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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
V0.0: ME. 99
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oi hs pHs SOX eo US
IT rT ape’.
RAINGYONS 2
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UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1952
IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
Fisner, W.S. New buprestid beetles from Mexico, Central Haren
and South America, and the West Indies. April 26,
A ee ge eee SR ee 327-351
New species: Polycesta camposi, P. brunneipennis, Tyndaris
depressicollis, T. unicolor, T. reedi, Acmaecodera ruricola,
A. unicolor, A. neoneglecta, A. knabi, A. rustica, A. oaracae,
A. monticola, A. aeneicollis, A. striata, A. danforthi, Euplec-
talecia knabi, Peronaemis cupricollis, Taphrocerus haitien-
sis, Mastogenius peruvianus, Trigonogya insularis.
Harrman, Ores. A new marine annelid from Florida.
MOIS A 1040 os at ea se ee 503-508
New subspecies: Sabellaria floridensis stephensoni.
Henverson, K. P., and Perry, Struarr H. The Pima County
(Arizona), meteorite. Ajoril.27; 194922 ee 353-355
—————.. The Linwood (Nebraska) meteorite. April 27,
I Rae Ae ar nr 357-360
Hersnuxovirz, Puiriep. Mammals of northern Colombia.
Preliminary Report No. 5: Bats (Chiroptera). May 10,
POZO MOL 2 FE Api ash hats Sid Piet eye 499-454
Horrman, Ricuarp L. Nine new xystodesmid millipeds
from Virginia and West Virginia, with records of estab-
lished. species: “June 14, 1949. Se ee eee 371-3889
New species: Apheloria antrostomicola, A. kleinpeteri, A. picta,
Deitotaria coronata, Nannaria ericacea, N. laminata, N.
simplex, N. wilsoni, Sigmoria furcifera,
Houirnutis, L. B. Redescription of the shrimp Bathypalae-
monella pandaloides (Rathbun), with remarks on the
family Campylonotidae. August 25, 19491__________-- 517-523
Inne, Paun L. A review of the copepod genus Paranthessius
Glaussi May 101949. 1 Ly Pie eine atts ae pc pee 391-428
New species: Paranthessius panopeae, P. tivelae, P. saxidomi,
P. perplezrus.
Mao, Y1ne-Tov. The species of ichneumon-flies of the genus
Cardiochiles occurring in America north of Mexico.
DPT Ae Ts GAO Ege 2 5 oP Ss Se cach 299-266
New species: Cardiochiles arugosus, C. brevitarsis, C. dignus,
C. dilatus, C. insculptus, C. levis, C. maynus, C. nebrascensis,
C. nigricans, C. rubicundus, C. rubidus, C. rufostigma, C.
fennessensis, C. terensis, C. transversus, C. truncus.
New variety: Cardiochiles arugosus pullus.
New combinations: Cardiochiles californicus, C. floridanus,
C. minutus, C. orizabae, OC. pluto, C. thoracicus, C. viator.
1 Date of publication.
CONTENTS Vv
Menziss, Rosert J. A new species of apseudid crustacean Paves
of the genus Synapseudes from northern California
(Tanaidacea). August 4, 1949*_--_--------_-------- 509-515
New species: Synapseudes intumescens.
Monte, Oscar. The weevils of the genus 7’achygonus in the
United States National Museum, with descriptions of
new species. May 25, 1949*_-_-_---_---------------- 213-227
New species: Tachygonus buchanani, T. bicolor, T. montanus,
T. mirus, T. comptus, T. niger, T. ferrugineus, T. atro-sig-
natus, T. validus, T. femoralis, T. nitidus, 7. rugosus.
Munro, H. K. A remarkable new species of trypetid fly of
the genus Ceratitis (sensu stricto) from East Africa in
the collection of the United States National Museum.
inven W040 182 0226 ee ee 499-501
New species: Ceratitis (Ceratitis) caetrata.
Perry, Stuart H. (See under Henderson, E. P.)
Scnunrz, Leonarp P. A further contribution to the ichthy-
ology of Venezuela. May 10, 1949 *_-__--------------- 1-211
New genera: Hildebrandichthys, Hubbsicithys.
New species: Urotrygon venezuelae, Anchovia nigra, Anchoa
argenteus, Hildebrandichthys setiger, Lycengraulis linmich-
thys, Sternopygus pejeraton, Eigenmannia goajira, Apter-
onotus cuchillo, Sternarchogiton cuchillejo, Austrofundulus
stagnalis, Rivulus bondi, Hubbsichthys laurae, Coleotropis
blackburni, Diapterus limnaeus, Eugerres aiwlac, Cynoscion
maracaiboensis.
New subspecies: Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus.
Townes, Henry. The Nearctic species of the family Ste-
phanidae (Hymenoptera). June 10, 1949 *_----------- 361-870
New species: Megischus californicus, M. arizonicus.
New combinations: Megischus bicolor, M. b. sickmanni, M. 6.
bicolor.
—___————. The Nearctic species of Evaniidae (Hymenop-
tera), ‘Septembertl, 19497 2_. 264 ee ee ese 525-53s
New species: Hyptia femorata, H, oblonga.
New combination: Prosevania punctata.
Winson, Mitprep Srrarron. A new species of copepod of the
genus Corycueus from the North American coast. June
HN) ae Ais ses A ae Se oe eee 321-826
New species: Coryeaeus (Ditrichocorycaeus ) americanus.
1 Date of publication.
in
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19,
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
1. Sternopygus pejeraton, new species, and Higenmannia goajira,
AES WV) 0S CCL CS ee ee
PY PONOMLS. DECOCr- SCOUiga= 5. oes 8 Ee Bea oe ee
3. Apteronotus cuchillo, new species, and Sternarchogiton cuchillejo,
MEW (SDCCICS os a ee ee ee eee eee
4, Head, thorax, forewing, mesonotum, abdominal tergites, and tibia
Of species of Oardiochiless = eee
. Hypopygium and ovipositor sheaths of species of Cardiochiles____-
. Species of Cheyletiella and Neocheyletiella_________-__--------_--
bo
. Species of Cheyletus and Cheletophyes_______-_--__---------------
. Species of Cheletophyes and Hucheyla.—2__—2 === =_______—
11. Species of Hucheyla, Cheletomimus, and Eucheyletia_______-------
12. -Species of Hucheyletia and Cheyletia_-._-_____-_______2_2=—_—_ ae
13. Species of Cheyletia and Cheletomorpha_______-----------------
14. Species of Cheletomorpha, EHutogenes, and Cheletogenes__-_-------
15. Species of Cheletogenes and Chelonotus_____--_-----------------
16. Species of Ac@dropsis and Hucheyletia_______-----_---------------
17. Species of Cheletogenes and Chelacaropsis_____-----------------
18. Corycaeus americanus, new species_______----------------------
20. Pima County (Arizona) meteorite._--_=_-_- _ ae a ee
5
6
Te SES DeClESuOL OCHECYLELIG = — == oe ee ee eee ee eee
9
0
21-24, .Linwood/:@Nebraska). meteorite. _—. .___-_ 2228-22 -_-t
wre
> ot
25. Schlettererius cinctipes (Cresson), Megischus bicolor (Westwood),
M. californicus, new species, JJ. tevanus Cresson, J. arizonicus,
new species, M/. brumneus Cresson.____.-----.--_-_-—--+---~==~-=
26. Gonopods of new species of Apheloria and Deltotaria__-_---_---_-
27. Gonopods of new species of Nannaria and Sigmoria_______-_------
28. Anelassorhynchus abyssalis, new species________-_______--------
29. Listriolobus hevamyotus, new speciesS_______-__________---------
30. Arhynchite californicus, new species_______________--__--__-----
32. Arhynchite pugettensis, new species_____________________-__-----
34. Prometor benthophila Fisher_____-__________-______-- 2 ene
TEXT FIGURES
Urobatis sloani (Blainville)_____-___----____- poe ae Lo SAE
Urotrygon veneZuciae: new species=- == = ee ee
Potamotrygon magdalenae (Duméril)— ~~~ J ee =
ANCHOUIG WOTG, DCW SPeClieS2 == 7 ee a ee ee
Anchoa argenteus, new species______--___-__________________--_---
Outline of opercular margin of Anchoa trinitatis (fowler) and A.
argenteus, new species________---------- ee, Ne, es 2
Following
page
211
211
211
266
266
314
314
314
314
314
314
314
314
314
314
314
326
354
358
370
380
380
497
A497
497
497
497
30
40)
45
Vill PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
Hm «I
10.
a ta FS
12.
13.
to bo by
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bo be tw
Gone Oo as
ow bo
SS)
35.
39.
40.
41.
42.
45.
44.
Hildebrandichthys setiger, new genus and species—----~~--------------
. Lycengraulis limnichthys, new species_-----------------------------
Arrangement of cephalic pores and position of eye in Hypopomus occi-
dentalis Regan and H. beebei Schultz_-----~-~-------------------
Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus, new subspecies_-~------~--------
Austrofundulus stagnalis, new specieS_-----~----------------------
Rivulus bondi, new species___-------------------------------------
Hubbsichthys laurae, new genus and species_-----------~-----------
Adenops analis Schultz _.--~~------------------------------------
Coleotropis blackburni, new species_----~---~-----------------------
Diapterus limnaeus, new specieS_---------~-----------------------
Bugerres awice, new species_-------~-------------------------------
. Ophioscion venczuelae Schultz__-----------------------------------
Diagrammatic sketches of tip of snout and anterior part of underside
of lower jaw of three species of sciaenid fishes_--_---------------
Cynoscion maracaiboensis, new species_—---------------+--~---------
Tachygonus buchanani, new species__-~------------=+-+-----+-+-=--
Tachygonus bicolor, new species_-------------------+-+-------------
Tachygonus montanus, new species—--—------------++-+------------
Tachygonus mirus, new species__-----—---------+4=+--4------------
Tachygonus comptus, new species____-_--------------=----+----------
Tachygonus niger, new species__--------------------~--------------
Tachygonus ferrugineus, new species_----------~---=---+------=----
Tachygonus atro-signatus, new species___-----------+----=---=--=—-
Tachygonus validus, new species_-——_____-.-==---=--=++} 4--s==55-=
Tachygonus femoralis, new species—_------------------+--------=---
Tachygonus nitidus, new species
. Tachygonus rugosus, new species__-—-------------+----4~---=-===--
Paranthessius columbiae (Thompson) -_————-------- == 3-2 == 55==5-—
Paranthessius columbiae (Thompson) _—_-~-----------~=+-+-+-+-----
Body outline and appendages of Paranthessius panopeae, new species,
P. tivelae, new species, and P. perplexus, new species—_-—-------—--
Appendages of Paranthessius panopeae, new species, and P. tivelae,
MIP WaSDG@CICS = a= = ee re ee
sody outline and appendages of Paranthessius saridomi, and append-
ages of P. perplewus, new ‘species. === 24 = S
Map of northern Colombia showing collecting localities of bats----—-
Ceratitis (Ceratitis) caetrata, new species_____-—------=-----------
Sabellaria floridensis stephensoni, new subspecies___—---------------
Synapseudes intumescens, new species
Synapseudes intwmescens, new species__-_-----------»--+-------=---
Bathypalaemonella pandaloides (Rathbun) —~--~---~----------------
Left mesopleura of the Nearctic species of Hyptia_-____-_-----------
VOL, 99
Page
49
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington: 1949 No. 3235
A FURTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF
VENEZUELA
By Lreonarp P. ScHuttz
Tus paper is the third report on the collections made by me in
Venezuela during 1942 and those made by the U.S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela during 1924 and 1925. Other miscellaneous small
collections were included when they were found in the National
Museum, as were others kindly lent for study and report. To the
following I express my sincere gratitude for their kindness and coop-
eration: Dr. Reeve M. Bailey, Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, lent some of the Bond Venezuelan collections made in
1938-40. Dr. Karl P. Schmidt and Marion Grey, Chicago Natural
History Museum, lent the W. H. Osgood specimens taken in the
Maracaibo Basin. Dr. William Beebe, New York Zoological Society,
lent his collections from the vicinity of Caripito. Isaac Ginsburg,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, identified all the specimens of Gobiidae
and Eleotridae in the above-mentioned collections. Dr. Samuel F.
Hildebrand, of the same Service, while working up his collections of
marine fishes from Panama, identified several species of Venezuelan
marine fishes and aided in many other ways. Luis René Rivas very
kindly checked the spelling of the Spanish names of fishes and of the
localities.
My interest in Venezuelan ichthyology began in the winter of 1941—
42 when, at the invitation of Dr. Guillermo Zuloaga, assistant chief of
explorations, Creole Petroleum Corp., Caracas, I undertook to study
802207—49——_1 1
SEP 3 14950
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
and make collections of fishes in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela.
This work continued from February through May of 1942. I pro-
ceeded to Venezuela under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution
and of the United States Department of State and was a guest there
of the then Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, and of the Lago Petroleum
Corp., Lago de Maracaibo. To the officials of these companies I
again express my gratitude for their full cooperation.
My first report on these collections was entitled “The Catfishes of
Venezuela, with Descriptions of Thirty-eight New Forms,” published
February 11, 1944, in the Proceedings of the United States National
Museum, volume 94, pp. 173-338, 5 figs., 14 pls. In this report is
given an itinerary of my travels in Venezuela along with a list of col-
lecting stations. The second report, “The Fishes of the Family
Characinidae from Venezuela, with Descriptions of Seventeen New
Forms,” was published September 6, 1944, in the same Proceedings,
volume 95, pp. 235-367, 27 figs.
A summary of my Venezuelan collections during 1942 reveals that
the largest number of species taken in one locality was 45 from the
Rio Negro. The next largest collection numbered 35 from the Rio
San Juan (Motatdén system), 33 from the Rio San Pedro, and 33 from
the Rio Socuy. In the stream systems where fairly representative
collections were made the following number of species were preserved:
Rio Motatan, 54; Rio Negro, 45; Rio Palmar, 41; Rio Socuy, 33; Rio
Ap6én. 31; Rio Machango, 31; and Rio Chama, 10. There were 56
species from Lago de Maracaibo and along the coast of Gulf of Vene-
zuela to Cafio de Sagua. Altogether my collections contained 140
species from the Maracaibo-Gulf of Venezuela Basins; 25 from Rio
Gudrico and Rio Torbes; 1 from Rio Tuy system; and 3 species com-
mon to the first two basins, a total of 169 species and subspecies that
I collected.
The present report is not intended to be comprehensive in scope,
since there are not yet sufficient collections of fishes from Venezuela
to justify the writing of a descriptive catalog. It is rather a report on
several collections of Venezuelan fishes, with descriptions of new
species, and represents only the beginning in the study of the fish
fauna of Venezuela. It is highly desirable that much more extensive
collections be made in all the stream systems and lake basins of the
country.
Unless otherwise indicated all collections were made in 1942 by
L. P. Schultz in the Maracaibo Basin. Abbreviations used to indicate
museum catalog numbers are as follows:
A. N. 8. P.=Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
C. N. H. M.=Chicago Natural History Museum.
M. M. Z.=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
S
WE
U.S. N. M.= United States National Museum.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 3
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF THE MARACAIBO BASIN
Lago de Maracaibo has an average depth of about 100 feet (maxi-
mum 34 meters, or 111% feet) and a soft muddy bottom. From its
southern end to the beginning of the channel at Punta de Palmas,
south of the city of Maracaibo, it is 154.5 kilometers, or 95.8 miles, long;
the length of the channel from Punta de Palmas to Punta Vigia at
entrance into El Tablazo is about 39% kilometers, or 24.3 miles; and
from Punta Vigia across El Tablazo to the entrance into the Gulf of
Venezuela at Castillo de San Carlos is 20.75 kilometers, or about 12.9
miles, making a total length from the Gulf of Venezuela to the southern
end of the lake of 214.9 kilometers, or about 133.25 miles. The
greatest width of the lake is about 121 kilometers, or 75 miles. The
long axis of the lake is almost directly north-south.
High mountain ranges enclose the Maracaibo Basin on all sides
except the north. The Sierra de Perijé forms the western divide,
whereas the Cordillera Oriental occurs at the southwestern side, and
along the southern and southeastern side the lofty Cordillera de Los
Andes, with Pico Bolivar reaching to a height of 5,005 meters. Another
range of high hills and mountains forms the eastern rim of the basin.
The northern end of the Maracaibo Basin is semidesert, contrasting
sharply with the tropical jungle at the southwestern and southern ends,
where the rainfall is very great along the eastern slopes of the Cordil-
leras de Perijé and Oriental even during the dry season.
During 1941 the Maracaibo Nautical School recorded the following
monthly average temperatures and total monthly rainfall at Mara-
caibo, as published February 14, 1942, in the Maracaibo Herald:
January, 81° F., 4 mm.; February, 83° F., 6 mm.; March, 82° F., no
rainfall; April, 84° F., 16 mm.; May, 85° F., 144 mm.; June, 85° F,
11mm.; July, 85° F., 9 mm.; August, 85° F., 3 mm.; September, 85° F.,
38 mm.; October, 83° F., 26 mm.; November, 84° F., 68 mm.; De-
cember, 83° F.,5mm. The rainfall thus totals 330 mm., or 13 inches.
The average monthly rainfall for the eastern shore at Lagunillas is
given below for a period of 14 years (1928-1941), from information
furnished by the Lago Petroleum Corp. These records are in inches,
with minima and maxima in parentheses. January, 0.22 (0.00 to
1.33); February, 0.26 (0.00 to 1.08); March, 0.69 (0.00 to 2.09); April,
1.59 (0.11 to 5.41); May, 4.47 (1.49 to 9.21); June, 3.20 (1.07 to 7.72);
July, 3.81 (0.87 to 11.71); August, 4.05 (0.76 to 8.91); September,
4.89 (0.94 to 11.90); October, 6.21 (2.62 to 11.53); November, 3.52
(0.45 to 8.78); December, 0.80 (0.00 to 1.78). Total average rainfall
33.98 inches, with a minimum of 18.40 in 1939 and a maximum of
51.01 in 1933. These data indicate the increase in amount of rainfall
southward in the Maracaibo Basin. Undoubtedly the heaviest rain-
fall occurs at the southwestern corner of the Basin where the jungle is
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
heaviest and where the big rivers empty large quantities of muddy
water into the lake.
During the dry season from December through March the trade
winds are strongest, blowing from the north and northeast through the
channel and lengthwise across the lake, becoming strongest in the
afternoon, late evening, or early part of the night. The surface water
of the lake apparently has a counterclockwise rotation in the southern
two-thirds of the lake.
The specific gravity of the water was taken by means of a sali-
nometer, and the following readings were recorded: Gulf of Venezuela,
1.021 at mouth of Cafio de Sagua on incoming tide; El Tablazo and
at Maracaibo Yacht Club, 1.006; Lago de Maracaibo, 2 km. off
Lagunillas, 1.004; and at southwestern end of the lake 2 km. off Rio
Concha, 1.002. The turbidity of the water may increase its specific
eravity a little at the southern end of the lake. Undoubtedly the
deeper waters of this lake are salty.
FISHERIES OF THE GULF OF VENEZUELA-MARACAIBO BASIN
The fishes of the Gulf of Venezuela and Lago de Maracaibo are
almost untouched commercially as compared with the great fisheries
of the North Sea and those of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North
America. I believe the fisheries of Venezuela cannot be greatly
developed until more modern fishing equipment, including quick-
freezing refrigeration and power fishing boats with refrigeration
equipment, are used extensively. Such equipment would permit
fishermen to go farther, stay out longer, and still be able to bring back
desirable fishes to the market without deterioration and spoilage.
These bodies of water contain an abundance of anchovies, completely
unexploited and almost unknown to the fishermen. Some are small,
but others reach a length of nearly a foot, and all are delicacies. A
special type of net would have to be developed for their capture.
Other species, I found, such as mullets (lisa), various catfishes (bagre),
bocachicas and pémpanos (Characinidae), robalos (Centropomidae),
kingfishes and Spanish mackerel (carite or carite sierra), pampanos
(jurel), leatherjackets (zapatero de mar and palometa de lago), snap-
pers (pargos), grunts (roncos), groupers (meros), sargos, croakers
(corvinas), and mojarras de rfo, are common market fishes sold either
fresh or salted. Further investigation over a period of a year would
probably have revealed other fishes in the Maracaibo Market.
This much was obvious: That new fishing methods should be tried,
such as the beam-trawl, otter-trawl, fish traps, purse seines, and other
fishing gear, depending on the bottom and depth of water and kind of
fish desired. Now that sharks are in demand, shark fishing should be
attempted in these waters. With the great abundance of blue crabs
in the lake a valuable fishery could be developed.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 5
Considerable destruction of fish life is undoubtedly caused by oil
wells in the lake near the eastern shore for a distance of about 80 km.
Far out into the lake the surface is more or less covered with a film of
oil. At times and in certain places the petroleum forms a thick scum
on the surface, and as the volatile portions evaporate the tarry residue
becomes thicker and thicker, finally settling into the water in tiny
to large globules. These, while suspended in the water, drift with the
wind across the lake and saturate the beaches, covering the aquatic
plants and shore vegetation and the bottom with a layer of petroleum,
making existence for fish life very hazardous. Unless this oil leakage
can be stopped the northern end of Lago de Maracaibo, at least, may
become rather barren, the sources of fish-food production exterminated,
and the possibilities of extensive and valuable fisheries in the future
greatly reduced.
These great shallow bodies of water with large rivers emptying into
them should be considered one of Venezuela’s great natural resources.
Together with the Gulf of Paria and the Rio Orinoco and its delta they
are capable of producing many millions of tons of fishery products
annually. If they were developed and properly controlled a maxi-
mum yield would result from a minimum of fishing effort. Such a
balanced condition between fishing and natural reproduction of fishes
can be obtained only through unbiased studies by adequately trained
fishery biologists and ichthyologists, who would recommend the
proper controls for the various fisheries.
DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH-WATER FISHES
In this report the fresh-water fish fauna of Venezuela is considered
as including those families whose genera and species are predomi-
nantly permanent inhabitants of fresh waters and which, except for
the Cyprinodontidae, enter brackish waters only more or less as
stragglers. Such families are: Pimelodidae, Callophysidae, Auchen-
ipteridae, Agenciosidae, Bunocephalidae, Cetopsidae, Pygidiidae,
Doradidae, Callichthyidae, Astroblepidae, and Loricariidae (all
catfishes), and in addition the Characinidae, Sternarchidae, Gymno-
tidae, Electrophoridae, Cyprinodontidae, Poeciliidae, Synbranchidae,
Polycentridae, and Cichlidae.
The relationships and derivation of the fresh-water fish faunas of the
various stream systems of Venezuela cannot be worked out at this
time with any degree of certainty because the various species of fishes
occurring in many of the drainage systems are as yet little known or
unknown.
A list of drainage basins or stream systems of northern Venezuela is
presented below to aid in the interpretation of this report. Each
indentation indicates that the body of water is tributary to the one
under which it is indented.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Gulf of Venezuela
Rio Cocuiza
Rfo Capatdrida
El Tablazo
Rio Limén
Rio Socuy
Lago Tulé
Lago de Maracaibo !
Rio Palmar
Quebrada la Gé
Rfo San Juan
Rio San Ignacio
Rio Apén
Rio Cogollo
Rio Santa Ana
Rio Negro
Rio Catatumbo
Rio Zulia
Rio Pamplonita
Rio Tachira
Rio Escalante
Rio Chama
Rio Motatdn
Rio San Pedro
Rio San Juan
Rio Misoa
Rio Machango
Caribbean Sea (coastal streams) ?
Rio Tocuyo (Estado de Falcén)
Rio Yaracuy (Estado de Yaracuy)
Streams near Puerto Cabello (Estados de Carabobo and Aragua)
Streams near La Guira and Macuto (Distrito Federal)
Rio Tuy (Estado de Miranda)
Rio Guaire
Rio Unare (Estado de Anzoategui)
Rio Manzanares (Estado de Sucre)
Golfo de Paria
Rio San Juan
Guanoco or Pitch Lake
Rio Guanipa
Orinoco Delta
Cafio Manamo
Rio Morichal Largo
Rio Tigre
Rio Uracoa
Rfo Orinoco
Rio Coroni
Rio Caura
Rio Suata
1 All rivers listed in a counterclockwise direction around this lake.
2 Listed from west toward the east beginning on the eastern side of the Peninsula de Paraguana, opposite
Coro, and continuing to the Gulf of Paria. Lago de Valencia is an enclosed basin at present, but it is listed
below under the Orinoco system.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ b
Caribbean Sea (coastal streams)—Continued
Golfo de Paria—Continued
Orinoco Delta—Continued
Rio Orinoco—Continued
Rio Manapire
Rio Apure
Rio Gudrico
Rio Portuguesa
Rio Guanare
Rio Chirgua
Rio Pao
Lago de Valencia 3
Rio Cojedes
Rio Uribante
Rio Frio
Rio Torbes
During the preparation of a working distributional chart or table
of the form published by Eigenmann,‘ I came to the conclusion, after
several days of labor, that such a chart, instead of giving a clear picture
of the actual distributional relationships of the fish fauna for the
various basins, instead presents a picture of the amount of collecting
that has been done in these various basins, and the care with which
the material was studied or reported upon. For instance, Kigenmann’s
report on the fresh-water fishes of British Guiana has a large number
of new species, many based on a single specimen. ‘There is no com-
parable work on the fauna of the Orinoco system or even the Amazon.
Thus in such charts the Guianas appear to have a fauna greatly in
excess of that of the Orinoco, because the fishes of the latter great
river system have never been thoroughly investigated. The Orinoco
system, with its direct connection through the Rio Negro with
the Amazon, should have a fauna more extensive than that of the
Guianas. Therefore, I concluded to confine my remarks on dis-
tributional relationships between drainage basins to general state-
ments, awaiting the time when these faunas are better known.
The fresh-water fish fauna of the Maracaibo Basin is distinctive as
to its species, since nearly every one except those living in river
mouths is a little different structurally from those in adjoining basins
and may be subspecifically distinct. When taken as a whole it appears
that this fauna is almost as closely related to that of the Orinoco as
to that of the Magdalena, especially those species inhabiting the upper
courses of the rivers. The lowland species of the Maracaibo Basin
appear to be very similar to those of the Magdalena, and some are the
same species. Undoubtedly during the mountain building around the
3 Lago de Valencia is said to have been much larger at one time and to have had an outlet to the Orinoco
system through the Rio Pao.
4 Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 45, 1920; ibid., No. 47, 1920; Eigenmann and Allen, Fishes of western
South America, pp. 53-61, 1942.
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
western, southern, and southeastern sides of the Maracaibo Basin,
stream capture has played some part in causing crossover of species
among the Orinoco, Magdalena, Catatumbo, Santa Ana, and Chama
Rivers. Just how extensive this may be must await extensive col-
lecting in the headwaters of those rivers. In general, the genera
occurring in the headwaters have a much more extensive distribution
than those in the lower courses and in the lowlands. All the following
genera of the Maracaibo Basin occur in the lower courses of the rivers
and are distinctive for that Basin and so far have not been found
outside of it: Sovichthys, Perrunichthys, Hoplomyzon, Tridensimilis,
Doraops, Saccoderma, Creagrutops, and Hubbsichthys. In a recent
letter Cecil Miles reports finding Dupouichthys in the Magdalena
system.
In view of the fresh-water nature of the southern part of Lago de
Maracaibo, the fauna of all the rivers tributary to this lake may be
expected to have the same species, with some distinctive ones isolated
or restricted to the rapid or torrential parts of the rivers. This
appears to be true so far as my collections from this Basin are con-
cerned, but as yet no good collections have come from the headwaters
of the Catatumbo, Escalante, or Santa Ana Rivers, among others.
Undoubtedly the number of species will be nearly doubled when the
Basin including the lake itself, is thoroughly searched and studied.
The numerous coastal streams emptying into the Caribbean Sea
along the north coast of Venezuela are almost unexplored ichthy-
ologically. When studied they should present another interesting
chapter in Venezuelan ichthyology. These streams should be rich
in cyprinodonts and other genera and species of the lowlands.
The fish fauna of the Valencia Basin is strikingly like that of the
Rio Gudrico, with which it was once connected, but as in most of the
stream systems it contains distinctive species not yet reported from
elsewhere.
DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE FISHES
The specimens of fishes forming the basis of this report indicate in
general that the marine fishes of Venezuela form a part of that fauna
which extends from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and West
Indies southward along the coast of Brazil to the mouth of the Rio La
Plata. Certain elements of that fauna, as far as is known at present,
appear to be restricted to such bodies of water as the Caribbean Sea,
Gulf of Venezuela-—Lago de Maracaibo, and Gulf of Paria. Un-
doubtedly as further collecting is done the ranges of these and many
other species will be greatly extended.
Lago de Maracaibo is a great body of water, brackish at its northern
end, probably salty in its deeper parts, but at least the great southern
end with its many cafios is fresh at the surface. This condition has
made possible the infiltration of marine fishes from the Gulf of
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 9
Venezuela and of fresh-water species of fishes in the southern portion
where the great rivers enter. Thus, Lago de Maracaibo contains an
interesting mixture of marine, brackish, and fresh-water species.
Although the fish fauna of the lake is not adequately known at present,
enough knowledge has accumulated to indicate that the marine and
fresh-water species have adapted themselves to live in this body of
water, and in so doing some have changed a little structurally. These
have evolved into more or less separate biological units, recognized in
this report as either species or subspecies.
Those families of fishes that are usually considered marine by
ichthyologists and that have representatives that have been found in
Lago de Maracaibo and in the Rio Orinoco are discussed below.
In Lago de Maracaibo, sharks, sawfishes, and large stingrays were
reported, but I did not have an opportunity to fish for these. Sharks
are caught by fishermen as far south as off the mouth of the Rio Santa
Ana. The occurrence of sharks in fresh-water lakes with access to the
sea is not confined to Lago de Maracaibo. In Lake Nicaragua
Eulamia nicaraguensis occurs in abundance and reaches a large size.
Among the elasmobranch fishes the stingrays of the family Dasyati-
dae have been most successful in evolving permanent species in South
American fresh waters. The genus Potamotrygon has one species in
the Rio Orinoco and the Guianas, another in the Rio Atrato, Rio
Magdalena, and Maracaibo Basins, and others farther south. These
fresh-water stingrays occur far upstream, the females when caught
often carrying young.
Several other marine families of fishes have representatives in fresh
or brackish waters. The anchovies, or Engraulidae, have a few
species occurring regularly in the fresh waters of the Rio Orinoco and
of the Lago de Maracaibo and its tributaries. These belong to the
genera Anchoa and Lycengraulis in Venezuela.
The tarpon, Tarpon atlanticus, and the tenpounder, Elops saurus,
are regular inhabitants of Lago de Maracaibo and in the lower courses
of its large tributary rivers. The needlefishes, family Belonidae, were
represented by Strongylura timuacu. The females, when taken at the
southern end of Lago de Maracaibo, contained mature eggs that
flowed from the vent with gentle pressure. This needlefish was taken
far up the Orinoco system in the Rio Apure. The Hemiramphidae, or
halfbeaks, were represented by Hyporhamphus robertt in Lago de
Maracaibo.
Two genera of pipefishes, or Syngnathidae, namely Oostethus and
Pseudophallus, were found in the lower courses of rivers, probably in
brackish water. Soles of the family Bothidae, genus Citharichthys, and
tonguefishes, family Achiridae, of the genera Hypoclinemus, Achirus,
and TJrinectes, regularly occur in brackish water, a few venturing even
into fresh waters.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
I found the Atherinidae, or silversides, represented by a fresh-water
species in Lago de Maracaibo, and another species in the northern end
where the water is brackish. Lago de Valencia also has a species of
silverside.
The mullets, or Mugilidae, are represented by Agonostoma monticola
in Venezuelan fresh waters. Mugil curema and M. brasiliensis are
found iv brackish water in abundance, along with M. trichodon. I took
M. curema at the southern end of Lago de Maracaibo in fresh water.
The robalos, family Centropomidae, are abundant in brackish, salt,
and fresh waters, probably most abundant in brackish waters.
In the family Carangidae the leatherjacket, Oligoplites palometa,
occurred in fresh, brackish, and salt waters. It is abundant in Lago de
Maracaibo at the southern end in fresh water.
The mojarros, or carpetas, family Gerridae, represented by the
genera Hucinostomus and Diapterus, were abundant in the brackish
waters of Lago de Maracaibo and in coastal lagoons. Two species,
Eucinostomus argenteus from the Rio Apure and Diapterus plumieri
from the Rio Concha, were from fresh water.
The Ariidae are the only family of nematognaths, or catfishes,
predominately living in salt and brackish waters. In my report on the
catfishes of Venezuela I used the family name Bagreidae, which may
be unfortunate since there is another family name spelled very simi-
larly. I now use Ariidae in its place. Several genera and species of
these marine catfishes occur regularly in both marine and brackish
waters in abundance in Lago de Maracaibo and undoubtedly in the
lower Rio Orinoco.
In the croaker family, Sciaenidae, Plagioscion and Pachyurus may be
considered fresh-water genera. They are found in the Rio Orinoco
but are not yet reported from the Maracaibo Basin. The corvina,
Cynoscion maracaiboensis, is a brackish-water species probably con-
fined to Lago de Maracaibo.
Several members of the Gobiidae and Eleotridae occur in brackish
waters, such as the genera Gobiomorus, Garmannia, Evorthodus,
Bathygobius, Gobionellus, and Sicydium, whereas the genera Micro-
philypnus, Gobiomorus, and Sicydium have been taken in fresh water.
Among the clingfishes, family Gobiesocidae, the only species occur-
ring in fresh water is Gobiesox cephalus.
I found the puffer, Sphoeroides testudineus, family Tetraodontidae,
very abundant in the brackish waters near Maracaibo, whereas S.
eulepidotus was very rare, but a single small specimen was collected in
brackish water.
Gordon Gunter (Amer. Midl. Nat., vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 305-326,
1942) presents lists of fishes occurring in both fresh and salt waters of
North and Middle America. No such list has been prepared for
South America.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 11
HISTORY OF ICHTHYOLOGY IN VENEZUELA
As far as I have been able to find the fresh-water stingray of the Rio
Meta in Venezuela, one of the most dreaded aquatic inhabitants, is
the first fish of that country to be figured and described. It appeared
in a paper by Roulin (1829), but it was not given a scientific name.
The first scientific contribution appears to be that by two other
Frenchmen, Cuvier and Valenciennes, who included in their famous
work “Histoire Naturelle des Poissons’ descriptions of new fishes,
published from 1828 to 1849. M. Plée apparently sent specimens to
the Paris Museum from the vicinity of Maracaibo and Lago de Mara-
caibo, Puerto Cabello, and La Guaira, as well as from other localities
in the West Indies. The few species described by these French
authors represented the known ichthyological fauna of the Maracaibo
Basin for a period of 75 years, until after the turn of the century.
Although Boulenger in 1903 and Regan in 1903 and 1905 described
a few new fishes from the Maracaibo Basin and from Venezuela, no
extensive collecting of fresh-water fishes was done in the Maracaibo
Basin until Dr. Franklin F. Bond took fair series during 1938 and
1939, and I made extensive collections during February through May
of 1942.
Numerous authors have reported on small collections of Venezuelan
fishes from outside the Maracaibo Basin, but the fish fauna of the
Basin itself has remained an ichthyological incognito until the present.
Even now it cannot be said that the fish fauna of Venezuela is well
known; perhaps it is only half known, for there are no extensive collec-
tions from any of the major tributaries of the Orinoco system. The
coastal rivers from the Gulf of Paria to the Maracaibo Basin are
practically unknown ichthyologically. New and unusual forms of
fishes should turn up as experienced collectors begin to work in these
and other rivers of Venezuela. Even with the collecting in the
Maracaibo Basin the two major rivers, the Catatumbo and the
Santa Ana of that Basin, as well as the lake itself, remain practically
untouched. My work and that of others should be considered only
preliminary, for years of collecting must be done before the fishes of
Venezuela are well known.
The following minor contributions on Venezuelan fishes should be
mentioned: Rudolph Kner in 1854 and 1859 and Wilhelm Peters in
1860, 1868, and 1877 reported on early studies. Peters’s 1877 report
was based on specimens collected by Dr. Carl Sachs in Venezuela on
his trip from September 27, 1876, to June 28, 1877. Albert Ginther,
1859-1866, recorded a few species of fishes from Venezuela, mostly
from Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, and the vicinity of Caracas. An-
other early author, Adolfo Ernst (1877), published a book that devoted
three pages to fishes. Two other early authors, Charles Litken
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
(1874) and F. Mocquard (1886, 1889), have referred to or described
a species or so of fishes from Venezuela.
The outstanding contributions by Franz Steindachner, from 1868
to 1917, were based largely on specimens from the Orinoco system.
His most important work, as far as Venezuela is concerned, appeared
in 1910 and 1917.
Jacques Pellegrin (1899) reported on a small collection of fishes
from the Rio Apure system and wrote other papers from 1903 to 1912
that included Venezuelan records.
During more recent years other authors have mentioned a few
species of fishes. Most important among these is Jan Metzelaar’s
1919 report on the marine fishes taken by Dr. Boeke largely from the
Venezuelan localities of Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, and Guanta.
Dr. Carl L. Hubbs in 1920 described a new goby from near Macuto.
Francesca La Monte in 1929 named two fishes from Mount Duida.
Ernst Ahl in 1928 and Enrico Tortonese in 1939 recorded a few fishes
from Venezuela.
Although Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann and his coauthors published a
large series of papers on South American fishes, these give only casual
mention of Venezuelan localities except in a single paper (Eigenmann,
1920a). Dr. A. S. Pearse in 1919 and 1920 reported mostly on the
ecology of this same collection from the Valencia and Rio Tuy Basins.
Henry W. Fowler, although mentioning Venezuelan fishes in several
of his numerous papers, made two reports (1911, 1931) on collections
made in Venezuela. The specimens on which Fowler based these
reports came from northeastern Venezuela from streams tributary to
the Gulf of Paria and from the lower Orinoco system.
Dr. George S. Myers, who has written numerous short papers on
South American fishes, has referred to Venezuelan localities in several
published from 1924 to 1944. He devoted a major part of the following
contributions to Venezuelan fishes: 1927, ‘Descriptions of New South
American Fresh-water Fishes Collected by Dr. Carl Ternetz’’; 1928,
“New Fresh-water Fishes from Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil”; 1932,
““A New Genus of Funduline Cyprinodont Fishes from the Orinoco
Basin, Venezuela’’; 1935, “Four New Fresh-water Fishes from Brazil,
Venezuela and Paraguay.” His latest and largest contribution on
Venezuelan ichthyology appeared in 1942 under the title “Studies on
South American Fresh-water Fishes, I,’’ in which he described some
new species of fishes from the Maracaibo Basin, the first since the
time of Cuvier and Valenciennes. The collections of Venezuelan
fishes on which this paper was based were made largely by Dr. F. F.
Bond during 1938-1939, but the bulk of Bond’s fresh-water fishes are
still at Stanford University and as yet not reported upon.
Codazzi (1940) published a 3-volume work and mentioned common
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 13
names of fishes in volume 1, pp. 259-267. His descriptions under each
name indicate unfamiliarity with practically all the fishes discussed.
The book by Eduardo Rohl (1942) devotes pages 353 to 413,
figures 172 to 230, to fishes. Although it is intended for popular use,
the author used a most antiquated scientific terminology, based in
large part on papers written over half a century ago. However,
Rohl’s book has been a valuable source of common names of Vene-
zuelan fishes in spite of its other shortcomings from an ichthyological
standpoint. It contains numerous records of marine fishes for
Venezuelan waters found nowhere else.
My own contributions on Venezuelan fishes began in 1943, based
on my collections made in 1942. In addition to these I have had at
my disposal other collections that have been included in this and in
previous reports. The first were a few specimens collected by Lyon
and Robinson at Macuto, Venezuela, August 1 and 2, 1900, and given
by them to the United States National Museum. Next, the Chicago
Natural History Museum kindly lent for report and study a small
collection made by Dr. W. H. Osgood in 1911 at Encontrados and
other localities in the Maracaibo Basin, along with specimens collected
in 1920 by Osgood and Conover. I also found in the national col-
lections a few specimens collected by Dr. Henri Pittier in 1923, and
by Dr. Arnoldo Gobaldon in 1935, probably in connection with the
work of the International Health Board. Other fresh-water fishes
from the vicinity of Caripito, collected by Dr. William Beebe in 1942,
were kindly lent for study and report. Dr. Beebe has published a
few papers on his Caripito expedition in Zoologica beginning in 1942.
Almost the only marine fishes from Venezuela that I have had for
study were those collected by the U. S. S. Niagara in the Gulf of
Venezuela during 1924-1925, through the efforts of Capt. P. P.
Blackburn, who sent them to the former U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.
Later they were transferred to the National Museum through the
courtesy of Dr. S. F. Hildebrand, who had reported on the anchovies
from this collection in 1943. In addition I was able to obtain a few
marine fishes during my 1942 Venezuelan trip.
The history of Venezuelan ichthyology may best be gained by a
glance at the section ‘‘ Literature Containing References to Venezuelan
Fishes” at the end of this paper.
GLOSSARY OF VENEZUELAN LOCALITIES MENTIONED IN THIS
REPORTS
Altagracia: Town at mouth of Maracaibo Strait.
Amuay, Bahia de: Bay in Gulf of Venezuela.
Asfdlto, Lago (or Pitch Lake): Asphalt lake near Guenoco, east of Caripito.
Barcelona: Town in northeastern corner of Estado de Anzodtegui.
5 A map of the Maracaibo Basin was included in each of my previous reports on Venezuelan fishes (Schultz,
1944a, p. 175; 1944f, p. 367).
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Barquisimeto: Town on upper Rio Cojedes, Estado de Lara (Orinoco system).
Bifurcation of Rio Orinoco: Probably below Barrancas.
Burro, Isla del: Island in Lago de Valencia.
Caicara: Town on Rio Orinoco below mouth of Rio Apure.
Calabozo: Town on Rfo Gudrico, Estado de Guarico.
Cafios. (See under Rios.)
Capatdrida: Town near coast of Golfo de Venezuela, in Estado de Falcén.
Caracas: Capital of Venezuela, in Distrito Federal.
Cariaco, Golfo de: Gulf on coast of Venezuela, Estado de Sucre.
Caripito: Town on northern edge of Estado de Monagas.
Caripano: Town in Estado de Sucre.
Ciénaga del Guanavana: Swamp about 10 km. north of Sinamaica.
Ciudad Bolivar: City on lower course of Rio Orinoco.
Cumand: Coastal city at mouth of Golfo de Cariaco, in Estado de Sucre.
Cumanacoa: Town in Estado de Sucre.
Duida, Mount: Mountain on the upper Rio Orinoco in southern Venezuela.
Egido: Town 14 km. below Mérida, Estado de Mérida.
El Cable: Submarine cable at Caripano, Estado de Sucre.
El Callao: Town on Rio Yurupuri, south of Guacipati.
El Mene: Town 56 km. east of Altagracia,
El Sombrero: Town on Rfo Guarico in Estado de Guérico near southern border
of Estado de Aragua.
El Tablazo: Bay between Gulf of Venezuela and Lago de Maracaibo.
El Valle: Suburb south of Caracas.
El Valle: Settlement at Porlamar, Isla de Margarita.
Encontrados: Town on lower Rio Catatumbo.
Estanques: Town on Rio Chama, Estado de Mérida,
Estanques, Bahia de: Bay in Gulf of Venezuela.
Guacipati: Town southeast of Ciudad Bolivar.
Guanta: Coastal town 13 km. northeast of Barcelona, Estado de Anzodtegui.
Guasdualito: Town in Estado de Apure.
Guenoco. (See under Lago de Asfalto.)
Higuerote: Seaport in Estado de Miranda,
Irapa: Town on shore of Golfo de Paria, Estado de Sucre.
Jacuque. (See under Punta.)
La Boca: Lago de Valencia.
La Florida: Town on eastern side of Caracas.
La Gonzdlez: Town in Estado de Mérida.
La Grita: Town in Estado de T4chira,
La Guaira: Town on coast of Distrito Federal.
La Pedrita: Near Uracoa, Estado de Monagas.
Laguna del Rfo Capatdrida: Small lake at the mouth of the Rfo Capatdrida.
Lagunillas: Town on east side of Lago de Maracaibo, Estado de Zulia.
Lagunillas: Town on Rio Chama, Estado de Mérida.
Los Castillos: Town on Rio Orinoco, below Ciudad Bolivar.
Los Monitos: Town near mouth of Rio Limén, Estado de Zulia.
Macolla. (See under Punta.)
Macuto: Town on coast east of La Quaira, Distrito Federal.
Maracaibo: Large city at northern end of Lago de Maracaibo.
Maracaibo, Lago de: Largest lake of Venezuela, at northwestern end of country.
Maracay: City on shore of Lago de Valencia.
Margarita, Isla de: Island off northeast coast of Venezuela.
Maturin: Town in Estado de Monagas.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 15
Mene Grande: Town east-central side of Lago de Maracaibo, Estado de Zulia.
Morén: Town 23 km, west of Puerto Cabello.
Motatdn: Town on eastern side of Lago de Maracaibo.
Mucuchfes: Town on upper Rio Chama, Estado de Mérida.
Noguera: Town probably in Valencia Basin.
Ocumare: Town on coast of Estado de Aragua.
Palmarejo: Town across channel from Maracaibo.
Pampdn: Town 5 km. north of Trujillo, Estado de Trujillo,
Paraguand, Peninsula de: Peninsula in Estado de Faleén.
Pedernales: Town on Orinoco Delta at mouth of Cafio Manamo.
Perija, Sierra de (Rio Coguollo): Mountain range north of Maracaibo Basin.
Petare: Town 13 km. east of Caracas.
Piedras Bay: Bay in the Gulf of Venezuela.
Pitch Lake. (See under Lago de Asfalto.)
Porlamar: Town on Isla de Margarita.
Pueblo Viejo: Town on east side of Lago de Maracaibo.
Puerto Cabello: Coastal town, Estado de Carabobo.
Punta Gorda: Point on east coast of Gulf of Venezuela.
Punta Jacuque: Point ia Gulf of Venezuela.
Punta la Macolla: Point on Peninsula de Paraguana.
Punta Salinas: Point in Gulf of Venezuela.
Punta Tigre: Point at mouth of Rfo San Juan, tributary of Golfo de Paria.
Quebradas. (See under rios.)
Rios, CaNos, and QUEBRADAS:
Agua Caliente: Southwestern end of Lago de Maracaibo.
Agua Caliente: 6 km. west of Puerto Cabello.
Albireggas (probably same as Barregas): Above Mérida (Rfo Chama system).
Alpargatén: 5 km. north of Morén, Estado de Yaracuy.
Amana: Tributary of Rio Guanipa, Estado de Monagas.
Apén: About 35 km. south of Rosario, west side of Lago de Maracaibo.
Apure: Large river, tributary of Rio Orinoco, in central Venezuela.
Atabapo: Tributary of Rfo Orinoco, near San Fernando de Atabapo,
Colombian border.
Barregas: Tributary of Rio Chama, below Egido, Estado de Mérida, south
end of Lago de Maracaibo.
Borburata: Near Puerto Cabello.
Bue: Tributary of Lago de Valencia.
Cabriale (probably equals Cabridin): Valencia Basin, Estado de Carabobo.
Cambur, Cafio: Southeast of Valencia in Valencia Basin.
Capatdrida: Tributary of the Gulf of Venezuela, north coast, Estado de
Falcén.
Caripe: At Caripito.
Caroni: Large tributary of Rfo Orinoco: its mouth is below Ciudad Bolfvar.
Cassiquiare: Large branch of upper Rio Orinoco, connecting with Rfo
Negro.
Castafio: Valencia Basin.
Catatumbo: Largest river at southwestern end of Lago de Maracaibo,
Caura: Tributary of Rio Orinoco.
Cerro Grande: 10 km. east of Macuto.
Chacaito, Quebrada: Eastern boundary of Distrito Federal.
Chama: Southern end of Lago de Maracaibo.
Chirgua: Tributary of Rio Portuguesa.
Cobre: Tributary of Rio la Grita below La Grita, Estado de Tachira (Cata-
tumba system).
16
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Cocuiza: Tributary of the Gulf of Venezuela, western boundary, Estado de
Falcéno.
Cogollo: Tributary of Rio Apén, west side of Lago de Maracaibo.
Cojedes: Tributary of the Rfo Portuguesa.
Concha: Southwestern end of Lago de Maracaibo.
Coquendn. (See under Cuquendn.)
Coroni: Tributary of Rfo Orinoco.
Corozal: Small cafio or stream between Uracoa and Rio Tigre, Orinoco
Delta.
Cumboto: Near Ocumare, on the coast of Estado de Aragua.
Cuquendn: Upper tributary of Rio Caroni, with headwaters at Mt. Roraima.
Curiepe: At Higuerote, Estado de Miranda.
Cuyuni: Extreme eastern Venezuela, mouth at Georgetown, British Guiana.
Escalante: Southern end of Lago de Maracaibo.
Frio: Tributary of Rio Uribante.
Gé, Quebrada la: Tributary of Rio Palmar near Rosario, west side of Lago
de Maracaibo.
Gonzdlez: Tributary of Rio Chama at La Gonzdlez, Estado de Mérida.
Guaiguaza: 3 km. west of Puerto Cabello.
Guaire: At Caracas, Rio Tuy system.
Guanare: Tributary of Rio Portuguesa.
Guanipa: Empties into Golfo de Paria, west of Pedernales.
Guanoco, Cafio de: Near mouth of Rfo San Juan, tributary of Golfo de
Paria.
Gudrico: Tributary of Rfo Apure, southeast of the Lago de Valencia Basin.
Irapa: At Irapa, on Golfo de Paria, Estado de Sucre.
Jimelles: Tributary of Rio Motatan, east of Motatdn, eastern side of Lago de
Maracaibo.
La Grita: Estado de Tdchira (Catatumbo system).
Limén: North of Maracaibo, tributary of El Tablazo.
Macarupano: 5 km. southeast of Cartipano, Estado de Sucre.
Machango: Small stream east side of Lago do Maracaibo, south of Lagunillas.
Mamo: 15 km. west of La Guaira.
MAanamo, Cafio: Western channel of Orinoco Delta.
Manapire: Tributary of Rio Orinoco.
Manzanares: Empties into Gulf of Cariaco, Estado de Sucre.
Marguanta (probably equals Maruanta): Tributary of Rfo Orinoco east of
Ciudad Bolivar.
Meta: Large tributary of Rio Orinoco running along south-central border of
Venezuela.
Misoa;: 20 km. south of Lagunillas, east side of Lago de Maracaibo.
Morichal Largo: Tributary of Cafio M4namo.
Motatdn: Southeastern end of Lago de Maracaibo.
Negro: Tributary of Rfo Santa Ana, west side of Lago de Maracaibo.
Noguera: At Noguera, probably Valencia Basin.
Orinoco: Largest river of Venezuela, draining central and southern part of
country.
Paito: Valencia Basin, southwest and south of Valencia.
Pajaros, de los: Southwestern end of Lago de Maracaibo.
Palmar: Western side of Lago de Maracaibo.
Pamplonita: Tributary of Rio Zulia, Colombian and Venezuelan border,near
Cicuta, Colombia.
Pao: Tributary of Rfo Chirgua.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ be
Paz: Valencia basin southwest of Valencia.
Porlamar: Isla de Margarita.
Portuguesa: Tributary of Rfo Apure.
Quiribana, Cafio de: Near Caicara, on Rio Orinoco below mouth of Rfo
Apure.
Sagua, Cafio de: About 25 km. north of Sinamaica, Estado de Zulia.
San Esteban: Near Puerto Cabello.
San Ignacio: 20 km. south of Rosario, western side of Lago de Maracaibo.
San Juan: South of Rosario, western side of Lago de Maracaibo.
San Juan: Tributary of Rfo Motatdn, southeastern end of Lago de Maracaibo.
San Juan: Tributary of Golfo de Paria.
San Pablo: Caripito.
San Pedrito: 55 km. east of Barcelona, Estado de Sucre.
San Pedro: Tributary of Rio Motatdn, south of Mene Grande.
Sanchén: 5 km. west of Tavorda or west of Puerto Cabello, Estado de Cara-
bobo,
Santa Ana: Large river western side of Lago de Maracaibo.
Sargento, Quebrada: Tributary of Rfo Limén, north of Maracaibo.
Socuy: Tributary of Rio Limén, northwest of Maracaibo.
Suata: Tributary of Rio Orinoco.
Tabor, Quebrada: Tributary of Rio Motatan, 30 km. north of Trujillo.
TAchira: Tributary of Rfo Pamplonita, west of San Antonio, Estado de
Tachira (Catatumbo system).
Tamanaco: At headwaters of Rfo Tinaco, Estado de Cojedes.
Tapa Tapa: Tributary of Lago de Valencia.
Tigre: Tributary of Rio Morichal Largo.
Tinaco: Estado de Cojedes.
Tiquirito: Valencia Basin.
Tocuyo: Estado de Falcén.
Torbes: At Tdriba, Estado de Tdchira (Orinoco system).
Turmero: Valencia basin.
Tuy: Coastal river, Estado de Miranda.
Unare: Estado de Anzoategui.
Uracoa: Near Uracoa, west of Tucupita, Estado de Monagas.
Urana: 40 km. west of Puerto Cabello.
Uribante: Tributary of Rio Apure, its mouth just northeast of Guasdualito.
Valle: Tributary of Rio Guaire, just southeast of Caracas.
Yaracuy: 45 km. northwest of Puerto Cabello, in Estado de Yaracuy.
Yarapa. (See under Irapa.)
Yasa: Tributary of Rio Negro, westernside of Lago de Maracaibo (Santa Ana
system).
Yuruari: Extreme eastern Venezuela, tributary of Rfo Cuyuni, the mouth
of which is at Georgetown, British Guiana.
Zulia: Tributary of Rfo Catatumbo.
Rosario: Town 95 km. southwest of Maracaibo.
Salina Rica: Marsh 5 km. north of Maracaibo.
Salinas, Bahia: Bay in Gulf of Venezuela.
Salinas. (See also under Punta.)
San Antonio: Town in Estado de TAachira.
San Carlos: Town in Estado de Cojedes.
San Casimiro: Town in Estado de Aragua.
San Cristébal: Town in Estado de TAchira.
San Esteban: Town near Puerto Cabello.
802207—_49—_2
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
San Felipe: Town in Estado de Yaracuy, on Rfo Yaracuy.
San Félix: Town on western boundary of Estado de Falecén, near mouth of Rfo
Cocuiza.
San Fernando de Apure: City just below mouth of Rio Portuguesa, tributary of
Rio Apure.
San Fernando de Atabapo: Town on Colombian border.
San Romdn, Cabo: Cape at outer tip of Peninsula de Paraguanda.
San Sebastiin: Town in Estado de Aragua.
Santa Barbara: Rfo Orinoco, southern Venezuela.
Santa Barbara: Town near upper Rfo Amana, Estado de Monagas.
Santa Rosa, Salina: About 3 km. north of Maracaibo.
Sinamaica: Town near mouth of Rfo Limén, north of Maracaibo.
Soledad: Town across river from Ciudad Bolivar.
Tacarigua, Laguna de: Lake at coast, Estado de Miranda.
Tachira, Est4cion: Town 60 km. north of San Cristébal, Estado de Tachira.
Tdriba: Town in Estado de Tachira.
Tavorda: Town 6 km. west of Puerto Cabello.
Tigre. (See under Punta.)
Tinaquilla: Town in Rfo Portuguesa drainage, Estado de Cojedes.
Totuma: An oil field about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo near Rio Palmar.
Trujillo: Town in Estado de Trujillo.
Tucacas: City on east coast of Estado de Falcén, about 60 km. northwest of
Puerto Cabello.
Tucupita: Town on Cafio Manamo, Orinoco Delta.
Tulé, Lago: Lake about 75 km. west of Maracaibo, tributary of Rio Socuy system.
Upata: Town about 125 km. east of Ciudad Bolivar.
Uracoa: Town in Estado de Monagas, west of Tucupita.
Valencia, Lago de: Large lake southeast of Puerto Cabello.
Valera: Town in Estado de Trujillo.
TAXONOMIC SECTION
Class ELASMOBRANCHII
Subclass SELACHII
Superorder SELACHOIDEA: Sharks and Rays
The sharks and rays may be distinguished from the bony fishes by
the differences in the number of external gill openings, in sharks 5 to 7
on each side, whereas in the bony fishes there is a single external gill
opening. ‘The gills of bony fishes are covered by the operculum. The
upper lobe of the caudal fin is longest.
The sharks of Venezuelan waters are fully described and keyed out
to species in “Fishes of the Western North Atlantic” by Dr. H. B.
Bigelow and William C. Schroeder (Mem. Sears Foundation Mar.
Res. No. 1, pp. 59-576, figs. 6-106, 1948). It is not considered neces-
sary here to report upon them in detail, since all my Venezuelan
specimens were studied by those authors.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 19
Order LAMNOIDEA
Suborder GALEOIDEA
Family ORECTOLOBIDAE: Nurse Sharks
Genus NEBRIUS Riippell
Nebrius RtrrEut, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, p. 62, 1835. (Genotype, Nebrius
concolor Riippell.) (Ref. copied.)
According to Fowler, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 13, p. 67, 1941,
Ginglymostoma Miller and Henle, 1837, is a synonym.
NEBRIUS CIRRATUS (Gmelin)
GATA
Squalus cirratus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, p. 1492, 1788 (American seas)
(ref. copied).
Ginglymostoma cirratum Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 365, fig. 178,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Family ISURIDAE: Mackerel Sharks; Tiburones
Genus LAMNA Cuvier
Lamna Cuvirer, Le régne animal, vol. 2, p. 126, 1817. (Genotype, Lamna
cornubica Cuvier=Squalus cornubicus Gmelin.) (Ref. copied.)
LAMNA NASUS (Bonnaterre)
PoORBEAGLE; TIBURON CaRITE
Squalus nasus BONNATERRE, Tableau encyclopédique ichthyologie, p. 10, pl. 85,
fig. 350, 1788 (no locality) (ref. copied).
Tsurus nasus R6Ou, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 366, 1942 (coast of Vene-
zuela).
Suborder SCYLIORHINOIDEA
Family GALEORHINIDAE: Gray Sharks; Tiburones
Genus SCOLIODON Miiller and Henle
Scoliodon MULLER AND HENLE, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 114. (Geno-
type, Carcharias [Scoliodon] laticawdus Miller and Henle.) (Ref. copied.)
SCOLIODON TERRAE-NOVAE (Richardson)
SHARP-NOSED SHARK
Squalus (Carcharias) terrae-novae RicHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 3,
p. 289, 1836.
Carcharias (Scoliodon) terrae-novae MrtrzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected
by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 6, 1919 (Puerto
Cabello, Venezuela).
U. S. N. M. No. 127098, 4 small specimens, Gulf of Venezuela, U. S. 8S.
Niagara, December 1924.
U.S. N. M. No. 123221, a postembryo, 182 mm. in total length, Gulf of Vene-
zuela, U.S. 8. Niagara, 1925.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Genus GLYPHIS Agassiz
Glyphis Acassiz, Recherches sur les poissons fossiles, vol. 3, 243, 1843. (Geno-
type, Glyphis hastalis Agassiz.) (Ref. copied.)
GLYPHIS GLAUCUS (Linnaeus)
Great BLUE SHark; Tisur6Nn AZUL
Squalus glaucus LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 235, 1758 (Europe.)
Prionace glauca Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 364, fig. 176, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
Genus GALEOCERDO Miiller and Henle
Galeocerdo Miller AND HENLE, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p.115. (Genotype,
Squalus arcticus Faber, in Miiller and Henle.) (Ref. copied.)
GALEOCERDO CUVIER (Lesueur)
TiceR SHarK; LEopARD SHARK; TINTORERA
Squalus cuvrer (Peron and Lesueur) Lesvevr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 2, p. 351, 1822 (northwest coast of New Holland).
Galeocerdus maculatus Réun, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 365, fig. 177, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
This species is Galeocerdo arcticus of authors.
Genus MUSTELUS Link
Mustelus Linx, Mag. Phys. Naturg. Gotha, vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 31,1790. (Genotype,
Squalus mustelus Linnaeus.)
MUSTELUS CANIS (Mitchill)
Doe SHarxk; Caz6n
Squalus canis Mircutt1, N. Y. Lit. Philos. Trans., vol. 1, p. 486, 1815 (New York).
Mustelus canis Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 364, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
Family SPHYRNIDAE: Hammerhead Sharks
Genus SPHYRNA Rafinesque
HAMMERHEAD SHARKS; PEZ MARTILLO O CORNUDA
Sphyrna Rartnesque, Indice d’ittiologia siciliana, p. 60, 1810. (Genotype,
Squalus zygaena Linnaeus.) (Ref. copied.)
SPHYRNA BIGELOWI Springer
Sphyrna bigelowi SprincER, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 34, pp. 274-276,
figs. LA-1D, 1944 (Uruguay and Brazil).
U.S.N.M. No. 123217, head only, measuring 230 mm. across greatest width,
Amuay Bay, U.S. 5. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
SPHYRNA ZYGAENA (Linnaeus)
Squalus zygaena Linnangvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 234, 1758 (Europe;
America).
Sphyrna zygaena Réut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 366, fig. 179, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ D1
Superorder HYPOTREMATA
Order BATOIDEA: Rays and Skates
This order includes those elasmobranch fishes that have a greatly
depressed head and body, with the pectoral fins greatly expanded and
continuous with the head and body, forming more or less of a disk.
The five gill openings occur on the ventral or under side of the head,
in front of which is the mouth. The snout is depressed and forms
part of the disk or projects forward.
Suborder RAJIFORMES
Family PRISTIDAE: Sawfishes
This family is characterized by the presence of a long bladelike
snout, the sides of which have large projecting ‘‘teeth”’ or spines set in a
socket. In Venezuelan waters these number from 14 to 30 or a few
more.
Genus PRISTIS Link
SAWFISHES, Pez SIERRA
Pristis Link, Mag. Phys. Naturg. Gotha, vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 31, 1790. (Type,
Squalus pristis Linnaeus.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PRISTIS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Teeth on each side of ‘‘saw’’ number 15 to 22; lower caudal lobe present; origin
of first dorsal in front of pelvic insertion_____- Pristis microdon Latham
1b. Teeth on each side of “saw’’ number 24 to 32; lower caudal lobe absent;
origin of first dorsal opposite pelvic insertion._Pristis pectinatus Latham
PRISTIS MICRODON Latham
Pristis microdon Latuam, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 280, pl. 26, fig. 4,
1794 (locality?).
Pristis perrotteti R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 366, fig. 180, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
U.S. N. M. No. 27420, rostrum from Maracaibo.
PRISTIS PECTINATUS Letham
Pristis pectinatus Latuam, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 278, pl. 26, fig. 2,
1794 (in the ocean).
U.S. N. M. No. 121000, 1 specimen, Point Macolla, U. S. S. Niagara, April 19,
1925.
In addition, several saw blades of this species and of Pristis microdon
were seen at the mouth of Cafio de Sagua on the beach north of Sina-
maica, where fishermen had left them.
The teeth on several blades of both species were counted, and it is
interesting to note that frequently one or two more teeth occur on the
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
right side than on the left. I record my counts below, first for the left
side then for the right, respectively:
For microdon, from the Rfo Tuyra, Panama: 20-21; 21-22; 19-19;
18-19; 21-23; 19-20; 20-20; 19-19; 17-18; 18-18; 19-20. Also from
Lake Nicaragua: 18-18 and 15-15.
For pectinatus, from the Gulf of Venezuela: 28-29; from Lake
Nicaragua 26-26; from Florida 25-25.
Family DASYATIDAE: Stingrays; Rayas
This family may be recognized by the presence of a “sting” or sharp
serrated spine, sometimes two of them, on the dorsal surface of the tail.
The pectoral fins are continuous with the snout in this family, thesnout
scarcely projecting or not projecting in front of the general outline
of the disk-shaped body.
Many persons and some uninformed naturalists have the opinion
that stingarees, as they are commonly called, do not have a poisonous
sting. Those who have studied these fishes and have had personal
experience with them are certain that the “sting” is highly venomous.
Before I cite cases of persons who have been jabbed by the spine of a
stingray, I shall acquaint the reader with these fishes and the nature
of their sting or spines.
The stingaree is one of the rays, fishes related to the sharks and
greatly resembling them in structure. In shape, however, they are
flattened and disk-shaped and have a long tail. The rays, which bear
a long sharp spine, usually in the middle upper part of the tail, are
known as stingrays, a word corrupted to stingaree.
Several dozen species of stingrays are known to science. These
creatures occur in all warm seas, as wellas in many of the tropical rivers,
some fresh-water stingrays in South America occurring even more than
a thousand miles above the river mouth. Wherever stingrays occur—
in the seas, bays, or in rivers—they are to be found hiding on the
bottom in mud or sand. If disturbed, they swim with an undulating
motion, usually close to the bottom, and stir up a cloud of mud, then
come to rest on the bottom, the muddy cloud gradually settling
around the ray. This “mud cloud” and the camouflaged coloration
of the fish itself serve a definite purpose in concealing it. While thus
partly buried in the sand or mud bottom the stingray is in perfect
readiness to drive its sting into any unsuspecting victim that may
step on it. The weight of a person stepping on the disk-shaped part
of the body anchors the stingray, giving it the needed leverage to
whip its tail upward with uncanny precision and drive the already
erected spine or sting into its target. The sting on the powerful tail
of even a small ray only a foot across in size can pass through a
person’s foot or into a leg bone.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 23
During 1942 my assistant, Rafael Navarro, and I were collecting
fishes in a swamp north of Sinamaica, Maracaibo Basin. We had
walked nearly half a mile across this shallow muddy mire, pushing a
small boat (cayuca) in front of us. Along the way we noticed many
stingrays measuring up to a foot across their disks. The water was a
few inches to a foot deep, and our feet sank as far into the soft muddy
bottom. We made a fair collection of the various kinds of fishes
present and started back. I urged Navarro not to pick up his feet
in this mud but to push them forward at the surface to avoid stepping
on a stringray.
Suddenly I heard him ery outin agony. A stingaree had driven its
spine into his ankle, but fortunately the spine did not break off.
When we reached shore I cleaned the wound, swabbed it out with
iodine, and bandaged it. At camp that night I found the wound
was deep, to the bone, but the flesh showed little swelling. I washed
it and put on a larger bandage saturated with 1:1000 metaphen.
After a week of this treatment the lesion was completely healed.
Since all stingarees hide, partly buried in the mud or sand of the
bottom, they are always a potential danger to all who wade over such
bottoms in tropical seas or in certain tropical rivers. Since the chief
hazard is caused by stepping on one of these fishes it is almost com-
pletely eliminated by pushing one’s feet along the bottom in the upper
layer of mud or sand. Another method of avoiding the danger would
be to carry a pole and probe the bottom as one walks forward. The
moment something touches the ray it wiggles off.
KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF DASYATIDAE REPORTED OR EXPECTED IN
VENEZUELAN WATERS
la. Outline of disk concave at each side of projecting snout, then rounded;
greatest width of disk a little more than length of disk from tip of snout to
its most posterior margin, not including pelvics; caudal fin moderately
narrow, with its tip bluntly rounded; caudal fin with rays; eye and spiracle
not quite equal to interorbital space; distance from front of oronasal groove
to rear corner of nasal flap 2 in width of nasal flap; eye 2% in interorbital
space and 4% in length of snout; an irregular series of small tubercles or
spines along middle of back behind interorbital space and on tail; color
plain light brownish gray in alcohol____Urotrygon venezuelae, new species
1b. Outline of disk, at each side of snout rounded or nearly so, not concave; greatest
width of disk less than length of disk from snout to its posterior margin,
pelvics not included.
2a. Caudal fin broad, short, and bluntly rounded; greatest width of caudal fin
nearly equal to width of nasal flap; caudal fin with rays; eye and spiracle
much greater than interorbital space; distance from front of oronasal
groove to outer rear corner of nasal flap about 2 times in width of nasal
flap; eye large, equal to or greater than interorbital space and about 2 in
the snout; no spines along middle of back and tail only small prickles;
fourth gill slit a little closer to center of anus than to snout tip; color in
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
alcohol brown with numerous small white spots everywhere on dorsal
suriane (fig. Ve eee he en Urobatis sloani (Blainville)!
2b. Caudal fin narrow, long, and tapering to a point (end of tail usually missing
in adults) and without rays; eye and spiracle about 1% in interorbital
space; distance from front of oronasal groove to corner of upper lip con-
tained about 1% in width of nasal flap; eye moderate about 2) in inter-
orbital space and 4 in snout; a series of rather strong spines along mid-
dorsal line of tail in front of sting; middle gill slit, about equidistant
between tip of snout and center of anus; color in aleohol brownish or
blackish dorsally, tail with bars or underside sometimes blotched; outer
part of disk on ventral side grayish to brownish—fresh-water species.
(Potamotrygon.)
3a. Coloration of ventral side of disk mottled with brownish; sides of tail
in front of sting with regularly placed pale roundish to oblong spots
and behind base of sting barred with pale spots (Amazon and
Guiands) 22s See eee Potamotrygon hystrix (Miiller and Henle)
3b. Coloration of ventral side of disk plain pale, the margins of disk plain
darkish to pale grayish, not mottled.
4a. Sides of tail in front of sting mottled but not with regularly placed
pale or whitish oval spots; tail behind base of sting nearly plain
black without definite pale bars (Magdalena, Atrato, and Maracaibo
IBASins ets ee eee es Potamotrygon magdalenae (Duméril)
4b. Sides of tail in front of sting with regularly placed pale or whitish oval
to roundish spots; tail behind base of sting with distinct pale bars
(Orinocoub asin) beeen ees = Potamotrygon humboldtii (Duméril)
Genus UROTRYGON Gill
Urotrygon Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 173. (Genotype,
Urotrygon mundus Gill, U.S.N.M. No. 7297, west coast of Central America.)
UROTRYGON VENEZUELAE, new species
STINGRAY; RAYA DE AGUA SALADA
FIGURE 2
Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121966, a female measuring 255 mm.
from tip of snout to tip of tail, collected by the U.S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela at Point Macolla, April 19, 1925.
Description (of only known specimen).—Width of disk a little
greater than the length of disk from tip of snout to its posterior margin
not including pelvic; snout a little produced so that at each side of
snout the outline is a little concave, then convex; outline of pelvic fins
rounded, completing the circular outline of the disk; center of anus to
tip of tail equa! to distance from tip of snout to rear margin of pelvics;
length of snout 3.4 in snout to center of anus; least interorbital width
2% in snout; middle gill slit equidistant between tip of snout and center
of anus; base of sting closer to tip of tail than to anus by twice diameter
of eye; eye 2.4 in interorbital space, and about 5.7 in snout; caudal fin
moderately narrow, the greatest height of caudal fin about equal to
diameter of eye; interorbital space a little concave; back everywhere
1 Not yet reported from Venezuelan waters.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 25
covered with prickles; color in alcohol plain pale above and below, no
spots anywhere, although specimen appears to be faded.
The following measurements, expressed in hundredths of the dis-
tance from tip of snout to tip of sting, 210 mm., were made: Width
of disk 65.7; length of disk from snout tip to its rear edge not including
pelvics 61.7; interorbital space 6.90; greatest interspiracular space 11.4
Figure 1.—Urobatis sloani (Blainville) Ficure 2.—Urotrygon venezuelae, new
(U.S.N.M. No. 4656) from Cuba, species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. Ne.
collected by Poey. Sketch by author. 121966), female, 255 mm. in total
length. Sketch by author.
and least interspiracular space 8.57; diameter of eye 2.86; length’of
oronasal groove from edge of upper lip to its anterior edge 2.95; length
of snout 16.4; width across mouth 7.38; width of nasal flap 6.67; tip of
snout to center of anus 56.2; anus to base of sting 32.4; anus to tip of
sting 45.5; length of pelvics 12.6; anus to origin of the ventral fold of
caudal fin 46.2; length of exposed part of sting 15.9; length of spiracle
3.95; greatest width of basal part of tail 8.10; snout tip to first gill slit
25.0; greatest height of caudal fin 3.19.
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The following counts were made: Number of oblique rows of teeth
from middle of jaw to outer edge, upper jaw 15, lower jaw 15; about
45 small spines along middle of back behind eyes and on middorsal
side of tail.
Remarks.—This new species appears to be the Atlantic representa-
tive of Urotrygon asterias (Jordan and Gilbert) because it has in com-
mon with that species a characteristic and definite single row of en-
larged spines along the middorsal line of the back and tail. Urotrygon
mundus differs from asterias and venezuelae by not having the enlarged
spines in a definite continuous row along the midline of the back;
instead they are irregularly placed. Measurements made on the types
of U. asterias are recorded along with those for U. venezuelae in table 1.
It may be distinguished from asterias and from other American rep-
resentatives of the genus Urotrygon by means of the key printed by
Beebe and Tee Van (Zoologica, vol. 26, pt. 3, p. 264, 1941):
la. A continuous series of greatly enlarged spines from behind orbits along mid-
line of back and tail to base of sting; eye about 3.5 to 4 in snout (Pacific
side of Central America)_.._.__._-Urotrygon asterias (Jordan and Gilbert)
1b. Midline of back from behind orbits to just in front of base of tail with a very
irregular series of slightly enlarged spines, these arranged in a continuous
series on middorsal line of tail to base of sting; eye 5.7 in snout (Gulf of
Venezela) S25 Saar oo eet Urotrygon venezuelae, new species
TABLE 1.—Measurements, expressed in hundredths of distance from tip of snout to
itp of sting, made on two species of Urotrygon
venezuelae asterias
Characters Types: U.S.N.M. Nos.—
Holotype
29542 28204 29580
Lotsijlengihiin millimeterss=- ==... 262. 5 ee 255 299 413 361
Length in millimeters from snout tip to end of sting___- 210 256 327 306
Greatestimidthiordisk..-6¢ 2.220 22 vk be 65.7 65. 6 69.1 68. 6
Length of disk from snout tip to rear disk______________ 61.7 62.5 64.6 62.1
heastinterorbitali space: 2. 7....-- 229-5 2 6. 90 6. 84 6. 46 6. 54
Greatest distance between spiracles___.________.______- 11.4 10.7 11.3 10.8
IDiametenioveverce see ee ote Ie ee 2. 86 8. 24. 3. 83 3. 98
Length ofsnont\(tipito eye).....--<--. #2... ee 16.4 16.6 15.0 14.1
Length of oronasal groove (to nasal flap)_______________ 2.95 2.07 2. 87 2.39
Widcbiacrosslowerjaws--s-8- eee oe 7.38 6. 37 6. 24 6. 54
Widthiofmasaltivp2.~ Semon iddk te 2. 8 6. 67 6. 25 6. 02 5.78
Length of pelvic fin (free outer edge)____.______________ 12.6 10.9 10.5 10.6
MONE UOL Stn esse = ere a aa a ee 15.9 18.0 16.1 16.8
Snovtstip to centeroranus..-.-. so ee 56. 2 53.5 59.6 54.6
Center of anus to: Rear base of sting___._____.___________ 32.4 34.8 32.1 33. 6
Tip ior stingy: oe ye eer) as 45.5 46.8 43.1 46.0
Origin of ventral fold on tail_________ 46.2 43.8 40.0 40.9
Leastinterspiracular‘spate....-2.-2 =. 8. 57 8. 60 8. 56 8. 40
Widtitvot base Ofitallt 22: 32. ore ta Soy eee ey) 8.10 6. 06 7.34 7. 52
Snout to front edge of first gill slit_.._.......___________ 25.0 25.1 28. 5 22. 6
Greatest height or width of caudal fin-_________________ 3.19 2.93 2.91 2.94
Distance from first gill slit to last-_....-._.._______.____ 9. 38 9. 69 10.9 9. 80
Widthiot first rillisiit: et Ue eee aoe 1.90 1. 56 1.77 1.70
WAC TOnISSt Piste -poeeeer ee ese Rn gt Oe en a 1. 48 1. 41 1,22 1.31
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 27
Genus POTAMOTRYGON Garman
Potamotrygon GARMAN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 210, 1877. (Geno-
type, Pastinaca humboldtiit Roulin designated by Eigenmann, The fresh-
water fishes of British Guiana, p. 116, 1912.)
Pastinaca Swainson (Natural history of fishes, amphibians. . .,
vol. 1, p. 172, 1838), is not a synonym of the genus Potamotrygon
Garman, as Swainson says: ‘‘Pastinaca Antiq. differs from Trygon
only in having the tail entirely naked: the common sting ray of the
Mediterranean is the type of this genus, to which we prefer retaining
the name by which it was known to the ancients.” Pastinacae
Nardo, Giorn. Fisica de Pavia, vol. 1, p. 11, 1827, with genotype Raja
pastinaca Linnaeus, is an older name according to Jordan (Genera
of fishes? pty, 1; p. 121, 1917),
I have had for examination, in addition to the series listed from the
Maracaibo Basin, two specimens from the Orinoco system, two from
the Rio Ampiyacu of the Peruvian Amazon, and one from the Rio
Magdalena. On these I have based my key. Because of the vari-
ability in body proportions I considered it advisable not to use the
measurements. The coloration is so strikingly different for the
specimens from the three drainage basins that I am able to dis-
tinguish the three species at a glance. The presence or absence of
white blotches or black spots on the dorsal surface was so variable
for the large series of specimens from the Maracaibo Basin that I
cast serious doubt on those characters as of value in distinguishing
the species referable to the genus Potamotrygon.
For detailed measurements made on specimens of Potamoirygon,
see table 2.
POTAMOTRYGON HUMBOLDT (Duméril)
STincRay; RaYA DE AGUA DULCE
Pastenaque Humboldt, Rovzin, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 16, pp. 104-107, pl. 3, figs.
1-3, 1829 (Upper Rfo Meta, Province San Martin at Giramena). (No
binomial name given.)
Pastin{aca] humboldtii, Routin, in Duméril, Histoire naturelle des poissons ou
ichthyologie générale, vol. 1, p. 625, 1865.
Taeniura d’orbignyi SternpACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 41, p.
159, 1879 (Ciudad Bolfvar).
Trygon hystric Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 473 (Apure,
Venezuela).—Sacus, Aus dem Llanos, 1879, p. 146 (Apure).—R6uL, Fauna
descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 368, fig. 181, 1942 (Orinoco).
Potamotrygon hystrit EIGENMANN AND E1GENMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol.
14, p. 25, 1891 (Apure; Orinoco).—(in part) Fowier, Mus. Hist. Nat. Lima,
1945, p. 19 (Venezuela).
Potamotrygon d’orbignyit (in part) EraENMANN AND ErcENMANN, Proc. U. Ss.
Nat. Mus., vol. 14, p. 25, 1891 (Orinoco, near Ciudad Bolivar).—E1cEn-
MANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia 1896-1899, vol. 3, pt. 4,
p. 378, 1910 (Apure of Orinoco).
VOL. 99
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ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 29
One specimen, 255 mm. in total length, Rio Gudrico at El Sombrero, F. F. Bond,
February 13, 1938.
One specimen, 329 mm. in total length, Rfo Apure at San Fernando de Apure,
F. F. Bond, February 16, 1938.
POTAMOTRYGON MAGDALENAE (Duméril)
STINGRAY; RAYA DE AGUA DULCE
FIGURE 3
Taeniura magdalenae VALENCIENNES, in Duméril, Histoire naturelle des poissons
ou ichthyologie générale, vol. 1, p. 625, 1865 (Rio Magdalena).
Trygon hystriz (in part) MtLuer anp HENLE, Systematische Beschreibung der
Plagiostomen, p. 167, 1841 (Maracaibo).
Trygon (Trygon) hystrix (in part) Dumérit, Histoire naturelle des poissons ou
ichthyologie générale, vol. 1, p. 608, 1865 (L. Maracaibo).
Potamotrygon hystrix (in part) Carorracco, Mon. Zool. Ital., vol. 46, No. 3,
p. 56, 1985 (Maracaibo).
Potamotrygon magdalenae Scuuttz, U. 8. Naval Med. Bull., vol. 42, No. 3, p.
752, 1944 (Sinamaica, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121665, 2 specimens, one, a female, 325 mm. in total length, gave
birth to a postembryo 186 mm. in total length, Lago Tulé, about 75 km. west of
Maracaibo, March 1, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121659, 5 specimens, all males, 184 to 302 mm., Rio Palmar
near Totuma, about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo, February 21, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121667, 5 specimens, o@ 123 (postembryo) to 348 mm.; 9 330
and 450 mm., Rfo Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa, March 2, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121666, 2 specimens, @ 260 and 9 312 mm., Ciénaga del Guana-
vana, about 10 km. north of Sinamaica, March 11, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121661, 1 specimen, @ 310 mm., Rio Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km.
above Lago de Maracaibo, May 1, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121662, 4 specimens, 2 embryos, & 120 and 9 127 mm., of 338
and ? 440 mm., Rio Palmar at bridge, 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6,
1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121668, 9 specimens, @ 175 to 445 and 2 9 202 and 235 mm.,
Rio Ap6én, about 35 km. south of Rosario, February 26, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121664, 5 specimens, embryos ¢ 205 and 230 mm., 9 195 and
209 mm., and adult 9 435 mm., Lago de Maracaibo near mouth of Rio Concha,
May 2, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121660, 5 specimens, 9 158 to 295 mm., and one @& 325 mm.
Rio Machango at bridge south of Lagunillas, March 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121663, 2 specimens, @ 302 and 392 mm., cafio % mile west
Sinamaica, March 11, 1942.
This species of stingray occurs abundantly in the rivers, ponds,
cafios, and lakes of the Maracaibo Basin on sandy to muddy bottoms,
where it partially conceals itself by burying itself in the bottom. In
this position it is a dangerous fish because when it is stepped on it can
drive its poisonous sting with great force into a person’s foot or leg.
The Venezuelans greatly fear it because its sting not only produces
excruciating pain but may cause death. The largest stingray that I
saw was a female in the Rio Machango. It measured a little over a
foot across the disk.
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
This stingray does not appear to have been described very fully in
the past, and for that reason the following descriptive comments are
recorded, along with measurements in table 2.
The disk is a little longer than wide, evenly rounded; the tip of the
snout has a little soft knoblike projection beyond the outline of the
disk; the tail is longer than length of the disk, although the end of the
tail is almost invariably missing except on the embryos, and therefore
total length means very little; spiracles about size of eye and located
just behind eyes; the space between the spiracles greater than inter-
Ficure 3.—Potamotrygon magdalenae (Duméril) (U.S.N.M. No. 121665), 325 mm, in
total length, from Lago Tulé. Sketch by author.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 31
orbital space, the latter about twice the length of the snout, interorbital
space nearly flat; the mouth is a little closer to tip of snout than to
front of the eye; inside the mouth there are always five blunt papillae
on the lower jaw behind the teeth, the papilla in the midline a little
in advance of the others, all four of which are in a straight line or
nearly so; behind the teeth of upper jaw is a broad membrane whose
inner margin has about 25 lappets; the nasal flap is free with a truncate
fringed margin; the teeth are diamond-shaped with a posteriorly pro-
jecting blunt median tip, each side of which is a slight concavity; the
greatest width of the toothed area of the upper jaw about two-thirds
that of lower jaw; pelvic fins when spread with outer margins truncate
or a little rounded, outer tips rounded; the claspers are variously
developed at different sizes, the smallest specimen with fully developed
claspers measures 210 mm. from tip of snout to end of sting and the
diameter of the clasper was about 10 mm., its length 43 mm.; the
spines along middorsal line of back in front of base of sting are absent
on the embryos and postembryos but begin to appear at a length of
about 200 mm. (from snout tip to end of sting) and the greatest num-
ber of such spines counted was 23; the sting when fully developed is
about as long as the snout, fully barbed along its sides and with a
lengthwise groove near base of the barbs that no doubt contains the
poison glands and venom; the upper surfaces of the body are covered
with minute scales and then in addition some specimens have numer-
ous to few scattered stellate tubercles; under side of body naked.
Color.—Dorsal surface plain dark brown or dark brown with
numerous scattered small black spots, and occasionally the dorsal
surface has light blotches; ventral surface plain pale except rayed
parts of pectorals, which are grayish to brownish, more intense around
the margins, and sometimes a few black spots occur near margins of
the disk; outer corners of upper lip sometimes darkish; under side of
tail blotched or mottled; tail of young and postembryos somewhat
faintly barred. When alive the under sides were purplish to pinkish.
Frequently when a female ray was placed in the collecting can it
would give birth to one to four embryos.
Family MYLIOBATIDAE: Eagle and Cow-nosed Rays
This family may be recognized by the pectoral fins not being con-
tinuous to the end of the snout. They end on the side of the head
behind the eyes, reappearing again in the front of the snout as one or
two fleshy protuberances. The pectoral fins are pointed distally and
the tail is long and whiplike with a spine basally.
Genus RHINOPTERA Kuhl
Rhinoptera Kunu, in Cuvier, Le régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 401, 1829. (Geno-
type, Myliobatis marginatus Geoffroy.) (Ref. copied.)
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
RHINOPTERA LALANDII Miiller and Henle
Cow-NosEep Ray
Rhinoptera lalandit MULLER and HENLE, Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiosto-
men, p. 182, 1841 (Brazil).
U.S.N.M. No. 123216, 1 specimen, 1,030 mm. in total length with length of
disks 360 mm., Piedras Bay, U. 8. 8. Niagara, March 14, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123219, head only, Amuay Bay, U.S. 8S. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
Genus AETOBATUS Blainville
Aetobatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 120, 1816. (Genotype,
Raja narinari Euphrasen, designated by Gill.) (Ref. copied.)
AETOBATUS NARINARI (Euphrasen)
Eacite Ray; Cuucno
Raia narinari EvpHrasEN, Handl. Vet.-Akad. Stockholm, vol. 11, p. 217, pl. 10,
1790 (St. Bartholomieu, West Indies.) (Ref. copied.)
Aetobatus narinari Rou, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 369, fig. 182, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123218, small head, Amuay Bay, U.S.8S. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
Family MOBULIDAE
Genus MANTA Bancroft
Manta Bancrort, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 144, 1828-29. (Genotype, Cephalop-
terus manta Bancroft.)
MANTA BIROSTRIS (Walbaum)
DevitRay; MANTA
Raja birostris WauBaum, Artedi’s Bibliotheca ichthylogica, vol. 3, p. 535, 1792
(on Diabolus marinus Willughby).
Manta birostris Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Veneuzela, p. 370, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
This giant ray may be recognized by the presence of a pair of fleshy
hornlike projections from the front of the snout that turn inward.
The eyes occur laterally near the outer base of each of the two fleshy
cephalic projections.
Suborder NARCOBATOIDEA
Family TORPEDINIDAE: Electric Rays; Tembladores
This family of rays has a disk-shaped body that tapers posteriorly
to a blunt thickish caudal fin; there are two small dorsal fins but no
“sting’’ or spine on the tail. The disk-shaped part of the body. lateral
to and behind the eye is supplied with an electric gland capable of
giving a powerful electric shock when it is touched.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 33
Genus NARCINE Henle
Narcine Henue, Uber Narcine, pp. 2, 31, 1834. (Genotype, Torpedo brasiliensis
von Olfers.) (Ref. copied.)
NARCINE BRASILIENSIS (Oifers)
Exvectric Ray; TEMBLADOR DE AGUA SALADA
Torpedo traviliensis OL¥EeRs, Die Gattung Torpedo, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1831 (Brazil).
Narcine brasiliensis R6uu, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 370, fig. 183, 1942
(coast of Venezuela; ? Rio Mazanares).
Class OSTEICHTHYES
Subclass ACTINOPTERYGII
Superorder TELEOSTEI: Bony Fishes
This class includes the bony fishes, which have hard bones as con-
trasted with the elasmobranch fishes with a cartilaginous skeleton.
There is but a single external gill opening, the gills being covered by
an operculum.
Order ISOSPONDYLIOIDEA
Suborder CLUPEOIDEA
Family ELOPIDAE: Tarpons
KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Scales about 42 or 43; gill rakers very numerous; dorsal branched rays about
10 or 11; anal branched rays about 18 or 19; last ray of dorsal fin fila-
MENtOUS oe eee ee Tarpon atlanticus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
1b. Scales small, 103 to 120 from upper edge of gill opening to midcaudal fin base;
gill rakers on first gill arch 5 to 8+10 to 15; branched dorsal rays 17 to
20; branched anal rays 11 to 13; last dorsal fin ray not filamentous.
Elops saurus Linnaeus
Genus TARPON Jordan and Evermann
Tarpon JORDAN AND EverMann, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 409, 1896.
(Genotype, Megalops atlanticus Cuvier and Valenciennes.)
TARPON ATLANTICUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Tarpon; SABALO
Megalops atlanticus CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons;
vol. 19, p. 398, 1846 (Guadeloupe; San Domingo; Martinique; Porto Rico).
Tarpon atlanticus R6uu, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 373, fig. 184, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
Several specimens were seen rolling and diving in the Rio Concha
about 4 or 5 km. above Lago de Maracaibo. A large school was
reported in Lago de Maracaibo at its northern end during April 1942.
802207—49——-3
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Genus ELOPS Linnaeus
Elops LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 518, 1766. (Genotype, Elops
saurus Linnaeus.)
ELOPS SAURUS Linnaeus
MacabBi
Elops saurus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 518, 1766 (Carolina).
U.S.N.M. No. 121694, 6 specimens, 113 to 127 mm. in standard length, Salina
Rica, 5 km. north of Maracaibo, in brackish water, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121695, 1 specimen, 107 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at Maracaibo
Yacht Club, February 27, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121696, 1 specimen, 385 mm., Rfo Concha near mouth, May 2,
1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121697, 3 specimens, 194 to 222 mm., Macolla Point, U. 8. S.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
2 specimens, 22.5 and 57 mm., a bajo seco, east side of Puerto Cabello, F. F.
Bond, January 26, 1938.
1 specimen, 28 mm., Jagoons at Tucacas, 60 km. northwest of Puerto Cabello,
F. F. Bond, January 29, 1938.
2 specimens, 19.5 and 20 mm., Rfo Barburata at mouth, Puerto Cabello, F. F.
Bond, January 19, 1938.
Family ALBULIDAE: Ladyfishes
KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Last dorsal and anal rays not elongate_._____- Albula vulpes (Linnaeus)
1b. Last dorsal and anal rays exceedingly prolonged_Dixonina nemoptera Fowler
Genus ALBULA Scopoli
Albula Scopou, Natural history of fishes, p. 454, 1777. (Genotype, Esozx vulpes
Linnaeus.)
ALBULA VULPES (Linnaeus)
BonerisH; Macasf
Esox vulpes LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 3138, 1758 (Bahamas).
Albula vulpes Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 373, fig. 185, 1942 (coast
of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No.-128265, 4 larval specimens, 33 to 44 mm. in standard length,
Cape San Romdn, U. 8.8. Niagara, April 2, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128267, 1 specimen, 37 mm., Estanques Bay, U. S. S. Niagara,
February 20, 1925.
Genus DIXONINA Fowler
Dizontna Fowtsr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 652. (Genotype,
Dixonina nemoptera Fowler.)
DIXONINA NEMOPTERA Fowler
Dizonina nemoptera Fowimr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 652
(Santo Domingo).—Myerrs, Copeia, 1936, No. 2, p. 83 (Puerto Cabello [not]
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 35
Curacao [but Venezuela]).—BrrBxE, Zoologica, vol. 27, No. 8, p. 48, 1942
(Puerto Cabello).
Albula nemoptera METzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in
the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 9, 1919 (Puerto Cabello).
Family CLUPEIDAE: Herrings; Sardines
Since there were not many specimens of this family in the collections
from Venezuela I have not made a critical study of them. The key
to the genera of Clupeidae reported from Venezuela was extracted
from Storey (Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 14, 1938).
Those who wish to identify the species in the genus Harengula should
consult Storey (loc. cit.), pp. 24-25.
la. Anal fin short, of fewer than 30 rays or the mouth is inferior; no distinct
median notch in upper jaw.
2a. A bilobed dermal fold on anterior edge of cleithrum.
3a. Last 2 rays of anal fin much enlarged, almost forming separate finlets,
third from last smaller than the one preceding it.
Sardinella Valenciennes
3b. Last 2 rays of anal fin scarcely enlarged, third from last not smaller than
one preceding it; last ray of dorsal not produced.
Harengula Valenciennes
2b. No bilobed dermal fold on anterior edge of cleithrum; body strongly com-
pressed; scales on base of caudal lobes; one pointed retrorse spine near
proximalend(of/ maxillary. 2.22522 oe uk Rhinosardinia Eigenmann
1b. Anal fin long, of more than 32 rays; mouth never inferior.
4a. Pelvic fins absent; maxillary not adherent to premaxillary; no canines;
anal origin in front of dorsal origin; maxillary tapering behind in adults
extending to gill opening or beyond, but with rounded posterior end in
the young at a standard length of about 40 mm. or shorter.
Odontognathus Lacepéde
4b. Pelvic fins present.
5a. Maxillary adherent to premaxillary; canines present.
Chirocentrodon Giinther
56. Maxillary not adherent to premaxillary; no canines.Neosteus* Norman
Genus SARDINELLA Valenciennes
Sardinella VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 20, p. 261, 1847. (Genotype, Sardinella aurita Valenciennes,
designated on p. 268, loc. cit.)
SARDINELLA ANCHOVIA Valenciennes
SARDINA
Sardinella anchovia VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle
des poissons, vol. 20, p. 269, 1847 (Rio de Janeiro, Martinique).
The collection bearing U.S.N.M. No. 77962, 4 specimens, 96 to
138 mm. in standard length, made by H. B. Ritchie at Pompater,
Margarita Island, appears to consist of market fish of this species.
They are in bad condition, having had all gill arches and viscera
removed.
6 Not yet reported from Venezuela but undoubtedly occurring there.
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Genus HARENGULA Valenciennes
Harengula VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 20, p. 277, 1847. (Genotype, Harengula latulus Valenciennes,
designated on pp. 277, 281, loc. cit.)
For the identification of the species of Harengula see Storey’s key
(Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 24-25, 1938).
HARENGULA CLUPEOLA (Cuvier)
SARDINE; SARDINA
Clupea clupeola Cuvier, Le régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 318 footnote 2, 1829.
The following specimens were collected by the U.S.S. Niagara in
the Gulf of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 128276, 5 specimens, 60 to 72 mm. in standard length, Amuay
Bay, December 9, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 128277, 2 specimens, 32 and 57 mm., Jacuque Point, January
26, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128279, 7 specimens, 45 to 56 mm., Salinas Bay, April 4-5, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128278, 4 specimens, 32 to 38 mm., Estanques Bay, February
20, 1925.
HARENGULA MAJORINA Storey
Harengula majorina Storey, Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., vol. 1, No.1, pp. 25, 32, figs”
9, 12, 17, 1938 (Santos and Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil; St. Lucia, B. W. I.).
U.S.N.M. No. 128280, 4 specimens, 52 to 54.5 mm. in standard length,
Salinas Bay, U.S.S. Niagara, April 4-5, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128281, a specimen, 141 mm., is probably this species, taken
in Estanques Bay, U.S.S. Niagara, December 8, 1924.
Genus RHINOSARDINIA Eigenmann
Rhinosardinia E1IGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 445, 1912. (Geno-
type, Rhinosardinia serrata Kigenmann.)
RHINOSARDINIA AMAZONICA (Steindachner)
Clupea amazonica STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 80, p. 65, 1879
(Amazon River at Para).
Rhinosardinia amazonica FowuEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83,
p. 406, 1931 (Cafio de Guanoco and Punta Tigre at mouth of San Juan
River, Venezuela).
Genus ODONTOGNATHUS Lacepéde
Odontognathus Lacerkps, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, p. 221, 1800.
(Genotype, Odontognathus muricatus Lacepéde.)
ODONTOGNATHUS COMPRESSUS Meek and Hildebrand
Odontognathus compressus MrEK AND HILDEBRAND, Marine fishes of Panama,
vol. 1, p. 194, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1923 (Fox Bay, Colon, Panama).
The following collections were made by the U.S.S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela in 1925:
U.S.N.M. No. 128284, 6 specimens, 38 to 53 mm., in standard length, April 4.
U.S.N.M. No. 128285, 19 specimens, 25 to 105 mm., Jacuque Point, January 26.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 37
U.S.N.M. No, 128282, 2 specimens, 67.5 and 68 mm., Cape San Romdén, April 2.
U.S.N.M. No. 128283, 9 specimens, 38.5 to 93 mm., Point Macolla, April 19.
Genus CHIROCENTRODON Giinther
Chirocentrodon GUntTuER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 7,
pp. 382, 463, 1868. (Genotype, Chirocentrodon taeniatus Giinther.)
CHIROCENTRODON BLEEKERIANA (Poey)
Pellona bleekeriana Pony, Repertorio fisico-natural de la isla de Cuba, vol. 2;
p. 242, 1867 (Cuba).
U.S.N.M. No. 128275, 1 specimen, 50 mm. in standard length, from
Point Macolla, Gulf of Venezuela, U.S.S. Niagara, April 19, 1925, was
identified by Dr. Hildebrand.
Family ENGRAULIDAE: Anchovies; Anchoas
The recent excellent revision of this family by Dr. S. F. Hildebrand
(Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2, 1943) was indispensable
in this study of the anchovies of Venezuela. During the several years
that Dr. Hildebrand was preparing this revision he assembled in the
U.S. National Museum one of the most complete collections of Amer-
ican anchovies to be found in any museum, including numerous types,
cotypes, and paratypes. It gave me considerable pleasure to be
able to add several thousand more specimens to this collection, among
which were six known species and four undescribed ones, all collected
by me in Venezuela during 1942.
I have followed Dr. Hildebrand’s treatment of the Engraulidae to
a large extent, deviating, however, in the anal-fin formula. Since
the first three anal rays are unbranched I have represented them by
lower-case Roman numbers followed by Arabic numerals for the
branched rays, thus: 1,24. The first pectoral rays consist of two
simple ones, followed by branched rays, the first pectoral ray being
of paper thinness and lying close to the second. The dorsal consists
of a minute simple ray, then two larger ones, followed by branched
rays.
The following key to the genera of Engraulidae reported from
Venezuela is somewhat modified from Dr. Hildebrand’s in order to
call attention to the greatly coiled condition of the intestine in Ceten-
graulis. Engraulis is omitted, since it has not as yet been found in
Venezuela.
la. Intestine with one main loop, without numerous coils below air bladder;
gill membranes never broadly united across the isthmus, at most only a
narrow delicate membrane anteriorly.
2a. Teeth in the jaws all small or minute, about equal in size.
3a. Origin of anal fin posterior to origin of dorsal fin, very rarely almost under
it; gill rakers long, narrow, and numerous; body compressed, except in
young; vertebrae 37 to 46, rarely 46.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
4a. Maxillary long and slender, generally reaching well beyond joint of
mandible, frequently nearly or quite to margin of opercle, more or
less sharply pointed posteriorly.
5a. Gill rakers very close set, numerous, increasing in number with age,
about 60 to 130 on lower limb of first arch in adults, as few as 35
or 40 in young; body deep, strongly compressed, depth in adults
about 2.6 to 3.8 in standard length; attaining a standard length
OL OUGHEE ee tee a ea Anchovia Jordan and Evermann
5b. Gill rakers not very close set, less numerous, apparently not increas-
ing in number with age, rarely as many as 32 on lower limb of
first arch; body usually more elongate; some species very small,
size not exceeding 150 mm. in stardard length.
Anchoa Jordan and Evermann
4b. Maxillary shorter, often rather broad, usually failing to reach joint of
mandible, never reaching beyond it, square or broadly rounded
posteriorly, never pointed; not exceeding 150 mm. in standard
IBnwhh ee one ee Se een ae oe Anchoviella Fowler
3b. Origin of anel fin in advance of origin of dorsal fin, or rarely under it;
pelvic fin inserted about equidistant from base of pectoral and origin of
anal.
6a. Origin of dorsal fin notably less than twice as far from tip of snout as
from base of caudal; gill rakers short and broad, only about 14 on
lower limb of first arch; anal with 29 to 337 rays.
Pterengraulis Giinther
6b. Origin of dorsal fin about twice as far from tip of snout as from base of
caudal; gill rakers long, slender, and numerous, about 33 on lower
limb of first arch in young (probably more numerous in adults);
anal with about 25 rays_--------- Hildebrandichthys, new genus
2b. Teeth in the jaws, especially in the lower jaw, notably enlarged, usvally
unequal in size; origin of anal posterior to that of dorsal; pelvic in-
serted about midway between base of pectoral and origin of anal; size
attained large, about 250 to 300 mm. in total length.
Lycengraulis Giinther
1b. Intestine black, greatly coiled in posterior part of abdominal cavity, pyloric
caeca black; gill membranes broadly united across isthmus in adults by a
thin membrane, easily torn; gill rakers long and slender, close set, increasing
in number with age, 25 to 60 on lower limb of first arch; pelvic fin insertion
under or oaly a little in advance of dorsal origin, size attained up to at least
1G Oem 422 a) s Sos Be ee ee Cetengraulis Giinther
Genus ANCHOVIA Jordan and Evermann
Anchovia JoRDAN AND EvEerMANN, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 449, 1896.
(Genotype, Engraulis macrolepidotus Kner and Steindachner).
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANCHOVIA FROM VENEZUELA
la. Origin of anal fin well in advance of a vertical line through middle of dorsal
fin base; vertebrae 42 or 43; length of cheek about equal to snout and eye;
pelvic fin inserted about equidistant from pectoral insertion and a vertical
line through dorsal origin and of anal origin; greatest depth 3.3 to 3.7, and
postorbital length of head 5.4 to 6.4, both in standard length; anal rays iii,
eA VOM oor aioe. Bee AN eee Anchovia clupeoides (Swainson)
7 Dr. Hildebrand gives the range 27 to 35, but he informs me that the 27 is a typographical error and should
be 29 as in his original data.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 39
1b. Origin of anal fin nearly under middle of base of dorsal fin; vertebrae 39 to
41; length of cheek notably longer than snout and eye; pelvic fin insertion
notably closer to a vertical line through dorsal origin than insertion of
pectorals and nearer base of pectoral than anal origin; depth 3.5 to 4.2 and
postorbital length of head 5.2 to 5.6 in standard length.
Anchovia nigra, new species
ANCHOVIA CLUPEOIDES (Swainson)
Engraulis clupeoides Swarnson, The natural history and classification of fishes,
vol. 2, p. 388, 1839 (Pernambuco, Brazil).
Engraulis productus ToRTONESE, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat, Comp. Univ. Torino, vol.
47, No. 89, p. 6, 1939 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
Anchovia clupeoides HILDEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2,
p. 27, fig. 9, 1943 (Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121767, 60 specimens, 52 to 118.5 mm., mouth of Cafio de
Sagua, 25 km. north of Sinamaica, Gulf of Venezuela, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 127552, 2 specimens, 47 to 50 mm. in standard length, south
coast Gulf of Venezuela, U.S.S. Niagara, November 15, 1925.
3 specimens, 72 to 81 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, F. F.
Bond, November 11, 1939.
ANCHOVIA NIGRA, new species
ANCHOA
FIGURE 4
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121761, 97 mm. in standard length,
collected by Leonard P. Schultz in Lago de Maracaibo at Yacht Club,
Maracaibo, Venezuela, February 27, 1942.
Paratypes.—All the paratypes were collected by Leonard P. Schultz
in the Maracaibo Basin during 1942:
U.S.N.M. No. 121764, 3 specimens, 41 to 99.5 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo,
1 km. off Pueblo Viejo, April 7-8.
U.S.N.M. No. 121762, a specimen, 61 mm., Rfo Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km.
above Lago de Maracaibo, May 1.
U.S.N.M. No. 121763, 4 specimens, 39.5 to 51.5 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, May 16.
U.S.N.M. No. 121766, 2 specimens, 81 and 92 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo
near mouth of Rfo Concha, May 2.
U.S.N.M. No. 121765, 7,000 specimens, 12 to 66 mm., Rio de Los PAjaros,
3 km. above Lago de Maracaibo, April 30.
A female at 99.5 mm. in standard length had her abdomen crowded
with mature eggs on April 7-8, indicating that spawning time was
near.
Description.—Certain measurements were made, and these data,
recorded below, are expressed in hundredths of the standard length,
first for the holotype, then for three paratypes in parentheses, respec-
tively. Standard lengths in millimeters 97 (97.6; 55.5; 92).
Length of head 29.9 (31.3; 30.6; 30.5); greatest depth of body 28.9
(27.2; 26.1; 26.1); length of snout 4.64 (4.71; 4.50; 4.89); diameter of
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
eye 7.52 (8.20; 8.29; 8.05); distance from tip of lower jaw to rear of
joint of mandible 20.1 (22.1; 20.5; 21.2); distance from tip of snout
to rear of maxillary 22.5 (25.6; 25.6; 25.6); greatest width of inter-
orbital space 7.02 (7.17; 7.57; 7.18); postorbital length of head 19.2
(19.1; 18.0; 19.1); length of cheek 13.8 (13.2; 12.2; 13.0); length of
longest gill raker on first gill arch 6.70 (8.00; 6.84; 8.15); length of
longest ray of dorsal fin — (13.2; 15.5; 14.6); of anal fin 12.5 (—;
13.9; 13.3); of pectoral fin 14.4 (14.3; 16.6; 14.9); of pelvic fin 7.22
(6.97; 8.10; 7.28); of lower lobe of caudal fin 23.4 (26.6; 26.1; 26.7);
shortest midcaudal fin ray 9.28 (8.91; 11.7; 9.13); length of base of
anal fin 27.7 (26.8; 30.1; 28.5); length of base of dorsal fin 11.3 (12.5;
11.0; 10.9); distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 17.5 (18.5;
15.1; 16.3); tip of snout to dorsal origin 52.6 (56.3; 53.3; 52.6); snout
to anal origin 60.3 (62.0; 56.6; 62.0); snout to pectoral insertion 30.0
(30.7; 30.6; 31.0); snout to pelvic insertion 44.6 (46.1; 42.9; 46.2);
length of caudal peduncle or distance from base of last anal ray to
midcaudal fin base 16.5 (15.4; 16.4; 15.4); least depth of caudal pe-
duncle 11.2 (10.8; 11.7; 11.2).
bigs
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3s \ Se 1 WS SSS
eS NERY
Ficure 4.—Anchovia nigra, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121761), 97 mm. in
standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays iii, 11
(iii, 11; iii, 11; iii, 11); anal rays iii, 28 (iii, 27; ili, 28; iii, 29); pectoral
fin rays ii, 12—ii, 12 (ii, 12-ii, 12; ii, 11—ii, 12; ii, 11-ii, 11); pelvic rays
always i, 6; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midcaudal
fin base 42 (41; 44; 43). Additional counts are recorded in table 3.
TaBLE 3.—Counts made on species of Anchovia from Venezuela
Number of anal fin rays Number of vertebrae
Species =o SS SSeS ae ar
iii, 25 | iii, 26 | iii, 27 | iii, 28 | iii, 29 | iii,30 | iii, 31 | iii,32 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43
eClupedidgss2p.' -eiityee ts rons 2 1 2 3 8 3 Dy (ped Tne eee 1l 5
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 41
Body compressed, deep, greatest depth about 3.5 to 4.2, and head
about 3.3 to 3.5, both in standard length; depth of head at joint of
mandible much less than postorbital length of head; head longer than
greatest depth of body; snout bluntly pointed, projecting more than
half its length beyond mandible, shorter than eye, scarcely longer
than pupil, contained 5% to 5% in head; eye 3.4 to 4.2 in head; maxillary
ending in a triangular point, extending to or a little past joint of
mandible, contained about 1.3 or 1.4 in head; mandible pointed, not
curved upward at tip, reaching a vertical line through rear edge of
posterior nostril when mouth is closed; teeth most minute but very
numerous along edges of both jaws, often obsolete in adults; cheek
6.6 to 7.1 and postorbital length of head 5.2 to 5.6 in standard length;
gill rakers very long and slender and very numerous, increasing in
number with increase in length or age; depressed length of dorsal
fin 1.5 to 2 in head; the first branched rays of dorsal fin reaching a little
past tips of last rays when the fin is depressed; distal margin of dorsal
fin truncate or a little concave; caudal fin deeply forked; distal margin
of anal fin a little concave, first anal rays longest; first upper ray of
pectoral fin longest, tips of pectoral fins reaching past the insertion
of pelvics, sometimes to opposite nearly halfway toward tips of pelvics
in young specimens; pelvic fins reaching halfway to anal origin in
young but scarcely halfway to anus in adults; dorsal fin origin equi-
distant between midcaudal fin base and front half of eye; origin of
anal fin under middle of base of dorsal fin; axillary scale of pectoral
extending out about halfway to tip of pectoral fin; intestine with one
main loop.
Coloration.—In alcohol the adults are straw-colored dorsally, silvery
on sides, with a dark brownish streak along middorsal line of back;
inside of gill cavity blackish ventrally opposite region of maxillary;
all fins translucent-whitish except caudal fin, which is dusky with the
black pigment cells more intense on distal part of rays; peritoneum
silvery but intestine blackish. In the young a silvery lateral band
about as wide as eye anteriorly becomes narrower posteriorly. The
most characteristic mark is a small black speck at lower base of
caudal fin, with a small cross of X-shaped lines of black pigment
more or less embedded; base of anal fin with black pigment spots;
tip of snout blackish; middle basal part of each lobe of caudal fin
more intensely pigmented than remainder of caudal fin; otherwise
coloration is similar to that in adult specimens.
Remarks.—This new species would, with some exceptions, trace
down through Dr. Hildebrand’s key (1943, p. 21) to A. rastralis, but
it differs from that Pacific species in having 39 to 41 (usually 40)
vertebrae instead of 41 or 42. From A. clupeoides it may be separated
by the key on page 38. Named nigra in reference to the black pig-
mentation on inside of the gill cavity.
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Genus ANCHOA Jordan and Evermann
Anchoa JoRDAN AND EVERMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, No. 15,
p. 501, 1927. (Genotype, Engraulis compressus Girard.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANCHOA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA 8
la. Anal fin with iii, 14 to iii, 22 rays.
2a. Gill rakers on lower limb usually 16 to 26, and upper limb 13 to 21.
3a. Origin of anal under middle or a little behind middle of base of dorsal
fin; cheek short and broad, usually not much longer than eye; depth
about 5.0 to 5.75 and postorbital length of head 6.3 to 6.9, both in
standard length; maxillary short, reaching only to joint of mandible,
not sharply pointed, 1.3 to 1.5 in head; anal rays iii, 15 to iii, 19.
Anchoa ginsburgi Hildebrand
3b. Origin of anal fin far behind middle of base of dorsal fin, somewhere
under its posterior third and rarely behind base of dorsal; cheek longer
and narrower, generally notably longer than eye; anal rays iii, 17 to
iii, 22; dorsal fin when depressed usually with first rays extending to or
beyond tip of last depressed ray; depth 5.0 to 6.0 in standard length;
origin of anal under or slightly behind base of last dorsal ray; silvery
lateral band as wide as eye-_Anchoa lyolepis (Evermann and Marsh)
2b. Gill rakers 22 to 33 on lower limb and 17 to 23 on upper limb of first arch.
4a. Origin of anal generally under posterior third of base of dorsal fin; cheek
short and broad, scarcely longer than eye; axillary scale of pectoral
about 34 length of that fin and 1.9 to 2.7 in head; dorsal origin about
equidistant between midcaudal fin base and middle of eye; maxillary
not sharply pointed posteriorly, its upper free margin rounded, reach-
ing to or slightly beyond joint of mandible; anal rays iii, 15 to iii, 19;
gill rakers 18 to 22 + 24 to 28__-_..----- Anchoa tricolor (Agassiz)
4b, Origin of anal about under middle of dorsal fin base, sometimes slightly
behind middle; depth 4.5 to 5.0, anal base 3.8 to 4.8, both in standard
length; maxillary long, sharply pointed, extending nearly to margin
of opercle except in the young, 1.2 to 1.35 in head; gill rakers 17 to
20 + 23 to 27; anal rays iii, 18 to iii, 22.
Anchoa parva (Meek and Hildebrand)
1b. Anal rays iii, 23 to iii, 37; gill rakers on first gill arch 14 to 19 + 16 to 22; anal
fin base 2.8 to 3.4 in standard length; axillary scale of pectoral broad reach-
ing nearly to or a little past midlength of that fin, 2.4 to 3.6 in head.
5a. Origin of dorsal fin notably closer to midbase of caudal fin than to tip of
snout; posterior margins of operculum broadly convex, figure 8a; tips of
pectorals not quite reaching to pelvic insertions; cheek as long as eye and
half snout; scales about 38 to 42; anal rays iii, 24 to iii, 29.
Anchoa trinitatis (Fowler)
5b. Origin of dorsal fin notably closer to tip of snout than to midbase of caudal
fin; posterior margin of operculum truncate or slightly concave, figures
5, 8, b; tips of pectorals reaching well past pelvic insertions; cheek much
longer, equal to eye and twice snout; scales about 45 to 48.
6a. Anal rays iii, 29; caudal fin with posterior margin not blackish; tip of
dorsalinos blackish=22bse— 2.2" 5-ohe— Anchoa argenteus, new species.
6b. Anal rays iii, 33 to iii, 38; caudal fin with posterior margin blackish;
usually tip of dorsal blackish.
Anchoa spinifer * (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
§ Extracted from Hildebrand’s key to Anchoa.
9 Not yet reported from Venezuela.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 43
ANCHOA GINSBURGI Hildebrand
Anchoa ginsburgi H1npEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2,
p. 55, fig. 20, 1943 (Gulf of Venezuela).
The following specimens were collected by the U. S. S. Niagara in
the Gulf of Venezuela in 1925:
Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 119788, Estanques Bay, February 20.
Paratypes as follows:
U.S.N.M. Nos. 119789, 1 specimen, and 127608, 7 specimens, both lots bearing
same data as holotype.
U.S.N.M. No. 127609, 3 specimens, Salinas Bay, April 4-5.
U.S.N.M. No. 127610, 4 specimens, Jacuque Point, January 26.
ANCHOA LYOLEPIS (Evermann and Marsh)
Stolephorus lyolepis EVERMANN AND Marsu, Bull, U.S. Fish Comm., vol. 20, p. 89,
fig. 18, 1902 (Culebra, Puerto Rico).
Anchoa lyolepis HILDEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 65,
fig. 25, 1943 (Gulf of Venezuela).
The specimen reported by Dr. Hildebrand bears U.S.N.M. No.
127623 and is from Point Macolla, Gulf of Venezuela.
ANCHOA TRICOLOR (Agassiz)
Engraulis tricolor Acassiz, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species piscium
... Brasiliam ... , p. 51, pl. 28, fig. 1, 1829 (Bahia, Para).
Anchoa tricolor HILDEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 74,
fig. 30, 1943 (? Gulf of Venezuela).
The specimen from Amuay Bay recorded by Dr. Hildebrand does
not seem to be in the national collections. Both of the first gill arches
were destroyed, according to his original data, and thus the specimen
measuring 63 mm. in total length was referred to A. tricolor with
much doubt. I have not seen any specimens of this species from
Venezuela, and for identification the number of gill rakers must be
known.
ANCHOA PARVA (Meek and Hildebrand)
ANCHOA
Anchovia parva MEEK AND HILDEBRAND, Marine fishes of Panama, vol. 1, p. 202,
1923 (Porto Bello, Panama).
Anchoa parva HILDEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 83,
fig. 35, 1943 (Venezuela).
Anchoa januaria (in part) HinpEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8,
art. 2, p. 81, fig. 34, 1943 (Gulf of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121772, 18 specimens, 35 to 42 mm. in standard length, Rfo de
Los Pajaros, 3 km. above Lago de Maracaibo, April 30, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121768, 7,000 specimens, 11 to 59 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121770, a specimen, 21.5 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at Yacht
Club, March 5, 1942.
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 99
U.S.N.M. No. 121771, a specimen, 24 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, 7 km. south of
Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121774, 37 specimens, 29 to 34 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, 2 miles
off Lagunillas, March 15, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121773, 13 specimens, 16 to 33 mm., cafio at Los Monitos,
Estado de Zulia, Rfo Limén system, March 11, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121769, 41 specimens, 23 to 44 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua,
25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
One specimen, 35 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, F. F. Bond,
February 3, 1939.
I have carefully examined the two collections from the Gulf of
Venezuela referred by Dr. Hildebrand to Anchoa januaria, U.S.N.M.
Nos. 127675 and 127676, from Amuay and Salinas Bays, respectively.
I found that the gill raker count of U.S.N.M. No. 127675 in one
specimen was 18+24 and that the other two specimens had their
first arches destroyed, which explains the fact that they were not
counted by Dr. Hildebrand, who has been most cooperative in letting
me use his original data. One specimen in U.S.N.M. No. 127676 has
17+26 gill rakers, but the others have 12 on the upper arch and
numerous small, sharp-pointed teeth in both jaws and a short maxillary
with rounded posterior end. I am therefore referring them to
Anchoviella blackburni. Thus, the range of A. januaria must again
be restricted to Brazil.
The following counts were made on specimens from Venezuela.
Anal rays iii,18 in 4, iii,19 in 9, iii,20 in 6, and ii,21 in 9 specimens;
pectoral rays i,11 in 2, i,12 in 4, and i,13 in 4; vertebrae 39 in 1 and
40 in 11 specimens; on 3 specimens the gill rakers were as follows:
1841427; 18+1+26; 19+1+26; 174+1+25; 18+1+23; and
18+1+25. The dorsal fin had ii,13 rays in 2 specimens counted.
ANCHOA TRINITATIS (Fowler)
Ficure 6, a
Anchovia trinitatis FowLerR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 67, p.
527, fig. 3, 1915 (Trinidad).
Anchoa trinitatis HILDEBBAND, Buil. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 96,
fig. 40, 1943 (coast of Venezuela).
The following specimens were identified tentatively as belonging
to this species:
U.S.N.M. No. 121778, 3 specimens, 44.5 to 66 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua»
25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 119812, 3 specimens, 50 to 56 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua,
Estado de Miranda, Venezuela, collected by Dr. F. F. Bond, February 3, 1939.
From same collection as U.S. N.M. No. 119812, 15 specimens,
44 to 54 mm.
The following counts were made: Anal rays iii,25 in 3; 111,26 in one;
iii,27 in 2; and iii,29 in 2; dorsal rays iii,11 in 3 and iii, 12 in 2; pectoral
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 45
rays li,12—1i—-12; ii,13—11,13; gill rakers 16-++-1+20; 17-+-1+-20; vertebrae
40: 40; scales 40 in one, 41 in 8.
ANCHOA ARGENTEUS, new species
Ficurss 5, 6,6
Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 121777, only known specimen, 97 mm.
in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz in Lago de
Maracaibo 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo in gill net, April 7-9, 1942.
Description.—Certain measurements were made on the holotype,
and these data expressed in hundredths of the standard length are
recorded in table 4 along with similar data on other species.
Ficure 5.—Anchoa argenteus, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121777), 97 mm. in
standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
ee b
Ficure 6.—Outline of opercular margin of: a, Anchoa trinitatis (Fowler) (U.S.N.M. No.
123222); b, Anchoa argenteus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 121777). Sketches by author.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays iii, 13; anal iii, 29;
pectorals 11,12-1i1, 12; pelvics i,6-i,6; scale rows from upper edge of
gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 47; gill rakers on first gill arch
to 14-18.
