e. The holotype, with the dorsal cup added to the teg-
minal part originally figured by Lyon, and afterwards by
Wachsmuth and Springer; dorsal, ventral, antero- and pos-
tero-lateral views: showing the great size of the gibbous
radial plates, contrasted with those of all other known species
and the huge, massive spatulate processes into which the
axillary ambulacrals have developed.

2. A fractured specimen found associated with the preceding,
having one of the spatulate “ wing processes ” attached to the
dorsal cup, both of the same type as those of figure 1, proving
beyond question that the two belong toegther.

3, 8a. Basal and lateral views of another specimen from the same
locality, with only the dorsal cup preserved.
Upper Chester, Golconda formation; Crittenden County,
IKkentucky.

PTEROTOCRINUS DEPRESSUS Lyon and Casseday___---------~-- 50

ies. 4, 4a. The species with the *“ wing processes” laterally compressed
into thin, knife-like ‘‘ blades,” in contrast to the ponderous
appendages of most of the other species. Lateral view of
calyx, with two detached ‘‘ blades” in proper position; and
a dorsal view for comparison of form and proportions of
basal and radial plates with those of fig. 1.
Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley,
Pulaski County, Kentucky.

PTEROTOCRINUS BIFURCATUS Wetherby _____.___._________-__ 5O

Trig. 5. In this species the processes of the heavy rounded type have
developed in a still different manner by forking almost at
right angles. After Wetherby. The original is in the collec-
tion of the University of Chicago.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan's Valley,
Pulaski County, Kentucky.

TALAROCRINUS CORNIGERUS (Shumard)-__~~------_____-__--_- 46

Pig. 6. A specimen with the axillary ambulacral developed into prominent
spines—precursor of the winged processes of Pterotocrinus.
Lower Chester, Ohara format on: Tateville, Pulaski County,
Kentucky.
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PLATE 15
All figures natural size unless otherwise noted

AGASSIZOCRINUS CONICUS Owen and Shumard__ a AN 53

Fie. 1. The holotype, from Chester, Illinois. Note the great length of
the fused infrabasal cone, over half the total height of the
calyx. The sharply conical contour is not an inflexible char-
acter for the species, as there is upon the same matrix with
the type another specimen with a more rounded ovoid out-
line; but the high IBB cone seems to hold good. Coll. U.S.
National Museum, No. 17957.

2. A very large specimen also from Chester, more broudly rounded
than the type, with IBB half the height of calyx.
3,4. Two very elongate fused IBB cones, perhaps of this species,
but much smaller than that of the type; part of a series of
10 or more similar elongate bases found at the same locality
in Union County, Illinois, varying in contour from conical to
ovoid, but agreeing in the extremely high IBB. Fig. 4 is from
a specimen longitudinally bisected, showing the axial canal
extending almost to the end of the fused cone.
Upper part of Chester, Okaw formation.

AGASSIZOCRINUS LAEVIS (Roemer) —-_ > a : D3,

Kia. 5. The holotype, original of Roemer'’s figure, formerly in the collee-
tion of B. I. Shumard. <A direet photograph, showing the
arms as they actually are in the specimen (partly restored in
the type figure), and the anal plates (not shown in the original
figure). The rv. post. ray is well shown nearly to the end of
the arms. IBB, though solidly fused at the bottom, have
sutures for a short distance from the upper margin. Chester,
Illinois.

Da. L. ant. view of same, showing the great width of the radial, the
axillary IBr with its unequal faces, and the increased size
of the left arm as compared with those of the adjoining r.
post. ray.

Anterior and posterior views of two calices from Clear Creek,

Hardin County, Kentucky.
Upper Chester, Okaw, and Glen Dean formations.

AGASSIZOCRINUS GIBBOSUS Hall_----____- : “

ies. 8, 9. Posterior and anterior views of two characteristic specimens,
that of fig. S being perfectly typical.
Upper Chester, Okaw formation; Chester, Illinois.

Page

, 09, 63

=—- e@9
05/00

AGASSIZOCRINUS INEQUIDACTYLUS (Whitfield) ~-________- dT, 62

Fics. 10, 10¢. Posterior and anterior views of specimen from Sloan’s
Valley, Pulaski County, Wwentueky, with arms broken off
slightly above the primibrachs; showing the unequal radfals,
sinall size of anterior arm, and unequal faces of the antero-
lateral primibrach.,

11, lla. Similar views of another specimen from the same local-
ity, having part of the hypertrophied left lateral arm = pre-
served, showing its great size as compared with those adjacent.

121

Fires. 10b, 116. Cross sectional views of the fractured arms of the two
preceding specimens, in which the inequality of the arms in
both is still more apparent.

12. A calyx from Stephensport, Breckenridge County, Kentucky,
in the upper series of the Chester, Showing the unequal faces
of a lateral primibrach.

18. The original of Lyon’s proposed description. A nearly com-
plete crown, with the two pairs of posterior arms and the
enormously hypertrophied antero-lateral arms in full view;
giving a complete exposition of the dominant character of
the genus. Grayson Springs, Grayson County, Kentucky. 4.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation.

AGASSIZOCRINUS: GLOBOSUS Worthen____________._____________

Fie. 14. Posterior view of calyx, slightly less broadly rounded than the
type; one of a number of specimens of this and the following
species varying slightly in contour from strictly globose to
subovate. Near Hardinsburg, Breckenridge County, Kentucky.

Upper Chester, Gasper formation.

AGASSIZOCRINUS OVALIS Miller and Gurley____________________

Ties. 15,16, 17. Posterior, anterior, and distal views of three calices from
same locality as the last; that of fig. 17 to show by direct
view the relative width of the radials. There is practically
no difference between the specimens referred to this and the
preceding species except the divided and fused infrabasal
cone, and as to this there are apparently intermediate stages,
as well as variation in contour from ovoid to globose.

Horizon and locality same as last.

AGASSEZOCRIENUS SpeC@leSa= 2 a a ee

Kies. 18, 19, 20. Dorsal views and a lateral view of three bases, from
same locality as last, in different stages of division of infra-
basals; the sutures being more or less obscure, in some deviat-
ing from a straight line, and in some passing only part way
down. A number of other specimens exhibit similar unstable
features; and the condition of the Breckenridge County forms
as here shown leads to the inference that in this formation
at least the IBB may be divided or fused in the adult stage
within the same species.

Upper Chester, Gasper formation; Breckenridge County,
Kentucky.

AGASSTEZOCRENUS i SW CCiC Gms ee er ee

Figs. 21, 22, 23. Three infrabasal cones from Huntsville, Alabama, per-
haps of the same species, of minimum, medium, and maxi-
mum size; the first two being solidly fused, and the last, fig.
23, being divided by distinct sutures at the distal face which
extend almost to the lower end.

Upper Chester, Gasper formation.

AGASSIZOCRINUS* Species. = ee ae eee

Fic. 24. Distal face of a fused cone in which the axial nerve canals,
being restricted in their downward course, are split into radiat-
ing branches passing outward into the wall of the cup.

25. Similar cone in which the nerve canals penetrate the fused in-
frabasals undivided for part of their length.
Upper Chester, Gasper formation; Huntsville.
122

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63

54, 63

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PL.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 121, 122

ART. 9 PL.

VOL. 67,

PROCEEDINGS,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

}

id Le

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 123

Prarr 16

Natural size unless otherwise stated

Page
PACHYLCCRINUS AEOUALIS (Hall) > Be eet See 71
Fig. 1. Posterior view, to show anal side passing into ventral sac, and
mode of arm branching.
IKkeokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indiana.
PACHYLOCRINUS SCOPARIUS (Hall)_--____ __ EES ee ae Serena 67
2. Lateral view, l. ant., showing the sac curving upon itself toward
the anterior.
Upper Chester; Grayson Springs, Kentucky.
PACHYLOCRINUS ARBOREUS (Worthen) ___________________ 69, 67, 71
3. Anterior view, showing structure of arms and pinnules. * 4.
4. Another specimen, I. post. view, giving also a basal view of the
calyx. X #3.
5. R. post. radial view of another specimen, showing anal side and
curvature of inflated sac. xX 4
6. R. ant. radial view, showing 1iearly full length of sae, doubling
on itself toward the anterior, with opening about midway.
x 3.
7. L. post. view of similar specimen, showing full length of sac,
with curvature in side view, and anal opening at the left.
x 3
Lower Chester; Huntsville. Alabama.
PACHYLOCRINUS FLOREALIS (Yandell and Shumard)——~—--~----~ 65, 72
lic. 8. A complete crown, showing the distal end of the sac projecting
beyond the arms.
9. Distal portion of sae from another specimen with spiniferous pro-
jection, and the anal opening next te it. 3
9a, The spiny projection of same seen from the upper side, consist-
ing of four plates. xX
Upper Chester: Grayson Springs, Iwentucky.
PACHYLOCRINUS AQUALIS (Hall)____- : ase zs 71
10. Posterior view of large specimen showing full length of sac with
terminal spine, and arms extending beyond it.
Lower Burlington |] mestone; Burlington, Lowa.
ABROTOCRINUS RUSTICELLUS (White) —- ae Se G2

11. Complete crown with pentagonal stem attached: Ll. ant. view;
the opposite side shows the sac much fractured, not extending
beyond the arms, and with opening about midway.

Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Towa.

PLATE 17

All figures natural size
Page

ABR OLOCRINUSSUNICUS: (Ela) S22 sase= sss eee 65, T3

Fic. 1. Anterior view of complete crown, to show general arrangement of
arms, and pentagonal stem.
Posterior view of calyx, with sac completely exposed.
Anterior view of crown with sac exposed, showing anal opening
midway, and spines at distal end.
Keokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indiana.

DECADOCRINUS HALLI (Hall) 65, 91

Fie. 4. Anterior view of complete crown, showing delicate structure of
species in the earlier formations.
Posterior view of a similar specimen.
Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

DECADOCRINUS TUMIDULUS (Miller and Gurley) _______-______ 65, 92

Fic. 6. Posterior view of crown, with tumid basal and anal plates, and
inflated distal end of sac. For anal opening in sae, see North
American Crinoidea Camerata, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5.
Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek, Indiana.

SCYTALOCRINUS VALIDUS Wachsmuth and Springer

Iie. 7. Anterior view of specimen with sac completely exposed, and anal
opening midway; arms broken off about half way up.
8. Another specimen showing full length of arms, and single arm in
anterior ray.
Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek, Indiana.
124

RIES

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 18

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PLATE 18
All figures natural size

CULMICRINUS ELEGANS (Wachsmuth and Springer)

Fic. 1. Anterior view of crown, with ventral sac to nearly its full length,
and anal opening at the base; arms with about 10 IBr.
la. Posterior view of same, showing arms probably extending beyond
the sae.
Upper Chester; Sloan’s Valley, Kentucky.
Fig. 2. (Omitted. )

CULMICRINUS MISSOURIENSIS (Shumard) : =

Fic. 3. Anterior view of crown, showing full length of sae, with anal
opening at base.
St. Louis limestone; St. Louis, Missouri.

ACROCRINUS AMPHORA Wachsmuth and Springer ___ —_

Irie. 4. Lateral view of crown, with calyx exposed by removal of part of
recumbent arms; to show longitudinal grooves made by pres-
sure of arms in their recumbent position. (See also plates 9
and 12:)
Lower Chester; Huntsville, Alabama.

SIPHONOCRINUS ARMOSUS (McChesney )__ =

Fic. 5. Internal cast, with plates of test exfoliated or removed by chemi-
cal action; showing the anal tube bent completely over the
oral portions of the viscera, so as to emerge at the anterior
side below the level of the arm bases. After Wachsmuth and
Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., pl. 19.

Niagaran, Racine formation ; Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Page
74

2
66

PLATE 19.
All figures natural size

AULOCRINUS AGASSIZI Wachsmuth and Springer _______________

Fie. 1. Anterior view of specimen with sac complete, doubled upon itself
and projecting downward in form of a spout, at the end of
which is the anal opening; the place of bending marked by
spinous nodes.

2. Lateral view of another specimen with sac complete, showing
its full curvature leading to the spout. Note the longitudinal
ridges, which can be traced the full length of the sac upward
and following the curve down again into the spout, the number
of ridges being correspondingly increased in the doubled part.

2a. Posterior view of same specimen, showing the anal plates, and
the sharp angular sculpture of the calyx.

3. Distal portion of another specimen, showing in greater detail
the same structures as the last.

4. Posterior view of another specimen, show ng the sac complete
to the point of bending, marked by spinous nodes, and the
distal end of the spout which projects from the opposite side;
the sharp sculpture of the anal and other calyx plates; and
the pores with which the hexagonal tube plates are profusely
perforated at the middle of their sides.

5. Anterior view of specimen with arms in place to their full length,
showing their proportions and the character of the pinnules.

Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek, Indiana.

126

ART. 9

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

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23832

PL. 20

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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

SEE PAGE 127

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE

PLATE 20
All figures except 3 natural size

ULRICHICRINUS OKLAHOMA, new species Se ee Se eee

Fic. 1. Posterior view of principal type, showing distribution of arms
and pinnules, form of brachials, structure of stem, and relative
size of anal area.

2. Anterior view of another complete crown, showing structure
of arms and pinnules, and form and proportions of calyx
plates.

2a. Posterior side of same, showing more clearly the structure of
the anal area, and the narrowly truncated posterior basal.
Pennsylvanian, Morrow formation; Crittendon, Oklahoma.

ULRICHICRINUS CORYPHAEUS (8S. A. Miller) | See. 2

ic. 38. Posterior view of crown, for comparison with preceding
species. xX $.
Mississippian, Keokuk limestone; Indian creek, Indiana.

1 bar

prs
iO

Pears 2A
All figures natural size

ZEACRINUS BURSAEEORMIS, White=2222222 ee

Fic. 1. Posterior view of complete crown, showing anal area with
broadly truncate post. B, short RA, short quadrangular bra-
chials and heterotomous arms, but having elongate instead
of depressed calyx, and turbinate base instead of concave.

Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

ZEACRINUS ELEGANS Silo 222 6)

Fie. 2. Anterior view of a typical specimen, with complete crown,
showing depressed broadly rounded calyx, and maximum
number of bifurcations all on the outer arm of the ray toward
the inner side; anterior ray branches on second brachial above
primibrach.

2a. R. post. view of same, showing form of club-shaped sac with
rounded and expanding distal end.

3. Posterior view of another large specimen having only six arms
to the ray.

3a. Anterior view of same, with anterior ray bifurcating on third
brachial, and having only 4 arms.

4. Posterior view of small specimen, with typical form of anal area
for the earlier species—broadly truncate post. B. and short
RAS

Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.

128

Page

ARTa:9) “PE. 721

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cate SOP ng

sane Fite

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 128

ART. 9° (PL. 22

VOL. 67,

PROCEEDINGS,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 129

PLATE, 22
All figures natural size
ZEACRINUS COMMATICUS §, A. Miller___-

Fic. 1. Posterior view of complete crown, showing mode of arm branch-
ing, nodose distal end of sac projecting beyond arms, and
arrangement of anal plates as usually seen,

2, Left anterior view of another specimen with sae partially
exposed, showing the increased number of IBr in anterior
ray.

Specimen exposing full length of club-shaped sac, from = the
posterior side, showing complete succession of plates from
the anal area up.

3a. Anterior view of same, showing anal opening at base of sac.
Keokuk limestone, upper part; Boonville, Missouri.

ZEACRINUS MAGNOLIAEFORMIS (Troost) Hall___ ee ed ee

Pic.4. A maximum specimen, seen from the posterior side, showing
form and proportions of crown, and arrangement of anal
plates as usually found.

A medium sized specimen: anterior view of complete crown,
showing the usual arrangement of arms.

6. Lower part of crown of smaller specimen, from the posterior

side, showing anal plates.

7. Basal view of detached calyx, with typical arrangement of broad
anal area, as seen in about SO per cent of the specimens; RA
elongate and passing down into the basal ring, and post.
B truneate; BB large.

Similar view of calyx with narrow anal area, as found in about
12 per cent of the specimens; RA short, and post. B acu-
minate, not connecting with Succeeding plate.

9, Another variation of the narrow anal area. BB elongate, petal

DL )

shaped, as in most of the specimens.
10. Basal view of calyx with broad anal side, showing IBB, and
BB entirely within the cavity, exceptionally small.
11. Interior view of calyx, showing the cone of greatly enlarged
infrabasals.
Upper Chester, Gasper forination: Huntsville, Alabama.

ZEACRINUS WORTHENI Hall.___-_-- nee ee ee as

Fic. 12. Basal view of specimen with broad anal area, for comparison
with Z. magnoliaeformis,
Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan's Valley,
Kentucky.
129

Page
65, SO

—

PEATE 23
All figures natural size

ZV ACR TNGUIS Wi O REA Re INET ea aa a a 81

Iicg. 1. Typical specimen, posterior view, showing the usual contour
of crown with arms closely folded; narrow anal area with
small basals, posterior basal acuminate, and RA occupying
entire width of area above it, as occurs in 55 per cent of the
specimens.

2. Posterior view of a Similar specimen, with like narrow anal area
and small basals.
2a. Anterior view of same with three rays removed, exposing three
sides of the pyramidal ventral sac, with anal opening midway.
5. L. ant. view of specimen with sac completely exposed, showing
opening midway at anterior side; apex of pyramid broken off.
4. Posterior view of another specimen with sac intact; narrow anal
area with sharp ridge-like succession of plates following it.
5. Distal view of sac of another specimen vertically compressed,
with apex broken.
6. Basal view of a typical specimen with the usual form of anal
area.
7. Posterior view ef specimen with another form of narrow anal
area.
8S. Basal and posterior view of maximum specimen with post. basal
truneate, and anal area similar to that of Z. magnoliaeformis ;
distribution of arms is well shown.
Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley,
Kentucky.

ZHACRINUS “GERD Yle Mewes CCLES se a ae eee eee ee S4+

Fie. 9. Posterior view of type, Showing wide anal area, truncate post.
B, with RA short and broad; and form and proportions of
club-shaped sac.

9a. Anterior view of same, showing complete succession of arms, and
rounded distal end of sac rising beyond their extremities.
Pennsylvanian, Morrow formation; Crittenden, Oklahoma.

150

ARs 190 yPE. 23

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AR, 9) IRE 24

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 131]

PLATE 24

Figures not otherwise noted natural size

Page

COELIOCRINUS VENTRICOSUS (Hall)________ 2222S. GOT86

Fig. 1. The type. Anterior view, showing the inflated sac with plates
tending to form longitudinal ridges, and the structure and
mode of bifurcation of the arms.

2. Posterior view of another complete crown, showing anal
plates leading to the tube, and inflated sac rising above the
arms.

3. Lateral view of specimen with most of arms removed, exposing
the general form and proportions of the balloon-shaped_ sae.

4. Proximal view of detached inflated part of sac, showing the
narrow neck connecting it with the calyx. (See fig. 1, pl. 25,
for opposite view.)

5,6,7. Three detached inflated distal ends of sac, showing how they
are formed by the bending of the tube, as indicated by the
arrangement of plates in longitudinal ridges.

8S. Isolated distal end of sac, from Lake Valley, New Mevxico.
Lower Burlington limestone; all except figure S from Bur-
lington, Towa.

COELIOCRINUS DILATATUS (Hall)---_______--- tae peer SG

Fies.9,9a. The type. Left anterior and right posterior views of com-
plete crown, showing relatively large size of the sac and
its distal plates.

10,10a. Posterior and anterior view of similar crown, showing mode
of bifureation of arms.

11. An unusually large specimen; posterior view showing
arrangement of anal plates at base of tube, and large size
of plates forming the inflated part.

12. Specimen showing distal part of sae with plates tending
to become spiniferous.

13. Isolated distal part of a sae from Lake Valley, New Mexico.
Lower Burlington limestone; all except figure 13 from Bur-
lington, Iowa.

131

PEATE, 25

All figures natural size unless otherwise noted

Pag
COELIOCRINUS: VENTRICOSUS (Hall) 22 eee 86
Wie. 1. Distal view of inflated ventral sac, same specimen shown on
plate 24, fig. 4 (slightly enlarged).
COELIOCRINUS SUBSPEINOSUS” White 22 86
File. 2. Lateral view of a maximum crown, with spines projecting from
flattened distal end of sac above the region of the arms.
3. Posterior view of smaller specimen with expanded summit
of sac fully exposed, showing the numerous plates in the
median part, bordered by peripheral spines.
3a. Anterior view of same specimen.
Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa.
HYDREIONOCRINUS WETHERBYI Wachsmuth and Springer_____ 89, 90

Kies. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Basal views of several specimens, showing varia-
tion in basal and radianal plates; figs. 7 and 8 show the
spiniferous axillary I1Br in all five rays.

9. Posterior view of crown, showing nodose or spiniferous
axillaries.

10. Anterior view of crown, showing IBr single and avyillary.

contrasted with structure of same ray in H. depressus.

11. A complete crown, somewhat distorted, with the flattened distal
end of the mushroom-shaped sac fully exposed, consisting of
5 spiniferous plates meeting in the middle.

12. A similar crown, with the spiniferous canopy much larger,
composed of T connected plates, and showing extreme de-
velopment of the spiniferous primibrachs.

12a. Upper side of spiniferous canopy.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley,
Kentucky, except figure 11, which is from Grayson Springs.

PH. 825)

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 132

PL. 26

VOL. 67, ART. 9

PROCEEDINGS,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

P.
j-
me =—

seas

ees

Sargeras

Saw.

UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 133

PLATE 26
Figures natural size unless otherwise stated
HYDREIONOCRINUS DEPRESSUS (Hall from Troost) _

lies. 1,2. Posterior views of complete crowns, showing «arrangement

of anal area, mode of bifurcation of arms, spiniferous axil-

laries, and flattened distal end of sac surmounting the whole,

with spiniferous peripheral plates projecting laterally from

the margin exceeding in diameter all the parts below.

L. post, view of similar specimen.

Anterior views of two similar specimens, showing the non-

spiniferous iBr in anterior ray, succeeded by one or more

biserial pairs of brachials below the bifurcation.

Basal views of three specimens, showing pentagonal stem,

and large size of basal cavity as compared with that of

H. wetherbyi.

9. Basal view of another specimen, showing the spiniferous IBr
in the four rays other than the anterior.

10. Anterior view of specimen with arms removed, exposing the
entire length of ventral sae, with the anal opening half way
up. 3

11. Distal view of expanded sac, showing the numerous plates in
the median part and spiniferous marginal plates—about 25
in all.

12. The same parts of another specimen, seen from the under
side, showing the small size of the tube leading to the calyx.

Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation: Sloan’s Valley, Ken-

tucky.

+
og

ioe)

AGASSIZOCRINUS LOBATUS, new species__--__---_- ===

ies. 18, 14. Lateral views of infrabasal cone, showing the plates divided
in the upper part.

15,16. Basal views of two other specimens, showing lobation of in-
frabasal cone, rounded and coalesced at the base, and par-
tially divided above.

17. A similar specimen, with plates almost completely divided,
and faint trace of column facet.
18. Distal view of another specimen, showing division of infra-
basals, and the axial canals passing down.
Lower part of Upper Chester, Gasper formation; Hunts-
ville, Alabama.

(oa

WOODOCRINUS MACRODACTYLUS De Koninek—_~_~_----_-____-_____

fic. 19. Posterior view of typical specimen, to show the ponderous arms,
extremely short brachials, and large anal area indicating a

strong ventral sac.
Upper part of Lower Carboniferous; Richmond, England.

135

Page
S89, 90

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. oe

INDEX

{Synonyms in italics]

Page

ADOC NUS 22. ca6e coca aceeee tek secemse ces 72
CYMOSUSS. Soko ccccncnecteenes:Sepeade ss 72
TUSUICOIISS a) ne oo ate Sets Bea a a 72

RN CUS as eee os ewe Nee a uniaw sew came tees 73
ACTOCHINUS= incon coe cee cecesccesaetescde 26, 40, 43
TAGS Offset soe. a caces nua onsuosees 42
SIMD NOLAtets aoe cee esucease aes 40, 44, 45
INGEMIMCCIUS = a s2a5e caso wes cose sae 43
DISGCCUISOD 2. chao nanaseesssees aaanse seuss 42
STINT eo ee ee a ene 41, 44,45
NIMACLOPIMNIS-s28 ose sone ene ne eee Soe 44
WONbnenio= sss sce tee oe See te 43, 45
Actinocrinidae, rare in Timor-...---.-.------ 93
Additional elements in the Calyx__...-----_- 41
Agaricocrinus..... PE AO pe Rak TEES re ERE ES 8 39
AVASSIZOCNINUSS22- waste accceecccctscsase 3, 53, 61, 68
radials unequal; arms asymmetric------- 60

list of species described.....--...-------- 53

list of species recognized_--......-.------ 63
CULDOILOLUUS Maes ee ere to ene 54, 56, 62
CHESTELENISIO Sas Roe en ee one one oe eee 54, 63
CODICUS a= sass anoos heaeas onan as ae 53, 54, 55, 59, 63
CODSULICUUS Sts o as ceacoceeaeansonesasseacs 54, 63
dactyliformis_....---- Pee Sa pees Saas Oa 53, 54, 55
WUISSIMISSe eee a see eke sa selec eee 54, 63
RIDDOSUS a2 os sc25-50-ecenc eee =2- ase 53, 63
PIQWOSUS 2 esas oe sc sons acne net ac eee eee 54, 63
REMISPRENMCUS <2 oo case n cee eeee eee 54, 63
INGQUIGACEY USS soso eee 57, 61, 62, 63
IBBVAS one Cone e eons coccnenuoees 53, 54, 59, 63
TODabUS- a2. 2 So ack ence see oe 63
OLCIGENINUS =. Sone oe ee 53, 63

OV GNIS see 2 6 occu son nee eee 54, 63
MAP AtUS = eee no eee ee 54, 63
DENUEEONUSS= 222 25c09 22 o-oo eee eee 54, 63
WNDU oes ooh enon oe ace en ceeee we 53
PATMATIONICEINUS =e ao eee ee eee 22
WANNGE han ti 2 een cn eee ae ea ets 22
AMaIKOPenING = 22S s aoa a same cee 64, 66
INT EEG 90 0 se RE ER 64, 67, 68
IRTICUTOCLINUS #22 50 8226 sera oes eee arte 3
ANSON WIND 2) aoe oe oes eeas eh eseeene 5
Armss brancuing Olas. 22) 22022 oo eae 50, 69, 84, 89, 90
foldedkorispread sesso eee eee eee 33, 34
TOSS O1e= ae ea ee eee en a ee, 94
TECUIM DOD Vas ae et 33
SUTUCLOTCG2 = = esas at eee aan eee 1

EA 'SLETOCTI NUS oa es 47
PA STULOCTINUGS UL CDIS aan ae nee ae en 53, 54
A TAlGSLOCTINUS= == oat ete hes ee a 52

23832—26—_l1

Page

EA TTIORETIAUIS Mace egestas the oa eat ater ates ea 67,74
Seasciz lames: Si ee ee ee ee 74
Axillary @Mmipulacrals= soe. oe sea noeee ee eae 46
RATTAN GGOCriNUS#se- eee oo es ones poke ewe mone 35
IRasSler wh (Bc e nen cn cecweoecasenesesceee cos 1
Rather he A waes seat eae 3, 5, 10, 52, 61, 83, 89
‘Batocrinidae, not in’ Timor!- 3-22-2222. 93
Blastoids, abundant in Timor_...-...-_----- 94
IBV OCRINCTI NUS see es ne See eae aoa 5
LOCOSON TUS pt re re ea eee 20
(@alceocrinid seu ae) eae es 52
Calyx COMmposiviomOlee= =e) - =... oe oases 2,6,41
Gameratain lim Obese ee as oe ets 2, 34, 93
Cam ptocrinus = 2s soes8) 5. eto ee 25
Cg ak (7) De Eo ce ee ee oe Eee 32
crawfordsvillensisas--=s-s°s=--=<2s=-==2-== 30
ANGOSUSLAlICUSs ese =~ 5 s= sees ae 32
MUONTICI TUS! =e ee en seers eae 31

Ty CLODSCLYINS saeew eee = eae aa se aes 28
DPIGNICITUS Sas ee set es ee aw cee ee ae 30
DPIACMUNtIUS see esos eee on see eae 27
Catillocrinidses===-s=s=e = ee ee 52
Chapman kc AVI oes ees anaes see cares, 1, 28
Characters of stem and Cirri_-~--_.-._.2-.<.. 7
Cholocrin gs aes ae eee een 52
(ONT yd ts Seca Ie A OF EN eR AS 4,7
EARN EEL I ees sees ee ee er 17
larger than steme-- + -see= = 20
IMUM plO res see eae eran eee 27, 32
rudimentary oss s2- en oe eae see eee as 27
Clarke SATISGING El aaa ee ce ere eee ee 3
Clarke Jolinvy ie ese oe a ee ee eae 21
GoOBLICCKInUS ee eae ete eee = 65, 85, 88
GUS UALS ae en eee se ree 86

1 a Yen ec nh a ey ai a aR ap a 88
SUDSDINOSUSS = ees eae eee 86
VIGIL COSUIS 1 teeter ree eee eee cert Saree 86
IGE NOC Y SUIS See eee ee ee eee 94, 95
Wolled bilateral stempsa 2-0 ne 3, 10, 27
CC OEITAC ULE ae ee par eee eee eee ee 94
Grinoidsfauna Of elmore eee ee ee 93
Crinoids; attached or free: <-- ~~ = 30
TStHAl Structure Ofsss = eee ee eee 1
CTGETVOCHINUS es = =e ee een eee a 61, 68
Crown; separating from stem ---._-___.-.-_--- 4,18
StMUCUUINO Ofseoe ates oe sot eee eee 5, 7,19
@ulmictinist 252222 =2 55 ese ene eee en 73
(GTN asi een pelt teed oie el Toy Ete wt Reale 74
TTTISSOU TIC TISIS sere ee eee 74
OUD HM pLAleSOleenene saan Cee ences eee 2,41

13 6 INDEX
Page Page
Cyathidium == 22 ee ee 95°.) Lecanocrinidacs. = 625 = er ae cee 93
@yathocrinidae: inv Rimorse. =n 93: illevall; ‘Georg 245222262. ecco sees ceeee 35
Cyathocrinus florealisao=s22 72 \\ Giparocrinus... =. 22222) we: ce ae see eee 73
anequidactyluses= =. 2 eS ee 57,62) |YON, 8: S252 scesaeeens eee eee a eee 48, 61
marxvillensiss 255. a a ee 5762. | ayon, WactoreWieee oe 2522) ee ee ea eee eee 48
pinnatys) eee ee es ee ee / 17 Macrocystella, 4ningsiof plates: ...---csnase 41
bimiduliss 5 ase 92\o' WMiacrostylocrintis: cess. --ee- = oo ose eee eee 35
DecadOcrinus:22 2 Ses Uae ee a eee 65, 91 Mmeekils S42 ee ee ee ee eee ee 37
CATA IS Ss a a er 92 rectlmbens 2. ae ste ee ce eee 35
ATi 2 ee ie ae Se eae eee QU i MEG GI: he Oe nh ee a a ea ne 61
Scalarisi .2 200) 2a he ea ear Sl | Mrédk- and (Wiorthen <== => este naan ene 38, 55
Gumidiliuss 222 ey ee eee eee 92 Megistocrinus.=:<*=.7. 0s eee ees 39
PNonocrintiss==-5 ses sees 25 .36,39,42-43, 45. DO. per lVE TOI a9 cen eee cae ok ee en a 55
MOGLCALIONS: Ofeas se Oe eee 20) || WrOnODrAChiachinUs=== a2 =e ana ene en eee 52, 95
VA CUISISI OF ere ae ee ae ee are 42) i Miyelodacty lis 222222222222 eee ssnees eee 5, 6
ANGUSIUSS=6 3202852 scene see ee eee 27 aninionis22=-* 2225 nese eee 10
OblOn GUS sso cane seen ee 40 Drachintos: 2225 oe eee ee eee eee 16
DendenuS: =. == ssceoss ee ose ee ee 39 DLC VIS eee ee ee eee eee 10
SUDOISUGS= 35s sees os ene eee ee 43 DridSCHOrtensise: 222 Se esse sees 16
Molatocrinuss= == 52 anes ss see coe eee 52 CONV. CLUtUIS? =~ S22 sss S29 eee Sees 8
DOry.ChINUS Splines) Olese= sea eee eae 45 OxtONSUSt 2a tee Re atte eS eee ee 14
MOMOCHNUSs 2 see $e heen eee ee oee ae 3, 25, 37, 95 flabellicirrus (Herpetocrinus) -.--__------ 18, 29
WiNren eres keto eee ne ene ee eee 15 fletcher! (Herpetocrinus) 222222.222-2---- 10
JEMBLVOCEINUS 0! tee ee cee ee ee 52, 94 (HS ff ene eles oa Ip 16
CHIN TIS ates eee cere tc ae ener ee ee 68 KO YSULOHSIS Se eee 19
JF ONY CLOG UCLY UB ae eee eee 16 NOUOSATIUS {225 -- e a e 20
FOUILTULOUULS eee ne ence ae ae es ee ere ee 16 TOUUNGSCOS S406 oan eee ee eee 16
WOrISOCKINUS. soso oo eae tees aoe eee 68 schieliorti:2 =). -2 =. een eee 21
‘Kucladoctintis:2:°_-s-s2--ssssees2 ces. ean 90; 39° || ‘Owen, David Dales: asst) n= see eem eee 59
GUDELOSUS!--~ 6-0 ses eee eran ee eee 30) | Owenvand Shumards-2 225 -s-teeeee oem 54
Hupachycrmusce <a. nee ae eee es 680) Pachvlocrinus.=--22 ea == ene 65, 67, 70, 75
lexi pillase sens seen once me 2, 33, 34, 92, 93, 94 BCUUSlIS= seen te eae eee nat ae eee 71
MOOTSEC, (UG eh: eee eee een tone 9, 16 BQUSLS scene tee ee keene anes 71
(FONELA, ANALYSIS Ole sa2-ess2 => os oo eee ee 69 STD OLAS ee eee ee eee 65, 67, 71
Col bertsocrinus:=-t22--225=5-c5 sec 2. =e 35, 38 CONCINNMS soos sen eee eS 71
GISPANSUS2= 3 22 2-— aaet ot ee eee 38 COSANUS..< 22 ee ae nae ees 71
Girty Geox tie 5s es ee ae ee eee 85 Morealist sce == eee: oe ees 65, 67, 72
oldrings Winitted 222 sash see e nee eee 73 jeslipiii2.. 2. s+ coe ee ee ee ee 71
Graphiocr nus see. = a see ee eee aes 70 SCODSMUS . 2 eee ee 67
ial James seca ot -Saneet ae ee ee oe 5, 82 SDALUALIUS 32 ose eee eee 71
Hartley; «Miran. o- Sooo eee ns 37, “Palaegholopus-<--e2 2 ee eee 95
TET DOLOCTUTVES Soe = = ee oe eee eee 5, 10) i Paradi chocnin iss sssce = eer ere 51
QUIN ONS ea os Ree) ee ae eee 10 DIANUS: 2 =~ ee once eee eae ee 51
abellictrrus = 22 — a eoe ne eee ee 18,,29 poly dactVlus==-.--- 2+. sses2-- eee ee 51
Melchert 2 oe an Soc ee oe eee 6,10 | Permian age of Timor Crinoids_-_..-...----- 95
AE C-{ Ko) yore) y bol (0 b:¥: eee ee SE ee na Oey tee 7 | Pinnules on recumbent arms-.-_.-.-.-------- 34
Heterotomous branching of arms-_-_---__-_---- 50' 4) -Platyerinidae in Limon 2--4— oe eee eeeeeee 93
EIOXACTIN GAG tose is oe se eee 2D 30,00) A PlAbYCHIMUS = 0 ees oe eee ee 38
FPOxAChINUS == 8-2. e scene eo eee 25 DONGONSs 2 een eee ee eee 38
TROIQDUS! 22s So se es oa ae eee 95 | Poteriocrinidae in Timor --_.---------..--.-- 93
Hurlet formation of Scotland --.-....-.------ Wa } Loterioerininas; subfamilyseos------s——— 68, 69
SDV. GrelOnNOCEINUS. 22452" + oo eee oe 65, 88 Analysis of the genera -------- 2 see nnnas 69
GEMILOP 2s lta se Seeee tek ee ee S01) “Porertocrinius wmoeniusas. a2 o- seone nee eee ae 76
GOPressus'k 35 wee a eee 66, 89, 90 brachialissinnegidaris. 24a. ene aee ate 61
wetherbyi 4. — 2 eee cee ss see ee 66, 89, 90 OFS i oe te ee ee ae a 76
WVOOCIANUS 222 ore een a Bn eee 66, 89 COTY DNQCUSS. 20 ooo sea ap ae as eee ene 75, 76
WRUNG Sh a ee a oe ee 2, 34 QHGNiE ee nh see waeee ae eee 86
Imtated: Ventral Saei-22-.u5 soscoese ep ae 64 MiSSOUTIENSIS = = ce et coe e cnc 73, 74
Befrabasals' fused 2-22-25 as oe 56, 57 PEQUIATIO ee cae ee ee eee 73
Iptroduction= =... .32-4- 2k sac dec oeee eos eon 1 TUSUCEMUS 0 enone nas sa ncaneeneneeeeeee 72
TOCTINS 55-9 Soe san eos eeace eee eee 7,18 AUNICUS ~ 2 sce ecto hase sco eonaen ceee 73
Dgekel. Oat S00 es ae ae eee ee 3, 73, 92 DENTICOSUS non ean steeeer eee 86
Rr SiG witless == ss eo ee eee 3) Primibrachs5- sen. sone n= es anaeeeoseeee 46, 84, 91
Lagoniocrinusse >< 52-0 eo oe eee 52,94 | Proapsidocrinus--...-.-.----- Li = daosan- = 95
Larvilormiaoin imorss - oeeeaee eee eee 93: i Prophyllocrinusi.22s2s2-eseeeeeeeen eee 95

INDEX 137

Page Page
Pterotocrinus 3..2 sas 3-40 se ~ sane - ss san8 26, 46,47 | Timor, crinoid fauna of__._--- Pie ae ee ee 25, 93
ACUiNS hoes oe ws ee asa scae ek eso e 50), |p OLOCrINUsh ee asses eee ea oe 92
ifaireatis asses en ose oe soso a5 60M Dribrachiacrinus! 2:0 o-seeeeee ee eee eee 52
capitalise s f= See =o bs ooo Se sees 401 |) sorigonocrinus® -4--25-<- eee eee eee 52
COLONSUIUSE cee = Seca eoee ee eee 450 Troost; (Gerard 92. cone eee eee eee 54, 55
Gepressusiace. foe eee eco ae OOP RCITICH OH Oye Ss! eee a ee eee eee ee 75
pyramidalissee Se aes eee ete ae oom Ulrichicrinus 25. ete eee Sere eee ee 75
RUZ OSU Bea re tee 47 Cory phaeus)= 2 se= an Jae ee ee eee ee 76
Radial processessisa22 5 2 eke 45 Oklahomauses: 5. sees ee ee eee 76
Radials; relative height’ of. 2... .2=-.5.-2i22 SZ alee mediall radials... + as see ae 51
SVmMIMet Gy Ole e- on ne oe nee eae 2 | Usual structure of crinoids._.......-.-----__- 1
TENG alee ae nee ee eG eee DOL WAVOMLTAISAC tres eee fut ewes 3 64, 65, 81, 87
Recumbentarms- 2623255 --< 222285 2 eo 33 | Wachsmuth and Springer_.--_-_--..-.-- see 3;
Ressona Op Wem nae Pek Lo A otek 1 35, 38, 41, 42, 47, 64, 74, 77, 86
Rhodocrinidae, not in Timor--_-..--.--.----- OSs Valner ONAN Seas Here. aoe ee 25, 89, 92
Roemer dO. Rye ees a ee ae 1045 O08 |eaVVOUOr i Sbianvenae a2 2-3-2. 5 eee 49
Salter ww teres cee ks Ue ae ee Dis | MeV VOLDCrD VepAci Gasems= secon ec acon eee 90
SCaphiocriniussee te oss oe nee Se Ose MAAR te Ost At ereme ee soe NU ile 85, 87
Cle Sere ie, MA Ca OSV nitheld Reber est 22 Se 57
BULL mere ees ce ee Ole mwWeeser brancescaces- 02/622) 22 eee ee 1
Schuchert,@harles'=-25. 522.225. scen cesses 21,22 | Wing-like radial processes___........-----__- 45
Scyphocrintis® 22225222 so eee sass ese ob mah OOUolyinas:. 22322252 Sih ls el Se 55
Seytalocrinustess- s+ once ae ac esse ee 65575; 015,92m |(eVVOOGOCTINUS Sec ee seo) aan os cee meee 7
RUDE hens ee es 92 MACLOUACEYUSsese ete Sse 8 See oe ee 77
Shomard 9b sia - eos se ne ee Se DOFOG 000 Wile Db eaAmMes case las 2 ie ee 77, 84, 89
Siphonocrimustee 2220 sos -cse so ee secs owas OGM encrinvistee wey co. knees eee tee 65, 77
Springer Seetis ass oe 3, 25, 52, 66, 94 occurrence of in Scotland.....-.-....___- 83
Stemcharactersiine o- aec ees ee ee 27 Variations}in’analiarea.---=-222-+-422--2"2 79, 83
colledsbilateral lee seu 9 Oe a ee 3 ASDER ACS e ee eT ee Ba a ae eat 79
pentaconalion round =... eee 69, 91 Dursseorm us]. er ee eee 80
Strachure Ofs2 sess cote oes ee 1,7, 15, 26, 27, 69 COMMATICUSH se Ss ean 2! ee ae EN es 79, 81
Stemlessicrinoids ks: 2 ss ase oe eee 25, 56, 95 Gubilsea= ects s eee 88
Symmetry, tendency to222-. 5-2-2 =. 2 ke 2 Clog arise se ek ees ee EE ees 80
TN AIALO GENUS = see Ser ease 26, 46 florealis st Ss eS Fee ee 72
CONHIZONUS so eee ee Suse oe eee 46, 119 Bin bye SUE eee See Daa a Te 79, 84
[OSS a pai Ss et ee eee Sn See 46, 117 LY Pas eee eae Ae 88
SOx-lODAbUS Zee oe a eee See eae 46, 117 INGEN OWABLOLMNS = sae en eee 81
LO PMO Ni Ole t a oes = as eee ee tee ee 46 WOLUHEMI ae teases ee ee ee 79, 81, 84
ALECHNOCHIRUS n= 2-5 cee Slee ee Sipe lb, Zittel=Kastmanert tease sae Se ee ee 55, 77
Metracrinuise= 22.2. . iJ soh: Lee se ee 52
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10 PL.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

HISTORY OF MEDICINE EXHIBITS~EAST GALLERY

FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE |

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 10 PL. 2

INDIAN MEDICINE EXHIBIT

FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE |!

THE INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT OF THE DIVISION
OF MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL
MUSEUM

By Cuaries WHITEBREAD

Assistant Curator, Division of Medicine, United States National Museum

INTRODUCTION

This paper is a continuation of a previous article! descriptive of
the history of medicine exhibits, published by the Museum to meet
the demands of visitors for information, copies of labels, and pic-
tures of specimens of these exhibits. The exhibit of American In-
dian medicine, herein described, was arranged by the late Dr. James
M. Flint, U. 8. N., who was for many years honorary curator of
the division of medicine, with the assistance and ceoperation of
representatives of the Bureau of American Ethnology, department
of anthropology, and others. The purpose of the exhibit is to illus-
trate original medical practices of the Indians.

Acting upon the suggestion of Prof. W. H. Holmes, then head
curator of the department of anthropology, of which the division
of medicine was at that time a umit, Doctor Flint arranged a series
of history of medicine exhibits. Magic and psychic medicines were
given first place in the series; then followed exhibits illustrating the
medical practices of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
The Egyptians, who, according to Pliny, were the originators of
the healing art, named mythological deities as the first physicians.
The Greeks and Romans also assigned to medicine, as its founders
and supporters, ever-ruling gods and goddesses, and the first remedies
of the people of these countries were “magic.” It is not surprising,
then, that the Indians also associated the technique of medicine
with the offices of religious worship; that the physicians of this
race were connected with the priesthood: or that their remedies
were principally magic.

Medical practices were much the same among the various tribes.
While nothing attaiming to the dignity of a science existed, still in
medicine the Indians used faculties as discriminating and arrived

1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 65, art. 15, no. 2528, 1924, pp. 1—44, figs. 1-24, pls. 1-5.

No. 2582.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 10.
1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

at results as important and correct as those achieved by other races
in a higher state of cultural advancement.

RELIGION OF THE INDIANS

The Indians believed in an enormous number of spirits existing
throughout nature. These spirits were of varying power, and many
tribes entertained the idea of a superior or supreme deity associated
with the sky or the sun. This conception is evidently the basis
for the notion of a great spirit generally attributed to the Indians
by the whites. Some of these spirits were considered wholly good
and some wholly bad, but as often, or rather more often, a spirit
might be propitious or malevolent depending on circumstances. The
Indians recognized these spirits in dreams; in numberless signs and
omens among birds and beasts; they heard them talk in tempests;
they saw them in dark clouds; they beset them in almost every
possible angry sound which the jarring elements made; and they
were even embodied in the insects which crept out of the earth.

The idea of magic power, exerted by means of spirits or through
other occult powers of nature, was one of the fundamental concepts
bearing on the religious life of the Indians. It existed among all
the tribes. That this magic power could influence the life of man,
and could in turn be influenced by human activity, was the common
belief. This belief in magic power being strong in the Indian mind,
all his actions were regulated by the desire to maintain control
over it.

MEDICINE OF THE INDIANS

The following, concerning the medicine of the Indians, is from the
Bureau of American Ethnology’s Bulletin 30, Handbook of American
Indians:

In general the tribes show many similarities in regard to medicine, but the
actual agents employed differ with the tribes and localities, as well as with
individual healers. Magic, prayers, songs, exhortation, suggestion, ceremonies,
fetiches, and certain specifics and mechanical processes are employed only
by the medicine men or medicine women; other specific remedies or procedures
are proprietary, generally among a few old women in the tribe; while many
vegetal remedies and simple manipulations are of common knowledge in a
given locality.

The employment of magic consists in opposing a supposed malign influence,
such as that of a sorcerer, spirits of the dead, mythic animals, ete., by the
supernatural power of the healer’s fetiches and other means. Prayers are
addressed to benevolent deities and spirits, invoking their aid. Healing songs,
consisting of prayers or exhortations, are sung. Harangues are directed to evil
spirits supposed to cause the sickness, and often are accentuated by noises
to frighten such spirits away. Suggestion is exercised in many ways directly
and indirectly. Curative ceremonies usually combine all or most of the
agencies mentioned.

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—WHITEBREAD 5

MEDICINE MHN

Each tribe had men who professed to mediate between the world
of spirits and the world of men. The designation and functions of
these persons differed considerably in the various tribes, but they
may be classed roughly as priest-doctors, prophet-doctors, and herba-
list doctors.

Priest-doctors.—The priest-doctor was a magician and the art which
he practiced was magic. In some tribes the men who practiced this
art formed into societies or associations. They were admitted by
a public ceremony, after having been instructed in private, and
given evidence of their skill and fitness. Anyone could become a

La Sul & | i las

Fic. 1.—PRIEST-DOCTOR’S LODGE

follower and practicer of this art. The priest-doctors assembled to
teach the art of supplicating spirits. These practitioners are to be
distinguished from the true priests, whose positions and functions
were tribal instead of individual.

Catlin? describes the practice and dress of the medicine man pic-
tured in figure 2 as follows:

Here is a gentleman who gains laurels without going to war—who stays
at home and takes care of the women and children. His fame and influence,
which often exceed that of the chief of the tribe, is gained without risk of life,
but by a little legerdemain and cunning, which are easily practiced upon a
superstitious people, who are weak enough to believe that his mystie arts
often produce miracles, and which, like all miracles, are difficult to prove or to
disprove.

2 Life Amongst the Indians. By George Catlin.

and over his patient whom

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Whilst residing in the American Fur Company’s factory at the mouth of
the Yellowstone River, on the upper Missouri, I had the opportunity of wit-
nessing a Blackfoot doctor’s display, in this identical costume, over a dying
patient who breathed his last under his strange and even frightful gesticula-
tions and growls and groans under this skin of a yellow bear—hopping over

hig. 2.—A BLACKFOOT PRIEST-DOCTOR

he had placed on the ground, and was pawing
about with his hands and feet, in the manner that a bear might have done.
Each one of these Indian physicians, during his lifetime of practice, conjures
and constructs some frightful conception for his
with skins of deformed animals, reptiles, and birds;
claws and toenails of birds, the

medicine dress, strung
the hoofs of animals, the
skins of frogs, of toads, of bats, and every-

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—WHITEBREAD 5

thing else that he can gradually gather, to consummate ugliness of looks and
frightfulness of sounds by their grating and rattling noises as he dances
underneath them, with his face hidden, adding to them the frightful flats
and sharps of his growling and squeaking voice, and the stamping of his feet
as he dances and jumps over and around his dying patient.

The doctor never puts on this frightful dress until he goes to pay his last
visit to his patient, and when he moves through the village with this dress on
it is known to all the villagers that the patient is dying; and from sympathy,
as well as from a general custom, they all gather around in a crowd to witness
the ceremony; and all, with the hand over the mouth, commence crying and
moaning in the most pitiable manner.

Prophet-doctors.—The art of the Indian prophet was practiced alone,
by solitary and distinct individuals who had no associates. Prophets

hdl
NRC ic te
Ser Ri Migr ey

Sie,

Fic. 3.—INDIAN PROPHET’S LODGE

sprang up at long intervals and far apart among the Indian tribes.
They professed to be under supernatural power and to be filled with
a divine afflatus. The art which they practiced resembled that of
the priest-doctors, differing chiefly in the object sought. The priest-
doctor sought to control or influence events; the prophet to predict
them. Both applied to spirits for their power. Both used material
substances, such as stuffed birds, bones, ete., as objects by or through
which the secret energy was to be exercised. The general modes of
operation were similar. The seventh annual report of the Bureau
of American Ethnology contains the following with reference to
Indian prophets among the Ojibwa Indians:

The jessakkid is a seer and prophet: though commonly designated a “jug-

gler.” the Indians define him as a “revealer of hidden truths.” There is no

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

association whatever between the members of this profession, and each prac-
tices his art singly and alone whenever a demand is made and the fee pre-
sented. As there is no association, so there is no initiation by means of which
one may become a jessakkid. The gift is believed to be given by the thunder
god, and then only at long intervals and to a chosen few. * * * ‘The exor-
cism of demons is one of the chief pretentions of this personage, and evil
spirits are sometimes removed by sucking them through tubes. * * * (See
figs. 4 and 12.) The lodge (fig. 3) used by this class of men consists of four
poles planted in the ground, forming a square of 8 or 4 feet and upward
in diameter, around which are wrapped birch bark, robes, or canvas in such
a way as to form an upright cylinder. * * * When the prophet has seated
himself within his lodge the structure begins to sway violently from side to
side, loud thumping noises are heard within, denoting the arrival of spirits,

Fic. 4.—MEDICINE MAN REMOVING DISBPASE

and numerous voices and laughter are distinctly audible to those without.
Questions may then be put to the prophet and, if everything be favorable, the
response is not long in coming.”

Herbalist doctors.—These persons, men and women, were the real
physicians of the tribes. They administered liquid and dry medi-
cines, bled patients, cupped with a horn, and operated on ulcers,
swellings, wounds, ete. Although herbalists were aware that cer-
tain plants, roots, etc., would produce a definite effect upon the hu-
man system, they attributed any benefit obtained therefrom to the
fact that the remedies were distasteful and injurious to the demons
in the system and to whom the disease was attributed.

In figure 5 the doctor is seated upon a mat inside of a rude tent,
holding between his feet a vessel, the contents of which he is stir-
ring with his right hand; with his left hand he shakes a rattle,
imeantime reciting certain incantations whereby he potentizes his

arr. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—WHITEBREAD fi
drugs. Figure 6 pictures the doctor, seated by the side of a sick
man, shaking a rattle and invoking the assistance of friendly spirits
to drive out the malicious spirits which are causing the sickness. A
bowl of medicine (fig. 14) is at hand which the doctor usually
sprinkles or blows upon the patient in the intervals of the invoca-
tions.
ORIGIN OF DISEASE AND MEDICINE

The Indians believed that disease was not natural, but was due to
the evil influence of animal spirits, ghosts, witches, ete., or to the
absence of the soul. Some tribes believed in several souls, the loss
of one of which caused partial loss of life, that is, sickness, while the
loss of all, or of the principal one, entailed death.

ic. 5.—HERBALIST DOCTOR PREVARING MEDICINE

Mooney in his Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees gives the follow-
ing interesting account of this particular tribe’s belief concerning
the origin of disease and medicine:

In the old days quadrupeds, birds, fishes, and insects could all talk, and
they and the human race lived together in peace and friendship. But as time
went on the people increased so rapidly that their settlements spread over the
whole earth and the poor animals found themselves beginning to be cramped
for room. This was bad enough, but to add to their misfortunes man invented
bows, knives, blowguns, spears, and hooks, and began to slaughter the larger
animals, birds, and fishes for the sake of their flesh or their skins, while the
smaller creatures, such as the frogs and worms, were crushed and trodden upon
without mercy, out of pure carelessness or contempt. In this state of affairs
the animals resolved to consult upon measures for their common safety.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. OT

The bears were the first to meet in council in their town house in Kuwahi,
the “ Mulberry Place.” and the old White Bear Chief presided. After each in
turn had made complaint against the way in which man killed their friends,
devoured their flesh and used their skins for his own adornment, it was unan-

Fic. 6.—MrEDICINE MAN ADMINISTERING TO PATIENT

imously decided to begin war at once against the human race. Some one asked
What weapons man used to accomplish their destruction. ‘ Bows and arrows,
of course,” cried all the bears in chorus. “And what are they made of?” was
the next question. “The bow of wood and the string of our own entrails,”

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD )

replied one of the bears. It was then proposed that they make a bow and some
arrows and see if they could not turn man’s weapons against himself. So one
bear got a nice piece of locust wood and another sacrificed himself for the good
of the rest in order to furnish a piece of his entrails for the string. But when
everything was ready and the first bear stepped up to make the trial it was
found that in letting the arrow fly after drawing back the bow his long claws
caught the string and spoiled the shot. This was annoying, but another sug-
gested that he could overcome the difficulty by cutting his claws, which was
accordingly done, and on a second trial it was found that the arrow went
straight to the mark. But here the chief, the old White Bear, interposed and
said that it was necessary that they should have long claws in order to be able
to climb trees. ‘“*One of us has already died to furnish the bowstring and if
we now cut off our claws we shall all have to starve together. It is better to
trust to the teeth and claws which nature has given us, for it is evident that
man’s weapons were not intended for us.”

No one could suggest any better plan, so the old chief dismissed the council
and the bears dispersed to their forest haunts without having concerted any
means for preventing the increase of the human race. Had the results of
the council been otherwise, we should now be at war with the bears, but as
it is the hunter does not even ask the bear’s pardon when he kills one.

The deer next held a council under their chief, the Little Deer, and after
some deliberation resolved to inflict rheumatism upon every hunter who
should kill one of their number, unless he took care to ask their pardon for
the offense. They sent notice of their decision to the nearest settlement of
Indians and told them at the same time how to make propitiation when
necessity forced them to kill one of the deer tribe. Now, whenever the
hunter brings down a deer, the Little Deer, who is swift as the wind and
can not be wounded, runs quickly up to the spot and bending over the blood-
Stains asks the spirit of the deer if it has heard the prayer of the hunter
for pardon. If the reply be “ Yes” all is well and the Little Deer goes
on his way, but if the reply be in the negative he follows on the trail of the
hunter, guided by the drops of blood on the ground, until he arrives at the
cabin in the settlement, when the Little Deer enters invisibly and strikes the
neglectful hunter with rheumatism, so that he is rendered on the instant
a helpless cripple. No hunter who has regard for his health ever fails to
ask pardon of the deer for killing it, although some who have not learned the
proper formula may attempt to turn aside the Little Deer from his pursuit
by building a fire behind them in the trail.

Next came the fishes and reptiles, who had their own grievances against
humanity. They held a joint council and determined to make their victims
dream of snakes twining about them in slimy folds and blowing their fetid
breath in their faces, or to make them dream of eating raw or decaying fish,
so that they would lose appetite, sicken, and die. Thus it is that snake
and fish dreams are accounted for.

Finally the birds, insects, and smaller animals came together for a like
purpose, and the grubworm presided over the deliberations. It was decided
that each in turn should express an opinion and then vote on the question
as to whether or not man should be deemed guilty. Seven votes were to be
sufficient to condemn him. One after another denounced man’s cruelty and
injustice toward the other animals and voted in favor of his death. The
frog spoke first and said: ‘* We must do something to check the increase of
the race or people will become so numerous that we shall be crowded
from off the earth. See how man has kicked me about because Im ugly,
as he says, until my back is covered with sores; and here he showed the

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. G7

spots on his skin. Next came the bird, who condemned man because “ he
burns my feet off,’ alluding to the way in which the hunter barbecues
birds by impaling them on a stick set over the fire, so that their feathers
and tender feet are singed and burned. Others followed in the same strain.
The ground squirrel alone ventured to say a word in behalf of man, who
seldom hurt him because he was so small: but this so enraged the others
that they fell upon the ground squirrel and tore him with their teeth and
claws, and the stripes remain on his back to this day.

The assembly then began to devise and name various diseases, one after
another, and had not their invention finally failed them not one of the
human race would have been able to survive. The grubworm in his place of
honor hailed each new malady with delight, until at last they had reached
the end of the list, when Some one suggested that it be arranged so that
menstruation should sometimes prove fatal to woman. On this he rose up in
his place and cried: “Thanks! I’m glad some of them will die, for they
are getting so thick that they tread on me.” He fairly shook with joy at
the thought, so that he fell over backward and could not get on his feet
again, but had to wriggle off on his back, as the grubworm has done ever
since.

When the plants, who were friendly to man, heard what had been done
by the animals, they determined to defeat their evil designs. Each tree,
shrub, and herb, down even to the grasses and mosses, agreed to furnish
a remedy for some of the diseases named, and each said: ‘I shall appear
to help man when he calls upon me in his need.” Thus did medicine originate,
and the plants, every one of which has its use if we only knew it, furnish the
antidote to counteract the evil wrought by the revengeful animals. When
the doctor is in doubt what treatment to apply for the relief of a patient.
the spirit of the plant suggests to him the proper remedy.

INDIAN THEORIES OF DISEASE

The Indians believed that disease was caused by :

1. A malevolent spirit which assumed material form either ani-
mate or inanimate and attacked the victim with or without provo-
cation.

2, A spirit, or an object supernaturally injected into a person,
which acted at the suggestion of a human enemy who possessed su-
pernatural powers.

3. The angered spirits of the dead, or those of animals, plants,
and other natural objects.

4. Absence of the patient’s soul.

ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITS

Magic medicine.— Exorcism: Invocation; Incantation; Amulets and
charms; Talismans; Fetiches; Transference of disease; Signatures;
Evil eye.

Pharmacological medicine—Some drugs of the Indians.

Surgical medicine.—Sudatory (sweat) bath: Venesection: Cupping;
Cautery.

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—-WHITEBREAD bal
MAGIC MEDICINE

Magic is the “ pretended art of producing supernatural effects
by bringing into play the action of supernatural beings, of departed
spirits, or of the occult powers of nature.” The applheation of magic

Fig. 7.—-SIOUX MEDICINE MAN

to the treatment of disease is magic medicine, exerted through gods

or demons, disembodied spirits of men, animals, plants, or minerals,
or by occult powers residing in certain natural objects.

Type specimens, and descriptive information, illustrating how the
Indians brought these magic agents and influences into action for

27284—25——3

Ny PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the cure of clisease are assembled in the exhibit under the head of
magic medicine.

Exorcism.—Exorcism is the practice of casting out evil spirits by
religious or magic formulas or ceremonies. The Indian medicine
man, in the exercise of the function of physician, strove to exorcise
the malignant spirits by means of intimidation or cajolery, or
through the intervention of friendly spirits more powerful. than the
clisease spirit.

Siowr medicine man.—Picture of the costume worn by the medicine man or
priest-doctor while exorcising the evil spirits of disease. Clad in the skin and
mask of a bear with pendants of various small animals, he carries in one hand
a drum, and in the other a spear with a carved and decorated shaft (fig. 7).
Cat. No. 143117, U-S.N.M.

Ita. 8.—ANIMAL MASK AND RATTLES

Mask.—Worn by Indian medicine man in the practice of exorcism (fig. Sa).
Cat. No. 67957, U.S.N.M.

Turtle rattle.—Used by Indian medicine man in the practice of exorcism
(fig. 8b). Cat. No. 165848, U.S.N.M.

Raven rattle—<A hollow wooden figure, carved in imitation of a raven, bear-
ing upon its back a recumbent figure representing a sick man. from whose
mouth another raven is drawing out the materialized spirit of disease. The
cavity of the bird contains numerous small pebbles. Used by the medicine
men in Alaska. while preparing medicine and in the ceremony of exorcism
(fiz. Sc). Cat. No. 9256, U.S:N.M.

Invocations.—Invocations are among the oldest, most persistent,
and most universally practiced means employed for the cure of
disease. Prayers invoking the assistance of disembodied spirits of

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD 13

men or animals were commonly used by the Indians as an accompani-
ment of other remedial agencies.

Indian invocation.—For the cure of rheumatism. The commen belief of
the Cherokee Indians regarding rheumatism is that it is caused by the
revengeful spirits of slain animals. especially deer. The disease can only
be driven out by some more powerful animal spirit. The doctor invokes the
aid of the red dog of the east, the blue dog of the north, the black dog of the
west, the white dog of the south, and finally the white terrapin of the moun-
tain, in separate prayers. While reciting the prayers the doctor rubs the
afflicted part with a warm solution of fern roots and at the end of each he
blows once upon the part.

The invocation is as follows:

“TListen! Ha! In the Sun Land you repose, O Red Dog. O now you have
swiftly drawn near to hearken. O great adawehi, you never fail in anything.
O, appear and draw near running, for your prey never escapes. You are now
come to remove the intruder. Ha! You have settled a very small part of
it far off there at the end of the earth.

“ Listen! Ha! In the Frigid Land you repose, O Blue Dog. O now you
have swiftly drawn near to hearken. O great adawehi, you never fail in
anything. O, appear and draw hear running, for your prey never escapes.
You are now come to remove the intruder. Ha! You have settled a very
small part of it far off there at the end of the earth.

“Tisten! Ha! In the Darkening Land you repose, O Black Dog. O now
you have swiftly drawn near to hearken. O great adewehi, you never fail
in anything. O, appear and draw near running, for your prey never escapes.
You are now come to remove the intruder. Ha! You have settled a very small
part of it far off there at the end of the earth.

“Tisten! On Wubhala you repose, O White Dog. Oh, now you have swiftly
drawn near to hearken. O great adawehi, you never fail in anything. O,
appear and draw near running, for your prey never escapes. You are now
come to remove the intruder. Ha! You have settled a very small part of it
far off there at the end of the earth.

“Tisten! On Wahala you repose, O White Terrapin. O, now you have
swiftly drawn near to hearken. O great adawehi, you never fail in anything.
Ha! It is for you to loosen its hold on the bone. Relief is accomplished.”

Mooney’s Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees.

Cat. No. 143087, U.S.N.M.

Incantations.—Magical words or phrases recited or sung. The use
of incantations arose from the belief that maladies had a super-
human origin. The ceremonial use of words, verses, songs, etc., as
incantations were commonly used by the Indians to prevent and
cure disease.

Schoolcraft gives the following as 2 specimen of the chants used
by a Dakotah medicine man:

Flying godlike. I encircle the heavens.

I enlighten the earth to its center.

The little ox (the struggling patient) lies struggling on the earth,
I lay my arrow on the string.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The manner of the doctor who used this incantation was such
as to impress the patient that he (the doctor) was conscious that it
expressed his own abilities.

Amulets and charms.—Al]I races have trusted largely to amulets and
charms for the prevention and treatment of diseases. They are ob-
jects to which is attributed magical influence or power, so as to
fascinate or to help or protect.

Charms for preventing or curing disease were the common resort
of the Indians. These charms were of various kinds; generally

Fic. 9.—AMULETS AND CHARMS

from the animal or mineral kingdom, but sometimes from the vege-

table kingdom.

Amulet.—Bear’s claws strung upon a deerskin thong. Frequently worn as
a necklace by the American Indians (fig. 9a). Cat No. 143098, U.S.N.M.

Pah Ute Indian amulet.—A deerskin pouch divided into three pockets, one
containing the leaves of a shrub, another a root. and the third shredded
bark. Worn by the Pah Utes as a protective against disease and accident
(fig. 9b). Cat. No. 19069, U.S.N.M.

Klamath Indian amulet—Twigs of a shrub bound together with strips of
bark. Worn suspended from the neck (fig. 9¢). Cat. No. 24129, U.S.N.M.

Cheyenne Indian amulet.—A shell of a box tortoise, with pendants of
small shells and metal drops (fig. 9d). Cat. No. 165954, U.S.N.M.

arr. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD 15

Talismans.—Talismans are material objects, which are supposed to
work wonders whether kept in one’s possession or not.
Talisman.—A bunch of white feathers, stained with red paint. One of the

numerous articles comprising the paraphernalia of an Indian medicine man
(fig. 10). Cat. No. 148099, U.S.N.M.

ric. 10.—'TALISMAN

Fetiches.— Material objects believed to be the dwelling of a spirit.
or to represent a spirit, that may be induced or compelled to help the
possessor.

Alaskan Indian fetich—Carved out of a block of wood in imitation of a
naked Indian in the attitude of, and probably impersonating. a quadruped.
One of the articles composing the outfit of an Alaskan Indian medicine man
(fig. lla). Cat. No. 1438105, U.S.N.M.

Zuni fetich.—A clay image of the mountain lion. The spirit of the mountain
lion guards the north, and is master of the gods of the hunt. The hunter

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

makes invocation to the indwelling spirit of this image for assistance in the
pursuit of game, and for protection against injury (fig. 11b). Cat. No. 128669,
U.S.N.M.

Indian fetich.—A beayer’s tooth suspended by a deerskin strap, the lower
part of which is ornamented with minute beads of various colors. Like other
fetiches, this is used to cause or cure disease. The medicine man often pre-
tends to extract some of these teeth from the body of the sick man, thus cur-
ing the disease by removing the cause (fig. 11¢). Cat. No. 143489 U.S.N.M.

Transference of disease—The medicine men of the Indians fre-
quently treated by means of suction. Sometimes the medicine men
were belheved to have gods in their bodies in the form of lizards.
frogs, leeches, tortoises, snakes, etc., which served as suction pumps
in extracting disease. When an Indian doctor was to operate upon
a suffering patient, he placed the sufferer upon a blanket on the

Fig. 11.—FFTICHES

ground with the body almost naked. After chants, prayers, the
use of the rattle, and many other ceremomies, the doctor got down
on his knees and apphed suction to the affected part. After sucking
thus for a considerable time, the doctor would arise to his feet in
apparent agony, groaning, pounding his sides, writhing, and holding
a dish of water to his mouth, he proceeded with a singsong bubbling
to deposit in the dish the disease which had been drawn from the
sick person (figs. 4 and 12).

Bone tube—An instrument used by the medicine man, by means of which
he sucked out with his mouth the cause of disease from the body of the
patient. The doctor pretended to swallow the bone tube, and after a time to
vomit it together with the poison of the disease (figs. 4 and 12). Cat. No.
141167, U.S.N.M.

ArT. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD a a

Signatures.—Some outward sign appearing upon plants and other
objects beheved to indicate their medicinal use. The belief in
European countries was that the Creator in providing herbs for the
service of man had stamped on them, at least in many instances,
an unmistakable sien of their special remedial value. In most
cases the Indians selected the remedy by some imaginary relation
between the physical qualities of the drug and the symptoms of the
disease. For a disease caused by the rabbit the antidote must be
a plant called rabbit’s foot, rabbit’s ear, or rabbit’s tail; for snake
dreams the plant used is snake’s tooth; for worms a plant resembling
a worm in appearance, and for inflamed eyes a flower having the
appearance and name of deer’s eye.

Maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatiwmn)—Used either in decoction or poultice
for rheumatism, generally in connection with some other fern. The doctors
explain that the fronds of ferns are curled up in the young plant but unroll
and straighten out as it grows, consequently a decoction of ferns causes the
contracted muscles of the rheumatic patient to unbend and straighten out in
like manner (fig. 18). Cat. No. 148490, U.S.N.M.

Fig. 12.—BoNf& TUBE

Evil eye.—The belief in the power of some persons to bring mis-
fortune, sickness, and even death to men cr animals by gazing at
them is one of the most ancient, widespread, and persistent of human
superstitions. This belief was universal among savage and partly
civilized people everywhere. A belief prevailed among the Indians
that the medicine man possessed powers of conjuration anda e@od-
like power of killing those against whom he might hurl his direful
charms or glances. The Indians would hide or avert their heads in
the presence of medicine men to escape their glances.

Horns.—Horns, in one form or another, were of all objects the most com-
mon defense against the evil eye. The North American Indians wore horns
to ward off that awful. universal. unescapable, mystic glance that has con-
tinually harassed man in all quarters of the globe (fig. 17). Cat. No. 143503
U.S.N.M.

PHARMACOLOGICAL MEDICINE

The Indians practiced a sort ef domestic or empirical medicine in
which drugs were the principal agents. But even in this method of
treatment the selection of the remedy was more often determined

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

by some imaginary relation between the physical qualities of the
drug and the symptoms of the disease than by proof of its efficacy.
The knowledge possessed by the Indians concerning plants and their
therapeutic uses was superficial, and the popular impression regard-
ing the medical skill of the Indian doctor in this respect is erroneous.

The following concerning animal, mineral, and vegetable drugs

I'ig. 18.—MAIDENHAIR FERN

used by the Indians is from the Bureau of American Ethnology’s
Bulletin 30, Handbook of American Indians:

Vegetal medicines were, and in some tribes still are, numerous. Some of
these are employed by reason of a real or fancied resemblance to the part
affected, or as fetiches, because of a supposed mythical antagonism to the
cause of the sickness. Thus, a plant with a wormlike stem may be given as
a vermifuge; one that has many hairlike processes is used among the Hopi

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD 19

to cure baldness. Among the Apache the sacred tule pollen known as ha-dn-
tin is given or applied because of its supposed supernatural benefic al effect.
Other plants are employed as remedies simply for traditional reasons, without
any formulated opinion as to their modes of action. Finally, all the tribes
are familiar with and employ cathartics and emetics; in some instances also
diaphoretics, diuretics, cough medicines, etc. Every tribe has also knowledg
of some of the poisonous plants in its neighborhood and their antidotes.

The parts of plants used as medicines are most often roots, occasionally
tw'gs, leaves, or bark, but rarely flowers or seeds. They are used either fresh
or dry, and most commonly in the form of a decoction. Of this a considerable
quantity, as much as a cupful, is administered at a time, usually in the morn-
ing. Only exceptionally is the dose repeated. Generally only a single plant is
used, but among some Indians as many as four plants are combined in a single
medic ne; some of the Opata mix indiscriminately a large number of sub-

Fic. 14.—MEDICINE BOWL

stances. * Some of the plants, so far as they are known, possess real
medicinal value, but many are quite useless for the purpose for which they
are prescribed. .
Animal and mineral substances are also occasionally used as remedies.
Among Southwestern tribes the bite of a snake is often treated by applying
to the wound a portion of the ventral surface of the body of the same snake.
The Papago use crickets as medicine: the Tarahumare, lizards; the Apache,
spider’s eggs. Among the Navaho and others red ocher combined with fat
is used externally to prevent sunburn. The red, barren clay from beneath a
campfire is used by the White Mountain Apache women to induce sterility ;
the Hopi blow charcoal, ashes, or other products of fire on an inflamed
surface to counteract the supposed fire which causes the ailment. Antiseptics
are unknown, but some of the cleansing agents or healing powders employed
probably serve as such, though undesignedly on the part of the Indians.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Magic rites were observed in gathering medicinal materials. This
extract from Mooney’s Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees describes
the practices of that tribe in this respect:

In searching for his medicinal plants the doctor goes provided with a
number of white and red beads, and approaches the plant from a certain
direction, going round it from right to left one or four times, reciting certain
prayers the while. He then pulls up the plant by the roots and drops one of
the beads into the hole and covers it up with the loose earth. * * * the
bead is intended as a compensation to the earth for the plant thus torn from
her bosom. * * * In some cases the doctor must pass by the first three
plants met until he comes to the fourth, which he takes and may then return

Fic. 15.—INDIAN MORTAR AND PESTLE

for the others. The bark is always taken from the east side of the tree, and
When the root or branch is used it must also be one which runs out toward
the east, the reason given being that these have imbided more medical potency
from the rays of the sun.

Some tribes were very careful in preserving drugs. Articles of
materia medica were dried by hanging in lodges. They were then
pounded in a mortar (fig. 15), and tied up in bags of animal
tissue, such as the coat of a bladder impervious to air, and. to a
certain extent, to water.

The following are a few of the Indian drugs exhibited in the
National Museum’s collection, in most instances to call attention to
the methods of treatment rather than to the drugs themselves.

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD 21

The seeds of Sophora speciosa, a shrub or small tree growing in Texas.
Contains a poisonous alkaloid. Used as medicine by the Tonkawas. The
Indians are said to have used these seeds occasionally as an intoxicant, half
a bean producing delirious exhilaration followed by a long period of sleep.
Cat. No. 53436, U.S.N.M.

Sage brush.—A hot decoction of this herb is used by the Araphoe Indians
in fever, and by the Shoshones in venereal diseases. Cat. No. 53533, U.S.N.M.

Small white sage.—A species of Bigelovia. Used by the Shoshone Indians
in the form of hot decoctions. Cat. No. 535384, U.S.N.M.

Gun weed.—A species of Grindelia. The tops are used im decoction, in
venereal diseases, to be drunk freely, either hot or cold. The Araphoe Indians
hang it on the tipi poles to ward off lightning. Cat. No. 53536, U.S.N.M.

Globe flower.—The root bark and small roots of Cephalanthus occidentalis,
button bush. A Cherokee Indian remedy for cough, which has been adopted
into the domestic medicine of the whites. Cat. No. 53539, U.S.N.M.

Brazilian tea.—uUsed as an adulterant and substitute for Chinese tea, and
in the ceremonies of the Indian sorcerers. Cat. No. 53548, U.S.N.M.

Fic. 16.—WILD-CHERRY BARK

Large white sage-—The stems and flowers of a species of Bigelovia. The
Araphoes rub it between the hands and smell of it, to keep them awake when
on the warpath. They also fumigate the tipi with it in sickness. Cat. No.
55535, U.S.N.M.

The stems and flowers of a species of Dalea, growing in New Mexico. A
cold infusion is used as an emetic, and for bathing the body to increase
strength. The plant is named for a bird, the blossoms having the color of the
plumage and the stems the strength of the bird. Cat. No. 142207, U.S.N.M.

The dried flowering tops of a species of Aplopappus. Used in form of an
infusion, one ounce to one quart of water, both internally and as a lotion.
Administered for snake bite, in which case the patient must remain alone dur-
ing four days; should a woman nursing her infant be looked upon, death
would follow. Prescribed by medicine men of the Snake order. Cat. No.
142209, U.S.N.M.

A root used for toothache.—A piece is made very hot and held between the
teeth. Given by medicine men of the Ant order. Although these medicines
are often known to others than the doctors, yet the others would not dare col-
fect or use them. Cat. No. 142210, U.S.N.M.

29) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The top and part of the stem of a species of Aplopappus, growing in New
Mexico. Used in the form of decoction, externally and internally, as a remedy
for the irritation of the skin produced by the bites of vermin. Cat. No.
142211, U.S.N.M.

Star medicine (Psoralea esculenta). ‘Stars falling to the ground penetrat-
ing the earth, becoming the tubers of the plant.” The farinaceous tubers are
used as an article of food. Pounded and mixed with water to the consistency
of paste, they are used for poultices. Prescribed by the medicine men of the
Snake order. Cat. No. 142212, U.S.N.M.

Roots.—Roots of an unknown plant found in New Mexico, growing in low-
lands remote from water. Powdered and mixed with water it is given in
dysmenorrhea and in protracted labor. Cat. No. 142213, U.S.N.M.

Aralia root.—Root of Aralia nudicaulis, used in the form of decoction as a
remedy for sore eyes. Given by medicine men of the Ant order. No one else
is supposed to know the medicine. Cat. No. 142214, U.S.N.M.

White bead medicine.—The stems of a species of Dalea, A decoction of the
plant is used both internally and as a lotion in various diseases. It is emetic
in large doses. Cat. No. 142215, U.S.N.M.

Yellow-rooted grass.

For toothache. The disease spirit is believed to be a
worm which has wrapped itself about the root of the tooth. The doctor invokes
in turn a red spider, a blue spider, a black spider, and a white spider, of the
Sun Land, to let down threads from above and draw up the intruding worm.
After each invocation to a spider follows a prayer to the spirit of fire. The
prayers having been said, the doctor blows upon the tooth or outside of the
jaw a decoction of the herb. Cat. No. 148092, U.S.N.M.

Black snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria).—A decoction of the root is blown
upon the patient during the ceremonial of exorcism by the medicine man. It
is also used for coughs; chewed and spit upon the wound for snake bite; and
put in the cavity of a decayed tooth for toothache. Cat. No. 148156, U.S.N.M.

Crane’s-bill (Geranium maculatum)—A Cherokee remedy. Used in decoe-
tions with frost grape to wash the mouths of infants affected with “thrush.”
The root of this plant is recognized as an efficient astringent. Cat. No. 143157,
U.S.N.M.

Beggar’s-lice—The whole plant of a species of Cynoglossum. A Cherokee
remedy. A decoction of the root or top drunk for kidney disease; the bruised
root with bear’s oil used as an ointment for cancer. Because of the sticking
quality of the burs, a decoction of the plant is taken to aid the memory and
in the preparation of love charms. Cat. No. 148158, U.S.N.M.

Wild-cherry bark.—For intermittent fever. This disease is believed to be
eaused by the colonization of malicious insects or worms under the skin. In
the preparation of the medicine, the bark is infused in water into which seven
coals of fire have been put. The patient is placed with his head toward the
rising sun; the doctor, standing in front, with medicine cup in hand, invokes
in succession the spirits of the air, of the mountain, of the forest, and of the
water; after each invocation he takes some of the liquid in his mouth and
blows it on the head, the right shoulder, the left shoulder, and the breast of
the patient. The ceremony may be repeated each day for four days (fig. 16).
Cat. No. 148160, U.S.N.M.

Spurge (Euphorbia hypericifolia).—A Cherokee remedy. The juice is used
as a purgative; rubbed on the heads of children for skin eruptions; made
into an ointment for sores. Cat. No. 148162, U.S.N.M.

Galega virginiana. ‘They (the roots) are tough.” Common names: Cat-
gut, turkey pea, goat’s rue, devil’s shoestrings. A Cherokee remedy. Women
wash their hair in a decoction of the roots to prevent its breaking or falling

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD 23

out, because these roots are very tough and hard to break; from the same
-jidea ball players rub the decoction on their limbs, after scarification. Cat.
No. 148163, U.S.N.M.

Senega (Snakeroot).—The roots of Polygala senega. Used by the Seneca
Indians as a remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake. Introduced into medicine
of the whites as a stimulating expectorant and diuretic, useful in pneumonia,
asthma, and other pulmonary affections. Cat. No. 50389, U.S.N.M.

Yellow root.--Yo hasten childbirth. The doctor, standing by the patient, re-
peats certain phrases to the effect that a horrible old man or woman is com-
ing for the purpose of hurting the child. He then takes some of a decoction
of yellow root in his mouth, and blows it upon the top of the woman’s head,
upon the breast, and upon the palm of each hand. Cat. No. 50525, U.S.N.M.

Wie. 17—HorNS

SURGICAL MEDICINE

The Indians’ knowledge of anatomy was, in a great measure, com-
parative, having been derived from an acquaintance with the struc-
ture of the higher order of animals killed in the chase and used as
food. Their skill in curing wounds consisted chiefly of close atten-
tion to the injured part, and the frequent application of washes
which kept the wound clean. Some dexterity was shown in the
treatment of fractures and superficial wounds, and the mechanical
means of curing consisted of bandaging, bonesetting, cauterizing,
counterirritation, cupping (by sucking), cutting, poulticing, scarify-
ing, and venesection. Splints were made of reeds or the bark of
trees and fastened to broken bones with bandages in order to pre-

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67
vent motion of the fragments; also in a great. degree the contraction
of the muscles and consequent shortening of the limb. Hemorrhages
were treated with applications of drying powder of vegetable origin.
This powder was pressed into a wound and retained with a bandage.
Incised wounds were closed with sutures made of the inner bark of
certain trees, or the long tendon of the deer, which was removed
after several days.

A sudatory (sweat) bath was taken medicinally, and also as a
preparation for certain ceremonial observances. Figure 18 is an
illustration of this bath. The tent is made with a bent pole coy-
ered with blankets or skins. In the illustration the blanket is re-

Fig. 18.—SuUDATORY (SWEAT) BATH

moved from the front to show the interior. The patient is seated
inside upon the ground, with a jug of water by his side, while an as-
sistant is heating stones at a fire outside the tent. The assistant
passes the hot stones to the bather, who fills his mouth with water
from the jug and blows it upon the stones, where it 1s instantly con-
verted into vapor which fills the tent and speedily induces perspira-
tion. While in this sweating stage it is customary for the bather
to plunge into a pool of cool water, if one is near.

Venesection was resorted to in the treatment of certain diseases
and was performed by the aid of a piece of flint, which was driven

into a vein,

ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD 95

Fig. 19.

LANCETS AND SCARIFICATOR

Stone lancets—Thin chips of flint, about one and one-half inches long and
one-quarter inch wide, used for surgical operations (fig. 19). Cat. No. 34050,
U.S.N.M.

Stone lancets.—Small flint arrowheads used by the Indians for bioodletting
(fige Ad) (Cat. No: 127758, U:'S.N.M.

Scarificator.—A small flake of flint. Used for making shallow incisions in
the skin for the purpose of drawing blood, and as a preliminary to the applica-

Pia, 20.—Moxa

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

tion of medicine to strengthen the muscles preparatory to ball games. The
scratches were usually made in certain set figures (fig. 19). Cat. No. 141166,
U.S.N.M.

Cupping, or local bleeding, was performed after scarification
with a piece of flint. A horn, cleaned and perforated at the tip,
was used for this purpose. The mouth was applied to the hole in the
tip of the horn and a vacuum formed by suction. The Indians
cupped very satisfactorily with this simple contrivance, and this
remedy was resorted to for acute pain in almost any part to which
the horn could be applied. Whatever benefit there may have been
from cupping, the Indians probably thought its virtue consisted
in the fact that a malevolent spirit or foreign body was thereby
drawn out.

Mozra.—A form of cautery usually consisting of combustible vegetable fiber
Which is burned in contact with the skin as a counterirritant. The specimens

pictured in figure 20 were made by the Klamath Indians. Cat. No. 141441,
U.S.N.M.

A SYNOPTIC REVIEW OF THE BEETLES OF THE TRIBE
OSORIINI FROM THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

By Howarp Norman.
Of Brooklyn, New York.

The Osoriini of Erichson and the Osoriides of Lacordaire both
contain but two genera, Holotrochus and Osorius distinguished by
the presence or absence of spines on the outer edges of the tibiae.
Since the publication of the Genera des Coléoptéres (1854) many
new genera and species have been added to the group. In Part 29
of the Coleopterorum Catalogus of Junk and Schenkling published
in 1911 the genera number 11. At the beginning of 1923 the genera
number 13 and 121 described species are referred to the genus
Osorius—65 from the Eastern and 56 from the Western Hemi-
sphere. The author has felt obliged to add to this number. The
present paper contains descriptions of 2 new genera and 17 new
species, 15 of the latter are referred to Osorius.

In spite of the large number of species described, little or nothing
has been published concerning the systematics of that genus which
makes the task of consulting the scattered descriptions a laborious
one. In the Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ Sharp separates two
groups, one of 7 and the other of 8 species, by the form of the
thoracic margin. Fauvel gives a table for the separation of 5
species described from New Guinea, based on the sculpture of the

head.’

It is hoped that the present review may suggest lines for future
investigations and assist those wishing to consult the published
descriptions.

It is well to call the reader’s attention to the fact that the original
tribe Osoriini containing Holotrochus and QOsorius included only
species having the tarsi 5-jointed,’ whereas the present tribe con-
tains genera in which the tarsi are 3- and 4-jointed, bringing it into
closer relationship with the Oxytelini. It may eventually prove
advisable to divide the tribe on the tarsal structure.

The material for this study consists of 123 specimens from the
collection of the United States National Museum loaned to the writer

2 Vole ids pt. 25 p: 670:
2 Ann. Mus. Genova, vol. 12, 1878, p. 210.

No. 2583.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. II.
27285—25— —_1 1

my PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

through the kindness of Dr. E. A. Schwarz and specimens in the
collection of the American Museum of Natural History through the
kindness of Dr. F. EK. Lutz. Unless otherwise stated the type mate-
rial is in the collection of the United States National Museum.

The following synopsis of genera is based in large part on the
original descriptions only. Such genera as could not be identified in
the material at hand are marked with an asterisk.

KEY TO THH GENERA OF THE OSORIINI

1. Elytra without side margins: epipleurae not distinct. Sides of the thorax

toothed: Tibia without spines=--= = 2s. * Thoracoprius Bernhauer.*
Elytra with side margins and distinct epipleurae_____-______________- 2

2. Antennge not geniculate 2-=- 222255 2 3 Se eee 3
Amntenmaes & emis teas ee ee ee 7

3. Parsi Sjoimfediki 2) Sek Noe ie Pee Pe Bee ee SE oe ee 4
Mairsi18-jointedis: iA - See ober 1 Es ee A A) eee ane 6

4. Seutellum absent. Eyes absent. Last joint of the maxillary palpi obtusely
subulates:— 22 26 ee ee ee eee Cylindropsis Fauvel.
Seutellbam: presenta oa ee ee 5

5. Last tarsal joint somewhat inflated. Last joint of the maxillary palpi
conical, twice as long as the preceding______-_______ Mimogonus lauvel.

Last tarsal joint normal. Last joint of the maxillary palpi subulate.
* Paragonus Fauyel.
6. Eyes prominent. Head, thorax, and elytra not suleate laterally. Tibia not
Gilatte demos SPI OS eae ee eee ee ee ee * Parosorius Bernhauer.
Eyes invisible from above. Head, thorax, and elytra sulcate laterally.
Thorax transversely suleate medially. Tibiae not dilated nor spinose.
* Teiros Hichelbaum.

J
el
<)
4
RM
_
4
ee
c=
j=
—
io
DR
nm
ot
Ss
<)
=)
ao
Sede
S)
=e
Ee
n
1

92)

Tarsi b-jointed. 255.222 3-=- ee ee ee ilal
8. Eyes absent. Tarsi 3-jointed. Elytra obtusely margined.

Ouloglene, new genus.
Myes“present. = 2. =--2 222-9 83 a ee ee 9

Anterior tibiae not dentate nor emarginate, not dilated. Tarsi 3-jointed.
Oryssomma, new genus.
Anterior tibiae stronely dentate or emarginate 2-222 2a eee 10
10. Anterior tibiae strongly dentate. Tarsi 3-jointed__* Oephronistus Blackburn.
Anterior tibine dilated, with a deep, semicircular emargination limited by

strong processes; spinese apically and basally. Tarsi 4-jointed.

*Atopocnemius Bernhauer.*

No)

di ATibiaeowithout onswith) few ispiles= 2 2 eter is ae eee 12
Tibiaei fmiultispinose..2-—+l---ie2b-beoF pls 8 eh ee ee ee hes 14
12. Head without prominent marginal carinae. Eyes wholly visible from above.
Tibiae not dilated and without spines_______-__- Holotrochus Hrichson.
Head with prominent marginal carinae, partly or wholly concealing the
theveyes from4ahovesi ee 2is oes ind See a Se ee ile}

18. Thorax with the sides dilated and crenulate. Maxillary palpi with the last
joint elongate conic, more than 8 times the length of the preceding joint.
Anterior and intermediate tibiae with some spines on the apical half.

* Craspedus Bernhauer.

3 Verh. zool. bot. ges. Wien, vol. 64, 1914, pp. 76-109.
4Idem, pp. 70-109.

ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 3)

Thorax very broad and depressed, not crenulate, but with the sides longi-
tudinally carinate and excavate. Anterior tibiae without spines.

* icsotrechus Wasmann.

14. Head and thorax densely alutaceous and opaque; pubescence very dense

and short. Thorax without a side margin____* Anoncosorius Bernhauer.

Head and thorax always more or less strongly shining. Thorax with a

side margin (except in O. rugipennis Bernhaner)______ Osorius Latreille.

Genus MIMOGONUS Fauvel

Osorius fauveli Cameron is stated by its author to be Mimogonus
Fumator Fauvel.2 A number of specimens in the material at hand
agree with the description of this species. These specimens come
from Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, collected April 10, 11, 18, 23,
1908, and May 4, 1908, by Dr. A. Fenyes.

The two genera described as new in this paper differ from typical
Osorius as exemplified in Osorius latipes Gravenhorst by the absence
of a median tubercular swelling on the prosternum. This tubercula-
tion is present in all the species known to me from specimens.
Oryssomma and Mimogonus also differ from Osorius in the approxi-
mation of the eye and the antenna and in the stout and parallel first
antennal joint.

OULOGLENE, new genus

Genoty pe.—Ouloglene barberi, new species.

Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, first joint small. second much larger
and infiated, third small, about half the length of the second; fourth
elongate conic, three times the length of the third, obtuse at apex.

Labial palpi 3-jointed, first joint small, second and third elongate,
not differing much in length and thickness.

Ligula broad and truncate at apex.

Mentum with the apex circularly rounded and submarginally exca-
vate. Mandibles prominent.

Eyes absent. The antennal furrow with its posterior margin some-
what thickened and pigmented. Clypeus margined. Labrum entire,
with a marginal series of numerous coarse bristles.

Antennae rather short, with a distinct 5-jointed club; first joint
long and thicker, strongly bent at base, distinctly clavate, second
joint elongate and thicker.

Pro- and mesosterna rather long. All the coxae subcontiguous.

Thorax acutely, elytra rather obtusely margined, Scutellum
present.

Anterior tibiae somewhat dilated; all the tibiae more or less
coarsely spirose. Tarsi 3-jointed, the last joint longer than the
preceding two taken together.

5 Cameron, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, p. 398 (1923). Osorius fauveli was de
seribed from Haiti Ans. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 12 (1925), p. 326.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

OULOGLENE BARBER], new species

Form elongate, slender, cylindrical. Color uniform testaceous.
Integuments smooth and shining, subimpunctate, a few setiferous
punctures on the posterior abdominal segments above and beneath.
Head large, as wide as the thorax at apex, as wide as long. An-
tennae reaching the middle of the thorax; second joint as long as
the next three and much thicker, third joint slightly elongate, fourth,
fifth, and sixth small, subglobular, seventh to tenth increasing in
size, about one-third wider than long, last joint conical, about as
long as the preceding two. Thorax as wide as long, widest at the
apical margin; sides gradually narrowed to behind the middle, thence
strongly rounded to the base; posterior angles not distinct, anterior
angles subrectangular, scarcely rounded; side-margins very fine; a
distinct, rounded impression either side at the base. Elytra con-
jointly one-half wider than long, four-fifths the length of the thorax;
sides parallel, suture margined and impressed, surface with indis-
tinct impressions. Abdomen gradually wider to the fifth segment
where it is distinctly the widest part of the body. Length 2 mm.,
width 4mm. One specimen.

Type-locality Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta V. Paz, Guatemala,
April 18, 1906. (Schwarz and Barber, collectors).

Type.—Cat. No. 26849, U.S.N.M.

ORYSSOMMA, new genus

Genotype.—Oryssomma schwarzi, new species.

Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, first joint small, second and third large,
equal in size and not elongate, fourth much longer but scarcely
larger, longer than the preceding joints together, acuminate at
apex.

Labial palpi 3-jointed, basal joints short, terminal joint much
longer, joints not differing much in thickness.

Ligula broad and truncate at apex.

Mentum with the apex broadly truncate and submarginally exca-
vate. Mandibles prominent. Eyes small, feebly convex. Labrum
broadly and distinctly emarginate, with long, coarse bristles scat-
tered over the disk.

Antennae geniculate, rather short, gradually incrassate distally ;
first joint longer and thicker, straight, not clavate, second joint
elongate, longer but not much thicker than the following.

Pro- and mesosterna long. All the coxae contiguous. Meso-
sternum and first ventral segment with median carinae.

Thorax and elytra acutely margined. Scutellum present.

Tibiae not dilated, with few spines. Tarsi 3-jointed, last joint
longer than the preceding together. Basal joint of the posterior
tarsi elongate, twice as long as the second.

AkT. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 5

ORYSSOMMA SCHWARZI, new species

Form somewhat robust, cylindrical. Color rufo-testaceous; head,
apices of the elytra and the fourth and fifth abdominal segments
darker, piceous. Integuments above smooth and strongly shining;
head with sparse umbilicate setiferous punctures, thorax with a
few coarse umbilicate punctures bearing long bristles and more
numerous fine punctures with short hairs; head beneath and lat-
erally behind the eyes and the sterna distinctly and rather coarsely
reticulate; abdomen coarsely reticulate, with rather long, sparse
pubescence, mixed with finer and denser pubescence. Head large,
slightly transverse, scarcely narrower than the thorax at apex. An-
tennae reaching the middle of the thorax, second joint as long as
the next two and a little thicker, third joint one-half longer than
wide and nearly twice as long as the fourth, fourth subglobular,
succeeding joints gradually larger, not transverse, terminal joint
scarcely as long as the preceding two. Thorax slightly transverse,
sides narrowing and feebly arcuate from near the anterior angles
to the base, angles all distinct but somewhat rounded and obtuse;
side margins very fine, a feeble, rounded impression in the posterior
angles. Elytra conjointly shghtly longer than wide, as wide as the
thorax and one-fifth longer; sides parallel, suture margined and
rather broadly impressed. Abdomen parallel, not wider than the
thorax. Length 1.75 mm., width .4 mm. One specimen.

Type locality —Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta V. Paz, Guatemala,
April 18, 1906. (Schwarz and Barber, collectors).

Type.—Cat. No. 26350, U.S.N.M.

Ti is interesting to note the difference in the arrangement of the
bristles on the labrum in the two last-described genera. In Oulo-
glene they are in a marginal row whereas in Oryssomma they are
scattered over the disk.

Genus OSORIUS Latreille

The following synopsis has been prepared by an examination of
the specimens available and supplemented by a study of the original
descriptions. The key contains all the species known to occur in
the Americas, but inasmuch as no additional information could be
added concerning many of the species, it has not been considered
advisable to discuss these farther on in the text. The species known
only from the original descriptions are marked with an asterisk.
After the key there are descriptions of the new forms and a list of
the species available with their distribution based on the material
before me. Following this is an alphabetical list of the species of
Osorius described from North and South America.

2
oO.

=~]

ora

10.

13.

14.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF OSORIUS LATREILLE

. Thorax wider posteriorly. The labrum asymmetrical. Length 12-15 mm.

*asymmetricus Fauvel.
Thorax not wider posteriorly. The labrum not asymmetrical 2

Body very densely and conspicuously pubescent. The thorax longer than
wide. Tuength.& tomo SiS a es a *hirtulus Fauvel.
Body. not conspicuously (pubescenth. sss seen ee ee 3
Thorax without a side margin. Head very densely and strongly punctate.
The elytra rugulose. Length 4.5-5 mm________ *rugipennis Bernhauer.

‘PhOrax: With “ay Side Mima Vode ee ee ee ee ee 4
Anterior angles of the clypeus conspicuously produced_______________ 5
Anterior angles of the clypeus not conspicuously produced_____________ 7

Head alutaceous and subopaque anteriorly, with a definitely marked pos-
terior, highly polished area. The thorax rather densely and finely punc-
tate, somewhat broader than long. Length 6.5 mm_* dentatus Bernhauer.

Head without a sharply defined, posterior, highly polished area________ 6

Thorax more coarsely and densely punctate. The abdominal segments
with distinct and rather dense punctuation on the lateral deciivity.
De akc) MLS pn ab 40 alpen ee em at id w LADS aap ete 5 Met a) oe a hubbardi, new species

Thorax more finely and sparsely punctate. The abdominal segments with-
out punctuation on the lateral declivity. Length 12-14 mm___ater Perty.

. Thorax distinctly longer than broad. The head, thorax, elytra and abdomen

strongly and rather densely punctured. Length 3.5 mm.
eggersi Bernhauer.

Lhorix NOt GUIStINCGULy, LONZer Gham Poe 2 Ce se me ee 8
Thorax with the lateralimargins! fine throughout.—.—- 2." ee 9
Thorax with the lateral margins broader and more strongly refiexed
posteriorlye. eel 2 ae SA ee ee ete Bee 42
Dorsal segments of the abdomen more or less densely and conspicuously
punctured 2222.5 see a ee ee ee 10
Dorsal segments of the abdomen more or less sparsely punctured______ 32
Clypeussstrone ly ema eine tes eee ee eee ens politus LeConte.
Clypeusstruncate tor isub truncate Ss 2 ee eee 11

Head distinctly narrower than the thorax. The thorax rather finely
punctate. The sides parallel to behind the middle, with the anterior
angles prominent. Abdomen without a median smooth stripe. Length

Gy cornea ee ee ee re ee ee parviceps, new species.
FVCAC NOts MALT OWE Ee Ulery Geet thie ee alt

. Head scabro-rugulose laterally in front of the eyes. The thorax with base

and apex nearly equal, scarcely broader than long. The elytra indis-
tinctly punctate. The abdomen with a median smooth stripe. Length

6. MINN ea ee a cee a ee ee ee ee * frater Lynch.
Head not’ seabro-rugulose-in frontvol thereyes2_— ==) = eee 13
Front of the head more distinctly alutaceous anteriorly________________ 14
Front of the head not distinctly alutaceous though sometimes coarsely and

closely punctured.2 2. 22> p= eo Be eee 22
Elytra strongly rugose. Length 5.5 mm____-____ *argentinus Bernhauer.
Elytra more or less sparsely and indistinctly punctate__________________ 15
Size larger. Form broader. Posterior angles of the thorax less obtuse.

Lene th 8-9! mimes ee ay 2 * crassus Sharp.

Size smaller. I?rom narrower; not more than:7) mmi222) 222 16

ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 7

16.

19.

20.

Zits

av.

Thorax as long aS broad, with the base scarcely perceptibly narrower than
the apex and the sides scarcely arcuate. Length 7 mm.
breviceps, new species.
Thorax with the base distinctly narrower than the apex__-_-_--------- alr¢
The thorax and elytra distinctly alutaceous. The thorax as broad as
long, the sides not sinuate before the posterior angles and feebly nar-
rowed posteriorly. The elytra as broad as long. Length, 5.5-6 mm.
schwarzi, new species.
Thonaixeand. elytra mMOtnalicacCeOUS 222: “28s ake Ee eee eee 18
Third antennal joint short sub-globular. Size smaller. Length +.5 mm.
minor, new species.
Rirdeantennalizjomt-distinetly, elongates 220) 1.2 ete We eee 19
Thorax narrower, slightly longer than broad, sides not sinuate before the
posterior angles. The elytra longer than broad. Length 4 mm.
salvini Sharp.
Mhorams broader Ss) =. ste gs LAG PO tars et ile AW Poa tae a we, Seer Oe 20
Thorax with sides distinctly sinuate before the posterior angles, rather
evenly and strongly convergent posteriorly. The elytra scarcely as long
asebroads stenethe 5563/75 mm. eek es eae brevipennis, new species.
Thorax with the sides not sinuate before the posterior angles___---__ 21
Thorax with the sides more parallel anteriorly and rather strongly and
suddenly narrowed near the base; slightly transverse, not wider than
therelytra: selene thears= Gain & 22 snort se ae ee et es pareus Sharp
Thorax with the sides more evenly and strongly convergent posteriorly,
distinctly wider, than the elytra. == Sse iss as planifrons LeConte.

2, Head coarsely and densely punctured, with a narrow median smooth

Sipe MOLe hl SitOvm area = eel aes ee ee ee Se eee 23
Head more or less sparsely punctured: median smooth stripe wider and
MOLEC EG CTUC re ae ee ee ee I a aa oe eae eer Zit
Abdomen densely and coarsely granulate- punctate. The elytra more
strongly and densely punctured. The thorax distinctly narrowed pos-
terior ya sbarger: odseneth jymme: tie ae * cordovensis Bernhauer.
Abdomen not granulate-punctate. The elytra less distinctly punctate.
Smatlersrehensthes:5: mini orilesssates ss jee ee ee ee 24
Medianysmooth striperot the thorax breaderzss22. 2 tate ei es 25
Median smooth stripe of the thorax very narrow and subcarinate or sub-
OWSO LEE Cys tet ats as ewes Ae AER te, SEE er Ey 5 Ue eee gt Brn A py oe ety ett 26

. Thorax as wide as the elytra and equal in length, very little narrowed

posterionly,., Iuensth!+S:)) aM Mets 4 Se ee eh micros Sharp.

Thorax wider than the elytra and slightly longer, more narrowed poste-
riorly and more strongly rounded basally. Length 3.5 min.

laeviceps, new species.

Median smooth stripe of the thorax snbcarinate. The punctuation coarse

and dense. The thorax less narrowed posteriorly. Length 3 mm.

carinicollis, new species.

Median smooth stripe subobsolete. The thorax more narrowed posteriorly,
with the punctures finer and less dense. Length 2.5 mm.

exiguus, new species.

. Thorax coarsely and closely punctured, with a very definite median smooth

stripe. The elytra coarsely and moderately closely and deeply punc-
tured, longer than the thorax. The abdomen above densely, asperately
puncture, and opaque. The eyes larger and more prominent. The thorax
more narrowed basally. Length 6 mm _______-__-___ *oculatus Sharp.
Thorax sparsely punctured, with the smooth stripe less definite_________ 28

30.

32.

33.

34.

36.

37.

38.

39.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

. Thorax with the median smooth stripe indistinct. The elytra longer than

broad, slightly longer than the thorax. Length 7.5 mm__mundus Sharp.
Thorax with the median smooth stripe distinctly limited either side by a
TOW Of puctures= 222 fhe de ee a ee ea eae oe ee eae 29

. Outer antennal joints not transverse. The thoracic and elytral punctures

in general coarser and more numerous. Length 5—-5.5 mm.
latipes Gravenhorst.
Outer antennal joints distinctiy transverse. The thoracic and elytral punc-
turessin: general jsparserand finera = aeeee ie Bogie ee ee ee eee 30
Punctures of the fifth dorsal abdominal segment larger, variolate. The
elytra frequently with a distinct discal row of punctures. Larger.

Length: '5-5.5).mme. =. 2 alee ont 4 variolatus, new species.
Punctures of the fifth dorsal abdominal segment smaller, not variolate.
Smaller: length 4,5 mms orilessseus) 2 a eee eee 31

. Thorax slightly wider than the elytra, with the sides more strongly nar-
rowed posteriorly. Larger. Length 4.5 mm______ difficilis, new species.
Thorax not wider than the elytra. The sides less narrowed posteriorly.
Smaller alenethe3:5—£ mms se eee ee brevicernis Notman.

Thorax distinctly broader than long. The head with the vertex strongly
shining. The clypeal angles prominent. Length 7 mm.
*sublaevis Bernhauer.

Thorax about, astbroad?! as long 25-82 ae re ee ee ee ee 33
Clypeus emarginate, with the anterior angles more or less distinctly prom-
iNnent. eee tee od ene te, Pe tc Peete cy ES 2 ee ee eee 34
Clypeusitruncate or subtruncate. 2 eee 37
Median smooth stripe of the thorax not bounded by seriate punctures.
Length: (imme) 2 eee i = eS oe ee * germanus Sharp.
Thorax with seriate punctures or more or less coarsely and closely
punctured! +2 3.3222 2 ee ee eee 3
5. Elytra subimpunctate. Smaller. Lenght 5 mm____* mexicanus Bernhauer.
Blytrarpunctates2 Ss _ 2 ee es Oe ee eee 36

Front of the head longitudinally rugulose between the eyes. The elytra

with a few subseriate punctures. Length 8.5 mm__* cylindricus Latreille.

Front of the head not rugulose, punctate with a smooth space before the
vertex. The elytra coarsely and strongly punctured. Length 10 mm.

* solidus Sharp.

Thorax without seriate punctuation. The median smooth stripe indistinct.

38
Thorax with distinct seriate punctuation or with the smooth stripe well
defined 22 fo 2025 ee ee oe ee ee eee eee 39

Head, thorax, and elytra with coarse punctuation. The head and thorax
distinctly alutaceous; the elytra shining. The thorax with the sides
sinuate before the posterior angles. Length 9 mm______ *affinis Sharp.

Head, thorax, and elytra not distinctly alutaceous, finely, the thorax and
elytra very sparsely punctate. The head narrower than the thorax.
The elytra longer than the thorax. Length 4.5 mm.

* Jaeviusculus Bernhauer.

Thoracic punctuation fine and sparse; the dorsal series composed of six
rather fine punctures. Length 7 mm__-_---_- * sexpunctatus Bernhauer.

Thoracie punctuation coarse or with dorsal series of more numerous punc-
CUP ES a EE Ae ae OE RS Le eee a oan 40

ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 9

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

Thorax with the sides parallel to behind the middle, thence suddenly nar-
rewed to the obtuse and rounded posterior angles. The head distinctly
alutaceous laterally. The elytra distinctly rugose. Length 3.5-5 mm.

*parvulus Scriba.

Thorax with the sides evenly narrowed throughout_____________________ 41

Head distinctly alutaceous, strongly and rather sparsely punctured lat-
erally. The thorax with two rows of strong punctures. The elytra
distinctly -rugoses) Length: &:5° mm S22eb *neotropicus Bernhauer.

Head not alutaceous, shining, rather closely punctate. The elytra sparsely
punctate, rather longer than the thorax. The mandibles with a strong

COOGEE Meme tiny rn rr es ee ae Se ee eee et *debilis Sharp.
Thorax with a distinct, subentire, median canaliculation_______-_____ 43
Thorax with the canaliculation more or less indist’net and much abbrevi-

ED Ti RAEI SPAN A so E eS ELTA DSA bead Ma eee a oe arse eek 4A
Head not distinctly narrower than the thorax. The abdomen in large

part smooth and shining. Length 9 mm________ * lJaevigatulus Schubert.

Head distinctly narrower than the thorax. The abdomen densely IlIcngi-
tudinally strigose throughout. Length 9.5 mm__* wasmanni Bernhauer.
Clypeus!squarely)| truncate sandvicrenulates2 5252 ss a ee ee 45
Clypeus? not truncate and screnulatel= fers ees ee eee ee AT
Thorax distinctly transverse. The abdomen impunctate. Length 8 mm.
crenulifrons, new species.
Thorax scarcely transverse. The abdomen punctate___________________ 46
Elytra with an irregular row of 5 or 6 rather coarse setiferous punctures
along the suture. The thorax with strong foveae before the posterior
angles. 5th, 6th, and 7th joints of the antennae alongate. Length
BERT TNT Va ese al cre tees een se we MIE DBAS ESTERS WASTE ATE 28 manni, new species.
Elytra wholiy impunctate. The thoracic foveae much feebler. 5th, 6th,
and 7th joints of the antennae globular. Length 4.75-7 mm.
buscki, new species.

Mhoraxsdistinethy: stransversesthees21io an Mec Se ee ee Bee 48
RH ORAXaSCATCELYVLOL NOt CLANS VETSCm ass seen tates Baler ae ees yt ae 58
Clypeus tri-emarginate. The eyes strongly convex. The head finely aluta-

ceous; punctuation obsolete. Length 8 mm_____________ *boops Sharp.
Clypeus imotistri-emancinates sw wai Se oe i ee ee Pa 49
Clypeus simply emarginate. The head very dull and subimpunctate. The

elytra subimpunctate. Length 8 mm______________ *opacifrons Sharp.
Clypeus more or less distinctly bisinuate and subprominent medially_____ 50

Head and thorax net alutaceous, very finely and sparsely punctured,
strongly shining. The elytra densely and strongly rugulose. Length

ul Orr yee a Sees DN Me a 2a es *Jatimargo Bernhauer.
Head and thorax strongly alutaceous or densely punctured_____________ 51
Head strongly alutaceous, with more or less distinct punctures_________ 52
Head not or scarcely alutaceous, more or less densely or strongly punc-
(UE Es ee ee ihn ha ee A Ee OY SO md UUM 9 Ya eh VUES 56
Thorax scarcely alutaceous. The elytra more or less finely and sparsely
punctate, shining. The abdomen impunctate___________.________ 53°

Thorax distinctly alutaceous. The elytra strigulose. The apical ventral
abdominal segment coarsely strigose. The thorax with the sides sinuate

pefokesthe;posterionsangless sei Me has es 2 eee ee 54
Thorax one-third wider than long. The elytra more distinctly punctured,
TUSUMIOSe en ete il enn = eee BPS ee brasiliensis Guérin.

* peruvianus Bernhauer.
27285—25 2

54.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

63.

64.

65.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Thorax one-fourth wider than long. The elytra scarcely punctate, not
rugulose.. “Wength!9:5—10;mime 2 ee * sahlbergi Bernhauer.
Thorax not so broad, less narrowed posteriorly ; the canaliculation one-half
the length of the thorax, strong and rather deeply impressed. Smaller.

Tenge thi dO sme oi ar ae cer ee oe ee confusus, new species.
Thorax broader, more narrowed posteriorly; the canaliculation fine and
short., jJbargerssLensthad 3i5—22 mrss ee ee 55

. Head and thorax less alutaceous, more strongly and closely punctate. The

clypeus less prominent medially. Smaller. Length 13.5-14.5 mm.
alternans Bernhauer.
Head and thorax more alutaceous; punctuation finer and sparser. The
clypeus more prominent medially. Larger. Length 18-22 mm.
stipes Sharp.
Apical ventral segment coarsely rugulose-punctate. The mandibles with-
out teeth. The posterior angles of the thorax slightly prominent.

hensthisd OS ms.) S25 eet Soe, 3 ei canaliculatus Solsky.
Apical ventral segment with a few coarse puncturea. The thorax densely
punctaters“Lherelytra sparsely. punctates2. 4-25) oo ee eee DT
Thorax broader and less narrowed posteriorly. The mandibles with a
well-defined tooth. Length 11 mm_______--__-_-_______- vicinus Sharp.
Thorax narrower, more strongly narrowed posteriorly. The mandibles
Without ay toothsialLenesthw2 mms == eee puncticeps Sharp.

Slypeus subtruncate. The head distinctly punctate. The thorax extremely
finely and sparsely punctate. Length 7.5 mm__* laevicollis Bernhauer.
Clypeus emarginate, with the angles more or less prominent or more or

lessiGistinetl ysbisinuates=—=. 22 ee) Sa oie ee 59
Headeand thorax distinetly, punched ee ee 60
Head and thorax very finely and sparsely or obsoletely punctured______ 64
Clypeus bisinuate, more or less prominent medially. The thorax slightly

Tralsverse tie. 2 eee a a ee ee ees 61
Clypeus emarginate, not prominent medially. The apical ventral segments

of the abdomen: punctured medially 222 eee 62

Thorax with the sides not sinuate before the posterior angies; the surface
alutaceous; the canaliculation very short and indistinct. The apical
ventral segments of the abdomen smooth medially. Length 18 mm.

*nitens Sharp.

Thorax with the sides distinctly sinuate before the posterior angles; the
surface not alutaceous; the canaliculation nearly one-half the length of
the thorax, coarse but feebly impressed. The apical ventral segment of
the abdomen strongly strigose throughout. Length 10 mm. >

morio, new species.

. Head dull, alutaceous. Length 10 mm-_-___--__-_ * eranulatus Bernbauer.
Head smooth; ‘shining: 22) Te 2) Ake ae SS ee ees Se ee nS
Clypeal angles not prominent. The head more closely punctured. The

abdomen sparsely punctured above. Length 12.5 mm___ * integer Sharp.
Clypeal angles rather thick and prominent. The head sparingly punctured.
The abdomen impunctate above. Length 11.5 mm_____ * simplex Sharp.
Head slightly narrower than the thorax at apex. The clypeus emargi-
Mates 2k 20 Sie Ee ee eee ee 65
Head as wide as: the thoranx "ait ay ex ee ee eee ee ee 66
Thorax with the sides not distinctly sinuate. The abdomen impunctate

aboye, sparsely punctate beneath. The elytra impunctate. Length 9 mm.
* piceus Hrichson.

art. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—-NOTMAN 11

Thorax with the sides very strongly sinuate. The elytra with few punc-
tures, rather densely aciculate. Length 10.5 mm.
* sinuaticollis Bernhauer.
66. Elytra punctate. The head and thorax alutaceous. Lenth 11.5 mm.
* columbinus Bernhauer.

Hy tram puncyienmeeem ee es See te Ee ee ee eee ee 67

Giz Clypeusmemarcinates= === == ee AAT EG ets ee ee 68
Wily US MeL S Ma a te eee eter te ee Sie te So ee ee ee 69
68. Apical ventral segments of the abdomen moderately Cosel, evenly punc-
Gate lben Sth Oem were a eee i ee eee laevigatus Sharp.

Apical ventral segments of the abdomen more closely punctate medially
than laterally. The elytra not rugulose. Length 10 mm.

* propinquus Bernhauer.

69. Size larger—15 mm. The elytra with the sutural stria impressed. The

abdomen with the 6th ventral segment punctulate, the 7th impunctate.

BSTC gel ey en So es Oe ee ee intermedius Wrichson.

Size smaller—10 mm. The thorax with a feeble median canaliculation.

The last two ventral segments of the abdomen with rather sparing punctu-:
ation. The eclypeus rather obsoletely bisinuate. Length 10 mm.

j * dubius Sharp.

The original description of Osorius pygmaeus Cast is too short to
admit of the species being placed with any accuracy in the above
table without specimens from the type locality. The original
description follows

Long. 2 lignes. Larg. 1% ligne—D’un noir brillant, fortement ponctué;
parties de la bouche et antennes rougeaitres; corselet allant un peu en s’élar-,
gissant en avant, 4 cdtés droits; élytres un peu rougedatres, surtout latérale-
ment; pattes de méme couleur. (Cayenne.) (Htud, ent., vol. 6, $835, p. 130.)

OSORIUS HUBBARDI, new species

Form slightly broad; color dark castaneous. Head strongly aluta-
ceous; punctures very fine and sparse, more numerous over the eyes.
Pores very indistinctly alutaceous; punctures moderate in size and
sparseness, somewhat elongate laterally. Elytra rather finely rugose
and distinctly and sparsely punctate. Abdomen very finely and
sparsely punctate dorsally, more distinctly and numerously laterally ;
beneath more distinctly punctate; apical segment not at all rugose.
Head very slightly narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus with
the apical angles produced in long prominent teeth, margin between
straight; antennae extending to the anterior one-third of the thorax,
scarcely at all incrassate externally, moniliform, the second and
third joints elongate, the latter longer; the first as long as the next
four. Thorax one-fourth wider than long; sides parallel to the
middie, thence moderately convergent and scarcely arcuate to the
posterior angles, which are obtuse, slightly sinuate before the angles;
anterior angles very minutely denticulate; side margins very slightly
expanded basally, where there is a feeble fovea; base and apex finely
margined. Klytra as wide as the thorax basally, shghtly wider

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

one-third from the apex, very slightly longer than the thorax and
scarcely wider than long; suture impressed and margined. Pro-
sternal tuberculation rounded at apex. Length 9.5 mm., width
2.25 m..

Type locality —Jamaica, W. I. (H. G. Hubbard).

Type.—Cat. No. 26331, U.S.N.M.

OSORIUS. PARVICEPS, new species

Form slightly broad; color dark piceo-castaneous, thorax and
elytra a little paler. Head very indistinctly alutaceous, thorax and
elytra not at all. Head sparsely and rather coarsely punctured
medially, punctures more numerous and rugose around the eyes,
vertex smooth; thorax somewhat coarsely and closely punctured,
punctures elongate; a rather narrow median stripe impunctate,
bounded by very irregular and indistinct series of punctures on
either side; elytral punctures slightly coarser and sparser; abdomen
dorsally somewhat less coarsely and rather closely punctured, more
sparsely medially, but without a definite smooth stripe; punctures
beneath slightly more coarse, the apical segment not at all strigose.
Head distinctly narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus broadly
emarginate, angles slightly prominent, bidenticulate; antennae
reaching the middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven distinctly
larger, about as long as wide; first joint as long as the next three;
second and third slightly elongate, subequal; third more slender.
Thorax as wide as long, wider than the elytra, with the sides very
slightly convergent to behind the middle, thence rather strongly
convergent and moderately arcuate to the posterior angles which
are scarcely distinct; anterior angles rather distinctly prominent;
side margins fine throughout; base margined, apex unmargined; a
feeble impression before the posterior angles. Elytra as long as the
thorax, as long as wide; suture scarcely impressed. Prosternal
tuberculation rounded at apex. Length 6 mm., width 1.5 m..

Type locality—Crescent City, Fla. (Hubbard and Schwarz).

Type.—Cat. No. 26332, U.S.N.M.

OSORIUS BREVICEPS, new species

Form scarcely slender; color dark piceo-castaneous, nearly uni-
form. Head somewhat indistinctly alutaceous, moderately shining;
thorax very indistinctly alutaceous; elytra feebly and irregularly
rugulose. Head rather coarsely and moderately densely punctate,
rugulose around the eyes; without a median impunctate stripe, vertex
smooth and shining; thorax coarsely, moderately densely and some-
what strigose-punctate with a rather narrow median impunctate
stripe which is not bounded by seriate punctures; elytra sparsely
and very indistinctly punctate; abdomen rather coarsely and densely

ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 13

punctate dorsally, the punctures finer and sparser medially, apical
ventral segment rather coarsely and closely granulate and rugulose
with a narrow median impunctate stripe which is alutaceous. Head
rather small, scarcely narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus
subtruncate, the angles scarcely prominent; antennae reaching the
middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven distinctly larger, monili-
form, second and third somewhat elongate, subsequal, the third more
slender, the first joint as long as the next three or four. Thorax as
long as broad; base very slightly narrower than the apex; sides
feebly arcuate; posterior angles narrowly rounded, anterior not at all
prominent; side margins very slightly wider posteriorly, base and
apex unmargined; posterior angles with feeble elongate impressions.
Elytra slightly wider, scarcely longer than the thorax, about as long
as wide; suture very slightly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation
strong, rounded at apex. Length 7 mm., width 1.5 mm.

Type locality—San Bernardino, Paraguay (K. Fiebig).

Type—Cat. No. 26333, U.S.N.M.

OSORIUS SCHWARZI, new species

Form scarcely slender; color black, elytra faintly picescent; legs
and antennae rufo-piceous. Head, thorax, and elytra distinctly
alutaceous. Head indistinctly and sparsely punctured, punctures
more numerous and indistinctly rugulose around the eyes; no median
impunctate stripe; thorax coarsely, indistinctly and somewhat
sparsely punctured, median impunctate stripe not bounded by dis-
tinct series; elytra indistinctly and rather sparsely punctate; abdo-
men rather densely punctured dorsally with a narrow impunctate
stripe on the fifth segment, apical segment beneath rather closely
punctate but not at all rugose. Head scarcely narrower than the
thorax at apex; clypeus broadly emarginate, angles slightly promi-
nent and bidenticulate; antennae reaching the middle of the thorax,
joints seven to eleven distinctly larger, scarcely transverse, sub-
obconic, second and third joints elongate and subequal, about three-
fourths longer than wide, the third slightly more slender, first joint
as long as the next three. Thorax as broad as long or scarcely trans-
verse, base slightly narrower than the apex, sides feebly arcuate,
posterior angles minutely subprominent; side margins fine through-
out, apex unmargined, base indistinctly margined; basal impressions
feeble. Elytra as wide as the thorax, as wide as long; suture dis-
tinctly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation rounded at apex. Length
5.5-6 mm., width 1.25 mm.

Type locality—Cayamas, Cuba 20.5 (EK. A. Schwarz); 3 Para-
types, Cayamas, Cuba, 11.5; 20.5; 30.5 (EK. A. Schwarz). 1 Para-
type, Cayamas, Cuba, 20.5 (E. A. Schwarz), in the writer’s col-
lection.

Type.—Cat. No. 26334, U.S.N.M.

27285—25—3

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

OSORIUS MINOR, new species

Form somewhat robust. Color piceous black; legs and antennae
pale rufo-testaceous. Head distinctly alutaceous in front; thorax
and elytra not alutaceous, shining. Head rather distinctly but
sparsely punctured; median impunctate stripe not distinct. Thorax
coarsely, deeply, and somewhat sparsely punctured; median smooth
stripe bounded by distinct series of punctures. Elytra with three
rather distinct discal series of punctures. Abdomen coarsely, uni-
formly, and rather densely punctured above; apical ventral segment
sparsely and somewhat finely punctured. Head not narrower than
the thorax. Clypeus subtruncate with the apical angles denticulate.
Antennae exceeding the middle of the thorax; joints seven to ten
slightly transverse, four to six globular, third very short, sub-
globular, second about twice as long as wide. Thorax scarcely as
broad as long; base distinctly narrower than the apex with the sides
evenly and feebly arcuate. Posterior angles rounded and obtuse,
scarcely distinct; anterior angles minutely prominent. Side mar-
gins fine throughout; base feebly margined; apex unmargined;
basal impressions obsolete. Elytra just perceptibly wider than the
thorax; conjointly slightly wider than long. Sides slightly diver-
gent posteriorly; suture rather strongly impressed. Prosternal
tuberculation rounded at apex. Length 4.5 mm., width 1.25 mm.

Type-locality.—Montserrat, Trinidad, West Indies. June 30,
1905 (Aug. Busck).

Type.—Cat. No. 273380, U.S.N.M.

OSORIUS BREVIPENNIS, new species

Form slightly broad; color black, thorax picescent, elytra, anten-
nae, and legs rufo-piceous. Head alutaceous anteriorly, smooth and
shining on the vertex; thorax very indistinctly alutaceous laterally,
elytra not at all alutaceous but finely and indistinctly rugulose;
abdomen more or less alutaceous, particularly the fifth segment.
Head coarsely and rather densely punctate with a median impunc-
tate stripe, feebly rugulose over the eyes; thorax coarsely and some-
what closely punctate, the punctures elongate and distinctly seriate
either side of the median impunctate stripe; elytral punctures coarse,
sparse, subseriate; abdomen rather densely punctate dorsally with
a harrow median impuncate stripe, the apical ventral segment some-
what sparsely punctate and not at all rugose. Head scarcely wider
than the thorax at apex; clypeus subtruncate, angles scarcely at all
prominent; antennae reaching the middle of the thorax, joints seven
to eleven distinctly larger, as long as wide, scarcely obconic; second |
and third elongate, one-third longer than wide; the third more
slender; the first as long as the next three. Thorax as long as wide,
slightly wider than the elytra; base narrower than the apex; sides

ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 15

rather strongly arcuate and slightly sinuate before the posterior
angles which are obtuse, scarcely distinct, anterior angles definite
but not prominent; side margins very fine throughout, apex unmar-
gined, base margined, basal impressions not distinct. Elytra
scarcely shorter than the thorax, scarcely transverse; suture dis-
tinctly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation rounded and rather
broad at apex. Length 5-6.5 mm., width 1.25-1.5 mm.

Type and paratype localities —Type and 4 paratypes, Fort Grant,
Ariz., 12, VII (Hubbard and Schwarz). 3 paratypes, Santa Rita
Mountains, Ariz., 20, V; 11, VI; 14, VI (Hubbard and Schwarz).
1 paratype, Colima, Col. Mex. (Conradt). 1 paratype, Chietla,
Pueblo, Mex. 2 paratypes Matamoras, Puebla, Mex. 1 paratype,
Mexico. 1 paratype, Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta V. Paz Guatemala,
Apr. 18, 1906 (Barber and Schwarz).

Type.—Cat. No. 26335, U.S.N.M.

1 paratype, Fort Grant, Ariz., 1, VIZ (Hubbard and Schwarz),
in the writer’s collection.

OSORIUS LAEVICEPS, new species

Form rather slender. Color dark ferruginous. Integuments
throughout smooth, shining, not at all alutaceous. Head with
rather coarse and moderately dense punctures, an impunctate area
on the vertex. Thorax coarsely and somewhat densely punctured,
with a definite smooth, median stripe bounded by series of im-
pressed punctures. Elytra coarsely, evenly, and somewhat densely
punctured. Abdomen similarly punctured and without a median,
smooth stripe. Head as wide as the thorax at apex, as long as
wide. Antennae reaching the middle of the thorax; second joint
one-half longer than wide and slightly thicker; third joint slightly
elongate; fourth to sixth subglobular; seventh to eleventh abruptly
larger; ninth and tenth distinctly transverse. Thorax as wide as
long, strongly narrowed behind the middle, posterior angles very
obtuse, anterior angles minutely subdenticulate, side margins very
fine throughout. Elytra slightly narrower and slightly shorter than
the thorax, conjointly as long as wide, the suture impressed and
margined. Abdomen at the fifth segment slightly the widest part
of the body. Length 3.5 mm., width .75 mm. One specimen.

Ty pe-locality—San Juan, Porto Rico, July 1-5, 1915. (Lutz and
Mutchler, sifting.)

Type.—tn the collection of the American Museum of Natural
History.

OSORIUS CARINICOLLIS, new species

Form somewhat slender; color dark castaneous, uniform. Above
not at all alutaceous. Head coarsely and closely punctate, punc-
tures sparser in front, a narrow median impunctate stripe; thorax

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

coarsely and closely punctate, median impunctate stripe narrow and
subcariniform. Elytra coarsely, closely, and somewhat rugosely
punctate; abdomen rather coarsely and closely punctate above and
beneath, median dorsal impunctate stripe not distinct; apical ven-
tral segment rather feebly rugose-punctate. Head as broad as the
thorax at apex; eyes rather large but not convex; clypeus truncate:
antennae longer, extending to the posterior two-thirds of the thorax;
joints 7 to 11 distinctly larger; 8 to 10 slightly transverse; second
joint elongate, twice the length of the third and stouter; third as
wide as long. Thorax as wide as long, as wide as the elytra; base
slightly narrower than the apex, sides feebly arcuate, more strongly
near the base, not at all sinuate; posterior angles rounded, not dis-
tinct, anterior angles definite but not at all prominent; side mar-
gins fine throughout, apex not margined, base indistinctly so.
Elytra about one-third longer than the thorax, nearly a third
longer than wide; suture scarcely impressed. Prosternal tubercula-
tion broad, rounded. Length 3 mm., width .75 mm.

Type locality.—25.3 Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta V, Paz Guatemala
(Barber and Schwarz.)

Type.—Cat. No. 26336, U.S.N.M.

OSORIUS EXIGUUS, new species

Form rather slender; color brownish testaceous (immature?).
Integuments above scarcely alutaceous. Head coarsely and rather
closely, uniformly punctate, without median impunctate stripe;
thorax rather coarsely, closely and indistinctly punctate, median
impunctate stripe very narrow, scarcely distinct; elytra moderately
coarsely and closely and indistinctly punctate; abdomen closely
punctate dorsally, without median impunctate stripe, apical ventral
segment coarsely and indistinctly punctate. Head scarcely wider
than the thorax at apex; clypeus truncate; antennae rather short,
not reaching the middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven dis-
tinctly larger; five to ten slightly transverse; second joint elongate,
stouter, and a half longer than the third, which is not elongate;
first joint as long as the next three or four. Thorax as long as
broad, as wide as the elytra; sides subparallel, scarcely convergent
to behind the middle, thence moderately convergent to the basal
angles, which are scarcely distinct; anterior angles distinct but not
sharp nor prominent; base and apex not margined, sides finely mar-
gined; basal impressions small, rounded, feeble. Elytra as long as
the thorax; suture scarcely impressed. Prosternal tuberculation
rounded at apex, not broad. Length 2.5 mm., width .5 mm.

Type locality —Cayamas Cuba. (E A. Schwarz).

Type.—Cat. No. 26337, U.S.N.M.

Paratype.—Cayamas Cuba, 5:3 (E. A. Schwarz).

ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 7
OSORIUS VARIOLATUS, new species

Form slightly slender; color black, antennae and legs piceous.
Integuments above scarcely at all alutaceous, strongly shining.
Head coarsely and rather closely punctate with a rather broad
median impunctate stripe, vertex impunctate; thorax coarsely and
rather sparsely punctate, punctures elongate, median impunctate
stripe bounded by seriate punctures; elytra coarsely, rather closely
and subseriately punctate, coarsely and vaguely rugose; abdomen
rather coarsely and moderately densely punctate dorsally with a
definite median impunctate stripe, punctures on the fifth segment
larger and variolate, apical ventral segment coarsely and somewhat
sparsely punctate, but not at all rugose. Head slightly narrower
than the thorax at apex; clypeus truncate, angles somewhat promi-
nent; antennae extending to the middle of the thorax, joints seven to
eleven distinctly larger; eight to ten slightly transverse; joints two
and three slightly elongate, subequal; second stouter; first joint as
long as the next three. Thorax as long as broad, scarcely wider
than the elytra; sides nearly straight and rather strongly narrowed
to the basal angles, which are broadly rounded and not distinct,
anterior angles narrowly rounded, not at all prominent; sides margin
narrow throughout, apex indistinctly margined, base rather distinctly
margined. Elytra as long as the thorax; suture absolutely unim-
pressed. Prosternal tuberculation strong, rounded at apex. Length
4.75-5.5 mm., width 1-7.25 mm.

Type locality.—Type and 4 paratypes, Tucson, Ariz., 1, VITI-19
(G. Hofer.) ; 3 paratypes, Tucson, Ariz., (E. D. Edmonston).

Type.—Cat. No. 26338, U.S.N.M., 1 paratype, Tucson, Ariz., 1,
VITI-19 (G. Hofer) in the writer’s collection.

OSORIUS DIFFICILIS, new species

Form scarcely slender; color black, attennae, legs and elytral suture
paler, piceous. Head rather feebly alutaceous anteriorly, strongly
shining; thorax scarcely at all alutaceous; elytra shining, scarcely
rugose. Head somewhat coarsely and closely punctate with a rather
broad median impunctate stripe, vertex very smooth and shining;
thorax rather coarsely and somewhat sparsely punctate; punctures
elongate, median impunctate stripe bounded either side by seriate
punctures which are somewhat impressed; elytra rather sparsely, in-
distinctly and irregularly punctate; abdomen rather coarsely and
closely punctate dorsally with a definite median impunctate stripe,
apical ventral segment moderately punctate but not at all rugose.
Head as wide as the thorax at apex; clypeus broadly emarginate,
angles not prominent; antennae long, extending beyond the middle
of the thorax; joints seventh to eleventh distinctly larger; joints

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

eighth to tenth distinctly transverse; ninth and tenth one-third wider
than long; second and third elongate, subequal; third more slender;
first joint as long as the next three. Thorax as long as broad, very
slightly wider than the elytra; sides distinctly narrowed posteriorly
and evenly and rather feebly arcuate to the basal angles which are
rounded and not distinct, just perceptibly sinuate before the angles,
anterior angles narrowly rounded, not prominent; side margins fine
throughout, apex not margined, base distinctly margined ; lateral im-
pressions not distinct. Elytra scarcely longer than the thorax, as
long as broad; suture slightly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation
strong, flattened at the apex. Length 4.5 mm., width 1 mm.
— Type locality—380.6 and 1 paratype 2.7 Chiricahua Mountains,
Ariz. (Hubbard and Schwarz). .
Type.—Cat. No. 25339, U.S.N.M. One paratype, Chiricahua
Mountains, Ariz., 3.7, VII (Hubbard and Schwarz) in the writer’s

collection.
GSORIUS CRENULIFRONS, new species

Form slightly broad; color black, antennae and legs rufo-piceous.
Head rather distinctly alutaceous, strongly shining; thorax. very.
faintly alutaceous; elytra very feebly and sparsely rugose. Head
very finely and sparsely punctate; thorax finely and a little sparsely
punctate; elytra and abdomen subimpunctate, not alutaceous; abdo-
men beneath alutaceous, basal segments with a few coarse punctures.
along the apical margins; fifth and apical segments rather coarsely
and closely punctate, the latter distinctly rugose and with a rounded
median impression. Head narrower than the thorax at apex;
clypeus truncate and crenulate in front; front with four foveate
punctures and a median impression anteriorly; antennae slender,
reaching the middle of the thorax, outer joints not distinctly larger;
joints two to six distinctly elongate, outer joints as long as wide;
joint three nearly twice as long as the second ‘and as long as the
next two; first longer than second and third together. Thorax a
third wider than long, base scarcely narrower than the apex, widest
at apical third; sides thence nearly straight and moderately con-
vergent to the posterior angles which are obtuse but distinct, anterior
angles acute and prominent; side margins distinctly wider pos-
teriorly where they coalesce with rather large and deep basal impres-
sions; apex not margined; base distinctly margined. Elytra scarcely
wider than the thorax or wider than long, distinctly longer than
the thorax; suture scarcely impressed. Posternal tuberculation
strong and rounded at apex. Length 9 mm., width 2 mm.

L'ype locality —San Diego, Cuba, February 1, 1917 (Wm. Palmer).

Ly pe.—Cat. No. 26344, U.S.N.M.

ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 19

OSORIUS MANNI, new species

Form scarcely broad; color black, antennae and legs piceous.
Head finely alutaceous, a little dull in lustre; thorax less distinctly
alutaceous, strongly shining; elytra scarcely rugose, subimpunctate
except for a row of five rather coarse punctures along the suture.
Head very finely and rather sparsely punctate in front, a few coarse
punctures over the eyes; thorax very finely and somewhat densely
punctate; abdominal segments dorsally somewhat finely and closely
punctate posteriorly, the fifth nearly throughout, pubescence long
and coarse, beneath punctures finer and less numerous, apical seg-
ment nearly impunctate. Head narrower than the thorax at apex;
clypeus and crenulate; front with four foveate punctures and a
median anterior and posterior impression; antennae reaching the
middle of the thorax, slender, outer joints not larger; two to six
distinctly elongate; outer joints as long as wide; third joint twice
as long as the second, and as long as the next two; basal joint as long
as the next three. Thorax slightly wider ian long; base very
little narrower than the apex; sides feebly arcuate anteriorly, nearly
straight and slightly convergent posteriorly, slightly sinuate before
the posterior angles which are obtuse but distinct; side margins
slightly wider posteriorly where they coalesce with the moderately
large but rather deep basal impressions; apex not margined; base
strongly margined. Elytra slightly narrower than the thorax,
scarcely shorter; suture not at all impressed. Prosternal tubercula-
tion strong, rounded at apex. Length 11 mm., width 2.25 mm.

Type locality —FPinares Oriente, Cuba, 718 (W. M. Mann).

Type.—Cat. No. 26345, U.S.N.M.

OSORIUS BUSCKI, new species

Form slightly broad; color black, legs, antennae and elytral suture
piceous. Head distinctly alutaceous and subopaque; thorax scarcely
alutaceous; elytra scarcely rugose, both strongly shining; abdomen
shining. Bead very finely, sparsely and somewhat Sndistinetly
punctured, a few strong punctures over the eyes; thorax somewhat
finely and closely punctured; elytra impunctate; abdomen rather
coarsely and closely punctured above especially on the fifth segment,
closely punctured beneath, apical segment impunctate. Head dis-
tinctly narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus truncate and
crenulate; front with four foveate punctures in a transverse row,
another on either side of the vertex; antennae reaching the middle
of the thorax; outer joints scarcely larger; joints five to ten monili-
form; third joint one-half longer than the second; fourth joint very
shghtly elongate; basal joint as long as the next two. Thorax
scarcely transverse; base slightly narrower than the apex; sides
feebly arcuate anteriorly, nearly straight and slightly convergent

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

posteriorly, just visibly sinuate before the obtuse but distinct poste-
rior angles; anterior angles very minutely denticulate; side margins
very slightly wider posteriorly, basal impressions feeble; apex not
margined; base distinctly margined. Elytra slightly narrower,,
scarcely shorter than the thorax, as wide as long; suture scarcely
impressed. Prosternal tuberculation more broadly rounded at apex.
Length 4.75 mm., width 1 mm.

Type locality —Santo Domingo, W. I. 7-8 (Aug. Busck).

Type.—Cat. No. 26346, U.S.N.M.

Paratype-——San Antonio de los Banos, Cuba. (Jose H. Pazos,
collector.)
: OSORIUS CONFUSUS, new species

Form somewhat broad; color black, outer antennal joints, palpi
and tarsi piceous. Head rather feebly alutaceous anteriorly; thorax
distinctly alutaceous except medially at the base; elytra distinctly
but irregularly longitudinally rugose; the basal dorsal abdominal
segment strongly alutaceous, the remaining smooth, shining and sub-
impunctate, ventral segments alutaceous with a few coarse punctures
along the apical margin back to the middle; the apical segment
rather feebly strigose-punctate laterally. Head coarsely and rather
closely punctate, vertex smooth, strongly shining; thorax coarsely
but less closely punctate than the head. Ilytra finely, sparsely and
indistinctly punctate. Head as wide as the thorax at apex; clypeus
bisinuage, angles bluntly prominent and denticulate internally, mid-
dle lobe less prominent and more broadly rounded; antennae short,
not reaching the middle of the thorax; outer joints not larger, moni-
liform; second and third slightly elongate, subequal in length and
thickness, not stouter than the fourth; first joint as long as the next
five. Thorax one-third wider than long; base narrower than the
apex; sides feebly convergent and nearly straight to behind the
middle; thence somewhat abruptly more convergent and broadly
sinuate to the posterior angles which are obtuse but distinct and
narrowly rounded; side margins distinctly wider posteriorly, basal
impressions broad and rather feeble, apex unmargined, base dis-
tinctly margined; canaliculation one-half the length of the thorax,
strong and rather deeply impressed. Ilytra scarcely wider than
the thorax, slightly wider than long, shghtly longer than the thorax;
suture strongly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation broad, emargi-
nate at apex. Length 10 mm., width 2.25 mm.

Type locality—Omealca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 16, ’08
(Fred. Knab).

Type.—Cat. No. 26347, U.S.N.M.

ART, 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 21
OSORIUS MORIO, new species

Form scarcely broad; color black, apical antennal joints, palpi
and tarsi paler. Head scarcely alutaceous, strongly shining; thorax
not at all alutaceous; elytra with scattered and irregular channels;
basal dorsal abdominal segment alutaceous, the remainder strongly
shining and subimpunctate, ventral segments more or less aluta-
ceous basally, apical halves coarsely punctate and smooth, fifth seg-
ment almost entirely so, apical strongly and uniformly rugose punc-
tate. Head rather coarsely and closely punctate anteriorly, ver-
tex smooth and shining, no median impunctate stripe; thorax mod-
erately coarsely and somewhat sparsely punctate; elytra coarsely
and sparsely punctate. Head as wide as the thorax at apex; clypeus
bisinuate, the angles bluntly prominent and bidenticulate internally.
median lobe less prominent and very broad; antennae short, slightly
surpassing the apical margin of the thorax; outer joints scarcely
larger, moniliform; second and third joints slightly elongate, sub-
equal in length and thickness, not stouter than the fourth; basal
joint as long as the next four. Thorax slightly wider than long.
base distinctly narrower than the apex; sides very feebly narrowed
and nearly straight from the apex to the middle, thence somewhat
abruptly more narrowed and broadly sinuate to the rather broadly
rounded and somewhat indistinct and obtuse posterior angles: an-
terior angles somewhat minutely denticulate; side margins distinctly
wider posteriorly, basal impressions very feeble; canaliculation
nearly one-half the length of the thorax, coarser but feebly im-
pressed, apex unmargined, base strongly margined. Elytra slightly
narrower than the thorax, slightly transverse and scarcely shorter
than the thorax; suture moderately impressed. Prosternal tubercu-
tation broad and truncate at apex. Length 10 mm., width 2 mm.

Type locality —Omealea, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 16, 1908 (Fred.
Knab).

Paratype locality —Jalapa, Mexico (W. Schaus). Nine paratypes
in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History; one
paratype in the writer’s collection. One paratype Cordoba, Mexico,
12-VI (Fred. Knab).

Type.—Cat. No. 26348, U.S.N.M.

In addition to the species described as new, the following are
identified in the material studied. Those marked (A. M.) are in the
collection of the American Museum of Natural History.

OSORIUS ATER Perty

Brazil. Santa Catharina. (A. M.)

29, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
OSORIUS EGGERSI Bernhauer

Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., January 19 and Fehruary 3, 1911. August
Busck.

Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., January 21, 1911. E. A. Schwarz.

Montego Bay, Jamaica, March 10, 1911 (sifting). Grossbeck.
(A. M.)

Santiago de Cuba. (A. M.)

OSORIUS POLITUS LeCente

Enterprise, Fla., May 19 and 29 and June 15. Collectors, Hub-
bard and Schwarz.
Crescent City, Fla., February 19. Collectors, Hubbard and

Schwarz.
OSORIUS SALVINI Sharp

S. Geronimo, Guatemala. Champion.

Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., January 19, 22,1911. E. A. Schwarz.
Panzos, Vera Cruz. Champion.

Panzos, Vera Cruz. Champion. (A. M.)

OSORIUS PLANIFRONS LeConte

Memphis, Tenn., August 11. H. Soltau, collector.

New Orleans, La. H. Soltau, collector.

Crescent City, Fla. Collectors, Hubbard and Schwarz.

5S. Rita Mountains, Ariz., June 14. Collectors, Hubbard and
Schwarz.

New Orleans, La. Collector, Chas. Palm. (A. M.)

La. (A. M.)

Lass Shoele CAC ONE)

Jalapa, Mexico. W. Schaus. (A. M.)

OSORIUS MICROS Sharp
Cayamas, Cuba, 13-2. KE. A. Schwarz, collector.

OSORIUS MUNDUS Sharp

Mexico. D. F. J. R. Inda, collector.

Chiantla, Mexico.

Mexico City, Mexico. (O. W. Barrett.)

State of Colima, Mexico. (L. Conradt.) ;

Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, January 9-16, ‘92 (H. Osborn), in
the writer’s collection.

arr. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 93

OSORIUS LATIPES Gravenhorst

Brookings, S. Dak. H. Osborn, collector. Webster No. 7005.

Topeka, Kans. Collectors, Hubbard and Schwarz.

Sioux City, Iowa, April 21. H. Soltau, collector.

Kansas City, Mo., May 25 and 30. H. Soltau, collector.

Blue Springs, Mo., September 18. HF. Soltau, collector.

Pine Bluff, Ark., October 10. H. Soltau, collector.

Columbus, Tex., August 16 and 27, September 22-7. Collectors,
Hubbard and Schwarz.

Greenville, Tex., June 30, 1904. H.S. Barber, collector.

Huntsville, Ala., May 10, 1882. L. O. Howard.

Dallas, Tex., April 26, 1907. (Schwarz and Pratt), 30 March,
1907; (W. A. Hooker), 29 June, 1905 (W. E. Hinds).

Chevy Chase, Md., August 8, December 21, September 30, 1921.
H. 8. Barber, collector.

Falls Church, Va., May 5,1915. T. E. Snyder, collector.

Black Mountains, N. C., May 31. (A. M.)

S: Dak. C.F. 3B. Aldrich. °"(A.-M:)

Ky. Collector, Chas. Palm. (A. M.)

Ks. Collector, Chas. Palm. (A. M.)

OSORIUS BREVICORNIS Notman

Timms Hmk, Dade Co., Fla. February 24, 1919. H.S. Barber.

Knterprise, Fla., November 13 and June 23. Collectors Hubbard
and Schwarz.

Capron, Fla., March 4. Collectors Hubbard and Schwarz.

Colima, Col., Mex. Conradt.

Crescent City, Fla., Collectors Hubbard and Schwarz.

OSORIUS BRASILIENSIS Guérin
S. Bernadino, Paraguay. K. Fiebig, collector.
OSORIUS STIPES Sharp

Duschi, Rio Beni, Bolivia, September. (W.M. Mann.) Mulford
Bio-Expl., 1921-22.

Ivon, Beni, Bolivia, February. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-
Expl., 1921-22.

Lower Rio Madidi, Bolivia, February. (W.M. Mann.) Mulford
Bio-Expl., 1921-22.

Rurrenabaque, Rio Beni, Bolivia, Ontober: (W. M. Mann.) Mul-
ford Bio-Expl., 1921-22.

Tumupasa, Bolivia, December. (M. R. Lopez.) Mulford Bio-
Expl., 1921-22.

Sta Helena, Bolivia, August. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-
Expl., 1921-22.