Body compressed, somewhat elongate, greatest depth about 4.3,
head rather long, 3.8, both in standard length; depth of head at joint
of mandible slightly greater than postorbital length of head; head
longer than greatest depth of body, snout bluntly pointed, projecting
much more than half its length beyond tip of mandible, shorter than
eye, a little longer than pupil, contained about 6.75 in head; eye 4%
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
in head; maxillary ending in an elongate triangular point, extending
past joint of mandible but not past rear margin of operculum, con-
tained 1.1 in head; mandible bluntly pointed, a trifle curved upward at
tip, reaching a little in front of a vertical line at front of nostrils, when
mouth is closed; small numerous teeth along margin of both jaws;
villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; cheek 7.2, postor-
bital length of head 5.75, in standard length; gill rakers rather long,
flattened and somewhat broadened at tips, with denticles on their
inner edges; depressed length of dorsal fin 1.3 in head, the first branched
rays reaching past last ones, when depressed; distal margin of dorsal
fin truncate; distal margin of anal somewhat concave; the first anal
rays longest; simple ray of pectorals longest; tips of pectoral rays
reaching well past the pelvic insertions; pelvics reaching a little more
than halfway to anal origin; dorsal fin origin closer to tip of snout
than midbase of caudal fin by a little more than length of snout;
TABLE 4,—Measurements made on certain species of Anchoa and recorded in hun-
dredths of the standard length
spinifer Mee trinitatis
Characters
L. de
Gulf of Paria Mara- | Colombia! Venezuela
caibo ‘
131 101 97 71.5 65
Standard/length'in millimeters: .- = =-..5-2--- 42-2). | ee ee | eee
enpehiowneaG@s.- 2. os ee 25.9 26.7 26. 6 24.0 26.9
Greatest depth of body2 2 222-232 ---2Ae 26.3 25.5 23.0 25.4 25.7.
Menethornsnouts 252-2 -2--—- 3-2 eens ee soe ee 4.04 4.18 4.12 4.90 6.00
Diamoter Oeve=aanat ee ce wt eee A eee eee 5.95 6.14 6.19 7.40 8. 46
Length of mandible (from tip of chin)._....________- 19.2 20. 2 20.4 La 18.5
Length of maxillaries (from tip of snout)__._________- 24.4 25.8 25.3 22.4 24.9
Greatest width of bony interorbital space_._________- 5.12 5.74 5. 67 5. 87 7.38
Postorbitalilengthof head —-_-.-._-%&_-=2.....1-.=- 17.4 17.4 Lied) 12.9 14.3
Tengihvoncneekaas----.22 2 Ss 127, 12.9 13:2 8.80 9. 84
Longestigill raker-....-.._......-.-€3.- =e 3.05 4.85 3. 82 3. 64 3.38
Length of longest fin ray of:
WersaliseetsF. VIS S 2a SONI. 22.0 19.2 LIES ps ee oY ok ee ook
Ana Ae Can ates ts fE IC) ald Be Ae 14.8 14.5 Ds Qin) these oaks TILK EE a
Pet Ore lSie sesh eta coe see sae oo eee ene nce 21.4 20. 2 14.6 J65O) a eee
Gl V 1 CS a ascent eee Se ee ee 9.77 9.32 8.35 9. 08 8.92
Oandal Bata Seek Fe er ey tery ey 2 2s 26.7: 7) [fee woe Fo mi eERreLOe SME A cece
Shortesticandal finiray<=-_..4:-- 11.2 11.2 OFS80 2 a. 28 SPs Bent oe
ipengthron base Ohana: oo ss.-2225-6- soo ce eco tae 37.6 35.7 32.1 34.3 32.0
Length of base of dorsal. 222022022 322925 522k 11.8 12.3 12.8 12.0 10.9
Distance pelvic insertion to anal origin-__..._._.____- 17.5 14.6 15.6 17.5 15.7
Snoutitip'todorsaliorigin-=2 222 222. _ -sasese 44.7 49.7 48.9 55.4 55.7
Snout tip toanal origina!) 224i oo _ shee 56.9 56. 4 56. 7 58.3 62.0
Snout tip to pectoral insertion_____-_.____.__--_____- 26.2 28. 2 28.7 25.7 29.2
Snout tip to pelvic insertion..............._._-______- 42.8 42.6 41.9 43.6 46.2
Length of caudal peduncle... -.--...........-_-.--.--- 12.4 14.1 13.7 13.7 12.6
Least depth of caudal peduncle-._..___...-.....--._- 10.7 11.4 10.9 11.0 10.3
Length of pectoral axillary scale from pectoral inser-
tion.to tip'of/stalo. 22 CL Lee IT_ OE sey 9. 54 11.9 11.9 9.09 10.0
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 47
origin of anal fin under a vertical line through middle of length of dorsal
fin base; axillary scale of pectoral extending out about halfway to tip
of pectoral fin; upper posterior margin of operculum truncate or nearly
so, the lower posterior corner angular with short concave edge, figure
6, 6, length of base of anal fin 3.2 in standard length.
Coloration.—In alcohol, the back is straw colored with considerable
dark pigmentation; these pigment cells extend over middle of front
of snout but sparsely; the lower two-thirds of sides of body are silvery;
dark pigment cells are numerous basally on dorsal fin becoming fewer
distally and wholly lacking on outer third of fin; outer margins of
caudal fin darkish, but middle of caudal fin and its distal parts non-
pigmented; anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins nonpigmented.
Remarks.—This new species would trace down through Dr.
Hildebrand’s key to the species of Anchoa on pp. 29-30 of his revision
of the Engraulidae to his section ‘“‘C’’ for Anchoa spinifer. However,
A. argenteus differs from spinifer in having fewer anal rays, 11,29
instead of iii,33 to 111,38, and the posterior margin of caudal and tip
of dorsal fin are not blackish asin spinifer. From the local Venezuelan
species of Anchoa it may be separated by the key on page 42.
Named argenteus in reference to the brilliant silvery lower sides.
Genus ANCHOVIELLA Fowler
Anchoviella FowuER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 63, p. 211, 1911.
(Genotype, Engraulis perfasciatus Poey.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANCHOVIELLA FROM VENEZUELA ”
la. Origin of anal entirely behind base of dorsal fin, generally under or behind
tip of last dorsal ray when depressed; gill rakers on first arch 24 to 28 + 27
to 33; eye small, 4.4 to 4.8 in head and 2.5 to 2.75 in postorbital part of
head; anterior rays of dorsal reaching past tip of last ray when fin is de-
pressed; gill rakers as long as eye, broad and close set, with minute serration
ONINNnEP edges somes ca ee ne eee Anchoviella estauquae Hildebrand
1b. Anal origin under posterior half of base of dorsal fin; gill rakers on first arch
16 to 18 + 23 to 26; pectoral fin with 12 or 13 rays; maxillary reaching 34
diameter of eye beyond orbit; cheek as long as eye; eye 3.2 to 3.5 in head;
axillary scale of pectoral short, extending to or somewhat beyond midlength
of that fin 2.4 to 2.9 in head; median dark stripe posterior to anal
fines 22 2s RAL Bae Anchoviella guianensis (Higenmann)
1c. Origin of anal fin under or in advance of middle of dorsal fin base.
2a. Gill rakers 10 to 12 + 15 to 17; depth 4.8 to 5.5; head 4.0 to 4.6, both in
standard length; anal rays iii,22 to iii,26; vertebrae 42 or 43, two spec-
imeng dissectedi22 fii 220 cise Anchoviella blackburni Hildebrand
2b. Gill rakers 28 to 34 + 36 to 45; depth 3.5 to 3.9 in adults, head 3.5, both in
standard length; anal rays iii,21 to iii,23-_..Anchoviella pallida (Starks)
ANCHOVIELLA ESTAUQUAE Hildebrand
Anchoviella estauquae HiLDEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2,
p. 115, fig. 48, 1948 (Estanques, misspelled ‘‘Estauques” Bay, Gulf of Vene-
zuela).
%” Extracted from Hildebrand’s key to Anchoviella.
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
U.S.N.M. No. 119795, holotype, Estanques Bay, U.S. S. Niagara February 20,
1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 119796, 3 paratypes bearing same data.
ANCHOVIELLA GUIANENSIS (Eigenmann)
Stolephorus guianensis E1GENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 447, pl. 62,
fig. 5, 1912 (Bartica Rocks, British Guiana).
Anchoviella guianensis Fow Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83, p. 406,
1931 (Cafio de Guanoco, Venezuela).—HiLpEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr.
Coll., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 123, fig. 52, 1943 (Venezuela).
ANCHOVIELLA BLACKBURNI Hildebrand
Anchoviella blackburnit HinpEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2,
p. 129, fig. 57, 1943 (Estanques (not ‘‘Estauques’’) Bay and Jacuque Point,
Gulf of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121775, 1 specimen, 37 mm. in standard length, mouth of Cafio de
Sagua, 25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 127606, a paratype, Estanques Bay, U. 8. S. Niagara, February
20, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 119794, 9 paratypes, Jacuque Point, U. 8. S. Niagara, January
26, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 121776, 3 specimens, 31.5 to 33.5 mm., Salinas Bay, U. S. S.
Niagara, April 4, 1925.
67 specimens, 18 to 22 mm., lagoons 15 km, north of Maracaibo, F. F. Bond,
April 6, 1938.
The following counts were made: Anal iii, 23 in 2 specimens;
pectoral rays ui, 14-11, 14; gill rakers 12-++1+17 in 3 specimens and
12+1+18 and 12+1+16 in 1 each, vertebrae 42 in 1 specimen.
ANCHOVIELLA PALLIDA (Starks)
Anchovia pallida Starks, The fishes of the Stanford expedition to Brazil, p. 9,
pl. 1, 1913 (Parad, Brazil).
Anchoviella venezuelae Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83, pp.
406-407, fig. 6, 1931 (Cafio de Guanoco, mouth of Rfo San Juan, Venezuela).
Anchoviella pallida HILDEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2,
p. 134, fig. 59, 1943 (Cafio de Guanoco, Venezuela, to Pard, Brazil).
Genus PTERENGRAULIS Giinther
Pterengraulis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 7,
p. 398, 1868. (Genotype, Clupea atherinoides Linnaeus.)
The genus lacks gill rakers on the posterior side of the first two gill
arches, the third may have a few on the upper limb, whereas the
fourth arch has a full set of rakers on its posterior side. The anal
origin is notably in advance of a vertical line through dorsal origin.
PTERENGRAULIS ATHERINOIDES (Linnaeus)
Clupea atherinoides LinNarEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 523, 1766
(Surinam) (ref. copied).
Pterengraulis atherinoides FowLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83,
p. 407, 1931 (Cafio de Guanoco, Venezuela).—HiLpEBRAND, Bull. Bingham
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 49
Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2, p 139, fig. 63, 1943 (Cafio de Guanoco and Rio
Apure, San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela).
6 specimens, 18 to 27 and 143 mm., Rio Apure at San Fernando de Apure,
F. F. Bond, February 16, 1936.
HILDEBRANDICHTHYS, new genus
The characters of the genus are those of the genotype.
Genotype: Hildebrandichthys setiger, new species.
HILDEBRANDICHTHYS SETIGER, new Species
FIGURE 7
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121779, only known specimen, 31.5 mm.
in standard length, collected near mouth of Cafio de Sagua, about 25
km. north of Sinamaica, by Leonard P. Schultz, March 12, 1942.
Description.—The following measurements are expressed in hun-
dredths of the standard length for the holotype: Length of head 32.8;
greatest depth of body 22.6; length of snout 6.23; diameter of eye 8.85;
meee 8 - 4 Zi a Se
Se et eae hs *
; aaa
® os, peo
= as
TE < :
Ws“
= RSs
Ficure 7.—Hildebrandichthys setiger, new genus and species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No.
121779), 31.5 mm. in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
length of mandible or from tip of lower jaw to rear edge of joint of
mandible 18.3; distance from tip of snout to rear of maxillary 23.0;
width of interorbital space 6.56; postorbital length of head 18.3;
length of cheek 10.5; length of longest gill raker 6.56; longest ray of
dorsal fin 10.8; of pectoral fin 11.2; of pelvic fin 8.85; shortest mid-
caudal fin ray 11.5; length of anal fin base 23.9; length of dorsal fin
base 9.50; distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 16.4; tip of
snout to dorsal origin 70.2; snout to anal origin 65.6; snout to pectoral
insertion 35.2; snout to pelvic insertion 49.8; length of caudal peduncle
or distance from base of last anal fin ray to midbase of caudal fin 18.0;
least depth of caudal peduncle 10.8.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays ii, 10; anal rays
ili, 22; pectoral rays i, 14-1, 15; pelvic rays i, 6-i, 6; and scale rows
from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 43.
Head 3.15 and depth 4.5 in standard length; body somewhat com-
pressed, its greatest depth through pectoral fins; depth of head at
joint of mandible a little greater than postorbital length of head;
snout shorter than eye, nearly 9.2 in head; eye 3.7 in head; maxillary
802207494
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
short, its posterior tip rounded, not quite reaching to joint of man-
dible; length of maxillaries about 1.7 in head; eye contained nearly 1.2
in the length of cheek; postorbital length of head 5.6 and mandible 5.6
both in standard length; gill rakers rather broad and moderately long
in the young holotype; distal margin of dorsal fin truncate, when dorsal
fin is depressed the first rays do not quite reach to tips of last rays;
origin of dorsal fin behind that of anal fin a distance equal to pupil and
equidistant between midbase of caudal fin and % of eye behind the
head; anal fin base 4.2 in standard length and notably closer to rear of
head than midcaudal fin base; pelvic insertion midway between pec-
toral insertion and anal origin; distal margin of anal fin a little concave;
pelvic fins reaching halfway to anal origin and pectoral fins reaching
three-fourths the way to pelvic insertion; axillary scale of pectoral
reaching not quite halfway to tips of pectorals; caudal fin deeply forked.
Coloration in alcohol.—Some dark pigment cells along midline of
back and in two rows along dorsal fin base and thence posteriorly ; anal
fin base with black pigment cells; top of head brown with a few dark
cells on upper surface of snout; caudal fin with dark pigment a little
more intense on upper and lower margins and a black speck at midbase
of each caudal fin lobe; silvery lateral band not developed in the small
type specimen, but operculum is silvery.
Remarks.—The key on page 38 separates H. setiger from P. ather-
inoides. See table 5 for counts made on the two species.
Named setiger in reference to its numerous gill rakers.
Genus LYCENGRAULIS Giinther
Lycengraulis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 7,
pp. 385, 399, 1868. (Genotype, Engraulis grossidens Cuvier.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LYCENGRAULIS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA 4
la. Gill rakers 13 to 20+18 to 25 on first arch; origin of dorsal usually about
equidistant from midcaudal fin base and posterior margin of eye; pectoral
rays 14 to 16; origin of dorsal equidistant between midbase of caudal fin and
posterior half of eye or a little behind eye.
2a. Vertebrae 43 to 45, usually 43 or 44; anal rays iii, 22 to iii, 28; greatest
depth 3.85 to 4.4 (in adults) in standard length; maxillary sharply pointed
posteriorly, reaching well beyond joint of mandible, sometimes nearly to
margin of opercle, usually 4.8 to 5.3 in standard length.
Lycengraulis grossidens (Cuvier)
2b. Vertebrae 41 or 42, rarely 42; anal rays usually iii, 20 to iii, 24; depth 4.3 to
4.9; maxillary not sharply pointed, more rounded at tip, reaching to or a
little past joint of mandible, about 5% to 5% in standard iength.
Lycengraulis limnichthys, new species
1b. Gill rakers 9 to 13+12 to 15 on first arch; cheek long and narrow, notably
longer than snout and eye, 2.0 to 2.25 in head; body quite slender, the depth
5.25 to 6.0 in length; maxillary reaching nearly or quite to joint of mandible,
5.5 to 5.8 in length; origin of dorsal notably nearer base of caudal than
eye; vertebrae 47; anal rays iii, 23 to iii, 25; pectoral rays 13 or 14.
Se ee Ae Lycengraulis batesii (Giinther)
11 Modified after Hildebrand.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 51
TaBLE 5.—Counts recorded for Pterengraulis! and Hildebrandichthys
Number of gill rakers on first
Number of anal fin rays gill arch
Speaes 10} 10} 10] 11} 11] 12) 12) 13) 22
iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii 2
i resel | Wes itAlineyes 7 , | on 7 rag? IPE PE PEPE PE eye yt
22 | 23 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 13/14] 15|13| 1414] 15116] 15
iP ratherinoidesss-s-=--|--22|-e2 2 |aeee eee 2) Oe Grike 2a MeL Sey ok Loto eS eau les
ET getigen ns | ma oS 1 PR eS | es | eS eds ea EY te 1
1 The counts for all but four specimens of P. atherinoides were kindly furnished me by Dr. Samuel F.
Hildebrand from his original notes accumulated during his studies of the American Engraulidae. I take
this opportunity to express my gratitude to him for this and other help furnished.
TaBLE 6.—Counts made on species of Lycengraulis from Venezuela
Anal rays Vertebrae a Pectoral rays
Species Sa LT IT mee
iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, | iii, iii, | iii,
20 or 22 | 23 24 25 | 26 41 | 42 | 43 | 44] 45 12 | 13 i, 13} i,14| i, 15
OT OSSINENS == Ree 2 Ie Sh es DOWNS etter ie ule ee oe te We LUG 2,20 14
Hinnichthys_.........__- 1 4| 10} 14 4 Dales LS Ae jeoocloeee soe 4 2 3 16 2
LYCENGRAULIS BATESII (Giinther)
Engraulis batesit GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 7,
p. 399, 1868 (Rio Par4).—HILpEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll,, vol. 8,
art. 2, p. 148, fig. 67, 1943 (Rio Apure at San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 119814, 2 specimens, 42.5 and 62.5 mm. in standard length,
from Rio Apure, San Fernando de Apure, F. F. Bond, February 16, 1938.
From same collection as U.S.N.M. No. 119814, 8 specimens, 20 to 70 mm,
LYCENGRAULIS LIMNICHTHYS, new species
FIGURE 8
Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121751, 92 mm. in standard length,
collected by Leonard P. Schultz on May 1, 1944 in the Rio Agua
Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Paratypes—All paratypes were collected by Leonard P. Schultz
during 1942 in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 121752, 59 specimens, 40 to 128 mm. in standard length, collected
along with the holotype and bearing same data.
U.S.N.M. No. 121756, 1 specimen, 117 mm., taken in gill net, in Lago de Mara-
caibo, 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo, April 7-9.
U.S.N.M. No. 121758, 6 specimens, 88 to 118 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16.
U.S.N.M. No. 121753, 40 specimens, 24 to 121 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo
near mouth of Rio Concha, May 2.
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
U.S.N.M. No. 121757, 84 specimens, 20 to 80 mm., from the Rio de Los Péjaros,
3 km. above Lago de Maracaibo, April 30.
U.S.N.M. No. 121755, 1 specimen, 24 mm., from a pool in drying-up Rio San
Ignacio about 20 km. south of Rosario, February 26.
U.S.N.M. No. 121754, 2 specimens, 32 and 34.5 mm., off dock at Lagunillas
in Lago de Maracaibo, April 14.
Ficure 8.—Lycengraulis limnichthys, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121751), 92
mm. in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
Description.—Certain measurements were made, and these data,
recorded below, are expressed in hundredths of the standard length,
first for the holotype, then for two paratypes in parentheses, respec-
tively. Standard lengths in millimeters 94.0 (48.1; 118.5).
Length of head 27.7 (25.6; 25.2); greatest depth of body 23.6 (20.8;
22.1); length of snout 4.78 (4.16; 4.47); diameter of eye 6.70 (7.69;
6.07); distance from tip of lower jaw to rear of joint of mandible 18.2
(16.6; 18.0); distance from snout tip to rear of maxillary 21.6 (19.7;
21.1); greatest width of interorbital 5.64 (6.03; 5.06); postorbital
length of head 16.0 (14.3; 15.3); length of cheek 10.1 (8.11; 10.5);
length of longest gill raker on first gill arch 3.08 (4.36; 2.45); length of
longest ray of dorsal fin 16.0 (15.4; 14.1), of anal fin 13.3 (12.9; —),
of pectoral fin 19.1 (18.7; 17.3), of pelvic fin 9.56 (10.4; 8.69), and of
lower lobe of caudal fin 27.1 (25.8; —); shortest midcaudal fin ray
7.76 (9.59; 7.34); length of base of anal fin 24.5 (24.1; 22.4); length of
base of dorsal fin 11.2 (11.2; 13.0); distance from pelvic insertion to
anal origin 19.9 (18.3; 20.5); tip of snout to dorsal origin 54.8 (53.2;
54.4); snout to anal origin 62.4 (60.9; 59.9); snout to pectoral insertion
27.4 (27.4; 24.7); and to pelvic insertion 44.2 (42.6; 38.4); length of
caudal peduncle 18.8 (18.3; 19.0); least depth of caudal peduncle 10.0
(9.77; 10.1).
The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays iii, 12
(iii, 12; ili, 12); anal rays iii, 22 (iii, 22; iii 22); pectoral rays ii, 14-ii,
15 (ii, 13-ii, 14; 11, 14~11, 14); pelvic rays always i, 6; scales 42 (42; 43).
Body compressed, rather slender, its greatest depth 4.3 to 4.9;
depth of head at joint of mandible about four-fifths of postorbital
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 53
length of head; head notably longer than greatest depth of body,
nearly 4 times in standard length; snout bluntly rounded, projecting
less than half its length beyond tip of mandible, shorter than eye, and
contained 5.5 to 6 times in head; eye 3 to 4.2 times in head; maxillary
slender, not notably pointed, extending to or a little past jomt of
mandible, 1.3 to 1.4 in head; mandible pointed, curved slightly up-
ward at tip, reaching a little past a vertical line through front of
anterior nostril; teeth in lower jaw variable in size, usually 18 to 24
enlarged, the enlarged ones of upper jaw more numerous; cheek longer
than snout and eye, about 2.3 to 2.4 in head in specimens longer than
85 mm.; postorbital length of head 6.5 to 7.2 in standard length; gill
rakers slender, usually 16 to 18+20 to 23 on first arch; height of dorsal
fin about equal to postorbital length of head, its distal margin a little
concave; distal margin of anal a little concave; first branched ray of
pectoral fin longest, reaching to or a little past insertion of pelvics;
pelvic fins not reaching quite halfway to anal origin; caudal fin deeply
forked, the lower lobe a little longer and stronger than upper lobe;
origin of dorsal fin usually equidistant between midcaudal fin base
and rear margin of pupil; origin of anal fin under bases of fifth to
seventh branched rays of dorsal fin or a little behind middle of base
of dorsal fin; axillary scale of pectoral about three-fourths length of
pectoral fin.
Color.—The color of preserved specimens in alcohol is grayish above
with a dark streak along middle of back; margin of caudal fin witha
narrow blackish band; interradial membranes of caudal fin lobes with
black pigment, especially intense between the third and fourth from
middle on lower lobe and fourth and fifth from middle on upper lobe,
the middle rays between almost unpigmented; middle of snout with
black pigment; upper edge of maxillaries anteriorly with black pig-
ment; inner side or opercle heavily pigmented; peritoneum silvery;
silvery lateral band present and as wide as snout and eye over region
of anal fin origin.
Remarks.—This new species is so distinct that it does not resemble
any form known at present. It is as slender as L. olidus but has 41
(rarely 42) vertebrae instead of 46 to 48. L. grossidens has 43 or 44
(rarely 45) vertebrae and a much greater depth of body than L.
limnichthys. In Hildebrand’s review of the American anchovies
(1943, pp. 141-142), it would trace down to a new section in his key,
ddd on p. 141. It may be distinguished from other Venezuelan
anchovies by the key on page 50.
The smallest female observed with fully mature eggs, apparently
ready for deposition, was 75 mm. in standard length and came from
the Rio Agua Caliente.
Named limnichthys in reference to its occurrence in a lake.
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
LYCENGRAULIS GROSSIDENS (Cuvier)
Engraulis grossidens CuviEr, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species piscium
. .. Brasiliam .. ., p. 50, pl. C, 1829 (Rio de Janeiro).
Engraulis janeiro Sprx, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species piscium
«> = DPasiiaMm.\. ., plct, fie 1. 1a2o.
Lycengraulis grossidens HILDEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2,
fig. 64, 1943 (Gulf of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121759, 9 specimens, mouth of Cafio de Sagua, 25 km. north of
Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 127620, 8 specimens, 31 to 142 mm., off south coast of the Gulf,
U. 8. 8. Niagara, November 15, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 121760, 2 specimens, 26.5 to 52 mm., Point Macolla, U. S. S.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
Genus CETENGRAULIS Giinther
Cetengraulis GintuER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 7,
p. 383, 1868. (Genotype, Engraulis edentulus Cuvier.)
CETENGRAULIS EDENTULUS (Cuvier)
Engraulis edentulus Cuvier, Le régne animal, vol. 2, p. 323, 1817; ed. 2, vol. 2,
p. 323, 1829 (Jamaica) (ref. copied).
Cetengraulis edentulus H1LDEBRAND, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 8, art. 2,
p. 155, fig. 71, 1948 (Gulf of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121780, 165 specimens, 27.5 to 66 mm. in standard length, the
mouth of Cafio de Sagua, 25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 127677, 2 specimens, 56 and 64.5 mm., Amuay Bay, Gulf of
Venezuela, P. P. Blackburn, of the U. S. S. Niagara, December 9, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 127682, 1 specimen, 72 mm., from south coast, Gulf of Venezuela,
P. P. Blackburn, of the U. S. S. Niagara, November 15, 1925.
The intestine is greatly coiled in both edentulus and mysticetus and
should prove to be a character of generic significance in this family.
The intestine and peritoneum are generally black.
The following counts were made on the Venezuelan specimens:
41 vertebrae in 4 specimens and 42 in 1; anal rays iii,20 in 1, iii,21
in 2, and iii,22 in 6 specimens.
Suborder SALMONIFORMES
Family SALMONIDAE
Genus SALMO Linnaeus
Trout
Salmo LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 308, 1758. (Genotype, Salmo
salar Linnaeus.)
SALMO GAIRDNERII Richardson
RAINBOW TROUT; TRUCHA DE ARCO IRIS
Salmo gairdnerii Ricnarpson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 3, p. 221, 1836
(Columbia River at Fort Vancouver, North America).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 55
U.S.N.M. No. 121693, 1 specimen, 35 mm. in standard length, from the Upper
Rfo Chama above Mucuchfes, Estado de Mérida, March 28, 1942.
The rainbow trout introduced into the mountain streams of Vene-
zuela some years ago appears to have become established there in
rather limited numbers.
Suborder INIOMOIDEA
Family SYNODONTIDAE: Lizardfishes
Genus SYNODUS Scopoli
Synodus Scorout, Introductio historiam naturalem, p. 449, 1777. (Genotype,
Esox synodus Linnaeus.) (Ref. copied.)
SYNODUS FOETENS (Linnaeus)
LIZARDFISH; Pez LAGARTO
Salmo foetens LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, p. 513, 1766 (South Carolina).
U.S.N.M. No. 123131, 3 specimens, 240 to 329 mm., from Estanques Bay,
U.S. S. Niagara, December 31, 1924.
Order OSTARIOPH YSOIDEA
Suborder CHARACINOIDEA
Family CHARACINIDAE
The characinid fishes were reported upon by me in a previous paper
entitled ‘The Fishes of the Family Characinidae from Venezuela, with
Descriptions of Seventeen New Forms,” published in the Proceedings
of the United States National Museum, volume 95, pp. 235-367,
figs. 30-56, September 6, 1944. That study was based on the speci-
mens that I collected in Venezuela during 1942 as well as on other
specimens in the United States National Museum collections and on
the literature. In that report were recorded from Venezuela 58
genera and 117 species and subspecies, and 29 of these species were
from the Maracaibo Basin.
I take this opportunity to correct some of the more important
errors that have been observed in my report on this group of fishes.
On page 258 I introduced the new subfamily name Ctenolucinae,
but Dr. C. L. Hubbs has called to my attention that in Copeia, 1939,
No. 3, p. 168, he had introduced the subfamily name Hepsetinae for a
related characinid occurring in Africa. It is by no means certain that
the African group is as closely related as the external features seem to
indicate, but pending further investigations I shall recognize the
subfamily Hepsetinae.
In table 7, p. 263, for asper the number of scales above lateral line
should be one count each for 7 and 8 instead of 11 under 7 as given.
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
On page 264, last two lines of large type 7 or 8 should be transposed
with 8 or 9.
I overlooked three species described as new by Valenciennes in
Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle de Poissons, volume 19,
1846, until it was too late to enter them in my report. The following
should be referred to the synonymy of Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch):
Macrodon tareira, p. 508, from Lago de Maracaibo; Macrodon teres,
p. 521, from Lago de Maracaibo; and Macrodon guavina, p. 527,
from Laguna de Tacarigua, Valley of the Rio Aragua.
Enrico Tortonese (1942, p. 75, pl. 2, fig. 3) reports Hemibrycon
dariensis Meek and Hildebrand from Rio del Paso Real, Puerto
Cabello, Venezuela. Since his description and figure agree fairly
well with specimens from the Rio Tuy and Rio Guidrico systems, I
refer the identification made by Tortonese to Hemibrycon dentatus
metae Myers, keyed out in my characinid paper on p. 363.
Suborder GYMNOTOIDEA: Peces Cuchillo
Body elongate, usually compressed, eellike; with or without scales;
head naked; dorsal fin lacking or represented by a fleshy filament
mostly attached along back posteriorly; pelvics absent; anal fin very
long; pectoral fins short, rounded; caudal fin absent or very small,
the tail tapering to a point in species lacking the caudal fin; mouth
with or without teeth; premaxillary and maxillaries forming upper
jaws; anus always in front of middle of pectorals, usually under middle
of head; shoulder girdle suspended from skull; symplectic bone present;
air bladder in two parts connected by a tube; stomach with blind sac
and pyloric caeca (after Ellis).
Since publishing my description of Hypopomus beebei in Zoologica,
1944, and placing it in the family Gymnotidae, I have concluded that
it may be advantageous to break this group up into at least three
families as recognized in the following key:
KEY TO THE GENERA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA ®
la. Lower jaw not prolonged or longer than upper jaw; a large frontal and
parietal fontanel along middorsal line of head; head not depressed; teeth if
present villiform or minute; electric organs absent (family Sternarchidae).
2a. Caudal fin absent; the tail behind anal fin slender and tapering to a point;
dorsal filament absent.
3a. Snout not tubular, but short or moderately elongate.
4a. Orbital margin free; both jaws with villiform teeth.
Sternopygus Miller and Troschel
4b. Orbital margin not free.
5a. A cylindrical filament in a pair of grooves on under side of head in
mental region; snout short, head chubby; teeth absent.
Steatogenys Boulenger
12 See table 7 for anal-ray counts.
57
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ
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ee —————_—_
soloeds pus snuey
appyouufip fo saweds uo appu szunoo ivi-joup—'), ATAV],
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
5b. Under side of head normal, without a pair of grooves with a filament.
6a. Teeth present in both jaws; body compressed.
Eigenmannia Jordan and Evermann
6b. Teeth absent in jaws; head and body compressed to rounded;
the length of head equal to or longer than greatest depth;
anterior nasal opening in front of upper lip and posterior nasal
opening rather close to front of eye; anal fin origin about under
tips of pectoral fins; prominent pores along “lateral line’”’ canals
on head; anal papillae well developed_-_-_-_-_-_- Hypopomus Gill
3b. Snout tubular, produced; jaws without teeth.
Rhamphichthys Miller and Troschel
2b. Tail rather short, caudal fin present sometimes minute; dorsal filament
present; orbital margin not free.
7a. Snout much produced (these genera not yet reported from Venezuela).
7b. Snout heavy and blunt, not produced or tubular.
8a. Teeth present in both jaws; gill opening extending a little over halfway
down in front of pectoral fin base; posterior nostril a trifle closer to
anterior nostril than to eye_..._.:-----_- Apteronotus Lacepéde
8b. Teeth present in lower jaw; upper jaw without teeth; gill opening
barely extends halfway to opposite pectoral fin base; posterior
nostril closer to eye than to anterior nostril.
Sternarchogiton Eigenmann and Ward
8c. Teeth absent in both jaws; posterior nostril not quite touching the
upper front margin of eye, anterior nostril midway between eye
and tip’ lof snoutes2 ise ae Adontosternarchus Ellis
1b. Lower jaw projecting in front of upper jaw; frontal fontanel absent; head
depressed; dorsal filament absent; teeth conical in sockets.
9a. Anal fin not continuous around end of slender tail; body scaled; no electric
glands (family Gymmnotidae). ot) 2.4. sae wes 228 Gymnotus Linnaeus
9b. Anal fin continuous around end of tail; body scaleless; electric glands
present (family Electrophoridae)............-..-_- Electrophorus Gill
Family STERNARCHIDAE
Genus STERNOPYGUS Miller and Troschel
Sternopygus MULLER AND TROSCHEL, Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 2, p. 13, 1849,
(Genotype, Gymnotus macrurus Bloch and Schneider.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STERNOPYGUS
la, Anal rays number more than 300; snout very blunt, upper profile distinctly
convex (Amazon) >. 22 2 Je Sternopygus obtusirostris Steindachner
1b. Anal rays fewer than 300 or the upper profile of the head concave or straight.
2a. A black blotch behind head just above gill opening; interorbital space equal
to distance from tip of snout to halfway between rear nostril and eye;
dorsal profile of head convex or nearly straight; interorbital space into
head 3.4 to 4 times and into length of pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.6 times; snout
to occiput 7.4 to 8.4 and postorbital length of head 9.3 to 10.5, both into
length of anal fin base; midaxis of body with a pale or yellowish streak
posteriorly; anal rays 250 to 279 as counted by me on specimens from
Venezuela. 2.2222... 2 Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch and Schneider)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 59
2b. No black blotch behind head; interorbital space equal to distance from
snout tip to rear nostril; dorsal profile of head concave; interorbital into
head 4.7 to 6.0 and into length of pectoral fin 1.6 to 2.2 times; snout to
occiput 5.7 to 7.4 and postorbital length of head 7.2 to 9.3, both into
length of anal fin base.
3a. Posteriorly along midaxis of body and on tail is a bright lemon yellowish
streak, pale in alcohol; tail rounded behind anal base, tapering to a
point; postorbital length of head 7.3 to 8.6 into length of anal base;
snout to occiput into anal base 5.7 to 6.6; interorbital space 1.6 to 2.0
into longest pectoral fin ray; anal rays 278 to 306.
Sternopygus pejeraton, new species
3b. Midaxis of body plain in color and without a pale streak; tail compressed
behind anal base; postorbital length of head 8.1 to 9.3 into anal fin
base;snout to occiput into anal base 6.3 to 7.3; interorbital into longest
pectoral fin ray 1.8 to 2.2; anal rays 256 to 292 (Panama).
Sternopygus dariensis Meek and Hildebrand
STERNOPYGUS MACRURUS (Bloch and Schneider)
Gymnonotus macrurus BLocH AND SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 522,
1801 (Brazil).
Sternopygus carapus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 473 (San
Fernando de Apure, Venezuela)—Sacus, Aus den Llanos, 1879, p. 279 (Apure).
Sternopygus macrurus EIGENMANN AND ALLEN, Fishes of western South America,
p. 318, 1942 (Orinoco).
U.S.N.M. No. 121574, 11 specimens, 94 to 210 mm. in total length, from Rfo
Guérico and tributaries between San Sebastian and San Casimiro, L. P. Schultz,
G. Zuloaga, Roger Sherman, and William Phelps, Jr., May 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121573, 2 specimens, 250 and 260 mm. in total length, from the
Rio San Pedro at bridge, south of Mene Grande, March 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121577, a specimen, 378 mm., from Rfo San Juan at bridge,
south of Mene Grande, March 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121575, a specimen 443 mm., Rfo Motatdn at bridge, 22 km.
north of Motatén, March 17, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121576, 6 specimens, 125 to 237 mm. and 1 480 mm. to end of
anal (tail regenerating), Rfo Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa, March 2, 1942.
The following measurements were made on a specimen 377 mm. in
total length from the Rio San Juan, collected March 20; the data are
expressed in hundredths of the length to end of anal fin (which is
316 mm.): Length of anal fin base 83.8; head 16.3; snout 5.38; eye
1.04; interorbital 4.05; postorbital length of head 9.97; snout to anus
9.96; snout to anal origin 16.1; anus to anal origin 7.00; longest
pectoral ray 6.42; longest anal ray 4.11; snout to occiput 9.97; greatest
depth 13.1; depth of head through eyes 6.17; distance from anterior
to posterior nostril 2.03; eye to posterior nostril 2.38; width of gill
opening 4.68; snout to rictus 2.85; snout to end of maxillary 3.16;
snout to pectoral insertion 15.7; length of tail beyond anal 19.9.
Anal rays 277 and pectoral rays 1,11—i01,12.
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 90
STERNOPYGUS PEJERATON, new species
PEJE RATON
Puate 1, A
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121572, 505 mm. in total length, collected
by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Apén, about 35 km. south of Rosario,
in the Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942.
Paratypes.—The paratypes were collected by Leonard P. Schultz
during 1942 in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela (measurements
are for total length):
U.S.N.M. No. 121564, 17 specimens, 121 to 645 mm., taken with the holotype
and bearing same data.
U.S.N.M. No. 121570, 14 specimens, 143 to 385 mm., Rio Palmar at bridge,
70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6.
U.S.N.M. No. 121568, 3 specimens, 165 to 188 mm., Rfo Machango, 20 km,
above bridge, south of Lagunillas, March 21.
U.S.N.M. No. 121569, 2 specimens, 195 and 228 mm., Rio Palmar near Totuma,
about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo, February 21.
U.S.N.M. No. 121565, 14 specimens, 117 to 442 mm. Rio Motatdn at bridge 22
km. north of Motatén, March 17.
U.S.N.M. No. 121566, 7 specimens, 131 to 615 mm., Rio Negro below mouth
of Rio Yasa, March 2.
U.S.N.M. No. 121567, 17 specimens, 163 to 480 mm., Rio Socuy, 3 km. above
mouth, February 24.
U.S.N.M. No. 121571, 2 specimens, 635 and 710 mm., Rio Machango at bridge
south of Lagunillas, March 16.
Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes. Measure-
ments, expressed in hundredths of the distance from snout to rear end
of anal fin, first for the holotype, then for a paratype, in paren-
theses, are recorded below, respectively. Total length in mm. 505
(187).
Distance from tip of snout to rear end of anal fin in mm. 455 (160).
Length of anal fin base 81.7 (86.3); length of head 16.5 (16.9); snout
5.28 (5.75); eye 0.92 (1.06); interorbital space 2.75 (3.81); postorbital
length of head 10.0 (10.6); distance from snout to anus 10.3 (11.9);
snout to anal origin 16.8 (18.1); snout to occiput 12.9 (13.5); snout to
pectoral insertion 16.1 (16.9); length of longest pectoral ray 6.26
(6.88) ; longest anal ray 5.72 (6.56); greatest depth of body 13.1 (12.8);
depth of head through eyes 5.82 (5.94); distance from anterior nostril
to posterior nostril 1.87 (1.88); eye to posterior nostril 2.53 (2.56);
width of gill opening 4.28 (5.38); tip of snout to rictus 3.41 (3.12);
tip of snout to rear of maxillary 3.96 (3.44); length of tail beyond end
of anal fin 11.2 (16.4).
The following counts were made, respectively: Anal rays 298 (282);
pectoral rays iii,13-i1,14 (iii,13-iii,13). There appear to be about
20 to 25 scales between the lateral line and midline of the back.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 61
Body compressed, tail rounded beyond end of anal fin; snout elong-
ate; rear margin of eye in front of middle of length of head, a distance
equal to the space between eye and posterior nostril; dorsal profile of
head usually a little concave, sometimes nearly straight in the young;
pectoral fin equal to distance from rear of eye to snout tip; margin of
eye free; gill opening extending some distance above and below pectoral
fin base; anal origin under rear of base of pectoral fin; anus under
middle of length of head; lateral line straight, complete; scales on
upper sides of body and on tail a little enlarged; interorbital space
convex equal to distance from tip of snout to rear nostril; length of
head much longer than greatest depth; head about 5% to 6 times in
distance to end of anal fin; tail extends beyond anal fin a distance
about equal to or a little greater than length of head.
Color.—Body uniformly dark brownish everywhere; middle of sides
posteriorly with a narrow pale streak, lemon yellowish in living fish;
operculum with slight intensification of the pigment; all anal and all
pectoral rays darkish, the interradial membranes pale.
Remarks.—This new species is most closely related to Sternopygus
dariensis Meek and Hildebrand from Panama. It may be dis-
tinguished from it by having the pale streak along midaxis of body and
tail posteriorly and by the key on page 59. From S. macrurus the
new species differs in having the head with a concave dorsal profile,
and in addition, the interorbital space is more convex and narrower
in S. pejeraton.
Named pejeraton, after the common name of this fish, peje ratén, as
given to me many times in the Maracaibo Basin, in reference, no
doubt, to its ratlike tail.
Genus STEATOGENYS Boulenger
Steatogenys BOULENGER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 14, No. 7, p. 428, 1898.
(Genotype, Rhamphichthys (Brachyrhamphichthys) elegans Steindachner.)
STEATOGENYS ELEGANS (Steindachner)
Rhamphichthys (Brachyrhamphichthys) elegans StEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, vol. 42, p. 89, 1880 (mouth of Rio Negro).
Tateichthys duidae La Monte, Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 373, p. 1, fig. 1, 1929 (Burned
Mountain Creek, Mount Duida, Venezuela).
Genus EIGENMANNIA Jordan and Evermann
Eigenmannia JoRDAN AND EvEeRMANN, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, p. 341, 1896.
(Genotype, Sternopygus humboldtit Steindachner [substitute name for
Cryptops Eigenmann].)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EIGENMANNIA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Anal rays 185 to 224; rear margin of eye an eye diameter in front of middle
of length of head; dorsal profile of head convex; snout shorter than interor-
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
bital space; a narrow black streak along lateral line; black pigment on
each bony support along base of anal fin.
Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes)
1b. Anal rays 255 and 263; rear margin of eye at middle of length of head; dorsal
profile straight or a trifle concave; snout much longer than interorbital
space; no black streak along lateral line; no black pigment along base of
anal fins: lice pened 4 ce et bee Eigenmannia goajira, new species
EIGENMANNIA VIRESCENS (Valenciennes)
Sternarchus virescens VALENCIENNES, in d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique
Méridionale, Poissons, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 2, 1847 (ref. copied). —-E1GENMANN AND
Warp, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 172, fig. 14, 1905 (Rfo Magda-
lena to Rfo de La Plata, east of Andes).—HiLpEBRAND, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., zool. ser., vol. 22, No. 4, p. 292, 1938 (Rio Mamoni near Chepo, Rfo
Tuyra to Rfo Magdalena to Buenos Aires).
Eigenmannia virescens humboldtii Inerine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 7, p. 283,
1907 (Venezuela, Amazona, Marajé).
Sternopygus virescens Sacus, Aus den Llanos, 1879, p. 279 (Apure).—E1GENMANN
AND EIGENMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, p. 16, 1891 (Orinoco).
U.S.N.M. No. 121581, 8 specimens, 120 to 165 mm., Rfo Apén, about 35 km.
south of Rosario, February 26, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121579, 4 examples, 88 to 128 mm., Rfo San Pedro at bridge,
south of Mene Grande, March 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121578, 11 specimens, 80 to 1386 mm., Rfo Negro below mouth
of Rio Yasa, March 2, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121583, 10 specimens, 73 to 165 mm. Rfo Socuy, 3 km. above
mouth, February 24, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121582, 4 specimens, 97 to 160 mm., Rfo San Juan near the
bridge south of Mene Grande, March 17 to 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121580, 10 specimens, 145 to 210 mm., Rfo Motatdn at bridge,
22 km. north of Motatén, March 17, 1942.
The following number of anal rays were counted on the specimens
listed above: 179; 180; 182; 184; 185; 187; 187; 190; 194; 198; 199; 201
and 205.
This species, when taken from the water, was silvery in coloration
and more or less translucent.
As a result of my examination of various specimens of Higenmannia
centering around the species currently recognized as virescens, I am
forced to conclude that this species should be broken up into one or
more subspecies. One should especially note that in British Guiana
two species are undoubtedly passing under F. virescens. Specimens
from the Botanic Garden (U.S.N.M. No. 66296) and others have 185
to 198 anal rays. Those from Wismar (U.S.N.M. No. 66298) have
208 to 224 anal rays and the anal fin has a dark band distally more
ntense anteriorly on these alcoholic specimens. I have not yet been
able to work out the valid names for these two species. Undoubtedly
the Panamanian form of virescens should be described as a new sub-
species on the basis of fewer anal rays (165), a larger eye, and longer
pectoral fin, but I hesitate to take this step as our only specimen is
without a tail.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 63
EIGENMANNIA GOAJIRA, new species
Puate 1, B
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121596, 500 mm. in total length and 385
mm. from snout tip to end of anal fin base, collected by Leonard P.
Schultz, February 24, 1942, in the Rio Socuy, 3 km. above its mouth.
Paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121597, 430 mm. total length (with
regenerated tail), and 347 mm. from snout tip to end of anal fin base,
taken along with the holotype and bearing same data.
The types were collected over a sandy to muddy bottom.
Description.—Measurements were made on the holotype and para-
type, and these data, expressed in hundredths of the distance from
tip of snout to rear end of anal-fin base, are recorded in table 8.
The following counts were made, respectively, for holotype and
paratype: Anal rays 263 and 255; pectoral rays ii, 18-11, 19 and ui,
16-i, 17.
TABLE 8.— Measurements, expressed in hundredths of the distance from snout to end
of anal-fin base, for species of Kigenmannia
goajira
Characters ee | CORMOSIS A MUI CSCEIS
Holotype | Paratype
a en | ens |
PMotariengubein miUimMeters=s=s2ae es were tee eee 500. 0 430.0 405.0 207.0
Snout to end of anal fin in millimeters_.-.--....--_----- 385.0 347.0 275.0 152.0
ene ihiot.ana li DAse = sess = ee eet ek 87.8 85. 6 85.5 88. 2
Henge th Ol NCA ae ae en eee hee Cee ee Le 12.0 13.5 12.9 14.1
STOUG ae ee se aks MS Or Be ep ee, ut ees 4.08 5.18 3. 64 4.28
WOOF een ee eee ae WL Re ek a 1. 56 1. 53 2. 63 2.00
TTALOROR DA eee en ee Mere Ree ee 2.47 3.05 2.07 4. 74
Postorbital length of head___-.-.-._.-_..--.--.--------- 6. 80 7.06 7. 64 8.76
Distance between anterior and posterior nostrils________- 1.04 1.38 1.09 1.71
Distance between eye and posterior nostril_._.__-_-__-- 2.05 2.25 1.27 1. 58
Width ofgilliopening. 6) 22 ft Path os 3.12 33.75 4.18 4.60
Tino, SHOUMLO PICLUS bose e Se Sa a cae en 1. 69 2.02 3.09 2.70
STIOU LIPO ISIUS eae ae ce ee ae oe es See ah 6. 88 7.06 10.2 7. 57
Snout to dnal oripinsst se PEPE yey era al 14.0 14.8 14.2 15.8
PATINIS CO LANA OMEN ese e hace ercea ae ee eat e 7.14 7.87 4.18 8.95
BNOUG: TO OCCU bs sae se Ne Me ee ee 10.3 11.0 9. 24 10.9
Snout to pectoral insertion ._-..2/i20.2.-Ji2 2222222... 12.0 13.2 12.7 13.6
eoneext pectoraliray:. 222) fees ec bee con ae 6.94 7.38 TAO he eee
MONLOSt ANA TAY Hae teen ee ae ie ee ee EL 5.02 5.19 5.10 6.12
Greatest depth of body 2-0 ST eae 12.1 13.3 13.0 17.4
Depth of head through eyes! 2... =e oR LE 5. 46 5. 90 5. 82 8. 23
Leneth aftail beyond anal fin.______--_<=-=-_-.----_-_- 29.6 222.2 48.4 36.9
1This specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 52543, was reported upon by Eigenmann and Bean (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 31, p. 666, 1907) as Higenmannia troscheli, but I now identify it as H. conirostris Eigenmann and
Allen,
2 Regenerated tail.
The body is elongate, compressed, but the tail is rounded, and the
length of the tail behind anal fin is contained 2.9 times in length of
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
anal-fin base; the dorsal profile of the head is straight or with a very
slight concavity; the snout is somewhat pointed and rounded; the
rear margin of the eye is at about the midlength of the head or a little
in front of it; the eye is contained 2% to 3} in the snout and 1.5 to 1.8
in the interorbital space; the anus is under rear of eye; origin of anal
fin under rear of base of pectoral fin; the gill opening extends above
and below base of pectoral fin; upper and lower jaws with patches of
villiform teeth; the lower jaw is a little shorter than upper, so that
the snout projects a little; the mouth is small, so that the rictus or
corner of mouth is just a trifle behind a vertical line through anterior
nostril; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2 in snout; distance between
anterior and posterior nostrils 1.5 times in distance from eye to
posterior nostril; the interorbital space is convex, and its width is
equal to the distance from the tip of snout to posterior nostril; the
lateral line is straight; body and tail covered with scales, head naked;
the scales along sides of body largest; about 13 or 14 rows of scales
between lateral line and middorsal line; the pectoral fin length is
equal to the distance from center of eye to rear of head; fontanel
present along middorsal line of head. Apparently both specimens
are males with short anal papillae and the testes are fully developed.
Color.—Live examples of this species were silvery on sides and a
little darker dorsally. In alcohol it is plain pale in color on sides and
pale brownish dorsally; a dark brown streak continues on dorsal sur-
face of tail to its tip, contrasting sharply with the whitish sides and
whitish ventrally; pectoral and anal fins white; operculum with a
dark blotch; peritoneum pale.
Remarks.—This new species of gymnotid eel would trace down
through the “Key to the Species of Genus Higenmannia” by Higen-
mann and Allen (1942, p. 315) to their new species E. conirostris on
the basis of 239 to 259 anal rays; all other species of Higenmannia,
such as virescens, troscheli, and macrops, have fewer than 225 anal
rays. In addition, macrops has the caudal filament equal to “half
the total length without the head,” while in goajira the caudal filament
is contained nearly 3 times in the anal-fin base; virescens has a black
streak along lateral line, another along base of anal fin, both lacking
in goajira; troscheli has a very bluntly rounded short snout contained
about 3.75 to 4 in the head instead of 2.6 to 3 in the head of goajira.
E. conirostris and the new species are closely related but differ in the
position of the eye; in conirostris the rear margin of the eye is about an
eye diameter closer to tip of snout than rear of head instead of equal
distance as in goajira; in addition, goajira appears to have a larger
number of anal rays, 255 and 263, than conirosiris with 239 to 259.
Named goajira in reference to the district inhabited by the Goajira
Indians, where this fish was collected.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 65
Genus HYPOPOMUS Gill
Hypopomus Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 152. (Genotype,
Rhamphichthys mulleri Kaup.)
After examining the material in the national collections, along with
four specimens collected by Dr. William Beebe at Caripito, Venezuela,
and comparing these with figures and descriptions of the already
described species, I have considerable doubt as to the identifications
made by Ellis in his review of the family Gymnotidae and by Eigen-
mann in his work on British Guiana fishes. (The two accounts are
nearly identical.) The specimens from Caripito have a very bluntly
rounded snout and shorter head, and the pore above the posterior
nostril differs in position when compared with forms from other
localities. Unfortunately, Kaup did not show the position of that
pore in reference to the posterior nostril, but his measurements of
and his figure of artedi indicate that this species has a pointed snout
with the rear margin of the eye behind the middle of the length from
snout to occiput, while in other forms it is equidistant between, as
shown in figures and in the specimens before me. Steindachner’s
figure of brevirostris fortunately shows the position of the pores in
reference to the posterior nostril, and these are the same as in the
specimens that I am referring to occidentalis Regan from Panama and
the Maracaibo Basin, but the species must be different since brevirostris
has 259 or 260 anal rays instead of fewer than 240 in the other species.
Because of the above differences it appears probable that the speci-
mens from Caripito represent a distinct species, whereas those from
the Maracaibo Basin are so close to those from Panama that I
identify them as the same form. Measurements made on available
specimens are recorded in table 9.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HYPOPOMUS
la, Anal rays about 259 or 260; pore above posterior nostril (see fig. 9) lying
behind a vertical line through rear edge of posterior nostril and this pore
more remote from nostril than nostril is from edge of eye; tail behind anal
fin rounded, tapering to a point, and length of tail contained about 4 times
in total length; distance from posterior nostril to eye contained about 10
to 15 times in snout to occiput (Rio Guaporé).
Hypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner)
1b. Anal rays fewer than 240, usually from 204 to 238.
2a. Rear margin of eye at least one-half to an eye diameter behind middle of
length of distance from snout to occiput; snout contained 2.5 to 3 times
in the head and about 1% in postorbital length of head; distance from
posterior nostril to eye contained about 15 times in length from snout to
occiput; pore above posterior nostril lying behind a vertical line through
rear edge of nostril (Rio Mona, French Guiana).
Hypopomus artedi (Kaup)*
13 Rhamphichthys mulleri Kaup is referred to this species as asynonym. I have examined a specimen of
artedi, I. U. 12620, kindly lent by Dr. J. L. Kask, California Academy of Sciences, and refer it to this species.
802207—49
5
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
2b. Rear margin of eye midway between tip of snout and occiput; snout con-
tained more than 2 times in postorbital length of head.
3a. Distance from posterior nostril to eye contained 9 to 14 times in length
from snout to occiput; pore above posterior nostril lying behind a
vertical line through rear of nostril, or this line bisecting the pore, the
latter separated from nasal opening by an isthmus of skin; tail behind
anal compressed and ending rather abruptly not gradually tapering to
a rounded point and contained about 5 to 6 times in total length; snout
2.2 to 2% into postorbital length of head (Rio Condoto; Panama,
IMarscalbOy basin) 2-es2 so ese Hypopomus occidentalis Regan
8b. Distance from posterior nostril to eye contained about 25 to 32 times in
distance from snout to occiput; pore above posterior nostril lying close
to margin of that nostril and bisected by a line through middle of pos-
terior nostril or the pore is just in front of this line; snout very bluntly
rounded, 2.5 to 2.8 times in postorbital length of head; tail very little
compressed, tapering to a point and contained about 5% to 6 times in
total length (Caripito, Venezuela) --_--_-- Hypopomus beebei Schultz
Ficure 9.—Arrangement of cephalic pores and position of eye: a, Hypopomus occidentalis
Regan; b, Hypopomus beebei Schultz. Sketches by author.
HYPOPOMUS OCCIDENTALIS Regan
FIGURE 9, a
Hypopomus occidentalis Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 14, p. 32, 1914
(Rio Condoto, Colombia).
? Hypopomus brevirostis Iumrinc, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 7, p. 281, 1907 (Vene-
zuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121586, 38 specimens, 63 to 167 mm., Rfo San Pedro at bridge,
Motatdn system, March 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121584, 8 specimens, 49 to 115 mm., Rfo San Juan, 12 km. south
of Rosario, February 26, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121585, 11 specimens, 70 to 175 mm., Rfo San Juan at bridge
south of Mene Grande, tributary of Rfo Motatdén, March 20, 1942.
HYPOPOMUS BEEBEI Schultz
PLATE 2; FicuRE 9, b
Hypopomus beebet Scuvuttz, Zoologica, vol. 29, No. 1, p. 40, fig. 1, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1944
(Caripito, Venezuela).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 67
I wish to point out an error in the figure of this species as published
(Schultz, 1944¢, pl. 1, fig. 4). On the head occurs a small black spot
that might be mistaken for the eye but that does not occur on the
fish or on the original photograph but mysteriously appeared when
printed. The text figure fortunately shows the eye in its proper
position as does the plate mentioned above. In the latter the eye is
the whitish area near the front of the snout.
The following description is of the holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 102753,
and three paratypes in the collection of the New York Zoological
Society. Measurements, along with those for other species, are
presented in table 9.
Body compressed, tail slightly compressed and tapering to a point;
head bluntly rounded; snout short, about equal to interorbital space,
contained about 4.2 times in head; jaws without teeth; length of pec-
toral fin 2 in head; lateral line straight, the 3 rows of scales below and
about 4 rows above enlarged; scales along back and ventrally on body
much smaller in size; head a trifle longer than greatest depth; origin
of anal fin about opposite tips of pectorals; anal papilla present, its
base under middle of opercle or a vertical line through occiput passes
through base of anal papilla; lower jaw very slightly shorter than up-
per; mouth terminal, small; cephalic canals and pores prominent;
mucus pores numerous on head; gill opening extending a little above
TABLE 9.—Counts and measurements made on species of Hypopomus, expressed in
hundredths of the length from snout tip to end of anal fin
beebeit occidentalis artedi brevirostris
Characters ae . is ie After
olo- ara- ara- : . ter Stein-
type | type | type |Maracaibo Basin) Foy | dachner’s
figure
Length to end of anal fin in millimeters--} 112.0 | 106.0 | 124.0 | 100.0 | 137.0 244.0 252.0
engeth:of,anal) fin\bases- 2232 ooo ye he 83. 0 84.0 83.9 85.0 Beales 2a oe 86.5
Menge nOMmbeadeor oe aco cee nn ad See ah 12.1 12.3 LS7 13.1 12.4 13.5 ez
enephiotisnomtes a4 = heeled es 2 oe) 3. 21 3.11 3.06 4.0 3. 87 6.12 2.78
Greatest: depthie 2 22+ = oe 11.06 |} 11.8 9.68 | 12.0 13.1 9.30 9. 33
Width of interorbital space_-_____-_-------- 3. 03 3.30 3.14 3. 00 Danae | Cee ee ae
Postorbital length of head.____.-.-------- 8. 48 8. 20 8.14 8.30 8.03 7. 78 7. 34
Snout totocciputirs to 2s2UeLe Ss tie 8.57 8. 49 8.06 | 10.0 9. 20 9.02 7.74
Diameterofieyes-ie225- s2bos set. -2i2bes- 1. 25 1. 42 1. 29 1. 50 1. 24 0. 98 1.59
Distance from anterior to posterior nostril_ 2. 23 2.08 2. 26 2.70 D2 eee re ee 1.90
Distance from eye to posterior nostril_---- 0. 28 0. 27 0.32 0. 80 O88 |S. oe 0. 56
Wid thvorenl Openings se see Sess 2. 41 2513 2. 58 2.70 S224 | eee 2. 85
Snout to anus h says hh Se ee _ eee 8.48 9.34 8.14 9. 50 8. 61 7.10 8. 92
Snout to anal origin__.________-_- AE Fe ae wg 17.4 16.6 16.1 16.2 16.8 20.7 15:5
AMIS to anal Origine eS ee 9. 64 7.83 8.39 7. 50 SSO Ee sae 7.54
Snout to pectoral insertion_______-------- 11.2 11.3 11.3 12.5 12S eee ee 11.7
Longest ray of pectoral fin_.________------ 5.35 Sy a7p 22 ee 6. 20 5. 84 5. 29 5.36
Longest ray of ana] fin.._________-.------ ASOQNI SS. SE Wap seat ares 5. 00 ASBOn tee Aare? _ Sara
Length of tail beyond anal fin-_______---- 21.0 22.3 20.1 20.5 25.1 20.9 32.9
Widthof head at eyes.--.._-»_-=-.=..-__- 4.46 5.19 4.92 4.30 BES ia| oe eats |aoaee ee
NmIn DenOUSNALTHYS=ce-— = a aan tee 214 228 217 204 223 |220 or 223 |259 or 260
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
and below pectoral fin base and more or less enclosing it, except pos-
teriorly; margin of eye not free, eye small, a little over two times in
the interorbital space; interorbital space convex, about 3 times in dis-
tance from snout tip to occiput; fontanel present from between
eyes to occiput.
Color.—Body light brownish in alcoho! with 17 narrow dark-brown
bars across sides to end of anal fin, sometimes an incomplete or broken
bar between most of or all the nearly complete bars; pectoral fins
and anal fin with numerous dark brown pigment specks; tail beyond
anal fin with about 3 more brown bars more or less obscure or absent.
Genus RHAMPHICHTHYS Miller and Troschel
Rhamphichthys MULLER AND TroscHEL, Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 2, p. 15, 1849.
(Genotype, Gymnotus rostratus Linnaeus.)
RHAMPHICHTHYS ROSTRATUS (Linnaeus)
Gymnotus rostratus LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 428, 1766.
Rhamphichthys schomburgki SteinpACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 58,
p. 10, 1868 (Rio Negro).
Rhamphichthys pantherinus Purers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 473
(San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela).—Sacus, Aus den Llanos, 1879, p. 279
(Apure).
Rhamphichthys marmoratus EIGENMANN AND EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 14, p. 62, 1891 (Orinoco).—EIGENMANN AND Warp, Proc. Washington
Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 168, fig. 12, 1905 (Orinoco and Guianas south to Rio
de la Plata).
Rhamphichthys rostratus marmoratus InERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 7, p. 280,
1907 (Venezuela).
Genus APTERONOTUS Lacepéde
Apteronotus Lacerips, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, p. 208, 1800.
(Genotype, Apteronotus passau Lacepéde=Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus.)
Sternarchus BLocH AND SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologicae, p. 497, 1801. (Geno-
type, Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
1a. Dorsal profile of head rounded or convex, the snout blunt; interorbital space
3.25 to 3.5 in the head; rear margin of eye at middle of head length; snout
about two-thirds length of pectoral fin and about 3 times in greatest depth;
depth of head at occiput 1% in its length; a white band from tip of snout
along middorsal line to top of head; two white bands encircle body, the
first at rear of anal fin and the second smaller at origin of caudal fin; anal
rays 16D tox bOLS. .. i 2 ee ee es Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus)
1b. Dorsal profile of head concave or straight in young, snout elongate, not blunt;
interorbital space 6 to 9 times in the head and 2 to 2.5 in the snout.
2a. Anal fin hyaline or pale; snout elongate, equal to pectoral fin and about 2
times in greatest depth; depth of head at occiput 1.8 to 2 in its length;
rear of eye about at middle of length of head; a white band from snout
tip along middorsal line to and including dorsal filament; tip of chin
white; posterior end of caudal peduncle encircled with white; anal rays
1AZ toposes ee. tol ee Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Eigenmann)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 69
2b. Anal fin rays blackish except posteriorly, which may be white; snout
elongate, equal to three-fourths to four-fifths length of pectorals and
about 3 times in greatest depth; depth of head at occiput 1% in its length;
rear of eye in front of middle of head by more than the distance between
the anterior and posterior nostrils or the width of interorbital space; a
more or lessinterrupted white band from snout tip to top of head; a
broad band encircling body and anal fin near rear of latter on specimens
shorter than 200 mm. total length and on those larger this white band
becoming mottled and broken up with black blotches, while in specimens
300 mm. or longer only a trace remaining as a white blotch or so on the
anal fin, or it may be lacking; anal rays 176 to 197.
Apteronotus cuchillo, new species
APTERONOTUS ALBIFRONS (Linnaeus)
CuCcHILLO
Gymnotus albifrons LinnaEvus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 428, 1766 (ref.
copied).
Sternarchus albifrons Ppters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 473 (Rio
Apure, Venezuela).—Sacus, Aus den Llanos, 1879, p. 279 (Apure).—HIGEn-
MANN AND EIGENMANN, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, p. 61, 1891 (Apure).—
EIGENMANN AND WARD, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 163, fig. 2,
1905 (Orinoco).—InERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 7, p. 273, 1907 (Guianas,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Rfo Amazon to Peru and Rfo Paraguay).
Apteronotus albifrons EIGENMANN AND ALLEN, Fishes of western South America,
p. 821, 1942 (Orinoco).
APTERONOTUS LEPTORHYNCHUS " (Eigenmann)
Sternarchus leptorhynchus EIGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 439, 1912
(Amatuk; Warraputa).
U.S.N.M. No. 121595, 10 specimens, 103 to 178 mm. in total length, Rfo San
Juan near bridge south of Mene Grande, tributary of Rio Motatén, March 17
and 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121593, 3 specimens, 94 to 151 mm., Rio San Pedro at bridge
south of Mene Grande, Motatdn system, March 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121594, a specimen, 43 mm., Rfo Negro below mouth of Rio
Yasa, March 2, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121592, a specimen, 57.5 mm., Rfo San Juan, 12 km. south of
Rosario, February 26, 1942.
APTERONOTUS CUCHILLO, new species
PuaTeE 3, A
Prz CucHILLo
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121591, 363 mm. in total length, 350
mm. to base of caudal fin and 330 mm. to end of anal fin, collected by
Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Socuy, 3 km. above mouth, February
24, 1942.
Paratypes.—All paratypes were collected by Leonard P. Schultz
during 1942 in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela:
14 This species has been reported from the Orinoco Basin at Guaicaramo, Colombia, and from the Rfos
Calima, Saija, and Dagua, western Colombia.
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
U.S.N.M. No. 121587, 13 specimens, 156 to 385 mm. in total length, collected
with the holotype and bearing same data.
U.S.N.M. No. 121589, 11 specimens, 164 to 390 mm., Rio Motatdén at bridge,
22 km. north of Motatdin, March 17.
U.S.N.M. No. 121588, 3 specimens, 215 to 375 mm., Rfo Palmar at bridge,
70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6.
U.S.N.M. No. 121590, 7 specimens, 132 to 194 mm., Rfo Apén about 35 km,
south of Rosario, February 26.
Description —The following description was based on the holotype
and paratypes. Detailed measurements were made on the former
and two of the latter, and these data are expressed in hundredths of
the length to end of anal fin and recorded respectively for the holotype
and the paratypes in parentheses.
Total lengths 363 (221; 131.5); length to base of caudal fin 350
(213; 128.5); length from tip of snout to end of anal fin 330 (202; 121).
Greatest depth of body 15.8 (15.8; 16.8); length of head 16.4 (17.1;
18.4); length of snout 5.60 (5.79; 6.28); least width of interorbital
space 1.82 (2.38; 2.89); diameter of eye 0.76 (0.89; 1.16); distance
between anterior and posterior nasal openings 1.67 (1.68; 1.98);
distance from eye to posterior nasal opening 2.58 (2.23; 2.07); post-
orbital length of head 11.8 (11.7; 11.6); length from tip of snout to
rictus 3.82 (3.57; 5.12); width of gill opening 2.49 (2.72; 2.89); least
depth of caudal peduncle 1.36 (1.24; 1.65); length of caudal peduncle
from end of anal fin to midcaudal base 6.58 (5.60; 5.95); snout to
occiput 13.8 (13.6; 15.7); snout to anus 8.33 (8.62; 11.7); snout to
pectoral insertion 16.7 (16.7; 18.8); snout to anal origin 15.3 (14.8;
11.7); snout to anterior end of groove between dorsal filament and
back or rear base of dorsal filament 66.7 (69.0; 65.7) ; length of longest
pectoral fin ray 7.88 (8.90; 8.85); longest anal ray 5.91 (6.68; 7.19);
longest caudal fin ray 3.24 (3.46; 3.47).
The following counts were made, respectively: Anal rays 187
(197; 181); pectoral rays 11,16-ii,16 (ii,15-ii,16; ii,16-i1,16); number
of pores to end of lateral line 100 (101; 96); 3 scales between base of
dorsal filament and lateral line.
Body compressed, caudal region compressed; caudal fin about
three-fourths length of snout; caudal peduncle about one-half length
of head; pectoral fin length a little over one-half length of head;
snout elongate, somewhat pointed, the dorsal profile of head a little
concave or straight; greatest depth of body a little behind tips of
pectorals; lower edge of gill opening opposite middle of pectoral base
or a little below the middle; eye small without a free membrane and
contained from 6 to 11 times in the snout; rictus under posterior
nostril; anterior nostril tubular; posterior nostril a little closer to
eye than tip of snout; anus under a vertical about 2 diameters behind
rear of eye; rear edge of base of dorsal filament about equal distance
between tip of caudal fin and rear of head or base of pectoral fin;
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 71
at about half the distance from tip of snout to base of dorsal filament
there are 13 or 14 scales between lateral line and middorsal line; the
third or fourth branched rays of pectorals longest; anal rays near mid-
dle of that fin longest; lateral line straight, complete, the scales along
lateral line and midsides largest, gradually becoming smaller dorsally
and ventrally; caudal fin minutely scaled for three-fourths the way
out, the last third naked; interorbital sharply convex, about equal
to distance between anterior and posterior nostrils and about 3% in
the head; origin of anal under gill opening; tip of lower jaw with a
groove separated by a frenum at each side of tip from groove along
sides of lower jaw; mouth terminal, lower jaw fitting up between the
maxillaries; a small patch of villiform teeth on each side near front
of upper jaw; two rows of a few conical teeth at sides of lower jaw;
apparently no teeth near symphysis of lower jaw; a long fontanel
along middorsal line of head.
Color.—In alcohol the ground color is mottled dark brown or
blackish at all ages, but the white color markings are greatly variable
with increase in length. A specimen 132 mm. in total length has a
cream-white band that encircles the body in the last one-fourth of
the anal fin, but the white color does not quite reach to end of anal
as the last few rays are blackish; the caudal peduncle is blackish
except posteriorly where a second narrow white band encircles it
just in front of base of caudal fin; caudal fin and anal fin blackish
except posteriorly; tip of chin pale or white; a white band from snout
tip along middorsal line to top of head thence represented by a few
pale blotches for a short distance along the back; pectorals blackish.
A specimen 250 mm. in total length has the white streak along
top of head ending at occiput, and the wide white band near rear of
anal is broken up by numerous dark brown blotches, but there is no
dark blotch on the anal fin; otherwise coloration as in the specimen
132 mm. long.
In the holotype, 363 mm. long, the pale band at rear of anal is
almost lacking, as the sides of the body in that region are blackish,
along the midline of back are a few white blotches and part of anal
fin is still white; the white band just in front of caudal fin is reduced
in width. In the largest specimens the white band at rear of anal
may be completely lacking but the narrow white streak at base of
caudal fin does not completely disappear.
The peritoneum is pale.
Remarks.—This new species is close to leptorhynchus in shape of
head and snout but differs from it in having the eye considerably
in front of middle of length of head and also in several other respects,
as indicated in the key on page 68. In coloration this new species
differs from all others referred to the genus Apteronotus except A.
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
albifrons, which has the two white bands encircling the body; it
differs in its elongate snout, blunt and rounded in albifrons, as indi-
cated in the key. Apteronotus anas Eigenmann and Allen has the
eye far back, considerably behind middle of length of head.
Named cuchillo, the common name of this type of fish in Venezuela,
probably referring to its knifelike shape.
Genus STERNARCHOGITON Eigenmann and Ward
Sternarchogiton EIGENMANN AND WAkpD, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 7,
p. 164, fig. 5, 1905. (Genotype, Sternarchogiton naiterert (Steindachner) =
Sternarchus nattereri Steindachner.)
STERNARCHOGITON CUCHILLEJO, new species
Prez CocuHILLEso
Puate 3, B
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121600, 168 mm. in total length, and
156 mm. to end of anal base, collected by Leonard P. Schultz in Rio
Motatén, 8 km. below Motatdén, March 24, 1942.
Paratypes.—All the paratypes were collected by Leonard P. Schultz
during 1942 in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 121601, 5 specimens, 148 to 177 mm., taken along with the
holotype and bearing same data.
U.S.N.M. No. 121599, 47 specimens, 92 to 189 mm., Rfo Motatdn at bridge,
22 km. north of Motatén, March 17.
U.S.N.M. No. 121602, 10 examples, 80 to 115 mm., Rfo San Pedro at bridge,
Motatdn system, March 20.
U.S.N.M. No. 121598, 7 specimens, 61 to 148 mm., Rio Negro below mouth
of Rio Yasa, March 2.
U.S.N.M. No. 121603, 2 specimens, 120 to 156 mm., Rio Machango, 20 km.
above bridge south of Mene Grande, March 21.
Description.—The description is based on the holotype and para-
types listed. Detailed measurements were made on the holotype
and one paratype, and these data are recorded below in hundredths
of the distance from the tip of the snout to end of anal fin, respect-
ively. Total length 168 (112); length to base of caudal fin 156 (106);
and length of snout tip to end of anal fin 130 (89.5).
Greatest depth 15.0 (16.8); least depth of caudal peduncle 1.38
(1.34); length of caudal peduncle from end of anal fin to midcaudal
fin base 19.6 (22.3); length of head 14.4 (15.3); snout 4.62 (5.25);
interorbital 4.00 (4.69); eye 2.00 (1.79); distance between anterior
and posterior nostrils 1.85 (2.13); postorbital length of head 9.39
(9.50); least width of preorbital space 2.92 (3.13); tip of upper
lip to occiput 11.3 (12.0); length from tip of upper lip to rear edge
of maxillaries or rictus 5.15 (6.14); width of gill opening 2.54 (2.13);
tip of snout to anus 8.85 (10.6) ; snout to pectoral insertion 15.8 (16.7);
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 73
snout to anal origin 13.5 (14.6); snout to anterior edge of groove
between dorsal filament and back 63.8 (64.5); length of longest
pectoral ray 9.23 (9.28); length of longest anal fin ray 7.69 (6.93);
length of longest caudal fin ray 6.70 (6.37).
The following counts were made: Anal rays 146 (139); pectoral
rays li, 12-ii, 11 (ii, 12-—_); pores from rear of head to opposite
end of anal fin 60 (64).
Body compressed throughout its length, the greatest depth 5.25
to 6% in length to end of anal fin and 6.5 to 7.75 in total length; head
6 to 7.25 in length to end of anal and 8 to 9 in total length; eye small,
about 3 to 3.5 in snout and about equal to distance between anterior
and posterior nasal openings, the anterior pair tubular; eye consider-
ably in front of middle of length of head; gape of mouth large, rictus
under eye; mouth terminal; upper jaw toothless; lower jaw with two
rows of short conical teeth at sides, the symphyseal region toothless;
lower jaw fitting between the upper but the maxillaries fit into a
groove of the lower lip at sides of lower jaw; lower lip broad, fleshy,
and free from lower jaw anteriorly, without a frenum; gill opening
extending down in front of middle of pectoral fin base; the third
or fourth branched pectoral rays longest; rear of base of dorsal
filament or the most anterior extent of groove between filament
and back is an equal distance between base of caudal fin and postor-
bital length of head; origin of anal fin behind the middle of the opercle;
interorbital space greatly convex, 3.5 to 3.75 in the head; dorsal profile
convex; pectoral fin about 1% in the head; body covered with scales;
caudel fin scaled nearly to tips of rays; midline of back naked, with a
row of scales up to caudal peduncle; scales largest along midsides
and on lateral line, smaller toward back; posteriorly on caudal
region the scales along lateral line are much longer than high and the
pores in lateral line number from 56 to 64; 3 scales from rear base of
dorsal filament to lateral line; lateral line straight, much closer to
back than ventral side of body and on caudal peduncle the lateral
line is dorsal in position; caudal fin present, middle rays longest; head
with an elongate fontanel along middorsal line; gill rakers short, few,
lor2 + 3o0r4.
Color.—In alcohol, ground color dark brown, fins hyaline, except
caudal which is dark brown, with its tip white; a prominent white
streak extends from tip of snout along middorsal line to base of dorsal
filament, thence dorsal filament is pale; chin with white blotch; body
and especially head profusely covered with mucus pores, which are
white; posterior end of caudal peduncle encircled with white; perito-
neum pale along midventral line, but pigmented on sides.
Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from all other
species referred to the genus Sternarchogiton by its fewer number of
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
anal rays, 137 to 146, instead of more than 190 as well as in its colora-
tion. In addition, there are two irregular rows of teeth on each side
of the lower jaw instead of a single row in the other species. This
tooth character may be of significance generically. The following key
may be used to identify the species referred to Sternarchogiton:
la. Anal rays about 197 or 200; sides of lower jaw with a single row of teeth; no
pale streak along middorsal line.
2a. Head about 12 in length; eye about 3% in the head.
S. nattereri (Steindachner)
2b. Head about 9 in length, eye 7 in snout; posterior half of pectoral rays dark
and distal part of anal rays blackish_S. poreinum Eigenmann and Allen
1b. Anal rays 137 to 146; 2 rows of short conical teeth on sides of lower jaw;
middorsal line of back with pale streak anteriorly; pale blotch on chin;
head 8 to 9 in total length; eye 3 to 3% in snout; fins all pale in color.
S. cuchillejo, new species
Some of the females have pale amber-colored eggs in their ovaries
and appear to be nearly ready to spawn.
Named cuchillejo for the popular name of this small knife-shaped
fish.
Genus ADONTOSTERNARCHUS Ellis
Adontosternarchus Exuis, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 3, p. 155, 1913. (Gen-
otype, Sternarchus sachsi Peters.)
ADONTOSTERNARCHUS SACHSI (Peters)
Prz CucuHILLO DE LAs LLANOS
Sternarchus sachsi Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 473 (San Fer-
nando de Apure, Venezuela).—Sacus, Aus den Llanos, 1879, pp. 1538, 367,
fig. on p. 279 (Apure).—EIGENMANN AND EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 14, p. 62, 1891 (Apure).—EIGENMANN AND ALLEN, Fishes of western
South America, p. 326, 1942 (Orinoco)—R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Vene-
zuela, p. 377, fig. 189, 1942 (Orinoco).
Sternarchogiton sachsi EIGENMANN AND WarD, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol.
7, p. 165, 1905 (Orinoco).
Family GYMNOTIDAE
Genus GYMNOTUS Linnaeus
Gymnotus LinnagEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 246, 1758; ed. 12, vol. 1,
p. 427, 1766. (Genotype, Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus.)
GYMNOTUS CARAPO Linnaeus
GIMNOTO
Gymnotus carapo LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 246, 1758.—E1GENMANN,
Indiana Univ. Stud., vol. 7, No. 44, p. 12, 1920 (Maracay, Rfo Bue, Vene-
zuela).
Carapus fasciatus PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 157, 1899
(Apure River, Venezuela).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 75
Family ELECTROPHORIDAE
Genus ELECTROPHORUS Gill
Evectric EEnu
Electrophorus Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 151. (Genotype,
Gymnotus electricus Linnaeus.)
ELECTROPHORUS ELECTRICUS (Linnaeus)
ANGUILA ELECTRICA O TEMBLADOR
Gymnotus electricus LinNaEUs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 427, 1766.—
Prters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 473 (Calabozo, Venezuela) .—
Sacus, Aus den Llanos, 1879, p. 153, figs. on pp. 149, 154 (Apure).
Electrophorus electricus EIGENMANN AND ALLEN, Fishes of western South America,
p. 330, 1942 (Venezuela).—R6Gut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 379, fig.
191, 1942 (Orinoco).
Suborder CYPRINOIDEA
Family CYPRINIDAE
Genus CYPRINUS Linnaeus
MINNows
Cyprinus Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 320, 1758. (Genotype,
Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus.)
CYPRINUS CARPIO Linnaeus
Carp; CaRPA
Cyprinus carpio LinNazEUs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 320, 1758.
This species has been introduced into Venezuelan waters and on
April 3, 1942, I observed several in a small pond at Estanques, Mérida.
Suborder NEMATOGNATHOIDEA: Catfishes; Bagres
My first report on the collections of fishes that I made during 1942
in Venezuela covered this group. The publication is entitled ‘“The
Catfishes of Venezuela, with Descriptions of Thirty-eight New Forms,”
and it appeared in the Proceedings of the United States National
Museum, volume 94, pp. 173-338, figs. 1-5, pls. 1-14, February 11,
1944. This report contains an itinerary of my travels and a map
showing the localities where specimens were collected, along with a
list of collecting stations. For all of Venezuela 127 species and sub-
species in 63 genera and 12 families are listed.
Since the publication of this report two papers have appeared under
my authorship on the catfishes of Venezuela: ‘““Two New Species of
Fishes (Gymnotidae, Loricariidae) from Caripito, Venezuela,” Zoo-
logica, New York, vol. 29, pt. 1, pp. 39-44, fig. 1, 2, pl. 1, May 10,
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
1944, and “Pygidium monodolfi, A New Catfish from Venezuela,”
Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 29-31, fig. 1,
January 15, 1945 (mear Caracas). In addition I have published two
other recent papers on catfishes from Colombia: “A New Loricarid
Catfish from the Rio Truando, Colombia,’ Copeia, 1944 No. 3, pp.
155-156, September 30, and ““A New Genus and Species of Pimelodid
Catfish from Colombia,” Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 34,
No. 3, pp. 93-95, fig. 1, March 15, 1944.
A few errors in my report on the catfishes of Venezuela have been
observed, and I take this opportunity to correct some of the more im-
portant ones. On page 182, 11a should read without, and on the next
page 3b, next to last line should read 6 + 11 or 12 instead of 6 + 17.
The tenth line, third paragraph p. 335, should read 47.6, not 4.76.
Addenda to my report on the catfishes of Venezuela, 1944:
1. Hexanemathichthys rugispinis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 1 specimen 275
mm., from mouth of Rfo San Juan, near Caripito, April 11, 1942. William Beebe.
2. Selenaspis herzbergvi (Bloch). 1 specimen for each—C.N.H.M. Nos. 41990
and 41989, from Lago de Maracaibo, W. H. Osgood, 1911.
3. Pimelodus clarias coprophagus Schultz. 1 specimen each, C.N.H.M. Nos.
41988, 42011, 42013, 42014, 42015, from Encontrados, W. H. Osgood, 1911.
4. Pseudopimelodus villosus butcheri Schultz. Gomes, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Michigan, No. 494, p. 4, 1946 (Rfo San Juan, near Mene Grande, Venezuela).
5. Microglanis poecilus Kigenmann. Gomes, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
Michigan, No. 494, p. 15, 1946 (Cafio de Quiribana, Rio Apure into Rfo Orinoco,
Venezuela).
6. Microglanis zheringi Gomes, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 494,
p. 9, pl. 1, 1946 (Rio Turmero near Turmero, Aragua; Carabobo, Venezuela).
7. Perrunichthys. Recently a skin and head of a species in this genus was
found in the National collections collected by Prof. Orton probably at the junction
of the Napo and Marafién Rivers of the upper Amazon. This head with skin
definitely represents a species distinct from P. perruno Schultz of the Maracaibo
Basin, but a better specimen should be obtained before describing and naming it.
8. Dupouyichthys sapito Schultz. Cecil Miles, of Colombia, wrote to me on
July 2, 1945, that a man collecting for him in the Magdalena system just brought
a specimen of this species with 6 or 7 almost fully developed eggs adhering to the
pelvic fins and the preanal region. Mr. Miles is to be highly complimented on
the discovery of this remarkable habit of incubation of eggs for the genus, although
such a type of egg incubation is known for certain Asiatic catfishes. He published
on this in Caldasia, vol. 3, No. 15, p. 454, 1945.
9. Pygidium conradi Eigenmann. 9 specimens, 20 to 33 mm., from Guachaco
Cave, Rfo Caripe near Caripito, William Beebe, 1942.
10. Ochmacanthus flabellferus Eigenmann. 1 specimen, 37 mm., East Caripito
Creek, William Beebe, March 6, 1942.
11. Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus). 2 specimens, 100 and 125 mm., from
Caripito, William Beebe, May 7, 1942.
12. Hoplosternum thoracatum thoracatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 2 speci-
mens, 67 and 77 mm., Rio Pablo, Caripito, William Beebe, March 19, 1942.
13. Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock). 1 specimen, 117 mm., Rio San Pablo,
Caripito, William Beebe, March 19, 1942.
14. Ancistrus brevifilis brevifilis Eigenmann. 1 specimen; C.N.H.M. No.
35341, Rio Turmero, Venezuela, Ventura Barnés, September 24, 1937.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ aT
15. Ancistrus brevifilis bodenhameri Schultz. 3 specimens, C.N.H.M. Nos.
41999 to 42001, Rio Coguollo, Sierra Perijé, Venezuela, Osgood and Conover,
March 1920.
16. Hypostomus watwata Hancock. 1 specimen each, C.N.H.M. Nos. 41995
and 41996, from Lago de Maracaibo, W. H. Osgood, 1911.
17. Loricaria typus (Bleeker). 1 specimen, 255 mm., from Caripito, Venezuela,
William Beebe, 1942.
18. Loricaria caracasensis (Bleeker). Described by Bleeker in his ‘Systema
Silurorum Revisum,” Nederl Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 81, 1863, as Hemiloricaria
caracasensis Bleeker, from Caracas. It is the genotype of Hemiloricaria, a
monotypic genus.
Bleeker described this species as follows: ‘‘Velum labiale vix fimbriatum
postice latum, antice angustum. Dentes utraque maxilla conspicui. Cristae
occipitales vel nuchales dentatae nullae. Scuta trunco carina dentata. Regio
subthoracicoanalis scutata. Pinna dorsalis supra ventrales incipiens.
“Spec. typ. Hemiloricaria caracasensis Blkr. sp. nov in Mus. L. B. sub. nom.
WLOLICATIAC.)< 4. ss (Caracas) Conserv.’’
Not having any specimens from the Rio Guaire at Caracas, I am unable to
determine the species from Bleeker’s description.
19. Loricaria eigenmanni Pellegrin, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 33, p. 125,
1908 (Sarare, Venezuela). This species was omitted.
20. Forlowella acus (Kner). 38 specimens 94 to 134 mm., from Rfo Pablo,
Caripito, William Beebe, March 19, 1942.
21. Spathuloricaria may represent the adult male of some species of Loricaria.
22. Chaetostoma dupouii Yepes (Mem. Soc. Cien. Nat. La Salle, Caracas, afio
5, No. 14, pp. 27-34, figs. 1945) (Rio Encanthado into Rfo Grande of Rfo Tuy
system, Venezuela.)
Order APODOIDEA
Family MURAENIDAE: Morays
Genus GYMNOTHORAX Bloch
Gymnothoraz Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 9, p. 83,
1794. (Genotype, Gymnothoraz reticularis Bloch as restricted by Bleeker,
Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 121 (9), 1865 = G. ruppelli McClelland.)
The following species recorded from Venezuelan waters may be
traced down by the following key extracted from that in Meek and
Hildebrand’s ‘‘The Marine Fishes of Panama,” vol. 1, pp. 162-163,
1923.
la. Teeth all entire, without serrations.
2a. Body mottled with dark brown or slightly purplish spots; lower jaw with
about 22 teeth on side; tail longer than rest of body by about two-thirds
length of head. 42 s-ts2=-e- =~ Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau)
2b. Body everywhere mottled or reticulated with pale or light yellow, varying
among individuals; tail a little longer than head and trunk; snout short,
about 6in head. == 22 Dae. Sees Se Gymnothorax moringa Cuvier
1b. Teeth serrate, at least at base of posterior margin; body with irregular light
yellowish spots, variable in size and number, often making the ground color
appear as brown reticulations; dorsal fin with large black spots, sometimes
running together and forming a black band; anal with a dark edge.
Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
GYMNOTHORAX VICINUS (Castelnau)
Murenophis vicina CastruNav, Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis dans les
parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud, vol. 2, pt. 7, Zool., Poissons, p. 81,
pl. 42, fig. 4, 1855 (Bahia).
Gymnothoraz vicinus ToRTONESE, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino,
vol. 47, No. 89, p. 51, 1939 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
GYMNOTHORAX MORINGA Cuvier
MorENA
Gymnothoraz moringa CuviER, Le régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p.352, 1829 (Bahamas) |
(ref. copied).—R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 375, fig. 187, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
Muraena (Gymnothorax) moringa Mrrze.aar, Report on the fishes collected by
Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, p. 18, 1919 (Venezuela).
GYMNOTHORAX OCELLATUS Agassiz
Gymnothorax ocellatus Acassiz, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species
piscium ... Brasiliam ... , p. 91, pl. 50b, 1831 (mouth of large Brazilian
equatorial rivers).
Muraena (Priodonophis) ocellata Mrrzpuaar, Report on the fishes collected by
Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 19, 1919 (Venezuela)
Family ECHELIDAE: Worm Eels
Genus MYROPHIS Liitken
Myrophis Lirxen, Vid. Medd. Nat. For. Kjgbenhavn, 1851, p. 1. (Genotype,
Myrophis punctatus Liitken.) (Ref. copied).
An excellent key to the species of the genus Myrophis occurring in
the Atlantic is given by Dr. A. E. Parr in the Bulletin of the Bingham
Oceanographic Collection, vol. 3, No. 4, p. 9, 1930.
MYROPHIS PUNCTATUS Liitken
Myrophis punctatus LtrxKmn, Vid. Medd. Nat. For. Kjgbenhavn, 1851, p. 1 (West
Indies) (Ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. No. 123169, 1 specimen, 197 mm. in total length, from Cape San
Roman, April 2, 1925.
Order SYNBRANCHIOIDEA
Family SYNBRANCHIDAE
Genus SYNBRANCHUS Bloch
Synbranchus Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 9, p. 86, 1795.
(Genotype, Synbranchus marmorata Bloch.)
SYNBRANCHUS MARMORATUS Bloch
Synbranchus marmoratus Biocu, Naturgeschichte auslindischen Fische, vol. 9,
p. 86, 1795.—Ernst, Estudios sobre la flora y fauna de Venezuela, p. 282,
1877 (creeks near Caracas).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 79
Symbranchus marmoratus PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 473
(Calabozo, Venezuela).—EIGENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44,
p. 18, 1920 (Isla del Buro; rocks on shores of Lake Valencia and mud at depth
of 15 meters; Rfo Guaire, near Caracas, and at Caracas; Maracay; all in
Venezuela).—Pxrarsk, Univ. Wisconsin Studies, No. 1, p. 23, 1920 (Isla del
Buro, Lago de Valencia, Venezuela).
4 specimens, 82 to 104 mm., near Caripito, William Beebe, May 6, 1942.
3 specimens, 88 to 108 mm., near Caripito, William Beebe, April 11, 1942.
Order SYNENTOGNATHOIDEA
Family BELONIDAE: Needlefishes; Peces agujas, 0 Agujones
KEY TO THE NEEDLEFISHES REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Postorbital length of head about equal to base of anal fin, much longer than
base of dorsal fin, and contained about 2.5 times in distance from insertion
of pectoral fins to that of pelvic fins; longest pelvic fin ray about 1.5 times
in longest pectoral fin ray; caudal fin not forked but deeply concave, lower
lobe a little longer than upper; side of body with a blackish streak; post-
orbital length of head about 1.9 in snout, 1.1 in anal fin base, and 0.8 in
dorsal fin base; dorsal origin notably behind anal origin.
Potamorrhaphis guianensis (Schomburgk)
1b. Postorbital length of head much shorter than length of anal fin base, about
equal to or much shorter than base of dorsal fin and contained more than
3 times in distance from insertion of pectoral fins to that of pelvic fins.
2a. Longest pelvic fin ray nearly equal to longest pectoral fin ray; caudal fin
forked, lower lobe longest, pointed; dorsal origin nearly over anal origin;
postorbital length of head contained about 2.5 in snout, 2.2 in anal fin
base and 2.5 in that of dorsal fin; side of body without dark lengthwise
BUTEA aa) Oe ee. SSR Se Strongylura raphidoma (Ranzani)
2b. Longest pelvic fin ray about 2 or more than 2 times in longest pectoral fin
ray; caudal fin not forked but posterior margin concave, lobes rounded;
dorsal origin notably behind anal fin origin; postorbital length of head
contained from 2.75 to 3 in snout, 1.6 in anal fin base, and 1.4 in dorsal
fin base; side of body with a black streak running lengthwise.
Strongylura timucu (Walbaum)
Genus POTAMORRHAPHIS Giinther
Potamorrhaphis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol, 6,
p. 256, 1866. (Genotype, Belone taeniata Gunther.)
POTAMORRHAPHIS GUIANENSIS (Schomburgk)
Belone guianensis Schompurex, The natural history of the fishes of [British]
Guiana, vol. 2, p. 131, pl. 1, 1848 (Guiana; Paduiri) (ref. copied).
One specimen, 225 mm., Rfo Apure at San Fernando de Apure, F. F. Bond,
February 16, 1938.
Genus STRONGYLURA van Hasselt
Strongylura vAN Hasseut, Alg. Konst. Letter-Bode, No. 35, 1823; Bull. Sci. Nat.
Férussac, vol. 2, p. 374, 1824. (Genotype, S. caudimaculata van Hasselt=
Belone strongylura van Hasselt, 1823.) (Ref. copied.)
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
STRONGYLURA RAPHIDOMA (Ranzani)
AGUJA DE MAR O MONO
Belone raphidoma Ranzant, Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon., vol. 5,
p. 359, pl. 37, figs. 1-5, 1842 (Brazilian seas).
Tylosurus raphidoma R6uu, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 375, 1942 (coast
of Venezuela).
STRONGYLURA TIMUCU (Walbaum)
AGUJA
Esoz timucu WALBAUM, in Artedi’s Bibliotheca ichthyologica, vol. 3, p. 88, 1792
(Brazil) (after Timucu of Marcgrave).
U.S.N.M. No. 121782, 5 specimens, 218 to 235 mm. in standard length, Lago
de Maracaibo at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, March 5, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121784, 7 specimens, 72 to 128 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121783, 3 specimens, about 73 to 80 mm. (beaks broken), from
Lago de Maracaibo, 2 miles off Lagunillas, March 15,
U.S.N.M. No. 121784, 3 specimens, about 67 to 208 mm., Lago de Maracaibo,
1 km. off Pueblo Viejo, April 7-8.
U.S.N.M. No. 121781, 5 specimens, 574 to 690 mm., from mouth of Rfo Concha,
and in Lago de Maracaibo, May 2.
The base of the caudal fin of two specimens, 48 and 49 mm., Rio
Apure at San Fernando de Apture, F. F. Bond, February 16, 1938,
has a distinct black spot not observed in those of small size from
the Maracaibo Basin.
The large specimens from Lago de Maracaibo at the mouth of the
Rio Concha were apparently ready for spawning, as a light pressure
on the abdomen of the females caused pale yellowish eggs to flow
freely. The eggs probably adhere to the vegetation, as they appear
to possess fine adhesive threads and were very sticky when touched.
Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE: Halfbeaks
The identifications for this family were made by Dr. Robert R.
Miller, former associate curator of fishes, United States National
Museum, during his investigation of this group of fishes for the purpose
of describing a new species from Mexico.
Genus HYPORHAMPHUS Gill
Hyporhamphus Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 131. (Genotype,
Hyporhamphus tricuspidatus Gill= Hemiramphus unifasciatus Ranzani.)
HYPORHAMPHUS ROBERTI (Valenciennes)
Hatrseak; Batao o Bauast
Hemirhamphus robertt VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire
naturelle des poissons, vol. 19, p. 24, 1846 (Cayenne).
U.S.N.M. No. 121818, a specimen, 57 mm. in standard length, Lago de Mara-
caibo at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121816, a specimen, 103 mm., cafio at Los Monitos, Rio Limén
system, March 11, 1942.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 81
U.S.N.M. No. 121819, a specimen, 96.5 mm,, Lago de Maracaibo, 7 km. south of
Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121725, 2 specimens, 106 and 121 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, February 27, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121820, 33 specimens, 14 to 102 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, 1 km.
off Pueblo Viejo, April 7-8, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121817, 12 specimens, 87 to 142 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, March 5, 1942.
HYPORHAMPHUS UNIFASCIATUS (Ranzani)
Hemiramphus unifasciatus RANZANI, Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon.,
vol. 5, p. 326, 1842 (Brazil) (ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. No. 123285, 1 specimen 195 mm. in standard length, Estanques Bay,
U.S. S. Niagara, December 19, 1924.
Genus HEMIRAMPHUS Cuvier
Hemi-ramphus Cuvier, Le régne animal, vol. 2, p. 186, 1817. (Genotype, Fsoz
brasiliensis Linnaeus.)
HEMIRAMPHUS BRASILIENSIS (Linnaeus)
Batast
Esox brasiliensis LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 314, 1758 (Jamaica).
Hemirhamphus brasiliensis R6éut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 374, fig.
186, 1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Family EXOCOETIDAE: Flyingfishes
Genus EXOCOETUS Linnaeus
Exocoetus LINNAfUES, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 316, 1758. (Genotype, Exocoe-
tus volitans Linnaeus.)
EXOCOETUS VOLITANS Linnaeus
PEZ VOLADOR
Exocoetus volitans Linnanvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p 316, 1758 (Atlantic
Ocean).—Breper, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 6, art. 5, p. 30, figs.
15, 17, 1938 (one station at entrance to Gulf of Venezuela).
Order CYPRINODONTOIDEA *
KEY TO THE CYPRINODONTS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Eyes bulging, in elevated sockets, the pupil divided by a horizontal cross
partition, adapting the eye for vision above and below the surface of the
water; anal fin of male with a scaly tube; space between upper edges of
orbital ridges or rims equal to or less than diameter of eye; sides with obscure
stripes; scales 81 to 90, 17 or 18 in a transverse series; caudal fin obliquely
rounded (after Eigenmann) (family Anablepidae).
Anableps microlepis Miiller
1b. Eyes normal, without cross partition.
2a. Orbital rim with its margin not free but fused with eye; first rays of anal
fin of male not specialized (family Cyprinodontidae).
15 Lima heterandria Regan (1913, p. 1017, pl. 101, figs. 3, 4, La Guaira, Venezuela) actually came from Santo
Domingo according to Myers (1940, p. 172). Heterandria zonata Nichols, 1915, isa synonym. Dr. Hubbs
has found that this species is a new one and that it actually came from La Guaira.
802207—49 6
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
3a. Caudal peduncle greatly compressed, its lower edge bladelike; fins, espe-
cially caudal and pelvic, pointed and often greatly attenuated; dorsal
rays about 10, origin considerably behind a vertical through anal
origin over the base of the fourteenth anal ray; anal rays 22; color in
alcohol dull yellowish brown with 11 narrow dark vertical bars on the
sides, the last on the caudal peduncle; caudal fin with small blackish
spots; scales about 34; pectoral rays 13; 12 scales from dorsal base to
anal origin; about 28 or 29 predorsal scales to opposite pupil; 16 around
CAUGHT PeCIINC Ie eee eae Lees ee Pterolebias zonatus Myers
3b. Lower edge of caudal peduncle not bladelike; cleft of mouth forming a
right-angled groove or pocket in front of eye; preorbital line nearly
vertical or even inclined slightly backward.
4a Dorsal rays 13 to 16; base of dorsal fin a little longer than that of anal
fin; dorsal fin origin a little behind that of anal fin, usually over
bases of first or second branched anal rays in females; anal rays 16
to 18; scales from upper edge of gill opening to caudal fin base 30
to 33 and usually 12 or 13 scales from anal origin to dorsal base;
teeth in each jaw conical, recurved, in a relatively wide band of
several irregular rows, the outer row considerably enlarged and
widely spaced; caudal fin slightly but usually truncate; interradial
membrane of caudal fin with fine scales in adults, lacking in half-
SLOWMIANGhyOUNGl. 2 2e - -ee ee eel Austrofundulus Myers
5a. Number of scales in a zigzag row across breast between bases of
pectoral fins about 5 or 6 and number of scales from lower edge of
pectoral base to pelvic insertion about 9; greatest width of upper
lip into length of upper lip between nostrils 3.8; length of pectoral
fin into standard length 634 times; coloration not known.
Austrofundulus transilis transilis Myers
5b. Number of scales across breast between pectoral bases 7 to 11 and
from pectoral base to pelvie insertion 9 to 12; greatest width of
upper lip into length of upper lip 3.9 to 4.6; length of pectoral fin
into standard length 4.5 to 4.8; a dark bar below eye more or less
obscure on females; anterior parts of body with black spots faint
or absent on females; fins plain in color.
Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus, new subspecies
5c. Number of scales across breast between pectoral bases 10 to 14 and
from pectoral base to pelvic insertion 12 to 14; greatest width of
upper Jip into length of upper lip 2.5 to 3.6; length of pectoral fin
into standard length 3.8 to 4.5; bar below eye barely visible; body
plain in color; basal parts of both dorsal and anal fins with
several darkish spots just visible, the row of 4 or 5 at base of
fin most intense______-_- Austrofundulus stagnalis, new species
4b. Dorsal fin base much shorter than anal fin base; dorsal origin consider-
ably behind that of anal fin; all fins rounded, no produced pelvic
rays.
6a. Dorsal rays 8 to 10; head considerably wider than its greatest depth;
body but little compressed, elongate (Rivulus Poey).
7a. Seales from upper edge of gill opening to mideaudal fin base about
29; origin of dorsal three-fourths the distance from middle of the
eye to base of caudal fin; origin of anal halfway from head to
caudal; origin of dorsal nearly over middle of anal base; anal
PAYS) O.\COrSsal Gee eee ae oe eee Rivulus obscurus Garman
7b. Scales 35 to 43; origin of dorsal usually a little behind middle of
anal base.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 83
8a. Branched rays of dorsal 5 or 6, usually 6; of anal 11 to 14; total
rays of pectoral 13 to 15; scales 35 to 38; 3 or 4 rows of spots
on lower half of body most prominent.
Rivulus hartii (Boulenger)
8b. Branched rays of dorsal 8; of anal 13 to 15, seldom 13; total
rays of pectoral 15 to 17; scales 37 to 41; two rows of spots on
lower side of young and half grown most prominent.
Rivulus holmiae Higenmann
Sc. Branched rays of dorsal 6 or 7, occasionally 6; of anal 12 to 15,
usually 14; total rays of pectoral 14 to 16; scales 38 to 41;
all rows of spots on females and young of about same promi-
Nen cow S284 ie IO ee Lee Rivulus bondi, new species
6b. Dorsal rays 11 or 12; head as deep as broad; body compressed, tail
more so; anal rays 12 or 13; pectoral 14; scales 30 to 32, 10 or 11
below origin of dorsal; color brownish, upper parts of head and
back darker; scales of opercle each with a large white or bluish
white spot; some scales of preopercle with similar spots, similar
but smaller spots scattered on some of the scales of the body and
tail; a dusky vertical band through eye and suborbital region, a
less distinct one along hind border of preopercle; dorsal, sometimes
anal and pelvics, with rows of dusky spots; caudal dusky, with
vertical rows of dark spots, but lower lobe of fin pure white, sharply
contrasting with the rest-_Rachovia hummelincki De Beaufort
2b. Oribital rim with a free margin.
9a. Anal rays of males unmodified.
10a. Teeth in both jaws in a single series of 3-pointed incisors, with middle
point a little longer and broader; origin of dorsal fin midway be-
tween caudal fin base and snout; anal origin under rear of dorsal
fin base or a little behind base; depth 2% to 2%, head 2.7 to 2.9 in
standard length; gill membranes broadly united with a wide free
fold across the isthmus; about 23 or 24 rows of scales from head to
midcaudal fin base; humeral scale enlarged; dorsal rays ii, 8 or ii, 9;
anal rays usually ii, 8; a narrow blackish bar across base of caudal
fin; sides of body with dark bars or males may lack the dark bars
and have a dark streak along middle of sides; dorsal and anal fins
often with a black spot posteriorly except in mature males; an
elongate black bar occurs at front of fins; also in the males the fins
are more elongate and more heavily pigmented.
Cyprinodon dearborni Meek
10b. Teeth simple, conical, in two series at front of both jaws; diameter of
eye greater than length of snout; interorbital flat; maxillary and
anterior edge of preorbital oblique, the upper corner farther for-
ward than lower; no angular pocket formed at dorsal edge of pre-
orbital; dorsal origin equidistant between mideaudal fin base and
front of margin of eye; anal origin very slightly closer to rear margin
of eye than midcaudal fin base; anal origin behind a vertical line
through dorsal origin; caudal fin rounded; gill rakers short, about
10 on lower part of first gill arch; the row of scales along middle of
sides much larger than those above and below this row; dorsal rays
i, 12; anal iii, 7; pectoral rays 15-15; pelvies 7-7; scales 32; scales
before dorsal 9 + 3 or 4 enlarged ones on top of head; scales in
zigzag row around caudal peduncle 14, and 8 from dorsal origin
to anal fin base; about 12 scales on breast in front of pelvics, the
middle row not regularly placed and not enlarged.
Hubbsichthys laurae, new genus and species
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
9b. Anal fin of males modified, the first 3 branched rays or rays 8, 4, and 5
greatly elongate with remarkably developed and specialized tips; dorsal
origin in middle of length from caudal fin base and postoribtal part of
head; teeth, minute conical, in villiform bands on jaws; depth and head
more than 3 times in the standard length; pelvic fins enlarged and
modified in the male, the first ray with a swollen tip, the second ray
thickened and greatly elongate; a membranous swelling along anterior
margin of gonopodium modified into a prepucelike hood (family
Poecilidae).
lla. Ray 3 of anal fin with retrorse spines along anterior margin, the
proximal spine-bearing segments subspinous on posterior margin
and no terminal hook; tips of all rays slender; origin of dorsal fin
of female scarcely behind that of anal; subdistal segments of
anterior branch of ray 4 short and spiniferous; processes of ray 5
distinctly spinous; usually a blackish spot a little above midaxis
near tip of pectoral fin; upper and lower edges of caudal fin base
often edged with blackish; scale rows along side behind head to
caudal fin base about 24 or 25.
Poecilia vivipara Bloch and Schneider
116, Ray 3 without processes on posterior margin and terminal hook weakly
or not at all developed.
12a. Spines on anterior margin of ray 3 strong but terminal hook wholly
undeveloped; tips of all rays of gonopodium slender; anterior
branch of ray 4 often with weak serrae on posterior margin;
males variously black spotted and with black streaks, the females
plain in coloration; scale rows head to caudal fin base 25 to 27;
pectoral fins usually ii, 12; dorsal ii, 6; no black spot on dorsal
fin and no vertical dark bars_-____ Lebistes reticulatus (Peters)
12b. Sides of males with vertical darkish bars, a little wider than pale
interspaces, these bars mostly absent on females, the width of
the dark bars about equal to that of pupil and usually two of
these dark bars beyond tip of depressed dorsal fin; dark bars
fading ventrally and dorsally; dorsal fin with a large black blotch
basally on posterior rays, base of anterior rays hyaline; middle of
dorsal fin hyaline, then tips of dorsal rays blackish; prepucelike
hood at tip of third anal ray usually blackish or grayish; about
26 or 27 scales; dorsal rays ii,6, anal iii,6 (Maracaibo Basin).
Mollienisia caucana (Steindachner)
12c. Ray 3 with long more or less spinous processes on posterior margin;
terminal hook of ray 3 usually weakly developed; tips of all the
gonopodial rays slender; segments of anterior branch of ray 4
without trace of serrae and not markedly elongate; anterior
margin of ray 3 with strong spines; origin of dorsal approximately
over that of anal in female; dorsal and caudal fins with numerous
small black spots or in young a small blackish spot or group of
spots near midcaudal fin base; sides of body without or with
indistinct narrow vertical bars; about 26 or 27 scale rows; pectoral
rays usually ii,12 or 13; dorsal rays ii,6, anal iii, 6.
Mollienisia sphenops vandepolli (Van Lidth de Jeude)
Family ANABLEPIDAE
Genus ANABLEPS Scopoli
Anableps Scopout, Introductio ad historiam naturalem, p. 450, 1877. (Genotype,
Cobitis anableps Linnaeus.)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—-SCHULTZ 85
ANABLEPS MICROLEPIS Miller
FouUR-EYED-FISH; CUATRO OJOS
Anableps microlepis Miuuer, Monatsb. Verh. Ges. Erdkunde Berlin, 1844,
p. 36.—Fowtsr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 436 (Peder-
nales, Venezuela); 1916 p. 439 (Pedernales, Venezuela).
Family CYPRINODONTIDAE
Genus PTEROLEBIAS Garman
Pterolebias GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 19, p. 141, 1895. (Genotype,
Pterolebias longipinnis Garman.)
PTEROLEBIAS ZONATUS Myers
Pterolebias zonatus Myers, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 48, p. 7, 1935 (Estado
de Gu4rico, in ponds in Orinoco Basin, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 92190, holotype of P. zonatus Myers.
141916), 61 mm. in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Nancy Patton.
Genus AUSTROFUNDULUS Myers
Austrofundulus Myers, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 45, p. 160, 19382.
(Genotype, Austrofundulus transilis Myers.)
AUSTROFUNDULUS TRANSILIS TRANSILIS Myers
Austrofundulus transilis Myers, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 45, p. 160, 1932
(Orinoco drainage of Estado de Gudrico in ponds, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 92191, holotype of A. transilis Myers.
AUSTROFUNDULUS TRANSILIS LIMNAEUS, new subspecies
Fiaeure 10
Austrofundulus transilis Myrrs, Stanford Univ. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 110,
figs. 13, 14, 1942 (15 km. west of San Félix, Estado de Falcén, Venezuela).
Holotype—U.M.M.Z. No. 141916, 61 mm. in standard length,
collected by F. F. Bond (Field Coll. No. 86) 15 km. west of San Félix,
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
which is at western border of Estado de Falcén, Venezuela, March 21,
1938. [In lower Rio Cocuiza.]
Paratypes—U.M.M.Z. No. 141917, 32 specimens, 38.5 to 73 mm.,
taken along with the holotype and bearing same data.
In addition, I have examined two specimens reported upon by Dr.
De Beaufort as A. transilis from Pozo del Arroyo de Aparé, El Cardén,
Goajira, that I refer to this species.
TaBLE 10.—Counts and measurements made on species of Austrofundulus. (All
measurements are expressed in hundredths of the standard length.)
Species
Characters transilis limnaeus stagnalis
Holo- | Holo- | Para- | Para- | Holo- | Para- | Para-
type type type type type type type
Standard length in millimeters______________- 40.0 61.0 45.5 45.0 31.5 32.6 32.5
ength\ot head. 22-22. 2 eee 33. 2 31.2 36.5 39.5 36. 2 37.7 37.5
Greatestidepth of bodiyi22-4 2222-2 e seasons 32.0 36.1 32.0 35.6 29.5 29. 2 28.9
Lenigthofsnoutes: =. 220 2 2t ae ees 9. 50 9.02 7.90 9.55 i: 10. 4 Laer
Diameterior eyes cee os oe eo eee 9.75 7. 54 10.3 9.11 8.57 8. 60 8.30
Postorbital length of head___--_--------_-___- 17.0 17.9 20.7 18.9 21.9 22.1 Payal
Width of fleshy interorbital space___-__.____- 14.3 13.9 12.7 13.6 14.6 15.0 15.7
Length from base of last anal ray to midcaudal
fin! bases Re OEE ee Be 23.8 23.1 23.1 22.5 21.3 20.3 20.0
Least depth of caudal peduncle___--_-_-_-_-_- 16.7 17.2 16.0 17.8 17.8 1553 15.4
Greatest awidthiot hes eises. ae uh see 20.0 20.5 22.6 2101 23.8 EY, 3) 22.8
Depth of head/at occiput... = 22-22 22a 25.0 26. 2 23.1 22-2, 26.1 25.2 26.1
Henethronupperilip. =o. a eens 9. 50 9. 02 9. 22 82225) 1 11.0 11.4
Greatest width of upper lip_..---------_-___- 2. 50 1.97 2. 42 1.78 3.17 3. 68 3. 69
Snoutitodorsaltorigin= -—-- 222222 Sse eee 68. 2 67.4 69. 2 68.9 68.6 69.0 66.8
Snoutto analiorigin. 022 - 5_ 2-2 eee 60. 2 60. 6 63.7 60.7 61.9 62.9 63.7
Snout to pectoral insertion. __..-__---_-_-_-_- 32.8 32.8 35,2 36.5 36.8 37.7 36.9
Snout to pelvic insertion_._.-..-_-.----_-_-_- 53.8 51.6 57.2 52.6 53.6 54. 6 52.3
Length of longest fin ray of: dorsal__-_-_._-_- 20.0 23.3 19. 2 22.2 24.8 25. 6 26.8
anal. 2 222 Se 17.5 19.0 24.6 2101 28.6 28.2 29.8
pectoral____.__.- 15.0 23.0 23.1 22.2 23.8 25.6 24.9
Pelvic est Sd Dies 12.3 13.2 12.5 12.7 13.8 13,2
Length of depressed dorsal fin-_.__.___-_____- 31.5 Sia 33. 2 33.0 36.5 36.8 40.6
Length of depressed anal fin-_.____----._____- SONS ies pa 33.0 35.6 40. 0 41.4 41.8
Length of base of dorsal fin__......_.---_____- 18.8 23. 4 18.7 18.9 21.3 19.3 21.5
Length of base of anal fin__-_...______.-_____- 20.0 23.4 L752 21.1 20.0 22.7 21.5
Dorsal rays (counting all rays).-_-._-_-___-_- 14 i4 15 14 14 14 14
Anal rays (counting all rays)___...-_.-______- 16 16 16 18 17 17 17
Pectoral rays (counting all rays)_---.._-_-___- 16-16 | 15-15 | 16-16} -—-18| 17-17] 15-16 16-15
Pelvic rays (counting all rays)_---..--___-___- 8-8 7-7 8-8 8-8 8-8 8-8 8-8
Gillirakers'onfirst/archee ees eee ee pT By ae Ser ee 3+15 | 3414 |-------- 3+12 3+13
Scale rows from head to midcaudal fin base____ 32 30 32 32 31 33 32
Number of scales in a row from origin of anal
PT COVGOLSAL NS oy een ee ee 12 12 13 13 13 12 13
Number of scales in a zigzag row across breast
between bases of pectoral fins__......_____- 5 8 10 8 13 ll ll
Number of seales between pectoral and pelvic
PIN DASGS Soeswee ee ee ter ed ee 9 il 10 9 14 13 14
Number of scales in zigzag row around caudal
MOC UTC C= teee a ee oe tae ee es ae ee 17 20 19 19 20 18 18
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 87
Description.—The description is based on the holotype and para-
types. Detailed measurements and counts are recorded in tables 10
and 11.
Head depressed, body compressed posteriorly, interorbital space
flat except on large males that have the top of head including interor-
bital space swollen and fleshy as shown in drawing (Myers, l. c., fig.
13); profile on females and young nearly straight; tip of lower jaw not
quite entering profile when mouth is closed; margin of eye not free;
teeth essentially as in stagnalis, but inner row of villiform band with
the teeth a little larger than others in this band; anterior nostrils
tubular, posterior nasal opening a slit above front of eye; cheek and
operculum scaled; top of head scaled forward, a little in front of a line
between front of orbits; caudal fin scaled from one-half to four-fifths
the way out the rays, farther in the largest specimens; scales on
breast only a little smaller than on sides; anus immediately in front of
anal origin; gill rakers about 3 + 14 or 15; caudal fin with truncate
rear margin; middle rays of paired fins longest; usually the sixth from
last ray of both dorsal and anal fins longest; pectoral fins usually reach
just to pelvic insertions or a little past but not to anus, pelvics reach
past anal origin; dorsal and anal fins when depressed reach to base of
caudal fin; dorsal origin equidistant between midcaudal fin base and
rear of head or a little behind head; anal origin in front of a vertical
line through dorsal origin and equidistant between midcaudal fin base
and middle of postorbital length of head to rear of head; dorsal origin
about over base of second branched ray of anal fin; caudal peduncle
longer than deep in females or its length equal to its depth in large
males; caudal fin a little longer than eye and postorbital length of
head, anal fin of female with distal part of first or second to sixth anal
rays hardened and more or less fused into a glandlike pad.
Coloration.—In alcohol, pale tan with dark spots anteriorly on adult
males; a dark bar below eye more prominent on males; several very
faint small pale grayish spots on dorsal fin almost beyond visibility,
none can be seen on anal fin; caudal fin of adult males blackish.
TABLE 11.—Counts made on species of Austrofundulus
Total number of fin rays Number of scales
. In a zigzag row across breast From pectoral base
Species Dorsal Anal between pectoral bases to pelvic base
13|14]/15]16]16/17/18] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9 |10)11]12/13/14] 9 | 10) 11) 12) 13] 14
SINGNAS = ee he ee NaN Gin |e lea La | SN econ eek eet em cata aa te A oe ae t ee 2;41 4
ee eee eee ee ee
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Remarks.—This new subspecies may be distinguished from the other
members of the genus by means of the key on page 82. It has longer
pectoral fins than A. transilis transilis and more numerous scales on its
breast, whereas stagnalis has more numerous scales on its breast than
limnaeus.
Named limnaeus in reference to its habitat in ponds.
AUSTROFUNDULUS STAGNALIS, new species
Ficure 11
Austrofundulus transilis (in part) Myrrs, Stanford Ichthy. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4,
p- 110, 1942 (20 km. south of Lagunillas, Venezuela).
Holotype-—U.M.M.Z. No. 141918, 31.5 mm. in standard length,
collected by F. F. Bond (Field Coll. No. 91) about 6 km. north of the
Rio Misoa and 20 km. south of Lagunillas, Maracaibo Basin, March
23, 1938.
Paratypes.—U.M.M.Z. No. 141919, 103 specimens, 14.5 to 34 mm.
in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing same
data; U.S.N.M. No. 121691, 125 specimens, 9 to 20 mm., collected by
Leonard P. Schultz in a roadside pond, tributary to Rio Cocuiza, 10
km. west of El Mene, Venezuela.
Description.—The description is based on the holotype and para-
types. Detailed measurements and counts are recorded in tables
10 and 11.
Head depressed, body compressed posteriorly, interorbital flat or
nearly so; profile of head straight or with a slight concavity opposite
orbits; tip of the lower jaw entering profile when mouth is closed;
margin of eye not free; outer row of teeth in both jaws formed by coni-
cal teeth, widely spaced and larger than the wide villiform band behind
them; anterior nostrils tubular, posterior nasal opening above front
of eye; cheek and operculum scaled; top of head scaled to a line be-
tween front of eye; on largest specimens the caudal fin is scaled not
quite halfway out; scales on breast much smaller and more crowded
than on sides; anus immediately in front of anal origin; gill rakers
short, about 2 or 3 + 12 or 13; caudal fin truncate; middle rays of
pectorals and pelvics longest; about fifth or sixth from last ray of
both dorsal and anal fins longest; pectoral fins reach to the anus and
pelvic fins reach past anal origin; dorsal and anal fins when depressed
reaching a little past base of caudal fin; dorsal origin equidistant be-
tween midcaudal fin base and rear of head or to upper edge of gill
opening; anal origin in front of a vertical line through dorsal origin
and equidistant between midcaudal fin base and posterior edge of
preopercle; dorsal origin about over base of second branched ray of
anal fin; caudal peduncle a little longer than deep; length of caudal
fin about equal to eye and postorbital length of head.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 89
Coloration plain pale brownish; darker above and paler underneath;
below eye is a trace of a short indistinct dark bar; dorsal and anal fins
with several darkish spots barely visible.
Ficure 11.—Austrofundulus stagnalis, new species: Holotype (U.M.M.Z. No. 141918),
31.5 mm. in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from the other
two forms in the genus Austrofundulus by its wider upper lip, longer
pectoral fins, and crowded small scales on the breast. The key on
page 82 should enable the reader to identify this species from the
other two.
Named stagnalis in reference to its habit of living in stagnant ponds
or pools.
Genus RIVULUS Poey
Rivulus Pony, Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba, vol. 2, p.
307, 1861. (Genotype, Rivulus cylindraceus Poey.)
RIVULUS OBSCURUS Garman
Rivulus obscurus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 19, p. 140, 1895 (Lake
Hyanuary).— PELuuerin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 157, 1899
(Rio Apure, Venezuela).
It is probable that Pellegrin’s record for the Apure River actually
is for another species and his material should be restudied.
RIVULUS HARTI (Boulenger)
Haplochilus hartii BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 6, p. 190, 1890
(Trinidad).—ReEGaAN (in part), Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pt. 1, p. 389,
pl. 21, fig. 2 (Trinidad; Venezucla).
Dr. William Beebe kindly turned over to me a specimen 31.5 mm.
in standard length collected by him May 23, 1942, at Caripito, that
I tentatively identify with this species. Its caudal fin is more pointed
than usual in Rivulus.
The two specimens before me (U.S.N.M. No. 94308) from Pitch
Lake, Trinidad, have 6 branched dorsal rays, 11 branched anal rays,
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
and 13-13 pectoral rays. Regan’s figure (l.c. pl. 21, fig. 2), probably
of the type of hartii, also shows 13 pectoral rays. Another important
character is the presence of only 6 branched dorsal rays in hartiv.
Among the material of Rivulus available from Venezuela I fail to find
specimens that consistently agree with hartii, although collections
made in British Guiana and Brazil appear to agree fairly well with
my material from Trinidad, the type locality of hartii.
RIVULUS HOLMIAE Ejigenmann
Rivulus holmiae E1cENMANN, Ano. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 50, 1909 (Holmia,
British Guiana).
Rivulus hartii Myurs, Copeia, 1924, No. 135, p. 96 (Margarita Island, Venezuela) ;
Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., vol. 1, No. 5, p. 171, 1940 (Margarita Island).—pn
BravFrort, Freshwater fishes from the Leeward group, Venezuela and eastern
Colombia. Studies on the fauna of Curagao, Aruba, Bonaire, and the
Venezuelan islands, vol. 2, p. 110, 1940 (Margarita Island).
U.S.N.M. No. 94150, 1 specimen, 71 mm. in standard length, El Valle, Isla de
Margarita, Austin H. Clark.
U.M.M.Z. Collection 142, 75 specimens, 14 to 73 mm., Rio Porlamar at El
Valle, Isla de Margarita, F. F. Bond (lent by Dr. Carl L. Hubbs), April 1, 1939.
Upon studying a series of specimens from El Valle, Isla de Mar-
garita, Venezuela, and comparing them with a paratype of Rivulus
TABLE 12.— Measurements made on certain species of Rivulus expressed in hundredths
of the standard length
hartii holmiae bondi
oe Caripito| ‘Trinidad | Mprgarita) Carine lomMziuMMz.
Rae es U.S.N.M.|No. 30015|Holotype} Paratype
: No. 94150|Paratype
Standardilength= = <- se 31.5 36.0 30.5 71.0 66.0 40.2 50. 5
Henpthiofiihesdssss. 2 hs 8 27.0 27.8 27.8 26. 2 26.2 29.2 27.1
Greatest: deptht 2s ee 20.0 22.8 19.7 22.5 20.4 19.9 19.6
enepniefsnop ete. 28-2 so ks 6.35 7.50 8. 20 8. 04 8.33 8.70 8.32
IDISMELEr OhOVeras se assones ee ene 8. 26 9. 44 9. 84 7.04 6. 52 7.96 7.92
Postorbital length of head__-______- 14.0 12.8 13.8 12 12.9 14,2 13.1
Interorbitalispaceesss cect 222. Se 12.7 13.9 14.1 14.1 12.9 11.2 12.5
Length of caudal peduncle_-__-___- 21.3 20.0 20.0 19.7 18.9 16.2 16.4
Least depth of caudal peduncle_____ 13.3 14.4 13.1 15. 5 13.5 12.9 12.9
Greatest width of head_.......---__|_________- 18.1 19.0 20.3 19.9 19.7 17.8
Snout to dorsal origin. .____._.-___- 81.0 77.8 80.3 72.5 73.0 77.4 77.2
Snout to anal origin--_-________-___- 66.7 61.4 63.6 57.0 61.5 63. 4 61.0
Snout to pectoral insertion________- 26.7 26.7 28.5 26.8 26.0 29.6 27.7
Snout to pelvic insertion___________ 54.0 51.4 55.4 48.0 51.5 61.2 61.5
Length of longest dorsal ray_______- 13.7 16.7 15.1 14.4 14.1 16.7 7.2
Length of longest anal ray__________ 15.9 16.7 15.4 15.1 13.3 15.2, 172
Length of longest pectoral ray_____- 21.1 17.8 17.0 18.3 17.0 18.9 17.6
Length of longest pelvic ray_______- 9.52 8.05 9.18 10.6 7.72 9.95 10.3
Length of longest caudal ray______- 27.0 25.3 25.6 23. 2 24.2 26.6 25.0
Length of depressed dorsal fin______ 20.3 21.9 21.0 24.7 22.0 23.1 24. 2
Length of depressed anal fin________ 31.8 32.0 28.8 36.6 31.8 32/8 36. 6
Length of base of dorsal fin.._______ 6. 67 8.33 8.85 12.4 10.6 10.5 10.5
Length of base of anal fin_________. 19.4 20.3 19.7 25.9 23.6 22.4 23.7
91
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ
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92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
holmiae Eigenmann (U.S.N.M. No. 66302) and finding no significant
differences, I decided to identify the specimens, at least tentatively,
with holmiae from British Guiana. This leaves a problem concerning
the distribution of holmiae to be studied when adequate series of this
form are collected in the intervening territory, but until material is
available it is preferable to leave the form on Margarita Island un-
named.
My chief basis for referring the specimens from the Isla de Mar-
garita to holmiae was the fin-ray and scale counts and coloration which
appear to agree in alcohol. It should be noted that in recording the
dorsal and anal rays I have included only the branched rays in table 12.
Dr. George S. Myers (1924, p. 96, and 1940, p. 171) has reported
Rwulus hartii from Margarita Island, Venezuela, based on U.S.N.M.
No. 94150, but I find that this specimen, as well as all the others from
that island that I have studied, has 8 branched dorsal rays instead of 6
as in hartic from Trinidad; thus Ir efer Myers’s records to the synonymy
of holmiae.
RIVULUS BONDI, new species
FicureE 12
? Haplochilus hartti Reaan (in part), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pt. 1, p. 389
(Venezuela).
Rivulus harti Reaan (in part), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 501, 1912
(Venezuela).— Myers (in part), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 19, p. 123,
1927 (Venezuela to Columbia).
? Rivulus micropus (non Steindachner) GinrHEer, Catalogue of the fishes in the
British Museum, vol. 6, p. 328, 1866 (Venezuela).—E1GENMANN AND ALLEN
(in part), Fishes of western South America, p. 346, 1942 (Venezuela).
Holotype.—U.M.M.Z. No. 141914, a female, 40.2 mm. in standard
length, collected at La Florida, Caracas, Venezuela, in a quebrada
cano tributary to the Rio Guaire, by F. F. Bond, January 10, 1938.
Paratypes.—U.M.M.Z. No. 141915, 126 specimens, 14 to 59 mm.,
taken along with the holotype and bearing same data.
U.M.M.Z. No. 141929, 9 specimens, 20.5 to 36.5 mm., from a lagoon
3 km. northwest of Petare, Venezuela (Rio Guaire system), collected
by F. F. Bond, January 15, 1939.
Dr. William Beebe kindly turned over to me for report the following
specimens collected in Venezuela in 1942:
N.Y.Z.S. No. 30015, 5 specimens, 32.5 to 67 mm., Caripito.
N.Y.Z.S. No. 30234, 1 specimen, 54 mm., East Caripito Creek, near Caripito,
March 6,
Description—The description is based on the holotype and para-
types listed above. Detailed measurements were made and these
are recorded in table 12 for the holotype and two paratypes.
The following counts were made, respectively, for the holotype and a
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 93
paratype from Caracas: Dorsal rays ui, 7 (ii, 7); anal rays iii, 14 (ii, 15);
pectoral rays 16-15 (15-16); pelvic rays i, 6-1, 6 (i, 6—-i, 6); scales from
upper edge of gill opening to midcaudal fin base 38 (39); scales from
dorsal origin to front of anal 9 (9); scales in front of dorsal fin to occiput
27 (28); number of scales in a zigzag row around caudal peduncle
15 (16); scales in a zigzag row across breast between lower edges of
base of pectoral fin 9 (10).
Ficure 12.—Rioulus bondi, new species: Holotype (U.M.M.Z. No. 141914), 40.2 mm. in
standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
Head depressed, but body compressed posteriorly, the greatest depth
about 5 and head 3.5 in standard length; margin of eye not free;
eye equal to snout and about 3% in the head; interorbital wider than
eye and about 2 in the head; rear margin of eye a trifle closer to rear
of head than tip of snout; origin of dorsal to midcaudal fin base con-
tained 2.9 times in distance from tip of snout to dorsal origin; origin
of anal fin a trifle closer to midcaudal fin base than middle of post-
orbital length of head; base of last anal ray under the base of third
from last ray of dorsal fin in posterior half of base of dorsal fin; pectoral
fins reaching more than halfway to anal origin but not to bases of
pelvics; pelvic fins reach just to anal origin; least depth of caudal
peduncle contained about 1.3 in length of peduncle from base of last
anal ray to midbase of caudal fin; caudal fin rounded; distal margin
of anal fin rather straight; pectorals, pelvics, and dorsal with rounded
margins; usually fourth from last ray of dorsal and anal fins longest.
Coloration.—The color in alcohol of the holotype consists of a light
brownish background with rows of dark brown spots on sides, mostly
posteriorly, the row along midaxis most prominent and beginning
behind head, the other rows paler forward; each row of black spots
corresponds to a row of scales and the dark spot is at center of each
scale; dorsal and caudal fins barred, with a black ocellate spot at upper
caudal fin base; bases of last two dorsal rays with a pale spot enclosed
above by a brownish bar on base of fin; undersides in front of pelvics
plain in color; underside of head finely pigmented; dorsal side of head
and back dark brownish; lower lip or chin brownish; margin of anal
fin and outer edge of pelvic fins blackish; pectorals finely pigmented.
The coloration of the adult males is considerably different from the
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
females since the males lack the rows of spots on the sides and the ocel-
late black spot on upper caudal fin base; back and sides blackish
brown, gradually becoming paler underneath; sides of body with rows
of pale specks corresponding to center of each scale; dorsal and anal
fins faintly barred; blackish color of body continuing to end of caudal
fin, forming a wide band on middle four-fifths of caudal fin, sharply
contrasting with the white dorsal and ventral edges of this fin; pec-
torals dark; margin of anal and of pelvics black edged; chin and
underside of head as in females.
Remarks.—This new species traces down to Rivulus harti in the key
prepared by Regan (1912, pp. 495-496) but it differs from that
species as indicated in the key on page 83 and the counts differ
somewhat as indicated in table 13.
Named bondi, in honor of Dr. F. F. Bond, who collected this species.
Genus RACHOVIA Myers
Rachovia Myers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 19, pp. 116, 119, 1927. (Gen-
otype, Rivulus brevis Regan.)
RACHOVIA HUMMELINCKI de Beaufort
Rachovia hummelinckt DE Bravurort, Studies on the fauna of Curagao, Aruba,
Bonaire, and the Venezuelan Islands, vol. 2, p. 110, pl. Xb, 1940 (Penfn-
sula de Paraguana, Poza de San Antonio, east of Carirubana, Venezuela).
Genus CYPRINODON Lacepéde
Cyprinodon Lacertp®, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 486, fig., 1803.
(Genotype, Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepéde.)
CYPRINODON DEARBORNI Meek
GUAJACON
Cyprinodon dearborni Mxrnx, Publ. Field Columbian Mus. (Zool.), vol. 7, No.
7, p. 208, 1909 (Willemstad, Curacao, Dutch West Indies).
Cyprinodon cyaneostriga Aut, Zool. Anz., vol. 124, p. 58, 19388 (Curagao, in sea
and in strong brackish water).
U.S.N.M. No. 121692, 147 specimens, 11 to 45 mm. in standard length, Salina
Santa Rosa, 3 km. north of Maracaibo in a pool with a specific gravity reading of
1.029 and a temperature of 98° F., February 20, 1942.
The following collections were made by Dr. F. F. Bond and were
lent for report by Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, University of Michigan.
1 specimen, 13.2 mm., from cemeterfo, Puerto Cabello, January 26, 1988.
73 specimens, 8.2 to 27.4 mm., saline lagoon 5 km. west of Cumandé, March
25, 1939.
1 specimen, 12 mm., coastal lagoon 15 km. north of Maracaibo, April 6, 1938.
63 specimens, 10 to 27.5 mm., lagoons, Tucacas, Estado de Faleén, 60 km.
northwest of Puerto Cabello, January 29, 1939.
2 specimens, 24 and 26 mm., Laguna del Rio Capatdrida, 5 km. north of Capa-
térida, March 4, 1938.
50 specimens, 12.5 to 27.5 mm., tidal pools, Puerto Cabello, January 26, 1938.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 95
280 specimens, 10.5 to 27.2 mm., lagoon 3 km. northwest of Barcelona, March 22,
1939.
453 specimens, 10.2 to 28 mm., bajo seco east side of Puerto Cabello, January
26, 1938.
HUBBSICHTHYS, new genus
Genotype: Hubbsichthys laurae, new species.
This new genus of Fundulinae is characterized by the free orbital
margin; eye diameter a little greater than the snout; interorbital
space flat, much wider than eye diameter; premaxillaries protractile;
lower jaw oblique; maxillary and anterior edge of the preorbital
oblique, not quite vertical, no angular pocket formed along front of
preorbital; fine conical teeth in upper jaw in two rows anteriorly, but
laterally forming a patch that ends in a sharp angular point poste-
riorly; teeth in lower jaw in two rows; dorsal origin in advance of
that of anal fin; dorsal origin equidistant between midcaudal fin base
and front margin of eye; anal origin very slightly closer to rear margin
of eye than midcaudal fin base; caudal fin rounded; gill rakers about
10 on lower part of first gill arch, short; gill membranes extending
forward to under pupil where they join forming a free fold; the row
of scales along middle of side much larger than those above and
below; base of caudal fin scaled.
Remarks —The genus may be recognized from the American
genera related to Rivulus as discussed by Myers (1927) by having a
free orbital margin and from other genera by a combination of char-
acters, as dorsal origin in advance of anal origin; an enlarged row of
scales along midsides, with smaller scales in the rows above and below;
cleft of mouth evenly curved and oblique; preorbital edge oblique
without angular pocket at upper edge; flat interorbital space, and
small conical teeth in two rows in both jaws. From Chriopeoides
Fowler (Notulae Naturae No. 35, p. 4, 1939, Jamaica) with which
this new genus is related it differs by having the upper edges of the
preorbital a little farther forward than the lower corner, so that the
preorbital edge slants forward, while in Chriopeoides the slant is in
the opposite direction; scales on breast in front of pelvic bases smaller
than on sides, the middle row irregular, with about 12 scales, while in
Chriopeoides the midventral row is very regular on breast, as large as
scales on sides, and number 8 scales. There are 12 scales in a zigzag
row around caudal peduncle instead of 14 as in Hubbsichthys. Inter-
orbital space very slightly convex in Chriopeoides but flat and on
level of upper rim of orbit in Hubbsichthys.
One of the paratypes of Chriopeoides pengelleyi Fowler, A.N.S.P.
No. 68633, was kindly lent for examination by Henry W. Fowler, of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Named Hubbsichthys in honor of Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., who has con-
tributed much knowledge concerning the cyprinodont fishes.
HUBBSICHTHYS LAURAE, new species
Figure 13
Mollienisia caucana GABALDON (in part), Journ. Parasit., vol. 21, No. 4, pp.
311-312, 1935 (Pampén, Trujillo, Venezuela).
Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 120999, a specimen, 14 mm. in standard
length, collected near Pampan, Estado de Trujillo, Venezuela, by
Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon, in 1935 and probably in Rio Motatan drainage.
Ficure 13.—Hubbsichthys laurae, new genus and species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 120999),
14 mm. in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
Description.—Certain detailed measurements and counts were made
on the holotype and these data are recorded in table 14.
In addition to the characters recorded in the generic description,
in the key, and in the table, the following is given: Eye about 1.2 or
1.3 in the flat interorbital space; head 3, depth 3.5, in standard
length; pectoral fins not quite reaching to opposite anal origin but
past middle of pelvics, the tips of latter extending a trifle past anal
origin; caudal, anal, and pectoral fins with posterior margins rounded;
the second ray of pelvic is longest; caudal fin scaled about one-third
to two-fifths out from its base.
Coloration.—General color in alcohol brownish, with a darker band
along midsides, somewhat broken by pale centers of scales; anal with
a black spot near middle of fin on posterior rays.
Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from all other
related forms of cyprinodont fishes by means of the key. It differs
in regard to free margin of eye, forward slant of anterior edge of
preorbital, crowded scales on breast, origin of dorsal in front of that
of anal, and in coloration.
Named laurae, in honor of Laura Clark Hubbs (Mrs. Carl L. Hubbs).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 97
TABLE 14.—Counts and measurements made on Hubbsichthys laurae
[All measurements expressed in hundredths of the standard length]
U.S.N.M.
Characters No. 120999
Holotype
Stangardilenet hin millimetersss sae ere eee an ee ee ee ee ee owen eee aaa non 14.0
enethiof head: 2... 322 ese oo 2 ee eed oes ee ee a ee ee 33.6
Postonbicalvlenet niet nea a2 sees nee eens hee en ee ee ele ee te oe Aramco 13.6
Crostest Gent hier DOdy:! - Sea. Cb eee ae ee ee eee. @ Seer ree Comyn ea 30.0
ren iiy ORSNOUt sen = ans Sane neers De ee Pn ee Se oe ne en ee et 8.57
TD LERRRYELICDTS Cape Oa See i a ee ee ee ne eee 1207!
Imtearonbitalispace:at Middle OhOnDitsee = ee eee ee en ee ee ane eee 15.7
ensthiof:candal pod uncles £0. ayia ss Seetl tee Sea aad 2 gases oe eee 33.6
Toeast deptnioficaudal peduncle: ees 522-2 fe na ee ee ee SD SEE 1537
Greatestawidthvof head ass e oo er ae ee le ee ee ee ee ee ee ener aa 20.7
Mistancayromisnotit) tOGOrsalWOnigin seen eee ee ne one ee ee ee a ea nae 52.8
RSTIOTIE COREA VON ITT! oes ee eee, were ne ne ee ee ae ae ae ne a see 57.2
Snout towpectordliinsertion 4 22. ee ee eee ee aaa aaa en ans eas wo 32.9
Snoutstonpelvicunsertion. «22-2255 eee a see aaa eee eee On aoe ee Co ee ee ee 47.2
enrhibrorlongestirs yAOl GOrsele fim. 2 oo oe ae a a a ee oh ane eee eae eS 1231!
Heenechlomongestnay, Olanea) li s= = esane oe ee ee en eon ene oe ae ee ee 15.7
Went ROMONCESL TaycOn Pectoral firts=w ss Cy eee en ee ee ee ee ne nee ea eee ae ae ee 20.7
Menethior longest.rayof pelvicifinls- Ler ys yee Sees eee tL ees Ee - oe eeeoee 11.4
Menethiovlongestiray ou caudal! fine sf) 2382S soe eee oa oe oe Tes toe eee 25.0
tensthvofidepressed dorsalifin suse oo. ue ie ee ee en ne 30.0
Menepmotdepressed anal fin. sets cates ene wee ee Wena OE oa an Sd oo be oe nee nanan en 21.4
enetMmotebaseiomaorsa tae ee sake ee ee eens en Se re eee 2 Ween eee cons ee 24.3
pene bhion Dase On Sal fintes +22 ae aaa eet eee Ok ee ee Seen sone ee eae eee 8. 57
Sealesiromuheadstormidcand a hin baseesssee — ee eee eee sonata oo een anna a= 32
Scales fromidorsaliorigin to! anal origin | 220222 ech 2 se a ee ee SEE Ee ENE ee 8
Scales in.a zigzag row around caudal peduncle-..-.---------.----------------------+--------- 14
Scales in front of dorsal plus enlarged ones on ‘head_.-----------.-----------.--------------- 9+-3 or 4
TD OTSal ly YS ee ee eS ee ae enn See eae ea een sete wae hone i, 12
NATE RN Se se RE a ee fii ia
WectoraliT AVS sooner e eae ee a ee ee ae Re LED GAS eee eee Oe Rae onsen ace en asa 15-15
eM WAC iret YS oe see re ee ee ee ee ee eee anon ceceet aan anoeaa ae 7-7
Family POECILIIDAE
As Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
had begun work on the Poeciliidae of Venezuela collected by Dr.
F. F. Bond, he wished to work up the national collections of this
family. Since his studies are still in progress I have omitted this
material, along with some collected by me in Venezuela,
Genus POECILIA Bloch and Schneider
Poecilia BLocu AND SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 452,1801. (Genotype,
Poecilia vivipara Bloch and Schneider.)
POECILIA VIVIPARA Bloch and Schneider
Poecilia vivpara Buocn AND ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 452, 1801
(Surinam).—Ernst, Estudios sobre la flora y fauna de Venezvela, p. 282,
1877 (creeks near Caracas).—ReEGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1006,
fig. 173¢ (Venezuela and Leeward Jslands to Rio La Pluta).—pr Bravurort,
Studies on the faune of Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire, and the Venezuelan Islands,
vol. 2, p. 111, 1940 (Peninsula de Paraguana, Estanque de Moruy, Estanque
de Santa Fé, Estanque de Santa Ana, Venezuela).
802207—49——-7
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The following collection was lent by Dr. William Beebe:
20 specimens, 17 to 27 mm., from Caripito, 1942.
Genus LEBISTES Filippi
Lebistes Frurppi, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol., vol. 1, p. 69, 1861. (Genotype, Poecilia
reticulata Peters.)
LEBISTES RETICULATUS (Peters)
Poecilia reticulata Pprers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, p. 412 1860
(Caracas in Rfo Guaire)—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 19, No. 1,
p. 62, 1895 (Venezuela).
Girardinus reticulatus GinTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum,
vol. 6, p. 353, 1866 (Caracas, Venezuela).—EIGENMANN AND EIGENMANN,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, p. 65, 1891 (Caracas).
Girardinus guppyt GintuErR, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 6,
p. 353, 1866 (Venezuela)—E1GENMANN AND EIGENMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 14, p. 65, 1891 (Venezuela).
Lebistes reticulatus REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 19138, p. 1008, fig. 173 D,
(Venezuela).—EI1GENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 13,
1920 (Maracay; Rfo Castafio; Isla del Buro; Rio Bue; all Lake Valencia
basin).—PEaRsB, Univ. Wisconsin Studies, No. 1, p. 22, 1920 (Lake Valencia
at Maracay and Isla del Buro).—pr Bravrort, Studies on the fauna of
Curagao, Aruba, Bonaire, and the Venezuelan Islands, vol. 2, p. 111, 1940
(Margarita Island).
U.S.N.M. No. 121689, 290 specimens, Rio Valle, south of Caracas, Venezuela,
L. P. Schultz, G. Zuloaga, William Phelps, Jr., and R. Sherman, May 12, 1942.
Two specimens, 15.5 and 18.5 mm., William Beebe, Caripito, 1942.
Genus MOLLIENISIA LeSueur
Mollienisia LeSurur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 3, 1821.
(Genotype, Mollienisia latipinna LeSueur.)
Allopoecilia Husss, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 13, pp. 11, 13,
pl. 4, fig. 6 (gonopodium), 1924. (Genotype, Girardinus caucanus Stein-
dachner.)
MOLLIENISIA CAUCANA (Steindachner)
Giradinus caucanus STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 42, p.
87, pl. 6, figs. 4, 5, 1880 (Rfo Cauca).
Allopoecilia caucana Myers, Copeia, 1932, No. 3, p. 1388 (? Maracaibo Basin).
Mollienisia caucana GABALDON (in part), Journ. Parasit., vol. 21, No. 4, pp.
311-312, 19385 (Pampdn, Trujillo, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121677, 33 specimens, 19 to 33 mm., from Rio Motatdn, 4 km.
above Motatdén, March 25, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121681, 34 specimens, 11 to 26 mm., Rio Motatdn, 8 km. below
Motatdn, March 24, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121679, 33 specimens, 14 to 28 mm., Rio San Pedro at bridge,
Motatdn system, March 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121686, 169 specimens, 8 to 32.5 mm., Rfo San Juan near bridge,
Motatdn system, March 17 and 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121682, 11 specimens, 11.5 to 25.5 mm., Rfo Jimelles, 12 km.
east of Motatdn, Motatdin system, March 24, 1942.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 99
U.S.N.M. No. 121685, 191 specimens, 12 to 35 mm., Rio Chama at Estanques,
Estado de Mérida, April 3, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121680, 16 specimens, 13 to 29 mm., Rfo Barregas, tributary
Rio Chama just below Egido, Estado de Mérida, March 29, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No, 121678, 5 specimens, 17 to 33 mm., Rfo Chama, 10 km. below
Lagunillas, Estado de Mérida, March 30, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121676, 1 specimen, Rfo Palmar at bridge, 70 km. southwest of
Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 109112, 2 specimens, Pampdn, Estado de Trujillo, Venezuela,
Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon, April 18, 1935. One specimen from this lot is the holo-
type of Hubbsichthys laurae herein described.
U.S.N.M. No. 86264, 4 specimens, 28 to 43 mm., Valera, Estado de Trujillo,
Venezuela, H. Pittier, 1923.
U.S.N.M. No. 86263, 2 specimens, 23 and 24 mm., Valera, Estado de Trujillo,
Venezuela, H. Pittier, 1923.
MOLLIENISIA SPHENOPS VANDEPOLLI (Van Lidth de Jeude)
Poecilia vandepolli Van Liptu pE JEupE, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 9, p. 137, 1887
(ref. copied).
Mollienesia sphenops RreGan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1012, fig. 173 F
(Venezuela).—Meerx anp HILDEBRAND, Publ. Field Columbian Mus. (Zool.),
vol. 10, No. 15, p. 327, fig. 10, 1916 (Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121687, 27 specimens, brackish cafio at Los Monitos, Rio Limén
system, March 11, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121688, 10 specimens, Lago de Maracaibo at Yacht Club,
Maracaibo, February 27, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121690, 1,328 specimens, 9 to 70 mm., Salina Santa Rosa, 3 km.
north of Maracaibo, specific gravity 1.029, temperature 98° F., February 20, 1942.
Order BERYCOIDEA
Family HOLOCENTHRIDAE: Squirrelfishes
Genus HOLOCENTRUS Scopoli
Holocenthrus Scopout, Introductio historiam naturalem, p. 499, 1777. (Misprint
for Holocentrus after Gronow’s Holocentrus mazilla.)
HOLOCENTRUS ASCENSIONIS (Osbeck)
SQUIRRELFISH, MatresuBLO, CANDIL 0 CARAJUELO
Perca ascensionis OspEcK, Reise nach Ostindien und China, p. 388, 1765 (ref.
copied) (Ascension Island).
Holocentrus ascensionis ROut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 393, fig. 202,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Order SOLENICHTHYOIDEA
Family FISTULARIIDAE: Trumpetfishes or Cornetfishes
Genus FISTULARIA Linnaeus
Fistularia LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 312, 1758. (Genotype, Fistu-
laria tabacaria Linnaeus.)
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
FISTULARIA TABACARIA Linnaeus
TRUMPETFISH; TROMPETERO 0 CORNETA
Fistularia tabacaria LinnEaAvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 312, 1758.—R6ut,
Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 389, fig. 198, 1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Family SYNGNATHIDAE: Pipefishes; Seahorses
Earl S. Herald (1942) has prepared a key to the pipefishes of the
western Atlantic which includes all the known American species.
I have prepared the following key for the identification of the pipe-
fishes reported from Venezuela, but as more collecting is done several
additional species should be taken:
la. Tail prehensile, usually more or less in a curled condition; caudal fin absent;
head at nearly right angles to body (Hippoccampus).1®
1b. Tail not prehensile; caudal fin present; head not at right angles to body but
in same general axis.
2a. The keel along the middle of the side of the trunk turns downward over the
anus and without interruption continues posteriorly as the lower lateral
keel on the tail region; dorsal and anal fins present; dorsal fin rays 38 to
44: rings on body about 19 or 204+ 23 to 27; pectoral fin rays about 19 or
20; dorsal origin in second or third ring in front of ring containing anal
GDH BEE see a ee oe oe ee Oostethus lineatus (Kaup)
2b. The medial keel along side of the trunk not continuous with the lower
lateral keel on tail.
3a. Keel along middle of side of trunk turned upward over anus and without
interruption continuing posteriorly as upper lateral keel on tail region;
dorsal fin present; anal fin absent; dorsal fin rays usually 35 to 37; rings
on body 14+35 to 38; pectoral fin rays 13 or 14; dorsal origin usually
in body ring that contains anus.
Pseudophallus mindii (Meek and Hildebrand)
3b. Keel along middle of side of trunk interrupted or discontinuous over anal
region, then beginning in same body ring but continuing as upper
lateral keel on tail region; dorsal and anal fins present.
4a. Tail rings 30 to 38; brood pouch covering 11 to 20 tail rings; rings on
body 16 to 18+30 to 35; dorsal rays 27 to 33; pectoral fin rays 13 or
14; dorsal origin usually in first trunk ring in front of the one that
contains anus.
5a. Adult females flat-bellied and without vertical pale body stripes on
middleof. trunkinngs 2s se se see Syngnathus rousseau Kaup
5b. Adult females V-bellied and with vertical pale stripe in center of each
trunk ring, striping usually present upon tail.
Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus
4b. Tail rings 39 to 43; brood pouch covering 22 to 25 tail rings.
Syngnathus fistulatus Peters
Genus OOSTETHUS Hubbs
Oostethus Huss, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 199, p. 3, 1929.
(Genotype, Doryichthys lineatus Kaup.)
16 Hippocampus punctulatus is recorded by Rbhl (1942) from the coast of Venezuela but even with the aid
of Ginsburg’s review of the genus (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 83, pp. 497-594, figs. 54-71, 1937) I do not know
what species he actually had. The common name in Venezuela is caballito de mar.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 101
In 1943 (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 73) I included this genus
in the synonymy of Doryichthys Kaup but upon further consideration
Tam inclined to recognize it as a distinct genus.
OOSTETHUS LINEATUS (Kaup)
Doryichthys lineatus Kaur, Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fish in the collection
of the British Museum, p. 59, 1856 (‘‘Bahfa, Mexico and Guadaloupe”).
3 specimens, 139 to 159 mm., Rfo Sanchén, 5 km. west of Tavorda, F. F.
Bond, January 26, 1938.
5 specimens, 104 to 165 mm., from Rio Cumboto, near mouth, 2 km. northwest
of Ocumare, F. F. Bond, May 5, 1939.
1 specimen, 112 mm., from Rio Cumboto, near Ocumare, F. F. Bond, January
5, 1938.
Genus PSEUDOPHALLUS Herald
Pseudophallus Heraup, Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, vol. 9, No. 3, p. 51,
1940. (Genotype, Siphostoma starksi Jordan and Culver.)
PSEUDOPHALLUS MINDII (Meek and Hildebrand)
Syngnathus mindit Mrrx anp Hinpesranp, The marine fishes of Panama,
vol. 1, p. 261, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1923 (creek near Mindi, Canal Zone).
1 specimen, 95 mm., standard length, from Rio Sanchén, 5 km. west of Tavorda,
F. F. Bond, January 26, 1938.
2 specimens, 112 and 113.5 mm., from Rfo Cumboto, near mouth, 2 km.
northwest of Ocumare, F. F. Bond, May 5, 1939.
1 specimen, 100 mm. but with regenerated caudal region, Rio Cumboto, near
Ocumare, F. F. Bond, January 5, 1938.
The following counts were made on the above listed specimens:
Dorsal fin rays 37 in three counts, 39 in one; pectoral rays 13 in one
and 14 in three counts; body rings on trunk 14 in all four specimens,
and tail rings 35 in two, 36 in one, and only 28 body rings left in the
injured specimen; caudal fin had 10 rays in one count.
The coloration consists of dark brown upper side, sharply contrasting
with a pale grayish band along the dorsal side from snout to tail;
ventral side pale; caudal fin bordered with pale; dark brown streak
from lower jaw through eye to pectoral fin base; actual tip of lower
jaw pale and forming part of pale band on dorsal surface of head.
Genus SYNGNATHUS Linnaeus
Syngnathus Linnarnus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 336, 1758. (Genotype,
Syngnathus acus Linnaeus.)
SYNGNATHUS ROSSEAU Kaup
Syngnathus rosseau Kaur, Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection
of the British Museum, p. 40, 1856 (Martinique) —Herraup, Stanford
Ichthyol. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 130, 133, 1942 (Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123162, 4 specimens, 114 to 147 mm., Point Macolla, U. 8. Ss.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123163, 1 specimen, 102 mm., Cape San Rom4n, U.S. 8. Niagara,
April 2, 1925.
102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
SYNGNATHUS PELAGICUS Linnaeus
Syngnathus pelagicus LinNarvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 337, 1758.
U.S.N.M. No. 123164, 1 specimen, 183 mm., Point Macolla, U. S. 8S. Niagara,
April 19, 1925.
SYNGNATHUS FISTULATUS Peters
Syngnathus fistulatus Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 456
(Puerto Cabello [undoubtedly Venezuela}).
Order PERCOMORPHOIDEA
Suborder PERCESOCES
Family ATHERINIDAE: Silversides; Pescados del rey, o Pejerreres
This family of world-wide distribution has only four species so far
known from Venezuelan waters. They may be distinguished by
means of the following key:
la. Four glandlike depressions on dorsal surface of snout; anus far forward,
equidistant or nearer pelvic bases than anal fin origin; air bladder and body
cavity not reaching anywhere near to opposite anal fin origin; first dorsal
origin notably in front of anal origin; scaly sheath along base of anal fin
consisting of a few scales anteriorly; margins of scales with entire edges;
ascending premaxillary process a narrow spinelike projection; dorsal rays
IV or V—I, i, 7 or I, i, 8; anal rays I, i, 14; scales about 44.
Adenops analis Schultz
1b. No glandlike depressions on dorsal surface of snout as in Adenops; anus just
in front of anal origin or much closer to anal origin than to pelvic bases;
ascending premaxillary process a wide-based triangular projection; margins
of scales entire.
2a. Posterior end of body cavity extending to anal origin or well past anal fin
origin; belly rounded; no sheath of scales along anal fin base; first dorsal
origin over or nearly over anal origin, sometimes over base of first
branched anal ray; dorsal rays III or IV—I, i, 5 to I, i, 7; anal rays
I, i, 14 to I, i, 19.
3a. Scale rows from upper angle of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 38
COVES s he tae oa Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy and Gaimard)
3b. Scale rows 41 or 42___.______ xXenomelaniris venezuelae (Higenmann)
2b. Posterior end of body cavity notably not reaching anal fin origin; belly
compressed; anal fin base with a wide scaly sheath composed of two rows
of scales along its entire length; first dorsal origin over bases of fourth or
fifth branched rays of anal fin; maxillary reaching to below front part of
eye; dorsal rays III—I, i, 7 or I, i, 8; anal rays I, i, 21 to I, i, 23; scales
BAT OIAS SES ee | 1 eee Coleotropis blackburni, new species.
Genus ADENOPS Schultz
Adenops Scuurtz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 98, p. 34, 1948. (Genotype,
Adenops analis Schultz.)
This genus has the premaxillary dilated posteriorly; premaxillary
or gape of mouth a little concave at side; rictus restricted by a
103
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ
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104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
membrane folding between jaws; dentigerous surface of premaxillaries
not reflected outward and covering face of that bone with ‘‘shagreen”’;
two dorsal fins present; silvery lateral band present; mouth small, the
maxillary not reaching to eye; air bladder and body cavity not
reaching anywhere near to opposite anal fin origin; first dorsal origin
notably in front of anal origin; pelvic insertions much closer to oper-
cular margin or upper angle of pectoral fin base than to anal origin;
about 5 or 6 scales forming a sheath anteriorly along base of anal
fin; margin of scales entire; distal margins of dorsal and anal fins
concave; ascending process of premaxillary a narrow based spine-
like projection; vertebrae in one count 16 + 24.
Tt differs from all other genera of Atherinidae by having the anus
far forward, equidistant between pelvic insertion and anal origin or
nearer pelvic base than anal origin in combination with the four
glandlike depressions on dorsal surface of snout and the body cavity
nowhere near reaching to opposite the anal fin origin.
The only other related atherine fishes with the posterior end of the
premaxillary dilated that have the anus far forward is Archomenidia
saller (Regan), but that genus has the air bladder and body cavity
conspicuously extending some distance past the anal fin origin.
The only related genus of atherine fish with the four glandlike
depressions on the dorsal surface of the snout is Membras, but that
differs from Adenops in having the anus just in front of the anal-fin
origin.
ADENOPS ANALIS Schultz
Ficure 14
Adenops analis ScuHuutz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 98, p. 34, 1948 (type locality,
Lago de Maracaibo.)
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121824, a specimen, 59 mm. in standard
length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz at night by flashlight in
Lago de Maracaibo, 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo, Venezuela, on April 7-8,
1942.
Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121823, 66 specimens, 9 to 53.5 mm.
in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing same
data. There appear to be at least two age groups in this lot with
25 specimens 9 to 17.5 mm. and 41 fishes 19.5 to 53.5 mm.
Description.—Detailed measurements were made on the holotype
and two paratypes, and these data, expressed in hundredths of the
standard length, are recorded in table 16.
Greatest depth of body about 5.5 to 5.75, head 4.5 to 4%, both in
standard length; snout 3.5 to 3.75, orbit 3% to 3.5, interorbital 3 to
3%, all in length of head; premaxillary a little curved, causing gape
of mouth to be somewhat concave; mouth rather small, the maxillary
not reaching to front of orbit; gill rakers slender, the longest about
Ss eee eh
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 105
% diameter of pupil; rear margin of pupil about in middle of length
of head; pelvic fin insertions a little closer to upper angle of pectoral
fin base than to anal origin; anal origin equidistant between midbase of
caudal fin and the second third of length of opercle; first dorsal origin
conspicuously a little in front of a line through anal origin; second
dorsal origin about over base of sixth from last anal fin ray; pelvic
fins short usually reaching a trifle over halfway to anal origin; the
anus is located nearly equidistant between anal origin and pelvic
bases, but much closer to pelvic bases in the smaller ones; the body
cavity extends only a trifle past anal opening; the ascending premaxil-
lary processes are long, slender, with narrow bases, not triangular in
shape; pectoral fins pointed, reaching a short distance past pelvic
bases; interorbital space a little convex, belly rounded; posterior
margins of scales entire; silvery lateral band present, wider than pupil
anteriorly, but constricted a little on caudal peduncle where it is not
quite as wide as pupil; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 2% in its
length; lower jaw a little shorter than upper, slightly included;
teeth minute in both jaws in a narrow villiform band.
Ficure 14.—Adenops analis Schultz: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121824), 59 mm. in standard
length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays, IV—I,
i, 8; V-I, i, 7; and IV-I,i,7. Anal rays I, i, 14; I, i, 14; and I, i, 14.
PelvicsalwaysI,5. Pectoral rays, i, 12-1,12;andi,12. Branched cau-
dal rays 15;15;15. Scales above lateral line to first dorsal origin 3/4;
3%; 3%; and below lateral line to anal origin 2%; 24%; and 24%. Scales
in the lateral line 44; 44; 44. Scales in front of first dorsal to rear of
pigmented area over brain 20; 21; 20. Scales between anal origin
and anus 4;4;4. Scales between dorsal bases of dorsal fins 7; 7; 6.
Zigzag scales around least depth of caudal peduncle 12; 12; and 12.
Gill rakers on first gill arch 4 + 1 + 14;—;and2+1-+ 13. Addi-
tional counts will be found in table 16.
Coloration.—In alcohol, straw-colored with silvery lateral band,
bordered above by a narrow dark streak, wider anteriorly; middorsal
line with a prominent row of black pigment spots or cells; each scale
VOL. 99
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
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ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 107
|
pigment cells on sides of lower jaw and a few near its tip.
Genus XENOMELANIRIS Schultz
Xenomelaniris Scuuutz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 98, p. 33, 1948. (Genotype,
Atherina brasiliensis Quoy and Gaimard.)
XENOMELANIRIS BRASILIENSIS (Quoy and Gaimard)
SILVERSIDES; PEJERREY DE MAR
Atherina brasiliensis Quoy AND GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde...
“T)Uranie” et ‘‘La Physicienne,’” Poissons, p. 332, 1824 (ref. copied).
Thrina brasiliensis JorpDAN AND Huss, A monographic review of the family
of Atherinidae or silversides, p. 59, 1919 (Lago de Maracaibo).—Hvusss,
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 88, p. 3, 1920 (salt and brackish
waters from Lago de Maracaibo to Rfo de Janeiro, Brazil).
U.S.N.M. No. 121822, 1 specimen, 100 mm., Maracaibo Yacht Club, Mara-
caibo, March 5, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121821, 2 specimens, one 68 mm., the other with broken caudal
peduncle, Maracaibo Yacht Club, Maracaibo, February 27, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 123204, 10 specimens, 245 to 48.5 mm., Point Macolla, U. 8. 8.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
Three specimens, 15 to 50 mm. in standard length, Laguna del Rio Capatdrida
at mouth, 5 km. north of Capatdrida, F. F. Bond, March 21, 19388.
I have made counts and measurements on the above-listed material
and have compared these with similar counts made on specimens from
Trinidad and Brazil. Because of a large variation and a small series
of specimens it is not possible to separate the Lago de Maracaibo
population from that of the Gulf of Venezuela or of Brazil. Perhaps
when an adequate number of specimens has been studied throughout
the range of this species, it may be possible to break it up ito sub-
species.
XENOMELANIRIS VENEZUELAE (Eigenmann)
PEJERREY DE Acua Doutce
Menidia venezuelae EIGENMANN, Indiana Univ. Stud., vol. 7, No. 44, p. 12, 1920
(Rio Tapa Tapa, Lago de Valencia Basin, Venezuela).
I have had for examination five small specimens, 25.5 to 33.5 mm. in
standard length, collected by Dr. F. F. Bond at La Boca, Lago de
Valencia, June 20, 1938.
Measurements and counts were made on the above-mentioned lot,
and these data are recorded in tables 15 and 16, respectively.
Genus COLEOTROPIS Myers and Wade
Coleotropis Myrrs aNnp Wank, Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, vol. 9, No. 5,
p. 186, 1942. (Genotype, Menidia starksi Meek and Hildebrand.)
108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
COLEOTROPIS BLACKBURNI, new species
PEJERREY DE MAR
Figure 15
Holotype.-—U.S.N.M. No. 123205, a specimen 82 mm. in standard
length, collected in the Gulf of Venezuela at Jacuque Point, by the
U.S. 8S. Niagara on January 26, 1925.
Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 123207, 4 specimens 45 to 65 mm. in
standard length, collected in the Gulf of Venezuela at Point Macolla,
by the U. S. S. Niagara, April 19, 1925; U.'S.N.M. No. 123206, 2
specimens, 36 to 37.5 mm., collected in the Gulf of Venezuela by the
U.S. S. Niagara, April 4, 1925.
Description.—Detailed measurements were made on the holotype
and one paratype, and these data, expressed in hundredths of the
standard length, are recorded in table 16.
Greatest depth of body 4.8 to 5.25, head 4.5 to 4.75, both in standard
length; snout 3.25 to 3.5, orbit 2.8 to 3.5, interorbital 2.8 to 3, all in
length of head; premaxillary a little curved, causing gape of mouth to
be somewhat concave; mouth of moderate size, the posterior tip of
maxillary reaching to under front margin of orbit; gill rakers rather
slender, the longest about equal to diameter of pupil; rear margin of
pupil at or very slightly in advance of midlength of head; pelvic fin
insertions about equal distance between anal origin and upper angle
of pectoral fin base; anal fin origin equidistant between midbase of
caudal fin and near middle of length of snout; first dorsal origin con-
spicuously behind a vertical line through anal origin, about over base
of second branched anal ray; second dorsal origin over beginning of
last third of length of anal fin base; pelvic fins reaching from one-half
to two-thirds the way to anal origin but not quite to anus; anus is
located a very short distance in front of anal origin but much closer
to anal origin than to base of pelvics; the body cavity and air bladder
notably do not extend posteriorly to opposite the anal fin origin; the
ascending premaxillary process is broadbased, and triangular in shape;
pectoral fins pointed reaching about halfway out length of pelvics;
interorbital space slightly convex; belly somewhat compressed, not
fully rounded; posterior margins of scales entire, not crenulate; silvery
lateral band much wider than pupil anteriorly, then partially con-
stricted on caudal peduncle and narrower than pupil, thence a little
wider before ending at base of caudal fin; least depth of caudal peduncle
not quite twice in its length; lower jaw a littler shorter than upper,
and a little included; teeth small, in upper jaw in two rows, these
separated by a narrow nondentigerous space, those in lower jaw in two
rows anteriorly, becoming one row on sides; the posterior end of
dentary scarcely elevated; a scaly sheath along base of anal fin, two
scales wide anteriorly.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 109
The following counts were made, respectively, for holotype and
paratype: Dorsal rays III-I, i, 7 and III-I, i, 7. Anal rays I, i, 22
-andJI,i,22. Pectoral raysi, 121, 13 andi, 12-i,12. Pelvics always I,
5 and branched caudal fin rays always 15. Scales from first dorsal
origin to lateral line 5 and 5 and from lateral line to anal origin 4 and 4.
Scale rows from head to midbase of caudal fin 45 and 48. Scales
from first dorsal origin to pigmented area over brain 22 and 23. One
or two scales between anal origin and anus. Scales between bases of
dorsal fins 7 and 7. Zigzag scales around least depth of caudal
peduncle 16 and 16. Gill rakers on first gill arch 3 + 1 + 15 and
3 + 1+ 15. Vertebral count for one of the paratypes 14 + 27.
'
Fah
'
1
'
Ficure 15.—Coleotropis blackburni, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 123205), 82 mm;
in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
Coloration.—In alcohol, plain except for silvery lateral band which
has a blackish dorsal border; a few dark pigment cells still visible on
posterior border of scales that occur above silvery lateral band.
Remarks.—This new species is related to Coleotropis starkst (Meek
and Hildebrand) from the Pacific side of Panama but differs from
that species by having I, i, 21 to I, i, 23 anal rays instead of I, i, 25
to I, i, 28. In addition C. blackburni has 44 to 48 scales instead of 41
to 42 as in C. starksi.
Named in honor of Capt. P. P. Blackburn, of the U.S. S. Niagara,
who preserved all the fishes collected in Venezuelan waters in 1924—
1925 reported upon in this contribution. It gives me great pleasure
to name this interesting species of silverside after Captain Blackburn.
Family SPHYRAENIDAE: Barracudas
Genus SPHYRAENA Walbaum
_ Sphyraena Wausau, Artedi’s Bibliotheca ichthyologicae, vol. 3, pp. 94, 584,
1792. (Genotype, Esoz barracuda Walbaum.)
SPHYRAENA BARRACUDA (Walbaum)
Picupa
_ Esor barracuda Wausaum, Artedi’s Bibliotheca ichthyologicae, vol. 3, pp. 94,
584, 1792 (West Indies).
_Sphyraena barracuda Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 392, fig. 201,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
U.S. N. M. No. 123220, large head, Punta Gorda, east coast of
Gulf of Venezuela, U. S. S. Niagara, December 18, 1924. This
specimen measured 4 feet 6 inches in total length and weighed 33%
pounds.
SPHYRAENA GUACHANCHO Valenciennes
GUAGUANCHO
Sphyraena guachancho VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire
naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 252, 1829 (Havana).—Merrzrevaar, Report
on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905,
p. 41, 1919 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
Family MUGILIDAE: Mullets; Lisas
No careful comparison of European and American mullets has been
made; Mugil cephalus therefore is usually considered to have a world-
wide distribution. However, my preliminary study of specimens of
M. cephalus from Europe compared with some American ones indi-
cates possible differences. Before any definite conclusion can be
reached a large series will have to be studied. I have not found any
specimen from Venezuela that could be definitely classified as cephalus,
and I have serious doubt that I. cephalus occurs along the east coast
of South America or in the West Indies.
During my study of the mullets of Venezuela I considered it neces-
sary to revise provisionally the genera of Mugilidae, since much con-
fusion exists in regard to genera. The results of this preliminary
revision have been published (Schultz, 1946).
KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF MUGILIDAE REPORTED FROM
VENEZUELA
la. Upper and lower jaws inside of lips with a wide band of villiform teeth, but
no teeth on outer margin of lips, nor is the lower lip directed or folded
downward; anterior margin of lower jaw broadly rounded; gill rakers about
17 to 20 on lower part of first gill arch; maxillary reaching past front of
orbit and past posterior tip of preorbital bone; lower lip thick, not thin at
edge and not bearing teeth; no adipose eyelid; nostrils much closer together
than anterior is from edge of snout, lip excluded; anal rays III, 9; scales
ADOUt OS ILOTAL = 62st Se Sane eee Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft)
1b. Lower jaw without a wide band of villiform teeth; gill rakers more than 25 on
lower part of first gill arch; lower lip with a thin edge directed horizontally
forward or nearly so, usually with a uniserial row of slender simple teeth
more or less ciliform, sometimes embedded and almost obsolete; upper jaw
with or without a narrow band of minute villiform teeth and lip usually
with a single row of minute slender teeth; adipose eyelid well developed,
reaching to or nearly to pupil except on young 40 mm. in standard length
and shorter, in which case the preorbital is narrower than space between
nostrils; nostrils wider apart than anterior nostril is from edge of snout,
lip excluded; anterior margin of lower jaw triangular in shape; preorbital
posteriorly narrower than distance between nostrils and its posterior tip
_ not reaching front of eye; maxillary reaching to rear edge of preorbital but
not beyond front of eye (Mugil).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 111
2a. Anal rays III, 9; dorsal and anal fins heavily scaled.
3a. Seales usually 38 to 41 (rarely 37 or 42); accessory scales at base of first
dorsal reach from four-fifths to past tip of fourth dorsal spine; least
depth of caudal peduncle into distance from tip of first dorsal fin to
second dorsal origin 0.54 to 1.1; snout tip to first dorsal origin into
distance from first dorsal origin to midbase of caudal fin 0.94 to 1.13;
distance from tip of depressed first dorsal to origin of second dorsal
fin into snout tip to origin of first dorsal 4.04 to 8.26; depth 3.53 to
4.7 and head 3.06 to 3.92 in standard length.
Mugil curema Valenciennes
3b. Scales usually about 45 or 46; accessory scales at base of first dorsal
reaching one-third to three-fourths the way to tip of fourth dorsal
spine; depth 4.3 to 5.0 and head 3.7 to 4.2 in standard length.
Mugil incilis Hancock
2b. Anal rays III, 8.
4a. Scales 31 to 34; depth 4.2 to 5.0, head 3.7 to 4.0 in standard length;
least depth of caudal peduncle about 1 to 1.1 in distance from tip
of depressed first dorsal to origin of second dorsal; distance from
tip of snout to origin of first dorsal into distance from origin of first
dorsal to midbase of caudal fin about 1.1; anal and dorsal fins scaled
anteriorly and basally only on interradial membranes.
Mugil brasiliensis Spix
4b. Scales 29 to 32; depth 3.3 to 3.4, head 3.3 to 3.6 in standard length;
least depth of caudal peduncle 0.3 to 0.4 in distance from tip of
depressed first dorsal to origin of second dorsal; distance from tip of
snout to origin of first dorsal into distance from origin of first dorsal
to midbase of caudal fin 0.9 to 1.0; anal and dorsal fins heavily scaled.
Mugil trichodon Poey
Genus AGONOSTOMUS Bennett
Agonostomus BENNETT, Proc. Committee Sci. Correspond. Zool. Soe. London,
No. 14, p. 166, 1832. (Genotype, Agonostomus telfairii Bennett, from
Mauritius.)
AGONOSTOMUS MONTICOLA (Bancroft)
Lisa DE AGUA DULCE, 0 Dasao
Mugil monticola Bancrort, in Griffith’s ed. Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom,
Fishes, p. 367, pl. 36, 1836 (Jamaica) (ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. Nos. 93811-93813, 93818-93819, and 93826, totaling 16 specimens, 61
to 179 mm. in standard length, from a fresh-water stream at Macuto, Venezuela,
August 1-2, 1900, collected by Lyon and Robinson.
The following collections were made by Dr. F. F. Bond:
2 specimens, both 61 mm., Rio Cumboto, near mouth, 2 km. northwest of
Ocumare, May 5, 1939.
3 specimens, 30.5 to 37 mm., Rio Guaiguaza, 3 km. west of Puerto Cabello,
January 15, 1938.
4 specimens, 28 to 66 mm., Rio Cumboto near Ocumare, January 5, 1938.
1 specimen, 51.5 mm., lagoon, 3 km. west of Cumand4 on road to Cumanacoa,
March 26, 1939.
1 specimen, 73 mm., tributary to Rfo San Pedrito, 55 km. east of Barcelona,
March 25, 1939.
112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
2 specimens, 35 and 36 mm., Rfo Agua Caliente at Tavorda, 6 km. west of Puerto
Cabello, January 15, 1938.
30 specimens, 23 to 106 mm., Rfo Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, De-
cember 22, 1937.
43 specimens, 22 to 43.5 mm., Rfo Mamo, 15 km. west of La Guaira, November
11, 1938.
In the young of A. monticola, the rear end of the maxillary scarcely
reaches to the eye at a standard length of 50 mm., but in adults 150
mm. and longer the maxillary reaches well past the front of the orbit,
sometimes to under the front of the pupil. I am unable to find any
significant differences in any counts made on Venezuelan specimens
and other localities in the West Indies and Central America. The
origin of the dorsal fin is equidistant between tip of snout or a little
closer to tip of snout.
The following counts were made on Venezuelan specimens: Anal
rays III, 9 in 14; gill rakers 9 to 12 + 1 + 17 to 20 on first arch in 8
specimens; scales 38 in 1, 39 in 2, and 40 in 6 specimens.
Genus MUGIL Linnaeus
Mugil Linnazvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 316, 1758. (Genotype,
Mugil cephalus Linnaeus.)
MUGIL CUREMA Valenciennes
Mo.tuet; Lisa
Mugil curema VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 11, p. 87, 1836 (Brazil, Martinique, Cuba).
?Mugil cephalus R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 392, fig. 200, 1942
(Venezuela).
Myzus calancalae DE BEavurort, Freshwater fishes from the Leeward Group,
Venezuela and eastern Columbia: Studies on the fauna of Curagao, Aruba,
Bonaire, and the Venezuelan Islands, vol. 2, p. 112, pl. Xa, 1940 (Goajira,
lower course of the Rio Calancala near San Antonio, Colombia).
I have compared De Beaufort’s description and figure of his new
species in connection with my revision of the genera of Mugilidae and
find calancalae to be in the querimana stage of development of Mugil
curema, the commonest mullet along the northern shores of South
America.
U.S.N.M. No. 121793, a specimen, 67.5 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, in Maracaibo, May 16.
U.S.N.M. No. 121794, 21 specimens, 8 to 61 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club in Maracaibo, February 27.
U.S.N.M. No. 121792, 126 specimens, 20 to 173 mm., from Cafio de Sagua,
25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12.
U.S.N.M. No. 121797, 1 specimen, 19 mm., Cafio de Los Monitos, Rfo Limén
system, north of Maracaibo, March 11.
U.S.N.M. No. 121795, 5 specimens, 147 to 218 mm., from Lago Maracaibo near
mouth of Rfo Concha, May 2.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 113
U.S.N.M. No. 121796, 11 specimens, 74 to 240 mm., from mouth of
Cafio de Sagua, 25 km. north of Sinamaica, taken March 12, were
separated from the other specimens of this species taken at the same
place and date, U.S.N.M. No. 121792, because they appear to be more
elongate, with a more slender caudal peduncle, and the space from
tip of depressed first dorsal to origin of second dorsal is greater.
There is too much overlapping, however, to permit the consideration
of this lot as a new form.
The following collections were made by the U.S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 122969, 5 specimens, 24 to 149 mm., Point Macolla, April 19,
1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 122971, 12 specimens, 39 to 86 mm., Jacuque Point, January 26,
1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 122965, 4 specimens, 37 to 280 mm., Piedras Bay, March 14,
1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 122964, 2 specimens, 48 and 61 mm., Amuay Bay, December 9,
1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 122968, 4 specimens, 33 to 84 mm., south coast of Gulf, Novem-
ber 15, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 122970, 18 specimens, 27 to 30 and 143 mm., Salinas Bay,
April 4-9, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 122967, 1 specimen, 30 mm., Estanques Bay, February 20, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 122966, 3 specimens, 16 to 30 mm., Cape San Roman, April 2,
1935.
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
23 specimens, 19 to 44 mm., Rio Cumboto near mouth, 2 km. northwest of
Ocumare, May 5, 1939.
9 specimens, 43 to 64 mm., salt-water lagoon on coast, 5 km. west of Cumané,
March 25, 1939.
2 specimens, 94 and 99 mm., Rfo Cumboto near Ocumare, January 5, 1938.
10 specimens, 25 to 30 mm., Rio Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, Decem-
ber 22, 1937.
13 specimens, 39 to 49 mm., Laguna del Rfo Capatdrida, at mouth, 3 km. north
of Capatdrida, March 21, 19388.
3 specimens, 28 to 47.5 mm. Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, Febru-
ary 3, 1939.
5 specimens, 25.5 to 51 mm., baja seco east side of Puerto Cabello, January 26,
1938.
6 specimens, 28 to 38 mm., “‘Paparo,”’ Estado de Miranda, February 2, 1939.
The following counts were made: Anal rays III,9 on 32 specimens;
scales 38 on 6, 39 on 11, 40 on 9, 41 on 4, and 42 on 1.
MUGIL INCILIS Hancock
Mugil incilis Hancock, Quart. Journ. Sci., 1830, p. 127 (Guiana) (ref. copied).
U. S. N. M. No. 121791, 2 specimens, mouth of Cafio de Sagua, 25 km. north
of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942:
3 specimens, 43 to 44.5 mm., Rio Borburata at mouth, 3 km. east of Puerto
Cabello, F. F. Bond, January 15, 1938.
802207—49——8
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The following counts were made: Anal rays III,9 on 5 specimens
and scales 45 on 2 and 46 on 2 specimens.
MUGIL BRASILIENSIS Spix
Mu.uet; LEBRANCHO
Mugil brasiliensis Srrx, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species piscium .. .
Brasiliam . . ., p. 134, pl. 72, pl. F, 1831 (Ocean at Brazil).—Rount, Fauna
descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 391, 1942 (coast of Venezuela),
Mugil liza VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 11, p. 83, 1836 (Brazil, Surinam, Puerto Rico, Maracaibo,
Martinique, Cuba).
U.S.N.M. No. 121788, 6 specimens, 215 to 250 mm., market at Maracaibo,
probably caught in El Tablazo, May 15, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121789, 2 specimens, 305 and 310 mm., Salina Rica, north of
Maracaibo, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121786, 3 specimens, 93 to 100 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Maracaibo Yacht Club, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121787, 3 specimens, 44 to 115 mm., from Cafio de Sagua, 25
km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 122972, 1 specimen, 360 mm. in standard length, Gulf of
Venezuela, U. S. 8. Niagara, February 20, 1925.
The following counts were made: Anal rays ITI,8 on 15 specimens;
scales 31 in 1, 32 in 2, 33 in 7, and 34 in 3 specimens.
MUGIL TRICHODON Poey
LIsa
Mugil trichodon Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 11, p. 66, pl. 8,
figs. 4-8, 1875 (Cuba).
U.S.N.M. No. 121970, 9 specimens, 26 to 89 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua,
25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 122963, 1 specimen, 91 mm., Cape San Romdn, Gulf of Venezuela,
U.S. 8. Niagara, April 2, 1925.
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
10 specimens, 21 to 23 mm., Rio Sanchén, 5 km. west of Tavorda, January 26,
1938.
29 specimens, 19 to 22 mm., Rfo Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, Decem-
ber 22, 1937.
107 specimens, 19 to 27 mm., Rio Yaracuy, Boca Yaracuy, 45 km. northwest
of Puerto Cabello, January 28, 1938.
29 specimens, 23 to 24 mm., Rfo Borburata at mouth, 3 km. east of Puerto
Cabello at Gafianga, January 15, 1938.
14 specimens, 21.5 to 27 mm., bajo seco east side of Puerto Cabello, January
26, 1938.
1 specimen, 35 mm., Laguna del Rio Capatdrida, at mouth, 5 km. north of
Capatdrida, March 21, 1938.
7 specimens, 19 to 26 mm., coastal lagoons, 15 km. north of Maracaibo, April
6, 1938,
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 115
The following counts were made: Anal rays III,8 in 9 specimens;
scales 29 in 1, 30 in 3, 31 in 8, and 32 in 3 specimens,
Suborder POLYNEMOIDEA
Family POLYNEMIDAE: Threadfins; Barbudos
Genus POLYDACTYLUS Lacepéde
Polydactylus Laceripn, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 419, 1803.
(Genotype, Polydactylus plumierii Lacep¢de= Polynemus virginicus Linnaeus.)
POLYDACTYLUS VIRGINICUS (Linnaeus)
BaRBUDO
Polynemus virginicus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 317, 1758 (America).
The following collections were made by the U.S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela in 1925:
U.S.N.M. No. 123180, 1 specimen, 44 mm. in standard length, from Jacuque
Point, January 26.
U.S.N.M. No. 123178, 3 specimens, 45.5 to 47 mm., Piedras Bay, March 14.
U.S.N.M. No. 123179, 7 specimens, 48 to 52 mm., Cape San Roman, April 2.
U.S.N.M. No. 123181, 4 specimens, 47 to 49 mm., Gulf of Venezuela, April 4.
U.S.N.M. No. 123182, 12 specimens, 42 to 54 mm., Estanques Bay, February 20.
Suborder PERCOIDEA
Family CENTROPOMIDAE: Robalos
Only two species of Centropomus have been collected in Venezuelan
waters, although additional forms are to be expected, such as the
widely ranging C. pectinatus and C. parallelus.
Genus CENTROPOMUS Lacepéde
Centropomus Lacerkps, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 248, 1802.
(Genotype, Sciaena undecimalis Bloch.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CENTROPOMUS FROM VENEZUELA
la. Scales 66 to 72 from supraclavicle serrae to base of caudal fin above lateral
line; gill rakers on first gill arch, not counting rudiments, about 3-+-1+-7 or
8 and by counting all rudiments about 6+1+13 or 14; preorbital edge
smooth or nearly so; eye 5 to 6.5 in head; second anal spine not quite reach-
ing to opposite base of caudal fin; depth about 4 to 4.8 in standard length;
dorsal rays VIII-I, 10; anal III, 6; pectorals ii, 13 or ii, 14; lateral line with
a black streak; interspinal membranes of dorsal fin blackish from base to
tips, sometimes intensely black distally.
Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch)
1b. Scales about 54 to 56 from supraclavicle serrae to base of caudal fin above
lateral line; gill rakers on first gill arch, not counting rudiments, about
6+1-+11or12 and by counting all rudiments 9+ 1+ 16 or 17; preorbital edge
serrate; eye 4 to 5.5 in head; anal spine very long, usually reaching a little
beyond caudal fin base and much longer than length of caudal peduncle; depth
about 3.5 in standard length; dorsal rays VIII-I,10; anal III, 6; pectorals
ii, 13 or 14; lateral line without black streak; interspinal membranes of
dorsal fin blackish from base to tips---_--_-- Centropomus ensiferus Poey
116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
CENTROPOMUS UNDECIMALIS (Bloch)
RoBALo
Sciaena undecimalis Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 6, p.
60, pl. 303, 1792 (Jamaica).
Centropomus undecimalis R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 402, fig. 216,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121740, 2 specimens, 87 and 108 mm. in standard length, Lago
de Maracaibo, opposite Salina Rica, 5 km. north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121739, a specimen, 119 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua, 25 km.
north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121741, 2 specimens, 67 and 78 mm., Salina Santa Rosa, 3 km.
north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121738, 3 specimens, 118 to 140 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, February 27 and March 5, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121734, 3 specimens, 66 to 192 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121737, a specimen, 178 mm., cafio % mile west of Sinamaica,
March 11, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121735, 10 specimens, 94 to 143 mm., Salina Rica, 5 km. north
of Maracaibo, in brackish water, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121736, 4 specimens, 130 to 205 mm., Rfo Socuy, 3 km. above
mouth, February 24, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121732, 11 specimens, 91 to 210 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, 7 km.
south of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121738, 1 head, Rio de Los Pdjaros, 3 km. above Lago de
Maracaibo, April 30, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 123065, 1 specimen, 360 mm. in standard length, Amuay Bay,
U.S. 8S. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
2 specimens, 66.5 to 92 mm., Rio Sanchén, 5 km. west of Tavorda, January
26, 1938.
3 specimens, 58.5 to 82 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda,
February 3, 1939.
3 specimens, 39 to 67 mm., a bajo seca, east side of Puerto Cabello, January
26, 1938.
2 specimens, 52.5 and 85 mm., salt-water lagoon on coast, 5 km. west of Cua-
mand, March 25, 1939.
6 specimens, 32 to 89 mm., Laguna de Rio Capatdrida, March 21, 1938.
This species was observed in the mouth of Cafio de Sagua to reach
a length of nearly 3 feet. No specimens of such large size were
preserved but one was photographed.
CENTROPOMUS ENSIFERUS Poey
RoBALO
Centropomus ensiferus Pony, Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba,
vol. 2, p. 122, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1860 (Havana).
U.S.N.M. No. 121728, 4 specimens, 46 to 138 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, February 27 and March 5, 1942.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 117
U.S.N.M. No. 121727, 17 specimens, 53 to 70 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, oppo-
site Salina Rica, 5 km. north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121729, a specimen, 138 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, 7 km. south
of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121730, 2 specimens, 137 and 150 mm., Salina Rica, 5 km. north
of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121731, 3 specimens, 84 to 147 mm., mouth of Cajfio de Sagua,
25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
One specimen, 74 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, F. F. Bond,
February 3, 19389.
Family SERRANIDAE: Sea Basses
This family is so poorly represented from Venezuela that it is not
practicable to make a key. Instead, the reader is referred to volume
2, pp. 435-436, of Meek and Hildebrand’s ‘“The Marine Fishes of
Panama” for a key to the genera of Serranidae likely to occur in
Venezuela.
Genus PARALABRAX Girard
Paralabraz Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 8, p. 131, 1856.
(Genotype, Labraz nebulifer Girard.)
PARALABRAX DEWEGERI (Metzelaar)
Serranus (Paralabrax) dewegeri MrtTzeLAar, Report on the fishes collected by
Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, p. 52, fig. 20, 1919 (Guanta,
Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123134, a specimen, 127.5 mm. in standard length, from south
coast of Gulf, U. 8. S. Niagara, November 7, 1924.
As this species has never been recognized since its original discovery
and probably the specimen before me is only the third one collected
and made known, I am giving the following rather full diagnosis and
a comparison with other species closely related to it:
The following measurements, expressed in hundredths of the
standard length, were made: Greatest depth of body 35.5; length of
head 43.9; length of snout 12.5; least width of bony interorbital space
4.97; diameter of eye 8.78; postorbital length of head 23.1; least width
of preorbital space 4.31; distance from tip of snout to rear edge of
maxillaries 19.0; length of longest gill rakers 3.37; length of caudal
peduncle or from rear base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin
21.4; least depth of caudal peduncle 14.3; length of pelvic spine 11.4;
length of spines of dorsal fin—first 5.49, second 10.1, third 18.3, fourth
19.5, fifth 14.9, sixth 12.8, seventh 12.4, eighth 11.4, ninth 11.2, tenth
13.7; length of anal spines—first 6.20, second 11.8, third 11.9; longest
soft ray of dorsal fin 17.9; of anal fin 19.6; of pectoral fin 23.0; of pelvic
fin 20.4; longest ray of caudal fin 24.8; distance from tip of snout to
origin of dorsal fin 42.6, and to origin of anal fin 63.0; snout tip to
pectoral fin insertion 35.5 and to pelvic insertion 37.4.
118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays X,14; anal rays III,
7; pectoral fin rays i, 16-1,16; branched caudal fin rays 8 + 7=15;
pelvic rays I, 5-I, 5; gill rakers on first gill arch 7 + 1 + 13; number of
transverse scale rows just above lateral line from upper edge of gill
opening to midbase of caudal fin 75; pores in lateral line 55 with 8
additional ones on caudal fin; scales from dorsal origin to lateral line
11 or 12 and from base of first soft ray of dorsal to lateral line 8;
scales from anal origin upward to lateral line 19 or 20 in an oblique
row; zigzag scales around least width of caudal peduncle 39 or 40.
Body a little compressed, greatest depth through middle of spiny
dorsal; caudal peduncle a little compressed; pelvics inserted under base
of pectoral fins; dorsal origin over base of pectorals; anal origin under
base of second or third soft ray of dorsal fin and anus close in front of
anal fin; distal margin of caudal fin truncate or a little rounded when
fully distended ; distal margins of soft dorsal and anal fins rounded, that
of pectoral rounded with the seventh to ninth branched rays longest,
counting down from the dorsal edge; third and fourth dorsal spines
longest, the fourth projecting a little beyond third and fifth spines;
second and third anal spines projecting about the same amount;
scales small, ctenoid, covering body and bases of all fins, and the scales
extending two-thirds the way out on the rays of caudal, pectoral, and
pelvic fins but not over halfway out on soft dorsal and anal fins; scales
occur only on the basal third of the dorsal spines, the membranes being
naked; scales occur on operculum and cheeks and forward on top of
head to a line connecting across rear of orbits, the rest of the top of head
and snout naked; underside of head naked; scales in front of pelvics
smaller than elsewhere on body; lower jaw projecting but not quite enter-
ing profile ; gill membranes free from isthmus, extending far forward; gill
rakers moderately long, not quite so long as the least width of the
preorbital; each pair of nasal openings separated by a narrow dermal
isthmus; the anterior nasal opening, tubelike, with a fringed dermal
flap posteriorly; the rear opening with a low fringed tube; interorbital
space flat; maxillary reaching to under or a little past rear edge of
pupil; teeth on dentary in an enlarged row of short caninelike teeth
with a few tiny ones at sides but in a band anteriorly; teeth on upper
jaw similar but in a narrow band on sides; villiformlike teeth on
vomer and palatines, but apparently no teeth on tongue or pterygoids.
Color in aleohol.—Lower sides with 7 dark brown vertical bars, about
twice width of pale interspaces; these bars join along middle of sides to
form an irregular mottled pattern; upper sides dark brown with
several narrow oblique bars ending at lateral line; posteriorly under
soft dorsal two of the vertical dark brown bars are visible and two more
on caudal peduncle, these continuous from those ventrally; base of
caudal fin with 4 dark brown spots surrounded with paler tan; caudal
fin with numerous dark brown spots; base of pectoral fin with dark
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 119
brown blotch circled with pale, then posteriorly at base of fin a dark
circle; a dark bar extends downward from eye ending on subopercle;
pelvic fins very dark brown or blackish; anal and pectorals brown;
membranes near tips of dorsal spines anteriorly blackish; soft dorsal
mottled with brownish.
Paralabraz dewegeri is related to that group of fishes now represented
by the following species: humeralis Cuvier and Valenciennes, cal-
laensis Starks, castelnavi Jordan and Eigenmann, clathratus Girard,
nebulifer Girard, maculatofasciatus Steindachner, maculata Howell-
Rivero, tortugarum Longley, and beta Hildebrand.
From nebulifer and maculatofasciatus (of Pacific coast), which have
the third dorsal spine much longer than the fourth, it differs by having
the third dorsal spine a little shorter than the fourth, and in having
fewer scale rows above the lateral line; clathratus (of Pacific coast) has
more scales, 90 to 100, and more gill rakers, 20 to 24 on the lower part
of first arch, instead of 75 and 13 or 14 respectively for dewegert. ‘Two
other Pacific coast species, humeralis and callaensis, have 18 to 22 gill
rakers on the lower part of first gill arch and the former has too many
scales. Paralabrax maculata Howell-Rivero of the Atlantic has but
X,11 dorsal rays and only 45 scales. P. castelnawi from Rio de
Janeiro has but X,12 dorsal rays. There remain two species that
may be related to the Venezuelan one, but not closely: They are
Serranus tortugarum Longley (Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book
No. 34, p. 87, 1935; Longley and Hildebrand, Carnegie Inst. Washing-
ton Publ. 517, p. 238, fig. 8, 1940 [south of Tortugas, Fla.]) and Serranus
beta Hildebrand in Longley and Hildebrand (J. c.), p. 239, fig. 9, 1940
(south of Tortugas, Fla.). Both of these species have too few soft
dorsal rays, X,11 or 12 and X,12, and, in addition, too few scales, 50
or 60, respectively.
Genus HYPOPLECTRUS Gill
Hypoplectrus Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236. (Genotype,
Plectropoma puella Cuvier and Valenciennes.)
HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR (Walbaum)
Perca unicolor WatBaum, Artedi’s Bibliotheca ichthyologicae, vol. 3, p. 352, 1792
(locality not known) (ref. copied).
Hypoplectrus unicolor TorTONESE, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino,
vol. 47, No. 89, p. 52, 1989 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
Genus"DIPLECTRUM Holbrook
Diplectrum HouBrook, Ichthyology of South Carolina, ed. 1, p. 32, 1855. (Geno-
type, Diplectrum fasciculare Holbrook= Perca formosa Linnaeus.)
DIPLECTRUM RADIALE (Quoy and Gaimard)
Serranus radialis Quoy AND GAIMARD, in Freycinet, Voyage autour du monde
... “L’Uranie’” et ‘‘La Physicienne,’’ Poissons, p. 316, 1824 (Rio de
Janeiro).
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Serranus (Diplectrum) radialis METzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr.
J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, p. 54, 1919 (Cumand
Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123132, 1 specimen, 103 mm., Amuay Bay, U. 8S. S. Niagara,
December 9, 1924.
Genus RYPTICUS Cuvier
SOAPFISHES
Rypticus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 3, p. 60, 1829. (Genotype, Anthias saponaceus Bloch and Schneider.)
RYPTICUS ARENATUS Cuvier
Prez JABON
Rypticus arenatus Cuvimr, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 3, p. 65, pl. 46, 1829 (Brazil).
For a revision of this genus see Schultz and Reid, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 87, pp. 261-270, 1939. On page 269, table 1, the preo-
percular spines for R. arenatus were transposed; they should read
2 in column 2 and 32 in 3.
U.S.N.M. No. 121809, a specimen, 114 mm. in standard length, mouth of Cafio
de Sagua, 25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
Genus EPINEPHELUS Bloch
MEeERos
Epinephelus Buocu, Naturgeschichte auslindischen Fische, vol. 7, p. 11, 1793.
(Genotype, Epinephelus marginalis Bloch=Perca fasciata Forskal.) (Ref.
copied.)
EPINEPHELUS MORIO (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
MERO CHERNO
Serranus morio CuVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol.
2, p. 285, 1828 (New York and San Domingo) (ref. copied).
Epinephelus morio R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 403, fig. 218, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123135, a specimen, 271 mm. in standard length, Estanques Bay
U.S. 8. Niagara, December 13, 1924.
EPINEPHELUS INTERSTITIALIS (Poey)
Serranus interstitialis Pony, Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba,
vol. 2, p. 127, 1860 (Cuba).
Epinephelus (Mycteroperca) interstitialis Mrrzeuaar, Report on the fishes col-
lected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 51, fig. 19,
1919 (Guanta, Venezuela).
EPINEPHELUS ADSCENSIONIS (Osbeck)
MERO CABRILLA
Trachinus adscensionis Ospruck, Reise nach Ostindien und China, p. 388, 1765
(Ascension Jsland) (ref. copied).
Epinephelus adscensionis Réut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 402, fig. 217,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 121
U.S.N.M. No. 123133, 1 specimen, 104 mm., Point Macolla, U. S. 8S. Niagara,
April 19, 1925.
EPINEPHELUS STRIATUS (Bloch)
MERO GALLINA
Anthias striatus BLocu, Naturgeschichte auslaindischen Fishe, vol. 6, p. 92, pl.
324, 1792 (Atlantic Ocean) (ref. copied).
Epinephelus striatus Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 403, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
Genus PROMICROPS Poey
Promicrops Pory, Synopsis piscium cubensium, p. 287, 1868. (Genotype,
Serranus guasa Poey.)
PROMICROPS ITAJARA (Lichtenstein)
MERO BRASIL
Serranus ttajara LichTENSTEIN, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1821, p. 278 (Brazil)
(ref. copied).
Promicrops itaiara Réuu, Fauna descriptiva de Venezvela, p. 402, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
Genus CEPHALOPHOLIS Bloch and Schneider
Cephalopholis Buocu and Scunzuiprer, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 311, 1801.
(Genotype, Cephalopholis argus Bloch.)
CEPHALOPHOLIS FULVUS (Linnaeus)
Muv.Lato
Labrus fuluus Linnarvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 287, 1758 (Bahamas).
Cephalopholis fuluus R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 404, 1492 (coast of
Venezuela).
Cephalopholis fuluus punctatus Tortongss, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ.
Torino, vol. 47, No. 89, p. 52, 1939 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
Family PRIACANTHIDAE: Big-eyes
Genus PRIACANTHUS Oken
Priacanthus Oxen, Isis, p. 1782 [=1182], 1817. (Genotype, Anthias macroph-
thalmus Bloch.)
PRIACANTHUS ARENATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes
Priacanthus arenatus CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 3, p. 97, 1829 (Brazil; Atlantic) —R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela,
p. 404, 1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Family POMATOMIDAE
Genus POMATOMUS Lacepéde
Pomatomus Laceprpr, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 435, 1802.
(Genotype, Pomatomus skib Lacepéde= Perca saltatriz Linnaeus.)
122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
POMATOMUS SALTATRIX (Linnaeus)
PEZ AZUL
Perca saltatrix Linnarvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 293, 1758 (America).
Temnodon saltator MEtTzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in
the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 125, 1919 (Carfipano, Venezuela).
Pomatomus saltatric Réuu, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 399, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
The following collections were made by the U. S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 123046, 1 specimen, 75 mm. in standard length, Point Macolla,
April 19, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123047, 2 specimens, 112 and 125 mm., Salinas Bay, April 5, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123048, 2 specimens, 84 to 266 mm., Piedras Bay, March 14, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123045, 1 specimen, 182 mm., Cape San Roman, April 2, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123117, 1 specimen, 515 mm., Salinas Point, December 18, 1924.
Family RACHYCENTRIDAE
Genus RACHYCENTRON Kaup
Rachycentron Kaur, Isis, vol. 19, p. 89, 1826. (Genotype, Rachycentron typus
Kaup.)
RACHYCENTRON CANADUS (Linnaeus)
SERGEANTFISH; CRABEATER
Gasterosteus canadus LiNNaAEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, p. 491, 1766 (Carolina).
U.S.N.M. No. 123064, a large specimen, from the south coast of the Gulf of
Venezuela, U. S. S. Niagara, November 8, 1924.
Family CARANGIDAE: Pampanos
The material representing this family from Venezuela is rather
scanty. A few genera that are to be expected in Venezuelan waters
do not occur in the national collection, but undoubtedly they will
be taken when adequate collections are made. JI am copying Meek
and Hildebrand’s “Key to the Genera” of this family from ‘The
Marine Fishes of Panama,” part 2, pp. 332-333, 1925. This key,
however, has been somewhat modified and more or less restricted to
cover the Venezuelan coastal waters.
la. Lateral line wholly or in part armed with bony scutes (very weak and occa-
sionally wanting in Chloroscombrus).
2a. Dorsal and anal each with a single detached finlet (see also Elagatis) ;
dorsal rays VII or VIII, 29 to 31,1; anal II-I, 25 to 27, 1; lateral scutes
35 \t0.422 22 EOC A Rg US) ar fe pe eiiless Decapterus " Bleeker
2b. Dorsal and anal without finlets.
da. Shoulder girdle with a deep furrow near its juncture with the isthmus, and
a fleshy projection above it; eye large; dorsal rays VIII-I, 23 to 26;
anal II—-I, 20 to 23; about 23 to 27 gill rakers on lower limb of first gill
SrChie . oe SR cee a Senne eee Trachurops Gill
3b. Shoulder girdle normal, not as above; eye of moderate size.
17 Not yet reported from Venezuelan waters.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 123
4a. Lateral line armed with deep bony scutes for its entire length; last ray
of second dorsal and anal enlarged, nearly separate in adult; dorsal
rays VII or VIII-I, 29 to 35; anal II-I, 24 to 29.
Trachurus !” Rafinesque
4b. Lateral line with plates in its straight portion only; last ray of second
dorsal and anal not notably enlarged.
5a. Maxillary very narrow; head small; teeth in jaws in a single close-set
series, few or none on vomer, palatines, and tongue; dorsal and
anal low; never with salient lobes, each with a conspicuous sheath
of scales at base; dorsal rays VII or VIII-I, 26 to 30; anal II-I,
220. Zhe ee eee eee Te Ee ee OA A By Hemicaranx !’ Bleeker
5b. Maxillary broad; head rather large; teeth, if present, in one or more
series or in bands on jaws, never in a single close-set series as above.
6a. Teeth uneven, in one or a few series on jaws, persistent; villiform
teeth usually present on vomer, palatines and tongue, these
deciduous or wanting in some species; dorsal VII or VIII-I, 18
to, 28; anali Ble tb tos + een os Caranx Lacepéde
6b. Teeth small and even, in a single series, or in villiform bands, on
jaws, vomer, tongue, and usually on palatines, at all ages.
7a. The back much elevated; the dorsal outline more strongly
curved than the ventral.
8a. Snout well in advance of the forehead; anterior profile convex;
anterior rays of second dorsal and anal filamentous; body
strongly ovate in young, somewhat elongate in adult, very
strongly compressed, the outlines everywhere trenchant;
scales very small; dorsal and anal filaments long, extremely
long in young; dorsal rays VI-I, 18 to 20; anal II-I, 15 to 17.
Alectis Rafinesque
8b. Snout scarcely in advance of forehead; anterior profile nearly
vertical; soft dorsal and anal low, never falcate, the anterior
rays not produced into filaments; dorsal rays VIII-I, 21 to
24° oneal TIT, ONO 2a epee ek Vomer Cuvier
7b. The back little elevated; the ventral outline much more strongly
curved than the dorsal; lateral line with few very weak bony
scutes or none; dorsal rays VIII-I, 26 to 28; anal II-I, 26 to
28; gill rakers slender, close set, 28 to 35 on lower limb of first
Pillicinc heed had SLOPE AE AER PCR Chloroscombrus Girard
1b. Lateral line entirely unarmed.
9a. Second dorsal and anal about equal in length, both longer than the abdomen.
10a. Body deep, ovate; premaxillaries protractile; second dorsal and anal
fins anteriorly elevated, falcate.
lla. Body very closely compressed, the outlines everywhere trenchant;
preorbital extremely deep; maxillary broad, with a well-developed
supplemental bone; dorsal rays VII or VIII—-I, 16 to 23; anal II-I,
AEG O92 SS es Sa se ree tlie dpe pete AL le Pa Selene Lacepéde
11b. Body less closely compressed, the abdomen never trenchant; pre-
orbital very narrow; maxillary narrow, without a distinct supple-
mental bone; dorsal rays V to VII-I, 17 to 27; anal II-I, 16 to 24.
Trachinotus Lacepéde
10b. Body oblong; premaxillaries not protractile, except in very young;
maxillary narrow, without a supplementary bone; second dorsal and
anal fins low, never falcate; scales embedded, represented by short low
17 Not yet reported from Venezuelan waters,
124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
ridges set at slightly different angles; dorsal rays IV or V-I, 18 to 21;
anal -Ei=E748 toile heroes teed bee Joseph bees Oligoplites Gill
9b. Anal fin much shorter than second dorsal, its base shorter than abdomen.
12a. Dorsal and anal each with a single detached finlet, composed of 2 rays;
dorsal rays V or VI-I, 24 to 26-2; anal I or II-I, 16 to 18-2.
Elagatis }7 Bennett
126. Dorsal and anal without finlets.
13a. First dorsal with 6 to 8 slender spines, connected by membrane at all
ages; lateral line with a long, low arch, forming a slight keel on
caudal peduncle in adult; dorsal rays VI to VIII-I, 28 to 36; anal
payee LI-1 19 to 228 2 eee Seriola Cuvier
13b. First dorsal with 3 or 4 low, stiff spines, separate in adult, or con-
nected by a membrane in very young; lateral line scarcely arched,
forming a prominent dermal keel on caudal peduncle; dorsal rays
III or IV-I, 26 to 28; anal rays II-I, 15 or 16.
Naucrates Rafinesque
Genus TRACHUROPS Gill
Trachurops Giiu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, pp. 288, 261, 431,
1862. (Genotype, Scomber crumenophthalmus Bloch.)
TRACHUROPS CRUMENOPHTHALMA (Bloch)
Bic-EYED Scab; CHICHARRO
Scomber crumenophthalmus Buocu, Naturgeschichte auslindischen Fische, vol.
7, p. 77, 1793 (Acara in Guinea) (ref. copied.)
Caranz (Trachurops) crumenophthalmus MertzE.Laar, Report on the fishes col-
lected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, p. 119, 1919 (La
Guaira, Venezuela).
Genus CARANX Lacepéde
Caranz Lacrp&pe, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 8, p. 57, 1802. (Geno-
type, Scomber carangus Bloch=Caranz hippos Linnaeus.)
The three species of Caranz so far recorded from Venezuelan waters
may be separated by means of the following key:
la. Arch of lateral line usually shorter than straight portion, or about of same
length; gill rakers about 13 to 18, omitting rudiments, on lower part of first
gill arch.
2a. Breast naked, except for a small triangular patch of scales just in front of
pelvics; a large opercular dark spot present; gill rakers 13 to 15, omitting
rudiments, on lower part of first gill arch; lateral line scutes 25 to 40;
second dorsal and anal fins with none or with a few scales in addition
to the basal sheath; dorsal rays VII or VIII-I, 18 to 21; anal II-I,
MO AOE alii es ie is ee ee ee Caranx hippos (Linnaeus)
2b. Breast covered with small scales; a small dark opercular spot; gill rakers 13
or 14, omitting rudiments, on lower part of first arch; dorsal and anal with
sheath of scales only at base; lateral line scutes 35 to 38; dorsal rays
WiLTT-T, 20.0 22: anal Web Avior 18.2_22ee8 Caranx latus Agassiz
1b. Gill rakers about 24 or 25, omitting rudiments, on lower part of first gill
arch; depth of body 2.8 to 3.0; mouth 2.3 to 2.5 in head; second dorsal and
anal completely covered with minute scales; dorsal rays VIII-I, 23 to 25;
anal II-I, 19 or 20; lateral scutes 40 to 50; breast scaly.
Caranx crysos (Mitchill)
1” Not yet reported from Venezuelan waters.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 125
CARANX HIPPOS (Linnaeus)
JUREL
Scomber hippos LinNaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, p. 494, 1766 (Charleston,
S. C.) (ref. copied).
Caranz hippos Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 398, fig. 210, 1942 (coast
of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121801, 10 specimens, 143 to 202 mm., market at Maracaibo,
probably caught in Gulf of Venezuela, May 15-19, 1942.
The following collections were made by the U.S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 123040, 1 specimen, 155 mm., February 20, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123041, 2 specimens, 40 mm., Point Macolla, April 19, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123042, 4 specimens, 36 to 38 mm., Amuay Bay, December 9,
1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 123043, 11 specimens, 41 to 66 mm., Cape San Romén, April 2,
1925.
CARANX LATUS Agassiz
Caranz latus Acassiz, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species piscium, . .
Brasiliam. . ., p. 105, pl. 56b, fig. 1, pl. E, 1831 (Atlantic).
U.S.N.M. No. 121800, 1 specimen, 184 mm., market at Maracaibo, May 15,
1942.
1 specimen, 51 mm., Rio Mamo, 15 km. west of La Guaira, F. F. Bond, Novem-
ber 11, 1938.
1 specimen, 45.5 mm., Rio Cumboto, near mouth, 2 km. northwest of Ocumare,
F. F. Bond, May 5, 1939.
The following collections were made by the U. S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 123058, 1 specimen, 205 mm., Amuay Bay, May 15, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123060, 4 specimens, 50 to 70 mm., Cape San Roman, April 2,
1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123059, 5 specimens, 39 to 93 mm., Amuay Bay, December 9,
1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 123061, 2 specimens, 50 and 53.5 mm., Estanques Bay, Febru-
ary 20, 1925.
CARANX CRYSOS (Mitchill)
Scomber crysos Mircuitt, Trans. Lit. Philos. Soc. New York, vol. 1, p. 424, 1814
(New York).
U.S.N.M. No. 123039, 1 specimen, 178 mm., Estanques Bay, U.S.S. Niagara,
December 8, 1924.
Genus VOMER Cuvier
Vomer Cuvisr, Le régne animal, vol. 2, p. 316, 1817. (Genotype, Vomer brownii
Cuvier.) (Ret. copied.)
VOMER SETAPINNIS (Mitchill)
Zeus setapinnis Mircuitt, Trans. Lit. Philos. Soc. New York, vol. 1, p. 384, 1814
(New York).
Selene setipinnis MrrzE.aar, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in
the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 123, 1919 (coast of Venezuela).
126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Genus CHLOROSCOMBRUS Girard
Chloroscombrus G1irARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 168. (Geno-
type, Seriola cosmopolita Cuvier and Valenciennes=Scomber chrysurus Lin-
naeus.) (Ref. copied.)
CHLOROSCOMBRUS CHRYSURUS (Linnaeus)
Scomber chrysurus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, p. 194, 1766 (Charleston,
S.C.) (ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. Nos. 123054 to 123056, 3 specimens, 131 to 192 mm., U. 8. 8. Niagara
Estanques Bay, December 7-8, 1294.
U.S.N.M. No 123057, 3 specimens, 25.5 to 27 mm., south coast, U. 8. 8S. Niagara,
November 15, 1925.
Genus SELENE Lacepéde
Selene LaceripE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 560, 1802. (Genotype,
Selene argentea Lacepéde= Zeus vomer Linnaeus.)
SELENE VOMER (Linnaeus)
LAMPAROSA O PEZ LUNA
Zeus vomer LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 266, 1758 (America).
Selene vomer Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 398, fig. 212, 1942 (Coast
of Venezuela).
The following collections were made by the U.S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela in 1925:
U.S.N.M. No. 123053, one specimen, 79 mm., Cape San Romat, April 2.
U.S.N.M. No. 123050, one specimen, 49 mm., Jacuque Point, January 26.
U.S.N.M. No. 123049, one specimen, 32 mm., Point Macolla, April 19.
U.S.N.M. No. 123051, one specimen, 135 mm., Gulf of Venezuela, February 20.
U.S.N.M. No. 123052, one specimen, 188 mm., Piedras Bay, March 14.
U.S.N.M. No. 123063, one specimen, 260 mm., Amuay Bay, May 15.
Genus TRACHINOTUS Lacepéde
Trachinotus LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 8, p. 78, 1802. (Geno-
type, Scomber falcatus ForskAl.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TRACHINOTUS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Dorsal rays VII, 17 to 21; anal III, 16 to 20; second or soft dorsal and anal
fins greatly elongate, faleate anteriorly in adults.
2a. Depth 1.45 to 1.9; dorsal rays usually VII, 19 to 21; anal III, 17 or 18; gill
rakers 9 to 12 on lower part of first arch with 2 or 3 more rudiments; no
vertical dark bars on sides___-_-_--_- Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus)
2b. Depth 1.9 to 2.65; dorsal rays usually VII, 19 or 20; anal rays III, 17 or 18;
gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 8 to 10 with 2 or 3 more rudiments;
sides with 4 or 5 narrow dark crossbars, absent on specimens 75 mm. in
standard length! hese eee ie hie Trachinotus glaucus (Bloch)
1b. Dorsal rays usually VII, 23 to 25; anal III, 20 to 23; depth 2.0 to 2.35; gill
rakers on lower part of first arch 7 to 9, not including rudiments, usually
3 of latter; anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal fins reaching about to
middle of base of fins in adults_____- Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 127
TRACHINOTUS FALCATUS (Linnaeus)
Labrus falcatus LinnaEvus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 284, 1758 (America).
U.S.N.M. No. 121799, 1 specimen, 25.5 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at Maracaibo
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, February 27.
TRACHINOTUS GLAUCUS (Bloch)
PAMPANO
Chaetodon glaucus Buocn, Naturgeschichte auslindische Fische, vol. 3, p. 112, pl.
210, 1787 (Martinique) (ref. copied).
Trachinotus glaucus ROuL, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 398, fig. 211, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
Trachinotus goodet ROut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 398, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123068, 3 specimens, 24 to 84 mm., Cape San Romén, U. S. 8.
Niagara, April 2, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123066, 1 specimen, 36 mm., Estanques Bay, U. 8. S. Niagara,
February 20, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123069, 7 specimens, 68 to 147 mm., Point Macolla, U. S. 8.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
TRACHINOTUS CAROLINUS (Linnaeus)
PAMPANO
Gasterosteus carolinus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, p. 490, 1766 (Carolina)
(ref. copied).
, One specimen, 21.5 mm., Rfo Mamo, 15 km. west of La Guaira, F. F. Bond,
October 11, 1938.
U.S.N.M. No. 123071, 7 specimens, 21 to 66 mm., Piedras Bay, U.S. S. Niagara,
March 14, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123070, 2 specimens, 17.5 to 21.5 mm., south coast of Gulf,
U.S. 8. Niagara, November 15, 1925.
Genus OLIGOPLITES Gill
LEATHERJACKETS
Oligoplites Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 166. (Genotype,
Oligoplites inornatus Gill.)
In an attempt to determine what name should be applied to the
Oligoplites inhabiting Lago de Maracaibo I made a study of nearly all
the specimens of this genus in the United States National Museum.
My results were published (Schultz, 1945d) and it is not deemed
necessary to repeat them here. In all, seven species were recognized,
three in the Atlantic and four in the Pacific, all in American waters.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OLIGOPLITES FROM THE WESTERN ATLANTIC
la. Number of gill rakers on first arch, including rudiments, 5 to 7 + 16 to 20;
premaxillary with a single row of short conical teeth along its entire length,
except in young this row is irregular or nearly in two rows anteriorly at
front of snout: teeth on dentary in two distinet rows; dorsal rays IV-I, 20 or
21; depth 3 to 3.4; head 1.3 in young, 1.4 to 1.6 in adults; posterior margin
of maxillary more or less truncate_____._____ Oligoplites saliens (Bloch)
128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
1b. Number of gill rakers on first arch, including rudiments, 4to6 + 1 + 12to 14,
2a. Premaxillary with a band of villiformlike teeth along its entire length,
posteriorly narrow, but anteriorly wide, consisting of several rows; teeth
on dentary becoming a band anteriorly; dorsal rays IV-I, 19 to 21, rarely
with V free spines; depth 3.4 to 3.8; head in greatest depth of body 1.2 to
1.4; posterior tip of maxillary rounded, reaching past orbits in adults; gill
rakers on lower limb of first arch 12 or 13.
Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
2b. Premaxillary teeth essentially in two distinct rows along its entire length
except far posteriorly, where it may become an irregular row, and far
anteriorly near tip of snout where a minute row of teeth may occur be-
tween the two distinct ones; teeth on dentary in two rows; dorsal rays
V-—I, 18 to 21, rarely IV or V free spines; depth 3.4 to 4.1; head in greatest
depth 1.0 to 1.6; posterior edge of maxillary rounded and usually not
reaching past orbits; gill rakers on lower limb of first arch usually 13 or
14, counting rudiments_______-_ Oligoplites saurus saurus (Bloch)
OLIGOPLITES SALIENS (Bloch)
ZAPATERO DE MAR
Scomber saliens Buiocu, Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 10,
p. 41, pl. 335, 1797 (Antilles).
I have examined specimens of this species from the Atlantic coast of
Central America, Gulf of Venezuela, Trinidad, and Brazil. The
following specimens were collected by the U.S. S. Niagara in the Gulf
of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 123075, 1 specimen, 84 mm. in standard length, from Amuay Bay,
December 9, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 123073, 1 specimen, 79 mm., Estanques Bay, Febrvary 20, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123074, 1 specimen, 33.5 mm., from south coast, November 15,
1925.
OLIGOPLITES PALOMETA (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
PALOMETA DE LAGO
Chorinemus palometa CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 2, p. 392, 1831 (Lake Maracaibo).
Chorinemus saliens, var. palometa GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes io the British
Museum, vol. 2, p. 475, 1860 (Lake Maracaibo).
Oligoplites saliens palometa JoRDAN AND EvrerMann, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47,
pt. 1, p. 899, 1896 (Lake Maracaibo).
Oligoplites palometa JoRDAN, EVERMANN, AND CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish.
for 1928, pt. 2, p. 278, 1930 (Lake Maracaibo).
Scombroides palometa Reaan, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pisces, p. 15, fig., 1908
(Lago Yzabal, Guatemala; Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121804, 4 specimens, 114 to 230 mm., Lago Maracaibo near mouth
of Rio Concha, May 2, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121805, 2 specimens, 230 and 290 mm., from Rio de Los P4jaros,
3 km. above Lago de Maracaibo, April 30, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121803, 1 specimen, 335 mm., from market at Maracaibo, May
15, 1942.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 129
U.S.N.M. No. 121806, 1 specimen, 123 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo at Yacht
Club, Maracaibo, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 123072, 1 specimen, 24 mm., south coast of Gulf of Venezuela,
U.S. S. Niagara, November 15, 1925.
The specimens from the mouth of the Rio de Los P&jaros had been
feeding on anchovies.
OLIGOPLITES SAURUS SAURUS (Bloch and Schneider)
ZAPATERO
Scomber saurus BLocH aND ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 32, 1801
(Jamaica).
Oligoplites saurus Roux, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 399, fig. 213, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123077, 1 specimen, 86 mm., from Salinas Bay, U. S. S. Niagara,
April 4, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123078, 1 specimen, 128 mm., from Amuay Bay, U.S. S. Niagara,
December 9, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 123076, 3 specimens, 69 to 74 mm., from Estanques Bay, U.S. S.
Niagara, February 20, 1925.
Genus SERIOLA Cuvier
Seriola Cuvier, Le régne animal, vol. 2, p. 315, 1817. (Genotype, Caranz
dumerili Risso.) (Ref. copied.)
SERIOLA DUMERILI (Risso)
Caranz dumerili Risso, Ichthyologie de Nice, p. 175, pl. 6, fig. 20, 1810 (Nice).
Seriola dumerili R6Out, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 400, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
Genus NAUCRATES Rafinesque
Naucrates RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di aleuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali
Sicilia, p.43, 1810. (Genotype, Naucrates fanfarus Rafinesque=Gasterosteus
ductor Linnaeus.) (Ref. copied.)
NAUCRATES DUCTOR (Linnaeus)
PILoTFIsH; PILoto
Gasterosteus ductor LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 295, 1758.
Neucrates ductor ROut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 400, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
Family CORYPHAENIDAE
Do.urxHins; Dorapo
Genus CORYPHAENA Linnaeus
Coryphaena Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 261, 1758. (Genotype,
Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus.)
CORYPHAENA HIPPURUS Linnaeus
Coryphaena hippurus LINNAEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 261, 1758 (open
seas).—R6uL, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 400, fig. 214, 1942 (coast
of Venezuela).
802207—49—_-9
130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Family LUTJANIDAE: Snappers; Pargos
This family is represented by so few species and specimens from
Venezuela that it is not practicable to make a key. Instead, the
reader is referred to volume 2, p. 491, 1925, of Meek and Hildebrand’s
“The Marine Fishes of Panama” for a key to the genera of the
Lutjanidae likely to occur in Venezuela.
Genus LUTJANUS Bloch
Lutjanus Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 4, p. 107, 1790.
(Genotype, Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch.)
LUTJANUS GUTTATUS (Steindachner)
Mesoprion gutiatus STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 60, p. 18, pl. 8,
1869 (Mazatlan).
The following specimen, collected by the U. S. S. Niagara in the
Gulf of Venezuela, is referred to this species with some uncertainty:
U.S.N.M. No. 123139, a specimen, 48 mm., Amuay Bay, December 9, 1924.
LUTJANUS GRISEUS (Linnaeus)
Parco DE PiEDRA; AGUADERA; 0 CABALLEROTE
Labrus griseus LINNAEUs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 283, 1758 (Bahamas).
Lutianus griseus Réut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 405, fig. 220, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123140, 1 specimen, 53.5 mm., Point Macolla, U. 8. S. Niagara,
April 19, 1925.
LUTJANUS JOCU (Bloch and Schneider)
Jocé
Anthias jocu Buocu AND ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 310, 1801 (Cuba).
U.S.N.M. No. 123137, 2 specimens, 70 to 71.5 mm., Point Macolla, U. S. S.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
One specimen, 70 mm., Rfo Borburata at mouth, 3 km. east of Puerto Cabello,
F. F. Bond, January 15, 1938.
LUTJANUS APODUS (Walbaum)
CaJI
Perca apoda WauxBavum, Artedi’s Bibliotheca ichthyologicae, vol. 3, p. 351, 1792
(ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. No. 123138, a specimen, from Point Macolla, U. S. 8S. Niagara, April
19, 1925.
LUTJANUS SYNAGRIS (Linnaeus)
BIAJAIBA
Sparus synagris LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 280, 1758 (Bahamas).
Lutianus [s]aynagris ROut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 404, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
Mesoprion uninotatus GUntuER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum,
vol. 1, p. 202, 1859 (Puerto Cabello).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 131
LUTJANUS AYA (Blech)
EL PARGO REAL
Bodianus aya Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, pt. 4, p. 45, pl.
227, 1790 (Brazil).
Lutianus aya Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 405, fig. 219, 1942 (coast
of Venezuela).
LUTJANUS ANALIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
PARGO SEBADAL 0 CEIBADAL
Mesoprion analis CuvIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol,
2, p. 452, 1828 (San Domingo).
Lutianus analis Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 405, fig. 221, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M.No. 123141, 8 specimens, 52.5 to 156 mm., Point Macolla, U. S. S.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
Genus RHOMBOPLITES Gill
Rhomboplites Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236. (Genotype,
Centropristes aurorubens Cuvier and Valenciennes.)
RHOMBOPLITES AURORUBENS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
PARGO GUACHINANGO 0 MAL NOMBRE
Centropristes aurorubens Cuvirs AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 3, p. 45, 1829 (Brazil; Martinique; San Domingo).
Rhomboplites aurorubens R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 406, fig. 222,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Genus OCYURUS Gill
Ocyurus GitL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236. (Genotype,
Sparus chrysurus Bloch.)
OCYURUS CHRYSURUS (Bloch)
RABIRUBIA
Sparus chrysurus Buocu, Naturgeschichte auslindischen Fische, vol. 5, p. 28, pl.
262, 1791 (Brazil) (ref. copied).—R6xL, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p.
406, 1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Family EMMELICHTHYIDAE
Genus INERMIA Poey
Inermia Pory, Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba, vol. 2, p.
193, 1860. (Genotype, Inermia vittata Poey.)
INERMIA VITTATA Poey
Inermia vittata Pory, Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba, vol.
2, p. 193, pl. 14, fig. 3, 1860 (Cuba).—Jorpan, EVERMANN, and CuArK, Rep.
U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 340, 1930 (Venezuela), probably based on
Jordan, Copeia, 1922, No. 106, p. 34 (Curagao).
In my revision of the family Emmelichthyidae (Schultz, 1945b) I
described a new genus and species from the Bahamas. 7
132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Family POMADASYIDAE: Grunts; Roncos
KEY TO GENERA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
1a. Gill membranes broadly connected across the isthmus, with a free fold; 2
pairs of pores on chin; preopercle serrate, with 2 spines at lower angle a
little enlarged; no spines directed forward; snout short; lower jaw a little
shorter than upper, mouth short; preorbital very narrow, about 3 times in
eye; dorsal with shallow notch between spiny and soft portions; soft rays
of dorsal and anal fins with a basal sheath of scales but no scales on inter-
radial membranes or on rays; depth about 2 and head 3%; dorsal rays
CTT, 42° arial TE 10 ae ee ed coe ene Genyatremus Gill
1b. Gill membranes narrowly connected forward across apex of isthmus, forming
a@ more or less acute angle, with a narrow free fold; on chin, one pair of
pores behind which is a median pore.
2a. Soft rays of dorsal and anal fins without scales on interradial membranes
or on rays except the sheath of scales along base of these fins.
3a. Preopercle strongly serrate with 2 or 3 spines somewhat enlarged at
lower angle; second anal spine enlarged; lower jaw a little shorter than
upper; dorsal fin notched nearly to base between spiny and soft por-
tions; preorbital width about two-thirds of or equal to eye; dorsal rays
Xi to MIV, 11 tows anal dit, 6 to: S222 Pomadasys Lacepéde
3b. Preopercle very finely serrate; second anal spine scarcely larger than
third spine; jaws equal; dorsal fin not notched; preorbital wider than
or about as wide as eye; depth 2.5, head about 3; dorsal rays XII or
MILT, 12 tol7: anal Tit 9 te 13-5. 22 Orthopristis Girard
2b. Soft rays of dorsal and anal fins with scales on interradial membranes in
addition to the basal sheath of scales; second anal spine enlarged; dorsal
fins deeply notched nearly to base between spiny and soft parts.
4a. Preopercle strongly serrate with one or two enlarged spines at lower angle
and the serrae along ventral edge directed forward, at least on adults;
lower jaw a little longer than upper jaw; depth about 3.4; head about
3; dorsal rays XII, 12 or 13; anal III, 8__-------_-- Conodon Cuvier
4b. Preopercle serrate but no spines enlarged and none directed forward;
lower jaws slightly shorter than upper jaw; depth about 2.4; head 2.8;
dorsal rays XI to XIII, 13 to 18; anal ITI, 8 to 10.
, Anisotremus Gill
2c. Soft rays of dorsal and anal fins profusely covered with scales.
5a. Second and third anal spines about equally enlarged; preopercular edge
serrate; lower jaw about equal to upper jaw; preorbital width not as
wide as eye.
6a. A shallow depression between spiny and soft part of dorsal fin; base of
caudal fin with a black spot, extending a little on caudal peduncle;
depth about 2.8 to 3; head about 2.8; dorsal spines XIII, 13 to 15;
onal TITS Or 9p 20 oe es Se Bathystoma Scudder
6b. Dorsal fin with a deep notch, nearly to base, between spiny and soft
parts; base of caudal fin without a black spot; depth about 2.9 to
3.25; head about 3 to 3.25; dorsal rays XII, 13; anal III, 9 to 10.
Brachygenys 8 Scudder
5b. Second anal spine greatly enlarged; preopercle weakly serrate; lower jaw
a little shorter than upper jaw; preorbital as wide as or wider than eye;
dorsal fin notched nearly to base; back elevated; dorsal rays XI or
XII, 14 to 17; anal III, 7 to 9; lips usually thick..Haemulon Cuvier
18 Not yet reported from Venezuela although found on both sides.
‘ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 133
Genus GENYATREMUS Gill
Genyatremus GiLu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 256. (Genotype,
Diagramma cavifrons Cuvier and Valenciennes= Lutjanus luteus Bloch.)
GENYATREMUS LUTEUS (Bloch)
Lutjanus luteus BLocu, Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des . . . poissons, vol. 7,
p. 89, pl. 247, 1797.
U.S.N.M. No. 121808, a specimen, 213 mm. in standard length, from market at
Maracaibo, May 15, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121807, a specimen, 112 mm., mouth of Cajio de Sagua, 25 km.
north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
This characteristic genus and species in general resembles Anisotre-
mus but differs in the very narrow preorbital, its least depth is con-
tained about 3 times in the eye and 9 times in the head; in addition
the gill membranes form a broad fold across the isthmus as in the
Kyphosidae, but the gill membranes are naked. In Anisotremus the
posterior edge of the gill membranes form an acute angle over the
isthmus, and in Genyatremus this is evenly curved. There are no
scales on the soft rays or membranes of the dorsal and anal fins, only
a sheath of scales basally, in Genyatremus, whereas in Anisotremus the
median fins are scaled wholly or in part, always some scales on the
interradial membranes. The dorsal rays are XIII, 12 and anal III,
10 in both specimens from Venezuela. The pectoral fins are equal in
length in the distance from the nostrils to rear of head. The margins
of the dorsal fins are blackish; there is some indication of a dark,
wide, wedge-shaped saddle in front of the dorsal fin, and another over
the region of the orbits, both barely discernible in the alcoholic
specimens.
Genus POMADASYS Lacepéde
Pomadasys Lacrr&p£, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 515, 1802.
(Genotype, Sciaena argentea Férskal.)
POMADASYS CROCRO (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Pristipoma crocro CuVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 5, p. 264, 1830 (Martinique).
The identification is not certain because of small size and lack of
intermediate sizes.
6 specimens, 21 to 33 mm., Rio Guaiguaza, 3 km. west of Puerto Cabello, F. F.
Bond, January 15, 1938.
1 specimen, 22 mm., Rfo Mamo, 15 km. west of La Guaira, F. F. Bond, Novem-
ber 11, 1938.
Genus ORTHOPRISTIS Girard
Orthoprtstts GIRARD, United States and Mexican boundary survey, Ichthyology,
p. 15, 1859. (Genotype, Orthopristis duplex Girard=Perca chrysopterus
Linnaeus.)
134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
ORTHOPRISTIS RUBER (Cuvier)
Pristipoma rubrum Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 5, p. 283, 1830 (Brazil).
U.S.N.M. No. 123136, 1 specimen, Amuay Bay, U.S. S. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123123, 6 specimens, 114 to 158 mm., Estanques Bay, U. S. 8S.
Niagara, December 7 to 11, 1924,
I have made the following counts on the specimens listed above:
Dorsal rays XII, 14 in one; XII, 15 in four, and XII, 16 in one; anal
rays III, 9 in three and III, 10 in three; gill rakers on lower limb of
first gill arch number 11 in three and 12 in one, the raker at the angle
not included and the upper part of the arch has about 10 rakers.
There are 9 or 10 scales from lateral line to base of first dorsal spine
and a more or less distinct dark shoulder blotch.
Genus CONODON Cuvier
Conodon Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 5, p. 156, 1830. (Genotype, Conodon antillanus Cuvier=Perca nobilis
Linnaeus.)
CONODON NOBILIS (Linnaeus)
Perca nobilis Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 191, 1758 (North America).
U.S.N.M. No. 123119, 1 specimen, 65 mm. in standard length, Point Macolla,
U.S. S. Niagara, April 19, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123118, 1 specimen, 270 mm., Estanques Bay, U. S. S. Niagara,
December 7, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 123120, 1 specimen, 54 mm., Cape San Romén, U. 8. 8. Niagara,
April 2, 1925.
Genus ANISOTREMUS Gill
Anisotremus Guu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, pp. 32, 105. (Geno-
type, Pristipoma rodo Cuvier and Valenciennes= Sparus virginicus Linnaeus.)
ANISOTREMUS SURINAMENSIS (Bloch)
Lutjanus surinamensis Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslaindischen Fische, vol. 5,
p. 3, pl. 253, 1791 (Surinam) (ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. No. 123121, a specimen, 235 mm. in standard length, from Amuay
Bay, U.S. 8. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
Genus BATHYSTOMA Scudder
Bathystoma ScuppER, in Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1, p. 12, 1863.
(Genotype, Perca melanura Linnaeus=Haemulon jeniguano Poey.) (Ref.
copied.)
BATHYSTOMA RIMATOR (Jordan and Swain)
Haemulon rimator JoRDAN AND Swatn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, p. 308, 1884
(Charleston, S. C.; Key West and Pensacola, Fla.).
Haemulon (Bathystoma) rimator MetzEuaar, Report on the fishes collected by
Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies in 1904-1905, p. 81, 1919 (Puerto
Cabello, Venezuela).
Genus HAEMULON Cuvier
Haemulon Cuvinr, Le régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 175, 1829. (Genotype,
Haemulon elegans Cuvier=Sparus sciurus Shaw.) (Ref. copied.)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 135
A more complete key to the species of Haemulon likely to occur in
Venezuela will be found in volume 2 of Meek and Hildebrand’s “‘The
Marine Fishes of Panama.”
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HAEMULON REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Scales below lateral line enlarged, very deep; sides with yellow stripes, parallel
with lateral line above it, very oblique below it; dorsal rays XII, 14 or 15;
anal III, 7 or 8; scales 47 to 53.__Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest)
1b. Scales below lateral line not notably enlarged; 5 or more scales between lateral
line and dorsal origin.
2a. Maxillary reaching to below middle of eye or nearly so, 1.8 to 2% in head;
gill rakers on lower part of first gill arch 16 to 18; head and body with
about 10 lengthwise blue stripes (pale in alcohol) usually best defined on
snout and cheeks; soft dorsal with convex margin; dorsal rays XII, 16
or 17; anal III, 8 or 9; scales 48 to 57___--- Haemulon sciurus (Shaw)
2b. Maxillary reaching scarcely past anterior margin of eye, about 2 to 2% in
head; sides with stripes following rows of scales.
3a. Rows of scales with pearly gray stripes; caudal spot present; maxillary
2 to 2.1 in head; snout long pointed, 2.5 to 2.8 in head; dorsal rays
XII, 15 to 17; anal III, 8 or 9; scales 53 to 62.
Haemulon steindachneri (Jordan and Gilbert)
3b. Rows of scales with continuous dark lines, wavy above lateral line;
dorsal rays XII, 15 to 17; anal III, 8 or 9; scales 43 to 50.
Haemulon bonariense Cuvier
HAEMULON FLAVOLINEATUM (Desmarest)
Corocoro; AMARILLO
Diabasis flavolineatus DESMAREST, Premiére decade ichthyologique, p. 35, pl. 2,
fig. 1, 1823 (Cuba) (ref. copied).
Haemulon flavolineatum Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 407, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
HAEMULON SCIURUS (Shaw)
CacHICOTO
Sparus scturus SHaw, General zoology, vol. 4, p. 64, 1803 (Antilles; based on
Anthsas formosus Bloch) (ref. copied).
Haemulon sciurus Rohl, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 406, fig. 223, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
HAEMULON STEINDACHNERI (Jordan and Gilbert)
Diabasis steindachneri JonDAN AND GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm. for 1881,
vol. 1, p. 322, 1882 (Panama; Mazatl4n) (ref. copied).
Haemulon steindachneri MretTzELAaR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J.
Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 79, 1919 (Guanta, Venezuela).
HAEMULON BONARIENSE Cuvier
Haemulon bonariense Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 5, p. 234, 1830 (Buenos Aires).—MrrTzELaar, Report on the
fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 77,
fig. 25, 1919 (Venezuela).
136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Family SPARIDAE: Pargos
KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF SPARIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Front teeth conical or pointed, not incisorlike.
2a. Second interhaemal spine enlarged and hollowed anteriorly; preorbital much
wider than eye; head 3.25 to 4; depth 2 to 2.2; dorsal rays XII, 12; anal
III, 11; scales 50 to 53; about 6 blunt gill rakers on lower limb of first
gol Sree ee ce ees ee Calamus calamus (Cuvier)
2b. Second interhaemal spine normal, not swollen and hollow; preorbital as
wide as or broader than eye in large adults; depth about 3%; head nearly
4; depth 3%; dorsal rays XII, 11; anal III, 8; scales about 54 to 57; about
9 blunt gill rankers on lower part of first arch--Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus)
1b. Teeth at front of jaws broad incisors.
3a. A small antrorse spine at origin of dorsal, this spine visible by dissection;
no black spot on caudal peduncle; sides barred, often disappearing in
adults.
4a. Dorsal rays XIII, 11 or 12; anal III, 10 or 11; scales 48 to 48; a black
blotch on lateral line below origin of dorsal fin; sides with yellowish
stripes; margin of dorsal blackish; sides of body sometimes with traces
of dark vertical bars.__.....--- Archosargus unimaculatus (Bloch)
4b. Dorsal rays XII, 12; anal III, 10; scales about 52; no black shoulder spot;
7 persistent dark vertical bars; no lengthwise stripes on sides; pelvic
fins bl g@kishas 20sec, Sears. ola ae Archosargus aries (Cuvier)
3b. No antrorse spine at dorsal origin; a large black blotch on caudal peduncle
just behind base of last dorsal ray; dorsal rays XII, 14 or 15; anal III, 13;
scales about’'56 to 60_ 1.252220 22-4 -LL 22 Diplodus argenteus (Cuvier)
Genus CALAMUS Swainson
Calamus Swatnson, The natural history and classification of fishes, vol. 2, p.
221, 1839. (Genotype, Pagellus calamus Cuvier and Valenciennes= Calamus
megacephalus Shaw.) (Ref. copied.)
CALAMUS CALAMUS (Cuvier)
PES DE PLUMA
Pagellus calamus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 6, p. 206, pl. 152, 1830 (Martinique; San Domingo).
Calamus calamus MrtzELaar, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in
the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 86, 1919 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
Genus PAGRUS Cuvier
BEsuGo
Pagrus Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 1, vol. 2, p. 272, 1817. (Genotype, Sparus
argenteus Bloch=Sparus pagrus Linnaeus.) (Ref. copied.)
PAGRUS PAGRUS (Linnaeus)
Sparus pagrus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 279, 1758 (southern Europe).
Pagrus vulgaris METZELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the
Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 87, 1919 (coast of Venezuela).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 137
Genus ARCHOSARGUS Gill
Sarco
Archosargus Giuu, Can. Nat., vol. 2, p. 266, 1865. (Genotype, Sparus probatoce-
phalus Walbaum.)
ARCHOSARGUS UNIMACULATUS (Bloch)
Perca unimaculata Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische, vol. 6, pl.
308, fig. 1, 1792 (Brazil).
Sargus unimaculatus METZELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke
in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 88, 1919 (Guanta, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123126, 2 specimens, 179 and 194 mm. in standard length,
Amuay Bay, U.S. 8S. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123125, 1 specimen, 88 mm., Amuay Bay, U. 8. 8S. Niagara,
December 9, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 123124, 1 specimen, 24 mm., Point Macolla, U. 8. S. Niagara,
April 19, 1925.
ARCHOSARGUS ARIES (Cuvier)
Sarco
Sargus aries CuvisR, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 6, p. 58, 1830 (Rio de Janeiro; Lago de Maracaibo).
Archosargus aries JORDAN, EVERMANN, and Cuark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fisheries,
1928, p. 338, 19380 (Maracaibo).
U.S.N.M. No. 123127, 1 specimen, 227 mm. in standard length, Amuay Bay,
U. 8.8. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
Genus DIPLODUS Rafinesque
Diplodus RA¥FINESQUE, Indice d’ittiologia siciliana, p. 54, 1810. (Genotype,
Sparus annularis Linnaeus.) (Ref. copied.)
DIPLODUS ARGENTEUS (Cuvier)
SARGO
Sargus argenteus Cuvinr, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 6, p. 60, 1830 (Brazil).
U.S.N.M. No. 123128, 1 specimen, 218 mm. in standard length, Estanques
Bay, U. 8. 8. Niagara, December 11, 1924.
Family GERRIDAE: Mojarras; Carpetas
The following abridged key to the genera of Gerridae was extracted
from a manuscript on West Indian fishes by Luis René Rivas, of Cuba,
through his kindness and with his permission:
la. Preopercular margin entire; second dorsal spine about equal to or shorter
than distance between tip of snout and posterior margin of orbit; second
anal spine shorter than caudal peduncle, more than 6 in standard length;
greatest depth of body 2.3 to 3.3, usually 2.4 to 3.2 in standard length;
maxillary usually not quite reaching to vertical from anterior margin of
pupil; air bladder ending posteriorly in a median extension, or in a pair of
diverticula; anterior interhaemal bone simple, or with a funnel or spoon-
shaped cavity.
138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
2a. Air bladder ending posteriorly in a median extension reaching backward and
downward into a cavity in the anterior interhaemal bone, which is funnel-
or spoon-shaped; depressed area over premaxillary processes longer than
wide, crossed by scales in front leaving a naked pit behind, or open and
narrowly U-shaped and sometimes slightly restricted by scales in front.
Sides of body without vertical dark bands.
Eucinostomus Baird and Girard
2b. Air bladder ending posteriorly in a pair of diverticula extending backward
on each side of the anterior interhaemal bone, which is simple; depressed
area over premaxillary processes about as long as wide, always open and
broadly U-shaped; sides of body crossed by vertical irregular dark bands.
Gerres Cuvier
1b. Preopercular margin serrate; second dorsal spine longer than distance be-
tween tip of snout and posterior margin of orbit; second anal spine about
equal to or longer than caudal peduncle, less than 6 in standard length;
greatest depth of body 1.7 to 2.4, usually 1.8 to 2.3 in standard length;
maxillary reaching to or beyond vertical from anterior margin of pupil;
air bladder ending bluntly, without posterior diverticulum or median
extension; anterior interhaemal bone simple.
3a. Sides of body without longitudinal black stripes; preorbital entire; second
anal spine shorter than anal base; its length 2.2 to 3.2, usually 2.3 to 3.1
in greatest depth of body; greatest depth of body 1.7 to 2.1, usually 1.8
to 2.0 in standard length; anal base 3.8 to 4.5, usually 3.9 to 4.4 in stand-
ard length; last dorsal spine 2.0 to 4.0 in anal base; eye 2.0 to 2.8, usually
2.4 $0. 247, invamali base! 2) 8 eae a a a se ee Diapterus Ranzani
3b. Sides of body with longitudinal black stripes; preorbital serrate except in
young; second anal spine longer than anal base, its length 1.4 to 2.4,
usually 1.5 to 2.3 in greatest depth of body; greatest depth of body 1.9
to 2.5, usually 2.0 to 2.4 in standard length; anal base 4.5 to 6.0, usually
4.6 to 5.9 in standard length; last dorsal spine 1.4 to 1.9 in anal base;
eye 1.4 to 2.1, usually 1.5 to 2.0 in anal base.