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Rio Negro, Bolivia, January. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Biol-
Expl. 1921-22.
Covendo, Bolivia, 1921. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-Expl.,
1921-22.
OSORIUS ALTERNANS Bernhauer
Sta Helena, Bolivia, August. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-
ExpL, 1921-22.
Huschi, Rio Beni, Bolivia, September. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford
Bio-Expl., 1921-22.
OSORIUS CANALICULATUS Solsky
Trece Aguas, Guatamala, April 22. O. F. Cook, collector.
Cordoba V. C. Mex., January 20, 1908. Frederick Knab, collector.
OSORIUS VICINUS Sharp
San Carlos, Costa Rica. Collectors, Schild and Burgdorf.
OSORIUS PUNCTICEPS Sharp
Jalapa, Mex., March. Ex-collector, Mus. Nat. Mex.
OSORIUS NITENS Sharp

Rio Negro, Bolivia, January. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-
Expl., 1921-22.
OSORIUS INTERMEDIUS Erichson

San Carlos, Costa Rica. Collectors, Schild and Burgdorf.
OSORIUS LAEVIGATUS Sharp

Cascades, Trece Aguas, Guatemala. Alta V, Paz, Guatemala. O.
¥.. Cook, collector.

CATALOGUB OF OSORIUS LATREILLE FROM NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

afinis Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 385. Amazon.

argentinus Bernhauer. Deuts. Ent. Zeits., 1911, p. 403. Argentina.

asymmetricus Fauvel. Rev. d’Ent., vol. 20, 1901, p. 72. Vene-
zuela.

ater Perty. Del. anim., 1834, p. 30, pl. 7, fig. 1. Brazil.

boops Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 8, 1882-1887, p. 679.
Panama.

brasiliensis Guérin. Ic. Ins., 1829-1844, pl. 9, fig. 1la-d. Brazil.

breviceps, new species, see p. 12. Paraguay.

brevicornis Notman. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 42, 1920,
p. 698. Florida. .

brevipennis, new speries, see p. 14. Arizona, Mexico, Panama,
Guat: mala.

buschi, new species, see p. 19. Santo Domingo, W. I.

canaliculatus Solsky. Bull. Moscou, vol. 42, 1869, p. 265. Mexico.

carinicollis, new species, see p. 15. Guatemala.

art. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—-NOTMAN 25

conjusus, new species, see p. 20. Mexico.

cordovensis Bernhauer. Verh. zool.-bot., Ges. Wien, vol. 60, 1910.
p. 860. Mexico.

crassus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 681. Mexico.

crenulifrons, new species, see p. 18. Cuba.

cylindricus Latreille. Nouv. Ann. Mus., Paris, vol. 8, 1832, p. 86.
Mexico.

debilis Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 681. Panama.

dentatus Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 294. Bolivia.

difficilis, new species, see p. 17. Arizona.

dubius Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 679. Panama.

eggersi Bernhauer. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 54, 1904, p. 19.
St. Thomas, W. I.

exiguus, new species, see p. 16. Cuba.

frater Lynch. Estaf. Buenos Aires, Bol. Ac. Nac. Cord., vol. 7,
1884, p. 345. Argentina.

germanus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 680. Guate-
mala.

hirtulus Fauvel. Rev. d’Ent., vol. 10, 1891, p. 92. Venezuela.

hubbardi, new species, see p. 11. Jamaica, W. I.

integer Sharp. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 384. Amazon.

intermedius Erichson. Gen. Spec. Staph., 1840, p. 754. Colombia.

laeviceps, new species, see p. 15. Porto Rico.

laevicollis Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 294. Bolivia.

laevigatulus Schubert. Deuts. Ent. Zeits., 1911, p. 4, Brazil.

laevigatus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 679. (Guate-
mala.

laeviusculus Bernhauer. Beilage zur Zeits. fur wiss. Ins-biol., vol.
Peeps 99(1920). Brazil:

latimargo Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 294. Peru.

latipes Gravenhorst. Mon. Col. Micr., 1806, p. 198. North America.

manni, new species, see p. 19. Cuba.

mexicanus Bernhauer. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 60, 1910,
p. 360. Mexico.

micros Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 682. Guatemala.

minor, new species, see p. 14. Trinidad, W. I.

morio, hew species, see p. 21. Mexico.

mundus Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 432.. Mexico.

neotropicus Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 295. Brazil.

nitens Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 382. Amazon.

oculatus Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 886. Amazon.

opacifrons Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 680. Mexico.

parcus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 680. Central
America.

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

parviceps, new species, see p. 12. Florida.

parvulus Seriba. Stettin. Ent. Zeits., vol. 16, 1855, p. 300. Vene-
zuela.

peruvianus Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 293. Peru.

piceus Erichson. Gen. Spec. Staph., 1840, p. 755. Brazil.

planifrons J. Iu. LeConte. Trans. American Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877,
p. 215. North America.

politus J. L. LeConte. Trans. American Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p.
95. Florida;

puncticeps Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 678. Mexico.

pygmaeus Castelnau. Etud. Ent., vol. 6, 1835, p. 130. Cayenne.

rugipennis Bernhauer. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 60, 1910,
p. 3861. Mexico.

salvini Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 682. Guatemala.

schwarzi, new species, see p. 13. Cuba.

sexpunctatus Bernhauer. Ent. Blatt. Berlin, vol. 8, p. 168 (1912),
Argentina.

simplex Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 383. Amazon.

solidus Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 384. Amazon.

stipes Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 382. Amazon.

sublaevis Bernhauer. Beilage zur Zeits. wiss. Ins. -biol., vol. 2, p. 9.
(1920). Paraguay.

variolatus, new species, see p. 17. Arizona.

vicinus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 678. Panama.

A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCHAETOUS ANNELID FROM
URUGUAY, APHRODITA MAGNA

A. L. TREADWELL,

Of the Department of Zoology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York.

While engaged in the study of the fur-seal and other fisheries of
Uruguay, Dr. Hugh M. Smith, former United States Commissioner
of Fisheries, secured a large specimen of Aphrodita at Cape Polonia,
on December 6, 1922. This specimen, sent me for determination by
the authorities of the United States National Museum, proves to
be a hitherto undescribed species.

APHRODITA MAGNA, new species

The holotype (Cat. No. 19124, United States National Museum)
is 111 mm. long and 50 mm. in greatest width when measured to
the tips of the parapodia and has approximately 40 somites. Dor-
sally it is characterized by the unusual development of the large
dark-brown and more or less iridescent setae which form a dense
fringe along either side of the dorsum and extend to a distance of
fully 25 mm. beyond the point of their emergence from the felt.
From 10 to 15 of these large setae occur in each somite. The felty
covering is very dense and tough, covering the dorsal surface in
a band from 25 to 30 mm. wide, and filling all of the spaces between
the large setae. The ventral surface has no very noticeable median
furrow and has a granular appearance due to the presence of an
immense number of globular or oval papille which are slightly
darker in color than the general surface of the body.

The prostomium (fig. 1) is roughly pear-shaped with the broader
end anterior and the narrow portion continued posteriorly as a
parallel-sided area which merges with the first somite. When first
exposed by the removal of the dorsal felt a single pair of eyes could
be seen on the side of the prostomium. After standing for some
time in alcohol these became invisible. The cirrophore of the median

No. 2584.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67,FART. 12.
27392—25 1:

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

tentacle is slightly constricted at the base and divided by a con-
striction into a proximal and a distal portion, of which the former
is the larger. The style is slender and is about one and one-half
times the length of the prostomium. The facial caruncle is very
large and the palps are unusually well developed.

The first parapodium lies close to the prostomium and is about
equal to it in length. The notopodium is darger than the neuro-
podium and irregularly lobed. A slender dorsal cirrus arises from
a heavy cirrophore situated a little below the dorsal margin. The
neuropodium is two-lobed and carries a cirrus similar in form to the
dorsal one with its cirrophore on the posterior face of the neuro-
podium. A single acicula comes to the surface between the two
lobes. The second parapodium is markedly different from the first
yy

Fies. 1 AND 2.—1, ANTERIOR BND X7.5. THE LARGE FACIAL ‘TUBERCLE IS SHOWN UNDDR
THE MEDIAN THNTACLE. 2, FOURTH PARAPODIUM X2. 'THH ELYTRON IS BENT SO AS TO
LIE PARALLEL WITH THE VERTICAL FACP OF THE PARAPODIUM

and the two lobes are sharply separated from one another. The
neuropodium is long and cylindrical, obliquely truncated at the end,
and has a few dark-brown setae. The notopodium expands distally
from a narrow base and carries the large milk-white smooth elytron.
In the notopodium are a few of the dark-brown setae which extend
dorsally through the felt, and a few slender ones.

The fourth parapodium (fig. 2) has a long cylindrical notopodium
like the second but longer. A slender ventral cirrus arises from a
heavy cirrophore. The rounded notocirrus has at the apex a tuft
of the slender setae and dorsally some of the heavy brown ones. The
elytron (foreshortened in the drawing) is smooth, nearly circular in
outline, and rather delicate. Later somites show an increase in the
length of the parapodia, followed by a gradual decrease toward the
posterior end of the body. There are 15 pairs of elytra.

ART. 12 A NEW POLYCHAETOUS ANNELID—TREADWELL 3

The neuropodial setae differ from one another only in size and
color and their arrangement is characteristic. At the anterior end
of the dorsal margin of the obliquely truncated outer end of the
neuropodium the colorless acicula comes to the surface. Posterior
to this two large dark-brown setae protrude in such a fashion that
they form with the acicula an equilateral triangle. Ventral to these
is a horizontal row of not more than four similar but smaller setae,
and ventral to these and parallel with them is a second row which
may have as many as seven setae. These are more slender than the
dorsal ones but in other respects are similar to them.

The large dorsal setae resemble the ventral ones in form but are
much larger. The smaller ones, which form a dense tuft at the apex
of the notopodium, are slender and threadlike with sharp points.

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as aglectt ino! sedtous sae! ire roRib: ogden Lilbageriian ceil’?
ao robreirta sult th. notensye weraso #/ Jasna sty se Ped eamiyatg loo

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ayeanianTD ‘onesie’ edb of esnroo eluoiog aashinked odd, coe bogporemps:

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a of irdae’. sfyaaiidtesteliups an ahisheadi die atone
erie oflemia titd, ralinus snot mph stone Joe, bys yom fet ropipbest
(lai onert reas eer odt dive fallateq hur seeds of initue? hag”
looted -iobeaioston oteieod Dh” 9kior to ke 2 Tee Oran TERE
neds O9 pellet ie tap et NOC ri nddenay ‘tid AOTID (ret

vestids nett ae Sete: fea tsteriedy old area 45 phe raed oteal od kis

i MiG ocd ig errant er ot did duejnsie teller oD eres
veto atadeidiize ef tibiewt) hes whale Fre sens thoaadonn malt Ae:

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wottenosc4 |

REVISION OF BUGS OF THE FAMILY CRYPTOSTEM-
MATIDAE IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED
STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

By W. L. McAtes and J. R. Matiocu

Of the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture

The present paper is based chiefly on specimens in the collection
of the United States National Museum. We have, however, had the
great advantage of a loan of material, including types, from the
Zoological Museum at Helsingfors, Finland; for this we are greatly
indebted to Dr. Richard Frey and to Dr. E. Bergroth. H. G. Barber
also has kindly loaned a considerable number of specimens of the
genus Ceratocombus. ‘This aid has enabled us to make the present
paper practically a revision of the known American species.

We adopt the family name Cryptostemmatidae based on that of the
oldest genus; this course should satisfy also adherents of the so-called
type-genus method of selecting family names as Cryptostemma pre-
occupies Dipsocoris upon which the supposed oldest family name for
the group was based. At least two other names also have been ap-
plied to the family.

Reuter used the name Ceratocombidae in his monograph of 1891
(see bibliography) and recognized two subfamilies. This latter
policy we follow, though meanwhile these groups have been ranked as
families by various authors, and Reuter, treating them so in 1910,
made the assemblage one of the primary divisions in his system of
the Heteroptera.

The definition of this series which he called Trichotelocera in no
way distinguishes these insects from certain Anthocoridae and
Cimicidae. The more distinctive characters are not mentioned at all
and the whole effort impresses us as very weak considering the high
taxonomic rank given the assemblage. The Cryptostemmatinae agree
in many particulars with some Anthocoridae? (Lyctocorinae), as in
number of segments of tarsi, beak, and antennae, and in the slender-
ness and pilosity of the apical two segments of latter, possession of
ocelli, definite chaetotaxy of head and pronotum, bristly tibiae, and

1 Der Miriden, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 37, No. 3, 1910, p. 67.
2 This was noted by Haliday in 1855.

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2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

in having the costa thickened and provided with a fracture (forming
what are called embolium and cuneus).

Upon consideration it becomes apparent, however, that having
characters in common does not necessarily imply relationship. The
eternal question of taxonomy arises, as to whether characters are of
phyletic significance or are mere parallelisms. The antennal and
chaetotactic characters so similar in Cryptostemmatids and Lycto-
corids may be only parallel adaptations in groups frequenting similar
environments. On the other hand, the excessive development of
the coxae in Cryptostemmatids which has resulted in great diminu-
tion in size of the pleura and conceivably may have had to do with
lack of metapleural ostioles, itself is an adaptive character in these
jumping insects. However, when we note that the Schizopterids
also have no ostioles (although their pleura are well developed) and
agree with the Cryptostemmatids, not only in the more ordinary
tarsal, rostral, and antennal details, but also in peculiar venational
characters, we must conclude that the two groups, though dis-
tinct, yet are more closely related to each other than to the remain-
ing known Heteroptera.

How high a rank they should be given in a general scheme of
classification is a matter impossible to decide satisfactorily until the
characters of all Heteroptera have been more closely scrutinized and
evaluated. We content ourselves for the present, therefore, in say-
ing that the more distinctive characters of the group are: absence
of metapleural ostioles, possession of only 5 or 6 exposed ventral
segments, and the characteristic texture and venation of the wings.
The fore wings may be entirely coriaceous or entirely membranous
but hardly ever are so differentiated in texture that a definite mem-
brane can be recognized. The definite venation of the basal part of
the fore wings, and the extension of one or two longitudinal veins
entirely to the apical margin, are distinctive. The hind wings have
more or less incised margins, simple longitudinal veins, and so far as
observed no cross veins (figs. 5-7, 47). The less significant charac-
ters of antennae, beak, and tarsi, already mentioned, in connection
with the small size of the insects, are useful for ordinary recogni-

tion of the group.
KBY TO THE SUBFAMILIES

1. Propleurum normal to reduced in size, never swollen anteriorly below eyes;
coxae greatly developed, occupying pleural spaces so that only the pro-
plerum is near normal size, metapleurum almost suppressed; anterior
width of scutellum over one-half that of hind margin of pronotum; costa
of fore wing with a definite fracture in macropterous forms; vein along
hind margin of clavus crossing clavus obliquely some distance before
apex; one or two free veins in apex of wing of macropterous forms
(figs. 1-4, 8-9) ; head usually more porrect and less deeply set into the

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 3

thorax, than in the contrasted group, eyes projecting laterally, scarcely
overlapping anterior angles of pronotum; head and tibiae usually with
strong bristles; hypopygium of male with two or three pairs of distinct
clasping organs (fig. 12); abdomen of female in Ceratocombus not
depressed, the apical tergite almost vertical, with a small round opening
near its lower margin which is always visible from behind; in Cryptos-
temma the abdomen of female is as in Schizopterinae__Cryptostemmatinae.
Propleurum in most cases much swollen and extending forward as far as
or farther than anterior margin of eye (figs. 16-19) ; coxae usually less
developed; scutellum small, its anterior width not over one-third as
great as hind margin of pronotum; costa of fore wing without fracture;
vein along hind margin of clavus strictly marginal, not crossing clavus
before apex; three free veins in apex of wing of macropterous forms
(various figures on pl. 3) ; head usually more transverse and more deeply
set into the thorax, the eyes projecting laterally and posteriorly, over-
lapping anterior angles of pronotum; head and tibiae usually without
strong bristles (figures on pl. 2) ; hypopygium of male without noticeable
paired clasping organs, but with a long coiled hairspring-like attachment
which lies on dorsum of abdomen and is not visible from below (figs.
83-84), the apical tergite assymmetrical and frequently furnished with
processes on left side (figures on pl. 4); abdomen of female always.

depressed, apical sternite uncleft, anal opening at apex on dorsum.
Schizopterinae.

Subfamily CRYPTOSTEMMATINAE

A number of general characters of the subfamily are mentioned in
the introduction and in the key to subfamilies and we may add that
these insects are notable for their vestiture, being clothed above
with a very fine pilosity, with longer hairs on wing veins and
costal margin, the hairs on or near margins of thorax also are longer,
certain of them sometimes being developed as bristles, the head
with paired bristles, of which one between back part of eyes, and
about three from lower margins of eyes to clypeus appear to be
present in all the species (some have several more especially on base
of beak); the antennae are long-haired throughout (fig. 10). The
under surface also is copiously pilose, the sides of abdominal seg-
ments, especially posteriorly, with longer hairs, and the tibiae are
bristly. The male genitalia (described in keys to subfamilies and
genera) are remarkable. There is little range of color in the family
and the species, whatever shade of the characteristic family colora-
tion they exhibit, are mostly very uniformly colored throughout.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Fore wing with a break about middle of costa in macropterous forms which
does not extend to disk, the venation as in figures 1-4; second segment of
antenna three or more times as long as first (fig. 10); apical tergite of
abdomen in females large, covering the apex of abdomen, with a small
round anal opening above its lower margin, apical sternite large in same
sex, generally occupying about half of venter, the ovipositor retractile,
the sheaths with distinct teeth; genitalia of male with pairs of symmetri-

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

eal clasping organs, the basal pair large, emanating from lateral margins
of the segment in front of base of the hypopygium proper (fig. 12).
Ceratocombus Signoret.
Fore wing with a distinet fracture about middle which extends midway
across disk, the venation as in figures 8-9; second segment of antenna
more than twice as long as first; apical tergite of abdomen in female
not noticeably enlarged; apical sternite in Same sex not nearly half the
length of venter; hypopygium of male with similar claspers but apparently
only on one (the left) side in the single specimen examined (fig. 14).
Cryptostemma Herrich-Schiiffer.

Genus CERATOCOMBUS Signoret

Ceratocombus StcNoreT, V, Ann. Soe. Ent. France, ser. 2, vol. 10, 1852,
p. 542, pl 16, fig 83 [Monobasic, proposed at end of description of
Astemma mulsanti, new species, pp. 541-2, France] This species is a
synonym of Anthocoris coleoptratus Zetterstedt, hence that species is the
genotype.

Lichenobia v. BAERENSPRUNG, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 1. 1857, pp. 165-
167 [Monobasiec, L. ferruginea, new species, genotype, Germany]. The
genotype is Synonymous with Ceratocombus coleoptratus genotype of
that genus, hence the name is an exact synonym of Ceratocombus.

Reuter (Monograph, 1891) divides the genus Ceratocombus into
four subgenera, as follows:

Leptonannus, new subgenus, p. 5 [Monobasic, type species C. (L.)
biguttulus, new species, Africa, p. 5, fig. 1].

Trichotonannus, new subgenus, pp. 5-6 [Monobasic, type species
C'. (T.) setulosus, new species, Nangkovri, pp. 5-6, fig. 2].

Ceratocombus (Signoret), p. 6, type species as in generic reference.

AX ylonannus, new subgenus p. 8, [included species, two: C. (X.)
corticalis Reuter, Finland, pp. 8-9, fig. 5, and C. (X.) boliviensis,
Bolivia, p. 9, of which the former was designated as type by Oshanin
in 1912].

Poppius has added (715, p. 77) the subgenus 7agalonannus, type
species C. (7.) coloratus, new species [Philippines].

Three subgenera are represented in the American material before
us, and we identify them as Ceratocombus, Leptonannus, and
Xylonannus. We have seen both of the species, namely, coleoptratus
Zetterstedt and brasiliensis Reuter, that Reuter included in the
typical subgenus. (. latipennis Uhler and C. minutus Uhler have
the same venation of the forewings as figured by Reuter for the
type species of Leptonannus and belong here, we believe, although
the hind wings are bilobate instead of trilobate as described and
figured for the subgenotype. Xylonannus has a good venational
distinction and we assign to this subgenus four of the species in our
material. No representatives of the other subgenera have been
examined. We do not overlook Reuter’s proposal * that Leptonannus
be given full generic rank, but we do not accept it.

3 Hemipterologische Miscellen, Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh., vol. 54, p. 65, 1912.

ART, 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS——-McATEE AND MALLOCH 5

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Species with a broad cream-colored fascia * occupying basal third of fore-

wings; remainder of dorsum brownish-black____________ fasciatus Uhler.

Speclesrcoloredmomlenwise.- tif St a eee 2
2. Forewing with a small closed triangular cell exterior to apex of clavus
(figs. 3-4); a bristle behind eye and two on lateral margin of

PROTO RUT emcee eee eae Se ee ee Se ee ee ae 3
Forewing lacking the small closed cell (figs. 1-2); no bristle behind eye
nor on lateral margin of pronotum (Subgenus Xylonannus Reuter)_-_ 6
8. Two veins emanating from discal cell of forewing (Subgenus Ceratocom-
FSS eT) OC Ue) ans (O11 eA) teeter era ee Ee as Pee ee ON eek eee 4
Only one vein emanating from discal cell of forewing (Subgenus
FED LONGTUMUSOENCULETA)) oy Cir rey ieeee © eee ee eh ee a 8
4. Forewings glassy in texture, fumose hyaline, the veins opaque, narrowly
dusikxyamanrcined 2-5 9. = Ne ee ee areolatus, new species,
Forewings not glassy in texture, more opaque, yellowish brown to fus-
COUS PaleLeing pa LesOty Che GO Susie™ meen ears eee ee was ee ee eee ee ay
Healers thse) rane ON ek a ee SAE brasiliensis Reuter.
ETS RIAA Serva a ook ee ae i ee hesperus, new species.

6. Length 2 mm. or more; discal cell of forewing nearly parallel-sided (fig. 1).
major, new species.

Length less than 2 mm.; discal cell of forewing not parallel-sided
((SSER,, 97.})) enc RON SES, Mk ee Apa tl: Whe PR NPA Rar AIDS Re OED ye AE aN aE Oe Nee IN ANS 7

First apical cell smaller than second; forewing slightly lustrous, outer third
and clavus denser in texture than remainder, the wedge-shaped area

between paler fed ce A a cuneatus, new species.
First apical cell larger than second (fig. 2), forewing highly shining, with-
out a percurrent wedge-shaped paler portion________ vagans, new species.

8. Second rostral segment with at most three pairs of fine dorsal hairs which
aretat least as: long Vas its) diameteri Sie oe a minutus Uhler.
Second rostral segment with six or more pairs of fine dorsal hairs which
AReWNOt As LON SSA's sl tS eGIaINe ce ee oe eee latipennis Ubler.

CERATOCOMBUS FASCTIATUS Uhler

Cryptostemma fasciatum UHLER, P. R., Proe. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1894 (March
6), p. 197 [Grenada].

Dipsocoris fasciatus LrtTHierrRy L., and SEVERIN, G., Cat. Gen. Hemip.,
vol. 8, 1896, p. 2382.

We have two brachypterous females of this species, one a paratype.
On account of the leathery texture of the wings it is difficult to trace
the venation, but there are evidently two veins emanating from the
discal cell, and from the distribution of the longer hairs, a small
cell at inner angle of corium is indicated. In one specimen there is a
distinct bristle near anterior angle of pronotum, indicating the proba-
bility that this species belongs to the subgenus Ceratocombus. The
broad cream-colored band across bases of fore wings readily dis-
tinguishes this from any other described species. Length, 1 mm.

One specimen from Grenada, and one from St. Vincent, H. H.
Smith.

*We use this color character to key C. fasciatus because the venational characters are

so difficult to make out; as we have seen them, however, they indicate that this species
is referable to the typical subgenus.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
CERATOCOMBUS (CERATOCOMBUS) AREOLATUS, new species

Head, pronotum, and scutellum castaneous, the fore wing with a
pale streak traversing the clavus, the costa and veins dark, and
areoles pale as described in key; body color beneath paler than above,
legs testaceous. Venation of fore wing as in figure 4. Length,
1.75 mm.

Holotype-—¥emale, Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 20, E.
A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber; paratypes, both sexes, Cordoba, Vera
Cruz, Mexico, May 13, 15, 1908, F. Knab. Cat. No. 27569, U.S.N.M.

CERATOCOMBUS AREOLATUS, var. ACCOLA, new variety

Differs from the foregoing, so far as we can be certain, only by
more uniform coloration of the fore wings; the general body color in
most specimens also is paler. Length, 1.25-1.75 mm.

Holotype-—Female, Grenada, H. H. Smith; also two males with
same data. Cat. No. 27570, U.S.N.M.

CERATOCOMBUS (CERATOCOMBUS) BRASILIENSIS Reuter
Ceratocombus (C.) brasiliensis Reuter, Monograph, 1891, p. 7, fig 3
[Bahia].

We have examined a specimen from La Moka, labelled Spec. typ.
No. 3429, Mus. Zool. Helsingfers by Poppius. The preceding spe-
cies areolatus, while closely related, is easily distinguished by the
characters given in the key. The West Indian records of
brasiliensis refer to the species subsequently described under the
name major, and the New Mexican record of the same species to
latipennis Uhler.

CERATOCOMBUS (CERATOCOMBUS) HESPERUS, new species

Head and thorax castaneous; fore wings a little paler, shining;
lower surface yellowish-brown, the apex of abdomen dusky. Other
characters as noted in key. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype-—Female, paratype female, and a damaged specimen
(female), Palm Springs, Calif., 7.2, H. G. Hubbard. All brachyp-
terous. Cat. No. 27571, U.S.N.M.

CERATOCOMBUS (XYLONANNUS) MAJOR, new species

Varies in body color from pale to dark castaneous, the fore wings
with the veins varying from fulvous to almost black and the mem-
pranous parts from yellowish fumose to dusky, in the latter case,
however, a large, more translucent, spot remains at apex of corium;
antennae and legs stramineous. In keeping with its size, this really
robust species, for the family, has all the bristles strong and readily
seen. All the specimens we have examined are macropterous and

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH a

exhibit characters that seem clearly associated with this condition,
namely, pronotum being much wider behind than in front, and the
apical constriction well developed so that there is a distinct collum.
Eyes distinctly higher than wide, broadly emarginate behind; in all
others of the genus seen the eyes are nearly round; clasper of male
as in figure 13; venation of fore wing as in figure 1; hind wing as in
figure 5. Length, 2-2.25 mm.

Sixteen specimens from Grenada and St. Vincent, West Indies
(H. H. Smith), of which a male from the former island is selected
as holotype. Cat. No. 27572, U.S. N. M.

The description of Ceratocombus bifenestratus Poppius® applies
very well to the preceding species, but Poppius compares his species
with (. brasiliensis Reuter and assigns it to Ceratocombus (s. s.), so
we assume it has the small closed cell in corium just exterior to apex
of clavus (as figured for brasiliensis) which is lacking in C. major.
In Ceratocombus (s. s.) the species seems nearer to brasiliensis than
to any other included in our key.

CERATOCOMBUS (XYLONANNUS) CUNEATUS, new species

General color above fuscous, lustrous in reflected light as usual in
the genus, a pale spot in forewing near costal fracture; the vein
which separates the two apical cells is present in each elytron,
although difficult to see, and that in the left tegmen is forked. The
legs are yellowish-brown and copiously bristly. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype——Male, Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil. (Mus.
Helsingfors. )

CERATOCOMBUS (XYLONANNUS) VAGANS, new species

Color of head, pronotum, and scutellum pale chocolate brown to
castaneous, of forewings uniform drab to pale brown; antennae and
legs stramineous. Even in macropterous forms the apical constric-
tion of pronotum is broadly interrupted in the middle; an impressed
line parallels hind margin of pronotum and there is a pair of well
separated foveae on disk just behind middle; usually a median
longitudinal impressed line is visible on pronotum, and sometimes a
similar but fainter canaliculation on scutellum. Claspers of male
as in figures 11-12; venation of forewing as in figure 2; hind wing,
figure 7. Length, 0.75-1.75 mm.

Holotype——A. macropterous male, Glen Echo, Md., sifted from
fallen leaves, September 3, 1922, J. R. Malloch; allotype and num-
erous paratypes of both sexes, as well as nymphs with the same data;
other paratypes: Glen Echo, Md., July 12, 1922, J. R. Malloch, a
single female, which was captured while biting the collector; Plum-
mer Island, Md., August 10, 1902, August 29, 1905, September 15,

5 Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Firh., vol. 52, 1909-1910, Afd. A, no. 1, pp. 1-2 [Guadeloupe].

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

1907, October 22, 1905, and a few other dates, E. A. Schwarz, H. S.
Barber, O. Heidemann; Hyattsville, Md., September 18, 1913, Paint
Branch, two miles west of Beltsville, Md., July 30, 1922; Washing-
ton, D. C., issued April 5, 15, 1918, from rotten pine wood collected
at Piney Branch; Timm’s Hammock, Dade County, Fla., February
24, 1919, H. S. Barber; Porto Bello, Panama, February 238, 1911,
E. A. Schwarz; Paint Branch, Md., same data as above, Vienna, Va.,
August 17, 1922, H. G. Barber; Keene Valley, N. Y., June 29, 1917,
H. Notman.

The name Ceratocombus niger Uhler*® may possibly have been
applied to specimens of this widely distributed species. However,
the holotype of C. niger is lost, and the other specimen mentioned in
connection with the original description as “somewhat distorted ”
is in too poor condition for identification. It is possible also that
the name Ceratocombus panamensis Champion‘? applies, a matter
which can not be decided definitely without study of the type of that
species.

Holotype, allotype and paratype.—Cat. No. 27573, U.S.N.M.

CERATOCOMBUS (LEPTONANNUS) MINUTUS Uhler

Ceratocombus minutus Unter, P. R., Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1894 (March
6), pp. 196-197 [Grenada].

Uhler compared this species with brasiliensis Reuter in his orig-
inal description but the species he had under that name is our major.
His mnutus is much more closely related to latipennis Uhler, and
in venation, both agree well with the figure of the forewing of
Leptonannus biguttulus Reuter, an African species. Uhler’s two
species are very similar in structure but may be separated by the
difference in hairs on the dorsal surface of the second rostral seg-
ment as pointed out in the key. The ocelli in minutus are noticeably
larger than in latipennis, and in fully winged specimens the vein
emanating from apex of the discal cell of forewing is much shorter
than the vein forming the upper margin of that cell while in
latipennis it is of nearly the same length. In the original descrip-
tion Uhler gives the color as dull black but the numerous specimens
before us from the type series are of various shades of castaneous;
this would seem to indicate fading. Length, 1.5-1.75 mm.

Specimens examined: Balthazar, Grenada, St. Vincent, H. H.
Smith; Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 11, E. A. Schwarz
and H. S. Barber. In connection with the original description it
is stated that the specimens were collected from April to September.

6 Uhler, P. R., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, 1904, pp. 361-362 [Las Vegas Hot
Springs, New Mexico].

7 Biol. Centrali-Amer. Insecta. Rhynchota Heteroptera, vol. 2, p. 336, April, 1900.,
[Panama].

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 9
CERATOCOMBUS (LEPTONANNUS) LATIPENNIS Uhler

Ceratocombus latipennis Unirr, P. R., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27,
1904, p. 362. [New Mexico].

There are before us four specimens of this species. The type male
is in fair condition, lacking the antennae and some of the legs; the
allotype is without head, and the wings on one side. A female from
the same locality identified as brasiliensis Reuter by Uhler, is in
fair condition, and, like the allotype, is brachypterous. The type is
macropterous “afta has the venation of the forewing as in figure 3.
In this species also fading is evident. Uhler gives the body color as
black, with the hemelytra testaceous; the type now is chocolate
brown, with the fore wing stramineous. Length, 1.5 mm.

Four specimens (all damaged) from Las Vegas Hot Springs, New
Mexico, August 8, 18, 17, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber.

Genus CRYPTOSTEMMA Herrich-Schaffer

Cryptostemma HerricH-ScHAFrrer, G. A. W., in the continuation of Panzer,
G. W. F., Faunae Insectorum Germanicae oder Deutschlands Insecten,
No. 135, p. 11, 1835. [Monobasic, genotype C. alienum, new species,
Germany.] We have been unable to verify this reference, but Dr.
E. Bergroth confirms the date; Haliday thus was mistaken about the
name being preoccupied by Cryptostemma Guerin (Arachnida) which
was published in 1888.

Dipsocoris Hauipay, A. H., Nat. Hist. Review, vol. 2, 1855, Proc. Soc.
p. 61, pl. 2, fig. 3. [Monobasic, genotype, Cryptostemma alienum Herrich-
Schiffer, Germany].

We have before us the genotype of Cryptostemma,; the minute
closed cell at the base of the discal cell of fore wing shown in our
figure (9), is present in the genotype, though not indicated in
Reuter’s figure of that species. The beak is shorter and stouter in
all the known species of this genus than it is in Ceratocombus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Discal and apical cells of fore wing Separated by a longitudinal vein,

that is, the apical cell pedunculate (fig. 8)____pedunculatum, new species.
Discal and apical cells of fore wing separated by a transverse vein, that is,
thera pica: Cellasegsilew (fie O))) aera a ee Pas

2. Second antennal segment distinctly less than twice as long as first; smaller
SPCCLES peluc IIs sine) CN Ghee ae ee oe Se ee smithi, new species.
Second antennal segment fully twice as long as first; larger species, 1.25-1.5
pied apie taal CoN okey od ogee ek tk OL 92 Oe a Ee eee eat uhleri, new species.

CRYPTOSTEMMA PEDUNCULATUM, new species

Head and thorax glistening lutescent, antennae and legs stramin-
eous, fore wing dusky fumose, the surface polished and the long
hairs on veins glistening. Venation of fore wing as in figure 8;
left claspers of male as in figure 14. Length, 1 mm.

27513—25

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Holotype.—Bohio, Canal Zone, Feb. 7, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Cat.
No. 27574, U.S.N.M.

CRYPTOSTEMMA SMITHI, new species

Body color rubiginous, fore wings dusky with lustrous surface
and pubescence as in the other species. Length, 1 mm.

Holotype and one paratype—Females, Grenada, H. H. Smith.
Cat. No. 27575, U.S.N.M.

Named for the collector, an assiduous field entomologist who
brought to ight many rare and interesting insects.

CRYPTOSTEMMA UHLERI, new species

General color lustrous lutescent to testaceous, fore wings slightly
fumose to dusky. Venation of fore wing as in figure 9; hind wing
as in figure 6. Length, 1.25-1.5 mm.

Holotype.—Kemale, Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 11, 1908,
A. Fenyes; paratype, female, St. Vincent Island. (Uhler Coll.)
Named for Dr. P. R. Uhler, who did so much indispensable pioneer
study of American Hemiptera. Cat. No. 27576, U.S.N.M.

Subfamily SCHIZOPTERINAE

The vestitute in this subfamily is much as in the Cryptostemma-
tinae except for the usual lack of distinct bristles. The genitalia
have different, but no less notable characters; these are mentioned
further in the keys and also are figured. Contrasting markings
are more prevalent than in the other subfamily but so far as seen
practically only gradations of black and white (sometimes cream)
are present.

These minute insects have a wealth of structural characters and
the prospects are that study of additional material will greatly
increase the number of genera and species. Some of the characters
do not seem to have the same significance attached to them in other
families of Heteroptera. For instance ocelli may be present or
absent in the same genus irrespective of whether the specimens
are macropterous or not. The position of the head in most of the
genera is decumbent, much as it is in Homoptera, but in one genus
(Nannocoris) it is porrect; this is but one of the numerous inter-
gradations between this subfamily and the Cryptostemmatinae.

KEY TO THE GHNERA

1. Propleurum not conspicuously swollen anteriorly, falling considerably short
of attaining anterior margin of eyes in profile (fig. 15) ; venation of fore-
Wine aSstin, Hore: 4432 ets ee eee Ceratocomboides, new genus.

Propleurum conspicuously swollen anteriorly, attaining or surpassing an-
terior margin of eyes’ (figs: 216-19) See ee ee ee 2

art. 18 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 11

Metapleurum produced in the form of a prominent sharp spike at inner
posterior angle (fig. 18) ; first costal cell of forewing larger than second,
the vein bounding apical margin of latter joining costa almost at a right
Een are Fey (hake CRS) Pcs nee og 2 el ae een age ep TE Schizoptera Fieber.

Metapleurum may be more or less produced but never with a pronounced
spike at inner posterior angle; first costal cell in wings of normal shape,
equal to or smaller than second, the vein bounding apical margin of
latter join: costa: obliquely (figs. 52=58)\2o2 18. 2 tiie as a 3

Forewings but slightly or not at all convex, not entirely heavily coriaceous,
normally formed, or the costal margin very conspicuously explanate
(figs. 52-53, 55-56) ; .claval suture present__..-_..___-._____-__ 4

Forewings strongly convex, entirely coriaceous, with sometimes a very
narrow thinner strip along inner apical margin; claval suture obsolete
or almost indistinguishable; habitus beetle-like; tibiae with much stronger
setulaesthansin contrasted sroup tee serie er he ee Dee ed (5

Pronotum without a transverse impressed line near anterior margin; first
and second costal cells about equal in length, separated by a short straight
vein at right angles to costal vein (figs. 53, 55). (See also notes on
ORCCEOLESMUSNTE CTs] pi oa) ee ee ee ee ene I aD 5

Pronotum with a very distinct transverse impressed line near anterior mar-
gin; first and second costal cells measured along costa very unequal
AMBLER STNG USS ano) aii O)) cect ae ee le Eo ee 2 eee 6

Pronotum not at all produced backward, scutellum exposed

Corixidea Reuter.

Pronotum angularly produced in center posteriorly so as to conceal the

scutellum (e320) Lu Membracioides, new genus.

. Costal margin of forewing remarkably explanate, viewed from below the

explanate portion is over half as wide as venter of abdomen, habitus as
in figure 21; first costal cell of wing much shorter than second, separated
from it by a straight vein which joins costa at a right angle (fig. 52) ;
head depressed in front as usual in the family_____ Tropistotrochus Reuter.
Costal margin of fore wing more or less reflexed but not explanate; first
and second costal cells of wing about equal in area but the separating
vein is oblique so that the first cell is longer along hind margin of costal
vein than is the second (fig. 56); head more or less conically produced
(Gi SH 22225) pe teen I ee Se oan er ee ete Nannocoris Reuter.
Eye small to medium in size, its width distinctly less than interocular
space, overlapping not more than a third of lateral pronotal margin;
Tenlexeds COStajPerCULGEM baa ee oe he i 8
Hye large, as wide as interocular space, overlapping two-thirds of lateral
pronotal margin; reflexed portion of costa evanescent before middle
O fe LOLS WAT Gene eee Dee BY, EPEC ER Te TEL ESET A Ee 5 9
Pronotum without a transverse impressed line near anterior margin;
venation obvious; eye about one half as wide as interocular space (fig.
2) rented ee eats, AN eee TS a Hoplonannus, new genus.
Pronotum with a transverse impressed line near anterior margin, forewing
entirely closely reticulate, venation almost obsolete; eye about one-third
as wide as interocular space (fig. 27)______________ Ptenidiophyes Reuter.

. Venation traceable; forewing with a depressed area bordering entire su-

tural margin; that is fitted for overlapping. (fig. 28) (See also notes under
OnimatidessWhler p30) pe Glyptocombus Heidemann.
Forewing closely punctured throughout, venation obsolete, without depressed

area along sutural margin, the latter nearly straight (fig. 30)
Hypselosoma Reuter.

EY PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
CERATOCOMBOIDES, new genus

Tis genus is distinctly intermediate between the Cryptostemma-
tinae and the bulk of the Schizopterinae. However, it is more
strongly allied to the latter group by the shape of head, lack of costal
fracture, and by the venation. The latter is much as in macropterous
species of the genus Schizoptera (fig. 44), but the veins are about
equally, though moderately, elevated throughout, the radius being
no more conspicuously raised than the others. The pronotum has a
distinct impressed line near anterior margin; the eyes are higher
than long (fig. 15); and ocelli are present. The abdomen of male
has 6 visible ventral segments.

Genoty pe-—Ceratocomboides prima.

CERATOCOMBOIDES PRIMA, new species

Male—yYellowish-brown, slightly shining, the legs stramineous.
Dorsum of head, pronotum, and veins of corium with pale decumbent
hairs. Space between eyes at vertex about 3 times as wide as either
eye; head broadly rounded in front when seen from above; ocelli
rather large; head and thorax from side as in figure 15. Impressed
transverse line on pronotum slightly convex posteriorly ; hind margin
of pronotum a little concave; apex of scutellum somewhat produced
but not visibly notched; thorax more depressed than in other genera,
the pleura nearly horizontal. Hypopygium with a long curled proc-
ess as in Schizoptera, but the hypopygium is clearly visible from
below; 5th sternite longer than hypopygium. Venation of forewing
as in ene 44, Nene tn 0.75 mm.

ecg i —Porto Bello, Panama, March 11, 1911, E. A. Schwarz.

Jat. No. 27577, U.S.N.M.

Genus SCHIZOPTERA Fieber

Schizoptera FreBer, FP. X., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 4, no. 9, Sept., 1860,

pp. 268-269. [Monobasiec, 8S. cicadina, new species, Venezuela, p. 272.]
Reuter divided the genus Schizoptera into three subgenera,’
later ® proposing generic rank for one of them, Cortxwidea. We treat

9
all of his segregates as genera and further subdivide the genus
Schizoptera, as thus restricted, into seven subgenera as indicated in
the following key.
KEY TO THE SUBGENERA AND SPECIES

1. Pronotum without a transverse impressed line near anterior margin; suture
between pronotum and propleurum running almost straight backward to

hind margin, not obliquely from lower hind margin of eye to humerus,
hind margin of propleurum without a short angular projection above near

8 Monograph, 1891, pp. 17-18. ® Hemip. Miscell., 1912, pp. 65-66.

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS

10.

McATEE AND MALLOCH 13

suture (fig. 18); ocelli present; some of the lateral cephalic hairs very
long. Subgenus Orthorhagus, new subgenus, subgenotype, S. plana, new
rs} OLSXON Ce} Saige Lo Se a SSP a ee fey ERED ESE ee Se plana, new species,
Pronotum with a distinct curved or subangular transverse impressed line
NEAT ANCeROmpNaArein a(Tes|fo4s oo) Le =e ee ee ee 2
Suture between pronotum and propleurum as in Orthorhagus (last sec-
tion), but the propleurum with an angular process or projection near
SHEMIREHOnEMtS abinds Maran: Cie yd16) 2. es Se ee a 2
Suture between pronotum and propleurum running obliquely from behind
lower margin of eye to humerus, propleurum without a process on its
hindimarsinineanlsutuTnet( figs 17s) Siete haa ey 10
Ocelli present; scutellum spatulate apically (fig. 41). Subgenus Kophaegis,
new subgenus, subgenotype S. cubensis, new species________________ 9
Ocelli lacking; scutellum not spatulate apically. Subgenus Odontorhagus,
new subgenus, subgenotype S. bipartita, new species_______________ 4
Hairs on pronotum erect and quite conspicuous, especially anteriorly,
equaling or exceeding in length the second antennal segment, those on
veins of corium much longer than the height of the veins above field of
wing: fifth abdominal segment of male as in figure 60; membrane of
fore wing brown from second apical vein to costa, cream-colored from
second apical vein to hind margin___~..___+__-____ bipartita, new species.
Hairs on pronotum depressed, much shorter than second antennal segment,
those on veins of corium not longer than height of veins above field of
wing; membrane of fore wing not bipartite in color as above_______ 5
A large fuscous spot covering apical half of membrane of fore wing, its
proximal outline rounded; femora darker than tibiae; fifth sternite

OL MmMalevashinl Mou eh Gilles sae ee oe repetita, new species.
Membrane of fore wing without a large fuscous apical spot; femora not
darkerythanytibige. 228 2 eet ee 2s te be ek aed he eee 6
Space between eyes on vertex as wide as or wider than one eye________ 7
Space between eyes on vertex not as wide as one eye_________________ S
Fifth sternite of male with a large thumblike process on left side at
AUSSry (HSI G2) teeta Es eebet ee Re eae as eee dy tes clodius, new species.

Fifth sternite of male without process (fig. 63) ~~ -______ decius, new species.
Fifth sternite of male with a long sharp process at base (fig. 64)

commodus, new species.

Fifth sternite of male with a short obtuse process at base (fig. 65)
drusus, new species.
The black color of fore wing not continued along costa beyond outer
transverse vein between radius and costa (fig. 45) ; legs entirely yellow
cubensis, new species.
The black color of fore wing continued in a wedge-shaped mark along costa
beyond outer transverse vein; coxae and femora largely dark brown
similis, new species.
OCeliBaAwWSe wih a hw Ne pee, eee ay ae ete ee ee 1k
Ocelliggpr CSc ees sets = SE ee Ny sia aS A oe wd ee Se 2 16
Fore wings not highly convex, the apical part membranous; outer two
veins of membrane fusing about a third of their length from apex of
wing (fig. 46) ; metapleurum without cross ridge, fifth sternite of male as
in figure 67. Subgenus Zygophleps, new subgenus, subgenotype, S. unica,
NEWS DECIOG ate Me RR ed he Rs ee eh unica, new species.
Fore wings entirely coriaceous and highly convex, metapleurum with cross
ridge (fig. 36). Subgenus Cantharocoris, new subgenus, subgenotype,
SECU LCT TNC Weis DCClES ae wees ere ad oe ee 12

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

12. Pronotum and fore wings with dense fine erect hairs which exceed in length
the second antennal segment, those on forewings on entire surface;
cross ridge of metapleurum near middle___________ reuteri, new species.

Pronotum and fore wings with short inconspicuous hairs which are much
shorter than second antennal segment, those on fore wings confined to
veins; cross ridge of metapleurum near lateral margin (fig. 36)___ 18

13. Veins of fore wing only slightly raised, radius distinctly elevated only at
base; clavus outlined by rather deep and slightly irregular impressed
lines; no closed cells evident; apical sternite of female as in figure 66

scymnus, new species.
Veins of fore wing distinctly elevated, or at least the radius moderately or
conspicuously ‘so: ‘for its) entire lengtht So. seen he ee ee 14

14. Clavus short, its sutural margin only about twice as long as scutellum; a

well-marked closed cell beyond apex of clavus (fig. 50)

elmis, new species.
Clavus long, its sutural margin more than three times as long as scutel-
lum’;"elosed cell eitherindistinet or absent. 220 aes ae ae ee 15
15. A distinct cross vein in fore wing near apex of clavus, that is closed cell
Indicated: (he Hy) s Ae ee eee Ree ey ae pitt ESTE ae uhleri, new species
No cross vein in fore wing near apex of clavus_____________ reitteri Reuter.
16. Metapleurum with a feeble, and only slightly curved cross ridge or none
(fig. 37) (Subgenus Schizoptera, subgenotype NS. cicadina Vieber)____ 17
Metapleurum with a distinctly elevated, strongly curved cross ridge, par-
alleled laterally and posteriorly by an impressed line (fig. 39) (Subgenus
Lophopleurum, new subgenus, subgenotype SN. suleata, new species)__ 28

V7. (Metapleurum! lacking "cross: ridge® (figs (37) a2 eae = es eee 18

Metapleurum with a cross ridge (in some cases the light must be at a
certain angle to reveal it), the inner portion of the sclerite some-
times*elevated 2022 es hha es eS A ee 23

18. Pronotum with an areolate appearance (under magnification) like pebbled
leather, the areoles (more reflecting than lines between them) fully
equal in diameter to third antennal segment; hairs on pronotum long
and erect, at least as long as second antennal segment, the cell between
costa and radius with hairs and areolation on almost its entire surface;
fifth sternite of male asin figure 68______________ reticulata, new species.

Pronotum mottarcolatel as in) lastispeciess) 22 eine ee 19

19. Hairs on upper part of frons and anteriorly on pronotum erect, and like
those on corium about as long as second antennal segment; fifth sternite
of male as an’ eure’ GOes se ee ee eee eee hirta, new species.

Hairs on upper part of frons and on pronotum more decumbent, and like
those on corium much shorter than second antennal segment____—~ 20

20. Fifth sternite of male about as long as remainder of abdomen, acutely

pointed posteriorly) (ig: 10) ee eee caudata, new species.
Fifth sternite of male much shorter than remainder of abdomen______ 21

21. Femora dark, corium entirely dark, base of membrane broadly darkened ;

fifth sternite of male as in figure 71_______-_______ mexicana, new species.
Femora pale, corium with pale edgings, base of membrane narrowly
darkened itt) fn teh Gs END EM 2A APOE Sd eT AS EEL 22

22. Eye less than half as wide as vertex; fifth sternite of male as in figure 72
paraguayana, new species.

Eye more than half as wide as vertex; fifth sternite of male as in figure 73
affinis Poppius.

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 15

23. Hairs on pronotum and corium erect and long, most of them longer than
second antennal segment, the cell between radius and costa nearly all
haired; fifth sternite of male with a compressed chitinized process which
isedinectedehackward) (gi (4) eis ee pilosa, new species.

Hairs on pronotum and corium much less conspicuous than in last species,
decumbent, their length not equal to that of second antennal segment ;
fit hySkeLniterotemaleyn otras, AbOVe=.— 2-5) a ee 24

24. Coxae and femora almost entirely black; cross ridge of metapleurum nearer

ouLerathan inner margin ‘of the sclerite 22) {2.2222 25
Coxaesandsremoraryellowaeens sa oo oe a eee ee 26

25. Anterior cross vein almost at apex of discal cell, usually close to posterior
cross vein; scutellum with two depressed shining spots: fifth sternite
OMAN ALS LASWINI BIOS Mio ee ee a es A apicalis Reuter.

Antericr cross vein at about one-third from apex of discal cell, well separated
from posterior cross vein; scutellum without depressions; fifth sternite

Of smMaler;aAssiNeneuren(Ote= sees awe ee eS ee nigrita, new species.

26. Apex of membrane of forewing with a large fuscous spot; fifth sternite
OMMALG ASH NENOULC Gen eee ee ee apicipunctata, new species.

Apex of membrane of forewing without a fuscous spot________________ PA

27. Fifth sternite of male as in figure 78_________________ vitellius, new species.
Hitthysternite of male asin feure’ (OL 222 wee ee licinius, new species.

28. Fifth sternite of male with one short backwardly directed process near
TpPexconPMlefi side rGh StS!) ee ew cass AA AN eRe suleata, new species.

Fifth sternite of male with two processes on left side________________ 29

29. Hind process on side of fifth sternite of male directed backward (fig. 81).
bispina, new species.

Hind process on side of fifth sternite of male directed to the side (fig. 82).
tenuispina, new species.

SCHIZOPTERA (ORTHORHAGUS) PLANA, new species

Male——Opaque brownish black, the legs but little paler; membrane
of forewing largely cream colored, narrowly blackish at base and
fuscous at apex (fig. 49). Eye nearly half as wide as interocular
space; two long erect fine hairs on each side of face close to eyes and
anterior to ocelli, the other frontal hairs rather long, but decumbent
and like those on pronotum and veins of corium, with golden reflec-
tions; pronotum slightly narrowed anteriorly, humeri convex; pleura
as in figure 18; hind margin of pronotum convex each side of the
middle, the sides meeting in a shallowly angulate emargination;
scutellum tumid, with no evident preapical notches; metapleurum
reticulate and dull except on extreme inner margin; venation of fore-
wing as in figure 49; fifth sternite as in figure 59. Length, 1 mm.

Holotype.—Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April
11, K. A. Schwarz and H.S. Barber. Cat. No. 27578, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) BIPARTITA, new species

Male.—¥ uscous, paler below; legs stramineous, membrane from
second vein to hind margin much paler than anterior half. Eye
about as wide as interocular space. Frons, pronotum, and wing veins

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

with erect hairs which are much longer than usual, many of them
equal to or exceeding length of second antennal segment. ‘Transverse
impressed line on pronotum deep, curved, its distance from anterior
margin at middle nearly as great as length of eye as seen from above.
Pronotum shallowly emarginate in front of base of scutellum, the
latter with subapical notches; metapleurum of about same texture
throughout, reticulate but moderately shining; fifth abdominal ster-
nite as in figure 60.

Female—Similar to male, but the frons is much wider than one
eye (1.75:1). Length, 1-1.2 mm.

Holotype.—Male, and 2 paratype males, Livingston, Guatemala,
May 12 and 11 respectively: allotype and 1 female paratype, Cacao
Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 4 and 21, E. A.
Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27579, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) REPETITA, new species

Male—Difters from bipartita in having the base of membrane of
forewing pale yellow, and the apex with a large dark spot which
is rounded on its proximal side, and the femora brown, or fuscous.
The frons is nearly twice as wide as one eye, and the pronotum and
wing veins have the hairs short and decumbent. Pronotum shal-
lowly emarginate in front of base of scutellum, apex of latter some-
what acuminate but scarcely notched; metapleurum as in bipartita;
head and thorax from above as in figure 34; fifth abdominal sternite
is as in figure 61.

Female.—Similar to the male in color. The hairs on dorsum are
asin male, Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype.—Male, allotype, 2 other males and 1 female, Living-
ston, Guatemala, 3 males and 2 females, May 4, 5, 9, 11; Cacao
Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, 1 male, April 18, E. A.
Schwarz and H. S. Barber; Tampico, Mexico, 2 females, December
14, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27580, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) CLODIUS, new species

Male—Differs from preceding species in having the entire mem-
brane pale yellow, and the legs including the coxae stramineous.
The frons is not over 1.25 as wide as one eye, and the dorsal hairs
are very short and decumbent. Fifth abdominal sternite as in
figure 62. Pronotum shallowly emarginate in front of base of
scutellum, the latter with subapical notches; metapleurum as in
preceding two species. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype.—Paraiso. Canal Zone, Panama, February, 1911, E. A.
Schwarz. Cat. No. 27581, U.S.N.M.

ART. 15 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 17

SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) DECIUS, new species

Male—Similar in color and structure, including metapleural
surface, pronotal emargination, and scutellar notches, to the pre-
ceding species. Differs essentially in the structure of the fifth
sternite as shown in figure 63. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype —Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama, April 7, 1911, E. A.
Schwarz; paratype male, Cabima, Panama, May 22, 1911, A. Busck.
Cat. No. 27582, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) COMMODUS, new species

JMale—Similar to preceding two species in color and structure.
The frons is a little narrower than one eye, and the fifth abdominal
sternite is as shown in figure 64. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype —tLivingston, Guatemala, May 9, E. A. Schwarz and H.
S. Barber. Cat. No. 27583, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) DRUSUS, new species

Male——Similar in color and structure to the preceding species.
Ditters in having pronotal emargination more of an angulate type
formed by the junction of the slightly convex halves of the hind
margin and in having the fifth sternite as in figure 65. Pleura as
in figure 16. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype—Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, March
30, E. A. Schwarz and H.S. Barber. Cat. No. 27584. U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (KOPHAEGIS) CUBENSIS, new species

Female.—Black. subopaque; anterior and lower parts of head, legs.
and antennae basally, yellow, the apex of scutellum brownish or yel-
lowish; fore wings marked as in figure 45. Ocelli quite conspicuous;
distance between eyes at vertex distinctly over twice as wide as one
eye. Dorsum of head, pronotum, and veins of corium with micro-
scopic decumbent pale hairs. Suture between pronotum and pro-
pleurum as in figure 16, the angular projection on hind margin of
latter distinct; pronotum rather inflated behind, distinctly elevated
above scutellum and fore wings, almost transverse posteriorly, having
no distinct emargination; scutellum broadly rounded, spatulate be-
yond subapical notches (fig. 41). Vein closing fore part of discal
cell of fore wing sloped but little backward, the first transverse vein
between radius and costa at or close to middle of discal cell (fig. 45).
Metapleurum reticulate, moderately shining. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype.—Also 1 paratype, Cayamas, Cuba, May 20 and 11,
respectively, E. A. Schwarz.. Cat. No. 27585, U.S.N.M.

27513—25 3

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
SCHIZOPTERA (KOPHAEGIS) SIMILIS, new species

Female.—Differs from the foregoing in having the pronotum less
inflated, and the coxae, the greater part of femora, and bases of fore
and mid tibiae dark brown, and a wedge-shaped prolongation of black
along costa beyond the outer transverse vein. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype—Also 1 paratype,, Cayamas, Cuba, March 5 and 6,
FE, A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27586, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (ZYGOPHLEPS) UNICA, new species

Male—Brownish fuscous, legs, antennae, costa, and membrane in
part, yellow. Hind margin of pronotum with a broad, shallow,
median, and two narrower lateral emarginations, scutellum very
slightly notched subapically. The frons is about 1.75 as wide as one
eye, the transverse impressed line near anterior margin of pronotum
is slightly curved, the hairs on pronotum and fore wings are short
and subdecumbent, and the first cross vein of fore wing is about
two-fifths from apex of discal cell; apex of wing as in figure 46.
Fifth abdominal sternite as in figure 67. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype.—Uivingston, Guatemala, May 7, E. A. Schwarz and
H.S. Barber. Cat. No. 27587, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) REUTERI, new species

Female.—Reddish brown to brownish black, subopaque. Head
at base of beak, the antennae chiefly, and the legs, yellowish; apex
of fifth sternite and apices of wings brownish yellow. Head quite
convex between eyes when seen from above, either eye about one-
third as wide as space between them; ocelli absent. Hairs of head,
pronotum, and fore wings denser and longer than usual in the
genus, erect, practically the entire upper surface of the fore wings
hairy. Propleurum projecting a little beyond anterior margins of
eyes when seen from above, without a process on hind margin, the
suture between propleurum and pronotum extending obliquely from
lower angle of eye to humerus; metapleurum reticulate, with a low
ridge across middle, the inner half more strongly shining than
outer. Pronotum distinctly, though shallowly emarginate in front
of scutellum, the latter depressed, acuminate, slightly notched
subapically. Apical sternite a little longer than the preceding two
combined. Fore wings highly convex, costa reflexed to apex, but
gradually narrowed from base, a broad depression along inner
margin of marginal vein of clavus, a deep linear one along the
claval suture, and the principal vein of corium noticeably elevated,
other venational details almost obliterated; commissure nearly
straight, the hemelytra but little overlapping. Hind tibia straight,
without obvious erect ventral hairs. Length, 1.25 mm.

art. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 19

Holotype.—Polochic River, Guatemala, May 2, H. S. Barbé ;
three paratype females, Livingston, Guatemala, May 8, 10, E. A.
Schwarz and H. 8. Barber. Cat. No. 27588, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) UHLERI, new species

Similar in color to preceding species but the base of beak and the
legs are paler, and the apices of fore wings are yellowish. Habitus
as in S. reutert but the insect differs in being much shorter haired,
in having the cross ridge of metapleurum near lateral margin, most
of that sclerite being distinctly shining, and the venation of fore
wing more like that of normal species of the genus, though on the
declivitous apical portion the veins are almost obsolete and at the
extreme apex are entirely so. Pronotum slightly emarginate
medianly, the scutellum abruptly narrowed at apex but scarcely
notched. Hind tibia slightly bent and with long ventral hairs.
Pleura as in figures 17 and 36; base of fore wing as in figure 51.
Length, 1 mm. Grenada, H. H. Smith, two females.

Holotype and paratype.—Cat. No. 27589, U.S.N.M.

Recorded as Ptenidiophyes mirabilis Reuter, by Uhler in his paper
on the Hemiptera of Grenada.

SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) REITTERI Reuter

Schizoptera (Schlizoptera]) reitteri Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, p.
22 [Brazil].

Fuscous, the margins and veins pale brownish, the antennae and
legs testaceous. Form of pronotum and scutellum as in whler?;
metapleurum and genitalia concealed by mount. Length, 1 mm.

Specimen labeled “ Spec. type No. 8924, Mus. Helsingfors.” Blu-
menau. In original description this specimen is said to be from

Brazil.
SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) ELMIS, new species

General color black, antennae basally, and legs testaceous, hind
margin of pronotum, commissure, and costa brownish; pubescence
short; form ovate, broadest behind middle; vertex more than twice
as wide as one eye; scutellum shallowly and broadly emarginate in
front of scutellum, the latter with subapical notches; commissure
curved behind scutellum. Base of fore wing as in figure 50. Length,
1.5 mm.

Holotype—Caracas, June 17, 1891, Meinert. Labelled “Sch.
flavipes f. brach. Reut. Spec. typ. No. 3997, Mus. Helsingfors.”
_However, this specimen can not be from the type material as flavipes
was described in 1882; furthermore, Brazil is the only locality given
even in the Monograph, 1891.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
* SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) SCYMNUS, new species

Schizoptera (Schizoptera) apicalis forma brachytera Reuter, O. M.,
Monograph, 1891, pp. 21-22 [Venezuela].

Female——Form ovate, pronotum somewhat inflated posteriorly;
vertex about twice as wide as one eye. General color fuscous, com-
missure testaceous, especially posteriorly, tibiae pale. Fifth sternite
as in figure 66. Fore wing as in figure 48. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype-——Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, November 1, 1888, E.
Simon. “Spec. typ. No. 3922, Mus. Helsingfors.”

SCHIZCPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) RETICULATA, new species

Male.—Black, membrane of fore wings fuscous, the flap sometimes
whitish; antennae and legs yellow, the femora more or less tinged
with brownish. Frons over three times as wide as one eye. Pro-
notum with a distinct impressed transverse line which is only
slightly curved; hind margin very slightly emarginate, the scutellum
narrowed but scarcely notched subapically. Metapleurum reticu-
late, the extreme inner margin and spine pale and more shining.
Hairs on frons, pronotum and corium longer than second antennal
segment, and erect, the disk of corium as well as the raised veins
haired. Dorsum of head and the pronotum areolate (as described
in key), most distinctly so on latter. Venation of fore wings nor-
mal, the veins more elevated than usual in the genus. Fifth ster-
nite as in figure 68. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype.—Also three paratypes, Livingston, Guatemala, May 8,
4, and 11, respectively, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber; one para-
type, Tampico, Mexico, December 29, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No.
27590, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) HIRTA, new species

Male.—Differs in color from preceding species in having the
membrane of fore wings pale yellow, with a large apical fuscous
spot which is rounded on its anterior margin, and the legs yellow.
The frons in male is about twice as wide as one eye, the dorsal
hairs are shorter, the pronotum is not areolate; metapleurum as
in last species, scarcely paler within; dorsal view of abdomen as
in figure 83; and fifth sternite as figure 69. Hind margin of
pronotum slightly emarginate medianly, the scutellum with small
subapical notches. Metapleurum as in figure 37; hind wing as in
figure 47.

F'emale.—F rons about three times as wide as one eye. In other re-
spects like male. Length, 1.5-1.75 mm.

Holotype.—Male and allotype (on same mount), and 3 male para-
types, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 4, 18, March

art. 13 OCRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH DA

28, 30; one male paratype, Livingston, Guatemala, May 4, E. A.
Schwarz and H. S. Barber; four females from Panama also appear
to belong to this species; two from Paraiso, April 80, 1911, one from
Bohio, February 7, 1911, and one from Portobello, February 21, 1911,
E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27591, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) CAUDATA, new species

Male—Brownish black, hind margin of pronotum narrowly yel-
lowish, costa, commissure, and membrane of fore wing also yellow,
the latter with a large apical brownish spot, legs yellow, femora
sometimes darker. Pilosity as in last two species but shorter. Frons
nearly three times as wide as one eye. Dorsal hairs short and decum-
bent. Pronotum trisinuate posteriorly; the scutellum with small
subapical notches; metapleurum reticulate, moderately shining, uni-
colorous. Fifth sternite longer than usual, acute and more or less
curled apically (fig. 70).

Female.—Differs from the male in lacking yellow markings other
than that covering most of membrane. Length, 1.5-1.75 mm.

Holotype.—Male, allotype, and one male paratype, Tampico, Mex-
ico, December 15, 18, and 14, respectively, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No.
27592, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) MEXICANA, new species

Male.—Blackish fuscous; hind margin of pronotum narrowly yel-
lowish; membrane of fore wing whitish, the dark color of corium ex-
tending rather broadly over bases of the apical veins, the apex with
a large brownish spot which is rounded anteriorly; femora mostly
brown, tibiae brown except apices. Distance between eyes at vertex
about 2.5 as great as one eye; hairs on frons a little longer than those
on pronotum and veins of corium, the latter very short. Hind mar-
gin of pronotum slightly emarginate medianly, scutellum with
minute subapical notches. Corium granulose; anterior cross-vein
not over one-fifth from apex of discal cell. Metapleurum uniform in
color and sculpture, rather dull. Fifth sternite as in figure 71.
Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype-—Tampico, Mexico, December, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No.
27593, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) PARAGUAYANA, new species

Male—Ground color more brownish than in mexicana, pronotum
without yellow hind margin, corium with pale edgings, the dark color
of corium extending posteriorly but little upon membrane, the latter
without dark spot at apex; legs yellow; pubescence short and sparse.
Distance between eyes at vertex about three times as wide as one
eye. Pronotum slightly trisinuate posteriorly, scutellum with sub-

27513—25——-4

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

apical notches; metapleurum broadly pale within, reticulate, but sub-
shining. Anterior cross vein of forewing about one-third from
apex of discal cell. Fifth sternite as in figure 72. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype-—San Bernardino, Paraguay, K. Fiebrig. Cat. No.
27594, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) AFFINIS Poppius

Schizoptera (s. str.) affinis Poprius, B., Ofv. Finska Vet. Soc. Férh., vol. 52,
Afd. A, No. 1, 1909-10, pp. 11-12 [Venezuela].

Male.—Pubescence and general color an in paraguayana, the pro-
notum yellowish posteriorly. Distance between eyes at vertex less
than twice as wide as one eye. Hind margin of pronotum, and
scutellum as in paraguayana; metapleurum pale only along extreme
inner margin, granular for the most part, dark; anterior cross vein
about one-fifth from apex of discal cell. Fifth sternite as in figure
73. Length, 1.5 mm.

Caracas, Venezuela, October 6, 1891, Meinert. Part of the type
material. (Mus. Helsingfors.)

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) PILOSA, new species

Male—Fuscous, the dark color of corium extending a little over
base of membrane, part of latter exterior to the apical veins yel-
lowish, the flap whitish; legs yellow. Frons at vertex a little over
twice as wide as one eye, dorsum of head, pronotum, and corium
with rather dense erect hairs, most of which are longer than the
second antennal segment, the hairs on costal portion of corium
extending over disk, not confined to veins; inner cross vein about
one-fourth from apex of discal cell. Pronotum with pronounced
rounded emargination in front of scutellum, the latter with sub-
apical notches; metapleurum reticulate, subshining, unicolorous,
cross ridge about at middle. Fifth sternite as in figure 74.
Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype—Livingston, Guatemala, May 6, E. A. Schwarz and
H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27595, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) APICALIS Reuter

Sch. [izoptera] apicalis Reuter, O. M., Rev. D’Ent, vol. 1, 1882, pp. 163-164
[Brazil].

Male.—Color much as in next species (négrita) but membrane not
infuscated apically. Otherwise much like négrita except as noted
in key. Fifth sternite as in figure 75. Length, 1.5 mm.

Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, November 1, E. Simon. Part of the
monograph material labelled “ Spec. typ. No. 3591 Mus. Helsing-

fors.”

ART. 15 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 23

This specimen is of the typical form of apicalis, although the
specific name seems more applicable to what Reuter designated as
var. @ With little doubt this variety is really a distinct species.
On page 20 we have described what Reuter regarded as_ the
brachypterous form of apicalis as a valid species (scymnus, new
species) and since Reuter mentions that he had several specimens,
it is probable that other species can be distinguished in his apicalis

material.
SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) NIGRITA, new species

Male.—Dead black, the membrane infuscated basally and apically,
legs fuscous; head and pronotum with short decumbent pale hairs.
Pronotum broadly but very shallowly emarginate in front of
scutellum, the latter acuminate but not visibly notched apically.
Metapleurum unicolorous, reticulate, the inner half more shining.
Fifth sternite is as figure 76. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype—Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 15, 1908, A.
Fenyes. Cat. No. 27596, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) APICIPUNCTATA, new species

Male.—F uscous, legs, antennae, hind margin of pronotum, costa,
commissure, base and inner angle of corium, and membrane yel-
lowish; the membrane narrowly infuscated at base, and with a
large squarish sooty spot at apex. Head, pronotum, and veins of
corium with decumbent hairs of moderate length. Hind margin
of pronotum distinctly emarginate in front of scutellum, slightly
sinuate each side; apex of scutellum narrowed but not perceptibly
notched. Fifth sternite as in figure 77. Inner two-thirds of
metapleurum elevated, but only the spine and its immediate base
notably polished. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype—Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 5,
E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27597, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) LICINIUS, new species

Head, thorax, and corium pale fuscous, membrane whitish, slightly
infuscate at base, and fumose on outer half; a smooth species, the
only long hairs being a few on head, besides the usual vestiture of
antennae. Pronotum slightly emarginate in front of scutellum, the
latter scarcely notched subapically. Cross ridge of metapleurum
about the middle, the inner half of the sclerite possibly more shining.
Fifth sternite of male with a pronounced hook on left side as
shown in figure 79. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype—Male, Frijoles, Canal Zone, March 25, 1911, E. A.
Schwarz. Cat. No. 27598, U.S.N.M.

94. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) VITELLIUS, new species

Color about as in preceding species, the membrane less infuscate;
vestiture the same except that hairs on veins are a little more prom-
inent. Pronotum a little more emarginate in front of scutellum, the
latter with slight subapical notches. Cross ridge of metapleurum at
about the middle (fig. 38), surface of the sclerite about equally shin-
ing throughout. Fifth sternite of male with a more complex hook
than in last species (see fig. 78). Length, 1 mm.

Holotype.—Male, Livingston, Guatemala, May 10, E. A. Schwarz
and H. 8S. Barber. Cat. No. 27599, U.S.N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (LOPHOPLEURUM) SULCATA, new species

Male.—Brownish fuscous, pronotum unicolorous; membrane cream
colored, with or without a faint darker tinge apically over tips of the
veins; legs yellow. Dorsal hairs short and decumbent. Inner three-
fourths of metapleurum elevated and polished, the elevated ridge
paralleled within on outer and posterior sides by an impressed line
(fig. 89). Pronotum slightly emarginate in front of scutellum, the
latter narrowed and only slightly notched subapically (fig. 35).
Fifth sternite with a more or less evident process on one side near
apex (fig. 80). Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype——Also two paratypes, Grenada, West Indies, H. H.
Smith; one male evidently the same species, Ancon, Canal Zone, May
12, 1911, at arc light, A. H. Jennings.

The Grenada specimens are from the Uhler collection and are
labelled “ Schizoptera flavipes Reuter” by Uhler. Cat. No. 27600,
U.S.N.M. ;

SCHIZOPTERA (LOPHOPLEURUM) BISPINA, new species

Male.—Similar to sulcata in pilosity and color but in the type the
humeral angles are slightly yellowish, and there is a narrow exten-
sion of the dark color of the corium over base of membrane. Hind
margin of pronotum slightly emarginate medianly, scutellum nar-
rowed and only slightly notched apically. Metapleurum about the
same as in swlcata. The principal differences in the shape of the fifth
sternite as shown in figure 81. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype-—Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala,
1906, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber.

A specimen from Tampico, Mexico, December 15, collected by
EK. A. Schwarz, has the lateral spines on fifth sternite much shorter
but is apparently the same species. Cat. No. 27601, U.S. N.M.

SCHIZOPTERA (LOPHOPLEURUM) TENUISPINA, new species

Male.—Pale fuscous, legs, antennae basally, costa, commissure,
base of corium, and disk of membrane yellowish; hairs short, pale,

sev. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 25

sericeous. Pronotum shallowly emarginate in front of scutellum,
the latter shghtly notched apically. Metapleurum much as in pre-
ceding two species from which this form, however, differs strik-
ingly in the armature of the fifth sternite (fig. 82’). Length, 1.25
mm.

Holotype-—Gatun, Canal Zone, April 7, 1911, E. A. Schwarz.
Cat. No. 27602, U.S. N. M.

Genus CORIXIDEA Reuter

Corizidea REUTER, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 17-18, fig. 14 [monobasie,
genotype, Schizoptera lunigera Reuter, Brazil].

This genus (originally established by Reuter as a subgenus)
differs from Schizoptera in the venation of fore wing as described in
the key, and illustrated in figure 53, and the costa is merely rounded
elevated, not explanate. The inner posterior angle of metapleurum
is produced as a rounded lobe, not as a sharp spike, and the suture
between propleurum and pronotum runs nearly straight back behind
eye (fig. 19). Scutellum with the disk somewhat depressed and the
margins slightly elevated, the apex narrowed. There is no impressed
transverse line near anterior margin of pronotum in any of the
species we have seen. The ocelli are minute.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Veins of the clavus greatly thickened, appearing as rounded ridges between
which there is a deep depression about equal in width to either ridge;
these thickened veins with conspicuously long hairs____erassa, new species.

Veins of the clavus neither thickened nor long haired__________________ Dep
. Distance between eyes across back of head about twice the width of one of
them; no conspicuous pale marking on fore wings major, new species.
Distance between eyes across back of head more than twice the width of one
of them; a conspicuous thickly crescent-shaped pale marking on fore
wings, the horns of the crescent near humeral angles_____ lunigera Reuter.

CORIXIDEA CRASSA, new species

Male—Pronotum fuscous, head and posterior half of fore wings
yellowish brown; fore wing with a whitish mark covering disk of
clavus and the area between radial vein and clavus from base to
apex of latter; antennae and legs yellowish. Frons at vertex fully
three times as wide as one eye, with small symetrically arranged
pale areas; basal two antennal segments subequal in length. Pro-
notum nearly twice as wide as long in center, hind margin regularly
convex. Veins of clavus much elevated and thickened, rounded
above, the space between them hardly widened apically and not
greater than width of either vein. Hypopygium longer than pre-
ceding sternite. Length, 1.25 mm.

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

Holotype.—Also one paratype, Ancon, Canal Zone, May 12, 1911,
at arc light, A. H. Jennings. Cat. No. 27603, U.S. N.M.

CORIXIDEA MAJOR, new species

Male.—General color blackish, the heavily chitinized portions of
upper surface with copious bluish-gray pubescence, that on head
notably longer than in lunigera (no bare spots on head), more
hyaline portions of forewing bluish cinereous; legs brownish tes-
taceous. Head and pronotum from side as in figure 19; fore wing
as in figure 53. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype.—Clarksville, Tenn., at light, August, 1915, G. A. Run-
ner. S. E. Crumb No. 137. Mr. Crumb informs us that two speci-
mens were collected, one on August 13 and the other on August 23.
Apparently one has been lost. Cat. No. 27604, U.S.N.M.

CORIXIDEA LUNIGERA Reuter

Sch. [izoptera] (Corixidea) lunigera Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp.
24-25 [Brazil].

A specimen from Caracas, Venezuela, June 17, 1891, Meinert,
determined as lunigera by Poppius we provisionally accept as repre-
senting that species. Considering the diversity of these little in-
sects and the distance this specimen was taken from the type locality
of lunigera it may well be a distinct species. Moreover, the specimen
is in rather poor condition, especially as regards coloration. Evi-
dently, however, it had a broad lunate pale marking over base of
forewings as described for lunigera by Reuter. Blackish, a broad
lunate cream-colored fascia on fore wings extending in middle from
apex of scutellum to tip of clavus, anterior lateral prolongations
reaching bases of fore wings near humeral angles; membrane whitish
to fumose; legs and antennae testaceous. Pilosity pale, short, and
depressed; a few pairs of longer hairs on lower part of face. Dor-
sum of abdomen as in figure 84. Length, 1.25 mm.

Other specimens of both sexes with the following data are as-
signed to this species. Trinidad Rio, Panama, June 9, 1912, A.
Busck; Ancon, Canal Zone, at arc light, May 12, 1911, A. H. Jen-
nings; Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, July 18, E. A. Schwarz and
H. S. Barber.

There are some differences in this series with respect to the small
bare spots on head, but we find no other differential characters cor-
related with them. It may well be that there are distinct species
in the lunigera group but we are unable to define any at present.
Van Duzee has described Schizoptera (Corixidea) doddsi,° but the
characters assigned do not separate it from lunigera. This has re-
sulted chiefly from defects in Reuter’s figure, which is very poor.

10 Proc. Pacific Coast Ent. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 83-34, Jan., 1924 [Mexico].

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 27
MEMBRACIOIDES, new genus

Pronotum produced posteriorly in a median lobe which extends to
middle of clavus thus entirely concealing the scutellum (fig. 20) ;
the sides of the process are decidedly concave, and the apex mod-
erately pointed; there is a distinct median impressed line from
anterior margin of pronotum nearly to apex of the posterior pro-
longation. Suture between propleurum and pronotum running
straight back behind eye; inner posterior angle of metapleurum
produced as a rounded lobe; venation as in Corixidea (fig. 5B).
Apex of male abdomen from below as in figure 85.

Genotype.—Membracioides parallela, new species.

MEMBRACIOIDES PARALLELA, new species

Male—Blackish, with a broad lunate cream-colored fascia over
bases of forewings as in some species of Coriwidea; a narrow band
of same color (somewhat obscured medianly) across base of mem-
branes, remainder of membranes fumose; legs chiefly testaceous.
Pilosity of moderate length (longest on head), pale, decumbent.
Symmetrically arranged denuded spots on head as in some Corixidea
species; interocular width twice that of one eye. Male hypopygium
from below as in figure 85. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype.—Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 27, 1908, A. Fenyes.
Cat. No. 27605, U.S.N.M.

Genus TROPISTOTROCHUS Reuter

Tropistotrochus Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 15-16, fig. 9 [Mono-
basic, genotype 7. ampliatipennis, new species, Brazil].

Costal margin of forewing remarkably explanate, the expanded
portion when seen from below projecting beyond abdomen about as
far as width of latter; venation highly characteristic (fig. 52).
Head bluntly rounded both laterally and longitudinally; eyes.small,
nearly circular, ocelli relatively large, contiguous with upper ante-
rior borders of eyes. There is a well developed pronotal collum
depressed below disk, sides of pronotum constricted about middle;
scutellum acuminate, elevated apically. Metapleurum truncate
posteriorly. General habitus as in figure 21.

TROPISTOTROCHUS AMPLIATIPENNIS Reuter
Tropistotrochus ampliatipennis Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 15-
16, fig. 9 [Brazil].

Head and thorax brownish yellow, the legs and forewings paler;
veins of latter and upper surface of thorax and head with moderately
long pale hairs. The unique 'specimen is glued to a card so that the

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

sex is not to be made out; the abdomen has four short and one
(apical) long sternites. Length, 1 mm.
“Brazil, Blumenau, D. Reitter.”

Genus NANNOCORIS Reuter

Nannocoris Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, p. 18, fig. 18. [Included
species: Sch. [izoptera] nebulifera, new species, Bolivia, p. 23; and
Sch. tuberculifera, pp. 28-24, fig. 13, Venezuela, of which the former

« was selected as genotype by Kirkaldy, ’06, p. 148].

Remarkably distinguished in its subfamily by the shape of the
head; instead of being short, broadly rounded, and bent downwardly
and posteriorly as usual, the head in Nannocoris is conspicuously
porrect, conical (figs. 22-25), with the beak arising from the anterior
extremity; the beak is longer than in the other genera, reaching the
hind coxae, the underside of head is grooved (fig. 33) and the sterna
obviously troughlke for its reception. Pronotum with distinct col-
lum. Pubescence short and decumbent, a little longer on anterior
part of head. Other characters as noted in key. Venation illustrated
in figure 56.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Dorsum of head with a distinct elongate median tubercle (figs. 22-28)

tuberculifera Reuter.

Dorsum of head ‘without tubercles. 222222 2222 See ee eee 2.

2. Vertex witha distinct median pitas 92" 2 aes a ee cavifrons, new species.
Vertex: without “Com ces try ste a ae be eee 35
8. Head about four times as long as eye (fig. 24-25) ______ nasua, new species.
Head not more than three times as long as eye____-__-_-_____________ 4
4. Pronotum wholly dark; length of insect 1.25 mm______ schwarzi, new species.

Pronotum pale margined posteriorly ; length 1 mm.
flavomarginata, new species.

NANNOCORIS TUBERCULIFERA Reuter

Sch. [izoptera] (Nannocoris) tuberculifera Reuter, O. M., Monograph,
1891, pp. 23-24 [Venezuela].

Fuscous (orginally described as black), membrane, apex of head,
top of tubercle, antennae, and legs pale yellow. The head is about
two and one-half times as long as eye, somewhat abruptly narrowed
in front of eyes and provided with an elongate median tubercle
which is highest posteriorly (figs. 22-23). Venation of fore wing as
in figure 56. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype-—Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, 1.11.88, E. Simon. (Mus.
Helsingfors).

NANNOCORIS CAVIFRONS, new species

Male——Opaque brownish black, paler below; antennae, tibiae, and
tarsi yellowish; a narrow pale yellow-curved fascia across bases of
membranes. Head from above almost equilaterally triangular, rather

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 29

abruptly narrowed in front of eyes and projecting beyond eye about
1.5 as far as length of eye; frontal depression oval. Venation of
fore wing similar to that of V. tuberculifera (fig. 56) but the inner
cross vein with its inner extremity nearer to middle of the cell and
more pronouncedly curved. Fifth sternite without a process on hind
margin, slightly swollen on left side; hypopygium with ventral
surface almost as long as fifth sternite. Length, 1.1 mm.

Holotype—Cacao Trece Augas, Guatemala, April 25, E. A.
Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27606, U.S.N.M.

NANNOCORIS NASUA, new species

Female—Head tawny yellow, darker on vertex; thorax, corium,
and abdomen blackish-brown; membrane broadly pale basally, black-
ish apically; beak, legs, and antennae yellow. Head regularly nar-
rowed as seen from above, but contracted and upturned apically as
seen from side, snoutlike (figs. 24-25); scutellum as in figure 42;
fifth sternite as long as preceding three combined. Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype—Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 19, E. A.
Schwarz and H. S. Barber paratype same date except that date is
April18. Cat. No. 27607, U.S.N.M.

Schizoptera capitata Uhler is closely related to the above species
according to sketches and notes kindly supplied by W. E. China of
the British Museum. However, the head does not appear so narrowed
anteriorly as viewed either from above or the side, and Mr. China
reports that ocelli can not be made out.

NANNOCORIS SCHWARZI, new species

Male.—Blackish-brown, the head in front of eyes, antennae, legs,
and venter pale yellow, the costa whitish, and the membrane yel-
lowish-hyaline. Head abruptly narrowed in front of eyes (fig. 32) ;
fifth sternite emarginate medianly and on both sides, but more so
on the right, hypopygium only narrowly exposed; cross-vein between
anterior and intermediate costal cells very oblique but nearly straight.
Length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype—Porto Bello, Panama, March 12, 1911, E. A. Schwarz.
Cat. No. 27608, U.S.N.M.

NANNOCORIS FLAVOMARGINATA, new species

Female——Brownish-black, head in front of eyes, and legs testa-
ceous, hind margin of pronotum, costa, and membrane except a large
rounded dusky apical spot yellowish. Head regularly narrowed
from eyes to apex, the latter rather pointed. Head from below as in
figure 19. Venation about as illustrated for tuberculifera. Length,
1 mm.

Holotype.—Paraiso, Canal Zone, April 11, 1911, E. A. Schwarz.
Cat. No. 27609, U.S.N.M.

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
HOPLONANNUS, new genus ;

In addition to the characters mentioned in the key, it should be
stated that the head is well rounded both laterally and longitudi-
nally; ocelli are lacking; pronotum lacks collum, is depressed, and the
hind margin is distinctly concave (fig. 26) ; scutellum small, slightly
swollen apically; fore wings with the veins traceable, their inner
margins overlapping a little; propleurum much enlarged, extensively
hollowed out for reception of the large fore coxae; head closely ap-
plied to these enlarged sclerites, the beak emerging distinctly between
the coxae.

Genotype.—Hoplonannus brunnea, new species.

HOPLONANNUS BRUNNEA, new species

Female.—Opaque brown, apices of fore wings, antennae, and legs
yellow. Dorsal aspect of head and pronotum as in figure 26, upper
surface granular, with short decumbent pale hairs, those on front of
head longer. Eye longer than high and not so high as propleurum
below it. Scutellum shining and depressed at base. Length, 1 mm.

Holotype—Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 26, E. A.
Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27610, U.S.N.M.

Genus PTENIDIOPHYES Reuter

Ptenidiophyes Reuter, O. M., Monograph 1891, p. 25, fig. 15. [Monobasic,
genotype P. mirabilis, new species, Brazil, p. 26.]

In addition to the characters mentioned in the key we would state
that the head is well rounded both laterally and longitudinally; the
pronotum is depressed, its hind margin almost straight across; the
scutellum moderately elevated throughout. Reuter’s figure of the
genotype shows two complete longitudinal lines on each fore wing
which give the impression of veins, but the specimen has only the
very slightest indication of one vein near the base; the costa is uni-
formly explanate throughout. The entire surface of the fore wings
is covered with rather large punctures which are separated by about
their own width. Ocelli lacking; the eyes do not extend backward
along the sides of pronotum beyond the impressed line. General
habitus as in figure 27.

PTENIDIOPHYES MIRABILIS Reuter

Ptenidiophyes mirabilis Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 25-26, fig. 15
{Brazil}.
General color opaque brown, darker anteriorly ; legs, antennae, and
costal margins stramineous. General habitus as in figure 27; dorsal
surface with short, subdecumbent, pale hairs.

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 31

Holotype—* Brazil, Blumenau, D. Reitter” (Mus. Helsingfors).

The type is glued to a card so closely that genital and other ventral
characters can not be seen. The specimens recorded from Grenada
under this name by Uhler belong to the genus Schizoptera and are
described under the specific name wAleri in this paper, page 19.

Genus GLYPTOCOMBUS Heidemann ”™

Glyptocombus saltator, HeipEMANN, OTvTo, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 7, No.
4, pp. 192-194, fig. 21A, March 9, 1906 [Maryland].

Front nearly vertical, moderately convex between eyes; Ocelli
minute, more removed (thrice their diameter) from eyes than in the
other genera; pronotum with a distinct collum, and two large lateral
callosities just behind it; scutellum depressed basally, elevated and
rounded apically; ventral view of head as in figure 43; fore wings
each with a depressed area along commissure so that they may
overlap either way (fig. 28) ; venation as in figure 57; male with five
distinct ventral segments, the apical one not so long as in the female;
hypopygium reflexed on abdomen beneath the very convex forewings
(fig, 29).

GLYPTOCOMBUS SALTATOR Heidemann

Glyptocombus saltator, HEIDEMANN, Orto, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 7, No.
4, pp. 192-194, fig. 21A, March 9, 1906 [Maryland].

Hypselosoma saltator Horvatu, G., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., vol. 6, 1908,
p. 565.

Black, with the legs, beak, and basal segments of antennae dusky
yellow; entire dorsal surface with short, decumbent pale hairs; fore
wings coarsely punctured between the veins. Dorsal and lateral views
as in figures 28 and 29. Length, 1.2-1.5 mm.

Holotype.—Plummer Island, Md., October 4, 1905, D. H. Clemons;
paratype same data, EK. A. Schwarz; other specimens, same locality,
September 29, 1905, D. H. Clemons; October 14, 1906, C. H. T. Town-
send; District of Columbia, January or June, 1879, Theo. Pergande.

Genus HYPSELOSOMA Reuter

Hypselosoma Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 26-27, fig. 16 [Mono-
basic, genotype H. oculata, new species, New Caledonia].
Characters as mentioned in key; much like Glyptocombus in gen-
eral appearance, but lacking ocelli, and prontal callosities; and with
the scutellum more pointed. Dorsal view as in figure 30.

4 See remarks under Ommatides Uhbler, p. 33.

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
HYPSELOSGMA BOOPS, new species

Female.—Opaque black, legs and antennae tawny yellow, base of
beak and knee joints brown; black portions with gray pruinescence,
the venter with some gray hairs also; a seta near inner margin of
eye, and several about base of beak; punctures in an area along com-
missure, beginning about a third from base of fore wings and run-
ning to apex, broadening posteriorly, coarser than elsewhere; length
1.2 mm. (fig. 30).

Holotype—Spirit Valley, Nanking, Kiangsu Province, China,
October 24, 1919, H. F. Loomis. Cat. No. 27611, U.S.N.M.

NOTES ON UHLER’S GENERA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM

W. E. China has very kindly sent us notes and sketches relative
to two genera of Uhler the only known specimens of which are in
the British Museum. We are thus enabled to give some points that
may aid in identification of these forms. To further assist toward
this end we quote the original descriptions.

Genus ONCERODES Uhler

Oncerodes Unter, P. R., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 159-160, Feb. 20, 1894
[Monobasie, genotype O. robusta, new species St. Vincent].

The original description is as follows:
ONCERODES, gen. nov.

Coleopterine, and resembling an Jssus in form; the hemelytra particularly
wide and subglobose, blunt at the anterior end. Head nearly vertical, short
and broad, moderately convex before the line of the eyes, transversely im-
pressed between them; the cheeks separated by deep vertical lines, the
tylus nearly linear; rostrum very short and thick, tapering at tip fitting
very compactly into the sternum, reaching to tip of anterior coxae; antennae
with the two basal joints thick, the second joint a little shorter and not so
thick as the first, the remaining joints threadlike, finely pubescent. Pronotum
transverse, nearly crescent shaped, moderately arched, having the anterior
angles rounded off to fit the curve of the eyes. Scutellum acutely triangular,
much longer than wide. Hemelytra but little longer than wide, suborbicular.
narrower at base, corresponding to the width of the pronotum; the veins coarse
and [p. 159] prominent, longitudinal, the two middle ones connected on the
disk and sending back a branch parallel to the others, all of which continue out
to the tip; suture of the clavus deeply defined, the clavus wide and nearly
triangular. Legs stout, placed close together.

ONCERODES ROBUSTA, sp. nov.

Short, thick, very convex, opaque bluish-black, with a velvety aspect above.
Base of the hemelytra, including the scutellum, clavus, and a spot expanded
on the costal margin, bright yellow. Head transversely rugulose, the front
piceous, with the throat and antennae dull honey-yellow; the rostrum a little
darker. Legs thick and short, honey-yellow. Venter dull black, rufo-piceous
on the genital pieces.

art. 138 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 33

Length to tip of hemelytra, 114% mm.; width of pronotum, 4% mm.; width of
hemelytra, 34 mm.

A single specimen was found on the leeward side of the island.

In respect to form of body and longitudinal direction of ,veins on the
hemelytra this insect bears some relation to Hypselosoma, Reuter; but in all
other respects it seems sufficiently different to constitute a Separate genus
[p. 160].

It is evident that Oncerodes is closely related to Corixidea, but
the forewing is more coriaceous, the venation slightly different, the
ecelli are indistinguishable in the type, and the scutellum is smaller
than in Corixidea. It is possible that a brachypterous specimen
of Corixidea might present some of the peculiarities of Oncerodes,
but meantime it appears advisable to regard the latter as distinct
pending the acquisition of more material. In none of the specimens
of Corividea examined by us is there any indication of an abbrevia-
tion of the fore wings. Head and thorax from above as in figure 40;
fore wing as in figure 54. Redrawn from sketches by W. E. China.

Genus OMMATIDES Uhler

Ommatides Unter, P. R. Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., p. 159, Feb. 20, 1894
{Monobasie, genotype O. insignis, new species, St. Vincent. ]

The original description:

OMMATIDES, gen. nov.

Coleopterine, closely resembling a short thick Geocoris. Eyes very large,
oval, projecting diagonally against the anterior corner of the pronotum; front
of the head short, bluntly tumid, with the face vertical, protracted downward,
and having long lobate cheeks which converge over the base of the rostrum;
antenne filiform beyond the second joint, the basal joint shorter than and a
little thicker than the second; rostrum thick at base, short, tapering, quite
slender toward the tip, reaching almost to the middle coxae. Pronotum very
short, almost annular, with the sides rounded off anteriorly to admit the form
of the eyes, the posterior margin almost straight. The two forward pairs of
legs placed near together; the anterior tibiae greatly thickened at tip and
armed with long spines. Scutellum very short, transverse, triangular.
Hemelytra high convex, extending amply over the abdomen and much longer
than it; the costal border moderately curved, with the middle areole
moderately wide, and the thick cubital vein running back parallel with the
next inner vein all the way to tip of membrane, and with the two exterlor
transverse veins as in Schizoptera.

OMMATIDES INSIGNIS, sp. nov.

Ovate, blunt, and wide in front; orange, with the pronotum, scutellum, and
a broad band behind the scutellum, covering the membrane, blue-black. The
bead reddish brown above, yellow below the origin of the tylus, obsoletely
scabrous, very minutely pubescent. Legs polished, stout, bright yellow,
remotely hairy. Pronotum moderately arched, opaque, a little scabrous.
Hemelytra thick, opaque, velvety; the riembrane but little thinner than the

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

corium, with the inner margin straight, not overlapping at tip, the apex a
little tapering and rounded at tip.

Length to tip of membrane 1 millim.; width of pronotum 5 millim.

A single specimen of this peculiar little insect was taken, but no record is
given concerning the place where it was found. [p. 159.]

This genus appears to be very close to Glyptocombus Heidemann.
Without a careful comparison of specimens we do not care to com-
mit ourselves further but there is a striking similarity in the general
habitus and in the venation of the fore wings of these two genera.
The head and thorax from above are shown in figure 31, and the
fore wing in figure 58. Redrawn from sketches by W. E. China.

OTHER AMERICAN SPECIES NOT SEEN

Further
Name Type locality ene
paper
Page
Ceratocombus ( Ceratocombus) bifenestratus Poppius___-.-___----_--------- Guadeloupe._-__------- | 7,35
Ceratocombus (Xylonanannus) boliviensis Reuter__.._...-_.------_-_--- 1B Olivas eae cree 4,36:
Ceratocombusipanamensis: Champion. ae ts ee ee Ran ainigeases oe ene 33
Schizoptera (Schizoptera) cicadina Fieber -_-_._------.------------------ Wenezuelass2022- 2-2 222 | 12,14,35
Schizoptera (Schizoptera) flavipes Reuter ___.-.--.---------------------- Bees ipa se Deemer eS 19,21
Schizopterccclcganssb OD piss aeee ees eee eee 35
SchizoptenarscutellatasWiblen= 22) = Wea iaiia bes SEEN, 2 ee ee ee | 37
Corizidea doddsi Van Duzee_-_-- 26,34
Nannocoris nebulifera Reuter-___._._.-_--2 === 2-22 z 28,36
INGMNOCOnISICapILaLC Winer yes as ene eee ee eee Vi 29,37

BIBLIOGRAPHY

We have intended to include here all papers relating to the Crypostemmatid
fauna of the Americas, and also all containing descriptions of new genera and
subgenera from any part of the world.

v. BAERENSPRUNG.
Myrmedobia und Lichenobia, zwei neue einheimische Rhynchoten-Gat-
tungen, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 1, 1857, pp. 161-168.
Lichenobia, new genus (pp. 165-167) [Monobasic, genotype ZL. ferruginea,
new species, Berlin (p. 167)]. A synonym of Ceratocombus Signoret.

BerGrotTH, BH.
Zwei neue paliiarktische Hemipteren, nebst synonymischen Mitteilungen,
Wien. Ent. Zeit., vol. 38, 1914, pp. 177-184.
Cryptostemmatidae proposed (p. 184) since Crypostemma Herrich-Schiffer,.
1835, is not preoccupied as alleged by Crypostemma Guerin (Arachnida),
1838.
CHAMPION, G. C.
Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heterop-
tera, pt. 2, p. 386, April, 1900.
Ceratocombus panamensis, new species described.
DISTANT, W. L.
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota,
vol. 2 (Heteroptera), 1904.
Crescentius, new genus (p. 408) [Monobasic, genotype, C. prinetpatus! new
species, Burma (p. 409) ].

ant. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 35

Distant, W. L.—Continued.

No. IX.—Rhynchota. Pt. 1: Suborder Heteroptera. in the Perey Sladen
Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, vol. 5, Trans. Linn. Soe.
London, ser. 2, vol. 16, Zoology 1913-1914, pp. 189-191, pls. 11-18.

Seychellesanus, new genus [genotype NS. typicus, new species, Seychelles]
(pp. 171-172) ; Ogeria, new genus [genotype O. insularis, new species,
Seychelles] (p. 173). The former a Cryptostemmatid, the latter a
Schizopterid.

Firser, F, X.

Exegesen in Hemipteren, Wiener Ent. Monats., vol. 4, No. 9, Sept., 1860,
pp. 258-272, pl. 6,

Pachycoleus, new genus (p. 268, fig. w) [Monobasic, genotype, P. waltli,
new species, Bavaria (p. 272) ]; Schizoptera, new genus (pp. 268-269,
fig. w) [Monobasic, genotype, S. cicadina, new species, Venezuela (p.
272) ]. Defines the family Ceratocombidae (p. 267), and gives keys to
the four genera then known (pp. 267-269).

HorvaTH, G.
Hémiptéres nouveaux de Japon, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., vol. 3, 1905, pp. 413-
423, 2 figs.
Hypselosoma matsumurae, new species (p. 417).

Remarques sur quelques Hémiptéres de l’Amerique du Nord, Ann. Mus.
Nat. Hung., vol. 6, 1908, p. 565.
Places Glyptocombus saltator Heidemann in the genus Hypselosoma.

KIRKALDY, G. W.

List of the genera of the pagiopodous Hemiptera-Heteroptera with their
type species, from 1758 to 1904 and also of the aquatic and semiaquatic
Trochalopoda, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 32, No. 2, 1906.

Ceratocombidae (pp. 147-148). Designates nebulifera as type of Nanno-
coris Reuter (p. 148).

LETHIERRY, L., and SEVERIN, G.
Catalogue général des Hémiptéres, vol. 3, 1896, pp. 231-234.
Catalogue of the known forms: Ceratocombidae with 3 genera and 13
species (pp. 231-232), and Schizopteridae with 6 genera and 14 species
(pp. 2338-234).

OSHANIN, B.
Katalog der paliarktichen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera-Aucheno-
rhyncha und Psylloideae). 1912.
Ceratocombus corticalis Reuter selected as type of subgenus Xylonannus
Reuter (p. 85).

Poppius, B.

Neue Ceratocombiden, Ofy. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh., vol. 52, 1909-1910, Afd. A,
No. 1, 14 pp., 2 figs.

Ceratocombus bifenestratus, new species, Guadeloupe, West Indies (pp.
1-2) ; Teratoneura, new genus (pp. 7-8), [Monobasic, genotype T. mar-
ginicollis, new species, Africa (p. 8), fig. forewing]; Issidomimus, new
genus (pp. 9-10), [Monobasic, genotype, J. signatus, new species, New
Guinea (p. 10)]; Schizoptera affinis, new species, Venezuela (pp. 11-12) ;
Schizoptera elegans, new species, Guadeloupe (pp. 12-18). Also various
new species from the old world; the new genera are Cryptostemmatinae.

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Porrius, B.—Continued.
Zur Kenntnis der Miriden, Isometopiden, Anthocoriden, Nabiden und
Schizopteriden Ceylons, Ent. Tidskrift, vol. 34, 1913, pp. 239-260.
Schizopterops, new genus (pp. 258-259) [Monobasic, genotype S. pusillus,
new species, India (pp. 259-260)]; Schizopterinae; Teratocombus, new
name proposed for his T’eratoneura preoccupied, Cryptostemmatinae.

H. Sauter’s Formosa-Ausbeute: Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Termatophylidae,
Miridae, Isometopidae und Ceratocombidae (Hemiptera), Arch. f.
Naturges., vol. 80, 1914, Abt. A, 8, 80 pp.

Tagalonannus, new subgenus of Ceratocombus (p. 77) [Monobasic, geno-
type, C. coloratus, new species, Philippines (p. 78) J.

REvUTER, O. M.

Sur le genre Schizoptera Fieb., Rev. d’Ent., 1852, pp. 162-164.

Includes: Schizoptera cicadina Fieb. (pp. 162-163) ; Schizoptera flavipes,
new species (p. 163) ; Schizoptera apicalis, new species (pp. 163-4) ; and
Schizoptera lunigera, new species (p. 164), all from Brazil.

Monographia Ceratocombidarum Orbis Terrestris, Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae,
vol. 19, no. 6, 1891, 27 pp. 1 pl.

Ceratocombus Signoret (pp. 49) is divided into four subgenera, namely:
Leptonannus, Trichotonannus, Ceratocombus, and Xylonannus, of which
all but the typical subgenus are originally described. Four new species
are described of which C. (C.) brasiliensis, Bahia, and C. (X.) bolivien-
sis, Bolivia, are from the new world. Pachycoleus Fieber (pp. 9-11) and
Cryptostemma Herrich-Schiffer (pp. 11-14) have no American repre-
sentatives. Tropistotrochus ampliatipennis, new genus and species (pp.
15-16), are described from Brazil. Schizoptera Fieber (pp. 16-25) is
divided into three subgenera, Schizoptera, Nannocoris, and Cori«idea, of
which the latter two are new. The following three new species from the
Americas are originally described: S. (S.) reitteri, Brazil; S. (N.) nebu-
lifera, Bolivia; and S. (N.) tuberculifera, Venezuela. Ptenidiophyes
mirabilis, new genus and species (pp. 25-26), is described from Brazil.

Hemipterologische Miscellen, Ofy. Finska Vet.-Soec. Foérh., vol. 54, 1911-
1912, Afd. A, No. 7.

Proposes that two of his subgenera of Ceratocombus, namely, Leptonannus
and Trichotonannus, be recognized as valid genera. Leaves Xylonannus
in Ceratocombus, which is redefined (p. 65). Also proposes generic rank
for Corixidea treated in his monograph as a subgenus of Schizoptera
(pp. 65-66). Denies the identity of Glyptocombus Heidemann with
Hypselosoma Reuter as claimed by Horvath (p. 66).

SIGNORET, V.

Notice sur quelques Hémiptéres nouveaux ou peu connus, Ann. Soc. Ent.
France, ser. 2, vol. 10, 1852, pp. 539-544.

Astemma mulsanti, new species, France (pp. 541-542), for which he pro-
poses the new generic name Ceratocombus (p. 542).

Unter, P. R.

A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the Families Anthocoridae and
Ceratocombidae collected by Mr. H. H. Smith in the Island of St. Vin-
cent; with Descriptions of New Genera and Species, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., pp. 156-160, February 20, 1894.

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 37

Unter, P. R.—Continued.

Records 8 species from the Island. Describes as new Schizoptera scutel-
lata, new species (pp. 157-158) ; S. capitata, new species (p. 158) ; Omma-
tides insignis, new genus and species (p. 159); and Oncerodes robusta,
new genus and species (pp. 159-160).

On the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the Island of Grenada, Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, 1894 (March 6), pp. 167-224.

The “ Ceratocombus braziliensis Reuter” (p. 196), is described as a new
species C. major in the present paper, p. 6; C. minutus, new species, is
described (pp. 196-197) ; Cryptostemma fasciatum, new species (p. 197),
which really is a Ceratocombus (see p. 5 of present paper). The
“ Schizoptera flavipes Reuter” (pp. 197-198) we describe as new (see p.
24) and the “ Ptenidiophyes mirabilis Reuter” also is a Schizoptera we
name uwhleri (see p. 19).

List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico,
collected by Messrs. E. A. Schwarz and Herbert 8S. Barber, Proc. U. 8S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 27, 1904, pp. 349-364.

Ceratocombus niger and C. latipennis, new species described (pp. 361-862).

The “ C. braziliensis Reuter” recorded (p. 361), is a female of CO. latipennis.

VAN DvuZzEEB, E. P.
Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, excepting the
Aphididae, Coccidae, and Aleurodidae, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Ent., vol. 2,
Nov. 30, 1917.
List of the recorded nearctic species (4 in number) (pp. 421-422).

A new Ceratocombid from Mexico. Proc. Pacific Coast Ent. Soe., vol. 2,
pp. 33-84, 1. fig., Jan. 31, 1924.
Schizoptera doddsi, new species, Sinaloa,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 1

Fic. 1. Ceratocomlus major, fore wing.

2. Ceratocombus vagans, fore wing.

3. Ceratocombus latipennis, fore wing.

4. Ceratocombus areolatus, fore wing.

5. Ceratocombus major, hind wing.

6. Cryptostemma uhleri, hind wing.

7. Ceratocombus vagans, hind wing.

8. Cryptostemma pedunculata, fore wing.

9. Cryptostemma uhleri, fore wing.

0. Ceratocombus vagans, head from above.

11. Ceratocombus vagans, apex of male abdomen from below.
12. Ceratocombus vagans, apex of male abdomen from above.
13. Ceratocombus major, left hypopygial clasper of male.

14. Cryptostemma pedunculatum, left claspers of male.

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 67

PLATE 2

Fic. 15. Ceratocomboides prima, head and prothorax from side.
16. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) drusus, head and prothorax from side.
17. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) uhleri, head and prothorax from side.
18. Schizuptera (Orthorhagus) plana, head and prothorax from side.
19. Corizidea major, head and prothorax from side.
20. Membracioides paraliela, head and thorax from side.
21. Tropistotrochus ampliatipennis, dorsal view.
22. Nannocoris tuberculifera, head from above.
23. Nannocoris tuberculifera, head from side.
24. Nannocoris nasua, head from above.
25. Nannocoris nasua, head from side.
26. Hoplonannus brunnea, head and thorax from above.
27. Ptenidiophyes mirabilis, dorsal view (sculpture omitted).
28. Glyptocombus saltator, dorsal view.
29. Glyptocombus saltator, side view, left forewing removed.
30. Hypselosoma boops, dorsal view.
31. Ommatides insignis, head and thorax from above.
32. Nannocoris schwarzi, head from above.
33. Nannocoris flavomarginata, head from below.
34. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) repetita, head and thorax from above.
35. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) sulcata, head and thorax from above.
36. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) uhleri, metapleurum.
37. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) hirta, metapleurum.
38. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) vitellius, metapleurum.
39. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) sulcata, metapleurum,
40. Oncerodes robusta, head and thorax from above.
41. Schizoptera (Kophaegis) cubensis, scutellum.
42. Nannocoris nasua, scutellum.
43. Glyptocombus saltator, head from below.

PLATE 3

Fic. 44. Ceratocomboides prima, fore wing.
45. Schizoptera (Kophaegis) cubensis, fore wing.
46. Schizoptera (Zygophleps) unica, tip of fore wing.
47. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) hirta, hind wing.
48. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) scymnus, fore wing.
49. Schizoptera (Orthorhagus) plana, fore wing.
50. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) elmis, base of fore wing.
51. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) uhleri, base of fore wing.
52. Tropistotrochus ampliatipennis, fore wing.
53. Coriridea major, fore wing.
54. Oncerodes robusta, fore wing.
55. Membracioides parallela, fore wing.
. Nannocoris tuberculifera, fore wing.
. Glyptocombus saltator, fore wing.
. Ommatides insignis, fore wing.

Sl) S|
1

ee)

ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH
PLATE 4

Fic. 59. Schizoptera (Orthorhagus) plana, 5th sternite of male.
60. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) bipartita, 5th sternite of male.
61. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) repetita, 5th sternite of male.
62. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) clodius, 5th sternite of male.
63. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) decius, 5th sternite of male.
64, Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) commodus, 5th sternite of male.
65. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) drusus, 5th sternite of male.
66. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) scymnus, 5th sternite of female.
67. Schizoptera (Zygophleps) unica, 5th sternite of male.
68. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) reticulata, 5th sternite of male.
69. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) hirta, 5th sternite of male.
70. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) caudata, 5th sternite of male.
71. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) mexicana, 5th sternite of male.
72. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) paraguayana, 5th sternite of male,
73. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) affinis, 5th sternite of male.
74, Schizoptera (Schizoptera) pilosa, 5th sternite of male.
75. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) apicalis, 5th sternite of male,
76. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) nigrita, 5th sternite of male.
77. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) apicipunctata, 5th sternite of male.
78. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) vitelliws, 5th sternite of male.
79. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) licinius, 5th sternite of male.
80. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) sulcata, 5th sternite of male.
81. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) bispina, 5th sternite of male.
82. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) tenuispina, 5th sternite of male.
83. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) hirta, dorsal view of abdomen of male,
84. Corixidea lunigera, dorsal view of abdomen of male.
85. Membracioides parallela, ventral view apex of abdomen of male.

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INDEX

Page numbers in boldface type indicate the principal account of the group concerned.
Generic names in parentheses are those of combinations not valid in the sense of this

paper.
Page
aceola, Ceratocombus 2.—...--—4=---— 6
aftinis, Ceratocombus——_—.—_---_— 14, 22, 35
alienum, Cryptostemma —_~-_~-__~-_ 9
(Dipsocoris) = 2==- 9
ampliatipennis, Tropistotrochus _ 27-28, 36
apicalis, Schizoptera____~ 15, 20, 22-28, 36
apicipunctata, Schizoptera____-__--_ 15, 28
areolatus, Ceratocombus________-~~ 5, 6
bifenestratus, Ceratocombus__-~-~~~ 1, o4;, 00
biguttulus, Beptonannus=—=——.-—.2— 4,8
bipartita, Schizoptera_________-_ 13, 15-16
bispina’t (Schizoptera -—2-_-__--=-_— 15, 24
boliviensis, Xylonannus —~~_-_-_--_~_ 4,3
DOOpSs; Hy pselosoma l= == 2 = 32
brasiliensis, Ceratocombus ~___-_~~ 4, 5, 6,
7, 9, 36, 37
brunnea, Hoplonannus __-____--_-_ 30
Cantharocon ss ses a eee 18
capitata, “Nannocoris=22_-—=--—-_ = 34
(Sebizoptera)) == 2-2 a-=— = 29, 34
caudata, Schizoptera___.____._- ~~~ 14, 21
cavitrons. Nannocoris——— ===" === 28-29
Ceratocomboides=—=4= == = Sasa LS 10, 12
Ceratocombuss.2 8a = ee 3-5, 36
cicadina, Schizoptera ____ 12, 14, 34, 35, 36
clodius; Schizoptera=.—* 2) ee 13,16
coleoptratus, (Anthocoris)~--_._---~~ A
Ceratocombus===2= === 4
coloratus, 'Tagalonannus______-_- __ 4,36
commodus, Schizoptera__________-~ 135 2%
Corixideqe = es = 11,125,26,.39;, 66
corticalis. xXvylonannus|————-—- 22 == = 4,35
crassa, sCorixidea: = — === sea 25-26
<rescentins®= 222 232 220 ee ee 34
Cryptostemmas=. =o 4, 9, 34, 36
Cryptostemmatinae= 22-2 — = eee 2-3
eubpensis;” schizopters === 222s = 13,17
cuneatus, Ceratocombus —__._______ 5,7
decius;, Schizopteray2=2]=— = ee SS Ad
HOLD SO COTS ese ree ee ee ee 9
doddsitR Corixidea= = 22. 22s ae eee 26, 34
(Schizoptera) === 26, 37
drusus;) schizopterda= ee ale hia ke
elegans, Schizoptera ______________ 34, 35
elmis,; Schizopteray=—=-— === eee 14,19
fasciatum, (Cryptostemma)_—_______ 5, 37
fasciatus, Ceratocombus___________ 5
(Dipsocoris)==3=22 ae 5
ferruginea, Ceratocombus__________ 4
@iiehenobia)==—2—- 4, 34

Page
flavipes, Schizoptera ________ 19, 24, 34, 37
flavomarginata, Nannocoris ________ 28, 29
Glyptocombus=2——— es 11, 31, 34, 36
hesperus, Ceratocombus ___________ 5, 6-7
hirtas Schizoptera -22-- ===-= 2 = 14, 20-21
HoOpLOnaANNUS == a. eae a ee 11, 30
Ey pselosoma =~ = 22 es 11, 31, 36
insignis, Ommaitides 2+ 122 > 33-34, 37
INSULAISO POM ae wee ee 35
WSSIdOMIMUSS2 232 =o ee 35
Kophiterise = anak ee 2 is, 5s Sh 13
latipennis, Ceratocombus _____~~ 5, 8,95 a8
heptonann ses ae ee ee 4, 36
Wichenopia eee =e eee ee oe 4.53
leinius;, Schizoptera.-——__-- = 15, 23
Hophopleuriny ss 2s ee 14
lunigera; sCOrxad cao on 2. ee 25, 26
(Schizoptera) ;__-_____=.— 25, 36
major, Ceratocombus_— = 2-2 5, 6
Corixideal! S22 2 oa a 25, 26
marginicollis, Teratoneura____-____ 35
matsumarae, Hypelosoma__________ 35
Membracioides =e 2-222 5-2 2s a ey,
mexicana, Schizoptera_____________ 14, 21
minutus, Ceratocombus___________ 5, 8,37
mirabilis, Ptenidiophyes__ 19, 30-31, 36, 37
mulsanti: (Astemma):“ 222 S22 25 22 4, 36
Nannocoris=ses— 8 2 10, 11, 28, 35, 36
nasa INannocorise-— os eee 28, 29
nebulifera, Nannocoris__—-_~_ 28, 29, 35, 36
(Schizoptera)i-- = 2 28
niger, \Ceratocompuss seo == 8, 37
nisrita, ‘Schizoptera-—o--- =-2 1522.23
oculata;, Hypselosoma = 31
Odontorhacus== 42a wee eee 13
Oi Eri ae ee he SAIS Re 5 35
Omm atid 6s) eee ea lees = A eee 33, 37
Oncerodesic ea wee ae wee ae So 32, 37
Orthorig sss s-ts 2. eee Se 13
Pachycoleusi 2-2 eae ea 35, 36
panamensis, Ceratocombus____-_--_ 8, 34
paraguayana, Schizoptera_______ 14, 21-22
parallela, Membracioides __________ 27
pedunculatum, Cryptostemma ______ 9-10
pilosa, Schizopteray2 oe 2 lel eae 15, 22
plana, iSchizoptera=. ee 13, 15
prima, Ceratocomboides ___________ 12
principatus, Crescentius___________ 34
Etenidiophyesie=s=2 22 11, 30, 36, 37
pusillus, "Schizopterops =—--—-=-==-_ 36

42 INDEX
Page Page

reitteri, Schizoptera ~.__--~—-__ 14, 19, 36 | sulcata, Schizoptera __-______~~- 14, 15, 24-
repetita, Schizoptera____-__------- 113, 06:)| Lagalonannus= 2222-222 eee 4, 36:
reticulata, Schizoptera _____-_-----_ 14, 20 | tenuispina, Schizoptera_________ 15, 24-25.
reuteri, Schizoptera____--_~-~ 13, 14, 18-19) ||| Teratocombus=2- 2-2 222- —aeeee 36
robusta, Oncerodes ___--------- 82—88,.37 | Teratoneura _-= = 22a 35, 36
saltator, Glyptocombus_-_-_-_----~--- 81,35 \f Mrichotonannus)=———2 "=== eee 4, 36

(Hypselosoma) —__---___~- Si) erOPISLOtrOChUS) 2 == eee eee 11, 27, 36
Schizopterase= s=220 5522 11, 12,14, 35, 36 | tuberculifera, Nannocoris__._---~-~- 28, 36
Schizopterinae 2 =.= sake ee 3,10 (Schizoptera) _.---__ 28
Schizopterong ss ee ee 36 | typicus, Seychellesanus _..--.._--_ 85.
schwarzi, Nannocoris ____------_-- 28,29 | uhleri, Cryptostemma _____________ 9,10
scutellata, Schizoptera ___--_------ 34, 37 Schizoptera, —---—-—__ 14, 19, 31, 37
scymnus, Schizoptera 2222222222" 14,20) unica, Schizoptera= 22-222 13, 18
setulosus, Trichotonannus ~-_-_-~_~~- 4 | vagans, Ceratocombus_________--~_~- 5, 7-8:
Seychellesanus= 2222252 22Se05 eee 35 | vitellius, Schizoptera_______-______ 15, 24
signatus, Issidomimus____-----__~_- 35 | walthl> Pachycoleus 222222222 35
gimilis,*'Schizopteras 2 13278) i) ylonia ning eee ee eee 4, 35, 36
smithi, ‘Cryptostemma=——-2>-- 9,510") Zygophleps' oS eee 13

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART- 13 PL. |

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF CRYPTOSTEMMATINAE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 37

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 13 PL. 2

35
40

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF SCHIZOPTERINAE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 38:

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 13 PL. 3

WINGS OF SCHIZOPTERINAE

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 38

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 13 PL. 4

81
HYPOPYGIAL CHARACTERS OF SCHIZOPTERINAE

FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 39

A REVIEW OF THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMOR-
PHIDAE, AND A SUGGESTION FOR A REARRANGE-
MENT OF THE ADEPHAGA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
A NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES

By Howarp Norman
Of Brooklyn, New York

In the author’s opinion this group of beetles is entitled to rank
as a distinct family in the Adephaga. It has been placed hitherto
as a subfamily of the Carabidae, from which several characters of
importance distinguish it. The most striking, perhaps, is the
presence of antennal grooves on the underside of the head between
the eyes and the maxillary fissures. More important, however,
systematically is the absence of the suture between the mentum and
the submentum. This suture is absent in the Amphizoidae also,
but is present in all the remaining families of the Adephaga. It is
especially well marked in the Dytiscidae. Another character not
so well suited for synoptic construction but, nevertheless, more or
less significant, is the variability in the form and position of the eye.
This organ is always lateral in position and subrotund in form in the
Carabidae. In the Pseudomorphidae the genera, which number
only eight, show the following differences in form and position. In
Adelotopus the eye is on the upper surface of the head, with a
well defined, continuous margin beneath it. In Cryptocephalo-
morpha the eye is lateral in position but by its conformation con-
tinues the cephalic margin which it structurally interrupts—an ex-
treme instance of the usually dominant eye-form in subordination to
the general form of the head. The eye in this genus, as also in
Pseudomorpha, has a strong angulation beneath. In Silphomorpha
and Sphallomorpha the eye is round.

It is by no means certain that the genus Adelotopus should not be
placed in a separate family on account of the difference in the
position of the eye as described and its position anterior to the
maxillary fissure, a feature characteristic of the Dytiscidae; in
which the maxillary fissure extends as far back as the posterior
margin of the eye, and also on account of the form of the fissure and
the form of the antennae. In Silphomorpha, Sphallomorpha, and

No. 2586.—PROcEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 14
27393—25——1 alt

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

especially in Pseudomorpha, the posterior extremity of the fissure
is acute as though obliquely truncated by the antennal groove,
whereas in Adelotopus the antennal groove and the fissure are par-
allel and both are semicircularly rounded at their posterior extremi-
ties. The form of the fissure is very similar in Dytiscus. Also, in
the latter genus, there is a distinct excavation between the eye and
the fissure. The Dytiscidae in general have a tendency to hold the
antennae in repose, against the underside of the head.

in the Carabidae the relation between the eye and the fissure
varies considerably. In the Lebiid genus Agra, the eye is wholly
posterior to the latter, whereas in Anisodactylus the fissure extends
to about the posterior two-thirds of the eye. This relation is
probably correlated with the feeding habits of the beetles. The
fissure is apparently always rounded at its posterior extremity.

In Silphomorpha, Sphallomorpha, and Pseudomorpha the an-
tennae are long and filiform as in the other families of the Adeph-
aga; whereas in Adelotopus, they are very short and strongly fusi-
form, much more clavate than in many genera of the clavicorn
family Staphylinidae. Other indications of association with that
family are not lacking. The genera Sitlphomorpha and Sphallo-
morpha were separated by Westwood and later made synonymous.
They seem to the author, however, to be worthy of maintenance.
Westwood distinguished them by the presence of a broad, rather
indistinct tooth in the species assembled in Stlphomorpha. In addi-
tion, these species are characterized by a more or less distinct angu-
lation of the gular sutures. Variability in the form of the gular
sutures is frequent in the Staphylinidae, especially in the Lathrobia,
but, as far as the author is aware, is unknown in the Carabidae.
The Cryptobia, also, are recalled in the densely pubescent spots
found on two of the abdominal segments in the males of Pseudo-
morpha.

The species of Silphomorpha are all uniform in coloration—
dark piceous to nearly black. The species of Sphallomorpha are
variegated with pale maculae, vittae, or margins.

In Pseudomorpha, the only genus known from the western hemi-
sphere, the form is elongate, parallel or nearly so and moderately
convex, and the color varies from castaneous to nearly black.

The legs are very short, with strongly developed femora in all
the genera of the family.

In the Australian genera Adelotopus, Cainogenion, Silphomorpha,
and Sphallomorpha, the form is more variable. Many species of
Adelotopus are very elongate and cylindrical, resembling the bark
beetles of the family Scolytidae. In Sphallomorpha the form is
broad, oval, and depressed like that of the Gyrinidae and the

ART. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—-NOTMAN 3

Dytiscidae. In Adelotopus, also, many of the species are varie-
gated with maculae or fasciae of red.

The genus Hydroporomorpha is known from Africa. Paussotro-
pus' and Cryptocephalomorpha from the East Indies. Pseudo-
morpha is also known from Australia.

Paussotropus in addition to characters mentioned in the synopsis
is distinguished by very short tarsi and the absence of a posterior
prolongation of the prosternum.

The habits of the Pseudomorphidae are not well known. Many of
the Australian species are found under the bark of Hucalyptus trees.
Adelotopus has been found with ants and is believed by Sloane to
feed on them.? Some species, probably of Sphallomorpha, have been
found on flowers and doubtless lead to their association with the
Lebias.

Though not closely related to the subject of this paper, it may not
be out of place in connection with a suggested rearrangement of the
Adephaga, to call attention to the structure of the mouth in Pasi-
machus. The suture between the mentum and the submentum is
very strongly developed and the maxillary fissure is much reduced.
Elsewhere in the Carabidae, even in the Searitini, where Pasimachus
is placed by the systematists, the fissure extends some distance behind
the mentum with a distinct apical arcuation inward, forming a dis-
tinct submentum, but in Pasimachus the fissure ends at the base of
the mentum. In reality it reaches the base of the mentum only as ¢
suture, for the basal half of the mentum is continuous with the gena
and the fissure is open only for the apical half. Throughout the
Carabidae, to the extent of the author’s observations, the fissure is
open downwards, so that considerable vertical motion is possible in
the movement of the maxilla. In Pasimachus the mentum conceals
the fissure from beneath and motion in the fissure must be altogether
horizontal. These peculiarities of mouth structure, together with
the large mandibles and the posterior position of the eyes, seem to
afford strong grounds for erecting a distinct family for this and
allied genera.

In closing this brief discussion of the Pseudomorphidae, one
further point may be indicated. The mandibles are without visible
scrobes. Dissection shows that this is due to the greater development
of the lower edge of the mandibles; a structure corresponding to
the upper edge of the scrobe, appearing as an arcuate carina on the
upper surface. ‘This recalls the expansion of the lower edge of
the scrobe in the Carabid genus Letstus. Whether the absence of
the scrobe in the two Lebiid genera Pentagonica and Onota is due to

1 See footnote 4 on p. 5.

2Arthur M. Lea. Australian and Tasmanian Coleoptera inhabiting or resorting to
the Nests of Ants, Bees, and Termites. Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, n. s. vol. 28, 1911,
pp. 116—230.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

a similar development of the lower edge or not could not be ascer-
tained from lack of material, but it seems probable that it is.

The rearrangement of the Adephaga here suggested seems to bring
into greater prominence characters of importance, while, perhaps,
taking less account of habits of life.

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the follow-
ing for the loan of specimens, suggestive comment, or for permission
to examine type material: To the British Museum, through the kind-
ness of G. J. Arrow; to the United States National Museum, through
the kindness of Dr. E. A. Schwarz; to the American Museum of
Natural History, through the kindness of Dr. F. E. Lutz; to the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, through the kindness
of Dr. Henry Skinner; to the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
through the kindness of Nathan Banks; to Col. Thomas L. Casey,
Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, the Messrs. H. C. Fall, Charles Schaeffer,
A. B. Champlain, and Prof. E. B. Poulton. The author is especially
indebted to Charles Schaeffer for his encouragement and assistance
in undertaking this study and in continuing it to completion.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE ADEPHAGA ®

1. Mentum and submentum not separated by a suture___________________ 2,
Mentum and submentum separated by a distinct suture______-________ 3

2. Head with antennal grooves beneath__________________ Pseudomorphidae.
Head without antennal grooves beneath___________________ Amphizoidae.
3. Metasternum without an antecoxal piece; prolonged in a triangular process
posteriorly ieee ane Ltd Oe ah ee ERP oR 4

Metasternum with an antecoxal piece, separated by a well-marked suture. 5
4. Antennae irregular, very short; abdomen with seven segments; eyes four.

Gyrinidae.
Antennae slender, filiform or setaceous; abdomen with six segments; eyes
EVV. SAE AAA EIA ENE REN SR RP Set ND oe eet ov he ore Dytiscidae.
5. Antecoxal piece of the metasternum not extending from one side to the
Other ini b.wt eeio) oe Aeticy Rg Coe) er eee Hygrobiidae.
Antecoxal piece extending from one side to the other__________________ 6
6. Antennae arising on the sides of the head between the eyes and the
BYDRTN TPO ae a Ee aa IN ee BN a UR Rp te
Antennae arising on the front between the eyes and above the mandi-
10) 2X oe ROSES TS ARS EEO RD yee Kein LS Om Sm Pet Etch) Bae ob © US EP EE PURE AE ee gl te 9
%. Seutellum) ;present. 22222) 222 ot bes roo Poe aac hie pean i reggae ve ae 8
Seutellum) absent jo. 2 i es ot ee Omophronidae.

8. Maxillary fissures not extending to the mental suture, concealed from below
fap OY SY 0 G2 a, 0 pe aa nO oh lh crue es 2 ee eR WT Tan hs ee Pasimachidae.
Maxillary fissures surpassing the mental suture, open beneath__ Carabidae.

9. Antennae 10-jointed. Hind coxae with large plates almost concealing the

abdomen. Head vertical. Mandibles not prominent________ Haliplidae.
Antennae 11-jointed. Head vertical, with prominent mandibles. Hind
COXAESC WaT O Mi aT ea at ee Cicindelidae.

3 Certain authors have discussed adephagous affinities of the Paussidae, Rhyssodidae,
and Cupesidae (Burmeister 1841, Raffray 1885, Escherich 1899, Peyerimhoff 1902,
Desneux 1905, Boving 1907, and Forbes 1923), but these families are here omitted as
too aberrant for inclusion.

art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 5

The following are the principal papers dealing with the Pseudo-
morphidae, more especially the earlier species:

Kirspy, Witt1AM.—A Description of some Insects which appear to exemplify
Mr. William S. MacLeay’s Doctrine of Affinity and Analogy. Trans. Linn.
Soe. London, vol. 14, 1825, pp. 93-110.

WEstwoop, J. O.—Illustrations of the Relationships existing amongst Natural
Objects, usually termed Affinity and Analogy, selected from the Class of
Insects. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1841, pp. 409-421.

WEstwoop, J. O.—Pseudomorpha et Adelotopus, genera duo anomalia e familia
Carabidarum synoptice tractata. Rev. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, 1853, pp. 395-410.

MacLeay, W., Jr.—Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Coleoptera from
Port Denison. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, 1864, pp. 106-130.

DE CASTELNAU, Count F.—Notes on Australian Coleoptera. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Victoria, vol. 8, 1868, pp. 95-225.

MacLray, W.—Notes on a Collection of Insects from Gayudah. Trans. Ent.
Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, 1871, pp. 79-205.

Horn, G. H.—Miscellaneous Notes and short Studies of North American Coleop-
tera. Trans. American Ent. Soc., vol. 10, 1882-83, pp. 269-312.

MacLeay, W.—The Insects of King’s Sound and its vicinity.

Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, doc. 3, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 443-480, 1888,

The following key of the genera is based on the original descrip-
tions only in the case of Paussotropus and Hydroporomorpha since
no specimens of the species in those two genera could be obtained for
examination. They are marked with an asterisk to indicate this fact.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE PSEUDOMORPHIDAE

1 EVESESUPEEIO Rs 1M POST GTOTEAL Re UTE Foe acd Ci ie ee SI OE SUPE NS CPO Pe
PH VESMIAteraliiin y DPOSiETOmess 2c ees Eee ie Oe ee eas
Head with a continuous margin beneath the eye. Prosternum not depressed
lo ebninc fithe Come Lecabee Ss eA et EYEE a eR ee Adelotopus Hope.
Head with the margin interrupted beneath the eye. Prosternum depressed
behind the coxae. A prominent process between the eye and the maxil-

Layee SSure st teak Mile he Pelle A ieee BP Cainogenion, new genus.
3. Head defiexed. Front very convex. Mouth inferior__________________ 4.
Headmhorizontals. Mouth santeriori. oe Sat ee ee ee ee D

4. Labrum and mandibles invisible from in front. Eyes angulate beneath.
Cryptocephalomorpha Ritsema.

Labrum and mandibles visible from in front. Eyes round.
* Paussotropus * Waterhouse.
5. Eyes angulate beneath. Head with short antennal grooves; not surpassing
Es IN OVS re NP er Pseudomorpha Kirby.
Eyes round. Head with long antennal grooves, far surpassing the eyes. 6
6. Mentum entire. Ventral segments four____ * Hydroporomorpha Westwood.
Mentum emarcinate:! Ventraliisesments! Sixa {oboe eee (

*QOne species of this genus is known, P. parallelus Waterhouse. Trans. Ent. Soc.,
London, 1877, p. 3. Im response to an inquiry concerning this species, Mr. G. J. Arrow
writes: “As to Paussotropus there appears to have been a mistake, * * *. The
type specimen bears the locality ‘“Batchian,’” but this evidently incorrect, for we have
since acquired two specimens taken by Dt. Boulay in West Australia and one labeled
‘Adelaide.’ * * * The form of the head is very remarkable. The eye is nearly
circular and placed laterally, its anterior edge just reaching the front margin of the
head, but the declivity of the head is elevated immediately in front of the eye and forms
a peculiar cup-shaped lobe as seen from the side.’’

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Mentum with a short broad tooth. Gular sutures strongly angulate.
Color uniform :piceous)or black? 222-222 te Silphomorpha Westwood.
Mentum without a tooth. Gular sutures not angulate. Elytra maculate
or vittate or with broad pale margins (metallic green in speciosa Pascoe).
Sphallomorpha Westwood.

Genus ADELOTOPUS Hope

The following key was prepared in large part from the original

descriptions only. Such species as could not be identified in the
material at hand are marked with an asterisk. Specimens of Adelo-
topus dytiscoides Newman, Adelotopus ipsoides Westwood, and
Adelotopus rubiginosus Newman which had been compared with
the types were obtained through the kindness of G. J. Arrow, of
the British Museum, who also compared a specimen from the collec-
tion of the American Museum of Natural History with the type of
Adelotopus gyrinoides Hope and identified it as that species.
Complete descriptions are given for those species only, believed to
be undescribed.

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS ADLOTOPUS HOPE

i, lead with two; horn-like ‘tubercles _s 2) Pane * cornutus Castelnau.

Head: without jtubercless 2.215 va bea 2 ee A a 2

2. Whole upper surface setose, with pale erect hairs______ * analis MacLeay.

Upper surface not :Setosests be aes: oo hee Se ee ee 3

3. Head with intraorbital setigerous punctures____________ *insignis Sloane.

Head without intraorbital setigerous punctures_______________________ 4

4. form very broad. Thorax three times as broad as long. Elytra about

as) long \as broad 2 2 aha. 6 e Ses a ale ee ee eee *celeripes Lea.

Form elongate. Elytra distinctly to strongly elongate. Thorax not more

than’ twice vas road’: ast Vor gee fet ce ped oe eas Seen EE pe ea a

5; blytra unicolorousjornr. nearly sos. 2 etl ewes see 6

Elytra bicolored; maculate, fasciate or with apex rather broadly and defi-

Nitely Teda 2 on eis Wa le ts ee ee one 25

6. Color black or piceous black 22st sie of tee tae ee eae 7

Color palecastaneous or: brownishs-* 3222 2s5) = ses eee ee eee 19

7. Bivtra with: punctationvextremely minute 22-5232 ee 8

Blytra distinctly, punctate.), Abdomen, red2222-- 255302 se eee 18

8. Elytra with the minute punctation variolose. Thorax twice as wide

BS LOW ok a et ee bee tert ua ee aly BE ea ae * variolosus Lea.

Hlytralspunctation not variolose=]—22= 2) 28 = ee eee 9

9. Thorax with all the angles very acute. Form elongate. Elytra three

times! -the Jeneth of wthe* thoraxs— 1450s aes * elongatulusMacLeay.

Thorax with the posterior angles much less distinect_.____---_------_--_-~- 10

10; Abdomen ferrucinous) or red. ee eee alal

Abdomen blackor*piceous blacket =} kes ee ee 13

11; Kormielongate; narrower.) 2 2 ee eee *tasmani Blackburn

Form ‘broader. 5. a Re a TE Ne Lae ie ee 12
12. Seutellum and margins of thorax and elytra paler, piceous.

* scolytides Newman.
Scutellum and margins of thorax and elytra not paler.
hydrobioides Westwood.

art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN re

13. Size larger. 9 mm. Basal margin of elytra entire, attaining the

SCOUT (cM UT om ace pe TO a di as ea I a 8 oe ke 14
Size smaller, not more than 7 mm. Basal margin of elytra abbreviated,
NOt ibteiMinostHeyaSCuce uma: me Us ee a ee ee 15
SHEARS PINT 15 hi Sea hn aa ian iE ae ne 9 A OL mastersi Macleay.
Alta CEOS SITIO O TP ACC es tel eee ee A ee dytiscoides Newman.
15. Elytra shorter, twice the length of the thorax. Form ovate.
* brevipennis MacLeay.
Elytra longer, nearly three times the length of thorax. Form narrower__ 16
16. Form narrower, more cylindrical. Abdomen black____ niger, new species.
Horn broad erwmonresdenresse dss ee es ee ee lig
17. Thorax much broader, more than twice as broad as long. Abdomen black.
* vicinus Castelnau.
Thorax narrower, not more than twice as broad as long. Abdomen paler,
DL CCOUS Hee Ree E De oe See nena ee ee as gyrinoides Hope.
183 Mhorax narrower than, the elytra coon ee ee occidentalis Castelnau.
Thorax as wide as the elytra. Suture subcarinate apically.
*micans Blackburn.
19. Alutaceous, rather opaque. Head deeply immersed in the thorax.
* brunneus Castelnau.
TSEC OVER Dy SY GUL UU ON = ee ge, See ene Se tO ey ae 20
20: Densely punctate, though shining_~_—+-—--__~ + *punctatus Castelnau
Punctation rather sparse or wanting__________ ee 6 es a ae oe WAL
HIE SIZeR SI LET wa OMG, os pT TN eee oe eee ee ee ee 22
SUZ MET CT dC mT TV ae eee ee ee ee ee 23
22. Color ferruginous, uniform. Thorax and elytra of equal width. Very
minutely punctate and feebly striate____________ rubiginosus Newman.
Color pale, rufo-piceous, a little darker on head and thorax. Very shining,
impunctate. Elytra a little narrower than thorax____* laevis Macleay.
23. Form broader. Thorax two-thirds wider than long. Sides subparallel
posteriorly, rounded anteriorly. Punctation fine but distinct. Size
GG pT Ss ks bk ee I CEB 2 BG eet Se Te a aphodioides Westwood.
ormmelon gare: Gy lineiricailesss ere See RR is eee wee 24
24. Thorax nearly as long as broad. Elytra slightly narrower than thorax.
Punctation very indistinct. Size 6 mm__________ *longipennis MacLeay.
Thorax rather strongly transverse, aS wide as elytra, sides straight, nar-
rowed from the base. Punctation more distinct. Size 4 mm.
castaneus Castelnau.
25. Elytra with the apex more or less broadly reddish_____________________ 26
MiviraymaAculatey Or TASCLALCs smear eo See a Aa hy alee Sn citi 33
26. More or less alutaceous and dull. Form elongate, cylindrical, parallel.
hoa MOMS LaLa TO ACen een NS Re ee * linearis MacLeay.
ROU DTN OTE Dt chad 8 MAL Zs ok ped 2 ee ol Nie bl ataer are gh sla Bagchee BEL Cg 27
2 hhorax subquadrate, or longer thanvbroadss 22222 i lis, Wai iste 2
Thoraxgdistinetlyatrans verses sts s 2 a eerpen bel Dihles ergy pe ge 29
28. Thorax longer than wide. Apical third or half of the elytra red.
* filiformis Macleay.
Thorax subquadrate. Elytral apex less broadly red.
nemosomoides Westwood.
29F Horm) broader, Tesstoblonewe eel ality oe a apicalis Macleay.
Kormenarnower, (more: paralicles i — .tehwes sede Love a 30
SOn NOTH TA VUNCLALC == 6. see nee ae oi a A ee MS 31

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

31. Elytra with sides nearly straight and distinctly narrowed posteriorly.

Elytral truncations slightly emarginate__-_--__-_~_ * jacobsoni Ritsema.
Elytra with sides parallel, slightly arcuate. Elytral truncations feebly
UTC ULE EC eas ae acs eh haemorrhoidalis Hrichson.

32. Thorax punctate medially. Elytral punctation duplex, not regularly se-
riate.’’ Hlytra’about- half red-_ puncticollis, new species.
Thorax punctate laterally only. Elytra with nine regular rows of punc-
tures: uA pex Ted] == 2262 ee serie-punctatus, new species.

$3. Dlytra mseulatel «40 ie) oie ore ea ee ia ba 34
Blytra’ fasclate 2% oe 254 a EE Se ee eh eee 35.
34. Elytra with a large, common red macula____--__ * maculipennis Macleay.
Elytra with a red macula on the center of each____ * bimaculatus Macleay.

35." Thorax “wider? than ely tras a) eis eS ee 3
Thorax not wider than "elytra 2 Fo ee a ee er ee a 3h

36. Form broader. Basal fascia not extending to one-half the length of the
elytra: 8h e Poe EU hee Sus alle tl eens a NO ES EES SEE affinis Castelnau.
Form elongate, cylindrical. Thorax narrowed anteriorly. Elytra with two
fasciae. Basal-fascia much narrower_----------- * gonatus Castelnau.

37. Thorax about as long as wide, not narrowed in frent. Basal fascia covering
two-thirds of the elytra. Form elongate, cylindrical.

* fasciatus Castelnau.

Thorax transverse, much narrowed in front. Elytra short. Form broader.

* papuanus Gestro.

ADELOTOPUS NIGER, new species

Form elongate, cylindrical, subparallel, nearly three times as long
as broad; widest at the middle; sides feebly and evenly arcuate.
Color black. Margins of thorax and elytra very finely picescent.
Legs, antennae, and mouth parts picescent. Head subimpunctate.
Thorax and elytra rather minutely and sparsely and irregularly
punctate. Elytra without striae. Suture feebly elevated at apex.
Head three-fourths the width of thorax. Thorax slightly more
than one-half wider than long. Apex arcuate; sides feebly arcuate
and narrowed from base to apex; base very feebly and broadly
emarginate. All angles rather narrowly rounded; anterior angles
projecting for about one-third the diameter of the eye. Sides rather
narrowly reflexed. Base not margined. Thorax not more coarsely
nor closely punctured apico-laterally. Elytra more than twice the
length of thorax; humeri rounded and less prominent than adjacent
thoracic base; basal margin subobsolete. Apical truncatures feebly
arcuate; outer apical angles broadly rounded; sutural moderately
narrowly rounded. Prosternum indistinctly and sparsely punc-
tured; abdomen rather coarsely and closely punctured laterally.
Length, 5.8 mm.; width, 2.1 mm.

Type—Australia (Koebele). Cat. No. 26168, U.S.N.M.

The apex of the thorax is quite distinctly more arcuate in this
species than in my new species A. puncticollis, and A. serie-punc-
tatus.

ART, 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 8)
ADELOTOPUS PUNCTICOLLIS, new species

Form elongate, cylindrical, subparallel, about two and one-half
times as long as wide; widest near the middle; sides distinctly and
evenly arcuate. Integuments very shining. Color black. Elytra
with posterior two-thirds red on the disk; the black extending some-
what broadly laterally to apical third. Margins of thorax and
elytra finely picescent. Mouth parts, antennae, legs, and abdomen
bright rufo-castaneous. Head two-thirds the width of thorax,
moderately convex, distinctly and rather irregularly punctate. Tho-
rax one-fourth wider than long, sides rather feebly arcuately nar-
rowed from base to apex; anterior angles projecting for about one-
third the diameter of the eye, narrowly rounded; sides narrowly
reflexed; basal angles rounded. Surface distinctly and irregularly
punctured, more coarsely and densely apico-laterally. Elytra
rather more than twice the length of thorax, distinctly and irregu-
larly punctured; punctures varying in size, the larger forming
irregular longitudinal series on basal portion. Basal margin
broadly interrupted medially. Striation very faint. Suture very
finely margined, feebly elevated close to the apex. Apical trun-
catures feebly arcuate; outer angles broadly rounded; sutural angles
very narrowly rounded. Sterna rather coarsely, sparsely, and
irregular punctured. Abdomen extremely minutely and sparsely
punctate and setulose. Length, 5 mm.; width, 2 mm.

Type.—Victoria (Hy Edwards Coll.). Collection of the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History.

ADELGTOPUS SERIE-PUNCTATUS, new species

Form elongate, cylindrical, slightly wider near elytral apex; sides
scarcely arcuate; rather more than twice as long as wide. Very
shining. Color black; elytral apex rather broadly red. Antennae,
mouth parts, legs, and abdomen bright rufo-castaneous. Head two-
thirds the width of thorax, moderately convex, impunctate. Thorax
rather more than one-fourth wider than long; sides rather dis-
tinctly narrowed anteriorly, feebly arcuate. Anterior angles closely
embracing the head but small, scarcely surpassing the posterior
margins of the eye, narrowly rounded. Side margins narrowly re-
flexed. Disk impunctate; sides with few rather coarse punctures,
more numerous near apical angles. Elytra twice the length of the
thorax; margins very narrowly reflexed; basal margin broadly
interrupted medially; disk with nine regular series of strong, asper-
ate punctures; finer near the apex. Striation completely obsolete;
suture very finely margined, distinctly elevated near the apex;
apical truncatures nearly straight; outer angles very broadly
rounded; sutural angles moderately narrowly rounded. Sterna

27393—25——_2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

coarsely, sparsely, and irregularly punctured. Abdomen with nu-
merous, distinct setulose punctures, finer and sparser on sixth seg-
ment. Length, 6 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.

Type—vVictoria (Hy Edwards Coll.). Collection of the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History.

The following species of Adelotopus are identified in the material

at hand:
ADELOTOPUS HYDROBIODES Westwood

Victoria—Coll. A.M.N.H.
ADELOTOPUS MASTERSI MacLeay
Forest Reef, New South Wales (Lea).—Coll. A.M.N.H.
ADELOTOPUS DYTISCOIDES Newman

Victoria (3), Tasmania (1), Victoria, Austral. (Edwards Coll.)
(5), New South Wales, Austral. (Edwards Coll.), Mt. Lofty Rgs.
S. H. Curnow (Lea) (4).—Coll. A.M.N.H.

Australia (Koebele) (5).—Coll. U.S.N.M.

Nov. Holl. Austr. (Fry Coll.) 1905, 100.—Coll. Notman.

ADELOTOPUS GYRINOIDES Hope
Coll. A.M.N.H.
ADELOTOPUS OCCIDENTALIS Castelnau
Bridgetown (Lea).—Coll. A.M.N.H.
ADELOTOPUS RUBIGINOSUS Newman
Port Bowen, 75.22.—Coll. Notman.
ADELOTOPUS APHODIOIDES Westwood

South Australia, (5), Longreach, Queensland (A. M. Lea) (2).—
Coll. A.M.N.H. ;

Victoria.

ADELOTOPUS CASTANEUS Castelnau
Victoria (4), Longreach, Queensland (A. M. Lea) (2).—Coll.
A.M.N.H.
ADELOTOPUS NEMOSOMOIDES Westwood
Victoria.—Coll. A.M.N.H.
ADELOTOPUS APICALIS MacLeay
Victoria, Hobart, Tasmania (Lea), inquiline—Coll. A.M.N.H.
ADELOTOPUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS Erichson
Victoria (2).—Coll. A.M.N.H.
ADELOTOPUS AFFINIS Castelnau

Cairns, Q. (A. M. Lea).—Coll. A.M.N.H.

ART. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN i}
CAINOGENION, new genus

Genotype—Adelotopus ipsoides Westwood.

Front margin of head not continuous beneath eye, where it is in-
terrupted by a vertical groove which descends to base of antenna
but is apparently not an antennal groove. Eyes rounded oval with
the long axis nearly vertical. Antennae very short, stout, fusiform,
strongly compressed. That portion of the gena between eye and
maxillary fissure supporting a large projecting process with a trun-
cate apex.