Eugerres Jordan and Evermann
Genus EUCINOSTOMUS Baird and Girard
Eucinostomus BAIRD AND GIRARD, in Baird, Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1854,
p. 334, 1855. (Genotype, Eucinostomus argenteus Baird and Girard.) (Ref.
copied.)
I am very grateful to Luis René Rivas for the identification of the
specimens reported upon under this genus and for permission to print
his key to the West Indian species of Hucinostomus.
la. Anterior interhaemal bone funnel-shaped; maxillary longer than second anal
spine, about equal to or greater than diameter of eye, about equal to or
greater than least depth of caudal peduncle; second anal spine more than
2.6 in head, shorter than distance between tip of snout and center of eye;
snout about equal to or longer than second anal spine; pectoral fin naked.
2a. Funnellike cavity in anterior interhaemal bone more conspicuous, about 4
times as long as wide, the lateral ridge low and not reaching to lower-
most part of edge of funnel; anal rays III, 7; greatest depth of body 2.3
to 3.2, usually 2.4 to 3.1 in standard length.
3a. Gill rakers 7 on lower limb of first arch (not counting rudiments or gill
raker at angle); maxillary more than 2.3 in distance between posterior
tip of premaxillary process and origin of spinous dorsal fin, usually less
than perpendicular distance between origin of spinous dorsal fin and
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 139
lateral line; posterior tip of premaxillary process not reaching to verti-
cal from center of eye, its length (from tip to snout), 1.8 to 2.4 in
distance between its posterior tip and origin of spinous dorsal fin;
second anal spine shorter than diameter of eye, more than 3 in distance
between posterior tip of premaxillary process and origin of spinous
dorsal fin; spinous dorsal fin more or less dusky, but without a jet-
black blotch at its tip, or definite whitish or colorless area below it.
4a. Greatest depth of body 2.3 to 2.6, usually 2.4 or 2.5 in standard length;
head 2.8 to 3.1, usually 2.9 or 3.0 in standard length; the distance
between tip of snout and origin of spinous dorsal fin, 2.1 to 2.3,
usually 2.2 in standard length; eye 2.7 to 3.1, usually 2.8 to 3.0 in
distance between origin of anal fin and caudal base; area over
premaxillary processes usually crossed by scales anteriorly leaving a
naked area behind_Eucinostomus gula (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
4b. Greatest depth of body 2.8 to 3.3, usually 2.9 to 3.2 in standard length;
head 3.1 to 3.5, usually 3.2 to 3.4 in standard length; the distance
between tip of snout and origin of spinous dorsal fin, 2.3 to 2.5,
usually 2.4 in standard length; eye 3.1 to 3.6, usually 3.2 to 3.5 in
distance between origin of anal fin and caudal base; area over pre-
maxillary proeesses usually depressed and narrowly U-shaped some-
times slightly restricted by scales anteriorly.
Eucinostomus argenteus Baird and Girard
3b. Gill rakers 8 on lower limb of first arch (not counting rudiments or gill
raker at angle); maxillary less than 2.3 in distance between posterior
tip of premaxillary process and origin of spinous dorsal fin, usually
about equal to, or somewhat greater than perpendicular distance
between origin of spinous dorsal fin and lateral line; posterior tip of
premaxillary process reaching to or somewhat beyond vertical from
center of eye, its length (from tip of snout) 1.3 to 1.8 in distance
between its posterior tip and origin of spinous dorsal fin; second anal
spine equal to or greater than diameter of eye, less than 3 in distance
between posterior tip of premaxillary process and origin of spinous
dorsal fin; spinous dorsal fin with a conspicuous jet-black blotch at
its tip, separated from the basal dusky area by a whitish or colorless
area iol ek Sarg reel uy 0% ois Eucinostomus pseudogula Poey
2b. Funnellike cavity in anterior interhaemal bone less conspicuous, more than
4 times as long as wide, the lateral ridge high and reaching beyond lower-
most part of edge of funnel; anal rays IT, 8; greatest depth of body 3.1
to 3.5, usually 3.2 to 3.4 in standard length.
Eucinostomus lefroyi !° (Goode)
1b. Anterior interhaemal bone spoon-shaped; maxillary shorter than second anal
spine, less than diameter of eye, somewhat less than least depth of caudal
peduncle; second anal spine less than 2.6 in head, usually about equal to,
or slightly longer than distance between tip of snout and center of eye;
snout shorter than second anal spine; pectoral fin scaled.
Eucinostomus havana ! (Nichols)
EUCINOSTOMUS GULA (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
LA MosaRRA
Gerres gula CuviER AND VALENCIENES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6,
p. 464, 1830 (Martinique).
Eucinostomus gula Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 407, 1942 (coast
of Venezuela).
18 Not yet reported from Venezuela.
140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
U.S.N.M. No. 121705, 3 specimens, 47 to 70 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 5 and 16, 1942,
U.S.N.M. No. 121706, 2 specimens, 36 and 53 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, February 27, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121704, 1 specimen, 68 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, 7 km. south
of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121703, 14 specimens, 14 to 42 mm., Lago de Maracaibo op-
posite Salina Rica, 5 km. north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121707, 135 specimens, 28 to 77 mm., Salina Rica, 5 km. north
of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
The following collections were made by Dr. F. F. Bond:
10 specimens, 13 to 55 mm., coastal lagoons 15 km. north of Maracaibo
April 6, 19388.
1 specimen, 53 mm., lagoons, Tucacas, 60 km. northwest of Puerto Cabello,
January 29, 1938.
1 specimen, 29 mm., Rio Borburata, 3 km. east of Puerto Cabello at Gafianga.
2 specimens, 20 and 23 mm., Rfo Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto,
December 22, 1937.
EUCINOSTOMUS ARGENTEUS Baird and Girard
MoJjarRRa
Eucinostomus argenteus BAtRD AND GIRARD, in Baird, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian
Inst. for 1854, p. 335, 1855 (Bessley Point, N. J.).
U.S.N.M. No. 121798, 62 specimens, 20 to 67 mm., Salina Rica, 5 km. north of
Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
The following specimens were collected by the U.S. S. Niagara in
Gulf of Venezuela:
U.S.N.M. No. 121948, 1 specimen, 80 mm. in standard length, Point Macolla,
April 19, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 121945, 2 specimens, 81 and 87 mm. in standard length, Salinas
Bay, April 4-5, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 121947, a specimen 89 mm., Estanques Bay, February 20, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 121944, 2 specimens, 56 and 67 mm., Amuay Bay, December
9, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 121946, 10 specimens, 45.5 to 80 mm., Cape San Roman, April
2, 1925.
The following collections were made by Dr. F. F. Bond:
40 specimens, 15 to 27 mm. in standard length, Rio Borburata, 3 km. east of
Puerto Cabello at Gafianga, January 15, 1938.
9 specimens, 14 to 27 mm., Rio Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, December
22, 1937.
1 specimen, 19 mm., coastal lagoon 15 km. north of Maracaibo.
1 specimen, 21 mm., Rio Apure at San Fernando de Apure, Feburary 16, 1938.
The young of this species and of E. gula are separated with con-
siderable difficulty, and I am not positive that my identification of
specimens under 25 mm. is correct.
In the Maracaibo Basin specimens, in addition to the difference in
depth of body between EF. gula and E. argenteus, I observed that the
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—-SCHULTZ 141
tip of the lower jaw or lip was almost invariably without scattered
black pigment in argenteus, whereas in gula the tip of the lip of lower
jaw almost always had several black pigment cells somewhat em-
bedded. The character of the area over the premaxillary process and
scales meeting in front of this groove is of no value on small specimens.
However, specimens from the coast of Venezuela south of the Gulf of
Venezuela had their chins pigmented. Thus specimens 25 mm. and
shorter can be separated only on their slenderness as compared with
those of gula which are a little more robust.
EUCINOSTOMUS PSEUDOGULA Poey
Eucinosiomus pseudogula Pory, Enumeratio piscium cubensium, p. 53, pl. 1,
1875 (Havana).
7 specimens, 34 to 47 mm., Laguna del Rfo Capatdrida, 5 km. west of eee
F. F. Bond, March 21, 1938.
Genus GERRES Cuvier
Gerres Cuvier, in Quoy and Gaimard, Freycinet, Voyage autour du monde,
L’Uranie et La Physicienne, Poissons, p. 293, 1824. (Genotype, Gerres
vaigtensts Quoy and Gaimard.) (Ref. copied.)
GERRES CINEREUS (Walbaum)
Mugil cinereus WaLBauM, Artedi genera piscium, pt. 3, p. 228, 1792 (Bahamas)
(ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. No. 121942, 1 specimen, 217 mm. in standard length, Gulf of Ven-
ezuela, U.S. S. Nsagara, Feburary 20, 1925.
1 specimen, 65 mm., from lagoons at Tucacas, 10 km. northwest of Puerto
Cabello, F. F. Bond, January 29, 1938.
2 specimens, 36 and 39 mm., Laguna del Rfo Capatdrida at mouth, 5 km.
north of Capatdérida, F. F. Bond, March 21, 1938.
{ specimen, 47 mm., from baja seco east side of Puerto Cabello, January 26, 1938.
Genus DIAPTERUS Ranzani
Diapterus Ranzant, Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon., vol. 4, p. 340, 1840.
(Genotype, Diapterus auratus Ranzani.)
It is with considerable reluctance that I add two new names to the
genera Diapterus and Hugerres in my study of the Venezuelan forms.
These genera have not been revised to my knowledge, and no one has
as yet determined the constancy of the number of anal spines in large
series of specimens. This should be done when the genera are revised,
and then the validity of these new species as well as others may be
evaluated. My counts, however, indicate a rather constant number
of rays for most of the fins, and there appears to be little variation in
the number of scales or gill rakers for any species from one locality.
The following key is based on specimens collected in Venezuelan
waters, as well as on other materials in the national collections from
the Western Atlantic:
142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
la. Anal rays III,8.
2a. Gill rakers on lower part of gill arch 10 or 11; dusky bars on sides of young
but adults with dusky punctulations and no bars; second dorsal spine a
little shorter than third, both shorter than head, the second contained
nearly 4 times in standard length; second anal spine strong, but a little
shorter than third, the second anal spine 1.8 in head and 1.5 in second
dorsal spine; area over premaxillary groove free of scales in young but
covered with small scales in large specimens.
Diapterus olisthostomus (Goode and Bean)
2b. Gill rakers on lower part of first arch 15; second dorsal spine a little shorter
than third, the second spine about 1% in head; second anal spine enlarged,
a little longer than third spine, the second 1.5 in head and 144 in second
dorsal spine; second row of scales below lateral line continuous to end of
caudal; area over premaxilary processes on top of head free from scales;
no dark stripes or distinct bars visible.
Diapterus limnaeus, new species
1b. Anal rays I1,i,8 or II,9.
3a. Anal rays II,9; gill rakers on lower part of first arch 14 or 15, rarely 16;
second dorsal spine a little shorter than third, the second spine contained
1.2 to 1.4 in head and about 3.2 to 3.5 in standard length; second anal
spine 1.4 to 1.6 in head and 4 to 4.5 in standard length; second row of
scales below lateral line continuous to caudal fin.
Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier)
3b. Anal rays II,i,8: gill rakers 10 or 11 on lower part of first arch; second dorsal
spine a little shorter than third, about 1% to 1% in head and 3.5 to 3.75
in standard length; second anal spine strong, 1.6 in head and 4.2 in
standard length; third row of scales below lateral line continuous to
caudaliinmu Stents ee Diapterus evermanni Meek and Hildebrand
DIAPTERUS OLISTHOSTOMUS (Goode and Bean)
Gerres olisthostoma GooDE AND Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 423, 1882
(Indian River, Fla.).
U.S.N.M. No. 121941, 1 specimen, 177 mm. in standard length, Amuay Bay,
Gulf of Venezuela, U. S. S. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
DIAPTERUS LIMNAEUS, new species
FIGURE 16
Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 121726, only known specimen, 68 mm.
in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz in Lago de
Maracaibo at Maracaibo Yacht Club, May 16, 1942.
Description.—Certain measurements were made on the holotype
and these are recorded in hundredths of the standard length in
table 18.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays IX,10; anal rays
III,8; pectoral rays iii,12-ii1,12; scales from upper edge of gill opening
to midcaudal fin base 40; scales from base of first soft ray of dorsal
to lateral line 4, and 9 from base of first anal spine to lateral line;
gill rakers on lower part of first arch 15.
Greatest depth of body 2.2 and head 3, in standard length; snout
3.25, eye about 2%, and postorbital length of head 2% in length of
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 143
head; maxillary reaches to below anterior margin of pupil; area
above premaxillary processes broad and free from scales; preorbital
edge smooth; posterior margin of preopercle serrate; gill rakers short,
strong, on lower part of first arch; second dorsal spine not reaching
quite to tip of third; second anal spine strong, reaching past third
which is slender; second dorsal spine 1.1 and second anal spine about
1.4 in head; distal margin of dorsal fin concave, that of anal fin a
little concave; pectoral fin pointed, the second branched ray longest,
and reaching opposite base of third anal spine; third dorsal spine
when depressed reaches to opposite base of fourth soft dorsal ray;
second anal spine when depressed reaches past base of last anal ray;
Ficure 16.—Diapterus limnaeus, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121726), 68 mm.
in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
profile of head slightly concave over eyes; first soft ray of pelvics
with a short filament, the pelvic spine reaching nearly past anus;
second row of scales below lateral line continuous to caudal fin base;
greatest depth of body at origin of dorsal fin.
Color.—Plain silvery without dark streaks on sides and no dark
bars; distal margin of dorsal fin black edged; a few blackish pigment
cells on interradial membranes of dorsal and anal fins but not forming
spots or blotches; tips of rays of caudal fin with a few dark pigment
cells.
Remarks.—This new species differs from all others of the genus in
the Atlantic as indicated in the key on pages 141 and 142, chiefly in
having 15 gill rakers in combination with a smooth preorbital, no
scales on area over premaxillary groove, and the second dorsal
144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
spine not reaching quite to tip of third dorsal spine. From D.
peruvianus of the Pacific with which this new species is most closely
related, it differs by having 15 gill rakers instead of 12 or 13.
Named limnaeus (meaning ‘‘lake’’) in reference to its occurrence in
Lake Maracaibo.
DIAPTERUS RHOMBEUS (Cuvier)
La CARPETA
Gerres rhombeus Cuvier, La régne animal, vol. 2, ed. 2, p. 188, 1829.
U.S.N.M. No. 121710, 5 specimens, 56.5 to 83 mm. in standard length, from
Lago de Maracaibo at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121713, 2 specimens, one 67 mm., the other only anterior part of
body and head, Lago de Maracaibo, 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo in gill net, April 7-9,
1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121712, 5 specimens, 35 to 59 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at Yacht
Club, Maracaibo, February 27, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121711, 3 specimens, 43 to 64 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua,
25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121708, 29 specimens, 36 to 62 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, March 5, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121714, 12 specimens, 28 to 43 mm., Salina Rica, 5 km. north of
Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121709, 1 specimen, 20 mm., caiio at Los Monitos, Rio Limén
system, March 11, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121949, 1 specimen, 36 mm., Point Macolla, U. 8. 8. Niagara,
April 19, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 121948, 6 specimens, 35 to 39 mm., Amuay Bay, U.S. 8. Niagara,
December 9, 1924.
1 specimen, 25 mm., bajo seco east side of Puerto Cabello, F. F. Bond, January
26, 1938.
3 specimens, 40 to 42 mm., Laguna del Rio Capatdrida at mouth, 5 km. north
of Capatdrida, F. F. Bond, March 21, 1938.
1 specimen, 22 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, F. F. Bond,
February 3, 1939.
DIAPTERUS EVERMANNI Meek and Hildebrand
Diapterus evermanni MEEK AND HiLDERRAND, The marine fishes of Panama,
pt. 2, p. 594, pl. 63, 1925 (Mindi River, near Mindi; Fox Bay, Colon, Panama).
3 specimens, 40 to 44.5 mm., Laguna del Rfo Capatdrida at mouth, 5 km.
north of Capatdrida, F. F. Bond, March 21, 19388.
3 specimens, 47 to 53.5 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, F. F.
Bond, February 3, 1939.
2 specimens, 54 and 55. 5 mm., salt-water lagoon on coast, 5 km. west of Cumand4,
F. F. Bond, March 25, 1939.
The three collections listed above contain eight specimens in which
the anal rays are IJ,i,8. The type and paratype of evermanni,
U.S.N.M. Nos. 81738 and 81322, have IJ,i,8 rays, the third ray
simple and with its tip cross striated, indicating that this is a soft
ray but unbranched. This species is the counterpart of the four
145
SCHULTZ
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA
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146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
specimens mentioned under plumiert that have the third anal ray
simple but cross striated.
This modification of the third anal ray has been considered by
Meek and Hildebrand as of specific significance, but its occurrence
in other species causes me to cast serious doubt on its validity as a
dependable character when considered alone. However, in view of
the small series of specimens for certain species of Diapterus, I am
tentatively referring the above listed specimens to evermanni.
TaBLE 18.—Measurements made on certain species of Diapterus. (All measure-
ments expressed in hundredths of the standard length.)
Neos E, awlae E. plumieri
Characters a al ea
Holotype| Holotype] Paratype/U.8.N.M. No.121725
Standard length in millimeters_____-_..-...._.__.._- 68 75 79 45.7 43.5
hengthiotiheade.: 2 2 eae ee eee 33.8 36.6 35. 4 37.2 37.2
Postorbitalength of head 22222 s5—— eee eee 14.3 15.7 15.2 15H 15.4
Diameterioficyes 2: soos so see eee ee 12.8 14.0 12.7 13.6 15.4
engthrofisnout e252. 26256505 est Se 10.3 10.0 10.1 10.1 11.3
Tip of snout to rear of maxillary__........._..-.---=- 12.1 13.1 12.0 12.9 13.3
Width of bony interorbital space......__...-.______- 9. 56 9.34 8.98 8.75 8. 96
Greatestidepthiofibod y= oe ses ee se ee 44,1 44.7 43.9 39. 4 37.9
Least depth of caudal peduncle.__._..._-___________. 16.5 19.6 19.7 19.7 18.8
Length of:
Caudalipeduncleo2-. ees ee 12.5 12.0 11.9 11.6 11.5
ongestirayof pectoral. =a o nas ee ees 33. 8 34.0 33. 2 28.9 29.0
Longest branched ray of pelvic fins______________ 27.9 30.7 27.0 27.8 28.7
Longest branched ray of caudal fin..____________ 40. 4 40.0 41.8 37.6 37.9
Secondidorsal. spine: = 2522s oa eee ee eee 30.1 44.8 40.6 39.4 39.5
Third) dorsal Spine-<=2 ao sa soe eee A ee 30. 1 40.1 35. 4 32.8 35.6
Second anal'spine®s isso ase ee 22.8 36.7 37.3 33.9 34.5
Thirdlansl' spine see oe ee Oe 2020 |ecesew nase | oan ako ee Cees | eee eee
Tip of snout to:
iDorsalforisin® 2ees so ee oe ee Sa 45.6 48.0 47.4 45.3 45.5
Ana iOniginwes A222 Fone wn se sae eae sae ee 67.6 68.0 66. 4 66.0 65.3
mectoralunsertions 222 sooo eee as eee eee 33.8 36.0 35. 4 35.4 37.7
Pelvicinsertion--.2.-0<Jsseccn doses asses ate 41.8 40.8 41.0 42.4 43.6
Length of:
Base ofidorsalifin 2-2-2. Saeco ee eee 49.2 51.3 51.3 47.0 49.2
Baseiotanslhmt.= ose 5. Lo ee ee ee ee 23.5 20.0 22.1 20.8 19.5
IPGIVIXIS PING seen een oe eee eee eee ee ee 18.7 20.3 19.7 18.6 Loe
‘Pelviciaxiliary scales: 2) 232 = sneer ee 10.3 11.1 7. 59 8.30 8, 28
Genus EUGERRES Jordan and Evermann
Eugerras JORDAN AND EVERMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4., vol. 16,
p. 506, 1927. (Genotype, Gerres plumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes.)
la, Gill rakers on lower part of first arch usually 10; anal rays III,7; second dorsal
spine a little shorter than head but a trifle longer than third dorsal spine
and about 3.5 in standard length; second anal spine equal to second dorsal
spine in length_-_____- Eugerres brasilianus * (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
1b. Gill rakers on lower part of first gill arch usually 14 to 16; second dorsal spine
longer than third and longer than head, about 2% in standard length;
30 Not yet reported from Venezuela.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 147
second anal spine about 1 to 1.1 in head, and 2.75 to 3 in standard length;
young with 4 to 7 narrow vertical dusky bars on sides.
PEeeANALTAVS UTS) OR Ou sameness oS eh ee Eugerres awlae, new species
2b. Anal rays II,i,7 or 8 or III,7 to 9.
Eugerres plumieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
EUGERRES AWLAE, new species
FicurE 17
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121721, a specimen, 74 mm. in standard
length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz in the channel of Salina Rica,
5 km. north of Maracaibo, Venezuela, February 20, 1942.
Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 121722, 3 specimens, 37 to 79 mm.,
taken by Leonard P. Schultz in Lago de Maracaibo opposite Salina
Rica, 5 km. north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942; U.S.N.M. No.
121723, a specimen, 57 mm., collected in Lago de Maracaibo, 7 km.
south of Maracaibo, by Leonard P. Schultz on March 6, 1942.
Ficure 17.—Eugerres awlae, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121721), 74 mm. in
standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
Description.—Certain measurements were made on the holotype
and one paratype and these data are recorded in table 18, expressed
in hundredths of the standard length.
The following counts were made, respectively, for the holotype and
one paratype, and additional counts are recorded in table 17: Dorsal
rays 1X,10 (IX,10); anal rays II,9 (11,9); pectoral rays iii,13-i,13
(iii, 13-i11,13); scales 37 (37); scales above lateral line to base of first
soft ray of dorsal 4 (4) and below lateral line to origin of anal fin 9
148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
(9); gill rakers on lower half of arch 14 to 15, the most anterior tiny
rudiment or two not included.
Greatest depth of body 2.3 to 2.5, head about 2.6 or 2.7 in standard
length; snout 3.5 to 3.7, eye 2.7 or 2.8 and postorbital length of head
2.3 or 2.4, all in length of head; maxillary reaches to below anterior
margin of pupil; area above premaxillary processes broad and without
scales; preorbital edge smooth in young or a little rough or somewhat
serrate in adults; rear margin of preopercle serrate; gill rakers strong
and short; second dorsal spine long, reaching past third, contained
2.4 to 2.6 in standard length, much longer than length of head, about
equal to greatest depth of body; second anal spine long, strong, equals
length of head or nearly so; distal margin of dorsal and of anal fins
strongly concave; pectoral fin long, pointed, the third branched ray
usually longest, reaching to opposite base of first or second soft anal
rays; second dorsal spine when depressed reaches to opposite bases of
seventh or eighth soft dorsal rays; second anal spine reaches to opposite
caudal fin base or a little beyond in the large specimens; profile of
head slightly concave over orbits; first soft ray of pelvics with a short
filament, the pelvic spine shorter but reaching a little past anus;
third row of scales below lateral line continuous to caudal fin; greatest
depth of body at origin of dorsal.
Color.—Each row of scales with a dark streak dorsally, but more or
less lacking ventrally; margin of dorsal fin blackish distally, rest of
fin dusky, except the sheath of scales along the base are white; anal
fin dusky, basal sheath of scales white; pelvic fins and caudal fin
dusky; pectoral fins pale; top of snout dusky, but lips are white except
some black pigment on middorsal part of upper lip.
Remarks.—This new species is separated from other western
Atlantic representatives of the genus by the key on page 146. Other
minor differences are given in tables 17 and 18.
Named awlae, in honor of Mrs. Aime M. Awl, artist, United States
National Museum, who has willingly and expertly drawn for me very
numerous figures of new fishes over a period of years.
EUGERRES PLUMIERI (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
La Mosarra
Gerres plumieri CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 6, p. 452, pl. 167, 1830 (Puerto Rico; Antilles).
U.S.N.M. No. 121720, 7 specimens, 63 to 85 mm. in standard length, from
Salina Rica, 5 km. north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121719, a specimen, 123 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo near
mouth of Rfo Concha, May 2, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121717, 5 specimens, 55 to 87 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo,
7 km. south of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121716, 4 specimens, 53 to 82 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16, 1942.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 149
U.S.N.M. No: 121715, 10 specimens, 33 to 50 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo
at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, February 27, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121718, 6 specimens, 45 to 100 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, March 5, 1942.
There are four specimens measuring 37.5 to 51 mm., from Lago de
Maracaibo at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, that I have separated from the
February 27 collection (U.'S.N.M. No. 121715) and I have placed
them in a separate jar that bears U.'S.N.M. No. 121725. They are
referred to this species but vary from it in having II, i, 7 (an one
specimen) and II, i, 8 (in three specimens) instead of the usual three
anal spines. The third anal ray is usually a small slender spine but
in the four specimens under consideration here the third ray is simple
with a few cross-striations near its tip. I cannot otherwise distinguish
these four specimens from typical specimens of D. plumieri.
Should a larger series become available to someone and should these
prove to represent an undescribed species, I have carefully measured
two specimens and recorded the data in table 18. In addition, the
following description was drawn up.
Dorsal rays VIII, 11 (in one) and IX, 10 (in three); pectoral rays
IV, 12 in two counts, V, 11 in three, V, 12 in one; gill rakers on lower
part of first gill arch 14 or 15 in all four specimens.
Greatest depth of body 2.5 or 2.6, head 2.7 or 2.8 in standard length;
snout 3.2 to 3.5, eye 3.6 to 3.8, and postorbital length of head 2.3
or 2.4, all in length of head; maxillary reaches not quite to below
anterior margin of pupil; area above premaxillary groove naked;
preorbital edge smooth or slightly rough; rear margin of preopercle
serrate; gill rakers strong and short; second dorsal spine long, reaching
past third dorsal spine and longer than head, contained 2.5 or 2.6 in
standard length and equal to or a little longer than greatest depth of
body; second anal spine long and strong, a trifle shorter than head,
about three times in standard length; distal margins of dorsal and of
anal fins concave; pectoral fins long, pointed, the first or second
branched rays longest and reaching to opposite origin of anal fin;
second dorsal spine when depressed reaches to opposite bases of
seventh or eighth soft dorsal rays; second anal spine when depressed
reaches to caudal fin base or nearly to it; profile of head barely concave
over orbits; first soft pelvic ray with a filament, the pelvic spine shorter
but reaching a little past anus; third row of scales below lateral line
continuous to caudal, rarely the second row; greatest depth of body
at origin of dorsal fin.
Color.—Each row of scales has a darkly pigmented area giving the
appearance of streaks of small spots along each row of scales along
upper sides; distal margin of dorsal fin blackish, and rest of fin dusky,
except the basal sheath of scales, which are white; caudal fin dusky;
anal dusky forward; pectorals pale; snout dusky and dorsal tip of
150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
upper lip dusky, rest of upper and lower lips white; these young
specimens have 4 to 7, usually about 5, narrow vertical dusky bars on
sides.
In addition, I refer to this species a small specimen, 17 mm. in
standard length, collected April 6, 1938, by Dr. F. F. Bond in a
coastal lagoon 15 km. north of Maracaibo.
Family SCIAENIDAE: Croakers; Corvinas
During my study of this family I carefully dissected the skin and
scales from the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head for the purpose
of determining which genera have “cavernous skulls” and found that
all of the genera listed herein have the narrow bony bridges and sunken
spaces, otherwise called cavernous skulls. In those genera and
species with broad interorbital spaces similar to Stellifer and with
thinner skin or scales the caverns are more easily felt by touch than
in certain other genera such as Equetus.
The counting of the number of scale rows above the lateral line is
subject to error since certain rows run together as they approach the
lateral line. To avoid this error and keep my counts consistent, I
counted the rows directly above the lateral line.
KEY TO THE SCIAENIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Tip of chin with a short stubby barbel, or each side of lower jaw anteriorly
with a row of minute barbels; width of preorbital wider than eye diameter;
scales along lateral line not enlarged; lower jaw included, teeth in villiform
band; teeth in upper jaw in a villiform band, outer row a little enlarged.
2a. Tip of chin with a short, stout, blunt barbel; gill rakers on first arch very
short or almost rudimentary.
3a. Anal with one weak or nonpungent spine; preopercular edge not serrate
but its edge rather firm; first soft ray of pelvic fin not ending in a
filamentous tip; dorsal rays X-I,23 to 25; anal rays I,7; pectoral rays
22 or 23; scale rows 74 to 82.
Menticirrhus martinicensis Cuvier and Valenciennes
3b. The two anal spines pungent; preopercular edge finely serrate; tip of
first soft pelvic ray more or less ending in a short filament.
4a. Vertical scale rows above lateral line 57 and 58 (in two counts);
dorsal rays X—I,26 to 28; barbel blunt.
Umbrina coroides Cuvier and Valenciennes
4b. Vertical scale rows 48; dorsal rays X—I, 22; barbel tapering to a point.
Umbrina gracilicirrhus Metzelaar
2b, Each side of middle of lower jaw anteriorly with a short row of fine barbels;
gill rakers of moderate length, well developed on first arch; two pungent
anal spines; first soft pelvic ray with a short filamentous tip; dorsal rays
X-I,26 or 27; anal rays II,8; pectoral rays 18 or 19; gill rakers 7 or 8 +
13 to 15; scale rows about 68 to 70-.Micropogon furnieri (Desmarest)
1b. No barbels at tip of chin or on lower jaw.
5a. Scales along the lateral line enlarged, partly overlapped by adjoining
smaller scales; mouth terminal, sometimes oblique in position; two
pungent anal spines; scale rows below lateral line slanting obliquely
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 151
upward to lateral line, not parallel with it on caudal peduncle; lower jaw
nearly equal to upper, with two irregular rows of teeth, inner row enlarged
some more or less caninelike; upper jaw with a narrow villiform band of
teeth, with outer row enlarged, more or less small canines; gill rakers
moderately long; maxillary reaching well under or past eye; preorbital
usually wider than eye2=-—=-- cu lea rune toe ost 2 Plagioscion Gill
5b. Scales along the lateral line of about same size as adjoining scales.
6a. Preopercular edge with one or more projecting sharp spines; 2 pungent
anal spines.
7a. Anal rays II,8; teeth in upper jaw in a villiform band with outer row
a little enlarged.
8a. Lower jaw included, with the villiform teeth in a wide band, none of
which is enlarged; mouth inferior, scarcely oblique; gill rakers
short to moderately long, 9 or 10 + 1 + 16 to 18; first soft ray of
pelvic fins ending in a short filament; dorsal rays XI,I (rarely
XII,I) 21 or 22; anal rays II,8; pectoral rays ii,16 or 11,17; scale rows
S2ito) H4Le a Ole ts ERR Re Ophioscion venezuelae Schultz
8b. Lower jaw a little included, with a narrow band of villiform teeth,
the inner row of which is a trifle enlarged; mouth nearly terminal,
oblique; gill rakers long and slender, 19 or 20 + 1 + 28 to 30; first
soft ray of pelvic fin ending in a short filament; dorsal rays XI, I,
or XII,I,21 to 24; anal rays II,8; pectoral rays about 20; scale
rows about 50 or 51. (See fig. 19).-Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan)
8c. Lower jaw oblique, equals upper jaw or nearly so, with the minute
teeth in a narrow band of 2 or 3 rows forward and in a single row
of slightly enlarged teeth posteriorly; gill rakers moderately long,
9or 10 + 1+ 15 or 16; first soft ray of pelvic fin not ending in a
filament; dorsal rays X,I,23 to 25; anal rays II,8; pectoral rays
about 17; scale rows about 55 or 56. (See fig. 19.)
Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
7b. Anal rays II,6; lower jaw included, snout projecting a little in front
of the premaxillary, the maxillary not quite reaching to under front
of eye; teeth in both jaws minute, in villiform bands, none enlarged;
preopercular edge with several short spines; gill rakers rather short,
5 or 6 + 1+ 10 or 11 on first gill arch; dorsal rays X,I,24 to 29,
usually 25 to 27; pectoral rays 16 to 18; vertical scale rows above
lateral line 81 to 87_..-------- Pachyurus schomburgkii Giinther
6b. Preopercular edge membranous, without pungent spines or with the edge
rather hard and finely serrate, but without projecting spines (except in
young about 35 mm. and shorter); preorbital usually narrower than
eye.
9a. Anal spines minute or nonpungent or flexible; upper jaw with canine
teeth; lower jaw longer than upper, entering or nearly entering
profile.
10a. Upper jaw with a pair or so of lance-shaped teeth, the tips flattened,
with cutting edges; canine teeth present in lower jaw in a single
row; first soft ray of pelvic fin not ending in a filamentous tip,
dorsal rays X,1,28; anal II,9; gill rakers 3 + 1+ 9; scale rows
120; pectoral 16 (counts made on one specimen).
Macrodon ancylodon Bloch and Schneider
10b. Upper jaw with a pair or so of round conical pointed teeth, and
other teeth enlarged, and in a narrow band; teeth of lower jaw
in a narrow band with outer and inner teeth enlarged and with
152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 99
some villiform teeth between the enlarged ones forward; gill
rakers moderately short; first soft pelvic ray without fila-
mentous tip-Cynoscion Gill (see key to species on p. 150).
9b. Two pungent anal spines.
lla. First or spiny dorsal fin with second to sixth spines short as length
of head, not filamentous.
12a. Teeth of upper jaw in a villiform band with outer row enlarged;
lower jaw with single row of teeth; lower jaw slightly longer
than upper but not entering profile; first soft ray of pelvic
fin without filamentous tip; dorsal rays X~I,23 to 25; anal
rays IJ,9; gill rakers 8 or 9 + 1+ 17 or 18; scale rows about
50 £0 S2... eee tiie pelt oe Corvula sanctae-luciae Jordan
12b. Teeth of upper jaw very small in one row with 2 or 3 rows
posteriorly; lower jaw very oblique, tip of chin projecting, not
quite entering profile; teeth of lower jaw small in a single row;
first soft ray of pelvic fin with a short filamentous tip; body
compressed; dorsal rays X-I,27 to 31; anal rays II,6; gill
rakers about 9 or 10 + 1 + 18 to 20; scale rows about 48
AD res prota ad Larimus breviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes
11b, Second to sixth dorsal spines long, filamentous, at least 114 times
length of head and when fin is depressed reaching to middle of
base of soft dorsal fin; a broad brownish band bordered by a pale
band from base of spiny dorsal fin curves downward behind
pectoral fin thence posteriorly along midaxis of body, two other
dark bands separated by pale ones occur on head, one behind eye
and the other through front of eye; median fins pale spotted;
dorsal rays about XIII-47 to 50; anal II,7.
Equetus punctatus Bloch
Genus MENTICIRRHUS Gill
Menticirrhus Gru, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 86. (Genotype,
Perca alburnus Linnaeus= Cyprinus americanus Linnaeus.)
MENTICIRRHUS MARTINICENSIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Umbrina martinicensis CuvIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 5, p. 186, 1830 (Martinique).
U.S.N.M. No. 128252, 1 specimen, 47 mm. in standard length, from Point
Macolla, U. 8S. 8S. Niagara, April 19, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128253, 1 specimen, 46 mm., southern coast of the Gulf of
Venezuela, U. S. S. Niagara, November 15, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128254, 3 specimens, 179 to 295 mm., Estanques Bay, U.S. 8.
Niagara, December 8 and 12, 1924.
The following counts were made on the above listed specimens:
Dorsal rays X-I,23; X-I,25; X-I,24; X-I,24; X-I,23; anal rays 1,7;
LZ;1,/ 31,45 1,4; pectoral rays -s 233 22:22: 22. scales ——" (43 7o,
82; 79; usually 6 or 7 scales from lateral line to front of soft dorsal
and 11 or 12 to anal origin; gill rakers about 3 or 4 + 5 to 8 counting
rudiments; about 50 pores in the lateral line.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 153
Genus UMBRINA Cuvier
Umbrina Cuvier, Le régne animal, ed. 1, vol. 2, p. 297, 1817. (Genotype,
Sciaena cirrhosa Linnaeus.)
UMBRINA COROIDES Cuvier and Valenciennes
Umbrina coroides CuvIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 5, p. 187, 1830 (Brazil).
U.S.N.M. No. 128259, 1 specimen, 265 mm. in standard length, from Amuay
Bay, U.S. 8S. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
The following counts were made on the above listed specimen.
Dorsal rays X-I,26; anal rays II,7; vertical scale rows 57 above lateral
line, 5% from lateral line to base of first soft dorsal ray, and 10 from
lateral line to anal origin.
UMBRINA GRACILICIRRHUS Metzelaar
Umbrina gracilicirrhus MrtTzeuaar, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J.
Boeke in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, p. 72, fig. 24, 1919 (coast of
Venezuela).
Genus MICROPOGON Cuvier and Valenciennes
Micropogon CuviER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5,
p. 215, 1830. (Genotype, Micropogon lineatus Cuvier and Valenciennes=
Perca undulata Linnaeus.)
MICROPOGON FURNIERI (Desmarest)
Umbrina furnieri DEsMAREST, Premiére décade ichthylogique—Cuba, p. 22, pl.
2, fig. 3, 1823 (Havana) (ref. copied).—MerrzmeLaar, Report on the fishes
collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, p. 71, 1919
(Carupana, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121748, 2 specimens, 108 and 114 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121747, 1 specimen, mouth of Cafio de Sagua, 25 km. north of
Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
The following collections were made by the U. S. S. Niagara:
U.S.N.M. No. 128247, 1 specimen, 310 mm. in standard length, Piedras Bay,
Gulf of Venezuela, March 14, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128246, 1 specimen, 213 mm., Gulf of Venezuela, 1924-25.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays X-I, 26 in 4 speci-
mens and X~I, 27 in one; anal rays II, 8 in 5 specimens; pectoral rays
19; 18; 18; gill rakers on first gill arch 7+14; 8+15;8+13; and 7+13;
vertical scale rows above lateral line 68 and 70; 7 or 8 scales from
lateral line to base of soft first dorsal ray and 7 to 9 from lateral line to
anal origin.
Genus PLAGIOSCION Gill
Plagioscion Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 82. (Genotype,
Sciaena squamosissima Heckel.)
Since I have no specimens from Venezuela I hesitate to make a
key. Steindachner (1917b) reviews eight species of this genus, in-
154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
cluding those recorded below from Venezuela, and his contribution
should be consulted for the identification of specimens.
PLAGIOSCION SQUAMOSISSIMUS (Heckel)
Corvina O CORVINATA
Sciaena squamosissimus HucKxet, Ann. Wein. Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 438, pl. 30,
figs. 26-28 (scales), 1840 (Rio Negro; Rio Branco).
Plagioscion squamosissimus STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 41,
p. 151, 1879 (Rio Negro; Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela); Sitzb. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, vol. 126, p. 663, pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1917 (Rfo Negro; Ciudad
Bolivar on Rio Orinoco).
Sciaena amazonica Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 469 (Calabozo,
Venezuela).—Sacus, Aus den Llanos, 1879, p. 226 (Calabozo).—ReraGan,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, pt. 1, p. 190 (Rio Negro).—R6ut, Fauna
descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 407, 1942 (Orinoco).
PLAGIOSCION AURATUM (Castelnau)
Johnius auratus CasTELNAU, Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueilles dans les
parties centrales de l’Amérique de Sud, vol. 2, pt. 7. Poissons, p. 12, pl. 4,
fig. 2, 1855 (Ucayala).
Plagioscion auratum EIGENMANN AND ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p.
387, 1942 (Apure River).
Genus OPHIOSCION Gill
Ophioscion GiLu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 165. (Genotype,
Ophioscion typicus Gill, U. S. N. M. No. 22861, west coast of Panama.)
OPHIOSCION VENEZUELAE Schultz
Figure 18
Ophioscion venezuelae Scuuttz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 96, p. 131, fig. 7, 1945
(Cafio de Sagua, 25 km. north of Sinamaica, Venezuela).
The following types were collected by Leonard P. Schultz in Vene-
zuela during 1942: Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 121749, and 6 paratypes,
U.S.N.M. No. 121750, all from south of Cafio de Sagua about 25 km.
north of Sinamaica, May 12.
Description.—Certain measurements were made, and these data,
recorded below, are expressed in hundredths of the standard length,
first for the holotype and then for three paratypes in parentheses,
respectively. Standard lengths in millimeters, 139.5 (68.8; 150; 139).
Length of head 28.6 (30.5; 32.4; 30.2); greatest depth of body 30.1
(27.0; 31.2; 30.9); diameter of eye 6.24 (7.12; 5.93; 6.11); length of
snout 8.74 (8.14; 9.34; 8.63); distance from tip of snout to rear edge of
maxillaries 13.1 (12.6; 13.0; 13.2); least width of preorbital 3.65 (3.63;
4.13; 39.5); postorbital length of head 18.0 (15.8; 17.9; 18.5); width of
bony interorbital space 9.68 (9.16; 9.66; 10.3); length of caudal pe-
duncle 25.1 (25.1; 24.3; 25.4); least depth of caudal peduncle 10.7
(9.88; 10.9; 10.9); length of base of second dorsal fin 32.6 (32.5; 32.1;
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 155
32.4); length of base of anal fin 11.0 (11.6; 11.7; 11.2); length of
longest dorsal spine 18.6 (21.1; 18.5; 19.8); length of longest soft dorsal
ray— (13.1; —; 13.2); longest soft anal ray 16.1 (17.0; —; 14.7);
length of second anal spine 16.3 (17.4; —; 15.8); longest pectoral fin
ray 25.2 (23.1; 22.7; 25.2); longest soft pelvic ray 13.0 (18.6; 12.3;
13.9); length of pelvic spine 9.32 (11.5; 8.34; 8.85); longest or middle
a)
4 LL et ,
RNY
Wee
WSs Sea
WSS
ae
uN
e .
Ss
Ficure 18.—Ophioscion venezuelae Schultz: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121749), 139.5 mms
in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl.
caudal fin rays 25.9 (26.9; 22.7; 25.5); distance from tip of snout to
dorsal origin 37.1 (35.9; 38.5; 37.7); snout to anal origin 67.2 (65.4;
65.1; 66.2); snout to pectoral insertion 32.6 (31.1; 32.2; 31.6); snout
to pelvic insertion 32.6 (30.5; 30.6; 30.9); length of longest gill rakers
on first gill arch 1.58 (2.76; 1.66; 3.22).
The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays XI-I, 21
(XI-I,22; XII-I,21; XI-I,21; XI-I,21; XI-I,21; XI-I,22); anal rays
on all types II,8; pectoral rays ii, 17—i, 17 (ii, 16; ii,17—11,17 ; 1i,17-1i,17;
11,16); pelvics always I,5; number of vertical scale rows above lateral
line 52 (53; 52; 54); scales from dorsal origin to lateral line 6 (—; 6;
6) and from base of first soft dorsal ray to lateral line 6 (—; 6; 6);
scales from lateral line to anal origin 8 (—; 8; 8); scales in a zigzag
row around the caudal peduncle 19 (—; 19; 19); number of gill rakers
on first gill arch 9+1+16 (—; 10+1+18; 10+1+18; 9+1-+16;
10+1+16).
Head depressed forward but rounded dorsally, the interorbital space
convex, broad, about equal to the snout; body compressed; anterior
profile nearly straight but the dorsal contour curved, the ventral
contour but slightly curved backward to anus; back highest at base of
spiny dorsal fin; eye about 2% in postorbital length of head, 1.8 in
interorbital space; posterior nasal opening rounded, slightly larger
than the anterior one; tip of lower jaw without barbels; anal origin
156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
equidistant between pelvic insertion and midcaudal fin base; pelvic
fins reaching halfway to anus, the first soft ray ending in a short
filament; preopercle with eight or nine short spines, the lowest one
strongest but not hooked downward; caudal peduncle least depth
2} in its length; tips of pectoral fins reaching a trifle past anus; teeth in
jaws in bands, the outer row of upper jaw a little enlarged ; pseudobran-
chiae well developed; gill rakers short, not quite so long as pupil
diameter; scales strongly ctenoid; lateral line curved over pectoral fin,
then running a straight course on caudal peduncle along its midaxis;
fourth scale row below lateral line, anteriorly, the first one extending
to base of caudal fin; first dorsal spine rudimentary, second 2.5 in
third, the latter nearly as long as the fourth; second and eighth to
eleventh and the next spine heavier than the third to seventh spines
of dorsal fin; fourth or longest dorsal spine about equal to postorbital
length of head; distal margin of spiny dorsal fin truncate or a very
little concave, that of soft dorsal probably a trifle rounded (the tips
of the soft rays are lacking and this cannot be determined accurately) ;
middle rays of caudal fin longest, edges of lobes more or less truncate
to rounded (double truncate); distal margins of anal and pelvic fins a
little rounded; pectoral fins somewhat pointed, the fourth branched
ray from above longest.
Color.—In alcohol the upper sides and back are grayish brown,
white below; dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins dusky, more intensely
pigmented distally; soft dorsal and caudal fins dusky; pectoral fin
darker than other fins except tip of spiny dorsal; lower jaw and upper
lip white; peritoneum white. In the smaller paratypes the dusky
upper sides are broken up with several pale blotches, which appear to
have a small cyst at their centers.
Genus STELLIFER Oken
Stellifer Oxun, Isis, 1817, p. 1182. (Genotype, Bodianus stellifer Bloch.) (Ref.
copied.)
STELLIFER RASTRIFER (Jordan)
Stelliferus rastrifer JorpDAN, in Jordan and Eigenmann, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm.
for 1886, vol. 14, pp. 391, 393, 1889 (coast of Brazil).
U.S. N. M. No. 128257, 3 specimens, 16.5 to 72.5 mm., Jacuque Point, U.S.S.
Niagara, January 26, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128258, 8 specimens, 38 to 123 mm., Point Macolla, U. 8.8.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays XI-I, 22 in 4 specimens,
XI-I, 23 in one, XI-I, 24 in two, XII-I, 21 in two, XII-I, 22 in one;
anal rays II, 8 in 8 specimens; gill rakers on first gill arch were 19 + 1
+ 28 and 20 + 1 + 30, and in two other counts on lower part of
first gill arch there were 28 and 30 gill rakers; pectoral fin rays in
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 157
one specimen counted numbered 20, and the vertical scale rows above
lateral line numbered 51 in two specimens with 6 scales from base of
first soft dorsal ray to lateral line and 8 from the lateral line to the
anal origin.
Genus BAIRDIELLA Gill
Bairdiella Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 33. (Genotype,
Bodianus argyroleucus Mitchill=Dipterodon chrysurus Lacepéde.) (Ref.
copied.)
BAIRDIELLA RONCHUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Corvina ronchus CUvIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 5, p. 107, 1830 (Surinam; San Domingo; [?] Maracaibo).
Bairdiella ronchus EIGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 72, 1912 (Mara-
caibo).
U.S.N.M. No. 121746, 4 specimens, 61.5 to 102 mm., from mouth of Cafio de
Sagua, 25 km. north of Sinamica, March 12, 1942.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays X—I, 23 in one speci-
men, X—I, 24 in two, and X-I, 25 in one; anal rays II, 8 in 4 specimens;
pectoral rays 17 in one count; gill rakers on first gill arch 10 + 1 + 16
in one, 9 + 1+ 15 in three specimens; scale rows in one count 55.
Ficure 19.—Diagrammatic sketches of the tip of the snout and of the anterior part of the
underside of the lower jaw of three species of sciaenid fishes: a, Snout tip of Bairdiella
chrysura (Lacepéde); b, lower jaw of B. chrysura; c, snout tip of Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan);
d, lower jaw of S. rastrifer; e, snout tip of Ophioscion typicus Gill (type U.S.N.M. No.
22861); f, lower jaw of O. typicus. Sketches by author.
Genus PACHYURUS Agassiz
Pachyurus Acassiz, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species piscium Brasi-
liam, p. 128, 1831. (Genotype, Pachyurus squamipinnis Agassiz.)
PACHYURUS SCHOMBURGKEII Giinther
Pachyurus schomburgkii GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum
vol. 2, p. 282, 1860 (Rfo Capim, Pard; Caripe, Parad, Brazil).
158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Dr. F. F. Bond collected 45 specimens 17 to 57 mm. in standard
fength in the Rio Apure at San Fernando de Apure on February 16,
1938. These small specimens warrant a brief description because
this and allied species are not well known and are rather scarce in
museum collections. In fact, for several reasons, among them the
small size and coloration of the specimens, I am not even sure these
specimens are P. schomburgkit.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays X, I, 24 in one, X, I, 25
in three, X, I, 26 and X, I, 27 in four each, one count each of X, I, 28
and X,J, 29. Analrays II,6in 14 counts. Pectoral rays ii, 16 in two;
ii, 17 in five; and ui, 18 in three counts. Gill rakers on first gill arch
5 + 1+ 10 in three counts, 5 + 1 + 11 in two, 6 + 1 + 10 in six,
and 6 + 1-+ 11 in three counts. Number of vertical scale rows from
upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 81 in one count,
82 in two, 83 in two, 84 in one, 85 in six, 86 in one, and 87 in one count.
There were 8 scales from the base of the first soft dorsal ray to lateral
line in 14 counts and from the anal origin to lateral line 9 scales in
four and 10 in eight counts.
The coloration is somewhat uniform. A series of about five to
seven vertically elongate brown spots occur along the middle of the
sides; on the smallest specimens only occur four brown blotches on
the back along base of dorsal fin, the first in front of spiny dorsal,
second along rear of base of spiny dorsal, and two along base of soft
dorsal; opercle of all specimens with a brownish blotch; tips of dorsal
spines blackish; soft dorsal with a row of small dark spots extending
along its middle on the membranes; caudal fin dusky.
Genus MACRODON Schinz
Macrodon Scu1nz, Das Thierreich, vol. 2, p. 482, 1822. (Genotype, Lonchurus
ancylodon Bloch and Schneider.) (Substitute name for Ancylodon, pre-
occupied.) (Ref. copied.)
MACRODON ANCYLODON (Bloch and Schneider)
Lonchurus ancylodon Buocu and ScHNnEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 102, pl. 25,
1801 (Surinam).
U.S.N.M. No. 128251, 1 specimen, 270 mm. in standard length, Gulf of Vene-
zuela, depth 35 feet, U. S. 8S. Niagara, December 1, 1924.
This specimen has X~I,28 dorsal rays and II,9 anal rays. The gill
rakers on the first gill arch number 3+1+9 and are about one-third
the diameter of the eye. The vertical scale rows above the lateral
line number 120, and there are about 13 scales from base of first soft
dorsal ray to lateral line and about 15 from anal origin to lateral line.
The pectoral fin has about 16 rays. The pectoral fins extend con-
siderable distance past tips of pelvics. The soft dorsal fin is not
heavily scaled except its basal two-thirds but caudal and anal fins
are thickened with scales over two-thirds the way out.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—-SCHULTZ 159
Genus CYNOSCION Gill
Cynoscion Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 81. (Genotype,
Otolithus toeroe Cuvier and Valenciennes=Cheilodipterus acoupa Lacepéde.)
Undoubtedly additional species of Cynoscion will be reported from
Venezuela, such as jamaicensis from the West Indies and acoupa from
British Guiana.
The following key, constructed mostly from the literature, should
serve to distinguish those species expected to occur in Venezuelan
waters:
la. Soft dorsal rays 23 to 30.
2a. Soft dorsal rays 29 or 30; anal rays usually II,8; scales cycloid, with about
120 to 130 vertical rows above lateral line; about 6 gill rakers on lower
part of first gill arch; head 3.5 to 3.66; depth 4.8 to 5.2.
Cynoscion virescens *! (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
2b. Soft dorsal rays 23 to 25; anal II,9; scales ctenoid, in about 68 to 79 vertical
rows above lateral line; about 4+7 on first gill arch; head 3.2 to 3.4;
depth 3.5 to 3.8_____-_ Cynoscion jamaicensis *! (Vaillant and Bocourt)
1b. Soft dorsal rays 18 to 22.
3a. Scales cycloid in about 100 to 120 rows above lateral line; soft dorsal rays 20
to 22, anal II,10 or 11; gill rakers about 2+-1-++6 or 7 on lower part of first
gill arch; head 3 to 3.4; depth 3.6 to 4.2.
Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
3b. Scales ctenoid, in from 65 to 90 rows above lateral line; dorsal soft rays 18 to
21; gill rakers on first gill arch 3 to 5+8 to 10; anal rays II,8 to 10.
4a. Soft dorsal rays 20 to 21; anal rays II,8 to 10; scales with pores number 57
to 64; head 3.8 to 4; depth 4; soft dorsal and anal heavily scaled;
highest dorsal spine 1.8 in head; pectorals extending about two-thirds
the way out the pelvics; axil of pectoral dark.
Cynoscion steindachneri 2! (Jordan and Eigenmann)
4b. Soft dorsal rays 19 to 21; anal rays II,8 or 9; scales with pores number 55
to 65; soft dorsal and anal with basal two-thirds scaled only; pectorals
not quite reaching tips of pelvics; head 3.4 to 3.8; depth 3.8 to 4; axil
Of pectoral pales 2 2 ee Cynoscion acoupa ”! (Lacepéde)
4c. Soft dorsal rays 18 or 19, usually 18; anal rays II,8; scales with pores 54 to
59; soft dorsal and anal with scales on basal one-third only; head about
3.25; depth 4.25; axil of pectoral dark.
Cynoscion maracaiboensis, new species
CYNOSCION LEIARCHUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
CoRVINA
Otolithus leiarchus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 5, p. 78, 1830 (Brazil; Cayenne).
U.S.N.M. No. 128255, 1 specimen 395 mm, in standard length, Amuay Bay,
U. S. S. Niagara, May 15, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 128256, 1 specimen 395 mm., Estanques Bay, U.S. S. Niagara,
December 8, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 123198, 3 specimens, 23 to 26 mm., south coast of Venezuela,
U. S. S. Niagara; these are identified with doubt as this species. They have
IJ,11 anal rays and X-I, 21 to 23 dorsal rays.
21 Not yet reported from Venezuela,
160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
CYNOSCION MARACAIBOENSIS, new species
CoRVINA DE LAGO
FicurE 20
Otolithus toe-roe (in part) Cuvirr and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 5, p. 72, 74, 1830 (Lago de Maracaibo).
Otolithus cayennensis (in part) GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British
Museum, vol. 2, p. 309, 1860 (Lago Maracaibo).
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121742, 255 mm. in standard length, col-
lected in the Rio Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above Lago de Maracaibo,
Venezuela, by Leonard P. Schultz, May 1, 1942.
Paratypes.—(All paratypes collected by Leonard P. Schultz in 1942).
U.S.N.M. No. 121743, a specimen, 226 mm., bearing same data as
the holotype.
U.S.N.M. No. 121745, 1 specimen, 266 mm., from Rio de Los
P&jaros, 3 km. above Lago de Maracaibo, April 30.
U.S.N.M. No. 121744, 2 specimens, 239 and 261 mm., Lago de Mara-
caibo, 2 km. off Lagunillas, March 15.
Description.—Measurements were made on the types and these,
expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded first for
the holotype, then for the four paratypes in parentheses, respectively.
Standard lengths in millimeters 255 (266; 226; 261; 239).
Length of head 31.0 (29.3; 30.3; 28.7; 29.0); greatest depth of body
23.1 (21.8; 22.6; 22.8; 24.3); diameter of eye 5.49 (5.26; 5.75; 5.25;
5.44); length of snout 6.88 (7.14; 7.26; 6.97; 6.90); tip of snout to rear
of maxillary 13.3 (13.3; 13.5; 13.0; 12.8); least width of preorbital
2.20 (1.88; 2.21; 2.04; 1.88); postorbital length of head 19.3 (18.6; 18.1;
17.4; 17.4); least width of bony interorbital space 5.53 (5.64; 5.75;
5.60; 5.15); length of caudal peduncle or distance from base of last
anal ray to midcaudal fin base 21.2 (22.1; 20.8; 21.3; 20.9); least depth
of caudal peduncle 7.26 (7.70; 7.78; 7.51; 7.95) ; length of base of second
dorsal fin 31.8 (33.1; 33.4; 34.1; 33.1); length of base of anal fin 9.10
(9.58; 10.2; 9.20; 9.79); length of longest spine of dorsal fin 15.7 (14.1;
16.0; 14.3; —); longest soft ray of dorsal 13.5 (13.7; 14.1; —; —);
longest soft ray of anal 14.9 (13.7; 14.7; 14.7; 14.2); length of second
anal spine 6.47 (6.20; 6.33; 6.13; 6.07); longest ray of pectoral fin
17.1 (16.2; 17.7; 17.5; 16.9); longest soft ray of pelvic fin 17.9 (17.1;
17.0; 16.5; 17.3); length of pelvic spine 10.2 (10.7; 11.5; 10.4; 9.50);
length of longest or middle rays of caudal fin 22.6 (21.8; 23.2; 23.0;
23.2); tip of snout to dorsal origin 35.3 (35.3; 35.2; 33.5; 34.7); snout
to anal origin 69.8 (72.6; 72.6; 69.7; 72.4); snout to pectoral insertion
28.9 (28.6; 29.4; 27.4; 27.5); snout to pelvic insertion 30.6 (32.3; 31.9;
31.6; 31.6); length of longest gill raker 4.00 (3.57; 3.10; 4.22; 4.40).
The following counts were made respectively: Dorsal fin rays X—I,19
(X-I,18; X-I,18; X-I,18); anal rays II,8 (II,8; II,8; II,8; II,8);
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 161
pectoral rays 1i,14-11,15 (i1,15; 11,15-11,15; 11,15; 11,15); pelvic rays
always 1,5; number of gill rakers on first gill arch 5+1+9 (4+1+9;
3+1+8;5+1+9;4+1+9) the rudiments without elevations on upper
anterior part of gill arch not counted usually number 2 or 3; vertical
scale rows above lateral line 85 (79; 83; 81; 84); pores in lateral line 59
(60; 54; 57; 56); scales in a vertical row from lateral line to origin of
spiny dorsal fin 9 (10; 10; 10; 10); to origin of second dorsal 9 (8; 9;
9; 9); and to anal origin 8 (8; 8; 8; 8); number of scales in a zigzag
row around caudal peduncle 22 (23; 22; 22; 23).
ae
Ficure 20.—Cynoscion maracatboensis, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121742), 255
mm. in standard length. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl,
Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the head about 3.25, depth
about 4.25, in standard length; anterior profile rounded, the greatest
depth at origin of dorsal; snout a little longer than interorbital space;
eye nearly equal to interorbital space, the latter 5% in head; rear
edge of maxillary under rear margin of eye; two pairs of canines at
midfront of premaxillary, these teeth hooked backward, the posterior
pair largest; both upper and lower jaws with a band of villiform teeth,
along the outer margin of which are widely spaced short canine teeth;
preopercle without spines, with a membranous edge; opercle ending
in a wide membranous edge, the portion between the flat spinelike
angles at upper posterior end covered with minute scales; scales on
head smooth but those on body ctenoid; scales above lateral line
anteriorly much smaller than those between soft dorsal fin and
lateral line; scales below lateral line anteriorly much larger than the
scales above lateral line; pectoral fins not quite reaching opposite
tips of pelvic fins; posterior margin of spiny dorsal fin nearly straight,
the fourth spine projecting past the third when fin is distended;
distal margin of soft dorsal nearly straight, the anterior rays longest,
8022074911
162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
gradually becoming a little shorter posteriorly; middle rays of caudal
fin longest; distal margin of anal fin nearly straight, or slightly
rounded; distal margins of paired fins rounded; origin of second dorsal
fin equidistant between midcaudal fin base and front of eye; anus equi-
distant between pelvic insertion and midcaudal fin base; base of anal
fin 3.5 times in base of second dorsal fin; pelvic fins reach one-half the
way to the anus; least depth of caudal peduncle about 3 times in its
length.
Coloration.—Silvery on sides, white below, dusky above; back
along base of spiny and soft dorsal brownish; base of each lobe of
caudal fin with some brownish pigment; spiny dorsal fin dusky brown
and soft dorsal and anal fins pale dusky; a brownish spot at upper
edges of pectoral fin base; pelvics pale; pectoral fin with a little
brownish pigment; upper edges of maxillary and premaxillaries brown-
ish; peritoneum white.
Remarks.—This new species of Cynoscion is abundant in Lago de
Maracaibo, where large numbers are caught on hook and line and by
jigging. It is usually in the market at Maracaibo.
Cynoscion maracaiboensis, with its ctenoid scales, with scales only
on the basal parts of soft dorsal and of soft anal fins, and with but
18 or 19 soft rays in the dorsal fin, is readily distinguished from all
other species of Cynoscion in American Atlantic waters except C.
acoupa. OC. steindachnerit, C. nothus, C. regalis, C. arenarius, and
C. gamaicensis all have 20 or more soft dorsal rays. C. striatus has
about 19 or 20 soft dorsal rays, 8 or 9 soft anal rays, and very large
scales, about 52 to 56 pores and 62 to 66 vertical scale rows above the
lateral line, whereas C. maracaiboensis has 54 to 59 pores and 79 to
85 scale rows respectively. The number of gill rakers on a specimen
of C. striatus numbered 6+1+16, including all rudiments that
showed any development.
Cynoscion maracaiboensis is most closely related to C. acoupa
(Lacepéde) but differs from it by having 18 or 19 soft dorsal rays, 79
to 85 vertical scale rows above the lateral line, and 54 to 59 pores in
lateral line instead of about 85 scale rows above, 19 to 21 soft dorsal
rays, and about 55 to 66 pores in the lateral line, according to Ribeiro
(Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. 17, p. 36, 1915) and Eigenmann
or Genus CORVULA Jordan and Eigenmann
Corvula JORDAN AND EIGENMANN, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1886, vol. 14, p. 377,
1889. (Genotype, Johnius batabanus Poey.)
CORVULA SANCTAE-LUCIAE Jordan
Corvula sanctae-luciae JorDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, p. 649, 1890.
U.S.N.M. No. 128248, 2 specimens, 54 and 56 mm. in standard length, from
Jacuque Point, U. S. 8. Niagara, January 26, 1925.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 163
U.S.N.M. No. 128261, 1 specimen, 178 mm., from Estanques Bay, U. S. 8.
Niagara, December 8, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 128249, 1 specimen, 131 mm., from Point Mazcolla, U. S. S.
Niagara, April 19, 1925.
The following counts were made on the above listed specimens:
Dorsal rays X-I, 23; X-I, 25; X-I, 23; X-I, 23. Anal rays II, 9;
II, 9; II, 9; II, 8. Number of gill rakers on first gill arch 8 + 1 + 17;
8+1+17;9+1+18;8+ 1+ 17. Vertical scale rows above
lateral line 50; 51; 52. Usually 7 scales from lateral line to base of
first soft dorsal ray and 7 scales to anal origin.
Genus LARIMUS Cuvier and Valenciennes
Larimus CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5,
p. 145, 1880. (Genotype, Larimus breviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes.)
LARIMUS BREVICEPS Cuvier and Valenciennes
Larimus breviceps CuviIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 5, p. 146, pl. 111, 1830 (San Domingo; Brazil).
U.S.N.M. No. 128250, 3 specimens, Point Macolla, U. S. 8. Niagara, April
19, 1925.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays X-I, 31; X~I, 27;
X-I, 27. Anal rays II, 6; I, 6; Il, 6. Gill rakers, long, slender,
on first arch number 9 + 1 + 20;9 + 1+ 18. Number of vertical
scale rows 49; 49; 48; 6 scales from lateral line to base of first soft
dorsal ray and 6 to anal origin.
Genus EQUETUS Rafinesque
Equetus RaFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 89, 1815 (substitute for EHques
Bloch, preoccupied). (Genotype, HE. americanus Bloch=Chaetodon lanceo-
latus Linnaeus.)
EQUETUS PUNCTATUS Bloch
Eques punctatus Buocu, in Bloch and Schneider, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 106,
1801 (Cuba).—Merrze.aar, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke
in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 73, 1919 (coast of Venezuela).
Family MULLIDAE: Salmonetes
Genus MULLUS Linnaeus
Mullus Linnarvus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 299, 1758. (Genotype, M.
barbatus Linnaeus.)
MULLUS AURATUS Jordan and Gilbert
Mullus barbatus auratus JORDAN AND GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5,
p. 280, 1882 (Pensacola, Fla.).
The following specimen was identified by Dr. S. F. Hildebrand:
U.S.N.M. No. 123177, 1 specimen, 42 mm., Estanques Bay, U. 8. 8. Niagara,
February 20, 1925.
164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Genus PSEUDUPENEUS Bleeker
Pseudupeneus BLEEKER, Vers]. Akad. Amsterdam, vol. 14, p. 134, 1862. (Geno-
type, P. prayenis Bleeker.) (Ref. copied.)
PSEUDUPENEUS MACALATUS (Bloch)
CHIVO
Mullus maculatus Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 7, p. 95,
1793 (Brazil) —Merrzrevaar, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke
in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 88, 1919 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
Family POLYCENTRIDAE
Genus POLYCENTRUS Miller and Troschel
Polycentrus MULLER AND TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch-Guiana,
vol. 3, p. 622, 1848. (Genotype, Polycentrus schomburgkii Miller and
Troschel.)
POLYCENTRUS SCHOMBURGEII Miller and Troschel
Polycentrus schomburgkii MtuuerR AND TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen in
Britisch-Guiana, vol. 3, p. 622, 1848.—Ruraan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906,
pt. 1, p. 391, pl. 25, fig. 12 (Trinidad; Venezuela; Guiana).—Fowtsr, Fish
Culturist, vol. 22, No. 9, p. 65, 1943 (Trinidad; Guiana; Venezuela).
3 specimens, 22 to 37 mm., near Caripito, William Beebe, August 10, 1942.
1 specimen, 34 mm., near Caripito, William Beebe, 1942.
Family CHAETODONTIDAE: Butterfly-fishes
Genus CHAETODON Linnaeus
Chaetodon LinNaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 272, 1758. (Genotype, Chaetodon
capistratus Linnaeus.)
CHAETODON STRIATUS Linnaeus
Chaetodon striatus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 275, 1758 (India).—
MeEtTzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West
Indies 1904-1905, p. 91, 1919 (Venezuela).
Family EPHIPPIDAE
Genus CHAETODIPTERUS Lacepéde
Chaetodipterus LacePripE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 503, 1802.
(Genotype, Chaetodipterus plumierii Lacepéde.)
CHAETODIPTERUS FABER (Broussonet)
SPADEFISH
Chaetodon faber Broussonnt, Ichthyologia sistens piscium, p. 19, pl. 6, 1782.
Ephippus faber MrtzEvaar, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in
the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 90, 1919 (Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123080, 1 specimen, 57 mm. in standard length, Cape San
Roman, U.S. 8. Niagara, April 2, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123183, 1 specimen, 15 mm., south coast of Gulf of Venezuela,
U.S. 8. Niagara, November 15, 1925.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 165
Family ACANTHURIDAE: Surgeonfishes
Genus ACANTHURUS Forskal
Acanthurus Forsx&u, Descriptiones animalium, p. 59, 1775. (Genotype, Chaeto-
todon schal ForskAl.)
ACANTHURUS HEPATUS (Linnaeus)
Teuthis hepatus LINNaBUs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, p. 507, 1766 (Carolina).
Acanthurus hepatus MrrzpLaar, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in
the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, p. 95, 1919 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
Family CICHLIDAE: Mojarros de Rio
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CICHLIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Dorsal with a notch posteriorly in spinous part of fin; gill rakers elongate,
setiform, about 5+16; lateral line continuous at least in young; preopercle
entire; jaws with a band of villiform teeth; dorsal rays about XV, 17; anal
rays III, 11 or 12; about 85 scale rows below lateral line from head to mid-
caudal base; mouth large, lower jaw projecting a little; body elongate.
Cichla Bloch and Schneider
1b. Dorsal fin without a notch; gill rakers short, stubby, not elongate.
2a. A dark brown bar from dorsal origin through eye to isthmus, another
across middle of body, and a third one from prolonged soft rays of dorsal
and anal fins across body; base of caudal with dark bar and this fin
barred; preopercular edge entire; dorsal rays XI to XIII, 23 to 30; anal
rays V to VII, 24 to 32; teeth conical, occurring along the front and sides
of the jaws; scale rows from head to midcaudal base 33 to 47; depth of
body from 1 to 1.5 in standard length; scales rough; first soft rays of
dorsal, anal, and pelvics prolonged or filamentous; jaws about equal.
Pterophyllum Heckel
2b. Body without 3 dark cross bars as described in 2a.
3a. Scales of the lateral line larger than those above or below it; preopercular
edge serrated posteriorly; body elongate; lower jaw projecting; scale
rows from upper edge of gill opening to mid-caudal fin base below
lateral line 38 to 130; dorsal rays XVI to XXV, 11 to 19; anal rays III,
AICO RID ee ene a ee ee ee ee ee Crenicichla Heckel
3b. Scales along lateral line about same size as others; preopercular edge
entire.
4a. Upper part of first gill arch with a downward-projecting lobe, the gill
rakers near its margin; upper lateral line well separated from dorsal
fin base; mouth small; premaxillary not greatly protractile; pre-
orbital width twice the eye; scales rough, large, about 25 to 39;
dorsal spines XII to XIX and anal spines III. (Not yet reported
from Venezuela but to be expected in that region.)
Geophagus Heckel
4b. No downward-projecting lobe on upper part of gill arch.
5a. Anal spines III or IV, or if IV the lateral line is one-half a scale from
dorsal fin posteriorly; soft vertical fins scaleless or with a row of
scales at base only.
6a. Rear end of maxillary well exposed under eye; premaxillaries
excessively protractile, the posterior ascending process extend-
ing to opposite rear of orbits, or past beginning of scaled area. on
top of head; gill rakers about 2+10 or 11; scales 23 or 24;
166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
dorsal rays XIII or XIV, 9 to 11; anal rays III, 8 or 9; upper
lateral line posteriorly with one-half scale between it and base
Oteoraal fia 2 2 (ese os eee SL ee Acaronia Myers
6b. Rear end of maxillary not exposed.
7a. Upper lateral line separated from dorsal fin base by one-half a
scale for part of its length posteriorly; preopercle scaled;
dorsal rays XVI or XVII, 7 or 8; anal rays III or IV, 7 or 8;
scales about 23 or 24; body somewhat elongate, compressed.
Nannacara Regan
7b. Upper lateral line one or more scale rows from dorsal fin base
even at its posterior end; preopercle naked; body compressed;
dorsal rays XIII to XVI, 7 to 12; anal III, 6 to 11.
Aequidens Eigenmann and Bray
5b. Anal spines IV to VII or if IV spines the lateral line is separated
from the dorsal fin base by more than one row of scales; preopercle
naked; teeth conical; inner ones smallest.
8a. Posterior ascending process of premaxillaries as long as head or
extending as far as opposite rear of orbits, much past beginning
of scaled area between orbits; lower jaw longest; the rear of
maxillary much exposed and projecting beyond preorbital
sheath; body compressed; dorsal rays XV or XVI (rarely XVII).
10 to 13; anal rays V to VI (rarely VII), 8 to 10; gill rakers
about 8 to 11 on lower part of first arch; pores in lateral line
about'20/0r/21--9 to Mz izbec. seer aed Petenia Giinther
8b. Premaxillary process not extending past middle of interorbital
space, and much shorter than head; dorsal rays XIV to XIX,
7 to 15; anal rays IV to XII, 6 to 14; base of soft rays of median
fins usually with a few rows of scales___._Cichlasoma Swainson
Genus CICHLA Bloch and Schneider
Cichla Buocw AND ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthologiae, p. 336, 1801. (Restricted to
Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider by Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg.,
vol. 2, p. 308, 1840. Genotype designated by Eigenmann, Mem. Carnegie
Mus., vol. 5, p. 509, 1912, as Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider.)
CICHLA OCELLARIS Bloch and Schneider
Pav6n
Cichla ocellaris BLocH AND ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 340, 1801.
Crenicichla orinocensis [Humboldt] GintuEr, Catalogue of the fishes in the
British Museum, vol. 4, p. 309, 1862 (Rio Negro; Orinoco).—E1GENMANN
AND E1cENMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, p. 70, 1891 (Orinoco).—
Roux, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 384, 1942 (Orinoco; Rio Negro).
Cichla temensis EIGENMANN AND ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p. 403,
1942 (Orinoco).
Genus PTEROPHYLLUM Heckel
Pterophyllum Hecxet, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 334, 1840. (Geno-
type, Pterophyllum scalaris Heckel= Plataz scalaris Cuvier and Valenciennes.)
KEY TO THF SPECIES OF PTEROPHYLLUM REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Scale rows 33 to 38 on side of body from head to base of caudal fin; gill rakers
12 to 14 on lower part of first arch: lateral line pores 17 to 19+9 to 11;
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 167
dorsal rays XI to XIII, 23 to 27; anal rays V to VII, 24 to 29; cheek with
4 or 5 series of scales._Pterophyllum scalaris (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
1b. Scale rows 41 to 47; gill rakers on lower part of first arch 11; lateral line pores
17 to 19+ 9 to 11; dorsal rays XII or XIII, 27 to 30; anal rays V or VI, 28
to 32; cheek with 6 or 7 series of scales_.Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin
PTEROPHYLLUM SCALARIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
ScaLARE
Plataz scalaris CuviER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol.
7; p. 204, 1831.
Pterophyllum scalaris Hecxet, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 335, 1840
(Barra do Rio Negro).—STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71,
p. 76, 1875 (Barra do Rio Negro).—Rraan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905,
pt. 1, p. 190 (Rio Negro).
Pterophyllum E1gENMANN AND ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p. 406,
1942 (Orinoco).
PTEROPHYLLUM ALTUM Pellegrin
Pierophyllum altum PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 9, p. 125, 1903
(Atabapo, Orinoco); Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 16, p. 252, 1903 (Atabapo,
Orinoco).—Rercan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. 16, p. 442, 1905 (Rio
Orinoco).—Aut, Zool. Anz., vol. 76, p. 255, 1938 (Orinoco).
Genus CRENICICHLA Heckel
Crenicichla HecxEL, Ann. Wien. Mus., vol. 2, p. 416, 1840. (Genotype, Creni-
cichla vittata Heckel designated in Jordan’s Genera of fishes, vol. 2, p. 207,
1919.)
The species of Crenicichla centering around macrophthalma Heckel
in the Rio Negro and Orinoco systems are not clearly defined and
need revision. Probably macrophthalma should be broken into sub-
species and C. lacustris (Castelnau) included with this group.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRENICICHLA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
1a. Nostril nearer to tip of snout than eye; scales smooth, not rough or ctenoid,
about 97 to 107 rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin
below lateral line; maxillary reaching to under anterior margin of eye;
lateral-line pores 26 or 27 + 13 or 14; 10 or 11 scales from base of last
dorsal spine to lateral line and 6 or 7 scales between lateral lines; dorsal
rays XXI to XXIV, 16 or 17; anal rays III, 11 or 12; caudal spot absent;
10 to 12 dark cross bars dorsally, but absent on adults.
Crenicichla johanna Heckel
1b. Nostril nearer eye than snout tip or equidistant between snout tip and eye;
scales rough or ctenoid at least on side of body.
2a. Maxillary reaching to under the eye, at least considerably beyond the
anterior margin of eye.
3a. Dorsal rays XVII to XX, 13 to 16; ocellated black caudal spot present.
4a. Humeral spot present on lateral line, not below it, except absent on
young; a dark band from snout passes through eye to midbase of
caudal fin; each side of tip of chin blackish, interspace pale; dorsal
rays XVIII or XIX, 13 to 15; anal rays III, 9 or 10; scale rows from
upper edge of gill opening to caudal base below lateral line 58 to 69;
168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
pores in lateral line about 23 or 24 + 11; about 4 scales from base
of last dorsal spine to lateral line and 2 scales between lateral lines.
Crenicichla alta Eigenmann
4b. Humeral spot below lateral line; a dark band from snout passing
through eye ending in humeral spot; sides of body dorsally some-
times with dark bars; chin darkish, middle not pale; dorsal rays
XVII to XX, 13 to 16; anal III, 8 to 10; scale rows about 50 to 60;
pores in lateral line 22 to 26 + 9 to 12; 3 or 4 scales from base of
last dorsal spine to lateral line and 2 or 3 scales between lateral lines.
Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus)
3b. No humeral spot; dorsal rays XXII, 11; anal III, 8; scale rows about 57;
pores in lateral line 24 + 10; scales between lateral line and last
dorsal spine 4, and between lateral lines 2; a dark stripe from eye to
operculum and sometimes dark blotches along middle of sides.
Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin
2b. Maxillary reaching only to a vertical line through front of eye or not to
front of eye.
5a. Maxillary not extending to a vertical line through front margin of eye;
scale rows about 57; lateral line pores about 21 + 10; dorsal rays
usually XX or XXI, 9 to 11; anal rays III, 7 to 9; scales from base of
last dorsal spine to lateral line 2 and 3 between lateral lines; no humeral
spot; a dark streak from snout past eye to caudal fading on caudal in
adults; young with 7 or 8 dark cross bars on back.
Crenicichla wallacii Regan
5b. Maxillary reaching to a vertical line through front margin of eye.
6a. Seale rows from upper edge of opercular opening to midcaudal fin base
62 to 70; pores in lateral line 23 to 25 + 11 to 13; 4 scales between
base of last dorsal spine and lateral line, and 2 or 3 scales between
lateral lines; dorsal rays XX to XXII,10 to 13; anal rays III,7 to 9;
a dark stripe through eye to operculum; in young about 7 double
cross bars; no distinct humeral spot; ocellated caudal spot at least
LITHY OUTIL Be aan eet ee DON Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel
6b. Scale rows 106 to 1138; pores in lateral line 25 to 27 + 14 or 15; 10 or
11 scales from last dorsal spine to lateral line and 4 to 6 scales between
lateral lines; black spot at base of middle caudal rays; young with
lines of: blaickidots#2284 25 5_4a ue Sa Crenicichla lugubris Heckel
CRENICICHLA JOHANNA Heckel
Crenicichla johanna Hecker, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg., vol. 2., p. 425, 1840 (Rfo
Guaporé).—Reean, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, pt. 1, p. 168 (Vene-
zuela).—IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 7, p. 307, 1907 (Venezuela).—
EIGENMANN and ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p. 406, 1942
(Venezuela).
CRENICICHLA ALTA Eigenmann
Crenicichla alta EIGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 51€, pl. 68, fig. 3, 1912
(Gluck Island and other localities in British Guiana).
One specimen, 51 mm., from near Caripito, William Beebe.
The above specimen lacks the humeral spot, but the black lateral
band is prominent; ocellated black caudal spot at base of caudal fin
rays above end of lateral line. The following counts were made:
Dorsal rays XVIII,15; anal III,9; scale rows 58, pores in lateral line
24 + 11.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 169
CRENICICHLA SAXATILIS (Linnaeus)
Sparus sazatilis Linnanus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 278, 1758 (Surinam)
(ref. copied).
Crenicichla sazatilis ReaaNn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pt. 1, p. 391 (Rio
Grande do Sul to Venezuela; Trinidad).
Two specimens, 91 and 112 mm., Caripito, William Beebe, May 7, 1942.
CRENICICHLA GEAYI Pellegrin
MatToGuaro
Crenicichla geayi Petiurcrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 9, p. 123, 1903
(Venezuela); Mem. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 16, p. 375, 1903 (Venezuela).—
Reaan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, pt. 1, p. 161 (near Bogoté; Rio
Orinoco).—E1gENMANN, Indiana Univ. Stud., vol. 7, No. 44, p. 18, 1920
(Concejo, Rfo Tiquirito; Isla del Buro; Maracay, Rio Bue; Rio Castafio—
all Venezuela).—PEARSE, Univ. Wisconsin Studies, No. 1, pp. 20, 43, 1920
(Isla del Buro and Rio Castafio, Lake Valencia, Venezuela).—R6ut, Fauna
descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 384, 1942 (Venezuela).
The records for this species for the upper Orinoco system should
be rechecked to determine if they have been confused with macroph-
thalma.
CRENICICHLA WALLACI Regan
Crenicichla wallacii ReGcaN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, pt. 1, p. 168, pl. 14,
fig. 2 (Rfo Essequibo; Rio Negro).
CRENICICHIA MACROPHTHALMA Heckel
Crenicichla macrophthalma Hecxet, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 427,
1840 (Rio Negro).—Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 469
(Calabozo).—Sacus, Aus den Llanos, 1879, p. 127 (Calabozo).—EIGENMANN
AND EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, p. 70, 1891 (Orinoco).
The following collections were made in Venezuela during 1942:
U.S.N.M. No. 121658, 2 specimens, 42 and 50 mm. in standard length, Rio
Gufrico and tributaries between San Sebastidn and San Casimiro, L. P. Schultz,
G. Zuloaga, William Phelps, Jr., R. Sherman, May 12.
3 specimens, 41 to 63 mm., near Caripito, Dr. William Beebe.
The above specimens are referred to this species with some uncer-
tainty since the numbers of fin rays do not exactly agree and both
collections may represent new subspecies of macrophthalma. The
specimens from the Rio Gudrico have the following counts: Dorsal
rays XXI, 13, XXII, 12; anal rays III, 7 and III, 8 while those from
near Caripito have XXII, 11; XXII, 12; XXII, 12; anal rays III,9;
III, 9; III, 9. The number of scale rows are about 62 to 64 in both
collections and 26 scales in a zig-zag row around caudal peduncle.
The coloration in all specimens consists of about 7 blackish doubled
crossbars, the middle of each dark bar is pale; ocellated caudal spot
prominent; a dark band past eye to end of opercle, thence represented
along anterior midside by intensification of pigment in each bar,
interspaces pale; no humeral spot; caudal fin slightly barred or plain.
170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
CRENICICHLA LUGUBRIS Heckel
Crenicichla lugubris Hecxet, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 422, 1840
(Rio Negro).—Rera@an, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, pt. 1, p. 165 (Brazil;
Guiana; Venezuela).
Genus ACARONIA Myers
Acaronia Myers, Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. vol. 1, No. 5, p. 170, 1940 (replaces
Acaropsis Steindachner, preoccupied). (Genotype, Acara nassa Heckel.)
Acaropsis STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71, p. 99, 1875. (Geno-
type, A. nassa Heckel.)
ACARONIA NASSA (Heckel)
Acara nassa HecKEL, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 353, 1840 (Rfo Guaporé).
Acaronia nassa EIGENMANN AND ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p.
388, 1942 (Orinoco).
Genus NANNACARA Regan
Nannacara Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 15, p. 344, 1905. (Geno-
type, Nannacara anomala Regan.)
NANNACARA ANOMALA Regan
Nannacara anomala Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 15, p. 344, 1905
(Rio Essequibo).
Three specimens, 27 to 31 mm. in standard length, from Caripito, William
Beebe, 1942.
TABLE 19.—Counts of fin rays made on Nannacara anomala Regan
Dorsal Anal
Locality — er TT eee >
D.G\f G fatP2 QV ER Qa Bey i aa EIS pe Ba | Ue Oe
@aripiton sae a. hoa en ee ick See 2h | ata eS eee 2 sald SS al 3
? British Guiana. U.S.N.M. No.
4910 Se nee tate ee 3 Ges wee 1 3 1 1
Genus AEQUIDENS Eigenmann and Bray 2
Aequidens EIGENMANN AND Bray, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 616, 1894.
(Genotype, Acara tetramerus Heckel.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AEQUIDENS REPORTED OR EXPECTED TO OCCUR IN
VENEZUELA
la. Two or 2% scales between base of first soft ray of dorsal fin and lateral line;
the blackish lateral streak or band, if present, extending from eye through
black lateral blotch to upper half of base of caudal fin rays; gill rakers 2 or
3 + 5 or 6 on first arch.
2a. Base of caudal fin rays with a prominent black spot, about one-half size of
eye, located entirely above midaxis of caudal fin or lateral line if it
extends on base of fin.
22 As here understood, Acara Heckel, 1840, with its type restricted by Gill to Acara crassispinis Heckel=
Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz, is a synonym of Astronotus Swainson, 1839, with its type, Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz,
the only species mentioned. Thus, in Regan’s revision of the South American cichlid genera, his use of
Acara is a synonym of Aequidens.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 171
3a. Dorsal rays usually XV or XVI,10; anal rays III, 8 to 10, usually III,8
or 9; a dark blotch present under rear of eye; usually 2.5 scales between
lateral line and base of first soft ray of dorsal (Amazon, Rio Negro, and
Gas) ee ee eS SE hte Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel)
3b. Dorsal rays XIV or XV,11 or 12; anal III,8 to 10; a dark bar under rear
margin of eye extending downward parallel with edge of preopercle;
usually 2 scales above lateral line to first soft ray of dorsal fin (Rfo
Meta). 22k Uy eee. fet eh Aequidens metae 23 Higenmann
2b. Base of caudal fin with a rather wide dark bar, this bar usually more in-
tensely pigmented above the lateral line than below it, the lateral band
meeting this bar in its upper half at base of upper caudal fin rays; a dark
bar under eye extending toward lower preopercular angle; dorsal rays
XIV, 9 or 10; anal rays III, 7 or 8 (British Guiana).
Aequidens potaroensis #3 Higenmann
1b. One and one-half scales between base of first soft ray of dorsal fin and lateral
line; blackish lateral streak, if present, extending from eye through black
lateral blotch to rear of base of soft dorsal fin or anterior upper edge of
caudal peduncle; base of caudal fin with a small to large blackish bar some-
times obscure, except at lateral line, usually a little more developed above
lateral line than below lateral line or at midaxis of caudal fin; no black spot
at base of upper rays of caudal fin; a dark bar or oblong spot, extending
from below eye toward lower preopercular angle; gill rakers 2 or 3 + 5or6
on first arch.
4a. Caudal fin base with a bar or with an obscure spot at end of lateral line.
5a. The blackish lateral band prominent and extending forward to upper rear
edge of orbit, thence across top of head, meeting its fellow between rear
margins of orbit; lateral blotch lacking, vertical color bars barely visible;
dorsay rays XIV,9 or 10; anal rays III,7 or 8; caudal blotch present
near end of lateral line on base of caudal fin rays (Rio Meta).
Aequidens mariae 73 Higenmann
5b. Vertical bars more prominent than lateral band, the latter indistinct or
absent between rear of eyes on dorsal surface of head; lateral blotch
usually obvious; fifth dorsal spine equal to or a little shorter than tenth
dorsal spine (Trinidad to Colombia) _-__-~-- Aequidens pulcher (Gill)
4b. Upper half of caudal fin base with a large prominent spot half size of eye;
fifth dorsal ray longer than tenth dorsal ray.
Aequidens vittata 23 (Heckel)
AEQUIDENS TETRAMERUS (Heckel)
Acara tetramerus Hecke, Ann. Wien Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 341, 1840.
Acara diadema Hecke, Ann. Wien Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 344, 1840 (Rio
Negro in Venezuela).
AEQUIDENS PULCHER (Gill)
Mosarro
Cychlasoma pulchrum Git, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 6, p. 382
(22), 1858 (Trinidad).
Aequidens latifrons EIGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, No. 1, p. 197, pl. 33,
fig. 1, 1922 (Colombia and Panama, in Magdalena, Atrato, and San Juan
Basins).—Myers, Stanford Ichthyol Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 114, 1942 (Que-
brado Sargento, tributary Rio Limén, north of Maracaibo).
Aequidens pulcher EIGENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 18, 1920
(Isla del Buro, Lago Valencia; Maracay, Rfo Bue, Venezuela).—PEaRsE,
33 Not yet reported from Venezuela.
172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Univ. Wisconsin Studies, No. 1, p. 18, 1920 (mouth Rfo Bue, Lake Valencia,
Venezuela).
Aequidens tetramerus BrEsE, in part, Zoologica, vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 13-16, pl. 1,
1943 (Caripito, Venezuela).
Acara vittata IupRING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 7, p. 310, 1907 (Rfo Cabriales,
Venezuela).
Acara pulchra PELLEGRIN, Mem. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 16, p. 176, 1903 (Mara-
caibo).—Rre@an, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 15, p. 335, 1905 (Vene-
zuela); Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pt. 1, p. 392, pl. 25, fig. 1 (Venezuela).
Aequidens vittata Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 95, p. 264, 1943
(Ciicuta, Colombia, Maracaibo Basin). (The other specimen listed by Fowler
from Florencia, Colombia, probably is not vittata.)
U.S.N.M. No. 121639, 81 specimens, 11 to 83 mm., from the Rfo San Pedro at
bridge, Motatdn system, March 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121651, 108 specimens, 10 to 79 mm., Rio San Juan near bridge,
south of Mene Grande, March 17 and 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121638, 7 specimens, 17.5 to 38 mm., Rfo Apén, about 35 km.
south of Rosario, February 26, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121642, 12 specimens, 11 to 98 mm., Lago Tulé, about 75 km.
west of Maracaibo, March 1, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121640, 2 specimens, Rio San Ignacio, pool in drying up stream,
20 km. south of Rosario, February 26, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121645, 4 specimens, 25 to 71 mm., Rio Motatdn, 8 km. below
Motatdn, March 24, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121643, 6 specimens, 16 to 23 mm., Rio Socuy, 3 km. above mouth,
February 24, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121657, 46 specimens, 21 to 101 mm., cafio 4 mile west of Sina-
maica, March 11, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121647, 30 specimens, 11 to 79 mm., Rio Machango at bridge
south of Lagunillas, March 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121650, 7 specimens, 20 to 57 mm., Rio Palmar near Totuma,
about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo, February 21, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121655, 13 specimens, 61 to 80 mm., Salina Rica (brackish water),
5 km. north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121656, a specimen, 10 mm., Cajfio de Sagua, 25 km. north of
Sinamaica (salt water), March 12, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121653, 15 specimens, 11 to 74 mm., Rfo Negro below mouth of
Rio Yasa, March 2, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121654, 5 specimens, 17 to 25 mm., in creek below warm spring
tributary to Rio Machango, 20 km. above bridge south of Lagunillas, March 21,
1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121644, 10 specimens, 26 to 50 mm., Rio Machango, 20 km.
above bridge south of Lagunillas, March 21, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121646, 40 specimens, 16 to 65 mm., Rio San Juan at bridge
south of Rosario, February 26, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121637, 2 specimens, 15 and 15.5 mm., Lago de Maracaibo oppo-
site Salina Rica, 5 km. north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121648, 25 specimens, 8 to 81 mm., Ciénaga del Guanavana about
10 km. north of Sinamaica, March 11, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121641, 4 specimens, 28 to 37 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Maracaibo Yacht Club, February 27, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121652, 4 specimens, 19 to 28 mm., Rfo Palmar at bridge, 70 km.
southwest of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 173
U.S.N.M. No. 121649, 7 specimens, 13 to 33 mm., pond tributary to Rio’ Gé,
near Rosario, L. P. Schultz, W. W. Butcher, and B. C. Refshauge, March 8, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121636, 16 specimens, 32 to 74 mm., Rio Gudrico and tributaries,
between San Sebastidn and San Casimiro, L. P. Schultz, G. Zuloaga, William
Phelps, Jr., and R. Sherman, May 12, 1942.
The following collections were made by Brother Nicéforo Maria in
the Catatumbo system of the Maracaibo Basin:
U.S.N.M. No. 100780, 1 specimen, 21 mm., Cuicuta, Colombia.
U.S.N.M. No. 101618, 1 specimen, 109 mm., Rio Pamplonita, near Ciicuta.
I have examined the five specimens, 64 to 75 mm., from Caripito,
collected by Dr. William Beebe, March 21, 1942, and reported upon
by him (1943b) as A. tetramerus and I refer them to this species.
The Chicago Natural History Museum lent for report one specimen,
their No. 42009, Rio Cogollo, Sierra Perijé, Osgood and Conover,
March 1920.
Color when alive consisted of several short irregular iridescent blue
wavy lines below eye on operculum and lower side of head; the scales
on front of body have bluish iridescent reflections; there is an orange
tinge in the pale interspaces between the blackish vertical bars.
Genus PETENIA Giinther
Petenia Ginruer, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 4, p. 301,
1862. (Genotype, Petenia splendida Giinther.)
Coquetaia Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 97, p. 1338, 1945.
(Genotype, Coquetaia amploris Fowler.)
PETENIA KRAUSSII Steindachner
Petenia kraussii STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 39, p. 28,
pl. 1, figs. 2, 8, pl. 2, fig. 1, la, 1b, 1878 (Rfo Magdalena).—PELLEGRIN,
Mem. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 16, p. 244, 1903 (Maracaibo).
Cichlosoma kraussi Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 16, p. 389, 1905
(Venezuela).
Cichlasoma krausst Myers, Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 114, 1942
(Quebrada Sargento tributary to Rio Limén, north of Maracaibo).
U.S.N.M. No. 121625, 4 specimens, 71 to 127 mm. in standard length, Rfo
San Juan near bridge south of Lagunillas, March 17 and 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121628, 6 specimens, 35 to 103 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at
Yacht Club, in brackish water, February 27 and March 5, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121632, 2 specimens, 89 and 101 mm., Rfo San Pedro at bridge
south of Lagunillas, March 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121627, 8 specimens, 18 to 180 mm., Rio Apén about 35 km.
south of Rosario, February 26, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121626, 78 specimens, 16 to 110 mm., Rio Machango at bridge
south of Lagunillas, March 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121633, 4 specimens, 77 to 118 mm., Salina Rica, 5 km. north
of Maracaibo in brackish water, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121634, 1 specimen, 21 mm., Rio Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above
Lago Maracaibo, May 1, 1942.
174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
U.S.N.M. No. 121630, 37 specimens, 40 to 106 mm., Rfo Socuy, 3 km. above
mouth, February 24, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121631, 46 specimens, 13 to 48 mm., Rio Machango, 20 km.
above bridge, south of Lagunillas, March 21, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121629, 57 specimens, 12 to 106 mm., Lago Tulé about 75 km.
west of Maracaibo, March 1, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121624, 3 specimens, 110 to 140 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, 7 km.
south of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121635, 4 specimens, 14 to 34 mm., pond tributary to Rio Gé,
near Rosario, March 8, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121619, 15 specimens, 15 to 170 mm., Rfo Negro below mouth
of Rio Yasa, March 2, 1942.
U.S.N.M No. 121623, 16 specimens, 17 to 96 mm., Rfo Palmar at bridge
70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121621, 28 specimens, 10 to 143 mm., Ciénaga del Guanavana
about 10 km. north of Sinamaica, March 11, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121622, 49 specimens, 30 to 171 mm., caifio % mile west of
Sinamaica, March 11, 1942.
TABLE 20.— Measurements and counts made on species of Petenia (all measurements
expressed in hundredths of the standard length)
myersi kraussi
Characters Maracaibo
Holotype | Paratype Basin,
Venezuela
Standardilength ‘in millimoters#etcsieai hei i ee 137.0 65.0 149, 5
Menethrotihead 2.25. 5225. Alas ens A de ee 37.9 40.0 40.1
Greatestidepth.of bod ¥ 2222 os ee ae ee ete ga 43.1 46.9 43. 5
MONE tHOMsnOuls—-- oo ee ee PR ee ee ee eee 14.6 13.1 12.5
Dismeterofieye 22 = 225262 PE ee bela 8.61 11,5 9.16
Widthof:interorbitsl space). 3-42 2k. Auk 2 se ee 10.2 9. 23 10.7
eastinidthiofprecrbipaless lees. ae ee eee dee 4.89 4.62 4. 68
Postorbital length O1nesd=- 22-22) te ae a ee Lea 16.9 19.1
Snout.tip torear end oftmaxiliary.22 2222.00 eee ee es pe ee (eee ee ee 20.1
Snout tomostril:..433. Last ck ee ee ee ees HOLOL |Pecatived 2 9. 36
IV O\LO MOSLEM See = = ae Sam es Cee ee he Oe ee 3. 65 3. 08 3. 34
Wenethiokcaudsl'peduncles a). sss ee ee ee Vin 14.2 13.0
eastidepthvor caudal peduncle: es ae ee ee ee 14.2 13.8 14.8
Bensth of fifth (dorsal'spine= 2-22 Shhh GRR UII ek SP ees 12.4 16.5 12.0
Teneth-ofilastidorsalispine ==) 22323 2 ep cee ee ee Ai ied ae eal 16.1
LON SOSE TAY OMDElVICS as oo = oe ae nn a ee Rea 31.0 31.5 34.1
Longest ray: of pectorals= 2200. 3't 005" ene ee TILED eee 21.5 24.9 30. 4
Distance out that caudal fin is sealed basally______________.-_______- 13.9 11.5 21.4
Longest caudal'fin rayoere 2: 415 0 ee es ds 25.65 26. 2 31.8
TD Orme rey ye a ae eee ash 8 ac ee an A XV, 13 XV, 13 VA,
PATIS TAY Bo ceioe sae ee ee ct ee ee en ee vV,9 vV,9 VI, 10
Pectoralirays:.. 222 s2-e oisee S eee ee ee ii, 13-ii, 13 | ii, 13-ii, 13 | ii, 13-ii, 13
Pelvicirayssi2s3 (st te er ORT weed. era igmeh I, 5-I, 5 I, 5-I, 5 I, 5-I, 5
Branched'caudal'finirays=-22.- 2. 2 ee eee 14 14 14
segloirows below. lateraliline--2-1:... 2 ae 32 32 32
Scales from dorsal origin to lateral line__..........----£.-.--.-_-__.- 6 6 7
Scales from pelvic base to lateral line_..........--..-.---22--1___=.12 12 12 13
Poresiin Jatérallines!22. 222.0 ee BE a eerie 18+13 18+11 20+10
Scales|between) lateral lines__-........ 228 et eh 2 2 2
Scales from base of last dorsal spine to lateral line and on base of
GOTSAl os senna ere eee cake ece et te ee ae tt ee 5+-2 5+2 4+2
Zigzag row of scales around caudal peduncle_-_.__--_.--_-_----------- 20 20 20
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ Wo
U.S.N.M. No. 121620, 98 specimens, 26 to 139 mm., Rio Palmar near Totuma,
about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo, February 21, 1942.
Recently I described (Schultz, 1944d) a new species of Petenia from
Colombia. In table 20 the species P. kraussi and P. myersi Schultz
are compared. H. W. Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 97, pp. 133-135, figs. 46, 47, 1945) described Coquetaia amploris
from the Rio Coquetdé, but this is a synonym of Petenia myersi
Schultz; they came from the same river.
TABLE 21.—Fin ray counts made on Petenia kraussii from the Maracaibo Basin
Dorsal rays Anal rays
Genus CICHLASOMA Swainson
Cichlaurus Swatnson, The natural history of fishes, vol. 2, p. 173, 1839 (no
species listed).
Cichlasoma Swainson, The natural history of fishes, p. 230, 1839. (Genotype,
Labrus punctata Bloch.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CICHLASOMA
la. Anal rays usually IV, 8 to 9; dorsal rays usually XV, 9 to 11; depth of body
1.75 to 2.5, head 2 % to 3; caudal rounded; a dark spot below rear of eye;
black caudal spot on upper part of base of caudal fin and on base of upper
caudal fin rays; a black band from eye to the black lateral blotch; about 8
blackish vertical bars, sometimes obscure.
Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus)
1b. Anal rays usually V, 8 to 10; dorsal rays XV,12 or 13; depth of body 2, head
2.75; caudal rounded; a lengthwise band from eye to caudal base where it
fORMS a epobses oo Soo oa ea eee Cichlasoma psittacum (Heckel)
CICHLASOMA BIMACULATUM (Linnaeus)
Labrius bimaculatus LinNakvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 285, 1758.
Cichlasoma bimaculatum Recan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pt. 1, p. 392
(Venezuela).
Aequidens tetramerus (in part) BEEse, Zoologica, vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 138-16, pl. 1,
1943 (Caripito, Venezuela).
Acara bimaculata Pe.titecrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899
(Apure River, Venezuela).
Three specimens, 19 to 60 mm., Caripito, William Beebe, 1942,
CICHLASOMA PSITTACUM (Heckel)
Heros psittacus Hecxe., Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg., vol. 2, p. 369, 1840.
Cichlasoma psittacum Rucan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 16, p. 324, 1905
(Rio Orinoco).—Hasrman, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, p. 348, 1911 (Orinoco
rivers).
176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Family POMACENTRIDAE: Desmoiselles; Damselfishes
a Genus ABUDEFDUF Forskal
Abudefduf ForsKit, Descriptiones animalium, p. 59, 1775. (Genotype, Chaetodon
sordidus ForskAl.)
ABUDEFDUF SAXATILIS (Linnaeus)
Chaetodon sazatilis Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 276, 1758 (‘India’).
Abudefduf sazatilis marginatus MmrzELaar, Report on the fishes collected by
Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 100, 1919 (La Guaira,
Venezuela).
Family LABRIDAE: Wrasses
Genus HALICHOERES Riippell
Halichoeres Rtprevt, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, p. 14, 1835. (Genotype, Hali-
choeres bimaculatus Rippell.)
HALICHOERES RADIATUS (Linnaeus)
DoNCELLA
Labrus radiatus LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 288, 1758 (America).
Halichoeres radiatus R6uL, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 408, fig. 225, 1942
(coast of Venezuela; Lago de Maracaibo).
Genus LACHNOLAIMUS Valenciennes
Lachnolaimus VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 13, p. 200, 1839. (Genotype, L. aigula Cuvier and Valenciennes
=Labrus maximus Walbaum).
LACHNOLAIMUS MAXIMUS (Walbaum)
PERRO
Labrus mazimus WauBaum, Artedi’s Bibliotheca ichthyologicae, vol. 3, p. 261,
1792.
Lachnolaimus maximus R6uu, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 408, fig. 224,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Genus BODIANUS Bloch
Bodianus Buocu, Naturgeschicte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 4, p. 48, 1790.
(Genotype, Bodianus bodianus Bloch.) (Ref. copied.)
BODIANUS RUFUS (Linnaeus)
Labrus rufus LinnaEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 284, 1758 (America).
Cossyphus rufus MerzE.aar, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in
the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 103, 1919 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela)
Family SCARIDAE: Parrotfishes; Loros
No key is attempted for this family because there are too few
specimens available from Venezuelan waters. The reader is referred
to Meek and Hildebrand’s ‘The Marine Fishes of Panama,’ part 3,
pp. 732 to 760, 1928 for keys that will aid in the identification of the
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 177
parrotfishes. Also see Longley and Hildebrand’s “Systematic Cata-
logue of the Fishes of Tortugas, Florida,’ Carnegie Institution
of Washington Publication No. 535, pp. 205-221, 1941. I am listing
below the species reported from Venezuela without attempting to
straighten out the synonymy.
Genus SPARISOMA Swainson
Sparisoma Swainson, The natural history and classification of fishes, vol. 2,
p. 227, 1839. (Genotype, Sparus abildgaardi Bloch.)
The following collection I am unable to identify with certainty
down to species:
U.S.N.M. No. 123176, 7 specimens, 27 to 40 mm., Estanques Bay, U.S. 8S.
Niagara, February 20, 1925.
SPARISOMA ABILDGAARDI (Bloch)
Sparus abildgaardi Buocu, Naturgeschichte der ausliindischen Fische, vol. 5, p. 22,
pl. 259, 1791 (America) (ref. copied).—Merrzre,aar, Report on the fishes
collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 112, 1919
(Venezuela).
SPARISOMA FLAVESCENS (Bloch and Schneider)
Scarus flavescens BLocH AND SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 290, 1801
(Cuba).
U.S.N.M. No. 123175, 4 specimens, 29 to 70 mm., from Cape San Romén,
U.S. S. Niagara, April 2, 1925.
Genus SCARUS Forskal
Scarus ForsKA&t, Descriptiones animalium, p. 25, 1775. (Genotype, Scarus
psittacus ForskAl.)
SCARUS PUNCTULATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Scarus punctulatus CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 14, p. 195, 1839 (Martinique).—MrtzEeLaar, Report cn the fishes col-
lected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 115, 1919
(Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).
SCARUS CROICENSIS Bloch
Scarus croicensis Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische, vol. 4, p. 27,
pl. 221, 1790 (St. Croix)—MrEtTzreLaar, Report on the fishes collected by
Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 116, 1919 (Venezuela).
SCARUS EVERMANNI Jordan
Scarus evermannt JORDAN, in Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
9, p. 469, 1887 (Snapper Banks off Tampa Bay).—Merzeuaar, Report on the
fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, p. 116,
1919 (Venezuela).
Longley and Hildebrand (see reference above) suggest this species
may be Scarus croicensis.
802207—49—_12
178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
SCARUS VIRIDIS (Bonnaterre)
Loro
Scarus viridis BONNATERRE, Tableau encyclopédique, Ichthyologie, vol. 6, p. 96,
1788 (Bahamas) (ref. copied).
Sparisoma viridis RoOut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 409, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
Suborder BLENNIOIDEA
Family CLINIDAE: Blennies
The specimens and number of species from Venezuela are too few
to warrant the construction of a key for their identification. Instead,
the reader is referred to Meek and Hildebrand’s ‘“The Marine Fishes
of Panama,” part 3, pp. 928-953, 1928, and to Longley and Hilde-
brand’s ‘‘Systematic Catalogue of the Fishes of Tortugas, Florida,”
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 535, pp. 246-276, 1941, for aid
in identification of the blennies likely to occur in Venezuela.
Genus LABRISOMUS Swainson
Labrisomus Swainson, The natural history and classification of fishes, vol. 2, p.
277, 1839. (Genotype, Clinus pectinifer Cuvier and Valenciennes= Clinus
nuchipinnis Quoy and Gaimard.) (Ref. copied.)
LABRISOMUS NUCHIPINNIS (Quoy and Gaimard)
Clinus nuchipinnis Quoy AND GaAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde be we
L’Uranie et La Physicienne, p. 255, 1824 (Rio de Janeiro) (ref. copied).—
MerzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch
West Indies 1904-1905, p. 154, 1919 (Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. Nos. 78251 and 78252, Puerto Cabello, J. N. Rose.
U.S.N.M. No. 123173, 1 specimen, 46.5 mm., Estanques Bay, U.S. 8. Niagara,
February 20, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123174, 1 specimen, 61 mm., Cape San Roman, U. 8.8. Niagara,
April 2, 1925.
Genus PARACLINUS Mocquard
Paraclinus Mocquarp, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 8, vol. 1, No. 1, p. 41, 1889
(substitute name for Acanthoclinus Mocquard, 1886. (Genotype, Acantho-
clinus chapert Mocquard.)
For synonymy of this genus see Storey (1940, pp. 85-86).
PARACLINUS NIGRIPINNIS (Steindachner)
Clinus nigripinnis STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 50, p. 45, 1867
(Barbados).
U.S.N.M. No. 123172, a specimen, 34 mm., from Cape San Roman, U.S. S.
Niagara, April 2, 1925.
PARACLINUS CHAPERI (Mocquard)
Acanthoclinus chaperi Mocquarp, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 10, pp.
18-20, 1886 (Guanta Bay, near Barcelona, Venezuela).—Storey, Copeia, No.
2, p. 82, 1940 (Guanta Bay).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 179
Paraclinus chaperi METzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke
in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, p. 156, fig. 50, 1919 (Venezuela).—
Storey, Copeia, No. 2, pp. 82, 86, 1940 (Guanta Bay, near Barcelona, Vene-
zuela).
Genus MALACOCTENUS Gill
Malacoctenus GiuL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 103. (Genotype,
Clinus delalandii Cuvier and Valenciennes.)
MALACOCTENUS DELALANDII (Valenciennes)
Clinus delalandit VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle
des poissons, vol. 11, p. 378, 1836 (Brazil).
U.S.N.M. No. 123171, 5 specimens, 37.5 to 55 mm., Cape San Romén, U. S. S.
Niagara, April 2, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123170, 2 specimens, dried, 45 and 52 mm., Gulf of Venezuela,
U.S. 8S. Niagara, April 4, 1925,
Suborder TRICHIUROIDEA
Family TRICHIURIDAE: Hairtails
Genus TRICHIURUS Linnaeus
Trichiurus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 246, 1758. (Genotype,
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus.)
TRICHIURUS LEPTURUS Linnaeus
Trichiurus lepturus LINNAEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 246, 1758 (America) .—
Roux, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 396, fig. 207, 1942 (coast of
Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123079, 3 specimens, 180 to 193 mm. in total length, from
Jacuque Point, U.S. 8. Niagara, January 26, 1925.
Suborder SCOMBROIDEA
Family SCOMBRIDAE
The Venezuelan material of this family is so limited that I have not
attempted to make a key. Instead I am copying the “‘Key to the
Genera” which appears on pages 307-308, part I, of Meek and Hilde-
brand’s “‘The Marine Fishes of Panama.’”’ This key includes those
genera of scombroid fishes most likely to be found along the coast of
Venezuela.
la. Maxillary wholly concealed by preorbital; no median keel on caudal peduncle.
Scomber * Linnaeus
1b. Maxillary not wholly concealed by preorbital; median keel on caudal peduncle
more or less developed.
2a. Scales present on anterior part of body only, forming a corselet, the rest of
body naked; palatine teeth wanting.
3a. Dorsal fins close together, contiguous; the first with XV or XVI spines.
Gymnosarda * Gill
3b. Dorsal fins far apart, the interval between them nearly equaling the
length of the head; the first with IX or X spines____Auxis 2# Cuvier
24 Not yet recorded from Venezuela.
180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
2b. Entire body covered with scales, sometimes very small or rudimentary,
forming a corselet or not; palatine teeth present.
4a. Snout of moderate length, not beaklike; maxillary posteriorly exposed,
not concealed by preorbital.
5a. Teeth on jaws small, conical, not compressed; gill rakers long and
slender, numerous, 20 or more on lower limb of first arch.
6a. Body oblong, compressed, not exceptionally robust; pectoral fins of
moderate length, always notably shorter than head.
Thunnus South
6b. Body short, slightly compressed, very robust; pectoral fins of extreme
length, much longer than head_-_.-_---....--- Germo * Jordan
5b. Teeth on jaws rather strong, more or less compressed, sometimes
triangular, with sharp cutting edges; gill rakers rather short, fewer
than 20 on lower limb of first arch.
7a. Vomer toothless; palatine teeth in a single series, similar in size and
shape to those on jaws; first dorsal long, with XVIII to XXII
spines; scales of pectoral region forming a rather distinct corse-
let 2=--ASOTOR SEL EYE SE | TERE OeNey tte ee Sarda Cuvier
7b. Vomer and palatines with bands of granular teeth; first dorsal rather
short, with XIV to XVIII feeble spines; scales not forming
corselet jeseeee ht SI ete eee Scomberomorus Lacepéde
4b. Snout extremely long, beaklike, longer than rest of head; maxillary
posteriorly concealed by preorbital__._______- Acanthocybium Gill
Genus THUNNUS South
Thunnus Souru, Encyclopedia metropolitana, vol. 5, p. 620, 1845. (Genotype.
Scomber thynnus Linnaeus.) (Substitute for Thynnus Cuvier, preoccupied.)
(Ref. copied.)
THUNNUS THYNNUS (Linnaeus)
Tuna; ALBAcORA 0 ATUN
Scomber thynnus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 297, 1758 (Europe).
Thunnus thynnus Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 394, fig. 203, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
Genus SARDA Cuvier
Sarda Cuvisr, Le régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 199, 1829. (Genotype, Scomber
sarda Bloch.)
SARDA SARDA (Bloch)
Bonito
Scomber sarda Buocu, Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 10,
p. 35, pl. 384, 1797 (Europe).
Sarda sarda RoOxut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 394, 1942 (off coast of
Venezuela).
Genus SCOMBEROMORUS Lacépéde
Scomberomorus LacEPrEpDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 292, 1802.
(Genotype, Scomberomorus plumieri Lacépéde=Scomber regalis Bloch).
24 Not yet recorded from Venezuela.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 181
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCOMBEROMORUS LIKELY TO OCCUR ALONG THE COAST OF
VENEZUELA %
la. Body very slender, its depth 5.5 to 6.25 in its length; gill rakers extremely
short, not more than one-fourth length of eye in adult, 7 or 8 more or less
developed on lower limb of first arch; lateral line with an abrupt downward
curve under second dorsal; sides in adult plain silvery, without spots or
streaks, in young with yellowish spots; dorsal rays about XIV, 17,9; anal
Pato L759" OF LO ser eeecec sence Scomberomorus cavalla ** (Cuvier)
1b. Body deeper, its depth usually less than 5.5 in its length; gill rakers longer,
more numerous, about 10 to 12 on lower limb of first arch; lateral line
descending gradually, not with an abrupt curve; sides with dark spots or
dark streaks; dorsal rays about XVII or XVIII,15 to 18, 8 or 9; anal
IJ,14 to 17,8 or 9.
2a. Pectoral fins covered with small scales almost to their tips; sides with one
or two longitudinal dark streaks and a few rows of elliptical spots.
Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch)
2b. Pectoral fins without scales; sides with bronzy spots, but without dark
SUTCRKS oe ene 2 oa eee ee Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill)
SCOMBEROMORUS REGALIS (Bloch)
Scomber regalis Buocu, Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 10,
p. 31, pl. 333; 1797.
Scomberomorus regalis R6éut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 395, fig. 206,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
SCOMBEROMORUS MACULATUS (Mitchill)
SpanisH MACKEREL; CARITE
Scomber maculatus Mircutuu, Trans. Lit. Philos. Soc. New York, vol. 1, p. 426,
1815.
Scomberomorus maculatus R6Ouu, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 394, fig. 205,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121802, 2 specimens, 280 and 312 mm., market at Maracaibo,
May 15, 1942.
The following specimen was identified by Dr. S. F. Hildebrand:
U.S.N.M. No. 123081, 1 specimen, 340 mm., from Amuay Bay, May 15, 1925.
Genus ACANTHOCYBIUM Gill
Acanthocybium Guu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadephia, 1862, p.125. (Genotype,
Cybium sara Bennett.)
ACANTHOCYBIUM SOLANDRI (Cuvier)
Wanoo; Preto
Cybium solandri Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 8, p. 192, 1831.
Acanthocybium solandri Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 394, fig. 204,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
28 Modified after Meek and Hildebrand.
26 Not yet reported from Venezuela.
182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Family ISTIOPHORIDAE: Sailfishes
Genus ISTIOPHORUS Lacepéde
{stiophorus Lacerkpr, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 374, 1803.
(Genotype, Istiophorus gladifer Lacepéde=Scomber gladius Broussonet.)
(Ref. copied.)
ISTIOPHORUS AMERICANUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
SAILFISH; AGUJA VELA
Histiophorus americanus CuvIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des
poissons, vol. 8, p. 303, 1831 (Brazil).
Istiophorus nigricans Rut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 396, fig. 208, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
Family XIPHIIDAE: Swordfishes
Genus XIPHIAS Linnaeus
Xiphias LinNaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 248, 1758. (Genotype, Xiphias
gladius Linnaeus.)
XIPHIAS GLADIUS Linnaeus
SworprisH; Emperapor, Espap6n, 0 PEz ESPADA
Xiphias gladius LinnaxEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 248, 1758 (Europe).
Tetraopterus imperator Réuu, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 397, fig. 209,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
Suborder STROMATEOIDEA
Family STROMATEIDAE: Harvestfishes
Genus PEPRILUS Cuvier
Peprilus Cuvier, Le régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 214, 1829. (Genotype,
Stromateus longipinnis Mitchill=Stromateus paru Linnaeus.)
PEPRILUS PARU (Linnaeus)
HARVESTFISH: PALOMETA DE MAR
Stromateus paru Linnaxzus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 248, 1758 (America).
Peprilus paru ROut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 401, fig. 215, 1942 (coast
of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123044, 5 specimens, 54 to 68 mm. in standard length, Piedras
Bay, U.S. 8. Niagara, March 14, 1925,
Suborder GOBIFORMES
Upon my return from Venezuela in 1942 I turned over to Isaac
Ginsburg for study all the gobiid fishes that I collected, along with a
large collection made by Dr. F. F. Bond. All the identifications
reported upon for the two following families, Eleotridae and Gobiidae,
were made by Mr. Ginsburg, and to him I extend my appreciation of
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 183
his work and of the opportunity to include his identifications in this
report. These specimens will be fully treated some time in the future
in a big work on American gobies that he has been preparing for a
number of years, and I shall not attempt to make a key to this group.
Family ELEOTRIDAE
Genus EROTELIS Poey
Erotelis Pory, Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba, vol. 2,
p. 273, 1860. (Genotype, E. valenciennesi Poey= Eleotris smaragdus Cuvier
and Valenciennes.)
EROTELIS SMARAGDUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Eleotris smaragdus CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 12, p. 231, 1837 (Cuba).
U. S. N. M. No. 123145, 1 specimen, Point Macollo, U.S.S. Niagara, April 19,
1925.
Genus MICROPHILYPNUS Myers
Microphilypnus Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 134. 1927.
(Genotype, Microphilypnus ternetzt Myers.)
MICROPHILYPNUS TERNETZI Myers
Microphilypnus ternetzi Myrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 134
1927 (Cafio de Quiribana, near Caicara, Venezuela).
Genus DORMITATOR Gill
Dormitator G1uu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, p. 240, 1862. (Geno-
type, Hleotris gundlachi Poey.)
DORMITATOR MACULATUS (Bloch)
Maro
Sciaena maculata Buocu, Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des poissons, pl. 299,
fig. 2, 1785 (West Indies) ref. copied).
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
26 specimens, 18 to 63 mm. in standard length, Rio Cumboto, near Ocumare,
January 5, 1938.
1 specimen, 14 mm., coastal lagoons, 15 km. north of Maracaibo, April 6, 1938.
9 specimens, 13 to 21 mm., Rio Curiepe at Higuerote, February 2, 1939.
53 specimens, 13 to 26 mm., Rio Guaiguaza, 3 km. west of Puerto Cabello,
January 15, 1938.
2 specimens, 10.5 and 19 mm., Rio Noguera at Noguera, January 13, 1938.
10 specimens, 12.5 to 30 mm., Rfo Borburata, 3 km. east of Puerto Cabello.
1 specimen, 15 mm., Rio Cambur, tributary of Lago de Valencia, January 13,
1938.
Genus GOBIOMORUS Lacepéde
Gobiomorus LacrrrpDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, p. 583, 1800.
(Genotype, Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepéde.) (Ref. copied.)
184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
GOBIOMORUS DORMITOR Lacepéde
GUAVINA
Gobiomorus dormitor LAcErmpE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, p. 583,
1800 (Martinique) (ref. copied).
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond. The speci-
mens were identified by Isaac Ginsburg:
2 specimens, 69 to 71 mm., lagoon 3 km. west of Cuman4, March 26, 1939.
1 specimen, 50.5 mm., Rfo Borburata, 3 km. east of Puerto Cabello, January
15, 1939.
1 specimen, 18 mm., Cafio Cambur, tributary of Lago de Valencia, 11 km.
southeast of Valencia, January 13, 1938.
Genus ELEOTRIS Bloch and Schneider
Eleoiris BLocH AND SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 65, 1801. (Geno-
type, Gobius pisonis Gmelin.) (Ref. copied.)
ELEOTRIS AMBLYOPSIS (Cope)
GUAVINA
Culius amblyopsis Corr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 14, p. 473, 1871 (Surinam)
(ref. copied).
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
2 specimens, 19 and 30 mm. in standard length, Rio Borburata, 3 km. east of
Puerto Cabello, January 15, 1938.
1 specimen, 64.5 mm., Rio Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, December
22, 1937.
2 specimens, 47 and 49 mm., Rfo Cumboto, near mouth, 2 km. northwest of
Ocumare, May 5, 1939.
6 specimens, 15 to 65 mm., Rio Guaiguaza, 3 km. west of Puerto Cabello,
January 15, 1938.
4 specimens, 29 to 59 mm., Rio Sanchén, 5 km. west of Tavorda, January 26,
mee ELEOTRIS PISONIS (Gmelin)
GUAVINA
Gobius pisonis GMELIN, Systema naturae, p. 1206, 1789 (Rio Almendares, Cuba)
(ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. No. 123144, 2 specimens, Point Macolla, U.S.S. Niagara, April 19,
1925.
U.S.N.M. Nos. 123155 and 123156, 3 specimens, Macuto, Lyon and Robinson,
August 2, 1900.
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
4 specimens, 26 to 80 mm. in standard length, Rio Cumboto, near mouth, 2
km. northwest of Ocumare, May 5, 1939.
2 specimens, 63 and 76 mm., Rio Guaiguaza, 3 km. west of Puerto Cabello,
January 15, 1938.
1 specimen, 30 mm., Rio Cumboto near Ocumare, January 5, 1938.
1 specimen, 49 mm., saline lagoon, El Cable at Cartiipano, March 30, 1939.
7 specimens, 30 to 68 mm., Rfo Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, Decem-
ber 22, 1937.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 185
Family GOBIIDAE
Genus GARMANNIA Jordan and Evermann
Garmannia JoRDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 5,
p. 497, 1895. (Genotype, Garmannia paradora [Ginther]=Gobius paradorus
Giinther.)
All the specimens of this genus that I collected were reported upon
by Isaac Ginsburg (1944).
GARMANNIA SCHULTZI Ginsburg
Garmannia schultzi GinspurG, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 34, p. 375,
1944 (Lago de Maracaibo; 7 km. south of Maracaibo, Maracaibo Yacht Club;
Salina Rica north of Maracaibo; Ciénaga del Guanavana north of Sinamaica).
U.S.N.M. No. 121546 and 121547 (holotype and paratypes) 34 specimens,
from Lago de Maracaibo 7 km. south of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121548, 7 specimens, from Lago de Maracaibo opposite Salina
Rica, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121549 and 121550, 3 and 4 specimens, from Lago de Maracaibo
at Yacht Club, March 5 and May 16, 1942, respectively.
U.S.N.M. No. 121552, 3 specimens, from Ciénaga del Guanavana, 12 km. north
of Sinamaica, March 11, 1942.
GARMANNIA SPES Ginsburg
Garmannia spes GINSBURG, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 29, p. 62, 1939
(Canal Zone, Panama); vol. 34, No. 11, p. 377, 1944 (cafio west of Sinamaica,
Venezuela).
A collection of 107 specimens, U.S.N.M. No. 121551, was made by
Leonard P. Schultz on March 11, 1942, in a cafio about % km. west
of Sinamaica.
Genus EVORTHODUS Gill
Evorthodus G1uu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 11, p. 195, 1859. (Geno-
type, Evorthodus breviceps Gill=Gobius lyricus Girard.)
EVORTHODUS LYRICUS (Girard)
Gobius lyricus Grrarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 10, p. 169, 1858
(Rio Brazos, Tex.).
U.S.N.M. No. 121545, 1 specimen, cafio at Los Monitos, Rio Limén system,
March 11, 1942.
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
9 specimens, 35 to 76 mm., Rio Borburata at mouth, 3 km. east of Puerto
Cabello, at Gafianga, January 15, 1938.
5 specimens, 46 to 60 mm., Rio Cumboto near Ocumare, January 6, 1938.
3 specimens, 21 to 89 mm., saline lagoon, El Cable at Cartipano, March 30, 1939.
29 specimens, 16 to 58 mm., Rfo Curiepe at Higuerote, February 2, 1939.
4 specimens, 44 to 52 mm., Rfo Guaiguaza, 3 km. west of Puerto Cabello,
January 15, 1938.
6 specimens, 33 to 53 mm., Rio Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, December
22, 1937.
186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
3 specimens, 48 to 57 mm., Laguna del Rfo Capatdrida at mouth, 5 km. north
of Capatdrida, March 21, 1938.
15 specimens, 21 to 38 mm., Rfo Yaracuy at mouth, 45 km. northwest of Puerto
Cabello, January 28, 1938.
2 specimens, 26 and 31 mm., Rfo Alpargatén, 5 km. north of Morén, January
28, 1938.
1 specimen, 77 mm., Rfo Cumboto near mouth, 2 km. northwest of Ocumare,
May 5, 1939.
Genus BATHYGOBIUS Bleeker
Bathygobius BLEEKER, Arch. Néerl. Sci., Nat., vol. 18, p. 54, 1878. (Genotype,
Gobius nebulo-punctatus Riippell=Gobius fastiatus Rippell.)
BATHYGOBIUS SOPORATOR (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Gobius soporator CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons,
vol. 12, p. 56, 1837 (Martinique) (ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. No. 121548, 43 specimens, from Lago de Maracaibo at Maracaibo
Yacht Club, May 16.
U.S.N.M. No. 121544, 2 specimens, from Lago de Maracaibo at Yacht Club,
February 27.
Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, F. F. Bond, February 3, 1939,
1 specimen, 70 mm.
Saline lagoon, El Cable at Cartipano, F. F. Bond, March 30, 1939, 1 specimen,
50 mm.
Genus GOBIONELLUS Girard
Gobionellus Grrarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 10, p. 168, 1858.
(Genotype, Gobionellus hastatus Girard.)
GOBIONELLUS BOLEOSOMA (Jordan and Gilbert)
Gobius boleosoma JORDAN AND GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 295,
1882 (Laguna Grande, Pensacola, Fla.).
U.S.N.M. No. 123273, 1 specimen, 32 mm., Point Macolla, April 19, 1925.
2 specimens, 31 and 37 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, F. F.
Bond, February 3, 1939.
4 specimens, 42 to 48 mm., Laguna del Rfo Capatdrida, at mouth, 5 km. north
of Capatdrida, F. F. Bond, March 21, 1939, 4 specimens, 42 to 48 mm.
1 specimen, 39 mm., Rfo Borburata at mouth, 3 km. east of Puerto Cabello
at Gafianga, F. F. Bond, January 15, 1988.
GOBIONELLUS CLAYTONII (Meek)
Gobius claytonit Mrxx, Publ. Field Columbian Mus. (Zool.), vol. 3, p. 121, 1902
(La Antigua).
33 specimens, 28 to 86 mm., saline lagoon, El Cable at Caripano, F. F. Bond,
March 30, 1939.
1 specimen, 40 mm., Rfo Macarupano, 5 km. southeast of Caripano, F. F. Bond.
1 specimen, 31 mm., coastal lagoon, 15 km. northeast of Maracaibo, F. F. Bond,
April 6, 1938.
Genus AWAOUS Steindachner
Awaous STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 42, p. 289, 1860. (Geno-
type, Gobius ocellaris Cuvier and Valenciennes.)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 187
AWAOUS TAJASICA (Lichtenstein)
GUAVINA HORERA
Gobius tajasica LicuTensTEIN, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1822, p. 273 (Brazil).
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
4 specimens, 25 to 206 mm., Rfo Cumboto, near Ocumare, January 5, 1938.
4 specimens, 60 to 121 mm., Rio Agua Caliente, at Tavorda, 6 km. west of
Puerto Cabello, January 15, 1938.
1 specimen, 171 mm., Rio San Esteban at San Esteban near Puerto Cabello,
December 25, 1937.
9 specimens, 30 to 68 mm., Rio Cumboto near mouth, 2 km. northwest of
Ocumare, May 5, 1939.
14 specimens, 18 to 70 mm., Rio Guaiguaza, 3 km. west of Puerto Cabello,
January 15, 1938.
1 specimen, 114 mm., a tributary of Rio Manzanares, 12 km. northwest of
Cumanacoa, March 26, 1939.
4 specimens, 23 to 92 mm., Rio Sanchén, 5 km. west of Tavorda, January 26,
1938.
2 specimens, 19 to 39 mm., Rio Borburata, at mouth, 3 km. east of Puerto
Cabello at Gafianga, January 15, 1938.
1 specimen, 24 mm., Rfo Yaracuy, 8 km. southeast of San Felipe, January 27,
1938.
1 specimen, 16 mm., Rfo Curiepe at Higuerote, February 2, 1939.
Genus SICYDIUM Cuvier and Valenciennes
Sicydium CuviER AND VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 12, p.
168, 1837. (Genotype, Gobius plumieri Bloch.) (Ref. copied.)
SICYDIUM PUNCTATUM Perugia
SrrAJO
Sicydium punctatum Perveta, Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 16,
p. 18, 1896 (Martinique) (ref. copied).
Sicydium montanum Huss, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 33, p. 89, 1920
(mountain brook at Macuto, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 122452, 1 specimen, Macuto, Lyon and Robinson, August 2,
1900.
The following collections were made by F. F. Bond:
1 specimen, 22 mm., Rfo Guataparo, tributary Rfo Paito to Rio Paz, 8 miles
west of Valencia, January 13, 1839.
1 specimen, 22 mm., lagoon 3 km. northwest of Petare, 15 km. east of Caracas,
January 15, 1939.
1 specimen, 75 mm., saline lagoon, El Cable at Caripano, March 30, 1939.
2 specimens, 43 and 46 mm., stream tributary to Rio San Pedrito, 55 km. east
of Barcelona, March 25, 1939.
21 specimens, 25 to 75 mm., Rio Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, Decem-
ber 22, 1937.
11 specimens, 23 to 58 mm., Rio Cumboto near Ocumare, January 5, 1938.
5 specimens, 29 to 45 mm., Rio Cumboto near mouth, 2 km. northwest of
Ocumare, May 5, 1939.
188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
SICYDIUM PLUMIERI (Bloch)
Srraso
Gobius plumieri Buocu, Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des poissons, p- 125,
pl. 178, fig. 3, 1797 (Martinique) (ref. copied).
U.S.N.M. Nos. 93823 and 93824, 3 specimens, 77 to 83 and 94 mm., respec-
tively, from Macuto, Lyon and Robinson, August 12, 1900.
U.S.N.M. No. 122454, 6 specimens, Macuto, Lyon and Robinson, August 2,
1900.
1 specimen, 39 mm., Rfo Cerro Grande, 10 km. east of Macuto, F. F. Bond,
December 22, 1937.
17 specimens, 45 to 104 mm., Rio Cumboto near Ocumare, F. F. Bond, January
5, 1938.
Order SCLEROPAREIOIDEA
Family SCORPAENIDAE: Scorpionfishes
Genus SCORPAENA Linnaeus
Scorpaena Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 266, 1758. (Genotype,
Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus.)
SCORPAENA PLUMIERI Bloch
Rascacio
Scorpaena plumiert Buocu, Vet.-Acad. Nya Handl., vol. 10, p. 234, 1789 (Mar-
tinique) (ref. copied).—GunrrEr, Copeia, 1941, No. 2, p. 119 (Venezuela);
1942, No. 2, p. 106 (Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123197, 1 specimen, 47 mm. in standard length, from Cape San
Roméan, U.S. 8. Niagara April 2, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123196, 1 specimen, 26 mm., from Jacuque Point, U. 8. S.
Niagara, January 26, 1925.
Family TRIGLIDAE: Gurnards; Sea-robins
Genus PRIONOTUS Lacepéde
Prionotus LacerépE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 336, 1802.
(Genotype, Trigla evolans Linnaeus.) (Ref. copied.)
PRIONOTUS PUNCTATUS (Bloch)
RusBio; VoLapor; GALLINA DEL MAR
Trigla punctata Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 7, p. 125,
pl. 353, 1793 (Martinique) (ref. copied).
Prionotus punctatus METzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke
in the Dutch West Indies in 1904-1905, p. 147, 1919 (Venezuela).—R6ut,
Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 411, 1942 (Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 123168, 1 specimen, 209 mm. from Jacuque Point U. 8S. S.
Niagara, January 26, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123167, 2 specimens, 1385 and 194 mm., from Piedras Bay,
U.S. 8. Niagara, March 14, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 123166, 1 specimen, 187 mm., from Estanques Bay, U. S. S.
Niagara, December 7, 1924.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 189
Order CEPHALACANTHOIDEA
Family DACTYLOPTERIDAE: Flying Gurnards
Genus DACTYLOPTERUS Lacepéde
Dactylopterus LacrrEpE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 325, 1802.
(Genotype, Dactylopterus pipapeda Lacepéde=Trigla volitans Linnaeus.)
(Genus selected by first reviser instead of Cephalacanthus Lacepéde, ibid.,
p. 323.)
DACTYLOPTERUS VOLITANS (Linnaeus)
VOLADOR
Trigla volitans LinNaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 302, 1758.
Cephalacanthus volitans Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 411, fig. 228,
1942 (Venezuela).
Order PLEURONECTOIDEA
Suborder PSETTODOIDEA
Family BOTHIDAE: Soles
A key to the species of the flatfish family Bothidae is given by
J. R. Norman in a systematic work, ‘Monograph of the Flatfishes
(Heterosomata),’”’ vol. 1, pp. 60-61, 1934, published by the British
Museum. Not enough species have been recorded from Venezuela
to make it worth while to construct a key in this report. Several
other species of flatfishes will undoubtedly be taken when adequate
collecting is done along the Venezuelan coast.
Genus CITHARICHTHYS Bleeker
Citharichthys BLEEKER, Vers]. Akad. Amsterdam, vol. 13, p. 423, 1862. (Geno-
type, C. cayennensis Bleeker.)
CITHARICHTHYS SPILOPTERUS Giinther
Citharichthys spilopterus GUNTHER (part), Catalogue of the fishes in the British
Museum, vol. 4, p. 421, 1862 (New Orleans; Jamaica; San Domingo; Bahia).
U.S. N. M. No. 121812, 1 specimen, 47 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at Maracaibo
Yacht Club, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121813, 6 specimens, 30 to 66 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at Mara-
caibo Yacht Club, March 5, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121814, 2 specimens, 22 and 40 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua,
25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12, 1942.
1 specimen, 84 mm., Laguna del Rfo Capatdrida at mouth, 5 km. north of
Capatdrida, F. F. Bond, March 21, 1938.
1 specimen, 101 mm., saline lagoon, El Cable at Cartpano, F. F. Bond,
March 30, 1939.
3 specimens, 45 to 77 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, F. F.
Bond, February 3, 1939.
190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The following counts were made on the above-listed specimens:
Dorsal rays, four counts for 78, one for 79, two for 80, one of 83;
anal rays, one count each for 56, 58, 59, two counts each for 60 and
61, one for 62.
Genus ETROPUS Jordan and Gilbert
Etropus JORDAN AND GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 364, 1882. (Geno-
type, Etropus crossutus Jordan and Gilbert.)
ETROPUS LONGIMANUS Norman
Etropus longimanus Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 12, p. 202,
1933 (C. Frio, Brazil).
The following small specimen is identified as this species with un-
certainty:
U.S.N.M. No. 123142, 1 specimen, 36 mm., south coast of Gulf of Venezuela,
U. S. S. Niagara, November 15, 1924.
ETROPUS DELSMANI Chabanaud
Etropus delsmani CHABANAUD, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 149,
1940 (Isla de Santa Margarita).
Suborder SOLEIFORMES
Family ACHIRIDAE: Tonguefishes; Soles; Lenguados
KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Interbranchial septum between the right and left gill chambers perforated
by a roundish opening (fenestra) posteriodorsally.
2a. Gill membranes fused with the hyoid, internally and above the pelvic arch,
anteroventrally to the fenestra; nasal spine not projecting through the
skin in front of tubular nostril; posterior dorsal side of gill opening on
blind side with a double membranous flap of skin fringed with cirri along
both edges; pectoral fin of one to four short rays; a deep pit on blind side
above upper jaw a short distance in front of tubular nostril.
Hypoclinemus mentalis (Giinther)
2b. Gill membranes not fused to the hyoid-pelvie region, entirely free ventrally;
nasal spine projecting through the skin, in front of tubular nostril;
posterior dorsal edge of gill opening on blind side with a single fringed
membranous flap of skin; pectoral fin well developed, of about 5 rays;
no deep pit on blind side above maxillaries and a short distance in front
of tubular nostril__________ Achirus achirus maculipinnis (Agassiz)
1b. Interbranchial septum not perforated; gill membranes free from hyoid region;
nasal spine not projecting through the skin in front of tubular nostril;
posterior dorsal side of gill opening on blind side with a single free fringed
dermal membrane; pectoral fin absent or with one short ray; practically no
depression or pit above maxillary and in front of tubular nostril on blind
Bide. ._aieutee je. alates Trinectes maculatus brownii (Giinther)
Genus HYPOCLINEMUS Chabanaud
Hypoclinemus CHABANAUD, Bull. Inst. Oceanogr., No. 523, p. 32, 1928. (Geno-
type, Solea mentalis Ginther, fixed by Myers, Copeia, No. 171, p. 37, 1929.)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 191
HYPOCLINEMUS MENTALIS (Giinther)
Solea mentalis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 4,
p. 475, 1862 (Rio Capim, Para).
The following collection was made by Dr. F. F. Bond.
Six specimens, 47.5 to 123 mm., from Rfo Apure at San Fernando de Apure,
November 11, 1938.
These specimens have the following number of fin rays: Dorsal,
53 in two and one count each for 56, 57, 58 and 59; anal, one count
each for 41, 42, 43, two for 44, and one for 45; pectoral, one count
each for 2 and 4 and four for 3; pelvics, two counts for 4 and ten for
5 Trays.
Genus ACHIRUS Lacepéde
Achirus Lacerrp®, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 658, 1802. (Geno-
type, Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus.)
ACHIRUS ACHIRUS MACULIPENNIS (Agassiz)
Sotre; CaRNADA DE SAN PEepRO; LENGUADO O SOL
Monochir maculipennis Acassiz, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species
piscium ... Brasiliam .. ., p. 88, pl. 49, pl. D, 1831 (Atlantic Ocean,
Brazil).
? Achirus lineatus ROut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 390, fig. 199, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
One specimen, 375 mm. in standard length, from Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado
de Miranda, F. F. Bond, February 3, 1939.
U.S.N.M. No. 121815, a specimen, 48 mm. in standard length, from Lago de
Maracaibo at Maracaibo Yacht Club, Maracaibo, March 5, 1942.
The above-listed specimens have dorsal rays 54 and 54; anal rays
43 and 41; the pelvics 5—5 and 5-5; median fins with roundish dark
brown spots.
Genus TRINECTES Rafinesque
Trinectes RAFINESQUE, Atlantic journal and friend of knowledge, vol. 1, p. 20,
1832. (Genotype, Trinectes scabra Rafinesque= Achirus fasciatus Lacepéde.)
(Ref. copied.)
TRINECTES MACULATUS BROWNII (Giinther)
LENGUADO
Solea brownii GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 4,
p. 477, 1862 (New Orleans; Texas).
The following collections I am referring to this subspecies mostly
on the basis of Chabanaud’s work (Bull. Inst. Oceanogr., No. 661,
pp. 1-24, figs. 1-11, 1935).
U.S.N.M. No. 121810, 7 specimens, 18 to 94 mm., from Lago de Maracaibo at
Maracaibo Yacht Club, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121811, a specimen, 79 mm., Lago de Maracaibo, 7 km. south of
Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
2 specimens, 25 and 29 mm., from salt-water lagoon on coast, 5 km. west of
Cuman4, F. F. Bond, March 25, 1939.
192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
1 specimen, 26.5 mm., from Laguna del Rio Capatdrida at mouth, 5 km. north of
Capatdérida, Estado de Falcén, F. F. Bond, March 21, 1938.
1 specimen, 15 mm., from Rfo Marguanta, tributary to Rfo Orinoco, F. F.
Bond, March 10, 1939.
7 specimens, 26 to 43 mm., from Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda,
F. F. Bond, February 3, 1939.
Order DISCOCEPHALIOIDEA
Family ECHENEIDAE: Sharkpilots; Remoras
Genus ECHENEIS Linnaeus
Echeneis LinNAEvs, after Artedi, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 260, 1758. (Geno-
type, Echeneis neucrates Linneaus.)
ECHENEIS NEUCRATES Linnaeus
REMORA O PEGA
Echeneis neucrates LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 261, 1758.—R6aL,
Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 410, fig. 227, 1942 (coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 128264, 1 specimen, 159 mm. in standard length, from Piedras
Bay, Gulf of Venezuela, March 14, 1925, U.S. S. Niagara.
Order PLECTOGNATHOIDEA
Suborder BALISTOIDEA
Family BALISTIDAE: Triggerfishes
Genus BALISTES Linnaeus
Balistes LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 327, 1758. (Genotype,
Balistes vetula Linnaeus.)
BALISTES VETULA Linnaeus
Cacuta 0 CocHINO
Balistes vetula LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 329, 1758 (Ascension
Island).—R6u., Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 409, fig. 226, 1942 (coast
of Venezuela).
Suborder OSTRACIOIDEA
Family OSTRACIIDAE: Trunkfishes; Cofres
Genus LACTOPHRYS Swainson
Lactophrys Swainson, Natural history and classification of fishes, vol. 2, pp. 194,
324, 1839. (Genotype, Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus).)
KEY TO THE SPECIES REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Bony covering or carapace without spines anywhere; body with numerous
Maleispots; dorsally: 2 sss eee eee Lactophrys triqueter (Linnaeus)
16. Carapace with a spine in front of each eye, another posteriorly on each ventral
ridge, and one above and below at front of caudal peduncle; color brownish
with blackish spots except on ventral surfaces.
Lactophrys tricornis (Linnaeus)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 193
LACTOPHRYS TRIQUETER (Linnaeus)
CHAPIN O SAPO DE MAR
Ostracion triqueter LiNNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 330, 1758
(‘India’).
Lactophrys triqueter R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 385, figs. 192, 193,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
LACTOPHRYS TRICORNIS (Linnaeus)
Toro o Vaquiro
Ostracion tricornis LinNanus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 331, 1758.
(‘India’).
Lactophrys tricornis R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 386, fig. 194, 1942
(coast of Venezuela).
Suborder TETRAODONTOIDEA
Family TETRAODONTIDAE: Puffers; Tamboriles
KEY TO GENERA OF TETRAODONTIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA
la. Dorsal rays 8, anal 7, counting rudiments; 2 distinct openings on each more-
or-less tubular nostril; inner surface or nasal tube with one or more folds;
lower sides of body without a dermal fold along a lateral line tube.
Sphoeroides Anonymous
1b. Dorsal rays 10 to 15; anal 9 to 13.
2a. Dorsal rays about 10, anal rays 9 to 10; no dermal fold along lower sides of
body; gill opening extends down in front of about 7 pectoral rays; caudal
fin truncate or a little concave.
3a. Nostrils without a distinct tube or tentacle but with a small porelike
opening on each side; back in front of dorsal fin compressed into a low
keellike ridge or short prominence; margin of eye without eyelid; snout
somewhag pombtedeaa sas = ee es Sees ae Canthigaster Swainson
3b. Nostrils with 2 distinct openings on each side at tip of a short tube; back
without keel, more or less depressed; membrane of eye free ventrally
for a short distance, but fused dorsally; snout blunt, rounded.
Colomesus Gill
2b. Dorsal rays about 13 to 15; anal rays 12 or 13; lower sides with a dermal
fold along a lateral line tube; tubular nostrils with 2 small openings
distally; back without ridge, more or less depressed; membrane of eye
free ventrally, fused dorsally; gill opening extending down in front of
about 8 to 10 pectoral rays; caudal fin forked-_Lagocephalus Swainson
Genus SPHOEROIDES Anonymous
Sphoeroides (Author anonymous), Allg. Lit.-Zeit., column 676, 1798. (Genotype,
Tetrodon spengleri Bloch.) (Ref. copied.)
The correct identification of the puffers in the western Atlantic
referred to the genus Sphoeroides is very difficult if not impossible for
certain forms. There appears to be so much variation in size of
eye and head and in other morphological characters that most keys lead
to doubtful identifications. Since no revision of this genus has been
8022074913
194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
made and sufficient material of the various forms described are lacking
for study, the following tentative key must be used with caution for
the area adjacent to the coast of Venezuela and northward. A species
difficult to place is Sphoeroides harper Nichols (Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., vol. 33, art. 3, p. 81, 1914) from Cape Sable, Fla. This
species may be maculatus.
Meek and Hildebrand (‘The Marine Fishes of Panama’’, part 3,
p. 8138, pl. 77, 1928) use the name Sphocroides marmoratus (Ranzani)
for a species covered with minute imbricated scales that lacks the line
of black spots set off below the dark coloration of upper sides. How-
ever, Tetraodon marmoratus Ranzani (Dissertationes Quat. NoviComm.
Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon., vol. 4, p. 73, pl. 10, figs. 1a, 1b, 1840) as
represented by the figures is definitely not the same species as the
one illustrated on plate 77 of Meek and Hildebrand. I see no reason
at present why 7. marmoratus Ranzani cannot be considered a synonym
of Sphoeroides spengleri as currently recognized. Specimens of
spengleri from Brazil appear to be the same as those from Panama and
the West Indies.
Sphoeroides marmoratus Meek and Hildebrand (not of Ranzani) I
refer to Sphoeroides eulepidotus (Metzelaar), basing my opinion on
several small series in the national collections.
The color patterns of maculatus and nephelus and the imbricate
scales indicate that ewlepidotus is very closely related and possibly not
distinct from nephelus. I do not find any specimens of the typical
color pattern of maculatus south of the Carolinas in the national col-
lections.
KEY TO CERTAIN SPECIES OF SPHOEROIDES
la. Lower sides with a line of dark bars or roundish spots a little below and
well set off from darker ground color of upper sides and back, these bars
or spots numbering 5 in front of the pectoral base and 7 or 8 behind it,
totaling 12 or 13.
2a. Dark spots in a line roundish to oval in shape and black spot at lower
rear base of pectoral not quite reaching to middle of pectoral fin base
and little or no darker than others in line; a black bar across caudal fin
distally and another basally, separated by a pale bar; back variably
light spotted and dark spotted; least distance between bases of nasal
tubes about 5 to 7 times in the snout; postorbital length of head 1.5 to
2 times in snout; dermal papillae often present on sides; body often
with prickles in front of dorsal and anal fins; distal margins of dorsal
and anal fins rounded; dermal cirri often occurring on the sides of young
specimens 2.2 — 8 le ee ey ee ee Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch)
2b. Line of dark bars vertically elongate and extending up into dark ground
color of sides; black spot or bar in axil of pectoral much darker than
any of others in the line and usually reaching up to or above midpectoral
base; no blackish or pale bars across caudal fin; back usually dark
spotted; least distance between bases of nasal tubes about 3.5 to 5
times in snout; postorbital length of head 1.25 to 1% in snout; anterior
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 195
parts of body in front of dorsal and anal fins profusely prickly, and
scales somewhat imbricated occurring all over body in young, but in
adults the body smoother, especially caudal region.
Sphoeroides maculatus ?? (Bloch and Schneider)
2c. Line of dark bars vertically elongate but hourglass-shaped behind pectoral;
black spot in axil of pectoral intensified but not reaching above middle of
base of pectoral; upper part of body brownish and overlaid with numerous
very small circular-shaped white blotches everywhere; caudal fin plain
pale in color; least distance between bases of nasal tubes about 4.5 to 5
times in snout; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1% in snout; body prick-
ly anteriorly and covered with small imbricated scales; prickles usually
with 4-pointed bases; distal margin of dorsal fin truncate, that of anal
rounded) 2000526 22 SUt ae Sphoeroides nephelus #8 (Goode and Bean)
1b. Line of dark bars or spots absent, or, if present, not separated from dark
ground color of sides and back.
3a. Back darkish (often greenish when alive) with pale lines forming a coarsely
reticulated pattern and the sides have small dark spots, more numerous
with age, but fading ventrally so that the belly is white as usual; caudal
fin more or less darkish with a pale bar across the fin a little closer to its
base than distally; scales not noticeably developed although anteriorly
the body is prickly; least distance between nostrils 2.75 to 3 times in
snout; postorbital length of head 1.2 in snout; distal margin of dorsal
truncate or slightly rounded__-_--_- Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus)
3b. No pale lines forming a reticulated color pattern on back.
4a. Color plain brownish above and largely on sides, with a single large
blackish spot, somewhat vertically elongate, on middle of sides a
little in advance of dorsal origin; sometimes a pair of dermal cirri on
middle of back; brownish color of back with small pale specks or spots;
body not covered with small imbricated scales although small glandu-
lar-like scales occurring irregularly on body; body prickly anteriorly;
caudal fin with a dark bar distally and one basally separated by a
pale bar; least distance between bases of nasal tubes about 5 to 6.25
times in snout; postorbital length of head about 1.75 to 2 times in
snout; distal margin of dorsal fin truncate; that of anal truncate ora
trifle rounded; outer rays of caudal fin a little longer than others, so
that distal margin of this fin is slightly concave.
Sphoeroides dorsalis 28 (Longley)
4b. Body everywhere, except ventrally, with brown spots, these spots not
in rows, their number apparently increasing with age; caudal fin usual-
ly, except in larger specimens, with a pale bar across middle separat-
ing more or less distinct darker bars distally and basally; body every-
where covered with numerous very small imbricated scales; least dis-
tance between bases of nasal tubes ccntained 4.5 to 6 times in snout;
postorbital length of head 1.25 to 1% in snout; dorsal slightly rounded
to truncate distally, anal fin rounded; dermal cirri usually present on
sides. 28h aN aqo 21: weber ee Shi Sphoeroides eulepidotus (Metzelaar)
SPHOEROIDES SPENGLERI (Bloch)
Tetrodon spengleri Buocu, Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol.
4, p. 184, pl. 144, 1797.
27 Not reported from Venezuela and probably not occurring south of Florida.
2 Not reported from Venezuela but occurring off Florida and in West Indies.
802207—49—_14
196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
This species has a distribution from Florida and Gulf of Mexico
through the West Indies to Brazil and most certainly will be taken
off Venezuela, although so far I fail to find any record of its capture
from that country.
SPHOEROIDES TESTUDINEUS (Linnaeus)
YEQUE O SAPO BRUTO
Tetraodon testudineus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 332, 1758.
Sphoeroides testudineus Réut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 387, fig. 195,
1942 (coast of Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 121700, 36 specimens, 22 to 118 mm. in standard length, Lago de
Maracaibo at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121701, 22 specimens, 20 to 61 mm., Lago de Maracaibo opposite
Salina Rica, 5 km, north of Maracaibo, February 20, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121699, 94 specimens, 18 to 94 mm., Lago de Maracaibo at Yacht
Club, Maracaibo, February 27 and March 5, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121698, 17 specimens, 21 to 101 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua,
25 km. north of Sinamaica, March 21, 1942.
U.S.N.M. No. 121697, 78 specimens, 17 to 122 mm., Lago de Maracaibo,
7 km. south of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942.
Two specimens, 60 and 93 mm., a baja seca, east side of Puerto Cabello, F. F.
Bond, January 26, 1988.
SPHOEROIDES EULEPIDOTUS (Metzelaar)
Tetrodon (Spheroides) eulepidotus MrtzELAAR, Rapport Onderz. Toest. Viss. Ind.
Zeeprod. Kol. Curagao, vol. 2, p. 170, fig. 54, 1919 (Lesser Antilles).
Specimens before me from the collection in the United States
National Museum indicate that this species ranges from Texas, Pana-
ma, and West Indies to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
U.S.N.M. No. 122001, 4 specimens, 22 to 5 mm., in standard length, Cape San
Roman, U. 8. 8. Niagara, April 2, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 122002, 1 specimen, 13 mm., south coast of Gulf of Venezuela,
U.S. S. Niagara, November 15, 1925.
U.S.N.M. No. 121702, 1 specimen, 29.5 mm., from a brackish cafio at Los
Monitos, Rfo Limén system, Leonard P. Schultz, March 11, 1942.
Genus CANTHIGASTER Swainson
Canthigaster Swainson, The natural history and classification of fishes, vol. 2,
p. 194, 1839. (Genotype, Tetrodon rostratus Bloch.)
CANTHIGASTER ROSTRATUS (Bloch)
Tetrodon rostratus Buocu, Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5,
p. 4, pl. 146, fig. 2, 1787 (‘Indes orientales’’).
Tetrodon (Canihigaster) rostratus MrrzELAar, Rappt. Onderz. Toest. Viss. Ind.
Zeeprod, Kol, Curagao, vol. 2, p. 171, 1919 (Venezuela).
Genus COLOMESUS Gill
Colomesus G1u1, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, p. 422, 1884. (Genotype, Tetrodon
pstitacus Bloch and Schneider.)
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 197
COLOMESUS PSITTACUS (Bloch and Schneider)
Tetrodon psittacus BLocH AND SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 505, 1801
(Malabar).
Colomesus psiltacus Fow Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 437
(Tucapita on Rio Manamo; Pedernales, Venezuela).
Genus LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson
Lagocephalus Swarnson, The natural history and classification of fishes, vol. 2,
pp. 194, 328, 1839. (Genotype, Lagocephalus stellatus Donovan.)
LAGOCEPHALUS LAEVIGATUS (Linnaeus)
Tetraodon lagocephalus LinNaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 332, 1758
(‘India’’).
Tetraodon (Lagocephalus) pachycephalus MrtTzeLaaR, Rappt. Onderz. toest. Viss.
Ind. Zeeprod. kol. Curagao, vol. 2, p. 169, 1919 (Cumana, Venezuela).
U.S.N.M. No. 122000, 1 specimen, 230 mm. in standard length, Estanques
Bay, U.S. S. Niagara, December 9, 1924.
U.S.N.M. No. 122003, 1 specimen, 42 mm., Jacuque Point, U. 8. S. Niagara,
January 26, 1925.
Our series of Lagocephalus laevigatus before me indicates that
Tetraodon pachycephalus Ranzani is a synonym and that the depth
and head length vary considerably with increase in size.
Suborder DIODONTOIDEA
Family DIODONTIDAE: Porcupinefishes
Genus DIODON Linnaeus
Diodon LinnaEws, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 334, 1758. (Genotype,
Diodon hystriz Linnaeus.)
Two species of Diodon—hystriz and holacanthus—are currently
recognized, but after examining a rather large series of both as indenti-
fied by several ichthyologists in the past, I find so much overlapping
in the two forms that I must cast serious doubt on their distinctness.
I notice that specimens up to 50 to 200 mm. in standard length have
relatively longer frontal spines than postpectoral spines, some dermal
cirri along lower sides of body and usually a pair under the chin.
On all the large specimens of Diodon, however, I fail to locate these
dermal cirri, and the frontal spines appear to be shorter than the
postpectoral ones, but this is caused by more of the base of the frontal
spines being embedded in the skin. The genus is in need of revision.
Provisionally I am combining hystrix and holacanthus because I am
unable to separate the two species as based on the material before me
from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
DIODON HYSTRIX Linnaeus
ER1zo 0 PUERCO ESPIN
Diodon hystrix LInNAEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 335, 1758 (India) .—
Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 388, fig. 196, 1942 (coast of Vene-
zuela).
198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
U.S.N.M. No. 122004, a specimen 100 mm. in standard length, Gulf of
Venezuela, U.S. 8. Niagara, 1925.
The following counts were made: Dorsal rays 14 in 3 and 15 in 1
specimens; anal 13 rays in 2, and 14 in 3 specimens; pectoral rays 21
in one specimen, 22 in 6 counts, and 23 in 3.
Order GOBIESOCIFORMES
Family GOBIESOCIDAE: Clingfishes; Trepadores
During my attempt to identify the Venezuelan specimens of cling-
fishes in the national collections, it became clear to me that the Amer-
ican Gobiesocidae were in a state of confusion and were in need of
revision. ‘This was necessary before I could determine the genus or
species to which the Venezuelan clingfishes belonged. After 3 months
of work, a manuscript was prepared and published (Schultz, 1944e).
The following key was modified from that publication so as to key
out all American genera, and it includes only those species that have
been reported from Venezuela:
la. Groove between tip of snout and upper lip of premaxillaries extending around
front of snout and not forming a convex curve dorsally over tip of snout;
width of middle of upper lip narrow, about the same as laterally, and ap-
proximately equal to width of pupil; gill membranes attached opposite
third and fifth upper pectoral fin rays; axial flap of skin behind pectoral
fin with its upper edge attached at midbase of pectoral fin or below mid-
base; fleshy pad on outer pectoral base present only ventrally, without
a free margin posteriorly and enlarged or swollen at lower posterior corner
of pectoral fin base; the lower first to fifth pectoral rays short, about half
length of longest pectoral ray, the eighth and ninth much longer than
lower pectoral rays; anal rays 6 or 8; dorsal rays 6 or 7 (all rudiments
counted as one ray).
2a. Incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw with 4 minute points 2%; those at
front of upper jaw mostly conical; each jaw with 1 or 2 inner rows of
minute conical teeth; axial flap of skin behind pectoral fin attached at
lower part of pectoral fin base; anal origin a little behind a vertical line
through dorsal origin; greatest depth of body 5.5 to 6.5, length of head
3 to 3.25, greatest width of head 4.5 to 5, length of disk 5 to 5.5, all in
standard length; length of disk about equal to distance from tip of snout
to front of disk; pectoral rays about 19 to 21; color when alive green or
reddish, with or without light spots (Florida Keys and West Indies).
Acyrtus Schultz 3°
2b. Incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw with smooth tips; middle front teeth
of upper jaw conical; teeth in inner rows of both jaws shorter, smaller,
and conical; axial flap of skin behind pectoral fin attached opposite
middle of pectoral base; greatest depth of body 8 or 9, length of head
3.5 to 3.8, greatest width of head 5, length of disk 5.5, all in standard
length; anal origin a little in advance of dorsal origin; interorbita] space
3.5 in head, eye 1.5 in interorbital space; length of disk about equal to
29 Sometimes the middle two teeth are worn down nearly smooth, as in the type of G. beryllinus Hildebrand
and Ginsburg.
30 Not yet reported from Venezuela.
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 199
caudal peduncle; lower pectoral rays shorter, second and third from
bottom about half length of longest pectoral fin rays; pectoral fin rays
about 16 or 17 (Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, to Monterey, Bay
and west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia).
Rimicola Jordan and Evermann
1b. Tip of snout formed by premaxillaries, which are much wider at middle of
snout than laterally, groove arched dorsally over tip of snout; axial flap
of skin behind pectoral fin with its upper edge attached much above the
midbase of this fin; lower first to seventh pectoral fin rays not shortened,
about as long as eighth or ninth from bottom.
3a. Anterior teeth of lower jaw trifid incisors, trifid tips usually evident, except
the middle 2 or 3 may be worn off smooth although 1 or 2 of more laterally
placed incisors at front of lower jaw are always trifid.
4a. Gill membrane attached opposite third to fifth pectoral fin rays; front
teeth of upper jaw smooth-tipped incisors (sometimes flattened-
coniform); front of both jaws with 1 or 2 inner rows of small conical
teeth behind outer row of enlarged incisorlike teeth, sometimes these
inner rows apparently represented by only 2 or 3 teeth; fleshy pad on
outer base of pectoral fin with free posterior margin ending a little
below attachment of gill membranes; greatest width of head 3, length
of head 2.75 to 2.8, greatest depth of body 5 to 6, length of disk 3.5,
all in standard length; length of disk much greater than distance from
tip of snout to front of disk; distance from dorsal origin to midbase of
caudal fin contained 1.75 to 1.8 times in snout tip to dorsal origin;
anal origin under base of the third or fourth dorsal fin ray; caudal
peduncle short, its depth about equal to its length and about 3 times
in base of dorsal fin; dorsal fin rays 11 to 13, anal 10 or 11, pectoral
18 or 21 (usually 19 or 20) (Gulf of California; southern California).
Infratridens Schultz
4b. Gill membranes joined opposite upper edge of pectoral fin base; incisor-
like teeth of both jaws with trifid tips except middle pair or two some-
times smooth tipped; teeth in both jaws in a single row, lateral 2 to
4 conical and last 1 or 2 sometimes strong canines; outer lower base
of pectoral fin with fleshy pad poorly developed and without any
trace of free margin; pelvic fins joined about halfway out fourth to
sixth pectoral fin rays and not near base; dermal flap in axil of pectoral
fin joins opposite the fourth to tenth pectoral fin ray; width of head
3.5 to 6, length of head 2% to 5, greatest depth of body usually 6 to 10,
length of disk usually 4 to 6, all in standard length; opercular spine
not strongly developed and not reaching to rear of head.
Arbaciosa Jordan and Evermann
5a. A pair of black spots (more or less ocellate) on back behind head over
pectorals usually distinct, each spot well separated; dorsal surface
of back in front of dorsal origin variously barred or mottled or dark
spotted but without 3 hourglass-shaped large dark blotches. (Species
inhabiting waters of Pacific coast and offshore islands.)
5b. Three or four large hourglass-shaped dark brown or blackish blotches
from in front of dorsal fin to rear of head; a fainter one sometimes on
top of head; side of head with 4 oblique bars and sides of body with
dark bars; incisors with trifid tips; dorsal rays 7 to 9; and 6 to 9
(rarely 6 or 9); pectorals 18 to 23 (West Indies; Guatemala to Brazil).
Arbaciosa fasciata (Peters)
3b. None of teeth with trifid tips.
200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
6a. Middle pair of incisors on both jaws much broader and longer than ad-
joining pairs; posterolateral teeth small and conical; rims of orbits
bony, elevated; opercular spine strongly developed and forming
posteriormost tip of head; valvular flap and margin of anterior nostril
with its margin finely fringed with short cirri; gill membrane attached
at upper anterior edge of pectoral fin base; fleshy pad well developed
on outer lower surface of pectoral base, with a free membranous edge
posteriorly ending at base of tenth to twelfth pectoral ray; shoulder
girdle with a free dermal flap extending dorsally nearly to attachment
of gill membrane; anal origin under base of second or third from last
dorsal fin ray; disk large, its length about equal to head and contained
about 2.4 to 2.8 in standard length; anus just behind rear margin of
disk; origin of dorsal fin a trifle closer to tip of opercular spine than
mideaudal fin base; dorsal rays 10 or 11 (usually 11); anal 8 or 9;
pectoral 24 or 25 (Chile and Peru; Juan Fernandez Islands).
Sicyases (Miller and Troschel)
6b. Middle pair of incisors not enlarged, all incisorlike or conical teeth at front
of both jaws of nearly same size and length; front of lower jaw with
small incisors in 2 or 3 pairs, with smooth tips; posterolateral teeth
smaller, conical, sometimes one or two a little enlarged and almost
caninelike; usually a small patch of very short conical teeth behind
outer row of larger teeth at front of jaws but sometimes lacking or
reduced to 1 or 2 teeth; rims of orbits not elevated or bony; anterior
nostril with a dermal flap, sometimes with bifid or even multifid tips
arising on posterior rim, but nostrils not fringed with short cirri.
7a. Short blunt papillae on lips and around mouth generally, these in form
of short barblets, arrangement as follows: Median part of chin and
lower jaw with 2 or 3 rows of papillae, or chin anteriorly with a pair of
low lobes in form of reversed parentheses [)(] and sometimes at their
inner tips a pair of papillae (more or less fused with the anterior lobes
in nigripinnis and in pinniger); an inner row of barblets lateral to
median lobes, one pair on each side; lower lip at each side of median
part of chin lobelike, sometimes bearing 2 small papillae; 2 or 3 large
papillae or knobs on each side along inner edge of groove of lower
jaw; upper lip with a median papilla or knob and 5 more on each side;
front edge of snout above groove without papillae but laterally 3 to 5
knobs or papillae present or absent; sometimes another papilla
occurring behind rictus and still another below rictus; gill membranes
joined opposite fifth to seventh upper rays of pectoral fin; fleshy pad
on outer base of pectoral fin with a free posterior membranous margin
extending dorsally to opposite attachment of gill membranes; dorsal
rays 10 to 19; pectoral fin rays 21 to 27; anus closer to anal origin
than to rear margin of disk. (Maryland to West Indies to Brazil in
Atlantic; Gulf of California to Peru and Cocos Island, in Pacific,
Cotylis Miller and Troschel.) Depth 4.5 to 6.5, eye 3.1 to 3.6 in
length of base of dorsal fin; dorsal rays usually 11, anal usually 9,
pectoral rays 22 to 26 (Maryland to West Indies to Brazil).
Cotylis nigripinnis nigripinnis (Peters)
7b. No papilla on upper lip, lobelike structures occurring around lips of the
lower jaw when best developed being low knobs or ridges, chin lack-
ing inner series of papillae as described for Cotylis.
8a. Gill membranes joined at upper edge of pectoral fin base, sometimes
a little anteriorly, giving appearance of being opposite bases of
upper first to third pectoral fin rays or the orbits larger than inter-
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 201
orbital space; incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw projecting
forward in a nearly horizontal or oblique direction, usually middle
pair a little larger than those laterally.
9a. Analrays 10 to 14; dorsal rays 12 to 16, pectoral rays 19 to 23 (count-
ing all rudiments) ; fleshy pad on outer margin of pectoral fin base
very well developed and free membranous border along its
posterior edge extending up to or beyond twelfth pectoral ray
from the dorsal edge; interorbital space equal to or wider than
eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.5 to 5.25 times in dorsal
origin to midcaudal fin base; anal origin under anterior third
of dorsal fin base (Peru and Chile; San Diego to Queen Charlotte
Island, Puget Sound)_._--Sicyogaster Brisout de Barneville
9b. Anal rays 7 or 8; dorsal 7 to 9; pectorals 22 to 25; diameter of eyes
greater than interorbital space except in large adults equal;
interorbital space about three-fifths to three-fourths in eye,
color usually reddish when alive (Galdpagos Islands: Panama
Bay; Mazatlén, Gulf of California; Bahama Islands; West
indies). vocete gol suse ee age don. tales 2 Arcos?! Schultz
8b. Gill membranes joined opposite third to seventh upper pectoral fin
rays somewhat more anteriorly than in Cotylis; incisorlike teeth
at front of lower jaw not projecting horizontally forward but curved
obliquely upward so as to be nearly opposite those in upper jaw,
the pair of incisors at middle of lower jaw nearly same size as adjoin-
ing ones; outer surface of pectoral fin base with a distinctly fleshy
pad, posterior margin free and joined opposite attachment of gill
membranes (Bahamas and West Indies; Texas, Central America
to Brazil in Atlantic; Gulf of California to Colombia and Cocos
Island in Pacific, Gobiesor Lacepéde). Disk much greater than
distance from tip of chin to front of disk; origin of dorsal fin equi-
distant between midcaudal fin base and rear one-third of pectoral
fin rays or a little behind them; anal origin under fifth dorsal fin
ray, behind middle of base of rays of that fin; teeth of lower jaw
not projecting forward in a nearly horizontal position but directed
nearly straight upward in adults, a little more oblique in young
specimens; head 2.2 to 2.7, disk 2.6 to 3.3 and depth 4 to 5.5, all
in standard length; dorsal rays 8 or 9, anal 5 to 7, pectoral 18 to
21; anus equidistant between anal origin and rear margin of disk
or a little nearer to anal origin; eye 144 (young) to 5 (adults) times
in interorbital space; length of disk when measured from its rear
margin reaching nearly to end of anal fin usually from midbase to
base of last anal ray; small dark spot often present near front of
base of dorsal fin (Costa Rica, West Indies, to Brazil).
Gobiesox cephalus Lacepéde
Genus ARBACIOSA Jordan and Evermann
Arbaciosa JORDAN and EvERMANN, in Jordan, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2,
vol. 6, p. 230, 1896. (Genotype, Gobiesox humeralis Gilbert.)
ARBACIOSA FASCIATA (Peters)
Sicyases fasciatus Prtrrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, p. 412, 1860
(Puerto Cabello).— GUntTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum,
vol. 3, p. 497, 1861 (Puerto Cabello); Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 6, p. 390.
31 Not yet reported from Venezuela.
202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
1868 (Puerto Cabello).—Jorpan, EVERMANN, AND CLARK, Rep. U.S. Comm.
Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1980 (Puerto Cabello).
Gobiesox fasciatus JORDAN AND EVERMANN, Rep. U. §. Comm. Fish and Fish. for
1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Puerto Cabello); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3,
p. 2338, 1898 (Puerto Cabello).
Genus COTYLIS Miiller and Troschel
Cotylis M@LLeR AND TROSCHEL, in Miiller, Arch. fir Naturg. (Wiegmann),
Jahrg. 9, vol. 1, p. 297, 1843. (Genotype, Cotylis nuda Miller and Troschel=
Lepadogaster nudus Bloch and Schneider=Gobiesox gyrinus Jordan and
Evermann=Gobiesox nigripinnis Peters.)
COTYLIS NIGRIPINNIS NIGRIPINNIS Peters
Cotylis nigripinnis Peters, Monatsb, Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, p. 412, 1860
(Puerto Cabello).
Gobiesox nigripinnis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum,
vol. 3, p. 502, 1861 (Puerto Cabello) ; Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 6, p. 390,
1868 (Puerto Cabello).—Jorpan AND EVERMANN, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish
and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Puerto Cabello); U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2331, 1898 (Puerto Cabello).—Jorpan, EVERMANN, AND
Cuark, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 488, 1930 (Puerto Cabello).
Genus GOBIESOX Lacepéde
Gobiesor LacrerrpE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, p. 595, fig., 1800.
(Genotype, Gobiesor cephalus Lacepéde.)
GOBIESOX CEPHALUS Lacepéde
Gobiesox cephalus LacEPrEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, pp. 595, 596,
fig., 1800 (fresh-water rivers of South America).
The following specimens in the collections of the U. S. National
Museum were collected by Lyon and Robinson on August 1 and 2,
1900, at Macuto, near La Guaira, in a fresh-water stream.
U.S.N.M. No. 93815 to 93817, 8 specimens, 115 to 145 mm. in standard length.
U.S.N.M. No. 93820 to 93822, 5 specimens, 73 to 100 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 93827, 3 specimens, 124 to 182 mm. in standard length.
Order BATRACHOIDEA
Family BATRACHOIDIDAE: Toadfishes
Genus BATRACHOIDES Lacepéde
Batrachoides LacermpE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, p. 451, 1800.
(Genotype, Batrachoides tau Lacepéde.)
BATRACHOIDES SURINAMENSIS (Bloch and Schneider)
SAPO DE MAR
Batrachus surinamensis BuocH AND SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 43,
1801 (Surinam).
Batrachoides surinamensis FowueEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 63,
p. 437, 1911 (Pedernales, Venezuela).—R6GuHL, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela,
p. 412, 1942 (coast of Venezuela).
ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 203
Order PEDICULATIFORMES
Suborder ANTENNARIOIDEA
Family OGCOCEPHALIDAE: Batfishes
Genus OGCOCEPHALUS Fischer
Ogcocephalus FiscHEeR, Zodgnosia, Tabl. Syn., ed. 3, vol. 1, pp. 70, 78, 1813.
(Genotype, Lophius vespertilio Linnaeus.) (Ref. copied.)
OGCOCEPHALUS VESPERTILIO (Linnaeus)
MurcigLaAGo DE MAR
Lophius vespertilio LinNanus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 236, 1758
(Oceano Americano).— RG6HL, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 413, figs.
229, 230, 1942 (coast of Venezuela).
LITERATURE CONTAINING REFERENCES TO VENEZUELAN
FISHES
AHL, ERNstT.
1928. Ubersicht tiber die Fische der siidamerikanischen Cichliden-Gattung
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BEEBE, WILLIAM.
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1943a. Pattern and color in the cichlid fish, Aequideus tetramerus. Zoologica,
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1943b. Physical factors in the ecology of Caripito, Venezuela. Zoologica,
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BiceLtow, Henry B., and ScHronpErR, WILLIAM C.
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Caporiacco, Lopovico DI.
1935. Spedizione nello Beccari nella Guiana Britannica. Monitore Zool.
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Dumé&rit, Auc.
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ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 205
EIGENMANN, Caru H., and E1GENMANN, R. 8.
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Gomss, A. LouRENGO.
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ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 207
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ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA—-SCHULTZ 209
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210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington: 1949 No. 3236
THE WEEVILS OF THE GENUS TACHYGONUS IN THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WITH DESCRIP-
TIONS OF NEW SPECIES
By Oscar Monte?
Tue author received from the United States National Museum to be
studied a fine collection of weevils of the genus Z'achygonus*
ce numbering 47 specimens, comprising 20 species, of which
2 are new to science, some of these being represented by unique types.
There are also several new geogr pphicall records.
He takes the opportunity to express his thanks to the authorities of
the United States National Museum for their permission to study this
material and to L. L. Buchanan, of the Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine, for the offer of specimens in his charge for the
study of this interesting genus from South and Central America.
The author is greatly indebted also to Mrs. Ruth C, Altieri for making
the fine illustrations.
The type specimens of new species described herein are in the col-
lection of the United States National Museum. Certain paratypes
have also been deposited, as indicated in the text, in the Monte
collection.
TACHYGONUS RUFUS Hustache
Four specimens, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, April 14, 1933, col-
lected by E. J. Hambleton, taken on an undetermined species of
Apocynaceae. The original description was based upon three speci-
mens collected at Jatahy, Goiaz, Brazil.
1The author of this paper was connected with the Instituto Biolégico, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
He died on July 1, 1948, after his manuscript had been submitted for publication.—Ep1Tor.
? Coleoptera : Curculionidae.
81027449 213
214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Three specimens have the posterior tibiae blackish. This character
is not mentioned in the original description; the fourth specimen
has the tibiae of the same color as the elytra, and this color is variable
from reddish yellow to ferruginous. The pectinate white scales are
not so scattered. The author thinks such characters do not differ
sufficiently to warrant a varietal description.
Length 1.65-1.73 mm. (type 1.5 mm.) ; width 1.13 mm.
TACHYGONUS BUCHANANI, new species
FIcurE 21
Black, shining, the anterior and intermediate legs and posterior
tarsi ferruginous. Head pitted, with a patch of pectinate white scales
on the sides. Rostrum ferruginous, with the basal portion blackish,
strongly pitted and with sparse, short, yellowish bristles laterally, the
central area smooth. Antennae yellowish, the club paler.
FicureE 21.—Tachygonus buchanani, FicurE 22.—Tachygonus bicolor,
new species, <5. new species, <5.
Pronotum thickly pitted laterally, rather sparsely so medially,
with a few black, erect hairs, except along the narrow smooth median
space; the flanks of the pro-, meso-, and metathorax thinly covered
with pectinate white scales, the scales sparser on the mesothorax than
on the other two segments.
Klytra very broad, cordiform, flat to the third interstice, strongly
declivous posteriorly, deeply pitted, and covered with long, brown-
red hairs; two or three forked scales in postscutellar region; suture
toward apex with a few yellowish-white setae; elytra a short distance
WEEVILS OF GENUS TACHYGONUS—MONTE 215
beyond the middle with a series of setae in two transverse rows,
forming a faint band from the sixth to tenth interstices.
Posterior femora dark, thicker apically than basally, granulose,
covered with black and white setae, the latter most numerous on the
basal half; armed with numerous scattered minute teeth and with three
long, black teeth, the second slightly the longest, first and third sub-
equal, the most distal of the three teeth placed on the interior edge,
the other two on the exterior edge. Posterior tibiae rather broad,
arcuate, provided with strong, erect setae on the external border, and
long adpressed ones within. Tarsi ferruginous and covered with long
white hairs.
Length 2.17 mm.; width 1.73 mm.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58186.
One specimen, Teffé, Amazonas, Brazil, December 10, 1919. Col-
lection Bovie through Buchanan.
This species is most closely allied to 7’. guerint Monte but is smaller;
elytra with the interstices lower, the pits deeper, and with the pectinate
white scales on the external margin extending across the middle; the
posterior femora with fewer teeth. It is smaller than 7’. hydropicus
Chevrolat, a species which has the teeth on the posterior femora dif-
ferently placed. The species is named in honor of L. L. Buchanan,
who has taken great interest in weevils.
TACHYGONUS BICOLOR, new species
FIGuRE 22
Black, shiny. Legs yellowish. Rostrum smooth, dark at base with
the sides pitted, the tip ferruginous. Antennae yellowish white.
Prothorax and elytra densely covered by testaceous and whitish hairs.
Prothorax with shallow pits; the sides of the prothorax and of the
meso- and metathorax densely covered with white pectinate scales.
Elytra very broad, lightly pitted, apical third of the suture with
some crossed, erect, yellow setae; a scutellar patch on each elytron with
pectinate white scales; the pectoral channel and the last (third and
fourth visible) abdominal segments covered densely with white scales,
the genital (fifth) segment with long white hairs instead of scales.
Posterior femora very elongate, covered with long, black and white
hairs, armed with three long, strong teeth, two of which are opposite
each other, forming a pair at apical two-sevenths, the other principal
tooth submedian, the latter placed between two very short teeth.
Posterior tibiae swollen, arcuate, yellowish, but with the external
border reddish.
Length 2.17 mm.; width 1.56 mm.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 58187.
216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
One specimen, Bolivia, Huachi, Beni. W.M. Mann, 1922. Mulford
Biol. Expl., 1921-22.
Closely related to 7’. rufovarius Kirsch but distinguished by the
color of the posterior legs and by the shape and larger size of the
posterior tibiae.
TACHYGONUS MONTANUS, new species
FIGURE 23
Black, shiny, rounded subquadrate, with a red, arrow-shaped mark
on the elytra (formed by a reddish sutural line, which is branched
near the postscutellar patch).
Prothorax black, shiny, sparsely pitted; the flanks red and covered
by pectinate scales, which are spread along the dorsal and basal edges.
Flanks of meso- and metathorax densely clothed with white pectinate
scales.
Rostrum black, but testaceous at tip; the sides pitted. Antennae
cream white.
Elytra black, shiny, with two dense white postscutellar tufts; the
interstices raised; terminal part of the suture with a series of about
eight pairs of short, yellow, strongly crossed setae. Abdominal seg-
ments with white hairs and a few white pectinate scales.
Anterior and intermediate legs yellowish; the posterior ones black,
with the femora reddish apically, and armed with several small teeth
and also with four long teeth, one pair at apical two-sevenths, one
tooth at the middle and basad of this a shorter one. Posterior tibiae
sinuate, with short, yellowish setae. Hind tarsi with the first segment
ferruginous, the rest missing.
Length 1.73 mm.; width 1.30 mm.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58188.
One specimen, Bolivia, Cosincho, Beni, collected by G. L. Harring-
ton.
Near 7’. neivai Monte but distinguished by the posterior femora
being totally black and narrower at tip.
TACHYGONUS MIRUS, new species
FIGURE 24
Ferruginous, with dark spots somewhat variable in size and location.
Head dark, its dorsal surface with small, somewhat elongate punctures
separated by very narrow, longitudinal, more or less cariniform lines,
this sculpture less distinct laterally; sides of head with some white
pectinate scales. In one of the paratypes the dark color of head is
separated by a narrow reddish streak.
Antennae whitish yellow. Rostrum dark brown, lighter at apex,
with strong pitting at base and flanks. Dorsum of prothorax dark,
WEEVILS OF GENUS TACHYGONUS—MONTE 217
shiny, very little pitted, and bearing long brown hairs, which are pres-
ent also on elytra; flanks of prothorax ferruginous, densely covered
with white pectinate scales, which extend along the basal margin.
The flanks of meso- and metathorax covered by dense white scaling,
forming layers. Elytra widened in front, narrowing toward the
apex, with numerous wide but shallow pits; interstices raised; base
dark, this color extending on external margins to nearly half the
length, declivity with two patches of the same color; postscutellar
region marked by two patches of white pectinate scales; lateral mar-
gins of elytra with a series of white pectinate scales; sutural interstices
with a series of crossed white setae. In one of the paratypes the same
type of scaling can be noted on last interstices. Genital segment with
white erect hairs.
FicurE 23.—Tachygonus montanus, Ficure 24.—Tachygonus mirus, new
new species, <5. species, X5.
Posterior femora with basal two-thirds dark and apical third fer-
ruginous and with white and dark hairs, the white ones more numer-
ous on basal two-thirds and the dark on apical third; granulose, armed
with 4 long teeth, 2 of which are better developed and form a pair
at about apical two-sevenths, 1 tooth at middle, and another at basal
third, and also with a series of about 10 small teeth, some almost re-
duced to tubercles, the 2 near apex larger. Hind tibiae ferruginous,
dark on external margin, slightly spatulate, bearing various brown
hairs. Hind tarsi yellow, with plentiful white hairs.
Underside of body dark.
Length 2.39 mm.; width 1.65 mm.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58189.
218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Four specimens, San Miguel, Peru, two collected on September 1.
1911, and the other two, including the type, in July 1911, by the Yale
Peruvian Expedition, at 6,000 feet. One paratype in the collection
of the author.
These specimens suggest 7’. rufovarius Kirsch, described from Peru,
because one of them has black patches on the elytra placed as called
for in the original diagnosis of this species, but mérus differs by having
the tibiae and base of femora darker, by having the pronotum not
densely pitted, the elytra elongated, the femoral teeth, of which four
are well developed, different, and in being larger.
TACHYGONUS COMPTUS, new species
FIGurRE 25
Shiny black; anterior and intermediate legs yellow, with apex of
the tibiae usually dark and with various whitish hairs, and two fringes
formed by curved and golden hairs, one fringe on inner edge and ex-
tending entire length of tibiae, the other, on outer edge, short, apical
and extending to a little above the tibial claw; all the tarsi dark with
last segment paler.
Head strongly pitted, sparsely so on sides, and there with small
pectinate scales.
Rostrum smooth, shiny and dark, slightly ferruginous at apex. An-
tennae light yellow.
Prothorax black, shiny, pitted, dorsal pitting smaller, flanks with
abundant pectinate white scales. Flanks of meso- and metathorax,
and posterior margins of abdominal segments with dense pectinate
white scales which in some places form layers.
Elytra black, cordiform, the white postscutellar patch well marked,
each sutural interval with a series of white setae, the setae crossing
in about apical half of elytra.
Posterior femora armed with a series of numerous small tubercles
and with four well-developed teeth, a subapical pair of which the
inner tooth is a good deal larger than outer, a rather long submedian
tooth, and, in line with it, a smaller one at about basal third; distad
of the subapical pair of larger teeth are two or three small teeth on
inner edge. Hind tibiae more or less thickened, with numerous
tubercles on external and internal margins; white and brown hairs
spread over femora and tibiae. Hind tarsi covered with pale hairs,
dark, the last segment yellow.
Length 2.17 mm.; width 1.41 mm.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58190.
Five specimens; four, including the type, from San Miguel, Peru
(6,000 feet), September 1, 1911, and one specimen from Paltaybamba
(5,000 feet), August 6, 1911, Yale Peruvian Expedition. One para-
type in the collection of the author.
WEEVILS OF GENUS TACHYGONUS—MONTE 219
Similar to 7’. rugosipennis Hustache but differs by having the fem-
ora more pointed and the femoral teeth differently placed, the scal-
ing denser and the elytra somewhat narrower. Differs from 7’. scu-
tellaris Kirsch in the pectinate scales of abdomen, by the posterior legs
being totally black, and by the nonflattened tibiae.
TACHYGONUS CASEYI Champion
Two specimens, Bequeren, Puerto Rico, Cabassa Finca, R. G. Oakley,
collector. On Guacima guacima. Heretofore known from Mexico
and Guatemala.
TACHYGONUS NIGER, new species
FIGURE 26
Shining black, the first two pairs of legs light brown. Rostrum
ferruginous, dark at base, smooth and shining, slightly pitted at sides
and with a small depression at base.
Head rugose, with a few scales laterally. Antennae yellowish, with
a silky white club.
SF A.
SS, KK V} 4
\
Ficure 25.—Tachygonus comptus, Ficure 26.—Tachygonus niger, new
new species, X5. species, X95.
Dorsum of prothorax smooth, shallowly pitted and with some fine
hairs; flanks covered with pectinate white scales.
Elytra wide, with salient shoulders, strongly pitted and with whitish
yellow hairs over whole surface and with setae of same color on de-
clivity. The white pectinate scales in postscutellar spot every dense.
Flanks of meso- and metathorax covered with same type of scales,
these more numerous on mesothorax.
Hind femora long, granulated, with light and dark hairs, armed
with numerous small teeth reduced to tubercles and with three well-
developed teeth, a subapical pair and one submedian tooth; there are
220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
also four smaller teeth, three situated between subapical pair and apex
of tibia, the fourth based of the submedian tooth. Hind tibiae paler
than femora, serrated on inside, curved and bearing white and dark
hairs, tarsi with first two segments ferruginous and the last two
yellowish, all covered with white hairs.
Lenth 2.00 mm.; width 1.39 mm.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 58191.
One specimen, Las Mercedes, Santa Clara, Costa Rica, 200 to 300
meters, collected by F. Nevermann, December 1921.
Extremely close to 7. curvicrus Champion but differentiated in the
placing of the hind femoral teeth. The present species has four teeth,
a pair close to apex, one more or less in the middle, another at the basal
third; there are several others almost reduced to tubercles.
Differentiated from 7’. femoralis Monte by the shape of the femora.
TACHYGONUS LATICRUS Champion
Two specimens, Coronado, Costa Rica (1,400 to 1,500 meters), col-
lected by F. Nevermann, May 24, 1925, on leaves of Znga edulis.
This species is of the same group as guerini Monte and bondari
Marshall. It is distinguished from guerini by its smaller size, fewer
teeth on posterior femora, and by its shorter and stouter tibiae.
Length 2.39 mm.; width 1.91 mm.
TACHYGONUS FERRUGINEUS, new species
FIGURE 27
General color ferruginous; fore and middle legs yellowish; hind
legs dark brown. Rostrum of same color as elytra.
Head slightly darker than prothorax, upper surface with some fine,
longitudinal punctate striations, flanks with white scaling and with
pitting which becomes somewhat denser close to eyes. Antennae
ferruginous, with whitish club.
Prothorax with wide and shallow pits; flanks of pro-, meso-, and
metathorax covered with pectinate white scales. Elytra and dorsum
of prothorax with long, erect, yellow hairs.
Elytra wide and flattened, shoulders slightly produced; besides the
hairs strong setae are present, some of the setae fringing external
margin of elytra; postscutellar region with a few white scales.
Posterior femora very long, dark brown, lighter at base, granulose,
with a pair of subapical teeth, and a smaller submedian tooth, and
also a series of small teeth along inner edge; tibiae spatulate, dark,
paler at base, the external margin with a series of four to five rigid,
erect setae, the internal margin with abundant hairs. Hind femora
and tibiae with various white and brown hairs. Hind tarsi with first
WEEVILS OF GENUS TACHYGONUS—MONTE Dok
two segments ferruginous and the last two yellow, all covered by
dense white hairs.
Underside of body dark.
Length 1.82 mm.; width 1.30 mm.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58192.
One specimen from Guapiles, Santa Clara, Costa Rica, collected by
F. Nevermann, February 17, 1924.
Perfectly distinct from all described species.
TACHYGONUS ATRO-SIGNATUS, new species
FIGuRE 28
General color brown, elytra lighter than prothorax and marked
with dark patches of which the largest is close to the shoulder.
Head light brown with a small, dark, median patch close to eyes,
and Jaterally with numerous white scales.
Ficure 27.—Tachygonus ferrugineus, Figure 28.—Tachygonus atro-signatus,
new species, <5. new species, 5.
Rostrum rather stout, brown, darker medially, strongly pitted at
sides. Antennae yellowish, club whitish and covered with silky hairs.
Prothorax ferruginous, dorsum dark and with wide but shallow pits
and erect brown hairs; flanks with abundant whitish-yellow scales.
Elytra with deep pits and raised interstices, pale ferruginous, tinged
with black near shoulders, laterally, and a little posterior to the
postscutellar patch; postscutellar patch formed of white, pectinate
scales; apical part of the suture with yellowish-white crossed setae.
Flanks of meso- and metathorax with pectinate white scales.
Front and middle legs yellowish; hind legs ferruginous. Posterior
femora with numerous small tubercles and with four big teeth, two
222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
at about apical third, one median, and one behind middle, the last
the smallest. Hind tibiae darkish brown covered with white and
dark hairs. Hind tarsi yellowish and densely covered with long white
hairs.
Length 2.21 mm.; width 1.48 mm.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 58193.
One specimen, Hamburg Farm, Reventazén, Ebene Limén, Costa
Rica, F. Nevermann, collector, on a shrub, August 10, 1924.
This species is chiefly distinguished by the disposition of the teeth
on the posterior femora and by the dark spots on the elytra.
TACHYGONUS VALIDUS, new species
FIGURE 29
Black, the elytra slightly brown at the shoulders. Prothorax pitted
dorsally, the pits larger at sides than medially. The whole body bear-
ing long dark-brown hairs. The sides (flanks) of the pro-, meso-,
and metathorax with white pectinate scales. Elytra wide, the pitting
rough, shoulders salient, a few white pectinate scales in the post-
scutellar region forming a vaguely defined patch, suture from this
patch to apex with a series of brown, crossed setae.
Anterior and intermediate legs yellowish; posterior legs with
femora dark medially, reddish at the apex and base, the basal reddish
part with abundant white hairs which are more numerous on the
external surface. Hind femora granulose, the dark median part with
four stout teeth on the internal edge (two larger and two smaller)
and also with two on the external edge, of which the antemedian tooth
is opposite one of the large teeth on internal side and forms a pair
with it, the second of the external teeth quite distant from the others
and placed slightly beyond basal third of femur. Hind tibiae curved
and widening toward the apex, which is ferruginous and bears a few
white pectinate scales; remainder of tibia dark and covered with
abundant dark hairs; hind tarsi ferruginous and covered with white
hairs.
Length 2.82 mm.; width 2.08 mm.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58194.
One specimen taken by Dr. R. E. Blackwelder, at Ciricito, Panama
(Canal Zone), March 8, 1930.
Similar to 7’. guinquedentatus Champion but differentiated by the
femoral teeth, by the widening of the hind tibiae, and by the indistinct
postscutellar patch, which is formed by about six pectinate scales on
each side of the suture. Near to 7. bondari Marshall, but smaller,
with narrower tibiae, the femora with four teeth on the inside (two
larger and two smaller) and small tubercles, and with two teeth widely
separated from each other on the external side.
WEEVILS OF GENUS TACHYGONUS—MONTE 223
TACHYGONUS FEMORALIS, new species
FIGuRE 30
Shiny black; fore and middle legs yellowish, hind legs with ferru-
ginous femora and black tibiae. Rostrum ferruginous. Antennae
yellowish white.
Prothorax smooth and sparsely pitted above, with few erect hairs,
flanks with abundant white pectinate scales; flanks of meso- and
metathorax with similar scales, these more abundant on metathorax.
Elytra dark, lightly ferruginous in the center; a white patch formed
by pectinate scales, on the postscutellar region; yellowish, crossed
setae along the suture and long, fine hairs dispersed over the elytral
surface.
Ficure 29.—Tachygonus validus, new Ficure 30.—Tachygonus femoralis,
species, X95. new species, <5.
Posterior femora much thickened (which characterizes the species),
constricted at the apex, bearing small tubercles and long white hairs
basally, and brown hairs apically; femoral teeth placed as follows:
On the inside a large one at about apical fourth, and two very small
ones distad of it; on the external side are two short ones of which the
more distal is fairly large and opposite the large tooth on the internal
side, the next one (proceeding toward base of femur) reduced nearly
to a tubercle, this followed by three others of which the second is
well developed on the left femur but much reduced on the right.
224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Hind tibiae dark and curved, the internal surface slightly serrated
and covered with white hairs. Hind tarsi dark brown, the last seg-
ment yellowish, all segments covered densely with white hairs.
Length 2.00 mm.; width 1.52 mm.
Lype.—U.S.N.M. No. 58195.
One specimen, Porto Bello, Panama (Canal Zone), collected by A.
Busck, February 20, 1911.
Close to 7’. curvicrus Champion but with more teeth on the femora
and with much thickened femora (thicker than the tibiae).
TACHYGONUS SEMIRUFUS Champion
Six specimens, Paraiso, Panama (Canal Zone), collected by E. A.
Schwarz, January 26, March 16, April 17, and May 10, 1911.
Sometimes the color is red brown, in this case the posterior femora
and tibiae are dark, but lighter on the apex of the former and on the
base of the latter.
TACHYGONUS GOWDEYI Marshall
Eight specimens, El] Salvador, on madre de cacao, A. K. Salman,
collector, March 20, 1925.
TACHYGONUS NITIDUS, new species
FIGURE 31
Shining black; front and middle legs, basal two-thirds of the hind
femora, and entire hind tarsi ferruginous.
Rostrum with basal half darker and with whitish hairs near the
eyes. Head with delicate pitting.
Prothorax with wide but shallow pitting, upper surface with brown,
erect hairs, the flanks with fine, white, pectinate scales, which are also
present on the flanks of meso- and metathorax, the scales on meta-
thorax more abundant on metepisternum than on sides of
metasternum.
Elytra with deep pitting, each pit being the origin of a fine light-
brown hair, the interstices with longer ones of the same color. Post-
scutellar patch wanting.
Posterior femora with the basal two-thirds ferruginous, the remain-
der black. White hairs are present on the basal part and black ones on
the apical. The femora are armed with five teeth on the internal side,
the one nearest apex very short, the second longer, the remainder
gradually diminishing in length. Hind tibiae black, slightly serrated
inwardly, with hairs subappressed, the external margin with a few
erect setae. Hind tarsi brown, with short, dark hairs.
Length 1.56 mm.; width 1.21 mm.
WEEVILS OF GENUS TACHYGONUS—MONTE 225
Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 58196.
Two specimens, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, collected
by Schwarz and Barber, on cacao, April 18, 1906.
Very near to 7’. gowdeyi Marshall but distinguished by the absence
of the postscutellar patch and by the placing of the femoral teeth.
T. bidentatus Champion is another allied species.
TACHYGONUS FLOHRI Champion
One specimen, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, on cacao,
Schwarz and Barber, collectors, April 4.
TACHYGONUS RUGOSUS, new species
Figure 32
Shiny black; pronotum, elytra, femora, and tibiae bearing plentiful
Jong, erect, rigid, black setae; postscutellar patch wanting, base of
pronotum at middle with a small tuft of white pectinate scales.
Ficure 31.—Tachygonus nitidus, new FicureE 32.—Tachygonus rugosus, new
species, X5. Species,» <0.
Pronotal pits sparse but wide; flanks of prothorax covered with
pectinate white scales. Flanks of meso- and metathorax covered with
similar scales, these more abundant on the metathorax.
Antennae ferruginous, club lighter. Rostrum dark brown, sides
with delicate yellow hairs.
Elytra rugose, interstices distinctly raised, pits wide and deep.
Abdominal sternites laterally with a few white pectinate scales.
Posterior femora thick, black with yellowish apex, rugose, pits wide
but sparse; armed with a long, strong tooth situated between two
shorter ones, and with various small tubercles placed in lines on the
9296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
two margins. Posterior tibiae short, black, yellow at extreme base,
rugose, internal side with light-brown hairs, the external side with
about four strong, erect setae. Hind tarsi light brown, with dark and
rigid setae on upper side, and abundant white hairs on under.
Length 1.82 mm.; width 1.48 mm.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58197.
One specimen, Cordoba, Mexico, collected by Frederick Knab, April
8, 1908.
Close to 7. pectinisquamis Champion but without scutellar patch.
T. rugosus is characterized by the short femora and by the patch of
erect scales on base of pronotum.
TACHYGONUS MINUTUS Blatchley
Three specimens, Tampico, Mexico, collected by E. A. Schwarz.
Length 1.80 mm.; width 0.86 mm.
TACHYGONUS PECTINISQUAMIS Champion
One specimen, Temescaltepec, Mexico, May 20 to June 4, H. E. Hin-
ton and R. L. Usinger, collectors, collection EK. C. Zimmerman, 1941,
which does not agree exactly with the description of pectinisquamis,
but whether the apparent differences are significant or not could only
be determined by a comparison with the type.
Length 1.65 mm.; width 1.13 mm.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BLATCHLEY, W. S.
1920. Notes on some Coleoptera taken in the vicinity of Dunedin, Florida, in
the spring of 1920, with descriptions of new species. Can. Ent., vol.
52, pp. 263-264.
1922. Notes on the Rhynchophora of eastern North America, with character-
izations of new genera and descriptions of new species. Journ.
New York Ent. Soc., vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 98-99.
BLATCHLEY, W. S., and LENe, C. W.
1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of northeastern America, pp. 93-95.
Casry, THOMAS L.
1897. Coleopterological notices, VII. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 9,
pp. 679-681.
CHAMPION, G. C.
1906. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, vol. 4, pt. 5, pp. 131-188.
1910. Ibid., pt. 7, p. 210.
CHEVROLAT, L. A. A.
1829-1844. Jn Guerin, Iconographie du Régne animal, vol. 3, p. 155, pl. 38,
fig. 9.
Faust, J.
1896. Reise von E. Simon in Venezuela. Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 57, pp. 99-100.
GYLLENHAL, L.
1833. Jn Schoenherr, Genera et species Curculionidum .. ., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp.
312-313.
WEEVILS OF GENUS TACHYGONUS
MONTE 22d
HUSTACHE, A.
1932. Curculionides dela Guadeloupe. Jn Gruvel, Faune Colonies Francaises,
vol. 5, pt. 3, p. 48.
1939. Curculionides nouveaux de l’Amérique méridionale, qui se trouvent
dans le Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. Arb. Morph. und Taxon.
Ent., vol. 6, pp. 170-173.
1941, Nouveaux Curculionidés du Brésil. Rev. de Ent., vol. 12, Nos. 1-2,
pp. 134-136.
KrrscuH, TH.
1875. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Peruanischen Kiferfauna. Deutsch. Ent.
Zeitschr., vol. 19, pp. 252-254.
Kuma, A,
1936. Coleopterorum catalogus (Junk) : Subfamily Tachygoninae, pars. 146,
pp. 1-2.
LEConrTeE, J. L.
1868. New Coleoptera collected on the survey for the extension of the Union
Pacific Railway, E. D. from Kansas to Fort Craig, New Mexico.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 2, p. 55.
LEConreE, J. L., and Horn, G. H.
1876. Rhynchophora of America north of Mexico. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
vol. 15, pp. 265-267.
MARSHALL, G. A. K.
1926. On new Neotropical Curculionidae (Col.) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
9, vol. 18, pp. 542-5438.
1938. New Brazilian Curculionidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, vol. 2,
pp. 46-48.
Monte, Oscar.
1941. Novas espécies do genero Tachygonus Schoenherr (Col. Curculionoidea).
Pap. Avulsos, Dept. Zool., Sio Paulo, vol. 1, pp. 245-254, 3 figs.
1944a, Uma nova espécie de Tachygonus (Col. Curculionidae). Rey. Brasil.
Biol., vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 49-50, 1 fig.
1944b. Notas sobre Curculionideos. Rev. Brasil. Biol., vol. 4, No. 3, pp.
289-291, 2 figs.
SCHOENHERR, C. J.
1833. Genera et species Curculionidum . . ., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 311-312.
1839. Ibid., vol. 5, pt. 1, pp. 454455.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued |
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington: 1949 No. 3237
THE SPECIES OF ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF THE GENUS
CARDIOCHILES OCCURRING IN AMERICA NORTH OF
MEXICO
By Yine-Tou Mao
Tur Cardiochilinae are a comparatively small subfamily of
ichneumon-flies of the family Braconidae. Cardiochiles Nees is the
only genus in North America. It is a distinct group, differing rather
noticeably from other Braconidae in having the third abscissa of
radius arched forward (pl. 4, figs. 4,5). The species tend to fall into
two well-defined groups, one with hairy eyes and the habitus of a
microgasterine and the other with bare eyes and the habitus of a
sawfly. Although apparently best represented in the southern part of
the United States, Cardiochiles occurs as far north as southern Canada.
Little is known concerning the host relationships of members of the
genus. The hosts are probably always lepidopterous larvae, but few
species have been reared. C. nigriceps Viereck is a conspicuous excep-
tion. It has been obtained abundantly from larvae of the tobacco bud-
worm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius).
This study was carried out under a fellowship granted by the
Science, Education and Art Division, Department of State, Wash-
ington, D.C.,U.S. A. The problem was suggested by C. F. W. Muese-
beck, Division of Insect Identification, U. S. Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine, to whom the author is very much indebted for
his guidance during the course of the investigation. Thanks are due
to Dr. H. K. Townes, Jr., R. A. Cushman, and A. B. Gahan of the
same Division for their valuable suggestions and criticisms. The
author is also indebted to Dr. E. A. Chapin, curator of insects, U. S.
National Museum, for the use of facilities at the Museum, and to Miss
810273—49——_1 999
230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
M. M. Carpenter for arranging interlibrary borrowings. In addition,
thanks are due E. 'T. Cresson, Jr., of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, for the loan of the Cardiochiles collection of that
institution for study and to Prof. H. B. Hungerford, of the University
of Kansas, for the loan of the type of Cardiochiles nigroclypeus
Viereck.
Subfamily Carprocuminar Ashmead
Cardiochilinae ASHMEAD, in Smith, Insects of New Jersey, p. 592, 1900; Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 129, 1901.—SzépricetTr, in Wytsman, Genera
insectorum, fase. 22, p. 142, 1904.
Frons impressed and with a more or less distinct median longitudi-
nal carina; scape and pedicel polished, flagellum dull; cheek, temple,
and occiput not margined; clypeus not impressed to form a rounded
depression with the mandibles; mandibles crossing at tips. Mesono-
tum with notaulices meeting, usually in an acute angle; mesopleuron
with a foveolate groove at its posterior margin; prepectus margined
or not; forewing with three cubital cells, the second cell longer than
wide; radial cell elongate, extending to near the apex of wing; third
abscissa of radius curved or subangulate basally; subdiscoidal vein
originating below middle of discoidal vein; nervulus postfurcal;
stigma broad or lanceolate; hind wing with radiellan cell divided.
Abdomen subsessile, with the usual sutures; articulation between
second and third tergites rigid.
Genus CARDIOCHILES Nees
Cardiochiles Nees, Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Caes. Leop. Carol., vol. 9, p. 307, 1818,
ho species; Hymenopterorum ichneumonibus affinium monographiae...,
vol. 1, p. 224, 1834, one species. (Type, Ichneumon saltator Fabricius, first
included species. )
Toxoneuron SAy, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 258, 1936. (Type,
Toroneuron viator Say, by designation of Viereck, 1914.)
Tenthredoides CrEssON, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 290, 1865. (Type,
7’. seminiger Cresson.) (Monobasic.)
Ditherus CAMERON, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 14, p. 434, 1902. (Type,
D. ruficollis Cameron.) (Monobasic.)
Schénlandella Cameron, Rec. Albany Mus., vol. 1, p. 169, 1904. (Type, S.
nigromaculata Cameron, by designation of Viereck, 1914.)
Ernestiella CAMERON, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 3, p. 81, 1905. (Type, BE. nigromacu-
lata Cameron.) (Monobasic.)
* Hartemita Cameron, Wien. Ent. Zeit., vol. 29, p. 99, 1910. (Type, H. latipes
Cameron.) (Monobasic.) (New synonymy.)
* Psilommiscus ENDERLEIN, Arch. Naturg., vol. 78, p. 98, 1912. (Type, P. swma-
tranus Enderlein.) (Monobasic.) (New synonymy.)
1 This new generic synonymy is on the authority of C. F. W. Muesebeck who has seen
the genotypes.
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 23t
Eye hairy or bare; scape and pedicel shining and with longer
pubescence than the flagellum; antennae multiarticulate, the number
of segments not constant within species; scape rather stout, pedicel
short and globular; face 1.0 to 3.0 times as wide as long and usually
with a medial tubercle or short ridge above, or with a median longitudi-
nal carina; occiput more or less concave, immargined; notaulices al-
ways distinctly impressed, usually foveolate, rarely smooth; prepectus
immargined; mesopleuron with upper, lower, and posterior grooves
(pl. 4, fig. 3), the first two foveolate or smooth, the posterior groove
always ioveolate; propodeum usually rugose and usually areolated;
third abscissa of radius arched or subangulate basally; interanal vein
represented by a short stump continued as a pigmented line, or by a
pigmented line only, rarely absent; hind tibia sometimes simple but
often somewhat compressed and broadened more or less toward apex,
which may be expanded into a flaring process; hind basitarsus more
or less flattened; tibial spurs long, hind tarsal claws usually pectinate
or toothed; first abdominal suture curving slightly to the margin or
extending obliquely forward to the margin (pl. 4, figs. 10, 11) ; second
tergite usually shorter than, rarely as long as, the third; ovipositor
sheath short or long but never longer than the abdomen.
CARDIOCHILES ABDOMINALIS (Cresson)
Toxoneuron abdominale Cresson, Can. Ent., vol 5, p. 68, 1873 (male).
Toxroneura abdominalis ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, pp. 49, 51,
1894.
Cardiochiles abdominalis ASHMEAD, in Smith, Insects of New Jersey, p. 592, 1900.
Female—Length 6.5 mm. Head and thorax black; inner orbit nar-
rowly, outer broadly, and ventral incompletely, ferruginous, eye gray-
ish black; clypeus pale ferruginous, its apical margin black; wings
fuliginous; legs ferruginous, except coxae, trochanters basally, and
femora basally, black and hind tarsi dusky; abdomen ferruginous;
ovipostor sheath black. Antenna around 32-segmented; eye bare;
ocelli elevated; vertex smooth, polished; frons polished with a slight
depression below anterior ocellus followed by a weak, median, longi-
tudinal elevation ; face about 2.50 times as wide as long, punctate, con-
vex, with a short median ridge above and below this slightly elevated;
clypeus punctate, its median basal portion elevated, its apical margin
slightly flaring, and not notched; temple bulging, wider than eye in
dorsal view; malar furrow about 0.67 as long as the basal width of the
mandible; galea tapering, slightly shorter than the long axis of the
eye. Posterior portion of lateral face of pronotum rugose medially;
median lobe of mesoscutum with a shallow longitudinal depression
each side of the median line; notaulices moderately foveolate; upper
groove of mesopleuron foveolate; lower groove weakly foveolate; pos-
Zoe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98
terior groove coarsely rugose with a smooth depression at the middle
anterior to the groove; metapleuron rugose, median lower part of an-
terior portion smooth; propodeum rugose, carinae of areola moderate-
ly distinct but costulae not well defined, spiracle ovate. First abscissa
of radius longer and thicker than that of basal vein; third abscissa of
cubitus longer than fourth; recurrent vein and second abscissa of cu-
bitus about equal; nervulus postfurcal by about 0.67 of its own length;
first abscissa of submedius slightly shorter than second; interanal vein
represented by a short pigmented stump. Fifth segment of fore tar-
sus longer than second; apex of hind tibia thickened and expanded
outwardly into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.67
as long as basitarsus, second and fifth segments of middle tarsus about
equal; inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as basitarsus, which
is slightly longer than the next three tarsal segments combined, second
and fifth tarsal segments about equal. First abdominal suture slightly
curved to the margin; second tergite shorter than third medially;
hypopygium about as long as the first three tergites combined, plow-
share-shaped, ovipositor sheath sparsely pubescent, spatulate, pcl-
ished, its exposed part about 0.67 as long as hypopygium (pl. 5, fig. 40).
Type—tIn the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
In addition to the type the author has examined specimens from
Dallas, Tex., September 22, 1905; Addis, La., October 26, 1912; Lafay-
ette, La., November 6, 1938; Illinois; Washington, D. C., September
16, 1883; and Tifton, Ga.
CARDIOCHILES APICALIS (Cresson)
Toxoneuron apicale CRESSON, Can. Ent., vol. 5, pp. 66, 68, 1878.
Toxroneura apicalis ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, pp. 49, 51, 1894.
Cardiochiles apicalis ASHMEAD, in Smith, Insects of New Jersey, p. 592, 1900.
Female.—Length 4.20 mm. Black, eye blackish gray; pedicel dark
ferruginous apically ; middle part of mandible light ferruginous; wings
with apical third fuliginous, the rest hyaline; apical two-thirds of
fore femur, fore tibia, apical half of middle femur, and basal third of
middle tibia, ferruginous; fore and middle tarsi, apical two-thirds of
middle tibia, and spurs of fore and middle tibiae, blackish. Antenna
27-seomented; eye hairy, ocelli elevated; vertex smooth, polished;
frons smooth, polished, and with a median longitudinal carina; face
slightly less than 2.50 times as wide as long, its median line slightly
elevated and with a short tubercle above; clypeus smooth, its apical
median margin distinctly notched; temple wider than eye in dorsal
view; galea short. Median portion of lateral face of pronotum wrink-
led; median lobe of mesoscutum nearly smooth, flat, and without a dis-
tinct depression on each side of the median longitudinal line ; notauli-
ces narrow, finely foveolate; upper groove of mesopleuron foveolate,
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO Dae
lower groove weakly foveolate, posterior groove coarsely foveolate;
metapleuron rugose, median ventral part of its anterior portion
smooth; propodeum rugose, carinae moderately high, spiracle short
ovate. First abscissae of radius and basal vein about equal; third ab-
scissa of cubitus much shorter than fourth; nervulus postfurcal by
about half of its length; first abscissa of submedius shorter than second ;
interanal vein represented by a lightly pigmented stump. Second and
fifth segments of fore tarsus about equal; apex of hind tibia not thick-
ened or expanded into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia
about 0.75 as long as basitarsus, second tarsal segment slightly longer
than fifth; inner spur of hind tibia about 0.67 as long as basitarsus,
basitarsus about as long as the next three tarsal segments combined,
second tarsal segment longer than fifth; hind tarsal claws pectinate.
First tergite weakly sclerotized laterally; first abdominal suture ex-
tending obliquely forward to the margin; second tergite shorter than
the third medially; hypopygium in profile plowshare-shaped, about
as long as the first two tergites combined, its median ventral line
folded; ovipositor sheath about as long as the first five abdominal
tergites combined, pubescent, slightly broadened apically, and its tip
bent ventrally (pl. 5, fig. 26).
Male.—KEssentially similar to the female.
Type.—tIn the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
In addition to the type the author has studied specimens from Atco,
N. J., June 7, 1893; Plummers Island, Md., June 1914; Glen Echo, Md.,
summer, 1922; Glencarlyn, Va., June 9, 1912; Champaign, Il].; Mount
Pleasant, Iowa, May 26, 1934; Onaga, Kans.; and Chickamauga, Ga.,
July 10, 1898.
CARDIOCHILES ARUGOSUS, new species
Female—Length about 5.5 mm. Head and thorax black; eye
grayish black; wings light fuliginous on about apical half, subhyaline
basally; legs ferruginous, coxae, fore and middle trochanters, hind
trochanters basally, and fore and middle femora basally, black; hind
tibia apically and apical four segments of fore and middle tarsi
blackish ; tibial spurs blackish, fore tibial spur ferruginous; hind tarsus
black; abdomen ferruginous, first tergite black medially; ovipositor
sheath black. Antenna about 38-segmented, eye bare; ocelli elevated ;
vertex smooth, polished; frons smooth, polished, and with a slight
depression below the anterior ocellus followed by a median longitudi-
nal elevation; face about 2.50 times as wide as long, polished, with a
short median ridge above, its median line slightly elevated; clypeus
smooth and polished, its apical margin not notched; temple slightly
wider than eye in dorsal view; galea short. Posterior portion of
lateral face of pronotum rugose medially; median lobe of mesoscutum
234. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 99
smooth, without a distinct longitudinal depression on each side of the
median line; notaulices finely foveolate, meeting in a rather acute
angle ; upper groove of mesopleuron somewhat broadened, and striately
partitioned, lower groove foveolate, posterior groove coarsely foveolate
with a depression at the middle leading anteriorly to the lower groove;
metapleuron rugose, median ventral part of anterior portion plain;
propodeum rugose, carinae moderately distinct, spiracle long ovate;
first abscissa of radius longer than that of basal vein; third abscissa
of cubitus shorter than fourth; recurrent vein shorter than second
abscissa of cubitus; nervulus postfurcal by about half of its own
length; first abscissa of submedius slightly shorter than second; in-
teranal vein represented by a pigmented stump. Second and fifth
segments of fore tarsus about equal; apex of hind tibia not expanded
outwardly into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.70
as long as basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal segments subequal; inner
spur of hind tibia about 0.67 as long as basitarsus, basitarsus slightly
shorter than the next three tarsal segments combined, second tarsal
segment longer than fifth, third and fifth tarsal segments about equal;
hind tarsal claws pectinate. First abdominal suture slightly curved
to the margin; second tergite shorter than third; hypopygium small,
slightly shorter than first tergite, in profile rounded posteriorly, its
median ventral line without a longitudinal fold; ovipositor sheath
short, pubescent, its exposed part about half as long as hypopygium
(pl. 5, fig. 36).
Male.—Essentially similar to the female.
Type.—uvU.S.N.M. No. 58282.
Type locality —Auburn, Ala. (June 6, 1897, C. F. Baker).
Described from numerous specimens of both sexes collected at lo-
calities in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, New Jersey, Maryland, Vir-
ginia, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, South
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Utah, Oregon, and Ontario.
CARDIOCHILES ARUGOSUS var. PULLUS, new variety
This variety differs from typical arugosus only in having the wings
uniformly fuliginous.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58283.
Type locality.—Howell, Utah (June 7, 1930, G. F. Knowlton).
Described from eight females (one type) and four males. The
paratypes are from Mount Hood, Oreg.; Riverton, N. J., June 13,
1901; Rusk County, Tex., June 18, 1940; Newell, S. Dak., June 28,
1923; Franklin County, Ohio, June 13, 1942; Onaga, Kans. ; Opelousas,
Lia., April 30, 1897; and Salt Lake City, Utah, May 3, 1928. Four
paratypes are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia and two in the collection of Ohio State University.
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 235
CARDIOCHILES BREVITARSIS, new species
Female.—Length about 7mm. Head black, narrow inner and broad
outer orbits ferruginous; cheek ferruginous below. Thorax ferrugi-
nous, proepisternum, anterior margin of lateral face of pronotum,
lower part of mesopleuron, and propodeum black, metanotum infus-
cated; foreleg ferruginous, coxa and trochanter black, and last tarsal
segment fuscous; middle leg similar; hind leg ferruginous, coxa partly
black and tarsus fuscous. Wings fuliginous, veins and stigma dark.
Abdomen ferruginous. Pubescence of head chestnut-brown. Anten-
na (incomplete) ; eye bare and slightly bulging; ocelli elevated; ver-
tex smooth and polished; frons smooth, polished, and with a median
longitudinal elevation ; face about 2.50 as wide as long, punctate, with
a short median longitudinal ridge above; clypeus punctate, with longer
pubescence than face, slightly elevated medially on basal half, apical
margin, truncate, not notched; temple slightly narrower than eye in
dorsal view; galea short. Median lobe of mesoscutum with a shallow
longitudinal depression each side of median line; notaulices shallow
and smooth; mesopleuron polished, upper and lower posterior grooves
shallowly foveolate; metapleuron rugose, median lower part of an-
terior section smooth; propodeum rugose, carinae prominent; areola
large, broader than spiracular area; spiracular area acute posteriorly,
spiracle ovate. First abscissa of radius slightly longer than that of
basal vein; third abscissa of cubitus shorter than fourth; recurrent
vein slightly longer than second abscissa of cubitus; nervulus post-
furcal by 0.67 its own length; first abscissa of submedius shorter than
second; interanal vein represented by a short stump. Second and
fifth segments of fore tarsus subequal; apex of hind tibia slightly
thickened outwardly at apex but without a flaring process; inner spur
of middle tibia about 0.67 as long as basitarsus, second segment of
middle tarsus shorter than fifth; inner spur of hind tibia more than
half as long as the basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal segments about
equal, basitarsus broad, flattened, and shorter than the last four tarsal
segments combined; hind tarsal claws pectinate, each with four to five
visible teeth basally. First abdominal suture slightly curved to the
margin ; second tergite about half as long as third medially; hypopyg-
lum very similar to that of rwbédus, in profile obtuse, slightly shorter
than hind basitarsus, its median ventral line without a longitudinal
fold. Ovipositor sheath spatulate, slender (more slender than that of
rubidus), small, pubescent, the exposed part about 0.67 as long as the
hypopygium.
Type—uU.S.N.M. No. 58284.
Type locality—Los Angeles, Calif. (Coquillett).
Described from the type, a female paratype from San Diego, Calif.,
August 25, 1927, and one specimen without abdomen from Los Angeles,
Calif.
236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
CARDIOCHILES CALIFORNICUS (Ashmead), new combination
Voxoneura californica ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, pp. 49, 50,
1894 (female).
Female.—Length about 6.5 mm. Black, upper orbit dark ferrugi-
nous; eye grayish black; wings light fuliginous on apical 0.40, the
rest hyaline; coxae and trochanters black; tarsi blackish; femora
ferruginous, more or less black basally; tibiae including spurs fer-
ruginous. Antenna 28-segmented; eye bare; ocelli elevated; vertex
smooth and polished; frons smooth, polished, with the median por-
tion below the anterior ocellus weakly rugulose; face slightly less than
2.50 times as wide as long, punctate, and with a short median ridge
above; clypeus mostly smooth, its basal half slightly elevated, its
apical margin truncate and slightly arched; temple wider than eye
in dorsal view; galea about two-thirds as long as the long axis of eye.
Median portion of lateral face of pronotum rugose; mesoscutum and
scutellum evenly punctate; median lobe of mesoscutum with a shal-
low longitudinal depression along each side of the median line; notaul-
ices distinct and finely foveolate; mesopleuron finely punctate, upper
groove widened posteriorly and coarsely pitted, lower groove foveolate,
posterior groove strongly foveate; metapleuron rugose on posterior
section, the anterior portion smooth; propodeum rugose, areola de-
fined by low carinae, other areas not clearly delimited, pleural carinae
very strong. First abscissae of radius and basal vein about equal;
third abscissa of cubitus shorter than the fourth; recurrent vein and
second abscissa of cubitus about equal; nervulus postfurcal by 0.67
its length; first and second abscissae of submedius about equal; in-
teranal vein represented by a short pigmented stump. Second and
fifth segments of fore tarsus about equal; apex of hind tibia thick-
ened but not expanded into a strongly flaring process; inner spur
of middle tibia about half as long as basitarsus, second and fifth
tarsal segments about equal; inner spur of hind tibia about half as
long as the basitarsus, which is about as long as the next three tarsal
segments combined, second tarsal segment longer than the fifth; hind
claws pectinate basally. Second tergite shorter than the third medi-
ally; hypopygium very prominent, plowshare-shaped, surpassing last
tergite, about as long as the first five tergites combined, its median
ventral line without a longitudinal fold; ovipositor sheath bare,
polished, bent downward at apex, its exposed part about 0.80 as long
as hypopygium (pl. 5, fig. 20).
Male—KEssentially similar to the female; antenna 33-segmented.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 2171.
Known only from the three specimens comprising the type series
and four specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. All are from California.
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 237
CARDIOCHILES DIGNUS, new species
Female.—Length 7.5. Black except the following: Narrow inner
and broad outer orbital markings, outer half of tegula, lateral margins
of first and second tergites, and a spot in each basal lateral angle of
third tergite ferruginous; eye grayish black; forewing with about
apical 0.40 fuliginous, the remainder yellow; stigma, part of meta-
carpus, costa, first abscissa of radius, basa] vein, part of first abscissa
of cubitus, medius, and most of submedius ferruginous; hind wing
yellow on basal half, infuscated on apical half, veins ferruginous,
second abscissa of metacarpella, radiella, and cubitella dark; legs
ferruginous, with all coxae and trochanters black, the apical segment
of hind trochanter mostly ferruginous, hind tarsi blackish; ovipositor
sheath black. Antenna incomplete, 32 segments remaining; eye bare;
ocelli elevated ; vertex and frons smooth and polished; face about 2.50
times as wide as long, punctate, and with a low median tubercle above,
below which it is broadly, slightly elevated ; clypeus rougher than face,
slightly elevated on basal median half, its apical margin not notched
but distinctly reflexed ; temple narrower than eye in dorsal view; galea
short. Median portion of the lateral face of pronotum rugose ; mesono-
tum very minutely punctate; mesopleuron minutely punctate, upper
and lower grooves foveolate, posterior groove weakly foveolate; meta-
pleuron rugose, with the basal triangular portion mostly smooth;
propodeum rugose, the areola sharply defined by prominent carinae
but costulae weak and indistinct, spiracular area open posteriorly,
spiracle long ovate. First abscissa of radius longer than that of basal
vein; third abscissa of cubitus longer than fourth; recurrent vein and
second abscissa of cubitus equal; nervulus postfurecal by about its
length; first abscissa of submedius shorter than second ; interanal vein
represented by a short pigmented stump. Fifth and second segments
of fore tarsus about equal; hind tibia flattened toward apex, but not
expanded into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.67
as long as basitarsus; inner spur of hind tibia about 0.67 as long as
basitarsus; middle and hind tarsi incomplete. First abdominal suture
slightly curved to the margin; second tergite shorter than third; hypo-
pygium short, in profile obtuse, its median ventral line without a
longitudinal fold; ovipositor sheath short, pubescent, its exposed part
about half as long as the hypopygium (pl. 5, fig. 29).
Type—U.S.N.M. No. 58285.
Type locality—Victoria, Tex.
Described from a single female specimen collected April 27, 1912, by
J. D. Mitchell.
810273—49——2
238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
CARDIOCHILES DILATUS, new species
Female.—Length 6mm. Head and thorax black; orbits and middle
part of clypeus ferruginous ; middle of mandible dark red ; wings fulig-
mous, darkest apically, stigma and costa more or less ferruginous, at
least basally ; coxae and trochanters black, femora ferruginous, tibiae
ferruginous, apex of hind tibia blackish, fore tarsus blackish, basal half
of fore basitarsus ferruginous, middle tarsus blackish, hind tarsus
black; abdomen ferruginous, median portion of first tergite black;
ovipositor sheath black. Pubescence of head short; antenna 32-seg-
mented in type; eye bare; ocelli elevated; vertex smooth, polished;
frons smooth, polished, with a transverse pit below anterior ocellus;
clypeus slightly elevated along basal margin, its apical margin trun-
cate, slightly arched, and not notched; temple slightly wider than eye
in dorsal view; malar furrow about half as long as basal width of
mandible; galea much shorter than long axis of eye. Posterior por-
tion of lateral face of pronotum weakly rugose; median lobe of meso-
scutum with a shallow longitudinal depression each side of the median
line ; notaulices narrow, finely foveolate; upper groove of mesopleuron
foveolate, its lower groove weakly foveolate, metapleuron rugose, ex-
cept lower part of anterior portion which is smooth; propodeum finely
rugose, its carinae, except pleural carinae, low and very indistinct.
First abscissae of radius and basal vein about equal; third and fourth
abscissae of cubitus about equal; recurrent vein and second abscissa of
cubitus about equal; nervulus postfurcal by 0.80 its own length; first
and second abscissae of submedius about equal; interanal vein repre-
sented by a short stub continued as a pigmented line. Second and fifth
segments of fore tarsus about equal; apex of hind tibia thickened on
outer margin and expanded into a flaring process; inner spur of middle
tibia slightly less than 0.67 as long as basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal
segments about equal; inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as
basitarsus, basitarsus about as long as the next three segments com-
bined, second tarsal segment longer than the fifth ; hind claws pectinate
basally. Second tergite shorter than the third medially ; hypopygium
large but not surpassing last tergite, about as long as first three tergites
combined; ovipositor sheath thinly pubescent, about as long as the
hypopygium (pl. 5, fig. 22).
Male.—Kssentially similar to the female except that the abdomen is
more extensively marked with black and the femora are more or less
blackish basally.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58286.
Type locality —Yermo, Calif. (April 28, 19387, M. Cazier).
Described from the type, four males, Roseville, Calif., swept from
grass, April 10, 1931, C. C. Wilson, and one male and one female from
Los Angeles, Calif.
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 239
CARDIOCHILES EXPLORATOR (Say)
Bracon (Toxoneuron) explorator Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pt. 3,
p. 259, 1886 (female, male) ; in LeConte, Complete writings of Thomas Say on
the entomology of North America, vol. 2, p. 710, 1859.
Toxoneuron explorator CRESSON, Can. Ent., vol. 5, p. 67, 1878.
Toxfoneura explorator ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, pp. 49, 50,
1894.
Cardiochiles explorator VIERECK, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 288, 1905.
Female—Length about 4.0 mm. Black; middle part of mandible
brownish yellow; wings light to dark fuliginous; femora ferruginous,
fore and middle femora black basally; tibiae and spurs ferruginous,
middle and hind tibiae dark apically; fore and middle tarsi dusky,
hind tarsus black; ovipositor sheath black. Antenna 30-segmented ;
first flagellar segment longer than second, the second and third about
equal; eye hairy; ocelli elevated; vertex smooth, polished; frons
smooth, polished, face about twice as wide as long, smooth, polished;
clypeus polished, its apical margin distinctly notched; temple slightly
wider than eye in dorsal view; galea short. Lateral face of pronotum
smooth and shining; mesoscutum smooth and shining; notaulices nar-
row, very finely foveolate, meeting in an acute angle and extending
nearly to the transverse fossa; mesopleuron smooth and polished,
upper groove broad and finely foveolate, lower groove usually smooth,
posterior groove rather coarsely foveolate, metapleuron rugose on
posterior section, smooth and shining on triangular anterior section;
propodeum rugose, the carinae rather prominent and the areas usually
well defined, spiracle ovate. First abscissae of radius and basal vein
subequal; third abscissa of cubitus about half as long as fourth; recur-
rent vein slightly longer than second abscissa of cubitus; nervulus
postfurcal by a little more than half its length; first abscissa of sub-
medius slightly shorter than second; interanal vein represented as a
pigmented line. Apex of hind tibia not thickened into a flaring
process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.80 as long as basitarsus,
second and fifth tarsal segments about equal; inner spur of hind tibia
about 0.67 as long as basitarsus, basitarsus slightly shorter than the
next three tarsal segments combined, second tarsal segment longer than
fifth, third and fifth segments about equal; hind claws pectinate. Sec-
ond tergite shorter than third; hypopygium not surpassing last
tergite; ovipositor sheath about as long as first three tergites combined,
narrow basally, broadened apically, its tip slightly bent downward
(pl..5, fig. 15).
Male.—Essentially similar to the female.
Type.—Lost.
The material studied includes specimens from Indiana, Illinois,
Kansas, Missouri, Colorado, Ohio, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
One specimen is labeled as having been reared from the garden web-
YA0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98
worm, Lowostege similalis (Guenee). Published records citing Gnorv-
moschema operculella (Zeller) as host presumably apply to the closely
similar new species, insculptus.
CARDIOCHILES FLORIDANUS (Ashmead), new combination
Toxoneura floridana ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, pp. 49, 50, 1894
(male).
Toxroneuron floridanum Patton, Psyche, vol. 7, p. 179, 1894.
Female.—Lenegth about 6 mm. Black; middle part of mandible
ferruginous; wings fuliginous, veins dark; coxae and trochonters
black; femora ferruginous, fore and middle femora black basally ; fore
and middle tibiae ferruginous, apex of the latter black, hind tibia black,
its basal 0.67 dark ferruginous ventrally ; fore tibial spur ferruginous,
spurs of middle and hind tibiae black; tarsi black, the four basal seg-
ments of fore tarsus dark ferruginous. Antenna of type incomplete;
eye conspicuously hairy ; ocelli elevated ; vertex smooth, polished; frons
smooth, polished, with a weak median longitudinal carina; face
slightly less than twice as wide as long, smooth; clypeus flat, smooth,
its apical margin notched medially, clypeal furrow weak; temple
slightly wider than the eye in dorsal view; galea short. Median por-
tion of lateral face of pronotum rugose ; mesonotum smooth; notaulices
narrow, sharp, finely foveolate; mesopleuron polished, upper groove
widened and partitioned, lower groove foveolate, posterior groove
coarsely foveate, with a smooth shallow groove at the middle leading
anteriorly to the lower groove ; metapleuron rugose, its anterior portion
mostly smooth and polished; propodeum rugose, carinae distinct and
high, spiracular area long, spiracle long ovate. First abscissa of
radius slightly longer than that of basal vein; third abscissa of cubitus
much shorter than fourth; recurrent vein and second abscissa of
cubitus about equal; nervulus postfurcal by slightly more than half its
length; first abscissa of submedius shorter than second; interanal vein
represented by a pigmented line. Second and fifth segments of fore
tarsus about equal; hind tibia not expanded into a flaring process;
inner spur of middle tarsus about as long as basitarsus; inner spur of
hind tarsus about 0.67 as long as basitarsus; basitarsus of hind leg
about equal to the next three tarsal segments combined, third tarsal
segment longer than fifth. Second tergite shorter than third medially ;
hypopygium plowshare-shaped, not or barely surpassing last tergite.
Ovipositor sheath pubescent, broadened apically, and about as long as
first three abdominal tergites combined (pl. 5, fig. 30).
Male.—Kssentially similar to the female but with middle and hind
tibiae almost entirely black.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 50155.
Specimens examined, in addition to the type, which is from Jack-
sonville, Fla., include a male reared at Manhattan, Kans., May, 1940,
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 241
from E'pipaschia zelleri Grote; an unlabeled female; a female from Al-
bany, Ga., April 20, 1938, P. W. Fattig; a male from Ontario, Canada,
June, R. C. Osburn; and a male from Guadalajara, Mexico, August
9, 1913.
CARDIOCHILES INSCULPTUS, new species
Female.—Length about 3 mm. Black; middle part of mandible
dark red; foreleg yellowish brown, coxa, trochanter, and basal half of
femur black, last three tarsal segments blackish; middle leg yellowish
brown, coxa, trochanter and basal part of femur black, apical half of
basitarsus and all of the following tarsal segments blackish; hind leg
yellowish brown, coxa and trochanter black, apex of tibia and tarsus
biackish. Antennae of specimens in type series incomplete; first
flagellar segment and scape about equal; eye closely hairy; ocelli ele-
vated; vertex smooth, polished; frons smooth, polished, and with a
weak median longitudinal carina; face about twice as wide as long,
smooth, polished, with a short median ridge above; clypeus smooth,
polished, and with apical margin notched medially; temple slightly
broader than the eye; galea short. Latera! face of pronotum striate
medially on its anterior half; notaulices finely foveolate, meeting in
a rather broad angle; mesopleuron smooth, polished, upper groove
foveoiate, lower groove completely, finely foveolate, posterior groove
foveolate, with a smooth groove from the middle leading to the lower
groove; metapleuron rugose on posterior section, smooth and polished
on anterior section; propodeum rugose, areola and spiracular areas
delimited, costulae obsolete. First abscissa of radius longer and
thicker than that of basal vein; fourth abscissa of cubitus 1.50 times as
long as third; recurrent vein slightly shorter than second abscissa of
cubitus; nervulus postfurcal by about half its own length; interanal
vein represented by a pigmented line. Hind tibia not thickened apical-
ly and without a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.75
as long as basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal segments equal; inner
spur of hind tibia about 0.67 as long as basitarsus, basitarsus shorter
than the next three tarsal segments combined, second tarsal segment
longer than the fifth, third and fifth segments about equal; hind tarsal
claws pectinate. First abdominal suture extending obliquely forward
to the margin; second tergite slightly shorter than third; hypopygium
not extending as far as apex of last tergite, about as long as the first
three tergites combined, in profile pointed, its median ventral line fold-
ed longitudinally. Ovipositor sheath spatulate, pubescent, about as
long as the hypopygum (pl. 5, fig. 23).
Male.—Essentially similar to the female.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 58287.
Type locality.—Beaufort, N. C.
Described from two females and one male from the type locality
labeled “with potato tuberworm, June 25, 1942, C. F. Stahl, TCA 817.”
942? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
CARDIOCHILES LEVIS, new species
Female——Length about 5 mm. Ferruginous except as follows:
Antenna, eye, vertex, frons medially, face above, basal margin of
clypeus, clypeal foveae, lower part of temple, proepisternum, lower
part of mesopleuron, pectus, lateral margin of first abdominal tergite,
part of second tergite, tip of abdomen, and ovipositor sheath black;
wings fuliginous; coxae and trochanters black; fore and middle
femora black basally; tibiae black apically; fore and middle tarsi
blackish; hind tibiae black. Pubescence of head short, yellowish
brown; antenna 27-segmented in type; eye bare; ocelli elevated; ver-
tex smooth, polished; frons smooth, polished, impressed, with a low
tubercle below anterior ocellus; face about three times as wide as long,
smooth, polished, and without a short median ridge above; clypeus
polished, its median basal portion slightly elevated, and its apical
margin weakly notched medially; temple bulging, wider than eye in
dorsal view; galea short. Lateral face of pronotum smooth; mesoscu-
tum smooth and polished; notaulices fine, not foveolate; mesosulcus
weak, not foveolate; mesopleuron smooth, polished, its upper and
lower grooves smooth, not foveolate, posterior groove finely foveolate,
with a smooth groove at the middle leading toward the lower groove;
metapleuron smooth and shining; propodeum mostly smooth except
for carinae defining the areas, spiracle short ovate. First abscissae of
radius and basal vein long and about equal; fourth abscissa of cubitus
about twice as long as third; second abscissa of cubitus slightly longer
than recurrent vein; nervulus postfurcal by about half of its length;
first abscissa of submedius shorter than second; interanal vein repre-
sented by a short stump continued asa pigmented line. Fifth segment
of fore tarsus longer than second; apex of hind tibia not expanded into
a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.67 as long as the
basitarsus, second tarsal segment shorter than fifth ; inner spur of hind
tibia about 0.67 as long as basitarsus, basitarsus shorter than the last
four tarsal segments combined, second and fifth tarsal segments about
equal; hind tarsal claws pectinate basally. First abdominal suture
extending obliquely forward to the margin; second and third tergites
about equal medially; hypopygium very large, about as long as the
first five tergites combined but not surpassing last tergite; ovipositor
sheath pubescent, broad at base, narrowing apically, slightly curved
downward, the exposed part little shorter than the hypopygium (pl.
5, fig. 31).
Male.—Kssentially similar to the female except that head is mostly
black, and black markings on thorax, abdomen, and legs are more
extensive.
Type.—tn the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Type locality —Pecos, N. Mex. (June 23).
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 243
Described from two females and a male. The allotype and para-
type are in the U. S. National Museum; the female is from Juarez,
Mexico, and the male from Albuquerque, N. Mex., both collected by
T. D. A. Cockerell.
CARDIOCHILES MAGNUS, new species
Female.—Length about 8 mm. Head and thorax black with the
following parts ferruginous: Narrow inner and broad outer orbits;
median basal part of clypeus; mesoscutum and scutellum; upper por-
tion of mesopleuron. Middle portion of lateral face of pronotum
dark reddish. Wings fuliginous; costa and stigma dark. Coxae and
trochanters black; femora ferruginous, black basally; tibiae ferrugi-
nous, hind tibia black at apex; tibial spurs testaceous. Abdomen fer-
ruginous, its tip and hypopygium except base, black. Head elliptical
in front view; antenna around 33-segmented; eye bare; ocelli ele-
vated; vertex smooth, polished; frons smooth, polished; face about
2.50 as wide as long, punctate, and with a short median longitudinal
ridge above, below which it is broadly a little elevated; clypeus punc-
tate, its median basal portion slightly elevated, its apical margin
truncate, not notched ; temple bulging, wider than eye in dorsal view;
malar furrow about 0.67 as long as basal width of mandible; galea
much shorter than long axis of eye. Median portion of lateral face
of pronotum rugose; mesoscutum and scutellum smooth and shining;
median lobe of mesoscutum with a shallow longitudinal depression
on each side of median line; notaulices foveolate; mesopleuron mi-
nutely punctate, upper groove foveolate, lower groove coarsely foveate ;
anterior triangular portion of metapleuron smooth, posterior portion
rugulose; propodeum rugose, the carinae prominent, spiracle long
ovate. First abscissa of radius longer than that of basal vein; third
and fourth abscissae of cubitus about equal; recurrent vein and second
abscissa of cubitus about equal; nervulus postfurcal by somewhat less
than its length; first abscissa of submedius shorter than second;
interanal vein represented by a short stump continued as a pigmented
line. Second and fifth segments of fore tarsus about equal; inner
spur of middle tibia about half as long as basitarsus, second and
fifth tarsal segments about equal; apex of hind tibia thickened on
outer margin and expanded into a flaring process, inner tibial spur
less than half as long as basitarsus, basitarsus shorter than remaining
tarsal segments combined, second segment longer than fifth; hind
tarsal claws pectinate, each with four or five short teeth on basal
half. First abdominal suture slightly curved to the margin; second
tergite shorter than third, hypopygium plowshare-shaped, very large,
surpassing apex of last tergite, about as long as the first five tergites
combined ; ovipositor sheath longer than hind tibia, broadest at the
244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
middle, smooth, polished, and sparsely pubescent on apical half (pl. 5,
fig. 14).
Male.—Essentially similar to the female.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58289.
Type locality.—Plainview, Jefferson County, Colo. (July 1922).
Described from the type and the following eight female and three
male paratypes: Male, Platte County, Colo., August 7; female, Plain-
view, Jefferson County, Colo., July 1922; male and two females, Mexia,
Tex., September 18, 1905, parasite of Schinia sp. (Phalaenidae) ; male,
Clarendon, Tex., September 19, 1905; female, Garden City, Kans.,
September 1896, W. H. Menke; male, Wellington, Kans., E. G. Kelly;
female, Albuquerque, N. Mex.; and two female paratypes of Cardio-
chiles seminigrum (Cresson) from Colorado. The two last paratypes
are in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; the others
are in the U. S. National Museum.
CARDIOCHILES MINUTUS (Cresson), new combination
Towoneuron minutum Cresson, Can. Ent., vol. 5, p. 67, 1873 (female).
Toxroneura minuta ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, p. 49, No. 2, 1894
(female).
Female.—Length 2.50 mm.. Black, apical part of pedicel dark fer-
ruginous; wings fuliginous; foreleg black, femur apically, tibia, and
first four tarsal segments yellowish white; middle leg black, femur
apically and first four tarsal segments yellowish white, tibia blackish;
hind leg black, tibia and tarsus blackish, tibial spur yellowish white;
lateral part of first tergite and anteroventral corner of second tergite
chestnut brown. Antenna 23-segmented, pedicel about 0.40 as long as
the first flagellar segment; eye hairy; ocelli elevated; vertex striate.
frons impressed, transversely striate, and with a median longitudinal
carina; face about twice as wide as long, irregularly punctate, and with
an indistinct tubercle above; clypeus somewhat wrinkled, its apical
margin distinctly notched; temple slightly wider than the eye in dorsal
view ; occiput roughened; galea short. Median portion of lateral face
of pronotum and the mesonotum irregularly punctate; notaulices
sharply impressed, finely foveolate; upper groove of mesopleuron wid-
ened and rugose, lower groove foveolate, posterior groove coarsely
foveate with a smooth depression at the middle leading to the lower
groove; metapleuron rugose, the small anterior portion smooth and
polished; propodeum rugose, carinae moderately prominent and the
areas distinctly delimited, spiracle short ovate. Wings iridescent;
first abscissa of radius and basal vein about equal; fourth abscissa of
cubitus about 1.50-2.0 times as long as the third; recurrent vein and
the second abscissa of cubitus about equal; nervulus postfurcal by half
its own length; first abscissa of submedius slightly longer than the
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—-MAO 245
second; interanal vein absent or represented by a pigmented line.
Second and fifth segments of fore tarsus about equal, apex of hind
tibia not thickened or expanded into a flaring process; inner spur of
middle tibia about as long as basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal seg-
ments about equal; inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as basi-
tarsus, basitarsus shorter than remaining tarsal segments combined,
second tarsal segment longer than fifth. First abdominal suture ex-
tending obliquely forward to the margin; second tergite shorter than
third; hypopygium pointed in profile, and about as long as first two
abdominal tergites combined ; its median ventral line without a longi-
tudinal fold; ovipositor sheath pubescent, its exposed part slightly less
than the first three tergites combined (pl. 5, fig. 27).
Described from the type.
Male.—Essentially similar to the female.
Type.—tn the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
In addition to the type, which is from Illinois, about 25 specimens
have been examined. These are from localities in Virginia, Iowa,
Tennessee, and Ontario, Canada.
CARDIOCHILES NEBRASCENSIS, new species
Female.—Length, about 6 mm. Head and thorax black, narrow
inner and broad outer orbital markings and basal median part of
clypeus yellowish brown; pedicel apically, middle part of mandibles
and lateral face of pronotum medially, deep ferruginous; mesoscutum
with a small yellowish brown spot inside each posterolateral corner.