Carinate median projection of prosternum strongly depressed
behind coxae so that posterior extremity is in contact with mesoster-
num, not raised above it by a vertical edge as in Adelotopus.

Thorax and elytra coarsely and deeply punctured.

Posterior angles of thorax produced posteriorly.

The separation of this genus from Adelotopus was suggested by
Newman.’ It seems abundantly distinct by the characters given
above.

In the following synopsis such species as could not be identified
in the material at hand are marked with an asterisk, their position
being determined from the original description only.

KEY OF SPECIES OF GENUS CAINOGENION

1. Prosternum not carinate, obtusely elevated posteriorly________________ 2
Prosternum with a strong median carina on posterior half____________ +

2. Sides of thorax subangulate anteriorly. Color rufotestaceous.
* eylindricum Chaudoir.
Sides of thorax evenly rounded. Color darker, with a pale basal area on

CU ok ee YY EN Oe Ra ee Fea AC Sh eee ee ee: WON 3

3. Integuments finely granulate throughout______________ * bicolor Castelnau.
Integuments smooth and shining though punctate_____ ephippiatum Newman.

4, Elytra strongly punctured throughout________________ obscurum Castelnau.
Hlytra with humeral, lateral or apical areas much less distinctly punc-
GUE gee Beis Fn ee ee STOR La eee Sib ies Wg tO et te 5

5. Humeri only impunctate. Form more elongate__ * creberrimum Blackburn.
Humeri, sides, and apex impunctate or nearly so______ ipsoides Westwood.

The following species of Cainogenion are identified in the material
at hand:
CAINOGENION EPHIPPIATUM Newman

Victoria (5)—Coll. A. M. N. H.

° Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1856, vol. 3, new series, p. 127.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 87

CAINOGENION OBSCURUM MacLeay

New South Wales, Austral. (Edwards Coll.) (8), Albury, New
South Wales.
(A. M. Lea, Beltana, Nov. 30, 1887 (Lea).—Coll. A. M. N. H.
New South Wales, Australia, Jan., 1901, Geo. Compere, Collector
(2).—Coll. U.S. N.M. i

CAINOGENION IPSOIDES Westwood

Victoria (4).—Coll. A. M. N. H.
Melbourne (Bowring 63.47*), Adelaide (Bowring 63.47*) —Coll.
Notman.
Genus CRYPTOCEPHALOMORPHA Ritsema

It is uncertain whether Adelotopus collaris Waterhouse, frow
Siam, should be placed in this genus. It is the only species de-
scribed from anywhere but Australia, whereas Cryptocephalomorpha
gaverei Ritsema is known from Java.° If examination of the type
shows the species to belong here, it may be distinguished as follows.
A specimen of Cryptocephalomorpha marginatus Westwood
(=gaverei Ritsema), which has been compared with the type, was
obtained through the kindness of G. J. Arrow, of the British
Museum.

KEY OF SPECIES OF GENUS CRYPPTOCEPHALOMORPHA RITSEMA
Elytra each with a round yellow macula—________________ collaris Waterhouse.
Hlytra each with an oblique red maculal22222 4) te gaverei Ritsema.

Genus PSEUDOMORPHA Kirby

The material at hand in this genus includes representatives of
all the described species with the exception of cylindrica Casey
from North America and /aevissima Chaudoir, gerstaeckert Chau-
doir, and argentina Steinheil, from South America. The author
was kindly allowed the privilege of examining the type of cylin-
drica in the collection of its describer.

Laevissima Chaudoir, gerstaeckert Chaudoir and hubbardi Not-
man, are probably distinguishable by an impunctuate thorax. The
remaining species fall into several series by characters of the head.
In angustata Horn, champlaini Notman, schwarzi Notman, con-
fusa Notman, and cylindrica Casey, there is a well-marked trans-
verse row of coarser punctures on the occiput which is lacking or
indistinct in the others, including hwbbardi Notman,. In another
series the front margin of the head between the eye and the base
of the mandibles forms a very distinct lobe, which is arcuate and
usually more prominent at its anterior end near the mandibles.
In cronkhitet Horn and excrucians Kirby, the apex of the lobe is

*Ritsema, Tijds. v. Ent., vol. 22, 1878-1879, pp. Ixxxvii—lxxxviii.

ART. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN rg

truncate and about equally prominent at either end. This series
includes angustata Horn and the related species, champlaini Not-
man, schwarzi Notman, also the species lacordairei Depan, arrowi
Notman, behrenst Horn, castanea Casey, vindicata Notman, and
hubbardi Notman. Another interesting character which it was
not found necessary to use in the synoptic analysis is found in the
margination of the base of the thorax. In the species pilatei
Chaudoir, tenebroides Notman, alutacea Notman, vandykei Not-
nan, consanguinea Notman, the thorax is finely margined medially
at base. This margin is beaded with the setigerous punctures which
are found in a series around the lateral edges of both thorax and
elytra. The other species are without this margin with the excep-
tion of confusa Notman. In the type of the latter the base of the
thorax is finely and completely margined. The margin is not, how-
ever, beaded with the setigerous punctures. In the anqgustata series
the head is distinctly less transverse than in the other species.
The elytral punctuation in confusa Notman, and hubbardi Not-
man, is simple, consisting of rows of coarse punctures only. In
the others the punctures are both coarse and fine, the coarse in
rows but the fine sometimes without distinct arrangement. The
anal setigerous punctures exhibit a large amount of variability.
The number often differs on either side in individuals. Some have
but two on either side; others as many as five. The latter was
found to be the number in a male excrucians Kirby and a female
behrenst Horn. There appears to be no difference in the number
between the sexes. The number averages lowest in angustata
Horn, and its relatives.

The proportions of the thorax are often deceptive and therefore
more or less unreliable on account of a tendency to distortion through
warping of the integuments.

KE. A. Schwarz, who has made a study of the genus, kindly turned
over his notes to the author. Characters ofésystematic value, the
transverse row of coarse punctures on the head and the variation in
the width of the pubescent spots on the third and fourth abdominal
segments of the male, are indicated by him. The former character
is made use of in the synopsis of the species. The male character
will distinguish schwarzi Notman and champlaini Notman from
angustata Horn, the spots being narrower in the former.

Dr. Schwarz writes that the Pseudomorphas are numerous in their
habitat, but are difficult to capture. They live in dead leaves and
move with great agility, assisted by the numerous setae with which
they are provided. They are easy to capture on cloth when attracted
to ight. <A large series was collected by Dr. E. EK. Lutz in Arizona
by the latter method.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

In the following synopsis the species known only from the original
descriptions are marked with an asterisk. Pseudomorpha argentina
Steinheil is omitted because of the impossibility of placing it by the
original description. Complete descriptions are given only for the
species believed to be undescribed.

KBY TO SPECIES OF GENUS PSEUDOMORPHA KIRBY

1. Elytra with five distinct longitudinal sulecations on the disk.
falli, new species.

Hy trawithout Suleations S158 FS ee ee eee 2
p?Aopaed Wh Ka ok Yo. Gp 0). V LOK HX = Yolen acne runs Eee Mri veer ars a a 5
Thorax "Impunctate fea = Reid Se hE Eee eee ee ee 3
3. Elytraimpunceate is a ae ee eee * lgevissima Chaudoir.
Ely tra. wpunetate est at. spel p: erst ween bas ae ee ee eee 4
Ae SRY VRE Are PAT MC aes eee * werstaeckeri Chaudoir.
Elytra distinctly narrowed posteriorly_____________ hubbardi, new species.
5. Head with a distinct transverse row of coarser punctures on vertex____ 18
Head without a distinct transverse row of coarser punctures on vertex__ 6
6. Head with rather prominent preocular clypeal lobe____________________ 12
Head without distinct preocular clypeal lobe______-_______-___________ i
7. Elytra shining, not at all alutaceous, punctuation finer____ pilatei Chaudoir.
Hlytra Jess) shining,’ distinctly jalutaccous = ss ee ee eee 8

8. Form more elongate parallel, cylindrical; head large, three-fourths the
width of the thorax; sides of the thorax subparallel__ tenebroides, new species.
Form broader; head proportionally much smaller; thorax distinctly nar-
rowed. anteriorly 2202 2 We pes ee tas ae es De ee 9
9. Form rather short, parallel; elytra with the second, fourth, sixth, eighth,
and ninth series composed of coarser punctures; the fourth and sixth
somewhat abbreviated basally____________-_______ alutacea, new species.
Form a little more slender, distinctly narrowed posteriorly_________-____ 10
10. Elytra with rows of punctures finer throughout and somewhat indistinct.
Form rather less convex. Thorax shorter and head smaller.
vicina, new species.
Hlytra with distinct rows of ‘coarser punctures=2 2) eee ia
11. Thorax more transverse. Sides more rounded and narrowed anteriorly.
Elytra with three rows of coarser punctures, all abbreviated basally.
Outer two not reaching the'middile=“) 2200 ine? van dykei, new species.
Thorax less transverse, less narrowed anteriorly. Elytra with the second,
fourth, sixth, and eighth series of coarser punctures subentire. First
and second series also with coarser punctures_ consanguinea, new species.

12. Hlvytrav finely: alutaceous less) shininga os a. 2s ee ee ee eee 13
Elytra not. alutaceous, sstronely, Shining!: 22 2 > se eee eee eee 16
13. Form distinctly narrowed! posteriorly.0s) 4 ea eee ae 14
Form paralleliisd: ect 20h ey cept ety _epivesss SU teat ee See Ee ee 15
14. Elytral punctuation very fine, subobsolete______________ cronkhitei Horn.
Elytra with eight rows of punctures. The seventh of fine, the others of
course: punctures =o. 222 ee ee, ee eee vindicata, new species.

15. Elytra with the rows of punctures confused on the disk____ behrensi Horn.

Elytra with the rows of punctures distinct throughout__ castanea Casey.
16. Thorax more coarsely and densely punctured apico-medially.
arrowi, new species.

Thorax not. PUNCtULed:. ASA DO VCS ee a a a nur

art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 15

17. Color rufous. Elytra blackish piceous. Thorax less transverse. Elytra

less Melon caterer | eit oe ds Be ee excrucians Kirby.
Color above entirely blackish piceous. Thorax more transverse. Elytra
MOTE EC ONL Cme re ee eae | Ee et lacordairei Dejean.

18. Elytra finely alutaceous, less shining, with nine rows of coarse punctures.
confusa, new species.

Bilytrawnotalutaceous, strongly, shining). 020226) et 19
19. Form very elongate, cylindrical. Head scarcely narrower than thorax.
Elytra with two rows of coarser punctures__________ cylindrica Casey.
Form broader. Head distinctly narrower than the thorax_____________ 20
20. Head larger, about two-thirds the width of thorax. Elytra with a single
ROW Of COaTSer PUNCLUTES: Near Suture {- sees oe angustata Horn.
Head smaller, scarcely more than one-half the width of thorax. Elytra

Pe WLEMe LWVOPROWSE OL COATSEE UNCLUTCS = seen SSN oe eee 21
21. Unicolorous above. Thorax more transverse, with sides more strongly
ARO ADU ONG MEY laden Ue aa a ae ee A A fae Sek ee ea te champlaini, new species.
Head and thorax rufous; elytra blackish piceous. Thorax less transverse,
with sides less strongly rounded. Size smaller___ schwarzi, new species.

PSEUDOMORPHA FALLI, new species

Form rather slender and cylindrical. Color dark castaneous.
Integuments finely alutaceous, moderately shining. Head with
sparse, fine punctuation; thoracic punctuation sparse, fine, and very
indistinct; a few faint rugae postero-laterally. Elytra with eight
rows of strong, coarse punctures, somewhat abbreviated basally; a
few fine punctures in the intervals or in the rows of coarser punc-
tures. Discal intervals distinctly longitudinally impressed. Head
large, two-thirds the width of thorax, rather more than twice as
wide as long; preocular lobes not distinct; clypeal suture not dis-
tinct. Antennae rather long, slightly surpassing anterior coxae.
Thorax twice as wide as long. Sides moderately narrowed ante-
riorly, evenly and not strongly arcuate; a faint longitudinal median
impressed line. Base not margined at any point. Elytra scarcely
visibly wider than thorax, three times as long as latter. Sides par-
allel; apices truncate; outer angles rounded, inner narrowly rounded.
Length, 6.4 mm.; width, 2.7 mm.

Male-—Densely pubescent spot at the middle of the fourth and
fifth ventral segments about one-seventh the width of the segment.

Type.—Male. San Diego County, California. Jacumba, July 1,
190%.) G. Hs W. Collection ot H.C. Fall

PSEUDOMORPHA HUBBARDI, new species. (Schwarz Mss.)

Form rather broad and depressed. Color varying from pale fer-
ruginous to blackish piceous. Integuments above finely alutaceous.
Head with two or three punctures near eye. Thorax impunctate.
Elytra with four rows of coarse punctures, rather widely spaced.
Head three-fifths the width of thorax, about twice as wide as long.
Preocular lobe somewhat distinct; clypeal suture feebly marked.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Antennae short, not surpassing the anterior coxae. Thorax twice
as wide as long, as wide as elytra; apex feebly emarginate; anterior
angles very broadly rounded; sides rounded and convergent ante-
riorly; posterior angles broadly rounded; margins finely reflexed ;
base finely margined medially; a fine median carina behind the mid-
dle. Elytra about three-fifths longer than wide, scarcely more
than twice the length of thorax, distinctly narrowed posteriorly;
apex obliquely truncate; outer angles broadly rounded, inner rather
narrowly rounded; suture feebly elevated apically. Length, 6.75-
7.75 mm.; width, 3-3.5 mm.

Male.—Densely pubescent spot at the middle of the fourth and
fifth ventral segments, about one-seventh the width of the segment.

Type—Male. Allotype and 1 paratype (female), Rincon Moun-
tains, Arizona. July, 1907. Collection of the author.

Paratype (female). Rincon Mountains, Arizona. July, 1907.
Collection of the British Museum.

Paratype (female). Rincon Mountains, Arizona. July, 1907.
Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Paratype (female). Tucson, Arizona. July 21, 1913 (Shreve).
Collection of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Penn-
sylvania.

Paratype (female). Huachuca Mountains, Arizona (Palm Coll.).
Collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Four paratypes (2 males, 2 females). Fort Grant, Arizona.
July 12, 15, and 23 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz). Collection of the
United States National Museum.

Paratypes.—Cat. No. 26169, N.S.N.M.

PSEUDOMORPHA TENEBROIDES, new species. (Schwarz Mss.)

Form elongate, parallel, cylindrical. Color dark rufo-piceous.
Integuments finely alutaceous, rather feebly shining. Head and
thorax with fine, irregularly scattered punctures. Elytra finely and
sparsely punctured with four rows of widely separated coarse punc-
tures; the three outer rows much abbreviated basally. Head large,
three-fourths the width of thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular
lobe not at all prominent; clypeal suture obsolete. Antennae moder-
ate in length, slightly surpassing the anterior coxae. Thorax one-
half wider than long, as wide or slightly narrower than elytra, sides
straight and parallel behind the middle, feebly convergent and
arcuate anteriorly. Apex feebly emarginate; anterior angles not
prominent, posterior angles rounded; a faint median carina at base;
base feebly margined medially. Elytra two and one-half times as
long as the thorax, twice as long as wide; sides parallel or slightly
divergent posteriorly, straight to apical three-fourths; margins very

ArT. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 17

finely reflexed; suture feebly elevated apically; apices obliquely
truncate; outer angles broadly rounded, inner moderately rounded.
Length, 8 mm.; width 3 mm.

Male.—Densely pubescent spot on the middle of the fourth and
fifth segments, broad, a little more than one-fourth the width of the
segment.

Type-——Male. Tucson, Arizona. June 22 (Coll. Hubbard and
Schwarz). Cat. No. 26170, U.S.N.M.

PSEUDOMGRPHA ALUTACEA, new species

Form rather short, parallel, moderately convex. Color dark rufo-
piceous. Integuments above finely alutaceous. Head and thorax
finely and sparsely punctured. Elytral punctuation as given in the
synopsis. Head about three-fifths the width of the thorax, twice as
wide as long. Preocular lobe not prominent; clypeal suture rather
distinctly impressed throughout. Antennae rather long, surpassing
considerably the anterior coxae. Thorax about four-fifths wider than
long. Apex feebly emarginate; anterior angles not prominent,
rounded. Sides moderately arcuate and convergent; posterior angles
rounded. Base finely margined medially; side margins finely
reflexed; sides moderately explanate anteriorly; a very fine and
almost entire median line, very feebly impressed. Elytra scarcely
more than twice the length of thorax, about one-half longer than
wide, sides parallel to apical two-thirds; suture broadly and feebly
prominent near the apex; apices obliquely truncate; angles rounded,
outer broadly. Length, 7.25 mm.; width, 3.25 mm.

Type—Female. Mesilla, New Mexico, 1897 (Cockerell). June
30. Cat. No. 26171, U.S.N.M.

PSEUDOMORPHA VICINA, new species

Form somewhat broad, moderately convex. Color dark piceo-cas-
taneous. Integuments very finely alutaceous, rather moderately
shining. Head very finely, sparsely, and indistinctly punctured.
Occipital row of punctures just traceable. Thorax subimpunctate
medially, distinctly punctate laterally. Elytra with nine or more
somewhat irregular rows of fine punctures, alternate rows of slightly
larger punctures. Head rather small, slightly more than half the
width of thorax, about twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes not
distinct; clypeal suture faintly impressed. Antennae rather short,
scarcely surpassing the anterior coxae. Thorax about twice as wide
as long, fully as wide as any part of elytra, rather strongly narrowed
anteriorly, with sides only moderately arcuate. Base not margined
at any point. Elytra about two and one-half times the length of
thorax. Sides distinctly narrowed posteriorly; nearly straight.

27398—25 3

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

Apices rather feebly truncate; outer angles broadly rounded; inner
angles also rather broadly rounded. Length, 7.5 mm.; width, 3.2 mm.
Male.—Densely pubescent spots on the third and fourth ventral
segments about one-seventh the width of the segment.
Type.—Male. San Diego County, California. Jacumba July 1,
1907. G. H. F. Paratype (male) Sutro, Nevada. Collection of
H. C. Fall.

PSEUDOMORPHA VAN DYKEI, new species

Form somewhat elongate, slightly depressed. Color blackish
piceous, margins paler. Integuments above finely alutaceous, some-
what feebly shining; head and thorax finely and rather sparsely
punctured; elytra punctured as given in the synopsis. Head three-
fifths the width of the thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes
not prominent; clypeal suture very indistinct. Antennae rather long,
surpassing considerably the anterior coxae. Thorax twice as wide
as long, as wide or wider than elytra. Apex feebly emarginate,
anterior angles rounded; sides broadly arcuate and convergent an-
teriorly, posterior angles rounded; sides rather broadly explanate,
with margin finely reflexed. Base finely margined medially, a fine
and feebly impressed median line anteriorly, a very faint and short
carina near the base. Elytra nearly two and one-half times the
length of the thorax, slightly more than one-half longer than wide;
sides distinctly convergent behind the middle, suture broadly and
feebly elevated on apical half; apices obliquely truncate, with the
angles rounded as usual. Length, 7.25 mm.; width, 3.5 mm.

Type.—Female. Santa Cruz Village, Cobabi Mountains, Arizona.
August 10-12, 1916. 32° 1’ N., 111° 54’ W., about 3,100 feet (Lutz)
collected at light. Collection of the American Museum of Natural
History.

PSEUDOMORPHA CONSANGUINEA, new species

Form slightly elongate, moderately convex. Color dark piceo-
castaneous. Integuments above finely alutaceous, rather feebly
shining. Head and thorax very finely and rather sparsely punc-
tured; elytra as given in the key. Head three-fifths the width of
thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobe not prominent;
clypeal suture distinctly impressed. Antennae rather long, sur-
passing the anterior coxae. Thorax about three-fourths wider than
long, as wide as or slightly wider than the elytra; apex feebly
emarginate; anterior angles rounded; sides moderately arcuate and
convergent; posterior angles rounded. Base finely margined me-
dially; sides scarcely explanate. A fine and much-abbreviated me-
dian line, feebly and broadly impressed. Elytra somewhat more
than twice the length of thorax, slightly more than one-half longer
than wide; sides distinctly convergent behind the middle; suture

arr, 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 19

broadly and feebly elevated behind the middle; apices truncate and
angles rounded as usual. Length, 9 mm.; width, 4 mm.
Type.——Male. San Diego County, California. Morena Dam.
July 4,1907. G. H. F. Collection of H. C. Fall.
Allotype-—Dewey, Arizona. July 10-20, 1917. Collection of
E. C. Van Dyke.

PSEUDOMORPHA VINDICATA, new species

Form slightly elongate, rather depressed. Color rufo-piceous.
Integuments finely alutaceous, rather feebly shining. Head and
thorax finely and rather sparsely punctured, sparser medially; elytra
as given in the key. Head about three-fifths the width of the
thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes prominent, strongly
rounded; clypeal suture distinct. Antennae (tips broken off in the
type) probably long, surpassing the anterior coxae. Thorax rather
more than twice as wide as long; apex very feebly emarginate; sides
broadly arcuate and convergent; posterior angles rounded; base not
margined medially; sides scarcely explanate; median line subob-
solete. Elytra more than two and one-half times the length of the
thorax, somewhat more than one-half longer than wide; sides dis-
tinctly convergent from the base; suture broadly and feebly ele-
vated near the apex; apices rather less strongly truncate than usual.
Length, 9 mm.; width, 3.75 mm.

Male.—Densely pubescent spots on the fourth and fifth ventral
segments about one-sixth the width of the segment. Five setigerous
punctures either side at the apical margin of the last segment.

Type.—Male. Stockton, Utah. August 1-7 (Spalding). Col-
lection of the author.

PSEUDOMORPHA ARROWI, new speecies

Form slightly elongate, moderately convex. Color blackish
pieceous above, dull rufous beneath. Thorax and elytra polished,
shining, not at all alutaceous; head finely alutaceous. Head
moderately finely and sparsely punctured; thorax as in the key.
Klytra with nine rows of coarse punctures, seventh in part com-
posed of fine punctures. Head three-fifths the width of thorax,
twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes prominent, subtruncate;
clypeal suture distinct laterally. Antennae far surpassing the an-
terior coxae. Thorax three-fourths wider than long. Apex emar-
ginate; anterior angles somewhat prominent; sides arcuate and con-
vergent anteriorly ; posterior angles rounded; sides feebly explanate;
base not margined medially; an extremely fine median carina on
apical half. Elytra not quite two and one-half times the length of
thorax, about one-half longer than wide; sides probably slightly
convergent behind the middle (not exactly determinable owing to

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 63

the parting of the elytra). Sutures scarcely elevated posteriorly ;
apices rather obliquely and feebly subtruncate; inner angles unusu-
ally broadly rounded. Length, 9.5 mm.; width, 4.25 mm. .

Type—Female. Ciudad, Durango, Mexico 8100 feet. Forrer.
Collection of the British Museum.

PSEUDOMORPHA CONFUSA, new species

Form elongate, subparallel, depressed. Color blackish piceous.
Integuments above finely alutaceous, moderately shining. Head with
a few scattered, coarse punctures, more numerous laterally. Thorax
with sparsely scattered, coarse punctures; elytra punctured as given
in the key. Head slightly more than half the width of thorax, not
twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes very prominent, oblique;
clypeal suture not distinct. Antennae broken, probably surpass-
ing the anterior coxae. Thorax twice as wide as long; apex emar-
ginate; anterior angles somewhat prominent, rounded; sides rather
strongly arcuate and convergent anteriorly; posterior angles rounded,
broadly and strongly biimpressed basally; base finely and completely
margined; median line fine, much abbreviated; a faint trace of a
median carina near the apex. Elytra two and one-half times the
length of thorax, rather more than one-half longer than wide; sides
distinctly convergent behind the middle; suture feebly elevated near
the apex; apices feebly subtruncate, inner angles moderately rounded.
Length, 10.25 mm.; width, 4.85 mm.

Type.—Female. Australia. Collection of the British Museum.

PSEUDOMORPHA CHAMPLAINI, new species. (Schwarz Mss.)

Form strongly elongate, parallel, moderately convex. Color
blackish piceous. Integuments not at all alutaceous, strongly shin-
ing throughout. Head and thorax moderately finely and not sparsely
punctured; elytra punctured as given in the synopsis. Head scarcely
more than one-half the width of thorax, less than twice as wide
as long. Preocular lobes prominent, arcuate, oblique; clypeal sut-
ure not distinguishable. Antennae very long, considerably sur-
passing the anterior coxae. Thorax twice as wide as long; apex
scarcely at all emarginate; sides strongly arcuate and rather
strongly convergent anteriorly; posterior angles rounded; base not
margined; a median fine line, abbreviated at either end, slightly
impressed on the disk. Base slightly impressed either side; sides
feebly explanate; side margins finely reflexed. Elytra as wide as
thorax, two and one-half times as long, three-fourths longer than
wide; sides parallel to near the apex; apices broadly subtruncate,
suture feebly elevated close to the apex. Length 6.75—7.75 mm.;
width, 2.75-3 mm.

arr. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN PAS

Male.—Densely pubescent spots on the fourth and fifth ventral
segments about one-seventh the width of the segment.

Type.—Male. Paradise, Arizona. (H. H. Kimball Coll.), Collec-
tion of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Allotype.—6,000 feet. Mount Washington, Nogales, Arizona, J. A.
Kusche, July 1919-8. Collection of E. C. Van Dyke. Paratype.—
(Male) California Collection of Chas. Schaeffer. Two paratypes
(male) Oracle, Arizona, 7.7, 9.7. Two paratypes (male) Chiricahua
Mountains, Arizona, 2.7, 4.7 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz). Collec-
tion of the United States National Museum. Paratypes, Cat. No.
26173, U.S.N.M.

PSEUDOMORPHA SCHWARZI, new species

Form strongly elongate, parallel, moderately convex. Color dark
rufous; elytra blackish piceous. Head, thorax, and elytra smooth,
strongly shining, not at all alutaceous. Head and thorax with fine,
rather sparse and indistinct punctures; the occipital transverse
row of coarse punctures not so strongly developed; elytra punctured
as given in the synopsis. Head slightly more than one-half the
width of the thorax, less than twice as wide as long. Preocular
lobes very prominent, strongly rounded, slightly oblique: clypeal
suture indistinguishable. Antennae very long, surpassing consider-
ably the anterior coxae. Thorax three-fourths wider than long;
apex scarcely at all emarginate; sides feebly arcuate; basal angles
rounded; base not margined; a fine feebly impressed subentire
median line. Base transversely impressed laterally; sides scarcely
explanate. Elytra two and one-half times the length of thorax,
three-fourths longer than wide; sides parallel and straight to near
apex; apices broadly, almost squarely truncate; suture not at all
elevated. Length, 6.5 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.

Male—Densely pubescent spots of the fourth and fifth ventral
segments about one-seventh the width of the segment.

Type—Male. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, June 16. (Coll.
Hubbard and Schwarz.) Cat. No. 26174, U.S.N.M.

The following species of Pseudomorpha are identified in the ma-
terial at hand:

PSEUDOMORPHA PILATEI Chaudoin

Yucatan.—Coll. British Museum.
PSEUDOMORPHA CRONKHITEI Horn

Tulare County, California.—Coll. C. Schaeffer.
PSEUDOMORPHA BEHRENSI Horn

Walnut Creek, California, July 8, 1903. F. E. L. Beal. Bur.
Biol. Surv.—Coll. U. S. N. M.

29) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 57

PSEUDOMORPHA CASTANEA Casey

Stockton. Utah, July 238, 1903.—Coll. H. C. Fall.
Folsom, California, August 17, 1885 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz) ;
Stockton, Utah, July 22, 1902; July 26, 1903.—Coll. U.S.N.M.

PSEUDOMORPHA EXCRUCIANS Kirby

Covington, Louisiana, July 1, 1892 (Coll. Hubbard and
Schwarz.—Coll. U.S.N.M.

PSEUDOMORPHA LACORDAIREI Dejean

Brazil.—Coll. British Museum.

PSEUDOMORPHA ANGUSTATA Horn

San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona, 3,750 feet, Au-
gust, F. E. Snow; Baboquivaria Mountains, Arizona, F. E. Snow.—
Coll. H. C. Fall.

Fort Grant, Arizona, Pinaleno Mountains, July 15, 1917 (2); near
Kits Peak, Baboquivaria Mountains, Arizona, August, 7-9, 16.32° 0’
N., 111° 36’ W., about 3,000 feet——Coll. E. C. Van Dyke.

Oracle, Arizona, 5.7, 6.7, 10.7, 23:7 (5) (Coll.” Hubbard ‘and
Schwarz); Phoenix Arizona; Fort Grant, Arizona, 16.7 (2): 22.7
(2) (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz) ; Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona,
18.6 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz); Deming, New Mexico, 22.7
(Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz) ; Morrison, Adana (Coll. Hubbard
and Schwartz) ; New Mexico, H. Ulke dedit.—Coll. U. S. N. M.

Arizona (Palm Coll.), Kits Peak, Rincon, Baboquivaria Moun-
tains, Arizona, 14 August, 1916, 31° 57’ N., 111° 33’ W., about 4,050
feet (7) (at light); Black Dike, Prospect Sierritas, Arizona, July
26-29, 1916, 31° 56’ N., 111° 16’ W., about 3,750 feet (7) (at light) ;
Deming, New Mexico, Luna County, July 12, 1917—Coll. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist.

Rincon Mountains, Arizona; Rincon Mountains, Arizona (5,000)
(2); Rincon Mountains, Arizona, July, 1907 (4).—Coll. Notman.

Genus HYDROPOROMORPHA Westwood

The species of this genus are altogether unknown to the writer
except by the original descriptions. In conformity with the prac-
tice followed in the preceding genera, all the species in the following
synopsis are marked with an asterisk to indicate that no specimens
are at hand.

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS HYDROPOROMORPHA WESTWOOD

1 Blytra pubescent=2 22= Sess ee ee * africana Schaufuss.

Blytra not PuUbeScemt aah ys one ag hs oe pa an es aah oS a 2
Labrum not covering the mandibles. Antennae rather stout, with the joints
oblong 22... 32222228 22 Oe a * westwoodi Raffray.

Labrum covering the mandibles more or less completely_______--------_- 3

art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 23

Antennae filiform, subsetaceous. Labrum more transverse.
* lutea Westwood.

Antennae stout; joints 5-9 moniliform. Labrum about as long as wide___ 4
Form ovate. Disk of the thorax strongly sulcate. Elytra feebly striate.
SizewSmailleremys miles so ee be 2 ke Be * monilis Westwood.

Form longer and more parallel. Elytra with sides nearly straight. Thorax
with disk feebly sulcate. Elytra more distinctly striate. Size larger,
AE gee ee eee Sk SS oe 8 * obockiana Fairmaire.

Genus SILPHOMORPHA Westweod

The species of this genus seem especially difficult to separate. A

specimen of Stlphomorpha diffictlis Blackburn which had been com-
pared with the type was obtained through the kindness of G. J.
Arrow, of the British Museum. Such other species as could not be
identified in the material at hand are marked with an asterisk in the
following synopsis. Complete description of none of the species
has been attempied.

10.

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS SILPHORMORPHA WESTWOOD

. Thorax very wide, about three times as wide as long_________________ ye
Thorax narrower; about twice-as, wide as. long.-2--— 2 ee 5
MEDORA SAD SOMILC LY; SINOO UE mews eke Se ee eee es ee 33
TMT rerxa so T WCE lives UT C Getafe verre eee eI ee ee ee 4

. Form broader. Elytra more shining. Striae more prominent apically.
Hi DY KOS ats p20} 0) EEA tees 0 pe RO ee ee ee 2 __ *laticollis MacLeay.
Form less broad. Elytra less shining. Striae uniform. Thorax with
DICCOUS EMA SIN GS ke) eee ey eee te eee froggatti Macleay.

. Elytra with the striae strong___.__.____.__._________ striatipennis MacLeay.
Elytra with the striae nearly obsolete. Thoracic margins broader and
DLCECOUS) A COLOT Nes ei ms ee ee ee st SEE ae * obsoleta Macleay.

. Thorax larger, broader than the elytra__________ * denisonensis Castelnau.
horas not, broaderjthanwthe elytral- 2s eS eee ee ee 6

. Head larger. Its width about one-half the total length of the beetle.
ELVES BDROIMIN Cpe es eee ee a ee ee ee * boops Blackburn.
Head smaller. From a third to a fourth the total length______________ r
SaOly tra weryve INGIStIGCE Vs State. os Se ee i es hk 8
Hlytra more.or lessistrouehy striate. 4 mows 16
SLvErasvOSOMicel ya SMOOE Mena. bm eS on ee Us 9
Byte * PUM CEA TE serve Oe eee Tee EL a Ty KONE Boe oak erg Fok de Dd UB UT 13
. Side margins of thorax and elytra paler, reddish____ * laevis Castelnau.
Side margins not paler_________ Ropeset Fy (oe Die Bg” 1b aM ai i aa ee ase aoe) OL 10
Form oblong. Thorax with the sides more arcuate. Beneath dark brown.
Size large, ODI eee See ee Ns * erandis Castelnau.
Form oval. Thorax and elytra with sides more continuous. Underside
INOLE LOL LESS 22 Coe eeerens eae ee a aon Ree NB, RAEN ORME RAS MAE is REE Ui Ce Ae ial
Form.more elongate. Size larger, 9 mm. Abdomen dark with apex broadly
UL GREE eco Ec saed TORTS Sere arene ke Ee ec ug eee * westwoodi, new name.

Form short oval. Size smaller, 5-6 mm. Underside entirely pale
CAS EATIEO US AE Ue eee ae ae eae ee ue a 12

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

12; Elytra not paler*at ‘apexte) aS ee eae * polita Westwood.
(% fugax Westwood. )
Elytra with the apex rufescent. Thorax with the margins not explanate.
difficilis Blackburn.
(? polita Westwood.)
18. Elytra with a marginal series of a few strong punctures near the base.
* laevigata Castelnau.
blytras ‘minutelyA punctate +2222) 6. eee ee eee 14
14. Thorax alutaceous. Elytra with disk less densely punctate.
*fugax Westwood.
Thorax Iminutelyspuneiate <== = ees eee ee ley
15. Elytra more distinctly punctate. Side margins not paler.
* punctatissima Macleay.
Elytra very finely punctate. Side margins narrowly and abruptly paler.
*amaroides Newman.

1163 (Sizeslargers motwless; thanvse mm) 332 ss. 2 ee eee 7
Size, Smaller. MOt. MONTES AULA ee TaN ee ee eee ee 24

17. Thorax with side margins much wider in front____ * tasmanica Castelnau.
Thorax with side margins not distinctly wider in front_______________ 18

18. Thorax with side margins much narrower in front. Elytra very strongly
SUTTER es a ae ed I ee ee ee striata Castelnau.
Thorax with side margins not distinctly narrower in front____________ 19

19. Thorax and elytra with side margins paler, piceous. Thorax smooth. Ely-
tra -distinetly-“Stria tes sess sw ae ee ee * mastersi Macleay.
Thorax and elytra with the side margins not paler________________—___ 20

20, Form broidder. HElytra ‘distinctly Striates—-==— 2 === vicina Castelnau.

Form narrower, more parallel. Elytra with striate rather indistinct.
fallax Westwood.

21. Elytra with striae confined to apical portion____ * semistriata Castelnau.
Elytra with striae extending over median portion_____________ Urn eet 2D
22. Form more oblong. Margins of thorax and elytra paler. Size larger,

FGcVMA Ti Dek ek a tee RANA AS Beenie ha ane inde eT TS ces * dubia Castelnau.

Form more oval. Margins of thorax and elytra not paler. Size smaller,
Py) TUN SAAS 9 oP 0I A - S e * ovalis Castelnau.

The following species of Stlphomorpha are identified in the ma-
terial at hand:
SILPHOMORPHA FROGGATTI MacLeay

Laura (Lea) (2).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
SILPHOMORPHA STRIATIPENNIS MacLeay

Port Darwin, Northern Territory (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist.

SILPHOMORPHA DIFFICILIS Blackburn
Australia, 58,124.—Coll. Notman.
SILPHOMORPHA STRAITA Castelnau

New South Wales (Hy Edwards Coll.).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. j

art, 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 25

SILPHOMORPHA VICINA Castelnau

New South Wales (Hy Edwards Coll.).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist.
SILPHOMORPHA FALLAX Westwood
South Australia (Hy Edwards Coll.) (8); New South Wales,
Australia (Edwards Coll.) (2); Mount Lofty, South Australia
(Lea); Tintinara, under bark, July 1, 1887, Tepper (Lea).—Coll.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Genus SPHALLOMORPHA Westwood

No new species could be distinguished in the material at hand in
this genus and no complete descriptions are given. The species are
somewhat more easily separated than in the other genera. In the
following synopsis the species marked with an asterisk are those
known from the original descriptions only, not being identified in
the material at hand.

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS SPHALLOMORPHA WESTWOOD

1. Color brilliant metallic green with purple or violet reflections.
* speciosa Pascoe.

Colorenotabrilliantsmetallicvorcen2 = 2-2 ae eee ee ee Pe
2. Elytra without discal or sutural maculae or vittae_____.__________-_--. 3
Mlytraawith discal’ or sutural maculae or vittaes 2352" a'r 8g
38. Elytra without basal and apical pale fasciae_____-___ decipiens Westwood.
Hivtiras with basal and-apical’ pale fasciae {ise 2a sie ue

4. Elytra finely rugose. Thorax entirely pale. Elytral fasciae wider.
* flavicollis MacLeay.

PE Meystetrsaiete SVT Ost Lae S En Tay ee ee Ee eae ee ee 5

5. Lateral pale vittae of the elytra submarginal. Thorax black, with narrow
TLC EOUS UTE OUT = cee eS a a * marginata Castelnau.
Materalepalecvictves marcia iste te Pe eae ee eee 6
GeLhoracicn disk entirely: neds a 2 ee ee ee nitiduloides Guérin.
Mhoracicadisk, NOGLeENEITeliye Tec ees ia aes See a Pe ee eS if

7. Thoracic disk red with two broad black vittae_-_______- picta Castelnau.
HOTACIC disk ‘entire lyn DLAC kee r= es See ete Pe ornata Macleay.
SaHlytra, without discal, maculae) om witta ces ee eee 9
Miytraewathy discalamacnlaeronnvitthe == eee. fee eee eee ee AG

9. Hlytra more smooth and shining, scarcely at all alutaceous________-_~~_ 10
Hiytraslessshinine. distinctly alutaceouss 22 == tas eee ee 12
10. Elytra with a common basal pale reddish, triangular macula which includes
SUE STUNT T ese ee es tS Oe 2 ON Dee * discoidalis Castelnau.
Mlytra note thushmacnlate ss see ae oie eal ee ee ee lal

11. Elytra with common, nearly round, pale macula on posterior half.
* gnttifera Castelnau.
Elytra with common macula median in position and produced in a point

CO SOU ELT CLES CUNT TL a eee ee guttigera Newman.

12. Thorax very broad, about three times as wide as long. Elytra with com-
MON UCOLdiTorm: Pale maculae 242 Fale oa ele * cordifer Blackburn.
(horaxesnarrower: avout twice as: wide as long===—. = ee 13

18. Thorax and elytra with conspicuous pale margins_____________________ 14

Thorax and elytra without or with very narrow pale margins________ 15

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

14, Elytra with a common’ sutural maculaLlto eee castelnaui Reiche.
(marginata Castelnau. }

Elytra with an entire sutural vitta, somewhat expanded medially.
suturalis Germar.

15. Sutural macula nearly round. Form ovate__--_____~_ * centralis MacLeay
Sutural macula oval, more or less produced toward the scutellum______ 16
16. Size larger, 9 mm. Sutural macula larger________ * maculigera MacLeay.
Size smaller, 5 mm. Sutural macula smaller________ * thouzeti Castelnau.
17. Thorax and elytra pale yellow with black maculae__ * amabilis Castelnau.
Thorax and elytra in large part black or dark piceous________________ 18
18, Thorax ‘and elytra without distinct pale margins 2222222" = ~~ = 19
Thorax and elytra with broad, distinct, pale margins__-________________ 24
19; Hlytra, with: pale maculavion, each] ss. se 2 ae ee eee ee 20
Blytra withsobliquelor: curvedivitthes=22 =) Ss. ee ee 21

20. Elytra with a dull reddish margin. Form slightly broader.
colymbetoides Westwood.
Elytra without reddish margin. Form slightly narrower.
bimaculata Castelnau.
21. Elytra alutaceous, with large, pale macula occupying most of the disk,

deeply emarginate toward the suture_____-_-_-_____--_~_ * spreta Blackburn.
EXE As SSO OE SLUT Ty ee EN RN NE UN TU SE 22
22. Elytra each with oblique, arcuate vitta, broader and somewhat hooked
alsa Uy ee ee ee * bicolor Castelnau.
Blytral vitts not arcuate and: hooked 222) ) =) eee 23

23. Elytra each with oblique vitta extending from base near the middle to
suture, slightly behind the middle, forming a broad V:

* rockhamptonensis Castelnau.

Elytra vittae longer, extending nearly to elytral apices. Thorax unusually

elongate. Elytra nearly as wide as long___-__--___-__ * macleayi Masters.

24), Plytraseach, swithwoney maculal 322222 ssa * albopicta Newman.
Hlytraveach) with two maculaetor a) vitiales=2 2. eee 25

25. ehlytrayeach. with, twormmaculac: == == 5s ae ae ee 26
Mivtray, cachiwithyan’ oblique wittass = ee eee 27

26. Pale margins of thorax and elytra wider. Elytra more strongly alutaceous
and less shining. Anterior maculae bifurcate posteriorly. Head larger.
Sizedarcer, o(=2;D ome Se a eae ee ee maculata Newman.

Pale margins of thorax and elytra narrower. Elytra more shining. Ante-
rior maculae produced posteriorly at their middle. Head smaller. Size
Smaller 5!Di MMe. 2a a ee eee quadrimaculata MacLeay. .

27. Elytral vittae very broad, covering most of the elytra.

* occidentalis Castelnau.

Elytral vittae narrower, more or less dilated at the humeri___-_______ 28
28; DPhorax with, a) median dark area=== ses sarees es hydroporoides Westwood.
Thorax with a pale yellow median vitta_______________ * pbivittata Gestro.

The following species of Sphallomorpha are identified in the
material at hand:

SPHALLOMORPHA DECIPIENS Westwood

Victoria (2), Victoria, Austral (Edwards Coll.), South Australia
(Lea) (2).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

NOTMAN ys

ART. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE

SPHALLOMORPHA NITIDULOIDES Guérin

Victoria, Austral. (Edwards Coll.), Victoria (2).—Coll. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist.
Australia (Koebele).—Coll. United States Nat. Mus.
SPHALLOMORPHA PICTA Castelnau

Port Denison, New South Wales, Austral.(Kdwards Coll.) (2).
New South Wales (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Mus.
SPHALLOMORPHA ORNATA Castelnau
Cunnamulla, Queensland. H. Hardcastle (Lea).—Coll. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist.
SPHALLOMORPHA GUTTIGERA Newman
Victoria (2), Lucindale, South Australia (Feuerheerdt) (Lea).—
Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
SPHALLOMORPHA CASTELNAUI Reiche
Victoria, Victoria, Austral. (Edwards Coll.), Murray R., South
Australia, H. S. Cope (Lea), Mount Lofty, South Australia
(Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
SPHALLOMORPHA SATURALIS Germar
Victoria (8), Mount Lofty, South Australia (lea).—Coll. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist.
SPHALLOMORPHA MACULIGERA MacLeay
Cairns Distr., E. B. Dodd (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
SPHALLOMORPHA COLYMBETOIDES Westwood
South Australia (Hy Edwards Coll.) (2), South Australia (2),
New South Wales, Australia (Edwards Coll.), Rainbow, Victoria
(Lea), Nailsworth (?) (Holmes) (ea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist.
Australia (Koebele).—Coll. United States Nat. Mus.
SPHALLOMORPHA BIMACULATA Castelnau
New South Wales, Austral. (Edwards Coll.).—Coll. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist.
SPHALLOMORPHA MACULATA Newman
South Austraha (2), South Australia (Edwards Coll.).—Coll.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

SPHALLOMORPHA QUADRIMACULATA MacLeay
Townsville, Queensland. February 11, 1902, E. B. Dodd (Lea).—
Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
SPHALLOMORPHA HYDROPOROIDES Westwood

Victoria, Austral. (Edwards Coll.), Mount Lofty Rgs., S. H.
Curnow (Lea) (5).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

CATALOGUE

ApELoTOPUS Hope. 1834, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, vol. 1, pp. 11-12, pl. 1,
figs!
Tasmania, Australia, New Guinea,
Java.
Monobasic, genotype, A. gyrinoides Hope, 1834.
afinis CaAsTELNAU. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 118.’

Sydney..
analis MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc., New South Wales, 1878, vol. 2, p. 95.
Gayndah.
aphodioides Westwood. Rev. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 40-4.
" Adelaide.

apicalis MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866, vol. 1, p. 113.
Port Denison.
bimaculatus MacLeay. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866, vol. 1, p. 113.
Port Denison.
=rufoguttatus Blackburn. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1892-93,
vol. 17, p. 295, See Blackburn, Trans. Roy. Soe. South Australia, 1901,
vol. 25, p. 118.
Queensland.
brevipennis MacLeay. Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3,
p. 459.
King’s Sound.
brunneus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 119.
Swan River.
castaneus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 119.
Swan River.
celeripes Lea. Proc. Soc. Victoria, 1911, vol. 23, p. 120.
Western Australia: Swan River.
cornutus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 177.
Arnheim’s Land.
dytiscoides Newman. The Entomol., 1842, p. 365. Westwood. Rev. Zool.,
1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 405, pl. 14, fig. 2.

Adelaide.
=fortnumi Hope. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1845, vol. 4, p. 105.
Adelaide.
elongatulus MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3,

p. 459.
Kings Sound.
fasciatus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 118.
Sydney.
filiformis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 119.
Adelaide.
gyrinoides Hope. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1834, vol. 1, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 1
(details). Germar. Linn. Ent., 1848, vol. 3, p. 170. Westwood.
Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 403, pl. 14, fig. 1.
Port Phillip, Swan River.
=paroensis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117.
See Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1884, vol. 20, p. 308.
Central Australia: Paroo and Dar-
ling Rivers.

7This paper is published, probably as a separate, with a pagination of 1-139. The
descriptions of the Pseudomorphidae are on pp. 25-34. The references in the Catalogus
Coleopterorum of Gemminger and Harold are to this pagination.

art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 29

haemorrhoidalis Erichson. Weigm. Archiv., 1842, vol. 1, p. 126. Westwood,
Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 407, pl. 14, fig. 3 (Adelaide).
Van Dieman’s Land.
var, inquinatus* Newman. The Entomol., 1842, p. 366.
South Australia: Port Phillip.
hydrobioides Westwood. Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 406.
Melbourne.
insignis Sloane. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, p. 405.
Victoria: Sea Lake, Mallee District.
jacobsoni Ritsema. Notes Leyden, Mus., 1909, vol. 31, p. 255.
Western Java: Tandjong Prick.
laevis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 460.
Kings Sound.
linearis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p.
460.
Kings Sound.
longipennis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3,
p. 460.
Kings Sound.
maculipennis MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol. 2,

p. 95.
Gayndah.
mastersiti MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol. 2, p. 94.
Gayndah.

micans Blackburn. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 18.
South Australia: Quorn.
nemosomoides Westwood. Rey. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 408, pl. 14, fig. 4.
Adelaide.
niger, new species.
Australia.
occidentalis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117.
Swan River.
papuanus Gestro. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1893, vol. 33 (ser. 2, vol. 13), p.
287.
New Guinea: Ighibirei.
politus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117.
Brisbane: Clarence River.
punctatus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117.
Clarence River.
puncticollis, new species.
Victoria.
rubiginosus Newman. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1856, vol. 3, Proc. p. 128.
Without locality.
seolytides Newman. The Entomol., 1842, p. 366. Westwood, Rey. Zool., 1853,
ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 408.
South Australia: Port Philip.
serie-punctatus, new species.
Victoria.
tasmanit Blackburn. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 18.
Tasmania: Lake District.
rariolosus Lea. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1911, vol. 23, p. 121.
New South Wales: Sydney.

8 Though listed as a variety, there is nothing in the description by which to distinguish
it from A. haemorrhoidalis Erichson.

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

vicinus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117.
Sydney.
zonatus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 118.
Melbourne.
CAINOGENION, new genus.
Genotype, (Adelotopus) ipsoides Westwood, 1837.
Australia.
bicolor (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 120.
Victoria: Loddon River.
creberrimum (Blackburn). Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25,
p. 19.
South Australia: Basin of Lake Eyre
cylindricum (Chaudoir). Rev. Zool., 1862, ser. 2, vol. 14, p. 490.
Melbourne.
ephippiatum (Newman). Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1856, vol. 3, Proc., p. 127.
Without locality.
ipsoides (Westwood). Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 413,
pl. 28, fig. 2 (details). Germar, Lin. Ent:, 1848, vol. 3, p. 170.
Westwood, Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 405.
Adelaide.
obscurum (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 120.
Sydney.
=subopacum (MacLeay). Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol.
2, p. 94. See Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1884, vol. 20, pp. 302-303.
CRYPTOCEPHALOMORPHA Ritsema. Tijds, v. Ent., 1875, vol. 18, Verslag, p. xcii,
Siam, Java.
Monobasic, genotype, C. gaverei Ritsema, 1875.
collaris (Waterhouse). Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 2. See Ritsema,
Notes Leyden Mus., 1909, vol. 31, p. 254.
Siam.
gaverei Ritsema. Tijds, v. Ent., 1875, vol. 18, Verslag, p. xciii.
Java: Batavia.
=marginatus (Waterhouse). Trans, Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 2. See
Ritsema, Tijds, v. Ent., 1878-79, vol. 22, Verslag, pp. Ixxxvii-lxxxviii
Java.
Paussorropus Waterhouse. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 3.
Monobasic, genotype, P. parallelus Waterhouse, 1877.
parallelus Waterhouse. Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1877, p. 3.
Batchian.
PsEUDOMORPHA Kirby. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1825, vol. 14, p. 98.
America: Georgia to Argentina.
Monobasic, genotype, P. excrucians Kirby.
=Heteromorpha Kirby. Trans. Linn. Soe. London, 1825, vol. 14, p. 109.
Monobasic, genotype, H. excurcians Kirby. Apparently a lapsus for
Pseudomorpha.
=Awrinophorus Dejean. Iconogr. Col. Fur., 1829, vol. 1, p. 174.
Genotype, A. lecontei Dejean (=P. excrucians ?) by present designa-
tion.
=Drepanus® Dejean. Species Gen. Col., 1831, vol. 5, p. 434.
Genotype, D. lecontei Dejean (=P. excrucians ?) designed by Hope
18388.

° Drepanus Illiger 1807 (Mag. fur Insectenunde, vol. 6, ». 344) is a nomen nudum.

art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 31

angustata Horn. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1883, vol. 10, p. 274, pl. 9, fig. 6.

Arizona.

argentina Steinheil. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., 1869, vol. 12, p, 242.
San Luis,

arrowi, new species Mexico.

behrensii Horn. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1870, vol. 3, p. 76.
California.

castanea Casey. Can. Ent., 1909, vol. 41, p. 278.
Utah.

champlaini, new species California, Arizona.

confusa, new species. Australia.

consanguinea, new species. California, Arizona. e

cronkhitei Horn. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1867, vol. 1, p. 151.
California.

cylindrica Casey. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 1889, vol. 5, p. 40.
Texas.

excrucians Kirby. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1825, vol. 14, p. 101, pl. 3, fig.

8. Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 411, pl.
28, fig. 1, and Rev. Zool., 1858, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 395.

=Axinophorus lecontet Dejean. Dejean and Boisduval, Iconogr. Col.
Eur., 1829, vol. 1, p. 176, pl. 19, fig. 2. Hope, Coleopt. Manual, 1838,
Dis2 p09:

=Drepanus lecontei Dejean. Spec. Gen. Col. 1831, vol. 5, p. 4385.

Georgia. (?)

falli, new species. California.

gerstaeckeri Chaudoir. Bull. Moscou, 1877, vol. 52, pt. 1, p. 202.
é Brazil: San Paulo.

hubbardi, new species Arizona.

lacordairet Dejean. Spee. Gen. Col., 1831, vol. 5, p. 486. Westwood, Rev.
Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 396.
Brazil: Rio Janeiro.
laevissima Chaudoir. Bull. Moscou, 1852, vol. 25, pt. 1, p. 68.
Brazil: Novo-Friburgo. ;
pilatei Chaudoir. Rev. Zool., 1862, ser. 2, vol. 14, p. 490. Bates, Biol.
Centr.-Amer. Col., vol. 1(1), p. 255, pl. 12, fig. 25.

Yucatan.
schwarzi, new species. Arizona.
tenebroides, new species. Arizona.
van dykei, new species Arizona.
vicina, hew species California.
vindicata, new species. Utah.

HyproporomoreHsA Westwood. Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 409. Raffray.
Ann. Soe. Ent. France, 1885, ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 307.
Africa.
Monobasic, genotype, H. lutea Westwood. 1853.
africana (Schaufuss). Stettin. Ent. Zeitg., 1882, vol. 48, p. 308.
Abyssinia: Anseba.
lutea Westwood. Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 410, pl. 14, fig. 11.
Abyssinia.
monilis Raffray. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1885, ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 308, pl. 6,
figs. 4 and 4a.
Abyssinia: Keren.
obockiana Fairmaire. Rev. d’Hnt., 1892, vol. 11, p. 86.
Obock.

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

westwoodi Raffray. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1885, ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 309.

Abyssinia: Keren.
SILPHOMORPHA Westwood. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 816.
Australia.
Monobasiec, genotype, S. fallax Westwood. 1837.

amaroides (Newman). Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1856, vol. 3, Proe., p. 127.
Without locality.

boops Blackburn. Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3,

p. 807.
South Australia: Northern ‘Terri-
tory.

denisonensis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 114.
Port Denison.

difficilis Blackburn. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 17.
New South Wales: Tweed River

District.

dubia Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 115.
New South Wales.

fallax Westwood. Trans Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 416, pl. 28, fig. 4

(details). Westwood, Rev. Zool. 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 396.

Australia.
=orectochiloides Hope. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1847, vol. 4, p. 104.
Adelaide.
froggattt MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3,

p. 457.
Kings Sound.
fugax (Westwood). Rey. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 398.
Sydney.
grandis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 114.
Port Denison.
laevigata Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 116.
Victoria.
laevis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 115.
Port Denison.
laticollis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3,
p. 457.
Kings Sound.
mastersii MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866. vol. 1, p. 112.
Port Denison.
obsoleta MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3,
p. 457.
Kings Sound.
ovalis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 116.
Queensland: Pine Mountains.
polita MacLeay. Trans, Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol. 2, p. 93.
Gayndah.
punctatissima MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser 2,
vol. 3, p. 457.
Kings Sound.
semistriata Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 115.
Port Denison.
striata Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 114.
New South Wales: northern.

art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN So

striatipennis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol.
3, p. 456.
Kings Sound.
tasmanica Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 115.
Tasmania.
vicina Castlenau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 114.
Brisbane.
westiwood, new name
=laevissima (Westwood). Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 497.
Morton Bay.
SpHALLoMoRPHA~”’ Westwood. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 414.
Monobasic, genotype, S. decipiens Westwood. 1837.
albopieta (Newman). Zoologist, 1850, vol. 8, Append., p. exxiy.
South Australia: Adelaide.
amabilis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112. Black-
burn, Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1890, ser. 2, vol. 4, Append.
p. 1246.
Port Denison.
bicolor (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 111.
Rockhampton, Port Denison.
bimaculata (Castelnau). Trans. Roy Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112.
Rockhampton.
=biplagiata (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112.
Brisbane.
bivittata (Gestro). Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1884, vol. 20, p. 302.
Port Denison
castelnaui (Reiche). Col. Hefte, 1868, vol. 3, p. 2, new name for mar-
ginata Castelnau, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112.
Melbourne, Sydney.
centralis (MacLeay). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,.1888, ser. 2, vol.
3, p. 458.
Kings Sound.
colymbetoides (Westwood). Rev. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 403, pl. 14,

fig. 10.
Adelaide.
cordifer (Blackburn). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1894, ser. 2, vol.
9, p. 86.

Queensland: northern, Cairns.
decipiens Westwood. Trans. ‘Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 415, pi. 28,
fig. 83 (details). Westwood, Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 399.
Port Phillip.”
discoidalis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112.
Murray River.
flavicoilis (MacLeay). Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2,
vol. 3, p. 458.
Kings) Sound.
guttifera (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 113.
Port Denison.

10 For the synonymy in this genus see Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1884, vol. 20,
pp. 302, 303. For notes on distribution see “astelnau, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868.
vol Sin; 116.

11 No locality is given with the original description.

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

guttigera (Newman). The Entomol., 1842, p. 367. Westwood, Rey. Zool.,
1858, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 398, pl. 14, fig. 4 (Adelaide).
South Australia: Port Phillip.
hydroporoides (Westwood). Rey. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 401.
Adelaide.
macleayi (Masters). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1895, ser. 2, vol. 10,
Suppl. p. 18, new name for bivittata (MacLeay). Proe. Linn.
Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 459.
Kings Sound.
maculata (Newman). Ann. Nat. Hist., 1840, vol. 4, p. 365. Germar, Linn.
Ent. 1848, vol. 3, p. 171. Westwood, Rev. Zool. 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5,

p. 401.

Adelaide.
=quadrisignata (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol.
8, Dp. alae

Victoria, South Australia.
maculigera (MacLeay).Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866, vol. 1,
p. 1138.
Port Denison.
=brisbanensis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8,
pe 113:
Brisbane, Port Denison, Clarence
River.
nitiduloides (Guérin). Mag. Zool. 1844, ser. 2, vol. 6, pl. 140. Pseudo-
morpha cinctipennis Westwood, ms. olim. Westwood, Rey. Zool.
1858, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 402, pl. 14, fig. 9 (Port Philip).
Poullaouen.
occidentalis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 113.
Swan River.
ornata (MacLeay). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2. vol. 3,
p. 458.
Kings Sound.
picta (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 111.
Queensland: Northern, Rockhamp-
ton, Port Denison.
quadrimaculata (MacLeay). Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866, vol.
als joy) 2a
Port Denison.
rockhamptonensis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p.

alley
Rockhampton.
speciosa (Pascoe). Journ. of Ent., 1866, vol. 2, p. 26.
Queensland.
spreta (Blackburn). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3,
p. 805.

South Australia, Northern Territory.
suturalis (Germar). Linn, Ent., 1848, vol. 3, p. 171. Westwood, Rey. Zool.,
1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 400, pl. 14, fig. 6. .

Adelaide.
=rufomarginata (Macleay). Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873,
vol. 2, p. 94.
Gayndah.
thouzeti (Castenau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 113.
Rockhampton.

Sip

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 15 PL. |

THE DRAGON GoD (DAI-JA) IN IDZUMO, JAPAN

FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I

THE DRAGON GOD (DAI-JA) IN IDZUMO, JAPAN. A
JAPANESE TALE

By I. M. Casanowicz

Assistant Curater, Division of Old World Archeology, United States National
Museum

The Rev. J. C. Calhoun Newton, President Emeritus of Kwansei
Gakuin, Union Methodist College at Kobe, Japan, in forwarding a
photograph of the dragon to the National Museum, wrote to F. W.
Hodge under date of April 27, 1921:

* * * YT am sending under another cover a description of the Dai Ja of
Tdzumo Shrine, an ancient serpent god of that place.

Some time ago an enlarged photograph of this serpent god was entrusted to
Bishop Walker R. Lambath, D. D., with the request that he deliver it to
Doctor Hough, and will you kindly pass over to him the enclosed description
of it. *..* = [See plate.)

An abstract of President Newton’s description as far as it bears
on this serpent cult in Japan is as follows:

Every year from ancient times all the gods in Japan assemble at ‘“Ameno-
hizuminomiya,”’ in Idzumo Province, for the marriage conference. This is
the reason why October is called in Japan, especially in Idzumo, the ‘“‘Assem-
bling Month of the Gods.”

In this month a sea-god named ‘‘ Wadatsuminokami’”’ sends a white serpent
to the “ Inasa Shrine’ with his message. On his way the serpent is found by a
certain devotee and taken into the shrine, where he is made for that year the
pacifier of storms, fires, and floods.

This legend is derived from the “ Susano” mythology. Susanonomikoto, the
son of Isanakinomikoto, after his father’s death goes to Idzumo. This terri-
tory Was possessed by an old man and his wife named “Ashinadzuchi” and
* Tenadzuchi,” at this time. A terrible eight-headed dragon lived there, and
many young Women were captured by him. So Susanonomikoto killed him
by giving him a strong drink, in order to save the old couple, and then he
married the daughter, named ‘“ Kushinada hime,’ of this old man and
WODIAD esta ek: oF

At the present day there are two “Shinto” shrines in Idzumo, the one,
“Yaegaki Shrine,” dedicated to Kushinada hime, the goddess of marriage, and
the other, “ Kitsuki,” dedicated to “ Okuninushi,” son of Susano Mikoto, the
god of fortune.

Every year, from the 11th of October until the 17th, there is a great festival
in these two shrines, and during those days there was once a dreadful storm in

’

No. 2587.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 15
29110—25 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

this Province. The people ceased their house building, roof covering, enter-
taining, social gatherings, singing, playing on instruments, and all other kinds
of business.

This probably came from the tradition of Susano mythology. While Susano
was killing the Dragon for the old man and woman, they were watching if,
staying near by until the awful monster was dead. In China and Japan there
is a widespread tradition that such a dragon has something to do witha dread-
ful storm.

A fuller account of this story is given by Aston.t

Susa no wo, the deity of rainstorm and brother of Amaterasu, the sun
goddess, in coming on his wanderings to the province of Idzumo, he observed
a chopstick floating down the river Hi, so thinking that there must be people
living further up the stream, he went in quest of them, and found an old
man and an old woman weeping, with a young maiden set between them.
He asked of them, “ Who are ye?” The old man replied, “Thy servant is a
deity of earth, and his name is Ashinadzuchi, son of the great God of the
Mountain. My wife’s name is Tenadzuchi, and my daughter is called Kushi-
nada hime.” He further inquired, ‘Why weep ye?” He answered, saying,
“JT have had eight children, girls; but the eight-forked serpent of Koshi came
year after year and devoured them. It is now the time of its coming,
and therefore do we weep.” ‘“ Describe to me this serpent,” said Susa no wo.
“Its eyes are as red as the winter cherry. It has one body with eight heads
and eight tails. Moreover, its body is overgrown with moss, pines, and
cedars. Its length extends over eight valleys and eight hills. Its belly is
always all bloody and inflamed to look upon.” Then Susa no wo said to the
old man, “If this be thy daughter, wilt thou give her unto me?” “ With
reverence be it said,” replied the old man, “I know not thy honourable name.”
“JT am the elder brother of the Sun-Goddess, and have now come down from
heaven,” replied Susa no wo. Then the deities Ashinadzuchi and Tenad-
zuchi said, “In that case, with reverence we offer her to thee.” Susa no wo
straightway took that: young maiden and changed her into a many-toothed
comb, which he stuck into his hair, and said to the deities Ashinadzuchi and
Tenadzuchi, ‘“Do you brew some saké of eight-fold strength. Also make a
fence round about, and in that fence let there be eight doors, at each door
let there be eight stands, on each stand let there be a saké-tub, and let each
saké-tub be filled with the saké of eight-fold strength. Then wait.” So
having prepared everything in accordance with his august bidding, *#hey waited.
Then the eight-forked serpent came, indeed, as had been said, and bending
down one head into each of the tubs, lapped up the saké. Hereupon it became
drunken, and all the heads lay down to sleep, when straightway Susa no wo
drew his ten-span sword from his girdle and slew the serpent, so that the
river had its current changed to blood. Now, when he cut the middle part
of the tail the edge of his august sword was broken. Wondering at this,
he pierced it and split it open, when he found that within there was a
great sharp sword. He took this sword, and thinking it a wonderful thing,
reported his discovery to the Sun Goddess. This is the great sword Kusanagi
¢{ Herb-queller).

Doctor Aston points out the striking resemblance of this story to
that of Perseus and Andromeda, and quotes from Sydney Harland’s
“ Legend of Perseus” (chapter vill),

1w. G. Aston, Shinto: The Way of the Gods, 1905, p. 103f.

ART, 15 THE DRAGON GOD OF JAPAN—CASANOWICZ 3

that we have in this incident a reminiscence of the abolition of human sacrifices
to deities in the shape of lower animals. * * * In certain stages of civiliza-
tion, sacrifices of the kind are practiced, and are frequently offered to water-
spirits conceived in animal form. * * * It may, of course, be that the
monster sent to devour Andromeda is to be regarded simply as the personifica-
tion of water or of specific rivers in their sinister aspect.

Doctor Aston adds then, concerning the dragon of the Japanese
story:

The circumstance that the scene of this episode in Susa no wo’s career is
the bank of a river is, therefore, by no means immaterial. Indeed, we may
plausibly conjecture that the description of the serpent with its eight (or many}
heads and eight tails, its length extending over eight valleys and eight hills,
its body overgrown with moss, pines, and cedars, and its propensity for de-
vouring human beings, is nothing more than a fanciful representation of the
river, with its serpentine course, its tributaries and branches, its wooded
banks, and the danger by drowning in its pools or at its fords.

The conception of a stream as a serpent or dragon, or one of these
animals as the embodiment of a water-deity, is widespread. There
is for the imagination a close nexus between a river and serpent.
The sinuous, often winding and twisting course of the former and
its mysterious movement without legs represents it to the fancy as a
great, long-stretched serpent, while the beautiful wave-lhke motion
of the latter and the water habitat of many of the species connects
it with rivers and streams as the gendus loci.

Even in the Rig Veda there is deification of the cloud-snake. In later times
they (the serpents) answered to the Nymphs, being tutelary guardians of
streams and rivers.” The Arabs still regard medicinal waters as inhabited
by jinn, usually of serpent form, [and] on the borders of the Arabian field we
have the sacred fountain of Ephea at Palmyra, with which a legend of a
demon in serpent form is connected.2 A dragon’s well is mentioned in Nehe-
miah II, 18, and a snake river in Josephus, Jewish War, V, 3, 2.

In the Babylonian creation myth the primeval watery chaos is
symbolized by the monster Tiamat, and the conflict between Bel
Marduk and Tiamat is a favorite theme of Assyro-Babylonian glyptic
art. Tiamat is there pictured either as a composite dragon or—more
rarely—as a long-stretched serpent. Thus on a cylinder seal in the
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, a cast of which is on
exhibition in the United States National Museum, Tiamat is repre-
sented as a large serpent with a peculiar horned head fleeing before
Marduk, who pursues her with a sickle-shaped scimitar. The per-
sonification of the watery chaos by the dragon or serpent Tiamat
may have been suggested to the Babylonian fancy by the waving
billows of the agitated sea.

Reminiscences of the overthrow of Tiamat by the sun-god Marduk
may be traced in the Old Testament where, of course, not Marduk,

2E. W. Hopkins, The religions of India, 1895, p. 376, n. 3.
5 W. Robertson-Smith, Religion of the Semites, 1889, p. 153f.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

but the true God of Israel quelled and put to silence the evil
dragon. Thus Isaiah LI, 9: “Art thou not it that cut Rahab and
wounded the dragon.” Rahab, which means raging, insolence,
tumultuousness, is not unsuitable as a title of the chaos dragon, com-
pare Isaiah XXX, 7. Psalm LXXXIX, 10: “Thou hast broken
Rahab in pieces, as one that is slain.” Job XXVI, 12: “He stilleth
the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth through
Rahab,” compare Job LX, 13. Im all these passages Rahab is evi-
dently an alternative for the Babylonian Tiamat and at the same
time an emblematic synonym for Egypt. Isaiah XXVITI, 2: “In
that day the Lord with his sore (properly, hard) and great and
strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing (Revised Ver-
sion, the swift, and margin, gliding or fleeing) serpent, and
leviathan the crooked (Revised Version, margin, winding) serpent,
and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea.” The three monsters
in this passage are not unplausibly interpreted by some com-
mentators (so, for instance, by Franz Delitzsch) as designating
the three rivers, the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile, and symbolic of
Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, respectively, the three hostile powers
of the world which were situated on these rivers. The “swift”
or “ fleeing leviathan’ (compare the description of the Tiamat cylin-
der seal above) is a fit designation of the Tigris with its swiftly
running course and rapids, whence its name, which is derived from
old-Persian tigrva, pointed, and tigri, arrow, characterizing it as
darting or shooting forth like an arrow, compare Horace Odes IV,
14, 46: rapidus Tigris. Its Hebrew name, hiddekel, means sharp.
The “crooked” or “winding leviathan” may well describe the
Euphrates with its many windings and bendings; while the dragon,
Hebrew, tannin, originally a personification of the sea or the floods,
was subsequently applied to Egypt, compare Isaiah LI, 9; Ezekiel
XXIX, 3.

An instance in which a deity personifies the fructifying river
Euphrates and is on this account denominated a serpent is found
in an early Babylonian hturgy. Ninlil (also called Nintu and Nin
Kharsag), spouse of Enlil, the supreme god of Nippur, who repre-
sents or symbolizes the female element of reproducing nature, is
called serpent (Assyrian, Si7),* and the Euphrates itself was called
the “river of the snake.”

Finally, the symbol of representing the world under the form of
a serpent biting its tail is explained from the fact that in the
cosmogony of Egypt, Babylonia, Greece, and India, the earth was
believed to be circumscribed by an ogean or “ celestial river,” whose
circular course is compared to a serpent.

*George A. Barton, Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions, 1918, pp. 16, 41, 48, and
46, compare. J. P. Peters, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 41, pp. 181 and
following, especially pp. 142 and following.

EGGS OF A NEW SPECIES OF NEMATOID WORM FROM
A SHARK

By G. A. MacCatitum
Of Baltimore, Mad.

On July 6, 1924, we examined at the United States Bureau of
Fisheries at Woods Hole, a large shark, Carcharhinus commersoni,
and I found on the white under surface of the nose, in front of the
mouth, a curious figure, which appeared like a drawing made with
a fine pen with India ink. The figure was formed by a delicate
tracery of lines extending over a patch about 214 inches by 11%.
We could not imagine why such a tracing should be there, and,
as nothing of the particulars could be made out with the naked
eye, I sliced off portions of the figure and placed them under
the microscope was surprised to find that the lines were made
up of black eggs laid in the grooves between the scales. We had
never seen anything like it before and were at a loss to know what
form could have laid them there, how it was done, and how they
were kept in place and not swept away when the fish made its way
through the water. Careful examination has failed to show any
female worm which could have laid them.

Vertical and horizontal sections of the skin were made, after
decalcifying the scales with hydrochloric acid, and in these the eggs
were plainly seen to be those of some small worm, and attached
to the grooves between the scales by some transparent, very adhesive
glutinous material which surrounds them. They are dark brown,
almost black, where the shell is thickest, and are of an elliptical
form, measuring 0.10 mm. in length by 0.005 mm. in width. Ante-
riorly each has a closed orifice at the end of a short neck.

* Dr. N. A. Cobb, who was kind enough to examine them, thought
that they much resembled the eggs of Z'richocephalus dispar in
form, and later it was decided that they belong in all probability
to a member of the genus Capillaria. Since it has been impossible
to find the female worm that laid them, the question arises as to
whether it may be that, as in the case of the common wild rat in
which a nematode of this general type lays eggs in fine lines over

No. 2588.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. I6.
29109—25 1

y PRECEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67, art. 16

the surface of the liver, the female after this is complete dies and
disappears.

In another shark of the same species the same eggs were found in
lines on the lighter colored portions of the anterior edges of the fins.
Since they have not appeared in any other species of shark, I have
named them as deposited by a member of the genus Capdllaria, which
should be called Capillaria carcharhini, new species. Although the
other members of the genus are well known in other animals, this is
possibly the only one recorded as having been found in a fish.

The type specimen has been deposited in the United States
National Museum, Helminthological Collections under the number
7812.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Capillaria carcharhini, new species

Fie. 1.—Portion of skin of shark with eggs of the parasite.
2.—Interior of egg showing embryo.
3.—Exterior of egg.
O

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Ea@aGs OF CAPILLARIA CARCHARHINI, NEW SPECIES

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 2

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TWO NEW LARVAL NEMATODES BELONGING TO THE
GENUS PORROCAECUM FROM MAMMALS OF THE
ORDER INSECTIVORA

By BENJAMIN SCHWARTZ

Of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture

Under date of October 22, 1924, Dr. Paul Bartsch of the United
States National Museum, forwarded to this laboratory encysted lar-
val nematodes, collected by Miss F. A. Cook from under the skin of
a short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) in the District of Colum-
bia. The cysts are spherical in shape, from 2 mm. to 4 mm. in maxi-
mum diameter, each containing a spirally coiled nematode, visible
through the rather transparent cyst wall. Two nematodes were freed
from their cysts by dissecting the cyst wall and several cysts were
cleared without injuring the cyst wall. Examination of the worms
showed that though they were sexually immature, they could be
readily identified as belonging to the genus Porrocaecum, on the
basis of the oblong esophageal ventriculus, the absence of an eso-
phageal appendix, and the presence of an intestinal cecum.

Owing to the feeble development of the lips and accessory mouth
structures in the worms in question it is neither possible nor desirable
to assign them to any of the known species of the genus, and follow-
ing a common usage among zoologists, these parasites, though sex-
ually immature and otherwise incompletely developed, are given
specific rank, the name Porrocaecum encapsulatum being proposed
for them.

PORROCAECUM ENCAPSULATUM, new species

Immature worms, occurring in globular cysts from 2 mm. to 4 mm.
in maximum diameter, lodged under the skin of the host. The
worms are long, slender, superficially resembling filaria, lying
spirally coiled within their cysts (fig. 8). The cuticle is striated
transversely throughout the entire length of the worms. One speci-
men extracted from the cyst measures 36 mm. in length by 0.865 mm.
in maximum width. The head when viewed from the side shows

No. 2589.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. I7
29111—25 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

two small cuticular protuberances (fig. 7) whose morphological
nature appears uncertain. When viewed en face, three feebly devel-
oped lips surrounding a small opening, the mouth, and what appear
to be six rather large papillae could be made out. The esophagus
consists of two portions, namely (a) the muscular esophagus proper
and (6) the ventriculus (fig. 6). The esophagus proper is filari-
form in shape, its diameter increasing in the posterior portion. In
one specimen the esophagus is 1.2 mm. long by 125y in maximum
width in the region of the base, and 62» in minimum width just
below the head. In another specimen the maximum width of the
esophagus is 178y. The ventriculus is oblong in shape (fig. 6) from
293 to 232 long by 1254 to 178. wide. The intestinal cecum
(fig. 6) is long and slender and lies alongside the esophagus. The
distance from the top of the intestinal cecum to the base of the ven-
triculus, slightly below which the former originates, is 6830p and
756 respectively, in two specimens examined. The intestine ter-
minates at a distance of 1334 from the posterior extremity (fig. 5)
and has a more or less uniform diameter, which measures 115y in
the region of the middle of the body. In the anal region a number
of structures presumably glands, stand out rather prominently.
The tail (fig. 5) ends in a spinose tip which measures about 25y in
length. No opening of the reproductive system or any evidence of
the presence of gonads could be distinguished in the specimens
examined.

Host.—Blarina brevicauda.

Location.—Under the skin.

Locality.—Dhistrict of Columbia.

Type specimens.— United States National Museum, Helminthologi-
cal Collections No. 26052.

On June 27, 1923, Dr. E. A. Chapin of this bureau discovered
an encysted nematode under the skin in the costal region of a
mole (Scalopus aquaticus), that had been trapped at Falls Church,
Virginia. On July 10, 1923, Doctor Chapin found another encysted
nematode under the skin of the same species of mole, trapped in
the same locality. Doctor Chapin freed these larvae from the
cysts and identified them as belonging to the genus Porrocaecum,
basing his generic determination on the structure of the esophagus
and on the presence of an intestinal cecum. One specimen was evi-
dently lost or destroyed. The second specimen was returned to
Dr. N. A. Cobb of the Bureau of Plant Industry, to whom the
material in question belonged and to whom the present writer is
‘indebted for the privilege of studying it. The present writer is
also indebted to Doctor Chapin who furnished information concern-
ing the location of the cysts in the host and the appearance of the
larvae within the cysts.

ART, 17 NEW LARVAL NEMATODES—SCHWARTZ 3

An examination of Doctor Cobb’s specimen showed it to be an
immature Porrocaecum considerably smaller than Porrocaecum
encapsulatum, the mouth structures being, however, somewhat more
developed than those in the latter species. The larval nematode
from the mole (Scalopus aquaticus) is quite distinct from the form
found in the shrew (Llarina brevicauda) and is described as a new
species, the name Porrocaecum americanum being proposed for it.

PORROCAECUM AMERICANUM, new species

The worm in its preserved state has been removed from its cyst,
and is coiled in a loose spiral, having the shape of the figure 6
(fig. 8). Doctor Chapin states that the worm in its encysted con-
dition was tightly coiled, completely filling its capsule. The speci-
men is 7.9 mm. long and 225y, wide in the middle of the body. The
cuticle is cross striated throughout the entire length of the specimen,
the striations in the middle of the body being approximately 15y.
apart, the distance between the striations diminishing as the two
extremities are approached. The mouth structures are more
developed than those of Porrocaecum encapsulatum, the three
lips (fig. 2) appearing as distinct and well-defined structures,
the dorsal lp being larger than the two lateral lips. In
lateral view, cuticular prominences, such as those in Porrocaecum
encapsulatum, are not distinguishable. The esophagus (fig. 4) con-
sists of two parts, namely, the esophagus proper and a ventriculus.
The former is about 690» long and the ventriculus which is oblong
in shape is 133y long by about 80u. in mamimum width. The nerve
ring 1s located at a distance of 178, from the anterior extremity.
The intestinal caecum (fig. 4) is 440. long and les alongside the
esophagus. The intestine whose diameter is more or less uniform,
measuring about 80y in the middle of the body, terminates at a dis-
tance of 107 from the posterior extremity (fig. 1). The tip of the
tail (fig. 1) is apparently broken off as the posterior extremity of
the specimen has a truncate appearance that suggests an artifact.
No evidence of a genital opening or of gonads could be found in
this specimen.

Hosts.—Scalopus aquaticus,

Location.—Under the skin.

Locality —F alls Church, Virginia.

Type specimen.—United States National Museum, Helmintho-
logical Collections No. 26060.

EARLIER REPORTS OF ENCYSTED NEMATODES IN INSECTIVORA

The first record of the occurrence of encysted nematodes in Insec-
tivora was published by Goeze (1782), who found some spirally
coiled worms inclosed in cysts and lodged in the peritoneal cavity of

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

a European mole, presumably 7’alpa europaea. The worms which
have the shape of the figure 8 as they lie in the cyst are described and
figured by Goeze, who recognized their ascarid structure and placed
them in the genus Cucullanus. The specific name Cucullanus talpae
was proposed for these parasites by Schrank (1788). Zeder (1803)
named them Fusaria incisa and Rudolphi (1802) called them Ascaris
incisa, by which name they have been commonly known to helminthol-
ogists. Leuckart (1842) records encysted larval nematodes from the
abdominal cavity and liver of the European shrew (Sorex tetragon-
vurus) similar to and possibly identical with Ascaris incisa. Leuckart’s
specimens are from 10 mm. to 18 mm. long, whereas Ascaris incisa
is only from 8 mm. to 10 mm. long according to various observers.
Without expressing any definite opinion, Leuckart considers the
possibility that the forms from the shrew are distinct from Ascaris
incisa and proposes the tentative name Ascaris acanthura for his
specimens. According to Seurat (1916) Spiroptera strumosa Mégnin
(1881) is synonymous with Ascaris incisa Rudolphi (1802). Under
the name Spiroptera strumosa Mégnin records encysted nematodes
from the surface of the stomach and intestines of a European mole.
This writer finds that although these cysts are six times as large as
Trichinae cysts, they have been mistaken for the latter. Baylis
(1924) expresses the opinion that encysted nematodes from small
mammals, such as shrews, belong to the genus Porrocaecum. This
opinion is apparently based on Leuckart’s idea that Ascaris incisa
is a larval stage of Ascaris depressum (Porrocaecum depressum).

The two species of Porrocaecum larvae described in this paper are
related to the various forms described from Europe, but they differ
from the latter as regards location, occurring subcutaneously, where-
as the European specimens have been recorded from the abdominal
cavity. Ascaris incisa, is in all probability, a group name, similar
to Ascaris capsularia, a collective name including various agamic
nematodes encysted in fishes. According to Seurat’s diagnosis
(1916) Ascaris incisa occurs in branching cysts, the capsules being
multiple and connected to each other by peduncles given off from the
cyst wall. This is borne out by Leuckart’s figures of Ascaris incisa
(Leuckart, 1876). Mégnin’s figure of Spiroptera strumosa likewise
shows a pedunculated cyst. Goeze’s figures of Cucullanus talpae,
and Leuckart’s figures of Ascaris acanthura, which he considered as
probably identical with Ascaris incisa, show nonpedunculated cysts,
from which it may be concluded that under the name Ascaris incisa
two or more species are probably included.

Porrocaecum encapsulatum differs strikingly from all previously
described nematode larvae from Insectivora in size, since it is four
times as long as Ascaris incisa and twice as long as the longest
‘specimens of Ascaris acanthura. Porrocaecum encapsulatum is

ART. 17 NEW LARVAL NEMATODES—SCHWARTZ 5

tightly coiled, the comparatively large number of coils filling the
cyst completely, whereas Ascaris incisa assumes the shape of the
figure 6 or 8 within the cyst, the interior of the latter being but
partially filled by the parasite. Ascaris acanthura has a shape more
or less resembling the figure 8, and only partially fills the cyst, so
far as can be judged from Leuckart’s figure. The species from the
mole described in this paper (Porrocaecum americanum) is similar
in size to Ascaris incisa, but in view of the fact that the latter ap-
pears to be a group name, and that a precise account of its morph-
ology has not been published, it is more desirable not to add to the
already existing confusion, and accordingly the form from the
American mole (Scalopus aquaticus) may best be considered dis-
tinct from that from the European mole (7Z'alpa europaea).

THE GENUS PORROCAECUM RAILLIET AND HENRY 1912

The genus Porrocaecum is included in the family Ascaridae, and
according to a recent revision of this family by Baylis (1920), it is
assigned to the subfamily Anisikinae Railliet and Henry, 1921,
emended by Baylis, 1920. Baylis defines the genus Porrocaecum as
follows: “ Esophagus with anterior muscular portion and posterior
ventriculus of oblong shape, the latter short in the genotype, but
in other species frequently long and bent at an angle so as to open
into the intestine laterally. An intestinal cecum present. No eso-
phageal appendix. Interlabia present, usually small dentigerous
ridges present.” Fifteen species belonging to this genus are listed
in the catalogue of the Zoological Division of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, the hosts being fishes, amphibia, birds, and marine mam-
mals. At least one species (Porrocaecum crassum) is probably of
economic importance, since it occurs in ducks. It is not improbable
that further investigations will add to the number of species of
Porrocaecum on the one hand and subtract from it on the other
hand. Only five species listed under this genus are regarded by
Baylis (1920) as probably belonging to it, while the same writer
regards. certain species from fish with a type of alimentary canal
characteristic of the genus, but not as yet included in it, as requiring
further investigation. It may be concluded, therefore, that our
knowledge of the genus is as yet incomplete, and that further investi-
gation will probably result in bringing to light additional species
which may lead to a new conception regarding the affinities of the
various members now included in it.

= LIFE HISTORY OF SPECIES OF PORROCAECUM

Our present knowledge of the life history of species of Porro-
caecum is very fragmentary, the essential facts being understood in
only two species, so far as the present writer has been able to ascer-

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

tain. In the case of Ascaris decipiens (=Porrocaecum decipiens)
of the Alaskan seal, the source of infection with this parasite accord-
ing to Stiles and Hassall (1899) is to be found in certain fish that
constitute part of the food of the definitive host. Stiles and Hassall
(1899) say that immature ascarids, representing various stages inter-
mediate between the adult forms of Ascaris decipiens and the so-
called Ascaris capsularia, which is a collective name applied to larval
nematodes found encysted in various species of fish, occur in the
stomach of seals, and that this suggests that these animals acquire
the infection with Porrocaecum decipiens as a result of eating in-
fected fish. Although Stiles and Hassall did not carry out any
feeding experiments, they report finding encysted ascarids in the
Alaskan pollock and the Pacific cod, which were identical with the
youngest forms, presumably of Porrocaecum decipiens, found in
seals. Since these fishes are known to be eaten by seals, Stiles and
Hassall conclude with a fair degree of certainty that the definitive
host acquires the infection as a result of eating the intermediate
host. So far as concerns Ascaris incisa it was suggested by Leuckart
(1876) that it is the larval form of Ascaris depressa (—=Porrocaecum
depressum), a nematode that occurs in various birds of prey such
as hawks and owls. Leuckart’s view has been commonly accepted
by helminthologists, although no experimental evidence has been
obtained to prove this relationship.

The occurrence of encysted Porrocaecum larvae in mammals sug-
gests a relationship between the intermediate and the unknown de-
finitive hosts similar to that described by Stiles and Hassall (1899) for
Porrocaecum decipiens. The unknown definitive hosts in the cases
reported by the present writer and by others are in all probability
birds, presumably hawks and owls, and other flesh-eating birds.
Two species of Porrocaecum from hawks are represented in the Hel-
minthological Collections of the United States National Museum.
One species is from Circus hudsonicus and the other is from alco
columbarius, both from Fishers Island, New York. The form from
Circus hudsonicus has a very small intestinal cecum. An American
species of Porrocaecum is described by Smith, Fox, and White
(1908) as Ascaris ardea (=Porrocaecum reticulatum) according to
Baylis and Daubney (1922), from a North American blue heron
(Ardea herodias). Smith, Fox, and White fail to mention the ven-
triculus and the esophageal bulb. Baylis and Daubney (1922) are
convinced, however, that the species described by Smith, Fox, and
White is a synonym of Ascaris reticulata von Linstow 1899 (=Por-
rocaecum reticulatum). According to the former writers this species
has a well-developed intestinal cecum and a less conspicuous ven-
triculus, which they describe as short and oblong. While the larval

ART. 17 NEW LARVAL NEMATODES—SCHWARTZ a4

forms described by the present writer have a well-developed intes-
tinal cecum, they also have a conspicuous ventriculus, and are there-
fore probably not identical with Porrocaecum reticulatum. WHow-
ever, as already stated elsewhere in this paper, the immaturity of
the present writer’s specimens does not warrant comparison with
any known adult forms.

The determination of the adult stages of Porrocaecum encapsu-
latum and Porrocaecum americanum must await the examination of
probable definite bird hosts in the vicinity of the District of Co-
lumbia and Virginia for parasites of the digestive tract, and the
experimental infection of birds with Porrocaecum as a result of
feeding them encysted larvae from intermediate hosts.

SUMMARY

Two encysted larval nematodes occurring in Insectivora are de-
scribed for the first time from the United States, and are definitely
shown to belong to the genus Porrocaecum. These forms appear to
be related to encysted nematodes described from moles and shrews
in Europe under the name Ascaris incisa and under other names,
but are distinct from the European forms as regards location in
the host as well as regards certain morphological characters.
Porrocaecum encapsulatum described in this paper from the shrew
(Blarina brevicauda) is strikingly larger than any of the related
forms heretofore known, and Porrocaecum americanum from the
mole (Scalopus uquaticus) though agreeing in size with Ascaris
incisa is considered distinct, because the latter is probably a group
name and has been incompletely described, so that there exists no
definite basis on which to make morphological comparisons.

The adult forms of the larvae here described (Porrocaecum encap-
sulatum and Porrocaecum americanum) probably occur in birds of
prey, such as hawks and owls. Owing to the incomplete state of
development of these larvae, particularly as regards the mouth parts,
it is impossible to compare them to any advantage with adult speci-
mens of Porrecaecum collected from American birds of prey. ‘The
ultimate solution of the question of the adult stages of the larvae
described in this paper will have to be based on more complete
knowledge of the species of Porrocaecwm that occur in American
birds of prey and on feeding experiments.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE CITED
BaAynrts: JH. A.
1920.—On the classification of the Ascaridae. 1. The systematie value of
certain characters of the alimentary canal, Parasitology, Cambridge
[Eng.], vol. 12, ser. 3, Sept., pp. 253-264, figs. 1-6.
1924.—Some considerations on the host-distribution of parasitic nema-
todes, Linnean Soe. Journ.,-Zool., vol. 86, April, pp. 13-238,

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Bayuis, H. A.; AND DAUBNEY, R.
1922.—Report on the parasitic nematodes in the collection of the Zoologi-
cal Survey of India, Mem. Indian Mus., Calcutta, vol. 7, ser. 4, Dec., pp.
263-347, figs. 1-75.
GorzE, J. A. E.
1782.—Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewiirmer thierischer
KGrper. xi-+-471 pp., 44 pls.. quarto. Blankenburg.
LEUCKART, FRIEDRICH S.
1842.—Helminthologische Beitriige (Zoologische Bruchstiicke). Part 2,
60 pp., 2 pls., quarto. Freiburg.
LEUCKART, Kart G. F. R.
1876.—Die menschlichen Parasiten und die von ihnen herriihrenden Krank-
heiten. vol. 2, pt. 8, pp. 518-882, 119 figs. octavo. Leipzig.
MEGNIN, JEAN-PIERRE.
1881.—Sur de petits helminthes enkystés qui peuvent étre facilement con-
fondus avee la Trichina spiralis (Owen), Gaz. méd. de Par., vol. 52,
ser. 6, vol. 3, juin, pp. 332-333.

RUDOLPH, Cary A.
1802.—Fortsetzung der Beobachtungen tiber die Eingeweidewiirmer, Arch.
f. Zool. u. Zoot., Braunschweig, vol. 2, ser. 2, pp. 1-67, pl. 1.
SCHRANK, FRANZ VON PAULA.
1788.—-Verzeichniss der bisher hinliinglich bekannten EHingeweidewiirmer,
nebst einer Abhandlung tiber ihre Anverwandtsechaften. 116 pp.
Miinchen. .

SEURAT, L. G.
1916.— Contribution a l’étude des formes larvaires des nématodes para-
sites hetéroxtnes, Bull. scient. de la France et de la Belg., Par. &
Lond., ser. 7, vol. 49, 6 juillet, pp. 297-877, figs. 1-14.

SmitH, ALLEN J.; Fox, HERBERT; and WHITE, C. Y.
1908.—Contributions to systematic helminthology, Univ. Penn. Med. Bull.,
Phila., vol. 20, Feb., pp. 283-294, pls. 2-10.
Stites, C. W.; and HASSALL, A.
1899.—Internal parasites of the fur seal. (Jn Jordan, David Starr,
and others. The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific
Ocean. Pt. 3, pp. 99-177, figs. 1-100. quarto. Washington)
ZEDER, J. G. H.
1803.—Anleitung zur Naturgeschicbte der Eingeweidewtirmer. xvi+-432
pp., 4 pls., octavo. Bamberg.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

a.—anus. int.—intestine.

b.—base of esophagus. oes.— esophagus.
c.—intestinal cecum. t.—posterior extremity.
gl.—glands. v.—ventriculus.
h.—anterior extremity.

Tics. 1-4.—Porrocaecum americanum, new species (lateral views). 1, posterior
end; 2, anterior end; 3, outline drawing of entire worm; 4, esophageal
region.

lias. 5-8.—Porrocaecum encapsulatum, new species (lateral views). 5, poste-
rior end; 6, esophageal region; 7, anterior end; 8, encysted worm with cyst
partially removed to show the worm.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

New LARVAL NEMATODES OF THE GENUS PORROCAECUM

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 8

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OCCURRENCE OF THE CRINOID GENUS APIOCRINUS
IN AMERICA

By Frank Srrincer,

Associate in Paleontology, United States National Museum
£

The genus Apiocrinus is one of the most conspicuous of Mesozoic
crinoids, hitherto known only from Europe, where it is found as »
typical fossil in the upper Jurassic (Oolite) of England, France,
and Switzerland. It was first described and figured by Parkinson +
under the name “ Pear Encrinite,” in allusion to the pronounced pear
shape of the calyx. In 1820 Schlotheim designated Parkinson’s
species according to the rules of binomial nomenclature as H’ncrinites
parkinsoni, nearly all crinoids then being known as /necrinites.

In the following year J. S. Miller in his Natural History of the
Crinoidea, 1821, proposed the genus Apiocrinus for the Parkinson
fossil, to which he gave a new specific name, A. rotundus,; this was
not accepted because clearly a synonym of Schlotheim’s species.
Thus the name became established as Apiocrinus (Apiocrinites)
parkinsont (Schlotheim) for the species by which the genus is best
Known in collections, through specimens from the Bradford clay
of England, and from various localities in England and France.
The genus is abundant and widely distributed, 27 species having
been described, 15 from France, 2 from England, and 10 from
Switzerland and adjacent regions. The descriptions of most of them
may be found in the works of D’Orbigny, Quenstedt, and De, Loriol.

Apiocrinus is the type of a very distinct family which has con-
tinued from the Jurassic to the present time; and the genus itself,
in its typical forms, is strongly differentiated from its fellows by
the fact that the stem, which is round and without cirri, is in its
upper part greatly expanded into a proximal conical enlargement
continuous with the sides of the calyx, so that there is no line of
demarcation between them. Its characters in detail are well shown
in the figures of A. parkinsoni in Zittel-—Eastman’s Text-book of

1 Organic Remains of a Former World, 1808, vol. 1, p. 208, pl. 16, figs. 1-8, from
Bradford, near Bath, England.

No. 2590.—PROcEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. [8.
215138—25 1

yl PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Paleontology *; while the general aspect of the fossil is illustrated
on page 231 by their copy of D’Orbigny’s restoration, incorrect as
to cirri, of his well known species, A. roissyanus; also in Dana’s
Manual of Geology.®

Whue remains of five other important European Mesozoic genera,
Pentacrinus, Isocrinus, Balanocrinus, Bourgueticrinus, and Mar-
supites, have been identified in Amer®ta, the extremely prolific Apio-
crinus has remained until this time unrepresented in the western
hemisphere. { am now able to announce its addition to the list.

Jn March, 1923, Mr. W. 8S. Adkins brought into the United States
National Museum in Washington a series of fossils collected by him
in the course of geological investigations for the ‘Cia. Mexicana de
Petroleo “El Aguila” on the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico.
Among them were a number of crinoid stem-fragments which were
submitted to me for examination. Some of these were in the matrix,
a pinkish limestone, and others loose. They were derived from a
limestone outcrop on the east bank of the Rio Playas at a point 10.8
kilometers south and 3.9 kilometers east of the northeast corner of
the Limantour property, near the junction of the rivers Playas and
Potrero Nuevo. The horizon was identified by Mr. Adkins, on the
strength of the other fossils, as upper Jurassic or lower Cretaceous,
probably the former, which the evidence of the crinoids confirms.

The crinoid stems are in small sections, none of them containing
more than eight or ten columnals. In several the joint-faces are
well exposed, and inspection of them at once eliminated Pentacrinus.
and Balanocrinus from consideration, while it disclosed a similarity
of type to the joint-faces of A piocrinus, which was confirmed by the
presence of a single piece containing five columnals having the char-
acteristic expansion of the stem proximal to the calyx. This left no
doubt as to the generic affinity of the fossils, thus establishing for
the first time the existence of Apiocrinus in the rocks of the Ameri-
can continent. While the material is too imperfect for close specific
discrimination, the occurrence is of sufficient interest paleontologi-
rally to warrant the designation of a new species, for which I pro-
pose the name—

APIOCRINUS TEHUANTEPEC, new species

There are about 20 stem-fragments, similar in appearance and
evidently belonging to the same species; all are round, and without
trace of cirri, the largest about 10 mm. in diameter. The tapering
specimen is the most characteristic. Its five columnals have a total
length of 18 mm., and during that interval it enlarges from 7 mm.
to 10. The joint-face is marked by about 56 fine radiating striae

21913 edition, pp. 250, 231. 2 Fourth edition, p. 778.

ART. 18 THE CRINOID GENUS APIOCRINUS—SPRINGER 3

running inward from the periphery to a smooth ring surrounding
the lumen, about one-third the diameter of the columnal and flush
with the adjacent surface; this is seen in several specimens, and is
evidently a constant character, with perhaps some variation in rela-
tive diameter.

In the structure of the joint-face may be seen the decisive differ-
ence between this genus and Pentacrinus, [socrinus, or Balanocrinus,
the other forms which might be encountered in rocks of the same age.
In these the joint-face is divided into five petaloid sectors differing
among: the genera, the first two having short crenelations at the mar-
gin of the sectors, and the last having them only at the periphery of
the stem. In Apiocrinus there are no sectors, and the striae extend
directly inward for about one-third to two-fifths the diameter of
the joint, or perhaps sometimes all the way to the lumen. For con-
venience of comparison with the A piocrinus joint-face, and also to
facilitate identification of fragments that are likely to be found, I
am giving characteristic figures of the other two types (pl. 1, figs.
8, 9, 10, 11). The smooth ring surrounding the lumen is a marked
character in our species, occupying about one-third the diameter of
the joint, probably varying in different parts of the stem; it is but
little, if any, sunken below the general surface of the joint, and the
striae In some cases pass over it.

Among European species comparison may be made with Apio-
crinus elegans (Defrance), which is of a very similar type to our
species, having usually less curvature to the sides of the expanded
stem than in such characteristic species as A. parkinsoni and A,
rowsyanus. Apiocrinus elegans was described by Defrance in
1819* as Astropoda, and in 1839 was referred by D’Orbigny to
Apiocrinus.” The species is widely distributed, and occurs at many
localities in France, especially in the districts of Calvados, Cote
VOr, Nievre, etc. It has been thoroughly described and figured by
De Loriol,’ from whom I am giving copies of his figures 1, 4, and 6
of plate 34, showing the contour of stem and calyx, and figures 4,
4b, 4c of plate 35, giving details of the joint-face.

In relative proportions of the corresponding parts there is little
difference between our species and this. In the 5 columnals of ours
the spread in diameter is as 1 to 1.4; in De Loriol’s figures of A.
elegans on plate 34 for the same number of columnals the spread in
figure 4 is as 1 to 1.5, and in figure 6 as 1 to 1.6. The joint-face as
shown by figures 4, 4¢ of plate 35, has a somewhat less number of
striae, about 48, and a similar smooth median ring, which is rela-
tively larger and distinctly sunken. This smooth inner ring sur-

* Dict. des Sci. Nat., vol. 14, p. 468.
5 Hist. Nat. des Crinoides, p. 29, pl. 5, figs. 9-15.
* Crinoides de la France, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1883, p. 240, pls. 34, 35.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM YOL, 67

rounding the lumen seems to be a constant feature in A piocrinus, as
well as in some other genera, as for instance, Protsocrinus A. H.
Clark? a Recent member of the same family. It varies from
strongly marked and deeply sunken to flush with the rest of the
surface. So far as can be ascertained, it seems to be most marked at
the top of the stem just beneath the conical enlargement, gradually
becoming less marked and finally obliterated below. The flush sur-
face of the inner ring resembles the same structure in Apiocrinus
polycryphus, as shown by De Loriol on plate 36, figure 4a. In com-
paring the figures of De Loriol which I have copied with those of our
species, it must be remembered that while the former are natural
size, the latter are one and a half times enlarged.

If we had the calyx of our species greater differences might be
found. In such a great distance migrational changes are likely to
occur. On the other hand, there are crinoid species of intercon-
tinental distribution, for example Pentacrinus subangularis, one of
the best known European species, of Jurassic age, which has been
found in Alaska, with characters so nearly identical that only varietal
differences, if any, can be pointed out. And even among existing
crinoids, although rarely, an equal extension of range may be found,
as in the case of Rhizocrinus lofotensis, which occurs from Florida to
Greenland and eastward to Norway.

7™Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus...‘ vol. 38, 1910, p. 390, fig. 3.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE
APIOCRINUS TEHUANTEPEC, new species

Wa. 1. Fragment of stem containing conical enlargement proximal to the

calyx, tapering for a distance of 5 columnals from 7 mm. di-
ameter to10 mm. X #.

2and 3. Stem fragments of larger individuals from more distal parts of
the stem. X #.

2a and 3a. Joint-faces of the same specimens, slightly frayed at the

periphery, having about 56 striae, which extend inward for
about two-fifths of the diameter to a smooth inner ring sur-

rounding the lumen. X< #. Collection United States Na-

tional Museum. Upper Jurassic, Isthmus of Tehuantepec,
Mexico.

APIOCRINUS ELEGANS (Defrance)
Upper Jurassic, Bathonien. Calvados, France

Bias. 4, 4b, 4c. Joint-faces and lateral view of isolated stem fragments, show-
ing the radiating striae, and smooth sunken inner ring. After
De Loriol, Pal. France, vol. 11, pt. 1, pl. 35, figs, 4, 4b, 4e.
Natural size.
5.6, 7. Different forms of calyx and conical stem enlargement. After
De Loriol, pl. 34, figs. 1, 4, 6. Natural size.

PENTACRINUS SUBANGULARIS, var. ALASKA Springer
Lower Jurassic. Northern Alaska

Fires. 8,9. Two joint-faces, showing petaloid sectors with crenellae at their

margin. Natural size. Collection United States

National
Museum.

BALANOCRINUS MEXICANUS Springer
gd
Upper Cretaceous. Tamaulipas, Mexico
Wis. 10. A joint-face, showing petaloid sectors with crenellae at periphery of
the joint. xX <& Collection United States National Museum.

BALANOCRINUS HAITIENSIS Springer
Tertiary, Miocene. Republic of Haiti

¥ie. 11. A joint-face, showing petaloid sectors, with shorter peripheral
crenellae. X 2. Collection United States National Museum.

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 18 PL. |

APIOCRINUS AND OTHER CRINOID GENERA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 6&

THE ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS AND THE TAXONOMIC
VALUE OF THE TONGUE IN BIRDS

By Leon L. Garpner,
Of the United States Army Medical Corps

Since the work of Lucas? there has been little systematic investiga-
tion on the tongues of birds, and with the exception of an occasional
description the subject has been largely neglected. It is in the hope
of reopening interest in the subject that this paper is written.

As is well known the tongue is an exceptionally variable organ in
the Class Aves, as is to be expected from the fact that it is so inti-
mately related with the birds’ most important problem, that of
obtaining food. For this function it must serve as a probe or spear
(woodpeckers and nuthatches), a sieve (ducks), a capillary tube
(sunbirds and hummers), a brush (Trichoglossidae), a rasp (vul-
tures, hawks, and owls), as a barbed organ to hold slippery prey
(penguins), as a finger (parrots and sparrows), and perhaps as a
tactile organ in long-billed birds, such as sandpipers, herons, and the
like.

The material upon which this paper is based is the very extensive
alcoholic collection of birds in the United States National Museum,
Washington, D. C., for the use of which and for his abundant aid
in numberless ways I am very much indebted to Dr. Charles W.
Richmond, associate curator of the Division of Birds. To Dr.
Alexander Wetmore, assistant secretary in charge of the United
States National Museum, I wish to express my thanks for his kind
assistance in reviewing the paper and for his help in its preparation.

Part of the material is from my own collection which is now filed
with the Museum and which came to me in many ways. Dr. Witmer
Stone, director of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
furnished me with much from foreign sources for which I am greatly

Lucas, F, A. The Taxonomic Value of the Tongue.in Birds, The Auk, vol. 13, No. 2,
April, 1896, pp. 109-115. ,

Lucas, F, A. The Tongues of Woodpeckers. Bulletin No.7, U. 8. Department:-of Agri-
culture, Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy. : :

Lucas, F. A. (1897). The Tongues of Birds. Report of U.:S. National Museum, 1895,
pp. 1003-1020. ; r

No. 2591.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 19.
43316—25——_1 sit] Berity 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

indebted. J. Eugene Law, Altadena, Calif., provided me with
much valuable fresh material, as did also George Willett, Los An-
geles, Calif., to both of whom I wish to express my thanks.

Finally I am much indebted to Prof. Charles F. Baker, Los Banos,
Philippine Islands, for his assistance, and to my wife for her aid in
the preparation of the illustrations.

Before reviewing the variations undergone by the tongue a brief
consideration of the histology may be of interest to throw some light
on the function.

ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS

A cross section through the anterior one-third of the tongue re-
veals the following: The section is very irregular in shape, with a
deep groove dorsally. In the center of the tongue is the single car-
tilaginous and bony mass of the fused ceratohyals. Surrounding
this is a complex interlacing of adipose and connective tissue, strati-
fied skeletal muscle, blood vessels, and nerve trunks. Embedded
deeply in tissue are found groups of mucous glands, ducts of which
here and there can be traced to the dorsal surface of the tongue.
Dorsolaterally is seen a double row of cornified spines or hairs,
from the base of which strands of cells are scattered deeper into the
tongue. Small nerve corpuscles are seen grouped chiefly about the
cornified spines. Finally the surface of the tongue is composed of
stratified epithelium through which ducts of mucous glands pass.

TYTO PRATINCOLA

The extreme tip of the tongue is composed almost entirely of corni-
fied epithelium. Posterior to this on section the tongue is concave
dorsally, the epithelium covering this surface being a relatively thin
layer. The center of the tongue is occupied by the bony mass of the
ceratohyals surrounded by connective tissue with interlacing fibers
of striated muscle. At the mid point between the tip and posterior
margin of the tongue mucous glands make their appearance, and
from this point posteriorly become abundant.

The glands in this species are quite superficial, being embedded
in the layer of stratified epithelium itself and opening to the sur-
face through pores which are visible, with the unaided eye or a
small lens, on gross inspection. Nerve corpuscles are either absent
in this species or very infrequent.

PICA NUTTALLI

On section the tongue is concavo-convex, with the concavity rep-
resenting the dorsal surface. The ventral surface is composed of
cornified epithelium. The dorsal surface is covered with a deep
layer of noncornified stratified epithelium. Glands in this species
do not appear except at the extreme posterior portion of the tongue.
Nerve corpuscles are infrequent.

ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 3
CARPODACUS MEXICANUS FRONTALIS

The section is cordiform in shape. The ventral and lateral sur-
faces are covered with thin cornified epithelium. The dorsal sur-
face is composed of a thick knoblike mass of stratified squamous
epithelium through which no glandular ducts were seen to pass.
Several large nerve trunks pass through the length of the tongue
beneath the branches of the ceratohyals. Nerve corpuscles are
found in the posterior end of the tongue.

It is apparent even from such a brief survey that the tongue must
serve, in part in some species at least, as an accessory salivary gland.
In addition tactile sense must be ascribed to it, if not even that of
taste, as Botezat* suggests.

The variations found in bird tongues are very extensive and often
complex.

Embryological study shows that this organ in birds is primitively
a paired structure arising from the second and third visceral arches.
This paired condition reflects itself in the hyoid bones, the two fore-
most of which, the ceratohyals, being typically unfused and em-
bedded in the flesh of the tongue itself. Posterior to this paired
position is a median unpaired tract, the basihyal. Upon this
foundation are constructed all the elaborate variations to be found
among the tongues of birds. Thus the tongues of woodpeckers,
which at first sight seem to be constructed on a wholly different pat-
tern than that of a robin, are, on last analysis, seen to be but an
extensive modification of this rather primitive type, the ceratohyals
being fused to a small spearlike tip and the basihyal greatly elon-
gated. This is represented superficially by the small barbed sharp
tip, the true tongue, while behind this is the fleshy cylindrical
extensive basihyal portion often spoken of as the tongue.

As Lucas * pointed out in his work, the tongue of a robin (fig. 1)
serves as a ground pattern for many modifications. In this bird it
is a slender, horny, lanceolate organ, wider and fleshier at the base
than the tip and narrowing to the tip, which is translucent, corni-
fied, somewhat split and frayed, with a tendency to curl.

Posteriorly the tongue ends in a free edge which is deeply con-
cave, with the concavity looking caudad and armed with many sharp
conical spines which are firm in texture but bend readily. Laterally,

2Botezat, E. Die sensiblen Nervenendapparate in den Hornpapillen der Végel in
Zusammenhang mit Studien zur vergleichenden Morphologie und Physiologie der Sinnes-
organe, Anat. Anz., vol. 34, 1908.

Botezat, E. Die sensiblen Nervenendapparate und die Geschmacksorgane der Vogel.
Vortrag, gehalten auf der 77. Vers. der Naturf. u. Aerzte in Meran 1905. Referat in den
Verhandlungen der Gessellschaft.

Botezat, E. Morphologie, Physiologie und phylogenetische Bedeutung der Geschmacks-
organe der Vogel. Anatomischer Anzeiger, vol. 36, 1910, pp. 428-461.

*Lucas, F. A. The Tongues of Birds. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, pp. 1003-1020.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the tongue ends in two main branches, tipped with heavy spines
many times larger than the marginal spines. In this type of tongue
there is a definite line of demarcation between the fleshy body of the
tongue and the translucent cornified tip which is frayed.

In studying such a tongue for factors that are constant, one is
forced to conclude that beyond the general shape and appearance
there is nothing that can be accepted as invariable. The number
of posterior spines is inconstant within the species, although they
may be counted on to be in a single row (in contradistinction to the
multiple rows as seen in owls, for example).

The length depends on the amount of wear. In aseries of meadow-
lark tongues collected in one day in South Dakota the length varies
from 16 mm. to 20.5 mm. The birds were feeding almost entirely on
grasshoppers that were at that time a serious pest.

The main posterolateral or heaviest spines are not invariable
in arrangement; while always present they may be bifid or in birds,
as some of the sparrows, where they are normally split into two,
there may be three or four subdivisions.

The curling, splitting, and fraying is also variable within the
species and shows individual modifications, although, as will be seen
later, these characters serve as very important adaptive features and
undergo extensive variations in certain families.

Bearing in mind these inconstant factors it is of interest to trace
the modifications that may be found of this fundamental pattern.

With slight differences in curling, splitting, length, and arrange-
ment of spines this tongue is to be found in a large number of pas-
serine birds, as the warblers, vireos, thrushes, thrashers, crows, fly-
catchers, shrikes, wrens, bulbuls, drongos, and the like, with Glareola
closely simulating it. The divergence from the type, however, is
most marked and comes to its greatest development in the flower-
frequenting forms.

The typical tongue has an inherent tendency to curl, split, and
fray, and any one or all of these tendencies may be combined to make
up the tongues of the flower frequenters.

Thus splitting alone with little tendency to curl and no fraying
is exemplified by the tongue of the flowerpeckers or Dicaeidae, which
is deeply split, forming very slender long forked tips, two in Dicaewm
and four in Prionochilus.

On the other hand marked curling is seen in the Old World sun-
birds (Nectariniidae), where it may be a complete tube for the
greater part of its length, without fraying of the margins of the
tube and with splitting into two tips either absent or very slight.
Whether the tongue be a relatively short one, as in Hermotimia (fig.
141), or very long as in Arachnothera, this perfect tubular arrange-
ment exists in the anterior two-thirds of each. Splitting is not

ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 5

present in some individuals, or if present is not very deep, although
Anthreptes is rather deeply cleft, forming two fringeless tubes.

Curling and fraying of the lateral margins is illustrated by the
Drepanididae. In Hemignathus (fig. 19), Himatione, Chlorodre-
panis, Vestiaria, and Heterorhynchus it is long and slender, curled
into a complete tube, the edges of which are delicately frayed, with
the tip ending in a much frayed but not bifid brush.

Finally, beginning with Dendroica tigrina (fig. 2), an interesting
series of split and frayed tongues can be demonstrated. In this
warbler the maximum of curling in the Mniotiltidae is reached,
Baird ¢ going so far even as to suggest a separate genus for it.

From this it is a near step to the curled tongues of Zosterops
simplex and Z. japonica, which are described by Beddard * as being
curled into almost a complete tube with a much frayed tip.

The next step can be traced through the Icteridae, where in /cterus
(fig. 3) it is curled, in the anterior one-third to one-half, with
elaborately frayed edges and somewhat split to form two semi-
tubular fringed tips. The Coerebidae carry this still further.
Glossoptila (Huneornis) makes no advance, with only moderate
curling, splitting and fraying at the tip. Chlorophanes (fig. 4) is
curled in the anterior one-half and is split and frayed, but the
tongue is not yet tubular nor has it reached that stage in Cyanerpes.
But in Diglossa and Coereba (fig. 5) it is found to have become a
complete tube by the overlapping of the upcurled edges and the
splitting involves the entire anterior one-half of the tongue, so that,
instead of one, we find two complete tubes highly fringed and
frayed. Finally this splitting has reached its maximum in the
Meliphagidae, so that in Myzomela rubratra (fig. 6) it has become
i completely curled tongue in the anterior half, splitting into four
tubular frayed tips.

The examples might be unnecessarily multiplied. Suffice it to say
that such a study brings to light a most interesting series of elabo-
rately modified tongues, the exact correlation of diet with which
offers material for future study.

Returning to the ground pattern we can see a close resemblance be-
tween it and the tongues of some of the motmots and todies (see
fig..74), in which birds it is rather flat and the thin horny trans-
lucent tip constitutes as much as one-half of the organ.

A curious little variation is seen in the titmice (see fig. 123). In
these birds the cartilaginous tips of the ceratohyals project through
the tip of the tongue and with two lateral projections form what
has been likened to a four-tined pitchfork. The nuthatches (fig.

4Baird, 8S. Ff. Review of American Birds, November, 1864, pp. 161-162.
> Beddard, F. E. Ibis, ser. 6, No. 3, 1891, pp. 510-512, Tongue of Zosterops.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

121) modify this by having six or seven tangled tips well calculated
to collect small insects and spider eggs from the crevices of tree bark.

Such, in brief, is a survey of the modifications of the type pattern
seen among birds. There are, however, many tongues that are ap-
parently fashioned on other foundations. Among these are found
many of the shore and water birds. Thus the tongue of a gull (fig.
28) (Larus) might be selected asa type. In these forms, according to
Giebel,®° the ceratohyals tend to fuse into one bone. Superficially
one sees this manifested by a rather fleshy organ which, while having
a median depression or groove running the length of the tongue, still
has no tendency to curl and, while often very slightly incised or
frayed at the tip, is not split to any degree. Such a tongue, varying
in length and breadth, is to be found in a large series of rails, sand-
pipers, terns, plovers, and the like.

Some interesting adaptations are to be noted especially among the
fish feeders. If the tongue is edged laterally with sharp spines for
one-half or more its length we would have it as seen in the petrel
tribe, fulmars (fig. 25) and shearwaters; loons (fig. 23) modify the
pattern by concentrating all the spines in one large sharp patch
posteriorly. Finally if this process is continued so that the whole
surface of the tongue is covered with retroverted spines we would
have the condition as represented by the penguins.

Another ground pattern is seen among the woodpeckers (fig. 13).
As has been noted the basihyal has been greatly lengthened in these
birds whereas the ceratohyals are fused as a small conical tip. The
true tongue then is represented by the sharp horny white tip armed
with lateral, backwardly directed spines, while behind this is the
long extensile wormlike basihyal portion which, when drawn back
into the mouth, inverts and forms a sheath into which the rest of
the organ can be retracted. This portion is covered with minute
spines scarcely visible to the unaided eye, the apparent function of
which is to hold the saliva, which is especially abundant in these
birds. This pattern is characteristic of the family Picidae and is
seen in no other forms.

An odd pattern is assumed by the Ardeidae (figs. 31-84) in which
it is long, fleshy, and cylindrical, the characteristic feature being,
however, the absence of sharp spines at the posterior margin of the
tongue. Instead is found only a soft, fleshy flap, somewhat ser-
rated in outline, ending laterally in large but flexible tips.

Among the Anatidae (fig. 9) again this organ assumes a char-
acteristic appearance undergoing many interesting variations to
be described later.

® Giebel, C. Die Zunge der Végel und ibr Geriist, Zeitschr. fiir die Gesammten Natur-
wiss., vol. 11, 1858, pp. 19-53.

—_ —

ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 7

Hawks, owls, and vultures have powerful rasping tongues, a
structure that does not seem to be based primarily on the funda-
mental pattern. For in most of these birds the ceratohyals, accord-
ing to Giebel,® are fused the greater part of their length except at
about the mid point, where by reason of failure of fusion a hole
is left.

Parrots display an individuality of their own. In many of these
birds the tongue is broader at the tip than at the base, forming
almost a finger, with the anterior margin convex. It may be flat,
cupped, grooved, rolled into a tube, or even brush-tipped (figs.
70-73).

Finally, without considering the various rudimentary tongues
there are a host of odd types scattered throughout the class Aves,
such as the curious feathered tongues of the toucans (fig. 87); that
organ as found in the puff-birds (fig. 83), the cuckoos, the flamingoes,
and the like. One is constantly impressed with the fact that no
reliable guess as to the tongue form can be made by the appearance
or function of the bill and that any generalization is a very un-
certain procedure.

The color of the tongue is interesting only in passing. Usually
flesh colored, it may not be so, however, often taking the color of the
bill or assuming a color of its own. Thus it is black in the crow and
its allies; has brown spots in some swallows; may: be entirely black
with white spines in that odd cuckoo, the road-runner (Geococcyx
californianus), or be almost entirely fiesh-colored, mottled with
black, in other members of the same species. It is pink in the red-
billed Heermann gull (Larus heermanni). It is said to be scarlet
in the black cockatoo. Still again a light blue is seen. Some of
the hawks, as the marsh hawk (Circus hudsonius), have the posterior
end and the spines this color.

Out of this confusing multiplicity of form it seems possible to
make certain groupings as to function and adaptation. And if
this is done one finds approximately eight natural groups are
formed:

1. An omnivorous diet is productive of a rather generalized pat-
tern. This includes the great majority of tongues found in the
Passeriformes, as has been described. The chief adaptive feature
lies in the presence of the posterior marginal spines. The tongue is
capable of being depressed at the tip and elevated posteriorly.
When worked rapidly backward and forward it can be used to
force resistant food down the throat. The efficacy of this is most
astonishingly manifest if, for instance, a bit of cloth be fed to a
nestling. In such an instance it is only with difficulty that the
cloth can be withdrawn from the throat without injury to the bird,
so eagerly is the tongue with its spines used to resist the effort.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

_ In this group falls also the simple fleshy tongues of the gallina-
ceous birds (fig. 7).

2. Fish eaters, where the tongue is used to hold slippery prey.
In these it is found to be plentifully supplied with sharp, stiff
retrorse spines. These may be distributed over the whole sur-
face, as in the penguins, edging the lateral margin only as in the
fulmars and shearwaters (fig. 8), as a patch of stiff spines situated
at the base, as in the loons, or a double row on the surface, as in
mergansers (fig. 10). A distinction must be drawn between. fish
eaters that use the tongue and those in which the food is bolted
whole, where it has lost its function and a different condition pre-
vails.

3. A diet of a multiplicity of small things strained from the water
is associated with the complex tongues of the Anatidae (fig. 9).

Typically it is roughly rectangular in shape and is thick and fleshy.
The tip is composed of a cornified rounded flaplike process. Pos-
terior to this the tongue is broad with a median groove and provided
laterally with a double row of heavy hairs, the upper overhanging
the lower like a thatched roof. Toward the posterior half the upper
row, by a process of agmination of the hairs, becomes converted to a
series of large, heavy spines, which vary in number with the differ-
ent species. Coincidentally the edges of the median groove become
cornified with rough, toothlike processes. Lateral to these the sur-
face of the tongue is nodular or papillar and plentifully supplied
with openings of ducts of muscous glands. The posterior portion of
the tongue is made up of a fleshy eminence heavily armed with
strong spines.

The method of use is interesting. The tongue is depressed, allow-
ing water to run along the groove, it is then raised against the palate,
the water squirted out from the sides through the hairy edges,
straining out and leaving the solids.

Considerable variation is seen, depending on the use of this organ
and the width of the bill. Thus in the geese and swans where it is
used for tearing up weeds and grasses it has become a very power-
ful tearing structure. In Cygnus buccinator, for example, the
edges of the median groove instead of consisting of rather rounded
eminences become very sharp, long tearing spines.

A similar purpose is accomplished by Branta nigricans by con-
version of the entire lateral row of hairs into spines; in other words,
all of the lateral hairs have become agglutinated into spines, and this
process extends quite to the tip.

On the other hand the red-breasted merganser (fig. 10), having
taken to fish fare, has developed sharp dorsal spines and lost one
row of marginal hairs, tending to approach in type the fish eaters.

ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER J

4, Flesh feeders or the birds of prey, including the owls, have
developed heavy rasping tongues. The anterior portion is often
very rough and hard and in some forms somewhat curled as in
eagles and lammergeiers. The posterior spines, which may be in a
single or multiple row, are stiff and hard. Opening to the surface
are ducts of many mucous glands the function of which is manifest.
A curious modification of form is seen in the deep trough-shaped
tongues of the vultures and the condor, which are armed with sharp
marginal spines (figs. 36-438).

5. Where the food is probed for and consists largely of insects we
see the structure as exemplified by woodpeckers. Lucas? has dem-
onstrated an interesting correlation with diet. Flickers (fig. 14),
having made a departure from the regular fare and having taken to
an ant diet, are found to possess a blunt-tipped tongue with but two
or three reduced barbs, while the extensibility is greatly increased
and the whole dorsal tract (basihyal position) plentifully supplied
with minute spines to hold mucous. In these birds also the sub-
maxilliary salivary glands reach their maximum development, a
combination well adapted to catch ants.

In Melanerpes (fig. 15), where the diet has become more gener-
alized, it will be found that the extensibility is reduced and instead
of spines at the tip there has been a conversion to vibrissae or hair-
like processes.

Finally in the sapsuckers (fig. 16) the extensibility is reduced to
a minimum. The dorsal tract is bare of spines except posteriorly,
where it is widened into a shieldlike structure bearing papillae. At
the tip and along the lateral edges there is a fine brush of hairs
which serves well for capillarity but is ill adapted to spearing grubs
nor are many of these found in an analysis of stomach contents.

Among this group should be classed the spearing and impaling
organs of the titmice, and nuthatches, already described.

6. Seed and nut eaters have fleshy and strong tongues. In this
group are to be classed those of the typical parrots (fig. 17) and
finches (fig. 18). In parrots it has been described. In finches it is
cylindrical or tends toward that form and slopes from base to tip.
Since the ability of a bird to project the lower mandible is very lim-
ited the rolling of seeds in the act of husking would be difficult.
With the inclined surface of the tongue, however, acting as a sur-
face against which seeds may be rolled, this is actually accomplished
most dexterously. In many finches for reasons not entirely under-
stood the tongue is often scoop-shaped or even rolled into a semi-
tubular structure, as will be illustrated later.

7™Lucas, F. A. The Tongues of Woodpeckers. Bull. No. 7, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Div. Ornith. and Mammalogy.

43316—25 2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

7. Flower frequenters (fig. 19) have most complex. tongues.
Among these we find the fringed split and tubular tongues of the
Drepanididae, the Nectariniidae, Dicaeidae, some of the Icteridae,
the Zosteropidae, and the Meliphagidae. In this group also falls
the Trochilidae. Finally a most remarkable adaptation is found in
the flower frequenting parrots of the family Trichoglossidae (fig.
70), where the tongue is curled at the tip and supplied with a stiff
brush of vibrissae.

The correlation of such tongues with a nectar, pollen, insect, diet
is easy to see. Of further interest is the fact that members of most
of these families possess the ability to very greatly extend the
tongue. The hyoid bones are prolonged over the occiput in the same
manner as that adopted by the woodpeckers, and like the latter may
even extend well down to the base of the bill.

8. Rudimentary. Finally a natural group is formed of tongues
that have lost the greater part or all of their function, a condition
found among many families. Thus birds that bolt their food whole
have this organ often merely a little fleshy cylinder a few milli-
meters long and no wider. This structure prevails in many of the
fish eaters, as the booby, pelican, stork, gannet, darter (fig. 20),
man-of-war bird, cormorant, and the like. Again in the huge-billed
hornbills we find only a small and unimportant tongue; neither is
this organ very large or of much apparent use in their allies, the
kingfishers, or again in many of the Caprimulgidae, in which family
it is often to be found small and rather simple in structure.

It is apparent in such a review that in a large number of forms
tongue structures can be correlated with some special diet and the
method of its procurement as might well be expected of an organ
so intimately concerned with the function of obtaining food. The
exceptions, however, are numerous and present most interesting prob-
lems. For example, no special adaptation is to be noted in the
tongues of gulls, rails, sandpipers, and the like unless, as it seems
not at all improbable, special tactile or even taste sense is located in
them. Added to these are certain odd and rather complex tongues
the unusual shapes of which are difficult to explain. An instance is
this organ in the fruit-eating trogons (fig. 21). It is triangular,
thick, heavy, horny tipped, with a central groove bordered by dis-
tinct ridges and heavily armed posteriorly with spines. The mot-
mots have a long slender structure, thin and horny and much frayed
laterally, somewhat resembling that found in toucans (fig. 87), in
which birds, again, a most curious featherlike organ is found with the
frayed lateral margins directed anteriorly, the significance of which
can not be evaluated at present.

ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER Al

In addition a most difficult problem is the explanation of varia-
tions in closely related birds where presumably the diet is very
similar. Thus Lucas® called attention to the variation found
in the genus Melospiza. In M. fasciata a much-frayed tip is
found, while in /. léncolmi the tip is only slightly bifid and not
frayed. To this may be added the genus Zosterops, with a forked
and smooth tongue in Z. /ateralis, while it is much curled and
frayed in Z. simplex and Z. japonica. Still again among the
warblers of the genus Dendroica it varies from a flat and only
slightly split organ in D. petechia (fig. 155) and D. fusca (fig. 158)
to a much curled split and frayed one in D. tigrina (fig. 2).

The taxonomic value of the tongue in birds is an interesting
question which can only be answered by a systematic survey. It is
evident that the most useful characters for classification are those
founded on strict morphological bases and any structure highly
modified in response to external stimuli is of the least value. But
no one organ has ever been found that can serve as a complete
basis for classification. The history of ornithology evidences many
mistakes due to the use of one character alone, as witness the old
group Pinnatipedes, including phalaropes, coots, and grebes, through
sunilarity of foot structure. In considering the value of the tongue
it must be recognized that it is a highly adapted organ, but this
should not rule it out from all taxonomic consideration. If every
structure adaptively modified be omitted no part of a bird can be
used, since to a greater or less extent this includes the whole
organism. Lucas,° taking note of the adaptive modifications, gives
it very little taxonomic value. There is, however, need of a sys-
tematic study of this organ in every group, with an evaluation of it
in each one. While tongues are adaptively modified it may well be
that these changes are constructed on a type pattern distinctive of
the group to which the bird belongs and thus indications of affinity
be given.

Order COLYMBIFORMES

Loons are distinguished from grebes by the fact that the tongues
of the former have a large patch of spinose processes at the base,
while the grebes have but a single row posteriorly. Gavia immer
(fig. 23) has a relatively large patch, while this is not so prominent
in the Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (fig. 22). Podilymbus podiceps
and 4’chmophorus occidentalis among the grebes have but a weak
row of spines, which in the eared grebe Colymbus nigricollis cali-
fornicus (fig. 24) are prominent but broad and flat.

§ Lucas, F. A. The Taxonomic Value of the Tongue in Birds. The Auk, vol. 13, No. 2,
April, 1896, pp. 109-115.

i bea PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Order SPHENISCIFORMES

The penguins so far as known have a characteristic tongue. It
is rather long and pointed and the surface is entirely covered with
large stiff conical retroverted spines.

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES

In this group there is considerable variation. On the whole it
tends to be rather small in comparison to the bill and gape. In
Bulweria bulweri it is very small, approaching rudimentary,
while in Macronectes and Prion it is larger and more nearly matches
the bill in size. In some genera it is well armed with spines, not
only posteriorly but along the sides almost to the tip. Thus Ful-
marus glacialis glupischa (fig. 25), Pterodroma hypoleuca, and
Puffinus cuneatus have lateral spines for the posterior third, while
Bulweria bulweri extends this to one-half and Puffinus griseus (fig.
8) and Priofinus cinereus are supplied the whole length of the
tongue. This characteristic does not hold good for the entire
family Procellariidae, however, since lateral spines are lacking in
Halobaena coerulea and Prion desolatus. In the former one
finds a rather small, cylindrical, fleshy tongue armed with a single
row of very weak spines and tapering to an unsplit tip. The latter
has lost most of the posterior row, so that this edge is often a smooth,
rounded margin. Occasionally one finds a few inconspicuous spines
buried in tissue, the value of which must be negligible.

The Hydrobatidae have very small tongues. Oceanites oceanicus
and O. gracilis possess small fleshy cylinders with a weak row
of spines.

Order CICONIIFORMES

This is a rather unwieldy group with tongues that vary from
minute rudimentary structures to the large fleshy one of the
fiamingoes.

The Steganopodes are characterized without exception, so far as
1s known, by rudimentary tongues. In Phalacrocorax, Sula, Pele-
canus, and Anhinga it is a mere toothpick of flesh. Anhinga anhinga
(fig. 20) has a curious little tonguelike eminence on the dorsum of
the cylindrical rudiment. Phalacrocorax has a tongue composed of
two plates of cornified tissue meeting in the midline and sloping
sharply like a steep roof. Fregata minor presents a small triangular
structure which has not as yet lost all form and on the surface of
which posteriorly are to be found abortive spines.

The Ardeidae have a most characteristic organ already described,
the most outstanding feature of which is the soft fleshy posterior

ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 18

flap connected with flexible lateral “horns.” So far as has been
determined this is a form not approached by any other family of
birds and once having been seen is so characteristic that it could
not be confused with any other form, most especially with the storks
with which herons have often been classed and with which they
agree in feeding habits. It is long in Ardea herodias (fig. 32) and
shorter in Vycticorax nycticorax naevius (fig. 31) but with the same
general structure throughout, including E'gretta candidissima, Cas-
merodius egretta, Botaurus lentiginosus (fig. 33), and Butorides
wirescens anthonyt (fig. 34).

Of great interest is the fact that in that odd-billed form the
boat-billed night heron (Cochlearius zeledoni) the same structure
is preserved. The tongue is very short but is constructed exactly
as in the other herons, much as if the tongue of Ardea was cut to
the length of an inch or less.

The storks (Ctconiidae) have rudimentary tongues, as do the
Ibididae (Threskiornithidae). Ciconia ciconia (fig. 26) has a flat
almost formless structure, while Plegadis guarauna has one that is
very small but with some semblance of structure, as there are well-
defined spines present which, however, are flexible and functionless.

The flamingoes (Phoenicopteridae) are characterized by fleshy
tongues supplied on the dorsum with conical spines and posteriorly
with a patch of spinose processes. These curl downward, as do the
bills. Figure 11 illustrates the tongue of Phoenicopterus ruber.

It is interesting to note that the four suborders are readily sepa-
rated by tongue form. The Steganopodes by rudimentary cylindrical
ones (except Fregata), Ardeae by their characteristic ones, Ci-
coniae by flat rudimentary, and Phoenicopteri by large fleshy
tongues.

Order ANSERIFORMES

The screamer (Chauna chavaria) of the Palamedeidae has a flat
tongue with a single row of spines posteriorly not at all like the
Anatidae, but resembling more that organ in the gallinaceous birds.

The Anatidae have a characteristic organ which, while modified in
response to diet, is readily recognizable as distinct from all others.

Most mergansers have a long slender structure with but one row of
lateral hairs, while Mergus serrator (fig. 10) has a double row along
the entire dorsal surface.

In Branta canadensis and B. nigricans, for tearing purposes, all
of the hairs of the two lateral rows have been converted into
strong backwardly directed spines, one row on each side, while
the dorsal surface is smooth, without the usual gutter. Such an
organ is incapable of much if any sifting.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Chloéphaga leucoptera has a very curious flat tongue. Ante-
riorly there is a single row of very weak lateral spines or hairs
which a little further back develops into three heavy conical tearing
“teeth.” Posteriorly it ends in a patch of small spines. This is,
so far as has been seen, the simplest form found in the family.

The swans have the typical structure found in the family, which
is modified, however, by having heavy tearing “teeth” along the
edges of the median groove. This is true of Cygnus gibbus, C.
buceinator, and C’. columbianus.

Coscoroba coscoroba has a very heavy organ, but the edges of the
median groove are smooth without corrified processes.

Cereopsis novaehollandiae has a most aberrant form of tongue.
Typically there is a very weak row of lateral spines, which may be
entirely worn away as in the specimen illustrated (fig. 35). Pos-
teriorly there are various fleshy processes which may be covered with
weak spines, absent in the one figured however.

The number of lateral “teeth” vary throughout the family and
roughly follows subfamily groups.

Thus the Fuligulinae tend to have from three to five, usually four
on each side. While members of the same species may not show a
constant number the variation will be found to be within these limits.
This is true of Oidemia, Charitonetta, Histrionicus, Arctonetta,
Marila, and Frismatura jamaicensis (fig. 29).

On the other hand the Anatinae present from 5 to as high as
12 lateral spines. This is true of Dendrocygna, Anas, Dafila,
Poecilonetta, Mareca, Nettion, and Querquedula cyanoptera (fig. 9).
Spatula, being a broad and long tongued form, has as many as 12
on each side.

Aix, Plectropterus, Cairina, and Dendronessa average four to the
side, while typically this group is marked by an absence of cornifica-
tion of the edges of the median groove.

Throughout this group there is a similarity of tongue form that
makes each one recognizable as belonging to the family Anatidae.
The modifications that exist are all based on a type pattern which
is characterized briefly as a fleshy organ with at least one, and
usually two, rows of lateral hairlike processes, a few or all of which
may be agglutinated to form solid cornified toothlike projections.
In these instances it is notable that dissimilarity of diet has not
destroyed evidences of relationship. Conversely, similarity of diet
as compared with unrelated forms outside the family has not pro-
duced similar tongues. As instance witness on the one hand the
tongues of several fish eaters—mergansers, loons, and grebes—and
on the other the ruddy duck with its diet closely following that of
the American coot, and yet without paralleling it in tongue pattern.

ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 15

Within the family there is no reliable basis for separation on
tongue form alone. The mergansers are recognizable as a separate
group, as are the heavy tearing tongues of the geese and swans, and
roughly the Fuligulinae may be distinguished from the Anatinae
by the number of lateral “teeth.” But with the exception of certain
very odd types that mark special genera, as Chloéphaga and Cere-
opsis, or a Characteristic wide tongue as in Spatula, there is often
doubt as to what genus and subfamily a single specimen should be
referred.

Order FALCONIFORMES

In this group the tongue is a heavy rasping organ. The Cathar-
tidae and the Vulturidae have a deeply curled organ, trough-shaped,
with the upcurled margins armed with strong rasping spines. These
range in size from the relatively small one of the buzzard, Cathartes
aura septentrionalis (fig. 38), to the large powerful object of the
condor, Sarcoramphus gryphus and Gyps fulvus, with extreme uni-
formity of pattern.

In the hawks the posterior border of the tongue may consist of
one row of spines or of many, and on this character they may be
divided into two natural groups; that is, the Buteonidae, with a
single row, and Falconidae, with many spines distributed over the
basal portion, as was first suggested by Beddard.°

Among the Buteonidae the following genera have been found to
present but a single row of spines posteriorly :

Milvus. Accipiter (cooperi, fig. 43).
Circus (hudsonius, fig. 40). Astur.

Leucopternis. Elanus.

Spizaétus. Urospiza fasciata.

Archibuteo. Ictinia.

Dryotriorchis. Rupornis,

Morphnus. Buteo.

Asturina. B. Vineatus elegans (fig. 12).
Urubitinga. B. borealis calurus (fig. 37).
Gypohieraz. B. albicaudatus (fig. 42).

Pandion haliaétus has a single row, but occupies a family of
itself.

The following Falconidae have been found to have many spines
distributed over the posterior portion of the tongue:

Tinnunculus alaudarius.

Milvago chimango.

Hieracidea berigora.

Polyborus (plancus, fig. 41).

Falco.

F. sparverius phalaena (fig. 39).

® Beddard, F. E. On the Modifications of Structure in the Syrinx of the Accipitres,
with Remarks Upon Other Points in the Anatomy of That Group. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1903, vol. 2, pp. 157-163.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

The tongue of the limmergeier Gypaétus barbatus (fig. 36) is
very much curled in the anterior third and converted into a scoop
or trough-like structure.

In searching for evidences of affinity one is struck by the close simi-
larity of the heavy, rasping, mucous gland bearing, spinose tongues
of the owls, which with their multiple rows of spines, resemble the
Falconidae. A connecting link to the Buteonidae indeed would
seem to be shown through the hawk owl (Surnia ulula, fig. 44).
Since other evidence does not support this appearance of relation-
ship it is apparent that convergent evolution and similarity of diet
have so altered this organ in these divergent types that little de-
pendence may be placed on it outside of limited groups.

The Galliformes, so far as has been determined, all have fleshy
tongues, varying with the length of the bill, usually somewhat
grooved and provided with a single row of rather prominent pos-
terior spines.

The hoatzin Opisthocomus cristatus (fig. 45) has a triangular-
shaped flat tongue the surface of which is set. with small spinules.

Order GRUIFORMES

The Rallidae have simple fleshy tongues varying in length with
the length of the bill. They are upcurled along the edges to form
long, slender, guttered or grooved organs that are usually frayed at
the tip and provided posteriorly with short and rather inconspicuous
spines. They are long and slender in Pardirallus r. rytirhynchos,
Rallus levipes (fig. 47), Neocrex erythrops, and Hypotaenidia waken-
sis, while in the coots (Fulica americana, fig. 53) and gallinules
(Gallinula galeata, fig. 30, and Ionornis martinica, fig. 59) they are
shorter and broad, and the same holds true for Porzana carolina.
The Weka rail Ocydromus earli has a rather large and heavy one
which anteriorly is trough shaped, the edges and tip of which are
split to form stiff forwardly directed fimbriations.

Aramidae: Aramus vociferus (fig. 49) has a long slender tongue
considerably split at the tip.

Psophiidae: Psophia leucoptera has rather prominent posterior
spines. The tip is characteristically frayed and the general appear-
ance not at all unlike that seen in rails.

Otididae: Otis tarda has a flat tongue that is heavily armed with
powerful spines along the posterior edge and the lateral borders
for two-thirds of the distance between base and tip. This is rather
suggestive of the tearing organ seen in the geese.

Rhinochetidae: Rhinochetus jubatus has a long, slender tongue
with weak posterior spines, very slightly grooved and ending in a
cornified tip that is somewhat frayed.

Eurypygidae: Hurypyga helias (fig. 52).

anr,19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 17
Order CHARADRIIFORMES

The tongues of the Limicolae very much resemble those of the
rails. They usually are commensurate in length with the bill, al-
though in Vumenius, Recurvirostra americana (fig. 50), and d/eso-
scolopax borealis they lie only in the floor of the mouth and do not
extend far toward the tip of the bill. The last-named species has
an exceedingly narrow tapering organ that in the anterior portion
becomes almost threadlike and does not measure more than one-
third the length of the bill. In the rails the tip was found often
to be split and frayed while the sandpipers generally have a tip
entire. Usually the tongue is guttered or grooved but in the genera
mentioned above it tends to be flat. It may be very long as in Cato-
ptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, and the long-billed dowitcher
(Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus, fig. 48) and less so the wander-
ing tattler, (eteroscelus incanus, fig. 46), while it is very short in
the semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus, fig. 60).

Other variations are seen in Actitis macularia (fig. 54), Oxyechus
vociferus (fig. 58), Haematopus palliatus (fig. 61), and Lreunetes
pusillus (fig. 57). There is nothing unusual about this organ in
Oreophilus ruficollis ruficollis, Pisobia minutilla, Crocethia leucop-
tera, or Squatarola squatarola. In this group, as in the hawks and
owls, due to convergent evolution or to the fact that feeding habits
are alike there has developed a very close resemblence to the tongues
of rails and an indication of affinity when in fact it is not as real
as this organ would lead to believe. So close is the appearance
between the groups that given a single tongue one would often be
in doubt as to its true connection.

The gulls have a rather broad fleshy tongue that is somewhat
grooved and is often forked at the tip, as illustrated by Larus heer-
mannéi (fig. 27) and L. occidentalis (fig. 28). The terns have long,
slender, often forked tongues (Sterna forsteri, fig. 56) and S. antil-
larum, fig. 55). Gygis alba kittlitzi has remarkable fine backwardly
directed serrations for the anterior one-half of this organ.

Rynchops nigra (fig 51) has a rather short, wide tongue, some-
what scoop shaped.

Pigeons have flexible tongues that are grooved and posteriorly are
supplied with soft spines that are without resistance. These are
illustrated in the following figures, Zenaida vinaceorufa (fig. 65),
Columba gymnophthalma (fig. 66), Histriophaps histrionica (fig.
63), and Geopelia cuneata (fig. 64), while Nesopelia galapagoensis
is very similar.

43316—25——3

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOU. 67

Order CUCULIFORMES

In the cuckoos the tongue is rather heavy, long,and well provided
with spines. There may be considerable variation in length in the
same species, as illustrated by that odd form Geococcya californianus
(figs. 67, 68), while the color may be entirely black with white spines
or flesh colored with a few black spots. Sawrothera dominicensis
(fig. 69) has much fimbriated edges which are directed forward.
Coccyzus melacoryphus has a very similar structure. Carpococcyx
radiatus is well armed posteriorly, but the edges are not split nor is
the tip.

Order PSITTACIFORMES

The parrots are characterized by considerable differences in
tongue shape. In the common grass parakeet (MJelopsittacus un-
dulatus, fig. 72) it is flat and broad, while it is broad but hollowed
out in A prosmictus cyanopygius (fig. 71), Conurus auricapillus (fig.
17), and Poiocephalus senegalensis. It is tightly rolled in Calopsitta
novaehollandiae (fig 73), while, as is well known, it is brush tipped
in the Trichoglossidae, as illustrated by Psitteuteles chlorolepidota
(fig. 70), Glossopsitta, Lypocharmosyna, and Trichoglossus, and in
which group the tongue is used as the main taxonomic feature.

Order CORACITFORMES

Coracias caudata has a lingual structure very similar to that of a
robin, with a horny split tip. It is not commensurate in size with
the heavy bill, while posteriorly there are very few spines.

Eurystomus. In this large heavy-billed form the tongue is wide
and flat, the anterior one-half is horny and frayed, while at the back
there are three to four large heavy spines on each side.

The motmots have flat, heavy tongues that are considerably frayed
laterally with laciniae that are directed forward. In H’umomotus
superciliaris this is carried to such a degree that it strongly sug-
gests the feathered structure seen in the toucans. Momotus caerulei-
ceps is not unlike the tongue of Sawrothera in its general appear-
ance.

The todies have the anterior half thin, horny, and translucent, but
the edges are merely roughened and irregular and not deeply in-
cised. Zodus multicolor (fig. 74) is illustrative.

In kingfishers (Alcedinidae) this organ has become rudimentary.
In Ceryle alcyon (fig. 75) it is flat without the posterior row of
spines although Ceryle rudis may show a few. The large billed
Pelargopsis (Ramphalcyon) has a structure very similar to Ceryle
with the exception that the tip is either square or even somewhat

ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 19

indented while the whole organ is quite rudimentary. There is no
suggestion of affinity between these forms and the motmots.

The hornbills (Bucerotidae) also have rudimentary tongues, al-
though they are not without form. Thus in Lophoceros melanoleucus
(fig. 84) it is flat, slender, and square tipped, while in the huge billed
Hydrocorax mindanensis it is rather triangular, fleshy and supplied
with a few small spines, and this is true also for Dichoceros bi-
corns.

Upupidae: The hoopoes have exceptionally small rudimentary
tongues which are reduced to a mere triangle of flesh without form
or function.

Such a review shows that a wide range of variation is seen in the
suborder Coraciae, with few indications of affinity shown and in
many forms a rudimentary structure through loss of function.

The suborder Striges have tongues very closely resembling those
of hawks, a suggestion of affinity that is misleading.

They are horny tipped and well beset with papillae, while mucous
gland pores are abundant, an appearance much like that of the
Falconidae and due either to convergent evolution or to the rap-
torial diet. There is usually a certain degree of curling and the tip
is often somewhat incised. As examples are shown 7'yto pratincola
(fig. 78), Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea (fig. 76), Otus asio bendiret
(fig. 79), Spiloglaux novae zealandiae (fig. 80), and Asto wilsonianus
(fig. 77). The hawk owl (Surnia ulula, fig. 44) has but one row of
spines posteriorly, the reason for which is not apparent. The horned
owl (Bubo virginianus) has a broad, flat tongue well covered with
spines.

Suborder CAPRIMULGI

In this group, Wetmore ’® finds four main types of tongues. First
that of Vyctibiws, which he describes as “small in proportion to the
mouth cavity as in other Caprimulgi. In form it differs consider-
ably from the tongues of related genera. The tip of the tongue in
Nyctibius is somewhat elongate, with the lateral outlines at first
concave. ‘The postero-lateral margins are produced as elongate
points that equal the anterior portion in length. The outline of the
lateral margin of these is convex.. In general the form of the tongue
is that of the head of a spear point, with a deeply incised base,
spreading posterior angles, and slender point.” He finds the lateral
margin supplied with spines and a few minute spines on the upper
surface.