Wings fuliginous, stigma and costa blackish, the costa light brown
basally ; legs ferruginous, with fore and middle coxae and trochanters
black, the last two tarsal segments of fore and middle legs fuscous;
hind coxa with a small black spot on outer side, hind tibia infuscated
at extreme apex and hind tarsus black. Abdomen entirely ferrugi-
nous; ovipositor sheath black, ferruginous basoventrally. Antenna in-
complete; eye bare; ocelli elevated; vertex smooth, polished; frons
smooth, polished, and with a median longitudinal carina; face about
2.50 times as wide as long, punctate, and with a median tubercle
above, below which a groove extends to the clypeus between two slight-
ly raised areas; clypeus with a median elevation basally, its apical
margin not notched; temple wider than the eye in dorsal view; galea
at least 0.80 as long as the long axis of the eye, rounded apically.
Median lobe of mesoscutum depressed medially; notaulices foveolate,
coarsely so posteriorly; mesopleuron finely punctate, upper groove of
mesopleuron widened and partitioned, lower groove foveolate, poste-
rior groove coarsely foveate; metapleuron rugose, the small anterior
triangular section smooth, with only minute, scattered punctures; pro-
podeum rugose, areola and spiracular areas defined by prominent
810273493
946 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
carinae, costulae weak or indistinct, spiracle long ovate. Forewings
incomplete, third abscissa of cubitus longer than the fourth; nervulus
postfurcal by about half its own length; interanal vein represented by
a short stump continued as a pigmented line. Fifth segment of fore
tarsus longer than second; apex of hind tibia thickened on outer dorsal
margin and expanded into a strongly flaring process; inner spur of
middle tibia about 0.60 as long as basitarsus, second tarsal segment
shorter than fifth; inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as
basitarsus, basitarsus shorter than the last four tarsal segments com-
bined, second tarsal segment longer than fifth. First abdominal suture
slightly curved to the margin. Second tergite very slightly shorter
than third medially; hypopygium a little longer than the first two
tergites combined, its median ventral line without a longitudinal fold;
ovipositor sheath smooth, polished, spatulate, its exposed part slightly
shorter than the hypopygium (pl. 5, fig. 17).
Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 58290.
Type locality.—Nebraska.
Described from a single female specimen collected by T. Pergande.
CARDIOCHILES NIGRICANS, new species
Male.—Length 5.5 mm. Intensely black, foretibial spur brownish
yellow ; forewing with apical 0.40 fuliginous, the rest hyaline, and hind
wing with about apical third fuliginous. Head covered with thick,
unusually black hair; antenna 48-segmented; eye bare; ocelli elevated;
vertex smooth and polished ; frons impressed, and with a weak median
Jongitudinal elevation; face polished, flat, more than three
times as wide as long, with a low median tubercle above; clypeus
polished, about 2.50 times as wide as long, the median apical margin
not notched; temple and eye subequal in width in dorsal view; galea
short. Median portion of lateral face of pronotum rugose; median
lobe of mesoscutum with a shallow depression on each side of median
line; notaulices sharp, finely foveolate; mesopleuron polished, with
scattered, minute punctures; upper groove foveolate; lower groove
weakly foveolate, posterior groove finely foveolate; metapleuron
rugose, a flat, polished area on its anterior portion; propodeum rugose,
carinae, including costulae, prominent, areola smaller than spiracular
area, spiracle ovate. First abscissa of radius longer than that of basal
vein; third abscissa of cubitus slightly shorter than fourth; second
abscissa of cubitus longer than recurrent vein; nervulus postfurcal by
0.67 its own length; first abscissa of submedius slightly shorter than
second ; interanal vein represented by a short pigmented stump. Fore
femur fringed with long pubescence ventrally, fifth segment of fore
tarsus longer than second ; hind tibia somewhat compressed and broad-
ened toward apex, but without an apical thickening, and not expanded
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 247
into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.75 as long as its
basitarsus, second tarsal segment slightly shorter than fifth ; inner spur
of hind tibia about 0.67 as long as its basitarsus, basitarsus about as
long as the next three tarsal segments combined, second tarsal segment
slightly shorter than fifth; hind tarsal claws pectinate, each with five
short, visible teeth basally. First abdominal suture slightly curved to
the margin; second tergite much shorter than third medially.
Type.—v.S.N.M. No. 58291.
Type locality —Jacumba, Calif.
Described from a single male collected by D. J. and J. N. Knull,
May 18, 1941.
CARDIOCHILES NIGRICEPS Viereck
Cardiochiles nigriceps ViERECK, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 578, 1912 (female,
male).—CHAMBERLIN and TENHET, Jour. Agr. Res., vol. 33, p. 21, 1926.
Toxoneuron sp. Morcan and McDonovueH, U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bull. 819,
p. 6, 1917.
When he described this species Viereck suggested that it might prove
to be only a race of viator or seminiger. It is quite distinct from
viator, differing in the much shorter galea and labium, in the dark costa
and stigma, and in not having apex of hind tibia expanded into a
strongly flaring process. Essentially it is very similar to seminiger
(Cresson) and perhaps is only subspecifically distinct, but for the pres-
ent at least it seems advisable to give it specific rank. It may be
separated from seminiger by the following color differences: Pronotum
black, median part of lateral face sometimes red or yellowish brown;
anterior part of mesoscutum, or at least anterior part of median lobe,
black; fore and middle femora largely black or piceous. The middle
lobe of the mesoscutum slopes more gradually to the pronotum than in
seminiger (pl. 4, figs. 6, 7), and the first intercubitus is angulate and
often appendiculate below the middle.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 15007.
In addition to the type series from Georgia and Florida, the author
has examined specimens from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Vir-
ginia, District of Columbia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Ar-
kansas, and Colorado. ‘The species is commonly reared as a parasite
of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius).
CARDIOCHILES NIGROCLYPEUS Viereck
Cardiochiles nigroclypeus ViERECK, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 275,
1905 (male).
Male—Length 6.5 mm. Head and thorax black. Wings entirely
dark fuliginous; legs ferruginous, coxae, trochanters, fore and middle
femora basally, apex of hind tibia, and tarsi black, tibial spurs dark,
except spur of foreleg which is ferruginous; abdomen ferruginous;
IAS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
external genitalia black. Pubescence chestnut brown. Antenna 45-
segmented, eye bare, ocelli elevated, vertex smooth, polished; frons
transversely striate, and with a median longitudinal elevation; face
slightly less than three times as wide as long, smooth, polished, slightly
convex, and with a minute, median tubercle above, clypeus smooth,
polished, its median apical margin slightly flaring, not notched;
temple and eye of about equal width; occiput aciculate; galea short.
Median portion of lateral face of pronotum rugose; median lobe of
mesoscutum without a distinct longitudinal depression on each side
of median line; notaulices finely foveolate; scutellum sculptured
apically; mesopleuron strongly punctate or ruguloso-punctate, upper
groove wide and coarsely rugulose; lower groove foveolate, posterior
groove finely foveolate ; metapleuron rugose, with a triangular, smooth
and shining area on anterior portion; propodeum rugose, its carinae
including costulae moderately high, areola smaller than the spirac-
ular area, spiracle ovate. First abscissa of radius longer than that
of basal vein; third abscissa of cubitus shorter than fourth; recurrent
vein and second abscissa of cubitus about equal; nervulus postfurcal
by half of its own length; first abscissa of submedius slightly longer
than second; interanal vein represented by a pigmented line, second
and fifth segments of fore tarsus about equal; hind tibia without
apical thickening or a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about
0.60 as long as the basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal segments about
equal; inner spur of hind tibia about 0.60 as long as basitarsus, basi-
tarsus slightly shorter than the last three tarsal segments combined,
second and third tarsal segments longer than fifth; hind tarsal claws
pectinate, each with seven short teeth basally. First abdominal suture
slightly curved to the margin; second abdominal tergite shorter than
the third.
Type.—In the University of Kansas.
In addition to the male type, from Morton County, Kans., the
writer has seen three male specimens simply labeled “Texas.”
CARDIOCHILES ORIZABAE (Cresson), new combination
Toroneuron orizabae Cresson, Can. Ent., vol. 5, pp. 66, 67, 1873 (male).
Male—Length 4.2 mm. Black; legs black, with foreleg more or
less yellowish brown beyond base of femur, and knee of middle leg
yellowish brown; wings light fuliginous. Antenna 30-segmented;
eye hairy; ocelli slightly elevated; vertex about as long as the frons,
smooth, shining; frons smooth, shining, and with an incomplete, low,
median longitudinal carina; face less than one and one-half times
as wide as long, smooth, shining, with a small median tubercle above;
clypeus smooth, shining, its apical margin notched medially; temple
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—-MAO 249
and eye of about equal width in dorsal view; galea short. Lateral
face of pronotum wrinkled medially on anterior half; mesonotum
smooth and polished; notaulices fine, indistinctly foveolate; mesopleu-
ron smooth and shining, upper groove broad, rugulose, irregularly
partitioned, lower groove weakly foveolate, posterior groove strongly
foveate with a delicate curved groove from its middle leading to the
lower groove; metapleuron rugose, a large, smooth and polished area
anteriorly; propodeum rugose, its carinae, including costulae, promi-
nent, spiracle ovate. First abscissa of radius longer and thicker than
that of basal vein; fourth abscissa of cubitus about 1.50 times as long
as the third ; second abscissa of cubitus and recurrent vein about equal;
interanal vein represented by a pigmented line. Second and fifth seg-
ments of fore tarsus about equal; inner tibial spur of middle leg very
nearly as long as basitarsus, second tarsal segment longer than fifth,
third and fifth segments about equal ; apex of hind tibia not broadened,
inner tibial spur about two-thirds as long as the basitarsus, basitarsus
about as long as the next three tarsal segments combined, second tarsal
segment longer than third, third longer than fifth; hind tarsal claws
pectinate basally. First abdominal suture extending obliquely for-
ward laterally ; third tergite slightly over 1.50 times as long as second.
(Redescribed from the male type.)
Female.—KEssentially similar to the male. Hypopygium about as
long as hind basitarsus, plowshare-shaped, not surpassing apex of
last tergite; ovipositor sheath about as long as the first three segments
of hind tarsus combined and pubescent (pl. 5, fig. 34).
Type.—tin the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
In addition to the type from Orizaba, Mexico, numerous specimens,
collected at localities in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Kansas,
Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico have been studied.
CARDIOCHILES PLUTO (Ashmead), new combination
Towoneura pluto ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 48, 49,
1894 (female).
Male—Length about 7 mm. Black; apical end of pedicel, outer
orbit, basal part of clypeus, middle part of mandible weakly suffused
with red; wings fuliginous; genitalia black. Head with long black
hair that is shorter, however, than in nigricans, antennae incomplete;
eye bare; ocelli elevated; vertex smooth, polished; frons smooth and
polished ; face about 2.50 times as wide as long, smooth, polished, and
with a short median ridge above; clypeus smooth, polished, its apical
margin slightly flaring medially, not notched; temple wider than eye
in dorsal view; galea short. Posterior portion, except broad margins,
of lateral face of pronotum rugose; mesoscutum without a longitudinal
depression along each side of the median line; notaulices narrow, finely
250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
foveolate ; mesopleuron polished, its upper groove widened, and coarse-
ly partitioned, lower groove finely foveolate, posterior groove coarsely
foveate; metapleuron rugose, anterior triangular portion mostly
smooth; propodeum rugose, carinae rather prominent, the areas well
defined, costulae distinct, spiracle ovate. First abscissa of radius
longer than that of basal vein; third and fourth abscissae of cubitus
about equal; recurrent vein slightly longer than the second abscissa
of cubitus; nervulus postfurcal by half its length; first and second
abscissae of submedius about equal; interanal vein represented by a
short stump continued by a pigmented line. Forefemur fringed with
long pubescence ventrally; hind tibia broadened at apex but not ex-
panded into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia a little more
than half as long as the basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal segments
about equal; inner spur of hind tibia slightly more than half as long
as basitarsus, basitarsus about as long as the next three tarsal seg-
ments combined, second tarsal segment longer than fifth; hind tarsal
claws pectinate. First abdominal suture slightly curved to the mar-
gin; second tergite shorter than third medially.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 2170.
Redescribed from the type, from Los Angeles, Calif., and a paratype
male, San Bernardino County, Calif., the only known specimens.
CARDIOCHILES RUBICUNDUS, new species
Female.—Length 5.5mm. Ferruginous; antenna, eye, tips of man-
dibles and ocellar area black; wings fuliginous, costa and stigma fer-
ruginous; antennae black, anterior surface and basal part of posterior
surface of scape ferruginous; ovipositor sheath dark ferruginous.
Pubescence of head very short, golden; antenna 33-segmented; eye
bare; ocelli elevated; vertex smooth and polished; frons smooth,
polished, impressed, slightly elevated down the middle; face about
2.25 times as wide as long, convex, punctate, with a median longi-
tudinal ridge above, below which it is a little elevated; clypeus punc-
tate, slightly elevated along basal margin, apical margin truncate, a
little flaring, not notched; temple wider than the eye in dorsal view;
malar furrow about 0.67 as long as basal width of mandible; galea
moderate, but considerably shorter than long axis of eye. Lateral
face of pronotum smooth and shining except in the median longi-
tudinal groove, median lobe of mesoscutum with an indistinct median
longitudinal elevation ; notaulices foveolate; mesopleuron polished, its
upper groove coarsely foveolate, its lower groove straight, foveolate,
posterior groove foveate; metapleuron mostly smooth; propodeum ru-
gose, carinae moderately high, costulae distinct, spiracle long ovate.
First abscissa of radius longer than that of basal vein ; third abscissa of
cubitus slightly longer than fourth; recurrent vein longer than second
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES——MAO 251
abscissa of cubitus; nervulus postfurcal by 0.67 its length; first abscissa
of submedius slightly shorter than second; interanal vein represented
by a short stump continued by a pigmented line. Fifth segment of
fore tarsus longer than second; hind tibia flattened and broadened
toward apex, its outer apical margin thickened and expanded into a
flaring process; hind femur broad, nearly half as wide as long; inner
spur of middle tibia about 0.75 as long as its basitarsus; inner spur of
hind tibia slightly less than 0.67 as long as basitarsus; second segment
of middle leg shorter than fifth; basitarsus of hind leg shorter than
the remaining four tarsal segments combined; second and fifth seg-
ments of hind tarsus about equal; hind tarsal claws pectinate, each
with five short visible teeth basally. First abdominal suture slightly
curved to the margin; second tergite shorter than third medially;
hypopygium in profile obtuse at apex, about as long as second and
third tergites combined, its median ventral line without a longitudinal
fold; ovipositor sheath more than half as long as hypopygium and a
little shorter than hind basitarsus (pl. 5, fig. 32).
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 58292.
Type locality.—Las Cruces, N. Mex.
Described from a single female collected by T. D. A. Cockerell.
CARDIOCHILES RUBIDUS, new species
Female.—Length 7.5 mm. Ferruginous; antenna, eye, vertex and
frons medially, mesosternum, propodeum, posterior portion of meta-
pleuron, and ovipositor sheath black; wing fuliginous; costa and stig-
ma ferruginous; hind tarsus fuscous; pubescence of head golden
brown. Antennae incomplete; eye bare; ocelli elevated; vertex and
frons smooth and polished; face about 2.50 times as wide as long,
smooth and shining, with a low median tubercle above; clypeus smooth,
its basal half slightly elevated medially, its apical margin truncate,
not notched; temple slightly narrower than eye in dorsal view; galea
very short. Central portion of lateral face of pronotum weakly sculp-
tured ; median lobe of mesoscutum with a shallow longitudinal depres-
sion on each side of median line; notaulices moderately foveolate;
mesopleuron smooth, upper groove foveolate and widened posteriorly,
lower groove with more or less elliptical foveae, posterior groove fove-
ate; metapleuron with posterior portion rugulose and anterior portion
smooth; propodeum rugose, areolar carinae low, costulae weak, areola
broader than spiracular area, spiracular area acute posteriorly, spiracle
long ovate. First abscissae of radius and basal vein equal; third
abscissa of cubitus shorter than fourth; recurrent vein slightly longer
than second abscissa of cubitus; nervulus postfurcal by slightly over
0.67 its length; first abscissa of submedius shorter than second;
interanal vein represented by a short stump continued by a pig-
252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vob. 99
mented line. Second and fifth segments of fore tarsus about equal;
hind tibia somewhat thickened apically but not expanded into a
flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.67 as long as
basitarsus; inner spur of hind tibia slightly more than half as long
as basitarsus; second and fifth segments of middle tarsus about equal;
second and fifth segments of hind tarsus about equal; basitarsus of
hind legs slightly flattened, about as long as the next three segments
combined; hind tarsal claws pectinate, each with three or four teeth
on basal half. First abdominal suture slightly curved to the margin,
second tergite shorter than third medially; hypopygium in profile
obtuse, about as long as second and third tarsal segments of hind leg
combined, its median ventral line without a longitudinal fold. Ovi-
positor sheath short, pubescent, its exposed part about one-third the
length of hypopygium (pl. 5, fig. 25).
Type.—vU.S.N.M. 58293.
Type locality.—Six miles west of Lakeview, Oreg., 5,100 feet.
Described from two females; the type is labeled as collected July 8,
1937, by Bolinger and Jewett; the paratype bears only the label
“Apiz.”
CARDIOCHILES RUFOSTIGMA, new species
Female——Length 7 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen black with
the following parts reddish yellow: Narrow inner and broad outer
orbits; lateral lobes of mesoscutum posteriorly; and basal half of ab-
domen except first and second tergites medially. Antenna black.
Wings fuliginous, base of costa, stigma except apex, and base of sub-
costella reddish yellow. Coxae and trochanters black. Femora red-
dish yellow, darkened outwardly at their bases. Tibiae and their
spurs testaceous, hind tibia black at apex. Tarsi black, the basal three
and a half segments of the fore tarsus and the basal half of the first
segment of the middle tarsus pale. Ovipositor sheath black. Pubes-
cence of head rather long, chestnut brown in color; antennae incom-
plete; eye bare; ocelli slightly elevated; vertex smooth and polished;
frons smooth and polished; face about 3.0 as wide as long, finely
punctate, with a short median longitudinal ridge above; clypeus
punctate, the punctures a little coarser than those of the face, basal
portion slightly elevated, apical margin truncate, not notched; temple
wider than eye in dorsal view; galea very short. Central portion of
lateral face of pronotum rugose; median lobe of mesoscutum with a
weak longitudinal depression each side of median line; notaulices
moderately foveolate; mesopleuron punctate, its upper groove foveate
and widened posteriorly, lower groove foveolate, posterior groove
foveate; metapleuron rugose except on the anterior portion; propo-
deum rugose, carinae moderately prominent, costulae present, spiracu-
lar area about as large as areola, spiracle long ovate. First abscissa
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 253
of radius slightly shorter but thicker than that of basal vein; third
abscissa of cubitus slightly shorter than fourth; recurrent vein longer
than second abscissa of cubitus; nervulus postfurcal by 0.67 its length;
first abscissa of submedius shorter than second; interanal vein repre-
sented by a short stump continued by a pigmented line, second and fifth
segments of fore tarsus about equal; apex of hind tibia thickened on
outer margin at apex and expanded into a flaring process; inner spur of
middle tibia about 0.67 as long as basitarsus; inner spur of hind tibia
about half as long as basitarsus; second and fifth segments of middle
tarsus about equal; second segment of hind tarsus longer than fifth;
hind tarsal claws pectinate basally, each with three or four visible teeth.
First abdominal suture slightly curved to the margin, second and third
tergites about equal medially; hypopygium in profile obtuse, about
as long as combined length of first two tergites, its median ventral line
without a longitudinal fold; ovipositor sheath about 0.67 as long
as hypopygium, smooth, polished, spatulate, with short pubescence
(pl. 5, fig. 37).
Male.—Similar to the female except slightly smaller, mesoscutum
entirely black, hind femur and tibia wholly ferruginous, fore and mid-
dle tarsi pale.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58294.
Type locality —Fairfax, Calif. (May 1, 1921, C. T. Dodds).
Described from two females and two males; the paratypes are
merely labeled “So. Cal.” Two paratypes are in the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
CARDIOCHILES SEMINIGER (Cresson)
Tenthredoides seminiger Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 291, 1865
(female, male).
Foroneuron seminigrum Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 179, 1872.—
Cameron, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Hymenoptera, vol. 1, p. 411, No. 5,
1887.
Toxoneura seminigra ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 8, No. 10, pp. 49,
o2, 1894.
Cardiochiles seminigrum VIERECK, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 275, 1905.
Female.—Length about 7mm. Head black, narrow inner and broad
outer orbits and basal half of clypeus ferruginous; middle part of
mandible dark red; thorax and abdomen ferruginous, proepisternum,
anterior margin of the lateral face of pronotum, pectus, ventral half
and posterior margin of mesopleuron, metapleuron, and propodeum,
black; wings fuliginous, veins dark; legs ferrugious, coxae, trochanters,
and femora basally, black; apex of hind tibia, last tarsal segment of
foreleg and middle tarsus blackish, hind tarsus black ; first tergite black
medially ; ovipositor sheath black. Antenna 39-segmented in the type,
eye bare; ocelli elevated slightly; vertex smooth and polished; frons
254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
smooth and polished; face about 2.50 times as wide as long, minutely
punctate, with a low median tubercle above; clypeus slightly elevated
along basal margin, apical margin not notched, and slightly arched out-
wardly; temple wider than eye in dorsal view; galea short. Posterior
part of lateral face of pronotum rugose; median lobe of mesoscutum
weakly elevated down the middle, the depression on each side of median
line weak or indistinct; notaulices finely foveolate; upper and lower
erooves of mesopleuron foveolate, posterior groove foveate, metapleu-
ron rugose, except on the small anterior portion which is minutely,
shallowly punctate ; propodeum rugose, carinae moderately prominent,
costulae present, areola rather narrow, spiracle ovate. First abscissa
of radius longer than that of basal vein; third abscissa of cubitus
slightly longer than fourth; nervulus postfurcal by about 0.67 its
length; recurrent vein shorter than second abscissa of cubitus; first ab-
scissa of submedius shorter than second; interanal vein represented by
a short stump continued by a pigmented line. Second and fifth seg-
ments of fore tarsus about equal; hind tibia broadened at apex but not
expanded into a flarig process; inner spur of middle tibia slightly
over half as long as basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal segments about
equal; inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as basitarsus, basitar-
sus flattened and shorter than the last four tarsal segments, second tar-
sal segment longer than fifth ; hind tarsal claws pectinate basally. First
abdominal suture slightly curved to the margin; second tergite shorter
than third medially; hypopygium in profile acute at apex, about as
long as the first two tergites combined, its median ventral line without
a longitudinal fold; ovipositor sheath about 0.75 as long as hypo-
pygium, longer than hind basitarsus, slightly pubescent, weakly de-
curved at apex (pl. 5, fig. 28).
Male.—KEssentially like the female.
Lype.—tn the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
In addition to the type, which is from El Paso County, Colo., the
author has studied specimens from Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Utah,
New Mexico, Texas, Iowa, and Arizona.
CARDIOCHILES TENNESSENSIS, new species
Female—Length 6 mm. Head and thorax black, with broad outer
and incomplete, narrow inner orbital markings, and posterior half
of mesonotum, ferruginous; lateral face of pronotum and metanotum
also more or less ferruginous; wings dark fuliginous; coxae, trochan-
ters, and fore and middle femora black; hind femur ferruginous; fore
and middle tibiae and tarsi blackish, hind tibia ferruginous, broadly
blackish apically, tibial spurs ferruginous; abdomen ferruginous; ovi-
positor sheath black. Pubescence of head not especially long or thick,
chestnut-brown; antenna 36-segmented; eye bare; ocelli elevated;
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 255
vertex smooth and polished; frons smooth, polished, with a small,
shallow pit below anterior ocellus, and with a low median longitudinal
elevation; face about 2.50 times as wide as long, smooth, and with a
median tubercle above; clypeus with longer pubescence than the face,
median basal part convex, apical margin not notched; temple slightly
wider than eye; galea short. Middle portion of lateral face of prono-
tum weakly ruguloso-punctate; median lobe of mesoscutum with a
depression each side of the median line; notaulices finely foveolate;
upper groove of mesopleuron wide, shallow, distinctly partitioned,
lower groove weakly, finely foveolate; and posterior groove coarsely
foveate; metapleuron ruguloso-punctate, triangular anterior portion
plain, a deep pit on the margin between the anterior and posterior
portions, and a deep, coarsely foveate groove along upper margin of
posterior face; propodeum finely rugose, carinae delimiting areola
low, costulae not defined, spiracle short ovate. First abscissae of
radius and basal vein about equal; third abscissa of cubitus longer
than fourth; first intercubitus sharply angulate and with a short stump
of a vein from the angle; second abscissa of cubitus 1.50 times as long
as recurrent vein; nervulus postfurcal by 0.67 its length; interanal vein
absent. Second and fifth segments of fore tarsus about equal; hind
tibia sightly curved, widened at apex, but not expanded into a strongly
flaring process; the inner spur of middle tibia slightly more than halt
as long as basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal segments about equal;
inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as basitarsus, basitarsus
about as long as the last four tarsal segments combined, second tarsal
segment longer than fifth; hind tarsal claws pectinate, each with four
visible teeth basally. First abdominal suture slightly curved to the
margin; second and third tergites of equal length medially ; hypopyg-
ium about as long as third and fourth abdominal tergites combined,
its median ventral line without a longitudinal fold; ovipositor sheath
short, the exposed part about 0.25 as long as the hypopygium, smooth
and polished (pl. 5, fig. 21).
Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 58295.
Type locality —Clarksville, Tenn.
Described from a single female reared August 1909 “from bud-
worm.” Presumably the host was the tobacco budworm, Heliothis
virescens (Fabricius).
Very similar to nzgriceps Viereck, the common parasite of Helio-
this virescens, but it may be distinguished from that species by the
much less strongly sculptured metapleura and propodeum and by the
relatively long second tergite.
CARDIODHILES TEXENSIS, new species
Female.—Length 7.5 mm. Head and thorax black, with narrow
inner and broad outer orbital markings and spot on clypeus, ferrugi-
256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
nous. Wings dark fuliginous, veins and stigma blackish. Legs fer-
ruginous, their coxae and trochanters black and tarsi fuscous; abdo-
men ferruginous; ovipositor sheath black. Pubescence of head short
and sparse. Antenna 37-segmented in type; eye bare; ocelli elevated;
vertex and frons smooth and polished; face convex, punctate except
medially, and with a median longitudinal ridge above extending down
to the middle; clypeus punctate, elevated basally, apical margin trun-
cate and not notched; temple narrower than the eye in dorsal view;
galea very long, its exposed part longer than the long axis of the
eye, tapering apically. Median lobe of mesoscutum nearly flat, with-
out a depression on each side of the median line; notaulices moderately
foveolate; mesopleuron smooth except for exceedingly minute seti-
gerous punctures, upper groove unusually narrow, finely foveolate,
lower groove finely foveolate anteriorly, coarsely so posteriorly, pos-
terior groove coarsely foveate; metapleuron mostly smooth, rugose
only on apical third of the large posterior section; propodeum rugose
with prominent carinae defining the areas, areola diamond-shaped,
costulae distinct, spiracular area not acute posteriorly, spiracle ovate.
First abscissa of radius longer than that of basal vein; first intercubitus
not angulate; third and fourth abscissae of cubitus about equal; second
abscissa of cubitus longer than recurrent vein; nervulus postfurcal by
about 0.80 its length; first abscissa of submedius shorter than the sec-
ond; interanal vein represented by a short stump continued by a pig-
mented line. Fifth segment of foretarsus longer than the second;
apex of hind tibia much thickened outwardly and expanded into a
strongly flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.67 as
long as basitarsus, second segment of middle tarsus shorter than fifth;
inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as basitarsus, second and
fifth tarsal segments about equal, basitarsus shorter than the last four
tarsal segments combined; hind tarsal claw pectinate with three to
four visible teeth basally. First abdominal suture slightly curved
to the margin; third tergite longer than second medially ; hypopygium
very prominent, extending far beyond apex of last tergite, in profile
acutely pointed, about as long as the first five tergites combined, its
median ventral line without a longitudinal fold. Ovipositor sheath
as long as hind tarsus, narrowing conspicuously from middle to apex,
sparsely pubescent (pl. 5, fig. 16).
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 58296.
Type locality.—Calvert, Tex.
Described from two females. The type was collected on Hetero:
theca subawillaris by ¥. C. Bishopp in October; the paratype was taken
at College Station, Tex., October 11, 1936.
Apparently related to magnus but is not so stout; it differs further
in having the galea much longer, the temple much narrower, and the
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 257
hypopygium more produced; in color it differs especially in having
the thorax black.
CARDIOCHILES THERBERIAE Rohwer
Cardiochiles therberiae RouweEnr, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, pp. 226-227, 1920
(female).
Femaie.—Length 5.5 mm. Head black; incomplete orbital mark-
ings,, lower part of face, clypeus, lower end of cheek, anterior surface
of scape, and apical part of pedicel, brownish yellowish; thorax
ferruginous; wings strongly fuliginous, costa and stigma brownish
black; foreleg brownish yellow, with coxa, trochanter, and femur
basally, black; middle leg black, apex of femur, basal two-thirds of
tibia, and tarsus brownish yellow; hind leg black or blackish, tibia
dark brown on basal half; spurs of fore and middle tibiae ferruginous,
and of hind tibia dark ferruginous; abdomen black, its first and sec-
ond tergites ferruginous medially. Antenna 33-segmented in type;
eye hairy; ocelli elevated; vertex smooth, polished, and flat; frons
smooth and polished, and with a low median longitudinal keel; face
slightly less than twice as wide as long, smooth and shining; clypeus
smooth, polished, its apical margin notched at the middle; temple
slightly wider than eye in dorsal view; galea short. Median lower
portion of lateral face of pronotum slightly wrinkled; median lobe of
mesoscutum without a longitudinal depression each side of median
line; notaulices sharply impressed, finely foveolate; mesopleuron
smooth, polished, upper groove smooth, lower groove incompletely and
weakly foveolate, posterior groove foveolate and with a distinct smooth
groove from its middle to the lower groove; metapleuron smooth
except ventroposterior corner of posterior portion which is rugose;
propodeum rugose, the carinae prominent, areas sharply delimited.
First abscissa of radius about 1.50 times as long as that of basal vein;
third abscissa of cubitus slightly shorter than fourth; second abscissa
of cubitus about 1.50 times as long as recurrent vein; recurrent vein
about one-third as long as second abscissa of basal vain; nervulus post-
furcal by about half of its length; first abscissa of submedius shorter
than second; interanal vein represented by a pigmented line. Second
segment of fore tarsus shorter than fifth; apex of hind tibia not ex-
panded into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia longer than
basitarsus; second and fifth segments of middle tarsus about equal;
inner spur of hind tibia about 0.75 as long as basitarsus, basitarsus
shorter than the last four tarsal segments combined, second tarsal seg-
ment slightly longer than fifth; hind tarsal claws pectinate. First
abdominal suture extending obliquely forward laterally ; second tergite
shorter than third; hypopygium slightly shorter than first tergite, its
median ventral line folded; ovipositor sheath about 0.33 as long as
the abdomen and pubescent (pl. 5, fig. 39).
258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Male.—Kssentially similar to the female except as follows: Length
4.5 mm.; cheek, temple, and face black; antenna 32-segmented; third
abscissa of cubitus distinctly shorter than fourth.
This species is very close to C. thoracicus (Cresson).
Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 22033.
Redescribed from the type female and a paratype male, both from
Sabino Basin, Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz.; and one male from
Victoria, Tex., September 18, 1913.
CARDIOCHILES THORACICUS (Cresson), new combination
Toxroneuron thoracicum CrREssON, Can. Ent., vol. 5, p. 68, 1873 (female).
Toxoneura thoracica ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 49,
51, 1894 (female, male).
Female—Length 4.5 mm. Head ferruginous, with antennae,
cheeks below and lower part of face between cheek and clypeus black;
eye grayish black; apical margin of clypeus dark ferruginous; thorax,
abdomen, and legs black; pronotum, proepisternum, mesonotum, tegu-
lae, upper part of mesopleuron, apical third of fore femur, and fore
tibia and tarsus, ferruginous; wings fuliginous. Antennae incomplete
in type; eye hairy, ocelli elevated; vertex smooth, polished, and flat;
frons smooth, polished, impressed, and with a median longitudinal
carina; face slightly less than twice as wide as long, smooth and pol-
ished, slightly elevated medially and with a very indistinct, short,
median ridge above; clypeus about 1.50 times as wide as long, smooth
and polished, and notched medially on apical margin; temple broader
than eye in dorsal view; galea short. Median portion of lateral face of
pronotum rugose; median lobe of mesoscutum without a longitudinal
depression each side of median line; notaulices distinct and foveolate;
mesopleuron smooth and polished, upper and lower grooves foveolate
and posterior groove rather coarsely foveolate with a short smooth de-
pression at the middle leading to the lower groove; anterior portion of
metapleuron smooth and polished, posterior portion rugose with an-
terior half plain; propodeum rugose, the carinae high and distinct, and
the spiracle ovate. First abscissa of radius 1.50 times as long as that
of basal vein; third abscissa of cubitus shorter than fourth; recurrent
vein slightly longer than second abscissa of cubitus and about one-half
as long as second abscissa of basal vein; nervulus postfurcal by about
0.33 its own length; interanal vein absent. Second and fifth segments
of fore tarsus about equal; apex of hind tibia not expanded into a
flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia longer than basitarsus, sec-
ond and fifth tarsal segments of middle leg about equal; inner spur of
hind tibia about 0.80 as long as basitarsus, the basitarsus shorter than
the last four tarsal segments combined, second and third tarsal seg-
ments longer than fifth; hind claws pectinate basally. First abdomi-
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 259
nal suture extending obliquely forward to the margin; second tergite
slightly shorter than third medially; ovipositor sheath about 0.67 as
long as abdomen (pl. 5, fig. 38).
Male.—Kssentially similar to the female, a transverse black band
on vertex between eyes; clypeus notched rather strongly.
Type—In the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Redescribed from the type female, from Cordova, Mexico, and a
male, also from Mexico, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia. The male from Arizona, recorded by Ashmead, is not in
the U. S. National Museum.
CARDIOCHILES TIBIATOR (Say)
Bracon tibiator Say, Keating’s Narrative of an expedition to the source of St.
Peters River ..., vol. 2, Append., p. 323, No. 1, 1824 (female) —LECONTE,
Complete writings of Thomas Say on the entomology of North America,
vol. 2, p. 716, No. 17, 1859.—Cresson, Can. Ent., vol. 5, p. 68, 1S73.—ASHMEAD,
Proce. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, pp. 49, 51, No. 7, 1894.
Bracon (Toxceneuron) tibiator Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 259,
No. 17, 1836.—LEContrE, Complete writings of Thomas Say on the entomology
of North America, vol. 2, p. 715, No. 17, 1859.
Cardiochiles tibiator ASHMEAD, in Smith, Insects of New Jersey, p. 592, 1900.—
VirrecK, Connecticut Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 22, p. 1838, 1917.—Lronarp,
Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 918, 1928.
Female.—Length 5.5mm. Black, anterior wing hyaline with apical
third contrastingly fuliginous; posterior wing hyaline, infuscated at
apex; apex of fore femur, fore tibia and tarsus entirely, basal half of
middle tibia, middle tarsus, and basal third of hind tibia, yellowish
white; pedicel dark ferruginous apically; middle part of mandible
dark ferruginous. Antenna about 37-segmented; eye hairy; ocelli
elevated; vertex shining, wrinkled and with a transverse low eleva-
tion bordering the occiput; frons transversely striate and with a very
weak median longitudinal carina; face about twice as wide as long,
convex, and with a complete median longitudinal carina; clypeus
punctate, apical margin distinctly notched at middle, median basal
part slightly elevated; temple striate, and bulging, broader than eye
in dorsal view; galea short. Pubescence of thorax silvery or whitish;
central portion of lateral face of pronotum rugose; median lobe of
mesoscutum very shallowly impressed medially, sometimes with a
shallow longitudinal impression each side of median line; the three
lobes of mesoscutum a little roughened ; notaulices coarsely foveolate;
upper groove of mesopleuron rugose, lower groove foveate or rugoso-
foveate, posterior groove foveolate with a smooth depression at the
middle leading anteriorly to the lower groove; metapleuron rugose,
anterior triangular portion mostly smooth; propodeum with abun-
dant, long, silvery hair, rugose, carinae prominent, areola diamond-
260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 99
shaped, spiracle long ovate. First abscissae of radius and basal vein
about equal; third abscissa of cubitus much shorter than fourth ;
recurrent vein and second abscissa of cubitus about equal; nervulus
postfurcal by about 0.67 its own length; first and second abscissae
of submedius about equal; interanal vein represented by a light pig-
mented line. Fifth segment of fore tarsus thicker and longer than
second, hind tibia flattened and broadened toward apex, but not ex-
panded on outer apical margin; inner spur of middle tibia slightly
shorter than basitarsus, second tarsal segment shorter than fifth;
inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as basitarsus, basitarsus
flattened and broadened, and longer than the last four tarsal seg-
ments combined; hind tarsal claws pectinate basally. First ab-
dominal suture extending obliquely forward to the margin; second
tergite about half as long as third; hypopygium in profile pointed,
about as long as the first two tergites combined, its median ventral
line folded; ovipositor sheath about as long as hind basitarsus, pubes-
cent, broadened to near apex, its greatest width about equal to length
of second segment of hind tarsus, the tip bent ventrally (pl. 5, fig. 19).
Male.—Essentially similar to the female.
Type.—tLost.
The material studied includes specimens from Pennsylvania, Mary-
land, Virginia, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Georgia, and Kansas.
CARDIOCHILES TRANSVERSUS, new species
Female.—Length 6 mm. Black, upper, outer orbits narrowly fer-
ruginous; wings light fuliginous; fore and middle legs ferruginous,
their coxae, trochanters, femora basally, and tarsi black; hind leg
ferruginous, with coxa, trochanter basally, apex of tibia, and tarsus
black; ovipositor sheath black. Head with long, mostly dark, hairs;
antenna 33-segmented in type; eye bare; ocelli elevated ; vertex smooth
and polished; frons smooth and polished, and with a weak, median
longitudinal raised line; face about three times as wide as long, smooth,
polished, and with a short median tubercle above; clypeus smooth,
polished, basal margin slightly elevated, apical margin truncate, not
notched; temple slightly wider than eye in dorsal view; galea short.
Median portion of lateral face of pronotum foveolate; mesonotal lobes
smooth and polished, impunctate; notaulices finely foveolate; upper
croove of mesopleuron coarsely foveolate, lower groove finely foveolate,
short, posterior groove evenly foveolate ; metapleuron rugose, the small,
triangular, anterior portion smooth; propodeum finely rugulose, the
carinae prominent, spiracle ovate. First abscissae of radius and basal
vein about equal; third abscissa of cubitus slightly shorter than fourth ;
recurrent vein and second abscissa of cubitus about equal; nervulus
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 261
postfurcal by 0.67 its own length; first and second abscissae of sub-
medius about equal; interanal vein represented by a pigmented line.
Second and fifth segments of foretarsus about equal ; apex of hind tibia
not conspicuously thickened or expanded into a flaring process; inner
spur of middle tibia slightly over half as long as basitarsus, second and
fifth tarsal segments about equal; inner spur of hind tibia slightly over
half as long as basitarsus, basitarsus flattened, shorter than the last
four tarsal segments combined, second tarsal segment longer than fifth ;
hind tarsal claws pectinate basally. First abdominal suture extending
obliquely forward to the margin, second tergite shorter than third
medially; hypopygium in profile obtuse, about as long as first three
tergites combined, its median ventral line without a longitudinal fold;
ovipositor sheath smooth and polished, pubescent and broadly rounded
at tip (pl. 5, fig. 24).
Male.—Kssentially like the female.
Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 58297.
Type locality.—Los Angeles, Calif.
Described from three females and two males, all from the type
locality.
CARDIOCHILES TRUNCUS, new species
Female.—Length 8 mm. Ferruginous except the following: Eye
grayish black; antenna except base of scape, vertex and frons except
narrowly at the eyes, occiput medially, pectus, and anteroventral
margin of lateral face of pronotum black; apical margin of clypeus
and tip of mandible dark ferruginous; mouth parts blackish; proepis-
ternum partly blackish; propodeum mostly blackish; tegulae ferru-
ginous; wings fuscous, stigma and veins blackish, costa and costella
ferruginous basally; legs ferruginous, fore and middle coxae entirely
and hind coxae largely, basal segments of all trochanters, apex of
hind tibia, last tarsal segment of foreleg, apical part of basitarsus
and the remaining segments of middle tarsus, and hind tarsus, black.
Pubescence very short and inconspicuous; antenna 38-segmented in
type; eye bare; ocelli elevated; vertex smooth and polished; frons
smooth and polished, with a small pit below anterior ocellus, and
with a low median longitudinal elevation ; face about 2.50 times as wide
as long, punctate, with a short median ridge above, below which it is
broadly, slightly elevated; clypeus punctate, the median basal part
elevated, the apical margin truncate and slightly flaring, not notched ;
temple wider than eye in dorsal view; malar furrow about 0.80 as long
as basal width of mandible; galea about 0.82 as long as long axis of
eye. Median portion of lateral face of pronotum rugose; median lobe
of mesoscutum distinctly though minutely punctate, lateral lobes
smooth; notaulices moderately foveolate; mesopleuron closely,
262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
minutely punctate, upper, lower, and posterior grooves foveolate, the
lower groove long, almost complete; metapleuron rugose, except the
small triangular basal portion which is smooth; propodeum rugose,
carinae prominent, spiracle ovate, strongly oblique. First abscissa of
radius longer and thicker than that of basal vein; third and fourth
abscissae of cubitus about equal; second abscissa of cubitus slightly
shorter than recurrent vein; nervulus postfurcal by slightly over
half of its length; first abscissa of submedius shorter than second;
interanal vein represented by a short stump continued by a pigmented
line. Fifth segment of foretarsus longer than second; apex of hind
tibia strongly thickened and expanded into a flaring process; inner
spur of middle tibia about 0.67 as long as basitarsus, second and fifth
tarsal segments about equal; inner spur of hind tibia slightly over
half as long as basitarsus, basitarsus flattened and slightly shorter
than the next four tarsal segments combined, second tarsal segment
longer than fifth; hind claws pectinate basally. First abdominal
suture slightly curved to the margin; second abdominal tergite slightly
shorter than third medially; hypopygium about as long as the first
three tergites combined, its median ventral line without a longi-
tudinal fold; ovipositor sheath polished, pubescent at tip, spatulate,
its exposed part about half as long as the hypopygium (pl. 5, fig. 18).
Male.——Kssentially similar to the female but with face medially,
posterior part of temple, metanotum except lateral depressions, lower
half of mesopleuron, metapleuron, and propodeum black; genitalia
fuscoferruginous; antenna 41-segmented.
Type.—tn the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Type locality.—Pine Ridge, Nebr. (July).
Described from two femalesand one male. The allotype is from “18
mi. E. of Lamar, Colo., 3,900 ft. elev.,” H. A. Scullen.
CARDIOCHILES VIATOR (Say), new combination
Bracon (Toxoneuron) viator Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 258,
No. 15, 1836 (female, male).—LeContr, Complete writings of Thomas Say
on the entomology of North America, vol. 2, p. 710, No. 15, 1859.
Toxoneuron viator CRESSON, Can. Ent., vol. 5, p. 69, 1873.—Patron, Psyche, vol. 7,
pp. 178-179, 1894.
Toxoneura viator ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, pp. 49, 52, No. 11,
1894.
Cardiochiles viator VierEcK, Connecticut Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 22, pp. 183—
184, 1917 (1916).
Female—Length 7.0mm. Body ferruginous except the following :
Antenna, vertex and frons mostly, median spot on face, occiput, lower
and posterior part of cheek, malar region, apical and lateral margin of
clypeus, proepisternum, sometimes more or less of middle lobe of
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES—MAO 263
mesonotum, mesopleuron except anterior upper part, pectus, meta-
pleuron, propodeum, and ovipositor sheath, black; metanotum black-
ish, eye grayish black; mouth parts black; wings fuliginous, costa and
stigma ferruginous; legs ferruginous, with coxae and trochanters and
usually anterior and middle femora basally, black, tarsi brown or
blackish. Antenna usually with 31 to 33 segments; eye bare; ocelli
elevated, vertex smooth and polished; frons smooth and polished, with
a small depression below the anterior ocellus and with a median longi-
tudinal keel; face about 2.50 times as wide as long, punctate, polished,
and with a small median tubercle above; clypeus punctate, its basal
median part slightly elevated, its apical margin slightly flaring, not
notched ; temple bulging, wider than eye in dorsal view; galea long and
slender, about as long as the long axis of eye, tapering apically.
Median part of lateral face of pronotum weakly rugose; median lobe
of mesoscutum flat, smooth and shining like lateral lobes; notaulices
moderately foveolate; mesopleuron closely, finely punctate, upper
groove coarsely foveate, lower groove foveolate, posterior groove
coarsely foveate; metapleuron punctate, rugose at apex; propodeum
rugose, carinae defining areola prominent, the costulae often indis-
tinct, spiracle long ovate. First abscissa of radius longer than that of
basal vein; third and fourth abscissae of cubitus about equal; second
abscissa of cubitus slightly longer than recurrent vein; nervulus post-
furcal by about 0.67 its length; first abscissa of submedius slightly
shorter than second; interanal vein represented by a short stump con-
tinued by a pigmented line. Fifth segment of fore tarsus longer than
second; apex of hind tibia thickened on outer margin and expanded
into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.67 as long as
basitarsus, and second tarsal segment slightly shorter than fifth; inner
spur of hind tibia about half as long as basitarsus, basitarsus shorter
than the next four tarsal segments combined, second and fifth tarsal
segments about equal; hind tarsal claws pectinate, with short teeth
basally. First abdominal suture slightly curved to the margin; sec-
ond tergite shorter than third medially; hypopygium in profile
pointed, about as long as the first three tergites combined; its median
ventral line without a longitudinal fold; ovipositor sheath polished,
spatulate, pubescent at tip, its exposed part about 0.75 as long as
hypopygium (pl. 5, fig. 35).
Male.—Kssentially similar to the female.
Type.—Lost.
The material studied includes specimens from Connecticut, Penn-
sylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky,
Colorado, and Texas.
264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
10.
be
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CARDIOCHILES OF AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO
o¢ Dyes hairy 25) ok ae oh Wt a se ee ee 2
TVG sD 80 Ce a ee a a ee ee ee 25a 9 ALE 10
. Vertex and frons transversely striate or wrinkled__________________-_____ 3
Vertexand#irons smooth <= a = ee ee 4
5. Face with a median longitudinal carina; apical third of forewing fuliginous,
the rest hyaline; about basal 0.40 of hind tibia yellowish white; hind tarsal
claw pectinate basally ; length about 6 mm______--_________ tibiator (Say)
Face without a median longitudinal carina; forewing uniformly fuliginous ;
hind tibia entirely blackish; hind claw toothed basally; length about
esp NRT Yee eee ee Ee ea ee minutus (Cresson )
AyChorax'at least partly ferruginous. 2.2. = Sees EE ee eee eee 5
Thorax entirely) blackwwwsoous Aik wees a) pe At ee ee ee ee eee 6
. Thorax entirely ferruginous; second abscisSa of cubitus about 1.50 times as
long as recurrent vein; recurrent vein about one-third as long as second
abscissa of basal vein ; interanal vein represented by a pigmented line.
therberiae Rohwer
Thorax black, varied with ferruginous; second abscissa of cubitus slightly
shorter than recurrent yein; recurrent vein about half as long as second
abseissa of basal vein; interanal vein absent__-__-_ thoracicus (Cresson)
Only apical third of forewing lightly infumated__________ apicalis (Cresson)
Horewine entirely, Intumated = 22.5 == 22 ee ee ee ee 7
. Third segment of hind tarsus nearly 1.50 times as long as fifth; hind tibia
Dla ches: ie SiN eae +R OE ee Be ee ee eee 8
Third and fifth segments of hind tarsus about equal; hind tibia testaceous,
Sometimes, blackish) apically. 2-5) 24.22) 4 ee ee eee 9
. Fore femur black, brownish yellowish apically ; fore tibia black or blackish ;
length apout 4:5 MMe se ae ee eee orizabae (Cresson)
Fore femur and tibia testaceous; length about 6 mm___floridanus (Ashmead)
. Notaulices meeting posteriorly in an acute angle (pl. 4, fig. 9) ; mesopleural
LUTLOWe USUally) SmMOOEn- Geet ives pres Sy eee eee = Nees explorator (Say)
Notaulices meeting posteriorly in a broad angle (pl. 4, fig. 8) ; mesopleural
furrow foveolate to anterior margin of mesopleuron.
insculptus, new species
Anterior margin of clypeus slightly notched at middle; notaulices and
mesosuleus smooth; upper and lower grooves of mesopleuron smooth;
metapleuron smooth and polished ; propodeum areolate, the areas smooth.
levis, new species
Anterior margin of clypeus not notched; notaulices foveolate (except in
brevitarsis) ; mesosulcus foveolate; upper and lower grooves of meso-
pleuron usually foveolate; metapleuron always rugose on posterior sec-
tion; propodeum usually areolate and always rugose_________-___---- 11
Apex of hind tibia expanded outwardly into a strongly flaring process (pl. 4,
fig..13) anen-e2s225- Ske oh hs oo ees Se eee eee 12
Apex of hind tibia often thickened but not expanded into a strongly flaring
process, outer edge nearly straight-=— =.= Sa ee ee 20
2. Galea nearly or quite as long as long axis of eye___-_-_________________-- 18
Gaitatmuch™shorter 22 52 esas teh ee Se See eee alg
3. Second segment of middle tarsus noticeably shorter than fifth--_______-~__ 14
Second segment of middle tarsus as long as fifth_____-_-__-__-_______-___- 16
. Costa ‘and stigma’ yellowish ferruginous_-.--=- 2)" Viator (Say)
Costa and/stigma dark brown: OF DICCOlS ee ee ee 15
16.
eT
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CARDIOCHILES
MAO 265
5. Temple, in dorsal view, narrower than eye; galea tapering strongly on apical
half, its apex subacute; hypopygium far surpassing apex of last tergite
NPL Al Cee Rae ee eee ee ee Lae texensis, new species
Temple, in dorsal view, wider than eye; galea not tapering conspicuously,
broadly rounded at apex; hypopygium not surpassing apex of last tergite
in female. — 2 sts Ailes VERE eh ie 2 nebrascensis, new species
Thorax black: terulae blackish= 2-25 == == 2 abdominalis (Cresson)
Thorax with pro- and mesonotum reddish yellow; tegulae reddish yellow.
truncus, new species
Hind femur unusually broad, its extreme width nearly half its length; usually
mesonotum, and sometimes entire thorax ferruginous; plate of first tergite
USUAI Ey, EEELEUL MOUS 2 ises eee aaa ee eee 2 ee ee ee 18
Hind femur much more than twice as long as its extreme width; thorax
black, occasionally mesonotum varied with ferruginous; plate of first ter-
UUM LD I Sh epee ae a a te re 1S
. Head, thorax, legs including coxae, costa, and stigma reddish yellow.
rubicundus, new species
Head and thorax black, varied with ferruginous; ail coxae black; costa and
’
Stig asD ACIS he ee ee magnus, new species
19. Propodeal carinae well-developed, the areas sharply defined; wings strongly
intumateds throughout. 5222 oe ee ee rufostigma, new species
Propodeal carinae very weak, the areas not defined ; wings strongly infumated
apically, subhyaline basad of stigma___--_-__--_------ dilatus, new species
20 leer ssentinely, Dla GK ass See ee ee 21
Legs,more.or, less extensively, ferruginouss+— —__--—--_-__- 2a 24__e
21. Wings entirely fuliginous; second segment of middle tarsus about as long
Ge Tp eos kk ee ee Nee eh piuto (Ashmead)
Wings hyaline with apical third to two-fifths fuliginous; second segment
of middlestarsus, shorter than fifth +——_2—=s—_ 4 nigricans, new species
22s Rhorax.entineliyeDlacke = S8— sat se ee ee ee 23
TMHOrax More Onwless fernugimOuUs: —— ese ee ee ee 28
23. Costa and stigma bright ferruginous; head with ferruginous orbital mark-
Fo ps) Ag eo ae ee ee Oe ee ee dignus, new species
Costa and stigma dark brown or piceous; head entirely black, except some-
fmMes clhypeussopSscurelys reddiSh! == 28a esas ee eee 24
OAMADAOMEN MD AC kee ee rs ets SAAR eS es See eee eee)
Abdomen more or less extensively, often entirely, ferruginous______---~-~ 26
25. Mesoscutum and scutellum closely, finely punctate; face closely punctate,
27.
28.
its vestiture short, not conspicuous; propodeal carinae weak, only the
areola distinctly defined ss —2=2 == Sees ee ealifornicus (Ashmead)
Mesoscutum and scutellum smooth and polished; face polished, impunctate,
and clothed with conspicuous, long, blackish hair; propodeal carinae promi-
nent, all areas sharply defined___-__________--___ transversus, new species
. Frons distinctly wrinkled behind scapes; occiput aciculate; scutellum sculp-
tured on apical half; mesopleuron mostly rugulose punctate.
nigroclypeus Viereck
Frons, occiput, and scutellum smooth and shining; mesopleuron smooth_~ 27
Wings subhyaline on basal half, infumated on apical half.
arugosus, new species
Wings entirely infumated___________+--- arugosus var. pullus, new variety
Costa and stigma bright orange; head, except large spot on front and vertex,
PELRTULEN OLS eee es eee Oe rubidus, new species
Costa and stigma dark brown or piceous; head largely black--_---------- 29
2°66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
29. Propodeum finely rugulose, the median area defined by weak carinae, the
other areas not delimited ; second tergite as long as third.
tennessensis, new species
Propodeum coarsely rugose, areas defined by prominent carinae; second
tergite shorter. thanwthird 4620 «eho ee ea ee es hala Sine 30
30. Notaulices smooth; hind tarsus not longer than hind tibia.
brevitarsis, new species
Notaulices foveolate; hind tarsus a little longer than hind tibia__________ 31
31. Mesoscutum entirely ferruginous; anterior and middle femora and tibiae
reddish yellow, the former sometimes blackish basally; first intercubitus
gentlyicuryed, not.angulates 23223) 225) ola lage ee seminiger (Cresson)
Mesoscutum black anteriorly; anterior and middle femora and tibiae largely
black or piceous; first intercubitus usually distinctly angulate below
MUG Gupte | Sees as yete 2te ae ae se eg te eh dite os PEE nigriceps Viereck
ABBREVIATIONS USED ON PLATES
AM, anterior portion of metapleuron; AS, antennal socket; B-B, basal vein;
BR, brachial vein; C-—C, cubitus; CH, cheek; CL, clypeus; CX, coxa; D-D,
discoidal vein; E, eye; FC, face; FR, frons; G, galea; HP, hypopygium; IA,
interanal vein; L, labrum; LG, lower groove of mesopleuron; LM, lateral lobe
of mesonotum; LP, lateral face of pronotum; M, medius; MD, mandible; MF,
malar furrow; MM, median lobe of mesonotum; MN, mesonotum; MP, meso-
pleuron ; MSC, mesoscutellum; MT, metacarpus; MTN, metanotum; MTP, meta-
pleuron; NT, notaulix; NV, nervulus; OC, ocelli; PE, proepisternum; PG, pos-
terior groove of mesopleuron; PM, posterior portion of metapleuron; PP, propo-
deum; RO, recurrent vein; R-R, radius; SD, subdiscoidal vein; SP, spiracle;
S-S, submedius; ST, stigma; TF, transverse fossa; TG, tegula; TP, temple; UG,
upper groove of mesopleuron; V, vertex; 1AS, first abdominal suture; 1IC, first
intercubital vein; 1T, first tergite; 2I1C, second intercubital vein; 2T, second
tergite; 3T, third tergite; 8T, eighth tergite.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 4
10 V1 2
1, Cardiochiles viator, front view of head; 2, C. foridanus, front view of head; 3, Cardiochiles,
diagrammatic lateral view of thorax; 4, C. apicalis, forewing; 5, C. nigriceps, part of fore-
wing; 6, C. seminiger, lateral view of anterior part of mesonotum; 7, C. nigriceps, lateral
view of anterior part of mesonotum; 8, C. operculellus, dorsal view of anterior part of
mesonotum; 9, C. explorator, dorsal view of anterior part of mesonotum; 10, C. seminiger,
first three abdominal tergites; 11, C. tibiator, first three abdominal tergites; 12, C. tibiator,
tibia; 13, C. magnus, tibia.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 5
aT
Vl
30 3] 32
[ll ———N a
34 38
UM;
39
35 a <a
37 ae
36
Hypopygium and ovipositor sheath of Cardiochiles: 14, C. magnus; 15, C. explorator; 16,
C. texensis: 17, C. nebrascensis; 18, C. truncus; 19, C. tibiator; 20, C. californicus; 21, C
tennessensis; 22, C. dilatus; 23, C. insculptus; 24, C. transversus; 25, C. rubidus; 26, C.
apicalis; 27, C. minutus; 28, C. seminiger; 29, C. dignus; 30, C. floridanus; 31, C. levis;
32, C. rubicundus; 33, C. nigriceps; 34, C. orizabae; 35, C. viator; 36, C. arugosus; 37, C.
rufostigmus; 40, C. abdominalls.
Ovipositor sheath: 38, C. thoracicus; 39, C. therbertae.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington: 1949 No. 3238
A REVIEW OF THE MITES OF THE FAMILY
CHEYLETIDAE IN THE UNITED STATES
NATIONAL MUSEUM
By Epwarp W. Baker
Tue family Cheyletidae Leach, 1814, as previously considered in-
cluded two groups of mites, those with small, poorly developed, non-
grasping palpi (Myobia, etc.) and those with large, highly developed,
grasping palpi (Cheyletus, etc.). The former are parasitic mites and
are adapted to live on such hosts as birds, snakes, and rats, while
the latter are primarily free-living predators.
Ewing (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 40, No. 7, p. 180, 1938)
erected the subfamily Myobiinae to include those mites of the genus
Myobia and its generic derivatives. In this paper, Myobiinae is raised
to family rank and is considered to include the following genera:
Amorphacarus Ewing, Harpyrhynchus Megnin, Myobia Heyden,
Ophioptes Sambon, Picobia Haller, Protomyobia Ewing, Psorergates
Tyrrel, Radfordia Ewing, and Syringophilus Heller.
The family Cheyletidae is now considered to include the following
genera: Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon, Chelacaropsis new genus, Chel-
etoids Oudemans, Cheletogenes Oudemans, Cheletomimus Oudemans,
Cheletomorpha Oudemans, Cheletonella Womersley, Cheletophanes
Oudemans, Cheletophyes Oudemans, Cheletopsis Oudemans, Cheleto-
soma Oudemans, Chelonotus Berlese, Cheyletia Haller, Cheyletiella
Canestrini, Cheyletus Latreille, Hucheyla Berlese, E'ucheyletia new
genus, Hutogenes new genus, and Neocheyletiella new genus.
The Cheyletidae are prostigmatic mites with short styletlike
chelicerae; with a short palpal tarsus located on the posterior part
of the palpal tibia rather than on tip and in most cases bearing
comblike and sicklelike setae; palpal tibia with a strong claw which
810275—49—_1 267
268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
extends beyond the palpal tarsus; with none, one, or more plates on
the dorsum of the body; and with the palpi large and pincerlike.
These mites as a whole are free-living predators, although some are
to be found in rabbit fur, squirrel fur, bird feathers, on cats, etc.
The free-living forms are found associated with infestations of acarid
mites (Acaridae), eriophyid mites (Eriophyidae), and scale insects
(Coccoidea), but as yet they do not appear to be of great importance
in controlling mites or insects. Carter et al. (Carter, H. F., Wedd,
G., and D’Abrera, V., Indian Med. Gaz., vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 163-168,
1944) report finding numerous mites in the sputum of patients suf-
fering from lung disorders, among these being a Cheyletus sp. Habits
of each species are listed in the main body of this report. Because
of their free-living habits the distribution of many of these mites is
world-wide.
Since several of the genera are established on the number of dorsal
plates, confusion may arise because some of the nymphal forms have
two or more dorsal posterior plates instead of one. For example, the
nymph of Cheletophyes hawaiiensis, new species, possesses two dorsal
posterior plates, the nymph of Cheyletus cacahuamilpensis, new spe-
cies, possesses four dorsal posterior plates, and Oudemans (1921) in
discussing the generic status of Cheletomimus states that the nymph
of Cheyletia squamosa (Degeer) has two dorsal posterior plates.
Adults of Cheletonella and Cheletopsis have only the single dorsal
anterior plate; adults and nymphs of Cheletomimus have a single
anterior plate and two posterior plates; and adults of the other genera
have the usual anterior and posterior plates.
The descriptions are based on material mounted on slides in balsam,
modified Berlese fluid, or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and in most cases
the material has been flattened to some degree. The so-called balloon
setae of certain mites have been seen only on specimens which have
been mounted, and have been drawn as seen. The exact nature of these
setae on living mites is not known. Certain other types of setae pre-
sent the same problem.
Only species in the National Museum Collection have been de-
scribed and figured. The other species are placed in the keys and are
listed in the text.
Since Oudemans monographed the family in 1906, only a selected
bibliography of publications prior to that date is given, but references
to all important taxonomical publications since then are listed. Vitz-
thum (Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 54-56, 1929)
gives keys to the European species, and Rodendorf (Wiss. Ber. Mos-
kauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42, pp. 69-98, 1940) gives keys to the
Russian species.
Types of new species, unless otherwise stated, are deposited in the
United States National Museum.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 269
KEY TO THE GENERA
1. Palpal tarsus with comblike and/or sicklelike setae_______________________ 3
Palpaucarsusswithyvonlyasimple;seteen sae se ee eae ge Tn Ph a ee 2
2. Tarsus I without claws but with a rayed pulvillus____ Cheyletiella Canestrini
WarsSusieiwith:. Cla ws2= S222 eels pee eT ae oa Neocheyletiella, new genus
8. Palpal tarsus with both sickle- and comblike setae____________--__________ 4
Palpal tarsus with 2 sickle- and no comblike setae; hysterosomal shield only.
Cheletoides Oudemans
4, Palpal tarsus with 2 sickle- and 2 comblike setae_____________.____________ 5
Palpal tarsus with 2 sickle- and 1 comblike setae_________________________ 15
Ploeg normal, With: 2 ClaWS: ase sone ee 2 8
Hegel arsensory organ, withoutaclaiwSs ot ree | ee 6
GOAT LeNSIIKe ey OSs oes a cote aRaoAd Dain APR etna bs ele, a eile NANT as 7
Without lenslike eyes; no claws or pulvillus on legs I__ Eutogenes, new genus
7. Tarsus I attenuate at tip, with pulvillus but without claws.
Cheletomorpha Oudemans
Tarsus I ending bluntly, without claws or pulvillus__ Cheletogenes Oudemans
Se hua InOres Tine GOTSHAL SIG Le eee, NAEk Pk UAE VALOR Dee ce SR BURR AO PATRON 9
With a single hysterosomal shield_________________ Cheletonella Womersley
SERV LULA TO OLSAIY SIE] Cait oor 0 aS SIR MIR PR ere See 2) SENS ae 10
With 3 dorsal shields, 1 propodosomal and 2 hysterosomal.
Cheletomimus Oudemans
PUL aVV ibaa; DAlE OL eneiiice (eyes tke eae te SN MNEs SO) NER 11
Without, Jenslike eyes sehcl all fale bes eel NSA Come: seins SAE 14
ily Both, sicklelike palpal: tarsal. setae normal... ee 12
One palpal tarsal sicklelike seta clavate; dorsal body setae broad, reticulate;
dorsum of body may be reticulate____----_-__4___ Eucheyla Berlese
LB atpal. claws with! basal teeth 11) 7d) Tuer oe) es ei kee keh 13
Palpal claw toothed along entire inner margin___ Cheletophanes Oudemans
13. Dorsal body, setae squamiftorm 2.222 i080 Cheyletia Haller
Dorsal body setae long, rodlike, ciliated___________ Cheletophyes Oudemans
14. Dorsal marginal setae squamiform; dorsal setae cloudlike,
Eucheyletia, new genus
Dorsal marginal setae featherlike, or pilose; dorsal setae when present stag-
HOrNT Key he Son a ae AS ase dad ini be le gue tree Bg Cheyletus Latreille
ta: DWathind, Or tore Gorsal Shields: 225 p22) ya eae rh ad 16
Withoutidorsaltshicld sie ie sees ee a) eee Chelacaropsis, new genus
16. With propodosomal and hysterosomal shields_____--_. ~______________ ag
With propodosomal shield only_________--_________ Cheletopsis Oudemans
ii} With: the 2 dorsalshields’ separatezceor torsades ger iy 18
With the 2 dorsal shields contiguous, covering entire dorsum and part of
VOTH EC TE tase tee et XLS See Me ee od Chelonotus Berlese
1S ATLeronshield trapezoid dee. oe yee oe Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon
Anterior shield pentagonal +2222 252 se Cheletosoma Oudemans
In A. M. Buitendijk’s paper, “Voorloopige Catalogus van de Acari
in de Collectie—Oudemans” (Zool. Meded., vol. 24, p. 332, 1945), a
reference is made to Caenocheyletes fransent Oudemans, 1933. This
is
probably a manuscript name, since I have been unable to find a pub-
lished description.
270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Genus CHEYLETIELLA Canestrini
Cheyletiella CANESTRINI, Prospetto dell’ Acarofauna Italiana, vol. 2, pp. 169, 170,
1886.
Cheletiella (Canestrini) OUDEMANS, Mém, Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 211, 1906.
Ewingella Vat. and Aueustson, Journ. Parasitol., vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 419, 421,
1943. (Type, Lwingella americana Vail and Augustson (monotypic) =
Cheyletiella parasitivoraz (Megnin).)
Type, Cheyletus parasitivorax Megnin (monotypic).
CHEYLETIELLA PARASITIVORAX (Megnin)
PLATE 6, Figures 1-3
Cheyletus parasitivorar MEGNIN, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1878, p. 10, pl. 38.
Cheyletiella parasitivoraz (Megnin) CANESTRINI, Prospetto dell’Acarofauna
Italiana, vol. 2, pp. 169, 170, 1886.—Brriesr, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones
hucusque in Italia reperta, Prostigmata, fase. 28, No. 3, 1886—Hzirst, Brit.
Mus. Nat. Hist. Econ. Ser. 13, p. 73, fig. 40, 1922.—Coorrr, Journ, Parasitol.,
vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 480-482, 1946.
Cheletiella parasitivoraz (Megnin) Hirst, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 182,
1917.—Pitiars, Vet. Journ., London, vol. 81, pp. 96, 97, 1925.—WoMERSLEy,
Rec. South Austral. Mus., vol. 7, p. 59, 1941.
Ewingella americana Vai~ and AvuGusTon, Journ. Parasitol., vol. 29, No. 6,
pp. 419-421, figs. 1-3, 1943.
Female.—Palpi short but strong; palpal femur with a long, serrate,
dorsal seta; genu with a short, serrate seta; tibia with a short simple
seta; palpal claw curved downward, with many weak teeth. Rostrum
short, broad; peritreme with lateral branches composed of large seg-
ments, the anterior transverse portion composed of many small seg-
ments. Propodosomal shield with three pairs of short anterior lateral
setae and a posterior transverse row of four simple setae; two pairs
of long, serrate propodosomal shoulder setae. Hysterosoma without
shield; with an anterior transverse row of four setae, the outer pair
serrate and longer than the simple inner pair (outer setae 106 long,
inner setae 83 long); on the posterior third of the hysterosoma a
pair of long, serrate, marginal setae, and anterior to these a pair of
short, simple setae. Posterior margin of hysterosoma with a pair of
long, simple setae (about 200n long), a pair of short simple setae
inside the long pair, and two pairs of short, simple setae anterior
to anal opening; three pairs of short, simple setae lateral of the anal
opening. Two pairs of genital setae and a transverse row of four
setae anterior to the genital opening. Legs short; leg I reaches to
tip of palpi; leg IV reaches past posterior margin of body. Tarsus I
short, without claws but with pulvillus as figured. Length of body
320, including rostrum 386; width 266z.
Type host.—Rabbit ; preying on listrophorid mites.
Type locality—Probably France.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER QL
The foregoing description was taken from mites collected on rabbits
at Albany, N. Y., May 7, 1942, by R. D. Glasgow.
This is a well-known species which appears to be universally dis-
tributed on rabbits. It has been stated that it preys on species of
Listrophorus, Psorergates, Myobia, and Notoedrus which inhabit the
fur. Pillars (1925) states that he found this mite causing lesions on
a rabbit, and also mentions a mange of man attributed to this species.
Vail and Agustson (1948) report lesions being found on a rabbit
infested with this mite. Cooper (1946), in a review of the literature
on the mite, states that he can find no satisfactory evidence that
Cheyletiella parasitivorax attacks its mammalian hosts or causes mange
inrabbitsand man. Hirst (1917), Pillars (1925), and Cooper (1946)
report finding this species on cat. Cooper (1946) also discusses the
synonymy of Lwingella americana Vail and Augustson with
Cheyletiella parasitivoraz (Megnin).
H. E. Ewing (Illinois Univ. Studies, vol. 3, No. 6, p. 77, pl. 3, fig. 15,
1909) described a mite as Cheyletiella americana. Examination of
the type reveals that the original placement is incorrect; it belongs
to the genus Pseudocheylus in the family Pseudocheylidae.
NEOCHEYLETIELLA, new genus
Palpal tarsus without comblike setae; all tarsi with claws. With
at least a rudimentary dorsal shield.
Type, Veocheyletiella rohweri, new species.
This genus has been erected to include the species formerly placed
with Cheyletiella which possess claws on tarsus I. Biologically this
group differs from Cheyletiella in being found on birds rather than
on rabbits or cats.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NEOCHEYLETIELLA
1, Empodium split into 2 sections. between claws__--—~-= )-- a
HiMpOGiUMm aah 2 gS gle COMDSBis. seen ss oe ee bs ee en ee nay Bee 3
Qa HE DINeC RA eS pAT ale =e a cee en ue aeee en RSS Sees ee eae macronycha (Megnin)
Hpimera sl joined 2194) uf Laan microrhyncha (Berlese and Trouessart)
5. Large protuberance on dorsal distal surface of tarsus I; smaller on tarsus II__ 4
Tans Landsle moremormal, no mMRObupeTanee = 244 yee Ale ee aay q
Sy Ones GOrsal Shichd= kone kL )LF We ee SPI kod ak A ay me DL ol 5
Two dorsal shields; dorsal marginal setae about as long as body is wide.
canadensis (Banks)
5. First three pairs of propodosomal setae of approximately equal length___. 6
First 2 pairs of propodosomal setae much shorter than third pair.
heteropalpus (Megnin)
6. Posterior marginal setae about one-third longer than anterior marginal setae;
1 pair posterior setae serrate___________________ smallwoodae, new species
Posterior marginal setae about twice as long as anterior marginal setae; all
WOSLCELOMASE ta er sim pol Cm ee crete ie ee ee sy a rohweri, new species
-1
. One dorsal shield ; palpal claw very small__ chanayi (Berlese and Trouessart)
Two dorsal shields; palpal claw moderately large_________ pinguis (Berlese)
272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
NEOCHEYLETIELLA MACRONYCHA (Megnin), new combination
Cheyletus macronycha MEGNIN, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1878, p. 12, pl. 29,
Ales! i; <8:
Cheletiella macronycha (Megnin) OupemMANs, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19,
pp. 212, 213, 1906.
Type host.—Passerine birds (exotic).
Type locality.—Bengal.
NEOCHEYLETIELLA MICRORHYNCHA (Berlese and Trouessart), new combination
Cheyletiella microrhyncha BreRLEsE and 'TROUESSART, Bull. Bibl. Sci. Ouest., vol.
2, p. 186, 1889.
Cheletiella microrhyncha (Berlese and Trouessart) OUDEMANS, Mém. Soe. Zool.
France, vol. 19, p. 213, 1806.
Type host.—Unknown.
Type locality. France.
The publication containing the original description could not be
found.
NEOCHEYLETIELLA CANADENSIS (Banks), new combination
PLATE 6, FiauRes 4, 5
Cheyletiella canadensis Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 133, 1909.
Female——Anterior shield covering most of propodosoma, with a
pair of long setae in the posterior marginal corners; five pairs of long
marginal setae on propodosoma; all setae about length of propodo-
soma. Posterior shield covering most of hysterosoma, posterior mar-
gin of shield concave and with a short seta in each corner as figured;
a pair of long shoulder setae, and two pairs of long posterior setae on
abdomen, all as long as propodosomal setae. Tarsi I and IL with
dorsal protuberance. Length 253; width 167p.
Type host.—“Bluebird.”
Type locality — Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
This species is similar to Meocheyletiella heteropalpus (Megnin) in
having the tarsal protuberances, but it differs in having two dorsal
shields and extremely long dorsal setae; it differs from WV. pinguis
(Berlese) in having the long propodosomal setae and in having two
pairs of long posterior setae rather than one long and one short pair.
The above description was taken from the type which is in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
NEOCHEYLETIELLA HETEROPALPUS (Megnin), new combination
Cheyletus heteropalpus MrGnin, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1878, p. 11, pl. 29.
Cheyletiella heteropalpus (Megnin) Berrtese, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones
hucusque in Italia reperta, Prostigmata, fasc. 28, No. 2, 1886.
Cheletiella heteropalpa (Megnin) OZ45ffl(&:, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p.
213, 1906.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 273
Type host.—Pigeons and passerine birds.
Type locality.—Probably France.
NEOCHEYLETIELLA SMALLWOODAE, new species
PLATE 6, FIGURES 6-9
Female.—This species is broad, rounded, with small rostrum and
palpi. Palpal setae long, the palpal femur and genual setae serrate,
and the tibial and ventral setae appear simple; claw small and simple.
Peritreme composed of 10 rather large segments. Propodosomal
shield small, longer than wide, angularly pyriform with a pair of
anterolateral setae; two pairs of anteromarginal setae and three pairs
of shoulder setae; all propodosomal setae appear finely serrate. Hys-
terosoma with three pairs of anterior setae, the outer two pairs long
and distinctly serrate, the inner pair short and appearing slightly
serrate; two pairs of simple dorsal setae around anal opening; three
pairs of longer setae on posterior margin of body, the anteromarginal
pair serrate, the other two pairs simple. Legs short; leg I about
155 long; leg IV about same length and reaches to posterior edge
of body. Tarsus I as figured, distinctive in having a strong dorsal
anterior protuberance with heavy spines. Tibia I with a minute rod-
like sensory seta. Length of body 455,, including rostrum 546p; width
8323p.
Male—In general similar to female. Propodosomal setae arranged
as in female, but as far as can be determined the shield setae are simple,
and the pair of inner shoulder setae appear to be simple. Hystero-
soma with few setae, a single pair of long serrate anteromarginal setae};
genital opening dorsal and in center of hysterosoma, the genital plates
with three pairs of short simple setae, and anterior and lateral to the
genital opening are three pairs of short setae as figured, only the outer
pair appearing slightly serrate. Leg I not reaching to tip of rostrum;
leg IV reaching past posterior margin of body. Length of body 300p,,
including rostrum 366; width 260z.
Type host.—Leucosticte australis.
Type locality.—Guftey, Colo.
Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 1755.
The type female, two paratype females, and one male were collected
by C. Rohwer, December 5, 1939. Another female was collected from
robin at Fort Dupont, Del., April 13, 1933, by H. S. Peters.
This mite differs from Neocheyletiella heteropalpus (Megnin) as
figured, in that Megnin’s species possesses much long body setae, ex-
cept for the two anterior propodosomatic pair which are extremely
short in the female.
274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
NEOCHEYLETIELLA ROHWERI, new species
PLATE 6, FIGuRE 10
Female.—Mite with small rostrum; palpal setae long, femur and
genual setae serrate; tibial and ventral setae appear simple; palpal
claw small; palpi similar to those of V. heteropalpus. Peritreme com-
posed of 11 large segments. Propodosomatic shield rather rudimen-
tary, small, longer than wide, and broadest near anterior edge, with
a single pair of serrate setae. Anterior to shield is a pair of serrate
setae arising from ventral portion of propodosoma; slightly laterad
of shield setae is a pair of serrate setae, on posterior corners of propo-
dosoma are three pairs of serrate setae; all propodosomatic setae are
of medium length. On anterior portion of hysterosoma are two pairs
of medium length lateral serrate setae and a pair of short dorsomedian
serrate setae; on posterior margin of mite are three pairs of very long
simple setae which are about twice as long as the other setae, two pairs
are dorsal and the inner pair is slightly ventral. All body setae large.
Tarsi as in heteropalpus, with a large tubercle on tarsus I and slightly
smaller one on tarsus II; tarsal claws large. Length of body 300p,,
including rostrum 3867p; width 2338p.
Type host.—Sitta pygmaea melanotis.
Type locality —Guftey, Colo.
Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 1756.
A single female was taken at the type locality by C. Rohwer, De-
cember 5, 1939.
This species is differentiated from smallwoodae by the presence of
the long, simple posterior setae, in having larger (stronger) body
setae, and in having comparatively larger tarsal claws.
NEOCHEYLETIELLA CHANAYI (Berlese and Trouessart), new combination
PLATE 6, Fieures 11-13
Cheyletiella chanayi Brertese and TRourEssarT, Bull. Bibl. Sci. Ouest., vol. 2
p. 135, 1889—Bertesr, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia
reperta, Prostigmata, fase. 56, No. 3, 1889.
Female.—Mite with broad rostrum; slender but short palpi. Femur
of palpi with short simple setae on venter and a long serrate dorsal
seta; genu with a long dorsal serrate seta and a simple lateral seta;
tibia with simple setae of varying lengths as figured; claw small,
curved and apparently without teeth. Peritreme composed of long,
slender segments. Propodosomal shield small, anterolateral margin
with a pair of long outer setae and a pair of short inner setae; posterior
portion of shield with a pair of long and a pair of short setae. Hyster-
osoma without shield; two pairs of short simple anterior setae and
a pair of posterior dorsal submedian setae, all of which appear to arise
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 275
from small plates; near posterior margin of body a pair of jong setae
and several pairs short setae. Two pairs of long setae arising near
genital opening and extending past margin of body. Legs short, leg
I reaching to tip of palpus and leg IV to posterior edge of abdomen.
Tarsus I with two claws and comblike pulvillus, and with simple
terminal setae. Tibia I with a short rodlike sensory seta and several
simple setae of varying lengths. Length of body 498,, including ros-
trum 553; width 333n.
Type host.—Fringilla coelebs,
Type locality —Lyon, France.
The above description is based on a United States National Museum
specimen which is from the Berlese collection. In Europe the mite
has been reported from Motacilla alba and Fringilla coelebs.
NEOCHEYLETIELLA PINGUIS (Berlese), new combination
Cheyletiella pinguis Bertese, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia
reperta, Prostigmata, fase. 56, No. 3, fig. 2, 1889.
Cheletiella pinguis (Berlese) Oupzemans, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 2138,
1906.—WoMERSLEY, Rec. South Austral. Mus., vol. 7, No. 1, p. 59, figs. 6A,
B, C, 1941.
Type host—Turdus merula (=Merula nigra).
Type locality —F lorence, Italy.
Genus CHELETOIDES Oudemans
Cheletoides OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 17, p. 154, 1904.
Type, Syringophilus uncinatus Heller (monotypic).
CHELETOIDES UNCINATA (Heller)
Syringophilus uncinatus HetLer, Die Schmarotzer ... p. 188, 1880.
Cheletoides uncinatus (Heller) OupEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase.
17, p. 154, 1904.
Cheletoides uncinata (Heller) OupEMANS, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp.
204-211, figs. 63-66, 1906.
Type host—Pavo cristatus.
Type locality.—Wiel, Germany. According to Oudemans (1906),
this species probably is to be found wherever the host is established.
Genus CHEYLETUS Latreille
Cheyletus LATREILLE, Précis des caractéres génériques des insectes , .. p. 179,
1796.
Eutarsus Hessiine, Illustr. Med. Zeit., vol. 1, p. 258, 1852. (Type, Hutarsus
cancriformus Hessling (monotypic) = Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank).)
Cheletes (Latreille) OupEMANS, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 46, p. 121, 1903.
Type, Acarus eruditus Schrank (monotypic).
In the other genera of the Cheyletidae most of the species are based
on the females, but in Cheyletus we find some species based entirely
810275—49
9
“
276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
on heteromorphic males. Because of this difficulty the key to the
species is given for both sexes. It is hoped that in the future the sexes
can be correlated.
Cheyletus butleri Hughes and C. munroi Hughes, both males, were
described by A. M. Hughes in “The Mites Associated with Stored
Food Products,” Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, London, 1948,
which was received after this paper was submitted for publication.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHEYLETUS
Females
1; Worsal ysetac, pilose--.=- =. --+=s 2252) = We ee ee eee 2
Dorsalysetae /SmoOothy. (1) ) a - e parumsetosus Karpelles*
Zenner palpal comb with ab Least se veetbe == == ee eee eee 3
Inner palpal comb with 6 teeth__________-_____.-__--+_ promptus Qudemans*
3; Hemur of palpus distinctly longer? than wide-22> >) =] eee 4
Hemur iof} palpus about: as longsas .wite=2—- 2. eee 6
4. Palpal, claw, with. 3 distinet,basaliteeth=-- —_- = = ee eee 5
Palpal claw with 2 simple basal teeth; posterior dorsal shield with 3 pairs
Of pSCla@x= 2 ele a eer ete cee ee 2 ee eruditus (Schrank)
5. Tarsus I sensory organ shorter than the guard seta__ hendersoni, new species
Tarsus I sensory organ longer than the guard seta________ doddi, new species
6. Anterior dorsal shield with 4 pairs of dorsal setae; posterior shield with at
least: 2) paitsea. 2b) Eek AIO Ne 2 EN RE er eee nae 7
Anterior dorsal shield with 6 pairs of dorsal setae; posterior shield with 1
aes 2S De Se eee 2 ee ee strenuus Oudemans
7.-shoulder*setae: 'simpleyipilloset 522 Se ee ee 8
Shoulder setae lanceolate; posterior shield with 3 pairs of marginal setae.
trouessarti Oudemans
§. ‘Claw, of palpus withwnorejthan ad) tooth eae ee ee 9
Clawrot palpus) with (tooth 222s ee fortis Oudemans
Ol Palpal ielaw “withe2: teeth te ee cose ne eee eae eee nee rel 12
Bal pail sclawye washes Or TiO re eee i kien eee ee ae ae ee eae 10
10:3Palpall "Claw swath ge ui, COG GIN oe ace ee ae ie eae se ke a 11
Palpal claw with 4 teeth, the basal pair smaller than others.
linsdalei, new species
11. Posterior shield scarcely narrower than anterior shield ; dorsal palpal femoral
S@baipilOs@ia es 89 eck ce Sa eae A ee schneideri Oudemans
Posterior shield considerably narrower than anterior; dorsal palpal femoral
Seta .simplie tard S 23 9 weet wn ee PN oes ESS trux Rodendorf
12. Posterior dorsal shield with less than 4 pairs of marginal setae__________ 13
Posterior dorsal shield with 4 pairs of marginal setae; tarsus I guard seta
pilose, about 4 times as long as sensory seta. cacahuamilpensis, new species
13...Posterior shield with.3. pairs of marginal setae-=— =e 2s ee e 14
Posterior shield with 2 pairs of marginal setae; tarsus I guard seta pilose,
about twice as long as sensory seta-_________--- beauchampi, new species
14. Tarsus I guard seta not longer than sensory seta_______-_-_----__--___- 16
Tarsus I guard seta about twice as long as sensory seta-______-_________ 15
15. Sensory seta on tarsus I strongly lanceolate____________ aversor Rodendorf
Sensory seta on tarsus I slightly lanceolate______-__-___ davisi, new species
* See p. 319.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—-BAKER Ze
16. A distinct ventral condyle on venter of rostrum over trochanter; shoulder
seta smooth; coxa III with a lanceolate-serrate seta_____ rapax Oudemans
A minute ventral condyle on venter of rostrum over trochanter ; shoulder seta
pilose ; coxa III with a simple pilose seta__-_---___ malaccensis Oudemans
Males
ieealpali claws withy a Singles too tie sk es ewes se ee ee eee 2
Balpaliclaw with more thane coo Giese ee a 15
2 WMorsal anterior plate with. 5 pairssotsetaes= 220 Se es 3
Dorsal anterior plate wath 6 pairs ob setaek. 221s ee ss eee -t
3. Palpal claw with a strong basal tooth; palpal femoral seta extending to tip
ear eu pp Se CU a os ace eee ee ts ec trouessarti Oudemans
Palpal claw with a weak, hardly discernible basal tooth; palpal femoral seta
NOL SULPASSING pallpal GUT eS ee ee trux Rodendorf
ApH eMmuUnrOt pal pus: SWOll en sae se ae ee ee a Se Pe ei aad as Bp 5
REMULOL Pal puse no ty SwOlLe me a eS a ee ee 8
5. Worsal posterior plate withS pairs! of Setaes= 20.86 eee 6
Dorsal posterior plate with 6° pairs of setae_-__--___ malaccensis Oudemans
6. No pilose seta between coxal plates II and I1J__________-_______________- 7
A pilose seta between coxal plates II and IIJ_---_-_--_____ fortis Oudemans
7, Small tooth on palpal claw; inner palpal comb without teeth on proximal
MOET eae See 1 ee ee ee SE gee cha eae audax Oudemans
Large tooth on palpal claw; inner palpal comb with teeth along entire inner
CoN a ae uri Pi a BE Dg ae a ea rapax Oudemans
Sisealpale claw toounelaterals stone see ee eee ed ees eV ae he 9
Palpal claw tooth more or less dorsal_________------_---- alacer Oudemans
9. Palpal claw tooth distinct, width equal to length______.________--_---___ 10
Palpal claw tooth very weak, hardly discernible, much longer than wide.
carnifex Zakhvatkin
AO eMir ETH GOT ows EN Ey core Ge tal eee I ae i TE ge 11
TnnercomMb withsssOrsmMore: eet as a eet nak ees Sue ee ee 12
it Rostrum narrow, with smooth edgess-. =— ee venator Vitzthum
12.
15.
14,
15.
Rostrum broadening toward rear and with tuberculate edges.
rabiosus Rodendorf
Inner 'combywithtS8 or 9 teekh ssn se ee ee eee 13
Imner/ combswith about 1 Sitecthe 222) 22 Soe ka ae ee acer Oudemans
Anterior to peritreme 4-6 longitudinal rows of tubercles______-_-_-_----- 14
Anterior to peritreme a transvere row of tubercles directed back toward
PEriGrem Cs sss LN es ee ee ferox Berlese and Trouessart
Dorsal posterior plate with straight lateral border; femur of palpus without
swelling; in front of peritreme is a space without tubercles.
intrepidus Oudemans
Dorsal posterior plate with concave lateral borders; femur of palpus with
slight inner swelling ; a mass of tubercles in front of peritreme.
vorax Oudemans
ROstriuM with lateral teeth eis ete hae ah SP a ee ee eee 16
Rostrum smooth, without lateral teeth; palpal claw with 2 small but well-
Gene de tee thy ee ee eee ee) el eee eruditus (Schrank)
1 Based on Oudeman’s key (1906). The shield boundary is not distinct, and there may
be
five pairs of setae present, thus keying out to rapax, which, when types can be studied,
may prove to be the same as malaccensis.
a7Ts PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
16. Rostrum with sharply angular protuberances or lateral teeth; palpal claw
with 2 or 3 weak teeth; palpal claws broad and slightly curved.
furibundus Rodendorf
Rostrum with small, readily discernible lateral teeth; palpal claw with 2
short thick teeth; palpal claw thin and long_-----~_-- praedabundis Kuzin
CHEYLETUS ERUDITUS (Schrank)
PLATE 7, FicuREs 14-16
Acarus eruditus SCHRANK, Enumeratio insectorum Austriae indigenorum, p. 513,
1781.
Eutarsus cancriformis Hrsstine, Tlustr. Med. Zeit., vol. 1, p. 258, 1852.—
OUDEMANS, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 81, p. Ixxv, 1938.
Cheyletus ferog BANKS, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 7, p. 134, 1906 (new
synonymy).
Cheletes eruditus (Schrank) OupEMANS, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp.
84-88, fig. 18, 1906.
Cheyletus seminivorus (Packard) Ewitne, Illinois Univ. Studies, vol. 3, No. 6,
pp. 76, 77, 1909; Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 416-420, 1912.
Cheyletus eburneus Harpy, in Andre, Ann, des Epiphyt. Année 19, No. 6, pp. 336,
344, 349, 350, 1933.
Female—Palpus slender; femur of palpus 114 times as long as
wide, the dorsal seta about as long as the segment; genual seta on
posterior margin of segment; palpal claw relatively weak, with 2
basal teeth of equal size; outer comb with 15 teeth, about 114 times as
long as inner comb which has 16 teeth. Rostrum simple, narrow,
broadening slightly to rear; peritreme with 9 or 10 segments.
Propodosomatice shield rounded anteriorly, widening posteriorly,
covering most of the propodosoma, with four pairs of narrow
lanceolate pilose marginal setae. Hysterosomal shield small, rounded,
with three pairs of marginal setae. Tarsus I, 146 long; tibia I,
93u long; tarsal sensory setae about one-fourth as long as tarsus; guard
seta simple, one-half as long as sensory seta; small rodlike sensory
seta on tibial. Leg I, 428y long; leg IV, 400 long. Length of body
514, including rostrum 714p; width 371p.
Male (after Oudemans, 1906).—Similar to female but with two
pairs of dorsosubmedian propodosomatic setae and five pairs of mar-
ginal setae on posterior shield.
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality—Austria.
This is a widespread, free-living species recorded from Australia,
Holland, India, Portugal, Mexico, Scotland, Jugoslavia, England,
Germany, Japan, Colombia, Chile, Madeira, and the United States.
In the United States it has been taken from house sparrow, Ithaca,
N. Y.; on Sciurus carolinensis at Thomasville, Ga.; and from Cali-
fornia, Minnesota, and Oregon in warehouses, in grains. The descrip-
tion of the female is based on material from Voorhout, Holland, in-
tercepted at Philadelphia, Pa.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE-——BAKER 279
CHEYLETUS HENDERSONI, new species
PLATE 7, Figures 17-19
Female—F¥emur of palpus 11% times as long as wide; genual setae
located on posterior margin of segment; palpal claw with 3 basal teeth,
but 1 specimen with 4 basal teeth on 1 side; outer comb about one-third
longer than inner, with about 17 teeth and inner comb with about 24
teeth. Rostrum simple, widening posteriorly. Anterior shield large,
covering propodosoma, with four pairs of pilose marginal setae.
Posterior shield large and covering most of hysterosoma, narrowing
toward rear, with two pairs of marginal setae. Tarsus I, 83» long;
tibia I, 50 long; tarsus with a short rodlike sensory seta and a longer
simple guard seta; short rodlike set on tibia I. Length of body 313,,
including rostrum 446; width 190p.
Type habitat—On “mummy.”
Type locality—Arkansas Cave, Ark.
Type.—uU.8. N. M. No. 1757.
Female type and three paratypes (two in poor condition) collected
ona “mummy” by W. C. Henderson, letter of July 16, 1935.
This mite is similar to Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) but differs
in the number of palpal claw teeth, peritreme, dorsal shields, and in
the arrangement of the setae on tarsus I.
CHEYLETUS DODDI, new species
PLATE 7, FicuRES 20-22
Female.—Palpal femur 11% times as long as wide; femoral and
genual setae long, pilose; genual seta located on posterior margin of
segment; palpal claw with 3 basal teeth, the 2 posterior teeth appear
to be a bifurcation of a single large tooth; palpal combs of about equal
length and both with about 15 teeth. Rostrum simple, widening
toward rear; peritreme composed of small segments. Anterior shield
large, covering most of propodosoma, rounded anteriorly and convex
posteriorly, with four pairs of long, simple, pilose marginal setae.
Hysterosomal shield with rounded corners, narrowing posteriorly,
and with two pairs of marginal setae. Tarsus I, 1134 long; tibia I, 73
long; tarsus I with a rodlike sensory organ of medium length; guard
seta simple, about half as long as sensory organ; tibia with a short
rodlike sensory seta and several long simple setae. Leg I about 335,
long. Length of body 3886p, including rostrum 500z; width 233,.
Type habitat.—In “feed.”
Type locality.—Ithaca, N. Y.
Type.—v.S.N.M. No. 1758.
The female type and three paratypes were collected by C. R. Crosby
(letter of September 28, 1922) in feed at Cornell University, Ithaca,
280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
N. Y. Three additional female paratypes were collected by F. O.
Dodd at New York, March 1, 1935, when intercepted in quarantine
in valones (nuts) originating in Turkey.
This species is similar to Cheyletus hendersoni, new species, but
differs in having the anterior tooth on the palpal claw smaller, in the
relative sizes of the palpal comb and number of teeth, in the shape of
the dorsal shields, and in the relative lengths of tarsus I guard setae
to the sensory setae.
CHEYLETUS STRENUUS Oudemans
Cheletes eruditus (femina monstrosa) OuDEMANS, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 46, p. 127,
pl. 18, fig. 46, 1904.
Cheletes strenuus OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 161, 1904;
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 83, 1906.
Type habitat and type locality—Unknown.
CHEYLETUS TROUESSARTI Oudemans
Cheyletus trouessarti OUDEMANS, Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., ser. 2, vol. 8,
p. xvi, 1903.
Cheletes trouessarti OUDEMANS, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 46, pp. 129-132, pl. 13, figs.
47-51; Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 88, 1906.
Oheyletus macrocherus Harpy, in Andre, Ann. des Epiphyt. Année 19, No. 6,
pp. 350, 351, 1933.
Type habitat and type locality—Unknown.
CHEYLETUS FORTIS Oudemans
PLATE 7, FIGURES 23-25
Cheletes fortis OupDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 161, 1904;
Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 96-99, figs. 22, 23, 1906.
Female.—Large mite with strong palpi. Palpal femur as wide as
long; dorsal femoral and genual setae pilose, genual seta on posterior
margin of segment; palpal claw with a large single basal flat tooth;
outer comb with about 20 teeth; inner comb only two-thirds as long as
outer and with about 27 teeth. Rostrum simple, broadening toward
rear; peritreme composed of medium-sized segments. Anterior shield
large but not covering entire propodosoma, anterior corners broadly
rounded, widening to rear and with four pairs of lanceolate serrate
marginal setae. Hysterosomal shield small, almost square but nar-
rowing slightly to rear, with three pairs of lanceolate serrate marginal
setae. Tarsus I, 150p long; tibia I, 100, long; tarsus I with short lan-
ceolate sensory seta and a still shorter simple guard seta; tibia I with
a short rodlike sensory seta. Leg I, 460n long; leg IV, 428, long.
Length of body 500,, including rostrum 743p; width 428n.
Type host—On skin of parakeet.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 281
Type locality—New Guinea (specimen in Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
The description was made from two specimens on one slide with
the following data (translation, original in Japanese) : “Public Health
Department of Formosa, Research Laboratory of Medical Zoology.”
Two other specimens were collected on Callosciurus sladeni midas
Thomas at Myitkyina, Burma, August 6, 1945, by members of the
United States of America Typhus Commission.
This species is closely related to Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans
and may prove to be only a variety.
CHEYLETUS LINSDALEI, new species
PLATE 8, FIGURES 26-29
Female.—Palpi of normal size; palpal femur perhaps slightly
longer than wide; femoral and genual setae serrate, the genual seta
short, on posterior margin of segment, reaching only to basal part of
palpal claw; palpal claw usually with 4 teeth but occasionally one
side with 3 teeth; outer palpal comb with about 17 teeth, inner comb
with about 22 teeth. Rostrum short, broadening to rear; peritreme
with eight pairs of large segments. Propodosomal shield widening
to rear with four pairs of marginal setae which are clublike, serrate;
on posterior portion of shield at least three pairs of setal bases which
probably bore staghornlike setae. Hysterosomal shield broad, nar-
rowing only slightly to rear, with three pairs of clublike, serrate
marginal setae and five pairs of dorsomedian setal bases as found on
the anterior shield; a pair of clublike setae laterad of anterior corners
of posterior shield; body shoulder setae long, simple, serrate. Tarsus
I, 83u long; tibia I, 50u long; sensory seta on tarsus I short, not much
longer than width of base of tarsus; guard seta simple, shorter than
sensory seta. Body about 353» long, including rostrum about 500p;
width about 140z.
Type habitat—On Citellus beecheyi.
Type locality.—Monterey, Calif.
Type.—uvU.S.N.M. No. 1760.
The type female was collected January 28, 1948, and four paratypes
were taken December 3 and 4, 1942, on Citellus beecheyi, Monterey,
Calif., by J. M. Linsdale.
This species differs from others in the arrangement of the teeth
on the palpal claw and especially in the type of dorsal body setae.
CHEYLETUS SCHNEIDERI Oudemans
Cheyletus schneideri OUDEMANS, Tijdschr, Nederland. Dierk. Ver., ser. 2, vol. 8,
p. xv, 1903; Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 16, p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 52-54, 1904.
Cheletes schneideri OUDEMANS, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 84, 1906.
282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Type habitat——Dead leaves.
Type locality.—Italy.
CHEYLETUS TRUX Rodendorf
Oheyletus trux RoDENDoRF, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42, pp. 87,
88, figs. 1, 2, 17, 19, 21, 1940.
Type habitat—Granaries and sheep fodder.
Type locality —Ivanovo; Agriz, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
CHEYLETUS CACAHUAMILPENSIS, new species
PiLaTE 8, Fiecures 30-384
Female.—Palpi strong; no basal condyle; femur about as long as
wide, with a short pilose seta; genual seta pilose, on posterior margin
of segment; palpal claw with 2 basal teeth, the proximal tooth about
twice as long as the distal with a nearly flat surface; outer palpal comb
with about 18 teeth; inner comb two-thirds as long and with 20 teeth.
Rostrum of normal size; peritreme composed of eight large segments.
Anterior shield covering most of propodosoma; four pairs of long,
lanceolate serrate marginal setae; one pair of posterior dorsosub-
median staghornlike setae. Hysterosomal shield with four pairs of
marginal setae and one pair of dorsosubmedian staghornlike setae on
anterior margin of shield. Genital-anal setae appear simple, although
the anal setae may be serrate. Tarsus I, 80u long; tibia I, 34p long,
tarsus I sensory seta short, rodlike; guard seta pilose, four times as
long as sensory seta; tibia I with small clavate seta and short pilose
setae. Coxae III with a lanceolate serrate seta. Length of body 267p,
including rostrum 380; width 200x.
Type habitat—In bat guano.
Type locality—Cave of Cacahuamilpa, Guerrero, Mexico.
Type.—tn the collection of F. Bonet, Mexico, D. F.
The female type and a nymph were collected December 15, 1989, by
F. Bonet.
The setal pattern of the dorsal shields and the tarsus I sensory and
guard setae are distinctive.
CHEYLETUS BEAUCHAMPI, new species
PLATE 8, FrauRES 35-38
Female.—Palpi and rostrum of normal size. Palpal femur not
much longer than broad; genual seta on posterior margin of segment ;
tarsal claw with 2 basal teeth, the lower tooth flat, not notched; outer
comb with about 17 teeth; inner comb with 29 teeth and almost as long
as outer comb. Rostrum gradually widening to rear; peritreme sim-
ple, composed of medium-sized segments. Lateral margins of pro-
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 283
podosomatic shield concave; four pairs of lanceolate serrate marginal
setae and a pair of posterior dorsosubmedian staghornlike setae.
Shoulder setae simple, pilose. Hysterosomal shield almost square,
narrowing slightly to rear, with posterior margin concave; two pairs
of lanceolate serrate marginal setae and a pair of posterior dorso-
submedian staghornlike setae. Anterior to the posterior plate is a
pair of lanceolate serrate setae; posterior to plate two pairs of simple,
pilose setae. Anal setae pilose; genital setae simple. Legs short, legs
Land IV about 335, long; tarsus I, 120 long; tibia I, 67» long; tarsus
I sensory seta only one-half as long as the simple guard seta; tibia I
sensory seta lanceolate rather than clavate. Length of body 414y,
including rostrum 586n; width 300p.
Type habitat.—In straw mats.
Type locality—Portugal, intercepted at Boston, Mass.
Type— U.S.N.M. No. 1761.
The mite was collected December 11, 1939, by J. T. Beauchamp.
The palpal claws, comb, and hysterosomal shield setae are
distinctive.
CHEYLETUS AVERSOR Rodendorf
Cheyletus aversor RoDENDORF, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42, pp.
86-87, figs. 18, 20, 1940.
Type habitat.— Unknown.
Type locality —Ordzhonikidze, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
CHEYLETUS DAVISI, new species
PLATE 8, FicurEs 39-42
Female.—Palpi and rostrum of normal size. Palpal femur not
much longer than broad; genual seta on posterior margin of segment:
palpal claw with 2 basal teeth, the lower one large and notched; outer
comb with 15 teeth, about one-third longer than inner comb which
has 20 teeth. Rostrum broadening posteriorly; peritreme composed
of medium-sized segments. Propodosomatic shield rounded anteri-
orly ; lateral margins rounded; posterior margin almost straight; four
pairs of lanceolate serrate marginal setae; a single pair of posterior
dorsosubmedian staghornlike setae. Shoulder setae simple, pilose.
Hysterosomal shield almost square, slightly narrowing toward rear,
posterior margin straight; three pairs of lanceolate serrate marginal
setae and a single pair of submedian staghornlike setae. Two pairs
of dorsoposterior pilose setae. Anal setae pilose; two pairs of long,
simple, genital setae. Legs short; leg I, 280» long, not reaching much
past palpus; leg IV, 266, long, reaching past posterior margin of body.
Tarsus I, 971 long; tibia I, 57, long; tarsus I sensory seta short,
810275—49—_3
284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
about one-half as long as the simple guard seta; ventral tarsal seta
pilose; tibia I sensory seta clavate, short. Length of body 428,, in-
cluding rostrum 571p; width 314p.
Type habttat.—In onions.
Type locality.—tItaly, intercepted at Boston, Mass.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 1762.
A single specimen was collected July 6, 1938, by Davis and Freeman.
The palpal claws and combs distinguish this from the closely
related species.
CHEYLETUS RAPAX Oudemans
Cheletes rapaz OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 12, p. 84, 1903
(the female of this species is wrongly cited as Cheletes voraz Oudemans on
p. 84) ; Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 103-108, figs. 25, 26, 1906.
Type habitat——On skins of birds and mammals.
Type locality.—Uncertain, believed to be either the Marianas Is-
lands or Colombia.
There is a possibility that this species may be the same as C. malac-
censis Oudemans.
CHEYLETUS MALACCENSIS Oudemans
PLATE 9, Fiacures 438-49
Cheletes malaccensis OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 12, p. 84, 1904;
Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 88-96, figs. 19-21, 1906.
Female.—Strong palpi; a minute ventral condyle between palpal
coxa and trochanter ; palpal femur longer than wide with dorsal pilose
seta; genual seta pilose, on posterior margin of segment; dorsal tibial
seta simple but ventral seta pilose; palpal claw with a large flat basal
tooth and a smaller single distal tooth as figured; outer palpal comb
with 16 teeth; inner comb shorter and with 20 teeth. Rostrum nor-
mal; peritreme composed of small segments. Propodosomatic shield
relatively small, with rounded corners, four pairs of lanceolate serrate
marginal setae. Shoulder setae pilose. Hysterosomal shield rec-
tangular, longer than wide, with three pairs of lanceolate serrate mar-
ginal setae. ‘Tarsus I, 146y long; tibia I, 834 long; tarsus I with a
short lanceolate sensory seta and a simple guard seta of equal length;
tibia I with a short rodlike sensory seta and several long pilose setae.
Legs I and IV, 428, long. Coxae III with a pilose seta. Length of
body 514y, including rostrum 714; width 342n.
Male.—Long, slender palpi; palpal femur about twice as long as
wide with serrate seta which is shorter than tarsus; femoral and gen-
ual setae as in female; palpal tibia with a simple dorsal seta; palpal
claw with a single small basal tooth; outer comb with 12 teeth; inner
comb shorter, with 9 or 10 teeth. Gnathosoma deeply notched anteri-
orly; anterior dorsum of rostrum covered with sharp tubercles; peri-
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 285
treme small; that part of rostrum overlying the palpal trochanter has
two sharp teeth as figured. Anterior shield relatively large, covering
most of propodosoma; four pairs of lanceolate serrate marginal setae;
two pairs of dorsosubmedian lanceolate serrate setae. Hysterosomal
shield narrowing posteriorly ; with four or five pairs of lanceolate ser-
rate marginal setae. Tarsus I, 113» long; tibia I, 90 long; tarsus I
with a large lanceolate sensory organ and a small simple guard seta;
tibia I with a short rodlike sensory seta. Leg I, 428» long; leg IV,
828 long. Length of body 400p, including rostrum 571p; width
285.
Type habitat.—On bird skin, Psittinus cyanurus (=P. incertus),
probably preying on feather mites.
Type locality —Malacca, Straits Settlements.
Oudemans (1906) gave the above information on habitat and distri-
bution. The following interception records are available (if taken
on plant material the host is not listed) : Azores, at New York, N. Y.;
Belgium, at Charleston, S. C.; Holland, at Philadelphia, Pa.; Italy,
at New York, N. Y.; Portugal, at New Orleans, La.; China, at Hawaii;
Japan, at Seattle, Wash.; Java, at Hawaii; Philippine Island, at San
Francisco, Calif.; Straits Settlements, at Norfolk, Va.; Malaya, at
Hawaii; west coast of Africa, at Philadelphia, Pa.; Barbados, at New
York, N. Y.; British Guinea, at New York, N. Y.; Colombia, at New
York, N. Y.; Cuba, at Norfolk, Va.; Mexico, at Brownsville, Tex.
Material is also on hand from Cuzco, Peru; Barranquilla, Colombia,
on Aracocerus fasciatus eggs; St. Croix, Virgin Islands, on domestic
fowl; Richmond, Va., on ELphestia elutiella; Shreveport, La.; Red-
wing, Minn., on wheat screenings; Dallas, Tex.; Atlanta, Ga., in
“powder”; Farrington, Ill.
Cheyletus malaccensis resembles closely C. rapax Oudemans, and
the differences between them may prove to be a variation within a
single species. The fact that there appear to be five pairs of setae on
the hysterosomal shield strengthens this belief.
CHEYLETUS AUDAX Oudemans
Cheletes audagz OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 162, 1904;
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 99-108, fig. 24, 1906.
Type host.—Skin of “bird.”
Type locality—New Guinea (in Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris).
CHEYLETUS ALACER Oudemans
Cheletes alacer OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 162, 1904;
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 108-112, fig. 27, 1906.
Type host—Skin of Pyrrhura cruentata (=Conurus cruentata).
Type locality—Colombia (in Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris).
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
286
CHEYLETUS CARNIFEX Zakhvatkin
Cheyletus carnifer ZAKHVATKIN, A short key to the granary mites, 2d ed., p. 30,
1935 (?).—RopENbDorF, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42, pp.
89, 90 figs. 27, 28, 1940.
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality —Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
CHEYLETUS VENATOR Vitzthum
Cheyletus venator VirztHuM, Arch. fiir Naturg., vol. 84A, No. 6, p. 2, figs. 1-3,
1920 (1918).
Type habitat—In nest of Kopthortosoma nigrita, preying on
acarids.
Type locality —German East Africa.
CHEYLETUS RABIOSUS Rodendorf
Cheyletus rabiosus RoDENDORF, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42,
p. 86, fig. 14, 1940.
Type habitat—On wheat.
Type locality—Kazakh, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
CHEYLETUS ACER Oudemans
Cheletes acer OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fasc. 18, p. 162, 1904;
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 112-115, fig. 28, 1906.
Type host—‘Birdskin.”
Type locality —Colombia (in Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris).
CHEYLETUS FEROX Trouessart
Cheyletus feror TRovUEssarT, Bull. Bibl. Sci. Ouest., vol. 2, p, 184, 1889.—Ovunpr-
MANS, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 115-119, fig. 29.
Type host.—Bird skin, Coracopsis nigra barklyi.
Type locality—lIle Praslin, Seychelles (island in Indian Ocean).
CHEYLETUS INTREPIDUS Onudemans
Cheletes intrepidus OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 12, p. 84, 1903;
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 119-122, fig. 30, 1906.
Type host.—Bird skin.
Type locality.—Colombia (in Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris).
CHEYLETUS VORAX Oudemans
Cheletes vorarx OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Neder]. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 12, p. 84, 1903 (by
error the female of rapaz is cited here under the name of voraz) ; Mém. Soe.
Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 122-126, fig. 31, 1906.
Type host.—On bat.
Type locality. Marianas Islands (in Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris).
CHEYLETUS FURIBUNDUS Rodendorf
Cheyletus furibundus RopENDorF, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol
42, p. 85, fig. 15, 1940.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 287
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality—Ivanov, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
CHEYLETUS PRAEDABUNDUS Kuzin
Cheyletus praedabundus Kuzin, in Rodendorf, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ.
Zool., vol. 42, p. 85, 1940.
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality—Rostov on Don, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
UNCERTAIN SPECIES
CHEYLETUS SAEVUS Oudemans
Cheletes eruditus (Schrank) OUDEMANS, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 46, p. 123, pl. 12,
figs. 834-47, 1904 (protonymph).
Cheletes saevus OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fasc. 18, 161, 1904; Mém.
Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 84, 1906.
Type habitat—In dust.
Type locality —Netherlands.
There is the possibility that this may be an immature stage of
Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank).
CHEYLETUS CLAVISPINUS Banks
Cheyletus clavispinus BANKS, Can. Ent., vol. 34, p. 172, 1902.
Type habitat—Beneath wings of an Aradus.
Type locality Indianapolis, Ind.
Inadequately described and not figured. Type not found.
CHEYLETUS PATAGIATUS Nordenskiold
Cheyletus patagiatus NORDENSKIOLD, Medd. Soe. Faun. Fenn., vol. 26, p. 37,
figured, 1900.
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality —F inland ?
CHEYLETUS BURMITICUS Cockerell
Cheyletus burmiticus COCKERELL, Psyche, vol. 24, p. 41, fig. 2, 1917.
From Burmese amber; inadequately described and figured; palpi
similar to those of Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) in length and width
of segments.
Cheyletus nigripes Mola (Zool. Anz., vol. 32, p. 48, fig. 3, 1907)
is not a mite, but an insect.
Genus CHELETOPHYES Oudemans
Cheletophyes OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl, Ver., vol. 4, fase. 78, p. 101, 1914.
Type, Cheletophyes vitethumi Oudemans (monotypic).
ISs PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHELETOPHYES
1, Palpal’ femur aboutjas ‘wide'as Jongath {hoi bee eee ae eee 2
Palpal femur longer than broad; palpal setae rodlike, serrate; palpal claw with
a singles too Ghee we ee eee eee philippinensis, new species
2:| Palpal femur;setae/squamiform, V-like*..22 .-- <)--=s) = ee ee eee 3
Palpal femur’ ‘setae rodlike:) + ==) 2. <2 2 ee ee ee 4
3. Posterior part of rostral shield reticulated ; tarsus I sensory seta twice as long
asieuardisetas—) 2) So ek) ee ee ee hawaiiensis, new species
Posterior part of rostral shield longitudinally striated; sensory and guard
Setae Of tarsus I of same Jength=22= 222-2 ees marshalli, new species
4. Hysterosomal shield minute, on rear of abdomen____-~ vitzthumi Oudemans
Hysterosomal shield longer than propodosomal shield______~_ semenovi Kuzin
CHELETOPHYES PHILIPPINENSIS, new species
PLATE 9, F1cuRES 50-54
Female.——Medium to large mite with rather thin palpi and medium-
sized rostrum. Palpal femur only slightly swollen externally, about
one-third longer than wide, dorsal seta rodlike, serrate, lateral ventral
seta same; genual seta rodlike, serrate, on posterior margin of seg-
ment; palpal tibial setae simple; single tooth or claw on basal half
near center; outer comb about one-third longer than inner, outer with
about 23 teeth and inner comb with 26-28 teeth. Rostrum with shield
as figured; peritreme simple, composed of small segments. Single
pair eyes. Dorsal body setae long, rodlike, serrate, propodosomal
setae 133-150, long and posterior abdominal setae 150» long. Propo-
dosomal and hysterosomal shields large, covering entire dorsum of
mite, coarsely striated; two pairs of dorsal submedian and four pairs
of marginal setae, three pairs near eye and one pair in posterior corner 5
very long shoulder seta; hysterosoma with six pairs of marginal
setae and three pairs of dorsal submedian setae. Legs I and IV long;
about 400u long, and IV about 413» long. Tarsus I with sensory
seta about twice as long as the simple guard seta, sensory seta about
one-third as long as tarsus; tibia I with usual short sensory seta and
four long serrate setae. Length of body 366, including rostrum
520n; width 280pn.
Type host—Pandanus tectorius.
Type locality— Bataan, Philippine Islands.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 1763.
The type and one female paratype were collected July 26, 1920, by
H. L. Sanford; a second slide with additional specimens has the same
data.
Palpi and tarsi are distinctive.
The anal-genital region of this mite indicates it to be a female,
although the dorsal and the marginal setae are rodlike instead of the
staghorn type that normally occurs in females.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 289
CHELETOPHYES HAWAIIENSIS, new species
PLATE 10, FI@euREsS 55-59
Female.—Rostrum and palpi narrow. Palpal femur swollen on
outer margin, dorsal seta rodlike, serrate; dorsolateral setae split
as figured; lateral ventral setae rodlike, serrate. ‘There is no dorsal
genual seta; the usual number of femoral setae is 4, but in this case
there are 5, the extra one appearing to be the dorsolateral seta; tibial
setae simple; palpal claw long, slender with 9 basal teeth; inner comb
with about 34 teeth, weaker and shorter than outer comb which has
about 20 teeth and is not as long as palpal claw. Rostrum covered
with shield and patterned as figured; peritreme simple, composed of
small segments. Propodosomal and hysterosomal shield of about same
length, covering most of body; four pairs of rodlike serrate setae on
margin of anterior shield and four pairs of such setae on posterior
shield margin; anterior shield with four pairs of dorsal submedian
staghorn setae; three pairs of similar setae on shield on hysterosoma.
One pair of eyes. Leg I, 433, long; leg IV, only 266n long. Tarsus I,
although superficially like that of Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum in
general structure, has minute claws; sensory seta rodlike, about as
long as segment, guard seta serrate, one-half as long as sensory seta.
Tibia with short rodlike sensory seta and three long serrate setae.
Length of body 300,, including rostrum 413; width 2183p.
Male.—Similar to female generally but differing in the dorsal shields
and type and arrangement of the dorsal setae. Anterior shield not
covering all of propodosoma, with four pairs of long rodlike serrate
marginal setae and three pairs of dorsosubmedian setae which are sim-
ilar to the marginal setae. Two pairs dorsal shields on hysterosoma,
a large anterior pair bearing three pairs of setae, and a small posterior
pair with two pairs of shorter setae; a pair of dorsosubmedian setae
between the anterior pair of shields and pair of setae behind the pos-
terior pair of shields. Length of leg I, 300, leg IV, 180u. Length
of body 300,, including rostrum 400p3 width 246.
Type habitat.—On tropical fruits (free-living predator) , associated
with other mites.
Type locality —Kailua, Oahu, Hawaii.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 1764.
The type female was collected from papaya fruits, Kailua, Oahu,
Hawaii, March 26, 1941, by W. C. Look. Allotype male and 24 para-
type females collected on litchi, Lanapape, Kanai, Hawaii, September
15, 1948, by T. Nishida. Six female paratypes were collected from
loquat, Panoa Road, Honolulu, Hawaii, February 28, 19438, by T.
Nishida; two from Chinese banana, Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii, August
31, 1948, by Holdaway and six from Hau, Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii,
July 8, 1943, by W. Storey.
The mouth parts and tarsi I are distinctive.
290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
CHELETOPHYES MARSHALLI, new species
Prate 10, FicurEs 60-64
Female.—Rostrum and palpi broad. Palpal femur broadly rounded
on outer margin; femoral and genual setae as in C. hawaiiensis ; dorso-
median seta broadly lanceolate, serrate, dorsolateral seta broad, ser-
rate, split as figured; ventral lateral seta rodlike, serrate; palpal tibial
seta simple; claw strong, with 9 or 10 basal teeth; outer comb with
about 24-26 teeth, about twice as long as inner comb which has 35-38
teeth. Rostrum broadening toward rear; shield striated longitudi-
nally; peritreme simple, composed of small segments. Dorsal body
shields with transverse tuberculate striations, propodosomal shield
longer than hysterosomal, both shields covering body; one pair of
eyes; four pairs of long rodlike serrate marginal setae on anterior
shield and four pairs of dorsosubmedian staghornlike setae; posterior
shield with four pairs of marginal setae and two pairs of dorsosub-
median staghornlike setae; anterior marginal setae about 153, long,
posterior marginal setae about 146y long. Leg I, 406p long; tarsus I
with rodlike sensory seta and serrate guard seta of same length, both
about two-thirds as long as tarsus; tibia I with short rodlike seta and
three long serrate and one simple setae. Length 300, including ros-
trum 3664; width 220z.
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality—Imboden, Ark.
Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 1765.
The single specimen was sent in by Byron C. Marshall, January 14,
1935,
The mouth parts and tarsi are distinctive.
CHELETOPHYES VITZTHUMI Oudemans
Cheletophyes vitzthumi OUpEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 4, fase. 78, pp.
101, 102, 1914; Arch. fiir Naturg., vol. 81A, No. 5, p. 51, 1915; vol. 84A, No.
6, p. 6, 1920 (1918).
Type habitat—From Coptorthosoma caffra (Hymenoptera).
Type locality —Willowmore, Cape Colony, Africa.
CHELETOPHYES SEMENOVI Kuzin
Cheletophyes semenovi Kuzin, in Rodendorf, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ.
Zool., vol. 42, p. 94, 1940.
Type habitat—On cotton seeds.
Type locality —Uzbekistan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Genus EUCHEYLA Berlese
Hucheyla BERLESE (subgenus), Redia, vol. 9, pp. 79, 80, 1913.
Eucheyla Berlese, VirzrHumM, Handbuch der Zoologie, p. 146, 1931.
Type, Cheyletus (FHucheyla) loricata Berlese (monotypic).
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 291
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EUCHEYLA
ieePalpaltclaw with more thansdtoouhe wie Fe sls oan 2
Palpal claw slender, with a single basal tooth; tarsus of palpus with a broadly
Glavate: setateie nia? ase vets. fate FS ete has loricata (Berlese)
2. Palpal claw with 8 teeth, body partially reticulate dorsally.
panamensis, new species
Palpal claw with 5 teeth; entire body reticulate dorsally.
whartoni, new species
EUCHEYLA LORICATA (Berlese)
Cheyletia (Hucheyla) loricata BrRtEsE, Redia, vol. 9, pp. 79, 80, pl. 1, fig. 7, 1918.
Type habitat.—Moss.
Type locality.—Italy.
EUCHEYLA PANAMENSIS, new species
PLATE 10, FIGURES 65-68
Female—Rostrum small. Palpal femur longer than wide, only
slightly swollen on outer margin, with two dorsal squamiform serrate
setae; apparently no dorsal genual seta; palpal claw short, broad, with
teeth along entire margin; outer comb strong, with few teeth; imner
comb much weaker and with fine teeth; apparently only one normal
sicklelike seta, the other being mildly clavate; sensory rod short and
clavate. Rostrum broad, with M-like peritreme composed of narrow
segments; at posterior ends of peritreme a pair of tympanlike organs of
unknown function. Body covered by shields; dorsal body setae large,
squamiform, serrate; four pairs of marginal setae and three pairs of
dorsosubmedian setae on anterior shield. Single pair of eyes present.
Posterior shield with six pairs of marginal setae and two pairs of
dorsosubmedian setae. On each side of body, apparently just beneath
skin is a long reticulated area as figured. A single pair of squami-
form serrate anal setae; other anal and genital setae simple. Legs
short; leg I about 200u long, leg IV about 266y long. Tarsus I, 87p
long; tibia I, 302 long. Tarsus I with a short rodlike sensory seta and
a long broadly lanceolate serrate guard seta; ventral tarsal seta serrate.
Tibia I with a small rodlike sensory seta, a simple ventral seta, and four
long, broadly lanceolate serrate setae. Length of body 366,, including
rostrum 446u; width 266n.
Type habitat—Among eggs of termites.
Type locality —Panama.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 1766.
The above description is based on a single mite, the type taken from
among eggs of termites in Panama, 19238.
The palpal claw and dorsal reticulations are distinctive of this
species.
810275494
292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
EUCHEYLA WHARTONI, new species
PLATE 11, FicuREs 69-71
Female.—Propodosoma of mite covering rostrum. Palpi short,
broad, small, dorsal femoral seta squamiform and lateral ventral seta
lanceolate, ventral setae squamiform; dorsal genual seta not seen if
present; dorsal tibial seta not seen, ventral seta squamiform; outer
palpal comb strong, with about 10 stout teeth ; inner palpal comb not as
stout and with more teeth. Palpal claw with four large teeth extend-
ing almost to tip of claw. Dorsal body surface reticulate; dorsal
marginal setae large, squamiform, reticulate, situated on body edge
but not on reticulate pattern; shoulder setae similar to marginal setae;
no dorsomedian setae seen. A pair of eyes present. Posterior anal
setae squamiform; other anal-genital setae simple. Leg I, about 2383p
long; tarsus I, 83 long; tibia I, 334 long. Leg setae large, broadly
squamiform, some quite long; guard seta of tarsus I broad, long, ex-
tending to tip of tarsus; sensory seta short, rodlike. Length of body
366pn, width 226n.
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality —Birnamwood, Wis.
Type.—v.S.N.M. No. 1767.
The type and two paratypes are mounted with Cheyletia squamosa
(Degeer) ; all were collected by I. G. Sanders, date unknown.
The dorsal reticulation and rostrum are distinctive.
Genus CHELETONELLA Womersley
Cheletonella WOMERSLEY, Rec. South Austral. Mus., vol. 7, No. 1, p. 60, 1941.
Type, Cheletonella vespertilionis Womersley (monotypic).
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHELETONELLA
1. Palpal claw with three basal teeth______________- vespertilionis Womersley
Palpal claw toothed along entire margin______-_______ rugosa (Womersley )
CHELETONELLA VESPERTILIONIS Womersley
Cheletonella vespertilionis WOMERSLEY, Rec. South Austral. Mus., vol. 7, No. 1,
pp. 60, 61, fig. 7, 1941.
Type host.—Bat.
Type locality —Glen Osmond, South Australia.
CHELETONELLA RUGOSA (Womersley), new combination
Cheletophanes rugosa WOMERSLEY, Rec. South Austral. Mus., vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 62,
63, fig. 9, 1941.
Type habitat—On Calymmaderus (Coleoptera).
Type locality.—Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 293
Womersley placed this species in the genus Cheletophanes since the
palpal claw is toothed along the entire margin. It is included here
with Cheletonella because of the single dorsal shield.
Genus CHELETOMIMUS Oudemans
Cheletomimus OupEMANS, Ent. Ber. Neder]. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 163, 1904;
vol. 5, fase. 120, p. 359, 1921.
Type, Cheletomimus truw Oudemans=Cheletes berleset Oudemans
(monotypic).
CHELETOMIMUS BERLESEI (Oudemans), new combination
Piate 11, FieuReEs 72-75
Cheyletus ornatus CANESTRINI and Fanzaco, Berlese, Acari, Myriapoda et
Scorpiones hucusque in Italia, reperta, Prostigmata, fasc. 28, No. 6, 18886.
(Misidentified. )
Cheletes berlesei OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 17, p. 154, 1904.
Cheletomimus trux OupEMANS, Ent. Ber. Neder]. Ver,, vol. 1, fasc. 18, p. 163, 1904.
Cheletomimus ornatus (Berlese) OUDEMANS, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19,
pp. 186-189, figs. 34, 35, 1906.-VirzrHum, Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, vol.
3, No. 3, p. 55, 1929.—Baxer, Bull. California Dept. Agr., vol. 28, No. 4,
p. 273, 1939.
Female-—A small, round mite with a short, broad gnathosoma.
Femur of palpus short, broad, rounded externally with a dorsal
squamiform serrate seta and a lanceolate serrate ventral seta; genu
with a squamiform serrate seta on posterior margin; tibial setae of
palpus lanceolate, serrate; palpal claw with 7 basal teeth ; outer comb
as long as the claw and with 14 teeth; inner comb smaller and with
27 teeth. Rostrum broad, covered with areoli; peritreme composed
of simple, strong segments. Propodosomatic shield trapezoidlike with
posterior margin convex; single pair of eyes; three pairs of lanceolate
serrate marginal setae and four pairs of similar dorsal submedian
setae. A pair of longer shoulder setae set in a minute plate as are
all the setae which are not on the anterior or posterior shields. Hys-
terosoma with two small shields, each with a single seta; anterior to
shields is a transverse row of four setae; behind the shield a row with
two setae; then a row of four, and finally a posterior row of two setae.
Two pairs of simple genital setae; three pairs of simple posterodorsal
anal setae. Legs short; leg I reaches almost to tip of palpal claw; legs
I and IV about 166, long. Tarsus I with a rodlike sensory seta of
medium length and a short guard seta; tibia I with a short clublike
sensory seta and two lanceolate setae. Femur of leg I with lanceolate
serrate dorsal seta; other leg setae lanceolate, serrate; those on tibia
I of equal length. Body 318, long, including rostrum 420p; width
260p.
Type habitat.—Plants.
Type locality.—Italy.
294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Two specimens, a female and a nymph, of this European species were
found in the leaf bud of fig (Ficus carica) at Berkeley, Calif., No-
vember 17, 1936, associated with the fig mite, Aceria ficus (Cotte) ;
collector, E. W. Baker. A single specimen, which is deposited in the
British Museum, was found among mites collected on citrus “branches-
leaves,” Beit-Hanun (Gaza), Palestine, “4-246,” by P. Jolles.
EUCHEYLETIA, new genus
Palpal tarsus with two sicklelike and two comblike setae; marginal
setae of dorsal shields scalelike; dorsomedian setae cloudlike; two
dorsal shields; all tarsi with claws; and without a pair of lenslike eyes
on anterior shield. This last character and the presence of the cloud-
like dorsomedian setae separate this genus from Cheyletia Haller.
Type, Lucheyletia bishop pi, new species.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EUCHEYLETIA
1. Palpal claw with 2 basal teeth, guard seta on tarsus I simple______________ 2
Palpal claw with 3 basal teeth, guard seta on tarsus I pilose, about 3 times
as long as sensory seta; 5 pairs of marginal setae on posterior dorsal
de erase Rea A Oe Aen at ee eee eee | eee harpyia (Rodendorf)
2. Posterior anal_setae squamiform serrate. _-_..-_ | ae ee 3
All,anal-genita] setae simple-_=_ 5:2 oe ee hardyi, new species
3. Three pairs of marginal setae on posterior dorsal shield_ flabellifera (Michael)
Five or six pairs of marginal setae on posterior dorsal shield.
bishoppi, new species
EUCHEYLETIA HARPYIA (Rodendorf), new combination
PLATE 11, Frcures 76-79
Cheyletia harpyia RopeNnvorr, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42,
pp. 90-92, figs. 8, 29, 30, 1940.
female.—Palpi strong; femur as long as wide, swollen on outer side
and straight on inner side, dorsal seta long, squamiform serrate, ventral
palpal setae shorter and narrower than dorsal seta; broad squamiform
serrate seta on posterior margin of genu; palpal claw thin and pointed,
with 3 basal teeth; outer comb longer than claw, with 17 or 18 teeth;
inner comb only slightly curved, with many fine, short teeth. Rostrum
of medium size with an irregular dorsal reticulate design; peritreme
simple, composed of small segments. Propodosomatic shield wider
than long, with four pairs of lateral squamiform setae; five pairs of
dorsal submedian cloudlike setae as figured; no eyes. Hysterosomal
shield wider than long, tapering posteriorly, with five pairs of lateral
squamiform serrate setae and six pairs of dorsol submedian cloudlike
setae. Three pairs anal bristles, the posterior pair squamiform ser-
rate, the other anal and genital bristles simple. Tarsus I, 123» long;
tibia I, 53p long; tarsal hairs on tip 113 and 77p long, respectively ;
sensory rod short; guard (?) seta very long, serrate; long simple ven-
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 295
tral seta. Tibia I with a short rodlike sensory seta and four strongly
lanceolate serrate setae. Length of body 366, including rostrum 500p;
width 300z.
Male—As figured and described by Rodendorf, with four pairs of
squamiform marginal setae and three pairs of submedian setae on
propodosomatic shield; hysterosomal shield with three pairs of mar-
ginal and two pairs of submedian setae.
Type habitat—Storehouses.
Type locality —Ivanovo; Agriz, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The description of the female was taken from three specimens col-
lected in Bombus nest, Beaver Mountains, Alaska, March 1, 1942, by
C. A. Fowler. The peculiar cloudlike setae of the female were ap-
parently overlooked in the original description, and only the setal
stems were seen and mentioned as being short, asymmetrical.
EUCHEYLETIA FLABELLIFERA (Michael), new combination
Cheyletus flabellifer MicHAEL, Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., vol. 1, p. 135, 1878.
Cheyletus (Cheyletia) flabellifer Michael, Bertese, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones
hucusque in Italia reperta, Prostigmata, p. 74, 1893.
Cheletia flabellifera (Michael) OupeMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase.
18, p. 162, 1904; Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 127-136, fig. 33, 1906.
According to Oudemans’ (1906) redescription of this species it is in
general like b¢shoppi, new species, but is differentiated in having a
simple ventral seta on the genu of palpus, in having smaller shields,
in having fewer marginal setae on posterior shield in that the anal
squamiform setae are longer than the simple setae, and in having
simple ventral setae on the tibia of the third pair of legs.
Type habitat—Dust of caves.
Type locality England.
EUCHEYLETIA BISHOPPI, new species
PLATE 11, Figures 80-82; PLATE 12, Ficures 83-88
Female.—Medium-sized mite, small palpi. Palpal femur strongly
swollen on outer side and concave on inner side; dorsal palpal setae
squamiform serrate; genual seta on posterior margin of segment; genu
of palpus with ventral lanceolate serrate seta; palpal claw with 2 long,
narrow teeth; outer comb about as long as claw, with about 15 teeth;
inner comb about one-half as long as outer and with about 24 teeth.
Rostrum of medium size, gradually widening posteriorly, with a few
longitudinal sculpturings. Peritreme composed of short, fairly strong
segments. Propodosomatic shield wider than long, anterior corners
rounded; four pairs of marginal squamiform serrate setae; seven pairs
of cloudlike dorsal submedian setae as figured. No eyes. Hystero-
somal shield with five or six pairs of marginal squamiform serrate
296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
and eight pairs of dorsosubmedian cloudlike setae (the anterior lateral
setae may or may not be on edge of shield) ; shield about as wide as
long, narrowing to rear which isrounded. Three pairs of anal bristles,
the posterior pair squamiform serrate, other anal and genital setae
simple. Leg I about 300n long; IV, 266 long. Tarsus I, 127» long;
tibia I, 57 long; all tarsal setae simple, not squamiform; dorsally a
long rodlike sensory seta; guard seta slightly longer than sensory seta ;
tibia I with three squamiform setae and a short, curved clublike
sensory seta. Tibia III with two dorsal squamiform serrate setae, and
ventrally a lanceolate serrate seta and a simple seta. Length of body
5138p, length including rostrum 680%; width about 3880p.
Male.—Palpi long, slender; palpal femur 21% times as long as broad,
the dorsal seta squamiform; genu with a squamiform dorsal and a
slightly broadened ventral seta; femoral and genual setae as in female;
palpal claw with a single small basal tooth; outer comb with about
19 teeth ; inner comb with about 22 teeth. Rostrum long, narrow, with
a few longitudinal markings; peritreme composed of seven pairs small
segments. Propodosoma entirely covered by shield, with four pairs
of marginal and three pairs of dorsal submedian squamiform serrate
setae. Shield covering all of hysterosoma; shield with four pairs of
marginal and two pairs of dorsal submedian squamiform serrate setae.
Genital opening on posterior-rear. Tarsus I, 116, long; tibia I, 90,
long. Tarsus I sensory seta long, extending past tip of tarsus; guard
seta simple, less than one-half as long as sensory seta. Tibia I with
lanceolate serrate setae. Length of body 307y, including rostrum 5183p;
width about 266z.
Type host.—Neotoma fuscipes (occupied nest).
Type locality——Monterey, Calif.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 1768.
The female type and a male were collected from an occupied nest
of Neotoma fuscipes, February 14, 1946, and a female paratype was
collected on V. fuscipes, March 16, 1946, at Monterey, Calif., by J. M.
Linsdale. Two females were collected on pine mouse, College Park,
Md., June 14, 1933, by F. C. Bishopp, and another female was collected
on pine mouse, Burnt Mills, Md., March 29, 1932, by R. Greenfield.
The peritreme, palpi, and setal arrangement on the dorsal posterior
plate and type of setae on tibia IIT distinguish this species from
Eucheyletia flabellifera (Michael).
EUCHEYLETIA HARDYI, new species
PLATE 16, Fraures 140-144
Female.—Palpi and rostrum somewhat large in proportion to body.
Palpal femur strongly swollen on outer side; dorsal palpal femoral
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 297
seta squamiform serrate; dorsal genual setae squamiform serrate, on
posterior margin of segment; ventral seta simple; lateral seta of femur
absent; palpal claw stout with 2 large teeth, the basal tooth broader
and shorter than the distal tooth; outer comb with approximately 17
teeth; inner comb with approximately 35 teeth. Rostrum of medium
size, with a few tubercles. Peritreme composed of six pairs of short,
fairly strong segments. Propodosomatic shield wider than long; four
pairs of marginal squamiform serrate setae; only three pairs of cloud-
like dorsal submedian setae discernible, all such setae with convolu-
tions. No eyes. Hysterosoma shield with two pairs of marginal
squamiform serrate and three pairs of dorsosubmedian cloudlike setae ;
shield wider than long, narrowing to rear. All anal-genital setae
simple. Leg I about 330, long; IV, 300p. Tarsus I, 116 long; tibia I,
57» long; no squamiform setae present on tarsus I; dorsally a short
rodlike sensory seta; guard seta simple and about twice as long as sen-
sory seta; ventral seta only slightly serrate; tibia I with a very short
clublike sensory seta and three squamiform serrate setae, as well as a
setae base with seta missing. Tibia III with two dorsal squamiform ser-
rate setae, and ventrally a similar seta as well as a simple seta. Length
of body about 480,, including rostrum 585p; width about 8328p.
Type habitat —In Neotoma micropus nest.
Type locality —Harlingen, Tex.
Type—vU.S. N. M. No. 1769.
The single specimen, the female type, was collected August 22,
1945, by Hardy and Wooley.
This species differs from F/. bishoppi in having two instead of six
pairs of setae on the margin of the hysterosomal shield, in the num-
ber of cloudlike setae, and in having all simple genital-anal setae.
Genus CHEYLETIA Haller
Cheyletia Hatter, Arch. fiir Naturg., vol. 1, pp. 233, 234, 1884.
Cheletia Haller, OUDEMANS, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 126, 1906.
Type, Cheyletus laureata Haller=Acarus squamosus Degeer (ac-
cording to Oudemans, 1897) (monotypic).
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHEYLETIA
1. Dorsal palpal femoral setae strong, but no more than lanceolate serrate in
LOM TV eRe St eee Rk Wilipes ea eMe LA le et SEE ge Se a ay
Dorsal palpal’ femoralsetae“squamitorm— sheer Dee 3
2. Palpal claw with 10-12 teeth; dorsum of rostrum with tuberculate shield;
dorsal body“ setae squamiforms 252 2s eee os pyriformis (Banks)
Palpal claw with 9 or 10 teeth; dorsum of rostrum with few tubercles and a
reticulate pattern ; dorsal body setae long and broadly lanceolate.
virginiensis, new species
298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
3. Palpal claw with 8 teeth; palpal tibial seta lanceolate serrate; inner palpal
femoral seta squamiform; dorsal setae of tibia I of leg short, squamiform;
ventral seta simple; dorsomedian setae of body appear staghornlike or
SCUAMIL OLIN Se sss ee Se ee ess Ee eee wellsi, new species
Palpal claw with 5 teeth; palpal tibial seta large, squamiform; inner palpal
femoral seta squamiform-split; dorsal and ventral setae of tibia I of leg
long, broadly lanceolate; serrate; dorsomedian body setae not known.
squamosa (Degeer)
CHEYLETIA PYRIFORMIS (Banks), new combination
PLATE 12, Figures 89-94
Cheyletus pyriformis BaNKs, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, pp. 17, 19, fig. 17,
1904; Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 7, p. 185, 1906.
Cheletia flabellifera (Michael), male of OupDEMANS, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol.
19, pp. 127-146, fig. 32, 1906. (Misidentification.)
Cheyletus longipalpus Ewinc, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 18, p. 54, pl. 7,
fig. 1, 1909 (new synonymy).
Female——Rostrum long, narrow. Femur of palpus swollen later-
ally, with a dorsal strongly lanceolate serrate seta; genual seta
lanceolate serrate, on posterior margin of segment ; other setae simple;
palpal claw with 12 teeth; palpal combs of about equal length, outer
comb with 17 teeth, inner comb with about 24 teeth; tarsal sensory
seta of palpus strongly clavate. Tuberculate shield covering posterior
portion of rostrum; peritreme simple, composed of narrow segments.
Propodosomatic shield tuberculate; wider than long; with a single
pair of eyes; with four pairs of squamiform serrate marginal setae
and five pairs of dorsosubmedian staghornlke setae. Hysterosomal
shield tuberculate, as long as wide, with five pairs of squamiform
serrate marginal setae and four pairs of dorsosubmedian staghornlike
setae. Genital region not seen. Tarsus I, 60pu long; tibia I, 50p long;
tarsus I with minute claws, almost invisible under low power; sensory
rod long, more than one-half as long as tarsus; tibia with a small
clavate sensory organ and two dorsal squamiform serrate setae.
Length of body 353, including rostrum 466; width 246p.
Male—Palpi, rostrum long, narrow. Femur of palpus long, nar-
row, with almost parallel sides, distally and dorsally with a long
narrow tubercle bearing a strong lanceolate serrate seta; genu with a
smaller similar seta but not arising from tubercle, on posterior margin
of segments, other setae simple; palpal claw with 8 basal teeth;
outer palpal comb with about 17 teeth; inner combs with about 24
teeth; palpal tarsal sensory seta clavate. Rostrum covered with
tuberculate shield. Body shields tuberculate; anterior shield with a
single pair of eyes, four pairs of squamiform serrate marginal setae
and three pairs of similar dorsosubmedian setae. Posterior shield
with three pairs of marginal setae and two pairs of dorsosubmedian
setae. Genital area not seen. Leg I, 333y long; tarsus I, 73y long;
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 299
tibia I, 110 long; tarsus I with minute claws and a long rodlike
sensory organ more than one-half as long as tarsus; tibia I with long
clavate sensory seta and one large and two small lanceolate serrate
setae. Claws on legs IJ, III, and IV normal as in female. Length
of body 266y, including rostrum 3802; width 166p.
Type habitat.—Associated with grapevine scale.
Type locality —Kirkwood, Mo.
The mite was first named and figured by Banks in 1904 and described
in 1906. In his 1906 description Banks stated that the mites were
collected from grapevine scale (Aspidiotus wae) by Professor Web-
ster at Lafayette, Ind., in December. However, in checking over the
original notes made by Pergande it was found that the mites were sent
in by Miss Murtfeldt from Kirkwood, Mo., in December 1888, from
grapevine scale. These mites were of both sexes. Other specimens
examined were Ewing’s type, male, which was taken under log, Ur-
bana, Ill., July 1, 1908, by H. E. Ewing; male and female specimens
on slide without data; males from gall on sycamore branches, Jack-
sonville, Il., March 1926; a female collected in rice straw from India
by Lennox and Rosanoff at New York, December 15, 1944; and a male
and a nymph collected in 1947 at Mount Holyoke College, South
Hadley, Mass., by Alice Deardorff.
CHEYLETIA VIRGINIENSIS, new species
PLATE 13, FicurEs 95-98
Female.—Medium-sized mite. Palpi only slightly swollen; palpal
femur about as long as broad, rounded laterally, with 2 dorsal lanceo-
late serrate setae, one near anterior margin; the outer ventral setae
smaller and lanceolate serrate; no dorsal seta on genu; palpal claw
with 9 basal teeth ; outer combs shorter than claw, with 29 teeth; inner
comb shorter than outer with at least twice as many teeth. Rostrum
normal; tuberculate dorsally with a slight reticulate pattern, peri-
treme simple, composed of slender segments. Propodosomatic shield
wider than long, with rounded corners; a single pair of eyes; four pairs
of lanceolate serrate marginal setae; five pairs of dorsosubmedian stag-
hornlike setae. Hysterosomal shield wider than long, rounded post-
eriorly, with five pairs of lanceolate serrate marginal setae and four
pairs of dorsosubmedian staghornlike setae. Areas around anterior
and posterior shields striated-tuberculated, the tubercles being very
large. Genital area normal, all setae simple. Leg I, 648, long; leg
IV, 428. long. Tarsus I, 166p long; tibia I, 150p long; tarsus I with a
rodlike sensory seta which is punctate on basal half and more than
one-half as long as tarsus; tibia I with a short rodlike sensory organ
and four long serrate setae and one simple seta. Length of body 455p,
including rostrum 655y; width about 350y.
300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
Type habitat—Associated with Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmer-
mann.
Type locality—Gloucester County, Va.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 1770.
Described from a single female collected by L. A. Hetrick, May 1939.
The palpi, dorsal setae, and tarsal tibial setae arrangement are dis-
tinctive for this species.
CHEYLETIA WELLSI, new species
PLATE 13, Frcures 99-102
Female.—Small mite. Palpi short, thick; palpal femur wider than
long, swollen, with small dorsal tubercles and squamiform dorsal seta ;
genu with similar seta on posterior margin of segment; seta on palpal
tibia narrow, slightly spined; claw with 6-8 teeth; outer comb as long
as claw with about 15 teeth; inner comb shorter and with about 20
teeth. Rostrum covered with tuberculate shield; peritreme composed
of medium-sized segments; posterior of rostrum without tubercles,
striated. Anterior shield trapezoidlike, covering most of propodo-
soma, corners rounded, with four pairs of squamiform serrate mar-
ginal setae and five pairs of dorsosubmedian staghornlike setae. A
single pair of eyes on edge of shield. Hysterosomal shield narrowing
rapidly toward rear, corners broadly rounded, with four pairs of
squamiform serrate marginal setae and two pairs of dorsosubmedian
staghornlike setae; a single pair of squamiform serrate setae near
anterior corners of shield. Genital setae simple; anal setae serrate.
Tarsus I, 76 long; tibia I, 30u long; tarsus with a simple sensory
organ more than one-half as long as tarsus; guard seta not seen but
probably short, fine, and simple; tibia with a large dorsal squamiform
serrate seta and a small clavate sense organ. Legs I and IV short,
about 186 long. Length of body 253», including rostrum 363y;
width 200p.
Type habitat.——On navel orange.
Type locality.—Azores, intercepted at Philadelphia, Pa.
Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 1771.
The female type was collected from navel orange, Azores, inter-
cepted at Philadelphia, Pa., February 9, 1945, by A. B. Wells, for
whom the mite is named. Other specimens were collected as follows:
On Hibiscus leaf, Mexico, at Hidalgo, Tex., May 1, 1936, by F. E.
Swan and A. L. Williamson; on Saccharum officinarum, Mayagiiez,
Puerto Rico, April 29, 1942, by H. K. Plank; on Ananas sp., Canal
Zone, at Hawaii, July 16, 1936, by Uyeda; on Lantana camara, St.
Augustine, Trinidad, British West Indies, May 28, 1937, by R. G.
Fennah; on pineapple leaf, Cuba, at New York, May 18, 1936, by
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 301
Woodbury; on pineapple leaves, Jamaica, at Portland, Oreg., June
8, 1936, by L. M. Scott; and free-living in Takabannare Shima, an
island off Okinawa, June 17, 1945, by A. B. Hardcastle.
These mites show variation in the number of dorsomedian pro-
podosomal setae. This variation ranges from one pair in the Okinawa
specimen to five pairs in the type specimen. However, of two speci-
mens from Puerto Rico, one has one pair of setae and the other has
two pairs, and of the two specimens from Mexico, one has three pairs
and the other has four pairs of setae.
The species is distinctive in the number of palpal claw teeth, and
in the type of the setae. The specimen from Jamaica possesses dorsal
propodosomal setae which are normally squamiform, not staghorn-
like. This would indicate that the staghornlike structure is an arti-
fact, probably due to mounting technique. This may be true of the
other types of setae found.
CHEYLETIA SQUAMOSA (Degeer)
PLATE 13, Figures 103-105
Acarus squamosus DrcrER, Mémoires pour servir 4 l'histoire des insectes, vol. 7,
p. 116, pl. 7, fig. 4, 1778.
Cheyletia laureata Hatter, Arch. fiir Naturg., vol. 1, pp. 234, 235, pl. 16, fig. 9,
1884.—KarpPELLES, Math. Naturw. Ber. Ungarn., vol. 11, p. 124, pls. 18, 19,
figs. 3, 6, 6a, 1893.
Cheyletus squamosa (Degeer) OupEMANS, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 40, pp. 126-135,
pl. 5, 1897.—VitzrHum, Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, vol. 3, No. 3, p. 55,
1929.—RopENporr, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42, p. 90, 1940.
Cheletia squamosa (Degeer) OupEMANS, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 126,
127, 1906.
Female.—Small mite. Femur of palpus strongly elbowed on outer
side, with two dorsal squamiform serrate setae, the inner seta split;
genual seta similar and covering most of claw, located on anterior
portion of genu; a ventral lanceolate serrate seta present; palpal
claw with only five basal teeth; outer comb strong, as long as claw,
inner comb about three-fourths as long as claw; sickle setae two in
number, normal; rodlike sensory seta on palpal tarsus. Rostrum
stout, peritreme simple. Body of mite covered by two shields; no
dorsosubmedian setae but several setal bases located; one pair of
lateral eyes; four pairs of squamiform serrate setae on anterior shield
and six pairs on posterior shield. A pair of squamiform anal bristles,
other anal and genital setae simple. Legs short; leg setae, except those
on tibiae and tarsi, broadly squamiform; those on tibiae-tarsi broadly
lanceolate serrate. Tarsus I, 63 long; tibia I, 29 long; tarsus I with
a short rodlike sensory seta. Length of body 280,, including rostrum
366; width 213z.
Type habitat.—Associated with scale insects.
Type locality—France.
302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
Specimens examined were collected at Birnamwood, Wis., May 14
(?), by I. G. Sanders.
These mites check almost perfectly with the figures given by Oude-
mans (1897), whose interpretation is being followed.
Genus CHELETOMORPHA Oudemans
Cheletomorpha OuDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 162, 1904.
Type, Acarus lepidopterorum Shaw, 1794 (=Cheyletus venustissima
Koch, 1839) (synonymy of Oudemans, 1937) (monotypic).
CHELETOMORPHA LEPIDOPTERORUM (Shaw)
PLATE 13, Ficures 106, 107; PrLare 14, Ficures 108-112
Acarus lepidopterorum SHAw, Nat. Mise., vol. 6, pl. 187, 1794.
Cheyletus venustissimus Kocu, Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und
Arachniden, fasc. 23, fig. 22, 1839.
Cheyletus seminivorus PacKarp, A guide to the study of insects, p. 665, 1869.
Cheyletus longipes Mrenin, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1878, p. 8.—Bawnxs, Proc.
Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 133, fig. 9, 1909 (new synonymy).
Cheletomorpha venustissima (Koch) OUpEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1,
fasc. 18, p. 162, 1904; Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 144-153, figs. 37-39,
1906.—CHERIAN, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, new ser., vol. 27, No. 1, p. 145,
1932 (1931).—RopeNporF, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42,
p. 92, 1940.—Womers-ry, Rec. South Austral. Mus., vol. 7, No. 1, p. 62, 1941.
Cheyletus rufus HArpy, in Andre, Ann. des Epiphyt. Année 19, No. 6, p. 352, 1933.
Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw), OupEMANS, Kritisch Historisch Over-
zicht der Acarologie IIIc, pp. 1115-1117, 1937.
Female.—Long-legged mite with long body and leg setae which
are serrate, rodlike, and slightly flattened on end. Palpal femur
strongly swollen externally and straight internally, with 3 long, rod-
like, serrate setae and 2 single ventral setae; no dorsal seta on genu;
other palpal setae simple; palpal claw long, slender, with a single
basal tooth; outer comb about as long as claw, with approximately 24
teeth; inner comb shorter and with perhaps twice as many teeth.
Rostrum long, narrow, sides concave; covered with a simple shield.
Peritreme simple, of small segments. Propodosomatie shield slightly
wider than long, with broadly rounded corners, three pairs of long,
serrate rodlike marginal setae near eye and one pair on posterior
corner; two pairs of dorsal submedian short simple setae; a pair of
long serrate rodlike shoulder setae. Hysterosomal shield wider than
long, rounded posteriorly, with two pairs of lateral marginal anterior
setae and three pairs of posterior marginal setae, as well as two pairs
of short simple dorsal submedian setae; a pair of long setae on
posterior edge of abdomen. Leg I, 670» long; IV, 457, long; legs
II and III shorter. Tarsus, 106 long; tibia i, 166. long; tarsus I
sensory seta short, rodlike, with a serrate guard seta of about three
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 303
times the length of the sensory; sensory seta on tibia 1 very short.
Tarsus I lacking claws but with pulvillus. Length of body 500,,
including rostrum 648; width 340z.
Male——Similar to female; palpal claw with two or three smaller
teeth; femoral and genual setae rodlike, serrate, and in normal posi-
tion; body setae longer than in female; dorsal submedian setae short,
spatulate, and serrate; tarsus I sensory seta about one-half as long as
guard seta. Length of body 314, including rostrum 428; width
228.
Type habitat—Moth wing.
Type locality —England.
These mites are“found on various importations from all parts of
the world and are one of the most striking of the cheyletids. The
description of the female is based on material collected on cauliflower
leaf, “British,” at Boston, Mass., October 24, 1937, by J.T. Beauchamp;
and the description of the male was taken from a specimen collected
in straw packing, Spain, at St. Louis, Mo., March 24, 1944 (no collec-
tor’s name given). Other United States National Museum records
are England, France, Holland, Italy, Portugal, Australia, Java,
Philippines, Japan, China, India, Mexico; and in the United States,
Texas, Virginia, Maryland, and California.
CHELETOMORPHA ORIENTALIS Oudemans
Cheletomorpha orientalis OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 7, fase. 162,
p. 348, 1928.
The species supposedly differs from C. lepidopterorum in having
eyes located near the shield, not on it, and in having rodlike setae
instead of the somewhat flattened ones. Possibly a synonym of @.
lepidopterorum. Not seen.
Type habitat—On leaves of an orchid, Phalaenopsis sp.
Type locality —Java.
Genus CHELETOPHANES Oudemans
Cheletophanes OuDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 162, 1904.
Type, Cheyletus montandoni Berlese and Trouessart (monotypic).
KEY TO SPECIES OF CHELETOPHANES
1. Palpal claw with 13 teeth; dorsal body striations forming concentric
PISS es 1) _ Os _ Tet montandoni (Berlese and Trouessart)
Palpal claw with 10 teeth; dorsal body surface rugose____ peregrinus Berlese
CHELETOPHANES MONTANDONI (Berlese and Trouessart)
Cheyletus montandoni BERLESE and TROUESSART, Bull. Bibl. Sci. Ouest., vol. 2;
p. 133, 1889.
304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
Cheletophanes montandoni (Berlese and Trouessart) OuDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl.
Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 162, 1904; Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 140-144,
fig. 36, 1906.
Type habitat.—Taken on elytra of Aradus varius.
Type locality—Brostenii (Valache de Nord) ’ The town of
Brosteni in northern Rumania is evidently this locality.
CHELETOPHANES PEREGRINUS Berlese
Cheletophanes peregrinus BERLESE, Redia, vol. 14, p. 194, 1921.
Type habitat.—Rotten bark on ground.
Type locality —F lorence, Italy.
EUTOGENES, new genus
Tarsus I lacks claws and pulvillus. No eyes. Two dorsal shields,
dorsal setae squamiform serrate, with two comblike and two sicklelike
setae on palpal tarsus.
This genus is similar to Cheletogenes in lacking tarsal I claws and
pulvillus, but differs in not having the lenslike eyes.
Type, Lutogenes fowi, new species.
EUTOGENES FOXI, new species
PrLatTE 14, Frcure 113-116
Female.—A small mite. Palpal femur with few dorsal tubercles;
dorsal setae of femur and genu broad, serrate; genual seta on posterior
margin of segment; other palpal setae simple; no teeth on palpal
claw. Few tubercles or dorsum of rostrum; peritreme simple, com-
posed of four segments. Propodosomal shield without eyes; 12 pairs
of squamiform serrate setae on shield; 12 pairs of similar setae on
hysterosomal shield. Genital-anal setae simple. Tip of tarsus [ with
two very long and a slightly shorter seta; approximate and anterior
to sensory seta is a long seta; sensory seta rodlike, about as long as
tarsus. Tibia I with lanceolate serrate setae. Tarsus I, 36.64 long;
tibia I, 602 long. Squamiform serrate setae on coxa, femur, genu,
and tibia of all legs. Length of body 253», including rostrum 316p;
width about 200p.
Type habitat-——On rose stems.
Type locality —Brownsville, Tex.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 1772.
The type female, a paratype, and nymph were collected on rose
stem, originating in Mexico, at Brownsville, Tex., December 27, 1946,
by Edgeworth. Another specimen was collected on rat at Camp
O'Reilly, Puerto Rico, September 7, 1945, by Irving Fox, and is in the
collection at the School of Tropical Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 305
Genus CHELETOGENES Oudemans
Cheletogenes OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 21, p. 208, 1905.
Type, Cheuletus ornatus Canestrini and Fanzago (monotypic).
3 v >
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHELETOGENES
Tbe ih SER OYE LEB Tp as lp hg hye et OV tent Sih, ea ap al ed al na eth A 2 2
Palpalliclaw/ without ‘tee th sas Sees oe ee tere Oe quadrisetosus Berlese
2. Palpal claw not toothed along entire inner margin; rostral pattern of areoli
ORPUUDETClCG 4 tee FA ny Wi ns Be oe Nk a Se 3
Palpal claw with teeth along entire edge; rostral shield pattern of
SUIS OMS Sere a ee eee ee ornatus (Canestrini and Fanzago)
38. Palpal femoral setae broadly clavate or squamiform; palpal tibial setae
Droaaliyelavate ls 8 Cee Ae Es i eR D ES Bk CAREERS CW EE ae 4
Palpal femoral setae strong, serrate, but not squamiform; palpal tibial setae
simple; gnathosoma with areoli only___--__________ buckneri, new species
4. Dorsal shields with areoli; palpal femur about as long as wide.
oaklandia, new species
Dorsal shields punctate and with large tubercles; palpal femur longer
Chan’ Widens se shee 2b Oo he VEER id LA Oi SE a traubi, new species
CHELETOGENES QUADRISETOSUS Berlese
Cheletogenes quadrisetosus BERLESE, Redia, vol. 9, p. 79, pl. 1, fig. 6, 1913.
Type habitat.—Not given.
Type locality.—Java.
In the figure by Berlese the single pair of eyes are located dorsally,
far in from the margin, and not in the usual marginal position between
the second and third pair of setae.
CHELETOGENES ORNATUS (Canestrini and Fanzago)
PLATE 14, Fiaures 117-119
Cheyletus ornatus CANESTRINI and FANzAgo, Att. Soc. Veneto-Trentina, 1876,
p. 106.
Cheyletus saccardianus BrervEse, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in
Italia, Prostigmata, fase. 32, No. 2, 1886.
Cheletia ornatus (Canestrini and Fanzago) OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol.
1, fase. 154, 1904.
Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini and Fanzago) OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver.,
vol. 1, fase. 21, p. 208, 1905; Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 153-159, figs.
40, 41, 1906.—WoMERSLEY, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 66, No. 1, p.
85, fig. 2, 1942—McGreeor, California Citrograph, vol. 30, No. 2, p. 53, illus.,
1944.
Cheyletus cocciphilus BANKs, Journ. Ent. and Zool., vol. 6, p. 56, fig. 10, 1914
(new synonymy).
Female.—A small round mite with short broad rostrum and palpi.
Femur of palpus strongly swollen on outer margin; femoral and
genual setae squamiform, serrate; genual seta on posterior margin of
segment; palpal claw of medium size, curved, with many teeth along
entire inner margin; outer comb about same length as claw, stout;
inner comb about same length as outer but finer; both combs with
306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 8
many teeth. Rostrum broad, covered with a peculiary striated shield
as figured; peritreme composed of sausagelike segments. Anterior
shield covering most of propodosoma, covered with large rounded
tubercles. Single pair of eyes; four pairs of squamiform serrate mar-
ginal setae and three pairs of similar dorsal submedian setae ; single
pair of shoulder setae. Hysterosomal shield not touching anterior
shield, small, covering about one-half of anterior part of hysterosoma ;
tuberculate, with one pair of anteriomarginal setae and one pair of
dorsal submedian setae. Three pairs of setae off lateral margin of
shield on hysterosoma and four pairs behind shield; hysterosoma with
sinuous irregular striations. Anal and genital setae simple. Legs
short, I and IV about 133, long. Tarsus I, 25y long; tibia I, 36.54
long; tarsus I with two long terminal setae and a short rodlike sensory
seta which is about one-half as long as tarsus; tibia I with a short
minute clavate sensory seta and four squamiform serrate setae. Length
of body 246,, including rostrum 3204; width about 213.
Male.—Similar to female but with large rodlike sensory setae on
tarsi III and IV. Length of body 167p, including rostrum 2138p;
width 120p.
Type habitat.—On plants.
ZT ype locality. —Italy.
The above description is based on specimens collected by A. M.
Boyce in lemon buds with Aceria sheldoni (Ewing) at Santa Paula,
Calif., July 80, 1937. United States National Museum records are
Italy, China, Hawaiian Islands, West Indies, and Florida, Louisiana,
and California in the United States. Womersley (1942) records it
from Australia. It is usually found associated with scale insects or
with eriophyid mites on which it preys, and McGregor has reported
it predaceous on Z'arsonemus bakeri Ewing in California. The mite
referred to in an article by Boyce and Korsmeier (Journ. Econ. Ent.,
vol. 34, No. 6, p. 754, 1942) as Cheletomimus ornatus Berlese is actu-
ally Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini and Fanzago).
CHELETOGENES OAKLANDIA, new species
PLATE 15, FIcurEs 120-122
Female.—Small mite, more elongated than Cheletogenes ornatus,
with narrow rostrum. Femur of palpus short, broad, swollen on
outer margin, with broadly squamiform dorsal seta and two simple
ventral setae, the lateral seta missing; genu with broadly squamiform
serrate seta on posterior margin; other palpal setae simple; palpal
claw toothed for about two-thirds of its length, with 11 teeth; outer
palpal comb large, with about 20 teeth; inner comb small, about one-
half as long as outer, with about same number of teeth. Rostrum
long, narrow, covered with a very characteristic shield, which is
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 307
tuberculate in front of the peritreme and behind the peritreme has
longitudinally directed areoli as figured. Propodosomatic shield with
longitudinal pattern similar to that of the posterior portion of rostral
shield. Single pair of eyes. Laterad to shield are coarse striations
with large tubercles; shield with four pairs of squamiform serrate
marginal setae and two pairs of similar dorsal submedian setae. A
shoulder seta, longer and narrower than the dorsal setae, is present.
Hysterosomal shield of same pattern as anterior shield but much
narrower; five pairs of marginal setae and three pairs of dorsal sub-
median setae which are squamiform, serrate. One pair of anal setae
are squamiform and the other anal and genital setae are simple. Legs
short, leg I about 166, long; tarsus I, 48 long; tibia I, 34 long;
tarsus I with two long and two short terminal setae and two very
minute distal setae, a long rodlike sensory organ and a simple ventral
seta of medium length; tibia I with a short, slightly clavate sensory
seta, three squamiform serrate setae, and one simple and one serrate
ventral seta. Length of body 300, including rostrum 3934; width
200p.
Type habitat.—In fig buds.
Type locality —Oakland, Calif.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 1773.
The type and two paratype females (on the same slide) were col-
lected January 12, 1938, by E. W. Baker.
This species differs from Cheletogenes quadrisetosus Berlese in
having squamiform setae on tibia I and in having teeth on the palpal
claws. The rostral shield pattern is also distinctive.
CHELETOGENES TRAUBI, new species
PLATE 17, Figures 145-148
Female.—Medium-sized mite, somewhat elongated, with narrow
rostrum. Femur of palpus 114 times as long as wide, with a dorsal
squamiform seta and 2 simple ventral setae, the lateral seta missing;
genu with a squamiform seta on posterior margin; palpal claw with
8 basal teeth; outer comb with about 20 teeth; inner comb about two-
thirds as long and with about 17 teeth. Rostrum long, narrow, widen-
ing toward rear; rostral shield tuberculate on anterior portion and
with a few longitudinal areoli on posterior portion. Peritreme simple,
composed of four pairs of long segments. Propodosomatic shield
large, widening to rear with a single pair of eyes and four pairs of
squamiform marginal setae. Hysterosomal shield large, touching
propodosomal shield, with five pairs of squamiform marginal setae.
Both shields covered with a pattern composed of minute and large
tubercles as figured. Genital and anal setae simple except for a single
308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
posterior pair of squamiform setae. Legs relatively long, about 260p
in length. Tarsus I, 47p long; tibia I, 60. long; tarsus similar to
that of Cheletogenes oaklandia,; tibia, however, with only a single
squamiform seta. Length of body 866, including rostrum 5338p;
width about 260.
Type habitat.—Crawling in tent.
Type locality —Assam, Stillwell Road, near Ledo at 12.4-mile mark.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 1778.
The single female was collected by members of the United States
of America Typhus Commission in 1945.
The dorsal shields and palpi distinguish this species from others in
the genus.
CHELETOGENES BUCKNERI, new species
PLATE 15, FreuRES 123-125
Female.—Medium-sized mite, somewhat elongated, with narrow
rostrum. Femur of palpus 114 times as long as wide, with a dorsal,
slightly broadened serrate seta and 2 simple ventral setae, the lateral
seta missing; genu with a simple dorsal seta on posterior margin;
palpal claw with 6 basal teeth; outer comb broad, with 12 teeth; inner
comb about one-half as long as outer comb, with about 9 small teeth.
Rostrum widening toward rear; rostral shield outline indistinct, with
a pattern of longitudinally lined areoli; peritreme simple, composed
of long slender segments. Propodosomatic shield rounded, narrowing
toward rear, with a single pair of eyes, and five pairs of squamiform
serrate marginal setae; inside shoulder setae is another pair of setae.
Hysterosomal shield in center of hysterosoma, rounded anteriorly, and
slightly pointed toward rear, with two pairs of marginal setae; six
other pairs of dorsal setae on body off shield as figured. Both shields
with areoli. Anal and genital setae simple. Legs short, I and IV
166% long. Tarsus I, 45 long; tibia I, 372 long; tarsus similar to
that of Cheletogenes oaklandia, but sensory seta shorter, guard seta
simple, short; tibia with rodlike sensory seta and four simple setae of
medium length. Length of body 320,, including rostrum 413,; width
200p.
Type habitat.—On lemon fruits.
Type locality Santa Paula, Calif.
Type.—v.8.N.M. No. 1774.
The type was collected under the button of a lemon fruit, February
23, 1939, by E. W. Baker; paratype with same data but collected
March 25, 1939. Another paratype collected on same host and locality
October 29, 1938, by W. E. Buckner.
The shields, mouth parts, and tarsal-tibial setal arrangements are
distinctive. The tibia I setae are simple, rather than narrowly clavate
as in Cheletogenes quadrisetosus Berlese.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 309
The mite was found associated with the citrus bud mite, Aceria
sheldoni (Ewing), and is probably predaceous on that species.
Genus CHELETOPSIS Oudemans
Cheletopsis OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fasc. 18, p. 163, 1904.
Ol
Type, Cheyletus norneri Poppe (original designation).
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHELETOPSIS ?
. Propodosomatic shield trapezoidal with straight rear edge; the 3 pairs of setae
SASTSEN WC) URS LCL @ pe Ean os ST ee es ea 2
Propodosomatie shield usually oval, with strongly rounded posterior margin;
the 3 pairs of setae on the shield--~_--_~-_----------_-_- major Oudemans
. Body very long, narrow; legs longer than body is broad__--------------- 3
Body at most twice as long as broad; legs shorter than width of body.
anax Oudemans
. The 2 pairs of anterior marginal shield setae of equal length_________-_-__ 4
The inner anterior and posterior pairs of marginal setae of shields short, of
equal length; the outer anterior pair about 3 times as long as inner and
posterior pairs. _B0es 28" ait eee ee ee ee ee impavida Oudemans
. Propodosomatic shield at most 1% times as long as wide; the lateral dorsal
Sctaesover trochanter Ll long 22 ay ee ee ee 5
Propodosomatie shield at least twice as long as wide; the lateral dorsal
setae over trochanter Ell short/2_-2—. . = = See ee 6
. The lateral dorsal setae over trochanter IV short, about as long as trochanter.
norneri (Poppe)
The lateral dorsal setae over trochanter IV long, twice as long as trochanter.
basilica Oudemans
hClaw.ofpalpusiwith 2 basaltteeth=.=22 2S wee te aa animosa Oudemans
Claw of palpus with 1 basal tooth--..-----__--------- magnanima Oudemans
CHELETOPSIS MAJOR Oudemans
Cheyletus major TRovESSART, in Berlese, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque
in Italia, Prostigmata, pp. 74-75, 1893 (nomen nudum).
Cheletopsis major OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 168, 1904;
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 200-204, fig. 62, 1906.
Type habitat—On Hemiprocne mystacea (= Dendrochelidon mys-
tacea).
Type locality—New Guinea.
CHELETOPSIS ANAX Oudemans
Cheletopsis anagz OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 19, p. 170, 1904;
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 195-200, figs. 59-61, 1906.
Type habitat.—In shafts of wing feathers of Crocethia alba (=To-
tanus calidris) .
Type locality.—F rance.
2 None of these species is represented in the National Museum.
310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
CHELETOPSIS IMPAVIDA Oudemans
Cheletopsis impavida OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 19, p. 170,
1904; Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 175-180, fig. 48, 1906.
Type habitat—In shafts of wing feathers of Crocethia alba (=To-
tanus calidris), and also free living.
Type locality—France.
CHELETOPSIS NORNERI (Poppe)
Cheyletus norneri Porrr, Abh. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, vol. 10, p. 239, pl. 2, figs. 4,
5, 1888.
Cheletopsis norneri (Poppe) OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Neder]. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 19,
p. 170, 1904; Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 180-186, figs. 52-54, 1906.
Type habitat.—In shafts of tail feathers of Sterna hirundo.
Type locality.—France.
CHELETOPSIS BASILICA Oudemans
Cheletopsis basilica OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fasc. 19, p. 170, 1904;
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 186-189, fig. 55, 1906.
Type habitat.—In shafts of feathers of Crocethia alba (=Totanus
calidris).
Type locality. France.
CHELETOPSIS ANIMOSA Oudemans
Cheletopsis animosa OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 19, p. 170, 1904;
Mém Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 189-193, figs. 56, 57, 1906.
Type habitat.—In wing-feather shafts of Tringa totanus (= Totanus
totanus).
Type locality.—F rance.
CHELETOPSIS MAGNANIMA Oudemans
Cheletopsis magnanima OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Neder]. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 19, p. 170,
1904; Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 198-195, fig. 58, 1906.
Type habitat—On Tringa flavipes (= Gambetta flavipes) , probably
in shafts of the large feathers.
Type locality—Angers, France. Material collected on bird skin
in museum.
Genus CHELONOTUS Berlese
Chelonotus BrerLesE, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta,
Prostigmata, p. 73, 1898.
Chelonotus TrourssaRt, Oudemans, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 158, 159,
1906. ;
Type, Chelonotus selenirhynchus Berlese (monotypic).
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER SLE
The original description is based on a key to the genera by Berlese.
Although he credits the genus and species to Trouessart, who sent
him specimens, the description and figure are actually by Berlese,
who is here established as the author.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHELONOTUS
1. Gnathosoma not covered by propodosoma ; coxae II and III not touching_-_ 2
Gnathosoma covered by propodosoma ; coxae I, II, II, and IV contiguous.
oudemansi, new species
2. Rostrum sharp, conical; palpal comb slender, with 10 teeth; peritreme com-
posed of L% pairs of segments-_=—-—- —=—---_-—_-______ ewingi, new species
Rostrum blunt, not conical; palpal comb short, broad, with 5 teeth; peritreme
composed of 9 pairs of segments___--------------- selenirhynchus Berlese
CHELONOTUS OUDEMANSI, new species
PLATE 15, Ficures 126, 127
Female.—Medium-sized mite, blunt on anterior end, and sharply
narrowing to rear. Gnathosoma entirely covered by propodosoma.
Palpal segments short, broad; femur broader than long, with simple
seta; genu with simple seta on posterior margin; palpal claw with a
single basal tooth about two-thirds as long as claw; palpal comb
slender, with 11 teeth; sensory ogran on palpal thumb short, lanceo-
late. Peritreme made of approximately eight pairs of large segments.
Dorsal body setae long, simple, as figured for C. ewing2, new species.
Tarsus I 84» long, tibia I 50p long; tarsus I with a long sensory rod-
like seta; guard seta, if present, not seen. Coxae I, II, III, and IV
contiguous. Length of body 585n; width 328n.
Type host—Baginia tenuis evidens Miller and Hollister (squirrel).
Type locality——Pulosembeh, Celebes.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 1775.
The single female was taken from a squirrel received from the
Celebes by the United States National Museum.
The covered rostrum and arrangement of the coxae distinguish this
species from the others in the genus.
CHELONOTUS EWINGI, new species
PLATE 15, Ficures 128-130
Female.—Elongated mite; body narrowing rapidly anteriorly and
posteriorly; rostrum almost triangular; palpi short and swollen.
Femur of palpus large, swollen, about as long as wide, dorsal and
ventral setae simple; other palpal setae simple; palpal claw large with
a single large basal tooth; a single coarse palpal comb with 10 teeth
and a short, broad, lanceolate sensory organ on palpal tarsus. Peri-
treme distinctive, as figured. Dorsal body setae long, simple, discern-
ible only on lateral margins of body; three pairs of setae on propodoso-
312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
matic shield and four pairs on hysterosomal shield; shields contiguous
on dorsum and covering part of venter. Ventral setae long, simple.
Legs not long in proportion to body; leg setae simple; tarsus I with
sensory seta missing (broken), but otherwise as figured for @. oude-
mansi, new species; tibia I with a very short rodlike sensory seta.
Coxae J-ITI and III-IV separated into two groups. Length of body
628y, including rostrum 743; width 328y.
Type host—Callosciurus prevostiit rubiventer Miiller and Schlegel.
Type locality —Temboan, Celebes.
The type, U.S.N.M. No. 1776, was collected on a squirrel from the
Celebes in the collection of the United States National Museum. No
other data given.
The gnathosomal characters distinguish this species from Chelonotus
selenirhynchus.
CHELONOTUS SELENIRHYNCHUS Berlese, new author combination
Chelonotus selenirhynchus BERLESE, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in
Italia, Prostigmata, p. 77, pl. 1, fig. 6, 1893.
Chelonotus selenirhynchus Trouessart, OUDEMANS, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol.
19, pp. 159-162, fig. 42, 1906.
Type host—Baginia tenuis lowit Thomas (=Scturus lowii).
Type locality— Borneo.
Since the original description is by Berlese and not by Trouessart,
Berlese is here established as the author.
Genus ACAROPSIS Moquin-Tandon
Acaropsis Moquin-Tanpon, Eléments de zoologie médicale . . ., p. 314, 1863.
Type, Tyroglyphus mericourti Laboulbene, 1851 (monotypic).
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACAROPSIS
1e-Dorgal setae pilose saci oo 2 ae ete a le 2
Dorsal ‘setae smoothes se wee ne ee mericourti (Laboulbene)
2. Palpal claw with’ ssingle’ toothes aon ne Ve As ER ee 3
Palpal claw with more than 1 tooth2#Ugg) S10 Bh aiacsG Sige ae 4
5. Male: Palpi very long, palpal femur 4 times as long as wide; anterior shield
very broad, even with width of body; posterior shield shorter and narrower
than anterior and with 2 pairs of marginal setae_____________ sollers Kuzin
Male: Palpi and palpal claw long, with a single tarsal tooth; 9 pairs of
dorsally setae. 2-08 ¢ 24 ee ee eS eee rufus (Karpelles)
4, With not,more than 4 teeth on palpal claw..._--..--- se 6
With more than ¢ teeth onipalpal cl anys ee ee 5
5. Palpal claw with 6 teeth ; anterior shield widening toward rear ; posterior shield
covering most of abdomen; dorsal setae clavate, serrate.
kulagini Rodendorf
Palpal claw with 8 teeth; anterior shield wider anteriorly than posteriorly ;
posterior shield minute; dorsal setae lanceolate, serrate.
travisi, new species
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 313
6. Palpal femur 114 to 13% as long as wide; palpal claws with 2 or 3 teeth.
docta Berlese
Palpal femur more than twice as long aS wide; palpal claw with 3 or 4 teeth.
callida Kuzin
ACAROPSIS MERICOURTI (Laboulbene)
Tyroglyphus mericourti LABOULBENE, Ann. Soe. Ent. France, ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 302,
pl. 9, fig. 4, 1851.
Acaropsis pectinata (Laboulbene) Mogurn-TanpoN, Eléments de zoologie
médicale ... , p. 314, 1863.
Acaropsis mericourti (Laboulbene) OUDEMANS, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19,
p. 168, 1906.
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality—Newfoundland, Canada.
ACAROPSIS KULAGINI Rodendorf
Acaropsis kulagini RoDENDORF, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42,
p. 78, 1940.
Type habitat——In Indian-corn grain.
Type locality—Stavropolsk and Blagodarnoe, Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics.
ACAROPSIS TRAVISI, new species
PLATE 16, Figures 131-135
Female.—Palpi and rostrum long; palpal femur about 114 times as
long as broad, outer margin swollen and inner margin more or less
straight; palpal setae simple; genual seta on posterior margin of seg-
ment; apparently 8 basal teeth on palpal claw; palpal comb about two-
thirds as long as claw, with about 14 long teeth. Peritreme of strong
segments as figured. Single pair of eyes; dorsal setae short, lanceolate,
serrate. Propodosomal shield hard to distinguish, wider anteriorly
than posteriorly, longer than wide, with five pairs of marginal setae,
three pairs in the anterior corners and two pairs in the posterior
corners. A pair of very long shoulder setae about 100» long, and
anterior to these a pair of short setae. Hysterosomal shield very small,
hard to distinguish, without setae but with setae near the anterior and
posterior margins as figured ; other dorsal hysterosomal setae arranged
as figured. Genital area with two pairs of simple setae; three pairs
of anal setae. Legs normal, leg I about 200» long; leg IV about 166
long; leg setae similar to body setae; tarsus I, 73» long, tibia I, 33
long; tarsus sensory seta long, rodlike, guard seta minute; tibia with
short, slightly clavate sensory seta, other setae simple. Length of body
253u, including rostrum 3886p; width 153,.
Type host—Sceloporus woodi.
Type locality—Newton, Ga.
Type—uvU.S.N.M. No. 1776.
314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Described from the type collected September 1, 1937, by B. V.
Travis. A paratype mite is on the same slide.
ACAROPSIS SOLLERS Kuzin
Acaropsis sollers Kuzin, in Rodendorf, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool.,
vol. 42, pp. 78, 79, 1940.
Type habitat—Unknown.
Type locality—Leningrad, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
ACAROPSIS RUFUS (Karpelles)
Cheyletus rufus KaARpPELLEs, Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 28, p. 231, figs. 104, 1884.
Acaropsis rufa (Karpelles) OupDEMANS, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 163,
1906.
Type habitat.—Associated with Coleoptera.
Type locality Congo region of central Africa.
ACAROPSIS DOCTA (Berlese)
PLATE 16, FiauREs 186-1389
Cheyletus docta BrRuEesr, Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia
reperta, Prostigmata, fase. 33, No. 1, 1886.
Acaropsis docta (Berlese) OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 21, p.
209, 1905 (1904) ; Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 163-168, figs. 48, 44,
1906.—VitztuHuM, Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, vol. 3, No. 3, p. 55, 1929.—
Rovenvorr, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool., vol. 42, pp. 80, 81, 1940.
Female.—Palpal femur about 114 to 124 as long as wide; palpal
femur seta long, finely pilose; other setae simple; genual seta on
posterior margin of segment; palpal claw thin, with 3 basal teeth;
comb about two-thirds as long as claw, with about 15 heavy teeth.
Peritreme simple, rounded. Propodosomatic shield with single pair
of eyes; setae broadening distally, elongate, pilose, three pairs on
anterolateral margin of shield, four pairs of dorsal submedian setae ;
a pair of long simple shoulder seta not on shield. Hysterosomal shield
widely separated from anterior shield, longer than wide and broadly
rounded posteriorly, tending to narrow somewhat toward rear; two
pairs of lateral lanceolate setae and four pairs of similar dorsal sub-
median setae; a single pair of setae posterior to the shield; a single
pair of setae on body near anterior angles of shield. Genital opening
with three pairs of simple setae, one median and two posterior; three
pairs of simple anal setae. Legs normal; leg I, 333 long; tarsus I,
90u long; tibia I, 73» long; tarsus I with a simple, long, straight, rod-
like sensory seta; sensory seta on tibia I short, rodlike. Length of
body 571p, including rostrum 7144; width about 385z.
Male.—Not seen, but as figured by Rodendorf very similar to female
but with long anterior pair of legs and larger anterior shield.
Type habitat—In building.
Type locality.—F lorence, Italy.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 316.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE8
SPECIES OF CHEYLETUS.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 317.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 939. PLATE 9
Ore ‘é~
oe A i
cee ae re a <a St
K
~
— wy
WA N<K y
- y\ at ‘ X\ 8
N CUS ee
Way
SPECIES OF CHEYLETUS AND CHELETOPHYES.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 317
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 10
v
SPECIES OF CHELETOPHYES AND EUCHEYLA.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 317.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 11
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
SPECIES OF EUCHEYLA, CHELETOMIMUS, AND EUCHEYLETIA.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 317.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 12
SPECIES OF EUCHEYLETIA AND CHEYLETIA.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 318.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 13
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
107
SPECIES OF CHEYLETIA AND CHELETOMORPHA.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 318.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 14
Ai sy
i oh
. h A]
SPECIES OF CHELETOMORPHA, EUTOGENES, AND CHELETOGENES.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 318.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 15
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
SPECIES OF CHELETOGENES AND CHELONOTUS.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 318,
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 16
SPECIES OF ACAROPSIS AND EUCHEYLETIA.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGES 318—319.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 17
ISI
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
SPECIES OF CHELETOGENES AND CHELACAROPSIS.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 319.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 315
This appears to be a cosmopolitan species. The specimens in the
United States National Museum collection were taken on wheat at
Chambersburg, Pa., November 14, 1980, by J. O. Chambers.
ACAROPSIS CALLIDA Kuzin
Acaropsis callida Kuztn, in Rodendorf, Wiss. Ber. Moskauer Staats Univ. Zool.,
vol. 42, pp. 79, 80, 1940.
Type habitat—In grain infested with mites.
Type locality—Rostov on Don, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Genus CHELETOSOMA Oudemans
Cheletosoma OuUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fasc. 21, p. 207, 1905
(1904).
Type, Cheletosoma tyrannus Oudemans (monotypic).
CHELETOSOMA TYRANNUS Oudemans
Cheletosoma tyrannus OupEMANS, Ent. Ber. Neder]. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 21, p. 207.
1905 (1904) ; Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, pp. 168-174, 1906.
Type habitat—tIn shafts of wing feathers of Aramus guarauna
(= A. scolopaceus).
Type locality ‘Tropical America.”
CHELACAROPSIS, new genus
Palpal tarsus possessing only one comblike seta and two sicklelike
setae; a pair of eyes present on propodosoma; dorsal body setae
broadly clavate-serrate; no dorsal shields.
Type, Chelacaropsis moorei, new species.
This genus, erected to include a male and female cheyletid, is related
to the genus Acaropsis, but differs in having no indication of dorsal
shields and in having broadly clavate-serrate dorsal body setae.
CHELACAROPSIS MOOREI, new species
PLATE 17, Figures 149-154
Female.—Small mite with narrow body and rostrum. Palpi elon-
gate, femur almost twice as long as wide, the dorsal seta simple, ser-
rate; other palpal setae simple; palpal claw long, narrow, with 3 basal
teeth; palpal tarsus with 2 sicklelike setae and only 1 comblike seta
which possesses 13 short teeth. Pattern on dorsum of rostrum com-
posed of longitudinal striations; peritreme simple, possessing seven
pairs of segments. No dorsal shields or indications of shields; stria-
tions on anterior portion of propodosoma and hysterosoma longitu-
dinal striations on posterior portions transverse. A pair of lateral
316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
eyes. Dorsal setae broadly squamiform, serrate, six pairs on propodo-
soma and eight pairs on hysterosoma. Leg I about 230» long; femur
of all legs with a dorsal squamiform serrate seta similar to those on
dorsum of mite. Tarsus I, 24y long; tibia I, 524 long; sensory seta of
tarsus I almost half as long as tarsus; guard seta, if present, not seen.
Length of body 3800p, including rostrum 4071; approximate width
186p.
Male.—Similar to female. Palpi elongate; femur about twice as
long as wide, dorsal seta simple, serrate; ventral seta appears to be on
large tubercle; other palpi setae simple; palpal claw with 4 basal
teeth; venter of rostrum with a series of about 11 teeth jutting out
beneath base of palpus. Peritreme with seven pairs of segments;
dorsal pattern between peritreme composed of longitudinal striations.
Body setae and striations more or less as in female; seven pairs of
setae on propodosoma and six pairs on hysterosoma. Leg I about 213.
long; femur of all legs with squamiform-serrate seta. Tarsus I, 67p
long; tibia I, 47» long; sensory seta on tarsus I slightly more than half
as long as tarsus; guard seta, if present, not seen. Length of body
253y, including rostrum 400; width 140z.
Type habitat—Found on Glaucomys volans querceti (Bangs).
Type locality—Welaka, Fla.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 1777.
The single type female and allotype male were collected by S. C.
Moore, August 16, 1946.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 6
1-3. Cheyletiella parasitivorax (Megnin) : 1, Gnathosoma, female; 2, tarsus
and tibia I, female; 3, dorsal view of body, female.
4,5. Neocheyletiella canadensis (Banks) : 4, Dorsal view of body, female; 5,
tarsus I, female.
6-9. Neocheyletiella smallwoodae, new species: 6, Gnathosoma, female; 7,
tarsus and tibia I, female; 8, dorsal view of body, male; 9, dorsal view of
body, female.
10. Neocheyletiella rohweri, new species: 10, Dorsal view of body, female.
11-13. Neocheyletiella chanayi (Berlese and Trouessart) : 11, Gnathosoma, fe-
male; 12, dorsal view of body, female; 13, tarsus and tibia I, female.
PLATE 7
14-16. Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) : 14, Gnathosoma, female; 15, dorsal view
of body, female; 16, tarsus and tibia I, female.
17-19. Cheyletus hendersoni, new species: 17, Gnathosoma, female; 18, dorsal
view of body, female; 19, tarsus and tibia I, female.
20-22. Cheyletus doddi, new species: 20, Gnathosoma, female; 21, dorsal view
of body, female; 22, tarsus and tibia I, female.
23-25. Cheyletus fortis Oudemans: 23, Gnathosoma, female; 24, dorsal view of
body, female ; 24A, dorsal body seta; 25, tarsus and tibia I, female.
26-29.
30-34.
35-38.
39-42,
43-49.
50-54.
55-59.
60-64.
65-68.
69-71.
72-75.
76-79.
80-82.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER Sy
PLATE 8
Cheyletus linsdalei, new species: 26, Gnathosoma, female; 27, palpal
claw variations in female; 28, dorsal view of body, female; 29, tarsus
and tibia I, female.
Cheyletus cacahuamilpensis, new species: 30, Gnathosoma, female; 380A
palpal claw, female; 31. dorsal body seta, female; 32, dorsal view ot
body, female; 83, genital-anal region, female; 84, tarsus and tibia I,
female.
Cheyletus beauchampi, new species: 35, Gnathosoma, female; 35A, pal-
pal claw, female ; 36, dorsal body seta, female; 37, dorsal view of body,
female; 38, tarsus and tibia I, female.
Oheyletus davisi, new species: 39, Gnathosoma, female; 39A, palpal
claw of female; 40, anterior corner of propodosomatic shield, female ;
41, dorsal view of body, female; 42, tarsus and tibia I, female.
PLATE 9
Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans: 48, Gnathosoma, female; 44, dorsal
view of body, female; 444A, dorsal body seta, female; 45, tarsus and
tibia I, female; 46, gnathosoma, male; 47, dorsal view of body, male;
48, detail of genital region, male; 49, tarsus and tibia I, male.
Cheletophyes philippinensis, new species: 50, Gnathosoma, female; 51,
dorsal palpal seta, female; 52, dorsal view of body, female; 53, genital-
anal region, female; 54, tarsus and tibia I, female.
PLATE 10
Cheletophyes hawaiiensis, new species: 55, Gnathosoma, female; 56,
dorsal seta of palpus, female; 57, dorsal view of body, female; 58,
tarsus and tibia I, female; 59, nymph.
Cheletophyes marshalli, new species: 60, Gnathosoma, female; 61, dorsal
view of body, female; 62, dorsal marginal body seta, female; 63,
dorsal submedian seta, female; 64, tarsus and tibia I, female.
Eucheyla panamensis, new species: 65, Gnathosoma, female; 66, dorsal
view of body, female; 67, detail of reticulation, female; 68, tarsus
and tibia I, female.
PLATE 11
Eucheyla whartoni, new species: 69, Dorsal view of body, female; 70,
detail of dorsal reticulation, female; 71, tarsus, tibia and genu of
leg I, female.
Cheletomimus berlesei (Oudemans) : 72, Gnathosoma, female; 73, dorsal
view of body, female; 74, dorsal body setae, female; 75, tarsus and
tibia I, female.
Eucheyletia harpyia (Rodendorf) : 76, Gnathosoma, female; 77, dorsal
view of body, female; 78, tarsus and tibia I, female; 79, genital-anal
region, female.
Eucheyletia bishoppi, new species: 80, Gnathosoma, female; 81, palpal
combs, female; 82, genital-anal region, female.
318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
PLATE 12
83-88. Hucheyletia bishoppi, new species: 83, Dorsal view of body, female; 84,
tarsus and tibia I, female; 85, tarsus and tibia III, female; S86,
gnathosoma, male; 87, dorsal view of body, male; 88, tarsus and tibia
I, male.
89-94. Oheyletia pyriformis (Banks) : 89, Gnathosoma, female; 90, dorsal view
of body, female; 91, tarsus and tibia I, female; 92, gnathosoma, male;
93, dorsal view of body, male; 94, tarsus and tibia I, male.
PLATE 13
95-98. Cheyletia virginiensis, new species: 95 Gnathosoma, female; 96, dorsal
view of body, female; 97, dorsal body seta, female; 98, tarsus and
tibia I, female.
99-102, Cheyletia wellsi, new species: 99, Gnathosoma, female; 100, dorsal view
of body, female; 101, tarsus and tibia I, female; 102, genital-anal
region, female.
103-105. Cheyletia squamosa (Degeer) : 103, Gnathosoma, female; 104, dorsal
view of body, female; 105, tarsus and tibia I, female.
106-107. Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw) : 106, Gnathosoma, female; 107,
tarsus and tibia I, female.
PLATE 14
108-112. Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw): 108, Dorsal view of body, fe-
male; 109, gnathosoma, male; 110, dorsal view of body, male; 111,
tarsus and tibia I, male; 112, dorsal submedian seta, male.
113-116, Hutogenes fori, new species: 118, Gnathosoma, female; 114, dorsal view
of body, female; 115, genital-anal region, female; 116, tarsus and tibia
I, female.
117-119. Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini and Fanzago): 117, Gnathosoma,
female; 118, dorsal view of body, female; 119, tarsus and tibia I,
female.
PLATE 15
120-122. Cheletogenes oaklandia, new species: 120, Gnathosoma, female; 121,
dorsal view of body, female; 122, tarsus and tibia I, female.
123-125. Cheletogenes buckneri, new species: 123, Gnathosoma, female; 124,
dorsal view of body, female; 125, tarsus and tibia I, female.
126, 127. Chelonotus oudemansi, new species: 126, Ventral view of body, female;
127, tarsus and tibia I, female.
128-130. Chelonotus ewingi, new species: 128, Dorsal view of body, female; 129,
ventral view of body, female; 130, detail of gnathosoma, female.
PLATE 16
131-135. Acaropsis travisi, new species: 131, Gnathosoma, female; 132, dorsal
view of body, female; 133, palpal comb, female; 184, tarsus and tibia
I, female; 135, detail of anterolateral margin of propodosomatic
shield.
136-139. Acaropsis docta (Berlese) : 186, Gnathosoma, female; 137, dorsal view
of body, female; 138, palpal comb, female; 139, tarsus and tibia I,
female.
MITES OF FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE—BAKER 319
140-144, Hucheyletia hardyi, new species: 140, Gnathosoma, female; 141, dorsal
view of body, female; 142, tarsus and tibia I, female; 143, tarsus and
tibia III, female; 144, genital-anal region, female.
PLATE 17
145-148. Cheletogenes traubi, new species: 145, Gnathosoma, female; 146, dorsal
view of body, female ; 147, genital-anal region, female; 148, tarsus and
tibia I, female.
149-154. Chelacaropsis moorei, new species : 149, Gnathosoma, female ; 150, dorsal
view of body, female; 151, tarsus and tibia I, female; 152, ventral
view of gnathosoma, male; 153, dorsal view of body, male; 154, tarsus
and tibia I, male.
NOTE
The following two species were inadvertently omitted from the
general text:
Cheyletus parumsetosus KARPELLES, Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 28, fasc. 2, pp. 232,
238, 1884.—OupEMANs, Méin. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 81, 1906.
Cheyletus promptus OUDEMANS, Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ver., vol. 1, fase. 18, p. 161,
1904; Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 19, p. 81, 1906.
INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES
(Synonyms are printed in italics)
Acaropsis, 267, 269, 312 Cheletia, 297
acer, Cheyletus, 277, 286 Cheletiella, 270
alacer, Cheyletus, 277, 285 Cheletogenes, 267, 269, 305
americana EHwing, Pseudocheylus, 271 Cheletoides, 267, 269, 275
americana Vail and Augustson, Chey- | Cheletomimus, 267, 269, 293
letiella, 270 Cheletomorpha, 267, 269, 302
Amorphacarus, 267 Cheletonella, 267, 269, 292
anax, Cheletopsis, 309 Cheletophanes, 267, 269, 303
animosa, Cheletopsis, 309, 310 Cheletophyes, 267, 269, 287
audax, Cheyletus, 277, 285 Cheletopsis, 267, 269, 309
aversor, Cheyletus, 276, 283 Cheletosoma, 267, 269, 315
Chelonotus, 267, 269, 310
basilica, Cheletopsis, 309, 310 Cheyletia, 267, 269, 297
beauchampi, Cheyletus, 276, 282 Cheyletiella, 267, 269, 275
berlesei, Cheletomimus, 293 Cheyletus, 267, 269, 275
pe ronn Eres Poe 4 clavispinus, Cheyletus, 287
ucknerl, eletogenes, ’ cocci hilus, heleto : pe
burmiticus, Cheyletus, 287 S Cheleropenes, 305
butleri, Cheyletus, 276 davisi, Cheyletus, 276, 283
docta, Acaropsis, 314
cacahuamilpensis, Cheyletus, 268, 276, | doddi, Ghevietae 276, 279
282
Caenocheyletes, 269 eburneus, Cheyletus, 278
callida, Acaropsis, 313, 315 eruditus, Cheyletus, 275, 276, 277, 278
canadensis, Neocheyletiella, 271, 272 eruditus (femina monstrooa), Cheyle-
cancriformis, Cheyletus, 275, 278 tus, 280
carnifex, Cheyletus, 277, 286 eruditus (protonymph), Cheyletus, 287
chanayi, Neocheyletiella, 271, 274 Eucheyla, 267, 269, 291
Chelacaropsis, 267, 269, 315 Kucheyletia, 267, 269, 294
Cheletes, 275 Hutarsus, 275
320
Hutogenes, 267, 269, 304
Hwingella, 270
feror Banks, Cheyletus, 278
ferox Trouessart, Cheyletus, 277, 286
jlabellifera (male of Oudemans), Chey-
letia, 298
flabellifera (Michael), Eucheyletia, 295
fortis, 276, 277, 280
foxi, Eutogenes, 304
franseni, Caenocheyletes, 269
furibundus, Cheyletus, 278, 286
hardyi, Eucheyletia, 294, 296
harpyia, Eucheyletia, 294
Harpyrhynchus, 267
hawaiiensis, Cheletophyes, 288, 289
hendersoni, Cheyletus, 276, 279
heteropalpus, Neocheyletiella, 271, 272
impavida, Cheletopsis, 309, 310
intrepidus, Cheyletus, 277, 286
kulagini, Acaropsis, 312, 313
laureata, Cheyletia, 301
lepidopterorum, Cheletomorpha, 302
linsdalei, Cheyletus, 276, 281
longipalpus, Cheyletia, 298
longipes, Cheletomorpha, 802
loricata, EHucheyla, 291
macrocherus, Cheyletus, 280
macronycha, Neocheyletiella, 271, 272
magnanima, Cheletopsis, 309, 310
major, Cheletopsis, 309
malaccensis, Cheyletus, 277, 284
marshalli, Cheletophyes, 288, 290
mericourti, Acaropsis, 312, 313
microrhyncha, Neocheyletiella, 271, 272
montandoni, Cheletophanes, 303
moorei, Chelacaropsis, 315
munroi, Cheyletus, 276
Myobia, 267
Myobiinae, 267
Neocheyletiella, 267, 269, 271
nigripes, Cheyletus (Insecta), 287
norneri, Cheletopsis, 309, 310
oaklandia, Cheletogenes, 305, 306
Ophioptes, 267
orientalis, Cheletomorpha, 308
ornatus (Berlese), Cheletomimus, 293
ornatus (C. & F.), Cheletogenes, 305
ornatus (C. & F.), Cheletomimus, 293
oudemansi, Chelenotus, 311
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 99
panamensis, Eucheyla, 291
parasitivorax, Cheyletiella, 270
parumsetosus, Cheyletus, 276, 319
patagiatus, Cheyletus, 287
pectinata, Acaropsis, 313
peregrinus, Cheletophanes, 303, 304
philippinensis, Cheletophyes, 288
Picobia, 267
pinguis, Neocheyletiella, 271, 275
praedabundus, Cheyletus, 278, 287
promptus, Cheyletus, 276, 319
Protomyobia, 267
Pseudocheylidae, 271
Pseudocheylus, 271
Psorergates, 267
pyriformis, Cheyletia, 297, 298
quadrisetosus, Cheletogenes, 305
rabiosus, Cheyletus, 277, 286
Radfordia, 267
rapax, Cheyletus, 277, 284
rohweri, Neocheyletiella, 271, 274
rufus Hardy, Cheletomorpha, 302
rufus (Karpelles), Acaropsis, 312, 314
rugosa, Cheletonella, 292
saccardianus, Cheletogenes, 305
saevus, Cheyletus, 287
schneideri, Cheyletus, 276, 281
selenirhynchus, Chelonotus, 311, 312
semenoyi, Cheletophyes, 288, 290
seminivorus, Cheletomorpha, 278, 302
smallwoodae, Neocheyletiella, 271, 273
sollers, Acaropsis, 312, 314
squamosa, Cheyletia, 298, 301
strenuus, Cheyletus, 276, 280
Syringophilus, 267
traubi, Cheletogenes, 305, 307
travisi, Acaropsis, 312, 313
trouessarti, Cheyletus, 276, 277, 280
true Oudemans, Cheletomimus, 293
trux Rodendorf, Cheyletus, 276, 277, 282
tyrannus, Cheletosoma, 315
uncinata, Cheletoides, 275
venator, Cheyletus, 277, 286
venustissima, Cheletomorpha, 302
vespertilionis, Cheletonella, 292
virginiensis, Cheyletia, 297, 299
vitzthumi, Cheletophyes, 288, 290
vorax, Cheyletus, 277, 286
wellsi, Cheyletia, 298, 300
whartoni, Eucheyla, 291, 292
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington: 1949 No. 3239
A NEW SPECIES OF COPEPOD OF THE GENUS
CORYCAEUS FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN COAST
By Mirprep Strratron WILson
PLANKTON collections from two coastal areas of North America,
sent to the United States National Museum for identification, have
been found to contain an unknown species of the cyclopoid copepod
genus Uorycaeus. ‘These collections were recently made at Beaufort
Inlet, North Carolina, by William H. Sutcliffe, Jr., and in the Gulf of
Mexico by Joel W. Hedgpeth. In addition, examination of a single
female from the Chesapeake Bay area, reported by C. B. Wilson
(1982) as Corycaeus lubbockii Giesbrecht, shows that it also is refer-
able to this species.
Family CORYCAEIDAE
Genus CORYCAEUS Dana
CORYCAEUS (DITRICHOCORYCAEUS) AMERICANUS, new species
PLATE 18
Corycaeus lubbockii, C. B. Witson,-1932, p. 42.
Specimens examined.—1 female, 8 males, collected in plankton tow
Just inside Beaufort Inlet, N. C., at high tide, June 20, 1947, by Wil-
liam H. Sutcliffe, Jr. Occurring with Corycaeus (Ditrichocorycaeus)
amazonicus F. Dahl.
4 females, 4 males, collected in plankton tow, Point Aransas, Tex.,
April 18, 1946; 1 female, near shore, Texas coast, Gulf of Mexico,
April 20, 1947, by Joel W. Hedgpeth. Also occurring with @.
amazonicus.
818709—49 321
322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
1 female, U. S. N. M. No. 58530, collected at the 100-fathom line,
outside Chesapeake Bay, August 21, 1920,
Types—Holotype female, U. S. N. M. No. 85980; allotype male, No.
85979 ; locality, Beaufort Inlet, N. C.
Diagnosis.—Possessing these characters of the subgenus Ditricho-
corycaeus M. Dahl: Constituent of coastal plankton; small size;
rounded ventral process; leg 4 with its endopod bearing 2 setae, and its
second basal segment with a small protuberance inside; spine of basal
segment of second antenna of female three times longer than that of
the second segment, only slightly longer in the male. Distinguished
by: Well-defined fourth thoracic segment; both sexes having the
genital segment approximately twice the length of the anal, with the
caudal rami divergent and longer than the abdomen in the female,
about three-fourths of its length in the male; genital segment of female
inflated dorsally, that of both sexes with a medial ventral hook;
exopod of leg 4 having long spines on segments 1 and 3.
Description —FEMALE (pl. 18, figs. 1, 2) : Total length about 1.10-
1.18 mm. Eyes small. Metasome composing 70 percent of the total
length of the body. Cephalic segment more or less distinctly sepa-
rated from thorax, equaling almost half of the total length of the
metasome. First thoracic segment overlying the second a consider-
able amount; the latter with a lateral hyaline flange ending in a
pointed tip. Wing of third segment broad, acutely pointed, reaching
just beyond the middle of the genital segment in dorsal view, inside
margin with a spinous point near the middle. Fourth thoracic seg-
ment entirely demarcated from third, wing with a rather large spinous
tip. Fifth segment hardly visible dorsally.
Urosome composing 80 percent of total length of body. Genital
segment about twice the length of the anal, caudal rami longer than
both segments combined; proportional length of segments, lateral
view, ventral side: approximately 22:11:44. Genital segment (pl.
18, fig. 4) considerably inflated dorsally; distal margin with a fringe
of small spinules ventrally ; medial ventral hook small; genital open-
ing with a long plumose seta, reaching just beyond the end of the anal
segment. Caudal rami considerably divergent; with a lateral seta
distally and a terminal row of spinules; caudal setae 3 (pl. 18, fig. 3),
none as long as the ramus, the shortest spiniform, toothed on one
margin; the others slender setae, of which the inner is the longer.
First antenna having the first two segments broad, the others
slenderer; the fourth segment the longest, the terminal the shortest.
Segment 1 with two short setae. Second segment with eight setae,
two of which are as long as the segment is wide, and four of which
reach to the apex of the appendage. Segment 3 with two stalked
setae reaching beyond the terminus of the appendage. Fourth seg-
A NEW SPECIES OF CORYCAEUS—WILSON 329
ment with one long stalked seta and a pedicel bearing two short ones.
Fifth segment with a long seta distad on each side, that of the
outer side accompanied by a much shorter one. Terminal seg-
ment with one short lateral, two long subterminal, and two long
terminal setae.
Second antenna (pl. 18, fig. 7) having the basal segment about half
the length of the second, its spine about one-fifth longer than the
second segment, minutely serrate. The second segment half as wide
as long; with a small lobe at its inside basal margin; its spine on a
short pedicel, also minutely serrate on inner margin; inflated lamella-
like inner portion with a stout, outer spinous process and a more
rounded projection inside. Seta like processes of third segment ob-
liquely truncated at ends, each bearing a minute hair subterminally ;
accessory claw stout, but not reaching to end of segment, three-fifths of
the length of the terminal claw, a very small spinous process at its base.
Terminal claw only slightly shorter than the spine of second segment,
and a little shorter than the third segment.
Terminal inside spines of exopods of legs 1-3 comparatively
straight ; that of leg 1 set at a very slight angle and having two foliate
structures between it and the shorter outside spine; setae shorter than
the terminal inside spine. Terminal spine of exopod of second leg
(pl. 18, fig. 6) hardly curved, inside margin with long, fine hairs;
serrate outer flange not reaching to distal end and not continued across
the spine to inner edge; terminal seta a little longer than the spine.
Terminal spine of exopod of third leg very straight, longer than the
third segment, proportions of spine to segment about 11:8; inside
setae reaching a little beyond the spine.
Leg 4 (pl. 18, fig. 5) with the exopod approximately as long as the
second basipod segment is wide. Top of second basal segment with
a small central hump, set marginally with fine hairs; inside protuber-
ance a comparatively large, well-rounded lobe. Segment 1 of exopod
very narrow and long, about three-fourths as long as segments 2 and
3 combined; proportional lengths of segments, outer edge: approxi-
mately 27:15:20. Spines of segments 1 and 3 long, nearly equal to
one another, that of segment 1 reaching at least to the distal end of
the second segment. The five inner setae of the third segment all
laterally placed, the sixth much broader at the base, in a terminal
position, the apex and seta indistinctly demarcated from the rest of
the segment (pl. 18, fig. 5, a). (The figures of M. Dahl, 1912, show
variation from this usual pattern in a few species of Ditrichocory-
caeus.)
Matz (pl. 18, figs. 12, 13): Total length 0.93 to 1.0 mm., Propor-
tions of metasome to urosome approximately 73:27, Division of
cephalic and first thoracic segments more or less discernible. First
324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
thoracic segment overlying second as in female. Second thoracic
segment with the lateral hyaline flange having larger tips than in the
female. Wing of third segment reaching to about the middle of the
genital segment, inside margin rounded at the center, without a spin-
ous point as in the female; fourth segment separated dorsally, the
distal processes usually extending a little beyond the basis of the
abdomen, tipped with short spines. Fifth segment somewhat visible
dorsally. Eyes larger than those of female.
Urosome very slender; proportions of genital and anal segments 2
to 1 as in female, but segments relatively longer and the caudal rami
relatively shorter ; approximate proportions, lateral] view, ventral side:
26:13:30. Ventral hook of genital segment large (pl. 18, fig. 11) ;
lobed genital flaps with two rows of fine hairs on the surface, the
seta long, nonplumose, accompanied inside by a stout median spine
and a short process with a broadened base (pl. 18, fig. 10). Caudal
rami about three-fourths the length of the abdomen, with a short
lateral seta distally; terminal setae 3 (pl. 18, fig. 14), the inner the
longest, stout and spiniform, equaling the ramus in length and adding
to the superficial appearance of great length of the urosome; the
outer also spiniform, about one-fourth as long as the inner; the third
slightly longer, slender and sinuous, placed subterminally near the
dorsal inner edge.
Second antenna (pl. 18, fig. 8) with the basal segment about half the
length of the second; its spine finely serrate and about as long as
the second segment. Lamina on inner margin of second segment
with a stout outer spinous process, the central portion of the lamina
very thin, but produced into a second spinous projection; surface of
segment near middle with a row of minute teeth, hardly visible except
at high magnification ; spine with stout barbules which are most thickly
set in the central portion. Third segment with the basal process very
slender, its tip divided, reaching about to the end of the segment.
Accessory claw stout basally, otherwise very slender, reaching by al-
most half its own length beyond the base of the terminal claw; its
tip also divided; a secondary spine, with a 38-pronged apex, at its
base. Terminal claw stout, blunt ended, slightly exceeding in length
the two basal segments combined.
Exopod of first leg (pl. 18, fig. 9) having the distal part of the
terminal inside spine a little recurved, but the whole directed in-
ward, the apex of the segment being incised centrally for a short
distance, the resulting two portions having each a hyaline, foliate
structure inside; this whole condition suggested in the female, but
much more strongly developed in the male. The hyaline flanges of
the outer margin of the segment minutely serrate; that of the distal
portion rather short due to the excessive development of the distal
A NEW SPECIES OF CORYCAEUS-—WILSON 325
spinous process. Setae short, not reaching to the distal end of the
terminal inside spine.
Leg 4 like that of the female, except that the inside protuberance
of the second basal segment is not quite so large, the outer margin
lacks the setose hump, and the first exopod segment is wider, with its
spine reaching a little beyond the distal end of the second segment.
Remarks—This species occurred in the Beaufort and Gulf of
Mexico collections with Corycaeus amazonicus F, Dahl. The two are
apparently the chief representatives of the subgenus Ditrichocory-
caeus on the American Atlantic coast. C. amazonicus was originally
described from near the mouth of the Amazon River, and M. Dahl
(1912) has reported it farther south along the Brazilian coast and
from the coastal waters of the Tortugas and Bermuda Islands.
Corycaeus lubbockii Giesbrecht, with which C. B. Wilson confused
C. americanus, has been shown by M. Dahl (1912) and Gurney (1927)
to be an Indo-Pacific form of the subgenus.
CO. amazonicus and C. americanus are similar in size and in certain
distinguishing characters of the appendages. They are the only
species of the subgenus having the terminal portion of the exopod of
the male first leg incised, and the inside spine thus set somewhat at an
angle; this is most pronounced in amazonicus. Likewise, they alone
have the spines of the first and third segments of the exopod of the
fourth leg so elongate. In the male of C. amazonicus, this condition
is apparently somewhat variable, some specimens examined having
the spine of the first segment reaching well beyond the middle of the
third segment. The arrangement of the setae of the third segment of
the fourth leg is also similar in the two species, but they differ in
having the protuberance of the second basal segment scarcely developed
in C. amazonicus, and in the relative proportions of the segments of
the exopod—in (. amazonicus the second and third segments are
subequal.
Both females of the two species have the genital segment inflated
dorsally but are easily distinguished from one another by the relative
proportions of the abdominal segments and caudal rami. The genital
and anal segments of C. amazonicus are approximately equal (the anal
only a little longer in lateral view), and the caudal rami are only
slightly longer than the anal segment. In addition, the wings of the
third thoracic segment are exceptionally long, reaching to the distal
end of the genital segment. In the male of C. amazonicus, the anal
segment is about two-thirds the length of the genital, and the caudal
rami are slightly longer than the anal segment.
The proportions of the two segments of the abdomen of Corycaeus
americanus approach most closely those of the females of C. africanus
F. Dahl and C@. farvani Fruchtl. Both of these species are also dis-
326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
tinguished by having long caudal rami; in each instance, however,
they do not attain the length of the abdomen. Corycaeus ameri-
canus differs not only from these species, but from all other species
of the subgenus known to me, in having the caudal rami of the female
longer than the two abdominal segments combined.
LITERATURE CITED
DAHL, MARIA.
1912. Die Copepoden der Plankton-Expedition, I: Die Corycaeinen. Mit
Berucksichtigung aller bekannten Arten. Erbegn. Plankton-Ex-
ped. Humboldt-Stiftung, vol. 2, pt. 1, 186 pp., 16 pls. Kiel and
Leipzig.
GURNEY, ROBERT.
1927. Zoological results of the Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal,
1924. VIII, Report on the Crustacea: Copepoda and Cladocera of
the plankton. Trans. Zool. Soe. London, vol. 22, pp. 1389-172,
14 figs.
WILson, CHARLES BRANCH.
1932. The copepod crustaceons of Chesapeake Bay. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 80, art. 15, 54 pp., 5 pls.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 18
Corycaeus.americanus, new species. Frmaxe: 1, Dorsal view; 2, lateral view; 3, terminal
portion of caudal ramus, dorsal view; 4, detail of abdomen and fifth thoracic segment
with leg 5, lateral view; 5, leg 4; Sa, detail (oil immersion) of terminal portion of exopod 3,
leg 4; 6, leg 2, terminal portion of exopod 3, with detail (oil immersion) of apex of inner
terminal spine; 7, second antenna (oil immersion). Mare: 8, Second antenna (oil im-
mersion); 9, leg 1, terminal portion of exopod 3; 10, genital flap, ventral view (oil
immersion); 11, genital segment and fifth thoracic segment with leg 5, lateral view; 12,
lateral view; 13, dorsal view; 14, terminal portion of caudal ramus, dorsal view.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3240
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES FROM MEXICO, CENTRAL
AND SOUTH AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES
By W. S. FisHEer
A stupy has been made of new buprestid beetles that have accumu-
lated in the collection of the United States National Museum. Speci-
mens have been received at various times for identification, many of
which are undescribed forms, and they are described in this paper so
that names will be available for use in economic studies. Twenty
species in eight genera are herein described as new.
Genus POLYCESTA Solier
POLYCESTA CAMPOSI, new species
Female.—Elongate, broadly rounded in front and behind, mod-
erately convex above, uniformly black, with distinct greenish or
purplish reflections in different lights, and the bottom of the punc-
tures sometimes cupreous; body beneath more strongly shining than
above, greenish black, with a distinct purplish or cupreous tinge, and
the tarsi violaceous-blue.
Head in front slightly depressed and uneven, densely, coarsely,
confluently punctate, sparsely clothed with moderately long, semi-
erect, inconspicuous hairs; epistoma shallowly emarginate in front.
Pronotum strongly transverse, twice as wide as long, slightly nar-
rower in front than behind, widest just behind middle; sides strongly
obtusely angulated just behind middles, strongly, obliquely converg-
ing anteriorly and posteriorly; anterior margin truncate, without a
median lobe; base nearly truncate, feebly lobed in front of scutellum;
disk broadly, rather deeply depressed at middle; surface coarsely,
deeply, irregularly punctate, the punctures more or less confluent to-
ward sides, intervals irregular in shape shining on anterior part,
818706—49—_1 327
328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
opaque along base, and sparsely, irregularly clothed with short, in-
conspicuous hairs. Scutellum smooth, round, or oblong.
Elytra slightly wider than pronotum at base; humeral angles ob-
tusely angulated or broadly rounded; sides nearly parallel from bases
to apical thirds, then arcuately converging to the tips, which are con-
jointly broadly rounded, the margins coarsely serrate near apices.
Each elytron with four or five more or less distinct longitudinal cos-
tae; presutural costa when present, extending from base to basal
fourth; two distinct median costae extending from base to apex, and
expanded toward base; two more or less distinct prelateral costae,
the inner one distinct at middle, interrupted anteriorly and posteriorly,
the outer one only distinctly elevated toward apex; with 10 rows of
coarse, deep, distinctly separated punctures arranged in double rows
between the costae; intervals between costae more or less rugose
basally, finely, sparsely, irregularly punctate, and with a few short
inconspicuous hairs.
Abdomen beneath finely, densely punctate, confluently toward sides,
rather densely clothed with short, recumbent, whitish hairs; intervals
smooth and shining; first sternite slightly flattened and vaguely punc-
tate at middle; last visible sternite broadly rounded at apex. Pro-
sternum strongly convex; slightly gibbose on each side along anterior
margin, coarsely, deeply punctate, the punctures coarser and confluent
toward sides, rather densely clothed with moderately long, recumbent,
whitish hairs; anterior margin slightly elevated, feebly, broadly
emarginate; prosternal process smooth, sparsely, finely punctate,
without marginal grooves, sides obliquely converging to apex, which
is narrowly rounded.
Male.—Differs from the female in being smaller, in having the first
abdominal sternite finely, densely punctured, and the last visible
abdominal sternite narrowly rounded at the apex.
Length 11-25 mm., width 4.5-9.75 mm.
Type locality —Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Type, allotype, and paratypes.—U. S. N. M. No. 58782.
Described from 48 specimens (1 type). The type, allotype, and 42
paratypes were collected at the type locality by F. Campos R.; three
paratypes were collected at the same locality during 1915 by W. F.
Goding; and one paratype was collected in the vicinity of Piurat,
Peru, during February 1940, by J. Soukup.
This species is very closely allied to Polycesta velasco Castelnau and
Gory, but it differs from the description given for that species (de-
scribed from Mexico) in having the sides of the pronotum angulated
behind the middle and the surface rather deeply depressed at the
middle, the elytron with only two longitudinal costae extending from
the base to the apex, and the first abdominal sternite of the male
without a densely pubescent spot at the middle.
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 329
POLYCESTA BRUNNEIPENNIS, new species
Female-—Broadly elongate, broadly rounded in front and behind,
moderately convex above; head, pronotum, scutellum, and underside
of body black, elytra reddish brown, usually with the longitudinal
costae blackish.
Head in front flat, without depressions, coarsely, deeply, confluently
punctate, sparsely clothed with short, erect, inconspicuous hairs;
epistoma broad, truncate in front.
Pronotum strongly transverse, twice as wide as long, distinctly
narrower in front than behind, widest at basal third; sides strongly
diverging from apical angles to basal thirds, where they are obtusely
angulated, then obliquely converging to posterior angles, which are
rectangular; anterior margin deeply, arcuately emarginate, with a
feeble, broadly rounded median lobe, and the margin smooth and
narrowly elevated; base sinuate, with the median lobe feebly, broadly
rounded; disk with a broad, shallow, median depression; surface
densely, coarsely, deeply punctate, punctures more or less confluent
toward sides, each puncture with a short, inconspicuous hair, the
intervals smooth. Scutellum small, nearly round, smooth.
Elytra slightly wider than pronotum at base; humeral angles broadly
rounded ; epipleural lobes not dentate at apices; sides nearly parallel
anteriorly, broadly expanded behind middles, then arcuately converg-
ing to the tips, which are acute, the margins slightly serrate near
apices. Each elytron with five longitudinal costae, the presutural
costa extending from base to basal third; two distinct median ones
extending from base to apex; and two more or less distinct prelateral
costae interrupted anteriorly and posteriorly, and with nine rows of
coarse punctures aranged in double rows (except lateral row) between
the costae, the punctures deep and variable in size; intervals very
sparsely, finely, irregularly punctate, with a few very short, incon-
spicuous hairs.
Abdomen beneath rather densely, finely punctate, sparsely clothed
with short, recumbent hairs; intervals smooth and shining; first
sternite strongly convex at middle; last visible sternite narrowly
rounded at apex. Prosternum strongly convex, coarsely punctate,
more or less confluently toward sides, sparsely clothed with short,
recumbent hairs; anterior margin truncate, feebly elevated; pro-
sternal process short, broad, nearly flat, without marginal grooves,
sides nearly parallel to behind coxae, broadly rounded at apex.
Male.—Differs from the female in being usually smaller, slenderer,
and in having a densely punctured and pubescent spot on the median
part of the first abdominal sternite.
Length 16-23 mm., width 6-9 mm.
Type locality.— Barranquilla, Colombia.
Type, allotype, and paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 58783.
330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
Described from five specimens (one type). The type and one
paratype were collected at the type locality July 10, 1935, and Jan-
uary 8, 1938, by Brother Gines; one paratype was collected at Rio
Magdalena, Colombia, during January or February, boring in a
telephone pole, by F. Luis Gallego; and the allotype and one para-
type were collected in British Honduras, during June 1911, by
N. K. Bigelow.
This species resembles Polycesta perlucida Kerremans, but it differs
from that species in being larger and broadly elongate, in having
the head flat in front without a median carina, the pronotum more
strongly expanded at the basal third and the surface more coarsely
and deeply punctured, and the elytra uniformly reddish brown with
distinct prescutellar costae.
Genus TYNDARIS Thomson
TYNDARIS DEPRESSICOLLIS, new species
Elongate, rather robust, subcylindrical, rather strongly shining,
brownish black, with distinct purplish, greenish, bluish, and cop-
pery reflections in different lights, and each elytron ornamented with
yellow markings as follows: A round and an elongate spot at base,
a round spot at humeral angle, a large spot in front of middle along
sutural margin, sometimes joined to a narrow, arcuate vitta extend-
ing backward from lateral margin at basal fourth to middle of disk
behind middle, and a zigzag fascia at apical third, joined at middle
to a narrow, arcuate vitta extending backward to near apex and
sutural margin.
Head flat in front, longitudinally carinate on vertex and occiput,
without a median depression, coarsely, deeply, rather densely punc-
tate on front, more shallowly, confluently punctate on occiput, sparse-
ly clothed with moderately long, recumbent, whitish hairs; intervals
smooth; epistoma deeply, angularly emarginate in front; antenna
serrate beginning with sixth segment.
Pronotum strongly convex, slightly gibbose toward base, slightly
wider than long, slightly narrower at apex than at base, widest at
middle; sides strongly arcuately rounded; lateral margin when
viewed from side entire and strongly arcuate; base truncate on each
side, the median lobe strongly produced and feebly emarginate in
front of scutellum; disk with a deep, elongate-triangular depression,
the depression wide at middle becoming narrower toward anterior
margin, and with a vague, oblique depression on each side near apical
angles; surface coarsely, confluently punctate toward sides, finely,
densely scabrous on each side of median depression, sparsely, irregu-
larly clothed with short, recumbent, white hairs. Scutellum small
and round.
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 331
Elytra at base as wide as pronotum at base; sides nearly parallel
from bases to behind middles, then arcuately converging to the tips,
which are broadly truncate, each with a distinct serrate preapical
carina and armed at each angle with large tooth; lateral margin
thick, armed posteriorly with two rows of broad teeth; disk strongly
convex, slightly uneven; surface finely, shallowly striate, densely,
finely and coarsely, irregularly punctate, sparsely clothed with short,
recumbent, scalelike, white hairs, each elytron with an elongate,
smooth, impunctate space along sutural margin extending from basal
fifth to apex.
Abdomen beneath finely, densely, uniformly punctate, impunctate
along posterior margins of sternites, densely, uniformly clothed with
moderately long, recumbent and semierect, white hairs; posterior
margin of second sternite broadly lobed at middle; last visible stern-
ite broadly depressed, and acutely angulated at apex, with a finely,
densely toothed preapical carina.
Length 10.5 mm., width 4 mm.
Type locality —Argentine Republic (no definite locality).
Type.—v. 8. N. M. No. 58784.
Described from a single specimen intercepted at New York, March
21, 1936, in a shipment of grapes from Argentine Republic.
This species is allied to 7'yndaris planata Castelnau and Gory, but
it differs from that species in having the pronotum deeply and tri-
angularly depressed on the disk, and uniformly brownish black, and
the elytra more deeply striate, with distinct zigzag yellow markings.
TYNDARIS UNICOLOR, new species
Short, robust, strongly shining, uniformly brownish black, with dis-
tinct purplish, greenish, and bronzy reflections in different lights, and
with last tergite and margins of last visible sternite bluish.
Head flat in front, without depressions or median carina, densely,
rather finely, uniformly punctate, sparsely clothed with moderately
long, recumbent, whitish hairs; intervals smooth; epistoma deeply,
arcuately or angularly emarginate in front; antenna serrate beginning
with sixth segment.
Pronotum moderately convex, one-third wider than long, distinctly
narrower at apex than at base, widest behind middle; sides strongly
arcuately rounded, more strongly converging anteriorly; lateral
margin when viewed from side entire and slightly arcuate; base nearly
truncate, feebly, acutely angulated in front of scutellum; disk broadly,
shallowly depressed at middle; surface finely, densely, uniformly
punctate, more or less rugose, nearly glabrous at middle, densely
clothed at sides, with short, recumbent, white hairs. Scutellum very
small and round.
332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Elytra at base as wide as pronotum at base; sides parallel from
bases to middles, then arcuately converging to the tips, which are
separately broadly rounded or subtruncate; lateral margins not ser-
rate, but with a large tooth near apices; disk moderately, uniformly
convex ; surface more or less distinctly, longitudinally costate, coarsely,
densely punctate, the punctures arranged in double rows between the
costae, rather densely, irregularly clothed with short, recumbent,
whitish hairs.
Abdomen beneath finely, densely, uniformly punctate, impunctate
along posterior margins of sternites, densely, uniformly clothed with
moderately long, recumbent and semierect, white hairs; posterior mar-
gin of second sternite truncate; last visible sternite depressed on each
side of middle, and terminating in an acute spine.
Length 8.5-10.5 mm., width 3.5-4.5 mm.
Type locality—Piura, Peru.
Type and paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 58785.
Described from two sepcimens (one type). The type was collected
at the type locality and the paratype was collected at Lullana, Peru,
both by C. H. T. Townsend.
This species is allied to T7yndaris marginella Fairmaire, but it differs
from that species in being uniformly brownish black, without any
yellow spots, and in having the elytra distinctly costate with the coarse
punctures arranged in double rows between the costae.
TYNDARIS REEDI, new species
Short, robust, rather strongly shining; head and pronotum cupreous,
the latter with five small, round equally spaced orange-red spots along
anterior margin; elytra black with a vague brownish tinge, and each
elytron ornamented with four or five small orange-red spots, two at
base, one at humeral angle, one at middle equally distant from sutural
and lateral margins, and sometimes one at apical third a short distance
from sutural margin; body beneath black, with distinct purplish,
greenish, or bronzy reflections in different lights.
Head feebly, uniformly convex, longitudinally carinate on vertex
and occiput, without a median depression; surface coarsely, densely
punctate on front, confluently punctate on occiput, sparsely clothed
with short, recumbent, whitish hairs; intervals smooth; epistoma
broadly, shallowly, arcuately emarginate in front; antenna serrate
beginning with fifth segment.
Pronotum very strongly, uniformly convex, slightly wider than
long, distinctly narrower at apex than at base, widest at middle; sides
strongly arcuately rounded; lateral margin when viewed from side
entire and slightly arcuate; base sinuate on each side, the median lobe
strongly produced and vaguely emarginate in front of scutellum;
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 333
disk narrowly, longitudinally depressed from middle to base, the de-
pression carinate at bottom and broader posteriorly; surface finely,
confluently punctate toward margins, finely rugose at middle, very
sparsely clothed with short, inconspicuous hairs. Scutellum large
and nearly square.
Elytra at base slightly wider than pronotum at base; sides parallel
anteriorly, broadly, feebly expanded at middles, then arcuately con-
verging to the tips, which are separately broadly rounded or sub-
truncate; lateral margins coarsely, irregularly serrate posteriorly ; disk
moderately convex, broadly depressed behind scutellum, and each
elytron with an elongate depression at lateral declivity extending from
near humeral angle to behind middle; surface finely, shallowly striate,
densely, finely and coarsely, irregularly punctate, with a few very
short inconspicuous hairs toward apices.
Abdomen beneath coarsely, densely, uniformly punctate, the punc-
tures elongate on basal sternites, impunctate along posterior margins
of sternites, sparsely, irregularly clothed with short, recumbent, in-
conspicuous hairs; posterior margin of second sternite truncate; last
visible sternite deeply depressed and acutely angulated at apex.
Length 12 mm., width 5 mm.
Type locality —Elqui, north Chile.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 58786.
Described from a single specimen collected during 1937, by Dr.
Edwyn P. Reed.
This species is allied to 7yndaris planata Castelnau and Gory, but
it differs from that species in having the pronotum more strongly con-
vex, with an elongate median depression on the disk and with five
small, orange-red spots along the anterior margin, the elytra more
deeply striate and more densely punctured, and each elytron with
four or five orange-red spots.
Genus ACMAEODERA Eschscholtz
ACMAEODERA RURICOLA, new species
Narrowly elongate, subcylindrical, strongly convex above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed behind middle, dark brown, with
a distinct aeneous or cupreous tinge, and each elytron ornamented
with yellow as follows: A broad band along lateral margin extending
to middle of disk, the inner margin of band very irregular and inter-
rupted at various places, and the band interrupted in apical region
by a small spot and transverse, brown fascia.
Head flat in front, broadly, shallowly, longitudinally depressed
between the eyes, shallowly, transversely depressed behind clypeus,
coarsely, shallowly, confluently ocellate-punctate, sparsely clothed
with long, erect, inconspicuous hairs; clypeus broadly, deeply, arcu-
304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
ately emarginate in front. Antenna extending to middle of prono-
tum; segment 1 elongate, as long as following 3 segments united;
segment 2 globose; segments 8 and 4 slightly longer than wide; seg-
ments 5-11 compact, strongly transverse, twice as wide as long, and
subequal in length and width to one another.
Pronotum twice as wide as long, distinctly narrower at apex than
at base, widest in front of middle; sides broadly rounded anteriorly,
more strongly converging posteriorly, with the margins narrow and
visible anteriorly from above; disk moderately convex above, nar-
rowly, transversely depressed on each side along anterior margin,
broadly, shallowly depressed at middle on basal half, with a broad,
oblique depression on each side extending forward from base to mid-
dle near lateral margin; surface coarsely, confluently alveolate-punc-
tate toward sides, and sparsely clothed with long, erect, inconspicuous
hairs.
Elytra moderately convex, transversely flattened along base, at
base slightly wider than pronotum at base; sides nearly parallel along
basal halves, then arcuately converging to the tips, which are con-
jointly broadly rounded; lateral margins coarsely serrate behind mid-
dles. Surface rather densely, irregularly punctate basally, striately
punctate posteriorly, striae deeply impressed toward apices, the punc-
tures in the striae separated from one another by about one-half
their own widths; interstrial spaces on sutural regions slightly con-
vex, two to three times as wide as the strial punctures, wider and more
strongly convex toward sides, rather coarsely, sparsely, regularly
punctate, with a moderately long, fine, erect, white hair arising from
each puncture.
Abdomen beneath finely, densely punctate, more sparsely punctate
on basal sternites, rather densely clothed with moderately long, fine,
erect and recumbent, white hairs; intervals indistinctly granulose;
last visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, without a subapical
carina. Prosternum coarsely, densely, deeply punctate at middle,
coarsely ocellate-punctate at sides, rather densely clothed with long,
fine, semierect, white hairs; anterior margin emarginate.
Length 7 mm., width 2.4 mm.
Type locality—Rio Balsas, Guerrero, Mexico.
Type.—v. 8. N. M. No. 58787.
Described from a single specimen collected August 16, by H. F.
Wickham.
This species belongs to Horn’s Emarginatae group. It is allied to
Acmaeodera horni Fall but differs from the description given for that
species by being smaller, and of a uniformly dark brown color, and
in having the upper surface of the body clothed with white hairs,
the pronotum at the middle distinctly wider than the elytra, obliquely
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 335
depressed on each side, and densely, uniformly punctured, and the
fifth interstrial spaces on the elytra not elevated.
ACMAEODERA UNICOLOR, new species
Narrowly elongate, subcylindrical, strongly convex above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed behind middle, moderately shin-
ing, uniformly coppery brown, with a faint aeneous tinge on underside
of body.
Head slightly convex in front, transversely depressed behind clyp-
eus, coarsely, confluently ocellate-punctate, sparsely clothed with
short, broad, erect, white hairs; clypeus broadly, deeply, arcuately
emarginate in front. Antenna extending to apical third of pronotum ;
segment 1 elongate, as long as following three segments united; seg-
ment 2 globose ; segments 3-5 narrower, slightly longer than wide, and
subequal in length to each other; segments 6-10 compact, twice as wide
as long; segment 11 round.
Pronotum one and one-half times as wide as long, narrower at apex
than at base, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded, with the mar-
gins narrow and scarcely visible from above; disk strongly, uniformly
convex, without distinct depressions, but with a deep, elongate fovea
on each side along base near posterior angle; surface deeply, coarsely,
densely punctate at middle, deeply, confluently alveolate-punctate or
arcuately rugose toward sides, and sparsely clothed with short, broad,
erect, white hairs.
Elytra strongly convex, deeply transversely depressed along base at
middle, at base subequal in width to pronotum at base; sides slightly
constricted in front of middles, then arcuately converging to the tips,
which are conjointly broadly rounded; lateral margins feebly serrate
behind middle. Surface rather deeply striately punctate, the punc-
tures in the striae large, separated from one another by about one-
half their own widths; interstrial spaces on sutural regions flat and
twice as wide as the strial punctures, wider and slightly convex toward
sides, rather densely, finely, regularly, punctate, with a short, broad
erect, white hair arising from each puncture.
Abdomen beneath densely, finely, shallowly punctate, densely
clothed with short, rather broad, erect, white hairs; intervals smooth;
last visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, without a subapical ca-
rina. Prosternum coarsely, sparsely, rather deeply punctate at middle,
coarsely ocellate-punctate at sides, nearly glabrous; anterior margin
truncate.
Length 5.5-6 mm., width 1.75-2 mm.
Type locality —Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type and paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 58788.
818706—49——2
336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 99
Described from two specimens (one type) collected June 30 by Fred-
erick Knab.
This species belongs to Horn’s Truncatae group. It differs from all
the described American species of this group in being uniformly
coppery brown.
ACMAEODERA NEONEGLECTA, new species
Narrowly elongated, subcylindrical, strongly convex above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed behind middle, moderately shin-
ing, dark brown, with a distinct cupreous tinge, especially on prono-
tum, head, and underside of body, and each elytron ornamented with
yellow as follows: The lateral margin from near humeral angle to
apex, an irregular, more or less square spot behind humerus, an
irregular, narrow vitta on disk extending from middle to apical fifth
and connected to lateral margin at middle and apical fifth, and with
two small, round spots arranged longitudinally behind middle near
sutural margin.
Head slightly convex in front, not distinctly depressed behind
clypeus, coarsely, shallowly, confluently ocellate-punctate, sparsely
clothed with moderately long, rather broad, semierect, white hairs;
clypeus broadly, shallowly, angularly emarginate in front. Antenna
extending to middle of pronotum; segment 1 elongate, as long as fol-
lowing two segments united; segment 2 globose; segments 3 and 4
narrower, distinctly longer than wide, and subequal in length to each
other; segments 5-10 not very compact, more or less triangular,
slightly wider than long; segment 11 round.
Pronotum twice as wide as long, slightly narrower at apex than at
base, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded, with the margins
narrow and visible from above; disk strongly, uniformly convex,
without distinct depressions, but with three small indistinct foveae
along base, one median and one on each side toward posterior angle;
surface coarsely, deeply, densely punctate at middle, confiuently alveo-
late-punctate toward sides, and rather densely clothed with moderately
long, rather broad, erect, white hairs.
Elytra strongly convex, deeply, transversely depressed along base
at middle, at base subequal in width to pronotum at base; sides nearly
parallel along basal halves, arcuately converging posteriorly to the
tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded; lateral margins rather
coarsely serrate toward apices. Surface rather deeply striately punc-
tate, the punctures in the striae oblong, separated from one another
by about one-half their own widths; interstrial spaces on sutural
regions flat, and two to three times as wide as the strial punctures,
wider and slightly convex toward sides, sparsely, finely regularly
punctate, with a short, rather broad, erect, white, hair arising from
each puncture.
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 337
Abdomen beneath rather sparsely, uniformly, finely, shallowly
punctate, rather sparsely clothed with moderately long, rather broad,
semierect, white hairs; intervals finely granulose; last visible sternite
broadly rounded at apex, without a subapical carina. Prosternum
coarsely, sparsely, deeply punctate at middle, ocellate-punctate at sides,
sparsely clothed with short, rather broad, semierect, white hairs;
anterior margin truncate.
Length 5.5 mm., width 1.5 mm.
Type locality.—Mexico, no locality given.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 58789.
Described from a single specimen collected at Brownsville, Tex.,
December 21, 1937, in mesquite (Prosopis sp.) from Mexico.
This species belongs to Horn’s Truncatae group. It is very closely
allied to Aemaeodera neglecta Fall, but it differs from that species in
being more cylindrical, more strongly acuminate posteriorly, and
more strongly shining, and in having the strial punctures on the elytra
finer and more elongate, and the interstrial spaces two to three times
as wide as the strial punctures.
ACMAEODERA KNABI, new species
Narrowly elongate, subcylindrical, strongly convex above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed posteriorly, rather strongly
shining; head, pronotum, and underside of body coppery brown, the
latter with a distinct aeneous tinge; elytra bluish black, with a dis-
tinct violaceous tinge, and each elytron ornamented with six small
yellow spots arranged longitudinally, three along lateral margin and
three on disk.
Head flat in front, slightly depressed between eyes, transversely
flattened behind clypeus, with a narrow, longitudinal carina on vertex
and occiput, coarsely, shallowly, confluently alveolate-punctate,
sparsely clothed with long, erect, white hairs; clypeus broadly, deeply,
arcuately emarginate in front. Antenna extending to base of prono-
tum; segment 1 elongate, as long as following three segments united ;
segment 2 globose; segments 3 and 4 narrower, twice as long as wide;
segments 5-10 not compact, triangular, about as wide as long; segment
11 oval.
Pronotum one and three-fourths times as wide as long, narrower
at apex than at base, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded, with
the margins narrow, but not visible from above; disk strongly convex,
narrowly, transversely flattened along anterior margin, feebly, longi-
tudinally grooved at middle, with three small foveae along base, one
median and one on each side near posterior angle; surface densely,
coarsely, deeply, uniformly punctate, the punctures confluent toward
sides, and rather densely clothed with short, erect, inconspicuous
hairs.
338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Elytra strongly convex, transversely depressed along base at middle,
at base subequal in width to pronotum at base; sides broadly con-
stricted at basal fourths, then gradually converging to the tips, which
are conjointly narrowly rounded; lateral margins coarsely serrate
along apical fourths. Surface striately punctate, the punctures in
the striae separated from one another by about their own widths;
interstrial spaces on sutural regions flat, about as wide as the strial
punctures, wider and slightly convex toward sides, sparsely, coarsely,
regularly punctate, with a rather long, fine, semierect, white hair
arising from each puncture.
Abdomen beneath densely, finely, deeply punctate, densely clothed
with long, fine, erect and recumbent, white hairs; intervals smooth;
last visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, without a subapical
carina. Prosternum coarsely, rather densely, deeply punctate at mid-
dle, coarsely ocellate-punctate at sides, densely clothed with long, fine,
semierect, white hairs; anterior margin truncate.
Length 12 mm., width 3.25 mm.
Type locality —Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type.—u.S.N.M. No. 58790.
Described from a single specimen collected July 2, by Frederick
Knab.
This species belongs to Horn’s Truncatae group. It is allied to
Acmaeodera wheeleri Van Dyke, but it differs from that species in
being much larger, and in having the head and pronotum black, the
head slightly depressed at the middle, the pronotum transversely
flattened along the anterior margin, with a longitudinal groove at
the middle, the elytra with 12 yellow spots instead of 14, and the
elytra and underside of the body clothed with rather long, fine, semi-
erect, white hairs.
ACMAEODERA RUSTICA, new species
Rather broadly elongate, robust, slightly flattened above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed behind middle, moderately shin-
ing above, more strongly shining beneath, black, with a faint aeneous
tinge on underside of body, and each elytron ornamented with yellow
markings as follows: A small, elongate spot behind humerus, a small,
irregular, transverse spot along lateral margin at middle, three small
spots arranged longitudinally on disk (a small spot at basal fifth, an
irregular spot at middle, and a small one at apical third), and a small
spot near sutural margin in apical region.
Head flat in front, broadly, shallowly depressed on vertex, slightly,
transversely flattened behind clypeus, coarsely, shallowly, confluently
ocellate-punctate, sparsely clothed with long, rather broad, erect, white
hairs; clypeus broadly, shallowly, triangularly emarginate in front.
Antenna extending to basal third of pronotum; segment 1 elongate,
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 339
as long as following three segments united ; segments 2-4 globose; seg-
ments 5-10 wider, compact, scarcely triangular; slightly wider than
long; segment 11 oval.
Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, distinctly narrower at apex
than at base, widest along basal half; sides parallel along basal halves,
strongly, arcuately converging anteriorly, with the margins narrow,
but not visible from above; disk moderately convex, narrowly, trans-
versely flattened along anterior margin, with a broad, shallow, triangu-
lar, median depression on basal half, a broad, oblique depression on each
side extending forward from base to middle near lateral margin, and
trifoveolate along base; surface coarsely, deeply, densely punctate at
middle, coarsely, confluently alveolate-punctate toward sides, and
sparsely clothed with long, rather broad, erect, whitish hairs.
Elytra moderately convex, deeply, transversely depressed along base
at middle, at base subequal in width to pronotum at base; sides nearly
parallel along basal halves, then arcuately converging to the tips, which
are conjointly broadly rounded; lateral margins, coarsely, serrate be-
hind middles. Surface striately punctate, striae deeply impressed
posteriorly, the punctures in the striae large, separated from one an-
other by about one-half their own widths; interstrial spaces on sutural
regions flat, and from one-half as wide to nearly as wide as the strial
punctures, wider, strongly convex, and more or less interrupted to-
ward sides, rather densely, finely, regularly punctate, with a short,
rather broad, erect, white hair arising from each puncture.
Abdomen beneath rather sparsely, uniformly, finely, shallowly punc-
tate on basal sternites, ocellate-punctate on apical sternites, sparsely
clothed with short, rather broad, semierect, white hairs; intervals
smooth; last visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, without a sub-
apical carina. Prosternum coarsely, sparsely, deeply punctate at
middle, coarsely ocellate-punctate at sides, sparsely clothed with short,
rather broad, erect, white hairs; anterior margin sinuate, with two
distinct, obtusely rounded, slightly produced lobes near middle.
Length 7 mm., width 2.5 mm.
Type locality—Puente de Ixtla, Morelos, Mexico.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 58791.
Described from a single specimen collected by H. F. Wickham.
This species belongs to Horn’s Sinuatae group. It resembles Ac-
macodera tubulus Fabricius very closely, but it differs from that species
in having the anterior margin of the prosternum slightly lobed on each
side of the middle, the pronotum obliquely depressed on each side with
the sides parallel behind the middle, the strial punctures on the elytra
coarse, and the interstrial spaces on the sutural regions about as wide
as the strial punctures.
340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
ACMAEODERA OAXACAE, new species
Narrowly elongate, subcylindrical, strongly convex above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed behind middle, moderately shin-
ing, uniformly black, with a faint coppery or greenish tinge, and each
elytron ornamented with a small, triangular, red spot at middle along
lateral margin.