- Podargus is described as having an elongate tongue, being “ much
larger in proportion to the size of the mouth cavity than in ‘other

10 Wetmore, A. _ On the Anatomy of Nyctibius, with Notes on Allied Birds. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 577-586, 1918.

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

forms examined. The anterior end of the hyoidean apparatus forms
a thickened, pointed projection in the tongue base. * * * Ante-
rior to this strong base the tongue is thin and translucent, being not
much thicker than a sheet of ordinary writing paper.”

Steatornis caripensis shows a “tongue shaped like an arrowhead,
with rather elongate, bluntly pointed tip, convex lateral outlines,
and spreading, somewhat slender posterior processes that project
beyond the hinder border. The margins of these posterior processes
are armed with soft, slender, backward projecting papillae, and
smaller papillae of the same nature are found on the upper surface
of these projections.”

The tongue of Phalaenoptilus nitidus “is small, measuring 9.5 mm.
long by 3 mm. broad. The postero-lateral spinose processes are
elongate and pointed. The lateral margins in outline are approxi-
mately straight lines. Spinose backward projecting papillae begin
at a point anterior to the center and become stronger and heavier
toward the base of the tongue. The upper surface of the tongue for
its basal two-thirds is thickly set with small horny papillosities all
projecting backward. Because of the posterior elongation of the
lateral processes, the basal margin appears deeply incised.”

This is the general form of the remaining genera of the Capri-
mulgidae. The tongue of Chordeiles virginianus is described as
showing a “slightly different development. This organ in the
nighthawk is small in comparison to the size of the mouth opening,
but is strong and heavy. It measures approximately 9 mm. long by
4.7 mm. broad at the base, so that it is short and broad in comparison
with the lingual appendages of other genera in this family that have
been described. * * * JInoutline the tongue of Chordeiles virgin-
zanus is triangular with the lateral margins slightly concave. * * *
The lateral margins of the tongue are armed with spinose papillae
which are small and weak anteriorly and become strong and heavy
toward the base. Stronger processes arm the posterior margin, and
the broadened basal third of the tongue has its dorsal surface cov-
ered with pointed harsh papillosities all directed toward the
pharynx.” With this description the tongue of Chordeiles acuti-
pennis texensis (fig. 81) agrees, with the exception that there are
no papillosities on the dorsal surface.

The tongues of Nyctidromus albicollis, Caprimulgus europaeus,
and Setochalcis vocifera are described by Wetmore as resembling in
form that of Phalaenoptilus nitidus, while that of Chordeiles acuti-
pennis is like that of C. virginianus.

It can thus be seen that there are considerable differences mani-
fested in this group not easy of explanation and which do not give
any important information as to affinities.

The Cypselidae do not show any striking tongue characters. In
some forms there is a close resemblance to tongues of swallows, as

ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 21

Lucas™ pointed out in the case of Collocalia (fig. 85, after Lucas)
while others have a longer, more slender tongue somewhat curled
as in the tree swift Macropteryx coronata (fig. 82).

The humming birds (Trochilidae), however, have most character-
istic tongues, which are distinct from any others in the class of
Birds. The cartilaginous portions of the ceratohyals are divided in
the anterior half of the tongue to form separate shafts. These are
invested with a membranous covering which is expanded as a lateral
flange at the tip, but which inrolls as the base of the tongue is
approached to form a rolled membranous tube on each side. (See
fig. 86, Calypte anna.)

Tt is not composed of parallel muscular tubes, as has often been
described, for the cartilaginous shafts of the tongue are solid; but it
is the inrolled fringe of membrane along the lateral margins of
these shafts that make up the capillary tubes. This is an entirely
different condition than prevails in the passerine flower frequenters
where two or more muscular tubes are formed by splitting and curl-
ing of the body of the tongue itself.

It is very elastic in the humming birds and capable of great pro-
trusion, the hyoid apparatus also being especially long to permit of
this action.

This is a most characteristic organ which readily identifies any
bird possessing it as a member of this family, and while markedly
modified in response to flower-feeding habits is nevertheless dis-
tinctive of the group and hence of taxonomic value.

The trogons have flat, heavy tongues supplied with numerous
spines and with a cornified tip. There is a central groove bordered
by raised margins, a condition most unusual and not seen elsewhere,
except in members of the next group. (Pyrotrogon neglectus, fig. 21.)

The puff-birds (Bucconidae) have odd flat tongues that about the
center widen to form prominent shoulders, gradually narrowing
from this point anteriorly to a blunt tip. The surface is flat except
in the anterior third, where a groove is seen, the margins of which
are raised forming parallel prominent ridges on the surface. This is
well illustrated by Bucco bicinctus (fig. 83) and is also seen in
Notharchus dysoni and Nystalus maculatus striatipectus. These are
very unusual appearing structures the exact functions of which are
not known.

The Ramphastidae are characterized by exceptionally odd feath-
ered tongues which are long and narrow and with deeply incised
lateral margins forming anteriorly directed laminae. The fleshy
hyoidean portion forms but a small part of the tongue posteriorly
while anterior to this it becomes thin, horny, and translucent. This

The Auk, vol. 13, pp. 109-115, April, 1896.

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

change is marked by the dotted line on figure 87, of the tongue of
Pteroglossus frantzi. This is so striking and characteristic an ap-
pearance that it would seem useful for taxonomic purposes.

The Picidae possess a tongue so distinctive of the group, that
while modified in response to diet, it could in no way be con-
fused with that of any other family. Even the odd little piculet
Picumnus, with its rounded tail so unlike that of woodpeckers, has
a tongue which, except for its small size, is perfectly typical of the
group as exemplified by Dryobates. This is the more interesting
since the diet of so small a bird must much more nearly approxi-
mate that of the creepers, titmice, and nuthatches than of its larger
allies and yet the tongue remains in all respects truly that of a
woodpecker.

Typically the tongue is very extensile and the tip is armed with
six or seven. sharp backwardly directed barbs. This is found in
Dryobates villosus hyloscopus (fig. 88), Dryobates nuttalli (fig. 89),
Picus, Gecinus, Xenopicus albolarvatus (fig. 13), Geocolaptes, Den-
drocopus, Centurus, Chryserpes, Micropternus, Dyctiopicus, and
Yungipicus. Picoides americanus dorsalis has a rather small tongue
for so large a bird, while the barbs at the tip are delicate. Veni-
liornis cecilii has a small tongue with but a few barbs and the same
is true for Vesoctites micromegas. It is also surprising to note that
the very large Phloeotomus pileatus, with its large, heavy bill, has
an astonishingly small tongue in comparison with the rest of the
body. The tip is very short and small and is armed with but four
or five barbs.

Colaptes cafer collaris (fig. 14) has the most extensible tongue,
but it is not so well accommodated for impaling objects as the tip is
not as sharp, nor are the barbs prominent, being reduced to but
two or three.

Melanerpes (formicivorus bairdi, fig. 15) has converted the barbs
to hairlike processes and Sphyrapicus (thyroideus, fig. 16) has ex-
tended this process for the greater part of the length of the tongue,
while the ability to project this organ is much reduced.

The wrynecks or Jyngidae are distinguished from the other mem-
bers of the family by the fact that while the tongue is long, worm-
like, and extensile, the sharp tip is not supplied with barbs. In this
group they are lost, and the tip while sharp, is smooth.

Tt is interesting to note that in these birds as in the piculets the
tail is soft without spiny shafts, which is misleading from a taxo-
nomic standpoint, and that thus in both of these groups the tongue
is a better guide to relationship.

Furthermore the Dendrocolaptinae possess stiff spiny tails which
would mislead one in the conclusion that they are allied to wood-
peckers when no relationship exists; whereas, in spite of the fact

ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 28

that feeding habits are similar to the latter, the tongues are wholly
unlike and therefore yield more reliable evidence.

In this family the tongue fulfils all the requirements for taxonomic
use in that differences in feeding habits in related forms have not
altered the fundamental pattern in the group, so that the tongue
alone is sufficient in all instances to refer its owner to the family
and in many instances to the correct subfamily and even genus.
Conversely, similar feeding habits in unrelated forms (Dendro-
colaptinae) have not produced tongues like these, and this is the more
striking since the tail, in response to such habits, has taken on the
spiny character so common to that of woodpeckers.

Order PASSERIFORMES

In this heterogeneous group where so much variability is found
in all of the anatomy it is not surprising to find the tongue taking
part in this diversity in form. A brief survey of this has already
been given in an earlier part of this paper; it remains to classify
and group such differences.

In many families the thin horny tongue, slightly curled and
frayed at the tip, as described for the robin, is found with but slight
differences in length and width. Such a tongue has no outstanding
character sufficient to identify the particular family to which it
belongs and serves to do no more than to indicate a member of the
order. As example Pitta erythrogaster (fig. 90) is illustrative.

The flycatchers (Tyrannidae) have tongues which are often broad-
ened at the middle, somewhat curled, incised at the tip and often
shghtly frayed. As examples, are Myiochanes richardsoni (fig. 91),
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus (fig. 92), Sayornis sayus (fig. 93),
and S. nigricans (fig. 94), Nuttallornis borealis (fig. 95), E'mpi-
donax griseus (fig. 96), Tyrannus verticalis (fig. 97), and Tol-
marchus gabbi (fig. 98). The tongue of Culicivora stenura is very
similar to these forms as is that of Muscisaxicola maculirostris. See
figure 99 which illustrates Mytarchus dominicensis.

There is nothing remarkable about the organ in Pachyramphus
viridis viridis.

The South American bell bird, Chasmorhinchus, has a rather
simple flat tongue that is slaty black, matching the gape in color.
The postero-lateral branches are long armed with slender spines
while the tip is slightly incised and the whole organ is comparatively
small in relation to the size of the mouth.

The Dendrocolaptidae are interesting in that the feeding habits
of many of them are similar to woodpeckers without developing
tongues like the latter. In most of these the anterior two-thirds
or more of the tongue is thin, horny, and translucent, and somewhat

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

frayed, while the whole organ is of good length in proportion to
the length of the bill. This is true of Dendrocolaptes picumnus
and several species of Picolaptes. But one specimen of Drymornis
bridgesi was available and in an excellent state of preservation.
In this bird the tongue was exceptionally small, out of all proportion
to the huge sickle bill and not at all like the above-mentioned genera.
The appearance was much as if the horny anterior end of the tongue
was either absent or had been shed. Whether this is an accidental
or natural state is not known. Figure 100 illustrates the tongue of
Furnarius agnatus, which is somewhat fleshier than ordinary and is
not supplied with so great a proportion of horny tip. This is true
also of Cinclodes. Figure 101 illustrates Sittasomus, species. (?)

The Formicariidae have thin horny tongues that are frayed some-
what more than the ordinary, extending well back along the sides,
as exemplified by that of Gymnocichla nudiceps (fig. 102). Tham-
nophilus bridgesi (fig. 103) shows much the same structure.

Figure 104 illustrates the tongue of Oligura superciliaris, one of
the Timaliidae.

Among the Pyecnonotidae, Pycnonotus shows a simple flat tongue
that is bifid but not frayed, while Zole philippinensis has one some-
what curled and both forked and frayed at the tip.

There is little to characterize the Muscicapidae, as the tongues seen
are with minor variations much like the standard pattern.

The thrushes and their allies depart from the usual structure by
the addition of papillosities on the dorsal surface of the tongue
around the basal portion. This is exemplified by Hylocichla guttata
(fig. 106), Mfyadestes townsendi (fig. 105), Mémus polyglottos leu-
copterus (fig. 107), and Sialia mexicana (fig. 108).

Polioptila caerulea obscura (fig. 116) does not have this arrange-
ment, but is supplied with only a single posterior row while the tip
is considerably frayed.

Cinclus mexicanus (fig. 110), of the family Cinclidae, has a simple
rather fleshy tongue slightly curled and frayed.

The wrens, Troglodytidae, are marked by very thin, horny, trans-
lucent, long tongues through which the contained bones are plainly
visible. The posterior spines are prominent and needlelike, while
the main postero-lateral projections consist of prominent rounded
horny spines; an apperance that is quite characteristic, and is not
Jacking even in that nonwrenlike form Heleodytes brunneicapillus
couesi. Figures 112 and 111 represent this organ as seen in Catherpes
mexicanus punctulatus and Thryomanes bewicki charienturus, re-
spectively.

Chamaea fasciata has a trough-shaped square-tipped tongue well
supplied with entangling hairlike processes very suggestive of that

ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 25
seen in the nuthatches. The tract between the base of the tongue
and the glottis has many pores of mucous glands.

Swallows have a simple flat tongue somewhat split at the tip, as
illustrated by Petrochelidon lunifrons (fig. 115), and very similar
in appearance to Collocalia (fig. 85, after Lucas).

The “cuckoo-shrikes” (Campephagidae) have tongues of the
standard pattern, with perhaps more fraying than usual. At least
this is true of Pericrocotus exvsul and Malindangia macgregori.
Lalage niger shows very fine lateral fraying, while Graucalus has
much the same appearence, the tongue, however, not matching in
size the large bill.

In the drongos (Dicruridae) this fraying becomes in some forms
very elaborate. Thus, in Chibia hottentotta, the tongue is deeply
split and the sides are incised. forming long, delicate, forward-
pointing hairlike fringes, the delicate strands of which are very
uniform in size and length. This is only slightly less marked in
Dicrurus longicaudatus while in Bhringa remifer the processes are
very short and delicate. Dissemurus paradiseus is much the same,
while Bhuchanga longa has considerably less fraying.

Some of the Bombycillidae have simple flat tongues (Bombycilla),
In appearence much like those of swallows, while Pulus dominicus
(fig. 117) has a much curled tip, which is frayed.

The shrikes are an ill-defined group, Laniidae. There is little
characteristic about the tongue. That of Strepera graculina is il-
lustrated in figure 133, while Lantus ludovicianus gambelii is illus-
trated in figure 114.

The vireos have simple flat tongues, as represented in figure 119.
Vireo, species from Tortuga Island, Lawrencia nana (fig. 118), and
by figure 120, Vireo belli pusillus.

The Sittidae as well as the Paridae have impaling organs through
the ends of which the cartilaginous tips of the ceratohyals often
project. This is illustrated in figure 121, Sitta carolinesis aculeata,
and figure 122, Sitta pygmaea. The titmice and chickadees have
four-pronged tongues. See figure 124, Baeolophus inornatus, and
figure 128, Penthestes gambeli baileyae.

The verdin, Auriparus flaviceps (fig. 126), and the bush-tit,
Psaltriparus minimus californicus (fig. 125), have very irregular
lacerated tips, while Certhia familiaris zelotes (fig. 113) is not far
removed.

The Corvidae have a tongue the anterior third of which is com-
posed of thin, translucent, horny tissue which is often rather deeply
incised and is whipped out. The main postero-lateral spines are
bifid or double, while over the surface around this region there are
many small papillosities. As examples are Aphelocoma californica
(fig. 128), Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (fig. 180), Nucifraga colum-

43316—253—_4

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

biana (fig. 132), and Pica nuttalli (fig. 129). The entire appearance
is very characteristic.

The tongues of some of the Sturnidae are of the standard pattern
as pecmeliaed by Scésstrostrum dubium (fig. 181), while Lamproco-
‘vax chalybea and L. metallicus are very similar.

The tongues of the next six families are some of the most elaborate
and marvelous throughout the Class of Birds.

The Dicaeidae have small tongues that are flat posteriorly but at
about the middle become abruptly narrower and begin to curl into
a semitube which is deeply cleft at the tip, the margins of which
are smooth, forming two slender semitubular tips. This is found in
Dicaeum cruentatum, D. sanguinolentum, D. flammeum, and D. cele-
bicum. In Acmonorhynchus aureolimbaius the same holds true ex-
cept that the edges of each tube show a slight notching, with an at-
tempt at the production of four tips, while in Prionochilus these
notches have deepened to actual splitting with the formation of
four semitubular fringeless projections.

The tongue of Dicaewm trigonostigma as figured by Gadow *
shows a complete tubular arrangement by overlapping of the up-
curled edges, which are not frayed. The tip is deeply bifurcated,
forming two equal tubes, and the tip of each one of these again is
cleft, forming a quadruple tongue.

The Zosteropidae.—As to this family some are simple in struc-
ture, being rather flat with only a slight tendency to curling,
while the tip is deeply slit. Gadow?* finds this true of Z. simplex.
Z. atrifrons (fig. 135) shows some fraying of the margins, which
is true also of Z. sarasinorum. This may be carried to the point
where, with curling added to the process, elaborate curled split and
fimbriated tongues are found as described of Z. simplex and Z.
japonica by Beddard.™

The Nectariniidae——In this family curling is the outstanding
feature, so that the anterior one-half to two-thirds is a completely
rolled tube the upcurled margins of which are overlapped and are
not fringed or frayed. In some species there is some forking at the
tip to form two tubular projections.

Arachnechthra asiatica has a very long tube for the anterior two-
thirds, without splitting or fraying. Arachnothera, species (?) has a
very long tube slightly frayed at the tip. Cinnyris (Cyrtostomus)
pectoralis and C’. jugularis woodi have slender tubes, both somewhat
forked at the'tip. Hermotimia, species (?) (fig. 141) shows the same
arrangement.

2Gadow, H. Strueture of Certain Hawaiian Birds. The Birds of the Sandwich
Islands, Wilson and Evans, London, 1890-99, pp. 219-241.

‘8 Gadow, H. Proe, Zool. Soe., London, 1883, p. 63.

‘Beddard, i. Ibis, ser. 6, No. 3, 1891, pp. 510-512.

ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 27

Cyanomitra verticalis has a long slender tongue, longer than the
bill, completely tubular, and somewhat forked, and this is true also
for Chalcomitra fuliginosa and Aethopyga boltoni. In Anthreptes
fraseri, malaccensis, and wiglesworthi, the bifurcation is more
marked than in any of the others, so that practically a double
tongue is formed.

On the other hand the tongue of Chalcoparia phoenicotis (fig. 189)
is not at all like the above, and this fact together with other evi-
dence has led Oates to separate this species from the family. In
view of the fact that there is such a regularity of tongue form in
this family the divergence from it as seen in Chalcoparia may well
have the significance that Oates gives it.

The Drepanididae typically have tubular tongues. ‘These are
formed as are all tubular ones by an upcurling of the margins of
the horny anterior part which constitutes the major portion of the
tongue in these birds. The edges of the dorsally rolled sides meet in
the midline and finally overlap. As the tip is approached the edges
become broken up and spht, forming delicate laciniae. At first one
side completely overlaps the other but as these fimbriations become
more prominent they interlace in a complex manner finally forming
at the tip a whipped-out brush.

This is the fully developed tongue and is well illustrated in the
long-billed Hemignathus procerus (fig. 19). This same appearance
is seen also in Vestiaria coccinea, Chlorodrepanis, and Himatione
sanguinea, all of these, however, being shorter than the above. In
Heterorhynchus wilsont it is completely tubular only in the anterior
third and is bifurcated.

Loxioides bailleut, which Doctor Gadow ** first classed among the
Fringillidae, is described by him as follows. The tongue is

Thick and fleshy, much shorter than the bill, very slightly protractile,
tip rounded off and ending in a neat horny scoop, which is formed by the
lower horny covering of the tongue projecting a little; the brim of this scoop
is slightly frayed out, as is the case in many Fringillidae.

Oreomyza (OCreomystis) bairdi he describes as:

A little shorter than the bill, thin and horny but at first sight apparently
different from that of the Drepanid'dae. However, the lateral horny margins
are raised up dorsally and frayed out. The distal fourth of the tongue is
slightly split into a right and left half but far less than in Coereba. This
broader, shorter, and decidedly less tubular tongue is in conformity with the
slightly broader bill.

Loxops coccinea he describes as “short, in conformity with the
bill, but ending in a frayed-out single brush, which, like the whole

16 Wauna of British India. HK. W. Oates. Birds, vol. 2, p. 372.
18 Gadow, H. Structures of Certain Hawaiian Birds. The Birds of the Sandwich
Islands, Wilson and Evans, London, 1890-99, pp. 219-241.

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

organ, is formed exactly like that of the other Drepanididae.” The
tongue of Hemignathus olivaceus is “short and less tubular, being
intermediate in structure and appearance between those of Him-
atione and Vestiaria.

Psittirostra psittacea (fig. 140) has a flat, fleshy tongue in which
the long, horny curled portion is absent. The tip is blunt and not
frayed. The appearance is almost exactly as if the tubular portion
of the tongue of Hemignathus procerus had been cut away leaving
the basal uncurled portion.

An entirely different arrangement is seen in the finchlike 7'e/e-
spyza cantans, however (fig. 186). Here the entire tongue is thick
and fleshy, much as in some of the finches (compare Passerculus
rostratus, fig. 1387), with an uprolling of the thick margins to form
a fleshy rolled tubular tongue not at all the same in appearance or
arrangement as the tubular tongues of the foregoing forms, made
up, as they are, by a prolongation and curling of the natural thin
horny tip of the standard tongue.

It is apparent, therefore, that in this family there is a wide range
in tongue forms, from which no reliable evidence as to relationship
is to be drawn, as is evidenced by the error made by Doctor Gadow
in the case of Lowiordes.

The Coerebidae have tongues that are curled, split, and frayed,
but not all to the same degree, and a fine series of modifications
can be traced through this family. Thus in Glossoptila (Huneornis)
campestris the tongue is practically flat in the posterior two-thirds.
The anterior third shows a moderate upcurling of the lateral mar-
gins, with delicate fraying into a fringe that rolls inward but does
not meet the opposite side. The tip is bifid, thus converting this
portion into two very imperfect semitubular fringed projections.
Cyanerpes cyanea (fig. 188) has the anterior one-half curled in much
the same manner, while the tip may or may not be bifurcated.

Cyanerpes lucidus shows very little fraying of the margins of
the tube, while (. caeruleus is deeply cleft and frayed. In Chloro-
phanes spiza (fig. 4) the tube is becoming more perfect by a close
approximation of the upcurled edges. Finally in Coereba bana-
nivora (fig. 5) the edges completely overlap, forming a true tube
which by splitting becomes double tubes, the curling margins of
which are much frayed. ‘This same appearance is seen in Coereba
portoricensis and Piglossa plumbea, the latter of which shows a
surprisingly long tongue in comparison to the short bill.

The Meliphagidae have elongate quadruple tongues. The curled
tongue first splits into a right and left half with marked fraying
of the edges, forming two fringed tubes, and these are again
deeply split and frayed, so that four elaborately frayed brushy tips
are formed. The whole organ is as long or longer than the bill.

ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 29

The appearance is illustrated by Myzomela rubratra (fig. 6), and
the same appearance is seen in M/. nigriventris and M. sanguinolenta.
Whether the bird and tongue be a large one, as 7’ropidorhynchus
and Microphilemon, or of moderate size, as Meliphaga (Ptilotis)
carunculata, there is a surprising conformity to the pattern de-
scribed. This same long quadruple tongue is present also in Melz-
ornis australasiana, Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris, Myzantha gar-
pula, and Acrulocercus braccatus.

So far as is known this extraordinary quadruple brushy tongue
is limited to and characteristic of this family. It is an interesting
fact that the formation of the multiple tubular and brushed tongues
of these several families of flower-frequenting birds follows different
lines of development using one or more of the fundamental tendencies
of the type tongue to curl, split, and fray. Thus, as has been demon-
strated, the Nectariniidae have almost purely tubular tongues, the
Drepanididae tubular tongues with frayed margins, the Coerebidae
combine curling, splitting, and fraying, to form double tubes, while
the Meliphagidae carry this to the degree that four curled brushy
tips are formed.

Among the Mniotiltidae there is a rather wide range of variation.
As is the case with the type pattern these are tipped with horny thin
translucent tissue which may form nearly one-half of the organ
(see fig. 142, Dendroica dominica) or may be absent, which was the
case in a second specimen of the same species and is also illustrated
by Vermivora celata lutescens (fig. 143) and Dendroica petechia
gundlachi (fig. 144). The tongue may be a thin, flat structure as in
Catharopeza bishopi (fig. 145), Dendroica occidentalis (fig. 146),
and Dendroica palmarum (fig. 147), or curled at the tip as in Grana-
tellus francescae (fig. 148), by upcurling of the fraying margins a
process which is carried to its greatest extreme in this family by
Dendroica tigrina (fig. 2). There may be rather marked differences
in shape as is evidenced by a tongue of Wilsonia canadensis (fig.
149), which is very broad at the middle, while others from the same
species showed this to a lesser degree or not at all. Certhidea salvini
(fig. 150) has a rather thick fleshy tongue, grooved shallowly and
rather suggestive of the fringilline type.

There is thus in this group considerable variation even in such a
small series as in the one genus Dendroica, as may be observed by
the following figures: D. nigrescens (fig. 151), D. auduboni (fig.
152), D. vigorsi (fig. 153), D. discolor (fig. 154), D. petechia (fig.
155), D. striata (fig. 156), D. castanea (fig. 157), D. fusea (fig. 158),
and PD. virens (fig. 159). Other members of this family are 7eretis-
tris fernandinae (fig. 160), 7. fornsi (fig. 161), Welsonéa citrina (fig.
162), Wilsonia pileolata pileolata (fig. 163), Vermivora luciae (fig.
164), Compsothlypis americana (fig. 165), Oporornis tolmiei (fig.

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

166), Helmitherus vermivorus (fig. 169), Icteria virens (fig. 168),
and Oreothlypis gutturalis (fig. 167).

Family Tanagridae.——In some of this group the tongue is flat and
thin, as in Zachyphonus (fig. 170) and in Z'anagra (HKuphonia)
violacea (fig. 171). In others it is fleshy, as in Thraupis darwine
(fig. 172), Stephanophorus leucocephalus (fig. 173), and Rampho-
celus brasilius (fig. 174), while in the very large billed Pztylus
grossus (fig. 175) the tongue is cylindrical and fleshy while the
anterior half is hollowed out and scoop-shaped, very suggestive of
some of the finches. Phaenicophilus poliocephalus has a longer
tongue (fig. 177), which is considerably frayed at the tip.

The Ploceidae have a structure very similar to the finches, with a
cylindrical fleshy tongue having a depression anteriorly to form
a scoop. This is illustrated by Munia punctulata (fig. 178). The
horny under surface is often folded over the dorsum to form a
grooved tongue as in some of the finches and as is illustrated by
Steganura paradisea (fig. 179). This is seen also in Ploceus megar-
hynchus, P. benyalensis, and a species of Foudia from St. Helena
Island.

The Icteridae, as typified by /cterus cucullatus nelsoni (fig. 180),
and Jcterus icterus (fig. 3), have upcurled frayed margins to the
tongue which may be deeply split to form double frayed semitubu-
lar tips. This is found also in /. partsoruwm, I. wagleri, I. bullockt,
I. mesomelas, and I. northropi, all of which have tongues very sug-
gestive of the Coerebidae with less advanced degrees of curling.

The blackbirds, as exemplified by Molothrus atronitens (fig. 181),
have upcurled margins without fraying, forming a guttered organ
with the tip somewhat whipped out. This is seen in Agelaius
phoeniceus, A. tricolor, Molothrus ater, and Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
Gymnostinops montezwmae has little curling; the tip is bifurcated
and frayed, while MMegaquiscalus major macrourus has a_ bifid
curled and much frayed organ, much like /cterus. Pseudoleistes
(fig. 182) has a thin tongue somewhat curled and whipped out at
the tip.

The Fringillidae have cylindrical fleshy tongues, which show
much variation. Ordinarily the horny under surface projects beyond
the tip, and this is often frayed and somewhat curled so that a small
scoop-shaped end is formed. This same horny under surface invests
the lateral margins of the tongue and often curls over the dorsal sur-
face as indicated in Lowia leucoptera (fig. 185). The tongue may
have long posterior branches as in the odd form assumed by Passer
domesticus (fig. 183), or, as is usually the case, they are closely com-
pressed to the basihyal portion. It may have simply a flat surface,
as indicated in Oberholseria chlorura (fig. 186), or there may be a
deep groove formed as in Zamelodia melanocephala (fig. 191). In

ART., 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 31

the genus Passerculus the grooving is very marked so that in some
of the species a rolled or tubular tongue is formed (see fig. 137 Pas-
serculus rostratus).

In conclusion it is obvious that the tongues of birds subserve
many different uses, a wide range of function that is paralleled by
changes in form, ranging from simple rudimentary nodules of flesh
to the highly complex multiple tongues of the flower-frequenting
birds. Furthermore, when classified as to adaptations, eight natural
groups are formed, to which many of these differing patterns may
be assigned.

The type pattern of tongue is composed of a fleshy basal part
which is tipped with a more or less extensive thin horny translucent
anterior portion, which has an inherent tendency to curl, bifurcate,
and fray laterally. One or all of these tendencies are utilized to
produce many adaptive modifications, a fine series of which may be
traced through the flower-frequenting birds, where they undergo
the greatest development, producing elaborate and complex tubular,
brushy, and multiple tongues.

Fundamentally the tongue is a paired structure arising, as it
does, from the second and third visceral arches, and upon this founda-
tion must be constructed all the variations seen. Practically, how-
ever, in the fully developed organ the alterations have become so
great, through fusion of some parts and suppression or exaggeration
otf others, that it is not possible to select a fundamental pattern from
which all others may be derived, but, instead, many of these must be
recognized.

With regard to the taxonomic value of this organ in birds the evi-
dence is conflicting. Much of it tends to support the conclusion
that it is of little or no value, since, either from similarity of diet
or due to convergent evolution, appearances of affinity are formed
where no true relationship exists. Furthermore, differences in struc-
ture are seen in closely allied birds where presumably the diet is the
same.

On the other hand, in many families, in spite of changes in re-
sponse to diet a uniform and characteristic pattern is traceable
which gives definite indications of affinity and provides valuable
taxonomic features. Among the groups in which this is true are the
Ardeidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Picidae, Trichoglossidae,
Buteonidae, Falconidae, Trochilidae, and possibly the Meliphagidae,
Bucconidae, Ramphastidae, Corvidae, and Nectariniidae. To these
with more study, others may be added.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barrp, S. F.
1864, November. Review of American Birds, pp. 161-2.
Batu, W.
1906. Die Geschmacksorgane der Vogel and Krokodile. Arch. Brontologie,
vol. 1, pp. 1-47.
BeEpDARD, F. E.
1891. On the Tongue of Zosterops, Ibis, ser. 6, no. 3, p. 510.
1898. Note on the tongue of Podargus. Structure and Classification of
Birds, p. 234.
1903. On the Modifications of Structure in the Syrinx of the Accipitres,
with Remarks Upon Other Points in the Anatomy of That Group.
Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1903, vol. 2, pp. 157-1638.
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1910. Morphologie, Physiologie und Phylogenetische Bedeutung der Gesch-
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CHAINE, M. J.
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1905. La Langue des Oiseaux, Bull. Scient. de la France et de la Belgique,
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Evans, A. H.
1899. Birds. Cambridge Natural History. Macmillan & Co.
Gapow, H.
1883. On the Suctorial Apparatus of the Tenuirostres. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1883, pp. 62-69.
1890-99. Structure of Certain Hawaiian Birds. The Birds of the Sand-
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Garrop, A. H.
1873. Tongue of Steatornis caripensis. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 531.
GIEBEL, C.
1858. Die Zunge der Vo6gel und ihr Gertist, Zeitschrift fiir die Gesammten
Naturwissenschaften, vol. 11, pp. 19-53.
1862. Zur Anatomie der Papageien. Zeitschr. fiir die Ges. Naturw., vol.
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Ka.uius, E.
1905. Beitrage zur Entwickelung der Zunge Anas boschas L. Passer
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ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 33

LINDAHL, JOSHUA.
1879. Some New Points in the Construction of the Tongues of Wood-
peckers. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 18, p. 48-44.
Lucas, F. A.
1896. The 'Taxonomic Value of the Tongue in Birds. The Auk, vol. 13,
No. 2, April, 1896, pp. 109-115.
The Tongues of Woodpeckers, Bulletin No. 7, U. S. Dept. of Agric.,
Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy.
1897. The Tongues of Birds. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1895, pp.
1003-1020.
MaAcGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM.
1839. Note on tongue of Setochalcis vocifera. In Audubon, J. J., Ornitho-
logical Biography, Edinburgh, 1839, vol. 5, p. 306.
1839. Description of tongue of Antrostomus carolinensis. Audubon, J. J.,
Ornithological Biography, Edinburgh, 1839, vol. 5, pp. 402-403.
1839. Tongue of Chordeiles virginianus. Same reference, p. 407.
1840. Tongue of Caprimulgus europaeus. History of British Birds, Lon-
don, vol. 3, pp. 630 and 634.
MARSHALL, M. E.
1905. Note on the Tongue of Phalaenoptilus. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soce.,

vol. 44, p. 215.
Monee, G. P.
1901. Lingual Myology of Parrots. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 1, p.
277-8.
OaTEs, EK. W.

Tongue of Chalcoparia. Fauna of British India. Birds, vol. 2, p. 372.
WALLACE, A. R.
1870. Note on the tongue of Chalcoparia, Ibis, p. 49.
WETMORE, ALEXANDER.
1918. On the Anatomy of Nyctibius with Notes on Allied Birds. Proc.
U. S. National Museum, vol. 54, pp. 577-586.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING BIRD TONGUES
PLATE 1

. Planesticus migratorius.
. Dendroica tigrina.
Icterus icterus.

. Chlorophanes spiza.

. Coereba. bananivora.

. Myzomela rubratra.

Oop wd

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. |

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SERIES ILLUSTRATING MULTIPLE TUBULAR TONGUES, MODIFICATIONS OF A
GENERALIZED TYPE PATTERN. (3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 5

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 2

TONGUES ADAPTIVELY MODIFIED FOR AN OMNIVOROUS DIET, FISH FARE,
RAPTORIAL FEEDING, OR FOOD STRAINED FROM Water. (No II ONE-

HALF NATURAL SIZE, OTHERS * 3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 8

No. 7. Callipepla squamata.
8. Puffinus griseus.
9. Querquedula cyanoptera.
10. Mergus serrator.
11. Phoenicopterus ruber.
12. Buteo lineatus elegans.

PrAnie

PLATE 3

No. 13. Xenopicus albolarvatus.
14. Colaptes cafer collaris.
15. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdii.
16. Sphyrapicus thyroideus.
17. Conurus auricapillus.
18. Carpodacus cassini.
19. Hemignathus procerus.
20. Anhinga anhinga.
21. Pyrotrogon neglectus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 3

1
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Day

SESS IES SSS EE EOS

SPEARING TONGUES, TONGUES OF SEED AND FRUIT FEEDERS, FLOWER
FREQUENTERS, AND RUDIMENTARY TYPES. (3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 9

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 4

TONGUES OF VARIOUS WATER BIRDS (xX 2)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I]

PLATE 4

. Gavia pacifica.

. Gavia immer.

. Colymbus nigricollis californicus.
. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa.

. Ciconia ciconia.

. Larus heermanni.

. Larus occidentalis.

. Erismatura jamaicensis.

. Gallinula galeata.

PLATE 5

No. 31. Nycticorax naevius.
32. Ardea herodias.
33. Botaurus lentiginosus.
34. Butorides virescens anthonyi.
35. Cereopsis novaehollandiae.
38

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 5

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 6

TONGUES OF VARIOUS BIRDS. (No. 42 «2, OTHERS X3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I5

No. 36.

37.
38.

PLATE 6

. Gypaétus barbatus.

Buteo borealis calurus.

Cathartes aura septentrionalis.

. Faleo sparverius phalaena.

. Circus hudsonius.

. Polyborus plancus.

. Buteo albicaudatus.

. Accipiter cooperi.

. Surnia ulula.
Opisthocomus cristatus.

. Chrysolophus pictus.

PLATE 7

No. 46. Heteroscelus incanus.
47. Rallus levipes.
48. Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus.
49. Aramus vociferus.
50. Recurvirostra americana,
51. Rynchops nigra.
52. Hurypyga helias.
53. Fulica americana.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 7

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TONGUES OF GRUIFORMES AND CHARADRIIFORMES (Nos. 49 AND 52 oat
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FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE |6

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL.

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TONGUES OF VARIOUS BIRDS. (NCS. 59 AND 61 X 2, OTHERS X3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I7

54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.

PLATE 8

Actitis macularia.

Sterna antillarum.

Sterna forsteri.

EHreunetes pusillus.
Oxyechus vociferus.
Tonornis martinica.
Charadrius semipalmatus.
Haematopus palliatus.

Colinus virginianus cubensis.

Histriophaps histrionica.
Geopelia cuneata.
Zenaida vinaceorufa.
Columba gyumnophthalma.

PLATE 9

. Geococcyx californianus.

. Geococcyx californianus, (to show differences in length).
. Saurothera dominicensis.

. Psitteuteles chlorolepidota.

71. Aprosmictus cyanopygius.

. Melopsittacus undulatus.

. Calopsitta novaehollandiae.

. Todus multicolor.

. Ceryle alcyon.

. Speotyto cunicularia hypugaed.
. Asio wilsonianus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 9

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TONGUES OF VARIOUS BIRDS. (X 3)

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 10

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FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 19

No. 78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84,
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.

PLATE 10

Tyto pratincola.
Otus asio bendirei.
Spiloglaux novaezealandiae.

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.

Macropteryz coronata.

Bucco bicinctus.

Lophoceros melanoleucus.
Collocalia, sp (from Lucas).
Calypte anna.

Pteroglossus frantzit.
Dryobates villosus hyloscopus.
Dryobates nuttalli.

PLATE 11

No. 90. Pitta erythrogaster.
91. Myiochanes richardsoni,
92. Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus.
93. Sayornis sayus.
94. Sayornis nigricans.
95. Nuttallornis borealis.
96. Hmpidonaz griseus.
97. Tyrannus verticalis.
98. Tolmarchus gabbi.
99. Myiarchus dominicensis.
100. Furnarius agnatus.
101. Sittasomus, sp.
102. Gymnocichla nudiceps.
1038. Thamnophilus bridgesi.
104. Oligura superciliaris.
105. Myadestes townsendii.
106. Hylocichla guttata.
107. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. I}

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TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. ( X 3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 12

127

TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (%X 3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 25

PLATE 12

No. 108. Sialia mexicana.
109. Toxostoma redivivum pasadenense.
110. Cinclus mezxicanus.
111. Thryomanes bewicki charienturus.
112. Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus.
118. Certhia familiaris zelotes.
114. Lanius ludovicianus gambeli.
115. Petrochelidon lunifrons.
116. Polioptila caerulea obscura.
117. Dulus dominicus.
119, Vireo, sp.
118. Lawrencia nana.
120. Vireo belli pusillus.
121. Sitta carolinensis aculeata.
122. Sitta pygmaea.
123. Penthestes gambeli baileyae.
124. Baeolophus inornatus.
125. Psaltriparus minimus californicus.
126. Auriparus flaviceps.
127. Xanthoura luxuosa (apparently injured).
128. Aphelocoma californica,

PLATE 13

. Pica nuttalli.

. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis.
. Seissirostrum dubium.

. Nucifraga columbiana.

. Strepera graculina.

. Sturnella neglecta.

. Zosterops atrifrons.

. Telespyza cantans.

. Passerculus rostratus.

. Cyanerpes cyanea.

. Chaleoparia phoenicotis.
. Psittarostra psittacea.

Hermotimia, sp.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 13

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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137

TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (NO.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 26

133 X 2, OTHERS xX 8)

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 14

I44 |

TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 29

No. 142.
1438.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
alstss.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.

PLATE 14

Dendroica dominicia,
Vermivora celata lutescens.
Dendroica petechia gundlachi.
Catharopeza bishopi.
Dendroica occidentalis.
Dendroica palmarum.
Granatellus franciscae.
Wilsonia canadensis.
Certhidea salvini.
Dendroica nigrescens.
Dendroica auduboni.
Dendroica vigorsii.
Dendroica discolor.
Dendroica petechia.
Dendroica striata.
Dendroica castanea.
Dendroica fusca.
Dendroica virens.
Teretistris fernandinae,
Teretistris fornsi.
Wilsonia citrina.
Wilsonia p. pileolata.
Vermivora luciae.
Compsothlypis americana.
Oporornis tolmiei.
Oreothlypis gutturalis.
Icteria virens.
Helmitherus vermivorus.
Tachyphonus, sp.

PLATE 15

No. 171. Tanagra (Euphonia) violacea.
172. Thraupis darwini.
178. Stephanophorus leucocephalus.
174. Ramphocelus brasilius.
175. Pitylus grossus.
176. Tanagra, sp.
177. Phaenicophilus poliocephalus.
178. Munia punctulata.
179. Steganura paradisea.
180. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni.
181. Molothrus atronitens.
182. Pseudoleistes, sp.
188. Passer domesticus.
184. Tiaris olivacea.
185. Lowxia leucoptera.
186. Oberholseria chlorura.
187. Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus.
188. Spinus pinus.
189. Passerculus savannarum alaudinus.
190. Oryzborus, sp.
191. Zamelodia melanocephala.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 15

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TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (x 3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 39

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL.

TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (3)

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 30

No. 192

193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.

PLATE 16

. Pipilo aberti.

Chondestes grammacus strigatus.
Passerculus beldingi.

Amphispiza belli.

Spizella passerina arizonae.
Passerella iliaca stephensi.
Junco hyemalis thurberi.
Passerella iliaca.

Pipilo crissalis senicula.

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A REVISION OF THE INSECTS OF THE APHID GENUS
AMPHOROPHORA

By Preston W. Mason

Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture

This paper represents principally a systematic study of the aphid
genus Amphorophora Buckton. There has also been included what
is known of the biology of each species. The meager facts that are
available indicate very forceably the need of rearing work in connec-
tion with any systematic study in this family of insects.

The genus was erected by Buckton in British Aphides?! for a new
species which he described on the same page. Since that time various
other species have been added by other writers. Several authors
have discussed the species common to their own State or country,
but the species of this genus of the entire world have never been
brought together in one paper. The present writer has attempted
to do this here.

In this work I have had the use of all specimens in the United
States National Museum and the Bureau of Entomology; the collec-
tion of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, loaned by Dr.
Edith M. Patch; the Swain collection of Leland Stanford University,
loaned by Prof. G. F. Ferris; a part of the Canadian collection loaned
by William Ross; and the private collections of W. M. Davidson,
Dr. Thomas Guyton, and Harold Morrison. Prof. J. J. Davis has
kindly loaned certain slides from his collection and from the Monell
collection. Prof. E. O. Essig has loaned specimens from the Uni-
versity of California. Prof. R. Takahashi sent Japanese material.
The National collection contains metatype slides of certain of Van der
Goot’s species. Frederick Laing and Prof. F. V. Theobald have dis-
cussed through correspondence the HKuropean species and Professor
Takahashi the Japanese and Formosan species. Prof. O. W. Oest-
lund has compared drawings sent to him with species discussed by
him in his report of 1887.

Certain aphid workers who have visited Washington recently have
examined some of the slides with the writer and expressed their
opinions as to the identity of the species. These include Miss Patch
and Messrs. Ross, Guyton, Davidson, and Potgieter.

1 Vol. 1, 1876, p. 187.

No. 2592.—PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 20+
43328 —25——1 1

Po PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEU, VoL. 67

Dr. A. C. Baker of this Bureau, under whose immediate direction
the work has been done, has given many valuable suggestions and
has helped in many ways. The writer also wishes to thank Dr. A. L.
Quaintance for making it possible to undertake the work.

Genus AMPHOROPHORA

Amphorophora Bucxton, British Aphides, vol. 1, 1876, p. 187.

Macrosiphum OxrstLuND, Minn. Geol. Survey Rept., no. 14, 1886, p. 27.

Macrosiphum Dru GueErcio, Nuove Rel. Staz. Firenze, ser. 1, 1900, no. 2,
lad):

Pea cae ScHOUTEDEN, Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., ser. 5, vol. 45, 1901, p. 112.

Eunectarosiphon Det Gumrctio, Redia, vol. 9, 1913, p. 188.

Rhopalosiphum VAN pER Goot, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. 56, 19138, p. 146.

The above is copied from Baker’s Generic Bulletin.? For a dis-
cussion of this synonymy see Baker’s paper. The species convolvula
Kaltenbach, which he refers to Amphorophora in his discussion proves
to be a Myzus, according to letters received by the writer from both
Laing and Theobald.

I am of the opinion that Baker’s characterization of the genus
should be modified so as to exclude certain species in which the
antennal tubercles are covered with small scales or imbrications.
Tubercles of this type may be either converging or diverging. I am
excluding these species from my conception of Amphorophora and
leaving them for a future study.

The antennae are usually longer than the body, dark colored in
the majority of the species, and imbricated. The sensoria are sub-
circular and vary greatly in number in the different species, some
having only a row on segment III, while other species have segments
III, IV, and V thickly covered. The hairs are plainly capitate on
some species. In other species they are indistinctly so, if at all.
The hairs are sometimes nearly as long as the width of segment III,
while in other species they are very minute.

The antennal tubercles are very prominent in most species, but
occasionally are almost wanting on the outer side.

The beak usually reaches about to the second coxae, but may be
longer.

The wing venation is normal. Some Amphorophorus-like species
have a brownish tinge to the veins but most of these fall in the group
with imbricated antennal tubercles, which I am excluding from the
genus. A few species are dusky near the tip of the wing.

The legs are very long, the posterior ones being much longer than
the length of the body.

The cornicles are long, much longer, as a rule, than the cauda. IL
have given considerable latitude to the amount of dilation, some

2U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 826, p. 54.

Art. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 3

being very prominently swollen, others being very slender, but at
the same time, plainly dilated. There is a distinct distal flange in
all species. One group of species has the tip of the cornicles very
conspicuously reticulated. Another group has no reticulations, but
often two or more lines or imbrications. Certain species are inter-
mediate between the reticulated and imbricated ones. Some have
small scales or imbrications over most of the length of the cornicle,
while in others these organs have an almost smooth surface.

The shape of the cauda varies from those that are strongly con-
stricted to those that are conical. The number of hairs on the cauda
differs in the different species, but, as a rule, there are 2 to 4 sets of
lateral ones.

Tubercles are not conspicuous in the genus as a whole, but several
species show prothoracic, lateral ones. A few species have them on
the lateral margins of the abdominal segments. One species has two
dorsal ones on the head and two on the dorsum of the prothorax.

Intermediates between the alate and apterous forms appear to be
fairly common in the genus as I have seen them in three species,
nabali Oestlund, sensoriata Mason, and essigwanai, new name.

The type of the genus is Amphorophora ampullata Buckton, which
is described in British Aphides.s It was taken on the fronds of
Cystopteris montana. 'The type slide still exists in the British Museum
and contains three apterous viviparous females. A very similar
species was taken from ferns on the American continent, and drawings
of it were sent to Frederick Laing for comparison. He says in private
correspondence that in all of the type specimens of ampullata ‘the
sensoria reach nearly the length of Segment III and number from
30-34.” The species from this continent, he says, seems to be the same
as one which he reared in England from a fern and the same as Van
der Goot described as ampullata Buckton.* I learn from correspond-
ence with Professor Oestlund that his 1887 description of ampullata
Buckton is of the same species. William’s ampullata Buckton?
(1910) is very probably the same, but I can not tell from his deserip-
tion, and his specimens seem to be lost. There is also in the National
Collection the same form from Takahashi. It is probable that all
references in literature to ampullata Buckton, except those cataloguing
the original description, refer to this new form. Laing writes that
he had given to this new form a provisional varietal name, but sug-
gests that the writer fix the status as he thinks best. In view of the
differences in the number and position of the sensoria on Segment III
of the apterous viviparous female, it is my opinion that it is entitled
to standing as a distinct species, and it is described in this paper as
A. laingi, new species. A. ampullata Buckton, therefore, at present is
known only from the type slide.

3Vol 1, p. 187.
4 Beit. Z. Kennt. der Holland, Blattlaiuse (191°).

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The genus Amphorophora seems to be world-wide in its distribution.
From data at hand various species of the genus are found in North
America, South America, Europe, Africa, India, and Japan.

Certain groups of plants are favored as hosts. The genus Rubus
has eight of the species discussed in this paper. Ribes has four
species. In the family Ericaceae the genus Vaccinium has one,
Gaultheria one, Epigoea one, Azalea one, and Rhododendron two spe-
cies. The family Compositae is host to five species. This family
is known to be the summer host of one of these five and will probably
prove to be the same for the others. The Coniferae furnish hosts
for one species in this country and one in England.

There are practically no data on the alternation of hosts in this
genus. Only one, and probably two species are known to have alter-
nate hosts. Some of the others seem to live on the same plants
throughout the year.

Very little can be said on the origin and phylogeny of the group,
as the species are too imperfectly known at present. I am not
in a position to say where the genus originated or on what plant.
In fact, I can not be absolutely certain that I am dealing with a
phyllogenetic group. It seems probable that those species on a cer-
tain host group originated from a common ancestor, as they seem to
be rather closely related.

In the group of forms mentioned as living on Compositae there are
several very closely related ones. These include cosmopolitana
(lactucae Kaltenbach), carduellinum Theobald, oleraceae v. d. Goot,
formosana Takahashi, sonchifoliae Takahashi. There are also some
other specimens in the National Collection which could be described
as new species with about as much difference as is given for most of the
species mentioned, but I hesitate to do this until more is known of
them. This group is so closely related that it is often difficult to
place an individual specimen. There should be extensive rearings
to settle definitely the number of species concerned. Until this is
done I am retaining as valid species those which have been described,
with the exception of sonchifoliae Takahashi. He admits that it is
very near oleraceae v. d. Goot, but his differences do not hold when
checked against metatype specimens.

Certain species which have been placed in this genus by various
writers are not included here, since they belong to the group men-
tioned as having imbricated antennal tubercles. These include
rhinanthi Schouteden, subterrans Wilson, magnoliae Essig and
Kuwana, lonicericola Takahashi, and hydrangeae Matsumura.

Other species properly belonging to Megouwra have been placed in
Amphorophora at times and there is some evidence for considering
Megoura as a synonym of Amphorophora. However, I have decided
to retain it as a valid genus, separating the two on the shape of the

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 5

cornicles. In Megoura they are practically the same thickness from
the base to the center, after which they narrow to the flange. This
often gives the center the appearance of a slight bulge. In Amphor-
ophora the cornicle narrows considerably between the base and the
swollen central portion, giving an actual, conspicuous dilation.

In the tables of measurements the first line for each specimen refers
to the left side, such as left antenna or left cornicle.

When a species is described from one specimen only, this speci-
men is designated as the type.

When a species is described from several specimens, all from the
same colony, these specimens are designated as cotypes, and there
is no type.

When a species is described from several specimens taken from
different colonies, either in the same or different localities, the speci-
mens from one colony are designated as cotypes, those from the
other colonies as paracotypes.

The following keys will help to separate the species. It has been
necessary to omit betae from the keys as no specimens were avail-
able for study and the published description does not give sufficient
details.

KEY TO ALATE VIVIPAROUS FEMALES 5

He Cornicles! distinctly reticulated]. = = == 2s Sei en eee hee Ree 2
Cornicles not reticulated, often imbricated at tip__________-__-------- 15
2. Cornicles'shorter than segment III of antennae_--.-.-=___2-----_-=+- 3
Cornicles equal to or longer than segment III___________-_-_-------- 11
3. Segment III of antennae light colored____________----_- corylina (Davidson).
Sesmenillotantennacimdanrk colored= 2 a2 245") 4. seein Ae ae +
AM Seommenoulavaloncer than Vee 2 pace oS Se eater Sie At OL hihi hes 5
pepmenecivqshorter than. V.2.!<" oe BS se ioe: by eee E 10
5. Cornicles not longer than width of head through eyes____-____------- 6
Cornicles considerably longer than width of head through eyes_-_--_____ 8
Gmsesment wiVewiborsensorla.. 2. sesne. Sot oie Pee brittenii (Theobald).
MEgMmenuMUVaWAUNOUL.SEMSOE AG .. ip 0). Sie theo ee 7

7. Cauda with about six lateral hairs. Cornicles very broad.
essigwanai, new name.
Cauda with about two lateral hairs. Cornicles more slender (On Acon-

EGTA) hae So tt BR en amy ei ici ak MILE MALS CORES E aconiti (v. d. Goot).

8. Til with.a row-of about.16 sensoria._.._.. 22.121 J10l 52 vaccinii, new species.
Antennae Wwithonumerous senGria 4. 22k oie ea ee 9

OM WVawilthee W415 Senoriaw 2s eee os ho hayhursti, new species.
Vewith-5—lOvsensoriaek Sie Baie? . OFC tos mitchelli, new species.

10. Smallest diameter of cornicle one-half of widest diameter (On Spiraea).
spiraecola (Patch).
Smallest diameter of cornicle two-thirds of widest diameter (On Rubus).
reticulata, new species.
CRE WwathitSeCNSOFAt oe == .. 22 = sete Ee brittenii (Theobald).
TV Ae ovat 1YO UGE SETAS O Tl Oh tes cen) pc eae o_o Ge IS NE A hE 12

5 Roman numerals refer to the number of the segment of the antenna, as segment III.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67
12. III with 9-11 senoria in a row (On Cupressus) .-------- morrisoni (Swain).
Ti with 13—45isensorias (Onwhwows) eases ee ee ee 13
1Zi-cAntenmae ll etc ore cee eee eee ee maxima, new species.
Antennae dark-colored sts Je SMe se ee ee ee eee 14
14. III with 20-30 sensoria and noticeably shorter than counicle! Distinct
dusky spot on:tip,of wing! 22-12 deg ai ie seek rubicola (Oestlund).
III with 34-42 sensoria and subequal with cornicle, tip of wing with a
faint: dusky, border: 222622555 = o> = eee davidsoni, new species.
15. Cornicles slightly longer than segment III___-_--------- nervata (Gillette).
Cornicles not:louger thanChhy ss! 2s) ss ae ee ee es ee 16
16. Cornicles' distinctly shorter thant )V22_ 22-2 2 ae Ssne ee ee eee 17
Cornicles\notijshorterthangiVoss. Ses) yore Eee eines eee a eee 22
U7... IV wathout.sensorias. 422 = ops 8 ee a a Pa A noe 20
EW with S@mSOrd aioe oy eh a ge 18
ie Weiatlor O=s Semcon) (On Julie)! ne ee sensoriata Mason.
Veith S=S/Sens Oris te 5 fet 8 1s enn Ce pe See Be ieee ape eee eee yee mee 19
19. Hairs on antennae capitate and about as long as width of segments

pergandei, new species.
Hairs inconspicuous, shorter than width of segment_ carduellina (Theobald).

20. Cornicles considerably swollen (On Ferns)------------- laingi, new species.
Cornicles slender y lessisivviollll eres eee ees eee 21
Divi withrol=—oil sSeNSOmlas s.20 ee ee ee ee ee vagans (v. d. Goot).

LDL with 30=50 sensoria (On Rubus). veel ie rubi (Kaltenbach).

22. Cornicles longer than width of head through eyes____---_------=---=- 23
Cornicles equal to or shorter than width of head through eyes_-_-_------ 27

23. Antennae very tuberculate.22 2-222 =2 = (6 S2 eee eee 24
Sénsoria ina straight tow... --li-2.. ee Aes See 25

24% ‘Cornicles' three times base ofl 2st e see ae eee braggi, new species.
Cornicles more than four times base of VI____-_------- nabali (Oestlund).

25. With sensoria on IV and V_____----------------1-- minima, new species.
Without sensoriaon. LV and. Vi 22 ees See Sena ee eee 26

96. Cauda-with about 4 lateral hairs. 3252222 2922 Genesee ee cicutae Shinji.
iad ae vvaitiln 2a ext esreea eka nr ee nervata (Gillette).

P75 -Wliewith: G=SiseMSOnd asa. 2 se Se eet ae eee solani (Thomas).
Antennae tuberculates2: 3 Soe 2 ee ee eee 28

28. IV with about 27 sensoria. V with 12 sensoria____ oleraceae (v. d. Goot).
IV with 9-19 sensoria. V with 1-7 sensoria__--_ cosmopolitana, new name.

KEY TO APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES

t., Cornicles:distinetly,reticulated._-2=- 12222-22225 — = eee 2
Cornicles not reticulated, often imbricated at tip..-.----------------- 13

) .. Cornicles muehsshorter than segment [ll +=. "= 2 == eee 3
@ornicles notrshorter than ill 222-2) Saeene esas eee A asepures op 2 eer 5

3. III with about 25 sensoria over nearly entire length___ aconiti (v. d. Goot).
PDUs wrirtlwl@seuse ra OW ies oe ee eee ee ee 4

4. III with 2-3 sensoria near base. Cauda with 2 lateral hairs.

pallida, new species.
MUR ayaqiar Gece caso es 5 See ee Se eee essigwanai, new name.
5. Cornicles much longer than ITI_. 4 24 -.s2+ 212-=-3- 4. = 4e5e 2-2 ee 6
@ornicles subequal with Ill‘. 2-22 oe a ee 8
Glileleapvatt dS la eS NS OTS ee rubicola (Oestlund).
TIL with 1=6ismall sensoriaee ss ee ee ee ee ee 7
7. Cauda as broad as antennal tubercles__--------------- morrisoni (Swain).

Cauda not as broad as antennal tubercles____ rhododendronia, new species.

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 7

8. Cauda not constricted, with 2 or 3 lateral hairs......_....._.....------ 9
Cauda long, slightly constricted, with 3 lateral hairs... ~____- Pa age 3S ae 10
vcauds, with 2 setsiof lateral hairs... _.=2..-.2.2--- 2... alni, new species.
Cauda: with’3sets’of lateral (hairs. 22) 225222) 022.004 azaleae, new species.
HOM Anitennaeyandaconniclesy darks COlOTeC Cassese eee ee ee ee Ital
Segment ib and conniclesslighter= 2484.00 6 oho co) ea ke A 12

11. Widest diameter of cornicles about one half length of base of VI.

12.

borealis, new species.
Widest diameter of cornicles more nearly one-third length of base of VI.
vaccinil, new species.
III about twice the width of head through eyes_-_______ spiraecola (Patch).
III about one and one-half times the width of head through the eyes.
rhododendronia, new species.

Poe liehalt as longrarain as;cormicles 9) 6g 2.22 ce ee 23
JUTE SLOW ONE EVR 4 a oy OE i ie coerce a leet RW he eA a ge ge oe fata dS 14
(AOE with 40=50'sensoriat ss! s se ET Se. el nabali (Oestlund).
NEE watchrO=s0) sensor) tT osteo Ae Pete cyt ised eee 15
dae swathowtesensOnias —sameye st ong ey PELL Yrs cere tn nervata (Gillette).
Pith Ms Ora eee em ey a bat et eT fe 16
GRU hel AB ENSOM As See as Sek ey cee ge Cage tS a as oo ee 17
ils waGhies— so OrsensOn hes. wt eee er eee et ae LT er 19
jee Cornicles black. Ae a I ee formosana Takahashi
Gornicles\creen or whites oO) Iie ee SEPT ee Bae) yi pies 18
tsi, CGorniclesjercen,, On Pines #2)! oo) aS PL kee ed evansi Theobald.
@ornicles whiter, Oni Polite. 2020-22. .3 =n te takahashii, new species.
LOMSRVeand Ve wilihasensOlasas see Bee eee ee ee 20
IM PaAnGe yawilhout.SensOra.o- sos we ee ee ene a oe 21
20. III with 17-20 sensoria. IV with 3-6 sensoria___-__- carduellina Theobald.
III with 22-28 sensoria. IV with 10 sensoria. V with 4-6 sensoria.
oleraceae (vy. d. Goot).
21. Cauda long, broad, not constricted, hairs shorter than width__________ 25
Cauda constricted, with hairs longer than width_____________________ 22
22. Antennae with capitate hairs as long as width of segments.

23.

24.

25.

26.

pergandei, new species.
Hairs inconspicuous, much shorter than width of segments.
cosmopolitana, new name.

III with 7-18 sensoria grouped near base_._-___ ______- laingi, new species.
ITE with sensoria along’entire lemeth =). _ i.e eee neal 24
Venyilarge species. (On) Hérmgiuoi. ool) legs fyi ti ampullata Buckton.
smaller species... On uhus hens 520th to Nt oe sensoriata Mason.
Unguis of VI distinctly longer than III (12 times longer).

zhuravlevi Mordvilko.

Unguisvof, Vi shorter or subequal with like: =" Soo eee ee ee 26
Cornicle light colored. Cauda with 5-6 lateral hairs.___ rubi (Kaltenbach).
Cornicle dark. Cauda with 3-4 lateral hairs_____ ___ amurensis Mordvilko.

AMPBOROPHORA ACONITI (Van der Goot)
Figs. 169-173

Rhopalosiphum aconiti VAN DER Goot, Tijdschr. voor Ent., vol. 55, 1912,
p. 73; Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Hollaindischen Blattliuse, 1915, p. 140.—
THEOBALD, The Entomologist, vol. 50, 1917, p. 81—Wuson and VICKERY,
Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 29.

One alate and one apterous specimen, sent by Van der Goot, are

available for study.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Alate viviparous female.—The antennal segments are as follows:

5 ;
lI on til IV Vv VI
1.264 mm. 49 0.688 mm. 0.608 mm. 8+(?) mm.
| 1.280 mm. 50 0.688 mm. OF560rmmy 42s tS eee

The sensoria of segment III are tuberculate and evenly distributed
throughout nearly the entire Jength. Other segments without sec-
ondary sensoria. VI with a group of six small sensoria adjacent to
the larger one. IV and V faintly imbricated, V more distinctly so
toward the tip. I slightly gibbous on inner side. Head 0.608 mm.
wide through the eyes. Antennal tubercles fairly prominent. Beak
reaching nearly to second coxae. Cornicles 0.624 mm. long, distinctly
reticulate for a distance of 0.16 mm.; largest diameter, 0.088 mm.;
smallest diameter, 0.064 mm.; flange,0.08mm. The cauda is twisted
in our specimen, but Van der Goot states that it is of the same length
as the cornicles. There appears to be two sets of lateral hairs.
Spiracles and hairs of abdomen as shown in figure 172.

Apterous viviparous female.—The only specimen we have is in very
poor condition. The single antenna present is slightly longer than
the body, the segments being as follows:

| Ill IV Vv VI |

1.184 mm.

|
|
|
|

0.624 mm. 0.56 mm. 0.128+ (0.8+) |

The third segment has about 25 sensoria scattered over nearly the
entire length. The head is 0.608 mm. wide through the eyes. The
antennal tubercles are distinct.

The beak reaches almost to the third coxae. The one cornicle
which is present is 0.64 mm. long, being distinctly reticulated for a
distance of 0.128 mm.; widest diameter, 0.096 mm.; narrowest diam-
eter, 0.064 mm.; flange, 0.08 mm. Theobald says they are variable
in form, some being almost cylindrical. The cauda is twisted; Van
der Goot says that it is of the same length as the cornicles. His
figure shows it to be broad and not constricted.

Host.—Aconitum napellus.

Distribution.—Holland, Bergedorf near Hamburg, Germany (deter-
minations verified by Van der Goot), and Yorkshire, England.

Metatype.—Deposited in the U. S. National Museum.

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 9

AMPHOROPHORA ALNI, new species
Figs. 1-3
Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, slender;

hairs shorter than width of segments, one to three small sensoria
near base of III, antennal measurements as follows:

S i |
No. Ill on tit IV Vv VI
i eee 0. 896 3 0. 736 ON 7205 4 0. 192+ 1. O88
0. 864 S | Oxso2 0. 688 0. 192+1. 088
ee 0. 768 1 0. 672 0. 656 0. 160-+0. 992
0. 720 2 0. 640 0. 640 0. 192-+1. 072
Se oe ae 0. 832 1 0. 720 0. 656 0. 192+1. 072
0. 832 1 0. 688 0.656 | 0.176+ # (?)

Antennal tubercles large and prominent. Capitate hairs present
on vertex and on basal antennal segments. Beak reaching third
coxae. Cauda long, broad, not constricted, with two sets of lateral
hairs. Cornicles very long, moderately swollen on distal half, dis-
tinctly reticulate at tip.

Cornicles

No. Head Cauda ]
Length Reticulated Wide X | Small X Flange
12S 22/57 05496 0. 368 0.864 | 0. 064 0. 104 0. 048 0. 064
0. 864 0. 064 0. 096 0. 048 0. 072
Zee (OF 480 0. 352 | 0. 800 0. OSO 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064
0. 800 | 0. 064 0. O88 0. 048 | 0. 064
eee Ore OGu OT oOS | 0.880 | 0. 096 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064
| 0.880 | 0.080} 0.112) 0.048) 0.064

Last Instar Apterous Nymph

Cornicles

Head Iil IV Vv VI —
Length | Width

0. 384 0. 528 0. 496 0. 512 | 0. 16+0. 928 0.640} 0.112
0. 512 0. 528 0.512 | 0.16+0.960 ; 0.640 0.080
0. 352 0. 544 0. 480 0. 512 | 0. 16+-0. 928 0.640 0. 064
0. 560 0. 512 0.480 | 0.16+0.896 | 0.576; 0.112

Described from specimens submitted by Miss Patch, taken at
Orono, Me., on Alnus incana, August 7, 1916 (Maine No. 127-16).
Three apterous viviparous females and several nymphs. No alates.

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 67

One apterous viviparous female was also taken at Orono on Alnus
incana on June 26, 1909 (Maine No. 45-09), and one in 1904 (Maine
No. 48-04 Sub. A).

Cotypes.— Deposited in the U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 26370.
Paracotypes in the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

AMPHOROPHORA AMPULLATA Buckton

Amphorophora ampullata Bucxton, Brit. Aph., vol. 1, 1876, p. 187.—
LicHTensTEIN, Les. Puc. Aph., 1885, p. 19.—KirKaupy, Can. Ent.,
vol. 37, 1905, p. 415.—Wiuson, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 3, 1910,
p. 320.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 202, 1912, p. 180.—WiLson
and VickERY, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1,
1918, p. 33.

This is the type species of the genus. The type slide (bearing
three apterous viviparous females) exists in the British Museum.
Frederick Laing writes that segment III of these specimens have
from 30-34 sensoria, reaching nearly the length of the segment.
Drawings kindly loaned by him show the hairs of III to be less than
half the width of the segment and capitate. The cornicle is shown
to be about three-fifths as long as III, moderately slender, conspic-
uously swollen, and with no reticulations or imbrications.

As explained on page 3, this species is known only from the type

slide.

AMPHOROPHORA AMURENSIS Mordvilko

Acyrthosiphon (Amphorophora) rubi amurense MORDVILKO, Fauna de la
Russie, vol. 1, liv. 2, 1919, p. 267.

Mordvilko described this form as a subspecies of rubi Kalten-
bach. I have not seen it, but judging from his description it is a
good species. It may be separated from its near relatives by the
characters given in the key on page 54. I quote herewith a trans-
lation of Mordvilko by A. J. Bruman.

Apterous viviparous female——Body spindle shaped. Depth of frontal fur-
row is two-sevenths to one-third the distance between the bases of the antennae.
Antennal tubercles quite convex. The projection of the vertex is distinct.
Antennae only slightly longer than the body (one and one-twenty-fifth to one
and one-fourteenth times). The third segment is one and one-fourth to one
and one-third times longer than the fourth, and the fourth nearly that many
times longer than the fifth. The base of the sixth segment is one-sixth to
two-thirteenths the length of the third, and the tip of the sixth is only very
slightly less than the length of the third segment (for instance eleventh-twelfths
of that length). The capitate hairs on the third segment reach four-fifths to
three-fifths the diameter of the proximal part of the segment. Near the base
this segment has 6-12 secondary sensoria. The cornicles reach two-ninths to
one-fourth the length of the body. At a distance of one-third from the end they
are swollen. From here toward the base they first become narrow and then
at the very base they widen considerably. In front of the flange there is another
slight (hardly noticeable) swelling. No sculpture is seen on the walls of the
cornicles. The cauda is two to two and one-half times shorter than the cor-

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON Ab

nicles, elongated—triangular, at times with a weak constriction at some distance
from the base. On each side there are usually four bristly hairs, at times on
one side only three hairs. Size of body, 3.25-1.23 mm.; 4.21-1.44 mm. Color
green or light green (may be inclined toward light brick or light reddish). An-
tennae dark, brownish with the exception of the base of the third segment which
is somewhat lighter. The cornicles are dark tawny, darker toward the end
(almost black) and lighter toward the base. The ends of the femora are dark;
the ends of the tibiae and tarsi are brown. Eyes reddish brown. The color
of the extremities is generally darker than in the other subspecies of rubi Kalten-
bach.

Measurements of two spectmens.—4.14-1.44: Frontal furrow, 0.07; between
the base of the antennae, 0.26; mouth of furrow, 0.19; width of furrow at the
middle of its depth, 0.15, at base, 0.10; central vertex projection, 0.011; hairs
on each side, 0.060; antennae, 4.49; with the following lengths of segments:
0.17, O210;* 1.23, -0:98° (0.96)7°0°75 (0:73), 0:19 (0:20) +1.07 (1.09). Hairs on
third segment up to 0.040; diameter of the proximal part of the segment, 0.053.
Sensoria, 10 (6). Cornicles, 1.02; their thickness 0.12 (base), 0.066 (0.38 from
base), 0.11 (0.32 from end), 0.53 (0.05 from end), 0.060 (0.03 from end), 0.056
(in front of flange), 0.066 (flange). Cauda, 0.48; its thickness 0.20 (base),
0.14 (0.24 from end); on each side 3-4 bristly hairs. Posterior femora, 1.53;
tibia, 2.74; tarsi, 0.14 (0.04:0.12), claws, 0.046, hairs on tibia, 0.029—-0.063;
diameter of proximal part of tibia, 0.066.

4.03-1.44: Frontal furrow, 0.08; between basis of antennae, 0.26; mouth of
furrow, 0.15; width of furrow at the middle of its length, 0.12, at base, 0.08.
Projection of vertex, 0.010; hairs on its side, 0.056. Antennae, 4.39; with the
following lengths of segments: 0.17, 0.10, 1.21 (1.16), 0.93 (0.94), 0.73, 0.19 +-
1.06. Hairs on the third segment, 0.027—0.035, diameter of the proximal part
of the segment, 0.054. Sensoria near the base of this segment, 9 (12). Cor-
nicles, 0.90; their thickness, 0.12 (base), 0.073 (0.27 from base), 0.11 (0.26 from
end), 0.055 (0.04 from end), 0.056 (0.02 from end), 0.053 (in front of flange),
0.073 (flange). Cauda, 0.45; its thickness 0.21 (base), 0.15 (0.32 from end),
0.16 (0.29 from end), 0.15 (0.20 from end); on each side of the cauda are four
bristly hairs. Posterior femora, 1.57; tibia, 3.08; tarsus, 0.14 (0.04, 0.11);
claws 0.043, hairs on tibia, 0.040-0.060; diameter of proximal part of tibia,
0.073.

This form differs from the European (rubi Kaltenbach) in the darker coloration
of the antennae, legs, and cornicles, frequently by a more constant small, hardly
noticeable swelling of the cornicles in front of the flange and by the lesser num-
ber of hairs on the sides of the cauda (in the specimens which I examined there
were not more than four on each side). Apparently the North American Micro-
siphum rubicola Oestlund, at least by its dark coloration of the antennae and
cornicles stands closest of all to Ac. rubi amurense.

Distribution.—The subspecies is known so far only from the shores of the lower
Amur.

Habits.—These aphids were collected from the ends of shoots and from the
under side of the leaves of raspberry. Their life habits are apparently similar
to those of Ac. rubi rubi.

AMPHOROPHORA AZALEAE, new species

Apterous viviparous female.—Body light colored. Antennae about
one and one-half times as long as body, dark; the tips of the seg-
ments and all of segment VI darker; hairs very small and incon-
spicuous; III, with 2-3 sensoria near base. Antennal tubercles

110, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

prominent. Spines on head small. Cornicles dark colored, long and
slender, slightly swollen, the tips distinctly reticulated. Cauda
light colored, broad, and conical, not constricted, with three sets
of rather small lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

IIL fone IV YY, | ae
[eke SP DIE Ue Ss ons |
0. 688 3 0. 464 0. 480 0. 144+0. 868+
0. 672 2 0. 464 0, 522 0. 144-++-0. 496
Cornicle |
Head Cauda
Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange
0. 415 0. 288 0. 672 0. 048 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
0. 672 0. 048 0. 064 0. 040 | 0. 048

Described from one adult apterous viviparous female and several
alate and apterous nymphs taken on Azalea indica in a nursery at
Glen St. Mary, Fla., February 23, 1924, by W. T. Owrey.

Host.—Azalea indica.

Distribution.—F lorida.

Cotypes.—Deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26945.

AMPHOROPHORA BETAE (Theobald)

Rhopalosiphum betae THrEosatp, Journ. Bd. Agr., vol. 19, no. 11, 1918, p.
918.
Macrosiphum betae (Theobald) Winuson and Vickrmry, Trans. Wis. Acad.
Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 42.
I have not seen this species. Judging from Theobald’s figures it
probably should be included in this genus.
Host plants—Beets and mangolds.
Distribution.—England.

AMPHOROPHORA BOREALIS, new species
Figs. 109-111

Received from Dr. Edith M. Patch one slide bearing a single
adult apterous viviparous female and several very small nymphs
(Maine No. 101-18), taken on checkerberry at Orono, Me., June 26.
1918. Doctor Patch had given this species the manuscript name of
borealis, but gave the writer the privilege of describing it in this
paper. Her manuscript name is adopted.

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae slightly longer than body,
basal segments nearly concolorous with body, distal segments
darker, III with a single sensorium near base, hairs inconspicuous,
shorter than width of segment. Antennal tubercles large and
heavy. Beak reaching beyond second coxae. No prothoracic or

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 13

abdominal tubercles showing. Cornicles dark colored, long, dis-
tinctly swollen, tip plainly reticulated, remainder imbricated. Cauda
long and broad, distinctly constricted at base; three sets of lateral
hairs. Measurements as follows:

III IV V | VI
= |
0. 576 0. 416 0. 448 0. 144-0. 752
0. 560 0. 416 0. 448 0. 144+ 0. 792
Cornicles
Head Cauda
Length Reticulated Wide X | Small X Flange
|
0. 400 Ont, 0. 560 0. 064 O5072—,) 6) 0,032 a, OF048
0. 576 0. 064 0. O8O | 0.032 | 0.048

Host.—Checkerberry.
Locality.— Orono, Maine.
Cotypes.—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

AMPHOROPHORA BRAGGI, new species
Figs. 4-6

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae slightly longer than body,
dark colored, very tuberculate, hairs as long as or longer than width
of segment, not plainly capitate. Antennal tubercles rather small.
Beak not reaching second coxae. No prothoracic or abdominal
tubercles. Abdomen light colored, without lateral dark patches,
as in cosmopolitana. Cornicles very dark, lighter at base, short,
strongly swollen, reticulated but not showing plainly on the black
background. Cauda short, strongly constricted, one set of lateral
hairs before constriction and three sets beyond constriction. Legs
very dark, except bases of femora.

s orig Ss id Ss i |
Ba reir oalySlNad hs acneE hl cli ctl) ea vi |
| ‘ = ee
1. 072 93 0. 528 35 0. 480 3 0. 112+ (0. 784-++)
1 O72 87 0. 560 31 0. 496 5 0. 112+ (0. 768+)
Cornicle
Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
0. 560 0. 336 0. 592 0. 136 | 0. 048 0. 064
0. 608 0. 136 | 0. 048 0. 064

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Described from a single alate viviparous female taken by L. C.
Bragg on lettuce at Marblehead, Mass., October 4, 1920.

This species can be distinguished from cosmopolitana on lettuce,
by its larger size, more numerous sensoria, darker legs, and by its
lighter colored abdomen without lateral dark patches.

Type.—Deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Cat. No.
26371.

AMPHOROPHORA BRITTENIL (Theobald)
Figs. 7-9 and 62-66

Rhopalosiphum brittenii Tarosaup, Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 7, 1912, p.
107.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 225, 1914, p. 68.—WILson and
Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918,
p. 46.—Jacxson, The Scot. Natur., 1917, p. 85; 1919, p. 158.

I have not seen this species. The alate and apterous viviparous
females are described by Theobald. Miss Jackson (1919) gives a
description of the oviparous female.

Host plants.—Red and black currants and gooseberries.

Distribution.—England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales.

Cotypes.— Deposited in Theobald’s collection.

AMPHOROPHORA CARDUELLINA (Theobald)
Figs. 45-48 and 67-69

Rhopalosiphum carduellinum Tuerosaup, Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 6, 1915, p.
113.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters,
vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 49.—THroBALp, Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 11, 1920, p. 67.

In Theobald’s first paper he described the alate form of this species
and also described an apterous form. In his second paper he gave
another description of an apterous form, stating that his first deserip-
tion referred to another species. Dr. J. T. Potgieter has shown the
writer specimens from South Africa which he considers to be this
species. The apterous form seems to agree more nearly with the
second description of Theobald than with the first one. Doctor
Potgieter’s specimens however have sensoria on segment V of the
antennae. These specimens will be fully described in Doctor Pot-
gieter’s forthcoming paper on South African Aphiidae.

The chief difference between this species and cosmopolitana seems
to be in the presence of sensoria on segment IV and V of the apterous
form. Ina large series of cosmopolitana which I have examined there
are sensoria only on segment III. The range of sensoria on segment.
IIL of corduellina seems to be somewhat greater while in the alate
form the range on segment III seems to be somewhat less than in
cosmopolitana.

The cotype specimens were taken on Carduus species in Transvaal
in 1914. Those belonging to Doctor Potgieter were taken on Sonchus
species.

Arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 15

Theobald says in his 1915 paper that the cotypes are deposited in
his collection. In his second description of the apterous form (1920)
he writes that the cotypes are in the British Museum.

“AMPHOROPHORA CICUTAE Shinji
Figs. 80-84
Amphorophora cicutae Sutnit, Can. Ent., vol. 49, 1917, p. 51.

The type of this species was loaned to Dr. A. C. Baker, of this
bureau, who made the following manuscript description:

“TIT, 0.8 mm.; IV, 0.736 mm.; V, 0.56 mm.; VI (0.144 mm.+ 1.04
mm.).

“The sensoria (15) form an even row along the segment. They
are moderate in size; cornicles, 0.736 mm.; flange, 0.08 mm., nar-
rowest diameter, 0.048 mm.; widest, 0.096 mm.; cauda, 0.382 mm.,
the extremity extending about to the tip of the cornicles, which have
no reticulations at tip but a few transverse imbrications.”’

This is somewhat different from Shinji’s description.

The present location of the type is not known. Essig says in a
letter that it must have been taken by Shinji when he left the Uni-
versity of California. No other records of the species have been
made.

Host.—Cicuta virosa, var. californica.

Locality.— University of California campus, Berkeley, Calif.

Date of collection.—April 20, 1915.

AMPHOROPHORA CORYLINA (Davidson)
Figs. 98-100

Rhopalosiphum corylinum Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 7, 1914, p.
134.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters,
vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918. p. 63.—Swain. Univ. Cal. Publ. Tech. Bulls., vol. 3,
Nose OLOSs sp. Sie

The following description is from specimens on the type slide.
Alate viviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, slender,

faintly imbricated, hairs shorter than width of segments. Antennal
measurements as follows:
Il euvorg IV Vv | VI
on III | |
|
0. 800 mm. 20 0. 448 mm. 0.496 mm. | 0. 144+0. 832 mm.
0. 752 mm. 24 0. 448 mm. 0. 464 mm. | 0. 144+-0. 864 mm.
0. 688 mm. 22 0. 448 mm. 0.448 mm. | 0. 160+0. 792 mm.
0. 672 mm. 20 0. 432 mm. 0. 448 mm. | 0. 144+0. 768 mm.
|

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Antennal tubercles prominent. Width of head through eyes,
0.464 mm. Beak reaching second coxae. Cornicles, 0.56 mm. long;
reticulate for 0.08 mm.; imbricated; widest diameter 0.064 mm.,
smallest diameter 0.048 mm.; flange, 0.064 mm.; cauda 0.208 mm.
long, conical not constricted, three sets of lateral hairs.

Pupa, alate viviparous female.—Antennal measurements:

Ill | IV | V VI
0. 496 mm. 0. 288 mm. | 0. 352 mm. 0. 112+0. 704 mm.
0. 448 mm. 0. 304 mm. 0. 336 mm. 0. 128+0. 688 mm.
0. 512 mm. 0. 320 mm. | 0. 368 mm. 0. 112+ 0. 768 mm.
0. 480 mm. 0. 320 mm. 0. 384 mm. 0. 112+0. 768 mm.

Cornicles 0.496 mm. long, flanged, slightly swollen.

This species was first recorded from Corylus. Davidson recently
told me that he doubts if Corylus is an important food plant, it being
much more common on ninebark.

Host plants.—Corylus rostrata, Physocarpus capitatus.

Distribution.— California.

Cotypes.—Deposited in U.S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26854.

AMPHOROPHORA COSMOPOLITANA .new name
Figs. 14-26 and 33-44

Aphis lactucae KaLTENBACH, Mongr. der Familien der Pflanzenlause, 1843,
is BC

Aphis lactucae (Linnaeus) WALKER, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 2, 1849,
p. 49.

Rhopalosiphum ribis (Linnaeus), Kocu, Die Pflanzenlause Aphiden, 1854,
p. 39.—Bvucxton, British Aphides, vol. 2, 1879, p. 9.—Lows, Geneva
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 139, 1897, p. 663.—VaN DER Goor. Beit. zur Kennt.
der Hollandischen Blattlause, 1915, p. 146.

Rhopalosiphum lactucae (Kaltenbach) PassEerini, Aphidide Italicae, 1863,
p. 20.—WatLkeER, The Zoologist, ser. 2, no. 53, 1870, p. 1997. FERRARI,
Ann. del Mus. Civ. di Stor. Natur. di Genova, vol. 2, 1872, p. 60.—
BucktTon, British Aphides, vol. 2, 1879, p. 10—Maccutati, Bull. della
Soc. Entom. Ital., vol. 14, 1892, p. 244——SanprErson, Canad. Ent., vol.
33, 1901, p. 70.—ScHouTEDEN, Mem. de la Soc. Entom. de Belg., vol.
12, 1906, p. 236.—Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., 1910, p. 377.—Essie,
Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, 1911, p. 463.—TuHxroBaALD, Journ. Econ.
Biol., vol. 7, 1912, p. 105.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 225, 1914,
p. 53.—Morpvitxo, Fauna de la Russie, livr. 2, 1914, pp. 51, 58.—
GILLETTE and Braaa, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 8, 1915, p. 100.—Dosroy-
KIANSKY, A List of Aphids Found on Cultivated Plants in the Govern-
ment of Kharkov, Bull. on Pests of Agr. Khorkov, 1916.—TULLGREN,
Meddelande fran Centrolanstalten for Jorsbrukforsch, Entomologiska
andelmingen, no. 27, 1916, p. 104.—TueEosatp, Fruit, Flower and Vege-
table Trades Journ. London, Oct. 13, 1917.—Essie, Univ. Cal. Pub.
Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p. 331.—QuarnTANcE and Baker, U. 8. Dept.

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 17

Agr. Farm. Bull. 804, 1918, p. 28.—Das, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 6,
no. 4, 1918, pp. 165, 273.—Havitanp, Ent. Month. Mag., 1918, p. 201.—
Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 11, no. 3, 1918, p. 289.—Essi@ and
Kuwana, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 8, no. 3, 1918, p. 835.—Wi1son and
VickERyY, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918,
pp. 49, 97.—Jacxson, Scott. Nat., 1918, p. 85; 1919, p. 159.—Swain,
Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bull., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 82.—Takanasul, Rev.
Formosa Agr. no. 182, 1921, p. 63.—Dru Guercio, Redia, vol. 14, 1921,
p. 109.

Siphonophora lactucae (Linnaeus) Tuomas, 8th Rept., Ill. State Ent., 1879,
p. 60.

Nectarophora lactucae (Kaltenbach) OrstLuNpD, Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, pp. 85, 91—Hunrter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
60, 1901, p. 115.

Siphonophora lactucae (Kaltenbach) Witu1ams, Univ. Nebr. Spec. Bull. 1,
1891, p. 16.—ScuourepEN, Ann. de la Soc. Entom. Belg., vol. 44, 1900,
pp. 115-119.

Macrosiphum lactucae (Kaltenbach) SanBorN, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3,
no. 8, 1906, p. 240.

Macrosiphum lactucae Schrank? Davis, Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol.
10, 1913, p. 109.

Amphorophora lactucae (Kaltenbach) QuaINTANCE and Baker, U.S. Dept.
Agr. Farm. Bull. 1128, 1920, p. 30.—BuANcHarp, Physis, vol. 5, no. 20,
1922, p. 207.—Parcu, Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.
no. 34, 1923, p. 301.

The synonymy of this species is somewhat involved but is ex-
plained as follows:

Aphis ribis Linnaeus, based on Linnaeus’s description in Fauna
Sueca refers to Réaumur (vol. 3, pl. 22, figs. 7-10) incorrectly, as
the plant there shown is mountain maple and not Ribis. It should
refer to plate 24, figure 4, which is a gooseberry leaf with character-
istic pseudogalls. This, then, is Myzus ribis (Linnaeus).

Aphis lactucae Linnaeus cites only Réaumur (pl. 22 figs. 3-5).
Réaumur described two forms, a green and a bronze one, which are
evidently a Macrosiphum, being, as Réaumur says, like the rose
species. Miiller in his translation of Linnaeus, 1774, also indicates a
Macrosiphum. Miiller also says that Linnaeus considers Réaumur’s
lettuce as cultivated lettuce, whereas Réaumur had in mind wild
lettuce. Kaltenbach refers to this also. This is immaterial, how-
ever, since both the Macrosiphum and the Amphorophora live on
both wild and cultivated lettuce.

Aphis lactucae Kaltenbach is based on Kaltenbach’s description,
but he also cites Réaumur (pl. 22, figs. 3-5), as did Linnaeus. Since
Linnaeus’ species is different from Kaltenbach’s and since Linnaeus
based his species entirely on Réaumur, Kaltenbach erred in citing
Réaumur. He should also have used another name, since lactuce
was preoccupied by Linnaeus.

Most of the older writers cite Réaumur and Linnaeus and give
no descriptions of their own. Walker seems to have confused the

43328—25}—_2

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

Amphorophora and the Macrosiphum as Passerini and Sanderson
have pointed out. He described two or more species with both
swollen and slender cornicles as varieties, calling the species Aphis
lactucae Linnaeus and cited both Linnaeus and Kaltenbach.

Koch under the name of Rhopalosiphum ribis Linnaeus seems to
confuse two species on ibis, describing and figuring one with swollen
cornicles and also speaking of the pseudogalls of Myzus ribis Linnaeus.

Buckton follows Koch in calling the winter form Rhopalosiphum
ribis Linnaeus but figures the typical pseudogalls of Myzus ribis
Linnaeus. He calls the summer form Rhopalosiphum lactucae
Kaltenbach.

Van der Goot refers the species to Rhopalosiphum ribis Linnaeus.
Both he and Buckton also have Myzus ribis Linnaeus.

Three names have then been applied to this species—ribis Lin-
naeus, lactucae Linnaeus, and lactucae Kaltenbach. Aphis ribis
Linnaeus is accepted to be Myzus ribis Linnaeus. Aphis lactucae
Linnaeus is a Macrosiphum. Aphis lactucae Kaltenbach is a
homonym of Aphis lactucae Linnaeus, and can not be used. A new
name is therefore necessary and the name cosmopolitana is here
proposed.

This species seems to have very close relatives, both on currant
and on its summer hosts. On currant I am describing in this paper
pergandei, new species. On Sonchus there are several forms as
discussed on page 4.

Apterous spring form on Ribes.—Antennae shorter than body,
light colored, not conspicuously imbricated, hairs inconspicuous,
much shorter than width of segment, III with 1-3 small sensoria at
base. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching between
second and third coxae. Cornicles short, thick, plainly swollen, the
tips darker and imbricated. The cauda narrow, strongly constricted
in some specimens, less so in others, three sets of lateral hairs.

No. | II ras IV Vv VI
| eth a od Rs | =A0F 576 i OF280" | 20.240 0. 096+0. 320
| 0. 560 3 0.320 | 0. 256 0. 096-+0. 320

Tico ees | eso 1 0. 224 0. 240 ?

Cornicle
No. Head | Cauda
Length Wide X | Small X Flange
|

J LRA ene | 0. 464 | 0. 304 0. 592 0.128 0.040 0. 048
Dee er 0448 a On224: 0. 448 0. 096 0. 040 0. 048
0..512 0.088 | 0.040 0. 048

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 19

Spring Migrant on Ribes.—Antennae dark colored, somewhat
longer than body, tuberculate, hairs inconspicuous, shorter than
width of segment, I gibbous on inner side. Antennal tubercles very
small. Beak short, not reaching second coxae. Prothoracic tubercles
showing. Abdominal segments with lateral dark patches. Cornicles
rather short, moderately swollen, slightly imbricated at tips. Cauda
long, strongly constricted, with three sets of lateral hairs.

Antennal measurements

| |
sho ped bana geared Mate mer es Me aa ae Wie
| |
1 es , 0. 688 46 0. 392 15 0. 336 6 | 0. 112+0. 848 |
0. 720 50 0. 392 18 0. 320 5 | 0. 112-0. 832 |
: 0. 640 42 0. 400 ibe 0. 288 6/|0.128+ ? |
0. 696 40 0. 384 15 0. 344 7.) O: 128-- 0784 |
ose sy: 0. 736 42 0. 392 17 0. 336 6 | 0.112+0. 736 |
0. 704 46 0. 400 ICG 0. 320 5 | 0..104--0. 768. |
Other measurements
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange

SEL TT nod 0. 464 0. 272 0. 416 0. O88 0. 040 0. 048

0. 416 0. O88 0. 040 0. 048

DNebe SMe Bete BAS 0. 448 0. 240 0. 448 0. O88 0. 040 0. 056

Om ee | 0. 464 0. 248 0. 416 0. OS8 0. 040 0. 056

| 0. 416 0 O88 0. 040 0. 056

| |

Alate viviparous female (on Sonchus).—Antennae about one-quarter
longer than body, dark colored, imbricated, numerous sensoria, hairs
shorter than width of segment, somewhat capitate. Antennal tuber-
cles very small. Prothoracic lateral tubercles present, a hair in front
of each. Abdominal segments with lateral dark spots, each spot
imbricated and having several hairs and usually a tubercle. The
spiracle shows either on or near this dark spot. A large dorsal dark
area above and between base of cornicles. Cornicles short, distinctly
swollen, the tip with about two imbrications. Cauda long, slender,
strongly constricted, the lateral edges above constriction showing as
dark colored. An occasional specimen has the cauda much broader
and not strongly constricted. Three sets of lateral hairs on cauda.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

Antennal measurements

VOL.

No. Locality ETE neo a oy: ria on V “aa VI
1 Ee Red B Jaw yee ee 0. 640 ar, |) On3s52 13 |} 0. 304 3 | 0. 120+0.
0. 608 38 | 0. 336 9 | 0. 304 1 ?
Aig ey RN a SP 0. 800 47 | 0. 480 15 | 0. 384 5 | 0. 112+0.
0. 800 42 | 0. 464 3S Orsst 5 | 0. 096+-0.
Sulae soe. 0. 656 42 | 0. 368 ORTON320 3.) 0. 096+
AY bel D )(Ojeee 0. 656 Sey |) Oday Lon Osa20 3.) 0. OSO+
5 yal tall D Pox Came 0. 704 44 | 0. 448 14 | 0. 288 1 | 0. 096+0.
0. 656 43 | 0. 416 1) |) (0), SY 1 | 0. 112+0.
(oyad lied BIR Oe caret 0. 784 45 | 0. 448 17 | 0. 8368 4! 0.112+0.
0. 784 49 | 0. 448 19 | 0. 336 6 | 0. 112+0.
(falta DM Ouleme t) 0. 816 53 | 0. 480 18 | 0. 400 1 | 0. 112+0.
0. 768 54 | 0. 496 16 | 0. 368 7 | 0. 112+0.
SeeD:(Camta 0. 672 40 | 0. 368 13 | 0. 304 3 | 0. 096+
| 0. 672 42) | 0.1352 12 | 0. 280 2 | 0. 096+
9| AD Gs 2 0. 672 39 | 0. 400 10 | 0. 320 6 | 0. 112+0.
0. 688 42 | 0. 392 14 | 0. 368 7 | 0. 128+0.
10.) {Dp Cl. 2s 0. 640 44 | 0. 336 13} 0. 320 1 | 0. 112+-0.
| 0. 592 AUS (0) Gay ORS 20 3 | 0. 11240.
oi to! Cl sp el ELA mre ae 0. 768 26 | 0.528; 18 | 0. 400 3 | 0. 144+0.
0. 768 47. |\.0:.528 L510; 4116 3 | 0. 144+0.
TOW TDS Gye, Se 0. 688 41 | 0. 400 16 | 0. 224 1) 0"096=-0:
| 0. 688 46 | 0. 384 15 | 0. 288 6 | 0. 096+
Wis) ke3 | Pal SN Chee 0. 896 | 57 0. 488 176 |) (Oy Zee, 4] 0. 144+1.
0. 880 (a) |) (0). al 18 | 0. 400 1 | 0.128+1.
HAS © tees 0. 640 44 | 0. 368 12 1208320 6 | 0. 112+0.
0. 624 47 | 0.352 10505336 5 | 0. 128-+0.
15 | De Crs = 0. 736 48 | 0. 432 160] OF 3852 3 / 0.11240.
0. 752 49 | 0. 432 15 | 0. 336 6 | 0. 112+0.
POA gts ere 0. 592 34 | 05352 13 | 0. 288 3 | 0. 112-+0.
0. 640 S42 Ons s4: LSA OF 240 4} 0. 104+-0.
Lie ce o'r tio
Ricozy2|40. 736 46 | 0.432 | 12 | 0. 352 3 | 0.112+0.
| 0. 704 | AI 0) 4:16 1102368 3 | 0. 112+0.
18 | iaetseyeees 0. 752 42 | 0. 4382 13 | 0. 336 3} 0. 112+0.
0. 784 43) (O;4116 11 | 0. 368 4 | 0. 112+0.
LOU Galits sii 0. 672 43 ) 0.352 10 | 0. 320 1 | 0. 112+0.
0. 640 38 | 0. 384 9 | 0. 336 1 | 0. 128+0.
20) \-Calita == 0. 800 | 46 | 0. 448 14 | 0. 384 2 |) 0. 128+0.
0. 800 47 | 0. 464 TM (AORSGSNE FEE 0. 112+-0.
214 |) Calif 6. - ONG7Z25) 40 | 0. 448 14 | 0. 304 3 | 0. 112+0.
| | 0. 704 46 | 0. 424 LOW Os oLe, 4} 0.112+0.

800
864

$32
592
528

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 21

Other measurements

Cornicle

No. Head Cauda = :

Length Wide X Small X Flange
1a US 0. 4382 0. 208 0. 400 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
2 aE 0. 464 0. 256 0. 448 0. OSO 0. 040 0. 048
3 pea | 0. 480 16 2? ? ? ?
408 ts © 0. 480 0. 224 0. 480 OA? 0. 040 0. 048
eye hE 0. 480 0. 192+ 0. 480 0. 096 0. 040 0. 056
G2G 082! 0. 480 0. 240 0. 448 0. 096 0. 040 ?
oe ate. 0. 496 0.256 | 0.496 | 0. O88 0. 040 0. 056
Sula 0. 448 0. 224 0. 384 | 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048
GUA! 2 0. 464 0. 224 0. 400 0. O8O 0. 040 0. 048
OE of 0. 432 0. 176 0. 368 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
1 ee 0. 480 OF2 72 0, 512 0. 096 0. 048 0. 056
Zee ees 0. 448 0. 240+ 0. 416 0. 064 0. 032 0. 048
geass 0. 496 0. 224 0. 480 0. O88 0. 056 0. 040
ban? 0. 448 0. 224 0. 400 0. O8O 0. 040 0. 048
Oe = 0. 456 0. 224 0. 480 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
16222 0. 440 02224 3) Uehy 0. 064 0. 0382 0. 048
oe: 0. 464 0. 240 0 416 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048
See = 0. 432 OF 242 0. 448 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048
[QO = 0. 456 0. 240 0. 432 0. 088 0. 040 0. 056
2022. = 0. 464 0. 320 0. 464 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048
Pi Pe 0. 480 0. 272 0. 448 0. 096 0. 048 0. 056

Color notes (Pergande MSS.).—‘‘October 30, 1899, the winged form
is pale yellowish green, with the head, antennae, thoracic lobes, lateral
spot in front of anterior wings, sternal plate, lateral spots in front of
nectaries, apex of femora and tibiae and tarsi black; a broad dusky
band across prothorax; a dusky band about the middle of the abdo-
men, the more or less confluent bands in front of nectaries, or all three
may be joined laterally, forming an angulated edge; the last band
is joined posteriorly by two, posteriorly diverging, stout branches
between the nectaries; no bands behind them, though there are two
dusky lateral spots behind the nectaries, the anterior one much the
largest. Legs, nectaries and tail yellow, the apex of the nectaries
dusky. Stigma very pale dusky, subcosta yellowish, veins blackish.
November 10, 1899, found again a number of apterous and one
winged female, the latter being considerably larger than those found
October 30, with the spots on the abdomen larger and deep black,
though structurally they are all alike. Found also two migrants,
larvae and pupa on Lactuca canadensis. The migrants are smaller
than the one on Sonchus though otherwise alike.”

Apterous viviparous female (Summer Form on Sonchus).—Antennae
about equaling length of body, hairs small, heavy, III with a row of
5 to 20 sensoria, distal segments imbricated, I and II gibbous on
inner side. Antennal tubercles fairly large and prominent. Beak
reaching slightly beyond second coxae. No dark patches or tubercles
showing as in alates. Cornicles short, plainly swollen, with about

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

two imbrications at tip. Cauda long, strongly constricted, three sets
of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

Antennal measurements

No. | Locality III conser IV Vv VI
Lee iG te 0. 592 11 0. 336 0.288 | 0. 096+0. 592
0. 592 9 0. 336 0. 304 0.096+ ?
Dis WN lia, ean. 0. 736 13 0. 432 0. 352 0. 096+-0. 688
0. 720 11058 0. 432 0. 352 0. 112+-0. 784
Sea) 1G sue eyes el (G50 8 0. 368 0. 288 0. 112+-0. 560
0. 672 i 0. 384 0. 304 0..112+-0. 576
Ae sD) tO rey re bys 0. 624 8 0. 384 0. 304 0. 096+0. 784
0. 592 9 0. 368 0. 320 0. 096+ 0. 704
Deel ye D, ( Cary ere 0. 720 Bl 0. 480 0. 368 0. 128+ 0. 832
0. 736 9 0. 464 0. 320 0. 112+0. 800
Gee | HDC aa 0. 640 iit 0. 368 0. 288 0. 096+-0. 784
| 0. 624 10 0. 368 0.304 | 0. 112+0. 816
(ee ly HC acai Bes | 0. 640 6 0. 352 0.288 | 0. 080+0. 608
See la gees i 0, 624 9 0. 368 0. 336 0.112+ ?
0. 656 13 0. 416 0. 336 0. 112+ 0. 496
Oe Sh D.C 2:8 = feels 10: 672 9 0. 400 0. 336 0.128+ ?
0. 704 9 0. 416 0. 368 0. 128+-0. 800
ADs oh DiC are at 0. 624 7 0. 352 0. 336 0. 112+0. 736
Mack DiCiaps ee 0. 640 itl 0. 416 0. 304 0. 112+ 0. 816
0. 640 9 0. 400 0. 336 0. 112+-0. 816
> Ds We hae ee ee 0. 720 11 0. 384 0. 240 0. 064+ 0. 592
0. 688 15 0. 400 0. 320 0. O80+ 0. 640
Veal mal BJ Crp 0. 672 16 0. 416 0.320 | 0. 096+0. 816
0. 672 13 0. 432 0.320 | 0. 112+0. 848
AL EI PEEE WT SALE 5} 0. 576 4 0. 336 0. 288 0. 096+-0. 720
| 0. 576 4 0. 336 0. 288 0. 112+-0. 704
| la ae ck 0. 672 16 0. 416 0. 352 0. 112+ 0. 720
0. 672 15 0. 416 0. 320 0.112+ ?
1G ae\hCalitee a eats " ? ? ? y
iia nance ns == 0. SOO 16 0. 496 0. 416 0. 144-++-0. 768
0. 848 19 0. 528 0. 432 0. 128+0. 832
Se BC alten see 0. 592 8 0. 336 OR 72 0.112+ ?
19__| Belgium____| 0. 640 ai | 0. 432 0. 352 0. 112+0. 688
20__; Belgium__--| 0. 672 14 0. 368 0. 336 0.112+ ?
0. 656 14 0. 384 0. 336 0.102+ ?
Other measurements
| | Cornicle
| No | Hea Parse Length | Wide X Small X Flange
lees a 0. 448 (Oh Diy 0. 448 0. O80 0. 04 0. 048
pee ss ES: 0. 480 ie 0. 512 0. 096 0. 04 0. 056
Sik Se 0. 464 0. 304 0. 496 0. 096 0. 04 0. 056
fs ae 0. 480 ¢ 0. 480 0. O80 0. 04 0. 048
Rue 0. 496 0. 240 0. 512 0. 096 0. 04 0. 048
Gans 0. 448 0. 240 0. 480 0. O8O 0. 04 0. 048
tir a = 0. 416 re 0. 480 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048
SGUTe _ 0. 496 0. 288 0. 544 0. 096 0. 04 0. 048
(0) sie et 0. 304 0. 304 0. 560 0. 096 0. 04 0. 048
OMe 0. 432 On 0. 448 0. OSO 0. 04 0. 048
[25 NTRS Le 0. 448 0. 288 0. 512 0. 072 0. 04 0. 048
cea (ane 0. 480 0. 288 0. 496 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048
lives red pear 0. 464 0. 288 0. 496 0. OSO 0. 04 0. 048
peer Biden -| 0. 448 0. 224 0. 416 0. 064 0. 04 0. 048
| Ls) eee 0. 504 0. 240 0. 560 0. 096 0. 04 0. 048
la Gmeeeees| 0. 480 0. 288 0. 496 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048
PAE | 0. 512 0. 320 0. 640 0. 102 0. 048 0. 056
I ps oe 0. 480 0; 272 0. 416 0. OSS 0. 04 0. 048
LOE ; 0. 488 | 0. 320 0. 496 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048
2) ee 0. 480 % 0. 448 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 23

Color notes (Pergande MSS.).—‘‘Apterous females, larvae and pupae
very pale yellowish green, pale bluish green or almost white with but a
slight yellowish or greenish tinge; the head is generally palest, frequently
white; all are covered with a delicate pruinose secretion; antennae
and legs white or faintly brownish, tip of tibiae and tarsi darkest,
tip of tarsi and claws blackish; apex of antennal joints 3 to 5, the
basal section and apical one-third or more of the spur of the sixth
black. Eyes brown; nectaries and tail of color of legs. The thorax
and wing pads of the pupa are almost white with the external edge
of the wing pads blackish.”’

Fall migrant (On Ribes).—Antennae longer than body; dark col-
ored, III, IV, and V with sensoria, tuberculate, distal segments imbri-
cated; hairs shorter than width of segment, I gibbous on inner side.
Antennal tubercles very small, especially on outer side. Beak short,
hardly reaching second coxae. Prothoracic lateral tubercles dis-
tinct, a spine showing in front of each. Abdominal segments with
large lateral dark areas, each bearing a tubercle and one or more
spines. Cornicles comparatively short, conspicuously swollen, slightly
imbricated at tip. Cauda long, strongly constricted, three sets of
lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

Antennal measurements

Ses) | ke ee aime sgl i ec

il esa sate 0. 768 45 0. 480 12 0. 400 3 0. 144+ 0. 656
Onion 44 0. 472 11 | 0. 400 3 0. 128+ ?

Dera 0. 768 42 0. 464 15 0. 384 2 0. 144+0. 848
| 0. 800 44 0. 432 12 0. 356 0 0. 112+ 0. 816

BeBe 0. 752 51 0. 464 15 0. 352 3 0. 128+-0. 704
| 0. 800 ol 0. 464 13 0. 352 | 4 0. 112+ 0. 800

ANd ' 0. 800 45 0. 512 19 0. 432 6 0. 128+ 1. 216
' 0. 800 47 0. 512 16 0. 416 6 0. 112+1. 152

jae | 0. 736 46 0. 448 19 0. 384 | 8 0. 128+-0. 864
| 0. 736 43 0. 432 16 0. 368 U1 0. 128+-0. 848
|

Other measurements

| Cornicles
No. Head Cauda | naa
F | Length Wide X NAELOW Flange
eortet 8 0. 480 0. 272 0. 464 0. 088 0. 648 0. 056
0. 464 0. 096 0. 040 0. 048
DE Be 0. 480 0. 208 0. 432 0. O88 0. 040 0. 056
0. 448 0. 088 | 0. 040 0. 056
ape 0. 488 ? 0. 416 0.080 | 0. 040 0. 048
0. 400 0.088 | 0. 040 | 0. 048
A a 0. 520 0. 208 0. 400 0. 072 0.040 | 0. 056
0. 400 0.088 | 0. 040 0. 056
ieee 0. 480 0. 208 iy ? | ie %

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 67

Pergande left the following color notes: ‘‘The winged form is
either yellowish or yellowish green. Head, antennae, band across
prothorax, thoracic lobes and sternal plate, apex of femora, tibiae
and tarsi, lateral spot in front of wings, 3 lateral spots in front of
nectaries black; the lateral edge of this spot is more or less sharply
3-dentate; the anterior angle is formed of two very fine black and
curved lines, uniting at the ends in a large black spot; the other
two angles are formed of 3 broad, and shorter black bands, with the
last band sometimes very fine and barely visible except at the angle;
the space between these lines and bands is of the color of the abdo-
men, though sometimes they may be confluent so as to form a com-
plete black spot; nectaries pale dusky, tail yellow; subcosta yellow-
ish, the stigma pale dusky.”’

I have received a single alate specimen from Dr. J. T. Potgieter
taken on sycamore at Columbus, Ohio, October 6, 1922. I can see
no specific difference between it and the form described above from
currant. It is probable that it was simply resting on the sycamore.

Alate male-—Antennae longer than body, dark colored, imbricated,
III, IV. and V with numerous tuberculate sensoria; hairs shorter
than width of segments. Antennal tubercles very small. Beak
short, about reaching second coxae. A small lateral prothoracic
tubercle with spine in front of it. Abdominal segments with a dark

area and several smaller ones on dorsum of abdomen. Cornicles
short, strongly swollen, slightly imbricated at tip. Cauda short,
broad, conical, not constricted, with 3 sets of lateral hairs. Measure-
ments as follows:
Antennal measurements
Not | rom HReRROHENEiay | gBsaeaal haw) | eee) NOR A)
9155 0. 736 44 0. 480 18 0. 392 8 0. 128+1. 104
0. 816 39 % t ? ? 0. 128+ 1. 248
5591 0. 800 Sh 0. 504 19 0. 448 ? ?
3/2 0. 912 55 0. 432 11 0. 464 8 0. 144+ ?
Other measurements
Cornicle
No Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
9155 0. 472 0. 144 0. 384 0. 08 0. 04 0. 048
0. 384 0. 08 0. 04 0. 048
| 5591 0. 512 0. 144 0. 416 0. 08 0. 04 0. 048
3/2 | 0. 416 0. 08 0. 04 0. 048

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 95

No. 9155, described above, was taken on Sonchus asper January
24, 1900, District of Columbia. No. 5591, 3/2, was taken at Fair-
bury, Ill., on Sonchus oleracea on October 15, 1894, along with alate
viviparous females.

Apterous oviparous female.—Antennae about the same length as
the body; on some specimens a little longer than body, light colored,
faintly imbricated, III with a row of 2-9 sensoria. Antennal
tubercles prominent. Beak reaching beyond second coxae. No
thoracic or abdominal tubercles showing. Hind tibiae with numer-
ous sensoria, especially on basal three-fourths. Cornicles plainly
swollen; about two imbrications at tip. Cauda short, plainly con-
stricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

Antennal measurements

No. reat Bacar IV Vv VI
1 lee pate 0. 384 6 0. 304 0. 256 0. 112+ 0. 640
0. 432 5 0. 288 0. 272 0. 112-+0. 656
Dike vee 0. 384 4 0. 256 0. 192 19
0. 432 9 0. 288 0. 232 0. 104+-0. 496
Piel Daa 0. 440 8 0. 272 0. 240 0. 112+0. 624
0. 440 6 0. 272 0. 232 0.112+ ?
Aye 0. 464 ie e272 0. 224 0. 112+0. 480
0. 464 6 0. 272 0. 240 0. 112+ 0. 464
MLE 0. 4382 4 0. 288 0. 240 0. 112+ 0. 608
0. 448 2 0. 296 0) 272 0. 112+ 0. 640
(ojeacester< 0. 400 4 0. 262 | 0. 240 OVIN2 =F ee?
0. 416 4 0. 240 0. 208 0. 112+ 0. 560
(carer rene 0. 408 3 0. 256 0. 224 0. 096+0. 552
0. 432 4 0.272: || 0. 240 0. 096+ 0. 544
Other measurements
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
ieseeepicn. 0. 400 0. 160 ? +a? Us X
Davee 0. 408 0. 176 0. 416 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040
0. 400 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040
See ees 0. 376 0. 144 0. 352 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048
0. 368 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
AE 0. 400 0. 208 0. 400 ? ? ¥¢
0. 400 ? ? ?
ere er= 0. 400 ? ON352 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040
0. 384 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040
6h. 3: 0. 360 0. 144 OF3s52 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040
0. 368 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040
(gests 0. 400 0. 192 0. 352 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040
0. 352 0. 072 0. 032 0. 040

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 67

Pergande left the following notes: ‘Pale yellow and slightly
pruinous. Apex of antennal joints 3-6 and terminal one-half of the
spur blackish; apex of tibiae and tarsi dusky, eyes brown. The
nectaries are sometimes very pale brownish, also the legs, with
extreme tip of nectaries dusky.’’

Biology.—This species alternates between various species of
Ribes and such plants as Sonchus, Lactuca, ete.

On Ribes it occurs on the leaves, usually on the underside, often
causing them to curl and cluster. Sometimes it is associated with
Myzus ribis (Linnaeus). It is probable that a few individuals remain
throughout the year, but most of them have left by the latter part
of July.

On the summer hosts it is very numerous on the leaves, stem, and
flower heads. It produces two or more generations, remaining on
these plants until late autumn, we having records as late as No-
vember 24, and on a potted plant of Sonchus as late as January 24.

In the autumn it returns to Ribes, where the eggs are laid. The
earliest record we have in this country of the sexual forms is October
21, and females have been found until late in November.

The eggs are laid on the twigs of currant and are shining black in
color. Van der Goot found nearly mature oviparous females on
Deutzra crenata.

Miss Jackson reports it to be attacked by Hmpusa (Lntomophthora)
aphides Hoffman and Empusa (Triplosporium) fresenta Nowakowaki.
Theobald found it in the crops of young fowls.

Food plants.—Ribes species, Sonchus species, Lactuca, Lampsana
vulgaris, Viburnum opulus, Cichorium endivum, Picris hieracioides,
Taraxicum, milkweed (Swain), Deutzia crenata (Van der Goot).

Distribution.—United States, Europe, India, Japan, Argentina,
Brazil, and Porto Rico.

Type.—Kaltenbach’s type of lactucaé is undoubtedly lost. Speci-
mens which [ am considering as typical and which agree with
descriptions of other authors are in the United States National
Museum.

AMPHOROPHORA DAVIDSONI, new species
Figs. 27-32, and 139-141

Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach) Swatn (not rubi Kaltenbach), Univ. Cal.
Pub., vol. 3, No. 1, 1919, p. 54:

This species can be separated from closely related ones on Rubus
by its shorter cornicles which are subequal with III, by its dark
antennae, the distal segments of which become lighter, by its long
antennal hairs, and by the larger number of sensoria on III, 34--42.

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae about equal to the length
of the body, III dark, the other segments lighter, hairs very con-
spicuous, usually longer than the width of the segment, distal seg-
ments imbricated, III with 34-42 sensoria, not in a row. Antennal

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA——-MASON 27

tubercles prominent. No dorsal or lateral tubercles showing on
head, thorax, and abdomen. Beak reaching beyond second and
nearly to third coxae. Cornicles not very dark, somewhat swollen,
distinctly reticulated, the rest of the cornicles imbricated. Cauda
light colored, long, conspicuously constricted, three to four sets of
lateral hairs. Margin of wing cloudy, but not a distinct dusky spot
as in rubicola Oestlund. Measurements as follows:

Antennal measurements

No. | Ul | Renspria | IV | Vv | VI
| pe aera"
ie | 0. 824 Bub | 0. 464 0. 432 0. 128+ (0. 336+)
| 0. 848 36 | 0. 432 0. 456 0. 128+ 0. 880
OnE Serene 0. 856 1 | 0. 464 0. 448 0. 128+ 0. 896
| OPSs2 ac) v4 0. 480 0.464 | O. 128+ ?
OP ete| 0. 816 | Bi 0. 480 0. 4382 | 0. 128+ (0. 528+)
| 0.896 | a 0. 480 0. 480 | 0. 096+ 0. 880
| |
Other measurements
No. | Head Cauda Length Reticulated Wide X Small X | Flange |
i |
Le ? OF352" 702880 0. O80 0. 096 0. 056 | 0.072 |

| 0. 848 0. 096 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072

Dee OW49G 0.304 0. 848 0. 080 0. 104 0.056 | 0. 072
! | 0. 848 0. 096 0. 096 0.056 | 0. 072

3---| 0. 544 0. 336 0. 880 0. 096 0. 120 0.056 | 0.

0. 880 0. 080 0. 120 0.056 , 0. 080

Alate nymphs (last instar)

Til IV V VI Head width Cornicle
0.512 | 0. 288 0. 304 0. 112+0. 624 0. 456 0. 688
0. 496 0. 288 0. 288 O12 0, G08 4a fe eae 0. 624
0. 528 | 0. 336 0. 336 0. 112+ 0. 736 0. 544 0. 768
0. 528 0. 336 0. 352 OF LO4520,-640. Eta Pbiahs fee OFT
0. 560 0:,352 0. 336 0. 112+.0. 720 0. 512 0. 720

Apterous nymph (last instar)

Ill IV V VI Head width Cornicle
0. 480 0. 288 0. 288 0. 112+ 0. 640 0. 448 0. 640
0. 480 0. 288 0. 288 0. 096+-0. 640 2 0. 640

This species was taken by Davidson at San Jose, Calif., July 4,
1911, on thimbleberry. The collection consists of three alate vivi-
parous females, several alate nymphs, and one apterous nymph.

As explained under rubi Kaltenbach, I believe the specimens which
Swain received from Gillette and which he described as rubi Kalten-

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

bach are in reality this new species. There is an alate male and
several oviparous females in this collection. The following descrip-
tions and the drawings are made from these slides.

Alate male.—Antennae longer than body, dark colored, segment.
III darker than the other segments, hairs nearly or quite as long as
the width of the segment, segments III and V with large subcircular
sensoria, the number being shown in the table, segment IV without.
sensoria. Beak reaching third coxae. Abdomen with lateral
tubercles. Cornicles long, moderately but conspicuously swollen,
dark colored, imbricated over the entire length, the tip plainly
reticulated. Cauda short, not constricted, lighter colored than
cornicles, with about three sets of hairs.

Oviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, light colored;
tips of segments and base of VI darker, hairs about as long as width
of segments, segment III with an uneven row of subcircular sensoria.
Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching third coxae.
Prothoracic lateral tubercles distinct. Hind tibiae with numerous
sensoria on basal half, becoming less numerous beyond middle with
none on distal portion. Cornicles very long, moderately but plainly
swollen, lighter colored than in the male but the tips dark, less imbri-
cated than in male, the tips plainly reticulated. Cauda small, short,
broad, not constricted; about three lateral hairs. Measurements as
follows:

No. | I Soe IV Vv VI

) Leer et es 0. 672 9 | 0. 480 0. 400 0. 144+-0. 688
| 0.720 | 10 0. 464 0. 384 0. 144+-0. 656
Belyct- 3 | 0. 656 13 0. 416 0. 336 0. 104+ 0. 640
0. 688 117 0. 400 0. 400 0. 096+ 0. 576

oe ee 0. 688 17 0. 448 0. 384 0. 128+ 0. 672
0. 704 10 0. 440 0. 400 0. 128+ 0. 640

AS ee 0. 656 8 0. 464 0. 352 0. 096+ 0. 592
0.624" "| it 0. 480 0. 368 0. 104+ 0. 640

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 29

Cornicle
No. Head Cauda 5 = =

Length /Reticulated) Wide X Small X Flange

| meee See eae 0. 464 0. 144 0. 992 0. O80 OF Maz 0. 056 0. 072

0. 976 0. 080 0. 120 0. 064 0. O80
ide ee ee A ees 0. 456 0. 208 0. 800 0. 064 OFZ 0. 064 0. O80
0. 848 0. 064 0. 104 0. 064 0. 072

SS ate ee 0. 408 ? 0. 928 0. 064 0. 160 0. 056 0. 072

zt et A 0. 448 0. 224 0. 960 0. 064 0. 120 0. 064 0. O88

| 0. 952 0. 064 0. 120 0. 064 0. O80

Cotypes.—Alate viviparous female deposited in the U.S. National
Museum, Cat. No. 26375, in the Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station and in the collection of Harold Morrison. Paracotype slides
of the male and oviparous female, which are a part of the Swain collec-
tion, are returned to Stanford University.

AMPHOROPHORA ESSIGWANAI, new name
Figs. 101-108
Rhopalosiphum indicum v. pv. Goot of Essig and Kuwana, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., vol. 8, no. 3, 1918, p. 55.

In 1916 Van der Goot described and figured his Rhopalosiphum
indicum from the apterous form only, taken on an unknown host
plant. In 1917 he described the alate form of what he considered to
be the same species, taken apparently on the wing. Both of these
collections were made in India. In 1918 Essig and Kuwana, not
having received the above description of the alate, described the
alate form of what they considered to be this species, taken on Eus
caphis japonica and Staphylea bumalda in Japan. The two descrip-
tions apparently do not refer to the same species. [Essig kindly
loaned me some of his specimens. I also have specimens sent by
Takahashi taken in Formosa on an unknown host and determined
by him as indicum v. d. Goot. They are most certainly different from
Essig and Kuwana’s specimens, and they agree very well with Van
der Goot’s description. Van der Goot’s description of the alate
must be accepted as indicum until proven otherwise, and I am
referring Takahashi’s specimens to this species. A new name must
therefore be given to Essig and Kuwana’s species and I here propose
essigwanai. I am removing indicum vy. d. Goot from the genus
Amphorophora, where it was placed by Takahashi, as it is not
typical.

In 1918 Matsumura described his Rhopalosiphum miniatum, which
Takahashi says is synonymous with indicum v. d.Goot. I have not
seen it, but I am accepting Takahashi and am not considering it in
connection with the Amphorophora.

The following descriptions and the drawings are made from the
specimens furnished by Essig.

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Alate viviparous female.—From one specimen, taken on Huscaphis
japonca in Japan. Antennae slightly longer than body, rather
heavy, dark colored, conspicuously imbricated, hairs very prominent,
but shorter than the width of segments, III tuberculate, other seg-
ments without secondary sensoria, unguis of VI rather short. An-
tennal tubercles not prominent. Beak reaching beyond second coxae,
Cornicles dark colored, short and heavy in appearance, strongly
swollen, plainly reticulated. Cauda small, conical, not constricted,
with at least six sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

| UI | peuscn IV | Vv VI
|
0. 992 | 53 0. 784 0. 512 0. 144-++0. 656
1. 008 | 54 0. 784 0. 560 0. 144-++0. 560
|
Cornicle
Head Cauda
Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange
0. 704 0. 240 0. 800 0. 1441, OF 256 0. 072 0. 096
0. 864 0. 144 0. 208 0. O80 0. 104

Apterous viviparous female.—From one specimen taken on Staphy-
lea bumalda in Japan. Antennae longer than the body, imbricated,.
hairs conspicuous, shorter than width of segments, III with 6-8
small sensoria near base.

Il IV Vi VI

| 1.216 0. 688 0. 544 0. 192+0. 736
ee tee 0. 672 0. 544 0. 192+ 0. 816
|

Head 0.576 mm. across eyes. Antennal tubercles small. Beak
reaching nearly to third coxae. Left cornicle not showing. Right
cornicle black, 0.768 mm. long, reticulate for 0.08 mm.; widest
diameter, 0.144 mm.; smallest diameter, 0.08 mm.; flange, 0.096.
mm. Cauda not showing.

Intermediate.—One specimen furnished by Essig, taken on Staphy-
lea bumalda in Japan. Antennae shorter than body, dark colored
(Balsam mount), imbricated, hairs fairly numerous, shorter than
width of segment. Segment III with about seven small, round
inconspicuous sensoria. Antennal measurements as follows:

Ill | IV

<
a
I

Arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 31

Head 0.72 mm. across eyes. Antennal tubercles not prominent.
Ocelli present but very small. Wings represented only by lobes.
Cornicles dark colored, short and not conspicuously swollen, —0.736
mm. long, reticulated for 0.08 mm.; widest diameter, 0.16 mm.;
smallest diameter, 0.08 mm.; flange, 0.112 mm.

Host plants.—Euscaphis japonica and Staphylea bumalda.

Distribution.—J apan.

Cotypes.—Deposited in the University of California.

AMPHOROPHORA EVANSI Theobald
Figs. 85-88
Amphorophora evansi THEOBALD, The Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,
ser. 3, No. 97, 1923, p. 24.

I have not seen this species. The cornicles seem to be very slender
for an Amphorophora and the host plant, Austrian pine, is very
unusual. When the alate is known, it may prove to belong to
another genus.

AMPHOROPHORA FORMOSANA Takahashi
Figs. 70-71

Amphorophora formosana TAKAHASHI, Aphididae of Formosa, pt. 2, Report
No. 4, Dept. of Agri., Government Research Institute, Formosa, Japan,
1923. p..30.

I have not seen this species.

AMPHOROPHORA HAYHURSTI, new species
Figs. 89-91

Alate viviparous female.—Body light colored, head and thorax
somewhat darker than abdomen. Antennae somewhat longer than
the body, dark colored, very tuberculate, hairs nearly as long as
width of segment, heavy but not distinctly capitate. Antennal
tubercles prominent. Beak about reaching second coxae. Legs
dark, light at base of femora. No thoracic or abdominal tubercles
showing. Cornicles short, heavily swollen, dark colored, lighter at
base, indistinctly reticulated at tip. Cauda long, narrow, strongly
constricted, four sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

Sg r | F | A
ee ee eee lies
1. 136 125 0. 608 53 0. 512 | 14 | 0. 112+?
1. O88 122 0. 592 | 45 0. 544 | 15 | Osis
Cornicle |
Head Cauda “i
Length | Reticulated Wide X | Small X Flange
0. 552 0. 4 0. 624 | 0. 032 0. 144 0. 056 0. 064
0. 624 | 0. 032 0. 144 0. 056 0. 064

By PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Described from a single alate viviparous female received by Per-
gande from Paul Hayhurst (Hayhurst No. 121), collected at Columbia,
Missouri, on ibis gracile, with the following note: ‘“‘On leaves of
Ribis gracile, very rare; general color green.” These were received
December 12, 1906. The date of collection is not given.

Type.—(Pergande No. 9987). Deposited in U. S. National
Museum. Cat. No. 26372.

AMPHOROPHORA LAINGI, new species
Figs. 112-117, 189

Rhopalosiphum ampullata (Buckton) OrstLuNnpD, Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 77.—Wuu.iams, Univ. Nebr. Spec. Bull. 1, 1891, p.
19.—Hounter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, 1901, p. 106.—SanBorn,
Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, p. 242.—Vawn prER Goort, Beit.
zur Kennt. der Holland. Blattlause, 1915, p. 142.

Amphorophora ampullata (Buckton) WiuuraMs, Univ. Neb. Studies, vol. 10,
no. 2, 1910, p. 72.—Davis, Univ. Neb. Contr. from Dept. Ent. no. 5, 1912,
p. 25.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 202, 1912, p. 180.—RoBeErts,
Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalist, vol. 10, no. 3, 1917, p. 78.—JackKson,
Scottish Naturalist, 1919, p. 158.

Acyrthosiphon (Amphorophora) ampullatum Bucxton, Fauna de la Russie,
1919, p. 247.

As explained on page 3, this is considered to be a distinct species
from ampullata Buckton. I take pleasure in naming it after Laing,
who first called my attention to the differences. I learn from corre-
spondence with Professor Oestlund that his 1887 description of am-
pullata Buckton is in reality of this new species. Van der Goot’s
1915 description is plainly so. I can not tell from William’s 1910
description of “ampullata Buckt?’’ what he had, and his specimens
seem to be lost, but it was very probably not ampullata Buckton,
since this is not known from this continent. In view of the rather
common and widespread distribution of this species it is very probable
that all the references in literature to ampullata Buckton, except
those which simply catalogue the original description, refer to this
species and they are so treated here. I have selected as cotypes cer-
tain specimens from Dr. E. M. Patch, of Orono, Me., as this is the
only collection I have which has both alate and apterous forms in
the same collection.

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae one and one-half to two times
as long as the body, dark colored, hairs shorter than width of seg-
ment, capitate, segment III with 38-51 sensoria, not in a row; other
segments with no secondary sensoria. Antennal tubercles very large
and prominent. Head with capitate hairs. Beak reaching beyond
second coxae. Legs light colored, tips of segments dark. Cornicles
Jong, rather slender, distinctly swollen, basal part light, remainder
dark, indistinctly imbricated at tip. Cauda conical, scarcely con-
stricted, concolorous with body, with 7-8 groups of lateral hairs.

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 33.

Antennal measurements

COTYPE SPECIMENS

No. ul ee IV 4 VI
eee 1. 280 38 SG 0. 944 0.312+ ?
1. 280 40 i lye 0. 912 0. 288-+1. 520
Pag oti tS Thy 1232 44 i¢ 2? ?
1. 264 42 1. 168 0. 960 0. 288-+1. 504
See le aly 54 1. 184 0. 960 0. 304-+1. 568
1. 328 51 ie t52 1. 008 0. 386+1. 488
PARACOTYPE SPECIMEN
1. 328 i | 1. 056 | 0. 896 0. 304-+1. 520
1. 280 it | e220 | 0. 928 0. 288-+1. 504
| |
Other measurements
COTYPE SPECIMENS
Cornicles
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
ECE ee 0. 664 0. 368 0. 768 On ek? 0. 056 0. O80
0. 768 OM 0. 056 0. O80
ae ae 0. 656 0. 400 0. 688 0. 112 0. 056 0. O88
2 0. 720 0. 120 0. 056 0. 080
Sees. 0.720 | 0. 432 0. 832 0. 120 0. 064 0. O88
| 0. 768 0. 120 0. 064 0. O88
| |
| PARACOTYPE SPECIMEN
!
hg a 0. 672 | 0. 336 0. 720 0.120 0. 056 0. 08
| 0. 720 Oma? 0. 056 ?

Apterous viviparous female—Antennae about one and one-half
times as long as body, light colored, distal segments imbricated, IIT
with 7-20 sensoria, all on basal half, not in a straight row. Antennal
hairs shorter than width of segment; heavy, not pointed. Antennal
tubercles unusually large. Hairs on front of head capitate. Beak
reaching second coxae, often nearly to third. Cornicles light colored,
rather slender, conspicuously swollen, somewhat imbricated at tip.
Cauda long, broad, conical, not constricted, with 5-6 groups of lateral
hairs.

43328—25}——3

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
Antennal measurements
COTYPE SPECIMENS
No. III pete IV Vv VI
Digs, set 1. 296 10 . 1. 088 0. 960 0. 320+1. 648
1. 280 11 1. 120 0. 864 0. 300+ 1. 616 .
Dra oa 4s 1s 312 7 1. 008 3 ?
1 280 10 1. 040 0. 880 te
yaa ae Pak 1. 344 18 1. 104 0. 800 0. 272+1. 520
1. 328 11 1. 072 0. 848 0. 256-+1. 552
Biss Se 4. 1. 088 10 0. 976 0. 752 0. 256+ 1. 568
52 12 0. 960 0. 768 0. 272-+1. 504
PARACOTYPE SPECIMENS
Ras oes 1. 280 14 1. 072 0. 912 0.320+ ?
1. 280 16 1. 104 0. 880 0.320+ ?
Go Sab ee 1. 200 14 0. 880 a le
1. 216 20 0. 880 ? 14
1. 488 12 1. 104 0. 864 0. 240+1. 264
1. 424 14 | 1. 152 0. 928 0. 228+ (1. 28+-)
1. 296 10 ? te 19
1. 504 14 ? i i
1. 408 15 0. 976 0. 912 0. 312+1. 600
1. 440 15 1. 056 0. 832 tf
Other measurements
COTYPE SPECIMENS
| Cornicles
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
d parece ge 0. 704 0. 400 0. 816 0. 128 0. 056 | 0. 080
0. 816 0; 128 0.056 | 0. 080
Delve a 0. 728 0. 392 0. 800 0. 128 0. 056 0. O80
0. 800 1. 128 0. 056 0. 080
But 0. 736 0. 432 0. 880 1. 128 0.056 | 0. 088
0. 864 ile A 0.064 | 0. 096
AI 0. 688 Ons52 0. 800 0. 120 0.056 | 0. 080
0. 800 Oy hate 0. 056 0. 080
PARACOTYPE SPECIMENS
l
ee te 0. 320 0.752 | 0. 112 0. 056 0. 072
O2752 05 0. 104 0. 072 0. O88
3 ee] 0. 736 0. 304 0. 720 | 0.112 0. 064 0. 088
0. 736 0. 400 0. 856 | 0. 128 0. 064 0. 088
0.832 | 0. 128 0. 064 0. 088
0. 736 ? 0. 848 | 0. 152 0. 064 0. O88
| 0.848 0. 160 0. 072 0. 096
0. 736 Oy o52 0.800 | 0. 152 0. 072 0. 096
0. 800 0. 144 0. 064 0. 096
0. 704 0. 416 0.768 | 0. 136 0. 064 0. 088
0. 800 | 0. 136 0. 064 0. 088
| 0. 712 0. 432 0. 800 | 0. 136 0.064 | 0.088
0.800 | 0. 128 0. 056 0. 088
| 0. 656 0. 400 0. 736 0. 120 0. 064 0. 088
| OF 752 Onit2 0. 056 0. 080

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 85

Van der Goot describes the oviparous female and the male.

Described from three alate viviparous females and four apterous
viviparous females taken by Dr. Edith M. Patch on Onoclea sensibilis
at Orono, Me., July 21, 1922 (Maine No. 172-22). Paracotype
specimens were taken by T. L. Guyton at Inglenook, Pa., July 1, 1920
(Guyton number 20-58), by Hayhurst at Sheridan, N. Y. (Hayhurst
No. 209, Pergande No. 9986), and were received from Takahashi
(Q No. 22018).

Host plants.—Onoclea sensibilis, O. struthiopteris, Polystichum
species, Asplenium species.

Distribution.—United States (Maine, New York, Pennsylvania,
Minnesota), England, Holland, Russia, Japan.

Cotypes—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.
Paracotypes deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26373.

AMPHOROPHORA MAXIMA, new species
Figs. 174-176

This is one of the largest species of Amphorophora I haveseen. We
have only a single alate specimen and several nymphs. Like rubicola
Oestlund the cornicle is conspicuously longer than segment III, but
it can be distinguished from rubicola by its light-colored antennae
and by the smaller number of sensoria on III, about 13-17. The
wings are torn, so that I am unable to determine whether or not it
has a dusky spot.

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae longer than the body, light
colored, ends of segments and VI darker, hairs about as long as
width of segment, III with 13-17 sensoria on outer side; other seg-
ments inbricated; length of segments as follows:

Ill ID Vv VI

0. 848 0. 656 0. 560 0. 160+ 0. 824
0. 868 0. 656 0. 448+ ?
|

Antennal tubercles prominent. Head 0.608 mm. across eyes.
Beak reaching third coxae. No dorsal tubercles showing on head
or prothorax. Lateral tubercles present on prothorax and abdomen.
Cornicles dark colored, 1.056—-1.072 mm. long, distinctly reticulated
for 0.08—0.144 mm., the remainder conspicuously imbricated; widest
diameter, 0.112—0.064 mm.; flange, 0.08 mm. Cauda light colored,
0.32 mm. long, rather broad, distinctly constricted, tip somewhat
upturned.

Described from one specimen taken on salmon-berry in California
in 1911. The slide, which bears a number of very young nymphs
has the Pergande number 124121. Pergande’s notes under this
number give no additional data, except that they were received in
August.

Cotypes.—Deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26378.

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

AMPHOROPHORA MINIMA, new species
Figs. 177, 178

A single specimen (Maine No. 67—05) was received from Dr. Edith
M. Patch, taken on the wing. It is included in this genus with
hesitation.

Alate viviparous female.—Very small. Antennae about one and
one-half times as long as body; numerous sensoria, but not tubercu-
late; plainly imbricated; hairs very short and inconspicuous. The
head is twisted, but the antennal tubercles appear to be large and
distinct. Beak short. No prothoracic or abdominal tubercles
showing. Small dark-colored areas at lateral margins of abdominal
segments. Cornicle very light colored, long, slender for two-thirds
of its length, then suddenly and strongly swollen; no reticulation or
imbrications present. The cauda is twisted, but it is light colored
and appears to be long and broad with three pairs of lateral hairs.

0. 384 | 0. 064 0.032 | 0.040

Type.—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.
AMPHOROPHORA MITCHELLI, new species
Figs. 127-129

A single alate viviparous female was taken on a wild Rhododendron
on the top of Mount Mitchell, N. C., altitude 2,100 meters, by Carlo
Zeimet on August 29, 1922. Mr. Zeimet says that two other speci-
mens were observed at the same time but were not captured. This
is evidently a native species of the wild forest, as no cultivated areas
were close at hand. The following description and the drawings are
from the one specimen. No other records have been received.

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae longer than the body, black,
heavily tuberculate; hairs conspicuous, not capitate, about 0.32 mm.
long. Antennal measurements as follows:

| A, : é t
a Beer eA Das Oe oI vk
1. 072 mm. 124 0. 544 45 0. 416 is 0. 104+ 1. 088
1. O88 112 0: 512 44 0. 464 10 0. 096+ 1. 056

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON ae

Antennal tubercles small. Head 0.496 mm. across eyes. Head
and thorax dark and abdomen light, in balsam mount. No thoracic
or abdominal tubercles showing. Cornicles light at base, remainder
black. Measurements as follows:

Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange

0. 576 0. 032 0. 120 0. 048 0. 056
0. 592 0. 032 0. 112 0. 048 0. 056

Cauda lighter in color than cornicles, 0.336 mm. long, slender, 4
sets of lateral hairs.

Type-—(Q No. 20138). Deposited in U. S. National Museum.
Cat. No. 26374.

AMPHOROPHORA MORRISONI (Swain)
Figs. 92-97

Nectarosiphon morrisoni Swatn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 44, no. 772,
1918, p. 8; Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bull. Ent., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 78.

Descriptions and measurements from 11 slides furnished by Harold
Morrison, after whom the species was named.

Alate viviparous female.—This is a comparatively small species with
antennae about one and one-half times as long as the body. Seg-
ments slender, not conspicuously imbricated; hairs few and small,
III with 7 to 11 small circular sensoria in a row on the outer edge.
Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching beyond third
coxae. Cornicles long, conspicuously swollen, distinctly reticulated
at tip. The cauda is long, conical, not constricted, with 3-4 sets of
lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

No. I ee IV Vv | VI
he A [Sian BES Be as | 0. 624 9 0. 544 0. 560 0. 176+0. 752
0. 608 9 0. 560 0. 608 0.192+ ?
1) eae a elle 0. 608 10 0. 496 0. 592 0. 208+ 0. S00
0. 592 7 0. 480 0. 544 0. 176+ 0. 688
Bie ee 0. 496 11 0. 448 0. 464 0. 176+ 0. 736
| 0. 464 8 0. 400 0. 464 0.160+ ?
ie elbeat tc IP Eo 0. 608 9 0. 512 te ? ?
| 0. 608 9 0. 480 0. 496 0. 176+ 0. 176
| a ee eee 0. 624 9 0. 480 0. 496 0. 192+ 0. 720
0.624 | 6+ 0. 496 ? ? ?
|

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Cornicle
No. Head Cauda

Length |Reticulated} Wide X Small X Flange

1 eee a 0. 512 OR 0. 688 0. 08 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064
0. 656 0. 08 tf ? 0. 064

Deer aegs Pe te 0. 304 0. 640 0. 08 iy 0. 040 0. 064
0. 640 0. 08 ? if 0. 064

ieee es oe 0. 496 0. 224 0. 560 0. 08 0. 112 0. 048 |. 0. 064
7 0. 608 0. 08 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064

Bei as, 2 Nige ie 0. 240 0. 592 0. 08 0. 104 0. 048 0. 064
0. 592 0. 08 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064

ay 0. 480 0. 304 0. ape is 0. ae 0. 048 0. 064

? ? ? ? 2

Mr. Morrison furnishes from his notes the following color
descriptions:

“General color green (pale and dark apple). Head pale green,
slightly yellowish. Eyes dark brown, appearing almost black.
Ocelli pale, spots black. Antennal segments I and II like head,
yellowish pale green, rest black or blackish. Base of III like I and
II. Prothorax dark pale green, front edge Prussian green, hinder
edge darker. Thorax, ground color apple green, the median ce-
phalic lobe light Van Dyke brown, and the two dorsal lateral, each
with a large outer brown spot and a smaller inner one. A lateral
lobe on each side below wings light Van Dyke brown. Wing inserts
and base of subcosta very pale green. Subcosta and stigma grayish.
Veins brown, dark. Beak, III black, II dusky, tip of I dusky, I
pale green. Femora pale green, tips dusky, tibia and tarsi blackish
or black. Abdomen uniform dark apple green. Ventral anal plate
with indistinct dusky band. Cauda like the abdomen, or very
slightly paler. Cornicles pale apple green at base, rest dusky to
blackish, tips a little lighter.”

Specimens collected about a month later show the following
differences :

“Head quite yellowish (greenish yellow). The prothorax is
brownish pale green, with a darker line along the front edge, and
with the hind margin no darker, the membrane "pateeen it and thorax
being heht Hooker’ sgreen. The ground color of the thorax appears
in these specimens to be brown (pale) with the lobes mentioned in
the first description only a little darker. It requires a careful ex-
amination to separate the inner and outer lobes of the thorax, as
there is only a narrow line of color between them. The median
caudal lobe projecting into the abdomen is somewhat blackish and
the darkest of all. The abdomen shows a’very faint darker stripe
down the center. Cauda distinctly but only slightly lighter than
abdomen. Cornicles no lighter at tip.”

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 39

Apterous viviparous female.—Size small, body oval, antennae one
and one-fourth to one and one-half times as long as body, slender,
faintly imbricated, hairs small, III with one to six, usually one, small
circular sensoria near base. Antennal tubercles of moderate size.
Beak reaching beyond third coxae. Cornicles distinctly but mod-
érately swollen, distinctly reticulated at tip. Cauda broad, not con-
stricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

Antennal segments

No. ul IV Vv VI
TE Seg Ba ee Sy a 0. 592 0. 496 0. 480 0. 176+0. 576
0. 592 0. 480 0. 480 0. 160+ 0. 592
Pepe, a RD 0. 624 0. 480 0. 480 0. 176+ 0. 720
0. 608 0. 400 0. 448 0. 176+ 0. 656

Se ee ea 0. 640 0. 496 % ?
0. 624 0. 496 0. 512 0. 176+0. 704
A mE He ee. 2 0. 624 0. 464 0. 480 0. 192+ 0. 752
0. 624 0. 464 0. 480 0. 176+ 0. 720

ise es (eee SOLE EARS 0. 496 | ik ? ?
0. 448 0. 352 0. 384 0. 144+0. 512
(5 ee = OFF 2: 0. 528 0. 400 0. 400 0. 144+ 0. 592
0. 544 0. 384 0. 384 0. 144+0. 592
en Rts Fae a Te 2 0. 528 0. 384 0. 464 0. 160+ 0. 672
0. 528 0. 400 0. 464 0. 160+ 0. 608

Cornicles
No Ae Cauda ;

Length ae Wide X | Small X Flange
Pere © t 0. 496 0. 224 0. 752 0. 080 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064
| 0. 704 0. 080 0. 112 0. 056 0. 072
Pie S eweh es, 0.480 | 0. 320 0. 736 0. O80 0. 112 0. 056 0. 072
ON52 0. OSO Ov? 0. 056 0. 072
fast owe TL 0. 480 0. 336 0. 720 0. 080 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064
| 0. 704 0. 080 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064
Pee SO es ae ee epee eee 0. 672 0. 080 0. 128 0. 056 0. 064
| ye 0. 432 ? 0. 448 0. 064 0. 112 0. 048 0. 056
0. 480 0. 064 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064
| (je eee 0. 416 ? 0. 592 0. 080 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064
| 0. 592 0. O80 0. 104 0. 048 0. 064
Weaeteers fs: 0. 480 0. 240 0. 624 0. 096 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064
| 0. 608 0. 080 ONL? 0. 058 0. 072

Morrison furnishes the following color description from his note
files:

“General color green (dark apple to Hooker’s green). Head pale
green. Eyes very dark brown, almost black. Antennal segments
I and II pale green, slightly yellowish green. Base of III similar,
remainder black. Thorax dark apple green, shading imperceptibly
into Hooker’s green on the abdomen. Abdomen Hooker’s green,
edges paler. Last segment dark apple green. Cauda apple green.
Cornicles, base apple green shading into dusky, tips black. Femora

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

dusky pale green. Tibia dusky yellow, tips and tarsi black. Last
abdominal segment and cauda in some specimens distinctly pale
ereen.”’

This species was first found on Cupressus in the Stanford Uni-
versity nursery by Childs and Crawford on February 21, 1912, and
the above color notes were written by Morrison on this date. Both
alate and apterous forms were present. It was taken again at the
same place on March 17, 1912, and April 14, 1912. It was again
taken by Morrison on May 21, 1915, in Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, alate and apterous adults and apterous nymphs, and by
Harold Compere at the same place during the same month. In
August, 1916, Swain found the apterous form on terminal leaves in
Exposition Park, San Diego.

Host plants.— Cupressus macrocarpa and C. guadalupensis.

Disiribution.—California (San Francisco, Palo Alto, and San
Diego).

Sg ee ee in the U. S. National Museum. Cat. No.
56.

Paracotypes.— Deposited in the University of California collection,
No. KOE 88, and in the Swain collection of Leland Stanford Uni-
versity. Specimens from Harold Morrison are in his collection and
in that of the U.S. National Museum.

AMPHOROPHORA NABALI (Oestlund)
Figs. 118-126, 194

Rhopalosiphum nabali OnstTLuNpD, 14th Report, Minn. State Geol., 1886,
p. 34; Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 77.—W1L.IAMs,
Univ. Neb. Spec. Bull. 1, 1891, p. 26—Hunter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 60, 1901, p. 106.—KirKaLpy, Can. Ent., vol. 38, 1906, p. 12.—
SANBORN, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, p. 241.—Wiutson
and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1,
1918, p. 1138.

Amphorophora nabali (Oestlund) Patcu, Conn. St. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Surv. Bull., no. 34, 1923, p. 302.

There is in the national collection a metatype slide, containing two
adult alate viviparous females, two alate nymphs, one apterous
viviparous female, and one intermediate. This collection was made
in Minnesota from Nabalus albus on July 11, 1903, by Pergande and
determined by Oestlund. All drawings were made from this slide,
and the following descriptions are chiefly from this slide, supple-
mented by comparisons with certain other specimens.

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, dark colored,
segments III, IV, and V very tuberculate for their entire lengths;
one specimen with only a few on V; hairs conspicuous and heavy
with a tendency to be knobbed. Antennal tubercles rather short.
Beak reaching second coxae. Radial sector going somewhat closer

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 4]

to medius than is usual for the genus. Cornicles medium in length,
considerably swollen, imbricated, very indistinctly reticulated, if at
all. Cauda long, slender, conspicuously constricted, with 4 sets of
lateral hairs. Most of the hairs of the body more or less capitate.

Antennal measurements

No. | Ill IV V VI
|
oan Oval Peres
Jag auene (hs 136.2nm 0. 528 0. 464 0. 096-+-0. 768
| 1. 072 0. 528 0. 496 0. 096+ (0. 432+)
jae ses 1. 056 0. 528 0. 432 0. 096+ (0. 416+)

Other measurements

Cornicles
No. Width of head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
1 Sia 0. 528 0. 400 0. 640 0. 120 0. 048 0. 064 |
Pdi peri ks 0. 544 0. 448 0. 688 0. 136 0. 048 0. 064 |

Pergande left, in his notes, the following color description, made
from the metatype specimens:

‘‘Head yellowish, eyes brown, ocelli clear, bordered at inner side
with purplish brown. Antennae black. Prothorax greenish, thoracic
lobes brownish yellow. Abdomen green, variegated with yellowish
green. Nectaries dusky, greenish toward base. Legs black, the
femora yellowish green at base, growing darker toward or beyond
the middle. Stigma dusky, blackish along inner edge. Subcosta
vellowish.”’

Last instar alate nymph

Il IV Vv VI Head width | Gormice
0. 560 0. 352 0.336 | 0. 080+ 0. 832 0. 496 0. 560
0. 576 0. 336 0.336 | 0; O80--OvS1G: fie 2 re = 0. 560
| 0. 576 0. 368 0. 336 0. 096+ 0. 928 0.528 | 0. 544
| 0. 624 0. 384 0. 352 OFOS0-- Or S48 Sra Ss 0. 544
| 0. 672 0. 384 0.320 | 0. 096-40. 928 | ..0.528 | 0 612
| 0. 656 0. 352 0.336 | OFO8G FAO O70. fl ai ae 0. 528

Third instar alate nymph

| 0. 480 0. 288 0. 288 0. 08+ (0. 56+-) 0. 496 0. 480

0::08-PO. S255 seode russ 0. 480

| 0. 560 0. 288 0. 288

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Pergande says of the metatypes: ‘‘Pupae green; wing pads yellow-
ish; antennae yellowish or greenish with apex of joints 3-5 and the
6th black.”

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, with con-
spicuous knobbed hairs, III with from 3 to 15 sensoria. Antennal
tubercles prominent. Beak reaching second coxae. Cornicles of
medium length, conspicuously swollen, tips imbricated, sometimes
with indications of reticulations. Cauda long, slender, constricted,
three sets of lateral hairs.

Antennal measurements

No. III IV Vv Vali

et ss ee 0. 912 0. 544 0. 480 0. 096+ 0. 960

0. 896 0. 528 0. 464 0. 112+1. 088

PO Th PELE ei 0. 880 0. 464 0. 368 0. 080+ 1. 008

0. 880 0. 432 0. 384 0. 096+ 0. 992
joe eae ae 0. 896 0. 400 0. 416 0. 096+ (0. 656+)

0. 912 0. 432 0. 432 0. 096+ 0. 960

Otis Bes eee en 0. 880 0. 496 0. 464 0. 112+1. 104

0. 928 0. 480 0. 432 0. 1124-1. 120

Other measurements
Cornicles
No. Head width Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
1 ee ene 0. 480 0. 432 0. 688 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064
0. 704 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064
7 Be 0. 448 0. 368 0. 592 0. 112 0. 048 0. 056
0. 608 0. 120 0. 048 0. 064
See te 0. 464 0. 416 0. 592 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064
0. 656 OM 2a) 0. 048 0. 064
Aig ant 0. 480 0. 400 0. 688 0.112 | 0.048 0. 064
0. 704 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064
Last instar apterous nymph

III IV Vv VI Head width | Somisle
0. 400 0. 224 0. 224 0. O8+ 0. 736 0. 448 0. 480
0. 400 0. 224 0. 224 ON03S S085 2) | see ees 0. 480
0. 496 0. 288 0. 304 0. 08-+0. 912 0. 464 0. 496
0. 512 0. 288 0. 304 OOS {0S 04.55 | aaa 0. 496

Pergande’s notes furnish the following color description of the
metatype apterous female: ‘‘Green, polished; eyes brown; nectaries
pale greenish yellow at basal half, the other half brown; tail greenish
or dusky. Antennae dusky to black; if pale, the apexof jts. 3-5 and
the 6th with spur black; femora pale bluish green; tibiae brownish
yellow, greenish at base; apex and tarsi black.”

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 43

It is probable that Pergande referred to the intermediate when he
said ‘antennae dusky to black” as the second part of his description,
“‘nale, the apex of jts. 3-5 and the 6th with spur black,” seems to
apply better to the apterous forms.

Intermediate.—The one specimen available (metatype specimen)
has antennae which are intermediate in color between the black
ones of the alates and the lighter ones of the apterous forms. Both
antennae are abortive, one having only a very short fifth segment and
no sixth, while the other has the fifth, base of sixth and a very short
unguis. III and IV are thickly covered with rather small sensoria.
V of the one antenna has six small inconspicuous sensoria. No
ocelli showing. Wings very small and abortive, about equally
developed on each side, hooks showing on both hind wings. Corni-
cles and cauda appearing about as in the alate and apterous forms.
Measurements as follows:

Cornicle |

I IV Vv VI Se | GIT
Length Wide X | Small X Flange |

1. 008) 0. 528) 0. 384) 0. 096+0. 08) 0. 56) 0. 464; 0. 800) 0. 128) 0. 048) 0. 064 |
OSO44 ORAS 0 NOs d4 aie Se ee al ee 0. 784) 0. 136 0. 056) 0. 072 |

Oestlund reported this species as ‘‘very numerous on the upper
stalk and flower heads of Nabalus albus.” Pergande took them on
the stem and under side of leaves. Miss Patch says it is not uncom-
mon in the east.

The only dates recorded are September 28, 1897, at Zoological
Park, D. C., and July 11, 1903, at Minneapolis, Minn., both by
Pergande.

Host.— Nabalus albus.

Distribution.—Minnesota, District of Columbia, Connecticut.

Metatype.—Deposited in U.S. National Museum.

AMPHOROPHORA NERVATA (Gillette)

Figs. 130-138

Rhopalosiphum nervatum GILLETTE, Canad. Ent., vol. 40, 1908, p. 63.—Davip-
son, Journ. Ec. Ent., vol. 7, 1914, p. 134.—Essie, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech.
Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p. 331.—Swa1n, Univ. Cal.
Pub. Tech. Bulls. Agr. ep Sta. Ent., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 84.—Patcu,
Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 282, 1919, p. 220.

Rhopalosiphum arbutt Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 3, 1910, p. 378.—
Essie, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bulls. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7,
1917, p.331.

The writer has had the privilege of examining the cotype specimens
of nervatum Gill. from rose and of arbuti Davisdon from Arbutus and
considers them to be the same as has already been pointed out by

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

others. The amount of dilation of the cornicle varies somewhat,
some specimens being only very slightly swollen, but the species
undoubtedly should be placed in Amphorophora.

Alate viviparous Female.—Rather small. Antennae slender, dark
colored, about one and one-half times as long as body, imbricated,
hairs small and inconspicuous, III with a row of sensoria along outer,
basal edge. Antennal tubercles moderate in size. Beak reaching
second coxae. Cornicles long, slender, not strongly swollen, con-
spicuously imbricated, not reticulated. Cauda long, conical, only
slightly constricted, two sets of lateral hairs.

Antennal measurements

No. Ill Sensoria IV V VI
1 ae Cee 0. 592 13 0. 448 0. 392 0. 128+ 0. 800
7 pasa fa sts, 0. 640 16 0. 432 0. 424 0. 144-++0. 848
0. 624 14 0. 464 ? ?
OL ee ee 0. 576 14 0. 416 0. 432 0. 152+ 0. 800
:: een na 0. 560 14 0. 448 0. 448 0. 144+ (0. 496+)
0. 544 13 0. 416 0. 368 0. 128+ 0. 752
Spans cana yee 0. 608 15 | 0. 480 0. 432 0. 144+-0. 848
0. 624 us 0. 480 0. 448 0. 144-- 0. 848
Ge he ce 0. 624 15 0. 560 1 te
0. 640 2, 0. 544 0. 544 0. 176+ 0. 992
tccsbeuss 0. 4382 13 0. 368 0. 336 0. 112+ 0. 800
0. 4382 ? 0. 368 0. 336 0. 112+?
Se ie hh 0. 592 14 0. 432 0. 432 0. 128+ 0. 752
0. 624 ? 0. 400 0. 400 0. 128+.0. 752
Ce eee 0. 672 17 0. 592 0. 480 0. 144+ 0. 976
0. 704 ? 0. 560 0. 480 0. 144+0. 992
iL 0 Sees ae ee 0. 448 12 ON352 0. 360 0. 128+ 0. 848
0. 448 16 0. 352 0. 368 0. 128+ 0. 848

Other measurements

No. Head width Cauda | Length Wide X Small X Flange
Lae 0. 408 0. 240 | 0. 608 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048
| 0. 608 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048

ira % 0.240 | 0. 624 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
| 0. 560 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056

Bee ie 0. 240 | 0. 624 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048
0. 608 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048

An for 0. 384 0. 176 0. 528 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048
0. 528 0. 048 0. 032 0. 048

ipabaleys ? 0. 256 0. 640 0. 056° 0. 040 0. 048
? 0. 048 0. 0382 0. 040

GRE ae 0. 440 0. 272 0. 688 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
0. 688 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056

ae 0. 352 0. 128 0. 464 0. 056 0. 032 0. 040
0. 480 0. 056 0. 032 0. 040

Sirs 0. 384 0. 224 0. 592 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048
0. 560 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048

Onna 0. 416 0. 256 0. 768 0. 064 0. 032 0. 048
0. 768 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056

Osee 0. 368 ? OF ar 0. 048 0. 032 0. 040

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 45

Davidson in his description of arbuti says, ‘‘Jomt III has about 20
small sensoria, joint IV about 8 smaller ones.”’ I have been unable
to see any sensoria on IV in the specimens which he furnished me.

Apterous viviparous female.—Small. Antennae nearly twice as
long as body, light colored, the tips of segments and all of VI darker,
faintly imbricated, hairs tmeconspicuous, no secondary sensoria.
Antennal sensoria prominent. Beak reaching third coxae. Cornicles
Jong, slender, slightly but distinctly swollen, imbricated, not reticu-
lated. Cauda very broad, scarcely constricted, with two sets of

lateral hairs.
Antennal measurements

No. | Ill EV V VI

|
| hens ae 0. 608 0. 448 0. 400 0. 128+ (0. 576+)
0. 608 0. 416 0. 368 0. 128+ (0. 256+)
Pa ee Se 0. 528 0. 320 0. 336 OL112-- 0.736
0. 528 0. 320 0. 320 0. 112+ 0. 704
Sires 4, 0. 576 0. 384 0. 336 0. 120+ 0. 816
0. 560 0. 384 0. 352 0. 112+0. 800
it re Oe oe a 0. 480 0. 352 0. 320 0. 112+ (0. 656+)
0. 464 0. 352 0. 320 0. 112+0. 752
Pyaa SRNL N 4 Sl 0. 640 0. 496 0. 416 0. 136+ 0. 864
0. 672 0. 512 0. 416 0. 128+ 0. 848
Ga7. eyiage_ 0. 720 0. 624 0. 504 0. 152+ (0. 784+)
0. 752 0. 640 0. 496 0. 160+ 0. 928
f (re ro ee ae es 0. 576 0. 464 | 0. 400 0. 144+0. 800
0. 560 0. 448 0. 384 0. 144+ 0. 784
Soe ee Peres i 0. 592 0. 432 0. 416 0. 186+ 0. 816
0. 592 0. 448 0. 384 0. 128+ 0. 720
1 op Owrepery. t_ s3) 0. 544 0. 482 0. 368 0. 128+ 0. 688
| 0. 528 Oe4RGra = by 100384: 0. 144+0, 784
TORE 2p ee 0. 560 0. 448 | 0. 384 0. 128+.0. 720
| 0. 544 ? DP fost? ? |
Other measurements
Cornicle
No. Head width Cauda
| Length Wide X Small X Flange
| 1 eet 0. 400 0. 304 0. 656 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
0. 656 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
ipaeeacce 0. 368 0. 352 0. 528 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
OF528: | 0. 064 0. 040 is
pee ie 0. 256 0. 576 0. 064 0. 032 0. 048
? 0. 064 0. 032 0. 048
Ae ee Ss 0. 352 0. 208 0. 560 0. 072 0. 032 0. 048
0. 560 0. 072 0. 032 0. 048
De wee. 0. 400 0. 240 0. 720 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048
0. 704 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048
re G25) -! 0. 424 0. 320 0. 864 0. 096 0. 040 0. 048
0. 864 | 0. 088 0. 040 0. 048
eae 0. 392 0. 256 Oni52) || 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
0. 720 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
eS e <6 ee 0. 368 0. 256 0. 640 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
(Saget 0. 392 0. 240 0. 640 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048
| Oe 20} 0. 400 2 0. 736 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The last instar nymph of the apterous viviparous female measures
as follows:

|
UI | IV Vv | VI Head width Beet ie
|
| |
0. 448 | 0. 384 0. 336 | 0. 096-++ 0. 768 0. 400 | 0. 448
0. 432 0. 416 0. 352 0::096 On 2) ries 4 i Ase | 0. 480
| |

Alate male——Antennae slightly more than one and one-half times
as long as body, imbricated especially beyond III, inner side of I
gibbous, III 0.608 mm. long with 30 sensoria, IV 0.512 mm. long
with 16-17 sensoria, V 0.464, mm. long with 12-14 sensoria, base of
VI 0.144 mm. long, unguis 0.792 mm. long. Antennal tubercles mod-
erate in size. Head 0.416 mm. across eyes. Cornicles 0.624 mm.
long, widest diameter 0.064 mm., smallest diameter 0.040 mm., flange
0.048 mm. wide, conspicuously imbricated, not reticulated. From
one metatype specimen on rose at Fort Collins, Colo., November 3,
1914.

Biology.—In California this species seems to migrate between rose
and Arbutus. The only transfer was made by Swain. I agree with
him and with Essig that arbuti Davidson from Arbutus seems to be
structually the same as nervata Gillette on rose. The writings of
Davidson and Gillette would indicate that the species may be found
throughout the year on either plant.

Host plants.—Rose, Arbutus menzeisii, Arbutus unedo Linnaeus,
Photinia arbutifolia and Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry.

Distribution.—Colorado and California.

Cotypes.—Specimens of nervata Gillette are in the collection of
the U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 26855, in the Colorado Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, and in the Maine Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. Those of arbuti Davidson are in the U.S. National
Museum and in the collection of Davidson.

AMPHOROPHORA OLERACEAE (Van der Goot)
Figs. 49-54

Rhopalosiphum lactucae (Kaltenbach) Maxi, Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Formosa
No. 103, 1913, p. 22.

Rhopalosiphum oleraceae VAN DER Goot, Zur Kenntniss der Blattlause
Java’s 1917, p. 40.

Amphorophora oleraceae (Van der Goot) TaKauasui, Aphididae of Formosa,
pt. 1, Form. Agr. Exp. Sta. 1921, p. 28; Rev. Form. Agr., no. 182, 1921, p. 63.

Amphorophora sonchifoliae TAKAHASHI, Aphididae of Formosa, pt. 2,
Rept. Agr. Gov. Res. Inst. Formosa, no. 4, 1923, pp. 31 and 84.

This species is very close to cosmopolitana and is found on the same
summer hosts. It can be distinguished by the larger number of
sensoria, especially in the apterous form. The sensoria are not quite

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 47

as protruding, the hairs are less conspicuous, and the antennal
tubercles are slightly larger.

Takahashi has described Amphorophora sonchifoliae as a new
species on Sonchus arvensis. He says, “closely related to A. oleraceae
(v. d. Goot), from which it differs in the more slender cornicies.”’
He says the cornicles of the alate form are eight times as long as
wide, while those of the apterous form are seven times as long as
wide. I have compared apterous specimens sent by Takahashi
with metatype specimens of oleraceae v. d. Goot. While there are
some slight differences, I can not at present consider the two as
distinct. (See discussion on p. 4.) In the tables of measurements
given below I have separated those of sonchifoliae from oleraceae
for the benefit of those who have not seen specimens.

Alate viviparous female (oleraceae v. d. Goot).—Antennae about
the same length as the body, dark, hairs very inconspicuous (more
so than in cosmopolitand) , numerous rather large, but not strongly
protruding sensoria on III, IV, and V. Mneemsl tubercles small,
but somewhat larger than in conn anoliane, Beak reaching ehoue
to second coxae. Small prothoracic tubercles. Abdomen bearing
a middorsal dark area and lateral dark patches, these having a
tubercle and spines as in cosmopolitana. Cornicles of moderate

length, somewhat swollen, the tips imbricated, not reticulated.
Cauda constricted, three to four sets of hairs.
Toe ieeeatl ita ag | an gees ve
1 ape 0. 720 46 0. 448 | 2 0. 400 12 0.128+0. 800 |
7 ile ei 0. 736 51 0. 448 | ? 2 ik
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
cs Sees 0. 448 0. 272 0. 480 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040
0. 480 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040
7 ee 0. 472 0. 256 0. 464 0. 072 0. 032 0. 040
Apterous viviparous female (oleraceae v. Antennae

slightly longer than body, light colored, tips of segments darker,
hairs very inconspicuous, III, IV, and V with large, nonprotruding
sensoria. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching
beyond second coxae, nearly to third. Cornicles short, moderately
swollen, the tip imbricated, not reticulated. Cauda strongly con.
stricted, three sets of lateral hairs.

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
mn Ill penser IV Senate Vv gue pe VI
1 eyereess 8 . 640 28 0. 368 10 0. 360 4 0. 128+?
Yi Sos . 640 26 0. 416 10 0. 344 6 0. 128-+0. 688
. 688 PA 0. 424 10 0. 352 5 0. 136-+0. 704
Sere pt . 640 22; ? ? ? ? vd
Cornicle =|
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
eae ? O82 i 0. 464 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048
Dayoan 3 0. 256 0. 520 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040
0. 512 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040
ie ate Re 0. 456 0. 304 0. 448 0. 072 0. 040 0.040 |
Measurements of A. sonchifoliae Takahashi
No. UL Ben en IV Eeakos | Vv — on VI
Nee Srays, . 656 31 0. 408 8 0. 376 2 0. 136+-0. 768
OMe 24 0. 400 10 0. 384 2 0. 144-+-0. 752
QPos 7 . 624 26 0. 384 7 0. 336 1 0. 112+ 0. 672
. 608 22 0. 368 5 0. 352 0 0. 120+?
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
Bhe32 4. ? 0. 208 0. 480 0. 060 0. 040 0. 048
0. 480 0. 060 0. 040 0. 048
jai e AE, ? 0. 288 0. 464 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048

Host.—Sonchus species, Lactuca debilis.
Distribution.—Java, Formosa.
Metatype.—Specimens in collection of U. S. National Museum.

AMPHOROPHORA PALLIDA, new species

Figs. 55-58

This species was received from Dr. Edith M. Patch under the
At her suggestion it is described in

manuscript name of pallida.

this paper, and I take pleasure in adopting her manuscript name.
It was taken on Clintonia at Orono, Me., on August 8, 1918 (Maine

No. 288-18 and 289-18).
viviparous females were received. No alates.

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae about one and one-half
times as long as body, slightly darker in color, indistinctly imbricated,
hairs inconspicuous, shorter than width of segment, III with 2-3

Three adult and several nymphal apterous

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA——MASON 49

sensoria near base. Antennal tubercles very large and long. Beak
reaching beyond second coxae, nearly to third. No prothoracic or
abdominal tubercles. Cornicles very light colored, long, strongly
dilated on distal half, but not much reduced at flange, reticulated
for a short distance, not imbricated. Cauda concolorous with
body, long, broad, strongly constricted at base; two sets of lateral
hairs. Measurements as follows:

| No. II weeps IV Vv VI
P42 i atemcs- 0. 656 3 0. 560 0. 528 0. 144+-0. 960
0. 656 2 0. 560 0. 5386 0. 160+-0. 992
7) Eee ORES 0. 568 3 0. 512 0. 544 0. 152+1. 024
0. 592 3 0. 488 0. 544 0. 144-+-1. 040

Ste ag th. 0. 688 2 0. 560 0. 536 0.168+ ?
0. 672 2 0. 560 0. 544 ?
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda

Length /|Reticulated| Wide X Small X Flange
beers. ON 0. 432 0. 320 0. 560 0. 040 ve Xe 0. 056
' (0. 560 0. 040 ue & 0. 056
7) gal Salt 0. 384 0. 224 0. 496 0. 040 0. 080 iy 0. 048
out tie 0. 368 0. 320 0. 560 0. 040 0. 096 0. 048 0. 056
0. 584 0. 040 0. 096 0. 056 0. 048

Host.—Clintonia.
Distribution.—Orono, Maine.
Cotypes.—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

AMPHOROPHORA PERGANDEI, new species
Figs. 72-77

Pergande took the apterous forms of this species on the under side
of currant leaves at Washington, D. C., on May 6, 1897. On May
12 he reared from them a single alate specimen. These cotype
specimens furnish the only records we have of the species.

This species can be distinguished from cosmopolitana on the same
host by the larger number of sensoria and by the very long, capitate
hairs of the antennae.

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae about twice as long as body,
dark colored, very tuberculate, III with 125-130 sensoria, IV with
40-45 sensoria, V with 5-8 sensoria, hairs capitate and as long as or
longer than width of segment. Antennal tubercles of moderate size.
Beak reaching about to second coxae. Prothoracic tubercles not
showing. Abdomen without the lateral dark patches as in cos-
mopolitana. Cornicles of moderate length, strongly swollen, dark
colored, lighter at base, tips very faintly imbricated. Cauda very
long, narrow, constricted, four sets of large lateral hairs.

43328—25}——4

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

III | IV VI
1. 056 0. 576 0. 496 0. 112-+- 1.120
1. 072 0. 552 0. 496 0. 104-+-1. 104
Cornicle
Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
0. 528 0. 336 0. 560 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064
0. 544 0. 120 0. 048 0. 072

VOL. 67

Notes by Pergande.—‘‘Color green, thoracic lobes pale brownish;

medio dorsal line darker green; nectaries grayish green, their basal
one-third pale green. Antennae and legs black; basal half or three-
fourths of femora greenish; two basal jts. of antennae dusky, base of
first jt. yellowish, eyes brown. Stigma pale dusky; subcosta yellow,
veins black.”’

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae slightly longer than body,
light colored, not plainly imbricated, hairs very conspicuous, capitate,
as long as or longer than width of Segment III with 12-27 small
sensoria at base, not in a row. Antennal tubercles fairly large.
Beak reaching about to third coxae. Cornicles short and thick,
plainly swollen, tips imbricated or slightly reticulated. Cauda very
long, narrow, constricted, with 4—5 sets of lateral hairs.

No. Ill ceo IV Vv VI
| eae ae 0. 832 18 0. 496 0. 400 0. 096-+1. 152
0. 848 13 0. 464 0. 432 0.104+ ?
Dee SB 0. 848 WW 0. 480 0. 432 0. 112+1. 152
0. 832 PH 0. 496 0. 448 0. 104+ 1. 152
os teh 0. 792 19 0. 512 0. 416 0. 112+0. 960
0. 800 18 0. 496 0. 416 0. 096-+-0. 880
el: le ke 0. 720 12 0. 384 0. 336 0. 088+-0. 760
H455- 2 0. 736 19 0. 432 0. 368 0. 104+0. 848
0. 736 18 0. 482 0. 376 0. 104-++0. 808
Oso 0. 848 26 0. 528 0. 488 0. 128-+-1. 136
0. 848 22 0. 512 0. 464 0. 120+ 1. 136
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
p eee! 0. 520 0. 416 0. 704 0. 120 0. 056 0. 072
0. 120 0. 056 0. 072
VE MESS 0. 504 ? 0. 720 0. 120 0. 048 0. 072
0. 720 0. 120 0. 056 0. 072
{pope 0. 520 0. 416 0. 704 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064
0. 672 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064
Ae or 0. 480 0. 400 0. 656 0. 120 0. 048 0. 064
See aye 0. 480 0. 448 0. 672 0. 128 0. 048 0. 056
0. 664 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064
On 0.512 0. 482 0. 704 0. 136 0. 056 0. 064
0. 688 0. 128 0. 056 0. 072

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA——MASON 51

Notes by Pergande.—“Color of all uniformly yellowish green;
antennae, legs and nectaries paler; tips of antennal jts. 3 and 4 dusky;
tip of the fifth and sixth and terminal half of the last black; tibiae
brownish toward the end, the tarsi black.”

Described from one alate and six apterous specimens taken by
Pergande on currant at Washington, D. C.

Cotypes.— Deposited in U.S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26376.

AMPHOROPHORA RETICULATA, new species

Figs. 142-143

Alate viviparous female-—Small species. Antennae more than
twice as long as body, slender, dark colored, hairs inconspicuous,
much shorter than width of segment, III with 20 sensoria in a row,
I, Il, and base of III lighter, concolorous with head. Antennal
tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching slightly beyond second
coxae. No prothoracic or abdominal tubercles present. Cornicles
uniformly dark colored, very long, slender, plainly swollen, very
distinctly reticulate at tip. Cauda light colored, conical, not con-
stricted, three sets of hairs. Measurements as follows:

| :
ul | oes IV Vv VI
0. 672 20 0. 544 0. 592 0. 176+-0. 880
0. 672 20 0. 568 0. 624 0. 192+-0. 880
| Cornicle

Head Cauda
Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange
0. 440 0. 176 0. 584 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048
0. 584 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048

Described from one specimen taken by Pergande on raspberry in
Washington, D. C., July 27, 1907.
Type.—Deposited in the U.S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26377

AMPHOROPHORA RHODODENDRONIA, new species

Figs. 59-61

A slide bearing four apterous viviparous females was received from
Dr. Edith M. Patch (Maine No. 168-22). These were taken on
Rhododendron rhodora at Orono, Maine, July 21, 1922. They are not
typical Amphorophora but no doubt should be placed here, at least
until the alate in known. The host plant belongs to a family on which
are several members of this genus of aphids.

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 67

Apterous viviparous female —Antennae about one-third longer than
body, imbricated, basal segments light colored, distal part of V and
all of VI dark with 1-7 sensoria, hairs capitate and very conspicuous,
especially on III. Antennal tuvercles very prominent. Beak reaching
beyond second coxae. A small prothoracic tubercle showing on some
specimens. Cornicles long, slender, slightly swollen, imbricated, tip
dark and reticulated. Cauda long, conical, scarcely constricted,
three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

| No. Ill Se IV Vv VI
|
| i pApe rita Rote Sew 0. 784 8 0. 544 0. 624 0. 160+ 0. 800
0. 784 6 0. 608 0. 576 0.176+ ?
ete ink Weck Calla 0. 576 il 0. 464 0. 464 0. 128+ 0. 800
Tasted 2 Oe, 0. 832 5 0. 528 0. 576 0. 144+0. 832
0. 816 4 0. 560 0. 560 0. 144+0. 848
Le en ae 0. 656 3 0. 528 0. 544 0. 168+ 0. 800
| 0. 672 2 0. 528 0. 528 0. 160+ 0. 832
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda

| Length /|Reticulated; Wide X | Small X Flange
Be sey es 0. 464 0. 352 0. 800 0. 064 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
0. 832 0. 080 0. 088 0. 040 0. 056
Po sop ea Rie 0. 384 0. 224 0. 504 0. 048 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
0. 528 0. 048 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
So ene ee 0. 448 0. 336 0. 736 0. 080 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
OS at2 0. 064 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
7 oe oa Be) 0. 464 OFS12 0. 704 0. 080 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
0. 744 0. 064 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056

Specimen No. 2 is smaller, has four hairs on cauda instead of three,
and is somewhat different in other ways. Since it was taken from
the same host, I hesitate to describe it as new until more is known of it.

Host.—Rhododendron rhodora.

Distribution.—Orono, Maine.

Cotypes.—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

AMPHOROPHORA RUBI (Kaltenbach)
Figs. 150-157, and 190

Aphis rubt KALTENBACH, Monographie der Pflanzenlause, 18438, p. 24.

Siphonophora rubi (Kaltenbach) Kocn, Die Pflanzenlause Aphiden, 1854,
p. 191.—Bucxton, British Aphides, vol. 1, 1876, p. 140.—TuHomas, 8th
Rept. Ill. St. Ent., 1880, p. 64.—Licurenstemn, Les Pucerous, Mono-
graphie des Aphidiens, 1885, p. 40.—Wututams, Univ. Nebr. Spec. Bull. 1,
1891, p. 7.—ScuouTepDEN, Ann. de la Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 44, 1900, p. 116.—
Wiuurams, Kans. Univ. Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 1910, p. 84.

Nectarophora rubi (Kaltenbach) OrsttuNnpD, Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 87.—Hunter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, pp.
116, 130.

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA——MASON 53

Macrosiphum rubi (Kaltenbach) Det Gusrcio, Nuove Rel. Staz. Firenze,
ser. 1, no. 2, 1900, p. 159.—ScuouTepEN, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. Belg., vol.
45, 1901, p. 271.—Sansorn, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, pp.
248, 268.—Davis, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 4, 1911, p. 329; Nebr. Univ.
Studies, Ent., no. 5, 1911, p. 34; Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 10,
1913, p. 104.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and
Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 148.

Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach) Schourepgen, Mem. de la Soc. Ent. de
Belg., vol. 12, 1906, p. 242.—GiLLETTE, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 4, 1911, p.
381.—THEOBALD, Ent., vol. 50, 1917, p. 79; Fruit, Flower and Vegetable
Trades Journal, London, Oct. 13, 1917.—Suing1, Can. Ent., vol. 49, 1917,
p. 52.—Essia, Univ. Cal. Pub. vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p. 329.—Swain, Univ.
Cal. Pub., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 54.

Rhopalosiphum rubi (Kaltenbach) VAN DER Goot, Beit. kennt. der Holland.
Blattlause, 1915, p. 153.— MuLuEer-THURGAU, OSTERWALDER, SCHNEIDER-
OrELLI, Rept. Dept. Plant Phys. and Plant Path. Swiss Exp. Inst. for
Fruit, Vine and Garden Cult. at Wadenswil for the year 1915-16, 1917;
Sept. from Landwist schaftl. Jahrbuch der Schweiz, p. 416.

Eunectarosiphon rubi (Kaltenbach) Det GueErcio, Redia, vol. 9, 1913, p. 188.

Acrythosiphon (Amphorophora) rubi rubi (Kaltenbach) Morpvintko, Fauna
de la Russie, 1919, p. 251.

Nectarosiphon rubi (Kaltenbach) Patcu, Conn. St. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Surv. Bull. 34, 1923, p. 310.

Siphonophora fragariella THEOBALD, Rept. Econ. Zool. year ending Apr. 1,
1905, p. 35.

Macrosiphum fragariellum THEOBALD, Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 8, no. 3, 1913,
p. 124.

Acyrthosiphon (Amphorophora) rubi fragariellum (Theobald) Morpviixo,
Fauna de la Russie, 1919, p. 263.

This species seems to be widely distributed in Europe and on the
North American continent. In America, however, there is another
similar species (see sensoriata Mason) which, no doubt, has often been
confused with rubt. In many of the references in literature it is
impossible to tell to which one the writer referred. Gillette had this
new species when he wrote: “‘A very similar species taken by Mr.
Bragg at Lawrence, Kans., differs by having cornicles decidedly
shorter and having joint 4 of the antenna in the alate viviparae well
set with sensoria.”” Dr. C. P. Gillette kindly lent me this slide for
examination. Still another species which might be confused with
rubi Kaltenbach is described in this paper as reticulata, new species.

The typical rubt Kaltenbach, as fixed by Gillette, Van der Goot,
and Mordvilko and which is accepted here, has sensoria only on
segment III, while sensorrata Mason has them also on IV and V.
Gillette says that specimens from England examined by him are a
little smaller but agree in other respects with American specimens.

The species described by Swain in 1919 is not rubi Kaltenbach.
He described specimens received from Gillette. JI have had the
privilege of examing these same slides, kindly lent by Ferris, and they

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 67

prove to be the same as other specimens which I had already described
in manuscript as davidsoni, new species. Swain did have specimens
of rubt Kaltenbach from other sources, but did not describe them.

Mordvilko under rubt Kaltenbach considers four subspecies. One
of these is the typical rubi Kaltenbach. Another is fragariellum
Theobald which I believe to be the same as rubi Kaltenbach. The
other two subspecies are apparently distinct and I have elevated
them to the rank of species. These are discussed under the indi-
vidual species. I give herewith a translation of Mordvilko’s key for
the separation of his four subspecies.

1. (6) The third segment of the antennae exceeds the fourth only slightly, for
instance, one and one-third to one-seventh times; the unguis of the sixth segment
almost equals the third segment (in wingless females somewhat shorter and in
winged, somewhat though very little longer).

2. (5) The base of the sixth segment of the antennae consists of one-seventh
to one-sixth the length of the third segment, reaching 0.17—0.19 and almost 0.20
mm., but at times (in the case of long antennae) 0.22.

3. (4) The cornicles even in the wingless females are dark, in front of the
flange they are usually very slightly but nevertheless noticeably swollen; they
reach one-fourth to two-ninths the length of the body (in wingless females) ;
cauda with 3-4 bristly lateral hairs____--__- Ac, rubi amurense, new subspecies.

4. (3) Cornicles in wingless females light colored; in front of the flange there
is hardly any swelling noticeable; the cornicles reach two-sevenths to one-third
the length of the body; on the sides of the cauda are 5-6 bristly

hairs§22 2 ei eS ee See ae See ee Ac. rubi rubi (Kaltenbach).
5 (2) The base of the sixth segment of the antennae consists of one-fifth the
length of the third, reaching 0.22 mm_------ Ac, rubi fragariellum (Theobald).

6. (1) The third segment of the antenna exceeds the fourth distinctly, for
instance, one and two-fifths to one and one-half times and the unguis of the sixth
segment, even in the wingless females exceeds the third segment distinctly, for
instance, one and two-fifths to one and one-half times and the unguis, even in
wingless females exceeds the third segment distinctly, for instance, one and two-
ninths times; the base of the sixth segment consists of about one-fifth the length
of the third reaching 0.17—0.18 mm_-______- Ac. rubi zhuravlevi, new subspecies.

Alate viviparous female.—Warge species. General color green.
Antennae longer than the body, rather slender, dark colored, hairs
nearly as long as width of segment, capitate, more conspicuously so
in some specimens, III with 30-50 sensoria over the entire length,
not strongly tuberculate. Antennal tubercles very large. Beak
reaching second coxae. Prothoracic tubercles large. Cornicles very
long, moderately swollen, the tips imbricated but not reticulated.
Cauda long, broad, conical, not constricted, with 4-6 sets of lateral
hairs. Measurements as follows:

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 55

No. III healt IV Vv VI
1 ts wae 1. 104 44 0. 944 0. 816 0. 208+1. 200
1. 104 48 0. 960 0. 832 0. 192+1. 248
ial io ad 1. 152 40 1. 008 0. 832 0. 200+ 1. 200
1. 136 45 0. 928 0. 832 0. 208+1. 232
at in teen 1. 056 38 0. 960 0. 800 0. 192+1. 216
1. 088 33 0. 944 0. 912 0.192+ ?
TS Oe 1. 168 42 0. 848 0. 640 0.160+ ?
Betieet ps 1. 168 36 0. 896 0. 688 0. 160+1. 136
1. 200 41 2 ? ? ?
Gc ess 1. O88 32 0. 816 0. 576 0: 144-— ?
1. 104 34 0. 800 0. 624
Teint Ont 1. 200 31 0. 864 0. 752 0/1764 ?
1. 120 29 0. 704 0. 720 0. 160+1. 232
SISA roe 1. 136 30 0. 864 0. 608 0. 160+1. 008
1. O72 33 0. 864 0. 624 | Oboe —?
Gis 1 Hi! 1. 152 42 0. 912 0. 640 0.160+ ?
1. 152 37 0. 880 0. 656 | 0. 160-40. 928
TO. S510 1.088 a7 1. 040 0. 880 0. 208+1. 296
1. 056 2 1. 040 0.848 | 0. 192+1. 264
POS 1 SCT. 1. ORB 30 0. 928 0.768 | 0. 192+1. 280 |
1. 040 31 0. 880 0.768 | 0.208+1.312 |
Cornicle |
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
ests 0. 560 0. 448 0. 896 0. 088 0. 056 0. 072
0. 912 0. 088 0. 056 0. 072
Sens 0. 528 0. 432 0. 864 0. 088 0. 056 0. 080
0. 912 0. 096 0. 048 0. 072
= IGaN aU 0. 528 0. 448 0. 816 0. 088 0. 056 0. 080
0. 864 0. 096 0. 056 0. 080
Ait haiet 0. 560 ? 0. 848 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072
0. 816 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072
Baten et 0. 560 ? 0. 880 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072
0. 864 0. 104 3. 056 0. 072
ae 0. 512 0. 384 0. 768 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072
miei S. 0. 544 0. 384 0. 800 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072
See ie 0.528 | 0.416 0. 800 3. 096 0. 048 0. 064
ori ? 0. 496 0. 896 0. 104 0. 056 0. 064
106.0) 0/544 0. 368 0. 864 0. 088 0. 064 0. 080
Tt i.) 0.1544 0. 320 0. 800 0. 088 0. 056 0. 080
0. 800 0. 080 0. 056 OLN72

Color Notes by Pergande.—“‘ The abdomen is greenish, with a darker
green median stripe, with a row of 3 to 4 dusky or blackish spots on
each side in front of nectaries. Nectaries whitish, their apex black.
Tail of color of body. Antennae black, the two basal jts. head, and
prothorax yellowish, terminal 14 or more of femora, and apex of
tibiae and the tarsi black, rest of legs yellowish. Eyes and thoracic
lobes brown.”

Apterous viviparous female.—Large, green. Antennae somewhat
longer than body, light colored, becoming darker towards the distal
end, imbricated, hairs very conspicuous, nearly as long as width of
segment, capitate on some specimens, III with 4-19 sensoria on outer

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

side of basal half. Antennal tubercles very large. Beak reaching
beyond second coxae. Prothoracic tubercles present, a hair near
each one. No abdominal tubercles showing. Cornicles long,
slender, but plainly swollen, tips imbricated, not reticulated. Cauda
large, long, conical, not constricted, with about five sets of lateral
hairs. Measurements as follows:

[
No. I peau IV | Vv VI
fie eee 1. 216 10 0.968 | 0.720 0. 168+ 1. 088
1. 264 13 0.960 | 0.760. | O. 160+
PAINE Se a hay Test? 19 0. 896 | 0.752 |} O. 192+ fe
1. 280 NS: 0. 944 0. 768 0. 208+1. 216
SE seen Cee: 1. 282) 9 0. 976 0. 800 0. 176+1. 240
1. 240 10 1. 000 0. 784 | 3.176+1. 216
Ae Alc Gia es 1. 104 9 0. 976 0. 720 | 0. 192+ 1. 152
1. 152 10 0. 960 0.720 | 0. 176+ ?
Ld pie See ahs ts 1. 264 9 1. 040 0.816 | 0. 208+ ?
1. 282 9 1. 024 0. 768 0. 192+ 1. 200
Gite _f Rec’ 1. 216 8 0. 896 0. 768 0. 192+ 1. 168
1. 184 9 0. 960 0. 752 0. 200+ 1. 200
fp ee a ape te 2o2 13 | 1. 024 0. 856 0. 224+ 1. 328
Sain ee tts 1. 248 14 1. 024 0. 816 0. 192+-1. 264
1. 248 12 0.992 | 0. 848 0. 192+ 1. 280
OU a ae 1. 184 Zf 1. 056 0. 896 0. 216+ 1. 200
LOseL te tee 20) 9 0. 768 0. 560 0. 168+ 1. 008
1. 136 a 0. 848 0. 584 0. 144+-0. 992
Pias a Le 1. 056 5 0. 608 0. 480 0. 144++ ?
1. 024 4 0. 608 0. 456 0. 144-++ ?
gL 8 ge 1. 186 11 2? ? 1¢
1,152 8 | 0. 864 0.648 | O. 160+ t
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda
| Length Wide X Small X Flange
|
ES. & 0. 584 | 0. 512 0. 992 0. 096 0. 064 0. 080
0. 992 0. 096 0. 064 0. 072
Drit fe 0. 600 0. 544 0. 992 0. 096 0. 056 0. O80
1. 008 0. 096 0. 064 0. O80
ee 0. 544 0. 512 1. 056 0. 096 0. 064 0. O88
| 1. 072 0. 096 0. 064 0. 088
(oe 0.584 | 0. 464 0.960 | 0. 096 0. 064 0. 080
| 0.992 | 0.088 | 0. 064 0. O80
Gab. 0. 608 0. 520 0. 976 0. 104 0. 064 0. 080
| | 1. 024 0. 104 0. 064 0. 080
open DA CS 0. 544 0. 464 | 0. 960 0. 088 0. 056 0. 080
| | 2? 0. 096 0. 064 0. 080
eae | 0.608 | 0. 496 1. 024 0. O88 0. 056 0. O80
1. 008 0.088 | 0. 056 0. 072
S=r2225 0. 600 0. 528 1. 008 0. 096 0. 064 0. 080
1. 008 0. 104 0. 064 0. 080
te A SS 0. 576 0.496 | 0. 976 0. O80 0. 048 0. 064
| 0. 960 0. 080 0. 056 0. 072
102 0. 576 0. 480 0. 928 0: 112 0. 064° | 0. O80
0. 912 0. 112 0. 056 0. 072
Pi bs Aes ees 0. 496 0. 464 0. 832 0. O88 0. 056 0. 072
i pee ak 0. 568 0. 480 0. 960 0. 120 0. 064 0. 072
0. 896 0. 112 0. 064 0. 080

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 5

Alate male.—Antennae much longer than body, dark colored,
especially III, hairs nearly as long as width of segment, III and V
with sensoria, IV without. Beak about reaching second coxae.
Cornicles dark colored, long, moderately swollen, tips imbricated.
Cauda as seen from the side, is of moderate length, not constricted
and with 3 or 4 lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

Tag eee, ad¥epasorey tian aBaav ee v1
0. 944 67 0. 720 0 0. 736 18 0. 192+-1. 312
0. 976 64 0. 768 0 0-712 19 0.176+ ?
Cornicle
Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X | Flange
ood Se ah ee Eas Anes
|
? 0. 144 0. 576 0. 064 0. 040 | 0. 056
0. 576 0. 064 0. 040 | 0. 056

Apterous Oviparous Female.—This is described by Van der Goot.

Biology.—This species is found on probably a large number of the
members of the genus Rubus, both wild and cultivated. Exact
specific records of the host plants are, however, often wanting. So
far as known it has no alternate host, and it has been found throughout
the summer on Rubus.

Pergande found them singly on the under side of leaves. He called
attention in his notes to the difference between this and the habits of
sensoriata Mason, which are found on the canes.

In his account of fragariellum, Theobald gives additional biological
data.

It is probable that this species is responsible for the spread of
mosaic, but there are no definite published data as yet.

Theobald reports it from the dissected crops of young fowls.

Food Plants.—Rubus, strawberries.

Distribution.—Europe, North America (Massachusetts; Maine;
Ottawa, Canada; New York; District of Columbia; Virginia; Ohio;
Minnesota; Colorado; New Mexico; and California).

Type.—Kaltenbach’s type is undoubtedly lost. Specimens which
I consider to be this species and which agree with descriptions of other
authors are in the National Collection.

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

AMPHOROPHORA RUBICOLA (Oestlund)
Figs. 144-149, 193

Macrosiphum rubicola O—EsTLUND, Minn. St. Geol. Rept. no. 14, 1886, p. 27;
Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 78 —Wuuuiams, Univ.
Nebr. Spec. Bull. 1, 1891, p. 22.—HuntsEr, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60,
1901, p. 110—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 233, 1914, p. 270.

Nectarosiphon rubicola (Oestlund) Kirkaupy, Canad. Ent., 1906, p. 12.—
SANBORN, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, p. 269.—Wixson,
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 3, 1910, p. 318; Proc. Brit. Colum. Ent. Soc.,
vol. 5, 1915, p. 83.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts
and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 149.—Swarn, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech.
Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ent., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 77.—Patcn, Conn. St.
Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., no. 34, 1923, p. 310.

Nectarosiphum rubicola (Oestlund) Essie, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bull. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p. 327.—Suing1, Psyche, vol. 24, no. 3,
1917, p. 84.

Amphorophora rubicola (Oestlund) Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., 1914, p.
136.

This large species on Rubus is rather close in appearance to two
other species on Rubus which are described in this paper as davidsoni
and maxima. It may be distinguished from them by the large
dusky spot on the tips of the wings and by the dark colored antennae,
segment III of which is conspicuously shorter than the cornicle and
has 20-30 sensoria.

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae about as long as body, dark
colored, except base of IIT, hairs conspicuous, about as long as width
of segment, III with 20-30 sensoria scattered over nearly the entire
length and not in a straight row. Antennal tubercles fairly large.
Beak extending usually to third coxae. In some specimens there are
two tubercles showing on the posterior, dorsal portion of the head.
The prothorax has two dorsal tubercles, and a lateral tubercle on
each side. The front wings have a dusky spot at the tips. This is
darker in some specimens than in others. The abdomen has several
lateral tubercles, one specimen showing five in front of the cornicle
and one caudad of the cornicle. Hairs are present around each
tubercle. The cornicles are long, curved, conspicuously swollen and
distinctly reticulated. The cauda is long, slender and constricted,
with 5-6 lateral hairs.

Antennal measurements

No. raat pias Vv VI
2 lie Se eae 0. 896 26 0. 592 0. 560 0. 112+ (0. 592+-)
0. 864 25 0. 608 0. 528 0. 112+ (0. 496+)
2 ee 0. 928 23 ts 7s t
0.960 | 22 0. 832 0. 784 0. 160+ 1. 008
eat eee 0. 848 Pel 0. 576 0. 512 0. 152+ 0. 928
0. 848 28 ? ie a
ES ee 0. 992 30 0. 656 0. 576 0. 152+0. 880
0.976 | 7p. 0. 688 0. 576 0. 144+0. 880
ee Ee Re 0. 848 | 21 0. 576 0. 480 0. 128+-0. 816
0. 832 ? 0. 592 0. 480 0. 128+ 0. 864

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 59

Other measurements

Cornicle
No. Head Cauda =

Length |Reticulated| Wide X Small X Flange

eae es 0. 560 | 0. 304+) 1. 024 0. 080 0. 192 0. 072 0. 088
1. 040 0. O80 0. 192 0. 072 0. 088

ae ee 0. 544 | 0. 320+) 1.312 0. O80 0. 156 0. 064 0. 088
1. 280 0. 096 0. 144 0. 064 0. 080

Se eee | 0. 544 | 0. 336 1. 184 0. 080 0. 160 0. 064 0. 080
1. 184 0. 080 0. 176 0. 064 0. 080

YY Re 0. 512 | 0. 448 TSG 0. 096 0. 120 0. 064 0. 080
| 1. 120 0. 080 0. 120 0. 064 0. 080

ee eS 0. 512 | 0. 368 152 0. 080 OnI52 0. 064 0. 080
| 1. 200 0. 048 0. 192 0. 064 0. 080

Patch gives the most compact color description, although it is
taken from a rather dark specimen.

Apterous viviparous female—Antennae about as long as body, light
colored except distal ends of segments and VI, hairs numerous, about
as long as width of segment, II with 13-15 sensoria on basal half.
Beak reaching nearly to third coxae. The only tubercles showing are
the lateral prothoracic ones. Cornicles very long, not as conspicu-
ously reticulated as in the alates, somewhat imbricated. Cauda
small, somewhat constricted. Measurements as follows:

No. III coon IV Vv VI
he eS een 0. 944 14 0. 544 0. 480 0. 112+0. 848
0. 944 15 0. 560 0. 432 0. 112+ ?
Qacesn seas 0. 768 13 0. 560 0. 512 0. 128+0. 944
0. 864 13 rf ? ?
Cornicle
No. Head i =
Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange
ee ee 0. 528 1. 424 0. 032 0. 144 0. 064 0. 080
1. 392 0. 048 0. 152 0. 064 0. 072
Qesto lh 0. 528 j. 120 0. 032 0. 128 0. 064 0. 072
1. 200 - 0. 128 0. 064 0. 072

Pergande left the following color description of metatype apterous
specimens, taken on Rubus strigosus at Minneapolis, Minn., July 14,
1903: ‘Color greenish yellow, marked with a broad dark green
median and lateral stripe. Eyes dark brown; nectaries stout and
dusky. Antennae whitish; apex of jts. 3-5 and the last black
femora pale bluish green; tibiae pale yellowish, darkest toward the
end, tarsi black. Head yellowish, tail greenish, body not or but
faintly pruinous.”

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Alate male.—Only one specimen is available for study, and this
specimen has lost one antenna and all but a part of segment III of
the other. This portion is 0.704 mm. long, dark colored, lighter at.
the base, thickly covered with 57 circular sensoria, hairs almost as.
long as width of segment. Antennal tubercles not targe. Head
0.496 mm. across eyes. No tubercles showing on thorax or abdomen.
Tips of wings with dusky spot. Abdomen light colored. Cornicles
light colored, reticulated at the tips, imbricated over the entire
length, measurements as follows:

Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange |
0768 mm. 0. 064 0. 104 0. 048 0.064 |
0. 752 0. 064 0. 104 0. 056 0. 064 |

Oviparous females.—Light colored. Antennae light colored, about
equal to the body in length, hairs conspicuous, nearly as long as
width of segment, with a group of sensoria near base of III. An-
tennal tubercles of moderate length. Beak reaching to third coxae.
Cornicles light colored, darker at the tips, reticulated. Cauda
conical, not constricted, with three sets of lateral hairs. Posterior
tibiae with numerous sensoria on basal half, becoming less numerous
on distal half. Measurements as follows:

No. II ee | IV Vv VI
1] Pee ere 0. 672 5 0. 4382 0. 400 0. 120+0. 672
0. 672 5 0. 424 0. 408 0.136+ ?
Dake mile Se 0. 704 6 0. 496 0. 432 0. 120+-0. 688
0. 752 10 0. 480 0. 400 0. 112+ 0. 688
bs | ee eal annie ns 0. 688 7 0. 448 0. 400 0. 120+0. 672
0. 720 9 0. 480 0. 368 ?
A oceecoee 0. 736 11 0. 496 0.416 | 0. 112+0. 720
? ? ? 0.416 | 0. 120+0. 720
Cornicle
No. wins of | Cauda
Length |Reticulated| Wide X Small X Flange
| ese ee 0. 512 0. 208 0. 944 0. 064 0. 176 0. 064 0. 080
0. 992 0. 064 ¢ 0. 064 0. 080
ye ee ae 0. 512 0. 176 1. 008 0. 064 0. 168 0. 064 0. 080
0. 960 0. 064 0. 160 0. 064 0. 080
SY 1k 0. 528 ? 0. 976 0. 064 0. Ae 0. yon 0. ost
? % ? ?
7 go abet aie 0. 520 0. 240 0. 912 0. 064 ig 0. 064 0. 080
1. 040 0. 080 0:,112 0. 064,|} 0. O80

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 61

The alate male and oviparous females just described were taken
by Dr. A. C. Baker on wild raspberry. No viviparous forms were
taken, but I feel certain that the specimens must belong to this
species.

Biology.—But little is known of the biology of this species. It is
found on the leaves and shoots of various species of Rubus. Dr.
Edith M. Patch took an alate female with eight nymphs on wild red
raspberry on August 1, 1906, in Maine. In Minnesota Pergande
took apterous females and nymphs on July 14, 1903. In California
Shinji took alate and apterous viviparous females on March 20, 1915,
at Berkeley; Essig found them at the same place on March 29, 1916,
at which time ‘there were also a number of young pink forms not
observed during the summer”’; he also found the species abundant
on May 24, 1916; Davidson took them in the hilly canyons of Contra
Costa County, on May 138, 1913—‘‘at that date about 95 per cent
of the lice were large pupae or recently transformed adults.” Ross
took alate and apterous forms at Ottawa, Canada on July 21, 1917,
and Wilson at Vancouver, British Columbia, on July 12, 1915.

Shinji took his males at Berkeley, Calif., on April 4, 1915. Oe6est-
lund found them in Minnesota “as late as November first, together
with the oviparous wingless females.’ Baker took the sexes de-
scribed above at Guelph, Ontario, October 10, 1910.

Distribution—From Maine to California; Ottawa and British
Columbia.

Host.—Rubus.

Cotype.—Oestlund’s collection.

AMPHOROPHORA SENSORIATA Mason
Figs. 158-163

Amphorophora sensoriata Mason, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 25, No. 9,
1923, p. 188.

As explained under rubi Kaltenbach, this is the species mentioned
by Gillette as differing from rubi. It seems to be rather common on
this continent and has no doubt often been confused with rudv.
So far as I know, it is not found in Europe, the type continent of
rubt Kaltenbach.

It is easily distinguished from rubi by the sensoria on IV and V
of the alate, by the larger number of sensoria on III in both the
alate and apterous forms, by the shorter hairs on the antenna, by
the shorter cornicles, and by the smaller number of hairs on the
cauda.

Alate viviparous jfemale.—Large species. General color green.
Antennae longer than body, dark colored, imbricated, hairs incon-
spicuous, much smaller than in rubz, numerous sensoria on III, IV,
and some on VY. Antennal tubercles large. Beak very short, in

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

some specimens not reaching second coxae. Prothoracic and
abdominal tubercles not showing. Cornicles fairly long, moderately
swollen, the tips imbricated, but not reticulated. Cauda of medium
length, broad, not constricted, with about three sets of lateral hairs.
Measurements as follows:

The first three are from cotype slides, the others from paracotype
slides.

Soils) «Lay Renata) (lary embed (mx pata Beg vi
1 Walad A ores Elle Paaky (pers! 75 0. 800 39 0. 576 5 0. 192+. 0. 960
1. 104 82 0. 848 47 0. 560 3 0. 192+0. 960
> ae 1.072 62 0. 936 30 0. 512 4 0. 176+0. 960
1. 024 62 0. 800 34 0. 544 5 0. 176+ 0. 928
A eee See pu Parad Ban b7 33 65 0. 896 32 0. 608 1 0.192+ ?
1. 184 66 0. 848 38 0. 640 2 0. 192+1. 040
Ys Neptoeten UR 1. 040 61 0. 784 32 0. 544 0 0. 176+0. 928
1. 120 69 0. 864 36 19 2 | ?
tj estan ar -| 1. 040 62 0. 768 36 0. 544 0 0. 176+ 1. 040
G2 ee -| 0. 960 55 0. 736 31 0. 528 5 0. 160-+-0. 928
(ae eat _| 1.040 59 0. 672 20 0. 496 33 0. 160+ 0. 880
Se. os -| 1. 008 62 0. 784 31 0. 480 4 0. 160+ 0. 800
O es: Brae 1. 008 49 0. 768 33 0. 496 5 0.176+ ?
Cornicle
No. Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
iD een eel 0. 536 0. 288 0. 544 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
0. 560 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
Pj a ee 0. 528 0. 272 0. 480 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
0. 512 0. 072 0. 040 0.048 |
5 eae 0. 544 0. 256 0. 528 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 |:
0! 512 0. 080 0. 048 0. 056
7, Gal oie 0. 528 ON 272 0. 576 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
0. 576 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
On. 0. 512 0. 288 0. 560 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048
(ee 0. 480 4 0. 496 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
(eee ORS 12, 0. 240 0. 512 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
BL kas 0. 504 0. 272 0. 560 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
Ope eves 2 0. 544 0. 288 0. 608 0. 072 0.040 | 0. 048

The following color notes were made by Pergande from the cotype
specimens:

“Color of abdomen of migrant light to dark bluish green and highly
polished; head and thoracic and sternal plate yellowish brown, the
sutures of the lobes more or less black; disk of prothorax very pale
brownish, darkest along its posterior margin; eyes reddish brown;
ocelli bordered with black at inner margin; antenna black; legs
black, the femora brownish yellow at base; nectaries black, greenish
at base; tail greenish, or yellowish green; wings colorless, subcosta
brown or yellowish brown, stigma dusky, veins black, those of
stigmal vein and branches of third slighly clouded at tip.”’

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 63

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae about a third longer than
body, imbricated, the hairs inconspicuous, much shorter than width
of segment, III with a row of sensoria. Antennal tubercles large.
Beak reaching about to second coxae. Cornicles moderately long,
plainly swollen, the tips imbricated, but not reticulated. The
cauda broad, conical, not constricted, with about three sets of lateral
hairs. Measurements as follows:

No. 1 is from the cotype slide. Other are paracotypes.

No. III eo Iv Vv vI
eee ene 1. 088 ? 0. 864 0. 608 0. 162+. 0. 992
gS eae eee 1. 088 32 0. 864 0. 576 0.192+ ?
ica pera a 1. 152 34 0. 864 0. 592 0.176+ ?
4ti is posurs 1. 088 30 0. 704 0. 480 0. 176-+0. 760
Cf ee pee 1. 104 23 0. 816 16 ?

Cornicle

No. Head Cauda

Length Wide X Small X Flange
1 ie es 0. 536 2 0. 608 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048
Die Be 0. 544 0. 352 0. 608 0. 088 0. 040 0. 048
he eae 0. 544 0. 288 0. 592 0. 088 0. 040 0. 048
Ahintee 0. 528 0. 256 0. 576 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048
1S a 0. 496 0. 256 0. 608 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048

Pergande left the following color notes of the cotype specimen:

“‘ Apterous female pale bluish green; antennae black, the two basal
joints and front edge of head brownish yellow, eyes brown, legs
yellowish brown, the base of femora very pale bluish green; nectaries
dusky, paler at base, tail of color of body.”

Intermediate.—Similar to other forms, except for very small wings,
larger on left side, and for the number of sensoria, III have 37 on
one side and 39 on the other, IV having 5 on each antenna. No
ocelli present. Measurements as follows:

III | IV Vv VI
te isp | 0. 912 0. 560 0. 192+0. 896
1. 152 | 0. 848 0. 544 0. 192+-0. 720
Cornicle
Head Cauda = =
Length Wide X Small X Flange

0. 496 0. 336 0. 640 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 67

Biology.—I have found this species sparingly on the stems of
raspberry, never on the leaves. Pergande says in his notes: ‘‘ Found
on stems of Rubus, which they sometimes covered for a distance of
several inches. Drop readily, if disturbed.” It probably remains
on Rubus throughout the year. I have examined specimens taken
June 26, 1903, in Virginia (type); July 11, 1903, Minnesota; June 20,
1905, District of Columbia; July 10, 1919, West Virginia; June 20,
1920, Pennsylvania; September 20, 1921, Maryland; and September
13, Massachusetts.

Distribution.—Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of
Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Minnesota, and Kansas.

Host.—Rubus.

Cotypes.—Deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26379.
Paracotype slides in the National Museum and in the collection of
Dr. T. L. Guyton.

AMPHOROPHORA SOLANI (Thomas)
Figs. 10-13

Megoura solani Tuomas, Rept. Ill. State Ent., vol. 8, 1880, p. 73.—LicHTEN-
sTEIN, Monographie des Aphidiens, 1885, p. 41—AsHmeEapD, Bull. Div.
Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. 14, 1887, p. 18.—Wiuxson and Vickery, Trans.
Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 158.

Rhopalosiphum solani (Thomas) OrstLuND, Rept. Minn. St. Geol., vol. 14,
1885, p. 29; Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 76.—
Hunter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, 1901, p. 107.—Davis, Journ.
Econ. Ent., vol. 3, 1910, p. 495; Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 10,
1913. p. 100.

Myzoides persicae (Sulzer) VAN DER Goot, Beit. zur Kennt. der Hollandis-
chen Blattlause, 1915, p. 170.

This species is not known to me. It was first taken by Thomas
at Carbondale, Tll., on May 26, 1878, and described by him in 1880.

In 1913 Davis redescribed it from specimens in the Illinois collec-
tion, which he considered to be the type specimens and gave camera
lucida drawings. These appear to be of a valid species of Amphoro-
phora.

Ashmead ° discusses a tomato aphis under this name, but I am not
certain that he had the same species.

Host plant.—Tomato.

Distribution.—Ulinois.

Type.—Deposited in collection of Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural History.

(U.S. Diy. Ent. Bull. 14, 1887, pp. 18-19.

ART. 20 THE APHID. GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 65

AMPHOROPHORA SPIRAECOLA (Patch)
Figs. 164-168

Macrosiphum spiraecola Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 233, 1914, p.
271.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters,
vol, 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 161.

Nectarosiphon spiraecola Patcu, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.
34, 1923, p. 310.

The writer has had the privilege of examining the cotype specimens
which were kindly lent by Dr. Edith M. Patch. In the original
account only the apterous form was discussed. Doctor Patch
later took a single alate viviparous female in company with apterous
forms. The drawings and the following description are from this
specimen.

Alate viviparous female——Antennae nearly twice as long as body,
rather slender, dark colored, length of hairs less than half of diameter
of the segment, III with 15-17 circular sensoria of varying sizes and
not in an even row, IV, V, and VI distinctly inbricated and with no
secondary sensoria; length of segments as follows:

Ill IV Ms VI
0. 896 mm. 0. 816 0. 880 0. 224+ 1. 312
0. 848 0. 848 0. 896 0. 224+ 1. 280

The specimen which lays on its side shows a tubercle slightly
back of the center of the head, with a knobbed hair directly in front
of it. The antennal tubercles appear rather small from the lateral
view. The beak is short, not reaching beyond the second coxae.
The cornicles are moderately swollen, 0.784 mm. long, reticulated for
0.08 mm., imbricated over nearly the entire length, widest diameter
0.12 mm., smallest diameter 0.048 mm., flange 0.064 mm. wide. The
cauda is twisted, but appears to be very long and moderately wide.

Doctor Patch, in a letter furnishes the following color notes:
‘“Thorax pale brown; body pale brown; cornicle pale, tip dark.”

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae about twice as long as
body, lighter colored than in the alate, hairs inconspicuous, shorter
than width of segment, III with 3-7 sensoria near base, distal seg-
ments faintly imbricated. Antennal tubercles large and conspicuous.

Beak reaching second coxae. Cornicles long, moderately swollen,
distinctly reticulate at tip. Cauda long, conical, slight indication of
constriction, three sets of hairs.

43328—251——5

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Antennal measurements

Ill Sensoria on III IV Vv VI
1. 088 3 0. 880 0. 816 0. 192+ 1. 120
1. 088 5 0. 880 0. 832 0. 192+ 1. 088
0. 992 3 0. 912 0. 848 0. 208+ (0. 736+)
0. 976 4 0. 880 0. 880 0. 208+ 1. 120
0. 992 7 0. 880 0. 848 0. 208+ 1. 264
0. 992 6 0. 848 0. 816 0. 208+ 1. 232
1. 088 5 0. 912 0. 840 0. 208+ 1. 168
1. 056 6 - 0: 912 0. 880 0. 208+ 1. 200
0. 864 3 0. 816 0. 800 0. 224+ 1. 152
0. 944 3 0. 800 0. 816 0. 208+-1. 152
0. 784 3 0. 736 0. 608 0. 176+ 1. 040
0. 784 ? 0. 704 0. 592 0. 192+ 1. 232
Other measurements
Cornicle
Head width Cauda
Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange
0. 480 0. 480 0. 976 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064
0. 976 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064
0. 480 0. 400 0. 864 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064
0. 928 0. 064 0. 088 0. 048 0. 064
0. 464 0. 448 0. 896 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064
0. 896 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064
0. 536 0. 480 1. 008 0. 064 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072
0. 992 0. 064 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072
0. 496 0. 416 1. 024 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064
0. 912 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064
0. 416 0. 960 0. 064 0. 080 0. 056 0. 064
0. 960 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 072
0. 480 0. 416 0. 752 0. 064 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064
0. 768 0. 064 0. 072 0. 048 0. 056

This species was first taken by Doctor Patch on August 20, 1910,
on the ventral side of the leaves of Spiraea van houtter at Orono, Me.
The collection consisted of apterous viviparous females and nymphs.
On July 11, 1916, she took a single alate female with young, and
apterous females with young on Spiraea salicifolia at Orono, Me.
There is in the National Museum a single slide containing two
4pterous viviparous females. These were taken by A. N. Caudell
at Kaslo, British Columbia, June 23, 1903, on Spiraea species. I
know of no other collections. ,

Cotypes.—Deposited in the collection of the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station—apterous No. 97-10, alate No. 84-16.

art. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 67

AMPHOROPHORA TAKAHASHIIL, new species
Figs. 78, 79

Amphorophora, species TAKAHASHI, Aphididae of Formosa, pt. 2, Report
No. 4, Dept. of Agr., Government Research Institute, Formosa, Japan,
1923, p. 32.

Takahashi discusses this form without giving it a name, simply.
calling it Amphorophora, species. While I have not seen it, I do not
recognize it from his description as belonging to any of the named
species in this genus. It is evidently a border line species between
Amphorophora and Macrosiphum. I take pleasure in naming it
after Takahashi and quote his description.

Wingless viviparous female-—White, somewhat pale yellowish. Eyes black.
Antennae white, apices of the third, fourth, and fifth joints, and the sixth black.
Cornicles white with black apices. Legs white, apical halves of femora, apices
of tibiae, and tarsi black; tibiae somewhat pale brownish on the basal half.
Cauda white. Body oval, with some short bristles. Frontal tubercles large, some-
what convex on the inner side. Antennae very long and slender, provided with
a few short hairs; the third joint provided with one or two small circular sensoria
near the base; the fourth very slightly imbricated, lacking sensoria; the relative
length of joints as follows: III-75, IV—53, V-48, VI-115 (18+97). Rostrum
reaching beyond the hind coxae. Cornicles long, a little longer than the fourth
antennal joint, about 1.8 times as long as the cauda, cylindrical, very slightly
dilated about the middle and on the base, with a little imbrication at the tip.
Cauda large, ensiform, with a few lateral bristles. Legs very long and slender;
tibiae provided with many short bristles; tarsi rather short.

Length of body, 2.1mm. Antennae, about 3.2mm. Cornicle, 0.6 mm.

Host.—Pollia japonica, attacking the leaf.

Distribution. Formosa; Rimogan near Urai.

Collected by Messrs. Kurosawa and Sueta in July, 1921.

Cotype.—Specimenstin the Entomological Laboratory of the De-
partment of Agriculture Government Research Institute, Formosa.

AMPHOROPHORA VACCINII, new species

Figs. 179-188, 191-192

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae about twice as long as body,
dark colored, imbrications not conspicuous, hairs small and incon-
spicuous, III with a row of 12-16 circular sensoria on outer edge,

other segments without secondary sensoria. Antennal measure-
ments as follows:

No. rest Beueorls IV Vv VI
it an 0. 720 LS 0. 608 0. 576 0. 160+0. 896
0. 688 16 0. 624 0. 592 0. 176+0. 784
pte a Pea ea 0. 704 14 0. 560 0. 544 0. 176+0. 896
0. 688 i 0. 560 0. 566 0.176+ ?

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Antennal tubercles large and distinct. Beak reaching about to
second coxae. Cornicles light at base, remainder darker, long and
slender, plainly swollen, somewhat imbricated, distinctly reticulated
at tip. Cauda light colored, long and slender, only slightly con-
stricted, with three sets of lateral hairs.

Cornicle
No. Head Cauda 1
Length een Wide X | Small X Flange
1 Pees east ees 0. 44 0. 464 0. 688 0. 096 0. 072 0. 040 0. 064
0. 688 0. 112 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
ih epee 2 0. 40 te 0. 688 0. 096 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
| 0. 672 0. 096 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae about twice as long as
body, somewhat lighter in color than in the alates, imbrications not
conspicuous, hairs very small and inconspicuous, a row of 2—4 sensoria
near base of III. Antennal measurements as follows:

|
No. IIL Sensoria on III | IV Vv VI

irate hy 0. 672 3 0. 512 0. 480 0. 160-+0. 816

0. 672 ve 0. 512 0. 480 0. 160-+0. 864

ise 0. 704 4 0. 528 0. 496 0. 176-+0. 896

0. 736 4 0. 528 OF aT 0. 160-+0. 896

Seca 0. 768 4 0. 608 0. 608 0. 176-++0. 880
Anan ae 0. 704 4 0. 496 0. 496 0. 144+0. 800

0. 688 4 0: 512 0. 504 0. 160-+-0. 784

We ab are’ 0. 624 3 0. 480 0. 464 0. 160-+0. 816
0. 640 3 0. 480 0. 480 0. 144+ 0. 960

Gee ase 0. 672 2 0. 528 0. 560 0. 176+ 0. 832

| 0. 672 3 0. 544 0. 544 0. 176+ 0. 880
tee eae 0. 672 3 0. 496 ON SL2Z 0. 176+ 0. 832
Sera. 0. 640 2 0. 448 0. 464 0. 160-++0. 816

0. 640 2 0. 480 0. 496 0. 176-+0. 848

OL 0. 672 3 0. 496 0. 496 0. 160+ 0. 752

0. 688 33 ON512 0. 496 0. 160+ 0. 752

L0G 22 0. 800 2 | 0. 576 0. 656 0. 208+ 1. 408

0. 784 2? | 0. 624 0. 672 0. 208-41. 216

Gs On io2 2 0. 656 0. 688 0. 192+ 1. 216

0. 752 2 0. 656 0. 704 0. 192+ 1. 104

2 (Ges 0. 768 74 0. 656 0. 688 0. 176+ 1. 152

0. 768 74 0. 640 0. 672 0. 192+ 1. 120

| 13 Gast 0. 688 4 0. 544 0. 512 0. 176-++0. 848
| 0. 688 3 0. 560 0. 512 0. 176+-0. 848
14G___| 0. 640 3 0. 512 0. 528 0. 160+ 0. 864

0. 640 2 OF SL? 0. 512 0. 176-+0., 848
0. 624 4 0. 4382 0. 448 0. 176+0. 912

T5Gzes| 0. 608 4 0. 448 0. 448 0. 176+0. 912

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 69

Antennal tubercles very large and distinct. Beak reaching be-
yond second coxae. Cornicles long, slender, somewhat swollen,
plainly reticulated at tip, swollen portion imbricated.. Cauda long,
slender, not distinctly constricted, three sets of lateral hairs.

Measurements as follows:

Cornicles
No. Head Cauda ; a
Length | Reticula- | wigex | smallX | Flange
t Eee ee 0. 408 ie 0. 624 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048
0. 640 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056
Deen er a6 0. 352 0. 704 0. O8O 0. 064 0.040 | 0. 056
0. 704 0. OSO 0. 064. 0. 040 0. 056
uve Er 0. 432 0. 368 0. 880 0. 112 0. 072 0. 048 0. 056
0. 896 0. 104 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
7 nari eases 0. 416 0. 304 0. 672 0. O8O 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
0. 704 0. 096 0. 064 0.040 | 0. 056
[Ss pape 0. 416 0. 320 0. 656 0. OSO 0. 064 0.040 | 0. 056
| 0. 672 0. 080 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
Gree ows 0: 416 0. 296 0. 720 0. O80 0. 072 0.040 | 0. 056
0. 704 0. O80 0. 064 0.040 | 0. 056
ee aes 0.400 | 0. 272 0. 608 0. O80 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056
0. 656 0. OSO 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056
ile. eee 0. 400 0. 304 0. 752 0. O8O 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
ONZ52 0. O8O 0. 072 0.040 | 0. 064
Quast t 0. 408 0. 304 0. 720 0. OSO 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
0. 704 0. O80 0. 072 0. 040 0. 064
IOC MES Ss 0.448 | 0. 336 0. 720 0. 096 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
0. 720 0. 096 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
THEGS 1s 0.:448 | 0. 320 0. 720 0. OSO 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
0. 704 0. OSO 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
A2GO___ s 0. 392 0. 304 0. 704 0. OSO 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
0. 704 0. 080 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056
TIGO.-_£ 0. 416 ? 0. 688 0. OSO 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
0. 688 0. OSO 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056
Ta Gee 0. 384 ? 0. 560 0. O8O 0. 056 0. 040 0. 064
0. 560 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056
hy Ge eae 0. 376 0. 232 0. 512 0. 048 ? iY ?
0. 496 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056
Apterous nymphal measurements
Head Cornicle Til IV Vv VI
0..352 0. 368 0. 240 0. 208 0. 288 0. 096-+0. 592
0. 368 0. 240 0. 208 0. 272 0. 112+ 0. 592
0. 360 0. 384 0. 232 0. 208 0. 256 0. 112+-0..568
2 0. 240 0. 208 0. 280 0.120+ ?
0. 416 0. 560 0. 480 0. 528 0. 528 0. 160+ 1. 008
0. 560 0. 480 0. 512 0. 520 0. 152+ 1. 008
? 0. 560 0. 432 0. 384 0. 416 0. 144+0. 736
0. 560 0. 448 0. 384 0. 400 0. 128+0. 752

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Apterous oviparous female.—Antennae about one-third longer
than body, light colored (in balsam mount), imbrications not con-
spicuous, hairs small, shorter than width of segment, III with one to
three circular sensoria near base. Antennal measurements as follows:

No. Il IV Vv VE
ieee S 0. 720 0. 608 0. 608 0. 160+ 0. 928
0. 736 0. 608 0. 608 0. 160+0. 912
7 IA Se eB: 0. 640 0. 592 0. 560 0. 184+ 0. 848
0. 640 0. 608 0. 560 0. 184-++ 0. 864
nes AE soa 0. 592 0. 528 0. 544 0.176+ ?
0. 592 0. 544 0. 560 0. 176+-0. 864

Antennal tubercles large and prominent. Beak reaching second
coxae. Hind tibiae with usual sensoria present, more numerous in
center than at ends. Cornicles long and slender, only slightly
swollen, distinctly reticulated at tip. Cauda conical, not constricted,
with three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows:

Cornicle
No Head Cauda E
Length Reveals: Wide X | Small X Flange
j

dbase chee a et 0. 448 0. 304 0. 656 0. 064 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064

Be nearer Os| pegs peg Sk 0. 672 0. 064 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064

ere e 0. 4382 0. 296 0. 704 0. 048 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064
fe SRN Fae a aield 0. 704 0. 048 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064

5 Ee Oe 0. 424 0. 304 0. 640 0. 048 0. 048 0. 040 0. 056

Lele Te, Pt 0.624 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.040] 0. 064

Described from two alates, nine apterous viviparous females, and
three apterous oviparous females, all taken by H. V. Scammell at
Whitesbog, N. J. The alates and viviparous apterous forms were
taken on blueberry on June 28 and July 11, 1915. The oviparous
females were taken on December 1, 1914, on ‘‘three square’ while
cranberry bog was being flooded. The specimens marked in the
tables of measurements as 10G, 11G, and 12G were collected by Dr.
T. L. Guyton at Hartstown, Pa., June 22, 1921, on Vaccinium corym-
bosum. They are designated as paracotypes. Those marked 13G,
14G, and 15G are from Guyton, taken on Vaccinium stamineum and
appear to be the same, but on a different species of Vaccinium. I
have also received a single apterous viviparous female taken on
Vaccinium, species in Massachusetts on July 8, 1921, by Harold
Morrison.

Cotypes.—Deposited in the U. S. National Museum, No. 26380.
Paracotypes in the collection of Dr. T. L. Guyton.

arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 71

AMPHOROPHORA VAGANS (Van der Goot)

Rhopalosiphum vagans VAN DER Goot, Records of the Indian Museum, vol.
13, pt. 4, no. 2, 1917, p. 177.

All I know of this species is in Van der Goot’s original account.

AMPHOROPHORA ZHURAVLEVI Mordyilko

Acyrthosiphon (Amphorophora) rubi zhuravleri MorpvitKo, Fauna de la
Russie, vol. 1, liv. 2, 1919, p. 265.

Mordvilko described this form as a subspecies of rubi Kaltenbach.
I have not seen it, but judging from his description it is a good species.
The apterous form can be distinguished from rubi Kaltenbach by the
differences in proportion of the antennal segments (see page 54).
I quote herewith a translation of Mordvilko by A. J. Bruman.

Apterous viviparous female-——Depth of frontal furrow represents about three-
tenths the distance between the bases of the antennae. Mouth of furrow about
two-thirds this distance. The projection of the vertex is distinct. Antennae
somewhat longer than the body. The third segment is one and three-sevenths to
one and one-half times longer than the fourth and this one is only slightly longer
than the fifth. The base of VI equals one-fifth to two-elevenths the length of
the third segment, and the unguis of the sixth segment is one and two-ninths times
or thereabouts longer than the third. On the third segment near the base there
are 3-4 sensoria, its longest hairs reach three-fifths to four-fifths of the diameter of
the proximal part of the segment. The cornicles reach one-fifth to two-ninths
the length of the body; toward the base they become wider, at one-fourth
to one-third from the base they become narrow, from the point to one-third
from the end they widen and finally, at the flange they again become narrow.
Cornicles without sculpture, except at the very tip one may notice 2-3 trans-
verse, ring-shaped ribs. The cornicles are two and one-half to two and one-
third times longer than the cauda. The cauda is long-triangular with uneven
laterial edges, with 4-5 bristly hairs on each side. Length of body of two speci-
mens was 3.11-3.21 mm. Color as in Ac. rubi rubi; that is, pale yellowish-green.

Measurements of two specimens from Uralsk 3.11—1.47: Frontal furrow, 0.07;
between bases of antennae, 0.23; mouth of furrow, 0.14; width of furrow at the
middle of its depth, 0.12, at base 0.08; frontal vertex projection, 0.009; hairs on
each side, 0.053. Antennae, 3.43, with the following measurements of individual
segments: 0.13, 0.10, 0.86, 0.57 (0.59), 0.54, 0.18 (0.17), 1.06. Hairs on the third
segment, 0.017—0.035 (0.017—0.031) ; diameter of proximal part of segment 0.0438,
near base 3 sensoria. Cornicles 0.66 (0.68), their thickness: 0.10 (base), 0.056
(0.22 from base), 0.070 (0.23 from tip), 0.046 (in front of flange), 0.063 (flange).
Cauda, 0.26; its thickness 0.15 (base), 0.12 (0.11 from tip); on each side there are
four hairs. The posterior femora, 1.16; tibia, 2.15: tarsi, 0.15 (0.046, 0.13);
claws, 0.043; hairs on leg, 0.33, 0.066; the diameter of the proximal part of the leg
0.050, 3.21, 1.54. Frontal projection, 0.009; hairs on the sides, 0.060. Antennae,
3.52, with the following size of separate segments: 0.13, 0.10, 0.86, (0.87), 0.59
(0.61), 0.56 (0.58), 0.18 (0.17), 1.10 (1.06). Hairs on the third segment, 0.014-
0.027; diameter of proximal part of segment, 0.047; near the base are 4 sensoria.
Cornicles, 0.67; their thickness, 0.10, 0.053 (0.19 from base), 0.070 (0.22 from
tip), 0.046 (0.016 from tip). 0.046 (in front of flange), 0.070 (flange). The
cauda is 0.29 (length), 0.17 (base), 0.10 (0.14 from end); on each side 4-5 hairs.
Posterior femora, 1.16; tibia, 2.32; tarsi, 0.15 (0.046, 0.12); claws, 0.043. Hairs
on posterior tibia, 0.026—0.066; diameter of the proximal part of the tibia, 0.053.

Male.—The males are winged. Vertexasin Ac.rubirubi. Inthe antennae the
third segment considerably (for instance one and two-fifth times) exceeds the
fourth, and this one is one and one-fifth longer than the fifth. The unguis of the
sixth segment is one and one-sixth times longer than the third segment, the base

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE’ NATIONAL MUSEUM yOL. 67

of the sixth segment is one-sixth the length of the third. The hairs on the
third segment reach almost two-thirds the diameter of the proximal part of
the segment. Secondary sensoria are found not only on the third and fifth
segments, but also on the fourth. The cornicles reach one-fourth the length of
the body, they-widen toward the base; from this point to one-fourth from the
base they become narrow, then to one-third from the end they widen; from this
point to the flange they become narrow again. The head, prothorax, and
tubercles of thorax are dark or tawny; the antennae, with the exception of the base
of the third segment, and the cornicles are tawny. On the upper part of the
abdomen there is on some specimens a median dark stripe (of spots) and on seg-
ments 2—5 there are marginal dark disks.

Measurements of one specimen 2.12—0.68: Frontal furrow, 0.07; between the
bases of the antennae, 0.20; mouth of furrow, 0.13; width at the middle of its depth
0.11; at base 0.08; frontal vertex projection, 0.007. Antennae, 4.27, with the
following measurements of individual-segments: 0.12, 0.08, 1:14 (1.13), 0.88
(0.82), 0.69, 0.18+1.23. Hairs on the third segment, 0.017—0.029; diameter of
proximal part of segment, 0.047. Sensoria on the third segment placed thickly
over its entire length; on the fourth segment there are 3 (8) sensoria; on the
fifth 15 (14) in addition to the permanent one. The cornicles are 0.55; their
thickness, 0.066 (base), 0.042 (0.12 from base), 0.066 (0.17 from end), 0.042
(0.013 from end), 0.040 (in front of flange), 0.062 (flange). Cauda, 0.16 (length),
0.12 (base), 0.08 (0.09 from tip); on each side are five hairs. The posterior femur,
1.14; tibia, 2.28; tarsi, 0.14 (0.04, 0.11); claws, 0.043.

Distribution.—These aphids are so far known from the environs of the city of
Uralsk. Apparently it is distributed over Siberia, at least Western Siberia.
Unfortunately there is no material at present from various parts of Siberia. On
the lower part of the river Amur occurs Ac. rubi amurense.

Life habits—During the first part of September in the vicinity of Uralsk there
were collected wingless females, a young oviparous female (in the fourth stage of
development), a winged male and a nymph of a male. In general the life history
must be identical with that of Ac. rubi rubi.

SPECIES NOT PLACED

Following are descriptions of two alate males, which I have not
placed specifically.
Pergande No. 5591

Antennae about twice as long as body, dark colored, very tuber-
culate; hairs small, much shorter than width of segment. Antennal
tubercles very small. Small prothoracic tubercles showing. Abdo-
men with lateral dark patches. Cornicles of uniform color, long,
plainly swollen, faintly imbricated at tip. Cauda constricted, one
dorsal and three lateral hairs present.

Ill esis Iv Ponaara Vv Bénserin vI
| 0..768 56 0. 512 25 0. 448 8 0..128+ 0. 784
0. 752 60 0. 512 22 0. 432 9 0.:152+ 0. 928
Cornicle
Head Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
0. 480 0. 16 0. 352 0. 072 0. 04 0. 048
0. 400 0. 072 0. 04 0. 048

ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON is

Pergande left the following note:

“©5591? Rhop. lactucae? December 4.94. Found one winged male
on under side of leaf of turnip, which may belong to this species.
Dark parts black; light parts yellow. Prothorax in front and behind
orange; base and end of abdomen orange, rest yellow, six dusky
transv. medio-dorsal spots; lateral spots black. Mounted in balsam.”

Quaintance No. 22023, Bragg No. 117

Taken on grass at Marblehead, Mass., October 11, 1920, by L. C.
Bragg.

Alate Male.—Antennae dark colored, very tuberculate. Hairs
long, heavy, conspicuous. Antennal tubercles very short. Beak
reaching second coxae. No prothoracic or abdominal tubercles
showing. Cornicles long, moderately swollen, dark colored, lighter
at base, inconspicuously reticulate at tip. Cauda long, slender,
constricted. Measurements as follows:

Antennal measurements

No. Fle en | eye eee \ agh peooiay VI
1 [aes ee 0. 864 90 0. 480 25 0. 448 14 0. 112+?
0. 832 81 0. 448 24 0. 492 16 0. 112+?
De LEY: 0. 816 69 i | ond a ? ts
0. 816 66 ? eee ? i ?
|
Other measurements
Cornicle
Cauda
Length Wide X Small X Flange
0. 184 0. 488 0. 080 0. 04 0. 048
0. 160 0. 448 0. 072 0. 04 0. 048
0. 432 0. 072 0.04 0. 048
Last instar nymph
Ill | IV Vv VI Head Se oie
0. 480 0. 304 0. 304 0. 08+ 0. 784 0. 608 0. 416 0. 096
0. 480 | O22 0. 288 0.08+ ? 0. 416 Osa

43328—25t|——6

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PuatTEe 1

1-3. Amphorophora alni, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
1. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 2. Head of apterous form.
3. Antennae of apterous form.
4-6. Amphorophora braggi, new species.
(Drawings by Mrs. Awl.)
4. Antennae of alate form. 5. Head of alate form. 6. Cornicle and
cauda of_ alate form.
7-9. Amphorophora brittenit (Theobald).
(Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Theobald.)
7. Antenna of apterous form. 8. Antenna of alate form. 9. Cornicles
of alate form.
10-13. Amphorophora solani (Thomas).
(Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Davis.)
10. Antenna of alate form. 11. Head of alate form. 12. Cauda of
alate form. 13. Cornicle of alate form.
74

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PLATE 2.

14-26. Amphorophora cosmopolitana, new name.
(Drawings by the author.)
14. Cornicle and cauda of apterous spring form (drawing by Mrs. Awl).
15. Antenna of apterous, spring form (by Mrs. Awl). 16. Head
of apterous spring form (by Mrs. Awl). 17. Antenna of alate
summer form. 18. Antenna of apterous summer form. 19.
Cornicle and cauda of apterous summer form. 20. Head of
oviparous female. 21. Cornicle and cauda of alate summer
form. 22. Head of apterous summer form. 23. Cornicle and
cauda of oviparous female. 24. Head of summer alate form.
25. Antenna of oviparous female. 26. Posterior tibia of ovi-
parous female.
27-32. Amphorophora davidsoni, new species.
(Drawings by Mrs. Awl.)
27. Cornicle and cauda of oviparous female. 28. Head and antenna
of oviparous female. 29. Cauda of male. 30. Antenna of male.
31. Posterior tibia of oviparous female. 382. Cornicle of male.
75

PLATE 3.

33-44. Amphorophora cosmopolitana, new name.

(Drawings by the author.)

33. Antenna of male. 34. Antenna of alate spring form (drawing by

Mrs. Awl). 35. Deformed antenna of male (drawing by Mrs.
Awl). 36. Cornicle and cauda of alate spring form (drawing by
Mrs. Awl). 37. Head of alate spring form (drawing by Mrs.
Awl). 38. Head of male. 39. Head of fall migrant. 40. Male.
41. Cornicle and cauda of male. 42. Abdomen of male (drawing
by Mrs. Awl). 48. Cornicle and cau da of fall migrant. 44
Antenna of fall migrant.

PEs 3

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ART. 20 PL. 4

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PLATE 4

45-48. Amphorophora carduellina (Theobald).
(Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Theobald.)
45. Antenna of apterous form. 46-47. Cornicle of apterous form.
48. Cauda of apterous form.
49-54. Amphorophora oleraceae (v. d. Goot).
(Drawings by Mrs. Awl.)
49. Antenna of apterous form. 50. Cornicle and cauda of apterous
form. 51. Head of apterous form. 52. Head of alate form.
53. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 54. Antenna of alate
form.
55-58. Amphorophora pallida, new species.
(Drawings by author.)
55. Head of apterous form. 56. Antenna of apterous form. 57
Cauda of apterous form. 58. Cornicle of apterous form.
59-61. Amphorophora rhododendronia, new species.
(Drawings by author.)
59. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 60. Head of apterous form.
61. Antenna of apterous form.

ris

62-66.

67-69.

10-11.

W211.

(S19:

PLATE 5

Amphorophora brittenii (Theobald).
(Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Jackson.)

62. Head and antenna of oviparous female. 63. Cornicle of ovipa-
rous female. 64. Cauda of oviparous female. 65. Segment III
of antenna, oviparous female. 66. Posterior tibia and tarsi of
oviparous female.

Amphorophora carduellina (Theobald).
(Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Theobald.)
67. Cornicle of alate form. 68. Head and antenna of alate form. 69.
Alate form.
Amphorophora formosana Takahashi.
(Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Takahashi.)
70. Cornicle of apterous form. 71. Head of apterous form.
Amphorophora pergandei, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)

72. Antenna of alateform. 73. Head of alateform. 74. Cornicle and
cauda of alate form. 75. Head of apterous form. 76. Cornicle
and cauda of apterous form. 77. Antenna of apterous form.

Amphorophora takahashii, new species.
(Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Takahashi.)
78. Head of apterous form. 79. Cornicle of apterous form.

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80-84

85-88

89-91

oo 4

PLATE 6

. Amphorophora cicutae Shinji.
(Drawings by Mrs. Awl from photomicrograph of type.)
80. Cauda of alate form. 81. Cornicle of alate form. 82. Antenna of
alate form. 83. Antennal segment III of apterous form (from
84. Cornicle of apterous form (from Shinji).
. Amphorophora evansi Theobald.
(Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Theobald.)
85. Head and antenna of apterous form. 86. Cornicles of apterous
87. Cauda of apterous form. 88. Tibia of apterous

Shinji).

form.
form.

. Amphorophora hayhursti, new species.
(Drawings by author.)

89. Head of alate form.

Antenna of alate form.
. Amphorophora morrisoni (Swain).
(Drawings by author.)

92. Antenna of alate form.

90. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 91.

93. Head of apterous form. 94. Cornicle

and cauda of apterous form. 95. Cornicle and cauda of alate

form.

96. Head of alate form.

97. Antenna of apterous form.

PLATE 7

98-100. Amphorophora corylina (Davidson).
(Drawings by the author.)
98. Cornicle and cauda of alate form.
Antenna of alate form.
101-108. Amphorophora essigwanai, new name.
(Drawings by the author.)

101. Head of intermediate form. 102. Cornicle of intermediate form.
103. Antenna of intermediate form. 104. Antenna of apterous
form. 105. Antenna of alate form. 106. Cornicle of apterous

form. 107. Head of alate form. 108. Cornicle and cauda of
alate form.

99. Head of alate form. 100,

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a LOL oiieraancr roar BE
ol

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PLATE 8

109-111. Amphorophora borealis, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
109. Antenna of apterous form. 110. Cornicle and cauda of apterous
form. 111. Head of apterous form.
112-117. Amphorophora laingi, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
112. Antenna of alateform. 113. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form.
114. Head of apterous form. 115. Head of alate form (drawing
by Mr. Awl). 116. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 117.
Antenna of apterous form.

PLATE 9

118-126. Amphorophora nabali (Oestlund).
(Drawings by the author.)
118. Antenna of intermediate form. 119. Antenna of alateform. 120.
Head of alate form. 121. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form.
122. Head of apterous form. 123. Cornicle and cauda of als:
form. 124. Cornicle and cauda of intermediate form. 125.
Antenna of apterous form. 126. Head of intermediate form.

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Puate 10

127-129. Amphorophora mitchelli, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
127. Cornicle and cauda of alate form.
129. Antenna of alate form.
130-138. A mphorophora nervata (Gillette).
(Drawings by the author.)
130. Antenna of male. 131. Head of male.

133. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 134. Head of apterous
form. 135. Head of alate form. 136. Cornicle and cauda of

apterous form. 137. Antenna of alate form. 136. Antenna of
apterous form.

128. Head of alate form

132. Cornicle of male.

. 83

PuatTE 11

139-141. Amphorophora davidsoni, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
139. Antenna of alate form. 140. Head of alate form. 141.
and cauda of alate form.
142-143. Amphorophora reticulata, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
142. Cornicle and cauda of alate form.
144-149. Amphorophora rubicola (Oestlund).

(Drawings by the author.)
144. Antenna of apterous form. 145. Cornicle and cauda of apterous

form. 146. Head of apterous form. 147. Head of alate form.
148. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 149. Antenna of alate

form.

Cornicle

143. Antenna of alate form.

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PuatTr 12

150-157. Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach).
(Drawings by the author.)

150. Antenna of male. 151. Head of alate form. 152. Cornicle of
male. 153. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 154. Antenna of
alateform. 155. Antenna of apterousform. (Drawing by Mrs.
Awl.) 156. Head of apterous form. (Drawings by Mrs.

Awl.) 157. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. (Drawing
by Mrs. Awl.)

PLATE 13

158-163. Amphorophora sensoriata Mason.
(Drawings by the author.)

158. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 159. Cornicle and cauda
of alate. 160. Head of alate form. 161. Head of apterous
form. 162. Antenna of apterous form. 163. Antenna of alate
form.

164-168. Amphorophora spiraecola (Patch).
(Drawings by the author.)

164. Antenna of alate form. 165. Head of apterous form. 166. An-
tenna of apterousform. 167. Cornicle of alate form. 168. Cor-
nicle and cauda of apterous form.

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PuaTE 14

169-173. Amphorophora aconiti (van der Goot).
(Drawings by the author.)
169. Head of alate form. 170. Head of apterous form. 171. Cornicle
of apterous form. 172. Abdomen and cornicle of alate form.
173. Antenna of alate form.
174-176. Amphorophora maxima, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
174. Antenna of alate form. 175. Cornicle and cauda of alate form.

176. Head of alate form. oe

Puate 15

177-178. Amphorophora minima, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
177. Antenna of alate form. 178. Cornicle of alate form.
179-188. Amphorophora vaccinii, new species.
(Drawings by the author.)
179. Antenna of oviparous female. 180. Antenna of apterous form.
181. Antenna of alate form. 182. Posterior tibia of oviparous
female. 183. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 184. Head of
alate form. 185. Cornicle and cauda of oviparous female.
186. Head of oviparous female. 187. Head of apterous form.

188. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form.
88

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190

APHIDS OF THE GENUS AMPHOROPHORA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 89

PLATE 16

(Drawings by Carlo Zeimet.)
189. Amphorophora laingi, new species.
190. Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach).

PLATE 17

(Drawings by Carlo Zeimet.)
191. Amphorophora vaccinii, new species.
Apterous form.
192. Amphorophora vaccinit, new species.
Oviparous female.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20

192

APHIDS OF THE GENUS AMPHOROPHORA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 90

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APHIDS OF THE GENUS AMPHOROPHORA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 91

PuatTE 18

(Drawings by Carlo Zeimet.)
193. Amphorophora rubicola (Oestlund).
194. Amphorophora nabali (Oestlund).
Intermediate form.

INDEX

This index contains the generic and specific names of aphids used in this paper.

Valid generic names are

in bold-face type; valid specific names belonging to Amphorophora are in lower case roman; valid specific
names not considered to belong to the genus .4mphorophora are in small caps; synonyms are in italics]

Page
aconit (vanider Goot)2-.2-- 2 EG ve
alni Mason: 22 ee ee ee ae 7,9
Amphorophora Bucktone-- 2-2 sa eee 2
ampullate Buektonsessesas22-s6 o-oo 3, 7, 10, 32
amurensis Mord vilkoz-2--22 2). - 22 oe. 7, 10, 54
arbuti (Davidson) ---------- HE he 5 eae 43
azalese: Mason: =-=- soa se oe eas Cent
betae:(iheobald) 2-222 22S oe ae 12
Dorealis'Mason=4 2c. s)he ee a eae 7,12
brag gieNViaSOn tases eae eee ees 6, 13
Dritlemie (neon ald) eee a a ee reas 5, 14
earduellina (Theobald) _-..-.-------=---= 4, 6, 7,14
Gicutae Shin jie 2 =e eee eee 6, 15
CONVOLVULDT Kaltenbachz:----222=22-=2522 = 2
conyvlina) (Davidson) ha===s= == eae §, 15
cosmopolitana Mason ----_------ 4,6, 7, 14, 16, 46, 49
davidson Miason: seen eee 6, 26, 58
Eunectarosiphon Del Guercio---------------- 2
e@ssigwanaidViasonss--- == ee ee ee 3, 5, 6, 29
Ovansi Eheobald sss. o-oo ee eee 7, 31
formosanavvakahsshiessp ses eee 4, 7,31
jragarielia (Theobald)- =-=_=-----=-- === 53, 54, 57
NayhurshiViason sss ee 5, 31
HYDRANGEAE Matsumura---_---------------- 4
INDICUM (vanider Goot)m-_ see en 29
lactucae (Kaltenbach) _-___-_------ 4, 16, 17, 18, 26, 46
LAGTUCAT: TInnaeuse foe ee eee 16, 17, 18
JaingimViasone sae ote ae eee ee 3, 6, 7, 32
LONICERICOERA ‘Takahashi= ==22 esse? oes 4
Macrosiphum Del Guercio (not Macrosiphum

iPasserini)\= +--+ 2-o2eoc-ee seer sooe eee 2
Macrosiphum Oestlund (Not Marcosiphum
Passerini)ic2 22 2.2 222i noose eee See eee 2

Page
MAGNOLIAE Essig and Kuwana-___---------- 4
Ms xia) MiaSOne. 232) cee sae eee ae 6, 35, 58
Megoura, Buckton_-- 52 3-es ses = poeee eee 4,5
mintatum Matsumura 22-222 ae ee 29
Minima Mason .2522 232-22 nee ee ee eee 6, 36
mitchelli Masone..-= 5.052 22 See eee 5. 36
Morrison (Swain) see ee ee 6, 37
Myzotdes van deri Go0ta- 22-2 22) =- 64
Mykus: Passerint<2 222-8 Jeo see 2
nabali(Oestlund) 22 = ee ee 3, 6, 7, 40
Nectarosiphon Schouteden --.--..------------ 2
mervata (Gillette) -- 4-93 ee ee 6, 7, 43
oleraceae (van der Goot)-._-_-_--------+--- 4, 6, 7, 46
pallida Mason. te ee eee 6, 48
pergandei Masonic! 22eineseiesst a. __ 6, 7, 18, 49
PERSICAH( Sulzer oo ee 64
reticulata Mason 2-22) =5ssene ene eae 5, 51
RHINANTHI Schouteden= 22222255 = eee ee 4
rhododendronia. Wason:_-----=-= =e 6; 7,51
Rhopalosiphum van der Goot (not Rhopalo-
siphum: Koch)". 2220 =o) ee 2
RIBIS WinnAeuS: -22 <2 ee eee 16, 17, 18
rubi (Kaltenbach)----------- 6, 7, 26, 27, 52, 54, 61, 71
Tubicola (Oestlund) see ee ee 6, 27, 35, 58.
Sensoriata Masons === 3, 6, 7, 53, 61
Solani' (Thomas) .2==22-22-2- 2222s -42— ee 6, 64
sonchifoliae Takahashi-__---------------- 4, 46, 47, 48
spiraecola (Pateh)/_-22=222=- = 12 5, 7, 65
SUBTERRANS) Wilsons-¢-=-5 eee eee 4
takahashii. Masonee ese peene ee ee eee 7, 67
Vaccinil Mason. ..o22--5- se-2see> eee ee 5, 7, 67
vagans. (van der GOot) = assesses seen 6, 71
7huravlevin NLOLG Vil KO ene. see eee 7, 54, 71

STUDIES ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

By Frerpinanp Canu
Of Versailles, France
AND
Ray S. Basser
Of Washington, District of Columbia

The present paper is our second contribution to the above subject,
the first having been published in 1922! under the subtitle of “ Fossil
and Recent Parallelata and Rectangulata.’”’ As explained in this
first paper, our efforts are especially directed, first, to the study of the
internal structure of these organisms by means of thin sections in
order to determine the method of gemmation and the occurrence and
structure of the various kinds of tubes, and, second, to the function
of reproduction as brought out by the ovicells. Cyclostomatous
bryozoa are extremely abundant in certain Mesozoic rocks; indeed,
they form almost the entire bryozoan fauna of most formations
before the Upper Cretaceous.

2. LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

The Cretaceous Cyclostomata have received attention from many
authors, but particularly through the work of D’ Orbigny in volume
5 of the Paléontologie francaise and Gregory in his two volumes of
the Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum.
Both of these authors, in fact most previous students, have adoped
an artificial classification which in the number of genera proposed
and the slight reasons for their existence is amazing. Gregory’s two
volumes are valuable contributions to the bibliographic and _histori-
cal sides of the subject and his studies of the internal structure mark
a great advance in the science. Our studies carry Gregory’s efforts
still further; in fact, our main object has been an effort to determine
the natural generic characters in this group.

We have undertaken the study of the Lower Cretaceous Cyclosto-
mata at this time due to our possession of ample, well-preserved

1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, pp. 1-160, 28 pls., 40 text figs.

No. 2593.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 21.
53648—26——1 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

collections from the two classic localities, Farmgdon?, England, and
Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. The Faringdon specimens coming from
the Aptian division of the Lower Cretaceous were secured for us per-
sonally by W. E. Crane, of Washington, D. C., who with his usual
generosity presented all of the material to the United States National
Museum for study. Mr. Crane not only obtained an excellent rep-
resentation of the large forms but also made extensive siftings of the
Faringdon sands, thus securing many small ramose examples which
are usually overlooked by collectors.

The Swiss Lower Cretaceous material from the locality in the Val-
angian division at Sainte-Croix was loaned us for study through the
courtesy of Dr. Samuel Henshaw, director of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. All of the type specimens
from Faringdon are the property of the United States National
Museum while those from Sainte-Croix are shared with the Museum
of Comparative Zoology.

Gregory’s excellent bibliography of papers dealing with Cretaceous
bryozoa published in volume 2 of his Catalogue of Fossil Bryozoa in
the British Museum makes it unnecessary for us to quote the litera-
ture upon this subject. We have not been able to rediscover all the
species described from the two localities studied, but we give in the
following two lists all of the species considered in the present paper.

ALPHABETIC LIST OF BRYOZOA

LOWER CRETACEOUS (APTIAN) FARINGDON, ENGLAND

Berenicea faringdonensis, new species.
Berenicea filifera, new species.
Berenicea grandipora, new species.
Berenicea pulchella De Loriol, 1863.
Berenicea (Reptomultisparsa) tenella De Loriol, 1868.
Berenicea parvula, new species.
Cardioecia faringdonensis, new species.
Cardioecia pauper, new species.

Cea granulata, new species.

Cellulipora spissa Gregory, 1899.
Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species.
Clausa cranei, new species.

Clausa zonifera, new species.

Clinopora quadripartita, new species.
Diaperoecia orbifera, new species.
Diaperoecia simplex, new species.
Heteropora nummularia, new species.
Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853.
Laterocavea intermedia, new species.
Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845.
Meliceritites cunningtoni Gregory, 1899.

? The several spellings of this name are known to us but we understand that the present form of the
word is the correct one.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER

Meliceritites haimeana D’Orbigny, 1851.
Meliceritites semiclausa Gregory, 1899.
Meliceritites transversa, new species.
Microecia (Proboscina) cornucopia D’Orbigny, 13851.
Multicrescis mammilosa, new species.
Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909.
Multigalea marginata, new species.
Neuropora micropora, new species.
Neuropora tenuinervosa, new species.
Neuroporella hemispherica, new species.
Notoplagioecia faringdonensis, new species
Plethopora aptensis, new species.
Proboscina coarctata, new species.
Proboscina depressa D’Orbigny, 18¢-
Proboscina radiolitorum D’Orbigny, 1351.
Proboscina ricordeauana D’Orbigny, 1868.
Proboscina virgula D’Orbigny, 1851.
Proboscina zic-zac D’Orbigny, 1851.
Radiopora tuberculata D’Orbigny, 1850.
Reptoclausa denticulata, new species.
Reptoclausa hagenowi Sharpe, 1854.
Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909.
Seminodicrescis nodosa D’Orbigny, 1854.
Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849.
Siphodictyum irregulare, new species.
Sparsicavea irregularis D’Orbigny, 1851.
Stomatopora calypso D’Orbigny, 1850.
Tholopora virgulosa Gregory, 1909.
Tretocycloecia densa, new species.
Tretocycloecia multiporosa, new species.

LOWER CRETACEOUS (VALANGIAN) SAINTE-CROIX, SWITZERLAND

Actinopora stellata Koch and Dunker, 1837.
Berenicea confluens Reuss, 1846.
Berenicea flabelliformis Roemer, 1839.
Berenicea gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838.
Berenicea pulchella De Loriol, 1863.
Cardioecia hyselyi De Loriol, 1869.
Cardioecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853.
Cardioecia verticellata, new species.
Cardioecia verticellata, var. entalophoroides, new variety.
Ceriocava grandipora, new species.
Ceriocava ingens, new species.

Ceriocava multilamellosa, new species.
Ceriocava junctata, new species.

Ceriocava tenuirama, new species.
Ceriopora aequipedis, new species.
Ceriopora angustipedis, new species.
Ceriopora fallax, new species.

Ceriopora lobifera, new species.

Ceriopcra nummularia, new species.
Ceriopora ovoidea, new species.

Ceriopora parvipora, new species.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

Ceriopora solida, new species.

Ceriopora spongioides, new species.
Ceriopora tenuis, new species.

Chartecytis compressa, new species.
Corymbopora neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1854.
Cyrtopora campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853.
Defranciopora neocomiensis, new species.
Diplocava globulosa, new species.

Diplocava incondita, new species.

Diplocava inordinata, new species.
Diplocava orbiculifera, new species.
Fasciculipora flabellata D’Orbigny, 1853.
Leiosoecia aequiporosa, new species.
Leiosoecia constanti D’Orbigny, 1850.
Leiosoecia grandipora, new species.
Leiosoecia proxima, new species.
Mecynoecia icaunensis D’Orbigny, 1850.
Mecynoecia verticillata Goldfuss, 1827.
Mesenteripora marginata D’Orbigny, 1853.
Microecia cornucopia D’Orbigny, 1857.
Multicrescis (Acanthopora) formosa, new species.
Multicrescis galaefera, new species.
Multicrescis lamellosa, new species.
Multicrescis landrioti Michelin, 1841.
Multicrescis parvipora, new species.
Multicrescis pulchella, new species.
Multicrescis tuberosa Roemer, 1839.
Multifascigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853.
| Multitubigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853.
Nematifera acuta D’Orbigny, 1853.
Nematifera incrustans, new species.
Nematifera reticuloides, new species.
Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny, 1853.
Neuropora arbuscula, new species.
Neuropora ramosa, new species.

Proboscina crassa Roemer, 1839.

Proboscina toucasiana D’Orbigny, 1851.
Proboscina zic-zac D’Orbigny, 1851.
Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853.
Reptoclausa meandrina De Loriol, 1868.
Reptoclausa neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853.
Reptomulticava bellula De Loriol, 1869.
Retenoa campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853.
Spinopora neocomiensis, new species.
Spiroclausa neocomiensis De Loriol, 1863.
Stomatopora filiformis De Loriol, 1863.
Stomatopora granulata, var. neocomiensis, new variety.
Trigonoecia haimeana De Loriol, 1863.

Trigonoecia (Mesenteripora) neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853.

Trigonoecia semota, new species.
Trigonoecia tubulosa D’Orbigny, 1850.
Zonopora arborea Koch and Dunker, 1837.
Zonopora compressa, new species.

VOL, 67

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 5

Order CYCLOSTOMATA Busk
Division INOVICELLATA

Family DIASTOPORIDAE Gregory, 1899
Forma STOMATOPORA Bronn, 1825
STOMATOPORA CALYPSO D’Orbigny, 1850

Plate 26, fig. 11

1899. Stomatopora calypso GreGcory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 1, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9. (Bibliography, geologi-
cal distribution.)

Our specimen approaches, in its small oral dimensions, Figure 9 of
Gregory, 1899, which represents a specimen from the Albian of Hun-
stanton. Here the aperture measures only 0.10 mm. in diameter.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69829, U.S.N.M.

STOMATOPORA FILIFORMIS De Lorsiol, 1863

1863. Stomatopora filiformis Dr Lortou, Les invertéhbrés du Néocomien inférieur
du Mont Saléve, p. 132, pl. 16, figs. 6, 7.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 by 0.10 mm. (0.07-
0.10 mm.); diameter of peristome, 0.12 mm.; diameter of zooecium,
0.14 mm. (0.15-0.17 mm.); length of zooecium, 0.56—0.60 mm. (0.50-
0.70 mm.). The Sainte Croix specimens are mediocre, and we have
based our determination on a good specimen from the Canu collec-
tion, in which the orifice is elliptical. The measurements in paren-
theses are the extremes shown on specimens from the Geneva Museum
determined by De Loriol.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Mont Saléve, near Geneva (Haut-
ervian) and Sainte Croix (Valangian), Switzerland.

Cat. No. 69830, U.S.N.M.

STOMATOPORA GRANULATA, var. NECCOMIENSIS, new variety

1838. Alecito granulata Minne Epwarps, Mémoire sur les Crisies, Annales
Sciences naturelles, vol. 9, p. 205, pl. 16, fig. 3.
1853. Stomatopora granulata D’OrBiaNy, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 836, pl. 628, figs. 5-8.
1868. Stomatopora granulata Dr Loriot, Monographie des couches de etage
Valangien d’Arzier (Vaud), Paléontologie Suisse, ser. 4, pl. 5, fig. 12.
Gregory, 1899 (p. 3), published a long synonomy of this species,
in which the geological occurrence is also equally great. This does
not seem to us perfectly exact and we prefer to form a special vari-
ety for the Lower Cretaceous specimens corresponding to the figures
of Milne Edwards and of D’Orbigny.
Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zooe-
cium, 0.30 mm.; length of zooecium, 0.70 mm.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland. The authors have noted this species at Arzier (Vaud),
at Vassy (Haute Marne), Les Saints-en-Puisaye and Les Crofites
(Yonne), and Morteau (Doubs), France.

Cat. No. 69831, U.S.N.M.

Genus CELLULIPORA D’Orbigny, 1849

1849. Cellulipora D’OrxBiany, Description de quelques genres nouveaux de
Mollusques bryozoaires, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, ser. 2, vol. 1,

p. 500.
CELLULIPORA SPISSA Gregory, 1899

Plate 26, figs. 8, 9

1899. Berenicea spissa Grucory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 1, p. 108, pl. 7, fig. 4.

Gregory, 1899, wrote: ‘‘The name of the species refers to the thick
form of the zoarium, but the most interesting feature of this bryozoan
is its tendency to grow in a series of zoarial groups, as if it were a
very primitive form of Cellulipora.”’

There is no reason to separate this species from the group Celluls-
pora, the exterior aspect being absolutely identical; the cellules are
very short and cylindrical.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England,
and Eirvy, Switzerland.

Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69832, U.S.N.M.

Forma PROBOSCINA Audouin, 1826
PROBOSCINA TOUCASIANA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 26, fig. 10

1853. Proboscina toucasiana D’OrsteNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 856, pl. 634, figs. 5, 6.

Gregory, in 1899, identified this species with Proboscina fasciculata
Reuss, 1845. This is possible, and we refer the reader to page 29
of his catalogue for the synonomy and geological distribution. How-
ever, it differs from Proboscina zic-zac D’Orbigny, 1851. Our speci-
mens correspond to the figure given by D’Orbigny and we therefore
cite only this reference.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69833, U.S.N.M.

PROBOSCINA CRASSA Roemer, 1839

Plate 27, fig. 3

1853. Proboscina crassa D’OrpBiGNY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé,
vol. 5, p. 848, pl. 631, figs. 9-11 (divaricata).

1899. Proboscina crassa Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 1, p.34. (Bibliography and geologic distribution.)

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 7

From our study of the Sainte-Croix specimens we have observed:

(1) The variety alectodes Gregory, 1899 (p. 38), known hitherto
only from the Upper Cretaceous, is now recognized in the Lower
Cretaceous by specimens indicating it is only one of the zoarial
forms.

(2) A specimen was noted expanded almost into the Berenicea
growth form, as in the variety elevata Gregory, 1899, from the
Lower Cretaceous.

(3) Another specimen corresponds rigorously to the figure pub-
lished by D’Orbigny.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland, Censeau (Doubs), Villers-le-lac (Jura), and Berklingen
(Germaine), France.

Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69834, U.S.N.M.

PROBOSCINA RADIOLITORUM D’Orbigny, 1851
Plate 27, figs. 1, 2

1899. Proboscina radiolitorum Grecory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in
the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 48, pl. 3, fig. 5. (Bibliography, geolog-
ical distribution.)

The figured specimen is incrusting asponge. Although this species
is easy to determine, it has not hitherto been observed in the Lower
Cretaceous.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69835, U.S.N.M.

PROBOSCINA ZIC-ZAC D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 29, fig. 7
1853. Proboscina zic-zac D’OrBieNny, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol.
5, p. 847. pl. 631, figs. 6, 7.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.16 mm.; length of zooecium, 0.32-0.40 mm. It seems to us
that Gregory is in error in identifying this species with Proboscina
fasciculata Reuss. The micrometric dimensions are different.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Geological distribution.—Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian): Vassy
(Haute Marne), France, and Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland
(D’Orbigny).

Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69840, U.S.N.M.

PROBOSCINA RICORDEAUANA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 27, figs. 7, 8

1853. Proboscina ricordeauana D’OrxtIeny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 850, pl. 750, fig. 6.

The specimen which we illustrate seems to agree very well with
the one figured by D’Orbigny. It incrusts a sponge.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Geological distribution.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian):Les Croutes,
Gurgy, France (D’Orbigny).

Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69836, U.S.N.M.

PROBOSCINA VIRGULA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 27, figs. 9, 10

1853. Reptotubigera virgula D’OrBtany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 753, pl. 631, figs. 15-17.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.06 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.08 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.32-0.40 mm. The peristomes
are not grouped in bundles, and we are ignorant of D’Orbigny’s rea-
son for classifying this species in his genus Reptotubigera.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Geological distribution.—Cenomanian: Le Mans (Sarthe), France.

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69837, U.S.N.M.

PROBOSCINA DEPRESSA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 27, figs. 5, 6

1853. Proboscina depressa D’OrBtany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé,
vol. 5, p. 849, pl. 631, figs. 12-14.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.10-0.12 mm.; diameter of zooecium, 0.14 mm.; distance of
orifices, 0.48-0.60 mm. The fine specimen here figured incrusts a
sponge. It corresponds very well to D’Orbigny’s description and
figure.

The type preserved in the Museum of Paris is worn, according to
Pergens, 1889. With our new illustration we are able to maintain
D’Orbigny’s species.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Geological distribution.—Lower Cretacous (Neocomian): Vassy and
Nozeroy, France (D’Orbigny).

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69843, U.S.N.M.

PROBOSCINA COARCTATA, new species

Plate 28, fig. 1

Description.—The zoarium encrusts shells. It is formed of diverg-
ing, ramified fronds, each of which is claviform, much narrowed at
the base and contracted in its inferior third; the surface is covered
with large overlapping, concentric wrinkles. The tubes are invisible.
The peristomes are very salient, thin, and much scattered.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.035 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.08 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40-0.80 mm.; separation
of peristomes, 0.40 mm. The distance and separation of the peri-

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 9

stomes are quite variable. The submedian contraction of the fronds
very well characterizes this species.
Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Holotype.—-Cat. No. 69000, U.S.N.M.

Forma BERENICEA Lamouroux, 1821
BERENICEA FLABELLIFORMIS Roemer, 1839
1839. Aulopora flabelliformis RommeEr, Die Versteinerungen des Norddeutschen
Oolithen-Gebirges, App., p. 15, pl. 17, fig. 4.
1840. Rosacilla flabelliformis RobMpR, Die Versteinerungen der Norddeutschen
Kreidegebirges, p. 19.
1863. Berenicea flabelliformis Dr Loriou, Les Invertébrés du Neocomian inférieur
du Mont Saléve prés Genéve, p. 134, pl. 17, fig. 2.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of tubes,
0.18-0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.60 mm.; separation of tubes,
0.60 mm.

Affinities.—De Loriol’s determination was based upon specimens
from Germany which still exist in the Museum of Geneva. The
type of De Loriol’s figure bears transverse wrinkles. In its micro-
metric dimensions this is an intermediate species between Berenicea
gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838, and Berenicea grandipora, new species.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian): Mont-Saléve, near
Geneva and at Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland.

Geological distribution.—Neocomian at Shéppenstadt, Hanover,
Germany (Roemer).

Cat. No. 69838, U.S.N.M.
BERENICEA GRACILIS Milne-Edwards, 1838

1899. Berenicea gracilis Greacory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, p. 73. (Bibliography and geological distribution.)

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.06—-0.07 mm.; diameter of
tubes, 0.18 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.50-0.60 mm.

A ffinitees.—From the bibliography given by Gregory it is necessary
to eliminate Aulopora flabelliformis Roemer, 1839, which is a much
larger species.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Cat. No. 69839, U.S.N.M.

BERENICEA CONFLUENS Reuss, 1846
Plate 27, fig. 4
1899. Berenicea confluens Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 1, p. 110, pl. 5, fig. 4. (Bibliography and geolog-
ical distribution.)
Affinittes.—Our illustrated specimen resembles the one figured by
Gregory as a young zoarium which was obtained from the Albian at
Cambridge, England. The dimensions of the orifice, 0.10 mm., is in

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

accord with that of Gregory, but the zoarium is only 2 mm. in diam-
eter. In exterior aspect it corresponds still more to Discosparsa
cupula D’Orbigny, 1852, from the French Turonian, but our zoarium
is not free, as it incrusts a shell.
Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.
Plesiotype.

Cat. No. 69841, U.S.N.M.

BERENICEA PARVULA, new species
Plate 28, figs. 8, 9

Description.—The zoarium encrusts sponges, in a small flabelliform
lamella. The tubes are distinct, very convex, separated by a deep
furrow, smooth, very small. The peristomes when broken are ellip-
tical but intact are orbicular and oblique, always thin.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.06 mm.; diameter of tubes,
0.12 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.32 mm.; separation of peristomes,
0.40 mm.

Affinities.—This species is still smaller than Berenicea gracilis
Milne-Edwards, 1838. It is distinguished again by the rectilinear
form of the tubes and by its separation always superior to the
distance.

The convexity of the tubes, the flabellate arrangement, the great
saliency of the peristome, and the still smaller zooecial dimensions
do not permit confusion with Berenicea pulchella De Loriol, 1863.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(very rare).

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69842, U.S.N.M.

BERENICEA PULCHELLA De Loriol, 1863
Plate 28, fig. 4

1863. Berenicea pulchella Dm Lontot, Les invertébrés du Neocomien inférieur du
Mont Saléve pres Genéve, p. 135, pl. 16, fig. 9.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of tubes,
0.16 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40-0.48 mm.; separation of
peristomes, 0.48 mm,

Affinities—The type at the Museum of Geneva is not very well
preserved; our determination, based solely on the small micrometric
measurements, is therefore a little doubtful. The studied specimens
were incrusting Meliceritites.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(very rare). Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesioty pe.

Cat. No. 69845, U.S.N.M.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER Lt

BERENICEA GRANDIPORA, new species
Plate 28, figs. 2, 3

Description.—The zoarium encrusts sponges. The tubes are
arranged in fan-shape around the ancestrula and form an irregularly
discoid colony; they are visible, convex, separated by a furrow, some-
what wrinkled transversely, and often swollen in their median part.
The peristome is orbicular, thin, little salient.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.12-0.15 mm.; diameter of
peristome, 0.24 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.32 mm.; distance of tubes,
0.66 mm.; separation of tubes, 1 mm.

Affinities. —Gregory, 1899, has figured from the Aptian of the Isle
of Wight (pl. 5, fig. 1) under the erroneous name of Berenicea
gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838, a specimen in which the dimensions
are very close to our species and which could indeed be the same
species. This species has much larger micrometric dimensions than
Berenicea gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838, and Berenicea flabelliformis
Roemer, 1839, which Gregory incorrectly identified with B. gracilis

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69846, U.S.N.M.

BERENICEA FARINGDONENSIS, new species
Plate 29, figs. 5, 6

Description.—The zoarium encrusts sponges in lamellae with irreg-
ular edges. The tubes are indistinct, smooth, somewhat convex.
The peristome is thick, salient, perpendicular to the zooecial plane,
orbicular.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.15-0.16 mm.; diameter of
peristome, 0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.70—0.80 mm.; separa-
tion of peristomes, 0.60-0.64 mm.

Affinities.—This large species differs from Berenicea grandipora
new species in the irregular arrangements of its peristomes and in its
indistinct tubes.

In exterior aspect it resembles Diastopora neocomiensis De Loriol,
1863, but differs in its incrusting zoarium and its much larger
dimensions.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69847, U.S.N.M.

BERENICEA FILIFERA, new species
Plate 29, figs 3, 4

Description.—The zoarium encrusts sponges in thin and irregular
lamellae. The tubes are arranged in quincunx, much scattered;
they are distinct, separated by a salient thread, concave in the longi-
tudinal direction; the frontal is ornamented with small salient in-
terrupted, longitudinal threads. The peristome is orbicular, thick,
salient, perpendicular to the zooecial plane.

i lp?) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.12-0.13 mm.; diameter of
peristome, 0.17 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.24—0.30 mm.; distance of
peristomes, 0.60—-0.70 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.80 mm.

Affinities.—This species is very well characterized not only by its
concave tubes but also by its frontal ornamentation and especially
by its small salient threads arranged in quincunx.

Occurence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (very
rare).

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69848, U.S.N.M.

BERENICEA (REPTOMULTISPARSA) TENELLA De Loriol, 1868

Plate 29, figs. 1, 2

1868. Reptomultisparsa tenella Dx Loriot, Monographie des Couches de l’etage
Valangien d’Arzier (Vaud), Paléontologie Suisse, ser. 4, vol. 2, p. 61,
pl. 5, figs. 15, 16.
\\ Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; di-
ameter of peristome, 0.12 mm.; distance of tubes,
0.34 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.40 mm.

NG Affinities—The figured specimen is not in the
i Reptomultis parsa form of growth but is an irregular

\\ Wy Berenicea; it encrusts asponge. The zone of growth
pil is not visible. The exterior aspect of the tubes is
A that of the figure of De Loriol, but this author has

Fig. 1.—Clinoporo eis : 3
quedripartita, new VeVer given the micrometric measurements. Our

species. A,B.Lon- determination remains therefore doubtful.
gitudinal and trans- mats ; é ‘ FE a
verse sections, x16. _ Uccurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faring
Lower Cretaceous don, England.

(Aptian): Faring’ Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69849, U.S.N.M.

don, England
Genus CLINOPORA Marsson, 1877

1877. Clinopora Marsson, Die Bryozoen der weissen Schreibkreide der Insel
Riigen, Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, vol. 4, p. 24.

This genus is still little understood. The published sections are
not in accord, and those which we give are still somewhat different.
We have not been fortunate enough to discover the ovicell. The
anastomosing lines which ornament the surface and form the chief
generic characterictic seem to correspond only to parietal thickenings.

Genotype.—Clinopora (Entalophora) lineata Beissel, 1865, Cre-
taceous.

CLINCPORA QUADRIPARTITA, new species

Plate 29, figs. 8-11

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated in the
same plane. The tubes are visible, separated by salient threads di-
vided into four parts by other anastomosing threads. The orifice is

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 18

orbicular or elliptical. The peristomes are somewhat salient, thin,
scattered, arranged in quincunx.

Measur ements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri-
stomes, 0.20 mm.; diameter of branches, 0.75 mm.

Structure.—In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, equal,
with adjacent and very thick walls. In longitudinal sections the
tubes are cylindrical, with axial gemmation. The thickening of the
walls seems to correspond to the salient threads of the exterior sur-
face. The sectioned specimen was very small and did not permit of
better observations.

This species differs from Clinopora striatopora Vine, 1885, from the
Albian of Cambridge, England, by its much smaller micrometric
measurements and very different arrangement of its salient threads.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69852, U.S.N.M.

Family HETEROPORIDAE Pergens and Meunier, 1886

Genus HETEROPORA Blainville, 1830
HETEROPORA NUMMULARIA, new species

Plate 20, figs. 6-8

Description.—The zoarium is free, discoid, little convex, unilamel-
lar, ornamented with feeble tuberosities. The apertures are orbic-
ular, arranged in quincunx, placed at the bottom of a small infundi-
buliform cavity. The mesopores are small, irregular, polygonal, widely
spaced.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.08 mm.; diameter of
mesopores, 0.04 mm.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69853, U.S.N.M.

Genus MULTICRESCIS D’Orbigny, 1852
MULTICRESCIS TUBEROSA Roemer, 1839

1909. Multicrescis tuberosa Greaory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 2, p. 205, figs. 52-54, pl. 9, fig. 4. (Bibliography
and geological distribution.)

Our specimen corresponds exactly to Gregory’s figure, so that a
new figure is unnecessary. Canu, in 1902, has noted the occurrence
of this species at Sainte-Croix.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

MULTICRESCIS GALAEFERA, new species

Plate 21, figs. 1-4

Description.—The zoarium is large, massive, subcylindrical, hollow
at the base, solid at the summit, multilamellar. The orifices are
polygonal or subcircular, oblique, ornamented by a very short and
irregularly placed visor. The mesopores are polygonal, somewhat
smaller than the apertures.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.08 mm.; diameter of meso-
pores, 0.06 mm.; dimensions of zoarium, 2.5 by1.5 mm.

Structure.—Very
probably Multicrescis,
provided with visors, as
in the present species,
belong to the family Li-
chenoporidae, but in the
absence of ovicells we
prefer to preserve the
zoarial classification.

The longitudinal sec-
tion shows that the la-
mellae are formed by
orbicular subcolonies
united laterally. Hach
of them arises from the
development of a

SEES )
lateral tube of an in-
ferior subcolony. The

NA
tubes acylindrical, with

Fic. 2.—Genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1881. A. Multicrescis la- dorsal gemmation and
mellosa, new species. Portion of a transverse section, X 16, with : A
two lamellae. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, with thickened walls.
Switzerland. B. Multicrescis galaefera, new species. Meridian he mesopores are num-
section, X 16. The subcolonies grow from a lateral tube of an
inferior subcolony. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- erous and of un eq u al
Croix, Switzerland length.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69854, U.S.N.M., and Museum Comparative
Zoology.

MULTICRESCIS PARVIPORA, new species

Plate 20, figs. 9-11

Description.—The zoarium is globular, borne on a narrow base,
formed of many completely enveloping lamellae. The orifices are
very small, arranged in quincunx, ornamented with a very small
irregular visor. The mesopores are very small, polygonal, arranged
quite irregularly.

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 15

Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.04 mm.; diameter of
mesopores, 0.03 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 7 mm.

Structure.—The meridian section shows cylindrical tubes with solid
thickened walls. The lamellae are formed by orbicular subcolonies
invisible externally. The epithecal lines are thin and rare. The
basal lamellae are thick. The mesopores are long and of little
diameter; they are only visible in the portions where the subcolonies
are cut in the same axis as their initial cell.

Affinities —This species differs from Multicrescis galaefera in its
still smaller micrometric measurements and its globular and smaller
zoarium.

Reet oat ee
ESPEN GOen5 a5

Fig. 3.—Genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1852. A, B. Multicrescis landrioti Michelin, 1841. A. Portion
of a meridian section, X 16, showing two superposed lamellae. B. Sketch, 30, exhibiting annular
structure of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C. Multicrescis par-
vipora, new species. Meridian section, X 16. The tubes of the enveloping lamellae are perpendicular
to the tubes of the primitive zoarium. Each lamella is formed of a variable number of subcolonies.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

It differs from Reptomulticava fungiformis, Gregory, 1909, from

Faringdon, England, in its much smaller zoarium and in the

presence of small visors on the tubes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),

Switzerland (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69855, U.S.N.M., and Museum Comparative

Zoology.

MULTICRESCIS (?) LANDRIOTI Michelin, 1841

Plate 20, figs. 12-15

1909. Semimulticavea landrioti Grecory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa
in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 242. (Bibliography.)

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.08 mm.; diameter of
mesopores, 0.06 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 2.5 by 1.5 cm.

Structure.—The zoarial base is an epitheca concentrically wrinkled
flat, or concave. Some zoaria completely surround small shells.

Exteriorly there are no subcolonies visible, as in D’Orbigny’s fig-
ure, so that our determination of the species, made according to zoa-
rial analogies, is doubtful. We know, however, that this character
disappears easily upon the least superficial alteration.

In meridian section the tubes are cylindrical and the mesopores of
variable length. The tubes are annular and their walls vesicular.
The small parietal vesicles correspond to the successive annuli of the
tubes. The subcolonies are clearly outlined by their initial tubes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (rare).

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69856, U.S.N.M.

MULTICRESCIS LAMELLOSA, new species
Plate 21, figs. 7-9

Description.—The zoarium is free, large, lamellose, orbicular, formed
of many thin superposed lamellae. The inferior face is wrinkled
concentrically. The apertures are polygonal, arranged in irregular
quincunx. The mesopores are smaller, polygonal, irregularly placed.

Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.12 mm. ; diameter of meso-
pores, 0.08 mm.; zoarial diameter, 2.5 cm.

Structure.—The specimen figured is the largest fragment observed ;
it belonged certainly to a large orbicular colony.

In meridian section the tubes are cylindrical, short, recurved at
their extremity. The mesopores are rather short. The walls are
entire.

Affinities.—In zoarial aspect this species much resembles that
which we have called Multicrescis landrioti Michelin, 1841, but differs
in its greater micrometric dimensions and in sections by the nonan-
nulated tubes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69857, U.S.N.M., and Museum Comparative
Zoology.

MULTICRESCIS MAM MILLOSA, new species
Plate 21, figs. 5, 6

Description.—The zoarium encrusts shells and is formed of many
thin superposed lamellae. The orifices are polygonal or suborbicular,
arranged in quincunx. The mesopores are few in number, polygonal,
smaller than the orifices, irregularly placed. The zoarial surface is
mamumillose.

Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.10 mm.; diameter of
mesopores, 0.06 mm.

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER AT

Affinities.—This is a Multicrescis in which the tubes have neither
visors nor peristomes. We did not have enough specimens to pre-
pare thin sections.

The species differs from Semimulticavea variolata Gregory, 1909, in
its much smaller micrometric dimensions. It differs from Heteropora
subaequiporosa Gregory, 1909, in its smaller micrometric measure-
ments and in its zoarium, which is not free.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69860, U.S.N.M.

MULTICRESCIS PULCHELLA, new species
Plate 21, figs. 18-18

Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, branched, hollow
in the interior. The orifices are circular, oblique, arranged in quin-

oF ee 3
——_—

Fia. 4.—Multicrescis pulchella, new species. A. Transverse section, X 16, of a hollow zoarium. The ex-
ternal lamella seems to have had only one tube of origin. B. Longitudinal section through the same
zoarium, X 16, showing the tube of origin which gave rise to the external lamella. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

cunx, ornamented with a tuberose visor placed inferiorily. The meso-

pores are numerous, polygonal, smaller than the orifices.

Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.06-0.08 mm.; diameter
of mesopores, 0.04 mm.

Structure.—The zoarial branches are solid at their extremity.
When the visors are worn the aspect of the surface is that of an ordi-
nary Heteropora. The base is orbicular, little expanded, garnished
with a concentrically wrinkled epitheca. The one we figure is not

53648—26——_2

ts PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

hollow; many lamellae curve about a solid branch, as in Letosoecia
proxima.

In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, with dorsal gem-
mation on a basal lamella; they are much recurved at their extrem-
ity. The mesopores are long, numerous, variable in diameter and
length. The exterior lamella has its origin in a tube of an internal
lamella; the tubes and the mesopores are very much shorter, but
they have the same characters as the tubes of the internal lamella.

In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with thin and adja-
cent walls. They are much smaller in the vicinity of the basal
lamella, which proves that these tubes are club-shaped in their infe-
rior part and cylindrical as soon as they are recurved.

Affinities. —This species much resembles Acanthopora pulchella De
Loriol, 1868. According to the figures of this author, the zoarial sur-
face presents small very regular tuberosities surrounded by radiating
mesopores. We have not had occasion to observe the genotype and
we understand little of this particular arrangement. We believe
that this is a figure somewhat fanciful of a Multicrescis, with tube-
rose visors, like the present species. However, as we are not able to
prove this supposition, we will maintain the generic term Multicrescis.
If by chance it is identical with De Loriol’s species the name of the
genus would only be changed and all Multicrescis with visors would
then be Acanthopora.

It is to be noted that the exterior lamella appears to have only a
single origin. In the other known Multicrescis there are alway several
points of origin.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69859, U.S.N.M., and Museum Comparative
Zoology.

MULTICRESCIS (ACANTHOPORA) FORMOSA, new species
Plate 21, figs. 10-12

Affinities Only the figured specimen has been found, and a
description is not given, for we have not been able to make thin sec-
tions, and on the surface we can not see the difference between the
orifice of the tubes and those of the mesopores.

This species has an aspect very close to Acanthopora pulchella De
Loriol, 1868, but the zoarial tuberosities are here triangular visors
diversely oriented, so that it is difficult to discover the pores to which
they correspond.

The genus Acanthopora D’Orbigny, 1840, differs from Neuropora
in that the thickened borders of the peristomes present small conical
points in place of the elongated veinules (Haime, 1854). The figures
given by Haime and by De Loriol, 1868, indicate clearly that the

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 19

small cones replace a consolidated tube. This is not the case here.
More material is necessary in order to establish the nature of the
genus Acanthopora.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),

Switzerland.
Holotype.—Cat. No. 69859, U.S.N.M.

Genus SEMINODICRESCIS D’Orbigny, 1854

SEMINODICRESCIS NODOSA D’Orbigny, 1854
Plate 22, fig. 1
1854. Seminodicrescis nodosa D’Orsiany, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 1067, pl. 800, figs. 12-14.

Our zoarium is smaller than that figured by D’Orbigny, but the
aspect is very much the same. It is hollow and thin at the two
extremities. The nodosities do not present any particular character
and correspond to the mammillosites of many other species belong-
ing to the genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1854. As we have not
en able to make any section, we maintain D’Orbigny’s name.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Geologic distribution —LLower Cretaceous (Aptian), Saint-Dizier
(Haute-Marne), and Les Crofites (Aube), France (D’ eek

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69861, U.S.N.M.

Genus CERIOPORA Goldfuss, 1827
and
Genus REPTOMULTICAVA D’Orbigny, 1854

In Ceriopora the colonies are unilamellar, more or less massive or
lobed, and formed of cylindrical tubes without peristomes and with
peripheral ‘gemmation. In Reptomulticava the zoaria are multi-
lamellar.

The structure of these genera is not as simple as their diagnoses
would indicate. In thin sections they present important peculiari-
ties for observation.

Zonal lines.—In longitudinal or meridian sections the zonal lines
are curved concentric regular bands of very little width. They are
closer together at the summit of the colony than at the base. They
do not interrupt the tubes as the diaphragms. They are transformed
frequently in a part of their length into basal lamellae supporting
not subcolonies but series of tubes differently oriented (Ceriopora
ovoidea, C. solida, C. lobifera). This phenomenon is more frequent in
the lateral portions of the colonies, where it is manifested externally
by the lamellae appearing entirely surrounding the colony (Cerio-
pora) or superposed (Defranciopora).

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Rarely the zonal lines become transformed into epithecal lines in
a portion of their length (Ceriopora acquipedis).

A zonal line is formed by divers elements, diaphragms, transverse
bands of vesicles, and at the intersection of the zooecial walls by
large vesicles with thicker walls. They correspond, therefore, along
the entire extent of their length to the tubes contracted and with
denser calcification. They may be only potential and manifested
only by simultaneous deformations of the tubes (Defranciopora).

¢
i f/

FiG. 5.—Ceriopora ovoidea, new species. A. Meridian section, X 16, through a zoarium with definite
zonal lines. Lower Cretacious (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

We are ignorant of the significance of the zonal lines. They per-
haps correspond to the arrests of growth occasioned by the seasons.
Their arrangement in the ensemble of colonial architecture seems to
be more a question of mathematics than of biology.

Zooecial walls —The walls of the tubes are very variable in thick-
ness and in structure, characteristics which determine the species.
Two different species have always a different vesicular constitution.

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 21

They are vesiculose either totally or partially (at the extremity).
The vesicles are quite variable in form and in size. When large
they give to the walls a moniliform aspect, which reveals sometimes
annular tubes. When they are very small the tissue is dense and
the preparations are little transparent. Finally, if their distal and
proximal walls are thin, the zooecial walls seem then entirely hollow.

The vesicles are very difficult to draw and it is only by photog-
raphy that they can be figured with fidelity.

In the course of this study we have not paid enough attention to
the structure of the zooecial walls not only of the Ceriopores but also
of many other species described, for in searching for the general laws
we have neglected the details. We can affirm that very close study
is always necessary because we are convinced that the microscopic
structure of the zooecial walls is the best specific character. Good
photographs with an enlargement of at least 50 diameters are also
necessary.

Transverse sections.—The structure of the Certopores does not differ
from that of other cyclostomata, and we have found in transverse
sections the characters observed and described hitherto. We have
observed (1) polygonal zooecia with thin adjacent walls occurring
more often in the central part of the zoarium; (2) round, nonadjacent
zooecia, corresponding to the tubes with vesicular walls and with
their separation depending upon the thickness of their walls; (3)
polygonal zooecia in which the interior is rounded, corresponding to
the tubes with walls having many longitudinal rows of vesicles; and
(4) tubular zooecia which correspond to the recurved parts of the
tubes and are always vesicular.

CERIOPORA TENUIS, new species
Plate 22, figs. 12-14

Description.—The zoarium is very thin and encrusts shells. The
orifices are polygonal and regular, with walls little thickened.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperatures, 0.10 mm. Only the fig-
ured specimen has been found.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Holotype—Cat. No. 69862, U.S.N.M.

CERIOPORA OVOIDEA, new species
Plate 22, figs. 2-5

Description.—The zoarium is free ovoid, pedunculate, borne on a
very small flat base, formed sometimes of lamellae entirely covering
the base. The apertures are polygonal and irregular. The zonal
lines become transformed in basal lamellae.

99 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.10 mm.; maximum
zoarial width, 9 mm.; zoarial height, 14 mm.

Structure.—The zoarial form is rather constant, ovoid or fusiform.
On the base, viewed from below, the tubes are arranged fan-shape
in the manner of Berenicea.

Many of the zoaria appear to be formed of many lamellae inserted
one on the other. In reality thin sections show that this is not so
for there are no successive complete basal lamellae; sometimes the

Fiq. 6.— Ceriopora ovoidea, new species. B. Meridian section of another zoarium, X16, in which the zonal
lines -have been transformed into basal lamellae. The main zoarial tubes are oriented in a different
direction from those of the primitive zoarium. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land

zonal lines are transformed into basal lamellae but only along a part

of their course. This is an arrangement intermediate between that

of Ceriopora and of typical Reptomulticava, so that we do not know
into which genus this species as well as most of the following should
be placed.

The‘ tubes are cylindrical, with concave diaphragms and with
peripheral gemmation. The walls are rather thick, moniliform in

a part of their course, and formed of two rows of vesicles in their

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 23

enlarged portion. The zonal lines are formed by vesicles which are
larger and have very thick walls; they become transformed some-
times into true partial basal lamellae. The new tubes arise from a
rootlike base and we can suppose that they cover tubes in which
the polypide is aborted or diseased and is not able to continue its
skeleton with enough of regularity.

Affinities. —This species differs from Ceriopora angustipedis in its
more elongated zoarium, in the smaller diameter of its orifice, and in
the presence of false lamellae covering the zoarium.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (common).

Fig 7.—Ceriopora angustipedis, new species. Meridian section, X 16, entirely across a zoarium. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

CERIOPORA ANGUSTIPEDIS, new species

Plate 22, figs. 15-17

Description.—The zoarium is free, globular, with a narrow base,
somewhat broader than high, entire or apparently covered by lamel-
lae wholly enveloping it. The tubes have thickened walls; the aper-
tures are polygonal and arranged in quincunx. Zonal lines are
rare.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; maximum Z0-
arial width, 9 mm.; maximum zoariai height, 8 mm.

Structure.—In meridian section the tubes are cylindrical, with
very thick walls; these walls are very finely vesicular but never
moniliform; the diaphragms are concave and very irregularly placed.
Our sectioned specimen did not show zonal lines very clearly. It
is probable that the specimen shown, which exhibits at the base
three enveloping lamellae, would in sections show the zonal lines
transformed into basal lamellae, as in Ceriopora ovoidea.

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Affinaties.—This new species differs from Ceriopora ovoidea in its
larger aperture (0.12 mm. and not 0.10 mm.), in its zoarium broader
than high, and, in section, in the zooecial walls, which are thicker
and of different structure.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Velangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69864, U.S.N.M.

CERIOPORA AEQUIPEDIS, new species,
Plate 22, figs. 9-11

Description.—The zoarium is irregularly hemispherical, generally
broader than high, with the base equal to the zoarial width. The
orifices are polygonal and the
tubes are very thick.

Measurements.—Diameter of
aperture, 0.12 mm.; maximum
zoarial diameter, 9 mm.; maxi-
mum zoarial height, 5 mm.

Structure—In meridian sec-
tion the tubes are long, cylindri-
cal; the walls are moniliform,
with large vesicles. The zonal
lines are numerous, very close to-
gether, and are transformed par-
tially into basal lamellae.

Affinities.—Ceriopora aequi-
pedis differs from C. angustipedis,
in which the diameter of the aper-
tures is identical, in the hemi-
Fic. 8.—Ceriopora aequipedis, new species. Merid- spherical zoarial form, in the un-

ian section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): narrowed base, and, in sections,
Sainte-Croix, Switzerland : sits
in the moniliform tubes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),

Switzerland (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69865, U.S.N.M.

CERIOPORA SOLIDA, new specie
Plate 22, figs. 6-8

Descriptions.—The zoarium is free, massive, convex, with a flat or
concave base apparently covered by many enveloping lamellae. The
tubes have little thickness; the apertures are large, polygonal.

Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.16 mm.; zoarial width,
15 mm.; zoarial height, 9 mm.

Structure.—In meridian sections the tubes are long, sinuous; the
diaphragms are concave and numerous; the zooecial walls are little

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 25

thickened and are moniliform. The zonal lines are irregular and
may be transformed partially into basal lamellae.

Affinities.—In its zoarial form this species approaches Ceriopora
aequipedis but differs in its large zoarium, its much larger aperture
(0.16 mm. and not 0.12 mm.), and, in sections, in the irregularity of
the zonal lines.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69866, U.S.N.M.
ee aN ay \ \ a :
EN Sy ’ Hy

=< \

as _ =
Hc e
a
ee oe ee a F

ao;

Fig. 9.— Ceriopora solida, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-
Croix, Switzerland

CERIOPORA PARVIPORA, new species
Plate 28, figs. 5-7

Description.—The zoarium is large, globular, with a concave, nar-
rowed base. There are false enveloping lamellae. The tubes are
thick; the apertures are polygonal and irregular.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.08 mm.; diameter of
zoarium, 7 mm.

296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Structure.—The zonal lines are numerous, very close together,
formed in large part by diaphragms; they sometimes are trans-
formed into basal lamellae. The walls of the tubes are quite thick
and formed of a large number of
small orbicular vesicles, arranged
irequently in two rows. This struc-
ture is more visible in tangential
sections, where all the small vesicles
are quite visible between the polygonal
tubes.

Affinities—tIn its zoarial form this
species is rather close to Certopora aequi-
pedis, but it differs in its much smaller
aperture (0.08 mm. and not 0,12 mm.)
and, in sections, in the nonmoniliform
zooecial walls.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Val-
Fig. 10.— Ceriopora parvipora, new species. angian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzer-

Meridian section, X 16. Lower Creta- land (common).
ee EER eens A Switzer- Cotypes.—Cat. NG: 69867, U.S.N.M.

CERIOPORA NUMMULARIA, new species
Plate 23, figs. 1-4

Description.—The zoarium is free, orbicular or elliptical, lenticular,
convex, apparently covered over by one or two enveloping lamellae;
the base is somewhat concave. The tubes are little thickened; the
apertures are polygonal, somewhat oblique, surrounded by very
small and irregular tuberosities.

Fig. 11.—Ceriopora nummularia, new species. Longitudinal section, 16, exhibiting the moniliform
tubes with large vesicles and the zonal lines. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; diameter of
zoarium, 7 mm.

Structure-—In meridian section the tubes are cylindrical, with
peripheral gemmation; the walls are thin and moniliform. The
zonal lines are little separated and formed by calcareous thicken-
ings. Diaphragms are rare.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 27

Our section does not indicate the enveloping false lamellae, but
on certain specimens not sectioned these are quite visible.

The zoarial form characterizes this species very well exteriorly.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69868, U.S.N.M.

CERIOPORA LOBIFERA, new species

Plate 23, figs. 11-17

Description.—The zoari-
um is large, free, subcylin-
drical; it bears lateral lobes
more or less developed. The
zoarial surface sometimes ex-
hibits small tuberosities.
The tubes are thin; the aper-
tures are polygonal and very
irregular.

Measurements.—Diameter
of aperture, 0.12 mm.; di-
ameter of zoarium, 10 mm.;
length of large fragments,
25 mm.

Structure.—The base is a
somewhat expanded disk (fig.
13); the inferior part (fig. 14)
shows the characteristic loz-
enge-shaped tubes recurved
at their extremity, radiating
around the ancestrula. In
thin sections the tubes are
cylindrical, recurved at their
extremity. The walls are

: : : Fic. 12.— Ceriopora lobifera, new species. A meridian sec-
thin and formed of a single tion, X 16. The zona] lines are transformed sometimes
row of small vesicles. The _ into basal lamellae. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian):

: : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland
zonal lines are widely sepa-
rated and formed by the thickening of parietal vesicles. The dia-
phragms are almost always placed on the zonal lines. The latter are
transformed into basal lamellae in the inferior part of the colonies.

The arborescent form of this species clearly distinguishes it from
all other species from the same locality.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69869, U.S.N.M.

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67
CERIOPORA FALLAX, new species

Plate 23, figs. 8-10

Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, elongated, appar-
ently formed of many enveloping lamellae. The tubes are thin; the
apertures are polygonal, irregular, with heteroporoid aspect.

Measurements.—Diameter of large apertures, 0.16 mm.; diameter
of small apertures, 0.08-0.12 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 5 mm.

Structure.—This species is very deceiving. Certain parts of the
surface have large and small tubes, as in Heteropora; but sections
do not show mesopores in the strict sense, for here some shorter tubes
or others with a smaller diameter may be seen. The lamellae,
visible exteriorly, are
not complete and arise
by the development of
partial basal lamellae.

The zooecial walls are
vesicular and moniform;
the vesicles are little
swollen and their lateral
walls only are very thick.
Diaphragms exist only at
the center of the colony.

Occurrence.—Lower

Fia. 13.—Ceriopora fallaz, new species. A meridian section, X 16. Cretaceous (Valangian) :
The zonal lines are transformed into basal lamellae. Lower Sainte-Croix (Vaud)
Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 4

Switzerland (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69870, U.S.N.M.

CERIOPORA SPONGIOIDES, new species
Plate 24, figs. 7-10

Description.—The zoarium is free, subglobular or massive, with a
very narrow base. The tubes are thick; the apertures are very irrreg-
ular and give to the surface the aspect of a calcareous sponge.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.12 mm.; length of zoarium,
12 mm.; height of zoarium, 8 mm.

Affinities.—Our sections were not good and we have been unable
to study the structure of this fossil. The species differs from Cerio-
pora angustipedes in the aspect of the surface and in its zoaria, which
are higher than broad. It differs from Certopora ovoidea only in the
general aspect of the surface, which is of a nature that may represent
only alteration in fossilization. We figure traces of ovicells which
are possibly those characteristic of Leiosoecia.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (common).

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69871, U.S.N.M.

“ART, 23 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 99

CERIOPORA DIMORPHOCELLA, new species
Plate 24, figs. 1-6; Plate 31, figs 7, 8

Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, with short, lobed
branches. The tubes are thick; the apertures are polygonal, with
two different sizes, and ornamented with very small tongues.

Measurements.—Diameter of large apertures, 0.08 mm.; diameter
of small apertures, 0.04 mm.; zoarial diameter, 10 mm.; minimum
height of fragments, 20 mm.

Structure.—The fragments found do not show the base; the colony
should be, therefore, rather large and dendroid. An examination of
the surface indicates a Heteropora; the large apertures are surrounded
by smaller ones, which are Gee ;
rather regular in their dimen- pat ; : i f :
sions. But in meridian sec- vt ke ai
tions there are no mesopores; | |
the small orifices correspond to \
the ordinary tubes, in which
the walls are thicker on the zo- ad ifs
arial margin. This phenom- 2% W\G yt iy” é
enon is, moreover, rather ir- :
regular, as tangential sections
indicate. There are neither
diaphragms nor zonal lines.

Affiniies.—This species
differs from Ceriopora fallax
in its much larger zoarium
and in its smaller micrometric
dimensions.

Occurrence.—Lower Creta-
ceous (Aptian): Faringdon | a”
EK ngland (r are) : Fia. 14.—Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species. Portion of

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69872, meridian section, x 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian):

Faringdon, England
U.S.N.M. é

REPTOMULTICAVA FUNGIFORMIS Gregory, 1909

ses
te,
St

eee
oy 2
>.
a

ye : ;
RN Ne
f° “a Ke

Bn
SOB

Plate 24, figs. 11-17

1909. Reptomulticava fungiformis GrecoryY, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa
in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 135, figs. 38, 39, pl. 7, fig. 6. (Bib-
liography.)

Structure-—Our specimens are much smaller than those in the
British Museum, although their appearance is identical. Moreover,
the aperture is much smaller (0.10-0.12 mm. and not 0.20 mm.),
although its form is similar to that figured by Gregory. Finally, our
sections are quite similar to those of the English author. It appears

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

to us impossible to identify otherwise the numerous specimens col-
lected in the same locality, Faringdon.

In meridian section the zoarium appears to be formed by complete,
superposed lamellae, with their basal lamella entire. The latter is
quite visible on account of a
short zone of growth. The
zooecial walls are very thick
and formed of two or three
rows of small vesicles, which,
in tangential sections, are very
irregular.

Affinitizes.—In the micromet-
ric dimensions, as well as in
sections, our specimens are
very close to Reptomulticava
Fie. 15.—Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909. micropora Roemer, 1839, but

Meridian section, X 16, showing superposed cellular they differ in the zoarial form

lamellae, and the thick walls with large vesicles. . F
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England and in the arrangement of the
apertures In quincunx.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(common).

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69873, U.S.N.M

REPTOMULTICAVA BELLULA De Loriol, 1869

Plate 24, figs. 18-20

1869. Reptomulticava bellula Dr Lorton and GriturerRoNn, Monographie paléon-
tologique et stratigraphique de l’etage Urgonien inferieur de Landeron
(Neuchatel), Memoires de la Société helvetique des Sciences naturelles,
vol. 23, p. 41; pl. 3, figs. 9-11.

We refer to this species the unique specimen which we have figured,
but the micrometric dimensions seem to us a great deal smaller, and
there are 25 apertures to the square millimeter in place of 15, as
indicated by Gregory.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (very rare).

Genus DEFRANCIOPORA Hamm, 1881
DEFRANCIOPORA NEOCOMIEMNSIS, new species
Plate 25, figs. 13-15

Description.—The zoarium is free, claviform, composed apparently
of many discoidal superposed subcolonies. The base is narrower
than the zoarium. The tubes are little thickened; the apertures are
polygonal and close together.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; maximum zoarial
width, 7 mm.; maximum zoarial height, 10 mm.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 31

Structure.—As in the other Cerioporas from Sainte-Croix, the exte-
rior aspect of this species is deceiving, for in longitudinal sections the
subcolonies are not complete and have a basal lamella only at the
periphery of the colony. There are no zonal lines, as in Ceriopora,
but instead imaginary concentric lines (potential) uniting at the
basal lamella and marking the zooecial deformations in a manner
that each subcolony seems to have acertain autonomy. This differ-
ence of structure from Ceriopora justifies the maintenance of the
Defranciopora Hamm, 1880. Many of the diaphragms bear two tubes.
The. zooecial walls are moniliform and much expanded at their
extremity; the vesicles are very small. .

Fig. 16.—Defranciopora neocomiensis, new species. Meridian section through a characteristic specimen
X 16, with potential zonal lines. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud)
Switzerland (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69874, U.S.N.M.

Genus NEUROPORA Bronn, 1825

1825. Neuropora BRonn. Proposed to replace Chrysaora Lamouroux, preoccu-
pied by Péron.

The zoarium is free, more or less claviform or arborescent. The

surface is traversed by irregular veinules radiating from a special

center. The orifices are ornamented with short visors. The tubes

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

are cylindrical, polygonal, crossed by numerous diaphragms; the
walls are thick, vesicular, perforated, and united with the visors.

Genotype.—Neuropora conuligera Hennig, 1893, Cretaceous. The
genus was at first referred to the bryozoa; then it was classed among
the hydroids, but in 1893 Hennig’s study of the genus definitely
established its structure. The Lower Cretaceous species are simpler
and less well characterized than those of the Upper Cretaceous.

The veinules are formed by solidified tubes. We are ignorant of
their physiological function.

NEUROPORA RAMOSA, new species

Plate 25, figs. 9-12

Description.—The zoarium is free, ramose, borne on a very small
base, with the branches often pyriform. The orifices are rather large,
polygonal, arranged in quincunx, ornamented with tubercles at the
angles. The veinules are irregular and converge toward the extrem-
ity of the lobes.

Measurements.—Diameter of the orifice, 0.12 mm.

Affinities—The form of some zoaria approaches that of typical
Neuropora, but such specimens are rare. The lobes become elongated
generally into veritable branches, although pyriform also. In longi-
tudinal sections the tubular walls are thick, formed by a compact tis-
sue which corresponds to the exterior tubercles. The tubes, solidified
and meeting at the point of convergence of the venules, are some-
what wider than the others. The sections of this species are very
opaque and difficult to interpret.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69875, U.S.N.M.

NEUROPORA ARBUSCULA, new species
Plate 25, figs. 1-3

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, arborescent, with
short branches. The orifices are polygonal, arranged in quincunx,
ornamented with a lateral somewhat salient tuberosity. The vein-
ules are irregular and longitudinal.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; width of zoarium,
6 mm.

Affinities—In the exterior aspect this species is very close to
Neuropora pyriformis, but it differs in its cylindrical zoarium, its
much broader base, and its somewhat smaller zooecial diameter.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69876, U.S.N.M.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 33

NEUROPORA MICROPORA, new species
Plate 25, figs. 4-8; Plate 30, fig. 20

Description.—The zoarium is free, hemispherical or pyriform; the
base is always narrower. The orifices are very small, polygonal,
irregular, surrounded by short points. The veinules are rare and
irregular.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; length of large
zoaria, 20 mm.

Structure.—This species is very well characterized by the smal
diameter of its orifices.

The longitudinal section is quite identical with that of the geno-
type admirably figured by Hennig in 1893. It is quite complicated
by the very large number of diaphragms. A certain number of the
latter are simultaneous and form a kind of zonal line. The walls
are thick and formed by a very finely vesicular tissue. Gemmation
is peripheral.

In tangential sections the tubes are polygonal, not adjacent, sepa-
rated by a vesicular tissue. A second orbicular tube is placed in
their interior.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69877, U.S.N.M.

NEUROPORA TENUINERVOSA, new species

Plate 25, figs. 16-19

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, branched, borne on
a base of less diameter. The orifices are small, polygonal, arranged
in quincunx, separated by little salient tuberosities. The centers of
convergence of the veinules are large smooth, salient tuberosities.
The veinules are numerous, very narrow, often little visible, arranged
in radiating lines around the zoarial tuberosities.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.06-0.08 mm.; diameter of
zoarium, 5 mm.

A ffinities.— Neuropora tenuinervosa differs from N. micropora in its
branched zoarium and in the presence of salient centers of convergence.
It differs from Neuropora arbuscula in its smaller orifices, in its less
salient visors, and in the presence of salient centers of convergence
of the veinules.

The veinules are very narrow, quite transitory, as they disappear
upon weathering, so that certain specimens lack them entirely, thus
exhibiting the aspect of Spinopora.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69878, U.S.N.M.

53648—26

=
vo

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Genus NEUROPORELLA Hennig, 1894

1894. Neuroporella Hennia, Studies 6fver Bryozoerna; Sveriges Kritsystem.
II Cyclostomata Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, vol. 30, No. 8, p. 26.
The zoarium is formed of irregular incrusting, uni or multi lamellar
masses. The centers of convergence of the veinules form smooth
salient points. The internal structure is identical with that of
Neuropora.
Genotype.— Neuroporella ignabergensis Hennig, 1894. Cretaceous.
This genus is only a zoarial form of Neuropora, but we maintain it
provisionally in order to facilitate determination and because our
sections are not numerous enough for a more detailed study.

NEUROPORELLA HEMISPHERICA, new species
Plate 26, figs. 1-5; Plate 31, figs. 5, 6

Description.—The zoarium is massive, hemispherical, with a con-
cave and somewhat narrower base; it is formed of many superposed
lamellae. The orifices are polygonal, separated by small salient
tubercules. The veinules are broad, sailient, smooth, and bifurcated.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.12—0.16 mm.; diameter of
large zoarium, 17 mm.

Affinities—This species differs from Neuroporella zgnabergensis
Hennig 1894, in the absence of centers of convergence of the very
salient veinules and in its much larger orifices.

In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical with peripheral
gemmation, traversed by numerous diaphragms. A large number of
the diaphragms are formed simultaneously and form the zonal lines.

In tangential sections the tubes are polygonal and their walls are
very thick and opaque.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69879, U.S.N.M.
Genus SPINOPORA Blainville, 1830

The zoarial surface bears very salient, smooth tuberosities, but
veinules are not present. The tubes have internal spines. The
orifices and the internal structure are identical with Neuropora.

Genotype.—Spinopora (Ceriopora) mitra Goldfuss, 1827. Creta-
ceous. The large tuberosities correspond to the solidified tubes like
the centers of convergence in Neuropora. This genus appears to us,
therefore, asa Neuroporella without veinules. The genotype from
the Campanian of Sweden and the Island of Riigen is the only species
heretofore known.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 85

SPINOPORA NEOCOMIENSIS, new species

Plate 26, figs. 6, 7

Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, hollow, branched.
The orifices are polygonal, small, arranged in quincunx, separated by
very salient tuberosities. The zoarial tubercles are very salient,
smooth, much scattered, arranged in quincunx.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.16 mm.; diameter of zoa-
rium, 4 mm.

Affinities.—The zoarial form in this species is very different from
that of the genotype, but the external characters are absolutely iden-
tical. We have not been able to make sections.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69880, U.S.N.M.

Division OVICELLATA

Subdivision PARALLELATA Waters, 1887

Family MECYNOECIIDAE Canu, 1918
Genus MECYNGECIA Canu, 1918
MECYNOECIA ICAUNENSIS D’Orbigny, 1850
Plate 1, figs. 1-4

1850. Entalophora icaunensis D’OrBIGNY, Prodrome de Paléontologie, vol. 2,
D: or.

1853. Entalophora icaunensis D’Orsigny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 781, pl. 616, figs. 12-14.

Measurements.—
pera ak & ae Sane | oer : “i
| Small Large M. probos-
| branches branches cidea
| Mm. Mi. Mim.
WigMeLenOlADErLulot = en ee ee ee ee eee, Boke 0. 16 0.12 0. 16
Dianieteroleperistomic: = 2 8-- S20 se Sy Eee 2 ee) oe . 24 24-.30 . 16-.20
Distance Of PErISLOMES a ana. ena ees Se eS eS 1. 20 (1.76) 1. 20 1. 20-1.40
Separationvotsperistomos os 2 2 ae Os i a 2 ee) . 80 80 . 30-.40

Affinities —This species was identified by Pergens, in 1889 with
Entalophora proboscidea Milne-Edwards, 1838, and by Gregory, 1899,
with Entalophora virgula Hagenow, 1840. According to these authors,
it begins in the Neocomian and still exists in the recent seas. The
Neocomian species appears to us distinct and to differ from the recent
species in its more crowded and smoother tubes. We figure a few
variations. The structure is identical with that of the recent species
and of some Tertiary specimens of which we have published sections

386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

in 1920. The transverse section especially is puzzling and we can
not explain its structure because the tubes in it are not rounded.
This structure is peculiar to this group, and it is little probable that
all the species which we have cited as belonging to this genus
because of the nature of the ovicell, have an identical structure.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud) |
Switzerland, and Censea (Doubs), France.

Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69881, U.S.N.M.

MECYNOECIA (SPIROPORA) VERTICILLATA
Goldfuss, 1827

1850. Spiropora neocomiensis D’ORBIGNY,
Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 708, pl. 742,
figs. 1, 2.

1865. Spiropora verticillata BrtissEL, Ueber
die Bryozoen der Aachener
Kreidebildung, Naturkundige
Verhandelingen Hollandsche
Maatschappij der Weltenschap-
pen te Haarlem, ser. 2, vol. 22, p.
70, pl. 8, figs. 91-93.

1869. Spiropora neocomiensis Dr Lorio.,
Monographie de l’etage Urgonien
de Landeron, Memoires de la
Société helvetique des Sciences
naturelles, vol. 23, p. 37, pl. 2,
fig. 18.

1909. Spiropora verticillata Gregory,
Catalogue of the Cretaceous
Bryozoa in the British Museum,
vol. 1, p. 256, pl. 11, fig. 5. (Bib-
liography and geological distri-
bution.)

1922. Mecynoecia ? verticillata Canu and
BassterR, Studies on the Cyclo-
stomatous Bryozoa, Proc. U.S.
National Museum, vol. 61, p. 13,
pl. 1, figs. 16, 17.

Fic. 17.—Mecy noecia icaunensis D’ Orbigny, 1850. Measurements.—Diameter of peri-

A-B. Transverse and longitudinal sections, 3 5
X16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- Stome, 0.20—-0.24 mm.; distance of

Croix, Switzerland verticells, 0.60-0.90 mm. The
measurements are identical with specimens from the French Conia-
cian. In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, with regular
‘peripheral gemmation.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
‘zerland, etc.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER Ot

Genus MICROECIA Canu, 1918
MICROECIA CORNUCOPIA D’Orbigny, 1851
Plate 28, figs. 5-7
1899. Proboscina cornucopia Gruaory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 1, p. 45, pl. 3, figs. 6, 9, 10; pl. 4, fig. 1. (Bibli-
ography, geological distribution.)

Our specimens from Faringdon found incrusting shells correspond
fairly well to Gregory’s Figure 6b. They do not exhibit the large
berenicoid expansions like the type specimen, but they have the
same small dimensions.

A specimen from Sainte-Croix appearing to correspond to Figure
1, Plate 4, of Gregory, is ovicelled and belongs to the genus Microecia.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Faringdon, England (Aptian), and
Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (Valangian).

Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69882, U.S.N.M.

Genus TRIGONOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1922
TRIGONOECIA SEMOTA, new species

Plate 1, fig. 5

Description.—The zoarium incrusts shells; it is suborbicular, bere-
nicoid; the zone of growth is thin and irregular. The tubes are
long, cylindrical, visible, convex, arched; the peristomes are thin,
orbicular or elliptical, much scattered from each other. The ovicell
is elongated or transverse, symmetrical, convex, wrinkled transversely ;
the oeciostome is small, salient, orbicular, opening on the same plane
as the peristomes.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.16-0.18 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.48-0.64 mm.; sepa-
ration of peristomes, 0.64—0.72 mm.; diameter of oeciostome, 0.07 mm.;
diameter of zoarium, 5 mm.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland (common).

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69883, U.S.N.M.

TRIGONOECIA TUBULOSA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 4, figs. 138-15

1853. Diastopora tubulosa D’OrBIGNyY, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé
vol. 5, p. 827, pl. 635, figs. 1-3.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.09 mm.; diameter of tubes,
0.10 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.90 mm.; separation of peristomes,
0.50 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.12-0.14 mm.

Structure.—The tubes become dilated in their free terminal por-
tion, so that the diameter of the peristome is greater than that of

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

the tubes. The distance of the peristomes is quite variable. In
certain portions the peristomes are very close together and in other
places they are grouped in transverse rows.

The ovicell, in its complete form, is a large pyriform quite salient
sack, very convex, perfectly symmetrical, and terminated by a very
small oeciostome. But it often presents forms less symmetrical in

= Bias
asses
Sse
a S$
Ro) A
ie)
oO
goa é
A >
i a
< a
~
a
A

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

18.—Genus Tvigonoecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Trigonoecia tubulosa D’Orbigny, 1851.
section, X 16, of the hollow zoarium, showing cylindrical tubes with dorsal gemmation. B. Transverse section of a branch,

X16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D. Trigonoecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853.

of a longitudinal section, X 16, showing the triparietal gemmation and the club-shaped tubes.

X 16, exhibiting the polygonal form of the tubes.

shape. However, it is very rare that on the same specimen of
cyclostomatous bryozoan all the ovicells are identical in shape.
{rregularity is the rule.

In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, long, with tri-
parietal gemmation on the basal lamella and narrowed at their base

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 39

In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with thin walls
adjacent. The tubes adjacent to the lamella are small, because
they correspond to the inferior part of the tubes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzer-
land; Hauterivian, Censeau (Doubs), France (Valangian), Fontenay
and Auxerre (Yonne), france (Rhodonian).

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69884, U.S.N.M.

TRIGONOECIA HAIMEANA De Loriol, 1863
Plate 1, figs. 6-12

1863. Reptomultisparsa haimeana Dr Lorton, Les Invertébrés du Neocomien
inférieur du Mont Saléve prés Genéve, vol. 2, p. 136, pl. 17, fig. 4.

1883. Reptomultisparsa haimeana KeEpina, Fossils of the Neocomian of Upware
and Brickhill (Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire), p. 137.

1899. Reptomultisparsa haimei Greaory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in
the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 117, fig. 5.

Measurements.—
Ste.-Croix | Faringdon| Gregory Type
DiametermotiapertuTre._ 22864 Fs sep os Sa ee 0. 10 0. 10 0.10 0.10
DAMES (OMe PELISLOMO = 8. oan ee oe ee pee .16 | BL Ua) a ae eran Fe al hee
Wiamoterokeibes me = ease Tee es . 20 . 20 20- . 25 | 18-. 22
DISTANCE) OMOTISLOMMES son a ee pe cee ee . 72-. 80 . 64 SO0H 100 oe rene eee e
Separation ofiperistomes: 22. 5-08 eee Wwe $48-s'60!to os g2822 oo | ee

Affinities.—De Loriol’s type is not very well preserved, but our
specimens, which we have compared with it, are much better.

The zoarium incrusts sponges and shells over considerable surfaces
(fig. 6). The large transverse overlapping wrinkles characteristic of
the species have been observed in specimens from Sainte-Croix (fig. 7),
as well as Faringdon (fig. 10). The ovicell is triangular, very convex,
and quite similar to that in other species of the genus. Its dimen-
sions are quite variable, varying from once to twice the size. The
ovicell shown in Figure 12 is the largest one observed.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Varappe, near Geneva, Switzer-
land (De Loriol) (Hauterivian), Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland
(Valangian); Faringdon and Upware, England (Aptian).

Plesvotypes.—Cat. Nos. 69885, 69886, U.S.N.M.

TRIGONOECIA (MESENTERIPORA) NEOCOMIENSIS D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 2, fig. 11

1853. Mesenteripora neocomiensis D’OrBieaNny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 808, pl. 756, figs. 7-9.
Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.14-0.16 mm.; diameter of
peristome, 0.18-0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 1.00-1.20 mm.;
separation of peristomes, 0.70 mm.

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Structure.—Although very beautiful, D’Orbigny’s figure is not com-
plete. A considerable number of tubes bear at: their base large trans-
verse wrinkles. They are not constant, it is true; when the tubes
are very long and are inserted between two peristomes (distance of
1.20 mm.), the wrinkles are quite visible in the inferior nonsalient
portion; when the tubes are short (distance, 0.70 mm.), the wrinkles
have disappeared.

We have not observed the ovicell, but we classify the species
provisionally in the genus Trigonoecia because the sections are identi-
cal with those of other species of the genus. The fronds being un-
dulated, there is never perfect symmetry in the sections. Pergens
and Gregory have erroneously identified this species with Diastopora
compressa Goldfuss, 1827, in which the micrometric measurments are
much smaller.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix, Switzerland (Val-
angian); Morteau (Jura), France (Urgonian).

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69887, U.S.N.M.

Genus CARDIOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1922

The ovicell is triangular, transverse, cordiform, little convex,
smooth, symmetrical; the oeciostome is small, salient, median. The
tubes are club-shaped, with triparietal gemmation on a basal lamella.

Genoty pe.—Cardioecia (Bidiastopora) neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853.
Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian, Aptian).

The ovicell is less salient and more expanded than in Trigonoecia.
The tubes are longer and club-shaped. The latter character is clearly
visible in transverse sections, which have a larger number of tubes
and increase regularly from center to circumference. We have
observed only the free forms of growth, but encrusting forms are
quite possible. The oeciostome always measures 0.10 mm. and the
oeciopore 0.06 mm. No exceptions to this have been found.

CARDIOECIA NEOCOMIENSIS D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 2, figs. 1-7

1853. Bidiastopora neocomiensis D’OrBiaNY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 800, pl. 784, figs. 9-11.
1902. Bidiastopora campicheana Canv, Bryozoaires fossiles, Collection Campich.
Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 4, vol. 2, p. 11.
Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.10 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.16 mm.; zooecial diameter, 0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes,
0.40-0.50 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.50 mm.; width of large
fronds, 3 mm.
Variations.—This species is very irregular and D’Orbigny’s figure
represents only one phase of it. In their perfect form the tubes are
visible and salient (fig. 2). This character disappears easily even on

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 41

the same fragment of frond (figs. 2, 7); the tubes cease to be visible
and the peristomes are very salient (fig. 2). The latter frequently
are less developed (figs. 3, 4, 6) and the superficial aspect is totally
different. In some very rare cases they become almost adjacent
(fig. 5.)

The ovicell shown in Figure 3 is the typical and perfect form; it
is heart-shaped, transverse, convex, smooth, symmetrical, and its

Longitudinal

Y
We

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,

sys
E, F. Two transverse sections, X 16, with the median

3
A, B. Cardioecia neocomiensis D’ Orbigny, 1853.

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D. Cardioecia

Longitudinal and transverse sections, 16.
lamella short and curved in the second. G. Portion of a meridian section, X 16, showing the form of the tubes.

Switzerland. E,F,G. Cardioecia faringdonensis, new species.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England

and transverse sections, < 16.

verticillata, new species.

Fig. 19.—Genus Cardioecia Canu and Bassler, 1922.

small oeciostome is placed in the median axis; but regularity and
symmetry disappear rather easily (fig. 6). The oeciostome meas-
ures 0.10 mm. and the oeciopore 0.06 mm.
The zone of growth is short but very thick (figs. 2, 5).
Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are long, club-shaped,
much expanded at their extremity, where, in consequence of the
closeness of the peristomes, they appear closed by pseudofacettes.

492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

The gemmation is triparietal on a basal lamella (=median). The
walls are thick and vesicular.

In transverse section the tubes are orbicular or elliptical, largest at
the periphery, with very thick walls. The median (basal) lamella is
almost rectilinear.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (common).

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69888, U.S.N.M.

CARDIOECIA NEOCOMIENSIS PARVULA, new variety
Plate 2, fig. 8

The micrometric measurements are somewhat smaller and the ovi-
cell less regular than in the typical form. The tubes are visible.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.14 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.64 mm.; separation of
peristomes, 0.50 mm.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (rare).

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69890, U.S.N.M.

CARDIOECIA NEOCOMIENSIS ENTALOPHOROIDES, new variety

Plate 2, figs. 9, 10

The zoarium is cylindrical or somewhat compressed. The peri-
stomes are arranged in verticells. The ovicell is more globular and
less transverse.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.16 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.56 mm.; distance of peri-
.stomes 0.34 mm.

The separation can be measured only in the portions of the sur-
face where the peristomes are arranged in quincunx. The ovicell
appears less cordiform and more globular because the zoarium is sub-
cylindrical. This is not EHntalophora neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853
in which the tubes are visable and more distant.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69889, U.S.N.M.

CARDIOECIA VERTICELLATA, new species
Plate 3, figs. 1-4

Description.—The zoarium is cylindrical, arborescent. The tubes
are very short, flat, indistinct or separated by a salient thread; the
peristomes are thick, salient, orbicular, generally arranged in close
verticells. The zone of growth is a broad cone. The ovicell is tri-
angular, elongated, very convex, smooth; the oeciostome is small
salient, orbicular.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 43

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.14 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.30 mm.; separation of
peristomes, 0.40 mm.

Variations.—The tubes with prominent threads are visible only
on the specimens with worn and little salient peristomes. The sepa-
ration of the peristomes can be measured only on specimens where
they are arranged in quinqunx.

The ovicell is somewhat different from that in other species and
resembles Trigonoecia. It differs, nevertheless, in the absence of
transverse wrinkles. Moreover, we know that the typical expanded
form visible on the lamellar zoarium disappears easily on these cylin-
drical specimens.

Structure.—The sections are, indeed, those of the genus Cardioecia.
In longitudinal section the tubes are club-shaped, with moniliform
walls, but very thick and strongly calcified; the gemmation is tri-
parietal on the median lamella.

In transverse section the tubes are orbicular or elliptical, with
diameter increasing toward the periphery. The walls here are very
thick.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69891, U.S.N.M.

CARDIOECIA HYSELYI De Loriol, 1869
Plate 3, figs. 5-8

1869. Mesenteripora hyselyi Dr Lortou and GiLLiERoN, Monographie paleon-
tologique de l’Urgonian de Landeron, Memoires Société helvetique des
Sciences naturelles, vol. 23, p. 40, pl. 3, fig. 1.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.26 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.24 mm.; distance of peri-
stomes, 0.40-0.70 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.52—0.60 mm.

Affinities —We have not examined De Loriol’s figured type and
we are not very certain of our determination. De Loriol’s descrip-
tions and figures were always incomplete and inexact.

The tubes are visible or invisible; the peristomes are little or very
salient, sometimes arranged in verticells. The ovicell is cordiform,
rather regular, little convex. The zone of growth is thick.

The sections are identical with those of Cardioecia neocomiensis
D’Orbigny, 1853, but the present species, which has a similar exte-
rior aspect, differs in its larger peristomes and in its foliated and
much broader fronds.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzer-
land; (Valangian), Landeron (Neuchatel), Switzerland (Urgonian).

Plesvotypes.—Cat. No. 69892, U.S.N.M.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

CARDIOECIA FARINGDONENSIS, new species

Plate 3, figs. 9-15

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical or compressed, with
bifurcated fronds. The tubes are short, visible, convex, separated
by a little developed furrow; the peristomes are obicular, salient,
thick, arranged in quincunx or in close verticells. The zone of
growth is broad or conical. The ovicell is cordiform, little salient,
smooth; the oeciostome is salient, small, orbicular. The base is a
little expanded.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri-
stomes, 0.28 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.48-0.60 mm.; separa-
tion of peristomes, 0.80 mm.

Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are long, club-shaped,
with moniliform walls, much expanded in their terminal portion;
they appear closed by pseudofacettes on account of the closeness of
the peristomes. The gemmation is triparietal on a median lamella.

In transverse section the tubes are round, increasing in size toward
the periphery, separated by the vesicular tissue of the thickened
walls. The median lamella is not always rectilinear.

In meridian sections the tubes are lozenge-shaped in the axis of
the median lamella, which does not entirely traverse the zoarium;
the lateral tubes have the normal form.

Affinties.—This beautiful species has the exterior aspect of Car-
dioecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853, but it differs in its larger
micrometric dimensions in its fronds being much less expanded and
more frequently cylindrical.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69893, U.S.N.M.

CARDIOECIA PAUPER, new species
Plate 5, figs. 1, 2

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical. The tubes are
indistinct, scarcely convex, smooth. The peristomes are arranged
in transverse rows or in quincunx; they are orbicular, thin, little
salient. The zone of growth is an elevated cone. The ovicell is
small, elliptical, transverse, little convex, smooth.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; diameter of
peristome, 0.18 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.48—0.56 mm.; sepa-
ration of peristomes, 0.64 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 3 mm.

Affinities.—We figure the two sides of the same specimen in order
to show that the peristomes are arranged in transverse rows on one

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 45

side and in quincunx on the other. This irregularity provokes an
equivalent irregularity in the sections. Those that we have made
show the same characters as in the preceding species, thus leaving
no doubt as to the generic placing.

The species differs from Cardioecia faringdonensis in its smaller,
more crowded and less salient peristomes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(rare).

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69898, U.S.N.M.

Genus NEMATIFERA Canu and Bassler, 1922

The ovicell is an elongated sack, subsymmetrical, irregular, scarcely
convex; the oeciostome is terminal, very small, hardly salient. All
of the tubes are bordered with sali-
ent threads exteriorily. The tubes
are short, cylindrical, polygonal; the
gemmation is triparietal on a basal
lamella.

Genotype.— Nematifera (Hlea) reti-
culata D’Orbigny, 1853. Lower Cre-
taceous (Neocomian, Urgonian).
The ovicells so far discovered are
little distinct but clearly different
from those of Trigonoecia, although
the structure in sections in these two
genera is very similar. The tubes Fic. 20.—Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny,
are bordered exteriorly by a salient 1S, Lenstudna nd rosvae sins
thread, which never occurs in J7ri- — Croix, Switzerland
gonoecia. According to the exterior resemblances, this genus ought
to have Jurassic representatives.

NEMATIFERA RETICULATA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 4, figs. 1-4

1853. Elea reticulata D’OrsBieGNyY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5,
p. 629, pl. 782, figs. 9-12.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri-
stomes, 0.24 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.60 mm.; separation of
peristomes, 0.64 mm.

Affinities.—This species is not at all a member of the Eleidae.
The peristome is orbicular, but, through weathering, it becomes
semielliptical. There are no facettes, but these are the walls of the
tubes themselves that are very short because of the close approach
of the peristomes. The tubes are almost always bordered with a

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

salient thread, a phenomenon produced in many other species with
tubes much longer. Finally, there is never an operculum, and the
ovicell is very different from that in the Eleidae. The separating
threads outline the peristome entirely, a characteristic which deceived
D’Orbigny. :

Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are short, cylindrical,
somewhat expanded nevertheless in the vicinity of the pseudofacettes ;
gemmation is triparietal on a basal lamella.

The transverse section does not show a large number of tubes; they
are polygonal, with thin and adjacent walls; the smallest are in the
vicinity of the median lamella.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland
(Valangian); Morteau (Doubs), France (D’Orbigny) (Neocomian).

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69894, U.S.N.M.

NEMATIFERA ACUTA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 4, fig. 12

1853. Bidiastopora acuta D’OrsBiaNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé,
vol. 5, p. 799, pl. 784, figs. 3-5.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08—0.10 mm.; diameter of
peristome, 0.12 mm.; diameter of zooecium, 0.20 mm.

This species is well characterized by its very thin and sharp zoa-
rial margins. The separating threads turn around the peristome,
which is thin; the pseudofacettes are flat.

We have not had the chance to discover the ovicell, and we have
classified the species according to its exterior analogies and the trans-
verse section which is always easily observed.

According to Pergens, 1889, Bidiastopora campicheana D’Orbigny,
1853, is a synonym, but we do not believe this is true; moreover
D’Orbigny’s figure indicates an altered specimen.

Marsson, 1887, believed he had found this species in the Cam-
panian of Riigen. We have not rediscovered it ourselves.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69895, U.S.N.M.

NEMATIFERA INCRUSTANS, new species
Plate 4, figs. 5-7

Description.—The zoarium encrusts shells, with many irregularly
arranged lamellae; it emits free, thick expansions irregular around a
median lamella. The tubes are distinct, separated by a salient thread,
flat, short (pseudofacettes). The peristomes are orbicular, salient,

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 47

arranged in quincunx. The zone of growth is rather broad and
formed of three or four series of tubes. The ovicell is suborbicular,
little convex, smooth.

Measuremenis.—Diameter of orifice, 0.12 mm.; diameter of tubes,
0.22 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.64 mm.; separation of peristomes,
0.52—0.60 mm.

A ffinities.—The superb figured specimen measures 5 centimeters in
length. Some free broken expansions show the median lamella and
consequently the identity with the other species of the genus.

This species differs from Trigonoecia haimeana De Loriol, 1868,
which exhibits also large multilamellar specimens, in the presence of
salient threads, in the absence of overlapping wrinkles, and in the
very different form of its ovicell.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (very rare).

Holotype.—Canu collection.

NEMATIFERA RETICULOIDES, new species

Plate 4, figs. 8-11

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated, or reticu-
late. The tubes are distinct, flat, separated by a salient thread,
forming pseudofacettes when they are short. The peristomes are
orbicular, salient, thick, arranged in Pervpora, that is to say, in groups
of closely arranged transverse rows. The zone of growth is a cone,
little elevated.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zooe-
cium, 0.20-0.24 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40—0.64-0.80 mm.;
separation of peristomes, 0.64 mm.

Affinities—The peristomes are rarely arranged in quincunx and
their distance is about 0.64 mm. They are somewhat salient and
adjacent when they are arranged in transverse lines; with weather-
ing they are no longer orbicular and their form is close to that of the
peristomes in the Eleidae, but they never have opercula. The dis-
tance between the groups of transverse lines is from 0.80 to 1.00 mm.

This species differs from Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny, 1853, in
its smaller micrometric dimensions, in the arrangement of the peri-
stomes in the Perzpora form, and in the cylindrical zoarium. It
differs from Nematifera acuta D’Orbigny, 1853, in the oral dimensions
and in the cylindrical and not lamellar zoarium. The transverse
section shows that the zoarium is sometimes a little compressed.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69896, U.S.N.M.

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Genus MESENTERIPORA Blainville, 1834
MESENTERIPORA MARGINATA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 6, fig. 3

1899. Diastopora marginata Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in
the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 137. (Bibliography and occurrence.)
Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14—0.16 mm.; diameter
of peristome, 0.22 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.27 mm.; distance of
peristomes, 2 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.64—0.72 mm.
Structure.—We provisionally place this beautiful species next to
Nematifera because of the presence of separating salient threads, but
we have not yet been able to
discover the ovicell. More-
over, the transverse section is
of a type entirely special.
——__ + There’ is no basal lamella,
Fig. 21—Mesenteripora marginata D’Orbigny, 1853.
Transverse section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Val. and although the lamellar
angian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland zoarium has two sides they
are not formed by two lamellae placed back to back. The tubes
are polygonal, with thin walls arranged in quincunx and confused.
Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland, and Villers-le-lac (Jura), France.
Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69897, U.S.N.M.

Family PLAGIOECIIDAE Canu, 1918

Genus NOTOPLAGIOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1922

The ovicell is an irregular convex capsule, replacing many peri-
stomes. The tubes are short, club-shaped, with moniliform walls
thickened at the extremities. The gemmation is dorsal. There is
no basal lamella.

Provisional genotype.—Notoplagioecia farrngdonensis Canu and
Bassler, 1922. °

Range.—Cretaceous (Aptian, Coniacian).

NOTOPLAGIOECIA FARINGDONENSIS Canu and Bassler, 1922

Plate 5, figs. 3-5

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical or compressed. The
tubes are indistinct, very little convex, smooth. The peristomes are
orbicular, thin, arranged in quincunx or in transverse rows. The
zone of growth is an elevated cone. The ovicell is an irregular sack
covering many adjacent tubes.

———

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 49

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.16 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.48—-0.56 mm.; separation of
peristomes, 0.72 mm.; di-
ameter of branches, 3 mm.

Structure.—In longitud-
inal sections the tubes are
short, club-shaped, much
expanded at their termi-
nal parts, sometimes
showing pseudofacettes.
The gemmation is dorsal,

AX BOON Te

although triparietal in & ce
See pice ane ofthe S< ee Ly
NN rssh ,

little length of the tubes.
The walls are moniliform,
much widened at their
extremity.

In transverse sections
the tubes are rounded,
much smaller at the cen-
ter than at the circumfer-
ence, with vesicular walls
much thickened, espe-
cially at the periphery.

Occurrence.—Lower
Cretaceous (Aptian):
Faringdon, England ; A Aa as

Fic. 22.—Notoplagioecia faringdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922.
(common) : A, B. Two transverse sections, X 16. C. Longitudinal section,

Coty p e o— 6 at. N O. <6; Showing the club-shaped tubes, the pseudofacettes, and
the vesicular walls. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon,

68718, U.S.N.M. England

Genus CEA D’Orbigny, 1852

CEA GRANULATA, new species

Plate 5, figs. 6-14

Description.—The zoarium is free, formed of narrow, compressed
bifurcated fronds. The tubes are rarely visible. The orifices with-
out facette are large, polygonal, irregular, elongated or transverse.
The facettes are indistinct, flat, granular. The peristomes are orbi-
cular, thin, salient, arranged in quincunx. The zone of growth is
large, becoming thinner on the median lamella.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.10 mm.; diameter of peri-
stomes, 0.14 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40 mm.; separation of

53648—26——4

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

peristomes, 0.40 mm.; diameter of orifice without facettes, 0.20—
0.24 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 3 mm.

Structure.—The most frequent aspect is that of Figure 9; the ori-
fices are large and more or less transverse. The latter are sometimes
elongated (fig. 11). The tubes are occasionally visible below the
orifices, but they remain indistinct. As in all the Ceidae, the fa-
cettes are rarely preserved (fig. 13) ;
they are perforated by an orbicular
aperture.

In longitudinal section the tubes
are club-shaped with walls thickened
at their extremity; the gemmation
is triparietal on a basal lamella.

In transverse section the tubes are
polygonal, with thin walls in the vi-
cinity of the basal lamella. They

have a center, rounded toward the
Fig. 23.—Cea granulata, new species. A, B. fs : C
Longitudinal and transverse sections, X 16. periphery by an internal secretion
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, hecause the polygonal walls are al-
England eles
ways visible.

The ovicell is not known.
Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69899, U.S.N.M.
Family DIAPEROECIIDAE Canu, 1918

Genus DIAPEROECIA Canu, 1918
DIAPEROECIA (?) SIMPLEX, new species

Plate 4, fig. 16

Description.— The zoarium is unilamellar; the noncellular face is
transversely striated. The tubes are quite salient, arranged in
quincunx; the orifices are orbicular; the peristomes are thick. The
ovicell is a limited sack, very convex, perforated by a normal tube;
the oeciostome is small, salient, placed at the middle of the ovicell.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; diameter of
peristome, 0.18 mm.; diameter of oeciostome, 0.10 mm.

Affinities.—This species is not a typical Diaperoecia, but we have
classified it in this genus because of the median oeciostome. It ap-
pears intermediate between Diaperoecia and Tubulipora, but more
specimens are necessary before the species can be classified without
doubt.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69900, U.S.N.M.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 51

DIAPEROECIA ORBIFERA, new species
Plate 8, fig. 17

Description.—The zoarium is subcircular; it incrusts shells. The
tubes are very short, little distinct, finely granulated, and frequently
longitudinally striated; the apertures are elliptical; the peristomes
are thin, very close together. The ovicell is large, orbicular, very
convex, traversed by the subjacent tubes.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.06 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.10 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40 mm.; separation of
peristomes, 0.40—0.48 mm.

Affinities.—This species is very close to Berenicea papillosa Reuss
in the closeness of its peristomes. It differs from it in its ovicells,
which are orbicular and not elliptical and very elongated.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69901, U.S.N.M.

y) ow. Mt ;
Fig. 24.—Fasciculipora flabellata D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal thin section, X 16. B. Meridian thin

section, X 16, in the vicinity ofa bifurcation. ©. Zooecial walls, x 35, showing the arrangement of vesicles.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

Family FRONDIPORIDAE Busk, 1875
Genus FASCICULIPORA D’Orbigny, 1846
FASCICULIPORA FLABELLATA D’Orbigny, 1853

Plate 7, figs. 1, 2

1853. Fasciculipora flabellata D’OrsiaNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 669, pl. 783, figs. 8-11.

D’Orbigny has figured only isolated fascicles, but in reality the
zoarium is bushy. The fascicles are strongly and largely attached
by their base; they are very irregular in form and size. The tubes
open at the extremity of the fascicles and often laterally.

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The base of the small zoarium is pointed, but in the large zoaria
it is somewhat wider; they are flabelliform, and it is difficult to
understand how they were able to maintain equilibrium on their
support.

In longitudinal section the tubes are long, cylindrical, with intra-
zoarial gemmation; the walls are vesicular but with very small
elements. The zoarial walls are thickened.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69902, U.S.N.M.

Family CYTISIDAE D’Orbigny, 1854

Genus CYRTOPORA Hagenow, 1851
CYRTOPORA CAMPICHEANA D’Orbigny, 1853

1853. Cyrtopora campicheana D’Orstaeny, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 673, pl. 761, figs. 14, 15.

Fig. 25.—Genus Plethopora Hagenow, 1851. A, B. Plethopora malmi Hennig, 1894. A. Zoarium, X 2.6.
B. Longitudinal section magnified, showing zooecial tubes (z) and the nematopores (f) (A, B, after Hen-
nig, 1894). Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. OC, D. Plethopora aptensis, new species. C. Longitudinal sec-
tion, X 16, showing the nematopores with thickened walls and the large axial tubes. D. Transverse
section, X 16, exhibiting the base of the saliant fascicles with open tubes and the thin zone of nemato-
pores. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England

Our transverse section confirms that of Gregory, 1909. The tubes
are very large, polygonal, with thin adjacent walls.
Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.
Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69950, U.S.N.M.
Genus PLETHOPORA Hagenow, i851
1851. Plethopora Hagrnow, Die Bryozoen der Maastrichter Kreidebildung,
p. 45.

The tubes are cylindrical; they are grouped in salient, orbicular
bundles opening in all directions. The nematopores are arranged
entirely around the zoarium.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 53

Genotype.—Plethopora verrucosa Hagenow, 1851. Cretaceous
(Aptian, Maastrichtian).

The place of the nematopores is variable in the Cytisidae, according
to the nature of the genera. In Plethopora they are arranged entirely
around the zoarium, while in other genera they are found only on the

dorsal.
PLETHOPORA APTENSIS, new species

Plate 7, figs. 3, 4

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated. The
zooecia are grouped in fascicles, which are salient and orbicular.
The nematopores are small, polygonal, arranged entirely around the
zoarium.

Measurements.—Diameter of fascicles, 0.56 mm.; diameter of
branches, 2 mm.

Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, long,
with peripheral gemmation; they occupy the essential and principal
part of the zoarium. The nematopores appear solely on the zoarial
margin in small spaces between the fascicles, thus confirming the
thin section of Hennig.

In transverse sections the larger tubes are in the middle. These, in
branching, engender the axial tubes of the fascicles. On the borders
the small pores are those of the peripheral nematopores.

Affinities—The distinction between the species of this genus is
rather difficult to make from the published figures. Comparisons of
specimens, on the contrary, permit a differentiation, according to the
relative size of the orifices, of the nematopores, and the form of the
fascicles. The circular form of the latter and the large size of the
zoarium well characterize this species.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69903, U.S.N.M.

Genus PLETHOPORELLA Canu and Bassler, 1922

The ovicell is elliptical, elongated, large, little convex, smooth.
The tubes are cylindrical, without peristome, with orbicular orifice;
their walls are moniliform; they are recurved at their extremity.
The gemmation is peripheral around a bundle of axial tubes. No
adventitous tubes.

Genotype.—Plethoporella (Plethopora) ramulosa D’Orbigny, 1847.

Range.—Cretaceous (Campanian, Maastrichtian).

History.—D’Orbigny was in error in comparing the genotype with
Plethopora verrucosa Hagenow, 1851. The internal structure is very
different, for not only are there no nematopores but the tuberosities
which ornament the zoarial surface are not formed of bundles of
tubes.

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67
PLETHOPORELLA RAMULOSA D’Orbigny, 1847

1847. Monticulipora ramulosa D’ORBiaNy, Prodrome de Paléontologie Strati-
graphique, p. 279, no. 1345.

1854. Plethopora ramulosa D’OrBtany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé,
p. 1045, pl. 799, figs. 1-3.

Structure.—D’Orbigny was deceived by the tuberosities which
ornament the zoarial surface and classed this species in Plethopora
incorrectly. The section which he illustrated, however, indicates
not a single bunch of tubes. We have prepared several excellent
longitudinal sections, one of which made from a normal zoarium
showed on one side two subcolonies, while on the other side the tubes
continued to grow regularly. The enveloping lamella partially sur-
rounded the primitive colony and had its origin in a normal tube.
All the species with peripheral gemmation pass easily from the free
form to.the incrusting form and conversely. Another longitudinal
section shows that the tubes of the tuberosities are simply somewhat
wider than the tubes of the intermediate spaces. The moniliform
structure and the gemmation are identical in the two cases. The
walls are formed of large vesicles.

In transverse sections the central tubes are equal in size and
polygonal. The smaller ones, which appear sporadically, are indic-
ative of the peripheral gemmation. The lozenge-shaped ones of the
periphery represent the superior and recurved part of the tubes.

In tangential sections the tubes are subcircular and buried in a
thick vesicular coenenchyma. They are smaller in the intertuberose
zones, in conformity with the longitudinal section. The small tubes
which appear sporadically are young tubes; they reveal the peripheral
gemmation.

This structure is exactly that of ramose Certopora, and it is in this
genus that we would have classed this species had we not had the
chance to discover the ovicell. The latter is analogous to that of
other Cytisidae and is simply more elliptical.

Occurrence.—Cretaceous (Campanian): Montmoreau, Brossac,
Draullard, St. Aulais, Echebrune and Daviat (Charente), France.
Cretaceous (Maastrichtian): Royan (Charente inferieure), Manie
Roux and St. Lheurine (Dordogne), France.

Plesiotypes.—Canu collection and Cat. No. 68980, U.S.N.M.

Genus CHARTECYTIS, new genus

Greek: Chartes, sheet, in allusion to the form of the branches.

The ovicell is elliptical, transverse, placed in the vicinity of the
bifurcations. The tubes are cylindrical, with greatly thickened
walls, with regular peripheral gemmation. The orifice is lozenge-
shaped, much elongated, without peristome.

Fe5°
le Sesss

—". ont mi
~— coco DEt y

BRAZOS

py will

je |
Tr necttclie A uh
WR a

Ca SSS

Fia. 26.—Plethoporella ramuiosa D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section, x 8, ina zoarium containing a partially envelop-
ing subcolony, the initial tube of which is at r. B. Portion of fig. A, X 16. C. Part of longitudinal section, < 16, through
a tuberosity where the tubes are broader. D. Portion of a transverse section X 16. E. Tangential section, x 16, show-
ing the larger tubes of the tuberosities and the other smaller tubes. Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian): Royan, France

See

: : ¢ ' Pres ot) [Md "Me " ae ¢ i) Pt is} 4 ia 1-7 4
7 Loan T he = i % , " om : " , a 7 , . 2 K e
Gilera fares) ae) Avon AU wows OLE ieee bl DAE aT ele SRERD Gedrgite aay enn ee hl

figeals . i pes 14 9PPSah Cleo) Ea | on Ald Cat wy eg Oo Tt} hs ia i scith- weaenayre Ao Sar awa
i ; aT me his

iii at bP Dy ee ltd Welt aay Od Mey Cal ie ime * Sal Tor en ht

- oy 7 4 vt (i a es hy ie ae) ri a a yi
= Va Rais : Ls hy oe :

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 55

Genotype.—Chartecytis compressa, new species, Neocomian.

In the family Cytisidae zoarial forms with compressed fronds have
not yet been noted. This form is the result of very regular pe-
ripheral gemmation; moreover, the extremity of the branches have
the aspect of Heteropora.

C. Transversal thin section, * 16.

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

A. meridian section, X 16, showing the special method of ramification of the

B. Longitudinal section, < 16, illustrating the peripheral gemmation.

D
| g Ss iy
} J y, y
Fic. 27.— Chartecytis compressa, new species

D. Zooecial walls, < 45, showing the minute central vesicles.

branches.

CHARTECYTIS COMPRESSA, new species

Plate 7, figs. 8-12

Description.—The zoarium is free, branching, with compressed
fronds. The orifices are elongated slitlike areas, lozenge-shaped,
irregular, arranged in quincunx, without peristome. The ovicell is
orbicular or elliptical, elongate or transverse, smooth, very salient,
limited, and placed on: the dorsal of the inferior tubes.

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of
branches, 2.5 mm.; length of orifice, 016—0.20 mm.

Structure.—In transverse section the tubes are cylindrical, with
greatly thickened walls; the central tube is perhaps a little larger.
In longitudinal section the tubes are very long, with peripheral gem-
mation, very regular, with thickened walls.

This structure is quite simple. In general these forms of the
tubes are oriented on one zoarial side; here the colony has two

cellular sides, a rare occurrence.
\ Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous. Valangian at
\
; Genus RETENOA Gregory, 1909
|
| Genotype.—Retenoa (Frondipora) campicheana
D’Orbigny, 1853.
| This genus is little different from Homoeosolen
\

1909. Retenoa Grecory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa
in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 28.

Cytisidae, with an erect frondose zoarium, com-
posed of a network of dichotomous, anastomosing
branches. The apertures all open on one face of
the zoarium. The tubes are cylindrical, with loz-
enge-shaped orifices, with intrazoarial gemmation.

Sainte-Croix, Switzerland; Hauterivian at Censeau
(Doubs) ; Neocomian at St. Claude and Cinquetral
(Doubs), France.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69904, U.S.N.M.
Lonsdale, 1850. It differs exteriorily in the absence
ice os Rien edt FOL pinnules, and especially in its reticulate zoarium,
picheana D’Orbigny, which is a character of little importance. However,
1853. Longitudinal tl ti cant “ial 1 td l hich
- section, X 16, showing the gemmation is intrazoarial and not dorsal, whic
the cylindrical tubes jg a genuine difference. Gregory erroneously in 1909
and the intrazoarial : c : : ° Oc
classified this genus in the family Theonoidae; it is

gemmation. Lower

Cretaceous (Valan- one of the typical Cytisidae on account of the nature
gian): Sainte-Croix, : : ll
Switzerland of its ovicell.

RETENOA CAMPICHEANA D’ Orbigny, 1853
Plate 7, figs. 5-7

1853. Frondipora campicheana D’Orsiany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 678, pl. 783, figs. 12-16.

1909. Retenoa campicheana Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 2, p. 28. (Geologic distribution.)

Structure.—We have had the good fortune to discover numerous

ovicelled specimens. The ovicell is an elliptical capsule, limited,

convex, smooth, placed laterally on the dorsal, usually beneath the

bifurcations.

ANT. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER by

In transverse section the tubes are equally rounded, with thick
walls. In longitudinal sections they are cylindrical, with peripheral
gemmation oriented around an imaginary axis. The dorsal tubes
are closed (intrazoarial gemmation). The zooecial walls are vesic-
ular, with very small elements. This is very much like the section
in Frondipora, but the ovicell is altogether different.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaecous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69905, U.S.N.M.

Family THEONOIDAE Busk

The family Theonoidae, as defined by Gregory in 1899 and 1909,
embraced the following genera:

Actinopora D’Orbigny, 1853, Conotubigera D’Orbigny, 1853 (Serie-
tubigera D’Orbigny, 1853), Multitubigera D’Orbigny, 1853, Theonoa
Lamouroux, 1821, and Retenoa Gregory, 1909, with Multifascigera
D’Orbigny, 1853 (= Meandrocavea), Lopholepis Hagenow, 1851, and
Radiofascigera D’Orbigny, 1853, probably belonging to the Osculi-
poridae. In its ovicell Retenoa is a typical member of the Cytisidae.
Radiofascigera in its ovicell, classed with doubt in the Osculiporidae,
ought to be maintained in the vicinity of Actinopora (multiserial) and
of Multitubigera.

The known ovicells are close to those of the Cytisidae without
being perfectly identical. The family of Theonoidae could be main-
tained therefore with some restrictions. Unfortunately, the ovicell
of the type genus Theonoa is still unknown. On the other hand, the
uniserial Actinopora of the complanata group (=organisans) have a
different ovicell of the type of Plagioecia.

If the family should be maintained it ought to contain the following
genera:

Actinopora (multiserial) D’Orbigny, 1853, Radiofascigera D’Orbigny,
1853, Multitubigera D’Orbigny, 1853, and probably according to
zoarial resemblances Multifascigera D’Orbigny, 1853, Lopholepis
Hagenow, 1851, Theonoa Lamouroux, 1821, and Serietubigera
D’Orbigny, 1853.

Although established on simple zoarial appearances, all of these
genera, after a study of the known sections, appear to have an evi-
dent reality, the mode of gemmation and the arrangement of the
tubes serving as generic characters.

Genus ACTINOPORA D’Orbigny, 1853
ACTINOPORA STELLATA Koch and Dunker, 1837
Plate 6, figs. 1, 2

1909. Actinopora stellata GreGorY, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa, vol. 2,
p. 21. (Bibliography.) (Actinopora regularis D’Orbigny, 1853.)

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

The young zoaria are berenicoid, like the one we have figured.
Waters discovered the ovicell and has sent us a drawing, which we
reproduce. The ovicell is an ovoid capsule with limited outlines,
interrupting the fascicles. It belongs to the group of the Cytisidae,
although somewhat smaller.

This species has been chosen as the type of the genus Actinopora
D’Orbigny, 1853, by Gregory, 1909. The fascicles are multiserial.
Canu, 1917, discovered the ovicell of Actinopora complanata Roemer,
1840 (=organisans D’Orbigny, 1851). It is of the type Plagioecia.
The fascicles are uniserial.

Under these circumstances it is necessary, then, to maintain in
the Cytisidae (or Theonoidae) the multiserial species (genus Actino-
pora) and in the Plagioeciidae the uniserial species (genus Discotubi-
gera).

We still maintain the genus Desmeplagoecia, as it is not certain
that all of the Discotubigera have the same ovicell.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix and
Villers-le-Lac, Switzerland.

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69906, U.S.N.M.

Genus MULTITUBIGERA D’Orbigny, 1853

1853. Multitubigera D’OrBIaNyY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5,
p. 767.
Theonoidae with a compound zoarium composed of many confluent

Actinopora.
Genotype.— Multitubigera gregaria D’Orbigny, 1850. Cretaceous.

MULTITUBIGERA CAMPICHEANA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 6, figs. 4-8

1853. Multitubigera campicheana D’OrBteny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 768, pl. 763, figs. 10-13.

The ovicell is a small ovoid capsule with definite outlines, inter-
rupting an intermediate fascicle between two other complete ones.
It is analogous to that of Actinopora stellata Koch and Dunker, 1837;
it belongs to the group of the Cytisidae, although a little smaller.
The zoaria of this genus are formed of confluent Actinopora.

The general form is quite variable. Very often the zoarium is
flabelliform and formed of two incomplete subcolonies united by
their dorsal. Again the zoarium remains flabelliform and formed
of three disks of Actinopora. Finally, the zoarium may form an
irregular mass measuring as much as 3 centimeters in diameter and
containing as many as eight confluent subcolonies. In all these cases
the base is an edge more or less thin which does not permit one to

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 59

understand the mode of attachment and how the colony is able to
retain its equilibrium. The tubes are cylindrical, with dorsal gem-
mation. The fascicles are bi-or triserial. The ovicell is always
placed on an exterior flabelliform subcolony in the neighborhood of
the margin of growth. The zoarial pentagons figured by D’Orbigny
are exaggerated; in reality the central subcolonies are irregularly
orbicular.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69907, U.S.N.M.

Fia. 29.—Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section, X 16. The tubes are thick-
ened at their extremity. B. Transverse section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland 7

Genus RADIOFASCIGERA D’Orbigny, 1853

1853. Radiofascigera D’OrpicNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol
5, p. 691.
Theonoidae of subcylindrical branches formed of numerous con-
fluent colonies of Actinopora.
Genotype.—Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853. Cretaceous.

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 63

RADIOFASCIGERA RAMOSA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 6, fig. 10

1853. Radiofascigera ramosa D’OrxiaNyY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 682, pl. 783, figs. 17-19.

The ovicell is a small capsule with limited outlines, absolutely
analogous in form and position with that of Actinopora and Multi-
tubigera. It belongs, therefore, in the group Cytisidae but the
dimensions are smaller. The oeciostome, rarely visible, seems to be
a very minute perforation more or less terminal.

According to D’Orbigny, the zoarium is formed of subcolonies of
Actinopora grouped in cylindrical branches. In reality the colonies
are more often claviform and never branched. The subcolonies are
rarely orbicular, but are generally incomplete and flabelliform
(Pavotubigera).

In transverse sections the tubes are polygonal, with adjacent
walls. In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical, with dor-
sal gemmation. It is difficult to decipher the subcolonies exteriorily
visible.

D’Orbigny’s figures are clearly diagrammatic. The zoaria are
very irregular and become almost massive when they become greatly
enlarged at their extremity. The multiserial fascicles are a great
deal shorter than in Actinopora stellata Koch and Dunker, 1847, and
Multitubigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. For these various rea-
sons we believe that the genus Radiofascigera D’Orbigny, 1853, can
be maintained at least provisionally.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69908, U.S.N.M.

Genus MULTIFASCIGERA D’Orbigny, 1853

1853. Multifascigera D’OrBIGNY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol.
5, p. 687.
Theonoidae composed of superposed lamellae, each formed of sub-
colonies in the Actinopora and Lopholepis growth stages.
Genotype.— Multifascigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Cre-

taceous.
MULTIFASCIGERA CAMPICHEANA D’Orbigny, 1853

Plate 6, fig. 9

1853. Multifascigera campicheana D’Orstany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 688, pl. 762, figs. 7, 9.

This species is very remarkable in its structure and the size that
it attains—6 centimeters in diameter. The zoarium is formed of

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 61

superposed lamellae. Each lamella is supported on the fascicles of the
inferior lamella, serving as pillars; it is formed of distinct subcolonies
in the form of Actinopora or of Lopholepis, intimately joined
together. Each of the subcolonies has a distinct origin and arises
from a tube of a fascicle of the inferior lamella.

The section figured by D’Orbigny is incomplete, for it does not
cut the basal portion of a subcolony and therefore does not show
exactly the formation of the zoarium. A section properly made shows
that the tubes are cylindrical, with
dorsal gemmation, vertically elevated.

The fascicles are irregular, ovoid,
rather short, irregularly multiserial.
The specimen which we figure shows
at the right a subcolony in the form
of Actinopora and at the left a sub-
colony in the form of Lopholepis. Fic. 30.—Multifascigera campicheana
The spaces between the fascicles are snowing tro ocisin of a superior suberlony
smooth. We have not been able to — Lower Cretaceous (Valangian); Sainte:
discover the ovicell. She a

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69909, U.S.N.M.

Subdivision RECTANGULATA Waters, 1887
Family LICHENOPORIDAE Smitt, 1866

MULTIGALBEA, new genus

The ovicell is elongate, star-shaped, with many branches; the
branches are separated by uni- or biserial groups of zooecia. The
tubes have an exterior, triangular, very fragile visor (=galea). The
tubes are cylindrical, with dorsal gemmation, elevated in their su-
perior half. The zoarium is composed of orbicular subcolonies irreg-
ularly superposed. The cancelli are small and denticulated in the
interior.

Genotype.— Multigalea (Reptomulticava) canur Gregory, 1909. This
new genus differs from Radiopora D’Orbigny, 1849, in the presence of
ovicells and in the occurrences of visors on the tubes.

MULTIGALEA CANUI Gregory, 1909
° Plate 19, figs. 1-6

1854. Reptomulticava tuberosa D’OrBieny, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 1036, pl. 791, figs. 13, 14.
1909. Reptomulticava canui Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous, Bryozoa in
the British Museum, vol 2, p. 128. (Bibliography.)

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

Structure.—The zoarial aspect is that shown in D’Orbigny’s figure.
The subcolonies are superposed and joined to each other by tubes of
greater diameter. In each of them the tubes are arranged in quin-
cunx. The visor is salient and triangular. The visors are very
fragile; they disappear at the least weathering; then the tubes and
cancelli are indistinguishable and appear as polygonal tubes with
thickened walls of an aspect very similar to that of D’Orbigny’s
figure (14).

The ovicells are visible only in the protected parts of the zoarium.
They have the usual aspect of the ovicells in the Lichenoporidae, but
a remarkable phenomenon is that the
tubes between which they are arranged
are grouped in radial uni- or biserial
lines and that on the zoarial surfaces
the tubes are arranged in quincunx
and never in lines or in fascicles with
adjacent tubes.

In longitudinal sections the tubes
are cylindrical, with dorsal gemma-
tion; the cancelli are ramifications of
more or less length and of a diameter
almost equal to that of the tubes,
The interior spines of the cancelli,
although visible exteriorly, are very
fragile and disappear in sections.

The subcolonies are little distinct
Fig. 31.—Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909. in small zoaria.

Longitudinal section, X 16. Lower Cre- Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous
taceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (Aptian) : Faringdon, England.

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69910, U.'S.N.M.

MULTIGALEA MARGINATA, new species
Plate 19, figs. 7-10

Description.—The zoarium is large, cylindrical, borne upon an ex-
panded base. The subcolonies are orbicular, convex, bordered by a
smooth lamella of more or less width. The tubes are polygonal,
arranged in irregular quincunx, provided superiorly with a short and
fragile visor. The cancelli are little distinct from the tubes.

Affinities —This species differs from Multigalea canui Gregory,
1909, in its tubular walls little thickened and in the presence of smooth
margins around the subcolonies.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69911, U.S.N.M.

ART. 21

Genus THOLOPORA Gregory, 1909
THOLOPORA VIRGULOSA Gregory, 1909
Plate 20, fig. 1

CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER

1909. Tholopora virgulosa GrrGoryY, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the

British Museum, vol. 2, p. 277.

(Bibliography, geologie distribution.)

Our fine specimen corresponds very well to the figures of Goldfuss,

1829, and of Simonowitsch, 1871.

It differs from the isolated colo-

nies of Tholopora colligata Gregory, 1909, in the smaller diameter of

its aperture (0.12 mm. and not 0.20 mm.).

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69912, U.S.N.M.
Genus RADIOPORA D’Orbigny, 1849
RADIOPORA TUBERCULATA D’Orbigny, 1850
Plate 20, figs. 2-5
1909. Radiopora tuberculata Grecory, Catalogue of the Creta-
ceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2 p. 288,
pl. 4, fig. 8. (Bibliography, geologic distribution.)

Diameter of the orifices, 0.16-0.20 mm.

This species is well characterized by the large size of
its aperture. The zoarium is formed of many super-
posed lamellae of orbicular subcolonies. The study of
the inferior face is interesting; it shows that the larva
fixes itself on a grain of quartz and that the basal gem-
mation operates fan-shaped fashion as in Berenicea.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon,
England.

Plesiotype.-—Cat. No. 69913, U.'S.N.M.

Family LOBOSOECIIDAE Canu and Bassler, 1922
Genus LOBOSOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1922

LOBOSOECIA SEMICLAUSA Michelin, 1845
Plate 14, figs. 12-13

1922. Lobosoecia semiclausa CANu and BassuEr, Studies on the
Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Proceedings U. S. National

Fic. 32.—Lobos .
coecia semiclau-
sa Michelin, 1845.
A. Transverse
section, X 16.
B. Longitudinal
section, X 16, at
the extremity of
a branch. The
tubes are wid-
ened and have
dorsal gemma-
tion. Creta-
ceous: Lemans,
France

Museum, vol. 61, p. 81, pl. 12, figs. 4-11. (Bibliog-
raphy.)
Measurements.— *)
Aperture fha = 0.08 ay RCE trER hela (max. 0.30) mm.
la= 0.09 mm.

lf =0.20 (max. 0.30) mm.

Diameter of branches, 1mm. Our specimen from Faringdou shows

facettes a little longer than 0.32 by 0.20 mm.
species it should possibly be considered as a variety.

If it belongs to this

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon, England (very

rare). '
Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69914, U.S.N.M.
53648—26—_5

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Family ELEIDAE D’Orbigny, 1852

Genus MELICERITITES Roemer, 1840
MELICERITITES HAIMEANA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 13, figs. 18-20

1853. Entalophora haimeana D’OrBtieny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé,
vol. 5, pl. 617, figs. 11-14.
1853. Meliceritites haimeana D’OrBIany, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé,
vol. 5, p. 618.
1889. Meliceritites haimeana PERGENS, Revision des Bryozoaires du Crétacé figures
par D’OrBiany, Memoires Société Belgé de Geologie, etc., vol. 3, p. 399.
Pergens, 1889, notes that the specimens in the Museum of Paris
seem worn. This is in effect the habitual aspect of this species and
such specimens are in reality normal. Those which we have found at
Faringdon correspond very well with D’Orbigny’s figure and descrip-
tion. The facettes are separated by furrows and not by salient
threads. Certain specimens seem to be multilamellar.
Measurements.—
ha=0.06 mm-lracettes| =0.30 mm.
la =0.08 mm. lf=0.16 mm.
Diameter of branches, 1.20 mm. _
Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous. Albian, Grandpré (Ardennes),
France; Aptian, Faringdon, England (very common).

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69915, U.S.N.M.

Aperture}

MELICERITITES TRANSVERSA, new species
Plate 12, figs. 1-12

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, ramified, borne on a
little expanded base, formed of many superposed lamellae. On the
central zoarium the peristomes are salient, adjacent laterally, and
arranged in close transverse rows; the facettes are quite short and
separated by very short threads. The aperture is triangular, some-
what transverse. The ovicell is very short, transverse, occupying all
the zoarial width, quite convex, smooth; the oeciostome is a little
salient tube. On the exterior lamellae the peristomes are arranged
in quincunx; on the basal lamella they are little salient and almost
orbicular.

Measurements.—

Diameter of zoaria at the extremity, 1.5 mm.; diameter of zoaria
at the base, 2.1 mm.; length of ovicell, 0.64 mm.

Variations.—When the peristomes are very salient the facettes are
little visible (figs. 2,3). On the same branch the peristomes may

Aperture}

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 65

be salient or not (fig. 4), in transverse regular rows (fig. 4), irregular
(fig. 5), or oblique (fig. 6). On the exterior lamellae the peri-
stomes are arranged in quincvunx (figs. 7, 8). The facettes are
visible only on the specimens
with little salient peristomes
(figs. 4,7). On the basal lamel-
lae the peristomes are little sali-
ent and almost orbicular (fig.
10). The incrusting exterior
lamellae are enveloping subcolo-
nies of reenforcement.

The longitudinal section
shows a central bundle of very
long cylindrical tubes emitting
laterally by dorsal gemmation,
short tubes narrowed at the base
but much expanded in their re-
curved terminal part.

In transverse section the cen-
tral bundle is formed by several
large tubes around which are
smaller tubes representing the
base of the tubes with facettes.

The opercula are very rare.
We have observed some cases of
regeneration.

Affinities —This species re-
sembles greatly Meliceritites for-
icula D’Orbigny, 1853, of the
French Turonian. It differs in moe. 33—Meliceritites transversa, new species
the transverse aperture and in 4: Transverse section, x 16, made between the

orifices. The peristomes were in transverse some-

the transverse and not elongated what oblique rows which causes the helicoidal
ovicell. arrangement of the peripheral tubes. B. Trans-
verse section, < 16, cutting some orifices. C. Lon-

Occurrence.—Lower Creta- gitudinal section, X 16. The clear tubes are cut

ceous (Aptian) : Faringdon Ene- along the median axis while the shaded ones are
2 2 cut tangentially to their walls, this arrangement

land (very common) ° resulting from the disposition of the peristomes in
/ eS trans Ss . At the ce isal j
Crepe Gh Nc, “C9016, oe eicers Aisa enter aio ste
U.S.N.M.

don, England
MELICERITITES CUNNINGTONI Gregory, 1899
Plate 13, figs. 1-8

1899. Nodelea cunningtoni Grecory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 1, p. 308, figs. 35, 36.

Variations.—Gregory, 1899, gave an incomplete description of this
species. The orifices are transverse; the peristomes are thin, adja-

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

cent, arranged in transverse rows (fig. 2) and more rarely in
quincunx (fig. 6). Opercula are frequent (fig. 2).

The eleocellaria are ordinary zooecia in which the aperture is
elongated and presents two lateral denticles (fig. 4).

The chief characteristic of this species is the frequent presence of
a tranverse fossette placed below the aperture (fig. 5). The fusion
of this fossette with the aperture engenders the eleocellarium
(fig. 4). The longitudinal section of this species has been figured by
Gregory, 1899. The ovicell is unknown. Figure 7 represents
an arrest of development, resulting in a false base.

Measurements.—

fha =0.16-0.18 aa hf =0.44 mm.
Aperture 4150.20 mm. Facettes j1¢_ 0.44 mm.

Diameter of the branches, 3 mm.

Affinittes.—This species is very well characterized by the nature
of its eleocellaria and by the transverse fossettes which adorn a cer-
tain number of zooecia.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(common).

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69917, U.S.N.M.
MELICERITITES SEMICLAUSA Gregory, 1899
Plate 11, figs. 12, 13

1872. Meliceritites gracilis Rnuss, Die Bryozoen und Foraminiferen des unteren
Planers, Paleontographica, vol. 20, pt. 1, p. 120, pl. 29, figs. 12-16 (not
synonymy).

1899. Meliceritites semiclausa (part) GreGory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous
Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 328, pl. 14, fig. 2 (not figs. 1, 3).

Affinities.—Our examples correspond almost exactly in aspect and
measurements with the specimen figured by Gregory (pl. 14, fig. 2),
the single slight difference being in the more elongate form of the
eleocellarium.

The ovicell belongs to the group of Meliceritites transversa in its
great width. Unfortunately, the ovicell of our figured specimen was
broken.

The species differs from Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845, in
its much larger micrometric measurements, in the presence of an
eleocellarium, and in its semicircular aperture.

Measurements.—

= 2 hf =0.40-0.48 mm.

penne eaten aa Hucetves i =0.27-0.30 mm.
Diameter of large branches, 2 mm.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England

(rare).

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 67

Geological distribution.—Lower Cretaceous (Cenomanian): Le
Mans (Sarthe), France, Warminster, England, and Plauen, Germany.
Plesvotype.-—Cat. No. 69918, U.S.N.M.

MELICERITITES, species undetermined
Plate 12, figs. 13-15

We have found two very curious specimens of Meliceritites, one
with ali the facettes perforated and the other with some of them
perforated. These perforations are enigmatical. We believe the
specimen worthy of illustration, but we are unable to affirm that they
belong to a special species until a larger number of examples has been
collected.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Cat. No. 69919, U.S.N.M.

Subdivision RECTANGULATA
Family CERIOCAVIDAE Canu and Bassler, 1922

Genus CERIOCAVA D’Orbigny, 1852
(See Canu and Bassler, 1922, for definition)
CERIOCAVA GRANDIPORA, new species
Plate 9, figs. 14-17

Description.—The zoarium is free, arborescent, formed of cylindri-
cal or compressed branches; the base is quite small, orbicular, non-
adherent to the substratum. The orifices are large, polygonal,
arranged in quincunx or in transverse rows. The ovicell is capsule-
shaped, deep, digitate, with an exterior concave and smooth surface.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.32-0.40 mm.; diameter of
large branches, 4 mm.

Affinities.—This species is well characterized by the large size of its
orifices and by its digitate ovicell. In the Jurassic species the ovi-
cells are entire and nondigitate.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (very rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69920, U.S.N.M.

CERIOCAVA JUNCTATA, new species

Plate 9, figs. 11-13

Description.—The zoarium is hollow, cylindrical, formed of frag-
ments irregularly joined together or anastomosing; the branches are
selid, with the normal section. The orifices are elliptical, placed at
the bottom of a polygonal peristome; they are arranged in quincunx.

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Measurements.—Diameter of interior orifice, 0.16 by 0.20 mm.;
diameter of exterior orifice, 0.22 mm.; diameter of branches, 2.5 mm.

Structure—The basal parts of the zoarium have the Semicava
growth of D’Orbigny, but the branches which they emit are solid
and their sections are identical with those of
Cerrocava.

It is difficult to predict the direction of the
tubes in an incrusting colony in order to section
it correctly.

Gf ik In tangential section it may be noted that
Fic. 34.—Ceriocavajunctata, the tubes are polygonal, adjacent, but their in-
new species. Transverse terior is calcified and thus forms a rounded
section, X 16, througha , 5
solid cylindrical branch, IMterior tube.
Lower Cretaceous (Valan- Qecurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) :
gian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- : ; 6
senland Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69921, U.S.N.M.

CERIGOCAVA MULTILAMELLOSA, new species
Plate 9, figs. 1-10

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, dichotomous, formed
of many enveloping lamellae; the outermost lamellae are incomplete
and show at their extremity a short zone of growth. The facettes
are hexagonal, arranged in transverse rows, perforated at the center
by the aperture. The aperture is orbicular and surrounded by a
thin and somewhat salient peristome. The orifices of the tubes
without facettes are irregularly polygonal.

Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.08 mm.; diameter of
peristomes, 0.10 mm.; diameter of facettes, 0.16 mm.; diameter of
larger branches, 2.5 mm.

Structure.—The extremity of the branches is conical, as in all
colonies in which the tubes are expanded. This conical part is con-
sidered as the zone of growth and the orifices here do not bear
facettes (fig. 3).

The exterior lamellae grow around the interior trunk and appear
around it as a rather thick but short zone of growth (fig. 2); these
lamellae bear facettes like the central trunk.

The facettes are often well distributed over all the colony (figs.
2, 3), but frequently they appear only in zones (fig. 5). We can not
aflirm that their existence is normal, for entire branches are deprived
of them and seem even never to have had them (fig. 9). The appear-
ance of facettes in the genus Ceriocava still remains a mystery. Per-
haps they are very fragile, as in Meliceritites, and disappear easily by
slight abrasion.

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 69

The longitudinal section of the extremity of a young branch
shows the disappearance of the central bundles of tubes, the latter
expanding in fan-shape around the zoarial axis. A longitudinal
section made through a branch with facettes was not very success-
ful, as silicification had invaded the tubes of the exterior lamella.
The peristomes were arranged in quincunx and the tube appeared
with thickened walls without any of them having been sectioned
tangentially. In transverse section the central bundle is quite
apparent.

Fig. 35.— Ceriocava multilamellosa, new species. A. Transverse section of specimen D, x 16. 3B. Trans-
verse section, X 16. ©. Section through a branch, X 16, in which the extericr lamella is engendering
an adventitious branch. D. Longitudinal section (see also A), X 16, in which the orifices are arranged
in quincunx. E. Longitudinal section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. F. Longitudinal section,
< 16, through a multilamellar branch. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

We have had the fortune to find a branch containing these sup-
posed lamellae with their zone of growth. The longitudinal section
of this branch shows that the tubes are arranged in a different direc-
tion from that of the interior lamella; their extremity is alone visi-
ble and they appear there shorter than they are in reality. The
study of the transverse section confirms this arrangement.

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The exterior lamellae could become elevated to form false
ramifications.

The longitudinal section shows a number of tubes cut tangentially
and appearing in gray or in black. The facettes were in reality
arranged regularly in transverse rows.

In Ceriocava the longitudinal section has different aspects accord-
ing as the facettes are arranged in quincunx or transversely. This
obsvervation was known, but it is important that it has been con-
firmed on the same species.

The central tubes grow by axial gemmation around a single tube
which branches only at the bifurcations of the branches. This tube
appears in transversal sections with a larger diameter.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud) |
Switzerland (common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69922, U.S.N.M.

CERIGCAVA INGENS, new species
Plate 8, figs. 8-12

Description.—The zoarium is free, large, arborescent; the branches
are compressed or cylindrical. The facettes are distinct, separated
by a furrow of little depth, somewhat convex, smooth, arranged
in quincunx, pierced at the middle by the aperture. The aper-
ture is orbicular and surrounded by a thin, little salient peristome.
The orifices of the tubes without facettes are large and irregularly
polygonal.

Measurements —Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; diameter of
peristome, 0.17 mm.; diameter of facettes, 0.30-0.40 mm.; diameter
of orifices without facettes, 0.20 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 10 mm.

Affinities.—As in all species of the genus, the orifice of the tubes
without facettes is expanded; if measures internally at the base of
the visible peristomie 0.17 mm., but externally its diameter is about
0.40 mm., exactly equal to that of the tubes with facettes,

The species differs from Diplocava inordinata in its monomorphic
zooecia, its large zoarium, and its much larger micrometric measure-
ments. On the figured specimen the tubes with facettes are at the
bottom of the zoarium; the branches are deprived of them.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (very rare).

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69923, U.S.N.M.

CERIOCAVA TENUIRAMA, new species
Plate 10, figs. 1-4
Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated, formed

of small branches. The orifices of the tubes without facettes are
lozenge-shaped, elongated, arranged in transverse rows. The orifices

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER Tt

of the tubes with facettes are terminal, orbicular, with a peristome
thin and little salient; the facettes are elongated, hexagonal, little
distinct.

Measurements.—Diameter of peristomes, 0.14—-0.16 mm.; diameter
of orbicular orifices, 0.10 mm.; diameter of lozenge-shaped orifices,
0.06-0.08 mm.; diameter of branches, 1 mm.

Affinities —This new species differs from Ceriocava multilamellosa
in its smaller branches, in the lozenge-shaped tubes without facettes,
and in the terminal position of the orifices on the facettes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69924, U.S.N.M.

DIPLOCAVA, new genus

Ceriocavidae with dimorphic zooecia.

Genotype.—Diplocava incondita, new species. Lower Cretaceous
(Neocomian). In this genus tubes without facettes and much larger
dimensions appear. They are most frequently in more or less orbic-
ular and salient groups; rarely they are scattered. They are not
constant, and it is not rare to discover zoarial fragments which lack
them. The determination of species of this genus is therefore very
difficult, especially on isolated specimens. The ovicell has not yet
been discovered.

DIPLOCAVA INCONDITA, new species

Plate 10, figs. 5-12

Deseription.—The zoarium is free, dichotomous, in unilamellar
fronds or in wrregularly cylindrical, multilamellar fragments. The
large zooecia are always open, grouped in salient orbicular areas
which are separated from each other by zones of small zooecia with
facettes. The facettes are hexagonal, distinct, separated by a
furrow, convex, smooth, perforated in the middle. The apertura is
large, orbicular, surrounded by a thin and salient peristome. The
ovicell is star-shaped, with four branches, placed in the midst of the
large tubes.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.20 mm.; diameter of facettes, 0.30 mm.; diameter of exter-
nal orifice of large tubes, 0.30 mm.; diameter of external orifice of
small tubes, 0.20 mm.; diameter of the large branches, 5 mm.

Variations.—This species is very irregular in its external aspect.
We have observed some lamellar fragments simple or double with
monomorphic zooecia, arborescent fragments formed of small tubes
only, fragments formed of tubes with facettes only, irregular frag-
ments formed of an inner trunk of zooecia with facettes, covered

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

over with irregular lamellae with open dimorphic zooecia. The nor-
mal aspect is that which shows salient groups of large zooecia sur-
rounded by variable zones of small zooecia with facettes; these zones
may become very large.

A longitudinal section taken at the extremity of a large branch
shows the tubes expanded and recurved at their extremity, with
axial gemmation around a large central ramified tube. The small
tubes are grouped in special zones. The walls of the tubes are
moniliform in their recurved parts.

A. Longitudinal section, X 16, through a specimen with two joined

B. Longitudinal section, X 16, through the extremity of a branch in which the tubes have facettes.

The walls are hollow and moniliform. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

branches,

Fia. 36—Diplocava incondita, new species.

A fragment which exteriorily appeared regularly branched showed
in longitudinal section the union of two fragments of different
origin.

Finally, a meridian section in a large irregular zoarium shows an
extreme complication occasioned by the multiplicity of the envelop-
ing lamellae.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER (3

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland (common.)
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69925, U.S.N.M.

DIPLOCAVA INORDINATA, new species
Plate 11, figs. 1-5

Descrivption.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, arborescent; the
base is enlarged and placed on a substratum. The large tubes
appear very irregularly among the others, sometimes isolated, some-
times grouped. The facettes are hexagonal, little visible, smooth,
very little convex, perforated at the middle by the aperture. The
aperture is orbicular, large or small, according to the nature of the
tubes, surrounded by a peristome which is scarcely salient and very
thin. The orifices of the tubes without
facettes are polygonal.

Measurements.—Inner orifice of small
tubes, 0.16 mm.; diameter exterior orifice
of small tubes, 0.20 mm.; diameter inner
orifice of large tubes, 0.20—0.24 mm.; diam-
eter exterior orifice of large tubes, 0.30
mm.; diameter aperture, small tubes with
facettes, 0.10 mm.; diameter aperture, large
tubes with facettes, 0.14 mm.; diameter of
the large branches, 3 mm.

Variations.—As our specimens are numer-
ous, we have been able to study the varia- Cpe
tions. We have observed zoarial fragments eee eel ection,
formed uniquely of large (fig. 3) or small x 16, exhibiting the variations in
(fig. 2) zooecia, fragments with both kinds seme ot ie tees ae eras

y. Lower Cretaceous
of zooecia (fig. 4), and finally a fragment (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
with tubes bearing facettes (fig. 5). pains

In longitudinal sections the tubes have a diameter quite variable
in their recurved expanded parts.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69926, U.S.N.M.

DIPLOCAVA ORBICULIFERA, new species

Plate 11, figs. 6-8

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, ramose. The large
tubes are grouped in very regular orbicular areas irregularly arranged
on the zoarium. The small tubes are much more numerous, hexag-
onal, arranged in quincunx.

Measurements.—Diameter orifice of small tubes, 0.10 mm.; diam-
eter of large tubes, 0.20 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 10 mm.

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Affinities.—This species differs from Diplocava incondita in its
larger zoarium, in the smaller measurements, and in the considerable
separation of the groups of large tubes. It differs from Diplocava
globulosa in its arborescent zoarium and in the separation of the
groups of larger tubes.

The sections show the usual structure of Diplocava. They indi-
cate that the central colony may be covered over by an exterior
incrusting lamella.

Occurrence.—Lower Creta-
ceous (Valangian): Sainte-
Croix (Vaud), Switzerland
(very rare).

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69927,
U.S.N.M.

DIPLOCAVA GLOBULOSA, new species

Plate 11, figs. 9-11

Description.—The zoari-
um is a globular multilamel-
lar mass; it is free or incrusts
shells (Semimulticava). The
large cells are grouped in or-
bicular spaces which are
somewhat convex. The
small zooecia form zones of
more or less width around
each group of large orifices.

Measurements.— Diameter
interior. of large tubes, 0.16
mm.; diameter interior of
small tubes, 0.10 mm.; di-
ameter of zoarium, 10 mm.

Structure.—In sectioning
the elliptical zoarium along
the large axis one would ex-
pect to cut the zooecia along
their length, but this does
not happen, as the section cuts only the expanded extremity of the
tubes. In this genus the direction of the tubes is absolutely inde-
pendent of the zoarial form and the direction can only be surmised
from the exterior. As may be readily observed, the large tubes occur
only in the convex portions, while the small tubes are limited to the
concave portions; the difference between them is of little importance.

In tangential section the tubes are rounded and included in the
thick hexagonal walls. The difference in size between the large and

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,

A. Meridian section, X 16, showing the many enveloping lamellae.

Dimorphism occurs.

B. Tangential thin section, x 16.

Fia. 38.—Diplocava globulosa, new species.
Switzerland

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 15

the small tubes is quite considerable. According to these two latter
observations, it might be concluded that the dimorphism observed in
Diplocava is more apparent than real and that it occurs only at the
terminal part of the tubes.

Affinities. —This species differs from Diplocava incondita in its non-
arborescent zoarium, its smaller micrometric dimensions, and in its
less apparent dimorphism.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland (very rare).

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69928, U.S.N.M.

Cenus SPIROCLAUSA D’Orbigny, 1852
SPIROCLAUSA NEOCOMIENSIS De Loriol, 1863
Plate 11, fig. 14

1863. Spiroclausa neocomiensis Dr Loriou, Les Invertébrés du Neocomien in-
férieur du Mont Saléve pres Genéve, p. 137, pl. 17, fig. 5.

Our figured specimen does not much resemble that of De Loriol,
but not being able to make sections, we do not believe we ought to
create a new species for it. ‘

Its relationships seem to us to be with the Diplocava, for the supe-
rior tubes of the spires are much larger than the others. In each
spire there is always one or more circles of inclosed zooecia.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud),
Switzerland.

Plesiotype.-—Cat. No. 69929, U.S.N.M.

Family LEIOSOECIIDAE Canu and Bassler, 1920

Genus LEIOSOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1920
LEIOSOECIA AEQUIPOROSA, new species

Plate 16, figs. 15-18

Descrvption.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical. The orifices are
suborbicular and slightly polygonal; the peristomes are thick, non-
salient, arranged in quincunx. ‘The mesopores are little numerous,
irregular, polygonal, equal to the apertures. The ovicell is large,
orbicular or somewhat elliptical, thin, very convex.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.10 mm.; diameter of meso-
pores, 0.08—0.10 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 2.5 mm.

Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical. The

mesopores are rare, rather long, with thickened, hollow or moniliform
walls.

"6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with adjacent walls.
The thickening of the walls of the mesopores forms a thick parietal
zone.

In tangential section the mesopores are smaller than the tubes
because their orifice is infundibuliform; they are separated by a
thick, lamellose tissue.

A. Longitudinal sec-
Transverse
Longitudinal thin section,

B. Transverse section, X 16, of the same specimen.

D. Leiosoecia grandipora, new species.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C. Leiosoecia aequiporosa, new species.
Lower Cretaceous.

tion, X 16, through a specimen with an extra lamellar layer.
X 16, showing the rarity of mesopores.

thin section, xX 16.

Fia. 39.—Genus Leiosoecia Canu and Bassler, 1920. A-B. Leiosoecia prozima, new species.

A ffinities.—This species differs from Leiosoecia grandipora, in which
the mesopores have the same dimension, in the smaller zoarium, in
the smaller aperture (not 0.12 mm.), and in the less regular ovicell.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land (rare).

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69930, U.S.N.M.

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER it

LEFOSOECIA GRANDIPORA, new species
Plate 16, figs. 1-4

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated. The ori-
fices are polygonal; the peristomes are thin, nonsalient. The meso-
pores are large, polygonal, few in number, irregularly placed. The
ovicell is large, orbicular, convex, smooth.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; diameter of meso-
pores, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 4 mm.

Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, with
very thick walls, recurved at their extremity, with axial gemmation.
The mesopores have a variable length; they appear at all heights and
their distinction from the tubes is very difficult; they appear little
numerous.

In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with adjacent walls,
as large at the center as at the periphery. The terminal thickening
of the tubes and of the mesopores forms a thick parietal zone.

Affinities.—The species differs from Letosoecia aequiporosa in its
apertural diameter of 0.12 mm. and in its larger zoaria.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69932, U.S.N.M.

LEIOSOECIA CONSTANTI D’Orbigny, 1850

Plate 17, figs. 1-5

1850. Ceriopora constanti D’OrBIaNy, Prodrome de Paléontologie, vol. 2, p. 143.
1854. Heteropora constanti D’ORsiany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé,
vol. 5, p. 1071, pl. 799, figs. 6, 7.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.14 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.06 mm.; diameter of
terminal branches, 3 mm.; diameter of large branches, 7 mm.

Structure—We have found very typical specimens corresponding
to D’Orbigny’s figures. They have, indeed, polygonal orifices sur-
rounded by small mesopores. Moreover, the zoarial surface presents
undulations and in places circular areas of mesopores.

Other specimens, less typical in appearance, have the same aper-
tural diameter, the same orbicular area of mesopores, the same char-
acters in longitudinal section, but the zoaria lack the undulations,
and the mesopores (0.07, 0.08 mm.) are a little larger.

It is difficult to recognize two species in these specimens. The
first lot seems to us to be the terminal branches, the second, more-
over, larger, are the large adult branches. On the other hand, on
the same specimen it is easy to observe the variations in the size of
the mesopores.

In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical, with rather reg-
ular peripheral gemmation. The mesopores are rather long and

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

little numerous. There are zonal lines, rather regular, very convex,
scattered in the inferior part of the branches and approaching more
closely at the summit. The zoarial margins are occupied by epithe-
cal lines, very numerous, close together, represented in a drawing
with difficulty. The diaphragms are widely spaced and their simul-
taneous occurrence forms the zonal lines. The extremity of the
tubes is thickened and moniliform; the tubes are not then rigorously
cylindrical but show constrictions more and more close to each other.

In transverse sections the tubes are polygonal, with thin and
adjacent walls. On the edge the epithecal lines are so close together

r
Soe
a

2,
on

(y
ome

Orin

Fig. 40.—Leiosoecia constanti D’Orbigny, 1850. A. Longitudinal section, * 16, showing the zonal lines
and the undulated tubes with their diaphragms. B. Portion of a transverse section, X 16, illustrating
the polygonal form of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

that they form an exterior epithecal zone so opaque that photog-
raphy can show its complexity only imperfectly.

In tangential section the tubes are little polygonal and the meso-
pores are very small. The calcareous tissue which surrounds them
is alveolar.

This species has the same internal structure as Levosoecia multi-
porosa and Leiosoecia grandipora, but the zonal lines and the epithe-
cal lines are more numerous.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix, Switzerland (Valan-
sian); Grandpré (Ardennes), France (Aptian).

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69933, U.S.N.M

ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 719

LEIOSOECIA PROXIMA, new species

Plate 17, figs. 12-15

Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, bifurcated. The
orifices are orbicular or subpolygonal, with salient peristomes. The
mesopores are polygonal, smaller than the apertures, few in number.
The ovicells are orbicular, very convex, smooth.

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.10-0.12 mm.; diameter
of mesopores, 0.08 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 4 mm.

Affinities.—In its exterior aspect this species is very close to Leio-
soecia constantt D’Orbigny, 1854. We believe, however, they are dis-
tinct. The zoarium is, in fact, multilamellar, as the longitudinal and
transverse sections prove. There are no epithecal lines. Finally, in
spite of irregularity of the specimens, the gemmation is peripheral
but more axial and the central bundle of tubes is smaller.

Our longitudinal section is very interesting, as it shows the begin-
ning of the exterior lamella. This is a tube which is prolonged on
the surface of the primitive trunk which in turn is covered by the
proliferation of its successive ramifications by dorsal gemmation.
The phenomenon is then absolutely identical with that of lamellate
Reptomulticrescis forms. It is thus proved that in such zoarial forms
as Heteropora, Reptomulticrescis, and Reptomulticava there are two
kinds of gemmation, dorsal and peripheral.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland (rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69931, U.S.N.M.

Family CLAUSIDAE D’Orbigny, 1854
Genus CLAUSA D’Orbigny, 1854
CLAUSA CRANEI, new species

Plate 17, figs. 6, 7

Description.—The zoarium is free, claviform. The peristomes are
thin, nonsalient, arranged in interrupted transverse lines, and sepa-
rated by small numerous, polygonal dactylethrae.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 1 mm.

Affinities—Only the type specimen has been found, and we have
figured it not only because of its perfect preservation but in order
to show that the genus Clausa appears to be well represented in the
Lower Cretaceous, where it has hitherto never been noted.

The species differs from Clausa zonifera, new species, in its peri-
stomes not grouped in zones and in its smaller orifices. The specific
name is in honor of W. EK. Crane, who collected the fine bryozoan
fauna here described from Faringdon.

53648—26——6

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(very rare).

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69934, U.S.N.M.

CLAUSA ZONIFERA, new species

Plate 17, figs. 8-11; Plate 31, fig. 9

Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, borne upon a slightly
expanded base, branching dichotomously in the same plane; the
branches are cylindrical, rarely claviform. The peristomes are very
thin, nonsalient, grouped in irregular zones, and separated by polyg-
onal dactylethrae few
innumber. The tubes
are cylindrical, with
peripheral gemmation
regularly developed
around a central axis
and at allheights. The
ovicell is unknown.

Measurements.—Di-
ameter of orifice, 0.12
mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.15 mm.; diam-
eter of large branches,
2.50 mm.

Structure.—Exterior-
ly this species has the
appearance of a Zono-
pora. The grouping of
the peristomes in circu-
lar zones is a deceptive
generic character be-

Fia. 41.—Clausa zonifera, new species. A. Longitudinal section, : tard t l
xX 16. The dactylethrae are produced by dichotomous branching cause 1 oes not al-

of the walls (peripheral gemmation). B. Transverse section, ways correspond to the
x 16. The dispersion of the small tubes among the large ones :
show that gemmation occurs at all distances from the central same internal struc-

axis by regular peripheral dichotomous branching. Lower Cree ture. Itis the same as

taceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England in the clavulate zoarial
form; indeed, in this species we have observed this form, although
rarely, and we figure a superb unbranched specimen.

In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical, recurved at their
extremity, more or less long according to their distance from the
central axis, and narrowed at their base. Their walls divide in two,
engendering thus a new tube. This is the usual method of gemma-
tion in the heteroporoids (peripheral). The peripheral tubes are thus

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 81

shorter and shorter; a certain number aborted (by the disappearance
of the polypide), closed by a calcareous pellicule and become the
dactylethrae. An examination of the extremity of a branch also
reveals the same heteroporoid structure, This feature has been
described by D’Orbigny, 1852, and by Gregory, 1899, who have
established the family Clausidae upon it.

In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with thickened
walls, a little larger toward the periphery. Among the large tubes
appear smaller tubes irregularly scattered; these are newly formed
young tubes whose thin base is thus sectioned. The dactylethrae
appear as smaller tubes visible only at the periphery.

In tangential sections the tubes are polygonal, with thick and
adjacent walls but in which the interior is rounded. The dactyl-
ethrae are smaller and their interior remains polygonal.

A ffinities.—This is the only species of the Clausidae in which the
peristomes are grouped in circular zones separated by narrower
zones of dactylethrae. This simple exterior character is sufficient
to distinguish it from other species of the Cretaceous and notably
from Clausa heteropora D’Orbigny, 1851, very commonly observed in
the Cenomanian of Europe, as well as Clausa cranet, new species.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69935, U.S.N.M.
Genus REPTOCLAUSA D’Orbigny, 1853

1853. Reptoclausa D’OrsIaNyY, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5,
p. 887.

Based on historic considerations and the right of priority, Gregory
in 1897 classified the species of this genus in Jdmonea Lamouroux,
1821. The zoologists have not yet admitted this classification, which
would necessitate a complete rearrangement of the bibliography
relative to Idmonea. We have nothing to add to this discussion, and
while awaiting a decision on the question as to whether [dmonea was
clearly defined we will continue to follow the principle of least change.
We will preserve, therefore, D’Orbigny’s name for the curious forms
herein described.

The tubes are grouped in idmoneiform fascicles, but the tubes do
not have adjacent peristomes. The spaces between the fascicles are
of real tubes or aborted. They are ramified on the tubes of the fas-
cicles primitively formed and their coalescence engenders new fasci-
cles. At the exterior they are visible or invisible, according to the
thickness of the tissue.

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

REPTOCLAUSA DENTICULATA, new species
Plate 18, fig. 1

Descrvption.—The zoarium creeps over shells in fronds branching
at aright angle. The tubes are arranged on each side of the median
crest in transverse rows. There are two tubes in each row; the peri-
stomes are denticulated and nonadjacent.’ All the branches are sur-
rounded by a more or less broad foliaceous expansion formed of
aborted tubes.

Measurements.—Diameter of peristomes, 0.16 mm.; maximum
diameter of branches, 1 mm.

Affinities.—In its zoarial simplicity this species much resembles
Idmonea alipes Gregory, 1899, but differs in its denticulate peristomes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Holotype.—Cat. No. 69936, U.S.N.M.

REPTOCLAUSA HAGENOWI Sharpe, 1854
Plate 18, figs. 2-5

1899. Idmonea hagenowi Grecory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 1, p. 152, pl. 8, fig. 1. (Bibliography.)

Structure.—We have been able to make some sections of this spe-
cies. In transverse section through a fascicle the tubes are rounded,
and in the vicinity of the crest they are surrounded by a strong
solid epitheca. In longitudinal section the tubes are short, oblique,
club-shaped; the crest is a thickened continuous epitheca.

On the fascicles the tubes are arranged in quincunx; the peri-
stomes are orbicular and somewhat salient and their diameter is
larger in the vicinity of the crest of the fascicles.

Oceurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Faringdon, England (Aptian);
Villers-le-Lac (Doubs), France (Valangian).

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69937, U.S.N.M.

REPTOCLAUSA MEANDRINA De Loriol, 1868
Plate 18, figs. 6-8

1868. Reptoclausa meandrina De Loriot, Valanginién d’ Arzier, Paléontologie
Suisse, Liv. 4, p. 62, pl. 6, fig. 1.

The zoarium encrusts Terebratulas and oyster shells. The peri-
stomes are wider than in Reptoclausa hagenowi and the fascicles are
arranged much more irregularly. The interfascicular tubules are
often visible exteriorly. We have found beautiful specimens in our
collections.

Occurrence—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix and
D’Arzier, Switzerland.

Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69938, U.S.N.M.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 83

REPTOCLAUSA NEOCOMIENSIS D’Orbigny, 1853

1853. Reptoclausa neocomiensis D’ Orsiany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 888, pl. 765, figs. 1, 2.
1899. Idmonea neocomiensis Grecory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in
the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 155. (Bibliography.)
This species is well characterized by its short fascicles arranged in
quincunx.
Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix and
Mont Salevé, Switzerland, and Villers-le-Lac (Doubs), France.

Family TRETOCYCLOECIIDAE Canu, 1919

Genus TRETOCYCLOECIA Canu, 1919
TRETOCYCLOECIA (?) MULTIPOROSA, new species

Plate 16, figs. 5-8

Description.—The zoarium is small, cylindrical, bifurcated. The
orifice is orbicular; the peristomes are thin, salient, arranged in
quincunx, scattered or in annular
rows. The mesopores are large,
numerous, polygonal, irregularly
placed around the orifices. The ovi-
cell is orbicular.

Measurements.—Diameter of aper-
ture, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zoar-
ium, 1.25 mm.; diameter of meso-
pores, 0.10 mm.

Affinities —The mesopores seem
to be parietal. Their exterior dia-
meter is perceptibly equal to that
of the peristomes. The ovicells

Fic. 42.—Tretocycloecia densa, new species. A,
Sra, B. Longitudinal sections, X 16. The meso-
found were broken and difficult to _ poresare almost closed by thick tissue. Lower

miterpret.. Che tubes arecylindrical. “eeu Aptian): Faringdon, England

The species differs from Tretocycloecia densa by its very numerous
mesopores as large as the peristomes.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(rare).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69939, U.'S.N.M.

TRETOCYCLOECIA DENSA, new species
Plate 16, figs. 9-14
Description.—The zoarium is free, small, cylindrical, bifurcated.
The orifices are orbicular; the peristomes are thin, salient, close

together, sometimes adjacent, arranged in quincunx. The mesopores
are little numerous, small, irregularly distributed around the aper-

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

tures, short, parietal, sometimes closed by a lamella. The ovicell
is orbicular, nonsalient, traversed by 15 tubes.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.09 mm.; diameter of peri-
stome, 0.11 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.04 mm.; diameter of
zoarium, 1.25 mm.

Structure.—In transverse section the tubes are cylindrical or polyg-
onal, with adjacent walls, with regular peripheral gemmation. In
longitudinal section the tubes are long, cylindrical, narrowed at the
base, with regular peripheral gemmation in the vicinity of the zoarial
axis; they are recurved at their extremity. The mesopores are
parietal, but, as their arrangement around the aperture is irregular,
they are cut in sections irregularly and present the most varied forms;

Fic. 43.—Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Meridian section, X 16, through a growing
branch, showing the lozenge-shaped areas. B. Longitudinal section, X 16, with an accessory exterior
lamella at the left. C. Meridian section, < 16, showing mesopores only in the lateral faces. D.
Transverse section, X 16, through a normal branch. E. Longitudinal section, X 16, illustrating the
cylindrical tubes with triparietal gemmation around a central tube. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian):
Faringdon, England

their walls are very thick. In tangential sections the mesopores are
very small and surrounded by very thick calcareous tissues.

Affinities —This species differs from Tretocycloecia multvporosa in
its much smaller mesopores. It differs from Heteropora keepingi
Gregory, 1909, which has a similar exterior aspect, in its much smaller
zoarium, and in its smaller zooecial diameter (0.09 and not 0.15 mm.).

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England
(common).

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69940, U.S.N.M.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 85

Family ASCOSOECIIDAE Canu, 1919
Genus LATEROCAVEA D’Orbigny, 1853

1853. Laterocavea D’OrBIaNy, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5,
p. 933.

Original diagnosis.—‘‘Colonie fixe par sa base, d’ou partent des
rameaux tres comprimés, divisés par des dichotomisations sur le
méme plan et représentant un ensemble flabelliforme dendroide.
Chaque branche comprimée est pourvue, sur ses deux faces larges
de lignées transversales espacées, composées d’une seule rangée de
cellules tubuleuses; entre ces lignées sont de nombreux pores inter-
médiaires. Sur le cote étroit des branches sont des surfaces tres.
grandes, couvertes seulement de pores opposés épars, ou par lignes
longitudinales bifurquées dans des sillons.”’

Diagnosis.—The zoarium is dichotomous and formed of compres-
sed fronds. The tubes are oriented toward two cellular faces; they
are cylindrical, with peristome; their gemmation is axial around a
central tube. They are separated by parietal mesopores. The two
noncellular sides are formed only of parietal mesopores. The ovicell
is placed on a side with mesopores.

Grenotype.—Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853. Cretaceous.

LATEROCAVEA DUTEMPLEANA D’Orbigny, 1853
Plate 15, figs. 1-6

1853. Laterocavea dutempleana D’OrsiaNny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 933, pl. 772, figs. 7-10.

We have discovered some excellent specimens of this remarkable
species, which have permitted us to study the detailed structure. In
transverse section the tubes are round and grouped around a central
tube. The parietal mesopores have very thick walls; they form an
exterior zone, regular, enlarged laterally.

In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, short, somewhat
narrowed at their base. The gemmation is axial around a central
tube, which ramifies at the dichotomisations. In their terminal
recurved portion the tubes are separated by parietal mesopores, with
thickened walls.

In meridian section the axial tubes have the lozenge-shape derived
from their orientation toward the broad sides. The lateral tubes
are aborted and emit only parietal mesopores much longer than the
others.

In tangential section the orifices are elliptical, often adjacent later-
ally, and separated in the longitudinal direction by irregular groups
of 4 or 5 mesopores.

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

We have sectioned a specimen containing on one side an exterior
accessory intrazoarial lamella. It is a curious phenomenon which
we have observed for the first time.

On the broad sides the peristomes are arranged irregularly on the
median axis and in laterally transverse lines, an arrangement close
to that observed in Hornera.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Grandpré (Ardennes),
France; Faringdon, England (common).

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69941, U.S.N.M.

LATEROCAVEA INTERMEDIA, new species

Plate 13, figs. 9-17

* Description.—The zoarium is small, cylindrical, dichotomously
branched. On the principal branches the orifices are arranged lat-
erally, although the entire anterior surface is occupied by mesopores.
On the terminal branches the orifices are disposed entirely around
the colony. In the cellular parts the orifices are arranged in irregu-
lar transverse lines; the peristomes are almost always adjacent and
separated longitudinally by groups of four mesopores. The ovi-
cell is globular, elliptical, large, and always placed on a side with
mesopores.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; zooecial width,
0.14 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.25 mm.; diameter of branches,
1 mm.

Affinities —The arrangement of the orifices is absolutely contrary
to that in Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853, because they
are lateral and not on the plane of dichotomisation. Furthermore,
the small branches, bearing orifices entirely around the colony, offer
the aspect of Petalopora Lonsdale, 1850. Complete zoaria present,
therefore, all the characters intermediate, between the two genera
Laterocavea and Petalopora. This species differs again from Latero-
cavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853, in its rounded instead of com-
pressed and much smaller branches.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69942, U.S.N.M.

Genus SIPHODICTYUM Lonsdale, 1849

1849. Siphodictyum LonspaueE, Notes on Fossil Zoophytes, Quarterly Journal
Geological Society London, vol. 5. p. 94.

The ovicell is an elliptical, very convex sack, perforated by a
certain number of tubes (type of Ascosoecia). The tubes are short,
with peristome, with triparietal gemmation around a central axis.
The zoarial epitheca is very thick and perforated all around the col-
ony by small numerous vacuoles, issuing from aborted tubes and
arranged at the bottom of the sulci.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 87

Genotype.—Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849. Cretaceous (Ap-
tian, Albian and Campanian).

Affinities. —Gregory, 1899, classified this genus in the Horneridae.
This is correct so far as the exterior aspect and the nature of the
tubes is concerned, but the ovicell is quite different and is of the
type characteristic of the Ascosoeciidae.

The genus differs for Laterocavea D’Orbigny, 1853, in the nature of
the adventitious pores, which are vacuoles and not mesopores. In
the occurrence of large noncellular areas the two genera are very
close but the areas are arranged quite differently.

Siphodictyum differs from Reteporidea D’Orbigny, 1853, in the
nature of the adventitious pores, which are vacuoles minced at the
bottom of the sulci, and in its nonreticulate zoarium.

The aineatollenrl function of the vacuoles in recent Hornera is
not known, and we are unable, therefore, to understand the impor-
tance of the large noncellular spaces on species of Laterocavea and
Siphodictyum.

Certain branches are petaloporoid, as they have orifices entirely
around the zoarium.

SIPHODICTYUM GRACILE, Lonsdale, 1849
Plate 14, figs. 14-21

1899. Siphodictyum gracile Greaory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in
the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 363, fig. 45, pl. 12, figs. 14, 15. (Bibliog-
raphy.)

Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.08 mm.; diameter of zoo-
ecia, 0.16 mm.; distance of orifices along margin, 0.40 mm.; diam-
eter of large branches, .070 mm.

Structure.—The zoarium is cylindrical, dichotomously branched.
The peristomes are salient, adjacent, and arranged in transverse
rows interrupted in the middle, on the anterior face of the colony.
They are separated in the longitudinal direction by 4 to 6 vacuoles.
On the posterior face only vacuoles occur, at the base of broad sulc}
of little depth; the sulci are rarely longitudinal and are almost always
more or less oblique. This arrangement prevents the discovery of
the true nature of the pores as observed in thin sections. The dorsal
is sometimes much reduced.

In longitudinal section the zoarium appears surrounded by a very
thick lamellar epitheca; the tubes are short, cylindrical, with peri-
stome, recurved at their extremity, with triparietal gemmation, and
arranged around a central axis. The tubes oriented toward the
frontal are complete and separated in the recurved portions by
the epitheca perforated by vacuoles; the tubes oriented toward the

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

frontal dorsal are aborted and engender the vacuoles of the non-
cellular face.

Our longitudinal sections do not correspond exactly with those of
Gregory, 1899 (p. 364), which seem to show parietal mesopores
(=maculae). The sections of Lonsdale are incomplete.

The meridian section confirms the longitudinal section, but the
tubes are symmetrically arranged on each side of the central axis.
Moreover, diaphragms appear sometimes.

In transverse sections the zoarial epitheca is thick, lamellar, per-
forated by irregularly scattered vacuoles; the tubes here are almost
equal and polygonal.

Fia. 44.—Genus Siphodictyum Lonsdale, 1849. A-E. Siphodictywm irregulare, new species. A. Trans-
verse section, X 16, showing the polygonal tubes. B. Another transverse section, X 16, exhibiting the
central axis. C. Tangential section, < 16, illustrating the arrangement of the vacuoles around the
orifices D. Longitudinal section, X 16. The vacuoles perforate the epitheca all around the zoarium.
E. Longitudinal section, X 16, showing the cylindrical tubes and the vacuoles perforating the epitheca.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. F-H. Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1879. F. Trans-
verse section, X 16. QG. Meridian section, X 16. H. Longitudinal section, X 16, with the vacuoles
perforating the thick epitheca. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England

In these various sections the zoarial pores appear, therefore, as the
extremities of small tubes perforating the zoarial epitheca; these are
vacuoles, as in the genus Hornera. Moreover, the general aspect of
the species is also that of Hornera, although the ovicell is decidedly
different, being that of the Ascosoeciidae.

Affinities —This species differs from Srphodictyum irregulare in the
salient peristomes arranged in transverse rows and more numerous
on the cellular face; finally, branches formed entirely of vacuoles
have never been observed.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, Folkestone,
etc., England.

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69943, U.S.N.M.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 89

SIPHODICTYUM IRREGULARE, new species

Plate 14, figs. 1-11

Description.—The zoarium is cylindrical, slender, dichotomously
branched. On the cellular face the orifices are arranged in irregular
quincunx or in transverse lines interrupted in the middle; the peri-
stomes are salient, thick, adjacent, or scattered; they are separated
by groups of 2 to 4 vacuoles. On the dorsal face the vacuoles occur
at the base of sulci of little depth, arranged longitudinally and
obliquely. At the extremity of the branches the peristomes occur
entirely around the colony. The cellular groups are separated by
noncellular spaces showing only vacuoles. The ovicell is a large,
very convex sack placed in the noncellular portion of the zoarium.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; zooecial diameter,
0.12 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.28—0.32 mm.; diameter of largest
branches, 0.65 mm.

Structure.—The longitudinal section of the cellular branches shows
on the frontal a thick peripheral epitheca perforated by vacuoles,
short cylindrical tubes with triparietal gemmation around a central
axis, and dorsal tubes analogous but aborted and engendering the
vacuoles.

The longitudinal section of the noncellular branches show identi-
cal characters, but all the tubes are aborted and engender numerous
vacuoles.

The transverse section shows a very thick epitheca perforated by
vacuoles, by complete tubes, or by incomplete tubes.

The tangential section of the cellular face shows the orbicular
orifices and a variable number of small vacuoles very irregularly
arranged and immersed in a thick epitheca. Irregular veinules indi-
cate the presence of the sulci. The tangential section of the non-
cellular portions exhibit very small vacuoles arranged in quincunx
and immersed in a thick epitheca in which the veinules are indicated
by the darker portions.

This species has afforded sections closer to those of Gregory, 1899
(p. 364); but the walls of the adventitious tubes are much thicker
and seem to indicate vacuoles rather than mesopores.

The orifices are arranged in transverse rows, interrupted or in quin-
cunx. On the same zoarium there are large cellular spaces with peri-
stomes on a single side, but they alternate with the large noncellular
spaces. At the extremity of the branches the orifices are disposed
entirely around the colony. The lateral dichotomisations are always
very short.

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Affinities —This species differs from Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale,
1849, in its more slender branches showing only 8 or 4 longitudinal
series of tubes and in the presence of noncellular zoarial portions.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69944, U.S.N.M.

Genus ZONOPORA D’Orbigny, 1854
ZONOPORA COMPRESSA, new species

Plate 15, figs. 15-17; Plate 31, fig. 1

Description.—The zoarium is free, dichotomous; the fronds are
muchcompressed. The peristomes are small, thin, nonsalient, arranged
in irregular quincunx, grouped in zones separated by wide areas of
mesopores and surrounded by some mesopores.

Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of meso-
pores, 0.04—0.06 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.24—0.26 mm.; sepa-
ration of peristomes, 0.36—0.40 mm.

Structure.—The sectioned specimens were accidentally hollow, giv-
ing the sections a strange aspect which might make them appear
to belong to another genus. However, we have found the usual
structure seen in sections of Zonopora.

The longitudinal section in Zonopora is very difaeult to interpret
because of ‘the ereat multiplicity of tubes and of their vesicular walls.
Those which we have made are not clear enough to be reproduced,
but we have been able to observe the essential characters.

Affinities.—This is the only species of Zonopora in which the fronds
are compressed.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.

Cotype.—Cat. No. 69945, U.S.N.M.

ZONOPORA ARBOREA Koch and Dunker, 1837
Plate 15, figs. 7-10; Plate 31, figs. 2-4

1909. Multizonopora arborea GrEGoRY, Catalogue Cretaceous Bryozoa in the
British Museum, vol. 2, p. 220, figs. 57-61. (Bibliography and geologic
distribution.)

Measurements.—Diameter of the orifices, 0.08 mm.; diameter of
the mesopores, 0.04 mm.

Structure.—The specimens from Sainte-Croix are large and rough,
but they are not multilamellar. The cellular zones are very irregular
and quite variable in their extent. The determination by the exterior
features alone is always difficult if the observer is not acquainted
with all the known variations in such fossils.

The illustrated sections of this species are those of Pergens, 1889,
and of Gregory, 1909. Our specimens from Sainte-Croix were silici-

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 9]

fied and could not be sectioned, but a well-preserved example from
Berklingen has afforded some interesting results. In the transverse
‘section here figured the tubes are polygonal, with a rounded center,
cylindrical, of uniform diameter. The recurved parts of the tubes
and the mesopores have very thick vesicular walls in confirmation of
Gregory’s figure 61. Gemmation takes place especially in the vicin-
ity of the central axis.

The tangential section shows small scattered mesopores embedded
in the zoarial epitheca.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix, Switzerland (Valan-
gian); Berklingen, Germany.

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69946, U.S.N.M.

Genus SPARSICAVEA D’Orbigny ,1853
SPARSICAVEA IRREGULARIS D’Orbigny, 1853

Plate 15, figs. 11-14.

1853. Sparsicavea irregularis D’Orsiany, Paléontologie fran-
caise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 949, pl. 617, figs.
ale :

Measurements.—Diameter of aperture 0.07—0.08
mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.12 mm.; diameter of
zoarium, 1-2 mm.

Structure.—Our determination is exact, as our
specimens are rigorously analogous to those of
D’Orbigny. His figure is not altogether exact, as
admitted by himself, the unequal spacing of the
peristomes not being visible. Our photographs
show this feature very well. Mesopores are rather
numerous; they are infundibuliform at their ex-
tremity and appear consequently smaller in tangen-
tial section. The peristome is salient and thick. FIG. 45.—Sparsicavea

The longitudinal section shows the usual feature = 7ularis eee
of Sparsicavea, namely club-shaped tubes, peripheral ee can
and axial gemmation, parietal mesopores (—macu- &- aia oat aces
lae of Gregory), with very thick walls. In transverse © er cretaceous (Ap-
section the thickening of the walls of the mesopores _ ! Sei aes
forms a regular epithecal zone.

All the known ovicelled species with Sparsicavea characters are
referred to the genus Parascosoecia, but until the ovicell of the
present one is known we believe it best to refer it to the older name.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England;
Machoremenil (Ardennes), France.

Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69947, U.S.N.M.

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 6T

Family CORYMBOPORIDAE Smitt, 1866

Genus CORYMBOPORA Michelin, 1845
CORYMBOPORA NEOCOMIENSIS D’Orbigny, 1853

Plate 8, figs. 13-16
1853. Corymbopora neocomiensis D’OrBiIGNY, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain
Crétacé, vol. 5, p, 670, pl. 783, figs. 20-23.
1909. Fasciculipora neocomiensis Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa
in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 37. (Bibliography.)

B. Transverse section, X 8.

por, pe caernsass ces

=<o~ se

Meridian section, X 16. Creta-

A. Corymbopora? cupula D’Orbigny, 1853
B, C. Corymbopeora neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853.
C. Longitudinal section, X 16, in a branch
The walls of the tubes are moniliform, Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

The tubes are polygonal with walls adjacent and larger at the zoarial center.

Fic. 46.—Genus Corymbopora Michelin, 1845.
with three pinnules.

ceous (Cenomanian) Le Mans, France.

San

Structure.—The branches figured by D’Orbigny are of young speci-
mens; as they are thin, they appear long. The older branches formed
of a greater number of tubes have a broader, thicker aspect; the

zoarium appears like a circular stem bearing short pinnules in all
directions. The base is a circular disk, little expanded.

ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 93

The longitudinal section is that characteristic of the Corymbopori-
dae as Canu has figured in 1919. The walls of the tubes are monili-
form. The gemmation is incomprehensible and the nature of the
pores remains still doubtful. Gregory’s hypothesis is not clear. ‘The
pores seem to be due to the nearly complete filling of the aperture
of the dead zoaria by epizoarial material.”’

In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with adjacent walls;
they are larger at the zoarial center.

Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.

Plesvotypes.—Cat. No. 69948, U.S.N.M.

CORYMBOPORA (?) CUPULA D’Orbigny, 1853

Plate 8, figs. 1-7

1853. Reptomulticava cupula D’OrBiaNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré-
tacé, vol. 5, p. 1037, pl. 792, figs. 6-11.

Our determination is possibly incorrect, for D’Orbigny’s figures
do not indicate smaller tubes at the center of the zoarium nor col-
onies so thick. We maintain our determination, however, because
specimens of D’Orbigny’s species as figured by him have never been
rediscovered at Le Mans.

Our specimens are capitate, simple or agglomerate. The ovicel
is that of the Corymboporidae, absolutely analogous with that o
the genotype figured by Canu. Exteriorily the zoarium appears to
be formed of superposed lamellae in which the tubes are much
smaller at the center and on the margin. This is an illusion result-
ing from the special mode of gemmation in Corymbopora. Thin
sections confirm this observation.

Occurrence.—Cretaceous (Cenomanian) : Le Mans (Sarthe), France.

Plesvotypes.—Cat. No. 69949, U.S.N.M.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Fics. 1-4. Mecynoecia icaunensis D’Orbigny, 1850___...__.____-___--_-
1. Zoarial fragments, natural size.
2. Large branch, X12, on which the tubes are somewhat
visible.
3. Young bifurcated branch, X12.
4. Young slender branch, X12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Hire. 5. Trigonoecra semota; mew Species) — 2 52 =e ee ee ee
5. Zoarium showing two ovicells, X12. The surface of the
ovicells is wrinkled and the oeciostome is small.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Figs. 6-12. Trigonoecia haimeana De Loriol, 1863 _._.___.___________-
6. Large zoarium, natural size, of many incrusting layers.
7, 8. Surface of the same specimen, X12 and X25.
9. Specimen, X12 with the ovicell incompletely formed.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
10. Portion of the zoarial surface, X12, showing the con-
centric wrinkles.
11. Portion of surface, X25, with tubes visible.
12. Ovicelled portion of the surface, X12.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 61 PL. |

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 94

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 2

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 95

PLATE 2

Figs. 1-7. Cardioecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853___..___._______-__-

1. Fragments, natural size.

2. Portion of a zoarium, X12. Many of the tubes are
visible. The zone of growth is short and thick.

3. A bifurcated, ovicelled frond, «12. The ovicells are
complete and symmetrical. The zone of growth is
short and thick.

4. Fragment, *12, in which the peristomes are little salient

and the ovicell little regular.

5. Zoarium, 12, with peristomes almost adjacent.

§. Ovicelled zoarial fragment, x12. The peristomes are
little sahent. The ovicells are little regular and little
symmetrical.

Frond with salient peristomes, 12. The tubes are
distinct only in the inferior part.

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-

a |

land.
Fig. 8. Cardioecia neocomiensis, var. parvula, new variety —~__-_-_--_____-
Ovicelled specimen, 12, illustrating the small peristomes.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.
Frias. 9, 10. Cardioecia neocomiensis, var. entalophoroides, new variety —__
Two ovicelled specimens, 12. The tubes are in quin-
cunx or in transverse rows.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
ine. blerigonoecta meocomiensis ) Orbigny, 1853.--..-..6---2_-L2_..
A frond, X12, on which the wrinkles are quite visible.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.

Page
40

PLATE 3

Page
Figs. 1-4: Cardioecia verizcellata; mew SpeCless 222 = 22 == ee ee 42
1. Zoarial fragments, natural size.
2. Branch, «12, in which the peristomes are worn.
3. Cylindrical zoarium, 12, with the zone of growth
preserved.
4. Compressed zoarium with its ovicell, 12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Hires. 5-8. Candioecia hyselyz De: Loriol, 186922255222 2 sea 43
5. Specimen, natural size and X12, with tubes visible.
6. Foliaceous specimen, 12, withits zone of growth. The
tubes are not visible.
7. Surface, X25. The tubes are convex and visible.
8. Portion of ovicelled specimen, 12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fies. 9-15. Cardioecia faringdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922-__-__- oe 44

ge
10.

Fragments, natural size.

Young cylindrical branch, X12, with zone of growth
and in which the tubes are arranged in the Peripora
form.

Young cylindrical branch, 12.

Ovicelled specimen, with narrow base, 6.

Compressed branch, 12, with a large zone of growth.

Large branch, 12, much compressed, with the tubes
arranged transversely.

Portion of surface of compressed zoarium, X25.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 3

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 96

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 4

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 97

PLATE 4

Fias. 1-4. Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny, 1853 _._...____-___- ae ae
1. Fragments, natural size.
2. Bifurcated branch, not reticulated, «12.
3. Portion of reticulated specimen, 12.
4. Same specimen as 3, 25, showing a regenerated tube.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Figs. 5-7. Nematifera incrustans, new species_______--__-_-___-_------
5. Zoarium, natural size.
6. Portion of surface, 12.
7. Fragment of the zoarial surface, 12, showing the ovi-
cell (broken) and the short zone of growth.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Figs. 8-11. Nematifera reticuloides, new species_____-----------_----__-
8S. Fragments, natural size.
9. Shghtly worn specimen, 12, on which the peristomes
are arranged in close transverse groups (Peripora).
10. Extremity of a young bifurcated branch, 12, showing
the zone of growth,
11. Fragment of a reticulated specimen, 12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Hires l2. Wemattfera acuta D’Orbieny, 1853_..22222-.) S222 ee
Fragment, X12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.
BrGés le—l>. TPrigonoecia tubulosa D2 Orbieny, i853222-05_-------_-__=+-
13. Zoaria, natural size.
14. Ovicelled specimen, «12. The oeciostome is minute
but long and salient.
15. Specimen, «12, showing two large ovicells.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland.
Fig. 16. Diaperoecia simplex, new species..____----—- Se ees
The ovicelled type specimen, 12.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Page

PLATE. 5

Hies: 1,2. Cardioecia paunen mewaSpecles-——- aoe

1. Ovicelled branch, X12, showing side on which peri-
stomes are arranged in quincuny.

2. Opposite side of same specimen, 12, exhibiting ovi-
cell, and peristomes arranged in transverse rows.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Frias. 3-5. Notoplagioecia faringdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922 _.______

3. Zoarial fragments, natural size.

4 Cylindrical branch, 12, showing the irregular arrange-
ment of the peristomes and the conical zone of
growth.

5. Example with ovicell (broken), 12.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

6. Zoarial fragments, natural size.
7,8. Branch, X12 and 25, on which the granulated tubes
are visible exteriorily.
9,10. The most frequent aspect of the branches, X12 and
X25.
11,12. Branches, X12 and X25, showing the small, elongated
orifices,
13, 14. Branch, X12 and
peristomes.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

25, with granulated facettes and

Page
44

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 5

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 98

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 6

POT eeeOT ILE

4 Fe on ak, p

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 99

PLATE 6
ies. 1, 2. Actinopora stellata Koch and Dunker, 1837_- 7
1. Young berenicoid zoaria, <6.
2. Entire ovicelled zoarium, <6. (After sketch by Wa-

ters.)
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.

Fria. 3. Mesenteripora marginata D’Orbigny, 1853-_----___ __ |
Fragment, 12.
Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.
Frias. 4-8. Multitubigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853
4. Two zoaria, natural size.

5, 6, 7. Base, side and upper surface, 2, of same zoarium.
8. Portion of the zoarium, «12, showing the ovicell.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fig. 9. Multifascigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853__._____._.___--_---
Zoarium, 6, formed (on the right) by two discoidal sub-
colonies in the Actinopora stage and (on the left) by a sub-
colony in the Lopholepis growth form.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.
Fic. 10. Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853___...__._----__------
Ovicelled specimen, 12, with irregular subcolonies.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.

PLATE 7

Ries: 1; 2: Fasciculipora fladellaia D’ Orbigny,.1853=— === eee
1. Lateral view of a specimen, 6, with little expanded
base.
2. Zoarium, 6, viewed from above, showing the orifices
of the tubes at the extremity of the fronds.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fires. 3, 4: Plethopora antensis, new species2 24 =-5- == pee era ein es, ©
3. Zoaria, natural size and enlarged.
4. Bifurcated zoarial fragment, 12.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fires, 5-7. Retenoa campicheana DD’ Orbigny, 1S hoes. 2s. 22-2 eee
5. Fragments, natural size.
6. Posterior noncellular (dorsal) face of a branch showing
an ovicell below a bifurcation, 12.
7. Cellular (anterior) face of a bifurcated branch, «12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Paqs..8=12. Chartecytis. compressa. mewsSpeClesSa2 = == 45 ee
8. Zoarium, natural size.
9. Bifurcated zoarial fragment, X12. The orifices of the
tubes are lozenge-shaped slits.
10. Compressed zoarial with trace of ovicell, X12.
11. Surface of same specimen, X25.
12. Extremity of a branch showing the conical zone of

growth.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.

100

Page
51

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 7

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 100

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2! PL. 8

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE IOI

PLATE 8

Fics. 1-7. Cerymbopora cupula D’Orbigny, 1853__-____--_._--_______-
1-3. A zoarium with broad base, 6, showing superior (1)
lateral (2), and inferior sides (3).
4. Zoarium, 38, formed of several agglomerated sub-
colonies.
5-7. An ovicelled zoarium with narrow base, 6, exhibit-
ing upper (5), lateral (6), and lower sides (7).
Cretaceous (Cenomanian): Le Mans, France.
Fras. 8-12. Cerfocava ingens, new species_-_-_-___
8. Zoarium, natural size.
9,10. Portion of a large zoarium, «12 and *25, where the
tubes have preserved their facettes.
11,12. Portion, X12 and X25, in which the facettes are

]

wanting.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.

Fics. 13-16. Corymbopora neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853___--__-_-__--..
13, 14, 15. Zoaria, natural size and enlarged.

16. Base of two zoaria enlarged; the base is a lit-

tle expanded adherent disk.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix,

Switzerland.

Fig. 17. Diaperoecia orbifera, new species
An ovicelled zoarium, 12.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

101

No)
bo

PLATE 9

Eres. 1-10) Cemocava multtlametlosa, new species] 222 ae = =e
1. Zoarial fragments, natural size.
2. An example, X12, on which a lamella with facettes
covers a portion without facettes.
3,4. Young branch, X12 and X25, showing the round
median orifice in the hexagonal facette.
5,6. Branch, X12 and X25, on which the tubes with
facettes falternate with the others.
7,8. Fragment, X12 and X25, with facettes, showing the
zone of growth of a second lamella.
9,10. Branch without facettes, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.
Eres. Vle=l3. Cernocava yunctata. new. SPCCl6S== 42 = ee
11. Zoaria, natural size.
12, 13. Portion of a hollow unilamellar zoraium without
facettes, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.
Rigs. 14-17. ‘Cerzocava gnandipora, new Species.=-—— =) —-— 2 a ae eee
14,15. Fragments, natural size and X3. The base is
orbicular and the extremity of the branches is
conical.
16. Ovicelled specimen, X12.
17. Normal specimen without ovicells, X12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland.
102

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 9

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 10

Pie

*0¢,0.28

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103

Prare 10

Fics. 1-4. Ceriocava tenwirama, new species___________ ee ote
1. Fragments of zoarium, natural size.
2. Specimen, 12, showing the habitual aspect.
3,4. Example, X12 and X25, showing tubes with facettes
and an orbicular orifice.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Figs. 5-12. Diplocava incondita, new species____________-_____-_--=--

5. Fragments, natural size.

6. Specimen, <6, showing normal aspect. The groups of
large tubes are surrounded by small tubes with
facettes.

7,8. Surface of arborescent zoarial fragment, X12 and 25,
with monomorphic tubes.
9,10. Bilamellar zoarial fragment, «12 and 25, showing
tubes with facettes.

11. Ovicelled lamellar zoarium, 12. The parts with
large orifice are little visible. The ovicell is star-
shaped with four branches.

12. Group of large zooecia without facettes, 25.

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.

105

Page
70

PLATE 11

Kies. Jo. Diplocava inondinata; mew Speclesie = 922) a ee
1. Zoarial fragments, natural size and base of a young
zoarium, 3.

2. Fragment with small tubes, X12.

3. Portion of zoarium with large tubes, 12.

4. Fragment with both large and small tubes, «12.

5. Example containing tubes with their facettes, 12.

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fies. 6-8. Diplocava orbiculifera, new species---------- 22a
6. The ramose zoarium, natural size.
7,8. Zoarial surface X12 and X25, showing the orbicular
arrangement of the groups of large tubes.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fics. 9,11. Diplocava globulosa, new species _____-_----------- See Sosy
9. The small massive zoarium, natural size.
11, 10. Portion of the zoarial surface, X12 and 25, showing
the two kinds of tubes.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Hires» 12; 13. Meliceritites semiciausa Grerory, 1899 22 =a ee
12,13. A typical specimen, natural size and X12,
showing the transverse ovicell and the eleo-
cellarium which is oval and longer than a

facette.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, Eng-
land.

Pre. 14. Sprreclausa neocomensis De luoriol; 1863-2222 52-2) eee ee
Specimen 12, attributed doubtfully to this species but
which is in reality a Diplocava.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.
104

Page

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PLS

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2I

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2! PL. 12

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 105

PuatTe 12

Page
Fics. 1-12. Meliceritites transversa, new species__________-___.-_______- 64
1. Two branches, natural size.
2,3. Ovicelled specimen, X12 and X25. The peristomes
are salient and arranged in transverse rows.
Zoarium, 12, with peristomes little salient.
5. Same specimen as Figure 4, X25. Portion where
the peristomes are irregularly arranged.
6. Another surface of Figure 3, 25, illustrating por-
tion with peristomes arranged in oblique rows.
7. Multilameller specimen, *12. The central zoarium
is surrounded by two exterior lamellae.
8. Same specimen as Figure 7. Portion of an exterior
lamella, 25, showing peristomes irregularly ar-
ranged and a regenerated zooecium at the top.
9,10. Zoarial base, 6, and portion, X12, showing the
multiplicity of the exterior lamellae.
11. Portion of exterior lamellae same example, 20,
showing little salient, subcircular peristomes.
12. Basal part of zoarium, 6.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fres. 13-15. Meliceritites, species_____.._________________-______-_-_-- 67

18, 14. Two branches, X12.
15. Surface, X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
105

PLATE 13

Ries. 1=8. Meliceritites cunmningtont ‘Gregory, 1899-22225] eee ee 65

1. Zoarial fragments, natural size.

2. A bifureated branch, X12, with the peristomes arranged
in transverse rows.

3. Same specimen as Figure 2, X25. Some of the tubes are
operculated.

4. Portion of a branch, 25, showing two denticulated
eleocellaria.

5. A branch, 25, illustrating that the eleocellarium results
from the union of an orifice with the proximal pore.

6. Zoarial surface, <25. The peristomes are arranged in

quincunx.
Example, 6, with the zoarial base somewhat expanded.

8. Branch, X12, with peristomes arranged in quincunx.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Eras. 9-17. Laterocava intermedia, Mew SpeCiessoa2 5-2" sen = eee 86
9. Two fragments, natural size.

10. Zoarial fragment, X12, showing that the frontal face
is covered by mesopores; the celluliferous faces are
lateral.

11. The terminal branch of a specimen, 12, with peri-
stomes all around the colony.

12. Lateral celluliferous face, X25.

13. Frontal face, X25.

14, 15. An ovicelled specimen, X12 and X25.

16, 17. Example, X12 and X25. The ovicellis placed on the
frontal face among the mesopores. The two branches
are petaloporoid.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Figs. 18-20. Meliceritites haimeana D’Orbigny, 1853_-_-------- ee 64
18. Two fragments, natural size.
19, 20. Zoarium, X12, and a portion, X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 13

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 106

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 14

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LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 107

PLATE 14

1. Zoarial fragments, natural size.

2. Noncellular posterior face of zoarium, 12. The
vacuoles are placed at the bottom of the oblique
sulel.

Fias. 1-11. Siphodictyum irregulare, new species

3. Surface, «25, showing the arrangement of the frontal
vacuoles between the peristomes.

4,5. Thetwo faces of the same zoarium, X12. The peri-
stomes are arranged in quincunx.

6. Celluliferous (anterior) face, X12. The peristomes
are arranged in regular or interrupted transverse
rows.

7, 8. Two zoaria, X12. The celluliferous spaces alternate
with the noncellular spaces.

9, 10. Two branches, X12. At the extremity of the branches
the peristomes are arranged entirely around the
colony.

11. Same specimen as Figure 9, X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fics. 12, 13. Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845______----_-_________
12, 18. Branch, X12 and X25. The facettes are elon-
gated.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, Eng-

land.
Fias. 14-21. Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849

14. Two branches natural size.

15. Branch, X25. The peristomes are incomplete or
interrupted transverse lines. There are 4 to 6
vacuoles to a tube.

16. Lateral view of same specimen, 25.

17. Dorsal view, *25, with vacuoles placed at the bot-
tom of the sulci.

18. Surface, 25, with the peristomes placed in quin-
cunx. There are 4+ vacuoles to a tube.

19. Dorsal face, «25. The vacuoles are at the bottom
of the very oblique sulci.

20. Celluliferous face of a specimen, 12, in which the
orifices are arranged almost around the colony,
the dorsal face being very small.

21. Dorsal side of the same specimen, 12.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
107

PLATE 15

Fics. 1-6. Laterocavea duiempleana D’Orbigny, 1853___-.._____.-_-__-- 85
1,2. A bifureated frond, natural size and 12, showing
the broad celluliferous frontal face.
3. Celluliferous face, X25.
4,5. Lateral noncelluliferous face, X12 and X25.
6. Tangential thin section, X25, showing the arrange-
ment of the mesopores around the peristomes.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Figs. 7-10. Zonopora arborea Koch and Dunker, 1837 -______________-_ 90
7. Zoarial fragments, natural size.
8, 9. Portion of a specimen, X12 and X25, exhibiting no
zones of mesopores.
10. Specimen, 12, showing a false ovicell.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fics. 11-14. Sparsicavea irregularis D’Orbigny, 18538_______.-_______- 91
11. Specimens, natural size.
12. A reticulated specimen, X12.
13. Specimen showing the large areas of mesopores, X12.
14. Same specimen, X25. The apertures are rounded
and the mesopores are polygonal.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fics. 15-17. Zonopora compressa, new species.__---__.._2------==__2_ 90
15. Fragments, natural size.
16,17. A bifurcated frond, X12, and portion, X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland.

108

PL.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 108

PL. 16

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

a” :

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 109

PLATE 16

Fias. 1-4. Leiosoecia grandipora, new species __-___-.------
1. Fragments, natural size.
2, 3. A bifurcated specimen, X12, and surface, X25. Meso-
pores are rare.
4. Ovicelled specimen, 25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fias. 5-8. Tretocycloecia multiporosa, new species______------_-___-__-
5. Branches, natural size.
6. Extremity of an ovicelled specimen, 1
7, 8. Ovicelled specimen, 12, and surface,
cell is broken and incomplete.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fics. 9-14. Tretocycloecia densa, new species _______-___-_-___-_-_-----
9. Zoarial fragments, natural size.
10. Ovicelled specimen, 12. The ovicell shows a por-
tion of the enclosing superior lamella.
11. Ovicelled specimen, 12, exhibiting the transverse
section of a broken branch.
12. Specimen with salient peristomes, «12.
13. Bifurcated, ovicelled fragment, 12.
14. Tangential section, 25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fias. 15-18. Leiosoecia aequiporosa, new species ______-__-__-----_--_-
15. Fragments, natural size.
16. Extremity of an ovicelled branch, 12.
17. Specimen, 12, showing the internal structure of
the ovicell.
18. Portion of Figure 16, 25.
19. Tangential thin section, «25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.

«
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x25. The ovi-

109

9
So

PLATE 17

Hicgs.l=5. Lerosoeciarconsianti 1) Orbiony.. S50 eee
1. Two fragments, natural size.
2,3. A mammillated specimen, 12 and 25, showing the
polygonal orifices and the small mesopores.
4. Portion of an ovicelled branch with large mesopores,
x12.
5. Surface, X12, with large mesopores and showing a cir-
cular area of mesopores.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fies..6,-7 Clausa crane, new species:=._ 2. Ses er
6. Young zoarium, 12, with the peristomes arranged in
transverse rows.
7. Same zoarium, 25. Extremity showing tubes of the
same size and revealing peripheral gemmation.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Pigs. S=11) Clausa zonitfera, new Speciess 4. = 5]
8, 9. Specimens, natural size and several <2.
10. Young zoarium, 12, showing the zones of dactyl-
ethrae.
11. Same specimen, 25, illustrating the arrangement
of dactylethrae around the orifices.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fies. 12-15. Letosoecia proxima, new species --.-.______..--..-.-_-~--_-
12. Zoarial fragments, natural size.
13. Specimen with convex ovicell, X12.
14. Specimen with ovicell little convex, X12.
15. Surface, X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.
110

Page

‘

PL.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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|! OWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I10

53648—26

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2! PL. 18

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE III

PLATE 18

Fig. 1. Reptoclausa denticulata, new species___________.____--_-_-- 7 82
The encrusting zoarium, 6.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fias. 2-5. Reptoclausa hagenowi Sharpe, 1854____ ~~ a ee eee eee a 82
2. An encrusting zoarium, 6.
3. Lateral view of a fascicle, «12.
4. Longitudinal section, 25, showing the thickness of
the crest and the oblique arrangement of the tubes.
. Transverse section of a branch, X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Figs. 6-8. Reptoclausa meandrina DeLoriol, 1868_._-_____ Se ee ene 82
6, 7. Portions of the same zoarium, 6, on opposite sides
of a shell.
8. Branches of a zoarium, X12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.

al HE

PuaTEe 19

Frias. 1-6. Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909
1.%4The massive zoarium, natural size formed of a large
number of superposed subcolonies.
2. Two subcolonies, X12. At the left the tubes are pro-
vided with visors.
3. Tubes, X25, with their triangular visors. The cancelli
are irregular.
4. Almost complete ovicell, X12. The branches are not
symmetrical,
5. Surface, X12, with an ovicell, in part broken, showing
the internal lines of tubes in radial arrangement.
6. Surface, X25, showing tubes without visors. The walls
are thick.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fias. 7-10. Multigalea marginata, new species.....--...__-----.--__.-
7. Lateral view of zoarium, natural size.
8. Two subcolonies, X12, with their smooth margins.
9. Marginal lamella af a subcolony, 12.
10. Worn portion of a subcolony, X12. The cancelli are
little distinct from the tubes.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 19

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LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 112

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL, 67, ART. 21 PL. 20

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I13

PuLatTE 20

Page
Hrewlemunolomorawirgulosa Gregory, L909_. 2-2-2. 2-222 = o es 63
Zoarium, 12, formed of four superposed subcolonies.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Pia. 2-5. Radiovora tuberculata D’ Orbigny, 1849-2. .....----..-...-.-.- 63
2. Zoarium, natural size.
3. Two subcolonies, 12, showing the large diameter of the
tubes.
4, A portion of the surface, X25.
5. Base of a zoarium, X12, showing the fan-shaped
arrangement of the tubes.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fias. 6-8. Heteropora nummularia, new species. ---------------------- 13
6. Zoarium, natural size.
7, 8. Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fies. 9-11. Multicrescis parvipora, new species____.------------------ 14
9. Two zoaria, natural size.
10, 11. Portion of the zoarial surface, X12 and X25, showing
the small irregular oval visors.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
15

Fies. 12-15. Multicrescis landrioti Michelin, 1841_-------------------
12, 13. Top and basal view of a large zoarium, natural
size.
14, 15. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland.
113

Fias.

Fies.

Fics.

Fias.

PLATE 21

1-4. Multicrescis galaefera, new species________-_______.__---_--
1, 2. Lateral and basal views of zoarium, natural size.
3, 4. Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.
5-6. Multicrescis mammillosa, new species _____._---___---_-___--
Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

7-9. Multicrescis lamellosa, new species______-.--.-____.____-_--
7. Portion of the lamellate zoarium, natural size.

8,9. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25, showing the great irregu-
larity of the mesopores and apertures.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
10-12. Multicrescis (Acanthopora) formosa, new species____--____-
10. Fragment of zoarium, natural size.
11,12. Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.

13. Zoarial fragments, natural size.
14. Zoarial base, 3, showing the central stem sur-
rounded by encrusting lamellae.
15, 16. Specimen, X12 and X25, with very salient visors.
17, 18. Zoarial fragment, X12 and 25, showing the small
visors and the oblique apertures.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix Swit-
zerland,

114

Puge
14

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 21

CEM MT,

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I14

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 22

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I15

PLATE 22

Page
Fig. 1. Seminodicrescis nodosa D’Orbigny, 1854_-_____---------------- 19
Part of zoarium, X12.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fias. 2-5. Ceriopora ovoidea, new species_----.---------------------- 21
2. Three zoaria, natural size.
3, 4. Aspect of the surface, X12 and X25.
5. View of the base, 6, showing tubes radiating from the
ancestrula.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Hires. 6-8. Centopora solida, newsspecies_.... -2£.-_-=----=---s=.=+---- 24
6. The solid zoarium, natural size.
7,8. Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Wies:.9-1t. Ceriopora aequipedis, new species.-......+..-------+-+=s5- 24
9. Three zoaria, natural size.
10, 11. Portion of the surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland,
Pies. 12-142 Certopora tenuis, new speCieés:_..2....-- «-.2-=--2-5-ss25 21
12. Zoarium, natural size.
13, 14. Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.
Fias. 15-17. Ceriopora angustipedis, new species. ..._.---------------- 23

15. Group of small colonies, natural size.
16, 17. Portion of .the zoarial surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland.
115

PrAtHe23

Frias. 1-4. Ceriopora nummularia, new species --~--- Sie ee
1. Zoarium, natural size.
2, 3. Fragment of the zoarial surface, X12 and X25.
4. Base of a zoarium, X12, showing the arrangement of
the tubes around the ancestrula.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
PIGS: 0-1. 1Ceniopora: parurpord. MG we SPCClCS == s2——= == === == = eee
5. Zoarium, natural size.
6, 7. Part of the zoarial surface, showing the small] oral tuber-
osities, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
res. 8-10; Cerionora jallacsmew SPeCleS==— 2 == ete ee eee
8. Two zoaria, natural size.
9,10. Fragment of the superior part of the zoarium, show-
ing the large and small aperture, X12 and 25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.

11, 12. Specimens with short and irregular lobes, nat-
ural size.
13, 14. Zoarium, natural size, and base of same, X12.
15, 16. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25.
17. Portion of the sectioned zoarium showing the
mammillosities of the surface, «6.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland.

116

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 23

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I16

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 24

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 117

PLATE 24

Figs. 1-6. Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species-____.------------__.-
1,2. Two fragments of the ramose zoarium, natural size.
3, 4. Portion of zoarial surface, X12 and X25, showing
the small oral tongues.
5, 6. Surface of a colony, «12 and 25, less well preserved
and with oral tongues very rare.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fias. 7-10. Ceriopora spongioides, new species
7. Four zoaria, natural size.
8. Zoarial surface, with traces of ovicell, 12.
9,10. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.
Fies. 11-17. Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909
11. Three zoarial forms, natural size.
12, 18. Lateral view, X3, and basal view, X6, of a mas-
sive specimen with several superposed lamellae.
14,15. Globular specimen, 6 and surface of same, 25.
16,17. Zoarial surface, showing several superposed lamel-
lae, X12 and 25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Frias. 18-20. Reptomulticava bellula De Loriol, 1869
18. Zoarium, X2.
19, 20. Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit-
zerland,

ILAes

bo
a)

PuLaTE 25

Page

Neuropora arbuscula, new SPeCles= a4]. nee eee eee 32

1. Two zoaria, natural size.
2,3. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25, showing the salient
interapertural tuberosities.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.

. Neuropora micropora, New SpeCleSs 2542 soa se 22 = eee 33

Fics. 9-15

4. Zoaria, natural size.
5,6. Portion of the surface, X12 and X25, showing the
irregularities.
7. Surface, 25, exhibiting oral denticulations.
8. Tangential section, 25, illustrating structure of the
tubes. There are some solidified groups.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Neunopora TAMmosa, NewuSPeCles= {=.= 32
9. Two zoaria, natural size.
10. Portion of surface of specimen without veinules, 12.
11. Extremity of a zoarial lobe with a veinule, «12.
12. Surface, 25, showing the oral tuberosities forming

visors.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
Jand.
Figs. 13-15. Defranciopora neocomiensis, new species______-_____--__-- 30

13. Zoarium, natural size.
14, 15. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25, at the extremity of
the colony.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer-
land.

Fics. 16-19. Neuropora tenuinervosa, new species-___._____.._..------- 39

16. The solid ramose zoarium, natural size.
17. Specimen with delicate veinules, 12.
18. Portion of a specimen without veinules, 12.
19. Portion of the surface, X25, showing the zooecial
asperities and the oral denticulations.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

PE. 25

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 26

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 119

PLATE 26
Page
Fias. 1-5. Neuroporella hemispherica, new species.___-_---------~---- 34
1, 2. Lateral views of two zoaria, natural size.
3. Basal side of specimen, 3, showing the arrange-
ment of the tubes and the superposed lamellae.
4. Portion of the surface, X12, with the salient veinules.
5. Portion, *25, showing the details of the surface and
of the orifices.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Frias. 6, 7. Spinopora neocomiensis, new species___-_--------_- Salen eS 35
Branch of zoarium, natural size and 12, with its wide-
spaced salient tuberosities and its numerous small oral

asperities.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.
Figs. 8,9. Cellulipora spissa Gregory, 1899.._.__.__------------------ 6

8. Specimen, «12, showing possibly a trace Of ovicell.
9. Orifices, 25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fig. 10. Proboscina toucasiana D’Orbigny, 1853 _—---____~ Seay eee eee
Complete zoarium, 12.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.
res tie stomatopora calypso: DiOrbiony, 1850-_ 2 -__ -- 2-2 = 5
Portion of zoarium, 12.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

for)

119

PLATE 27

Hires. 1,2. Proboscina nadvolitorum, DD Orbicny, sole = == se ee

Zoarium, X12, and a portion, X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fig. 3. Proboscina crassa, var. alectodes Gregory, 1899
Zoarium, X12.

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.

Fria. 4. Berenicea confluens Reuss, 1846
The discoid, incrusting zoarium, 12.

Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland.

Fras. 5, 6. Proboscina depressa D’Orbigny, 1853
Zoarium, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fias. 7, 8. Proboscina ricordeauana D’Orbigny, 1853
Zoarium, 12, and portion, 25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fias. 9, 10. Proboscina virgula D’Orbigny, 1853
Zoarium, X12 and X25
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian: Faringdon, England.

120

Page

Cod

(

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 27

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 120

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2! PL. 28

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 121

PLATE 28

Fic. 1. Proboscina coarctata, new species
Zoarium, X12.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Figs. 2,3. Berenicea grandipora, new species___...________-_-_-__-_-__-
The type specimen, X12, and a portion, 25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Faringdon, England.
Fig. 4. Berenicea pulchella DeLoriol, 1863_________-____-
Zoarium, X12.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fies. 5-7. Microecia cornucopia D’Orbigny, 1851_________---___-____-
5. Ovicelled specimen, X12.
7, 8. Unovicelled example, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fics. 8, 9. Berenicea parvula, new species
Zoarium, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

121

Page

PLaTE 29

Fras. 1, 2. Berenicea (Reptomultisparsa) tenella DeLoriol, 1868_-------.
Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Fries. 3, 4: Berenicea filifera; mew speciese--2s- - == Sea = eer
Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Figs. 5,6. Berenicea faringdonensis, new species.-.—..-----------==_-=
Surface, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Hie: 7.-Proboscina-2ic-cac D’ Orbigny, 185322. 22e ee 2- ee

Zoarium, X12.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Fies. 8-11; Clinopora quadripartita, new species... 2252222 —5= === s=eee
8. Fragment, natural size.
9, Specimen, 12 showing several bifurcations.

10,11. Specimen, 12 and X25, showing the arrangement
of the anastomosing threads ornamenting the sur-
face.

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian). Faringdon, England.

Page
12

ual

PiET.29

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 122

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 30

LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 123

PLATE 30
Hires, 1-4. “Spinopora mira Goldfuss, 1827....-._---.-.._-t-2==.-.=--
1,2. Colony, natural size, and the same enlarged.

3. Longitudinal section, «9, showing the tubes (0) with
numerous diaphragms, and the solidified wide tubes
(s), forming the spinous tuberosities of the surface.

Tangential section, X26, showing the irregular spines
which line the interior of the tubes.

(1-4, after Hennig, 1894.)
Fics. 5-8. Neuroporella ignabergensis Hennig, 1894_-_______------- a
5, 6. Colony, natural size, and the surface enlarged, show-
ing the nervures and the centers of convergence.
7. Meridian section, showing the structure of the tubes,
with numerous diaphragms, and of the solidified
tube (s), corresponding to the nervures.
S. Tangential section through a portion with nervures.
(5-8, after Hennig, 1894.)
Frias. 9-19. Neuropora conuligera Hennig, 1893__.---___-____-
9-12. Lateral view of four colonies, natural size.

13. Superior view of a lobe, X12, showing the nervures

and their center of convergence, a.
Longitudinal section, 4.

15. Portion of a longitudinal section, *25, showing
the reciprocal arrangement of the tubes, with dia-
phragms and their thickened vesicular walls (p).

16. Portion of a longitudinal section, 9, showing
false zonal lines and the structure of the zooecial
walls.

17. Portion of a transverse section, X18. The central
portion a is formed of ascending bundles of
tubes; the peripheral portion 6 shows the re-
curved part of the tubes, with their usual
structure.

18. Central part of a transverse section, 75, showing
the polygonal zooecia and the walls (
etal vesicles.

19. Tangential section, 18, exhibiting the solidified

tubes a, s, forming the nervures.

(9-19, after Hennig, 1893.)

p) of pari-

ture of the walls.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Page
34

Oo
(JS)

PLATE 31

Bie: 1. Zonopera: compressa, Dew Speciess=-- 2 =-- = ee ee e
Portion of transverse section, 25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Fras. 2-4. Zonopora arborea Woch and Dunker, 1837
2. Transverse section, 25.
3, 4. Tangential section, X12 and X25.
Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian): Berklingen, Germany.
Figs. 5, 6. Neuroporella hemispherica, new species---------------_----
5. Meridian section, 25, showing the internal structure.
6. Tangential section, 50, exhibiting the microscopic wall
structure.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Higs. 7,8. Cemopora dimorphocella; new Specles.—— o 222] eee
Tangential section, «12 and X25, illustrating the wall
structure.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.
Hig. 9. Clausa zonifera, Mew SPeCleS. 2222252522255 5 6 eee eee
Tangential thin section, «25.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England.

Page

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 3l

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LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 124

THREE NEW LAND SHELLS FROM MEXICO

By Paut Bartscu
Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum

In a recent sending of land mollusks from Mexico, received from
C. R. Orcutt, are three new Urocoptid land shells, which are here
described.

HOLOSPIRA (HOLOSPIRA) ORCUTTI, new species
Plate 1, figs. 5, 6

Shell large, cylindro-conic, flesh colored with a pinkish flush.
The last half of the last turn marked with pale-brown, which is also
the color of the base. Nuclear whorls 2.3, large, strongly rounded,
smooth, forming an almost mammillate apex. Early postnuclear
whorls increasing rapidly in size, marked by rather strongly decidedly
retractively slanting threadlike riblets which are separated by spaces
three and four times the width of the riblets. These riblets become
evanescent on the sixth turn and on the whorls that follow there are
mere indications of them. The last turn and a half is again ribbed
and on the latter portion of the last whorl the riblets are almost
lamellar. The early whorls are slightly over-hanging, while the rest
are appressed at the summit. About one-tenth of the last turn is
free at the summit, and the angle of the summit stands out markedly
here. There is a subobsolete constriction where the side of the
whorl meets the basal portion, the axial ribs extending over the base
into the umbilical region. The umbilicus is rimate, but not open.

Aperture rather large with a very broad, thick, slightly reflected,
wide, shining peristome. Interior of aperture pale-brown.

The type, Cat. No. 361960, U.S.N.M., has 14.5 whorls and measures:
Altitude, 25.3 mm.; greater diameter, 8.4 mm. It was collected on
a limestone paredon at Coahuila, Mexico.

No. 2594.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 22.
54205—25t 1

Ve PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

Twenty-four additional specimens, Cat. No. 361961, U.S.N.M.,
paratypes, yield the following measurements:

Number Diame- || Number Diame-

of whorls Length ter of whorls Length ter
14. 5* 2D 2 8. 4 14. 5 3 9. 0
14. 0 24. 9 8. 4 13. 5 26; 5 9.8
13. 8 De 8. 0 lp} & 23s, 33 8. 0
13. 3 Way, 3 8. 4 12.8 Pees, 8.9
Ze Y 2a 8. 9 13. 0 21. 0 iS
By 3 DPA Al 8. 5 Me} 83 2253 8. 4
1452 PBR { 8. 3 eA. 2.0 ne 8.1
ley 7 Al, & 8. 1 12. 6 20. 6 8. 3
14.0 24.8 8. 5 Hoare 2255 8.8
13. 0 23. 8 9.1 13. 8 24. 2 9. 2
1475 Pa 8. 1 14. 0 23. 6 8. 0
142 Dom 8. 0 13,3 21.9 7.9
14. 4 ie D 9. 3
Greatest= aaa. see ae 14. 5 27.9 9.8
east a) Soak 1 emer 12. 4 20. 3 7.8
AVCTAG Cl Rese sey te = ee oe 13. 62 23. 57 8. 49

*T ype.

HOLOSPIRA (HOLOSPIRA) MONCLOVANA, new species

Plate 1, figs. 1, 2

Shell acicular, bluish-white. Interior of aperture brown. Nu-
clear whorls 21%, rather large, well rounded, smooth. The postnu-
clear whorls are rather narrow. The first seven increase slowly in
size and form a narrow cone. They are marked by numerous, slender,
decidedly retractively slanting axial riblets, which are about one-third
as wide as the spaces that separate them. These riblets grow suc-
cessively weaker from the first to the seventh of these turns and on
the succeeding whorls, which are moderately rounded, they are indi-
cated at best only as lines of growth. The last whorl is marked by
strong, somewhat irregular, curved axial ribs, which are about as
wide as the spaces that separate them. Suture moderately impressed,
Periphery of the last whorl marked by a rather strong carina. This
carina is separated from the posterior portion of the whorl by a some-
what pinched-in zone. The last fifth of the whorl is free from the
preceding turn at the summit and the angle of the summit forms a
strong carina, while the space between it and the preceding turn,
that is, the outside of the parietal wall, is flattened. Anterior to the
peripheral carina the base slopes toward the umbilical chink, which is
rimate but not perforate. This portion of the base is marked by

ART. 22 NEW LAND SHELLS FROM MEXICO—BARTSCH 3

rough lines of growth. Aperture broadly pear-shaped with the outer
lip decidedly expanded, thickened, and reflected into a disjunct
peristome.

The type, Cat. No. 361962, U.S.N.M., was collected at southeast
Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. It has 16.5 whorls and measures:
Length, 20.9 mm.; diameter, 6.3 mm.

Cat. No. 361963, U.S.N.M., contains 24 additional specimens
which yield the following measurements:

Number Diame- | Number Diame- |
of whorls Length ter of whorls Length ter
16. 5* 20. 9 6.3 1595 ZOE 6. 0
15. 0 19. 6 5.9 || 15.8 20. 3 5. 9
UG 7/ 21.8 5. 9 15. 0 19. 4 5. 4
16. 7 D930) 5.9 | 148 19. 2 5. 8
Noy s 20: 2 5.9 14. 2 17.9 5.3
T5aS 20. 4 Lats: 15. 8 19. 7 Bae
15. 0 19. 2 5Sei ba O 19. 0 5. 4
14. 4 18. 0 5. 6 15. 0 20. 0 ond
15, 2 20. 4 6. 0 I, B 19. 6 58
14.0 18.1 a I RS) 19. 6 is}
1653 21.6 5. 4 15. 0 19. 2 56
15. 4 20. 1 5. 9 14.3 18. 4 ne
16; 7 20. 5 5. 4
Greatest =e see ae 16. 7 223 653
CaS Fae ere er eee 14. 0 17.9 9: 2
AV ETAGCL. eee fp ee ee | 15.39 19.8 Dan
*Type.

HOLOSPIRA (EUDISTEMMA) PICTA, new species
Plate 1, figs. 3, 4

Shell acicular, bluish-white, with a narrow zone of rusty-brown
immediately below the summit. The area immediately behind the
aperture is also very dark-brown, the basal portion being a little paler.
Interior of aperture brown. Nuclear whorls 2.2, well rounded, with
an indication of distantly spaced axial lines of growth which hint at a
progressive state of sculpture; that is, the postnuclear sculpture is
passing up on the nuclear turns. Postnuclear whorls narrow, the
early ones well rounded, the later only moderately so, all appressed
at the summit. The first four are marked by decidedly retractively
curved, slender axial riblets which are about one-third as broad as
the spaces that separate them. The riblets become increasingly
less developed from the first to the last of these turns after which
they become quite obsolete, so that the following turns are marked
only by indications of lines of growth. However, on the last two

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

and one-half turns we again have ribs appearing, but these ribs are
large, broad, rough, and rather ill-defined. Suture moderately
impressed. Periphery of the last turn, which is rather high, marked
by a very strong carina with a pinched-in area immediately above
and below it. The basal wall sloping to the umbilical chink is marked
by numerous, rough, slightly lamellar ribs. There are here also
some indications of spiral sculpture. Aperture moderately large,
more or less triangular, with a broad, expanded and reflected, wide
peristome which is free. The summit of the free portion of the last
whorl forms a strong carina. The outside of the free portion of the
parietal wall is marked by the continuation of the axial ribs.

The type, Cat. No. 361964, U.S.N.M., was collected east of Mon-
clova, Coahuila, Mexico. It has 17 whorls and measures: Length
22.1 mm.; diameter, 5.38 mm.

Twenty-four additional specimens, Cat. No. 361965, U.S.N.M.,
yield the following measurements:

Number Diame- || Number Diame-
of whorls Length ter of whorls Length ter
B-) |

17. O* Doel bad 15. 0 19.1 4,7
16. 2 20. 6 4.8 1625 ZARO 4.9
ao LOG i. ¥ 15. 0 19.8 4.5
7a Zone 4.8 16. 5 210 5. 0
14.8 18. 4 4.9 15. 4 18. 9 4.8
ize (0) Dileney 5. 0 16.3 20:°5 4.8
15:3 18. 9 4.9 16. 2 19.8 4.9

line 2251 4.9 1596 20. 8 os 1
15. 8 20. 6 5. 4 W522 19. 1 Hy a
1G}, 3° 19. 4 4.9 16. 0 Dine yee
IGS (0) 18. 5 5. 0 16. 2 20. 8 5. 0

159, <5) 19. 6 4.9 16. 0 20. 8 5. 2
17. 0 210 4.9

) \ Greatest. es Sater eerie, mallee, PB 33 aS Wf

Mido! F723 =| raat Oi ee 14.8 18. 5 4.5

Average a: sed isp-heee bai 15. 99 20. 34 4,98
*Type.

Another lot, Cat. No. 361966, U.S.N.M., taken at an altitude of
3,000 feet, about halfway between Nueva Leon and Monclova,
Coahuila, Mexico, appears to belong to this species. Twenty-fou
specimens of this lot yield the following measurements:

ART. 22 NEW LAND SHELLS FROM MEXICO—BARTSCH

|
Number Diame- || Number Diame-
of whorls Length ter || of whorls Length ter
14.8 Wi. 4 4.9 l6n3 20. 4 4.8
1155.0 18. 6 4.5 1s, 9 18. 9 4.8
14.8 IS eY/ 4.7 15a 20. 4 tas, PF
T5NS 1907 4. 6 115% 55 19. 6 4.8
1453, 7/ 19.1 4.3 15. 4 19. 0 5: I
15. 3 18. 7 4,7 14. 5 18. 4 iy 83
15. 0 18. 5 4,1 15.8 19. 5 4.5
15. 0 18. 1 4,4 16. 2 20. 0 4,2
16. 0 2052 4.3 14.8 18. 7 5s
14.3 18. 5 WE las, 20. 5 4.6
16. 0 PALS 4,4 GS 5) 19. 2 5. 0
14, 2 Wifeno 4.5 16s3 20. 6 4. 7
Greatest=A-56- 32 Soe es 16. 3 QA Dad,
easten ape eee cee Soh»: 14, 2 1G fa: ae nlle oe: eat
IAC CT aE Capes tee te AO er 15032 19. 23 4, 72

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Fia. 1. Holospira (Holospira) monclovana B.

2. Holospira (Holospira) monclovana, showing internal lamellation.
3. Holospira (Eudistemma) picta B., showing internal lamellation.
4. Holospira (Eudistemma) picta.

5. Holospira (Holospira) orcutti B.

6. Holospira (Holospira) orcutti, showing internal lamellation.

i irs i Pee
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cpt A Oe Aah FA y bis cH)
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[et a
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al WO ii Se eee
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YTAI4 TO HOPE CEATER :
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ae r 4 7 _ 4 * ‘ | ¥ i!
LES RAE aI TN yet Lf), hahaa CT Lyre Ah): arieeaole A. & as
oe VAS! Larwlat paler wea Gatien Briel 26: \
-viniy (ant nee R) tteolael RF
ot Alene (ayeiralo) seclowl ae
y A - aod Ts ‘ ae" A :
Sol ialtoatel bieriog tt syaseariy A aete: (oad nepeteate nL eee
' "ad rt
re ees.
. | i y
a) = AL
4 Sak ;
= : ie ae
eo
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ae
f} ,e. I4 =
i] 7 hy
| ig ¢
. . | Dhaai IF
y if
; , ) NU i iste
es % “oe
AT
' / a”
We mh
:
; y
j

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 22 PL. I

NEw LANDSHELLS FROM MEXICO

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 5

_ aa
“% .
.
i] 7 =

2
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7 he ’
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= s

bo Be

* sabe

ae
70
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A) 00, hg ee

TEN NEW NORTH AMERICAN ICHNEUMON-FLIES

By R. A. CusHMAN

Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture

This paper consists of the descriptions of ten new species of Ich-
neumonidae, several of which are representatives of genera not
previously recognized in the North American fauna.

Genus NEOTYFPUS (Foerster) Holmgren

No North American representative of this genus has heretofore
been described. The following new species is typical of the genus.

NEOTYPUS AMERICANUS, new species

Male.—Length, 7.5 mm.

Very similar to melanocephalus (Gmelin). As in the male of that
species the claws are not pectinate. From the single male of melano-
cephalus available to me it differs practically only as follows: eyes
shorter than width of vertex, the malar space and ocell-ocular line
therefore longer, the former nearly half as long again as the basal
width of mandible and the latter about twice as long as the diameter
of a lateral ocellus; scutellum practically impunctate, polished, the
carinae higher and more strongly converging posteriorly; median
areas of propodeum narrower, the areola fully two-thirds as long
medially as wide, the petiolar area about twice as long as broad,
closely transversely striate; second tergite nearly twice as wide at
apex as at base, gastrocoeli subquadrate, broader than the distance
between them.

White markings of front and face narrower, clypeus only faintly
pale at sides; abdominal markings also smaller; hind legs entirely
black. ‘

Type-locality.— Hocking county, Ohio.

Type.—Cat. No. 27679, U.S.N.M.

One male received from Prof. C. H. Kennedy of Ohio State Uni-

versity.
NEOTYPUS LAPIDATOR (Fabricius)

A female from Oregon (C. F. Baker collection) Jentmentie differs:
in no way from this European species.

No. 2595.—PROcCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 23.
54204—26f 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Genus ANISOBAS Wesmael

No American representative of this genus has heretofore been de-
scribed. The first of the following two new species is typical of the
genus, being very closely allied to the genotype, Anisobas cingula-
torius (Gravenhorst). The second species is somewhat anomalous.

ANISOBAS NEARCTICUS, new species

Female.—Length, 7.5 mm.

Differs from cingulatorius principally as follows: vertex arched
above level of top of eyes; eyes as long as width of vertex (not longer
as in cingulatorius), parallel within; malar space distinctly shorter
than basal width of mandible; clypeal furrow represented by a broad,
shallow impression; clypeus convex, the apex slightly concavely trun-
cate; flagellum with 25 joints (31 in cingulatorius); propodeum
apically and laterally more strongly rugose; areola constricted
medially and there divided by two strong parallel rugae; apical carina
very high at apex of middle lateral area (area dentipara); dorsal
carinae of first tergite strong and extending well on to postpetiole,
the latter with a median impression; second tergite barely half as
broad at base as at apex; third tergite more than twice as wide at
base as long.

Frontal white markings extending broadly on to face; scutellar
white spot smaller; hind tibia red, broadly fuscous at apex; otherwise
colored as cingulatorius.

Type-locality—Mount Desert, Me. (Southwest Harbor.)

Type.—Cat. No. 27680, U.S.N.M.

One specimen collected by C. W. Johnson.

ANISOBAS BICOLOR, new species

Differs from both cingulatorius (Gravenhorst) and nearcticus Cush-
man in its entirely black thorax and entirely red abdomen. Appar-
ently not very closely related to any of the other European species.

Female.—Leugth, 9 mm.; antennae, 6 mm.

Head nearly as broad at temples as at eyes, in front view with
cheeks strongly rounded; distinctly punctate, densely so on face,
frons, vertex, and cheeks, sparsely so on temples and clypeus, the
last apically polished and mpunctate, broadly concavely sinuate
truncate; mandibles distinctly bidentate, ventral tooth somewhat
the shorter; malar space hardly as long as basal width of mandible;
eyes slightly shorter than breadth of vertex, parallel within; antennae
stout, flagellum tapering toward apex; with 31 joints. Thorax
coarsely punctate, rather densely so on mesoscutum, scutellum, and
pleurum, more or less striately so on pleurum, sparsely so on meta-
pleurum; notauli and sternauli faintly indicated basally; scutellum
broad, weakly concave above, precipitous apically, with carinae

ART, 23 NEW AMERICAN ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN 3

strong to beyond middle; propodeum rugose, basal lateral areas
densely punctate, carinae very high, submucronate at apices of middle
lateral areas, areola barely half as long medially as broad, its anterior
margin straight, posterior margin concavely curved. Abdomen
coarsely punctate, that portion beyond the first tergite fusiform and
somewhat more than half as broad as long, first tergite rugose laterally,
post petiole punctate laterally, shining and more or less coriaceous
medially, with dorsal carinae extending beyond spiracles; gastrocoeli
deep, rugose.

Head and thorax black, abdomen entirely ferruginous; small lines
on upper posterior orbits; antennae and palpi black; wings fusco-hy-
aline with dark venation; legs ferruginous, coxae and trochanters
black, hind tibia at apex and tarsus fuscous, front tibia with a white
stripe anteriorly from base to apex.

Male.—Diflers from female in addition to the more slender abdomen
principally as follows: eyes slightly longer than breadth of vertex;
antennae (incomplete); scutellum flattened above, the carinae
reaching to apex; areola hardly half as long medially as broad; post-
petiole medially opaque coriaceous. In addition to the posterior
orbital markings there is a small white spot on the inner orbits at top
of face; legs, except ferruginous hind femur and apices of front and
middle femora and the white stripe on front tibia, black.

Type-locality——Lolo Trail, Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho.

Allotype-locality.—Cedar Mountain, Moscow, Idaho.

Type.—Cat. No. 27681, U.S.N.M.

Three females, the type taken by C. V. Piper in July, 1902; one
taken at Olympia, Wash., June 2, 1897; and one from Santa Cruz
Mountains, Calif.; and one male (the allotype) taken June 24, 1920,
by M. C. Lane.

Both paratype females have small white markings on the humeral
angles of the pronotum, and the California specimen has small
spots also on the frontal orbits. The latter also has the postpetiole
’ as in the male.

Genus APAELETICUS Wesmael

This genus has not heretofore been recognized in the North Ameri-
can fauna, though Bradley ' has somewhat doubtfully referred to it
Platylabus thoracicus Cresson, erythropygus Provancher, and quadri-
carinatus Provancher which he excluded from Platylabus because of
their circular propodeal spiracles. This character is too variable in
the genus to exclude the three species from Platylabus, to which they
are hereby restored. Moreover, they lack the very peculiar female
abdominal conformation so characteristic of Apaeleticus.

The following new species appears to be a true Apaeleticus.

1Can. Ent., vol. 35, 1903, p. 275.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

APAELETICUS AMERICANUS, new species

Female.—Length, 9 mm.; antennae, 8 mm.

Head from above transversely oval, the temples strongly narrowed,
from in front subtriangular, the cheeks straight and strongly con-
vergent; vertex and tempies shining, punctate; frons transversely
punctato-rugose; face medially elevated and sparsely punctate,
laterally obliquely rugoso-punctate; clypeus convex, apically rounded
and medially subtruncate, sparsely punctate; labrum narrowly
exserted; malar space much longer than basal width of mandible;
mandibles subfalcate, narrow at apex, the lower tooth very small and
far from apex; eyes large, bulging, entire within; antennae slender,
apically attenuate; macillary palpi long, slender, second joint triangu-
lar. Pronotum punctate above, polished and without sculpture
below, with a few rugae along posterior margin; propleurum flat and
densely punctate below and carinately margined on each side;
mesoscutum evenly punctate, the punctures distinctly separated,
notauli distinct but very short; scutellum elevated, sparsely punctate,
margined to beyond middle, the carinae very strong to above bases
of wings; mesopleurum and metapleurum rugoso-punctate, speculum
polished, sternauli strong; propodeum coarsely reticulate-rugose,
this sculpture largely obscuring the carinae, apophyses strong,
spiracles small, oval; areolet irregularly pentagonal; nervellus
reclivous, broken below middle; nervulus interstitial. Abdomen
narrow fusiform, truncate at apex of fifth tergite, the apical tergites
being hidden within the fifth; petiole rather slender, without dorsal
carinae, postpetiole moderately broad, polished except in apical
corners, where it is punctate; other visible tergites, except fifth,
densely punctate, gastrocoeli broad, shallow, opaque, lunulae distinct
on second and third.

Ferruginous; antennal annulus, collar medially, scutellum and
minute spots on subalar tubercles yellow; pedicel, flagellum beyond
second joint, mandiples, palpi, margins of propleura, tegulae, sutures
in scutellar and alar regions, mesosternum posteriorly, metasternum, ”
and apices of hind femur and tibia blackish; wings hyaline.

Type-locality— Cabin John, Md.

Type.—Cat. No. 27682, U.S.N.M.

Two females, the type, taken September 7, 1916, by R. M. Fouts;
the paratype taken on the summit of Mount Katahdin, Me., at an
elevation of 5,215 feet, in August, 1902, has the sculpture some-
what stronger throughout, the postpetiole medially rugulose, and the
clypeus and scrobes of pronotum piceous.

Genus POLYCYRTUS Spinola

Although it is not uncommon in the vicinity of Washington and has
been represented in the National Collection for many years, the fact

ART, 23 NEW AMERICAN ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN 5

that the following new species has not been described appears to have
been overlooked. This is the more strange considering that it is
apparently the only species referable to the genus to be found in the
Atlantic States at*least so far north.

POLYCYRTUS NEGLECTUS, new species

Female.—Length, 11.5 mm.; antennae, 9 mm.

Head polished with a few coarse punctures on face and in ocellar
space; temples sharply convexly sloping; ocell-occipital line nearly
twice as long as diameter of an ocellus; frontal horn stout, nearly as
thick at base as long; malar space finely shagreened; three-fourths
as long as basal width of mandible; head not constricted below eyes,
extended angle? of cheeks in front view slightly less than a right
angle; eyes very slightly convergent below. Thorax polished;
pronotum with scrobes obliquely striate; mesoscutum anteriorly,
pleurum below, and sternum sparsely and coarsely punctate, pleu-
rum with a small obliquely rugose area behind upper end of prepectal
carina; metapleurum more densely punctate, vertically rugose
posteriorly; propodeum polished, sparsely punctate medially and
laterally, longitudinally rugose near apex; apophyses about as long
as thickness of petiole; areolet rather large, about two-thirds as wide
as long, recurrent near apex; nervulus antefurcal. Abdomen shing-
ing, more or less distinctly and very finely shagreened; first tergite
polished, postpetiole gibbous above with a deep dimplelike fovea on
each side above spiracle; ovipositor sheath as long as first two ter-
gites.

Black and flavous or whitish, thorax laterally and ventrally tinged
with testaceous; head pale except the occiput and a broad band ex-
tending from occiput over vertex to base of antennae, broadened on
upper temples, apices of clypeus and mandibles, articulations of
latter, and a short narrow line between antennae; antennae black with
a white annulus embracing flagellar joints 6—9 and part of 5, 10, and
11; palpi white basally, testaceous apically. Thorax dorsally black
with the following pale markings: Anterior margin and humeral
welts of pronotum, two elongate marks on disk of mesoscutum,
tegulae, scutellar carinae, and apices of scutellum and postscutellum
with lines along the sutures to bases of wings; laterally and ventrally
pale testaceous to stramineous, black above and below subalar tuber-
cle, and with small brownish spots in mesopleural fovea and near
apex of mesopleurum; propodeum with three longitudinal black
stripes, the lateral ones beginning with and encircling the spiracles
and extending along pleural carinae nearly to apex, the median one
extending from a narrow basal black band to apex and abruptly
broadened along the basal carina; legs pale testaceous to stramineous,

2 The angle formed by lines having the same direction as the cheeks in relation to each other.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

the hind tarsi distinctly paler; wings hyaline, veins dark, stigma pale.
First tergite with a median black stripe, broadened on postpetiole,
not reaching apex; second tergite black with the apex broadly and a
lunate mark on each side nearly surrounding the spiracle pale, the
apical band partly interrupted on each side by an abrupt offshoot
from the black; third tergite black basally, pale apically, with a pale
spiracular spot; fourth to seventh black basally, pale apically, more
broadly so at sides; eighth black medially pale laterally.

Male.—Like female, but with sculpture stronger, antennal annulus
embracing flagellar joints 9-16; first abdominal segment black ven-
trally, and coxae paler above with a narrow blackish line.

Type-locality.—Cabin John, Md.

Type.—Cat. No. 27683, U.S.N.M.

Described from 11 females and 16 males; the type taken by G. N.
Collins; 3 other females and 2 males from the type-locality (R. M.
Fouts); 1 male, Chain Bridge, Va. (W. Middleton) ; 1 female, Rosslyn,
Va. (H. H. Smith); 1 male (allotype), Falls Church, Va. (Frederick
Knab); 1 female, Glencarlyn, Va. (S. A. Rohwer); 1 male, Dixie
Landing, Va.; 1 female, Virginia; 1 male, Washington, D. C. (R. M.
Fouts); 1 male, District of Columbia; 1 female, Coosa River, Chilton
county, Ala. (H. H. Smith); 1 female, Coleta, Ala. (H. H. Smith);
1 female and 4 males, Pysiton, Clay county, Ala. (H. H. Smith); 1
male, Longdale, Chambers county, Ala. (H. H. Smith); 3 males,
Paradise Key, Fla. (C. A. Mosier); 1 female, Blount county, Tenn.;
and 1 female, Dallas, Tex. (F. C. Bishopp).

This series shows considerable variation. The type is about
average in size, the variation being about two millimeters in each
direction. The sculpture of the apical slope of the propodeum varies
from nearly smooth to mostly rugose, with sometimes a rather dis-
tinctly defined narrow median longitudinal area. Some of the
females have the petiole black beneath as in the allotype, while many
of the males lack the spiracular white spot on the third tergite.

Genus BRACHYCRYPTUS Thomson

The species described below is not entirely typical of the genus,
differing from Thomson’s description as follows: mesoscutum rather
strongly declivous anteriorly; nervellus reclivous, broken at or above
the middle; hind tibia distinctly longer than femur; pulvilli small.
It is also considerably larger than either of Thomson’s three species,
though smaller than simplex (Tschek), which was subsequently
referred to the genus by Schmiedeknecht; and has the abdomen red
only narrowly at the apices of the first two tergites. If it does not
belong to this genus it can not be referred to any described genus
and I prefer to place it here rather than add to an already too long
list of almost meaningless generic groups.

“I

ART. 23 NEW AMERICAN ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN

BRACHYCRYPTUS NIGER, new species

Female.—Length 7.5 mm.; antennae 5 mm.

Temples very strongly narrowed, slightly convex, sparsely and
finely punctate, polished; eyes very large, bulging, convergent below;
face about two-thirds as broad as top of frons, opaque, finely and
densely punctate; clypeus more coarsely sculptured than the face,
transversely rugoso-punctate, very narrowly margined and arcuate
at apex; malar space slightly more than half as long as basal width
of mandible; upper tooth of mandible slightly longer than lower;
frons opaque laterally, shinging medially, with distinct polished
scrobes; ocelli small, the diameter of a lateral ocellus shorter than
ocell-ocular line and little more than half as long as postocellar line;
antennae filiform, flagellum of uniform thickness throughout, first
two joints elongate and equal in length. ‘Thorax: pronotum punc-
tate above, obliquely striate in middle, polished in lower angle;
mesoscutum shining, sparsely punctate, declivous anteriorly, notauli
sharp, narrow, minutely foveolate, reaching nearly to middle; scu-
tellum convex, shining and sparsely punctate basally, longitudinally
striato-punctate apically, carinae distinct to middle; mesopleurum
and sternum and metapleurum opaque punctate, the mesopleurum
shining and more sparsely punctate above and polished in upper
posterior corner, sternauli short and broad; propodeum opaque
punctate, basal lateral areas shining and sparsely punctate, basal
carina only slightly curved, apical carina narrowly separated from it
medially, with short carinate apophyses, petiolar area very broad and
flat; aerolet almost regularly pentagonal; discocubitus unbroken;
nervellus broken at the middle, reclivous; legs long, slender, hind
tibia slightly longer than femur, basitarsus very nearly as long as
other joints combined, pulvillus very small. Abdomen subclavate;
first tergite longer than second, very slender, flattened above, polished,
postpetiole about twice as wide as petiole, slightly decurved, with a
distinct longitudinal impression between the spiracles; abdomen
otherwise very finely granularly opaque, second tergite nearly as broad
as long and more than twice as broad at apex as at base, gastrocoeli
very small, spiracles far beyond middle and close to margin; sheath
shorter than first tergite.

Black; first and second tergites narrowly reddish apically; apex of
abdomen with a white spot beginning on sixth tergite; wings hyaline,
venation black; front legs beyond trochanters and middle and hind
femora except at apex testaceous, legs otherwise black to piceous.

Male.—Differs from female as follows: temples less strongly nar-
rowed and more strongly convex; face only slightly narrower than
frons; molar space nearly as long as basal width of mandible; antennae
slightly tapering apically; thorax dorsally more strongly and densely
punctate; nervellus broken distinctly above middle; hind tibia much:

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

longer than femur, basitarsus barely as long as next three joints;
abdomen narrower, second tergite much longer than broad at apex;
abdomen apically immaculate; apical joints of all trochanters
testaceous.

Type-locality.—Ohio.

Type.—Cat. No. 27684, U.S.N.M.

One of each sex received from Prof. C. H. Kennedy of Ohio State
University.

Genus SYZEUCTUS Foerster

Foerster, Ashmead, and Schmiedeknecht all employ as one of the
key characters ascribed to this genus the lack of a carina separating
metapleurum and propodeum. As a matter of fact, the genotype,
maculatorius (Fabricius), frequently has a more or less developed
carina, while the two species described below have it well developed.
The only real difference between the present genus and its nearest
relative, Diceratops Foerster, lies in the frontal horns of the latter.

SYZEUCTUS SIGMOIDALIS, new species

Especially remarkable for the peculiar nervellus.

Female.—Length, 9 mm.; antennae, 7.5 mm.; ovipositor, 6.5 mm.

Head transversely oval, temples convexly sloping; postvertex
(that portion of the head lying between the ocelli and the occipital
carina) medially impressed, polished with a few scattered punctures;
temples with more numerous punctures, running into fine shagreen-
ing on cheeks; vertex and frons more densely punctate, the latter
medially slightly concave; aface similarly punctate, strongly convex,
with a rather deep impression on each side just below level of
antennae; clypeus separated from face by a broad deep groove;
polished with few punctures; malar space nearly as long as basal
width of mandible. Thorax and prododeum with coarse and dense
but distinct punctures, finer and closer on prescutum, coarsest on
propodeum; apical and pleural carinae complete; nervellus a sig-
moid curve, more strongly curved below where it turns backward
and is apparently continuous with the obsolete discoidella; hind
tibia about one and one-half times as long as femur, basitarsus as
long as three following joints. Abdomen minutely and faintly
shagreened and sparsely and finely punctate, broadly polished;
first tergite two-thirds as broad at apex as long, sides straight,
spiracles at basal third; tergites 2-4 as long as broad at base, others
successively rapidly shorter.

Black with abdomen partly red; upper anterior and_ posterior
orbits, broad on frons and narrowly confluent on apex, clypeus at
apex, and spot on base of mandible yellow; antennae black basally
and above, brown beneath nearly to base of flagellum; palpi brownish
testaceous. Thorax immaculate; tegulae piceous; wings hyaline,

ART. 23 NEW AMERICAN ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSH MAN Q

veins dark stigma and costa pale; legs testaceous, coxae and tro-
chanters black, tibiae yellow at base, hind tibia at apex and tarsus
fuscous, basitarsus pale in middle. First tergite black at base,
rufous at apex; tergites 2 and 3 and basal middle of 4 rufous, 2 and 3
' with narrow black lines extending backward from spiracles; apex of
abdomen black.

Male—In structure and color much like female but differing
markedly in color as follows: entire face, malar space, lower cheeks,
orbits except a very narrow interruption on cheek, mandibles,
scape and pedicel beneath, propleura, triangular spots at origins of
notauli, spots on pronotum immediately below these, scutellum
laterally, postscutellum, tegula, spot below, another spot lower on
mesopleurum, and an irregular elongate spot before middle coxa
yellow; front and middle coxae except at base behind, their trochan-
ters, a large spot on upper outerside of hind coxae toward apex and
a smaller one on the upper inner side, apical joint of hind trochanter,
front and middle legs otherwise except testaceous streak on upper
side of femora and blackish apical joint of middle tarsus, basal half
or more of hind tibia and its tarsus largely yellow to stramineous;
hind femur piceous; first tergite black except a narrow piceous apical
margin in which are two small transverse yellow spots; second and
fourth tergites red medially black laterally, third entirely red except
black spiracular streaks, tergites beyond fourth entirely black.

Type-locality.—Godbout, Quebec.

Type.—Cat. No. 27685, U.S.N.M.

Described from nine females and six males all taken at the type-
locality by E. M. Walker on July 25, 1918.

The only variations of moment are in the extent of the yellow
markings in the male; the yellow spots on postscutellum, first tergite
and the inner one on the hind coxae sometimes wanting and the first
tergite entirely black. In other specimens these markings as well as
the others are larger than in the allotype.

SYZEUCTUS EPISCHNIAE, new species

Female.—Length, 8 mm.; antennae (broken); ovipositor, 7.5 mm.

Temples straight, sloping to the rather broad occiput; polished and
practically impunctate; cheeks convex, sparsely punctate, finely
shagreened below; frons impressed and polished below, slightly
swollen and punctate above and at sides; face strongly convex and
punctate, with a small, deep impression on each side above; clypeus
weakly separated, strongly convex, sparsely punctate; malar space
nearly as long as basal width of mandible. Thorax and propodeum
coarsely, evenly, and rather densely punctate, the punctures finer
and closer on prescutum; apical and pleural carinae of propodeum
strong; nervellus normal, discoidella at lower third, the latter weak

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou, 67

but complete; hind tibia hardly a third longer than femur; basitarsus
as long as three following joints. Abdomen faintly shagreened and
sparsely and finely punctate; first tergite polished, three-fifths as
wide at apex as long, second three-fourths, third nearly, fourth fully
as wide at base as long, others much shorter, the apical three retracted
within fifth.

Black with abdomen largely red; head and thorax with yellow
markings as follows: Orbits, broad in front and narrow behind eyes;
malar space; face except a median black point above and a curved
black line on each side from base of antenna to clypeal fovea; man-
dibles; triangular spots at origins of notauli; base of tegula; subalar
tubercle; and scutellum laterally and apically; antennae black, brown-
ish beneath; wings suffused brownish hyaline, veins dark, stigma
and costa pale; legs testaceous to stramineous, hind coxae and basal
joint of trochanter except at apex, middle coxa at base and behind,
basal joint of trochanter behind, and front coxa at base black; abdo-
men, except extreme base of first tergite and the retracted apical
joints, which are piceous, ferruginous.

Male.—In structure and sculpture like female, except that the
abdomen is somewhat more slender with apical tergite not retracted;
face entirely, cheeks, antennae beneath, propleura, a small spot near
upper margin of pronotum, a long oblique streak on mesopleurum
extending from middle coxa to anterior margin; a median spot on
mesoscutum, postscutellum, a large spot apically on metapleurum,
and a narrow subapical band on first tergite also yellow; front and
middle legs, except extreme base of coxae, entirely yellow; hind coxa
above below and at apex, basal joint of trochanter apically and apical
joint entirely, base and apex of femur, tibia except its fuscous apex,
and tarsus largely yellow; hind femur piceous with a paler streak
above; first tergite, except as noted above, and apex of abdomen
black.

Host.—Epischnia granitella Ragonot.

Type-locality.— Crows Landing, Calif.

Type.—Cat. No. 27686, U.S.N.M.

One female and two males reared from the host during December,
1911, and January, 1912, by F. A. Hyde, under Chittenden No.
2109%.

The paratype male is less extensively yellow than the allotype,
lacking the discal mesoscutal spot and those on postscutellum and
metapleurum, while the mesopleural spot is represented by an irregu-
lar streak in front of the middle coxa and a very small spot near
anterior margin, and the submarginal band on first tergite is inter-
rupted medially.

ART, 23 NEW AMERICAN ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN Lt

Genus CAMPOPLEX Gravenhorst

The new species described below runs in Schmiedeknecht’s key °
to couplet 30 where it agrees with all of the characters assigned to
Eulimneria Schmiedeknecht except that the head is not broad behind
the eyes. Beyond this point it runs to Jdechthis Foerster. Both
Eulimneria and Idechthis I consider as synonyms of Campoplez

Gravenhorst.
CAMPOPLEX DIGITATUS new species

Female.—Length 6.5 mm.; antennae, 5 mm.; ovipositor, 0.8 mm.

Head transverse with temples convexly sloping, in front view
slightly transversely oval; face slightly narrower than frons; eyes
shallowly emarginate opposite antennae; face and clypeus opaque,
finely, densely punctuate; malar space hardly half width of mandible;
ocell-ocular line, ocellar diameter, and postocellar line in the propor-
tion of 1:1.5:2; flagellum rather stout, tapering at apex. Thorax
stout ovoid, granularly opaque, speculum not at all polished; pro-
podeum dull, rugulosely roughened, areola and petiolar areas con-
fluent, broad, concave, costulae distinct; stigma about a fourth as
wide as long, areolet petiolate, recurrent, near apex, external angle of
second discoidal cell acute, nervulus postfurcal, postnervulus broken
at about the middle, nervellus curved but not broken, reclivous;
longer hind calcarium a little more than two-thirds as long as basi-
tarsus; basitarsus as long as rest of tarsus, apical joint hardly longer
than fourth, claws pectinate. Abdomen very minutely granularly
opaque, more or less punctate toward base; first tergite stout, the
postpetiole broad and strongly convex, petiole laterally foveate at
base of postpetiole; second tergite one and two-thirds times as long
as broad at base, spiracles beyond middle, gastracoeli shallow but
distinct, removed from base; ovipositor sheath much shorter than
first tergite, ovipositor upcurved.

Black with basal three tergites more or less reddish toward apex;
mandibles, palpi, tegulae and wing bases white; antennae black,
scape red beneath; wings hyaline, venation dark, stigma paler; front
legs stramineous except the pale testaceous femur; hind coxa, basal
joint of trochanter and femur testaceous, apical joint of trochanter
stramineous, tibia with apical third and a narrow subbasal annulus
black, the rest white, tarsi black with basitarsus broadly and other
joints very narrowly white at base; middle leg like front leg except
that the tibia and tarsus have the pattern of those of the hind leg
repeated in pale testaceous and white.

Male.—Like female but ocelli larger, the ocell-ocular line, ocellar
diameter, and postocellar line ratio being 1:2:2; the abdomen nar-
rower and entirely black; and the legs with more white.

Type-locality— Newington, N. H.

Type.—Cat. No. 27687, U.S.N.M.

3 Opuse. Ichn., pp. 1521-1529.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Ten females and one male reared from tortricids at the Gipsy
Moth Parasite Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass.; the type
under No. 6988G, host unknown; the allotype and four paratypes
under No. 12157C, from Westerly, R. I., host Gelechia trialbamacu-
lella Chambers or (Olethereutes) Peronea permutana Duponche; five
paratypes under No. 12101B, from Maynard, Mass., host Acrobasts
caryaevorella Ragonot.

The paratypes show some variation especially in the amount of
white on the hind legs and of red on the abdomen, the latter being
sometimes entirely black.

The cocoon of the type is mounted with the specimen. It is cylin-
drico-ovate, 6.5 mm. long by 2.5 mm. thick, white with irregular
blotches of dark brown at each end and a row of blotches on each side
of middle.

Genus CREMASTUS Gravenhorst

CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) SINUATUS, new species

Very distinct from all other species known to be in the peculiar
form of the ovipositor, which is sinuate at the apex nearly as in
Pristomerus.

In my key to the North American species of Cremastus 4 it runs
nowhere satisfactorily. Specimens with the thorax strongly marked
with black run perhaps best to decoratus Gravenhorst but have the
thorax more yellow and the abdomen more red. Those in which the
black is largely replaced by reddish run better to couplet 7 where
they agree with neither alternate.

Female.—Length, 12 mm.; antennae, 6.5 mm.; ovipositor, 5 mm.

Head from above very strongly transverse, temples convex near
eyes, thence nearly flat and nearly perpendicular to body axis; head
from in front distinctly broader than long; face as broad as length of
eye and slightly broader than frons, medially shghtly convex and
densely punctate, laterally shagreened and sparsely punctate; clypeus
two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, strongly convex, apically
rounded, sparsely and coarsely punctate; malar space three-fourths
basal width of mandible; diameter of lateral ocellus slightly longer
than ocell-ocular line, three-fourths postocellar line. Thorax mod-
erately long, with coarse, well separated punctures, the pronotal
furrow and the speculum polished, scutellum sparsely punctate,
rather flattened, with lateral carinae strong at base but terminating
abruptly just beyond; propodeum extending slighlty beyond middle
of coxae, in profile strongly arched, opaque shagreened, coarsely and
sparsely punctured and medially, especially in petiolar area, trans-
versely rugose, areola only a little longer than broad, two-thirds as
long as petiolar area, from which it is distinctly separated; stigma

4 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, pp. 511-516.

ART. 23 NEW AMERICAN ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN 13

nearly half as broad as long with radius slightly beyond middle; sub-
discoideus above upper third of postnervulus. Abdomen long and
slender, distinctly compressed from apex of second tergite; first
tergite longer than median length of propodeum and than second ter-
gite, ventral margins approximate, lateral carinae obsolete, post-
petiole hardly twice as wide as petiole, second tergite about five times
as long as broad at base, longitudinally striate; ovipositor straight,
slender, sinuate at apex. :

Head and thorax yellow with black markings as follows: stemmati-
cum, frons, occiput, pronotal grooves, middle of each lobe of mesos-
cutum, prescutellar fovea, area around scutellum and wing bases,
postscutellum, propodeum medially, upper part of mesopleurum and
metapleurum below, mesosternum except a small yellow spot on each
side of middle behind, a small spot just above position of sternaulus
on mesopleurum, metasternum, and prepectus medially; legs testa-
ceous, front and middle ones more stramineous, coxae and trochanters
yellow; the coxae more or less black basally; wings hyaline, venation
dark; abdomen red, petiole, second tergite except at apex and third
basally blackish; sheath black.

Male.—Eyes and ocelli larger than in female, the eye length dis-
tinctly longer than width of face; diameter of ocellus fully as long as
postocellar line and twice as long as ocell-ocular line, malar space
little more than half as long as basal width of mandible; black mark-
ings of mesoscutum replaced by reddish and those of sternum by
brown and reduced in extent; pronotum and upper part of meso-
pleurum nearly immaculate. The abdomen has been eaten away at
apex and ventrally by dermestids.

Type-locality.— Coachella Valley, Calif.

Allotype-locality.—Presidio, Tex.

Type.—Cat. No. 27688, U.S.N.M.

Five females and one male all reared by Alan P. Dodd, of the
Prickly Pear Board of Australia from lepidopterous larvae boring in
Opuntia.

All but one of the specimens were reared as parasites of Cactobrosis
strigalis Barnes and McDunnough, Paratype } having parasitized
Zophodia glaucatella Hulst. Paratype a is from the allotype-locality,
Paratype b from Uvalde, Texas, and the other two, which are returned
to Mr. Dodd, are from the type-locality.

Paratype a and the two returned to Mr. Dodd are essentially like
the type while Paratype 6 is even less extensively and less distinctly
marked than the allotype.

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SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

By AFRANIO DO AMARAL

Of the Instituto do Butantan and Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

During the course of a study which I have undertaken on the col-
lection of South American snakes contained in the United States
National Museum, I found several new forms that I have already
described elsewhere! and a great many other species which are so
interesting as to deserve a detailed description of their character-
istics.

The examination of that collection has led me also to review a few
important and complicated questions in systematics such as that con-
cerning the real status of the two species of Elapidae, Micrurus coral-
linus (Wied, 1820) and M. lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758), as well as
that of the species of Colubridae Dipsadinae Sibynomorphus mikanii
(Schlegel, 1837).

In discussing the different specimens I shall confine myself to those
characteristics which I have found to be different either from those of
the type or from those ascribed to them by Boulenger in his “ Cata-
logue of the Snakes in the British Museum.”

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. L. Stejneger for having per-
mitted me to study the collection and also to Miss D. Cochran for
placing every available facility at my disposal, as well as to Dr.
Thomas Barbour for providing the opportunity of examining com-
paratively the collection of South American snakes in the Museum
of Comparative Zodélogy.

1. HELMINTHOPHIS BONDENSIS Griffin
Helminthophis bondensis Grirrin, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, 1915, p. 165.
Colombia.—1 specimen, No. 61,675.
Panama.—3 specimens, Nos. 37009, 60517, and 61989.

2. EPICRATES CRASSUS Cope

Epicrates crassus Corn, Proe, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 349.—
BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 593.

Brazil.—1 specimen, type, No. 12413, from Parana River.

1 Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 14, no. 9, 1924, pp. 200-202.
1

No. 2596.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 24.
53649—25t+——1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

3. HELICOPS ANGULATA (Linnaeus)

Coluber angulatus LinnaEvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 217.
Helicops angulatus DumériL and Bisron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 746.—
BouLEenGErR, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1893, p. 278.
Dutch Guiana.—5 specimens: Nos. 11126 collected by Dr. Wyman
and Nos. 11148, 11159, 12552, and 12553 collected by C. J. Hering.
Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 28946, collected in the Lower Amazon by

Mr. Steere.
4. HELICOPS POLYLEPIS Guenther

Helicops polylepis GUENTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 7, 1861, p.
426.—BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1893, p. 280.

Colombia.—1 specimen, No. 11274, collected at Madina (?) River
by Dr. Ruth.

5. TETRANORHINUS NIGROLUTEUS Cope

Tetranorhinus nigroluteus Corn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1861,
p. 298.—Bovu.enasr, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1893, p. 282.

Panama.—1 specimen, No. 65874.

6. TETRANORHINUS MOCQUARDI Bocourt
Tetranorhinus mocquardi Bocourt, Le Naturaliste, 1891, p. 122.
Panama.—1 specimen, No. 54203.

7. NINIA ? ATRATA (Hallowell)

Coluber atratus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1845, p. 245.

Ninia atrata Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1860, p. 340.

Streptophorus atratus BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1893, p.
293.

Panama.—1 specimen, No. 64987.

8. DRYMOBIUS BIFOSSATUS (Raddi)

Coluber bifossatus Rapp1, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena, vol. 18, 1820, p. 333.
Drymobius bifossatus BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 12,
1894, p. 346; Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 10.

Paraguay.—l specimen, No. 12401, collected by the Paraguay
Expedition.
9. DRYMOBIUS BODDAERTII (Sentzen)
Coluber boddaertii SentzEN, Meyer’s Zool. Arch., vol. 2, 1796, p. 59.
Drymobius boddaertii Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1860, p.
561.—BouLEenczErR, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 11.

EKcuador.—7 specimens: No. 14028, collected by W. J. Jones; No.
32040, collected by Mr. Stuart; and Nos. 62803-7, collected by
F. W. Goding.

Venezuela.—2 specimens, No. 16831 collected in Caracas, by R. M.
Bartheman, and No. 55335, collected by Mr. Musée.

2 The generic name Ninia Baird and Girard takes precedence, as it was published earlier (January) in
the same year (1853) as Streptophorus Duméril and Bibron.

ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 3

Dutch Guiana.—1 specimen, No. 11155, collected by Mr. C. J.
Hering. .
10. DRYMOBIUS RHOMBIFER (Guenther)

Coryphodon rhombifer GuENTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 236.
Drymobius rhombifer Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mexique, Rept., 1888, pl. 43, fig.
1.— Bou encer, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1894, p. 14.
Ecuador.—3 specimens, No. 12214 (2 specimens; larger—c. 103,
anal entire; smaller—c. 94, anal divided), collected in Guayaquil, and
No. 14022 collected by W. H. Jones.

11. DRYMOBIUS DENDROPHIS (Schlegel)
Herpetodryas dendrophis SCHLEGEL, Phys. Serp., vol. 2, 1837, p. 196; Abbild.,
1844, p. 182, pl. 44, figs. 25-28.
Drymobius dendrophis Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia, 1860, p.
561.—BovuLeneceEr, Cat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 15.

Ecuador.—3 specimens, No. 12268 (2 specimens) collected in
Guayaquil and No. 14026 collected by W. H. Jones.

12. SPILOTES PULLATUS (Linnaeus)

Coluber pullatus LInNAEvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 225.
Spilotes pullatus WacuiER, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 179.—BovuLEeNnaeEr, Cat. ,
Snakes, Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 23.—STERNFELD, Senckenbergiana,
1920, p. 182.
Spilotes megalolepis GUENTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 15,
1865, p. 93.
Spilotes microlepis WERNER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II K1., vol. 22,
pt. 2, 1903, p. 346.
Panama.—1 specimen, No. 65857, collected at Fort Randolph,
Canal Zone in August, 1921.
Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 39064, sent as Phrynonax sulfureus by
Dr. V. Brazil, from Butantan, in Oct., 1909, and collected in
Pirapitinguy, Sao Paulo.

13. DRYMARCHON CORAIS CORAIS (Boie)

Coluber corais Bots, Isis, 1827, p. 537.

Drymarchon corais F1tz1vGER, Syst. Rept., 18438, p. 26.

Coluber corais BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 31.

14. DRYMARCHON CORAIS COLLARIS (Steindachner)

Geoptyas collaris STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 55, 1867,
p. 271, pl. 3, figs. 4-7.

Coluber corais, var. collaris BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894,
p. 32.

Ecuador.—1 specimen, No. 14025, collected by W. H. Jones.

15. DRYMARCHON CORAIS FLAVIVENTRIS (Steindachner)
Geoptyas flaviventris STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 55,
1867, p. 269, pl. 4, figs. 4-7.
Coluber corais, var. flaviventris BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2,
1894, p. 32.
Dutch Guiana.—1 specimen, in bad condition, No. 11147, collected
by C. J. Hering.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

16. CHIRONIUS CARINATUS (Linnaeus)

Coluber carinatus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 223.

Chironius carinatus FitziInGER, Neue Classif. Rept., 1826, pp. 29, 31, and 60.

Erpetodryas carinatus Born, Isis, 1827, p. 548.

Herpetodryas carinatus BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894,
p. 73.

Chironius carinatus RuTHVEN, Misc. Publ., Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.,
vol. 8, 1922, p. 65.

Dutch Guiana.—2 specimens, Nos. 11313 and 12547, collected by
C. J. Hering.
Brazil.—2 specimens, No. 28947, collected by Mr. Steere, and
No. 40217, collected in Santa Catharina, by Mr. Ehrhardt. ;
Paraguay.—1 specimen, No. 12402, collected by the Paraguay
Expedition.
17. CHIRONIUS VICINUS (Boulenger)

Herpetodryas vicinus BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1915, p. 660.
(Type from Anda Goya, So. Colombia).

Ecuador.—4 specimens, as follows:

Number Collector Se. Ve A. C. Up. Lab. | Temp. Length
20,619 (juv.)____- Mr. Kerr_-_-- 10 158 1/1 | 150 p. 10(4,5,6) 2+2 | 545 mm. (200 m. tail).
ZU 6208 Sos eee as den. 53 10 157 i/1 | 158 p. 9(4,5,6) 2+2 | 2,170 mm. (805 mm. tail).
2A BZ ase At Gores 10 160 1/1.| 148 p. 9(4,5,6) 2+2 | 1,520mm. (610 mm. tail).
32,044 (juv.)..__- Mr. Stuart__ 10| 159 1/1 | 133 p. 9(4,5,6) 2+2 | 540mm. (145 mm. tail).

The dorsal scales are all smooth in Nos. 20619 and 32044 (young
specimens), the vertebral pair is faintly keeled in No. 20621 and in
No. 20620 (old specimen) all scales are faintly keeled but the outer
row which is smooth and the vertebral pair which is strongly keeled.

The ventrals are feebly angulate laterally in all specimens. Color-
ation as in the type, but in No. 20619 there are no spots or streaks
along the vertebral line, and no dark streak under the tail. Nos.
20620 and 20621 show a tendency to be unicolor, reddish or dark
brown, only slightly blotched on the sides, with traces of a dark
streak behind the eye, dark yellow beneath anteriorly with irregular
blackish blotches on the sides, posteriorly dark brown.

18. LEPTOPHIS AHAETULLA (Linnaeus)

Coluber ahaetulla LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p..225.

Leptophis liocercus Jan, Icon. Ophid., pt. 49, 1879, pl. 6, fig. 1.—Bov-
LENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 113.

Leptophis ahaetulla LoENNBERG, Bih. Svenska Vet. Akad: Handl., vol. 22,
1896, sec. 4, no. 1, p. 6—ANpERssON, Bih. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
vol. 24, 1899, sec. 4, no. 6, p. 22.

Dutch Guiana.—2 specimens, No. 6116, collected by C. J. Hering.

ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 5

19. LEPTOPHIS LIOCERCA (Berthold)

Dendrophis liocercus Bertuoutp, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Goettingen, vol. 3, 1847,
peal:
Ahaetulla occidentalis GUENTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 412.
Leptophis occidentalis BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894,
p: i}
Ecuador.—4 specimens, No. 12272, from Guayaquil; No. 12352,
collected in Guayaquil by F. N. Clark, and Nos. 14021 and 14039
collected by Dr. W. H. Jones.

20. LEPTOPHIS RIVETI Despax

Leptophis riveti DEspax, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1910, p. 26.

Ecuador.—1 specimen: No. 62791, male, sc. 15, v. 138, a. 1,
c. 109 p., t. 1 2/1 1; dorsal scales strongly keeled but the outer row;
keels present from neck to tip of tail; bluish brown above, keels of
scales and sides of ventrals lighter; lips, chin, and throat yellowish.

21. LEIMADOPHIS ! POECILOGYRA (Wied)

Coluber poectlogyrus Wimp, Abbild. Naturg. Brasil., 1824, p. 8.
Liophis poecilogyrus JAN, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys., vol. 2, 1863, p. 291.—
BovuLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 131.
Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 11135, collected in Rio de Janeiro by
W. Harrison.
Uruguay.—3 specimens, Nos. 65550 and 65600, collected in
Minas by Dr. F. Felippone and No. 64119, collected in San Vicente,
Department Rocha, by A. Wetmore.

22. LEIMADOPHIS ALMADENSIS (Wagler)

Natrix almadensis WAGLER, in Spix, Species Novae Serp. Brazil., 1824, p.
30, pl. 10, fig. 3.

Leimadophis almadensis Frrzincrr, Syst. Rept., 18438, p. 26.

Liophis almadensis Corn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 78.—
BovuLenGceER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 134.

Paraguay.—2 specimens, No. 12402, collected by the Paraguay
Expedition.
23. LEIMADOPHIS REGINAE (Linnaeus)

Coluber reginae LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 219.
Liophis reginae GuENTHER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 46.—Bov-
LENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 137.
Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 28945, collected in the Lower Amazon by
Mr. Steere.

8 The generic name Leimadophis Fitzinger, 1843 (Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 26) must be reserved for those
species the type of which is almadensis (genus Liophis in Boulenger’s Catalogue) while the name Liophis
Fitzinger, 1843 (same reference) must be reserved for those species the type of which is cobella (genus Rha-
dinaea in Boulenger’s Catalogue).

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

24. LEIMADOPHIS SAGITTIFERA (Jan)

Liopeltis sagittifer JAN, Elenco Sist., 1863, p. 82.

Rhadinaea sagittifera BOULENGER, car Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 165.

Liophis sagittifer Peracca, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. isiae Torino, 1896,
no. 11, pp. 3-4.

Rhadinaea modesta Kostowsk1, Revista Mus. LaPlata, vol. 7, 1896, p. 453.

Leimadophis sagittifer AMARAL, Revista Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, pp.
19-21.

A revision of this species is found in Amaral’s paper.

Argentina.—6 specimens, No. 12408 (2 specimens) from Buenos
Aires; No. 11387 collected in Mendoza by M. Sanchez; No. 52589
collected in Mendoza by C. S. Reed; No. 52967 collected in Mendoza
by R. Sanzin; No. 64130 collected in Mendoza by Dr. A. Wetmore.

25. XENODON MERREMII (Wagler)

Ophis merremii WaGusrR, in Spix, Species Novae Serp. Brasil., 1824, p. 47,
DLT:
Xenodon merremit BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 150.

Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 28948, collected in the Lower Amazon
by Mr. Steere.

26. XENODON NEUWIEDII Guenther

Xenodon neuwiediti GUENTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 12, 1863,
p. 354, pl. 5, fig. C—Bovu.eneer, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894,
p. 148.—Amaratu, Revista Mus. Paulista, vol, 12, 1924, pp. 23-25.

Xenodon hemileucurus Lutz and MeE.tuo, Folha Medica, March 16, 1920.

Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 39073, collected in Alto da Serra, Sao
Paulo and sent as X. severus by Dr. V. Brazil: sc. 21, v. 170, a. 1/1,
c. 68 p.; ventrals very obtusely angulate laterally; maxillary teeth
14+2.

27. APOROPHIS LINEATA (Linnaeus)

Coluber lineatus LinNAEvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 221.
Aporophis lineatus Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 22, 1885, p. 191.—
Bou.LEnNGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 158.

British Guiana.—1 specimen, No. 12736, collected at Demerara
River by Mrs. L. Curtis. Common name ‘‘Orococo.”’

28. APOROPHIS TAENIURA (Tschudi)

Liophis taeniurus Tscuup1, Fauna Peruv., Herp., 1845, p. 51, pl. 5.

Liophis reginae, vars. albiventris and quadrilineata Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat.
Physiol., vol. 2, 1863, p. 294.

Aporophis taeniurus Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 18, 1879, p. 277.—
BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, 1908, p. 115.

Liophis taeniurus, L. albiventris BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2,
p. 130.

Ecuador.—1 specimen, No. 62792, collected by F. W. Goding:
sc. 19, without pits, vent. 155, caud. 63 pairs, postoc. 2. Only

ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES

AMARAL 7

one lateral (black) streak from the middle of the body to the tip of the
tail; belly unspotted.

Peru.—1 specimen, No. 60735; sc. 19, without pits, vent. 169, caud.
64 pairs, postoc. 2. Caudal streak present. San Miguel Bridge,
ruins of Machu Pichu, Urubamba Valley, collected by E. Heller on
July 2, 1916.

29. LIOPHIS SEMIAUREA (Cope)

Opheomorphus merremii, var. semiaureus Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1862, p. 348.
Opheomorphus fuscus Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 22, 1885, p. 190.
Uruguay.—2 specimens, Nos. 65602 and 65604, collected in Santa
Lucia, Canelones, by Dr. F. Felippone.

30. LIOPHIS OBTUSA (Cope)

Rhadinaea obtusa Corr, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 101.—Bov-
LENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 171.

Uruguay.—2 specimens, Nos. 65554 and 65555, collected in Cerro,
Montevideo, by Dr. F. Felippone.

31. LIOPHIS ANOMALA (Guenther)

Coronella anomala GUENTHER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 37.
Rhadinaea anomala BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p.
165.—AMARAL, Revista Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, pp. 16-19.
Rhadinaea elegantissima Kostowsky, Revista Mus. La Plata, vol. 7, 1895,

De loo.

A revision of this species is found in Amaral’s paper.
Argentina.—2 specimens, No. 12367, from Buenos Aires.

32. LIOPHIS COBELLA (Linnaeus)

Coluber cobella Linnaxrus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 218.

Liophis cobella Dum&r1L and Brisron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 698.

Rhadinaea cobella BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 166.—
LoENNBERG, Bih. Svenska Vet.Akad. Handl., vol. 22, 1896, sec. 4,
No. 1, p. 6—ANpgERsson, Bih. Svenska Vet.Akad. Handl., vol. 24,
1899, sec. 4, No. 6, p. 11.

Dutch Guiana.—2 specimens, Nos. 12551 and 13817, collected by
C. J. Hering.

33. LIOPHIS FULVICEPS (Cope)
Rhadinaea fulviceps Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 23, 1886, p. 279.
Panama.—1 specimen, No. 50121, in bad condition.
34. LIOPHIS ALBICEPS (Amaral)

Rhadinaea albiceps AMARAL, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 14, 1924,
No. 9, p. 200.
Ecuador.—1 specimen, No. 22446 (type). This specimen is prob-
ably from Ecuador, whence it came with a collection sent by Mark B.
Kerr, in May, 1895.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

35. LYSTROPHIS SEMICINCTA (Duméril and Bibron)

Heterodon semicinctus DumMf&RIL and Brsron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 774
Lystrophis semicinctus BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894,
p. 153.
Argentina.—1 specimen, No. 52591, collected in Cerros de Mendoza
by C. S. Reed.

36. UROTHECA ELAPOIDES ELAPOIDES (Cope)
Pliocercus elapoides Corr, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 253.
Pliocercus euryzonus Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 72.

Urotheca elapoides, U. euryzonus BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.,
vol. 2, 1894, p. 182.

Kcuador.—1 specimen, No. 32038, collected by F. L. Stuart.
37. DIMADES PLICATILIS (Linnaeus)

Coluber plicatilis LINNABUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 217.
Dimades plicatilis Gray, Zool. Misc., 1842, p. 65.—BovuLENGER, Cat.
Snakes, Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 186.
Paraguay.—1 specimen, No. 12,400, collected by the Paraguay
Expedition.
38. HYDROPS TRIANGULARIS (Wagler)
Elaps triangularis WAGLER, in Spix, Species Novae Serp. Brasil, 1824, p. 5,
pl. 2a, fig. 1.
Hydrops triangularis BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p.
187.
Dutch Guiana.—1 specimen, No. 11,150, collected by C. J. Hering.
Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 6,009, collected in the Amazon Valley
by Lieutenant Herndon.

39. LAMPROPELTIS MICROPHOLIS Cope

Lampropeltis micropholis Corn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860,
p. 257.—BuancuHarpD, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 114, 1921, p. 149.

Coronella micropholis BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p.
203.

Ecuador.—6 specimens, Nos. 62,809-14, collected by F. W. God-
ing.

These specimens show all the variations in coloration referred to
by Blanchard (p. 150).

40. ATRACTUS ROULEI Despax
Atractus roulet Despax, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1910, p. 30.

Ecuador.—2 specimens, Nos. 33,861-2, collected in the Alausi
Valley by Mr. Davis:

Number, 8. Wis) cae | C. ene! Praeoc. Loreal Postoe. sae

| | 7 ‘
33, 861 | 15 159 P2e i LZ | None__| 2% as long__ 1 | 140 mm.
33, 862 | 15 157 1 | 22 12 | None_-_-| 214 as long_- 1 | 180 mm.

arr. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 9

41. PETALOGNATHUS NEBULATUS (Linnaeus)

Coluber nebulatus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 222.
Petalognathus nebulatus Dumérit and Brsron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p.
464.—BovuLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1894, p. 293.

Dutch Guiana.—1 specimen, No. 11,146, collected by C. J. Her-
ing; v. 175, c. 90 pair, lab. 7 (4th and 5th), postoc. 2; chin-shields,
3 pairs.

Ecuador.—2 specimens, No. 14,035, collected by Dr. W. H. Jones:
v. 191, c. 70 pair, lab. 7 (4th and 5th), postoc. 2; chin-shields 3
pairs; No. 14038, collected by Mr. Wachusett: v. 193, c. 79 pair,
lab. 7 (4th and 5th), postoc. 2; chin-shields 3 pairs.

42. SIBYNOMORPHUS MACROSTOMUS Amaral

Sibynomorphus macrostomus AMARAL, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 14,
1924, no. 9, p. 200.

Ecuador.—1 specimen, No. 14,047 (Type).
43. SIBYNOMORPHUS MIKANII (Schlegel)

Dipsas mikanii SCHLEGEL, Physiogn. Serp., vol. 2, 1837, p. 277.

Leptognathus mikani BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p.
453.

Leptognathus peruanus BorrtaErR, Kat. Rept. Mus. Senckenberg., 1898,
pt. 2, p. 128.

Sibynomorphus mikani Rutuven, Miscell. Publ. Univ. Michigan Mus.
Zool., vol. 8, 1922, p. 69.

Ecuador.—7 specimens, collected in Guayaquil by F. W. Goding.

Peru.—1 specimen, collected in Puquiura, by E. C. Erdis, in June,
1915, and referred to S. peruanus by Barbour and Noble.‘

The examination of this series suggested a comparative revision
of the species S. mikanii and S. peruanus (type from Santa Ana,
Cuzco, Peru) which Boettger considered a valid form, differing es-
pecially in coloration, (belly, head and lips), number and disposition
of upper labials, size of internasals, its formula being: sc. 15; v.
180; a. 1; c. 79 pairs plus 1; lab. 8 (3, 4, 5); temp. 2+3; 4 pairs
of chin-shields, anterior much longer than broad. The examination
of the specimen in the United States National Museum and another
series in the Museum of Comparative Zoology yielded the following
figures and data:

‘Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1920, p. 620.
53649—25f 2

VOL. 67

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ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL igh

The above table shows that the individuals of this species vary very
much. Therefore, I am inclined to follow Boulenger and regard
the differences shown by the specimens from the western side of
South America only as color variations of S. mikandi.

44, DIPSAS INDICA Laurenti

Dipsas indica LAURENTI, Syn. Rept., 1768, p. 90.
Dipsas bucephala BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 461.

Peru.—1 specimen: No. 60734, from the Comberciato River,
collected by E. Heller.

45. IMANTODES CENCHOA (Linnaeus)

Coluber cenchoa LinnaEvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol.1, 1758, p. 226.
Imantodes cenchoa Dumi&rit and Bripron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 1065.
Himantodes cenchoa BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 84.
Colombia.—2 specimens: No. 4300, sent from New Grenada by
Mr. Schott: 1 praeocular; 2+3 postoculars; 3+3 temporals. No.
11270, sent from Madina River by Dr. Ruth.
Ecuador.—4 specimens: No. 14036, collected by Dr. W. H. Jones:
1 praeocular; 2 postoculars; 2+3 temporals. No. 20614: 1 praeo-
cular; 2 postoculars; 2+38 temporals; and No. 20615: 1 praeocular;
3 postoculars; 3+3 temporals, both collected by Mark B. Kerr.
No. 56320 from Napo: 1 praeocular; 2 postoculars; 2+3 temporals.
Trinidad.—4 specimens: No. 14496, collected by A. H. Ruse:
1 praeocular; 1 postocular; 2+2/2+1 temporals. Nos. 14498 and
17499: 1 praeocular; 2 postoculars; 2+2 temporals; and No. 17450:
1 praeocular; 2 postoculars; 1+2 temporals; all collected by Mr.
Wayman.

46. LEPTODEIRA ANNULATA (Linnaeus)

Coluber annulatus LinNaxEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 224.
Coluber albofuscus LactérrpE, Hist. Nat. Serp., vol. 2, 1789, p. 94.
Leptodeira annulata GUENTHER, Cat. Colubr. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 166.
Leptodeira albofusca GUENTHER, Cat. Colubr. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 166.
Leptodira annulata BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 97.
Leptodira albofusca BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 95.
Leptodeira annulata Grirrin, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 11, 1917, p. 321.

Panama.—8 specimens: Nos. 54160, 54161, 54077, 54078, 53829,
54227, 45567, and 54266.

Colombia.—2 specimens: No. 11272 collected at Madina (?) River
by Dr. Ruth. No. 32277, collected at Truando (2). .

Ecuador.—1 specimen: No. 22444, collected by Mark B. Kerr.

Peru.—2 specimens: Nos. 28295 and 28296, sent from Ignitas by
Mr. Carter.

Dutch Guiana.—8 specimens: Nos. 11149, 11154, 11156, 11158,
11160, 11161, 11162, and 12549; all collected by C. J. Hering.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

47. PS9EUDOBOA PETOLA (Linnaeus)

Coluber petola LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 225.
Coluber petolarius LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 225.
Oxyrhopus petolarius BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 101.
Clelia peruviana Grirrin, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, 1915, p. 204.
Pseudoboa petola AMARAL, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 13.
Panama.—2 specimens: Nos. 50111 and 65867.
Ecuador.—3 specimens: No. 22445, collected by Mark B. Kerr.
Nos. 32036 and 32037, collected by Mr. Stuart.

48. PSEUDOBOA TRIGEMINA (Duméril and Bibron)

Oxyrhopus trigeminus Dumfrit and Brsron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p.
1013.—BouLencsER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 104.
Pseudoboa trigemina AMARAL, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 12.

Paraguay.—2 specimens: No. 12381 (1 and 2), collected by the
Paraguay Expedition.
49. PSEUDOBOA RHOMBIFERA (Duméril and Bibron)
Oxyrhopus rhombifer Dumérit and Bisron, Erp. Gén., 1854, p. 1018.—

Bou.enGeEr, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 103.
Pseudoboa rhombifera AMARAL, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 12.

Uruguay.—1 specimen: No. 65610 sent from Cerro Largo, by
Dr. Florentino Felippone.

50. PSEUDOBOA MACULATA (Boulenger)

Oxyrhopus maculatus BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 110.
Argentina.—1 specimen, No. 11388: sc. 19-21-19-17; v. 245;
a. 1; ¢. 52 pairs; anterior chin-shields a little longer than posterior;

total length 1,850 mm.; tail 230mm. Female sent from Mendoza by

Dr. Day.
This specimen has a very high number of ventrals and is the largest
ever recorded in collections.

51. PSEUDOBOA RUSTICA (Cope)

Oxyrhopus rusticus Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 17, 1877, p. 92.—
Bou.ENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 111.
Pseudoboa rustica AMARAL, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 12.
Argentina.—1 specimen, No. 64129, sent from Tafi Viejo, Tucu-
man, by Dr. Alexander Wetmore.

52. PSEUDOBOA FITZINGERI (Tschudi)

Siphlophis fitzingert Tscuup1, Fauna Peruv., Herpet., 1846, p. 56, pl. 8.
Oxyrhopus fitzingeri JAN, Elenco Sist., 1863, p. 93.—BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes
Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 108.
Peru.—2 specimens. No. 48552 sent from Piura by C. H. T.
Townsend; male, sc. 19; v. 203, ¢. 73 pairs.

arr. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 13

The lesser number of ventrals of this specimen, as compared with
Boulenger’s figures (232-236), may be related to the sex. No. 51512
sent from Canon Verruga, by C. H. T. Townsend; female, sc. 19;
v. 227; c. 79 pairs.

53. PSEUDOBOA CLOELIA (Daudin)
Coluber cloelia Daunpin, Hist. Nat. Rept., vol. 6, 1808, p. 330, pl. 78.
Oxyrhopus cloelia GUENTHER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 189.—Bov-
LENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 108.
Pseudoboa cloelia AMARAL, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, pp. 11-12.

Ecuador.—1 specimen, No. 20622, collected by Mark B. Kerr,
lab. 7 (8, 4); t. 2+3; sc. 19; c. 91 pairs plus 3.

Venezuela.—1 specimen, No. 32218, sent from Caracas by Capt.
G. Wayright.

Brazil_—2 specimens No. 39061 sent as Rhachidelus brazili from
Butantan, Sao Paulo, by Dr. V. Brazil: lab. 7 (8, 4), t. 2+2; se. 19.
No. 11,384 sent from Rio by J. R. Moran: lab. 7 (3, 4), t.2+2; sc. 19.

This specimen as well as No. 20622 shows that the disposition of the
subcaudals is variable and consequently does not warrant the divi-
sion of the genus Pseudoboa into Pseudoboa and Cloelia as accepted by
most of the North American herpetologists.

54. PSEUDOBOA NEUWIEDI (Duméril and Bibron)

Scytale neuwiediti DumféRit and Bripron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 1001
(part).
Pseudoboa neuwiedti Corn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 260.
Oxyrhopus neuwiedii BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 112.
Pseudoboa rebinsoni StEINEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, 1902, p. 190.
Venezuela.—1 specimen, No. 22532, sent from La Guaira by
Capt. Wirt Robinson.
This is Stejneger’s type of Pseudoboa robinsoni which, as I have
published elsewhere® I consider only as an anomalous specimen of
Pseudoboa neuwiedir.

55. PSEUDOBOA GUERINI (Duméril and Bibron)

Rhinosimus guerini Dumérit and Brsron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 991,

pl. 72.
Oxyrhopus guerini BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 118.
Pseudoboa guerini AMARAL, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 12.

Paraguay.—1 specimen, No. 12414, collected by the Paraguay

Expedition.
56. BARBOURINA EQUATORIANA Amaral.

Barbourina equatoriana AMARAL, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 14, 1924,
no. 9, p. 201.

Ecuador.—1 specimen, No. 62790 (type), sent from Guayaquil by
F. W. Goding in April, 1920.

'Rey. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 26.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
57. TACHYMENIS PERUVIANA Wiegmann

Tachymenis peruviana W1EGMANN, Nova Acta Acad. Leopold. Carol., vol. 17,
1835, pt. 1, p. 252, pl. 20, fig. 1—Bovu.Lencrr, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.,
vol. 3, 1896, p. 118.

Ecuador.—1 specimen, No. 12277, from Guayaquil.
58. THAMMODYNASTES PALLIDUS (Linnaeus)

Coluber pallidus Linnauvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 221.

Coluber strigilis TaunBerG, Mus. Acad. Upsal., 1788, pt. 1, p. 22.

Coluber nattereri Mixan, Delic. Flor. Faun. Brasil., 1820, pl., fig. 1.

Thammodynastes nattereri BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896,
Deets:

Thammodynastes punctatissimus BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol.
3, 1896, p. 117.

Thammodynastes strigilis LOENNBERG, Bih. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol.
22, 1896, sec. 4, no. 1, p. 38.
Thammodynastes pallidus ANDERSSON, Bih. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol.
24, 1899, sec. 4, no. 6, p. 17.—Amarat, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. ‘it
1924, pp. 27—29.
A revision of this species is found in Amaral’s paper.
Colombia.—1 specimen, No. 14717, sent by V. O. King.
Paraguay.—1l specimen, No. 11260, sent by Dr. Palmer.

59. PHILODRYAS VIRIDISSIMSUS (Linnaeus)

Coluber viridissimus LinNaEvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 226.
Philodryas viridissimus GUENTHER, Cat. Colubr. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858,
p. 123.—Bovu.Lencmr, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 129.

Dutch Guiana.—1 specimen, No. 11157, collected by C. J. Hering.
60. PHILODRYAS OLFERSII (Lichtenstein)

Coluber olfersit LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl. Berlin Mus., 1823, p. 104.

Philodryas olfersii GUENTHER, Cat. Colubr. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 123.

Philodryas olfersti, var. reinhardtii (Guenther) BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit.
Mus,, vol. 3, 1896, p. 129.

Paraguay.—1 specimen, No. 12327, collected by the Paraguay
Expedition.
61. PHILODRYAS SCHOTTI (Schlegel)
Xenodon schottii SCHLEGEL, Physiogn. Serp., vol. 2, 1837, p. 91, pl. 3, figs.
8 and 9.
Philodryas schottitt GUENTHER, Cat. Colubr. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 125.—
BouLEnGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 130.
Paraguay.—1 specimen, No. 11261 collected by Dr. Palmer.
Argentina.—3 specimens; No. 16423, collected in Rosario by the
La Plata Expedition. No. 52588, collected at Rio Negro by Dr.
Carlos S. Reed, length 1,580 mm., tip of tail missing. No. 63947 col-
lected by Dr. Alexander Wetmore.

ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 15

62. PHILODRYAS ELEGANS (Tschudi)

Lygophis elegans Tscuupt1, Faun. Peruv., Herp., 1845, p. 53, pl. 6.
Philodryas elegans BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 133.

Chile.—1 specimen, No. 64121 collected in Valparaizo, by Dr.
Carlos S. Reed.

63. PHILODRYAS PSAMMOPHIDEUS Guenther

Philodryas psammophideus GUENTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 9,

1872, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. A—BouLenasmr, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3,
1896, p. 132.

Philodryas bolivianus BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 132.

Philodryas borellit Pmracca, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat, Univ. Torino, vol. 12,
1897, no. 274, p. 14.

Philodryas psammophideus AMARAL, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 31.

A revision of this species is found in Amaral’s paper.

Argentina.—3 specimens: Nos. 52593 (sc. 19; v. 196; c. 87 p.);
52594 (sc. 19; v. 196; c. 86 p.); 52595 (Gjuv. sc. 19; v. 190; c. 90 p.)
all collected in Mendoza by Dr. Carlos 8. Reed.

64. PHILODRYAS BURMEISTERI (Jan)
Dryophylax burmeisteri JAN, in Burmeister, Reise La Plata, vol. 2, 1861,

p. 529.

Philodryas burmeisteri BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896,
p. 135.

Argentina.—3 specimens: No. 7304 (c. 123) sent from Uspallata,
by Mr. M’Lae, No. 52961 sent from Mendoza, by Renato Sanzin.
No. 63945 (loreal fused with the praefrontal on both sides), collected
at General Roca, Rio Negro, by Dr. Alexander Wetmore.

65. OXYBELIS ACUMINATUS (Wied)

Coluber acuminatus Wisp, Isis, 1824, pt. 6, June, p. 667.
Oxybelis acuminatus STEINDACHNER, Novara Exped., Rept., 1867, p. 72.—
BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 192.

Numerous specimens from various localities in Central and South

America.
66. OXYBELIS ARGENTEUS (Daudin)

Coluber argenteus Daupin, Hist. Nat. Rept., vol. 6, 1803, p. 336.
Oxybelis argenteus DumMé&RIL and Brsron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 815.—
BoutEencER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 190.

Dutch Guiana.—1 specimen, No. 11153 sent by C. J. Hering.
67. OXYBELIS BREVIROSTRIS (Cope)

Dryophis brevirostris Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 555
Oxybelis brevirostris BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 190.
Kcuador.—3 specimens: Nos. 20616, 20617, and 20618.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

68. ERYTHROLAMPRUS AESCULAPII (Linnaeus)

Coluber aesculapii LiInNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 220.
Erythrolamprus aesculapii Dum&rit and Bisron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854,
p. 845.—BouLEenGmr, Cat, Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 200.
Panama.—1 specimen, No. 65881.
Colombia.—1 specimen, No. 11273 collected at Madina (?) River,
by Dr. Ruth.

69. ERYTHROLAMPRUS LABIALIS Werner

Erythrolamprus labialis WERNER, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 26,
1909, p. 237.
Eucador.—2 specimens: No. 62793: sc. 17, v. 169; a. 1/1; ¢. 79 p.;
t. 1+2; total length 185 mm.; 4 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields which are a little shorter than the posterior;
2d light lateral strip on the 5th scale row, instead of on the 4th as in
the type. No. 62794: sc. 17; v. 159; a. 1/1; ¢. 97 p.; t. 1+15; lower
labials and chin-shields as in the preceding; 2d light lateral strip on
the suture of the 4th and 5th scale rows.

70. TANTILLA MELANOCEPHALA (Linnaeus)

Coluber melanocephalus Linnagvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 218.

Tantilla melanocephala Cork, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 74.

Homalocranium melanocephalum BouLeNGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3,
1896, p. 215.

Uruguay.—2 specimens: No. 65537, collected in Cerro Largo by
Dr. Florentino Felippone. No. 65549, collected in Paysandu, by
the same.

71. STENORHINA DEGENHARDTI (Berthold)

Calamaria degenhardtiti BeErtHouD, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Goettingen, vol. 3, 1846,
p. 8, pl. 1, figs. 3-4.

Stenorhina degenhardtit JAN, Arch. Zool. Anat. Physiol., vol. 2, 1862, p.
63.—BovuLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 229.

Panama.—1 specimen, No. 66586.

72. APOSTOLEPIS CEARENSIS Gomes

Apostolepis cearensis Gomes, Ann. Paulistas Med. Cirurg., vol. 4, 1915,
p. 6, p. 122 (type from Cear4, Brazil).

Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 56401 collected in Cearé (J. Hurter
collection), in August, 1893, and identified with A. dorbignyi: v.
232; ¢. 27 pairs; portion of the rostral visible from above % of the
prefrontal suture; total length 285 mm.

73. ELAPOMORPHUS LEMNISCATUS Duméril and Bibron

Elapomorphus lemniscatus DuM®RIL and Brsron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854,
p. 840.—BovuLEenGeEr, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 242.

Uruguay.—2 specimens, Nos. 65552 and 65599, both collected
in Minas, by Dr. Florentino Felippone.

ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 17

The internasals are broadly contiguous in No. 65552 and touch
each other only by their inner angle in No. 65599. The degree of
contiguity of the internasals is very variable among all the specimens
of Elapomorphus having a single prefrontal, according to my ex-
perience. Boulenger’s key for the differentiation of these species,
which is based on this character, is therefore quite unreliable.

74. ELAPOMORPHUS SUSPECTUS Amaral

Elapomorphus suspectus AMARAL, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 14,
no. 9, 1924, p. 202.
Argentina.—1 specimen, No. 48939 (type) sent from Pilar, near
Cordoba, by Dr. C. C. Craft.

75. PELAMYDRUS PLATURUS (Linnaeus)

Anguis platura Linnaxrvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 391.

Hydrus platurus BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 267.

Pelamydrus platurus SrrsNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 111.

Ecuador.—3 specimens, all from the coast of Guayaquil: No.

12347 (1st): 1 praeocular; 2 postoculars; 2 suboculars; 9/8 upper
labials; (2nd): 1 praeocular; 2 postoculars; nosubocular; 8 (4, 5) upper
labials. No. 59433: 1 praeocular; 2 postoculars; 1 subocular; 10/9
upper labials.

76. MICRURUS SURINAMENSIS (Cuvier)

Elaps surinamensis Cuvier, Régne Anim., vol. 2, 1817, p. 84.—BouULENGER,
Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 414.

For the use of Micrurus instead of Elaps as a generic name for

these Neotropical and Nearctic species see Stejneger and Barbour.°

Dutch Guiana.—1 specimen, female No. 66144 sent from Moengo

by Mr. C. Bonne and identified with M. fulvius: lab. 7 (4th) v.

181; c. 29 p.; 7 sets of 3 black annuli on the body, 1 on the occiput,
1 on the anal region, and 1 on the tail; total length 1,220 mm.

77. MICRURUS HEMPRICHII (Jan)

Elaps hemprichii JAN, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1858, p. 523.—BouLEeNnGcrER, Cat.
Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 421.

Dutch Guiana.—1 specimen, female, No. 64633, sent from Mo-
engo, by Mr. C. Bonne: eye 2% its diameter from mouth; v. 181;
c. 27 p.; black above with pinkish annuli, the black distributed in
8 triads of subequal annuli on the body and 1 on the tail; total length

805 mm.
78. MICRURUS TSCHUDI (Jan)

Elaps tschudii Jan, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1858, p. 524.—BovuLENGER, Cat.
Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 422.

Peru.—1 specimen, female, No. 38588, sent by R. E. Coker; v. 207;
c. 23 pairs + 5single; total length 310 mm.; snout obtusely pointed ;

6 Check-List N. A. Amph. Reptiles, 1917, p. 106, and Amaral Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 3.

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

black annuli disposed more or less regularly in 11 sets of threes, the
middle annulus 14 as wide as the outer ones; ground color of back
yellowish-white; 1st set of rings on the occiput; head as in Jan’s
figure,’ but the black part shows yellow sutures.

79. MICRURUS HETEROZONUS (Peters)

Elaps heterozonus Peters, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1881,
p. 52.—Bovu.encer, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 417.

Peru.—1 specimen, female, No. 60701, collected at the Cosireni
River, 4,000 feet altitude, on September 10, 1915, as referred to by
Barbour and Noble.’ Female, v. 213; ¢. 17 pairs + 4single; 16 black
rings along the body more or less disposed in threes which character
has not been emphasized by previous authors; the rings are narrower
than their interspaces, which are a little lighter between two neigh-
boring triads than those between internal rings of one triad; 2 rings
on the tail; head coloration as described by Boulenger; total length

580 mm.
80. MICRURUS DISSOLEUCUS (Cope)

Elaps dissoleucus Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 345.—
BovuLenGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 422.

Venezuela.—l1 specimen of this rare and poorly described species.
No. 59865, female, collected by Mr. Curran. Snout obtusely
pointed; eye much shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral
broader than deep; frontal narrow and elongate, about twice as long
as broad, shorter than the parietals which are very elongate and longer
than their distance from the internasals; one prae and two postocu-
lars; seven upper labials, third a little larger than fourth, and both
entering the orbit, seventh well developed; temporals 1+1; three
lower labials in contact with anterior chin-shields which are a little
shorter than posterior; v. 199; a. 1/1; ¢. 22 p. Coloration: Six
sets of 3 black rings, the middle one-third as wide as the outer; head
black above with a yellow transverse band posteriorly situated and
covering the posterior half of the frontal, supraocular, and 5th
labial, all the upper postocular, 6th labial and anterior temporal,
the anterior half of the 7th labial and all the posterior temporals and
parietals. Total length, 450 mm.

81. MICRURUS MIPARTITUS (Duméril and Bibron)
Elaps mipartitus Dumérit and Brsron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 1220.—
BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 431.
Elaps microps BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1036, pl. 108,
fig. 2.

Ecuador.—2 specimens: No. 62795, female, sent by Mr. Goding:

Eye small; t. 1+1, anterior very narrow; 4 lower labials in contact

TIcon. Gén., pt. 42, 1872, pl. 6, fig. 1.
§ Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1920, p. 619.

ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 19

with the anterior chin-shields which are a little shorter than the
posterior; 3d upper labial very large but 4th the largest; v. 267;
ce. 29 p.; black with 61 yellowish-white cross-bars widening on the
belly which is barred with black and yellowish-white; white dorsal
scales usually with a black spot; tail yellowish with 3 black rings;
head as Boulenger’s description for both mipartitus and microps;
total length, 740 mm.

No. 62796, female, also sent by Mr. Goding: The same head shield
disposition; v. 274; c. 29 pairs+1 single; coloration the same, 62
cross bars on the body and 4 on the tail; total length, 545 mm.

82. MICRURUS FILIFORMIS (Guenther)

Elaps filiformis GurentueEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 86, pl. 18
fig. B.—Bovu.encer, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 430.
Colombia.—1 specimen, No. 4338, from Truando, New Granada,
in bad condition.
83. MICRURUS ANCORALIS (Jan)

Elaps marcgravi, var. ancoralis Jan, Icon. Ophid., pt. 42, 1872, pl. 4, fig. 2.
Elaps ancoralis BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 432.
Ecuador.—1 specimen, No. 12267, female, collected in Guayaquil:

v. 253, c. 32 p.; body with 15 triads of black rings, one on the tail
and one near the nape; a very defined anchor-shaped marking on
the occiput and nape; symphysial separated from anterior pair of
chin-shields by 1st pair of lower labials, which is exceptional in this
species; total length, 488 mm.

84. MICRURUS NARDUCCII (Jan)

Elaps narducci Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Physiol., vol. 2, 1863, p. 222 (type
from Bolivia) —BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 433.
Ecuador.—2 specimens, sent from Macas, Provincia d’E] Oriente,
by M. Madira: No. 65473, female; v. 320; c. 20 p.; black above
with 52 transversely oval spots all yellow, some extending as irregular
blotches down to the sides; 2 yellow rings on the tail as in Jan’s
figure;® total length 585 mm. No. 65474, male; v. 275; c. 23 p.;
coloration as in No. 65473, with 43 oval yellow spots; yellow
beneath, 114 yellow rings on the tail; total length 497 mm.

85. MICRURUS FRONTALIS (Duméril and Bibron)

Elaps frontalis Dumérin and Bisron, Erp. Gén., vol. 7, 1854, p. 1223
(part).—BovuLeNncer, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 427.
Argentina.—1 specimen, No. 52592, collected in Mendoza by Dr.
Carlos S. Reed: 7 sets of 3 rings, the middle about 2 to 3 times as
wide as the center.

9 Icon. Gén., 1872, p. 42, pl. 6, fig. 5.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

86. MICRURUS CORALLINUS (Wied)

Elaps corallinus Wisp, Nova Acta Acad. Leopold. Carol., vol. 10, pt. 1,
1820, p. 108; Abbild. Naturg. Brasil., pt. 6, 1824, pl. 4.
Elaps dumerilit Jan, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1858, p. 522; Icon. Ophid., pt. 42,
1872, pl. 1, fig. 3.
Elaps riset JAN, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1858, p. 525, pl. B.; Icon. Ophid., pt. 42,
1872, pl. 6, fig. 3.
Elaps corallinus BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 420.
The United States National Museum has 29 specimens of this
very widespread species. Having carefully examined this material
I was led into comparing it with those specimens in the Museum
of Zoology of the University of Michigan and in the Carnegie Museum
at Pittsburgh as well as those in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
supplemented with a few specimens recently received from both
the Instituto do Butantan and the Museu Paulista. The total
number of specimens examined was 101, distributed as follows:

United States National Miuiseuniy 420% 7714, Sith ane 186) eee 29
University of Michigan Museum;of Zoology-_ =. _.-=- 2. .2- == 25 2
Carnegie, Museum: (Griffin’s mafenial): <2 ees ee ee 8
Museum of Comparative Zoology (Inst. Butantan and Mus. Paulista) ____- 62
A belt | ee en oe eT a er «ae mr eye een IS p< 101
The countries to which those speciments belong were the following:

(ea 6 Fo Meet pdt eames seco ht Metbat mint. eal atl A ales a 21

Venezuela S72 St ae IE BO WOR Se es ee 1

Colombia 220 £2 2522552 2645325 ees oe Se ee ee paar 13

Mica dori ai i tyne Seek Sees 0) ea i

Pers 2 = So Bs Se ee one ON Rg es a ee 6

125 7:1 A 1 te ee ae RE NETS ow eee Ue eene Te MCR LY eh ee 51

Seah Americ. ober oe ts es ee 1

Une oyyn i Sai ae ce AR el ae Sn TRE 1

Poel. oA 8 erie 2 eS he Sere ee 101

The most important characteristics of those specimens may be
tabulated as follows:

art. 24 ° SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL on
Specimens of Micrurus corallinus examined
Black annuli
Locait, No. Museum Sex | Temp. Vi; C.
Body | Tail one
annuli
Trinidad _ -_- 5586 |. U.8.N.M-| 9 1+1 193 31 p.uas- 26 6 | None.
ahs oe dose tar 2 1+1 202 Oe Dexnae 28 6 | Slight.
ss. dps. s2.> ig! 1+1 180 44.9. 228 27 9 | None.
ag Se dors": 2 1+1 194 30 p.+2- 29 6 | Slight.
L pete GOL 2k|h 2 1+1 198 30 p.+2- 31 8 | None.
ad dozz- 214)" 2 1+1 197 SL. pis sh 27--F 6 | Slight
2 doesa2E |) 0 ig 1/1+1 181+43 | 38 p.+5_| 25+4 10 | Marked
ees doe =2=2 | ic 1+1 183 1 p.+2- 25 9 | Slight
3 Loe dose is RP 1+1/1 198 29 p.+2.| 29+4 7 | None.
eee Goes ease). ot 1+1 187 | 44 peel 225 12 | Marked
etee. doi sssta*.'2 1+1 195 29 p.+3-_| 22 6 | None.
aes dows = ict 1+1 186 44 p.+2.| 26 All black. Do.
peal doszs-24/5 B 1+1 199 \j 34p.--=+|) 27-+-% 7 Do.
Do... .-- 7481-2 |2-- 22 dosz-i73 on 1+1 185 43 p.+1. 25 11 | Slight
WO. =. 17736 |=---= do== =i - 2 1/1 198 su pi. 8 29 8 | None.
Woo. 3 17737) |-82-- doui= 4 fou 1/1+1 181 37 p.+10) 30 11 | Slight.
(Do le L138. [22 2 do--=4 4 fou 1+1 185 46\pz..-5 29 All black. Do.
Woe 22 L7739 + 2=-- dos 55 4 rot 1+1 186 47. Dix = 26 10 | None.
Woo! 6123-1 | M.C. Z__.-- fof 1/1 185 27 p.+14 29 9 | Marked
Daseh=2s 6123-2 |_---- dols2=2- of 1+1 182 45 p.4+2- 26 10 | Slight.
Won: 6123-3 |--=-- do: ==22 2 om 1/1 182 46 p.-.-% 25 10 Do.
Venezuela_-_- 9996 |-___- Gol ze fof 1+1 178 Zt Eee 25 9) None.
Colombia___- 54339 | U.S.N.M_| o& 1+1 190) ¥})53.p.2 220 16 7 | Marked
45548 | Univ. Mich} o&@ 1+1 199 49 p____- 10 5 Do.
AETGO: | sear do-==.! of 1+1 180 ADD. 2 12 1l Do.
197 | Carn. Mus.-| @ 1+1 207 Bo pee 13 5 Do.
WAR 2s = do----2! 9 1+1 206 35 p.+1_ 12 4 Do.
2031 | b= =- do.s1 5 (of 1+1 185 43. Dio 8 12 6 | Slight
199) )-22_- dele 3 os 1+1 191 47. De -28. 14 7| Faded
2033) |25=-4 doses. 2 9 1+1 205 esoip ee see 14 5 | Marked
65ap |) MC. A225" of 1+1 186 46 Doce 3! 10 6 Do.
6536 |----- dov=242 os 1+1 183-++-4 | 44 p_---- ll 6 Do.
6537 | 52 Goer ase o | 1+1/142 179 45 p.+1- 12 6 | Slight.
6582) 225 = Goze =s 9 1+1 198 Baie = ae 15 4} Marked.
JG3 i174) ee ie Goes! 4 2 1+1 209 Bi. sO ae 16 6 | Slight.
20624 | U.S.N.M-_| 9 1+1 211 Cloth Of ae 19 6 | None.
22443 |_-__- GO_- 2c >. roe 1+1 198% [56 pote. 17 7 Do.
§9432 |-..-- Gols ie) 1+1 206 43 piiiis 16 5 | Marked.
62808 } ----- don. fe=. ofl 1+1 198) Ms 560-2-_—2 19 8 | None.
8399 | M.C.Z__._--| of 1+1 209° | 45 p____- 15 6 | Marked
3509 |=_--= doseaeas 2 1+1 201 48 p____- 18 6 Do.
3569 |----- doe i. 2 1+1 213 BI ea 19 4 Do.
AS84 lex 325 doses 28 fe) 1/1 198 Dp 18 4 | None
17385 fess Gor 2 of 1+1 190 | 33 p.48-| 26 7 Do.
uly 33S |e ee dozens rot 142 20759451 pee 25 9 Do.
PG a eee do. = 2.3 Q 1/1 199 2oiPiea= 27 5 Do.
17388 |----- qos. 2 1+1 200 30 pe---e 26 5 Do.
17389 |--_-- dos222=: 2 1+1 202 Zips 27 4 Do.
2915-1 |_---- G0: 2=2=- 2 1+1 217 Pf)? eee, 20 1 Do.
2915-2 )/- 2 doy Q 1+1 219 | 25p.t5-} 21 4 Do.
Doses j 17855 |--.-2 doLaaa= °) 1+1 216 Shy oe ee 24 5 Do.
are Caap. 17856 i= doves a 9 1+1 216) A za0;pe 18+3 4 Do.
anto).

Brazil (Rio) - 53362 Q 1+1 Ota 4/27 p.-2 = 20 4 Do.
Des es 53363 om 1+1 193 a2 psa 17+3 6 Do.
Dons 25. - 53364 o 1+1 195 42 pz---5 17--3 if Do.
Do__.---| _.2923-1 Q 1+1 Ziby 1 26pee2-2 22 4 Do.
DeOnst=-— 2923-2 ofl 1+1 198 42 p_--_- 17 7 Do.
DOSS 53 3003 2 1+1 217 a Da eee S 22 5 Do.
Doe. = 3205-1 ie} 1+1 207 20) p=<.2 + 20 4 Do.

3205-2 fof 1+1 195: || 43*p__-2 19 8 Do.
21194 °) 1+1 24 ? 20 4 Do.
1374-1 2 1+1 214 20" p= 18 4 Do.
1374-2 om 141 196 44 p.+2-_ 17 7 Do.
1374-3 ow 1+1 199 43 p.+2- 17 7 Do.
1374-4 2 1+1 210+ 3 | 28 p__--- 21+4 4 Do.
1374-5 foul 1+1 196 45 p.t2_| 15+} 7 Do.
1374-6 2 1+1 212 20. Da 20+-4 4 Do.
1374-7 2 1+1 211 7 fa 0 eas 22 4 Do.
2648-1 Q 1+1 209. 4)..27 p---== 18 4 Do.
2648-2 o | 1+4+1/14-2 196 /40p.4+2+4+$ 17 6 Do.
2648-3 Q 1+1 | 209 28 p----- 19+4 5 Do.
26484 2 1+1 206 Oe oe 19 4 Do.
2648-5 9 1+1 209. | 30 p.-_-- 21 4 Do.
2648-6 Q 1+1 207 +| 23 p.t1_| 18+4 4 Do.
2648-7 Q 1+1 209 27 pase 21 4 Do.

1 This specimen is now No. 11865 M. C. Z. 2 Under surface in bad condition.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 67

Specimens of Micrurus corallinus examined—Continued

Locality No. Museum
Brazil (Rio) -
Dos 22.2
Dost
Do-
Do.
Mores
Brazil (Mi-
nas).
Brazil (Go-
yaz).
Brazil (8.
Paulo)
2D eee
DOs: Et
Doss. - 17857 |-e8s- dq. 5 se
Do ie 17859 |___-- dots. -=2
Do = SSAA W758) |e dos... 223
Dost. Ht) © 17860) jae. GO... 422
Brazil (Pa- 17861 5|-e22 = Gos 3
ran&).
Brazil (Sta. W775: |_22 dos 3
Cath.).
DGF22 >= 17i58) eee Got soeas
Kol Lii6Y |8so- dO. -.2t2
EXOE 2b Se 17758) eee G02 si2=4
DOs se. 40218 | U.S.N. M--
1D Coe a 40219 |_____ dors u
West ses 40220 |__.-- do- aos
Brazil (M. 341 | Carn. M --
Grosso) .
So. America_ 261 | -22- Gost 3
Unknown_.-.- 1236 }-2:-2 do..3 5355

Black annuli

Temp. V. Cc ih

. uter

Tail annuli
6 | None.
76 Do.
4 Do.
8.) Do.
5+ Do.
5 Do.
5 Do.
5 Do.
7 Do.
4 Do.
7 Do,
1+1 215 27 pe~.-8 20+-4 4 Do.
9 1+2/1+1 213 30ip2---5 18 5 Do.
1+2 198 Ay. 28 18 if Do.
o | 1+2/1+1 203 AZ Yo 208 20 if Do.
1+1 213 28 Paes 17+4 4 Do.
9 |142/141] 213 28 Dane 20 4 Do.
fe} 1+1 213 20' pe - 20 4 Do.
ou 1+1/1+2 200 45 pxece- 18 8 Do.
te} 1+1 217 30pc2 19 4 Do.
9 1+1 221 30. p=reee 20 4 Do.
fe] 1+1 217 30'p. 22 20 6 Do.
2 1+1 217 DO ps 4 21 4 Do.
9 1+1 213 29) p=-—- 4 24 6 Do.
9 1+1 200) "|| 43ip2as3 16 6 Do,
(of 1+1 195 AA pose 15 6 Do.

3 From the S. Sebastifio Island.

4 From the Victoria Island.

Now, in summarizing the above figures according to both the sex
and the geographical distribution of the various specimens, excluding
the two that have no definite data, the averages are found to be as

follows:
Number
Locality of speci-| Sex
mens
1. Trinidad__.---_-- a4 umes
2. Venezuela__.____-__- 1 fot
3. Colombia._.______- { Ee nage rs
4. Eeuador: = 222-5223 3 om
4} 9 Q
fy Ais ieee) ets eee { ji g #
(i: 7 ieee eee { aati ee

Black annuli
Ventrals | Caudals
Body Tail Outer annuli
180-187 41-47 | 25 -30] 9-12 i
193-202 31-34 | 22 -31 6- 8 \ sometimes present.
178 44 25 es 9 | None.

179-199 43-53 | 10 -16 11
198-209} 32-38] 12 -16| 4-6 } always present.
198-209 45-56 | 15 -19 6- 8 | Frequently present.
201-213 34-48 | 16 -19 £6
190-207 41-45 || 25 26). )-7—
198-202 27-20 |) 18. 27 |n4— 5 \Never present.
186-207 40-47 | 14 -20] 5-8
206-221 24-31] 1714-24| 4-6 \Never present.

Having thus examined

a rather large series of Colombian and

Ecuadorian specimens that, as a rule, showed outer rings on their
body and so looked very much like MV. dumerilii (Jan) as represented
in Jan’s figure * and as described in Boulenger’s Catalogue, !! I was

10 Icon. Ophid., 1872, pt. 42, pl. 1, fig. 3.

1 Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., pt. 3, 1896, p. 419.

ArT. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 93

led to compare M. dumerilit with M. corallinus in order to ascertain
whether the former were to be considered a valid species or not.

As represented in Boulenger’s catalogue these two species can be
distinguished from each other only by the following characteristics:

Frontal Caudals Outer black annuli
M. dumerilii_._--- as long as the parietals-.--.--------- 50-53 | Present as to form triads, the median
ones being much broader.
M. corallinus ----- a little shorter than the parietals- --- 30-47 | Not present.

As far as the proportional length of the frontal is concerned, I have
found it to be a very poor character. The ratio of frontal to
parietal is 3:4.5 to 3: 4.75 for specimens from Colombia and Ecuador,
consequently from the same zoogeographical region as the type of
M. dumerilii (Cartagena, Colombia), while for specimens from other
regions the ratio is 3. 25:3.75 to 4.5:6.5.

As regards the number of subcaudals the series examined shows
them to vary from 32 to 56 in specimens from Colombia and Ecua-
dor, thus agreeing with the figures assigned by Boulenger to specimens
of his UV. corallinus collected elsewhere.

Finally, the presence of outer rings in specimens from Colombia
and Ecuador can not be taken as a specific difference firstly because
Boulenger, himself, included in the synonymy of his MM. corallinus
Jan’s M. bocourti that has marked outer rings as seen in Jan’s figure,”
secondly, because such rings are sometimes found in specimens from
Trinidad.

On the strength of these data, I have decided to consider the speci-
mens from Colombia and Ecuador as belonging to a local race.
Likewise those from Trinidad and probably those from Venezuela
must be given subspecific rank, as they can be distinguished from
the typical form by the number of ventrals and by the disposition
of rings. I consequently recognize the following subspecies:

1. MICRURUS CORALLINUS CORALLINUS (Wied)

Diagnosis.—Body red with single black annuli edged with whitish
yellow; 14-26 annuli on the body in males and 1714-27 in females;
5-9 annuli on the tail in males and 4-6 in females; ventrals 186-207
in males and 198-221 in females.

Type locality San Francisco, Cabo Frio, and Parahyba, Brazil.

Distribution.—F ound in southern, southeastern and central Brazil
as well as in Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela.

12 Icon. Gen., 1872, pt. 42, pl. 6, fig. 2.

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67
2. MICRURUS CORALLINUS RIISEI (Jan)

Dragnosis.—Body red with black annuli edged with whitish-yellow
and sometimes also black (outer annuli), tail very dark so that the
annuli become almost invisible; 25-30 annuli on the body in males
and 22-31 in females; 9-12 annuli on the tail in males and 6-8 in
females; ventrals 180-187 in males and 193-208 in females; anterior
temporal with a marked tendency to disappear.

Type locality.—Trinidad.

Distribution —Found in Trinidad and Venezuela. There is no
evidence that it occurs in the islands of St. Vincent and St. Thomas
as stated by Boulenger (p. 420).

3. MiICRURUS CORALLINUS DUMERILII (Jan)

Diagnosis.—Body red with black annuli edged with yellow; outer
black annuli practically always present; 10-19 annuli on the body
in males and 12-19 in females; 5-11 annuli on the tail in males and
4-6 in females; ventrals 179-209 in males and 198-213 in females;
posterior temporal with a tendency to be subdivided.

Type locality.— Cartagena, Colombia.

Distribution.—Found in Colombia and Ecuador.

87. MICRURUS LEMNISCATUS (Linnaeus)

Coluber lemniscatus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed 10., vol. 1, 1758, p. 224.
Elaps lemniscatus BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 430.
Micrurus lemniscatus AMARAL, Rey. Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 3.
Elaps ibiboboca Mrerrem, Tent. Syst. Amph., 1820, p. 142.
Elaps marcgravii Wimp, Nova Acta Acad. Leopold. Carol., vol. 10, pt.
1, 1820, p. 109.—Bovu.Lenaer, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 428.
Micrurus ibiboboca AMARAL, Revista Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, p. 4.
Very recently I revised the nomenclatorial aspect of the mooted
question regarding the names M. lemniscatus and M. ibiboboca. I
am able now to say that the latter is a strict synonym of the former.
If we compare Boulenger’s description of both his M. lemniscatus
(EL. lemniscatus) and M. ibiboboca (FE. marcgravii) we find that the
only point of distinction between these species consists in the number
of ventrals and in the corresponding number of sets of black annuli.
Boulenger’s figures are as follows:

| Sets of
| Ventrals auidall
|
M. lemniscatus____- Eee tals I OR AT Hegre hs Eg | 241-262 11-14

MM. ghiboboca. 3. 208 Ve Oe a ee, eee ee | 210-240 6-10

18 Revista Mus. Paulista, vol. 14, 1924, pp. 3-6.

arr. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 95

I believe that these figures are so definite because Boulenger had
at his disposal only 23 specimens, which, of course, constitute a rela-
tively small series. I, myself, having studied 13 specimens in the
United States National Museum, was afterwards able to examine
and compare 31 specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
and the large collection of the Instituto do Butantan, which I received
in the meantime. The latter collection consisted of 58 specimens,
thus making a total of 102 specimens. As a result I have ascertained
that as a rule the female specimens have a larger number of ventrals,
due to the fact that they have a larger number of dorsal vertebrae
than the males, and that at the same time they usually have a larger
number of annuli. This condition is particularly evident in large
series of specimens, as, for instance, in that from Sao Paulo, Brazil,
which is tabulated below.

The 102 specimens examined were as follows:

Triads of annuli
Museum No. Locality Sex Vv. CG;
| Body | Tail
Wig Ser Nagi S422 seo 7405 WSo. Ameri¢a_:..=-2---22-—- 9 235 (| $25 p.4-2--- 7 lt
(ie (ees AAA NG raz ACs ae ee Q 267 WaswsD =: 22s 13 12
iD (0 ia) Se 6006 | Brazil (Amazonas) -------- Q 2495139 p-.----- 10 it
18 kin 82 Ye ee eee 13823 | Dutch Guiana. .--------- g 237 WhO Do=-tea 14 1%
Dose BS 39074 | Brazil (S. Paulo).--------- Q 2341430) Ds -===2= i2 1¢
Dow Spas etaed 6585-1 pPrinidadss.- 222-22 2222.2 ow 230 | 33 p------- 16 13
ae dot ane Fe ating 220 | 35 p.+2..- 10 12
ae GOs Bare ee aoe NC 214 | 32 p.+3_-- 12 12
cae dos. ee. 9AN (027 pir 7 10 12
ae oe One Ae a ee 225 | 34 p.+3_-- 10 2
Re ote COREE Sr ace Sere ey 220 | 30 p.+6-__- 11 12
Be os dos2=s cof 230 i} 26 p__-2--- 8 12
ae do_- ou 221 | 27 p.+-5_-- 10 2
7a do_- of 220)'/7-380) p= 2 10 12
ee do. _- fog 222 | 34 p.+2__- 10 12
So. Americ oe 23444 | 40 p__----- 11 acs
ae dos2=— rou 234+4 | 36 p.+2___ 10 es
ae do._- a 213 | 24 p.+3__- 9 13
Venezuela_ ch 208 1°29 p__--—-- 12 1:
One. “Bere ogee te fe) 246 1736 p= sbos< 9 13
Brazil (Amazonas)-_.-----_- fou Ds tin te. 2h | 12 12
iIpraziliGb ard) aoe sea — 2 a8 ou 2270 4e3D Pe so 9 13
Braz (Pernambuco)------] @ 236 | 22 p.+2__- 7 1:
Res eo Se 52 23 ae 9 226 2% p-- -2—- 8 ii
Bail (Bahia) ia 22s see ce) DAL Al peeks ll 12
eens GOQne ace eee eebee. ral), AO DIA N\GOk Deo ee 10 ae
moose! COM ae ae Ae), 8D 2263)| 2a Dien as 9 1
Bzehy (3 (cb sy EN ne i ee Ron 207 | 17 p.+5-_-- 8 1
pies GOS ea ae Se ae el ich! 220+4% | 22-p.+2__- 10 B
Brazil (R10) sees eee of 233-+-4 | 26 p_------ 10 13
Brazil (Esp. Santo) ------- fof 231 | 5 p.+18__- 11 1?
BraziliGRi0) cess sae g PAR Y I OAV o)s 7 13
Eee does) 2 eS 214 | 18 p.+6__ 9 ii
coe Osh 5 ath ees) DOTA eseeen 8 13
Brazil (Sie auio)ssesesee of 235 | 33 p.--1_- - 11 1:
Bravit (Para) ee of 2245 (36) p2 2 8 1t
ee dg eee tow) SE EeE A | 22142 | 12 p.+12 8 4
Brazil (Bahia) 2a | ot 232 | 26 p.+1-_-- 7 ie
Dore OG aia ea arcs Dye || 95s} jo eee 7 13
Brazil (Amazonas)-------- (of 218 | 13 p.+8_-- 6 4
Brazili(Mings)es2= ===" rot 232) |B SOtD ana 12 13
ete fale ecg, ine mein kam eat) Cate | Coc ue une 12 12
Brazil(Bahia) aoe ee ih, Woe DOA | 2o pee ae 8 i
Brazil (Mines) e222 (on 235 | 27 p.t3_-- 11 13
Brazil.(B. Paulo) 2e--2a- c= f°} PAAR yee ae aN 2,
ae GO ee ea oe Be) PAN sop Dseseeee 12 1:
ae Fab eka eae RR INTE D5 |092 eae 12 13
ties. do-it ea os 296) (bs ines cuaee 11 2
IN Geri igen ok RM ai Ra 230 | 27 p.+2 13 2
Brazil (Amazonas) -------- ce) 246-+4 | 41 p_------ 10 12

26 «Cr PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The 102 specimens examined were as follows—Continued

Triads of annuli
Museum No. Locality Sex We C.
Body | Tail
Inst. Hotentan wth 1706 Bagel (8. Baulo)z:-22-.22: rol 233 | 32 p.-.---- ll 13
es Aaa $220). 5200. gene eae eae os 254 | 28 p.+1-_-- 16 2
Do pyle 1613") 3s ot pth were haces hissy” of) 233 | 32 p._----- 13 12
1 Yo RN a Se re 1692) 2253 doze. 32 33 eae of ray foes} ¢ pee 13 2
Dozebtsaice 5: 900} | 2s 2% dos & 22 ote ou 230+-$ | 31 p__---_- 13 2
1D Yee ee aes Se 10202-2232 Ostia sae oes 206) | 32'D_.-=- = 12 2
Dot sigs 16 598 | Brazil (Minas) -..-..------ ou 241 | 30 p___--_- ll 1}
ID Oe s eee et 1221, Brazil.(8) Pavlos 2-2 os. 2 253 | 33 p--.---- 17 2
Woe, prs Ta 1198 }=---- Goss ses ee sR rot 234 | 28 p__--.-- 13 2
1D) Oe sae 10447225. OO ga sanssetsassesnee ou 230} 80 Danan =~ 13 2
Dont 32 2 oe BR2; 52524 da Me serecs Al eeenn A Q 264 | 30 p--_----- 18 2
JOYo Ee ee ae SOL Se Ore eae ae es ee ee of Zol | 30)p_ 2222-2 15 ie
Do}. 533. 4 see8 869 Brazil (Bahia) 2---2e2.2223 ou 247 | 41 p_-___-- 12 2
1D Osea eee 065) =e doses a eee ees 9 259 | 28 p__----- ll iz
Doi ste- gst 1300 Bria (82 Paulo). 25222: 3 of 234 | 33 p.....-- 12 2
BO Yo ei ope ac AQ eee Ouran « Se ease aoa ou 234 | 33 p.------ 12 2
Dos2- = tet 222? ASZL se seee ag Be le te eee ee 9 246 | 32 p.t3_-- 14 2
Doles 1182-A |___-- do ee rom 230 {noo Dooscees 12 13
Dost = eee 1354") Brazili(Bahia) S22 se. see Gf 226 | 23 p.t4--- 10 1k
DOL Gs sheer cass 1729 | Brazil (Amazonas) -------- cou 226 | 28 p.+---- 8 1+
DO sso ie eee 1050 | Brazil (Ceara) -__...-------- ou als |PZOipse esses 9 es
DO eee 969.) Brazil.(Bahia)- 22--_---=-2 ou 227 | 24 p.---.-- 9 1}
DOs oe 485 oer (Piauhty) eos == -2 cy 232 | 26 p__----- 10 lk
WD Que 2 ese bs tee A281 oe GO | ee ees. eee of 238 | 26 p._----- 9 1
15} ee a RAY ee a 2 Se eee Q 233 | 20 p.+4--- 9 bey
Doss = aes AQS Il 2 Ba (other eo Fe eaee of 236 | 22 p__----- 8 uu
nD Yo eas Sol OS »| See Cotes). 34 ae ae Ch 232 | 22 p.+3-_-- 9 ats
Do. 2 eo 1663) es Go: NS SS ae eee at 234 22 ps bos 9 lt
Dot eee 1311 | Brazil (Ceara)....---------| & 222, 24:2 22-5. 9 u
DOs es VoOuPBrazil (sania) seen se ee. Q 229 | 18 is +6... 9 1
10 \r SE ay eta iaedy: 1753! |e ose C6 Ca eet Se ee Se Q 230 | 24 p_..---- 11 abs
Do eae 2 ares 982 |__..- dod eos rs ae cf 226 | 24 p...---- 9 1}
DOU ae sot O81 Hee doe ee See of 230 | 24 p__.---- 11 u
D6 a 986 |_-_-- ae ea eet ae Bene ne rofl 219 24s Ae 9 13
Don Ak oes 28 os 1410 ASE ose Ob ts ste of 213 | 22 p.+4-_-- 9 1
Does ts) 1850 Brant (S#Panio)- 22-2. fou 205 | 13 p.+10-- 9 1}
Doser xo too 3040 | Brazil (Bahia) -...------.- e) 263: 4 Sup. i= 2 11 i?
Dele Ss 3041 | Brazil (S. Paulo)_.----.-_- ou 226-+-3 | 35 p__.__-- 11 iT
Doueee 2 ase 3042 |-___- Go 4-36 ee ee ae) Q 234 | 34 p_____-- 13 lt
Does kee 3043 |_--_- ao. ae eee 9 234 | 30 “ +2... 14 2
Doles “visas 3044 |____- doe Se ae 9 255 ;a0ip.. 2 14 13
Woe yes 3045 jo. _. GOs ek he ae Q 243 || 32'p_____-- 16 2
Doe. 3046 |_--_- doy oes Sees fe) 238 135 p._25> 2s 14 2
Do} 625-23} 3047 |_---- GO: a Ee ee Q 235 | 28 p.t4-__- 16 2
Doweess ees 3048 |____- dos te ae ee rou 219 | 30 “i 22S 14 24
DoLit 3049 |_____ Gono 208 eee eee fe 252. .270p_.-- 2 == 3 13 2
LD Ts ey eee ee 3050 |--_-- doe! Seka ees Q 229 | 30 e +2... 12 2
Doce s sere 3051 }--_-- COLE Mee LS ee ee ow 260 | 30 p__-_--- 14 1?
1D Yo oe eeeioe 2 aes 3052 Jie... do. ee ae eee g 233 a = eee oe 12 2
DB i ee ere ee 3053 |--..- GO ae 2 ee ees ou PAS i029 p_.._ == 4 ll uy
DOR eee ee 2 aoe 3054. |=>..- (6 (se Rae Ed Coe Q 260 Cujured 14 ?
WOE Soca. 3055 (Brazil (Minas) _--...----.- oe 238 oe el 14 2

ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL oF

Summarizing the above data according to both sex and geo-
graphical distribution of the various specimens, the following averages
have been found:

{

Triads of annuli
Number
Locality of speci- | Sex V Cc
eS, Body | Tail
LF BoPAmeries. 32 2st ewe lett 3 foslot 213 =-234+4 27-40 p-_- 9-11 1k
1 Q 235 25 D.ct -- 7 1+

Pab a Mince GG FG leas Dea aks apa een ae 10 foflowl 214 -241 26-40 p-_- 8-12 13-2
SsWeneztialascerttts. 22:3... eee Soh 1 oi 208 7M Oe 12 13
Se ateheiana se) soe een oo 1 Q 237 a4-)) 14 14
EPA aly) Cee oe OFS Ea ee Mee en 1 Q 246 36 p_---- 9 13
Che sia | Sa OE ee oe 1 9 267 AY My dee eee 13 12
Cx) eAumazonas=> 2.222225 coe eee 3] od 218 -235 21-42 p._| 6-12 4-13
2 of 24 —249 39-41 p__| 10-14 13-12
(USE g: ee a Se eee 3 oMfom 221 -224 24-36 p-_- 8-9 #-12
(em Pianhiy es oss acetone. aoe 4 fosrow 232 -238 24-26 p_- 9-10 14
2} 992 | 233 -236 22°04 yi 819 LB
(d)uG@earde ce eee eee eee ee 21 oo 222 =-231 24-26 p-_- 9 1}
(é)- Pernambuco =--- oes -2- oe Ps sey, 226-+-4-236 24-27 p_-| 7-8 es

GD yig SV ae Se See 12 oo! 207 —-247 22-41 p_- 7-12 1 -2
7 2Q 226 4-263 24-41 p_- 9-11 14-13
(9) Esp? Santelt 22. Ss 25) 1 of 231 23-p. 11 12
fe Oe ed ee eS Bo 3 osfot 214 -233443 | 23-26 p-- 8-10 13-13
1 Q 233 Piya 7 1b

Gyn ashes 2 Se Bo hee Re oe oes 4 oMtow 232 -241 29-36 p_-| 11-14 13-2
1 2 258 28 P_---- 12 12
GS Paulos. ee sen ck 20| @o | 205 -243 23-41 p._| 9-14 13-23

17| 99 | 234 -264 27-35 p__| 12-18 13-2
Generaliaverage:.-2---22-25-252-2- 66) oe 205 -247 21-42 p__| 5-14 4-23

36 ome) 226 —-267 22-41 p-_- 7-18 13-2

On the basis of the study of these 102 specimens I am now able to
redescribe the species as follows:

MICRURUS LEMNISCATUS (Linnaeus)

Eye about two to three fifths its distance from the oral margin.
Rostral wider than deep; frontal as wide as or much wider than the
supraocular, once and a half to twice as long as wide, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals, which
are longer than their distance from the internasals; one prae—and
two postoculars; temporals 1+1, anterior usually much longer
and narrower than posterior; seven upper labials, third much larger
than fourth, third and fourth entering the orbit; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields which are about as long as
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 205-247 in males,
226-267 in females; anal divided; subcaudals 21-42. Body red
with triads of black annuli, subequal or the middle a little wider;
6-14 triads on the body in males, 7-18 in females; usually 1-2 triads
on the tail; black annuli separated by light yellow ones which may
be spotted or dotted with black or only have black-edged scales;
head red (yellow sometimes in preserved specimens), with two
transverse black bands, one on the snout and another across the
frontal region; sometimes one or two small spots on the occiput or
head-shields black, edged with yellow.

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Total length—1450 mm."; tail 100 mm.

Found in Tropical South America: Trinidad, Venezuela, Guianas,
Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, N. Paraguay, N. Argentina ', and especially
in Brazil, where, however, it never occurs in the south beyond the
State of Sao Paulo.

88. BOTHROPS ATROX (Linnaeus)

Coluber atroz LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 222.
Lachesis lanceolatus BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p.
535 (in part).—Brazit, La Défence contre |’Ophidisme, 1914, p. 84 (part).
Lachesis atrox BoOULENGER, p. 537 (part).—Brazin, La Défence contre
VOphidisme, 1914, p. 84.—Amarat, Ann. Mem. Inst. Butantan, vol.
1, pt. 1, 1921, pp. 34 and 78.
Bothrops atrox AMARAL, Copeia, No. 126, 1924, p. 19; Rev. Mus. Paulista,
vol. 14, 1924, p. 39.
Panama.—3s specimens.
Colombia.—1 specimen.
Ecuador.—A large series of specimens all having short and high
keels on the scales.
Peru.—1 specimen.
Martinique.—5 specimens.
Santa Lucia.—4 specimens.
Tobago.—2 specimens.
Trinidad.—5 specimens.
French Guiana.—1 specimen.
Brazil.—5 specimens.
Paraguay (accidentally).—1 specimen.
All these specimens will be referred to in a more elaborate report
I am at present writing on the differences between the 3 species of
Neotropical Crotalidae, B. atroz (Linnaeus, 1758), B. jararaca
(Wied, 1824) and B. jararacussu Lacerda, 1884.

89. BOTHROPS JARARACA (Wied)

Cophias jararaca Wiep, Isis, 1824, pt. 2, p. 1103; Abbild. Naturg. Brasil.,
1824, p. 7.

Lachesis lanceolatus BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p.
535 (part).

Lachesis jararaca AMARAL, Ann. Mem. Inst. Butantan, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1921,
p. 34.

Bothrops jararaca AMARAL, Copeia, vol. 126, 1924, pp. 19 and 78.

Brazil.—1 specimen, No. 40216 collected in Santa Catharina by
Mr. Ehrhardt.

14 Specimen No. 1308 Inst. Butantan, sent alive, from the locality Ventania, State of S. Paulo, in July,
1917, by Goncalves de Freitas.

18 Serie in his ‘“‘ Catalogo de los Ofidios Argentinos”’ states that this species is found from the Rio Negro
and Central Pampa to the North.

ART. 24 SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES—AMARAL 29

90. BOTHROPS PICTA (Tschudi)

Lachesis picta Tscuup1, Fauna Peruv., Herp., 1845, p. 61, pl. 10.
Bothrops pictus JAN, Elenco Sist., 1863, p. 126.
Lachesis pictus BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 540.
Peru.—1 specimen, No. 49992 collected in Lima by C. H. T.
Townsend on April 26, 1913: lab. 9, 2d entering the loreal pit; sc.
25; v. 167; c. 47 p.
91. BOTHROPS NEUWIEDI Wagler

Bothrops neuwiedi WAGLER, in Spix, Species Novae Serp. Brasil., vol. 56,
1826, pl. 22, fig. 1.
Lachesis neuwiedii BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 542.
Argentina.—1 specimen, No. 12380, collected at Rio Vermejo, by
the La Plata Expedition.

92. BOTHROPS LEPTURA Amaral
Bothrops leptura AMARAL, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 8, 1923, p.
102 (type from Cana, Eastern Panama).

Kcuador.—2 specimens, both collected by M. B. Kerr: No. 20629,
sc. 27; v. 201; c. 82 p.; no scale separating the internasals from
each other; upper head scales rugose; tail unspotted beneath, light
posteriorly and with a few dark blotches anteriorly; total length
430 mm.; tail 75 mm. No. 20630: sc. 28; v. 198; c. 87 p.; head
scales as in No. 20629; tail, anteriorly slightly blotched with dark
above and powdered with dark beneath, posteriorly light, unspotted;
total length 1,120 mm.; tail 185 mm.

93. BOTHROPS LANSBERGII (Schlegel)

Trigonocephalus lansbergii ScHLEGEL, Mag. Zool., 1841, Rept., pl. 1.
Bothrops lansbergi JAN, Elenco Sist., 1863, p. 127.
Lachesis lansbergii BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p .546.
Venezuela.—1 specimen, female, No. 61225, collected at the Sierra
de Perija, by Theo. de Booy: se. 25; v. 154; c. 29; rostral 1144 as deep

as wide.
94. BOTHROPS BRACHYSTOMA (Cope)

Teleuraspis castelnaui, var. brachystoma Corz, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel-
phia, 1859, p. 339. ‘

Bothrops brachystoma Bocourt, Journ. Zool., vol. 5, 1876, p. 410.

Lachesis brachystoma BouLeNGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 547.

Ecuador.—5 specimens, all collected by M. B. Kerr:

Rostral
U.S. N. M. number Sex Se. Vis C. (depth by
width)
DONG isc ers A RE pe) Be eae eee rol 23 133 34 2X1
OG 26 Ses SER ot RD eS hae ee eee 2 23 131 34 2X1
UO le Bis cee t ee Aig Dae: 6 A. Cn ee etn oe 24 135 28 2X1
OE 2 ee ee ae Ne ie Re ae ee tg Br Q 23 134 28 2X1
PARE DANS SEE ESO Sa Oa eee D aioe a oe: age VON eae 9 23 128 29 2X1

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

95. BOTHROPS SCHLEGELII (Berthold)
Trigonocephalus schlegelii BERTHOLD, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Goettingen, vol. 3,

1846, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 5-6.
Bothrops schlegeli Jan, Elenco Sist., 1863, p. 127.
Lachesis schlegeliti BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 567.

96. CROTALUS TERRIFICUS (Laurenti)

Caudisona terrifica LAURENTI, Syn. Rept., 1768, p. 93.
Crotalus terrificus Corr, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, 1892, p. 688.—
BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1896, p. 574.
Paraguay.—4 specimens, No. 11262 (head) and 3 young ones,
No. 11258, all collected by Dr. E. Palmer.
97. LACHESIS MUTUS (Linnaeus)
Crotalus mutus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 373.
Lachesis mutus Daupin, Hist. Nat. Rept., vol. 5, 1803, p. 351.—BovuLENGER.

Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1898, p. 534.
Lachesis stenophrys Corr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 8,

1875, p. 534.
Ecuador.—1 specimen (head), No. 20635, sent by Mark B. Kerr.

FORAMINIFERA OF THE GENERA SIPHOGENERINA
AND PAVONINA

By Josern A. CUSHMAN
Of Sharon, Massachusetts

Continued study of various collections of Foraminifera, largely
brought together through governmental agencies, has rendered it
both possible and advisable to present at this time a revision of two
genera of Foraminifera and their component species, the Genus
Siphogenerina Schlumberger, and Pavonina d’Orbigny.

GENUS SIPHOGENERINA SCHLUMBERGER

There seems to be some hestitation on the part of certain workers
on the Foraminifera to make use of the generic name Siphogenerina.
Instead of using it the generic name Sagrina is often used. A study
of West Indian material has made possible the clearing up of the
questions relating to these two generic names. <A review of much
of the literature, and of species so far as specimens are available,
has given some very definite information as to distribution.

The type species of d’Orbigny’s genus Sagrina is S. pulchella
d’Orbigny.!. The description and figure are very definite. The
generic description freely translated is as follows: ‘‘Test free, regular,
equilateral, conical, chambers globular, regularly alternating at all
stages on each side of the longitudinal axis, partially overlapping;
aperture rounded, above the last-formed chamber at the end of an
elongate neck.” The similarity to Teztularia is also noted. The
other species from the Chalk of the Paris Basin, S. rugosa d’Orbigny,?
is of similar character.

Little further note is made of Sagrina until in 1865 Parker and
Jones * emended it, and used it in a subgeneric sense under Uvigerina
to include diaphanus, dimorpha, and nodosa. Their work was fol-
lowed by subsequent authors. The type of d’Orbigny is referred to
as follows (p. 364): ‘‘D’Orbigny has figured under the name of
Sagrina pulchella (Foram. Cuba, pl. 1, figs. 23, 24) a specimen which
was either the young, or an arrested individual of such a biformed
Uvigerina,’ and also: ‘‘Not only is our Nodosariform Uvigerina

1 De la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, 1839, ‘‘Foraminiféres,’’ p. 150, pl. 1, figs. 23, 24.

2Mém. Soc. géol. France, vol. 4, 1840, p. 47, pl. 4, figs. 31, 32.

3 Philos. Trans., vol. 155, p. 363.

No. 2597.—PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67, ART. 25.
53650—26}——1 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

connected with the typical U. pygmaea (figs. 53-56) through Sagrina
pulchella, D’Orb., but an intermediate condition between it and the
feebler dimorphs of the Mediterranean area occurs in the mud
brought up by the sounding lead from the Abrohlos Bank (U. di-
morpha).”’ ‘‘Altogether this latter group of forms shows how great
the affinity is between the always hyaline Uvigerina and the porous
sandy Teztularia.”

Brady in the Challenger Report notes the relationships of both Sa-
grina pulchella and S. rugosa to the Textulariidae.

A study of collections from the West Indies and the coast of Florida
has shown conclusively that the Sagrina pulchella of d’Orbigny is in
reality a Bolivina which is widely distributed in that general region.
The peculiar apertural characters with the sides somewhat raised
could have easily been mistaken for the sort of aperture in d’Orbigny’s
figure, if the specimen were not seen from the end. With S. pulchella
really a species of Bolivina, and as Brady notes S. rugosa is related to
Gaudryina it follows that Sagrina, if used at all, must be used for
species belonging to the Textulariidae. As the type species is a
Bolivina the name Sagrina can not be used unless for a part of that
genus.

The first name that can be taken up for the generic characters of
the species noted by Parker and Jones is Siphogenerina Schlumber-
ger. Schlumberger called attention to the internal structure, and
erected the genus Siphogenerina based on the tubular connecting in-
terior. The genus is related to Uvigerina and Trifarina (Triplasia
or Rhabdogonium) and to the group of the Lagenidae with apertures
exserted, with a tubular neck and phialine lip.

Genus SIPHOGENERINA Schlumberger, 1883

Sagrina PARKER and Jonss (not d’Orbigny), Philos. Trans., vol 155, 1865,
p. 363.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p.
580.—CuarmMan,.The Foraminifera, 1902, p. 201.

Dimorphina ScuwacGeEr (not d’Orbigny), Novara-Exped., Geol. Theil., vol. 2,
1866, p. 251.

Siphogenerina SCHLUMBERGER (type, S. raphanus (Parker and Jones) ), Feuille
des Jeunes Naturalistes, ann. 13, 1883, p. 117.—Cusuman, Bull. 71,
U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1913, p. 104; Bull. 104, pt. 4, 1923, p. 172.

Description.—Test elongate, composed at least in the microspheric
form of a series of chambers arranged tri or bi serially, followed by a
later uniserial development; walls hyaline and perforate; aperture in
the uniserial portion central and terminal, usually with an elongated
neck and flaring lip; interior of the chamber with a tubular connec-
tion running from the base of the apertural neck to the lip of the
aperture below; wall smooth or ornamented by costae, pits, etc.

4 Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ann. 13, 1883, p. 117,

arT.25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—-CUSHMAN ey

Both microspheric and megalospheric forms occur in the various
species of this genus. In the microspheric form the early chambers
are biserial or triserial, and there is usually a considerable number of
them before the adult uniserial development takes place. In the
megalospheric form the uniserial condition is taken on much earlier,
after only a few of the triserial or biserial chambers are developed.

In the present ocean the species are found in the Indo-Pacific most
abundantly, but also in the Western Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
In the fossil condition the genus occurs in the Tertiary as noted under
the various species.

Halkyard in his paper edited by Heron-Allen and Earland® places
Siphogenerina as a subgenus of Bigenerina. The relationships, how-
ever, seen to be with Uvigerina and the Lagenidae. In microspheric
specimens of Siphogenerina bifrons the early chambers sometimes
show a decidedly coiled character, linking the early development of
Siphogenerina with coiled forms like that of Cristellaria.

A rough key is given to the species of the genus treated here:

A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA

Test not compressed:
Costate—
Costae few and prominent—
Costae more prominent than suture lines—
Vest large: and fusiformin.- Ss3502 8 eee ee S. collomi
Test tapering throughout—
Costae high, lamellate—

Costae l0roriless=_ 25 ose oe eee S. raphanus
@ostaenlbcor mores. 2 2 ane eee ee a S. reedi
Costae; low, not lamellates==2=22 2222-22 25 S. kleinpelli
Costae less prominent than suture lines_------------- S. branneri
Costae numerous and prominent—
INecksshorts22c eet boo Se ee ee S. striata, var. curta
INéck: Jongvand! slendere2 22. bee eee = S. irregularis
Costae very numerous, not prominent_-_------------------ S. striatula
Lamellate—
Lamellae very prominent, not spinose------------------- S lamellata
Lamellae less prominent, spinose near base_-_-------------- S. spinosa
Smooth—
Mestslendersandielongates sass ee a ee eee S. columellaris
Mestishortrancdusto it seme see ee ee cee ee eae S. hughesi
Coarsely DUNCUStO oe pe = ae ape Be eS Ses ee ee S. dimorpha
SSPAINTOS@ VO ILS 1) iss en es ee a ee ee os SR ee eee S. virgula

Slender, early portion costate, middle spinose, later part smooth_S, mexicana
Test compressed:

Short,-stout, sides deeply depressed == =2 42. .=-sL22eioss=-<22 S. bifrons

Elongate,‘slender, sides not depressed__......._=.-.------------ S. advena

5 Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc., vol. 62, pt. 2, 1919. p. 37.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

SIPHOGENERINA RAPHANUS (Parker and Jones)
Plate 1, figs. 1-4; plate 2, figs. 1-3, 10; plate 5, figs. 1, 2

Uvigerina (Sagrina) raphanus PARKER and Jongs, Philos. Trans., vol. 155,
1865, p. 364, pl. 18, figs. 16, 17.

Sagrina raphanus H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884,
p. 585, pl. 75, figs. 21-24.—Woopwarp, The Observer, 1893, p. 144.—
Cuapman, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 28, 1900, pp. 187, 208; 1902, p. 403.—
Miuuert, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1903, p. 272—Daxtn, Rep. Ceylon
Pearl Oyster Fish., vol. 5, 1906, p. 236, pl., fig. 11—CHapman, Journ.
Linn. Soc. Zoology, vol. 30, 1910, p. 415.—Scuusert, Abhandl. geol.
Reichs., vol. 20, pt. 4, 1911, p. 88—HEron-ALLEN and Earuanp, Trans.
Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, 1915, p. 677.—S1pEBotrom, Journ. Roy.
Micr. Soc., 1918, p. 148.—Hpron-ALLEen and Earuanp, British Antarctic
Exped., Zoology, vol. 6, 1922, p. 186; Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., vol. 35,
1924, p. 627.

Siphogenerina (Sagrina) raphanus Eacrr, Abh. k6n. bay. Akad. Wiss.
Miinchen, Cl. II, vol. 18, 18938, p. 317, pl. 9, fig. 36.

Siphogenerina raphanus CusHMan, Bull. 71, U. 8. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1913,
p. 108, pl. 46, figs. 1-5; Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, 1921, p. 280,
pl. 56, fig. 7; Publ. 311, Carnegie Inst. Washington, 1922, p. 35, pl. 5,
fig. 5; Bull. 104, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 4, 1928, p. 174, pl. 42, fig. 14.—
YaBE and Hanzawa, Jap. Journ. Geol. Geog., vol. 2, No. 2, 1923, p. 32;
vol. 2, No. 4, 1923, p. 103.—Cusuman, Publ. 342, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington, 1924, p. 28, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2.

Siphogenerina raphanus (PARKER and JONES), var. costulata CUSHMAN,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, 1917, p. 662; Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 4, 1921, p. 281, pl. 56, fig. 6.

Siphogenerina costata SCHLUMBERGER, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ann.
13, 1883, p. 118, fig. 13.

Test elongate, cylindrical or tapering, chambers of the uniserial
portion broader than long; surface marked by several rather widely
separated, well-developed costae, each extending nearly the length of
the test, independent of the sutures; aperture typically with a short
tubular neck and well-developed flaring lip.

Length around 1 mm.

Distribution.—Parker and Jones when they described this species
had specimens from the following localities: ‘ West Indies, Panama,
India (on clam-shell), Bombay Harbour (anchor-mud), Hong Kong
(anchor-mud), Australian Coral-reefs (17 fathoms).” In the Chal-
lenger Report Brady gives the following records: “shore sands, Ber-
muda, West Indies, Panama, and Madagascar; anchor-mud, Port
Louis, Mauritius; dredged sands, off Calpentyn, Ceylon, 2 fathoms,
off Kerguelen Island, 12 fathoms, off the Philippines, 95 fathoms, off
Honolulu, Sandwich Islands, 40 fathoms; and at fifteen stations
amongst the islands of the South Pacific, at depths ranging from 2
fathoms to 260 fathoms.’’ Egger records it also from off Mauritius.
Chapman had it from numerous stations about Funafuti, some of
which are in deep water, the greatest depth 2,728 fathoms. He also
found it common from shallow depths in the lagoon to 300 fathoms

ART.25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 5

outside the reef. Millett records both microspheric and megalo-
spheric specimens from the Malay region. Heron-Allen and Harland
had it from five stations in their Kerimba Archipelago collections.
Dakin records it as “sparingly,” Gulf of Manaar. Sidebottom’s
specimens are from 465 fathoms off the East Coast of Australia.
Heron-Allen and Harland record it from the Antarctic Expedition
material dredged by the Terra Nova off Three Kings Island, New
Zealand, 90-120 fathoms and from Lord Howe Island in the Pacific.

I have had it from the Pacific from off Japan in 44 and 361 fathoms,
between Yokohama and Guam in 1,208 fathoms, and in 271 fathoms
off the Hawaiian Islands. It occurred at several stations in the
Samoan collections, most common at the deepest station, 50 fathoms,
and at numerous stations in the Philippine region, 78—554 fathoms.

In the Atlantic it is rare, and the only records are from the western
tropical portions. It occurred rarely but well developed in the
shallow-water material from the Tortugas region, and at a single
Albatross station off Central America in 382 fathoms.

There are very few records of its occurrence in the fossil state.
Schubert records it from the ‘‘ Neogene” of Sanaibas, in the
Bismarck Archipelago, and from a “‘coral-sand”’ probably Pleistocene
of Maria Island in the Paumotu group. Yabe and Hanzawa
record it as rare from the Pliocene shell beds of Nojima, and
as rare at Nagamura, Japan. MHeron-Allen and Earland record
a questionable specimen from New Zealand of sub-fossil char-
acter. Halkyard* records the species from the Kocene Blue Marl
of Biarritz. The editors of Halkyard’s paper, Heron-Allen and Ear-
land, make the following note as to these specimens. “They are
much longer and narrower than any specimens of S. raphanus that
we have ever seen, and there is no evidence of any uvigerine com-
mencement. We should have ascribed them with little hesitation
to Nodosaria obliqua (Linne).’? This then removes from consider-
ation this Eocene material which is so far out of the known range of
the species.

The species is in its typical form one of characteristic distribution,
mainly Indo-Polynesian, ranging from the Kerimba Archipelago
across the Indian Ocean, extending northward to Japan, Guam, and
the Hawaiian Islands, and southward to New Zealand. It also
extends into the western tropical Atlantic, but seems to be rare. As
a fossil it occurs in the late Tertiary of Japan and the Bismarck
Archipelago.

6 Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc. vol., 62, 1919, p. 38.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

SIPHOGENERINA RAPHANUS (Parker and Jones), var. TROPICA, new variety
Plate 1, fig. 5; plate 5, figs. 7, 8

Description.—Variety differing from the typical in the shape of the
test, which is tapering, wall thicker, the sutures less distinct, and the
apertural end with a definite neck and flaring phialine lip.

This is the variety figured by Brady in the Challenger Report ?
and which I have figured.®

This variety so far as known is confined to the Pacific in shallow
water about coral reefs. Type specimens are from Albatross D 5178
in 78 fathoms near Romblon.

SIPHOGENERINA RAPHANUS (Parker and Jones), var. TRANSVERSUS Cushman
Plate 1, fig. 6

Siphogenerina raphanus (Parker and Jonsgs), var. transversus CUSHMAN,
Bull. 103, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1918, p. 64, pl. 22, fig. 8.

Description.—Test subcylindrical, composed of comparatively few
chambers, the earlier ones spirally arranged, later and greater por-
tion of the test uniserial, sutures very prominently indented, between
the longitudinal costae which are few in number; aperture with a
short cylindrical neck, lip not evident.

Length of type specimen 1.25 mm.; breadth 0.54 mm.

This variety was originally described from the Culebra formation
of the Panama Canal Zone in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel
Locks. I have material of this same variety from Brasso, Trinidad,
British West Indies, collected by F. W. Penny.

This is related to S. kleinpelli Cushman, but the costae are fewer
and stronger, and the indented portions below the sutures deeper.

SIPHOGENERINA COLLOMI Cushman
Siphogenerina collomi CusuMan, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 1, pt. 1,
1925, p. 2, pl. 4, fig. 3.

Test large for the genus, fusiform, greatest width above the
middle; early chambers irregularly spiral, later ones uniserial, dis-
tinct; sutures depressed, strongly curved, extending back on the
costae to a considerable distance; test ornamented with very high,
plate-like costae, usually ten in number, last-formed chamber smooth;
aperture with a very short cylindrical neck and phialine lip.

Length up to 1.60 mm.; breadth 0.65 mm.

Type specimens (Cushman Coll. No. 4325) from Monterey shale,
sec. 24, T. 28 S., R. 14 E., San Luis Obispo County, California, col-
lected by W.. D. Kleinpell.

This species is nearest related to Siphogenerina spinosa Bagg from
the Miocene of Maryland and S. lamellata Cushman from the Mio-
cene of Florida. The species is named for Roy E. Collom, well-
known geologist of California.

7 Pl. 75, figs. 23, 24,
§ Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, 1900, pl. 56, fig. 7.

agT.25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 7A

SIPHOGENERINA REEDI Cushman

Siphogenerina reedi CusuMAN, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 1, pt. 1,
1925, p. 3, pl. 4, fig. 4.

Test about twice as long as broad, greatest breadth at the apertural
end, thence gradually tapering to the initial end; chambers distinct;
sutures somewhat depressed, strongly curved; wall ornamented with
about fifteen lamellate costae which may continue onto the last-
formed chamber; apertural characters obscure.

Length up to 1.10 mm.; breadth 0.50 mm.

Type specimens (Cushman Coll. No. 4326) from Monterey shale,
sec. 24, T. 28 S., R.14 E., San Luis Obispo County, California, col-
lected by W. D. Kleinpell.

This may be distinguished from S. collomi by its smaller size and
greater number of costae. It is nearest the form I have described
from the Panama Canal Zone as S. raphanus (Parker and Jones),
var. transversus Cushman.

Jt is named for Ralph D. Reed, geologist of California, under whose
direction the material was collected.

SIPHOGENERINA KLEINPELLI Cushman

Siphogenerina kleinpelli CusHMAN, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 1,
pt. 1, 1925, p. 3, pl. 4, fig. 5.

Test about twice as long as broad, greatest breadth at the aper-
tural end, thence irregularly tapering to the initial end; chambers
distinct; sutures depressed, very slightly if at all curved; wall orna-
mented with about fifteen very low costae, not at all lamellate, not
continuing onto the last-formed chamber; aperture with a very short
cylindrical neck and slight phialine lip.

Length up to 1 mm.; breadth 0.50 mm.

Type specimens (Cushman Coll. No. 4327) from Monterey shale,
sec. 24, T. 28 S., R. 14 E., San Luis Obispo County, California, col-
lected by W. D. Kleinpell.

This species may be distinguished from S. reedi by the much lower
and less prominent costae, and the lack of curvature in the sutures.

It is named for W. D. Kleinpell who collected the material.

SIPHOGENERINA BRANNERI (Bagg)

Plate 1, figs. 7-9; plate 4, fig. 7
Sagrina brannert Baaa, Bull. 268, U. 8. Geol. Surv., 1905, p. 40, pl. 7, fig. 4.
Sagrina californiensis Baca, Bull. 268, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1905, p. 41, pl. 7,

fig. 5.

Sagrina elongata Baae, Bull. 268, U. 8. Geol. Surv., 1905, p. 41, pl. 7, fig. 6
Description.—Test subcylindrical, the microspheric form tapering,
the megalospheric fusiform; chambers numerous, inflated; sutures
distinct, slightly depressed; surface ornamentation consisting of

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

numerous distinct, shghtly raised, longitudinal costae, the chamber
at the sutures continued backward along these costae giving a
scalloped edge to the suture; aperture with a short, cylindrical neck
and narrow phialine lip.

Length of microspheric form up to 2.6 mm.

Distribution.—This species is common in the Miocene of Cali-
fornia. It was described from the Monterey shale, on the Ranchodel
Encinal, 7,000 feet south of Asuncion station, San Luis Obispo
County, California. The outcrop is on Graves Creek.

Three species were described by Bagg from this material. The
first of these, S. branneri, is the microspheric form of the species,
the other two, S. californiensis and S. elongata, represent the megalo-
spheric form. I have material from the type locality.

SIPHOGENERINA STRIATA (Schwager), var. CURTA, new variety
Plate 2, fig. 5; plate 5, figs. 5, 6

Sagraina striata H. B. Brapy (not Schwager), Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology,
vol. 9, 1884, p. 584, pl. 75, figs. 25, 26—Mu.uert, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc.,
1903, p. 272.—Dakin, Rep. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, vol. 5, 1906, p.
236.

Siphogenerina (Sagrina) striata Eaarr, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen,
Cl. II, vol. 18, 1893, p. 316, pl. 9, figs. 32, 34, 35, 64, 65 [?].

Siphogenerina striata CusHMAN, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1913, p.
107, pl. 47, figs. 4, 5; Bull. 100, vol. 4, 1921, p. 280, pl. 56, fig. 5.

Description.—Test elongate, cylindrical, chambers of the uniserial
portion broader than long; sutures not deep but conspicuous; wall
ornamented by longitudinal costae, not close together and not
prominent; aperture circular with no neck but a prominent rounded
lip.

Length up to 1 mm.

Distribution.—Schwager originally described this species from the
Pliocene of Kar-Nicobar.® His original figure shows a slender test
with an elongate neck. Recent specimens have practically no
neck and are stouter than the typical form. Whether they represent
a new species or a variety of Schwager’s species is a question. _Brady’s
specimens were of this varietal form. His records are “off the coast
of South America, south of Pernambuco, 350 fathoms; shore-sand,
east coast of Madagascar; off Kandavu, Fiji Islands, 210 fathoms;
off New Hebrides, 125 fathoms; Torres Strait, 3 to 11 fathoms; off
Ki Islands, 129 fathoms; and off the Philippines, 95 fathoms.”’
Millett’s records are from the Malay Archipelago and Dakin’s from
Ceylon, both probably based on Brady’s figures. Egger’s records
are dubious. I have had this varietal form from off Hawaii, 114
fathoms: off Guam, 234 fathoms: southeast of the Bonin Islands in

9 Novara-Exped., Geol. Theil, vo!. 2, 1866, p. 251, pl. 7, fig. 99.

ART. 25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 9g

1,618 fathoms, and from nine stations in the Philippine region, rang-
ing in depths from 78 to 554 fathoms.

Heron-Allen and Earland record the species from the Kerimba
Archipelago " as follows:

At Stn. 10 the specimens are of a regular type, cylindrical in section, similar to
Brady’s figures. At Stn. 11 the specimens are large, oval in section, and character-
ized by a bifarine arrangement of the middle chambers, the septa, which are
limbate, running in a zigzag direction. The shells thus appear to present a
transition type between S. striata and S. bifrons Brady.

The figured specimens from the Kerimba region show specimens
which seem to belong to Bolivina or Bifarina and not to Siphogen-
erina, nor do they suggest S. bifrons, which is a very well character-
ized species, even though it has a striate variety. The ornamenta-
tion of the figured specimens suggests Bolivina rather than Siphogen-
erinda.

SIPHOGENERINA IRREGULARIS (Bagg)
Plate 1, figs. 11, 12

Sagrina irregularis Baca, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 152, pl. 5,
figs. 8-10. ;

Siphogenerina irregularis CUSHMAN, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1913,
p. 109, pl. 47, figs. 6, 7.

Description.—Test elongate, subcylindrical; chambers somewhat
irregular, but becoming uniserial in the last-formed portion; sutures
distinct, depressed; wall thin, translucent, surface with numerous,
slightly raised, longitudinal costae; apertural end of the chamber
depressed, the aperture with a long slender cylindrical neck and
slightly flaring lip.

Length, 0.75-1.50 mm.

Distribution.— Nothing is known of this species outside the region
of the Hawaiian Islands. Bagg originally described it from Albatross
collections off the Hawaiian Islands in 275-384 fathoms. I later had
it from Albatross and Nero stations in the same region, in 268-392
fathoms.

The distinguishing characters of the species are the thin wall,
numerous longitudinal costae, and especially the peculiar way in
which the apertural neck is set down into a depression of the last-
formed chamber.

Young specimens which have not yet developed the uniserial char-
acter very strongly resemble Uvigerina nitidula Schwager."' I have
recorded it from the Lower Oligocene (Prof. Pap. 133, U.S. Geol.
Surv., 1923, p. 35) but these specimens probably belong elsewhere.

10 Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, 1915, p. 677.
11 Novara-Exped., Geol. Theil., vol. 2, 1867, pl. 7, fig. 93.

53650—26t——2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

SIPHOGENERINA STRIATULA Cushman
Plate 1, fig. 10a, 6b

Siphogenerina striatula CusuMaNn, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1913,
p. 108, pl. 47, fig. 1—Yase and Hanzawa, Jap. Journ. Geol. Geog.,
vol. 2, No. 2, 1923, p. 32.

Description.—Test elongate, subcylindrical; chambers mostly
broader than long, the last-formed one nearly as long as broad;
sutures distinct, slightly depressed; surface ornamented with very
fine, longitudinal striae; aperture narrowly elongated, without a
definite neck but with a well-developed lip.

Length about 1 mm.

Distribution.—I originally found this species in material from
numerous stations between Yokohama and Japan, at depths ranging
from 859 to 1,660 fathoms. Yabe and Hanzawa record it as rare
from the Pliocene shell beds of Nojima, Japan.

It would seem, therefore, that it is a species of the northwestern
Pacific. The finely striate surface and elongate aperture are charac-
teristic.

SIPHOGENERINA LAMELLATA Cushman
Plate 1, fig. 13

Siphogenerina lamellata CusHMAN, Bull. 676, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1918, p. 55,
pl. 12, fig. 3.

Description.—Test elongate, tapering gradually from the initial
end, broadly rounded at the apertural end; chambers comparatively
few, indistinct, surface ornamentations consisting of several equi-
distant, longitudinal lamellae extending from the initial end to the
apertural end, where they fuse; aperture with a tubular neck and
phialine lip.

Length 1 mm.

This species is known only from the Miocene of Florida, from the
Choctawhatchee Marl, one mile south of Red Bay, Florida. Its
nearest relative is S. spinosa Bagg from the Miocene of Maryland,
but the Florida species has much stronger developed lamellae and
no evidence of a spinose base.

SIPHOGENERINA SPINOSA (Bagg)
Plate 1, fig. 14

Sagrina spinosa Baaa, Maryland Geol. Surv. (Miocene), 1904, p. 480, pl.

133, fig. 11.
Siphogenerina spinosa CUSHMAN, Bull. 676, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1918, p. 55.

Description.—The original description of this species is as follows:

This peculiar and interesting species somewhat resembles S. raphanus Parker
and Jones, but differs from the latter in several particulars. The surface ridges
in our specimen end in aseries of projecting points which at the distal end become
definite spines, though these are short and stubby. Again there are arched

arT.25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN Li

ridges between these costae which, while they may not indicate the internal
structure of the chambers, serve to mark their location. The aperture ends in
a neatly raised, phialine, everted lip with central rounded orifice.

Length about 1 mm.

The type specimen is from the Miocene, Choptank Formation,
Jones Wharf, Maryland. I have had this specimen for study, and
the sutures seem much more clearly marked than in the figure. It

is 2 microspheric specimen.
It is related to S. lamellata Cushman, which is a more extremely

lamellate species.
SIPHOGENERINA COLUMELLARIS (H. B. Brady) -
Plate 2, figs. 4, 11; plate 3, figs. 1-4; plate 4, figs. 5, 6; plate 5, figs. 9-11

Sagrina columellaris H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 1881,
p. 64; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 581 pl. 75, figs.
15-17.—Cuapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 36.—ForNASINI,
Rend. Accad. Sci. Bologna, vol. 1, (1896-97) 1897, p. 55, text figure;
Mem. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna, ser. 5, vol. 8, 1900, p. 391, fig. 41.—
CHapMan, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 28, 1902, p. 404.—MILLETT,
Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1903, p. 270, pl. 5, figs. 10, 11.—Baae, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 151.—Hrron-ALLEN and EARLAND,
Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, 1915, p. 676.—SipEBorrom, Journ.
Roy. Micr. Soc., 1918, p. 148, pl. 5, fig. 24——Hrron-ALLEN and Ear-
LAND, British Antarctic Exped., Zoology, vol. 6, 1922, p. 185; Journ.
Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 35, 1924, p. 626.

Stphogenerina (Sagrina) columellaris Eager, Abh. kén. bay. Akad. Wiss.
Miinchen, Cl. II, vol. 18, 1893, p. 316, pl. 9, figs. 28, 31, 33.

Siphogenerina columellaris Stuvestri, Atti Pont. Accad. Nuovi Lincei, ann.
55, 1902, p. 1, figs. -1, 2—CusuMan, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1913,
p. 104, pl. 47, figs. 2, 3; Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, 1921, p. 276,
pl. 56, fig. 1; Publ. 342, Carnegie Inst. Washington, 1924, p. 29, pl. 8,
figs. 5, 6.

Siphogenerina glabra SCHLUMBERGER, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, 1883,
p. 118, pl. 3, fig. 1.

Description.—Test elongate, subcylindrical, somewhat tapering,
straight or very slightly curved; chambers comparatively few, those
of the uniserial portion well rounded, shorter than broad; sutures
only slightly constricted; aperture large, terminal, with a very short
tubular neck and broad flaring lip; wall smooth.

Length about 1 mm.

Distribution. Brady’s Challenger records for this species are as
follows: ‘‘Off Gomera and off Palma, Canaries, at 600 fathoms and
1,125 fathoms, respectively; off the Azores, 450 fathoms; off Pernam-
buco, 350 fathoms; on the shore at Tamatave, Madagascar; at three
stations on the southeast coast of Australia, 6 fathoms to 410 fathoms;
and at five amongst the islands of the South Pacific, 125 to 620
fathoms.” Chapman records it from the Arabian Sea and off
Funafuti; Millett from the Malay Archipelago; Bagg from the region

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

of the Hawaiian Islands; Sidebottom from the east coast of Australia,
and Heron-Allen and Earland, the Kerimba Archipelago, from Lord
Howe Island, and from the Antarctic Expedition. Egger’s speci-
mens were from off western Australia and Mauritius.

I have recorded the species from numerous stations in the North
Pacific from Hawaii to Japan; in the Philippine region, and from
Samoa.

Unless more than one species is involved, this is much more widely
distributed than other species of the genus.

Egger records it from the Cretaceous of central Europe, but his
figure in end view certainly does not have the apertural characters
of S. columellaris.

SIPHOGENERINA COLUMELLARIS (H. B. Brady), var. NODOSAROIDES Schubert

Sagrina raphanus ParKER and JONES, var. nodosaroides ScHUBERT, Abhandl.
geol. Reichs., vol. 20, pt. 4, 1911, p. 88, text figures 8, 9a, b.

Under the above name Schubert figures a very long, slender form,
with smooth surface and 14 chambers in the uniserial portion. There
is no neck or lip, and the entire appearance is that of S* columellaris
rather than raphanus, and it apparently should be placed as a variety
of the former. It is more slender than the typical, and has a few
more chambers. The type of the variety was from coral sand of
Maria Island in the Paumotu Group.

SIPHOGENERINA COLUMELLARIS (H. B. Brady), var. SEMISTRIATA Schubert

Sagrina raphanus PARKER and JONEs, var. semistriata SCHUBERT, Abhandl.
geol. Reichs., vol. 20, pt. 4, 1911, p. 89, text figures 10a, b.

Schubert describes and figures a form which has the latter half of
the test smooth, the earlier portion with numerous slight costae.
The general form of the test and the apertural characters very
strongly suggest S. columellaris. His specimen was from the Pteropod
clays of Sainabas in the Bismarck Archipelago, late Tertiary in age.

SIPHOGENERINA HUGHESI Cushman

Siphogenerina hughesi CusHMAN, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 1, pt. 2,
1925, p. 36, pl. 7, figs. 4a, b.

Test elongate, fairly thick, two or three times as_ long as broad,
circular in transverse section; chambers short and broad, the early
chambers irregularly spiral, later ones uniserial; sutures distinct and
depressed; wall thick, the exterior smooth throughout; aperture
terminal, rounded, with a short neck and slight lip.

Length 1 mm. or slightly more; breadth 0.50 mm.

Holotype (Cushman Coll. No. 4364) from the Miocene Monterey
shales near Chimney Rock, San Luis Obispo County, California.

The species is named for Donald D. Hughes, paleontologist of
California.

arT.25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 13

SIPHOGENERINA DIMORPHA (Parker and Jones)
Plate 3, fig. 5
Uvigerina (Sagrina) dimorpha Parker and Jonss, Philos. Trans., vol. 55,

1865, p. 420, pl. 18, fig. 18.

Sagrina dimorpha H. B. Brapy, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1887, p. 915.—H. B.
Brapvy, Parker and Jonss, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 12, 1888, p.
225, pl. 45, fig. 6—Goiis, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25,
No. 9, 1894, p. 52, pl. 9, figs. 510, 511.—Kranr, Rep’t. Norwegian Fish.
and Mar. Invest., vol. 1, No. 7, 1900, p. 37.—HERoON-ALLEN and EaAr-
LAND, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, vol. 2, 1916, p. 266.

Siphogenerina dimorpha CusHMAN, Bull. 104, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 4, 1923,
p. 175, pl. 42, figs. 16-18.

Description.—Test somewhat compressed, very slightly tapering,
the greatest width usually near the apertural end; chambers com-
paratively few, rather broader than high, slightly inflated; sutures
distinct, the basal portion in the last-formed chambers sometimes
slightly excavated tending to bridge the sutures between the excava-
tions at regular intervals; wall with a coarsely pitted surface; aperture
circular, terminal, at the end of a short neck, usually with a distinctly
phialine lip.

Length not over 0.60 mm.

Distribution.—This species should be distinguished from the fol-
lowing variety. Parker and Jones figured as their type a specimen
from the Abrohlos Bank off Brazil. It must, therefore, be taken as
the type, and the Pacific form made a variety.

Atlantic records include the Abrohlos Bank (Parker and Jones:
H. B. Brady, Parker and Jones); Bukken and Oster Fiords, near
Bergen, Norway (Norman) (Brady) (Goés) (Kiaer); Vest Fiord
(Kiaer) ; low water, Howport, Girvan, Scotland (Robertson) (Brady) ;
west of Scotland, rare (Heron-Allen and Earland); off Gomera,
Canaries, and off Culebra Island, West Indies (Brady), and possibly
in the South Atlantic, off Ascension Island (Brady).

I have had specimens from off the coast of Georgia, between Cuba
and Yucatan, and from three stations in the Caribbean.

It has, therefore, a rather wide Atlantic distribution.

The Pacific form is the following variety:

SIPHCGENERINA DIMORPHA (Parker and Jones), var. PACIFICA, new variety
Plate 2, fig. 9; plate 3, figs. 6a, b

Uvigerina (Sagrina) dimorpha Parker and JonsEs (part), Philos. Trans.,
vol. 155, 1865, p. 420.

Sagrina dimorpha H. B. Brapy (part), Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol.
9, 1884, p. 582, pl. 76, figs. 1-3.—Baae, Bull. 34, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1908,
p. 152.—Scuupert, Abhandl. geol. Reichs., vol. 20, pt. 4, 1911, p. 86.—
SipEBoTToOM, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1918, p. 148.—HErRoN-ALLEN and
EarLAND, British Antarctic ‘‘ Terra Nova,’ Exped., Zoology, vol. 6, 1922,
p. 186.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Stphogenerina dimorpha Eacrer, Abh. kén. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen,
Cl. II, vol. 18, 1893, p. 317, pl. 9, fig. 30.—CusuMan, Bull. 71, U.S. Nat.
Mus., pt. 3, 1913, p. 106, pl. 45, figs. 3, 4; Bull. 100, pt. 4, 1921, p. 279,
pl. 56, fig. 8.

Description.—Variety differing from the typical in the greater
number of uniserial chambers, the cylindrical form of the test, and
the much more prominent depressions at the base of the chambers
along the sutures.

Distribution.—This variety is widely distributed in the Pacific.
Parker and Jones had it from the Red Sea (near the Isle of Shad-
wan) and Australian coral reefs. Brady had it from off Tahiti, the
Ki Islands, and off Kandavu, Fiji. It has occurred off the Hawaiian
Islands (Bagg, Cushman), and I have had it from several stations
in the western Pacific off Japan and the Bonin Islands, as well as a
few stations in the Philippines. Sidebottom records it off the eastern
coast of Australia, and Heron-Allen and Earland from several stations
off New Zealand. LEgger’s only station is in the western part of the
Indian Ocean.

The only fossil records for this area is that of Schubert, who re-
corded it in a Globigerina mar] of late Tertiary age from Panaras in
the Bismarck Archipelago and Koch, who records it from the late
Tertiary of Kabu, Java.

It may be noted here that Halkyard records this species as occur-
ring in the Blue Eocene Marl of Biarritz.!27 Heron-Allen and Earland
note: ‘‘The specimens are longer, thinner in the shell wall, and the
cusps between the chambers are much less pronounced than in
recent types, but in other features they agree tolerably well with
Sagrina dimorpha Parker and Jones.” It would seem, then, as though
these Eocene specimens may represent a varietal form more closely
allied to the typical Atlantic form than to the Pacific variety.

SIPHOGENERINA VIRGULA (H. B. Brady)
Plate 2, figs. 7, 8; plate 4, figs. 8, 9

Sagrina virgula H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 275,
pl. 8, figs. 19-21; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 533,
pl. 76, figs. 4-7 (not 8-10).—Muuuert, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soce., 1903,
p. 271.—HerRoN-ALLEN and EARLAND, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol.
20, 1915, p. 676, pl. 51, figs. 4, 5—SrpmsBorrom, Journ. Roy. Mier. Soc.,
1918, p. 148—Herron-ALLEN and Earuanp, British Antarctic (Terra
Nova) Exped., Zoology, vol. 6, 1922, p. 186.

Siphogenerina (Sagrina) virgula Eager, Abh. kén. Bay. Akad. Wiss. Miin-
chen, Cl. II, vol. 18, 1893, p. 318, pl. 9, fig. 27.

Siphogenerina virqgula CUSHMAN, Publ. 342, Carnegie Inst. Washington, 1924,
p. 29, pl. 8, figs. 3, 4.

Description.—Test elongate, somewhat tapering, composed of a
number of inflated chambers, the early ones in a uvigerine arrange-
ment, later ones uniserial, the uniserial portion making up most of

12 Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc., vol. 62, 1919, p. 39.

ArT.25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 15

the test, surface hispid; aperture large, terminal, with a broad
everted lip, the border of which often has a series of backwardly
pointing, long, acicular spines.

Length up to 1 mm.

Distribution.—Except for one record by Brady from the South
Atlantic, all other records are from the Indo-Pacific. Brady records
it from several South Pacific stations in 12 to 2,075 fathoms. Millett
notes it as common in his Malay Archipelago material, and Side-
bottom from off the east coast of Australia. Heron-Allen and Karland
record it from the Kerimba Archipelago off southeastern Africa and
from the Antarctic expedition collections. Egger records it from
off western South Africa and off western Australia. I have had
abundant material from 50 fathoms at Samoa. Its Indo-Pacific
distribution, even though wide, does not include the Philippines nor
the islands in the Pacific north of the equator.

It is very distinct from other species of the genus in the develop-
ment of spines from the edge of the lip.

SIPHOGENERINA MEXICANA, new species
Plate 5, figs. 4a, b

Description.—Test small, elongate, slender, the early portion
triserial, tapering from a subacute initial end, the later portion
cylindrical, composed of several chambers—up to eight—in a straight
line; chambers distinct, those of the later portion inflated; sutures
distinct, depressed, especially toward the apertural end; wall with
numerous, rather course punctae, which are almost entirely confined
to the basal half of each chamber, wall toward the early portion of the
test with short, longitudinal costae, the later portion of the test
smooth, thin, translucent; the apertural end truncate with a broad
elliptical aperture connecting with the previous aperture by an in-
ternal tubular neck.

Length up to 1 mm.

Type specumens.—(Cat. No. 353174 U.S. N. M.) from Rio Buena
Vista, 0.5 kms., 25°EK. from Tumbadero Hacienda House, Vera Cruz,
Mexico, T. Wayland Vaughan collector. Specimens also are in the
United States National Museum collections from other localities in the
Alazan clays in the same general region. The species also occurs in
the Eocene of the Coastal Plain of the United States.

This species is undoubtedly the ancestor of S. advena Cushman,
now living in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and adjacent
regions of the western Atlantic. The living species has taken on a
compressed character of the test; the ornamentation of the basal
portion is somewhat different, having assumed a spinose condition,
but the general characters of the two are very much alike. Both
have the basal portion of the uniserial chambers punctate and the
distal portion clear, although the relative amount of each is different
in the two species.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

SIPHOGENERINA ADVENA Cushman
Plate 5, figs. 3a, b

Siphogenerina advena CusaMan, Publ. 311, Carnegie Inst. Washington, 1922,
p. 35, pl. 5, fig. 2; Bull. 104, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 4, 1923, p. 173, pl. 42,
fig. 15.

Description.—Test elongate, somewhat compressed, early portion
either triserial or biserial, later portion, which makes up the larger
portion of the test, uniserial; chambers numerous, distinct, inflated;
sutures somewhat depressed, the early portion and a part of the
uniserial portion with fine, longitudinal costae, more or less broken,
followed by two or three chambers slightly spinose, after which the
remaining chambers are smooth and very finely punctate; aperture
elliptical, each one connecting with the preceding by an internal
funnel-shaped tube.

Length up to 0.65 mm.

Distribution.— This species was originally described from the
Tortugas region of southern Florida in comparatively shallow water.
It has also occurred in the western part of the Caribbean off Central
America in 382 fathoms, and off the Carolina coast in 168 fathoms. It
seems therefore to be a species of the tropical western Atlantic.

A small species was figured by Goes as ‘‘ Textularia Pennatula, var.
aculeata forma Bigenerina’’,* and he afterwards gave it a new name,
Sagrina pygmaea.* The specimen was from 300 fathoms in the
Caribbean Sea. It may possibly be the same as our species, but the
figure does not show any surface ornamentation, and his description
is inadequate. I have not found his type specimen.

SIPHOGENERINA BIFRONS (H. B. Brady)
Plate 3, figs. 7-9; plate 4, fig. 4

Sagrina bifrons H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci., vol. 21, 1881, p. 64;
Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 582, pl. 75, figs. 18-20.—
Miuuetr Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1903, p. 270.—CHaApMaAN, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Zool., vol. 30, 1910, p. 415.—Scuusert, Abhandl. geol. Reichs., vol.
20, pt. 4, 1911, p. 86.—Heron-ALLEN and Earuanp, British Antartic
Exped., Zoology, vol. 6, 1922, p. 186.

Siphogenerina (Sagrina) bifrons Eagrr, Abh. kén. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miin-
chen, Cl. II, vol. 18, 1893, p. 317, pl. 9, figs. 25, 26, 29.

Siphogenerina bifrons CusHMAN, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1913, p.
105, pl. 45, figs. 1, 2, 5-7; Bull. 100, vol. 4, 1921, p. 277, pl. 56, figs. 2, 3.

Description.—Test elongate, compressed, straight or very slightly
curved, in end view elliptical, median portions of the broad faces
somewhat concave, megalospheric form with the initial end broadly
rounded and of about the same diameter as the rest of the test,
microspheric form with the initial end much more attenuate, grow-

ls Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 19, No. 4, 1882, p. 79, pl. 5, figs. 165, 166.
14 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 29, 1896, p. 51.

ART. 25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 17

ing rapidly broader, then contracted where the uniserial portion
begins; sutures hardly depressed, distinct, often of clear material,
appearing darker than the rest of the test; aperture rounded or
elliptical, without a distinct neck but with a slight rounded lip;
microspheric form usually the larger.

Length, 0.75-1 mm.

Distribution.—The species was originally described by Brady
from a dredging of the Challenger in 345 fathoms on the Hyalonema
ground off southeastern Japan, and was apparently not obtained
elsewhere by the Challenger. Egger records it from off western
Australia but his figures are not at all characteristic, and may not rep-
resent the species. Millett’s note on his Malay collections is as fol-
lows: ‘‘Of this rare form a few poor examples occur at several sta-
tions.”” He does not figure them. Chapman records a specimen
from off Funafuti in 2,400 fathoms. I had excellent material from
stations off southern Japan and the Philippines.

In the fossil state it is recorded by Schubert from the Bismarck
Archipelago, and by Heron-Allen from the Antartic. Egger records
it from the Cretaceous of Central Europe, but an examination of the
figures he gives shows little in common with the Pacific material,
and the Cretaceous material is something else. |

The very restricted records for this species seem to show that its
main range is from southern Japan to the Philippines, and southward.
Most of the records are in considerable depths, and it does not belong
to the ordinary ‘‘coral-reef fauna,’ but probably is more widely
distributed in the Indo-Pacific than the few records indicate.

SIPHOGENERINA BIFRONS (H. B. Brady), var. SYDNEYENSIS (Goddard and Jensen)
Plate 3, figs. 10a, b

Sagrina sydneyensis GoppArD and JENSEN, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, vol. 32, 1907, p. 304, pl. 6, figs. 4a, b.

The description given by the authors is as follows:

This species has a straight cylindrical test. The commencement is a large
hemispherical chamber, which, however, contains one septum, indicating a uvig-
erine commencement. The subsequent chambers are short and cylindrical,
and do not at first increase in diameter. Subsequently they increase slowly in
diameter as well as in length (fig. 4a; pl. 3, fig. 10a). The surface of each cham-
ber is ornamented with minute spines, and two or three extraordinarily large
oval pores. The latter are irregularly distributed, but are chiefly found toward
the proximal end of each segment. Size: Length, 0.57 mm.

From the figure given by the authors this seems very certainly a
varietal form of S. bifrons (H. B. Brady).

The specimens were from 300 fathoms, 27.5 miles east of Sydney
Heads, New South Wales, dredged by C. Hedley.

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

SIPHOGENERINA BIFRONS (H. B. Brady), var. STRIATULA Cushman
Plate 2, fig. 6; plate 4, figs. 1-3

Siphogenerina bifrons (H. B. Brapy), var. striatula CusuMan, Proc. U. 8S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 51, 1917, p. 682; vol. 56, 1919, p. 620; Bull. 100, U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 4, 1921, p. 278, pl. 56, fig. 4.

Description.—Variety differing from the typical in having the sur-
face with numerous longitudinal striations, rather more elongate,
and the central indented portion deeper and more defined.

The only localities for this variety are in the Pacific. It was
originally described from the Philippines, where it occurs at numerous
stations in 135 to 554 fathoms with a single record at 1,262 fathoms.
I have also had it from off New Zealand.

Heron-Allen and Karland* mention feebly striate specimens of S.
bifrons occurring as fossils.

SIPHOGENERINA AUSTRALIENSIS (Goddard and Jensen)

Sagrina australiensis GoppARD and JENSEN, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, vol. 32, 1907, p. 299, pl. 6, figs. 3a—c.

The authors describe this species as follows:

This species has a uvigerine commencement, after which it consists of a
uniserial row of oval chambers cylindrical in section. The character of the shell
is intermediate between S. dimorpha and S. virgula. The shell is thick and
studded with large pits as in S. dimorpha. There are also tubercles externally
approximating to the spines of S. virgula. The neck is as in S. virgula.

There is a distinct constriction at the junction of the chambers, and some of
the chambers are prodcced outwards into small monticular prominences. (See
fig. 3a.) The chambers increase gradually in size.

Under a high power the surface appears as in fig. 3b. On focussing down,
canals are seen in the walls, extending from the interior and opening to the
exterior in the small tubercles.

Size: Length, 0.7 mm.

Their specimens were from 15 fathoms, off Palm Island, near
Townsville, Queensland, collected by C. Hedley.

From the rather poor figures and rather meagre description, it is
difficult to discover much as to the relationships of this form.

There is a very slender species with numerous uniserial chambers
and 10 to 12 costae, which occurs in the Navarro, Upper Cretaceous
clays, one-half mile south of Kemp, Texas. This may be known
as Siphogenerina plummeri Cushman, new species, and will be
figured later.

There are numerous other species assigned by various authors to
Sagrina which do not seem properly to belong to Siphogenerina.

18 British Antarctic Exped., Zoology, vol. 6, 1922, p. 186.

art.25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 19
GENUS PAVONINA d’ORBIGNY

The genus Pavonina was originally described by d’Orbigny in 1826 **
in a few words: ‘‘Plusiers ouvertures aux loges; test deprimé latérale-
ment; loges concentriques.” The type species Pavonina flabelliformis
is given from Madagascar. There is no specific description, but a
figure is given, and the species is illustrated also in the Modeéles, No.
56. The early chambers of the Modéle show definitely alternating
chambers in the ones I have seen, but neither the 1826 figure nor its
modification in 1846 17 show this character. Neither does the more
elaborated description of 1846 make any mention of the textularian
character of the early chambers. This lack of alternating chambers
in the figures given by d’Orbigny so deceived Parker and Jones that
in their review of d’Orbigny’s 1826 work 8 they conceive the idea
that it may belong to the Miliolidae and be a form of either Peneroplis
or Orbitolites. It was therefore not until Brady obtained good mate-
rial first from the Seychelles ! and later from the Challenger Expedi-
tion,” that the true structure of this species and of the genus became
known. Brady correctly placed Pavonina in the Textulariidae-
Moebius in 1880” described and figured specimens from Mauritius,
and still further calls attention to the true structure. Since the
excellent figures given by Brady also in the Challenger Report ” little
further needs to be added to this particular species, but since that
date other species have been distinguished. These will be noted
later.

Genus PAVONINA d’Orbigny, 1826

Pavonina p’ORBIGNY (type, P. flabelliformis d’Orbigny), Ann. Sci. Nat.,
vol. 7, 1826, p. 260; Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 72.—
H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 274.—
CuapMAN, The Foraminifera, 1902, p. 169.—Cusuman, Bull. 71, U. 8.
Nat. Mus., pt. 2, 1911, p. 30; Bull. 104, pt. 3, 1922, p. 51.
Description.—Test calcareous, hyaline, perforate, many-cham-
bered, the early chambers biserial, alternating, the later ones uni-
serial, broad, curved, in the type species becoming embracing, this
later series finally composed of one or more chambers; sutures
limbate; wall usually thin and translucent, coarsely perforate; aper-
tural wall with one or more rows of rounded apertural openings.
The genus is known both in the Tertiary and in the present ocean,
represented by several species.

16 Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 260.

17 Foram. Foss. Vienne, 1846, pl. 21, figs. 9 and 10.

18 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 12, 1863, p. 440.

19 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 19, 1877, p. 41.

20 Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 68, pl. 8, figs. 29, 30,

21 Beitr. Meeresfauna Insel Mauritius, 1880, p. 91, pl. 8, figs. 13-15
22 P, 374, pl. 45, figs. 17-21.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

PAVONINA FLABELLIFORMIS d’Orbigny °
Plate 6, figs. 1-4

Pavonina flabelliformis pD’OrBieNy, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 260,
pl. 10, figs. 10, 11; For. Foss. Vienne, 1846, p. 72, pl. 21, figs. 9, 10.—
ParKER, JONES, and H. B. Brapy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 16,
1865, p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 22—H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci., vol.
19, 1879, p. 282, pl. 8, figs. 29, 30.—M6srvus, Beitr. Meeresfauna Insel
Mauritius, 1880, p. 91, pl. 8, figs. 13-15.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy.
Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 374, pl. 45, figs. 17, 19-22 (not 18).—
MiuuETT, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1900, p. 7.—Baaa, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 132.—Cusuman, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 2,
1911, p. 30, figs. 51, 52 (in text)—Hrron-ALLEN and Earuanp, Trans.
Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, 1915, p. 632, pl. 48, figs. 1-6; Journ. Linn.
Soe. Zool., vol. 35, 1924, p. 619; Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1924, p. 141, pl.
8, fig. 22.

Pavonina flabelloides BRonn, Klassen und Ordnungen Thier-Reichs, vol. 1,
1859, p. 72, pl. 6, figs. 13a, b—Bttscuu1, in Bronn, Klassen und Ord-
nungen Thier-Reichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 204, pl. 18, fig. 13.

Description.—Test free, many-chambered, much compressed, the
early portion consisting of a few small chambers arranged biserially,
the later chambers curved, spreading, uniserial or divided into more
than one in each curve, in adults often with the chambers becoming
almost annular; sutures somewhat limbate, depressed, distinct; wall
thin and transparent, coarsely and irregularly punctate, the wall
about these punctae often thickened and slightly raised; apertures
in one or more linear rows about the periphery of the test, the periph-
eral face concave; color white.

The diameter of the test rarely exceeds 1 mm.

The species has an interesting distribution. The early specimens
of d’Orbigny were from Madagascar. It is apparently most abundant
in that general region as Heron-Allen and Earland record it very
splendidly developed in the Kerimba Archipelago nearby. Brady’s
records of this species are ‘‘Madagascar, shore sand; Seychelle
Islands, shallow water; Port Louis, Mauritius, harbor mud; off
Calpentyn, Ceylon, 2 fathoms; off Raine Island, Torres Strait, 155
fathoms; Nares Harbor, Admiralty Islands, 17 fathoms; and Hono-
lulu Reefs, 40 fathoms.’”’ He records it also from Millet’s collection
from the coast of Korea. Moebius had material from Mauritius.
Millett records a solitary specimen from his Malay Archipelago col-
lections. Bagg had it from Albatross station D 4174, off the Hawaiian
Islands, and I have had it from Nero station 2042 in 55 fathoms, also
off Honolulu, Nero station 201, in 1,033 fathoms near Midway Island,
and station 1310 in 518 fathoms, near the Bonin Islands. There is
a single specimen in Tanager collections from 31 fathoms off Dowsett
Reef, to the northwestward of the Hawaiian Islands. Heron-Allen
and Harland record it from Lord Howe Island in the South Pacific.

4RT.25 GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 21

Specimens are recorded from the Miocene (Filter Quarries) of
Victoria by Heron-Allen and Earland.* I have had specimens from
the same locality, but none of them show the embracing chambers
of typical recent specimens, and the surface ornamentation seems
different. Howchin *4 records the species from the Eocene of Muddy
Creek, Victoria, but does not figure it.

The figures of this species given by Heron-Allen and Earland
from the Kerimba region show very beautiful tests. The largest of
their specimens figured is slightly more than a millimeter in diameter.

Pavonina flabelliformis is replaced in the Atlantic by the following
species:

PAVONINA ATLANTICA Cushman
Plate 6, figs. 5, 6

Pavonina flabelliformis H. B. Brapy (in part) (not d’Orbigny), Rep. Voy.
Challenger, vol. 9, 1884, p. 374, pl. 45, fig. 18 (not 17, 19-21).—Woop-
WARD, The Observer, vol. 4, 1893, p. 104.

Pavonina atlantica CUSHMAN, Bull. 104, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1922, p. 51,
Dl Oe fips

Description.—Test subtriangular, slightly longer than broad, initial
end with a short spine, very much compressed, the sides carinate;
chambers comparatively few, the earliest ones alternating, biserial,
those of the adult uniserial, broad, and low, extending across the
width of the test, slightly curved backwards at the ends; sutures
somewhat limbate, wall thin and transluscent, finely perforate;
apertures numerous on the terminal wall of the last-formed chamber.

Length up to 0.5 mm.

The type specimen of this species is from off Sand Key, Florida,
in 92 fathoms. It was also found at stations off Florida and in the
Tortugas lagoon. The specimens recorded by Brady as P. flabelli-
formis from off Culebra Island in 390 fathoms are this species.
Plate 45, Figure 18, of the Challenger Report is from this station.
Figures 19 and 20 are P. flabelliformis from shore sand of Tamatave,
Madagascar, and Figure 21 is from off Calpentyn, Ceylon in 2
fathoms. I have no data for Figure 17, but it is probably from
Madagascar.

Brady’s figure (pl. 45, fig. 18), shows the traces of the lateral car-
inae characteristic of P. atlantica.

Pavonina atlantica in its very triangular form throughout instead
of the circular form of P. flabelliformis is very distinctive. In this
character P. atlantica is nearer to the following species:

23 Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1924, p. 141, pl. 8, fig. 22.
*Trans, Proc. Roy. Soc. So. Australia, vol. 12, 1889, p. 7.

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

PAVONINA MEXICANA new species
Plate 6, figs. 7-9

Description.—Test large, about as long as broad, roughly triangular,
gradually tapering to the somewhat truncate base, much compressed ;
chambers numerous, the earlier ones biserial, the later ones very
elongate, uniserial, apertural end rounded, sutures slightly limbate,
sometimes beaded; wall slightly arenaceous, but smoothly finished;
apertures about the peripheral face.

Length up to 1.25 mm.

Type specimens.—(Cat. No. 353173 U.S.N.M.) from the Tertiary
of Mexico. This is in the Alazan Clay of Rio Buena Vista, 0.5
kms. 25° E. from Tumbadero Hacienda House, state of Vera Cruz,
T. W. Vaughan, collector.

This is the only known locality for this species but it was in some
numbers at this place. In the early development there is a spiral
arrangement of the chambers before the alternating character is
taken on showing the relation of Spiroplecta and Textularia, as in
other genera of the Textulariidae. This coiling brings the pro-
loculum and early chambers some distance in from the periphery.
Often the proloculum is large, apparently megalospheric, and is
thicker than the rest of the test, giving an umbonate appearance to
the early portion.

This Tertiary species is apparently the largest of the genus.

PAVONINA ADVENA Cushman
Pavonina advena CusHMAN, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 133, 1923, p. 24,
pls hee 0:

Test of comparatively few chambers, only the very early ones
showing a trace of the biserial arrangement; succeeding chambers
rapidly increasing in width until an annular chamber is developed;
wall thin, translucent, finely punctate, otherwise smooth.

Diameter slightly less than 0.50 mm.

This somewhat resembles P. flabelliformis, which is characteristic
of certain parts of the Indo-Pacific region in shallow water but
which has much coarser pores. It is less closely like P. atlantica,
which I have described from material obtained off the Florida coast.

The types were from U. S. G. S. station 7376, from Byram marl,
Lower Oligocene, Leaf River, Miss.

There are two other species described from the Tertiary of Europe,
Pavonina agglutinans Schubert and P. liburnica Stache, but I have
been unable to obtain specimens of these.

Pavonina liburnica Stache* does not from the figures seem to be a
species of this genus, and it is difficult to place it without seeing type
material.

2A bhandl.k.k. geol. Reichs., vol. 13, 1889, p. 89, pl. 5a, figs, 1 -19.

akt.25. GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA—CUSHMAN 23

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 1

Fias. 1, 2. Siphogenerina raphanus. Original figures. %30. Specimens from
“Kast Indian Seas.’’
3, 4. Siphogenerina raphanus. X40. Specimens from the North Pacific.
Figure 3, megalospheric; figure 4a microspheric; 4b, end view.

5. Stphogenerina raphanus, var. tropica. X66. Microspheric specimen.

6. Siphogenerina raphanus, var. transversus. X35.

9. Siphogenerina brannert. (After Bagg.) X23. From the Miocene-
Monterey shale of California. Figure 7, microspheric form, type
specimen; figures 8, 9, megalospheric forms. Figure 8, Sagrina
californiensis; figure 9, Sagrina elongata.

10a, b. Siphogenerina striatula. X75. a, front view; b, apertural view.
From the North Pacific.

11, 12. Siphogenerina irregularis. X75. Figure lla, front view; b, aper-
tural view; figure 12, median section of last two chambers. From
off the Hawaiian Islands.

13. Siphogenerina lamellata. X60. Miocene, one mile south of Red
Bay, Florida.
14. Siphogenerina spinosa. (After Bagg.) 40. From the Miocene,
Jones Wharf, Maryland.

PLATE 2

Fias. 1, 2. Siphogenerina raphanus. X65. Figure 1, microspheric; figure 2,

megalospheric. Specimens from Samoa.

3. Siphogenerina raphanus. X50. Megalospheric specimen from Tor-
tugas region, Gulf of Mexico.

4. Stphogenerina columellaris. X65. Specimen from the Philippines.

5. Siphogenerina striata, var. curta. X65. Specimen from the
Philippines.

6. Siphogenerina bifrons, var. striatula. 65. Specimen from the
Philippines.

7,,8. Siphogenerina virgula. 65. Specimens from Samoa.

9. Siphogenerina dimorpha, var. pacifica. X65. Specimen from the
Philippines.

10. Siphogenerina raphanus. 75. Later chambers by transmitted
light, showing central tubes.

11. Siphogenerina columellaris. 65. Microspheric specimen from
Samoa.

PLATE 3

Fias. 1,2. Siphogenerina columellaris. 100. Sections. (After Silvestri.)
Figure 1, megalospheric; figure 2, microspheric form.
3. Siphogenerina columellaris. ><75. Specimen by transmitted light.
4a, b. Siphogenerina columellaris. X75. a, front view; b, apertural view
Specimens from the North Pacifie.
5. Siphogenerina dimorpha. X30. Figure of type specimen. (After
Parker and Jones.) From the Abrohlos Bank, Atlantic.

6a, b. Siphogenerina dimorpha, var. pacifica. 65. a, front view; b, aper-
tural view. Specimen from the North Pacific.

7,8. Siphogenerina bifrons. X70. Figure 7, megalospheric, figure 8a,
microspheric form, figure 8b, apertural view. Specimens from
off Japan.

9. Siphogenerina bifrons. X65. Specimen from the Philippines.
10a, b. Siphogenerina bifrons, var. sydneyensis. (After Goddard and Jen-
sen.) a. X90; b, showing pores and structure of wall.

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67

PLATE 4

Fias. 1-3. Siphogenerina bifrons, var. striatula. X75. Specimen from the
Philippines.
4. Siphogenerina bifrons. X75. Broken, microsphericspecimen. From
off Japan.

5, 6. Siphogenerina columellaris. (After Millett.) 100. Figure 5, mi-
crospheric specimen, showing the internal structure; figure 6, megalo-
spheric form. Specimens from the Malay Archipelago.

7. Siphogenerina brannert. X75. Specimen from the type locality.

8,9. Siphogenerina virgula. (After Heron-Allen and Earland.) 100.
Specimens from the Kerimba Archipelago, Southeast Africa.

PuaTe 5

Fias. 1, 2. Siphogenerina raphanus. 75. Specimens from Porto Rico.
3a, b. Siphogenerina advena. X75. a,front view; b,apertural view. Speci-
mens from. Tortugas region, Gulf of Mexico.
4a, b. Siphogenerina mexicana. X75. a, front view; b, side view. Speci-
mens from the Upper Eocene, Alazan Clay, Mexico.
5, 6. Siphogenerina striata, var. curta. 75. Specimens from the Philip-
pines.
7,8. Siphogenerina raphanus, var. tropica. X75. Specimens from the
Philippines.
9-11. Siphogenerina columellaris. X75. Figures 9, 10, megalospheric forms
from the Philippines; figure 11, microspheric form from Samoa.

PLATE 6

Fias. 1-4. Pavonina flabelliformis. (After Heron-Allen and Earland.)

1. Young with the textularian stage just completed. 50.

2. Early stage showing the semicircular chambers already
developed. X50.

3. Adult specimen with the chambers nearly annular. 50.

4. Side view of specimen mounted in balsam, showing the
arrangement of chambers in the development of the test.
x70. (Specimens from the Kerimba Archipelago.)

Fias. 5,6. Pavonina atlantica.

Young specimens from the coast of Florida, showing the tex-
tularian young, and the wedge-shaped test instead of the
broadly curved chambers of the preceding species. The
ornamentation of the biserial portion is much coarser than
that of the later uniserial chambers. X 100.

Fias. 7-9. Pavonina mexicana, new species.

7. Somewhat broken specimen, showing the trucate initial end,
the proloculum and spiral chambers followed by a number
of textularian chambers. ‘The uniserial chambers show no
tendency to become nearly annular. X50.

8. A young specimen, showing the details of the early chambers.
X 100.

9. A partially developed specimen. 50. (Specimens from
the Alazan Clays of Mexico.)

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25. PL. |

;
t

SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25 PL. 2

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA

FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23

PL. 3

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25 PL. 4

SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 24

PL. 5

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 24

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25 PL. 6

SPECIES OF PAVONINA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 24

A NEW SPECIES OF HOOKWORM FROM A NORTH
AMERICAN RACCOON

By BengamMiIn SCHWARTZ

Of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture

In the course of a post-mortem examination of a raccoon (Procyon
lotor) that was captured in Prince Georges County, Maryland, on
February 7, 1925, by Dr. W. S. Gochenour of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, a number of hockworms were found in the duodenum.
Associated with the parasites lesions resembling those usually pro-
duced by hookworms were observed in the intestinal mucosa.

Heretofore three species of hookworms have been recorded from
raccoons of the genus Procyon. Molin (1861) has described Doch-
mius bidens and PD. mawxillaris from a South American raccoon
(Procyon cancrivorus). These species were transferred to the genus
Uneinaria by Stossich (1899). Bayls and Daubney (1923) have
described a third species, Tetragomphius procyonis from a raccoon
(Procyon, species) at the Zoological Garden, Calcutta, India. These
authors note that their species may be identical with one of Molin’s
species but that Molin’s descriptions are so incomplete that the
species are unrecognizable. Like Baylis and Daubney the present
writer has been forced to disregard Molin’s species because the im-
perfections of the descriptions make recognition impossible. The
form from Procyon lotor is therefore considered to be of a new
species. For this species the name Uncinaria lotoris is proposed.

UNCINARIA LOTORIS, new species

In their normal location on the mucosa of the intestine the worms
were considerably twisted. After being placed in hot alcohol they
straightened out. The cuticle is very finely striated transversely.
The ventral wall of the mouth capsule presents a moderate curvature
when viewed from the side (fig. 1). The mouth capsule is consider-
ably longer than broad, its actual size varying in different specimens.
In lateral view, the distance from the anterior extremity of the body
to the base of the mouth capsule was found to vary from 162 to 216u

No. 2598.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 26
538651—25 al

VOL. 67

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

2
and the greatest width measured from the cuticle on the dorsal sur-
face to the cuticle of the ventral surface of the head was found to vary
from 107 to 144p in different specimens. The surface of the mouth
capsule as observed in a lateral view of the worm, presents a num-
ber of sutures that divide it into five sections (fig. 2). Two sutures

Lo
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—

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SORE PH Dy tN? a

TS =
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erring

YO!

1, ANTERIOR END OF WORM VIEWED FROM
2, SURFACE VIBW OF THD ANTERIOR END OF THE WORM, FROM THE SIDE, SHOW-
a@., ANUS; d., DORSAL RAY; €. d.,

Fics. 1-3.—UNCINARIA LOTORIS, NEW SPECIDS.

TED SIDE.

SUTURES. 3, POSTERIOR END OF FEMALE.
EXTERNO-DORSAL RAY; €. 1, EXTERNO-LATERAL RAY; gub., GUBERNACULUM ; I. v., LATERO-
VENTRAL RAY; m. l., MEDIO-LATERAL RAY; p. I., POSTERO-LATERAL RAY; 8p., SPICULD;

ING THE

©. V., VENTRO-VENTRAL RAY
are transverse, the more cephalad suture being longer and extending
across the anterior portion of the capsule, the other suture extending

across the posterior portion of the capsule. Two sutures are longi-
tudinal, extending from the anterior wall of the capsule to the more
cephalad of the transverse sutures. The latter is irregular in shape

ART, 26 « HOOKWORM FROM A RACCOON—SCHWARTZ 3

and extends from what appears to be a joint in the dorsal wall of
the capsule to a corresponding joint in the ventral wall of the cap-
sule. The posterior transverse suture extends from what appears to
be a joint in the ventral wall of the capsule and runs diagonally
cephalad to the dorsal wall of the capsule but does not meet a joint.
The sutures are best seen in a surface view of the capsule. They are
not superficial grooves, but extend quite deeply into the capsule,
and are still visible, in part, in deeper focus (fig. 1). In a lateral
view of the mouth capsule the dorsal wall presents a series of narrow
lacunae (fig. 1). In dorsal view these spaces appear as a series
of circular openings arranged in two rows, one on each side of the
dorsal gutter. In most specimens only from four to five openings

YOM.

Fic. 4.—UNCINARIA LOTORIS, NHW SPECIES. POSTERIOR END OF MALE. FOR LETTERING,
SEE PREVIOUS FIGURES

can be distinguished on each side of the dorsal gutter. The number
of distinguishable openings on each side of the dorsal gutter was
found to exceed five in several specimens examined, the maximum
number of openings that could be seen on each side being nine.
The two ventral teeth are triangular in shape, the apex of the tri-
angle being rather sharp. The esophagus is from 558 to 738y long
by 144 to 198. in maximum width. The nerve ring is located at a
distance of from 400 to 440u from the anterior extremity of the body.
The excretory pore is slightly posterior to the nerve ring and the
cervical papillae are a little posterior to the excretory pore.
Male—The male is from 5.5 to 6 mm. long by 234 to 254p in
Maximum width. The lateral lobes of the bursa (fig. 4) are a little

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

more than semicircular in shape. The postero-lateral ray is thicker
than the medio-lateral ray. All the rays with the exception of the
dorsal ray are more or less sharply pointed at the ends and do not
reach the margin of the lobes. The terminal portion of the dorsal
ray is bifurcated, each branch being tridigitate. The spicules are
slender and tubular from 738 to 828, long and terminate in finely
pointed ends. The gubernaculum is an elongate slender structure
about 90» long.

Female.—The females are from 7 to 11 mm. long by 306 to 324p
wide. The position of the vulva corresponds approximately to the
beginning of the posterior third of the body. The distance from the
anus to the tip of the bristle that is inserted in the end of the bluntly
rounded tail is from 180 to 2384p (fig. 3). The eggs are from 71 to
76u long by 41 to 46 wide.

Host.—Procyon lotor.

Location.—Duodenum.

Locality.—Prince Georges County, Maryland.

Type specimen—vU. 8. National Museum, Helminthological Col-
lections No. 26070.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE CITED

Bayuis, H, A. AND DAUBNEY, R.
1923.—A further report on parasitic nematodes in the collection of the
Zoological Survey of India, Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, vol. 25,
pt. 6, Dec., pp. 551-578, figs. 1-20.
Monin RAFFAELE.
[1861a].—I! sottordine degli acrofalli ordinato scientificamente seconde i
risultamenti delle indagini anatomiche ed embriogeniche, Mem.
r. Ist. Veneto di sc., lett. et arti, Venezia (1860), vol. 9, pp.
427-633, pls. 25-38.
StossicH, MICHELE.
1899d.—Strongylidae. Lavoro monografico, Boll. Soc. adriat. di se. nat, in
Trieste, vol. 19, pp. 55-152.

ASYMMETRY IN THE SKULLS OF MAMMALS

By A. Brazizrr HowE.y
Of the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture

Reference to moderate asymmetry in human skulls is not infre-
quent throughout medical literature, but marked asymmetry in the
crania of the other mammals (save the toothed whales, in which this
state is the normal one) must be considered as a very rare condition.
Careful examination of the material in any large collection would
doubtless result in the discovery of a number of specimens showing
some disparity between the development of the two sides of the
skull; but it is exceedingly seldom that one occurs in which such
condition is readily to be noted. Application to those in charge of
some of the larger mammal collections of North America have pro-
duced but four specimens, two of which exhibit more emphatic dis-
tortion than seems ever to have been recorded.

Asymmetry in a skull may be brought about by a change in the
size or relationship, through accident or disease, of the individual
bones of one side of the head, an alteration, through the same agency,
to one or more of the large muscles upon a single side, or a combi-
nation of these two factors. A further analysis of these reasons
will suggest, as fundamental causes, a more or less permanently pain-
ful condition of some part of the head, as a sore tooth, a diseased,
mandibular condyle, or other such state causing the animal to chew
entirely upon the teeth of one side, or otherwise to use the muscles
in an uneven manner so as to ease the pain of the offending part as
much as possible. This at first is voluntary, although it may later
become entirely involuntary, and it implies a long-continued period
of painfulness of the part originally affected. Again there may be
a definite alteration in the shape of a bone, through fracture and
later healing in a twisted position, changing the interrelationship of
other parts of the skull, as the mandible. Accidental severance of
certain nerves may also be productive of similar results. In al! such
cases of asymmetry in the skull, initial injury at a comparatively
early age is a necessity—the earlier the injury the more pronounced
will be its effects, other things being equal.

The pathological conditions resulting from the healing of a severe
injury to the bone after the animal has attained full growth does not

No. 2599.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 27,
§3194—25,——1 1

9 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM TOnTaT

here concern us, for any resulting asymmetry will be purely me-
chanical, affecting only the immediate portion injured, and probably
having no appreciable effect whatever upon other portions of the
skull. That this premise is founded on fact is shown by a skull of
Ursus eltonclarka (No. 232382, Biological Survey collection) from
Chichagof Island, Alaska. This is of an adult whose entire right
coronoid process is missing. The bone healed well, proving that the
injury antedated the death of the animal by a considerable period.
Had this happened during the youth of the animal, the practical de-
struction of function of the right temporal muscle would have re-
sulted in profound cranial changes, but there is now not the slightest
asymmetry.

Attention should here be called to the study by Hollister! of
the skulls of captive lions. In this it is argued that certain condi-
tions—notably massiveness—to be met with in the skulls of lions
raised in captivity are the result of myological stimul, the muscles
being effected by conditions brought to bear during captivity. If
this be the case, then the criteria usually employed for judging the
strength of askull and its musculature must be altered. A thorough
examination of Hollister’s material? by the present writer, however,
has produced new evidence and led him to the conclusion that the
conditions obtaining in the skulls of these captives are pathological
rather than myological.

Published references to asymmetrical skulls of mammals other
than man include an experiment conducted by Anthony,’ in the
course of which he cut the left temporal muscle of a puppy upon the
day of its birth. The dog, killed by accident when something less
than one year old, showed marked atrophy of one temporal muscle,
even in life; but the only really definite asymmetry to be noted in
the skull is the absence upon the left side of the ridge which normally
marks the medial boundary of the origin of the temporal muscle.
The left, or “abnormal,” zygomatic arch, as compared to the right,
is less than 1 mm. deeper, less than 3 closer to the cranium, and is
practically the same in length. The latter points are of interest as
showing the trend of the abnormal side, but the differences are too
slight to be of much significance in the present study.

The same investigator, as senior author,‘ experimented upon two
more dogs at a later date, with results that duplicated his first
efforts.

1 Hollister, N., Some effects of environment and habit on captive lions, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53,
1917, pp. 177-193.

2 Howell, A. B., Pathologic skulls of captive lions, Journ. Mamm., vol. 6, 1925, pp. 163-168.

3 Anthony, M. R., Introduction a l’étude expérimentale de la morphogénie, Bull. et Mems. Soc. Anthr,
Paris, 1903, no. 2, pp. 119-145.

‘Anthony, M. R., et Pietkiewicz, W. B., Nouvelles expériences sur le rdle du muscle crotophyte dans
la constitution morphologique du crane de la face, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., vol. 149, 1909, p. 870.

ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL 3

There is described and figured by Paravicius® the skull of a dug
exhibiting a marked dextral twist to the rostral region. Unfortu-
nately, this specimen lacked the lower jaw, for the characters strongly
indicate that the reason for the asymmetrical condition was the sub-
normal development of the right ramus of the mandible, due to a
fracture during puppyhood. There is no appreciable asymmetry of
the temporal fossz.

Toldt ® discusses the asymmetrical skull of a fox in the Vienna
Museun. On account of a diseased condition of the left, lower, fourth,
premolar the animal had used the temporal muscle of the right side as
exclusively as possible. The myological condition resulting was a
slight increase in the size of the right temporal, shifting its ridge a
bit entad. Atrophy, or rather nondevelopment, of the left temporal
was marked, its ridge developing considerably laterad of the normal
position, and there is practically no lambdoidal crest upon that side.
The left supraorbital process and the portion of the temporal fossa
immediately caudad thereto, however, are shown in the illustration to
be better developed upon the left side. A somewhat puzzling cireum-
stance is the fact that in the drawing, the left zygomatic arch is shown
to be about 2 mm. farther from the cranium than the right, while the
text also mentions that the disparity is slight. This state of the left
zygoma is at variance with what one would naturally expect to
accompany a reduced temporal muscle. I imagine, however, that
there was some special disparity between the masseter muscles to
account for it—an hypothesis which can hardly now be proven.

An instance is mentioned by Leisewitz’ of slight asymmetry in the
skull of a monkey of the genius Lagothriz. The bilateral disparity
is very poorly defined, however, and the author is mainly concerned
with consequent slight differences in tooth wear.

The skulls at hand exhibiting definite asymmetry number four.
Two of them are of primates, whose musculature of mastication is
adapted to the absence of true glenoid fossx, and hence, to a con-
siderable movement of the mandible in all directions. The remaining
two skulls belong to a single species of pinniped—a carnivore having
true glenoid fosse, which permits practically no lateral nor propali-
nal motion of the mandible.

ASYMMETRICAL SKULLS OF PRIMATES

The writer is indebted to Mr. G.S. Miller, jr. for permission to
study the skull of a form of gorilla in the National Museum collec-
tion (see pls. 3, 4,5, and6). This bears the data ‘‘ No.239883, male,

5 Paravicius, G., Asimmetrie cranio fasciali in un cane, Atti Soc. Ital. scienze nat., 1902, pp, 349-352.

5 Toldt, Von K., Asymmetrische Ausbildung der Schlifenmuskeln bei einen Fuchs infolge einseitiger
Kautitigkeit, Zool. Anz , vol. 39, 1905, pp. 176-191.

7 Leisewitz, W., Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bilateralen Asymmetrie des Siiugetierschidels, Sitzungs
berichten der Gesells. fiir Morph. und Phys. in Miinchen, 1906, pp. 1-15,

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Africa, Belgium Congo, Ree’d. 1923, Benj. Burbridge.”” It is the skull
of a large adult and is in good condition. The specimen is definitely
asymmetrical, though not to astartling degree. The cause of this was
due either to an injury to, or a diseased condition of, the right side of
the head at a sufficiently early age so that the bones were still plastic.
It may be mentioned that a slight, chalky deposit upon some parts
of its surface is probably attributable to the method of cleaning
rather than to a pathological condition of the bone. Direct indica-
tions of abnormality are as follows:

(a) A searred condition and marked lateral shortening of the right
mastoid, as well as of the neighboring exoccipital (measurements,
foramen magnum to lateral extremity of mastoid; left, 72.2; right,
59.5 mm.)

(b) A malformation, encircling the right jugular foramen, of the
petrous portion of the temporal and adjacent portions of the basioc-
cipital.

(c) A marked deformity of the inferior wall of the right auditory
meatus, including some change in the part of the squamosal immedi-
ately above, resulting in an enlargement of this passage and a lateral
shertening of its inferior wall.

(d) An alteration in the condition of the right glenoid fossa, dam-
age to, and partial restoration through healing of, the postgienoid
process, and a pitted condition of the surface immediately craniad
of the fossa.

(ec) A shortening of the right condyloid neck of the mandible, with
alteration in the shape, and pitting of the articular surface, of the
condyle.

(f) The absence of the lower left canine, with complete healing
and filling in with bony tissue of its alveolus.

(g) A recession of the alveolar margins and septa between some of
the teeth.

The possible causes of these results should first be considered.
Healing of all malformed parts has been complete. There are now
no signs of old fractures and there is little evidence from which to
decide whether the conditions are the result of disease or of an acci-
dent. If they be due to disease, then this is most probably the
result either of a severe abscess, an infection of a local wound origi-
nally slight, or improbably to some true disease of the bone. If the
original injury were due to an accident, then this was caused either
by a bullet, which I am inclined to doubt, by a native arrow or
spear, or the piercing of the fleshy parts by a sharp stick or stone
during a fall from a considerable height. Even though the theory
of an accident be accepted, then severe, local infection most probably
followed.

ART, 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL 5

Inquiring more fully into the pathological situations present it is
found that—

(a) The right mastoid is unusual only in being shortened laterally
and in having a marked process inferiorly. The laterai shortening
of the whole right side of the occipital is probably because of injury
to, and subsequent abnormal development of, the muscles originating
upon the infero-lateral part of its surface.

(b) The deformity of the petrous portion of the temporal is not
marked, aside from its misplacement. Its chief point of interest lies
in the fact that there is almost complete closure of the jugular fora-
men and obliteration of its fossa, probably through the healing of a
small, diseased portion of both the petrous and occipital margins of
the foramen. The occipital was, perhaps, chiefly instrumental, for
its border has extended farther forward than normal, and the pet-
rous is correspondingly displaced. It is, of course, impossible that
the jugular vein was suddenly severed, else the animal had died at
once. Rather was its gradual atrophy brought about, enabling
other veins to care for the venous blood that is normally carried by
the right jugular. The functional alteration has not, however, re-
sulted in any increase in the size of the left jugular foramen, for the
latter is, in fact, smaller than seems to be usual in this genus.

(c) The condition of the right auditory meatus indicates much
damage to the inner ear, very possibly causing complete deafness
upon that side, induced by severe suppuration of the parts. The
passage is greatly enlarged, both superiorly and inferiorly, being
about 13 mm. in diameter, as against 7 for this measurement of the
left passage. The lateral length of the inferior border of the meatus,
measured from the carotid foramen, is about 18 mm. shorter upon
the right than the left side. This was evidently brought about by
suppuration and partial absorption of the bony lining of the meatus,
with subsequent healing and growth of new bony tissue only upon
its outer or inferior face.

(d) The right glenoid fossa proper is not greatly altered, but the
eminentia articularis, anteriorly adjoining, is flattened and much
pitted. The same condition of pitting obtains upon the squamous
eminence adjoining the process of the tensor palati. The conditions
to be observed in the glenoid region are naturally correlated with
the following:

(e) The right articular surface of the mandibular condyle is flat-
tened, broadened in an antero-posterior direction, and much pitted
and roughened, and the neck, as measured from the base of the
coronoid process, shortened by about 7mm. It is very likely that
the functions of the abnormal side of the jaw were even more se-
verely interfered with than can now be told from an examination of
the skull, through destruction of part of the condyloid ligaments.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

(f) There is no possibility that the left lower canine was congen-
itally absent, for the tissue now occupying the position of the nor-
mal alveolus is, in texture, different from the surrounding bone.
This scar seems to be slightly smaller than the alveolus of the right
canine, indicating that the left was lost some time during the youth
of the individual. Another indication that the tooth was not lost in
later life is that the healing of the alveolus would then hardly have
been as perfect. The surrounding bone is smooth and healthy, and
the prominence upon the chin formed by the root of the normal
canine is absent upon the left side. There is no indication of how
or why this tooth was lost.

(g) Many of the alveoli are markedly pathologic. This condition
takes the form of excessive shrinkage, or lowering of the bony bor-
der, and is most marked in the septa between the tooth rows, espe-
cially between the second and third molars of both sides and the
first and second of the left side, of the lower series; and between the
second and third molars of both sides of the upper series. The
majority of the remaining molariform teeth of the upper series are
also affected, but in lesser degree. The bone involved is smooth,
however, showing no sign of scars or injury, and the abnormality
was not caused by suppuration.

A study of the above situation and a consideration of all possible
solutions points with probability to an intensely interesting expla-
nation. At the age when this individual had just cut the front teeth
of the permanent set, he suffered an injury, most likely followed by
inflammation of the muscles of the right side of the head and neck.
For an indeterminate interval thereafter the act of chewing food,
and very likely that of swallowing as well, was so painful that the
animal brought itself to the verge of starvation. From this cause,
a state of malnutrition followed, reaching its maximum severity at
a time during or immediately subsequent to the cutting of most of
the rear molars, which occurs some time after the appearance of the
anterior teeth of the permanent set. Any deficiency in the diet
having an osteological effect at the time that tooth change is occur-
ring would manifest itself at just this point, where the process of
absorption of old, and formation of new, bony tissue renders this
part most subject to any adverse influences. It is likely that the
permanent cheek teeth were rather well formed when the condition
of malnutrition was most acute, however, else their emplacement
would show some abnormal irregularity, which is not the case. The
state of the posterior borders of the alveoli of the third molars or
“wisdom” teeth points to the conclusion that before the appearance
of the latter, the animal had ceased to suffer pain, had resumed a
normal diet, and had thus terminated the period of malnutrition.

ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL

An alternative hypothesis, in no wise dependent upon the original
injury to the skull, was suggested by Capt. R. W. Leigh (MS), of
the Army Medical Museum, to account for the alveolar condition.
This is to the effect that the molariform teeth grew into position
with abnormally large spaces between them, into which became more
or less permanently wedged particles of fibrous foods, this finally fore-
_ing the recession of the alveolar borders. I have occasionally noted
just this state of affairs between two or three teeth of ungulates and
rodents, and I deem it very likely that the same situation operated
to aggravate the abnormal condition in the gorilla; but that this
was the original and sole cause for the recession of the bony borders
I strongly doubt.

An examination of the skull impresses one with the probability
that certain muscles suffered considerable violence, either directly or
in consequence of severe infection after injury. The evidence indi-
cates that the muscles thus involved were chiefly the digastric, tra-
chelo-mastoid, sterno and cleido-mastoids, splenius, rectus capitis
lateralis, and the levator and tensor palatis. It is not improbable
that the obliquus superior was also affected. There is no satisfactory
evidence that any other muscle suffered directly except in so far as
the pathological condition of the articulation of the right side of the
jaw means previous infection, to some extent, of the muscles sur-
rounding it.

The direct results of injury, reflected in the stresses exerted by
other muscles of the head, were of a more profound and lasting char-
acter. Injury to and subsequent healing of a muscle causes, under
certain conditions, shrinkage of its length, and other strains may
develop. It should here be understood that the term “pull” of a
lesioned muscle, ‘‘shrinkage,” etc.,is merely relative and not actual.
Shrinkage is very seldom sufficient for a muscle so affected to exert
true tension upon a part; but a muscle of this character not only
resists full relaxation, but by the same token resists normal growth.
Hence, for all practical purposes, it does not matter, when speaking
of a case where asymmetry of a bone is due to difference in the
development of either of a pair of muscles, whether one conceive
that the abnormal side of a bone has been pulled around by con-
traction (7. e., resistance to normal growth), or that the growth of
the normal side has pushed the other out of line.

With respect to the long axis of the skull, the foramen magnum
is displaced toward the right in such a manner as to suggest that
the articulation of the condyle with the atlas was forced in that
direction, logically, by the pull of the lesioned obliquus superior and
rectus capitus lateralis, and perhaps other, muscles upon that side.
The basioccipital naturally is obliged to follow this tendency, and it

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67

is similarly displaced, but the other sutures of the occipital are not
traceable. Because of the fact that so few of the individual bones
ot the cranium can be defined, it is impossible to tell whether the
lateral shortness of the right mastoid and exoccipital, which also
means the lambdoidal crest upon this side, is due entirely to the
effect. of the cervical muscles involved, or also to that of the tem-
poral. In all probability both have contributed to the existing state
of affairs. It also seems likely that the right cervical musles pre-
viously enumerated were relatively weak.

The medial portion of the right petrous temporal has been ad-
vanced several millimeters, with corresponding displacement of the
origins of the palati muscles. The origin of the right internal ptery-
goid is larger than the left, but the difference is not of greater
degree than occurs in symmetrical skulls. The right curve of the
palatal shelf extends slightly farther craniad than the left, indicat-
ing a corresponding disparity between the insertions of the two
tensor palati muscles.

An examination of the superior aspect of the skull at once dis-
closes the fact that the right temporal fossa as a whole is consider-
ably smaller than the left. It is not less deep, to any appreciable
extent, but the sagittal crest is displaced toward the right and the
right lambdoidal crest is shorter. The fact is disclosed, however,
that the anterior part of the right temporal was of greater mass than
upon the left. This resulted in the displacement, in both anterior
and lateral directions, of the right frontal, now best shown by the
position of the supraorbital ridging. The origin of this part of the
muscle is thus more extensive upon the right side, and it may well
have been thicker also.

For certain work the right side of the jaw must have been favored
to a marked degree. The right condylar articulation was either
permanently painful when stressed, which I am inclined to doubt,
or what is more likely, there was some mechanical handicap to its
use, such as lesions of the ligaments or condylar capsule, causing the
animal to rely largely upon the left side of the jaw. It seems
certain that this is the proper explanation for the fact that the pos-
terior part of the right temporal muscle was smaller than the left.
The fact that the anterior part of the right temporal was larger than
the corresponding portion of the left is somewhat unexpected. It
would be entirely logical were the temporal muscle divisible into an
anterior and a posterior part, but according to Sonntag ° the division is
rather into a superficial and a deep portion. The vacuity of the tem-
poral fossa, inclosed by the zygomatic arch, is shorter and broader
(transversely) upon the right side, and as the two zygomatic arches

? Sonntag, C. F., The morphology and evolution of the apes and man, London, 1924, pp. 1-364.

ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL g

are otherwise of equal development, it is impossible now to be sure
whether the muscles passing beneath (within) the arch were of greater
bulk upon one side than the other, or whether the masseter of one
differed somewhat in development from its fellow.

The right coronoid process is about 5 mm. longer than the left, but
this is due to the fact that the mandibular notch is correspondingly
lower upon that side, and not to differences in the lower-border-to-
coronoid measurement. The reasons for this state of affairs are too
obscure and complicated for satisfactory interpretation.

At first thought it would appear that the displacement towards
the right of the rostrum is attributable to the effect of the teeth of
the mandible having been pulled in that direction by the action of
the asymmetrical muscles attached to the latter. Although it seems
that this hypothesis should be the logical one, a closer scrutiny of
the existing state of affairs demonstrates that the rostrum (¢. e., the
portion of the face craniad to the frontals and orbits) primarily has
been deflected towards the right. The reason for this rostral move-
ment is obscure. As there are no powerful muscles connected with
this region, it can only be presumed that the displacement was in
response to certain muscular forces operating asymmetrically upon the
bones with which the rostrum articulates. It is clear that the man-
dible, through its condylar articulation, has resisted this dextral trend
of therostrum. The lower border of the mandible exhibits a tendency
to remain in normal position, while the alveolar margin, in response
to the force exerted by the teeth of the rostrum with its dextral
twist, is also twisted towards the right.

Extremely grotesque is the skull of a monkey (pls. 1 and 2)—Lasi-
opyga griseoviridis (Desmarest)—for the loan of which 1 am indebted,
through Dr. G. M. Allen, to the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
This is a fully adult male (No. 15720, Mus. Comp. Zool.), bearing
the data ‘Sudan, Blue Nile, Magangani, 29 Jan., 1913, Phillips
Sudan Ex. 1913, Col. G. M. Allen, J. C. Phillips, orig. 84”. Recent
injuries, received by the skull at the time when the specimen was col-
lected, consist of the breaking away of a part of the upper alveolar
border, including the two left incisors, and injury to the right tem-
poral, including mastoid, auditory and squamous portions. Old
osseous scars comprise a fracture of the nasal bridge, which probably
has had no effect upon the conformation of the skull, the absence of
the right lateral, maxillary incisor, broken off at the root, and the
absence of the entire posterior portion of the left ramus of the man-
dible, including angular process, the whole condyle, and all but the
extreme anterior border of the coronoid process. There is no indi-
cation of disease, so it is likely that the mandibular fracture was due
to an accident of some sort, such as a glancing rifle ball or a long fall.
The portions of bones detached were either absorbed, or sloughed off

53194 25,——2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

through an open wound. It is certain that this occurred when the
animal was less than half grown, or probably very young.

The injury immediately caused a profound alteration in the mech-
anism of the lower jaw. As fully half of the bone upon the left side
measuring from the last molar to the condyle, was lost, there was no
articulation between the mandible and that side of the skull, and the
only motion possible was a sort of rotation of the lower jaw. It is
certain, of course, that the mouth could be opened sufficiently for the
insertion of required food, but it is hardly likely that possible move-
ment was sufficient to enable the animal to use its canines for any
practical purpose. The lower canines to some extent, and the upper
ones especially, are developed in length well beyond what is normal
in this genus. The mandible is further characterized by a stunted
or infantile condition of the left ramus, which results in an abnormal,
crowded position of the third molar upon that side. The balance of
the asymmetry exhibited by the mandible is due to the more normal
growth of the right ramus and the twisting effect exerted, through
the teeth, by the maxillary deformities.

_ In considering the form of the skull proper it must first be remem-
bered that the insertions of the left pterygoid muscles have been totally
destroyed, and those of the left temporal and masseter, largely so.
To just this extent are the effects of these muscles upon the skull
destroyed, except as there may have been fractional, aberrant functions
through chance secondary attachments.

The supraorbital ridging and the relational position of the two
orbits may be said to be the only symmetrical part of the skull The
occipital plane also shows practical symmetry, although the basioccip-
ital does not.

The growth of the right side of the skull has been as nearly nor-
mal as the limitations of the left side would permit. This has re-
sulted in a disproportionately swollen appearance of the right side
of the cranium, and in a sharp twisting of the face to the left. A
somewhat fantastic, though expressive, way of describing the present
effect is to imagine the juvenile skull as having been made of soft rub-
ber, held rigid in the vicinity of the left zygomatic process of the
maxilla, and the rest of the skull then inflated and expanded. This
appearance, as previously mentioned, has been attained through
nongrowth of the left side. All parts of this side have remained
infantile, especially the length of the zygomatic arch, which has ensued
upon the virtual destruction of functions of the muscles of mastica-
tion upon the left side.

One result of the infantilism of the maxillary border upon the left
was the failure of the alveolar row to increase in length, with the
consequence that insufficient room was provided for the normal em-
placement of the permanent first molar. This has resulted in the

ART, 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL ry

inward and upward growth of the roots of the tooth and the altera-
tion of its shape.

Of significance is the practical nondevelopment of the outer ptery-
goid plate upon the left, following the destruction of function of the
muscles normally attached to it. A more detailed description of the
individual bones of the skull, although of interest, is hardly suffi-
ciently instructive for presentation here.

ASYMMETRICAL SKULLS OF PINNIPEDS

It is through the kindness of Dr. J. Grinnell that the writer has
been enabled to study the pathological skull of a sea lion from the
collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (pls. 5,6, and 7).
This is a male specimen of Humetopias jubata (Schreber), adult
but not aged, and evidently somewhat stunted by its condition. It
now bears the data ‘No. 4964, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
July 2, 1907, Ana Nueva Id., California, John Rowley, 257.” In
asymmetry it is far more spectacular than the skull of the gorilla
already discussed, but its condition is considerably easier of inter-
pretation.

The specimen was probably shot, as evidenced by a hole in the
right frontal and a larger one obliquely opposite within the orbit.
In addition it seems that the skull has since been dropped upon a
hard surface, for the cranium is badly fractured. John Rowley, the
collector of the specimen, writes (MS) that it ‘“‘was apparently as
fat and husky as any of the others.”’ The only evidence of old scars
upon the skull is to be found in the posterior half of the left zygo-
matic arch, and upon the medial portion of the left glenoid fossa.
It is possible that there was also partial fracture along the suture
formed by the left jugal with the maxilla, for this is now obliter-
ated, whereas it is strongly defined upon the opposite side.

Although no full tables of measurements of the four skulls herein
discussed have been thought necessary, a number of the most signifi-
cant ones of the abnormal sea lion, compared with a normal one
which is somewhat larger, but probably of about the same age, are
found to be of interest.

Injured Normal
male male

Mm. | Mm

Rovalleng chee se ome mee eke ee Eee eS es 331 369

FUostralliiwyiclictre: Ses oes eee ee pee ae peer oe et enh ORL Ae 96 88

Exoccipital to anterior border of canine_ __________- Maree: aa \ 313

Bengttvofsunallce: sence mamta Sune eat ears ne gee ona ico
é right__ 267

Total length, mandibular ramus —. =2..-.---=--=-=-- left 249 278

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

It is clear that the original injury was received by the animal
when the bones were extremely plastic. It is equally apparent that
the injury was in the nature of a smart blow upon the side of the
head, such as might have been received by a fall from a ledge upon
a sharp rock some distance below.

The occipital bone is entirely symmetrical, but this, perhaps with
the pterygoids, is the only portion of the skull of which this may be
sald.

Beginning at the point of original injury, it is seen that the jugal
has been fractured in at least one and possibly two places. This,
however, as well as the distal end of the zygomatic process of the
squamosal, is now so distorted that but little can be told from it.
That the injury took place during the very early life of the animal
can be seen not alone by the general distortion, but from the fact
that the left zygomatic arch is very much stunted; not that it is short-
ened, of course, but that it has failed to grow at anywhere near the
normal rate. An examination of the glenoid fossa upon this side dis-
closes the fact that the medial portion of its concavity is granular
and distorted in form. There was assuredly further injury at this
point, and some sort of fracture or derangement of the precise rela-
tionship between the bones immediately caudad, so that they failed
to grow at the normal rate. This certainly seems to be the sole ex-
tent to which the skull was directly injured, all other details of asym-
metry having been due to indirect influences.

An early and complete fusion of the adjacent sutures evidently
followed the injury to the last-mentioned region, which resulted in a
permanent stunting of this portion of the skull. The left auditory
and petrous part of the temporal are especially affected, being small
and misshapen. The resistance to growth may have been augmented
by the pressure of the left mandibular ramus against its glenoid
fossa, caused by increasing displacement of the rostrum, although
this was not the primary factor in causing the condition. _ The dis-
tance between the left zygomatic process of the squamosal and the
normal mastoid is but 4.5 mm., while the same distance upon the
right side measures 18 mm. As the mastoids, occipital, and lamb-
doidal crests are entirely normal, or at least symmetrical, it is seen
that there is a sharp bending of the cross axis of the skull, through
the glenoid fossae, of four degrees. This, carried at right angles to
the anteriormost point of the mandibular symphysis, would show a
lateral deflection from the normal axis of the skull (as projected at
right angles to the occipital plane) of about 20 mm., even were there
no other asymmetrical forces operative. As a matter of fact, other
conditions have contributed to increase this deflection so that it
actually approximates 65 mm., as near as can be calculated.

ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL Ls

The above theoretical deflection of the symphysis by 20 mm. is
purely mechanical in character. All the remaining forces of asym-
metry that have operated to alter the skull are either myological
or developmental (growth of bone).

An examination of the superior aspect of the skull indicates that
in comparison with normal crania the one under discussion seems to
be unusually small, as well as can be judged from general criteria
of age. Not only is it short, but the sagittal crest is more poorly
developed. The cephalic musculature was therefore undoubtedly
below normal, although one may presume that it was entirely ade-
quate for the feeding needs of the animal.

The sagittal crest is displaced about 10 mm. toward the left, but
with this exception there is no decided indication that the posterior
portion of the right temporal muscle was more powerful than that
upon the left. There is striking evidence to this effect, however,
in the anterior part of the right temporal fossa. As clearly shown
in the illustration, this portion of the right temporal was several
times the larger, not only displacing the sagittal crest but extending
well forward upon the frontal and modifying the shape and size of
the right supraorbital process. The sinistral displacement of the
rostrum is largely attributable to the disproportionately great
development of this part of the muscle, coupled with the fact that the
right zygomatic arch and masseter were free to accomplish anterior
growth. On the other hand the stunting of the left zygomatic arch
resisted normal growth of the left half of the skull, and necessarily
limited the size of the mass of muscle that could pass within the
zygomatic vacuity of the temporal fossa. These would seem to be
the two causes that tended to limit the growth to the left temporal
muscle, while the reduced length of the zygomatic arch upon that
side prevented normal growth, and undoubtedly strength, of its
attached masseter. Thus, during the development of the animal,
the root or base of the left side of the rostrum was held back, while
that of the right side was pushed forward, resulting in the great dis-
placement toward the left exhibited by that part of the skull.
Another consequence has been the disproportionate, dextral bowing of
the mesethmoid, and undoubtedly of the cartilaginous septum, which
resulted in a crowding of the right ethmoid and, therefore, expansion
of the left nasal passage, from which the ethmoid is now missing.
This whole process has naturally effected a disproportionate devel-
opment of the individual bones of the rostrum which is of interest;
but there is no necessity here for dwelling at greater length upon
their individualities.

Returning to an examination of the mandible, one notes that there
is no indication of asymmetry in its muscular insertions. It is clear,
however, that the displacement of 20 mm., caused by the shifting

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

of the left glenoid fossa, has been much augmented ,by the rostral
twist. In fact the latter is so great that the mandible has resisted
it, through the interlocking of the teeth. Thus, the mandibular
canines have been forced to incline toward the left, while the max-
illary canines and lateral incisors have been pushed toward the
right. The result is that although the rostrum as a whole turns
strongly to the left, the anterior portion of its alveolar border exhibits
a slightly dextral counter twist. The mandible reflects the varied
stresses in a form difficult to describe with accuracy, but to attempt
to do so is hardly necessary.

Another skull of Humetopias jubata showing some asymmetry was
also discovered. This is No. 131895 of the United States Biological
Survey collection, and bears the data “9? , California, Santa Cruz Id.,
W. J. Hockmeier, 4386X.”’ It is of an adult, though not aged
individual (pl. 8). The original cause leading to present asymmetry
was a pathological condition of the left auditory and petrous tem-
poral, which are now misshapen, with rough surfaces, and a large
perforation inferiorly. An abscess probably constituted the original
cause. The result has been a stunting of the region involved, and
the distance from craniad of the glenoid fossa to the paroccipital
process is 7 mm. less upon this side than the right. The zygomatic
arches are also involved, probably through lack of normal growth of
this process of the left squamosal, for the left arch is about 6mm.
shorter than the other. This, in turn, has evidently been instru-
mental in limiting the growth of the anterior portion of the tempo-
ral muscle, as clearly shown by the differences in the development
of the supraorbital processes and the ridging between them. The
remainder of the temporal fossae do not show any appreciable
disparity, however.

Very slight asymmetry exhibited by the posterior half of the ros-
trum is probably due to dissimilarity in the development of the two
zygomatic arches and the temporals, while the decided sinistral twist
of the rostral extremity is attributable, through the interlocking of
the canines, to the displacement of the left glenoid fossa, and hence,
the mandible.

An interesting point which can hardly be explained entirely by the
foregoing conditions is asymmetry in the occipital region. This is
precisely the opposite of what might be expected, for the distance
between the foraminal margin of the occipital condyle and the paroc-
cipital process is, upon the left, 61, and on the right, 54mm. It is
due to growth of the left paroccipital process and the exoccipital
rather than to displacement of the foramen magnum. One might
hazard the opinion that it is the result of a compensating development
of the attached muscles, as the digastric, or to some pathological

ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL 15

condition of the cervical region; but all such hypotheses are pure

speculation.
CONCLUSIONS

From the study of these four specimens it has been concluded
that the primary cause inducing asymmetry in the skulls of mam-
mals other than toothed cetaceans is probably, in most instances, by
accident or disease, to the bones or muscles of a single side of the
head at a comparatively early age, and that this must be of such a
character as to result in a stunted or infantile condition of a crucial
part of the bony framework, and a reduction in the rate of growth,
or strength through lesions, of the muscles of a single side. Asym-
metry usually is directly dependent upon unevenness in the strains
developed upon the two sides of the head while an animal is eating.

Certain injury to the bones of the head causes a premature oblit-
eration of the sutures, as already indicated. Published data respect-
ing human crania have shown that such early obliteration of the
sutures may also occur from obscure causes without violence having
been suffered by the individual. It is doubtless fortuitous that no
skulls of this character have been available in the present study. Con-
versely, it is known that retarded obliteration of certain sutures be-
yond the usual time for their disappearance results in the hypertrophy
of the corresponding part of the skull. It is only a question of time
before material illustrating the latter point in the mammalia other
than man is brought to light.

One of the most conspicuous results of this investigation, and one
that deserves to be stressed, is the conclusion that normal develop-
ment of the bones of the skull is directly dependent upon the growth
of the attached muscles. In other words, if for any reason the mus-
cles of an animal remain infantile and fail properly to grow, the bones
to which they are secured will remain proportionately undersized.
This assertion can not be proven in the case of the masseter muscles
until the myology of asymmetrical skulls can be more fully investi-
gated. It is also apparent that the smaller the origin or fossa of a
muscle the smaller must the muscle itself be.° The significance of
these facts, when considered with reference to specific (and higher)
variation of the skull, is profound.

It is apparent that asymmetrical development of a skull inclines
to progress both forward and backward from a center that is rather
uniform. In other words, it always appears as though a part of the
skull were held stationary while the portions craniad and caudad

9 Of interest in this connection is a paper by J. A. Howell (An experimental study of the effect of stress
and strain on bone development, Anat. Rec., vol. 13, 1917, pp. 233-252) comparing the leg bones of a dog,
the muscles upon one side of which had been transected when the animal was very young. The diameter
of the bone was very greatly diminished thereby, but its length was but little below normal.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

were both forced either to the right or to the left. This center is
not precisely the anterior one of the three segments of the cranium
proper, as has been claimed,’ but the ‘“‘dead center’? may be consid-
ered as passing through the frontals above and palatals below.
Either of these pairs of bones may vary somewhat in accordance with
the portion of the skull either craniad or caudad thereto, according
to whether the more powerful influence lies in one direction or the
other. In the four skulls examined the original seat of injury has
been in the neighborhood of one of the glenoid fossae.

It is difficult, if not impossible, to speculate with any degree of
certainty upon the relative development of the temporals and mas-
seters, considered as separate muscles, because of their extreme
interdependence. The previous condition of the masseters can only
be deduced from the configuration of the zygomatic arch. Reduc-
tion in the size of one temporal muscle is not necessarily followed by
asmaller zygomatic arch, and therefore by inference, a smaller mas-
seter upon that side; but reduction, for any reason, of the size of
the arch does seem to result in a lessened volume of the adjacent
temporal muscle.

The interrelationship of the anterior with the posterior portion of
the temporal muscle is somewhat obscure, but fluctuations in the size
of this muscle are not necessarily uniform for the two parts. The
size of the anterior portion of the temporal fossa—lying immediately
adjacent to the supraorbital processes in carnivores—may be very
much larger, indeed, upon one side when the posterior portion—over-
lying the brain case proper—is but a trifle more extensive than upon
the opposite side. The explanation of this fact is believed to be
that the extreme cranial portion of the temporal muscle is the part
that is used in contributing the ultimate contracting power of which
the jaw muscles are capable. As this final force can hardly be applied
upon the weaker side of the head, because of pain or mechanical
disability, nondevelopment of the anterior part of the temporal muscle
upon that side of the cranium results. Certain it is that a disparity
in the development of the anterior, as compared with the posterior,
part of an abnormal temporal fossa recurs sufficiently often to indi-
cate a substantial difference in the precise functions of the two
corresponding portions of the temporal muscle.

The pterygoid plates and fossae naturally reflect the development
of the pterygoid muscles, and a smaller plate upon one side means
that the muscles attached thereto were correspondingly weaker.

Asymmetricai development of the rear half of the skull—at least
of the superior portion—is closely correlated with size and strength

10 Howell, A. B., Individual and age variation in Microtus montanus yosemite, Journ, Agric. Research,
vol. 28, 1924, pp. 977-1016.

ART, 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL iy

of the temporals jand{masseters, but such a condition of the face,"
when marked, can not be due primarily to myological stimuli. It
may be attributable first to a setting out of plane, through nongrowth
of one side, of the bones with which the rostrum articulates, as a
house may be thrown out of plumb by the settling of one side of its
foundation; or it may be due to the pull, through the interlocking
of the canines, primarily exerted by a glenoid fossa, and hence the
mandible, which has been displaced.

Asymmetry of the occipital plane may be ascribable in part to
differences in the size of the lambdoidal crests induced either by the
temporal muscles, or by variation in certain of the cervical muscles,
or both. As only the insertions, and not the origins, of the latter
are available for examination, interpretation of the few facts presented
is difficult.

The form of an asymmetrical mandible is determined mostly by
the positions of the glenoid fossae at one extreme, and by the force
that may be exerted by the interlocking canines at the other. Vari-
ation in size between the mandibular processes of the two rami is
not likely to be as great as are certain asymmetrical differences in
the skull proper. In other words, the muscular origins seem to be
more sensitive to asymmetrical influences than are their insertions.
Asymmetry of the mandible, in fact, seems to be due chiefly to
mechanical stimuli.

11 For convenience the posterior portions of the zygomatic processes of the maxXilles are here considered
as not belonging to the face proper.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 1

Upper figure, dorsal view of mandible; and lower figure, ventral view of asym-
metrical skull of monkey—Lasiopyga griseoviridis (No. 15720, Mus. Comp.
Zool.).

PLATE 2

Upper figure, frontal view; and lower figure, dorsal view, of asymmetrical
skull of Lasiopyga griseoviridis.
PLATE 3

Ventral view of asymmetrical skull of gorilla—G@orilla beringei mikenensis (No.

239883, U. S. Nat. Mus.).
PLATE 4

Upper figure, right, lateral view of maxillary molars; and lower figure, dorsal
view, of asymmetrical skull of gorilla.

PLATE 5

Upper figure, frontal view of asymmetrical skull of gorilla. Lower figure,
frontal view of asymmetrical skull of male sea lion—Humetopias jubata (No.

4964, Mus. Vert. Zodl.).
PLATE 6

Upper figure, dorsal view of mandible of asymmetrical gorilla. Lower figure,
dorsal view of asymmetrical mandible of male sea lion (No. 4964, Mus. Vert.

Zool.).
PLATE 7

Upper figure, dorsal view; and lower figure, ventral view, of asymmetrical
skull of male sea lion (No. 4964, Mus, Vert. Zodl.).

PLATE 8

Upper figure, dorsal view; and lower figure, ventral view, of asymmetrica]
skull of female sea lion—Eumetopias jubata (No. 131895, Biol. Surv. coll.).

18
O

. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. |

SKULL OF MONKEY, LASIOPYGA GRISEOVIRIDIS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 2

SKULL OF MONKEY, LASIOPYGA GRISEOVIRIDIS

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 3

SKULL OF GORILLA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 4

TEETH AND SKULL OF GORILLA

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 5

SKULLS OF GORILLA AND SEA LION

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 6

MANDIBLES OF GORILLA AND SEA LION

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I|8

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 7

SKULL OF MALE SEA LION

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 8

SKULL OF FEMALE SEA LION

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF
THE FOSSIL PORPOISE ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR
COPE

By Reminaton KELLOGG

Of the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture

During the past ten years a rather large number of vertebrae and
other portions of skeletons of cetaceans have been obtained from
the Calvert Miocene formation of Maryland. Most of these speci-
mens were obtained by digging into the Calvert Cliffs. During
severe storms many tons of sandy clay are dislodged from the face
of the cliff by the undercutting action of the incoming tide. Many
specimens are destroyed in this manner and at the same time others
are exposed. Worn vertebrae and fragments of bones are found at
frequent intervals on the beach along the Calvert Cliffs after a
storm. With the exception of the zygomatic processes and the
condyles, the bones of the skull do not withstand being rolled about
by the waves and are soon broken up. When remains of pelagic
mammals are found undisturbed in the greenish sandy clay, they
are usually well preserved. Complete skeletons of these mammals
are rarely found, but broken ends of bones and portions of skulls
are often found protruding from the face of the cliff.

Norman H. Boss, to whom we are indebted for most of the speci-
mens described in this and the preceding papers, has been extremely
fortunate in locating and collecting specimens of fossil porpoises.
One of the skulls which he collected during the past year belongs
to the Miocene porpoise, Zarhachis flagellator. Although incom-
plete, this skull supplies most of the structural details which were
missing on the other specimen. The locality at which this skull
was obtained is less than 214 miles south of the previous discovery.

The only certainly known remains of Zarhachis flagellator from
the Atlantic coast province of North America belong to four indi-
viduals. One of these is the type specimen, a single anterior caudal
vertebra; a fairly complete skeleton which was described in 1924
represents the second specimen; the third is the cranial portion of
a skull hereinafter described and figured; and of the fourth the
right periotic alone was collected.

1 Kellogg, R., A fossil porpoise from the Calvert formation of Maryland. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
63, publ. 2482, pp. 1-39, pls. 1-18. March 26, 1924.

No. 2600.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSEuM, VOL. 67, ART. 28.
54286—26{——1 ]

By PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67

The Calvert formation of Maryland has yielded a rather large
number of porpoises and in the main these species have their nearest
affinities with those in the Tortonian stage of Europe. <A few of
them appear to have no counterparts in the European stages or at
least none have been described and one of these is Zarhachis. With-
out entering into a discussion of the fauna as a whole, it is sufficient
to observe in the present connection that Zarhachis appears to
represent a highly specialized aberrant type whose family allocation
is more or less a matter of personal opinion in the light of available
data. If it is desirable to associate this porpoise with other genera,
it must be done with the understanding that it is merely a matter
of convenience. That Zarhachis exhibits certain characters in com-
mon with Inia, Lipotes, and Platanista, there can be no doubt, but
whether they arose from one or three types of toothed whales can
not be demonstrated from the specimens now known. According
to our present knowledge, Zarhachis represents a type which can
not be referred to any of the recognized families of toothed whales,
unless the limits of these families be redefined. A natural grouping
of some of the South American Miocene porpoises is not possible
at present because of the lack of adequate data on the construction
of their skulls. The ancestry of the Zarhachis type of porpoise is
completely unknown at present. No fossil porpoises with this type
of skull have been described from the Miocene formations of Kurope.
For this reason there can be little doubt but that it represents a
migrant from some other region, probably the south Atlantic, which
became associated with more widely distributed types during the
latter part of the Miocene period.

The skull of Zarhachis is modified in many ways, as will be noted in
the descriptive portions of this and the preceding paper. For the
purpose of bringing into stronger relief the characters of this porpoise,
it is necessary to compare them carefully with living river porpoises.
The morphological characters involved in the construction of the
skull will form the main subject of this paper.

ZARGACHIS FLAGELLATOR Cope

Specimen.—Cat. No. 10911, division of vertebrate paleontology,
United States National Museum. The brain case and the proximal
portion of the rostrum are represented; the lachyrmals, jugals,
periotics, tympanics, and bones of the inner ear are missing. Frag-
ments of three ribs were found near this skull.

Locality.— The occurrence of this specimen is as follows: Near
latitude 38° 38’ 45’’ N., and longitude 76° 32’ W., on the western
shore of Chesapeake Bay, approximately 324 miles south of Chesa-
peake Beach, Calvert County, Md. Shown on Patuxent quadrangle
or Patuxent folio, No. 152, United States Geological Survey.

ART. 28 SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR—KELLOGG 3

Horizon.—The specimen was discovered and excavated by Nor-
man H. Boss on December 30, 1928. The jagged extremity of the
rostrum was found protruding from a layer of greenish sandy clay
about 8 feet above the beach at a point less than 50 feet from the end
of the cliff north of the Boy Scout camp. Shattuck’s zones 6-8 are
not clearly differentiated at this point and the specimen came from
one of these three zones.

SKULL

Dorsal view.—As mentioned in the preceding paper,’ the arrange-
ment of the bones which comprise the dorsal surface of the brain case
corresponds in a general way with the skull of the Chinese porpoise,
Lipotes vexillifer, now living in Tung Ting lake and its tributaries.
There are a number of rather obvious differences, as, for instance, the
development of a high crest on the extremity of each supraorbital
process, the projection of the ascending processes of the premaxillae
behind the nasals, the presence of a pair of crescentic orifices for
nerves on the posterior walls of the “blow holes,” the outward curva-
ture of the vomerine trough to form a portion of the dorso-anterior
wall of each nasal passage, and the prolongation of the anterior
extremity of the zygomatic process and the postorbital projec-
tion of the supraorbital process so that they overlap. In its general
features, the skull of Zarhachis is characterized chiefly by the ex-
ceedingly long and slender rostrum which comprises more than
five-sixths of the total length of the skull, the ‘‘upended”’ supra-
orbital processes of the frontals, and the pair of crescentic orifices on
the posterior walls of the nasal passages below the relatively thick
nasals, peculiarities that are most noticeable when contrasted with
skulls of other known porpoises. Since the rostrum was fully described
in the previous paper, there is no necessity for a detailed discussion
of this part of the skull.

All of the brain case posterior to the nasal passages and the “up-
ended”? supraorbital processes was missing from the first skull
(Cat. No. 10485, U.S.N.M.). A small fragment of bone which
appeared to be a portion of the vertex was found alongside of this
skull and it was so placed in the restoration * of the brain case.
The brain case of the second skull (pl. 1) is in a fair state of preserva-
tion and the description that follows has been prepared in the form
of a supplement to the preceding paper.

Behind the antorbital notches, the maxillae push back over the
frontals and expand into relatively thin horizontal plates. The outer
border of each maxilla is deflected obliquely upward and inward to
conform with the curvature of the “upended”’ crestlike portion of the

* Kellogg, R., A fossil porpoise from the Calvert formation of Maryland. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63,
publ. 2482, pp. 1-39, pls. 1-18. March 26, 1924.
3 Kellogg, R., Idem, pl. 1.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

supraorbital process. The maxilla sheathes the internal face of this
“upended” process and its outer margin follows the crest of the
latter. Behind this process, the maxilla expands horizontally and is
applied to the platelike lateral extension of the frontal which in turn
contributes the roof for the temporal fossa. The temporal fossae
are not visible from a dorsal view and the external margin of the
maxilla curves backward from the postorbital projection to the trans-
verse crest of the supraoccipital. At the level of the nasals the
whole maxilla curves strongly upward to the transverse crest of
the supraoccipital. The dorsal margin of the supraoccipital and the
posterior borders of the maxillae together comprise the transverse
lambdoid crest. Behind the temporal fossae the lateral margins of
the supraoccipital are applied to the posterior borders of the parietals
and these combined bones form the thin posteriorly directed lambdoid
crest which follows the curvature of the inner and lower margins of
each temporal fossa.

As in the other skull (Cat. No. 10485, U.S.N.M.) the raised con-
vex portions of the premaxillae are widest in front of the premaxillary
foramina and taper rapidly posterior to the latter, disappearing in
front of the nasal passages. Both premaxillary foramina are com-
pressed dorso-ventrally and of large size; the greatest diameter of
the right foramen is 10.5 mm. The right foramen is situated 42
mm. in front of the level of the antorbital notches and the left 37
mm. From each foramen a broad groove passes forward along the
internal border of the raised convex outer portion of the premaxilla.
On the other skull a groove also extends backward from each fora-
men in an oblique direction across the premaxilla and terminates
near the level of the posterior margin of the “upended”’ crestlike
portion of the supraorbital process. On the second skull the orifice
of the premaxillary foramen looks inward and forward. This change
in direction of the foramen leaves the posterior margin elevated above
the level of the anterior groove and shuts off the posterior groove at
the source. The premaxillae are separated by an interval of 17 mm.
above the porous pluglike portion of the presphenoid. The pre-
sphenoid does not rise to the level of the premaxillae, as in the first
skull. Behind the level of the antorbital notches the dorsal aspect
of the ascending process of each premaxilla is convexo-concave, the
surface sloping from the external to the internal margin. Between
the nasal passages and the antorbital notches the internal border of
each premaxilla is deflected obliquely downward. The peculiarities
of the premaxillae are essentially the same on both skulls. At the
level of the anterior margins of the nasals the premaxillae are quite
deep, and at the postero-external angle the dorsal surface is raised
at least 20 mm. above the horizontally expanded plate of the max-
illa. The posterior end of each premaxilla is obliquely truncated,

ART, 28 SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR—-KELLOGG 5

and their posterior margins form a continuous curve with the pos-
terior border of the protuberance behind the nasal passages. There
is a relatively large dorso-ventrally compressed foramen in the max-
illa at the posterior extremity of the premaxilla which opens into a
short, deep groove.

In the preceding paper it was stated that “skulls of Lzpotes and
Inia may appear more specialized than that of Zarhachis * because
of the elevation of the vertex and the shifting of the nasals to a
vertical position.’’ This opinion was based upon a small fragment
of bone which appeared to represent a portion of the vertex. Fur-
ther on* it was said that “this fragment is very important, for it
shows that the vertex of the skull was not strongly elevated, or at
least no prominent protuberance, like in /nia or Lipotes, was pres-
ent.” On reexamination it has been found that this fragment differs
in a number of respects from the vertex of the second skull. The pro-
tuberance behind the nasal passages may have changed with age and
varied according to sex. Nevertheless certain peculiarities of this
fragment are not readily interpreted on the basis of conditions in the
second skull, and there are some features which suggest the inter-
pretation given in the preceding paper. This second skull, however,
shows that other portions of the attempted restoration are incorrect
and also that the protuberance behind the nasal passages is broader
than in /nia and Lipotes.

The nasal bones do not overhang the nasal passages; their antero-
posterior diameter is about equivalent to one-half of their breadth.
The nasals are applied to the anterior surfaces of the frontals, as in
Iapotes and Inia, but they are proportionately larger bones and
actually increase the size of the protuberance behind the nasal pas-
sages. From a dorsal view the nasals are almost subtriangular in
outline, but the posterior margin is more or less emarginate and the
anterior concave. Inferiorly they are overspread by the extremities
of the ectethmoids. In the case of /nza and Lipotes the nasals con-
sist of thin plates of bone applied to the anterior surface of the pro-
tuberance behind the nasal passages, and their dorsal margins do
not extend upward to the level of the dorsal surfaces of the frontals.

A narrow interparietal may be present between the crest of the
supraoccipital and the protuberance behind the nasal passages. A
narrow groove follows the posterior border of this protuberance and
may possibly represent a suture between the combined frontals and
the narrow strip of bone which, because of its position, may very well
represent the interparietal. An interparietal seems to be present in
the skull of Inia geoffrensis (Cat. No. 239667, U.SN.M.). Both con-
dyles are visible when the skull is viewed from above.

+ Kellogg, R., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, 1924, p. 7.
5 Kellogg, R., Idem, p. 13.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The exposure of the frontals on the vertex of the skull appears to
be restricted to the protuberance behind the nasal passages. Pos-
terially the frontals abut against a narrow strip of bone which has
been referred to as the “interparietal’”’ and anteriorly they are
sheathed by the nasals. The protuberance separates the posterior
extremities of the maxillae on the vertex of the skull. Laterally the
frontals are overspread by the ascending processes of the premaxillae
and by the horizontally expanded plates of the maxillae. At a lower
level, a thin plate of the frontal projects laterally, forming the roof of
the temporal fossa and in front of this each frontal sends out a large
supraorbital process which contributes a complete osseous roof for
the orbit.

The construction of the cresentic foramina below the nasal bones in
the skull of Zarhachis (pl. 2) proved very puzzling on first examination.
In order to obtain more explicit data on the relations of the bones
involved, it seemed advisable to make a comparative examination of
the skulls of as many genera of living toothed whales as were available
for study. In the course of this review skulls were found in various
stages of growth, and these have cleared up whatever uncertainties
may have existed in regard to the construction of this portion of the
brain case. The interpretations herewith given for the bones inclosing
the nasal passages have been confirmed by direct comparison with
disarticulated skulls of living dolphins.

In a skull of a young Berardius bairdi (Cat. No. 14218, division of
mammals, U.S.N.M.) from Bering Island the presphenoid rests in the
trough of the vomer and the thin lateral walls of the vomer embrace
the lower half of this bone. Dorsally, there is a second platelike bone
coextensive with the nasal passage which fits into a groove on the
upper margin of the lateral wall of the vomer and sheathes the upper
half of the presphenoid. One of these platelike bones is present in
each nasal passage. These bones fulfill the requirements of the ect-
ethmoids. Posteriorly, each ectethmoid meets the corresponding
frontal edge to edge on the outer border of the frontal fontanelle.
In older individuals the dorsal margins of the anteriorly directed
ectethmoids meet on the mid line and fuse with a perpendicular plate
of bone which extends forward from the base of the nasals to a point
in front of the nasal passages, thus completely inclosing the pre-
sphenoid. The thin longitudinal perpendicular plate either represents
the mesethmoid or a dorsal prolongation of the combined ectethmoids.
With age, these lateral ectethmoids sheath the internal borders of
the frontals and extend upward on the posterior walls of the nasal
passages until they meet the anterior margins of the nasal bones from
below. Minute foramina are sometimes present in these bones in
some of the genera of living porpoises.

ART. 28 SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR—KELLOGG 7

In most mammals the ethmoid plate ossifies into a median meseth-
moid bone bounded below on either side by an ectethmoid. ‘These
ectethmoids develop as the cribriform plate. On each side of the per-
pendicular mesethmoid in skulls of the Miocene porpoises /ochoti-
chus, Oeterhinops, and Squalodon there is a relatively large aperture
through which the nasal branch of the ophthalmic division of the
fifth cranial nerve passes. In skulls of living porpoises, like Delphinus
and Pseudorca, there is a continuous sheet of bone extending upward
to the base of the nasals and from which arises the mesial longitudinal
perpendicular strip of bone that constitutes the most dorsal portion
of the wall between the nasal passages. In each nasal passage in the
skull of Lipotes a fissure appears to separate the longitudinal perpen-
dicular plate or mesethmoid superiorly from the laterally placed
ectethmoid. Inferiorly, the fissure extends obliquely downward
across the posterior wall of each nasal passage. These fissures may
represent one of the later stages in the closure of foramina similar to
those in the Zarhachis skull. The thin longitudinal bony partition
may represent either a dorsal continuation of the combined ecteth-
moids or the mesethmoid. Most writers in recent years have held
that the pluglike porous bone, which rests in the trough of the vomer
and terminates the mesorostral gutter, consists of the presphenoid
below and the mesethmoid above, the bones being so intimately fused
with each other that their limits can not be defined with any degree
of accuracy. Such an interpretation of the mesorostral plug would
place the mesethmoid below the cribiform plate in most porpoises
and in others a portion would actually lie behind it. The flat plate-
like bone which sheathes the anterior surface of the internal borders
of the frontals, conceals the frontal fontanelle, and extends upward
to meet the anterior margins of the nasals from below, unquestionably
represents the combined ectethmoids in the living porpoises or the
cribiform plate of other mammals. The telescoping of the rostral and
facial portions of the skull was accompanied by a forward thrust of
the presphenoid and a backward thrust of the trough of the vomer,
and as a result of one or the other, or possibly both, of the above
movements, the lower portions of the ectethmoids were separated on
the mid line and overspread the presphenoid laterally. Other bones
may be included in these lateral plates and, in the case of Ziphius
cavirostris Kernan® refers to them as including the sphenoidal
turbinals.

A skull of a young Grampus griseus (Cat. No. 15, 773, division of
mammals, U.S.N.M.) from Cape Cod, Mass., shows how the
Zarhachis type of orifice may have developed. On this young

6 Kernan, John D., The skull of Ziphius cavirostris. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 38, art.11, p. 399.
August 1, 1918. r

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

Grampus skull, the dorsal margins of the lateral platelike bones or
ectethmoids do not meet above the presphenoid as in an older in-
dividual and above the level of the latter there is a fissure which
extends inward from the internal margin of each ectethmoid to the
rudimentary foramen for the nerve. In addition to this fissure, there
is a shallow groove leading upward from the foramen and passing
obliquely across the upper extremity of the ectethmoid. The
ectethmoid has enveloped the foramen. In other mammals, the
nasal branch of the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve
passes outward on each side of the mesethmoid between the latter
and the ectethmoid.

A critical examination of the Zarhachis skull (pl. 2) shows that the
ectethmoid in the region of the crescentic foramen is more noticeably
medified than is the case in the skull of the young Grampus. As in
the latter, a fissure extends inward from the internal margin of the
ectethmoid to the foramen, but the whole bone is more or less in-
voluted. Each ectethmoid in the region of these crescentic orifices
is twisted almost at right angles to the main bedy of the bone. The
curvature of the ectethmoid around the foramen is so unusual in
appearance that one might view the semiovoidal rostral border or
the margin which is visible on plate 2 as being actually the outer
margin of the ectethmoid, and the that border which surrounds the
foramen at the bottom or at the caudal end of the deep crescentic
aperture is the internal margin. If this is the true explanation, then
the flattened condition of the ectethmoid in living porpoises is a later
development and is indicative of one of the methods by which the
closure of the foramen has been effected, with the accompanying loss
of the sense of smell. It should also be noted that the thin per-
pendicular plate extending from the nasals to a point in front of the
nasal passages has been destroyed.

The dorsal border of the anterior wall of each nasal passage is very
thin and projects dorsally for 15 mm. or more above the porous plug-
like portion of the presphenoid. Although a number of genera of
toothed whales were studied, no skulls were found in which the
construction of the nasal passages corresponded to the Zarhachis type
of architecture. In Phocaena (Cat. No. 3659), Tursiops (Cat. No.
22299), and Lipotes (Cat. No. 218293), the dorsal margin of the
anterior wall of each nasal passage is formed by a portion of the
internal border of the maxilla. In all the toothed whales examined,
the maxilla contributes part of the anterior wall of the nasal passage
and, with the exception of Jnia and Stenodelphis, it always constitutes
the upper border of the anterior wall. In Inia and Stenodelphis,
however, the premaxillae are thickened dorso-ventrally and closely
approximated at the base of the mesorostral gutter; they constitute
the upper border of the nasal passages. In Zarhachis, however, at

ART. 28 SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR—KELLOGG 9

least half of the upper border of the anterior wall of each nasa:
passage is contributed by the vomer whose upper margin rolls over
or is folded outward so that it meets the maxilla slightly external to
the mid line of the nasal passage. The peculiar curvature of the
lateral walls of the trough of the vomer around the upper borders of
the nasal passages does not appear to be duplicated in any of the
living toothed whales. The maxilla contributes the outer wall and
about one-half of the dorsal border of the anterior wall. Inferiorly,
the palatine extends upward in each nasal passage for a distance
equivalent to about three-fourths of the depth of the anterior wall
and is inserted between the maxilla and vomer in the shape of a
subtriangular wedge. The dorsal margin of the surface of the
palatine which takes part in the formation of the nasal passage is
emarginate.

In front of the nasal passages, the trough of the vomer assumes the
shape characteristic of most dolphins. At the level of the anterior
margin of the nasal passages, the greatest depth of the trough of the
vomer is 98 mm., but at a pomt 180 mm. in front of these passages,
it does not measure more than 25 mm. in depth. For a distance of
75 mm. in front of the nasal passages, the dorsal margins of the lateral
walls of the vomer slope forward and downward at a very steep angle.
This may be associated with the mesial depression of the internal
borders of the premaxillae behind and in front of the premaxillary
foramina. Anterior to this depression, the reduction of the lateral
walls of the vomer is rather gradual. From a ventral view, the vomer
is seen to be split along the mid line of the axial ridge, but this may be
abnormal. The axial ridge is wedged in between the opposing faces
of the maxillae and in correlation with this compression and with the
slope of the internal surface of the maxilla, the floor of the mesorostral
gutter is rather narrow posteriorly and it becomes so narrow about 140
mm. in front of the nasal passages that it would appear V-shaped in
cross section. The lateral border of the trough of the vomer rolls
over and is overspread by the thin margin of the horizontal plate of
the premaxilla, which overhangs the mesorostral gutter.

Posterior view.—The back of the brain case (pl. 3) has been crushed
in a dorso-ventral direction and the extent of this crushing is best
illustrated on the posterior face of the skull. The lower half of the
supraoccipital was too thin to support the great weight of the sedi-
ments which overlay the skull, and the bone fractured in many direc-
tions. A portion of the supraoccipital was thrust downward into
the foramen magnum and it also buckled inward above the condyles.
The displacement or amount of crushing at the center of the foramen
magnum may equal 20 or 25 mm. Another consequence of this
crushing is shown by the buckling of the parietals and frontals in the
temporal fossae.

54286—26}——2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67

The posterior face of the Zarhachis skull resembles Lipotes more
closely than Inia. The supraoccipital is wider than high, bounded
on the sides and at the top by a flaring lambdoid crest. In Lipotes, the
supraoccipital is traversed by a distinct median ridge, extending from
the lambdoid crest almost to the foramen magnum. A low median
crest is present on the upper half of the supraoccipital in Zarhachis.

The unusual depth of the thin lambdoid crest is the characteristic
peculiarity of the back of the skull. On the inner and lower sides of
the temporal fossa the crest curves ventrally and laterally, following
the contour of the posterior border of the fossa. At the level of the
lower border of the temporal fossa, the crest on the right side is fully
32mm. deep. The thin lambdoid crest overhangs the exoccipital on
each side. The exoccipitals project downward and backward, and
are of a different shape than those of Lipotes and Inia, the most no-
ticeable modification in the latter genera being associated with the
development of a paroccipital process. In these living river dolphins,
the excccipital is distinctly constricted above the paroccipital process.
This process projects outward and backward. In Zarhachis, the ex-
occipitals are larger, although they are not produced outward far
enough to conceal the zygomatic processes from behind. The more
detailed features of the exoccipitals are shown on the photograph re-
produced on Plate 3. Laterally and anteriorly, the exoccipital is in
contact with the squamosal, superiorly it is coalesced with the supra-
occipital, while below and internally it fuses with the basioccipital.
The deep jugular incisure may mark the junction of the exoccipital
with the faleate process of the basioccipital.

The foramen magnum originally was probably slightly wider than
high. The condyles are semielliptical in outline. They are strongly
convex from side to side and are borne on distinct necks. The
internal borders of the condyles are sharp edged and concave; the
external borders are rounded off.

Lateral view.—Aside from the relatively large size of the “‘upended”’
extremity of the supraorbital process and the massive zygomatic
process, the skull (pl. 4) is characterized by a short temporal fossa
and a protuberance on the vertex. The protuberance behind the
nasal passages is the highest point on the dorsal profile. The trans-
verse crest of the supraoccipital is the next highest point and from
this crest the maxilla slopes forward to the base of the rostrum.

Above the orbit the extremity of the supraorbital process bends
abruptly upward and forms a broad crest. Portions of the outer
margin of the maxilla are visible on the upper margin of this crest
from a side view and it also sheathes the entire internal surface.
The greatest vertical depth of the right supraorbital process is 64
mm. and the, greatest anteroposterior diameter is 96 mm. The
external face of the extremity of the supraorbital process is more or

ART. 28 SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR—KELLOGG Le

less flattened and slopes obliquely upward and inward. There is
no distinct preorbital apophysis, but the postorbital projection is
rather long and attenuate. The orbit is relatively longer than in
Lipotes. The lachrymal and jugal are missing.

As on the first skull, the zygomatic process of the squamosal is
greatly thickened dorso-ventrally in contrast to the long attenuate
process of Inia and Lipotes. As viewed from the side, the slope of
the posterior half of the dorsal profile of the zygomatic process is
very steep; the inferior profile is biconcave. The anterior extremity
is bluntly pointed; the postglenoid process is relatively thin and
curves forward. The greatest length of the right zygomatic process
along the glenoid face is 98 mm. and the greatest depth near the
middle is 57.5 mm.

Attention has already been called to the distortion which has
resulted from crushing. In addition to the previously mentioned
details, it may be noted that the lateral platelike extension of the
frontal and the superimposed maxilla have been depressed below
their original level. A thin layer of matrix lies between the upper
surface of the anterior half of the zygomatic process and the bones
mentioned above.

The temporal fossa is relatively short and produced backward
beyond the level of the main body of the supraoccipital. Within
the fossa the parietals and frontals have buckled as mentioned before,
producing some irregularities. As in Jnia and Lzpotes, the parietal
is more or less crescentic in shape; it curves around the squamosal
on the external wall of the braincase and contributes the posterior
border of the temporal fossa and the external plate of the bipartite
lambdoid crest, extending downward behind the squamosal until it
meets the exoccipital on the lower margin of the temporal fossa.
Anteriorly and superiorly, the parietal is suturally united with the
frontal and inferiorly it abuts against the alisphenoid. The lateral
extremity of the exoccipital is relatively thin and is directed back-
ward. The condyles are large, knoblike in contour, and project
beyond the level of the exoccipital. Most of the lower border as
well as the anterior end of the external reduplication of the pterygoid
is missing, exposing the axial ridge of the vomer. The falcate process
of the basioccipital does not project below the postglenoid process.

Ventral view.—The description of the rostrum in the preceding
paper fully covered this part of the skull and it seems unnecessary to
repeat some of the peculiarities in the present paper, especially as
no additional structural details are shown. It will also be noted
that the palatal surface of this skull (pl. 5) is not as well preserved as
on the first skull. Some additional details are revealed which
necessitate a modification of the interpretation given for the relations
of the pterygoids on the first skull.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

It was stated in the preceding paper that the outer plate of the
pterygoid represented the external pterygoid and the internal plate
was referred to as the internal pterygoid. This interpretation does
not appear to be correct, since both plates are continuous on the right
side of the second skull and overspread the inferior face of the basal
portion of the alisphenoid; these combined plates and the thin isthmus
which unites them form the walls of the longitudinal sinus external to
the basisphenoid. In view of the above, it is apparent that the outer
plate represents the external reduplication of the pterygoid. The
loss of the anterior end of the thin platelike external reduplication of
the pterygoid on the right side exposes the pyramidal cavity on the
corresponding side of the axial ridge of the vomer for its entire length.
On the left side, this thin platelike external reduplication of the ptery-
goid extends forward 128 mm. in advance of the posterior wall of the
nasal passage and contributes the external wall of the pyramidal
cavity on the left side of the vomer. Posteriorly, the external re-
duplication of the left pterygoid extends backward beyond the nasal
passages and is bounded by the maxilla anteriorly, by the frontal
and alisphenoid superiorly, and by the squamosal posteriorly. The
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve passes outward through
the foramen ovale in the suture between the squamosal and the ex-
ternal reduplication of the pterygoid and follows the trowellike gutter
on the external face of the latter. This foramen is situated in ap-
proximately the same position as in Platanista. There is a remark-
able resemblance between the size and relations of these pterygoids
and the corresponding bones in Platanista. ‘The internal plates of the
pterygoids are not as well preserved on this specimen as on the first
skull. On the latter the thin internal plate of the pterygoid curves
around the lower border of the lateral and anterior walls of the cor-
responding nasal passage and meets the vomer mesially; it then
turns almost at right angles to the latter and is closely appressed to
the external surface of the trough of the vomer. On skulls of Jnza,
Lipotes, and Platanista thin plates of the maxillae have overspread
the external surface of the trough of the vomer and conceal all but
the axial ridge of the latter. On the Zarhachis skull the external
surface of the trough of the vomer is not overspread by the maxillae
below the level of the palatines. Further comparison with the first
skull is scarcely necessary, as it is now apparent that the thin an-
teriorly directed internal plate of the pterygoid did not by itself
form the internal and superior walls of the pyramidal cavity or at
least a cavity was not formed which was bounded solely by the in-
ternal plate of the pterygoid and its external reduplication as in
Platanista.

The palatines are not visible from a ventral view when the ptery-
goids are complete. The sutures defining the limits of the right

ART. 28 SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR—KELLOGG 13

palatine are clearly outlined. It is a relatively narrow bone mortised
into the maxilla above and bounded externally by the upper margin
of the external reduplication of the pterygoid. As now understood,
each pyramidal cavity is inclosed on the rear by the internal plate of
the pterygoid, on the outside by the externai reduplication of the
pterygoid, on the inside by a thin internal plate of the pterygoid
posteriorly and by the vomer anteriorly, and above by the palatine
posteriorly and the maxilla anteriorly. The thin internal plate of the
pterygoid does not project as far forward as in Platanisia, but other-
wise the relations between the palatines and pterygoids are essen-
tially the same in both genera. The external reduplication of the
pterygoid is not developed on skulls of Znia and Lipotes, thus ex-
posing the entire alisphenoid. On the Zarhachis skull the extremity
of the alisphenoid is not overspread by the external reduplication of
the pterygoid and it appears within the temporal fossa in the same
relative position as in /nia. In Platanista the extremity of the ali-
sphenoid is overspread by the external reduplication of the pterygoid.

The keel of the trough of the vomer is exposed between the nasal
passages and the anterior extremity of the external reduplication of
the pterygoid. In its shape and relations with the surrounding
bones, the vomer does not differ from that on the first skull. It ex-
pands horizontally posterior to the nasal passages, but terminates
near the anterior margin of the basisphenoid.

The median region of the basicranium is rather broad, bounded on
each side, as mentioned above, by a continuous wall formed by the
vaginal plate of the pterygoid and the adjoining falcate process of the
basioccipital. The surface of the median area between these sloping
walls is more or less concave. The basioccipital is a much larger
bone than the basisphenoid; the transverse suture between these
bones is unusually distinct. The occipital condyles are large and are
separated mesially by a deep groove. A deep jugular incisure ap-
pears between the internal margin of the exoccipital and the posterior
thargin of the falcate process of the basioccipital. A small condylar
foramen is present on each side between the base of the falcate process
of the basioccipital and the condyle.

The body of the squamosal contributes a part of the lateral wall of
the brain case and its lateral projection or zygomatic process serves
as the articular surface for the condyle of the lowerjaw. ‘The gle-
noid articular surface on the zygomatic process curves upward and
forward and is concave from side to side. The external border of
the zygomatic process is prolonged downward, forming a thin crest;
the internal border is rounded off. The postglenoid process is short
and curves forward. A shallow groove for the external auditory
meatus traverses the squamosal behind the postglenoid process. A
narrow posteriorly directed process of the squamosal is suturally

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

united with the exoccipital along its external border. To the inside
of the postglenoid process and at the origin of the groove for the
external auditory meatus, the periotic was attached to the skull. A
thin plate-like process of the squamosal which is directed inward and
downward contributes the external wall of the tympano-periotic fossa;
the internal wall is formed by the falcate process of the basioccipital.
Between the glenoid process and the internal margin of the glenoid
fossa there is a sharply defined longitudinal depression, which curves
forward from the base of the groove for the external auditory meatus
to the anterior margin of the squamosal. The contour of the ventral
surface of the paroccipital process resembles that of Inia and Pla-
tanista. ‘There are some minor modifications which are not developed
on the paroccipital processes in the last-mentioned genera and of these
the thin crest on the anterior border is the most conspicuous.

Further comparisons with skulls of the living Iniidae and with
Platanista show some interesting structural modifications in the
region of the orbitosphenoid. In Inia, the sphenoidal fissure is rela-
tively large, bell-shaped in contour, and bounded laterally and on
the rear by the basisphenoid, and anteriorly by the orbitosphenoid.
On their outward course, the trochlearis and the ophthalmic division
of the trigeminal nerve follow the groove on the ventral surface of
an attenuate process of the orbitosphenoid. This groove is rather
deep, with well-marked lateral walls; the process as a whole is directed
obliquely outward and forward, terminating near the base of the
broad channel on the supraorbital process of the frontal. The most
remarkable peculiarity of the orbitosphenoid of Jnia is the position
of the ectal orifice of the optic canal. This orifice appears on the
inner wall and about halfway between the anterior and posterior
ends of the groove leading forward from the sphenoidal fissure.
From this point forward all three nerves occupy the same groove.
Within the cranial cavity, the orifice of each optic canal is placed
near the inner angle of the sphenoidal fissure and is overhung by a
thin platelike process of the orbitosphenoid. The course of the optic
canal through the orbitosphenoid parallels the groove leading forward
from the sphenoidal fissure. The apex of the process of the orbito-
sphenoid which contributes the surface of the groove for these nerves
is jagged, and projects outward and forward at a lower level than the
ventral surface of the supraorbital process.

In Lipotes, the sphenoidal fissure is narrower, bounded on the
rear and on the outside by the alisphenoid, and on the inside and
in front by the orbitosphenoid. The orbitosphenoid of Lipotes has
the same general shape as that of Jnia and is likewise characterized
by a narrow attenuate process which is grooved for the passage of
nerves. The course of the optic nerve is slightly modified in com-
parison with Inia. This nerve does not pierce the orbitosphenoid,

ART. 28 SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR—-KELLOGG 1S

but follows the groove on the ventral face of the attenuate process
of the orbitosphenoid in company with the trochlearis and the
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal. This groove is much wider
than in Jnia, and that portion of the orbitosphenoid which separated
the optic canal from the above-mentioned groove has disappeared
on the skull of Lipotes.

The observations of Anderson on the peculiarities of the orbito-
sphenoid in the skull of Platanista have been found to agree with
specimens in the United States National Museum. ‘This descrip-
tion 7 can be consulted for a more detailed discussion. In Platanista,
the sphenoidal fissure is almost closed and the orbitosphenoid is
pierced by an extremely small foramen for the optic nerve. The
orbitosphenoid has been depressed and thrust backward so that its
posterior border slides backward above the anterior margin of the
alisphenoid. The ventral surface of the orbitosphenoid is broadly
and deeply grooved for the trochlearis and the ophthalmic division
of the trigeminal nerve which pass out through the sphenoidal
fissure and continue forward along this canallike continuation of the
fissure. As viewed through the foramen magnum the cranial orifice of
each optic canal is overhung by a thin platelike process of the orbito-
sphenoid. The minute ectal orifice of the orbitosphenoid portion
of the optic canal appears on the inner wall of the canallike continua-
tion of the sphenoidal fissure near the level of the anterior border
of the alisphenoid. The upper border of the external reduplication
of the pterygoid and a thin platelike process of the frontal which
slides forward under the maxilla, as viewed from in front, enclose the
passage for the optic nerve from below as it curves forward and
outward; the ectal orifice of the optic canal appears near the internal
extremity of the lachrymal. The optic canal, as it passes outward
along the supraorbital process, is bounded on three sides by the thin
plates of the frontal and roofed over by the maxilla. This thin plate
like anteriorly directed process of the frontal also conceals the basal
half of the supraorbital process from a ventral view. The canallike
continuation of the sphenoidal fissure for the passage of nerves is
concealed by the pterygoid. Imperfections in the ossification of the
walls of the optic canal occur in most skulls of Platanista.

In Zarhachas, the course of the optic nerve from the point where it
issues from the cranial cavity to the base of the supraorbital process
is concealed by the external reduplication of the pterygoid. The
edges of the bones surrounding the ectal orifice of the optic canal are
broken and jagged on the second skull and no attempt has been made
to remove the matrix from this region on the first skull because of its

7 Anderson, J., Anatomical and Zoological Researches: Comprising an account of the Zoological Results
of the Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875. London (1878), pp. 511-512. 1879.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

fragile condition. Hence one can not be certain what modifications
were present around the ectal orifice of the optic nerve near the base
of the supraorbital process of the frontal. Both frontals appear to
have developed thin plates. It is possible that they may have
curved below the optic nerve in the same manner as in Platanista.
This point can not be settled on the basis of these two skulls alone.

In the preceding paper ® attention was called to the presence of
a peculiar shelf in the temporal fossa above the upper margin of the
squamosal. it is now apparent that this shelf was the result of
crushing and the consequent buckling of the bones involved and that
it is not comparable with a similar groove on the skull of Platanista.
The second skull has suffered in the same way on the right side, but
to a lesser degree.

At the base of the falecate process of the basioccipital and near the
posterior margin of the alisphenoid is the partially closed ectal
orifice of the canal for the carotid artery. The mandibular branch of
the fifth cranial nerve issues through a cleft on the posterior border
of the alsiphenoid at a point 11 mm. external to the orifice of the
carotid canal and on its forward and outward course crosses the
ventral face of this bone, finally emerging in the temporal fossa
through the foramen ovale.

A postero-external process of the alisphenoid projects backward,
meeting the squamosal along its external border, abutting against
the exoccipital posteriorly, and uniting with the underlying process
of the basioccipital internally. The alisphenoid and the above
mentioned bones form the fossa in which periotic and tympanic
bones are lodged. A small foramen pierces the alisphenoid above
the anterior process of the periotic. Two large foramina appear in
this fossa above and internal to the jugular incisure. The ectal orifice
of the internal foramen is situated internal to the jugular incisure; it
opens at the base and near the posterior margin of the faleate process
of the basioccipital. This foramen probably represents the com-
partment for the nerves in the foramen lacerum posterius. The
external foramen is partially inclosed by the exoccipital and may
afford a passage for the jugular vein. The foramina within the
tympano-periotic fossa have the same general arrangement as on one
skull of Hurhinodelphis bossi® which was also obtained from the
Calvert formation. In skulls of Platanista, Inia, and Lipotes, a large
fissure occupied the area corresponding to the tympano-periotic fossa
on the Zarhachis skull.

8 Kellogg, R., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, pp. 18-19. 1924.

®R. Kellogg, On the occurrence of remains of fossil porpoises of the genus Eurhinodelphis in North
America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 66, publ. 2563, pl. 5. 1925.

ART. 28 SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR—-KELLOGG

MEASUREMENTS FOR THE SKULL (in millimeters)

Breadth of rostrum at base (between antorbital notches)_--._----------
Greatest breadth of skull across supraorbital processes_______----------
Greatest breadth of skull across zygomatic processes of squamosals-__---_--
Vertical height of skull (between tips of faleate processes of basioccipital

AnceErOmia StOneVertex OfjS Ullman ee oe ee ee
Vertical height of skull (basisphenoid to frontals on vertex of skull__----
Greatest depth of rostrum at level of antorbital notches_____---__------
Greatest distance between outside margins of premaxillae at level of an-

terior margin of porous pluglike presphenoid___-.-_---.----22--_----
Greatest distance between outside margins of premaxillae at level of an-

TErIOM Mane inaGle mess ise mee cee SR GE I Ce Ue ee
Greatest breadth of right premaxilla in front of nasal passages-_---_--_-- ~~
Length of frontal plate of right maxilla (antorbital notch to supraocci-

(ORIEN yt i Reh eg AN A, SR A aU ee eee SS AS
Greatest breadth of exposed surface of frontal plate of right maxilla behind

SUPEAOEO LS mp LOGESS amenetrs aU aed pW EE Se eee eee ee
Least distance across vertex of skull between inner margins of maxillae__
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of supraorbital process of right frontal_
Greatest dorso-ventral depth of supraorbital process of right frontal _____
Greatest thickness of ‘‘upended’”’ portion of supraorbital process of right

AMORA 2s poke L be aa aia cai nga he Meek 1k DS ORR ESS St Se ee a eee ee ee ne
Least breadth of braincase between temporal fossae____ _______--------
Least distance between temporal fossae as measured between lambdoid

Distance from center of transverse crest of supraoccipital to upper margin

OfSLORaTVve nema OMI eae et See lee See tess ee eS Be
Greatest breadth of supraoccipital
Brexdipnomrioramen macnUmM= = Sik ah haere ei ee aS ea
Greatest distance between outside margins of occipital condyles
Greatest dorso-ventral diameter of right condyle
Greatest transverse diameter of right condyle______________________-_-
Greatest distance across skull between outside margins of exoccipitals__
Depth or defwexoceipital at extremity. 2522! 20
Distance from anterior margin of foramen magnum to right nasal passage
Distance from horizontal plate of right maxilla to extremity of right

Distance between anterior margin of apophysis of right maxilla and

MOSteLIOLTace OL TishbicOn dy] Cuaeaeueen ens Ne
Greatest breadth of basioccipital across tips of the faleate processes____-
Distance between anterior margin of foramen magnum and anterior mar-

PitOMeaaInD NENOIG. (22 <a A ee ln Re
Greatesimenrnurontipht nasal spear
Greatest bresdthe ot right nasal eee se See es oe
Greatest length of exposed portion of right frontal on vertex of skull____-
Greatest breadth of exposed portion of right frontal on vertex of skull___

—
nN
be
a

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67, ART. 82
. EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Zarhachis flagellator Cope. Cat. No. 10,911, division of vertebrate paleontology,
United States National Museum. Calvert formation, western shore of Chesa-
peake Bay, about 324 miles south of Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County, Md.
Collected by Norman H. Boss, December 30, 1923.

Pate 1

Dorsal view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator Cope. About 2% natural size.
The following abbreviations are used on plates 1 to 5. Bo., basioccipital; Bs.,
basisphenoid; C., condyle; Cr. l., lambdoid crest; Cr. maz., maxillary crest;
Ect., ectethmoid; Ex. oc., exoccipital; Hx. pt., external reduplication of the
pterygoid; Hx. aud. M., groove for external auditory meatus; Fal. pr., falcate
process of basioccipital; F. m., foramen magnum; Fo. c., condylar foramen;
Fo. inf., ventral orifice of infraorbital canal; Fo. 1. p., foramen lacerum posterius,
compartment for vein; Fo. maz., maxillary foramen at posterior extremity of the
premaxilla; Fo. ov., foramen ovale; Fo. pmz., premaxillary foramen; Fr., frontal;
J. inc., jugular incisure; Maz., maxilla; N. A., left nasal passage; Na., nasal;
Pa., parietal; Pmz., premaxilla; Poc. pr., paroccipital process of exoccipital;
P. pr., postglenoid process of squamosal; Prs., presphenoid; Pi., vaginal process
of pterygoid; S. oc., supraoccipital; S. or. pr., supraorbital process of frontal;
Sq., squamosal; Vo., vomer; Zyg., zygomatic process of squamosal; 1, foramen
in alisphenoid above the anterior process of the periotic; 2, passage for mandibular
branch of trigeminal nerve in a cleft on posterior border of alisphenoid; 3,
foramen lacerum posterius, compartment for nerves.

PLATE 2

Frontal view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator Cope showing position of the
creacentic foramina. About 34 natural size.

PLATE 3

Posterior view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator Cope. About 34 natural size.

PuaTE 4

Lateral view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator Cope. About 14 natural size.

PuaTE 5

Ventral view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator Cope. About 24 natural size.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 28 PL. |

DORSAL VIEW OF SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I8

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 28

NATIONAL MUSEUM

8] 39Vd 33S 31V1d JO NOILYNW1dxX3 HOS

YOLVIIS9DVI1d SIHOVHYVZ AO TINHXS 4O M3IA IWLNOYS

67; ART. 28 PL. 3

VOL.

PROCEEDINGS,

NATIONAL MUSEUM

Ss.

8] 39Vd 33S 31V1d 40 NOILWNW1dxX3 YOY

YOLVIIS9V14 SIHOVHYVZ SO T1NHS 4O MAIA YOIYSLSOd

PL. 4

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 28

U. Ss. NATIONAL MUSEUM

8] BDWd 35S 3LW1d JO NOIiVNW1dxX3 YO

YOLVIIEDSV14 SIHOVHYVZ AO TINS 4O M3AIA 1WWdsalv 7)

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 28 PL.

Fol, 5
Ex oc. Fal pe

VENTRAL VIEW OF SKULL OF ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18

nae

a 7
i ,. ii we ° =

A LIST OF THE ANNELIDS COLLECTED BY CAPTAIN
R. A. BARTLETT IN ALASKA, 1924, WITH A DESCRIP-
TION OF A NEW SPECIES

By A. L. TREADWELL

Of the Department of Zoology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Among a collection of annelids made by Capt. R. A. Bartlett in
Alaska during the summer of 1924, under the auspices of the National
Geographic Society, and submitted to me for examination by Dr.
Waldo L. Schmitt of the United States National Museum, was a
single specimen belonging to the genus Hnipo, which apparently
represents a new species. ‘The specimen is entire, but has lost all of
its elytra, so that I am unable to give any details of these latter
organs. ;

The other annelids represented in the collection were Harmothoe
imbricata Linnaeus, Hunoe barbata Moore, Nereis pelagica Linnaeus
and Nephthys, species. The material was dredged at three different
localities: About 15 miles north of Big Diomede Island, Bering Strait,
June 14, 1924; south of Big Diomede Island, and in the mouth of
Kotzebue Sound, July 10 and 12, 1924, 12-17 fathoms. From south
of Big Diomede Island but one mutilated and hence questionably
determined Nereis pelagica was obtained; otherwise the species were
found at each of the other localities, except the new species which
was taken only in Kotzebue Sound, and the fragmentary Nephthys
from north of Big Diomede Island.

Genus ENIPO Malmgren

ENIPO CIRRATA, new species

The body has a length of 38 mm. with a prostomial width of 1 mm.
and a greatest body width of 2 mm.; and contains 64 somites. There
are 15 pairs of elytrophores on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, ete., 23, 26, 29,
and 32.

No. 2601.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 29.
53195—25+ 1

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67

The length of the prostomium (fig. 1) is about equal to its great-
est width, which is at the level of the posterior pair of eyes. The
median cleft is not very prominent, and the apices are rounded with
no trace of pointed peaks. The posterior pair of eyes are large and
prominent, the anterior pair equal to these in size but because of
their position on the sides of the prostomium are barely visible from
above. Ak EE

The cirrophore of the median tentacle is very large and about
one-third to one-fourth as long as the style. The latter tapers only
very gradually toward the apex, but suddenly narrows and ends in
a long slender terminal filament. The cirrophore is colored a dark
brown and this color is continued on to the style, becoming more
intense toward the end. The extreme apex of the style and the ter-

Figs. 1-4.—ENIpPo cfRRATA, 1, ANTERIOR END X 12.5; 2, ISTH PARAPODIUM X 22.5; 3, PARAPODIUM FROM
SOMITE 62 X 22.5; 4, VENTRAL SETA X 250

minal filament are colorless. The lateral tentacles resemble the
median in outline, but are lighter in color and the narrowing to form
the terminal filament is much less marked. They are slender and
very short, hardly longer than the cirrophore of the median ten-
tacle.

The left palp is lost. That on the right side is colorless, not very
stout and extends about as far as the median tentacle. The tentac-
ular cirri resemble the lateral tentacles in form and color.

The body in general is faintly tinged with brown, but there is very
little definite pigmentation. On the third somite are short transverse
bands in the mid-dorsal line, and these are repeated in subsequent
somites up to the ninth, becoming much broader in the latter somites

ART, 29 ANNELIDS FROM ALASKA—-TREADWELL 3

and in somites 8 and 9 forming an indistinct patch rather than defi-
pite bands. Toward the posterior end of the body the broad dorsal
cirri are decidedly brown in color.

The fifteenth parapodium (fig. 2) has a truncated neuropodial lobe
into the apex of which a single acicula extends. The notopodium is
represented only by a small rounded lobe and its acicula is somewhat
smaller than that of the neuropodium. The dorsal cirrus has a stout
cirrophore, and the style extends about one-half its length beyond the
neuropodium. The ventral cirrus is short and slender. In the para-
podium drawn there are six stout setae in the neuropodium and stubs
of three or four in the notopodium.

A parapodium from somite 52 showed in general much the same
structure as the above (fig.3) except that the dorsal cirrus has a
broad flattened style, almost as large as sometimes occurs in the Phyl-
lodocidae. Some of these have small club-shaped processes visible only
under high power scattered over the surfaces.

The ventral setae (fig. 4) are stout with ends entire and about 9
rows of toothed plates visible in profile as projecting teeth. I was
unable to find any unbroken dorsal setae, but the few fragments that
remain indicate that they have very slender shafts with numerous
transverse rows of delicately toothed plates.

One anal cirrus remains. This is similar to the posterior dorsal
cirri in general form but is rather more slender.

Type.—The unique holotype, Cat. No. 19139, U.S.N.M., was col-
lected in the mouth of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, July 12, 1924, 12-17
fathoms.

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