Head nearly flat in front, broadly, shallowly, longitudinally de-
pressed between eyes, transversely depressed behind clypeus, coarsely,
deeply, densely punctate, rather densely clothed with moderately
long, erect, inconspicuous, white hairs; clypeus deeply, triangularly
emarginate in front. Antenna extending to middle of pronotum;
segment 1 elongate, as long as following 3 segments united; segment
2 globose; segments 3 and 4 narrower, slightly longer than wide, and
subequal in length to each other; segments 5-10 somewhat triangular,
slightly wider than long; segment 11 round.
Pronotum one and one-half times as wide as long, narrower at apex
than at base, widest at middle; sides slightly rounded, more strongly
anteriorly; slightly constricted near bases, with the margins narrow,
but not visible from above; disk strongly convex, without distinct
depressions, vaguely, transversely flattened along anterior margin, and
with three indistinct foveae along base; surface densely, coarsely,
deeply punctate, the punctures separated at middle but more or less
confluent toward sides, rather densely clothed with long, erect, incon-
spicuous, white hairs.
Elytra strongly convex, deeply, transversely depressed along base
at middle, at base subequal in width to pronotum at base; sides con-
stricted at basal fourths, then arcuately converging to tips, which are
conjointly narrowly rounded; lateral margins coarsely serrate along
apical thirds. Surface striately punctate, striae deeply impressed
posteriorly, the punctures in the striae large, separated from one
another by about their own widths; interstrial spaces on sutural regions
flat and as wide as the strial punctures, wider, slightly convex, and
more or less interrupted toward the sides, sparsely, minutely, regu-
larly punctate, with a moderately long, fine, semierect, white hair
arising from each puncture.
Abdomen beneath densely, finely punctate, more sparsely punctate
on basal sternites, densely clothed with long, fine, erect, white hairs,
intervals smooth; last visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, with-
out a subapical carina. Prosternum coarsely, densely punctate at
middle, coarsely ocellate-punctate at sides, densely clothed with long,
fine, erect, white hairs; anterior margin sinuate, with two distinct,
obtusely rounded, strongly produced lobes near middle.
Length 6.5-8.5 mm., width 2-2.75 mm.
Type locality. Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 341
Type and paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 58792.
Described from 10 specimens (one type) collected at the type local-
ity, June 30—July 1, by Frederick Knab.
This species belongs to Horn’s Sinuatae group and is closely allied
to Acemaeodera faceta Fall, but it differs from the description given
for that species in being uniformly black, with a small triangular
red marginal spot at the middle of each elytron, instead of at the
apical fourth, and in not having a subapical carina at the apex of
the last visible abdominal sternite.
ACMAEODERA MONTICOLA, new species
Broadly elongate, robust, moderately convex above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed behind middle, rather strongly
shining, dark brown, with distinct cupreous and aeneous tinges;
pronotum ornamented with a narrow, yellow vitta on each side along
lateral margin, extending from base to apical third; each elytron
ornamented with yellow as follows: Lateral margin along basal third,
three irregular, strongly interrupted fasciae extending from lateral
margin to near sutural margin, and four small spots on disk (three
in front of middle and one near apex).
Head flat in front, deeply, broadly depressed between eyes, trans-
versely depressed behind clypeus, coarsely, deeply, confluently alveo-
late-punctate, sparsely clothed with very long, erect, brownish hairs;
clypeus broadly, deeply, angularly emarginate in front. Antenna
extending to middle of pronotum; segment 1 elongate, as long as
following three segments united; segment 2 globose; segments 3 and
4 slightly narrower and longer than 2, and subequal in length to
each other; segments 5-11 compact, twice as wide as long, and sub-
equal in length and width to one another, the fifth more or less
triangular.
Pronotum twice as wide as long, distinctly narrower at apex than
at base, widest at base; sides nearly parallel along basal halves,
arcuately converging anteriorly, with the margin rather narrow and
visible from above; disk slightly convex, broadly flattened at middle
on basal half, with a narrow, oblique depression on each side extend-
ing forward from base to near apical angle; surface coarsely, deeply,
uniformly punctate at middle, confluently alveolate-punctate toward
sides, and sparsely clothed with long, semierect, black hairs.
Elytra moderately convex, transversely depressed along base at
middle, at base subequal in width to pronotum at base; sides nearly
parallel along basal halves, then arcuately converging to the tips,
which are conjointly broadly rounded; lateral margins coarsely ser-
rate along apical halves. Surface rather densely, irregularly punc-
tate basally, striately punctate posteriorly, the punctures in the striae
342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 99
small, separated from one another by about twice their own widths;
interstrial spaces on sutural regions flat, about three times as wide
as the strial punctures, wider and more convex toward sides, sparsely,
finely, regularly punctate, with a long, fine, erect, brownish hair aris-
ing from each puncture.
Abdomen beneath finely, sparsely punctate on basal sternites,
sparsely, coarsely punctate on apical sternites, sparsely clothed with
long, fine, erect and recumbent, white hairs; intervals smooth; last
visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, with an irregular, short
subapical carina at apex. Prosternum sparsely, coarsely, deeply
punctate at middle, coarsely ocellate-punctate at sides, sparsely
clothed with long, fine, recumbent, white hairs; anterior margin
emarginate, with two vaguely indicated, indistinct lobes near the
middle.
Length 9-10 mm., width 3.5-4 mm.
Type locality Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type and paratype.—U.S.N.M., No. 58793.
Described from two specimens (one type) from the Wickham
Collection collected September 1894, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
This species belongs to Horn’s Sinuatae group. It is allied to Ac-
maeodera serena Fall, but it differs from that species in being uni-
formly dark brown with a distinct coppery or bronzy tinge, and in
having the head broadly depressed between the eyes and confluently
punctured, the elytra clothed with long, fine, erect, brownish hairs and
with the sides nearly parallel to behind the middle, the lobes on the
anterior margin of the prosternum vaguely indicated, and the sub-
apical carina on the last visible abdominal sternite irregular and very
short. The markings on the elytra are variable in shape.
ACMAEODERA AENEICOLLIS, new species
Broadly elongate, cuneiform, strongly flattened above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed posteriorly, strongly shining;
pronotum, head, and underside of body aeneous, the pronotum orna-
mented with a broad, yellow spot on each side along lateral margin,
extending from base to near apex; elytra black, with a distinct vio-
laceous or greenish tinge, and each elytron ornamented with yellow
as follows: The yellow markings variable but usually with a broad
fascia, more or less interrupted, along lateral margin, and two broad
transverse fasciae behind the middle.
Head flat in front, slightly depressed between eyes, transversely |
flattened behind clypeus, with a short, longitudinal carina on occiput,
rather deeply, coarsely, confluently ocellate-punctate, sparsely clothed
with rather long, erect, yellowish-brown hairs; clypeus broadly, —
rather deeply arcuately emarginate in front. Antenna extending
NEW BUPRESTID BEEBTLES—FISHER 343
nearly to base of pronotum; segment 1 elongate, as long as following
three segments united; segments 2 and 3 globose; segment 4 obconic,
slightly longer than 3; segments 5-11 not compact more or less trian-
gular, distinctly wider than long, and subequal in length and width
to one another.
Pronotum twice as wide as long, distinctly narrower at apex than
at base, widest at base; sides arcuately converging from bases to
apices, the margins narrow and visible anteriorly from above; disk
slightly convex, narrowly, transversely depressed on each side along
anterior margin, broadly flattened toward sides, with a broad, rather
deep, median, triangular depression; surface rather densely, deeply
punctate, the punctures rather fine at middle becoming coarser and
deeper toward sides, and sparsely clothed with rather long, erect,
brownish hairs.
Elytra slightly convex, flattened on disk, at base subequal in width
to pronotum at base; sides converging from bases to tips, which are
conjointly broadly rounded; lateral margins finely serrate near apices.
Surface striately punctate, the punctures in the striae small, and
separated from one another by about their own widths; interstrial
spaces on sutural regions slightly convex, and twice as wide as the
strial punctures, wider toward sides, sparsely, finely, regularly punc-
tate, with a rather long, fine erect, brownish hair arising from each
puncture.
Abdomen beneath sparsely, finely punctate, sparsely clothed with
long, fine, erect and recumbent, white hairs; intervals smooth; last
visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, without a subapical carina.
Prosternum coarsely, rather sparsely, deeply punctate at middle,
coarsely, confluently ocellate-punctate at sides, sparsely clothed with
short, fine, erect, white hairs; anterior margin sinuate, with two dis-
tinct, obtusely rounded, slightly produced lobes near the middle.
Length 7.5-11.5 mm., width 2.64.5 mm.
Type locality.—Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Type and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 58794.
Described from nine specimens (one type). The type and six
paratypes were collected at the type locality; one paratype from the
Mason Collection was collected July 11, 1920, at the Cartagena chap-
arral, Bolivar, Colombia; and one paratype was collected May 13,
1938, at San Juan, Puerto Rico, in “box cuttings” from Caracas, Vene-
zuela.
This species belongs to Horn’s Sinuatae group. It is allied to
Acmaeodera flavomarginata Gray, but it differs from that species
in having the lateral margins of the pronotum narrow, scarcely vis-
ible from above, and not narrowed near the posterior angles, with
the surface strongly shining, finely punctured at the middle, and with
344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
a broad, yellow spot along the sides, the pronotum not wider than the
elytra, the interstrial spaces on the sutural regions of the elytra about
twice as wide as the strial punctures, and without a subapical carina
on the last visible abdominal sternite.
ACMAEODERA STRIATA, new species
Narrowly elongate, subcylindrical, strongly convex above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed behind middle, strongly shining;
pronotum, head, and underside of body cupreous; elytra brownish
black, with a vague purplish reflection, and each elytron ornamented
with yellow as follows: Lateral margin along basal half, three nar-
row, transversely oblique fasciae extending from lateral margin to
disk, and with numerous small, irregular spots on disk and along
sutural margin.
Head flat in front, without distinct depressions, coarsely, rather
deeply, confluently alveolate-punctate, sparsely clothed with long,
rather broad, erect, whitish hairs; clypeus broadly, shallowly, arcu-
ately emarginate in front. Antenna extending to apical third of pro-
notum; segment 1 elongate, nearly as long as following three seg-
ments united; segment 2 globose; segment 3 obconic, slightly longer
than 2; segment 4 wider than 3 and somewhat triangular; segments
5-11 compact, twice as wide as long, the fifth triangular and the
eleventh oval.
Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, narrower at apex than at
base, widest at middle; sides strongly rounded, the margins narrow
and visible from above; disk strongly convex, narrowly, transversely
flattened along anterior margin, with three small indistinct foveae
along base, one median and one on each side near posterior angle;
surface coarsely, densely, deeply punctate at middle, confluently alveo-
late-punctate toward sides, and sparsely clothed with short, rather
broad, erect, whitish hairs.
Elytra moderately convex, transversely depressed along base at
middle, at base subequal in width to pronotum at base; sides con-
verging from bases to tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded;
lateral margins coarsely serrate near apices. Surface striately punc-
tate, striae deeply impressed posteriorly, the punctures in the striae
coarse and nearly confluent basally, posteriorly separated from one
another by about their own widths; interstrial spaces on sutural re-
gions slightly convex, about three times as wide as the strial punc-
tures, wider and more strongly convex toward sides, sparsely, finely,
regularly punctate, with a rather long, fine, erect, white hair arising
from each puncture.
Abdomen beneath sparsely, finely punctate, sparsely clothed with
moderately long, fine, semierect, white hairs; intervals smooth; last
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 345
visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, without at subapical carina.
Prosternum coarsely, sparsely, deeply punctate at middle, coarsely,
shallowly ocellate-punctate at sides, sparsely clothed with short, fine,
recumbent, white hairs; anterior margin sinuate, with two indistinct,
obtusely rounded, slightly produced lobes near the middle.
Length 7.5 mm., width 2.25 mm.
Type locality—Caracas, Venezuela.
Type.—vU.8. N. M. No. 58795.
Described from a single specimen collected May 13, 1988, at San
Juan, Puerto Rico, in “box cuttings” from Caracas, Venezuela.
This species belongs to Horn’s Sinuatae group. It is allied to
Acmaeodera meridionalis Kerremans, but it differs from that species
in being more cylindrical and in having the pronotum widest at the
middle, with the sides regularly rounded, the sides of the elytra con-
verging from the bases to the apices, the strial punctures on the
elytra finer, and the interstrial spaces on the sutural regions about
three times as wide as the strial punctures, and the abdominal ster-
nites finely and sparsely punctured.
ACMAEODERA DANFORTHI, new species
Narrowly elongate, subcylindrical, slightly convex above, broadly
rounded in front, strongly narrowed posteriorly, strongly shining,
black, with a distinct cupreous or purplish tinge above and a feeble
aeneous tinge beneath, and ornamented with yellow markings as
follows. A round, median spot on head at vertex, a large triangular
spot on each side of pronotum covering basal half, extending along
base to near middle and obliquely forward to near apical angle, the
spot not extending to base or lateral margin, and each elytron with
three broad, transverse lateral spots (one at basal fourth, one at
middle, and one at apical third), and an elongate, triangular spot
at apex, the spots extending from lateral margin to near sutural
margin.
Head nearly flat in front, coarsely, deeply, confluently punctate,
and with a few short, erect, inconspicuous hairs; clypeus broadly,
arcuately emarginate in front. Antenna extending to basal fourth
of pronotum; segment 1 elongate, as long as following three seg-
ments united; segment 2 globose; segments 3 and 4 narrower, slightly
longer than wide, and subequal in length to each other, the fourth
slightly triangular; segments 5-10 compact, twice as wide as long;
segment 11 oblong.
Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, narrower at apex than
at base, widest at basal third; sides broadly rounded, more obliquely
anteriorly, with the margins narrowly flattened and visible from
above; disk moderately convex, narrowly, transversely depressed
346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
along anterior margin, with three small, obsolete foveae along base,
one median and one on each side near posterior angle; surface |
coarsely, deeply, rather densely punctate, sparsely clothed with |
short, erect, inconspicuous hairs. |
Elytra Peels flattened on disk, at base slightly narrower than
pronotum at basal third; sides gradually converging from bases to |
tips, which are Se broadly rounded; lateral margins coarsely |
serrate posteriorly. Surface striately punctate, striae rather deeply |
impressed, the punctures in the striae coarse and separated from |
one another on the basal half by about their own widths, but becom-
ing finer and more distant toward apices; interstrial spaces on sutural —
regions slightly convex, and about as wide as the strial punctures, |
wider and more strongly convex toward the sides, sparsely, finely, |
regularly punctate, with a short, fine, erect, white hair arising from |
each puncture.
Abdomen beneath coarsely, shallowly, rather sparsely punctate,
sparsely clothed with moderately long, semierect, white hairs; inter-
vals smooth; last visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, without >
a subapical carina. Prosternum coarsely, deeply, rather densely
punctate at middle, coarsely ocellate-punctate at sides, sparsely
clothed with long, semierect, white hairs; anterior margin slightly
sinuate.
Length 6.5 mm., width 2.25 mm.
Type locality—Hog Island, Grenada, British West Indies.
Type.—vU. S. N. M. No. 58796.
Described from a single specimen collected August 1, 1935, by S. T.
Danforth.
This species belongs to Horn’s Sinuatae group. It is allied to
Acmaeodera subcylindrica Fisher, but it differs from that species in -
having the pronotum shorter, more strongly expanded at the basal
third, transversely depressed along the anterior margin, and with
a large triangular yellow spot on each side covering the basal half,
the head with a round yellow spot on the vertex, and each elytron
ornamented with three transverse and one elongate yellow spots along
the lateral margin. The species is named for §. T. Danforth, the
collector.
Genus EUPLECTALECIA Obenberger
EUPLECTALECIA KNABI, new species
Elongate, attenuate anteriorly, acuminate posteriorly, strongly shin-
ing, bright green, more or less distinctly reddish, cupreous and brown-
ish on pronotum and elytra, underside of tarsi yellowish, antenna
blackish purple, except first three segments, which are green, and each
elytron ornamented with a longitudinal row of three small, more or
less distinct, purplish-black spots.
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 347
Head shallowly, broadly, longitudinally depressed, with a narrow,
longitudinal groove on occiput, rather densely, coarsely, irregularly
punctate. Antenna extending to base of pronotum; segments 3 to 11
narrowly elongate-triangular.
Pronotum wider than long, slightly narrower at apex than at base;
sides vaguely narrowed from bases to apices, slightly divergent at
posterior angles; base slightly sinuate; disk more or less uneven, with
an inconspicuous round gibbosity on each side toward apical angle;
surface rather densely, finely, uniformly punctate, the punctures well
separated; prescutellar fovea indistinct. Scutellum impunctate,
transversely oval, nearly twice as wide as long.
Elytra at base slightly wider than pronotum; sides nearly parallel
from bases to behind middles, then strongly narrowed to tips, which
are separately narrowly rounded and each armed with a short spine;
disk feebly striate posteriorly, uneven toward sides, broadly depressed
along lateral margins behind humeri; surface finely, rather densely,
irregularly punctate.
Body beneath rather densely, finely, uniformly punctate, sparsely
clothed with very short, recumbent, inconspicuous hairs; last visible
abdominal sternite broadly, feebly, transversely sinuate at apex, and
deeply grooved along apical margin.
Length 18-14.5 mm., width 44.75 mm.
Type locality—Bluefields, Nicaragua.
Type and paraty pes.—U.S.N.M. No. 58797.
Described from three specimens (one type). The type was collected
at the type locality, April 20, 1909, by F. Knab, and the two paratypes
were collected at Punta Patuca, Honduras, April 11, 1909, by the same
collector.
This species is closely allied to Zuplectalecia beltii (Saunders) , but
it differs from that species in being more slender, and of a brighter
green color, and in having the last visible abdominal sternite broadly
and transversely sinuate at the apex. The two paratypes are slightly
more greenish on the dorsal surface than the type.
Genus PERONAEMIS Waterhouse
PERONAEMIS CUPRICOLLIS, new species
Broadly agriliform, broadly rounded in front, strongly narrowed
posteriorly, glabrous, and rather strongly shining; head green, median
part with a distinct reddish-purple tinge in different lights; pronotum
reddish cupreous, with anterior and lateral margins, and a large spot
at posterior angles greenish; elytra olivaceous-green, with distinct
purplish reflections in different lights; body beneath uniformly
bronzy green, with a distinct purplish tinge, the tarsi slightly more
bluish green.
348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Head nearly flat; surface coarsely, deeply, uniformly, confluently
punctate; epistoma wide and slightly depressed between antennal
cavities, broadly, feebly, arcuately emarginate in front.
Pronotum strongly convex, strongly deflexed at sides, nearly one-
third wider than long, slightly wider at base than at apex; sides nearly
parallel from bases to apical sixths, then arcuately narrowed to apical
angles; lateral margins when viewed from side sharply defined and
sinuate; disk with three deep, oblong, basal depressions extending to
middle of pronotum, the median one with a narrow, longitudinal
groove at middle; surface coarsely, deeply, densely, uniformly punc-
tate. Scutellum twice as wide as long, feebly rounded at sides, and
surface smooth.
Elytra as wide as pronotum at base; sides strongly, angularly ex-
panded behind humeral angles, broadly, feebly arcuately constricted
at middles, then strongly, obliquely converging to tips, which are
acute; lateral margins coarsely serrate posteriorly; basal depressions
shallow, broadly transverse; surface slightly transversely rugose bas-
ally, irregularly striato-punctate, the striae slightly impressed toward
apices; intervals finely, densely granulose, with a few coarse, incon-
spicuous punctures intermixed.
Abdomen beneath coarsely, sparsely punctate, intervals finely, in-
conspicuously reticulate, sparsely clothed with short, recumbent, whit-
ish hairs; last visible sternite deeply, narrowly, arcuately emarginate.
Length 11 mm., width 3.5 mm.
Type locality—Indiera Alta Maricao, Puerto Rico.
Type— U.S. N.M., No. 58798.
Described from a single specimen collected June 5, 1944, by J. A.
Ramos.
This species is closely allied to Peronaemis thoracicus Waterhouse,
but it differs from that species in having the sides of the pronotum
parallel posteriorly and not expanded at the bases, and the basal de-
pressions shallower, the elytra uniformly olivaceous green without
any distinct brownish or cupreous spots, and the underside of the ab-
domen uniformly brownish green.
Genus TAPHROCERUS Solier
TAPHROCERUS HAITIENSIS, new species
Broadly elongate, strongly attenuate posteriorly, moderately con-
vex above, moderately shining, black, with a vague greenish or bronzy
tinge in different lights.
Head subequal in width to pronotum at base, and when viewed from
above truncate in front, without a distinct longitudinal groove; front
wide, with a broad, shallow depression between the eyes, and with the
sides nearly parallel; surface coarsely granulose, coarsely, shallowly,
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER 349
irregularly punctate, clothed with a few short, inconspicuous hairs
behind the epistoma, and with the two median pores along anterior
margin separated from each other by the diameter of the pores; eyes
large, elongate, more acutely rounded beneath than above, but not
projecting; epistoma strongly elevated, broadly, deeply, arcuately
emarginate in front.
Pronotum moderately convex, with a shollow, transverse depression
along anterior margin, nearly twice as wide as long, subequal in
width at base and apex, widest at apical third; sides when viewed
from above, arcuately rounded, more strongly narrowed posteriorly ;
posterior angles obtusely angulated; anterior margin nearly truncate;
base truncate on each side, deeply, arcuately emarginate in front
of scutellum; surface nearly glabrous, coarsely granulose, coarsely,
sparsely, shallowly, irregularly punctate, each puncture with a very
short, recumbent, inconspicuous hair. Scutellum triangular, rounded
in front.
Elytra at base as wide as pronotum at apical third; humeral
angles broadly rounded; sides broadly, shallowly constricted along
basal halves, then obliquely narrowed to the tips, which are separately
broadly rounded and finely serrulate; surface irregularly rugose, more
coarsely basally, with indistinct rows of shallow punctures, the punc-
tures becoming obsolete toward apices, and clothed with a few short,
recumbent, white hairs, and with the intervals finely granulose; each
elytron with a broad, transverse basal depression.
Abdomen beneath finely granulose, coarsely, very shallowly,
sparsely, irregularly punctate, with a few short, recumbent, white
hairs; last sternite narrowly flattened and truncate at apex, with a
deep, arcuate apical groove following outline of apical margin. Pros-
ternum finely, densely reticulate. Anterior and middle tibiae slightly
arcuate, posterior pair straight.
Length 4 mm., width 1.25 mm.
Type locality—Lac Azuei, Haiti.
Type and paratypes.—U. S. N. M. No. 58799. Paratypes returned
to J. A. Ramos and the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Described from 84 specimens. The type and 80 paratypes were
collected at the type locality during June 1938 by J. A. Ramos, by
sweeping over low vegetation in a mangrove swamp; one paratype
was collected at Petite Saline, Haiti, August 21, 1925, by W. A.
Hoffman; and two paratypes were collected at Trou Caiman, Haiti,
September 4, 1934, by P. J. Darlington.
This species is closely allied to Taphrocerus aeneocupreus Fisher,
but it differs from that species in being black with only a vague
greenish or bronzy tinge, in having the head only shallowly depressed
between the eyes, the epistoma strongly elevated, the pronotum con-
vex posteriorly, and the two median pores along the anterior margin
350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
of the head separated from each other by the diameter of the pores,
whereas in deneocupreus, these pores are separated from each other
by from two to three times the diameter of the pores.
Genus MASTOGENIUS Solier
MASTOGENIUS PERUVIANUS, new species
Elongate, subcylindrical, strongly shining, glabrous, uniformly
dark brown, with a distinct cupreous tinge.
Head broadly, very deeply depressed in front, with a deep, round
fovea in the depression between eyes; surface densely, coarsely, uni-
formly punctate, the intervals finely granulose or reticulate; eyes
with inner margins nearly parallel to each other. Antenna extending
to middle of pronotum, serrate from fourth segment; second segment
short, globose; third segment about twice as long as second and dis-
tinctly narrower ; the following segments, short and triangular, except
the eleventh, which is oblong, and acute at apex.
Pronotum regularly convex, about one and one-half times wider
than long, narrower at apex than at base; sides nearly parallel or
feebly sinuate; posterior angles obtuse; anterior margin and base
truncate; surface densely, coarsely, uniformly punctate, the intervals
indistinctly granulose. Scutellum triangular, smooth.
Elytra strongly convex, as wide as pronotum at base; sides nearly
parallel from humeral angles to middles, arcuately expanded at apical
thirds, then arcuately converging to the tips, which are separately
broadly subtruncate; humeral angles rectangular; surface deeply,
transversely depressed along bases, feebly, broadly depressed along
sides behind humeri, very densely, coarsely, uniformly punctate, the
intervals smooth.
Abdomen beneath strongly convex, coarsely, rather sparsely, uni-
formly punctate, intervals indistinctly reticulate; last sternite broadly
rounded at apex, and clothed with a few inconspicuous, erect hairs.
Prosternum without antennal grooves, coarsely, confluently punctate
orrugose. Posterior margin of hind coxal plate straight.
Length 2.75-3.25 mm., width 1-1.25 mm.
Type locality —Caniete, Peru.
Types and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 58800.
Described from six specimens (one type) collected at the type
locality, January 138, 1938, by J. E. Wille.
This species resembles Mastogenius subcyaneus (LeConte), but it
differs from that species in being glabrous and uniformly dark brown,
with a distinct cupreous tinge, and in having the front of the head
deeply depressed at the middle, the sides parallel or feebly sinuate,
and the anterior margin truncate, and the elytra more coarsely and
uniformly punctured.
NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES—FISHER SOL
Genus TRIGONOGYA Schaeffer
TRIGONOGYA INSULARIS, new species
Elongate oval, strongly shining, sparsely pubescent, black, with a
distinct purplish tinge, bright blue along base of elytra, and tarsi
brownish yellow.
Head convex, without a median depression; surface finely, shallowly,
sparsely punctate, the intervals finely reticulate; eyes with inner
margins nearly parallel to each other. Antenna extending beyond
middle of pronotum (broken).
Pronotum regularly convex, twice as wide as long, distinctly nar-
rower at apex than at base, widest at apical fourth; sides broadly,
arcuately diverging from apical angles to apical fourths, then feebly,
obliquely converging to the posterior angles, which are rectangular ;
anterior margin feebly, arcuately emarginate; base truncate; surface
sparsely, finely, shallowly punctate, the intervals smooth, and sparsely
clothed with rather short, semierect, inconspicuous hairs. Scutellum
triangular, smooth.
Elytra strongly convex, as wide as pronotum at base; sides nearly
parallel from humeral angles to behind middles, then arcuately con-
verging to the tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded; humeral
angles obtusely rounded; surface deeply, transversely depressed along
bases, very finely, sparsely, indistinctly punctate, intervals smooth,
sparsely clothed with very short, semierect, inconspicuous hairs.
Abdomen beneath strongly convex, finely, indistinctly punctate,
finely, longitudinally reticulate, sparsely clothed with short, incon-
spicuous hairs; last sternite finely granulose and broadly rounded at
apex. Prosternum longitudinally reticulate, with distinct, deep
antennal grooves extending to middle of prosternum. Posterior mar-
gin of hind coxal plate slightly arcuate.
Length 2 mm., width 1 mm.
Type locality—P ort-of-Spain, Trinidad.
Type and paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 58801.
Described from two specimens (one type), collected at the type
locality, October 24, 1918, by Harold Morrison.
This species is allied to Mastogenius uniformis Waterhouse, but it
differs from the description given for that species in being black,
with a distinct purplish tinge, and in having the bases of the elytra
bright blue and the dorsal surface of the body sparsely clothed with
short hairs. Waterhouse, in his careful description of wniformis, does
not mention any pubescence, and if the type was pubescent it is very
doubtful that he had overlooked that character. Mastogenius uni-
formis Waterhouse has the antennal grooves on the prosternum and
should be placed in the genus 7'rigonogya Schaeffer (new combination).
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3241
THE PIMA COUNTY (ARIZONA) METEORITE
By E. P. Hrenperson and Stuart H. PErry
The name Pima County is provisionally given to a small but most
unusual iron meteorite acquired by Stuart H. Perry in 1947 from Prof.
Eldred G. Wilson, of the University of Arizona at Tucson. Its history
is unknown except that it was brought to the university many years ago
by someone who is supposed to have found it in the vicinity of Tucson,
Pima County, Ariz.
The specimen, which has been given to the United States National
Museum by Mr. Perry, weighed only 210 grams. It is pyramidal in
shape, the base, which apparently was the evenest of the four sides,
having been partly polished. Standing on that surface, the pyramid
is about 114 inches high and 13% by 134 inches in the other two direc-
tions. Though the polished surface did not seem to have been sawed,
but only partly rubbed down, this iron may have been part of a larger
mass. If so, the larger mass is unknown, and the authors know of no
other nickel-poor ataxite having the same microstructure.
The most striking feature of this iron is the remarkable flow struc-
ture developed on three of its pyramidal sides, consisting of deep fur-
rows and ridges which cover the surface and curve around one of the
edges between them. The fourth side is not furrowed and ridged but
shows some minute droplets of melted metal. The fused metal in
these flight markings shows minute pores formed by bubbles during
the time the iron was molten.
The microstructure of the Pima County meteorite is that of a nickel-
poor ataxite, consisting of kamacite with a profuse dispersion of min-
ute particles of schreibersite. Generally grain boundaries are not
818711—49 353
354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
apparent, though in places there are faint remnant gamma boundaries
along which phosphide particles are disposed.
At numerous points the phosphide particles are thickly crowded
in round areas, which appear to the eye as dim lighter spots on the
etched surface and at moderate magnification suggest galaxies in a
photograph of the stars. At high magnification the phosphide par-
ticles appear irregular in shape, fairly uniform in size, and without
orientation. In places these groups or “galaxies” of phosphide par-
ticles inclose small irregular black inclusions of unusual character—
a dense aggregate of phosphide particles in a phosphide-poor ground-
mass. At low magnification they resemble areas of black gamma-
alpha aggregate, but they are definitely proved to be phosphide.
On a thin slice cut from the base of the pyramidal mass the specific
gravity was determined and a chemical analysis made, after all fused
material from the outer edge of the slice had been removed. The
sample was placed in a flask and covered with dilute hydrochloric
acid, and the gas given off was passed through a train of lead-acetate
solution to precipitate any sulphide gas as lead sulphide. There was a
small residue in the flask after it had stood in contact with the acid
for 20 hours. This insoluble material was filtered off and washed
several times with dilute hydrochloric acid to make certain that it
was free from kamacite. The residue was then taken up in aqua
regia, diluted to volume, and analyzed separately from the portion
soluble in hydrochloric acid.
The weight of the material soluble in hydrochloric acid and called
kamacite, and that of the material insoluble in hydrochloric acid and
ANALYSIS OF PIMA COUNTY METEORITE
(E. P. HENDERSON, Analysfé)
Meteorite Schreibersite Kamacite
Element |= =
Percent | Ratio! | Percent | Ratio! | Percent | Ratio!
ieee epee = Seer ee 93. 67 1. 678 54.17 0. 9700 93. 98 1. 683
ieee en ee ae Se 5. 64 0. 096 28. 50 0. 485 5. 48 0. 093
eee es Se wee he es 2 os 0. 52 0. 008 2.03 0. 034 0. 55 0. 009
(pare eae aie Lr ee O0n |e ee 15. 27 0. 492 None®| 22
eee eee ee SSeS 0..003"|2 Ss. Se | ee | ear
DIS eee ees oe a Pye Te re 0205. o-oo EE a SS eee eee
ine eke. Seer as SR 7605: (+i ° CUB See ere ee ep ee ee
WG Atm Owe ae Le ee tae 16:13) | 4) :eebe eee ee 16.5
Ni+Co
1 The molecular ratios are obtained by dividing the percentage of each element found by the atomic
weight of the element.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 19
Fic. 1.—Pima County (Arizona) meteorite—a remarkable exhibition of flow structure,
the result of jetting during flight. There are some globules of metal in the deeper
furrows and also a few bubblelike inclusions. About twice natural size.
= e
‘ 3
~
a
Fic. 2.—Sharply marked groups of phosphide particles, two inclosing dense areas com-
posed of thickly crowded phosphide particles. Picral 40 seconds; > about 35,
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 20
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
AN os rare ete) Coe eels CL ions
-euey Ajqeqoid st Juauoduios 9714 s}t pue ‘100d-aprydsoyd ADAIR IOI
SI SSPUI PUNOIS sY], “PoUIWJoJop Jou YSIYM Jo oiNyeU exd dy} ‘ssvUT
punois ev ul poppequia ‘Avid olv sures PUsIoqialyos oy], “uoTzPIyIU
-3eul Joysiy ye ‘7 “BY “61 ‘\d ul UMOYS Sa:poqg YAep ay. Jo Jeg—7 ‘Oly
Fe a
‘OOO %X spuosas ¢Z [eIDIG ‘“aDvUIeY JO suors
“npour aynulur uleqUoOD yostyM jo Auvtt ‘sajoqied aprydsoyg—y ‘1
THE PIMA COUNTY METEORITE—HENDERSON AND PERRY 355
called schreibersite, are both unknown. The results of the determi-
nations in both portions were used to calculate the percentage of the
elements present in each portion. The analysis reported for the mete-
orite was obtained by combining the analyses of schreibersite and
kamacite.
This schreibersite is unusually high in cobalt, considerably above
any other analysis of this mineral found in the literature. Since the
analysis was made by dissolving the residue, which was insoluble in
hydrochloric acid, in aqua regia and dividing the‘solution into ali-
quot parts, there was no chance for any check determinations. The
authors have no reason, however, to question the results. The ratio
between FeNiCo and P is 3.02 to 1 and is consistent with the theoreti-
cal ratio for this mineral. The general composition of this iron is
in close agreement with other nickel-poor ataxites.
The only other nickel-poor ataxite known from Arizona is the
Navajo iron, which is now in the Chicago Natural History Museum.
Unfortunately, that important specimen has never been studied, and
the only published information as to its composition is a short note by
George P. Merrill in which its type was announced and a statement
made that the nickel content was 5.81 percent.
The Pima County iron, though of unknown origin, will be consid-
ered a separate and distinct meteorite unless otherwise proved from
later information.
1 Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 154, 1922.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued & C fa
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3242
THE LINWOOD (NEBRASKA) METEORITE
By E. P. Henperson and Stuart H. Perry
Tuer meteorite here described was discovered in 1940 or 1941 on
the farm of Joseph W. Vrana, 134 miles south and 11/4 miles west of
Linwood, Butler County, Nebr., in section 3, township 16, range 4
(latitude 41°26’ N., longitude 96°58’ W.). It was found buried about
7 or 8 inches beneath the surface of the soil while Mr. Vrana was
operating a disk harrow.
The meteorite as received by Mr. Perry weighed 46,000 grams and
was presented to the United States National Museum intact except
for a 1- or 2-ounce fragment removed from one end. The dimensions
are approximately 12 by 11 by 5 inches. The surface is evenly cov-
ered with iron oxide, and there are no remaining structures of flight
markings or original crust. It is definitely not a recent fall. There
are many “thumb marks” of varying size on the surface but no unusual
features worthy of special note.
The Linwood iron is a coarsest octahedrite with many silicate in-
clusions (pl. 21, fig. 1). The octahedral pattern is irregular and quite
different from the coarse octahedrites of almost identical composition.
The kamacite bands are mostly short and vary in width from 2 to 4
mm. or a little more, but in some places polyhedral masses nearly
half an inch across are found. The kamacite shows abundant Neu-
mann lines. The individual kamacite areas are not granulated as
they would be if there had been reheating followed by quick cooling,
yet the general structure of the octahedral pattern gives the impres-
818712—49 357
358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
sion of being granulated. No taenite lamellae or plessite is visible,
though the microstructure shows occasional minute atypical plessite
fields with a diversity of structure (pl. 21, fig. 2; pl. 22, figs. 1, 2) and
occasional small schreibersite bodies. A few small thin scales believed
to be taenite were found attached to the kamacite when the silicate
inclusions were broken out for study. No rhabdites were observed.
There are veinlets of silicates separating some of the kamacite areas,
and in several cases these extend from one silicate area to another,
but always around the edges of a kamacite boundary.
The most distinctive feature of this meteorite is the silicate in-
clusions. These are numerous, colored black with carbon, and of
irregular shapes, usually elongated or sprangling, with dimensions
up to 2 inches or more. The bodies of the inclusions in many places
extend into the octahedral structure as black irregular veins or lines,
often of considerable length, and resemble cracks invaded by iron
hydroxide. Actually little hydroxide is present except around the
edges of the slice close to the outer surface. Occasional particles
of silicates are found in the kamacite inclosed in the silicate areas.
The structure of the iron indicates that the inclusions segregated be-
fore the octahedral structure was fully established. There are, how-
ever, some small rounded or irregular-shaped masses of iron appar-
ently isolated within the silicate areas. Although these appear, in
the section cut, to be islands of iron, they may be little tongues of
metal projecting into the silicate areas from the underside of the
inclusion.
To provide a sample for study a slice was cut and etched, and from
this slice areas of iron were selected which were free from inclusions.
Likewise, portions rich in silicates were cut out to yield suitable mate-
rial for a study of these inclusions.
COMPARISON OF THE LINWOOD, EL BURRO, AND MURNPEOWIE METEORITES
Linwood, El Burro, Murnpeowie,
Element Nebraska Mexico (E. P. |SouthAustralia
(E.P.Henderson,| Henderson, (M. H. Hey,
analyst) analyst) analyst)
Percent Percent Percent
Ose ee see kt ee a El 93. 47 93. 10 93. 88
J 6th bie eerie Pala eG Dee beat Ain ah heehee cya A Rh gh 5. 98 6. 02 6. 32
Cow 8 etepah ai bog yee ora feet dpe el 0.39 0. 34 0. 32
DE eee Se pale we as I ire te Let Ue 0. 05 DSB hess el eee
a ee ee re FeO ht ORL CRC None None 0. 006
Insol4. feelers oe foray atiyotnast wel! PE 0. 01 0. 01 0. 20
Sp: Giles > is OE S228. ores yk eee Poni 7. 813 77884) sisrexryr. specs
e
Mol. ratio, Nip C0 7777-72-72 eee 15. 63 15. 57 15. 00
a eee ae ee
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS; VOE.(99! “PEATE 21
Fic. 1.—Slice of Linwood meteorite showing the well-developed octahedral pattern and the
distribution of the silicate inclusions, black because of the large quantity of carbon present.
One-half natural size.
light plessite field, the taenite lamella gray because of supersaturation with
respect to kamacite. Picral 85 seconds; about 35.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99° PLATE 22
I'tc. 1.—An irregular plessite feld containing lamellae of taenite (gray) and small
areas of incompletely transformed gamma-alpha aggregate. Small schreibersite
bodies surrounded by hydroxide. Picral 85 seconds; about 35.
Fic. 2.—A plessite field with a pearlitic structure of kamacite and taenite lamellae,
almost surrounded by hydroxide. At this magnification it resembles similar areas of
pearlitic structure in a number of other irons (e. g., Leeds, Seelasgen, Youndegin) in
which the white Jamellae are kamacite and the gray are taenite. Picral 30 seconds;
about 40.
PROGEEDINGS, VOL. 99° PEATE 23
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 24
Fic. 1.—Irregular edge of an inclusion. The silicate at one point extends in a streamer
from the mass. ‘Three small isolated particles of silicate in kamacite. Picral 30 sec-
onds; & about 45.
Fic. 2—An area at the edge of the slice showing, at lower left, a zone of alteration in
which the normal structure has been replaced by a secondary granulation. The dark
area at lower right is probably hydroxide; that at upper left is silicate. Picral 120
seconds; about 30.
THE LINWOOD METEORITE—HENDERSON AND PERRY 359
The composition of the metallic portion of the Linwood meteorite
agrees very closely with that of the El Burro, although in the latter
the kamacite bands are very broad (2-3 em.) and fairly regular in
direction. The structure of the Murnpeowie? is entirely different,
consisting of rounded grains, small to moderate in size, without rec-
ognizable octahedral structure.
Qualitative chemical tests were made upon the inclusions in order
to determine their nature. Graphitic carbon is present in all the sili-
cate inclusions; troilite was positively identified by collecting the
hydrogen sulphide gas liberated when the powder was treated with
hydrochloric acid; schreibersite was recognized by its physical habit
and its strong magnetic properties. The acid extract from the sili-
cates was found to contain magnesium, calcium, iron, nickel, traces of
phosphorus, and soluble silica.
The bulk of the silicates is olivine, but there may be a small quantity
of anorthite present since the quantity of calcium found in the acid sol-
uble extract appears too large to be calcium derived from impurities
in olivine. The silicates insoluble in hydrochloric acid were washed
with dilute sodium-carbonate solution to remove the silica which had
separated by acid attack on the olivine, and then air-dried for optical
examination. Because of the complex nature of these silicates and
the difficulty of obtaining enough material to make mineral separa-
tions and chemical analysis, the authors decided that an optical study
would give results capable of more accurate interpretation.
The general character of the olivine was determined by assuming
that all the magnesium found in the acid soluble portion was derived
from olivine, combining it with the total of the acid-soluble silica and
then adding enough FeO to give the theoretical olivine ratios.
COMPOSITION OF OLIVINE FROM LINWOOD, NEBRASKA, METEORITE
Si eee eI wee SOP aeons ek Eee See OCU46Srerams=. = eens Pee 0.1470 1
IMI ge) Same ees eae pha escape th PN esd OLOMOMpoeramise 2s wale iw Sele 0.1753
ACO et a ON Nn O2bIS (eT am sae. eee eee eis Ce 0.1187
1 Calculated.
The partial analysis given above indicates an olivine with a com-
position midway between the magnesium and iron ends of the series
very close to FogoF ayo.
Optical properties of the silicates in the acid-insoluble residue of
the Linwood, Nebraska, meteorite were determined by Miss Jewell J.
Glass, of the U. S. Geological Survey, and Dr. Harry H. Hess, of
Princeton University, to whom grateful acknowledgment is made.
The following data are quoted from their reports:
“Most of the insoluble residue consists of graphite.
1 Henderson, E. P., Amer. Min., vol. 26, pp. 655-656, 1941.
? Spencer, L. J., Min. Mag., vol. 24, No. 148, pp. 13-20, 1935.
360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
“Enstatite. About two-thirds of the nonopaque insoluble material
is composed of enstatite. The enstatite grains are minute; the crushed
grains show distinct prismatic cleavage. Its color is gray; colorless in
thin fragments. Luster vitreous. Transparent to translucent. Opti-
cally positive with a large axial angle, 2V=75°—%8°. Dispersion
distinct, »>v for most grains. The indices of refraction are: a= 1.659,
B= 1.664, y=1.670. The composition of the enstatite, estimated from
the optical properties, is En 93-9:F's «7.
“Chrome diopside. This green pyroxene is less abundant than the
enstatite in the insoluble residue. Its grains are rounded, transparent
to translucent. Optically positive; 2V approximately 60°. Disper-
sion distinct, r>v. Indices of refraction: «=1.689, B=1.695,
y=1.704. Birefringence measured in bakelitic mount by comparison
with quartz using Berek compensator 0.0264. Optical angle 55° — 60° ;
ZAC 39° —40°.
a=1.6766, Na light on temperature cell.
B=1.6828, calculated.
y=1.7030, calculated from birefringence.
This pyroxene has enstatite exsolution lamellae perfectly developed
paralled to (001), which indicates very slow cooling in its original
environment. Estimate composition from the optical properties is
W 045 Enysl'So.
“Oligoclase. This feldspar is present in amounts equal to the py-
roxene. Colorless with a good cleavage. Optically negative; 2V
moderately large. Indices of refraction are: «=1.538, B=1.543,
y=1.546. These properties indicate a composition close to AbgoAnzo.
“Maskelynite. A small amount of an isotropic material with an
index of refraction of 1.539 was observed which is probably mask-
elynite.”
COMPOSITION OF THE SILICATES IN LINWOOD, NEBRASKA, METEORITE
QUT VAT SB AD od ade ae FoeoF'aso
INStatteh si. eS es sep Pe oe te ee ae Eno3-4F'SE'Se-7
Chrotac diopside: 20-3 5. a cee ee W 0ssEnesE'Sc
OV OCIA S Cah ee en Bera CE ec ve ADsceAD20
Chemically the pyroxenes are in equilibrium.
Carbon is distributed through all the inclusions but not always
uniformly within each inclusion. Troilite is usually more or less
concentrated around the rims of inclusions, bordering the metal.
Only a few schreibersite bodies were observed in these inclusions, but
they seem always to occur adjacent to the metallic iron and not as
isolated masses in the graphite and silicate material.
U. ¢, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3243
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE FAMILY
STEPHANIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)
By Henry Townes
Tue Stephanidae are a family of relatively large, elongate parasitic
Hymenoptera usually regarded as rare, but sometimes common in the
Tropics. They have a spherical head, long neck, stalked abdomen,
long hind coxa, swollen hind femur, and long ovipositor: characters
that together give an appearance unlike any other insects except
certain groups of Braconidae. In these features (except the oviposi-
tor length) the primitive genus ScAlettererius is conservative, and
the more specialized genera progressively more extreme.
The family may be at once distinguished by habitus (pl. 25, figs. 1,
2) and the crown of five blunt to acute teeth surrounding the median
ocellus of all species. The multisegmented antenna, the wing vena-
tion, and other structural features suggest close relation to the Brac-
onidae. The crown of teeth on the head, shape of the mandible,
venation, and some other features are reminiscent of the Orussidae.
Stephanids are often collected on dead tree trunks. Because of
this and their habitus, the species are generally presumed to be para-
sites of wood-boring Coleoptera. Other possible hosts are aculeate
Hymenoptera nesting in wood. The only known rearing record is of
a short series of Diastephanus leucostictus in the United States Na-
tional Museum, from Agrilus kalshoveni in Java. The adults are
sluggish and awkward in walking and slow in flight.
Two genera containing six species are known from America north
of Mexico. The types of the described species have been studied,
except for these of the names Stephanus bicolor Westwood and S.
sickmanni Schletterer. Most of the specimens studied are in the
818708—49 361
362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
United States National Museum at Washington, D. C. The loca-
tions of specimens in institutional collections are indicated (in paren-
theses) by the name of the city in which they are stored or, in private
collections, by the name of the owner.
KEY TO THE NEARCTIC GENERA OF STEPHANIDAE
First abdominal tergite about 2.5 as long as wide, not fused with its sternite;
hind wing with nervellus; hind femur with three larger teeth beneath; hind
tarsus of female with five segments; eighth tergite of female with a median
apicalipoint. w(Seepl. 25; figs 1) == 2-= > ee Schlettererius
First abdominal tergite at least 4.0 as long as wide, fused with its sternite;
hind wing without nervellus ; hind femur with two larger teeth beneath (apical
tooth often subdivided) ; hind tarsus of female with three segments; eighth
tergite of female (of Nearctic species) without a median apical point. (See
Dio. fige ies a ee eee ee ee ee Megischus
Genus SCHLETTERERIUS Ashmead
PLATE 25, FIGURE 1
Schlettererius ASHMEAD, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 20, 1900. Type:
Stephanus cinctipes Cresson. Monobasic.
The free first abdominal sternite and exceptionally complete vena-
tion mark this genus as the most primitive of the family. The 5-seg-
mented hind tarsus of the female, three teeth on the under side of
the hind femur, and several venational features indicate rather close
relation to Stephanus, a monotypic genus of Europe.
Schlettererius contains only the species below. Stephanus rufipes
Say has been referred to Schlettererius, but it belongs in the Bracon-
idae, as evidenced by the following characters in Say’s description:
Abdomen sessile, the petiole not visible; thorax not remarkably
attenuate before; propodeum with two slightly elevated, longitudinal,
distant lines; stigma large, triangular, and fuscous; length 5 mm.
Say placed the species in Stephanus largely on similarity of wing
venation with Jurine’s figure of Stephanus serrator. It has never
been correctly identified since it was first described.
SCHLETTERERIUS CINCTIPES (Cresson)
PLATE 25, FIGURE 1
Stephanus cinctipes CresSon, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 8, proc. xviii, 1880.
Type: @, Washington Territory (Philadelphia).
Forewing of male 8-13 mm. long, of female 8-16 mm. long; oviposi-
tor sheath about 2.0 as long as the body. Easily distinguished by the
characters pointed out in the key to genera. See plate 25, figure 1
for an illustration.
NEARCTIC STEPHANIDAE—TOWNES 363
Black. Second and third abdominal segments, first abdominal seg-
ment except more or less of its base, and sometimes the fourth
abdominal segment of male basally, ferruginous; labrum, ventro-
lateral triangles on frons of male, basal 0.15 to 0.3 of tibiae, apices
of front and middle femora, and a very broad subapical band on
ovipositor sheath white; tegula brown; extreme base of wing white;
forewing light brown beyond the basal vein, with a narrow hyaline
band diagonally across the discal cell and across the base of the second
discoidal cell; apical 0.5 of hind wing light brown; tarsi whitish to
light brown, darkest apically.
Specimens.—9 8, 212, from Arizona (Cochise County); Bririsu
CoLuMsia (Pender Harbor, Robson, and Vancouver); CaLtrornta
(Alta, Bass Lake, Cisco, Fallen Leaf Lake in El Dorado County,
McCloud, Meyers, Pinecrest, Porterville, Riverton in El Dorado
County, and Yreka) ; Inano (Coeur d’Alene) ; OreGon (at 6,500 feet
on Antelope Mountain in Harney County, and Ashland) ; and Wastr-
tneton (Ashford, Mount Rainier, and Kooskooskie in Walla Walla
County). Dates of collection run from June 1 to August 29.
This species has about the same range as Pseudotsuga taxifolia
(Douglas fir) and seems to be most common in forests of this tree.
Genus MEGISCHUS Brullé
PLATE 25, FI@URE 2
Megischus BRu_f, Histoire naturelle des insectes, Hyménoptéres, vol. 4, p. 537,
1846. Type: (Megischus annulator Brullé)=furcatus Lepeletier and
Serville, Designated by Viereck, 1914.
Bothriocerus StcHet, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 759, 1860. Type:
Bothriocerus europoeus Sichel. Designated by Viereck, 1914.
Hemistephanus ENDERLEIN, Stettin. Ent. Zeit., vol. 67, p. 301, 1906. Type:
Stephanus 'macrurus Schletterer. Original designation.
Megischus is a pantropic genus containing about 60 described spe-
cies, but at least 20 of these appear to be synonyms. Most of the
species now stand in literature under the generic name Stephanus.
Megischus differs most conspicuously from Stephanus and Schletter-
erius in having only three segments in the female hind tarsus, and from
all other genera in the family in its more complete venation.
Five Nearctic species are included, divisible into three species groups
as indicated in the key to species.
KEY TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF MEGISCHUS
1. First tergite mat, smooth; pronotum mat (teranus STOUP!) es 2
First tergite polished and with conspicuous transverse wrinkles (pl. 25, fig. 2) ;
Pronotum polished ss = le a en eee) ee ee 3
364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
2. Posterior half of pronotum mat and with fine transverse striation (pl. 25,
fig. 3); mesopleurum mat and rugulose; brachial vein distinct; body
Garnk: ‘Pro Wi see as ae i 1. californicus, new species
Posterior half of pronotum mat, not striate (pl. 25, fig. 4) ; mesoplerum mat
and with large shallow punctures; brachial vein subobsolete; body light
Drown 2 22 ERs hie) Vee ies ee ee ee 2. texanus Cresson
3. Outer face of hind femur mat; pronotum, as seen from above, with a deep
subapical notch on each side, and with a weak subbasal swelling (pl. 25,
fig. 5) ; inner edge of hind femur of female with a weak submedian indenta-
tion: (bicolor: SrouUp) == en er eee +t
Outer face of hind femur polished; pronotum, as seen from above, without a
deep subapical notch on each side, and with a strong subbasal swelling
(pl. 25, figs. 6, 7) ; inner edge of hind tibia of female with a strong, almost
semicircular indentation (brunneus group) =--42—23-=--2 ee 5
4. Head and pronotum blackish__________- 8a. bicolor sickmanni (Schletterer)
Head and pronotum ferruginous______------ 8b. bicolor bicolor (Westwood)
5. Ovipositor sheath with a subapical white band; pronotum sculptured as in pl.
25, fig. 6, with a subapical pair of short ridges on each side; lower half of
temple with scattered weak or obsolescent punctures.
4. arizonicus, new species
Ovipositor sheath without a white subapical band; pronotum sculptured as in
pl. 25, fig. 7, with a subapical set of about four sharp cross ridges; temple
with coarse punctures next to the eye, or these punctures weak or absent.
5. brunneus Cresson
1. MEGISCHUS CALIFORNICUS, new species
PLATE 25, Ficure 3
Mesopleurum rugulose.
Forewing of males about 5 mm. long, of females 5.5-6.5 mm. long;
temple rugulose in its lower 0.6+ and in its upper 0.15+, the rest
polished; pronotum mat, the front 0.3 with cross ridges, the rest with
fine cross striae (pl. 25, fig. 3), which are often obsolescent in smaller
specimens; mesopleurum and propodeum rugulose; brachial and sub-
discoidal veins weak but distinct; outer face of hind femur mat,
apically somewhat rugulose; hind tibia of female pinched laterally
at its basal 0.85, most strongly indented on its outer side, beyond
the pinch swollen to the width of the hind femur, its inner edge
without a noticeable median indentation; hind basitarsus of female
narrow, not expanded apically; first tergite mat and somewhat rugu-
lose, in the female about 5.5 as long as wide; ovipositor sheath about
1.15 as long as the body.
Dark brown to blackish, with the antenna and legs a little paler.
Cheek mostly pale brown; wings lightly infuscate; ovipositor sheath
with a subapical white band.
Type—?,U.S.N.M. No. 58647, Los Angeles County, Calif., D. W.
Coquillett (Washington).
Paratypes.—CaiForniA: 2, Carville, Trinity County, 2,400-2,500
feet, June 3, 1984 (Townes). ?, Greenhorn Mountains, Tulare
NEARCTIC STEPHANIDAE—TOWNES 365
County, May 7, 1931, E. C. Van Dyke (San Francisco). ¢, Mount
Diablo, Contra Costa County, June 25, 1939, E. C. Van Dyke (San
Francisco). ¢, Mount Wilson, 5,000 feet, May 26, 1918, J. O. Martin
(San Francisco). ¢, Pinon Flat, Santa Rosa Mountains, May 27,
1941, D. J.and J. N. Knull (Washington). 11 3, Santa Rosa Moun-
tains, May 27 to July 4, 1946, D. J. and J. N. Knull (Columbus and
Townes). 2, Switzer’s Camp, San Gabriel Mountains, June 1927
(Cambridge).
2. MEGISCHUS TEXANUS Cresson
PLATE 25, FIcurE 4
Megischus teranus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 190, 1872. Type:
@,Comal County, Tex. (Philadelphia).
Mesopleurum mat and sparsely punctate; body light brown.
Forewing of males 4-5 mm. long, of females 5-8 mm. long; temple
with a few weak punctures, weakly mat in its lower 0.6+ and in its
upper 0.15+, the rest polished; pronotum mat, its anterior 0.3 to 0.4
with cross ridges (pl. 25, fig. 4) ; mesopleurum mat, with sparse large
shallow punctures; propodeum mat, its central part, especially api-
cally, more or less punctate to punctato-rugose; brachial and sub-
discoidal veins subobsolete; outer face of hind femur with a few
shallow punctures, mat, most strongly mat toward its apex; hind
tibia of female pinched laterally at its basal 0.35, most strongly in-
dented on the outer side, beyond the pinch swollen to the width of
the femur, its inner edge without a noticeable median indentation;
hind basitarsus of female narrow, not expanded apically; first ter-
gite mat, smooth, in the female about 7.0 as long as wide; ovipositor
sheath about 0.9 as long as the body.
Light brown. Wings tinged with brown; tergites 2-5 with a more
or less distinct darker brown apical band, and the apical part of the
abdomen often darker brown than the rest of the body; ovipositor
sheath with a subapical white band.
Specitmens.—ARizoNA: 2, Chiricahua Mountains, June 3, 1935,
J.N. Knull (Washington). ¢, Douglas, April 13, 1939, W. W. Jones
(Washington). ¢, Huachuca Mountains, June 11, 1933, R. H.
Beamer (Lawrence). ¢, Huachuca Mountains (Washington). 9°,
Prescott, May 19, Barber and Schwarz (Washington). #%, Tucson,
July 20, 1940, D. J. and J. N. Knull (Washington). ¢, Sunnyside
Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, July 9, 1940, R. H. Beamer (Law-
rence). @, southern Arizona (Cambridge).
CaLIForNIA: 8,22, Santa Rosa Mountains, July 4, 1946, D. J. and
J.N. Knull (Columbus and Townes).
Mexico: ?, Nogales, Sonora, June 25, 1942 (Washington).
OxLaHoMaA: 3, Wichita National Forest, June 26, 1936, R. H.
Beamer (Lawrence).
366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Texas: ¢, Brownwood, August 23, 1921, R. H. Painter (New York).
é, Chisos Mountains, July 17, 1946, D. J. and J. N. Knull (Columbus).
2, College Station, September 30, 1936 (Townes). @, Davis Moun-
tains, July 2, 1940, D. J. and J. N. Knull (Washington). 2¢,12,
Eastland County, April 4, May 9, and June 10, 1941, Grace O. Wiley
(Columbus). @, Gillespie County, May 2, 1935, J. N. Knull (Wash-
ington). ¢, 9, Gillespie County, May 7, 1946, D. J. and J. N. Knull
(Columbus). ¢, New Braunfels, June 2, 1901 (Cambridge). ¢,
Nueces River, July 2, 1917 (Ithaca). ?, Star County, July 5, 1938,
R. H. Beamer (Townes). ?, Uvalde, June 21 (Washington).
?, Texas (Washington).
3. MEGISCHUS BICOLOR (Westwood), new combination
PLATE 25, FIGURES 2, 5
Pronotum, as seen from above, with a deep subapical notch in each
side (pl. 25, fig. 5).
Forewing of males 4.5-8.5 mm. long, of females 6.5-11 mm. long;
temple polished, with a few fine punctures; pronotum polished, weakly
swollen subbasally, medially and subbasally with irregular coarse cross
ridges and subbasally with some large indistinct punctures; pronotum
subapically with a large dorsal quadrate impression that connects on
each side with a very deep notch (pl. 25, fig. 5) ; mesopleurum polished,
with large round punctures separated by about 0.4 their diameter;
brachial and subdiscoidal veins usually distinct, sometimes obsoles-
cent in small specimens; outer face of hind femur mat, subpolished
basally; hind tibia of female pinched sharply at its basal 0.4, beyond
which it is swollen to 0.8 the width of the hind femur, its inner face
somewhat indented at the apical 0.4; hind basitarsus of female rather
narrow, weakly expanded apically; first tergite polished, with close
interrupted cross ridges, in the female about 9.0 as long as wide;
ovipositor sheath about 1.12 as long as the body.
Blackish brown, or sometimes more or less dark ferruginous, the
ferruginous most often restricted to the head and fore part of the
thorax but sometimes covering the entire body. Cheek mostly stra-
mineous; antenna, hind margin of pronotum, tegula, front and middle
legs, hind trochanters, and basal 0.33 of hind tibia usually paler than
the ground color, often brownish ferruginous; wings subhyaline;
ovipositor sheath with a white preapical band.
This species occurs in mesic woods from Ontario to Florida, west
to Iowa, Texas, Arizona, Utah, and southern California. On the basis
of color it is divisible into two subspecies, the typical subspecies occu-
pying the Lower Austral and Tropical Zones of the Southeastern
States, and the other subspecies the rest of its range.
NEARCTIC STEPHANIDAE—TOWNES 367
3a. MEGISCHUS BICOLOR SICKMANNI (Schletterer), new combination
Stephanus sickmanni SCHLETTERER, Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 33, p. 152, 1889.
Type: 2, Georgia (Berlin).
Megischus canadensis Davis, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 349, 1898. Type:
2, Toronto, Ontaria (Philadelphia). New synonymy.
Head and pronotum brown to blackish.
Specimens.—15 3,26 2, from Arizona (Chircahua Mountains and
Sabino Canyon) ; Catrrornta (Santa Rosa Mountains) ; ConNEcTICUT
(Cornwall) ; Detawarr (New Castle County) ; Disrricr or CotumBia
(Washington) ; Iowa; Kansas (Leavenworth County); Marynanp
(Plummers Island and Takoma Park); Massacnuserrs (Framing-
ham and Holliston) ; Mrcuiean (Deerfield Township and Midland
County) ; Missourt (Kansas City); New Jersry (Cresskill) ; New
York (Auburn, Bronxville, Farmingdale, Ithaca, and Wading River
on Long Island) ; Norra Carorina (Hertford County) ; Onto (Dela-
ware County and Puritas Spring); Pennsytvanta (Glenside and
Hummelstown) ; Texas (Austin, Brownsville, Cisco, Dallas, and Sab-
inal) ; Uran (Emery County) ; Virernta (Cape Henry, Falls Church,
and Nelson County) ;and Wesr Viretnta (West Sulphur). The spec-
imen reported above from Kansas City, Mo., was reported and de-
scribed by Viereck (Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 825, 1905)
as Stephanus acutus of Lepeletier and Serville. The true “Stephanus”
acutus is « Neotropical species.
Adults are on the wing through the summer and are most com-
monly taken in July and August. Some early and late dates of col-
lection are April 25 at Dallas, Tex., June 6 at Plummers Island, Md.,
and September 10 at Cape Henry, Va. An adult was reared from
Quercus bicolor at Hummelstown, Pa., by J. N. Knull, and one taken
on dead Populus grandidentata at Ithaca, N. Y., by W. W. Middle-
kauff. I took a short series on a standing dead beech (Fagus grandi-
folia) at Takoma Park, Md. The tree had been dead about 4 years,
and the bark was beginning to fall off but most of it still adhered
tightly. On the bark of the trunk the stephanid looked much like a
Xorides (Ichneumonidae), but one male and one female were seen
with the head and fore part of the thorax raised high from the trunk
and the hind legs spread wide apart. In the case of the female the
hind legs were closely applied to the bark. The male in this position
was cleaning its antennae. When a net was put near a specimen on
the trunk, it would walk away backward and would be slow to take
flight. Flight, walking, and other movements were all sluggish.
3b. MEGISCHUS BICOLOR BICOLOR (Westwood), new combination
Stephanus bicolor Wrstwoop, Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 588, 1841. Type: 9,
Georgia (Linnaean Soc., London).
368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Stephanus bicolor WrEstwoop, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 276, 1843.
Further description.
Megischus floridanus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 349, 1898. Type:
2, Florida (Philadelphia). New synonymy.
Head and pronotum, and often more of the body ferruginous.
Specimens.—FLorma: ¢ , Biscayne Bay, A. T. Slosson (New York).
9, Elliots Key (Washington). ¢, Enterprise (Washington). 9,
Fort George, June 1883 (Washington). 38 ?, Hilliard, August 19,
1930, J. Nottingham and R. H. Beamer (Lawrence and Townes).
2, Key West, November 1945, H. L. Black (Washington). ¢?, Long
Pine Key, March, Clench and Schevill (Cambridge). ¢, Miami,
August 27, 1933, Frank N. Young (Gainesville). ?, Miami Beach,
April 18, 1918, T. E. Snyder (Washington). ¢, Paradise Key, Feb-
ruary 27, 1919, E. A. Schwarz (Washington). ¢?, Plymouth, Feb-
ruary 20, 1918, G. G. Ainslie (Washington). ¢?, Florida (Washing-
ton).
Lourstana: 2, Ruston, October 10, 1908, H. S. Smith (Washing-
ton).
SournH Caroutina: 2, Charleston, May 24, 1934, J. C. Watts
(Townes).
No pata: 2 (Washington).
4. MEGISCHUS ARIZONICUS, new species
PLATE 25, FIGURE 6
Pronotum polished, strongly swollen subbasally, anteriorly with
a pair of high sharp carinae on each side (pl. 25, fig. 6).
Type female: Forewing 12.5 mm. long; temple polished, its lower
0.5 with sparse large shallow punctures; pronotum polished, with a
strong subbasal swelling that bears a few punctures, medially very
coarsely rugose, and apically with a strongly impressed area bordered
on each side by two sharp oblique ridges (pl. 25, fig. 6) ; mesopleurum
polished, with scattered large deep punctures separated by 1.0 or more
their diameter; propodeum polished, coarsely rugoso-punctate;
brachial and subdiscoidal veins distinct; outer face of hind femur
polished, with a few shallow punctures; hind tibia sharply pinched
near the middle, just beyond which on each side is a blunt transverse
ridge and on the inner face an almost semicircular dip; apical half
of hind tibia swollen to about 0.7 the width of the hind femur; hind
basitarsus 4.7 as long as wide, a little expanded apically; first tergite
4.5 as long as wide, polished, and with rather close cross ridges; ovi-
positor sheath 1.1 as long as the body.
Piceous. Cheek mostly stramineous; top half of head tinged with
ferruginous; hind margin and hind corner of pronotum, tegula, knees,
trochanters, tarsi (the front tarsi missing), and propodeum except
NEARCTIC STEPHANIDAE—TOWNES 369
laterally, dark ferruginous; wing weakly infumate, the forewing
marked with brown along the veins near the outer end of the brachial
cell; abdomen ferruginous basally, shading to dark ferruginous api-
cally ; ovipositor sheath with a preapical white band.
Paratype male: Similar to the type female but smaller (forewing
6.5 mm. long) and with weaker sculpture and the punctures less reg-
ularly formed. The punctures on the lower 0.5 of the temple are al-
most obsolete, and the pair of high sharp carinae on each side of the
front end of the pronotum are almost transverse rather than strongly
oblique. The first tergite is 10 times as long as wide and almost
smooth.
Type—?, U.S.N.M. No. 58648, on white oak, Bear Canyon, Cata-
lina Mountains, Ariz., M. Chrisman (Washington).
Paratype—é, San Domingo, Baja California, July 19, 1938,
Michelbacher and Ross (San Francisco).
5. MEGISCHUS BRUNNEUS Cresson
PLATE 25, FIGURE 7
Megischus brunneus CRESSON, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 84, 1865,
Type: 2, Cuba (Philadelphia).
Pronotum polished, anteriorly with about four sharp high cross
carinae (pl. 25, fig. 7); ovipositor sheath without a subapical white
band.
Forewing of male 8 mm. long, of female 9-16 mm. long; temple
polished, in larger specimens with large irregular punctures behind
the eye; pronotum polished, subbasally with a strong swelling that
bears coarse irregular punctures, medially with a raised transverse
area that is coarsely rugoso-punctate, and apically with about four
high sharp transverse carinae, some of which are usually interrupted
medially (pl. 25, fig. 7); mesopleurum polished, with large round
punctures separted by about 0.7 their diameter; propodeum polished,
with rather close large round punctures; brachial and subdiscoidal
veins distinct ; outer face of hind femur polished, with a very few fine
shallow punctures; hind tibia of female sharply pinched at its basal
0.35, just beyond this with a sharp rounded dip in its anterior face;
apical half of female hind tibia swollen to the width of the hind
femur; hind basitarsus of female about 3.0 as long as wide, strongly
expanded apically; first tergite polished, with rather coarse cross
ridges, in the female about 6.0 as long as wide; ovipositor sheath about
1.1 as long as the body.
Piceous. Cheek mostly stramineous; hind margin and hind corner
of pronotum, tegula, sometimes the propodeum, front and middle legs,
trochanters, basal part of hind tibia, hind tarsus, and basal part of
370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
first tergite usually more or less stained with ferruginous; wings
weakly infumate, the forewing marked with brown along the veins
near the outer end of the brachial cell; ovipositor sheath uniformly
blackish.
Specimens.—Cusa: 3,2 2,taken on trees, Central Jaronti, Novem-
ber 10, 1930, L. C. Scaramuzza (Washington). ?, Taco Taco, April
1-6, 1922, S. C. Bruner, J. Acuna, and C. H. Ballou (Washington).
Friorwa: 2, on buttonwood, Cape Sable, February 28, 1940, C. F.
Rainwater (Washington). ?, Miami, August 1, 1938 (St. Paul).
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1949
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 25
Wyss”
2 se
1 SCHLETTERERIUS CINCTIPES
7M. BRUNNEUS
6M ARIZON/ICUS
5. M. BICOLOR
1, Schlettererius cincti pes (Cresson); 2, 5, Megischus bicolor (Westwood); 3, M. californicus,
new species; 4, VW. texanus Cresson; 6, M. arizonicus, new species; 7, Af. brunneus
Cresson.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington: 1949 No. 3244
NINE NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS FROM VIRGINIA
AND WEST VIRGINIA, WITH RECORDS OF ESTAB-
LISHED SPECIES
By Ricuarp L. Horrman
Tue millipeds reported herein were accumulated largely through
field work by the author and by Dr. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., during
the summer of 1947. Five of the species listed were collected near
the author’s home, in Alleghany County, Va., and four species are
due to Dr. Hobbs’ field work at Mountain Lake, Va., and in southern
West Virginia. The others, with a few exceptions, were obtained on
a trip through southwestern Virginia in June and July by Hubert I.
Kleinpeter and the author. Lloyd G. Carr sent a number of speci-
mens from Augusta County, and Charles M. Wilson and Miss Mar-
garet Walton have contributed a large amount of material from
Mountain Lake. Individual specimens have been donated by Dr.
L. R. Cleveland, Lewis Wright, and Miss Mary Timberlake.
Of the 16 species here listed, 9 are described as new. In addition,
records of the occurrence of established species are given, wherever the
collections were able to provide new distributional stations. In con-
nection with previously described forms, it seemed pertinent to add
a citation to the original description as well as to mention the type
locality. A brief diagnosis is supplied for each genus—in some cases
quoted from the original generic description.
In previous descriptions of xystodesmids there has been no uniform-
ity about the aspects from which the male gonopods have been drawn.
I believe that comparisons of species would be facilitated greatly if
R18888—49———1 371
ola PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
the figures were made with some deference to uniformity of position.
The drawings that accompany the following descriptions were made
to show the configuration of the left gonopod and were made from
direct cephalic and lateral or mesial aspects after the appendage had
been removed and oriented properly.
I take pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to H. F. Loomis
for examining specimens and supplying information, to Lawrence M.
Carter for assistance with the drawings, and to Dr. Hobbs for many
courtesies attendant upon the work as well as for many collections.
Family XYSTODESMIDAE Cook
Xystodesmidae Cook, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 11, p. 5, 1895. (Type genus:
Xystodesmus Cook.)
Genus APHELORIA Chamberlin
Apheloria CHAMBERLIN, Can. Ent., vol. 53, p. 282, 1921. (Genotype: Fontaria
montana Bollman.)
Telopodite of male gonopod a simple coiled blade, with a small
curved basal spine.
APHELORIA ADELA Chamberlin
Apheloria adela CHAMBERLIN, Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 30, No. 2, p. 10, fig. 34, 1939
(Ithaca, N. Y.).
Vircinia: Grayson County: Mount Rogers, east side near top, 1
male, RLH No. 7-147-2b; Tazewell County; Burkes Garden, 1 male,
RLH No. 6-3047-1b.
These records constitute a very considerable extension in the known
range of adela, which heretofore has been reported only from Ithaca,
N. Y. Doubtless it ranges southward in the Appalachians and will
be found in West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.
It is not impossible that future studies may show adeda to be a syn-
onym of A. coriacea, but for the time being it seems possible to dis-
tinguish the former on minor differences in the gonopods and pattern.
APHELORIA ANTROSTOMICOLA, new species
PLATE 26, Fiaures 1, 2
Diagnosis.—Telopodite of male gonopod strongly recurved, form-
ing shightly more than a complete circle, bent mesiad with distal end
directed cephalically ; color black, with yellow keels and large crescent-
shaped orange spots on the posterior margins of the tergites.
Description—A medium-sized species. Length of holotype, 38,
width, 8.8 mm.; length of allotype, 40, width, 8.5 mm. Width of
body averages 22 percent of length. Segments between fourth and
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN 373
fifteenth of full width. Keels broad, continuing slope of dorsum,
usually slightly separated. Anterior corners of keels rounded; pos-
terior corners through twelfth segment forming right angles, there-
after becoming increasingly produced caudally. Most keels with an-
terior corners lobed cephalad. Dorsolateral edges of keels produced
into ridges, most conspicuously so on posterior segments; repugna-
torial pores dorsal in position, near middle of keel.
Collum with posterior margin relatively straight in both sexes.
Anal segment truncate distally and bearing a small terminal tuft
of setae, triangular in dorsal aspect, slightly longer than broad, its
base wider than the distance between keels of penultimate segment.
Anal valves slightly inflated, glabrous, their mesial edges produced
into ridges, a tiny tubercule on each valve near the center of the
mesial margin, no other sculpturing. Preanal scale triangular, as
broad as long, somewhat rounded distally, with three terminal lobes
of which the median lobe is conspicuously larger than the other two,
in this respect differing from most other species.
Bases of the last pair of legs almost in contact mesially. Sternites
and coxae unarmed, femora with long spines; legs hirsute, terminat-
ing in heavy curved claws. Coxae of the second pair of legs of the
male with the usual rounded knobs, which are truncate and flat
distally.
Gonopods typical of the genus in consisting of a somewhat enlarged
basal portion and a rounded, loosely coiled telopodite blade, which in
this species makes somewhat more than a complete circle and is bent
mesiad and then distad, as shown in the drawings. Basal spine rather
small and slightly curved, arising from a cephalolateral shoulder.
Mesial side of base with a rounded setiferous shoulder.
In life, dorsum black with caudolateral two-thirds of keels bright
yellow. A central row of large crescentic reddish-orange blotches on
posterior margins of the tergites; in males these blotches are usually
separated from the yellow keels but in females tend to be in contact—
in which case the demarcation between the colors is a sharp one.
Head light brown, margins of labrum and antennae hght brown,
sides of head and antennal sockets yellowish. Each article of an-
tennae white distally. Sides of body a burnished yellow, legs light
yellow, sternites tan. Anal valves yellowish, usually with a central
brown mark,
Type specimens.—Holotype and female allotype in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum, No. 1802. Additional male and female topopara-
types in my personal collection, No. 6-1647-1b.
Type locality —Sinkhole at entrance to Stull’s Cave, on property
of C. R. Stull, 8 miles southwest of Lowmoor, Alleghany County,
Va., on County Route 608. Seven specimens were collected during
374 PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
the course of about 10 minutes in the leaf mold accumulated in the bot-
tom and on the sides. No specimens were found in the adjacent
woods.
Remarks.—As far as color pattern goes, this species is like A. virginia
Chamberlin from Pittsylvania County, Va., and the new species de-
scribed in this paper as A. picta from Mountain Lake, Va. However,
according to the description, virginia has the keels orange and the
median spots yellow, a reversal of the pattern in the other two species.
The median spots of antrostomicola tend to merge into the yellow of
the keels, whereas in none of my specimens of picta does this condi-
tion obtain. Besides, the gonopod of antrostomicola, although simi-
lar to that of picta, presents several differences.
The specific name of this species refers to the habitat in which the
types and only known specimens were collected.
APHELORIA ASPILA Chamberlin
Apheloria aspila CHAMBERLIN, Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 30, No. 2, p. 10, fig. 33, 1939
(Soco Falls, N. C.).
Vircinia : Grayson County: Mount Rogers, east side near top, RLH
No. 6-3047-2b (one male).
Previously known only from the type locality, which is near Waynes-
ville, Haywood County, N. C. This new record extends the range
northward in the southern Blue Ridge to the Balsam Mountains. A.
aspila, like Boraria carolina, which is also known only from Soco
Gap and Mount Rogers, may be found to be widespread in western
North Carolina.
APHELORIA CORIACEA (Koch)
Fontaria coriacea Kocu, System der Myriapoden, p. 141, 1847 (‘‘Pennsylvania”).
VireintA: Albemarle County: Stony Point, RLH No. 10-3047-1e
(1 male); Alleghany County: 2 miles northwest of Clifton Forge,
RLH No. 6-1447-1a (3 males, 4 females) ; Augusta County: Sherando
Lake, near Lyndhurst, RLH No. 8-1547-1b (many males and females
collected by Carr); Roanoke County: Roanoke, RLH No. 7-547-1
(1 male collected by Wright).
The occurrence of this form at Clifton Forge is interesting. It
is common at and around a large, deserted sawmill, but only once in
many years’ acquaintance with the region have I seen a specimen in a
different place. This exceptional creature was across a small ridge
from the sawmill and no more than a thousand yards away from it.
At Roanoke, where I have seen fragments of this form, it seemed
to be common, of all places, in pine woods on a dry shale monadnock.
Bleached specimens could be found under rocks and logs, and Mr.
Wright (who later secured a living specimen nearby) informed me
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN 375
that in wet weather he had seen the millipeds crawling about in the pine
stands.
The locality at which Mr. Carr obtained a large series of speci-
mens is at the base of the Blue Ridge, in a moist hardwood forest
with many ponds and marshes.
All the specimens listed above are very large, some attaining a
length of 45mm. The keels are bright reddish pink, and the posterior
margins of the keel are marked by broad yellow bands. Mr. Loomis,
upon examination of a specimen, suggested that Koch’s name be used
for my material, an allocation with which I gladly concur. The male
gonopods of the specimens are identical with those of many large,
cross-banded Aphelorias from Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
The status of the banded Aphelorias is confused, and some hesitation
attends my identification of some of the Virginia material. A thor-
ough revision of the genus, based on adequate series of specimens, is
much to be desired.
APHELORIA KLEINPETERI, new species
PLATE 26, Ficures 3, 4
Piagnosis.—A medium-sized species characterized by the color pat-
tern of black dorsum and red keels and by the structure of the male
gonopods, the telopodite of which is expanded distally into a spatu-
late portion suggesting that of Sigzria.
Description—Length of holotype, 37, width, 7.2 mm., length of
allotype, 39.1, width, 8.1mm. Width of body averages 20 percent of
length. Segments between fourth and fifteenth of full width. Keels
moderately broad, not overlapping. Anterior corners lobed, rounded;
posterior corners through twelfth segment approximately right-
angled, becoming caudally produced on the posterior third of body.
Keels of segment 18 almost enclosing those of 19. All keels with dorso-
lateral edges raised, particularly so on last 10 segments; repugnatorial
pores on dorsal side of swellings.
Collum crescentic in shape, as long as the next two segments com-
bined, its posterior edge with a median emargination, ventrolateral
extremities directed slightly caudoventrad.
Anal segment triangular in dorsal aspect, longer than broad, base
slightly wider than distance between keels of penultimate segment;
end truncate, bearing a few setae. Anal valves slightly inflated, gla-
brous, their mesial edges produced into ridges each of which bears a
single setiferous papilla. Each valve with a small knob near the center,
otherwise unsculptured. Preanal scale very broadly triangular,
rounded, with one terminal and two smaller lateral lobes.
Bases of last pair of legs almost in contact mesially. No coxal or
sternal armature. Trochanter and femur with large spines. Femora
376 PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
practically glabrous, trochanters and terminal podomeres very hirsute.
Terminal claw curved, strong. Male with coxae of second pair of
legs bearing the usual knobs, these rounded distally.
Gonopod with the loosely coiled blade and basal spine characteristic
of Apheloria; distinct in the large subterminal expansion of telopo-
dite, with a small distal acumen. Blade of telopodite bent slightly
mesiad. Jn situ, blades lie against each other and directed at right
angles to the longitudinal axis of the body. In mesial aspect, a fur-
ther distinction can be seen in the deep sinus on the base of the telopo-
dite just behind the setiferous shoulder. Basal spine medium in size,
borne on a small cephalolateral shoulder.
In life, dorsum very dark brown or black, with outer and cephalic
margins of collum, caudolateral halves of keels, and tip of anal seg-
ment bright red. Underparts yellowish tan, legs becoming lighter
distally, claws brown. Head dark brown above, margins of labrum
light yellowish brown. Antennal sockets and first three articles yel-
low, becoming darker distally.
Type specimens.—Holotype and female allotype in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum, No. 1803. Two male paratypes in my personal col-
lection, No. 6-8047-1c. The allotype was collected by J. E. Graf
on June 5, 1940, the others were taken on June 29-30, 1947, by Klein-
peter and me.
Type locality—Burkes Garden, Tazewell County, Va. The tops
of the surrounding mountains belong to the Canadian Zone. A speci-
men (the type) was taken at 4,600 feet on Beartown Mountain, in a
very wet forest of maple-spruce-redbud association, with mesophytic
herbs such as /mpatiens pallida. The paratypes were found in Mill
Gap, at 2,900 feet, in a hemlock-laurel association. The allotype was
collected on Clinch Mountain (eastern rim of Burkes Garden) at
4,300 feet.
A. kleinpeteri shows no close relationships with any other known
member of the genus. The gonopods represent, perhaps, a further
development of the picta type; but the red and black coloration is
unique for the genus.
I take pleasure in naming this handsome species for my good friend
and tireless field companion, Hubert I. Kleinpeter, who secured the
holotype as well as many other diplopods during our investigations.
APHELORIA PICTA, new species
PLATE 26, Fiaurss 5, 6
Diagnosis —A medium-sized species, characterized by the color
pattern of yellow keels and large reddish median blotches, and by
the gonopod of the male, which is very much recurved, slender, and
bent mesiad and distad, with a conspicious subterminal “heel.”
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN 377
Description.—Length of holotype, 41, width, 9.4 mm.; length of
allotype, 39, width, 9 mm. Width of body averages 23 percent of
length. Sides of body subparallel, segments 4 through 15 of full
width. Keels moderately broad, continuing slope of dorsum, usually
well separated. Anterior corners of keels rounded, posterior corners
also somewhat rounded, not as sharply angular as in other species.
Keels of segment 15 not produced caudally, those of 16 noticeably
produced. Dorsolateral edges of keels raised into ridges; repugna-
torial pores situated dorsally, at about middle of keel.
Collum with both cephalolateral and caudolateral margins tapering
distally.
Anal segment triangular in dorsal aspect, longer than broad, its
basal width approximately equal to distance bewteen keels of the
penultimate segment; truncate distally, bearing a few scattered tufts
of setae. Anal valves slightly inflated, bearing a few scattered setae,
their mesial margins raised into ridges each of which bears a single
seta. Preanal scale triangular, somewhat longer than broad, with
three terminal lobes of which the median one is conspicuously larger
than the other two—in this respect agreeing with A. antrostomicola.
Bases of last pair of legs very slightly separated. Sternites and
coxae unspined. ‘Trochanters and femora spined. Legs terminating
in a strong curved claw, with many stiff bristles around its base.
Coxae of second pair of legs of males with the usual cylindrical knobs
which in this species are flattened distally almost to the extent found
in antrostomicola.
Gonopods resembling those of antrostomicola in being almost cylin-
drical and narrowly tapering, not flattened or bladelike and in being
bent mesiad and distad in more than a complete circle; differing
from antrostomicola in the curves of the telopodite being rather angu-
lar with straight interspaces and in the subterminal “heel,” which
gives the distal third of the appendage the appearance of an Oriental
slipper. Base of telopodite with a mesial setiferous shoulder and
a cephalolateral should which bears the basal spine.
Dorsum black, with caudolateral half of keels, tip of anal segment,
and legs yellow. <A large, reddish-orange crescentic blotch on pos-
teromedian margin of each tergite. Collum with distal ends of dorsal
surface yellow, and a dorsomedian hourglass-shaped marking of
orange. Front of head black, margin of labrum brown. Antennae
light brown, distal portions of the articles not white. Sternites pos-
terior to gonopods tan (except last), sides of body brownish tan,
anal valves brown.
Type specimens.——Holotype and female allotype in the U. S.
National Museum, No. 1804. Additional male and female topopara-
types are in my personal collection, Nos. 6-2647-1, 7-247-1b. All
specimens collected by Hobbs, Wilson, and Walton.
378 PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Type locality —Mountain Lake, Giles County, Va. Most specimens
collected near the University of Virginia Biological Station, with pre-
dominating forest cover of deciduous trees such as oak, maple, and
yellow poplar. The undergrowth is largely of ericaceous shrubs.
Mountain Lake is located on the top of Salt Pond Mountain, in central
Giles County, at an elevation of about 3,800 feet.
Remarks.—This species has its closest affinities with A pheloria
antrostomicola, from which it may be only subspecifically distinct.
The similarities in pattern, gonopods, preanal scale, and coxal lobes
all suggest such an association. The type localities for the two species
are less than 40 miles apart and are in the same mountain range.
Collecting in the intervening region will prove interesting, as it is not
yet known whether antrostomicola occurs in humus away from lime-
stone regions.
APHELORIA TRIMACULATA (Wood)
Polydesmus (Fontaria) trimaculata Woop, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 6, p. 6, 1864 (Susquehanna County, Pa.).
VirerntA: Alleghany County: McGraws Gap, 3 miles northwest of
Clifton Forge, RHL Nos. 3-3047-3b, 5-1847-1b, 6-147-1b, 6-1447-1b,
and 6-2147-1; Augusta County: Sherando Lake, near Lyndhurst,
RHL No. 8-1547-1c (male and 2 females collected by Carr) ; Elliotts
Knob, 10 miles west of Staunton (1 dead female seen in August 1947) ;
Bath County: Douthat State Park, female seen June 15, 1947.
A. trimaculata has also been reported from Mountain Lake, Va., by
Loomis (Psyche, vol. 51, p. 175, 1944). The accuracy of the locality
data, however, is not beyond suspicion, inasmuch as a summer of very
thorough collecting at Mountain Lake has not revealed any xystodes-
mids that might be considered trimaculata.
The specimens listed above are all rather large, exceeding previ-
ously published measurements. Since Wood’s figure of the gonopod of
trimaculata is not very useful for comparison with specimens, it seems
advisable to relegate this large southern form tentatively to trima-
culata until topotypic material can be examined.
A. trimaculata is a very common form near Clifton Forge, and on
damp or rainy days one can observe many specimens out wandering
around. At other times no special effort is needed to dig specimens
out of the leaf mold. They are often seen on hemlock logs, but I have
yet to find one inside a log. Large numbers of unpigmented young
of this species are found during the spring months, becoming scarce
later in the year, and specimens almost mature are very rarely seen.
The change from seventh instar larvae to adults takes place during
August. Mating occurs throughout the summer, from early in June
through August.
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN 379
Genus BORARIA Chamberlin
Boraria CHAMBERLIN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 56, p. 143, 1943. (Geno-
type: Aporiaria carolina Chamberlin. )
Gonopod of male a relatively straight cylindrical process, abruptly
tapering distally into a slender acumen, mesial side of telopodite with
a slender distally directed spine.
BORARIA CAROLINA (Chamberlin)
Aporiaria carolina CHAMBERLIN, Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 30, No. 2, p. 6, fig. 10, 1939
(Soco Falls, N. C.).
Vircinia: Grayson County: Mount Rogers, east side near top,
RLH No. 7-147-1a (2 males).
As this species was originally described from Soco Gap Falls, near
Waynesville, Haywood County, N. C., its discovery on Mount Rogers
extends the known range considerably to the north, and suggests that
the species will be found at intervening places. Both of the speci-
mens at hand match Chamberlin’s description and drawing perfectly.
Genus BRACHORIA Chamberlin
Brachoria CHAMBERLIN, Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 30, No. 2, p. 3, 1939. (Genotype:
B. initialis Chamberlin. )
Broad short species with posterior corners of keels of segments 1
through 12 rounded instead of angular; blade of telopodite of male
gonopod with one or two joints, basal spine on the lateral side, not ris-
ing from a conspicious shoulder.
BRACHORIA ETHOTELA (Chamberlin)
Brachoria ethotela CHAMBERLIN, Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 32, No. 8, p. 5, 1942 (Mar-
ion, Va.)
Virernta: Tazewell County: Burkes Garden, RLH No. 6-2947-2c
(male and female).
This species was described from specimens taken at Marion, in
Smyth County; thus the new material constitutes but a small extension
ot the range. The Burkes Garden specimens were found on Bear-
town Mountain at an elevation of about 4,600 feet in wet deciduous
woods.
Genus DELTOTARIA Causey
Deltotaria Causrey, Ent. News, vol. 53, p. 165, 1942. (Genotype: Deliotaria
brimleii Causey.)
“This genus resembles Apheloria in the curvature and the length
of the principal blade of the telopodite of the male gonopods, but
differs in having a thin subterminal process on the blade. It differs
from other genera of this family in that the gonopods bear a large
818888S—49-—_2
380 PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
medial pointed coxal peg in addition to the characteristic sickle-lke
coxal spine.” (Causey, op. cit.)
DELTOTARIA CORONATA, new species
PLATE 26, Ficures 7, 8
Diagnosis.—Distinguished by the presence of three terminal proc-
esses on the telopodite blade and by the color pattern of black on the
back, with the keels and anterior margin of collum bright yellow.
Description.—A somewhat longer and narrower form than the geno-
type. Length of holotype, 36, width, 8 mm.; length of allotype, 37.5,
width,8mm. Width of body averages 21.5 percent of length... Keels
of the anterior and midbody segments with the corners rounded some-
what, those of the posterior segments with the posterior corners pro-
duced caudally. Keels of the penultimate segment small, not
enclosing anal segment or enclosed by those of the antepenultimate
segment. Dorsolateral edges of all keels slightly raised into ridges.
Repugnatorial pores dorsal in position, about at midline of keel.
Collum slightly longer than succeeding segment, posterior margin
rather straight in males, but tapering cephalad toward the ends in
females.
Anal segment triangular in dorsal aspect, longer than broad, the tip
truncate and bearing a few setae. Anal valves glabrous, with the
mesial margin of each produced into a ridge, not otherwise sculp-
tured. Preanal scale broadly triangular, wider than long, with a
median and two lateral lobes.
Bases of last pair of legs in contact mesially. Sternites very weakly
spined, trochanters and femora strongly spined ; legs with strong termi-
nal claws. Coxae of second pair of legs of males with prominent
rounded knobs.
Gonopods of male relatively large and prominent. Jn situ the main
axis of the telopodite blade lies at a right angle to that of the body,
the gonopods at rest having the blades in contact and frequently
hooked together. The gonopod resembles that of D. brimlezi as fig-
ured by Causey (ep cit., fig. 1) in general appearance but differs in
having three terminal teeth on the telopodite, as well as a prominent
knob between the coxal projection and base of the blade. Coxal pro-
jection large.
Dorsum glossy brownish black, with caudolateral two-thirds of
keels, anterior margin of collum, and tip of anal segment lemon-
yellow. Underparts yellowish tan. Head dark brown, except margin
of labrum which is light brown; antennae light brown with distal
portion of each article white. Claws of legs brown, sternites of a
127.5 percent in brimleii, according to Causey’s measurements. This is probably due to
the dried and doubtless telescoped condition of the types.
U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 26
GONOPODS OF NEW SPECIES OF APHELORIA AND DELTOTARIA
1, 2, Apheloria antrostomicola (1, mesial view; 2, cephalic view); 3, 4, 4. kleinpeteri (3,
mesial view; 4, cephalic view); 5, 6, 4. picta (5, mesial view; 6, cephalic view); 7, 8,
Deltotaria coronata (7, mesial view; 8, cephalic view). [Setae have been omitted to show
? > p
basal structure more plainly.]
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM . PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 27
Sh
GONOPODS OF NEW SPECIES OF NANNARIA AND SIGMORIA
9,10, Nannaria ericacea (9, lateral view; 10, cephalic view); 11, 12, N. laminata (11, lat-
eral view; 12, cephalic view); 13, 14, N. simplex (13, lateral view; 14, cephalic view)
15, 16, N. wilsoni (15, lateral view; 16, cephalic view); 17, 18, Sigmoria furcifera (17,
mesial view; 18, cephalic view). [Setae have been omitted to show basal structure
more plainly.]
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN 381
darker shade than legs. A faint dark spot in the yellow of the keels
just above each repugnatorial pore.
Type specimens.—Holotype, female allotype, and a male paratype
in the U. S. National Museum, No. 1805; additional paratypes are
retained in my personal collection, Nos. 6-3047-2a, 7-147-1b, and
7-147-2a. Most of the above specimens were collected on June 30-
July 1, 1947, but one female was found in the saddle between Mount
Rogers and White Top Mountain on July 15, 1947, by Dr. L. R. Cleve-
land.
Remarks.—This attractive species is fairly common on Mount Rog-
ers below the evergreen forest line, and was frequently seen out during
the day, crawling on logs and across the trails. One evening four
specimens were taken as they wandered about atop an old sawdust
pile. A pair was seen in copulation on the night of July 1.
Deltotaria coronata is, apparently, the only xystodesmid milliped
in eastern United States with the conspicuous and brilliant yellow
band across the front of the collum. The specific name is given in
recognition of the marking.
Genus NANNARIA Chamberlin
Nannaria CHAMBERLIN, Psyche, vol. 25, p. 124, 1918. (Genotype: Nannaria
minor Chamberlin. )
Small, narrow-bodied forms characterized in part by the repugna-
torial pores being lateral in position and by the uniform dorsal pat-
tern of olive to black with the keels pink. The gonopods consist of
a nearly straight slender lateral process and a smaller mesial process.
NANNARIA ERICACEA, new species
PLATE 27, FIGuRES 9, 10
Diagnosis.—A large member of the genus characterized by the male
gonopods, in which the telopodite is deeply bifurcated with the larger
lateral process bearing a mesially directed terminal branch, and the
smaller mesial process a simple flattened blade which reaches distad
to the level of the branch of the lateral process.
Description—Length of holotype, 30, width, 5 mm. Body width
averages 16 percent of length. Segments between second and fifteenth
of full width, body abruptly rounded in frent, gently tapering behind.
Collum large, rounded in front, sides straight and with small mar-
ginal ridges; subtrapezoidal in dorsal aspect. Posterior margin in-
dented across body, posterior corners angular. Collum not quite as
long as two succeeding segments.
Second segment with keels shorter than tergite at midline, posterior
edges of keels tapering cephalad, marginal ridges well developed.
Segments 3 through 12 subsimiliar, anterior corners of keels rounded,
posterior corners directed slightly caudad; all keels with prominent
382 PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
marginal ridges; keels ae caudad of median posterior portion
of tergites. Segments 14 to 19 with posterior lobes equal in length
o tergites at midline. All ee comparatively fiat and eee
4 sa ve Tae. position, ee 7 Gee lig! tly
downward.
Anal segment triangular in dorsal aspect, longer than broad, its
basal width less than distance between keels of penultimate segment;
truncate distally. Anal valves at ted, glabrous, with many small
ridges and grooves on cephalove itral portion of each. Preanal scale
ae aan ith very a rge terminal lobe. Mesial eae of
anal v ee unusue uly large
Bases of last pair of legs very close. Legs of segments 8 to 18 similar,
sternites of posto pair of legs on ii scree with conspicuous
processes; coxae and trochanters unarmed, femoral spines large.
Distal tarsal Sint shorter than basal an ee than femur. Coxae
of second pair of legs of male with grand processes, rounded dis-
tally. Males with cate between fourth legs with high conical
knobs. Pregenital legs much more hirsute an postgenital limbs,
and with ae ana ne
Gonopods t lie pa and directed cephalad, ee to
the sternites af the fifth pair of legs, the terminal bran of the
lateral processes crosse ed. Telop nacre composed of two cae ents: a
small bladelike ial process whitch pr te oe fea m the mesial
side of the ieee ap dase to the level of the terminal oe ch of the
latter. Lateral pro an see serait eylindcal oe ith a
cane distally ahi cae oth anda anch which
is bent mesiad and cephala a ae £ telopodite ee io ssl ber
htiee shoulder and othe ae as shown in the dra
In life, tergites blackish : decaer OUT? dark bison a w vith a mea
dark Tine) the keels red on both corners as well a gin; extre
edge ait eels colorless ; Tee arts of body ce tis aoe ao Head
blac ce a brown in fro ith edges of labrum a iene ea
ate ie light brown Le ae stal aa of each article whit
Type coo —Male holo otype in: ¢ . National eee
No. 1784. Several top paratypes Lmy he eee RLH Nos
4—2747-1, 5-1847-1c, and 6-14
Type locality —McGraws as 3 miles northwest of Clifton Forge,
esa County, Va. A deep watergap in sandstone eee Ww ith
om forest composed eee of Tsuga cana ii 3, Liriodendron tulip-
era, Quercus alba, Q. prinus, Acer m bs A. pennsylvanicum,
Bhadodentro on m aa and Kalmia tii Herbaceous plants
the type locality include Urtica dioica, Mitella diphyila, Mitchella
repens, and the ay Pi ee virginianum and Polystichum
acrostichoides.
4
t+
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN 383
Remarks.—Although not confined to ericaceous habitats, this species
is certainly most abundant in such places, and is found elsewhere
only rarely. Certain other members of this genus share the predi-
lection for ericaceous thickets (e. g., V. wélsoni, see below).
Judged from the nature of the gonopods, Nannaria ericacea finds
its closest relatives in W. scutellaria Causey and XN. tennesseensis
(Bollman).
In addition to the type locality, I have found this species at the
following Virginia localities: Craig County: Barbours Creek, 9 miles
northwest of Newcastle; Botetourt County: Craig Creek Valley, 2 miles
northwest of Eagle Rock. The range is doubtless general over cen-
tral western Virginia.
NANNARIA LAMINATA, new species
PLATE 27, Frcures 11, 12
Diagnosis.—A medium-sized member of the genus, characterized by
the structure of the male gonopods, in which the telopodite consists
of two subequal processes, the lateral process being slender, spini-
form, and with the distal portion curved mesially over the end of the
broad, flat mesial process.
Description—Length of holotype, 27, width, 5mm. Width of body
about 18 percent of length. Segments between second and fifteenth
of full width, body abruptly rounded in front, gently tapering behind.
Collum large, subtrapezoidal in dorsal aspect, sides straight and
with conspicuous marginal ridges, front slightly rounded. Posterior
margin interrupted (emarginate across body) ; posterior corners an-
gular. Collum as long as succeeding two segments combined.
Second segment with keels shorter than tergite at midline, poste-
rior edges of keels tapering cephalad, keels with well-developed mar-
ginal ridges. Segments 3 through 12 subsimilar, anterior corners of
keels rounded, posterior corners directed slightly caudad; all keels
with prominent marginal ridges; keels extending caudad of median
posterior portion of tergites. Segments 14 to 19 with posterior lobes
shorter than tergite at midline. All tergites comparatively flat and
very smooth. Repugnatorial pores lateral in position, in some in-
stances directed slightly downward.
Anal segment triangular in dorsal aspect, as long as broad, its basal
width greater than distance between keels of the nineteenth segment,
truncate distally, the tip somewhat excavated. Anal valves inflated,
glabrous, with ridges and grooves on the cephaloventral portion of
each. Preanal scale semicircular, with tubercules almost obsolete.
Bases of last pair of legs narrowly separated. Legs of segments 8
to 18 subsimilar; sternites of posterior pair of legs of each with robust
spines, coxae and trochanters unarmed, femoral spines large; distal
384 PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
tarsal joint longer than proximal two, and as long as femur. Coxae of
second pair of legs of male with cylindrical, distally truncate proc-
esses. Sternites of fourth male legs with conical knobs. Pregenital
legs more hirsute than posterior.
Gonopods én sttu lie parallel and directed cephalad between the
bases of the seventh pair of legs, the tips of the lateral processes
crossed. 'Telopodite composed of two elements, a smaller bladelike
mesial process, which, when seen in cephalic view, projects distad
from mesial side of base of telopodite, the tip slightly acuminate and
twisted, reaching almost to end of lateral process. Latter a spini-
form mesially directed shaft, tapering distally from a cylindrical
basal portion, on the base of which is the usual cephalolateral setif-
erous shoulder.
In life, tergites blackish; most of keels reddish pink. Underparts
of body whitish gray. Head brown with a wide light margin along
the edge of the labrum; antennae olive-gray with the basal and termi-
nal articles white.
Type specimen.—Male holotype in the U. 8. National Museum, No.
1806, collected by Hobbs and Wilson on July 12, 1947.
Type locality.—A deep, shady, steep-sided ravine beside U. S. Route
460, about 2 miles south of Glen Lyn, Va., in Mercer County, W. Va.
Forest cover of deciduous trees such as maple.
Remarks.—This species is related to V. simplex, differing chiefly
in the bladelike mesial process of the gonopod, and in having the front
of the head with a wide light margin.
NANNARIA SIMPLEX, new species
PLATE 27, Ficures 138, 14
Diagnosis —A medium-sized member of the genus characterized by
the structure of the male gonopods, in which the telopodite blade is
deeply divided, the lateral process being longer and curved mesiad
over the end of the short spiniform mesial process. Head entirely
black.
Description.—Length of holotype, 27.7, width,4.8 mm. Body width
averages 17 percent of length. Segments between second and fifteenth
of full width, body abruptly rounded in front, gently tapering behind.
Collum large, subtrapezoidal in dorsal aspect, sides straight with a
very small marginal ridge, front slightly concave. Posterior margin
emarginate across body; posterior corners angular. Collum as long as
succeeding two segments combined.
Second segment with keels shorter than tergite at midline, pos-
terior edges of keels tapering cephalad, lateral edges with well devel-
oped marginal ridges. Segments 3 through 15 subsimilar, anterior
corners of keels rounded, posterior corners directed slightly caudad;
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN 385
all keels with prominant marginal ridges; keels extending caudad of
median posterior portion of tergites. Segments 14 to 19 with keels
becoming increasingly produced caudally, those of 19 with posterior
lobes equal in length to tergite at midline. All tergites comparatively
flat, and very smooth (except 18 and 19, which have tiny tubercules).
Repugnatorial pores lateral in position, in some instances directed
slightly downward.
Anal segment triangular in dorsal aspect, as long as broad, its
basal width greater than distance between keels of segment 19, trun-
cate distally. Anal valves inflated, glabrous, with ridges and grooves
on cephaloventral portion of each. Preanal scale semicircular, with
tubercules almost obsolete.
Bases of last pair of legs widely separated. Legs of segments 8 to
18 similar; sternites of posterior pair of legs with conspicuous spines,
coxae and trochanters unarmed, femoral spines large. Distal tarsal
joint longer than basal two, and as long as femur. Coxae of second
legs of male with cylindrical, distally truncate processes. Sternites
between fourth pair of legs of males with low rounded knobs. Pre-
genital legs much more hirsute than postgenital limbs.
Gonopods in situ lie parallel and directed cephalad between the
bases of the seventh pair of legs, with distal ends in contact or crossed.
Telopodite composed of two elements: a small spiniform mesial proc-
ess which projects distad from the inner base of the telopodite, reach-
ing almost as far distad as end of the lateral process. Latter a larger,
mesially directed spine, tapering gently distally. Basal portion sub-
cylindrical, with the usual lateral setiferous shoulder.
In life, tergites blackish, this color extending onto the keels in a
blunt wedge, there replaced on both corners as well as lateral margin
by reddish pink. Extreme edges of keels colorless. Underparts of
body whitish gray. Head almost completely black. Antennae brown,
first article white.
Type specimen.—Male holotype in the U. S. National Museum, No.
1807, collected by me on June 19, 1947.
Type locality ——McGraws Gap, 3 miles northwest of Clifton Forge,
Alleghany County, Va. The locality is described under Nannaria
ericacead (q. v.).
Remarks.—The occurrence of two species of Nannaria in the same
ecological niche at the same locality is of some interest. As might
be expected, this species differs from its congener (ericacea) in sev-
eral respects other than the fundamental one of the male gonopods.
The following differences will separate females as well as males:
N. ericacea: Head brown, edged with tan along labrum, bases of last pair of
legs almost in contact, preanal scale broadly triangular.
N. simpler: Head black to margin of labrum, bases of last pair of legs widely
separated, preanal scale more acute.
386 PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Nannaria simplex appears to be quite scarce. Despite many fre-
quent searches at the type locality (which have produced many speci-
mens of ericacea) only the holotype has been found. It was dis-
covered under a small bit of hemlock bark, and when uncovered ran
off with some show of celerity.
NANNARIA WILSONI, new species
PLATE 27, Fiaures 15, 16
Diagnosis —A medium-sized member of the genus, characterized
by the male gonopods, which are deeply bifurcated with the lateral
process larger, the distal portion becoming flattened and twisted on
its axis. Mesial process smaller, a simple spiniform branch.
Description.—Length of holotype, 25, width, 5 mm. Body width
averages 20 percent of length. Segments between second and fifteenth
of full width, body abruptly rounded in front, gently tapering be-
hind.
Collum large, subtrapezoidal in dorsal aspect, sides straight and
with very small marginal ridges; front slightly convex. Posterior
edge emarginate across body; posterior corners angular. Collum as
long as succeeding two segments combined.
Keels of segments anterior to fourteenth shorter than tergites at
midline; posterior edges of keels tapering cephalad; lateral edges
with well-developed marginal ridges. Segments 3 through 13 sub-
similar, anterior corners almost square, posterior corners directed
sightly caudad. Segments 14 through 19 with keels becoming in-
creasingly produced caudally, those of 19 with posterior lobes large
and bluntly rounded. All tergites comparatively flat, and very
smooth. Repugnatorial pores lateral in position, in some instances
directed slightly downward.
Anal segments triangular in dorsal aspect, as long as broad, its
basal width less than distance between keels of penultimate segment,
truncate distally. Anal valves inflated, glabrous, with small ridges
and grooves on the cephaloventral portion, mesial ridges very large.
Preanal scale triangular, more pointed than in simplea.
Bases of last pair of legs relatively close. Legs of segments 8
to 18 subsimilar; sternites of posterior pair of legs of each segment
with conspicuous spines; coxae and trochanters unarmed, femoral
spines large. Distal tarsal joint longer than basal two, and as long as
femur. Coxae of second pair of legs of males with cylindrical, dis-
tally truncate processes. Sternites of fourth pair of legs of males
with conical processes which are ovoid in cross-section. Pregenital
legs much more hirsute than postgenital limbs, and terminating with
heavy blunt claws.
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN 387
Gonopods zm sitw lie parallel and directed cephalad between the
bases of the sixth pair of legs. Tips may be in contact or crossed.
Telopodite composed of two elements: a smaller spiniform mesial
process which projects from the inner side of the lateral process and
reaches distad almost to the end of the latter. Lateral process a cy-
lindrical, almost straight shaft, the distal third of which is bent
cephalad and is flattened and twisted on its axis.
In life, tergites blackish, keels reddish pink on both corners as well
as margin, extreme edges of keels colorless. Underparts of body
whitish gray. Head yellowish gray, only the top black. Antennae
olive-gray, first and last articles white.
Type specimens.—Holotype and male paratype in the U. 8. Na-
tional Museum, No. 1808. Six additional topoparatypes in my per-
sonal collection. This material was secured by Hobbs, Waiton, and
Wilson in June and July 1947.
Type locality—Mountain Lake, Giles County, Va. The region is
described under Apheloria picta (q. v.) Most specimens taken in
the vicinity of the University of Virginia Biological Station.
Remarks.—In addition to the type locality, Vannaria wilsoni is
known from the following locality: Viretnra, Floyd County: Rocky
Knob Recreation Area, Blue Ridge Parkway, 6 miles southeast of
Floyd. Several males and females (RLH No. 7-347-1b) were ob-
tained by Hubert Kleinpeter and me on July 3, 1947. They were
found in leaf mold and under small stones in a dense thicket of rhodo-
dendron and mountain laurel at an elevation of about 3,000 feet.
The gonopods of wé/soni are not similar to those of any presently
known member of the genus.
Genus SIGMORIA Chamberlin
Sigmoria CHAMBERLIN, Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 30, No. 2, p. 7,19389. (Genotype: Sig-
moria munda Chamberlin.)
Telopodite of male gonopod an upright sigmoidally curved blade.
Base of telopodite with a lateral spur or spine. The species are
usually large with wide keels.
SIGMORIA FURCIFERA, new species
PLATE 27, Ficures 17, 18
Diagnosis —A medium-sized species, distinguished by the structure
of the male gonopod, the basal spine of which is bifurcated, and the
telopodite blade bearing a small tooth on the mesial margin, which is
produced into a large rounded lobe.
Description—Length of holotype, 40, width, 10.5 mm. Body
width averages 23 percent of length. Segments 4 through 16 of full
388 PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
width, anterior end abruptly rounded, posterior end gently tapering
back to nineteenth.
Collum lens-shaped, not so long as two succeeding segments com-
bined, its posterior margin shallowly indented mesially; outer ends
directed slightly caudad. Collum and next segment without raised
edges on the keels.
Dorsum coriaceous under low magnification; segments with wide
keels, slightly overlapping. Anterior corners rounded, posterior
corners angular, becoming caudally produced behind segment 15;
dorsolateral edges of most keels raised into ridges which are broader
on poriferous segments; repugnatorial pores dorsal in position, lo-
cated near the middle of the swelling. Keels of segment 18 almost
enclose those of 19.
Anal segment triangular in dorsal aspect, longer than broad, its
basal width less than distance between keels of segment 19, truncate
distally, bearing a few terminal setae. Anal valves slightly inflated,
glabrous, unsculptured. Mesial edges produced into the usual ridges.
Preanal scale broadly triangular, almost semicircular, with one termi-
nal and two lateral tubercules, latter very small.
Bases of last pair of legs narrowly separated. No sternal or coxal
armature, trochanters and femora with medium-sized spines. Tarsi
with strong terminal claws, distal podomere very hirsute. Coxae of
second pair of legs of male with low rounded knobs.
Gonopods of male large and conspicious, in situ lying parallel and
directed cephalad between bases of seventh pair of legs. Telopodite
a slender flattened blade, bent cephalad and mesiad, lateral side with
a large lobe and tooth; tip of blade truncate. Base of telopodite with
an oblique transverse cephalic ridge, which terminates mesiad in a
large bifurcated spine; a large lateral setiferous shoulder.
Dorsum black in life, with caudolateral two-thirds of keels, anterior
edge of collum, and tip of anal segment reddish orange. Posterior
margins of keels with tinge of yellow. Underparts generally yellow-
ish tan, with legs becoming brighter distally. Head brown, antennae
and edges of labrum lighter brown.
Types specimen.—Male holotype in the U. S. National Museum,
No. 1809, collected by Hobbs and Wilson on July 12, 1947.
Type locality—Near Pineville, Wyoming County, W. Va. Accord-
ing to field notes, the species was associated with a form of Brachycybe,
in beech woods.
Remarks.—In color, size, and general configuration of the male
gonopods, this species is quite close to S. conclusa Chamberlin from
Altapass, Tenn., of which it may prove to be a subspecies. From
conclusa, furcifera differs in the broader telopodite blade which lacks
spines or teeth on the lateral margin, and in having the basal spine
NEW XYSTODESMID MILLIPEDS-—HOFFMAN 389
larger and more conspiciously forked. Unfortunately, no details can
be made out from Chamberlin’s figure of conclusa.?
Genus ZINARIA Chamberlin
Zinaria CHAMBERLIN, Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 30, No. 2, p. 4, 1989. (Genotype:
Z. urbana Chamberlin. )
Gonopod of male a simple cylindrical upright shaft, bifurcated dis-
tally; with a long slender basal spine.
ZINARIA BUTLERI (McNeill)
Polydesmus butleri McNeEILL, Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 6, 1888.
VirGinia : Giles County: Mountain Lake, RLH No. 7-247-1a; Louisa
County: 4 miles north of Louisa, RLH No. 7-1247-1 (1 male). Wersr
Vircinta: Wyoming County: Pineville (2 males collected by Hobbs
and Wilson).
Insofar as the structure of the gonopods goes, all the specimens
listed above closely resemble the figure of Fontaria virginiensis
(=builert) given by Williams and Hefner (Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 18,
1928).
Z. butleri is a species with a very wide range and it occupies a
diversity of habitats. The Louisa County locality, which I have vis-
ited, is situated in a region of extensive dry pine woods.
? Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 30, No. 2, fig. 22.
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PROCEEDINGS ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued \¥
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3245
A REVIEW OF THE COPEPCD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS
CLAUS
By Pautu L. Inue
Tue problem of arriving at a natural classification of the copepods
has been in no small measure complicated by the repeated appearance
within the group of the parasitic and commensal habit. In the cyclo-
poids, two sections, the Poecilostoma and the Siphonostoma, have been
established and remain well differentiated on the basis of the special-
ization of mouth appendages correlated with parasitic and semipara-
sitic existence. Unfortunately for the systematist, these copepods
seem to exhibit the widest tolerance in the selection of hosts. From
the records, any phylum above the Protozoa which is represented to
any conspicuous degree in the marine fauna is likely to appear in the
roster of hosts of cyclopoid symbionts. This diversity of occurrence,
in addition to small size, inconspicuous appearance, and remarkable
agility in eluding usual methods of capture, has resulted in a scattered
and fragmentary representation of this group in museum collections
and consequently in the literature on copepods. The most extensive
reports to date either have been surveys of the faunas of fairly limited
localities or have been compendia of the symbionts of some particular
category of host, with the emphasis of interest frequently tending
toward the host rather than toward the copepod.
Probably a high degree of artificiality has been introduced into the
classification because of this history. One of the inajor groups of the
copepods is now found defined in numerous publications as an assem-
blage of parasites and commensals of ascidians. This reference is, of
course, to the Notodelphyoida, which in such broad interpretation
818707—49——_1 391
392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
includes many degenerate parasites. The actual affinities of many of
these may very well prove to be with several of the main stocks of the
copepods when more emphasis is placed upon the details of structure
rather than upon the fortuities of ecological distribution.
The copepods here considered are cyclopoids that show a tendency to
reduction of mouth appendages; this character defines the section
Poecilostoma. In these copepods the traits unifying the group are the
very features that provide the most vexing of technical difficulties to
the investigator. It is essential for any coherent presentation of the
relations of the poecilostomes to establish the details of structure of
the mandibles, maxillules, maxillae, and maxillipeds. These appen-
dages are simplified in construction, reduced in size to minute pro-
portions, closely appressed, and wedged into a very small area with
closely impinged surrounding structures, such as a labrum which en-
velopsa great part of the oral space. Dissection is the only satisfactory
means of elucidating these features, because the normal arrangement
of the mouth parts is such that most are held somewhat perpendicular
to the axis of the body and even the best toto views often lead only to
confusion of the details.
The present collection comprises symbionts of pelecypod mollusks.
They were obtained, however, as a portion of a series of poecilostomes
collected in association with a diverse array of invertebrates from the
Pacific coast of North America. The forms are all assigned to the
genus Paranthessius Claus, according to the definition to be established
here. Noteworthy is the fact that congeners of these commensals of
mollusks have been described as living in association with coelenter-
ates, holothurians, and ascidians, evidencing the tendency in the
poecilostomes to diversity of host organisms.
The genus Paranthessius is perhaps one of the most generalized of
all the diverse copepod types customarily assigned to the family
Lichomolgidae. In the structure of the mouth parts there is found
as simplified and basic a plan as is encountered elsewhere in the family.
The arrangement of the swimming legs of some of the representatives
is possibly the least specialized among lichomolgids. I refer here to
species in which the armature of the fourth endopodite retains on the
terminal segment five outgrowths (setae or spines). A prominent
character of most of the species of the genus is the tendency to sup-
pression of the ornamentation of the fourth endopodite. In the
extreme condition of this modification, existing in several Paranthes-
stus species, the armature of the terminal segment of the fourth endo-
pod is reduced to two outgrowths.
The subdivision of the Lichomolgidae proposed by Gurney (1927)
into Sabelliphilinae and Lichomolginae would place Paranthessius in
the former subfamily. This separation does not, I feel, follow a
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 393
strongly characterized natural tendency of the group but, rather,
cuts across a well-discernible trend. Consideration of species of
Anthessius Della Valle (synonym: Pseudomolgus Sars, Wilson, etc.)
as typical lichomolgids has perhaps contributed to this viewpoint.
I suggest that a more significant subdivision would set aside Anthes-
sius, Rhinomolgus Sars, perhaps Panaietis Stebbing, and other genera,
as well distinguished froim the Lichomolgidae proper, either as a
family or subfamily. The forms retained in the Zichomolgus-line
follow, without necessity of subdivision, several trends which may or
may not be of generic value but are hardly of familial or subfamilial
importance. Such trends all seem to have strong foreshadowing in
the genus Paranthessius. A conspicuous example would be the series
exhibiting suppression of the fourth endopodite, as discussed above.
Again, a series may be selected in which is traced the progressive
transfer of the prehensile function from the terminal podomere of
the antenna to the penultimate segment. Suggestions of various
trends of modification of the rostrum are apparent. Such species
as P. saxidomae, P. robustus, and P. serendibicus perhaps anticipate
the great circular expansion in outline of the anterior body region,
seen characteristically in the Stedlicola section of Lichomolgus. P.
columbiae, particularly in the adult female, shows the tendency of
elongation and narrowing of the body in the direction of vermiform
construction found in some of the most aberrant of the parasitic
copepods. This trend is further suggestive of significance when it
is noted than an accompanying phenomenon is the extension of the
ovarian (or oviducal?) structure out into the full extent of the
abdomen.
Family LICHOMOLGIDAE Claus
Genus PARANTHESSIUS Claus
Paranthessius CLavs, 1889, pp. 342-343 (type, P. anemoniae Claus, 1889).—Canu,
1891, p. 479; 1892, p. 236; 1894, p. 187; 1898, pp. 418-415.—Zutveta, 1912,
p. 12.—Monop and Do.tirus, 1932, pp. 143-146.—Wutson, 1932, p. 587.—AT-
KINS, 1954, p. 674.—LeigH-SHARPE, 1935, pp. 47-48.—NIcHOLLs, 1944, p. 53.
(Not Paranthessius T. Scott, 1903, p. 130.)
Diogenidium Epwaxps, 1891, pp. 89, 93 (type, D. nasutum Edwards, 1891) .—CANU,
1891, p. 479 ; 1892, p. 2836.—Wison, 19382, p. 587.
Herrmannella CANU, 1891, pp. 479-480 (type, H. rostrata Canu, 1891) ; 1892, pp.
235-236.—T. Scorr, 1894, p. 259.—Canu, 1899, p. 73.—NorMAN and Scort,
1905, p. 299.—T. Scort, 1906, p. 354 (part).—PELseneeEr, 1929, pp. 35, 43.—
FRASER, 1932, p. 279.
Hermannella Canv, 1891, p. 486; 1894, pp. 3, 10—THompson and Scorr, 1903,
pp. 282-283 (part).—NorMawn and Scorr, 1906, p. 199 (part).—Sars, 1918,
pp. 174-175 (part).—BrIan, 1924, p. 5—WILson, 1932, p, 586.—HrEGAaRD,
1944, pp. 361, 365.
Herrmanella T. Scort, 1903, p. 28—PELsENrrER, 1929, p. 45.
394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Lichomolgus (part) T. Scorr, 1892, pp. 266-267.—T. and A. Scorr, 1892, pp. 201—
203.—HERDMAN, 1898, pp. 83, 135.—THompson, 1893, pp. 177, 207-208.
Pseudolichomolgus THomMpson, 1897, cited in Herdman, 1897, p. 87 (type, P.
columbiae Thompson, 1897).—WItson, 1932, p. 591.
Pseudolichomolgus Pesta (not Thompson), 1909, pp. 268-265 (type, P. pectinis
Pesta, 1909) .—PELSENEER, 1929, pp. 35, 44.
Pestalichomolgus WILsoNn, 1932, p. 587 (new name for Pseudolichomolgus Pesta;
type, P. pectinis (Pesta, 1909) ).
Diagnosis.—Body shape cyclopoid. Segmentation somewhat vari-
able; metasome 4- or 5-segmented; urosome of female 5-segmented,
that of male 6-segmented. Rostrum well developed with obvious pre-
hensile function. Antennule 7-segmented. Antenna of four seg-
ments, second always longest. Labrum deeply divided in the midline.
Mandible constructed on simplest lichomolgid type, elongated, with
tapering flat blade arising from a fairly stoutly chitinized base, with
no articulation. Edges of mandible serrate, finely dentate or ciliate.
Maxillule, inserted directly on head rather than on mandible, consists
of flat palplike appendage; terminal armature various, comprising two
or three setae. Maxilla 2-segmented, base very large and conspicuous.
Two setae typically present on second segment, the more distal usually
with a row of spinules or cilia on its medial margin; proximal seta not
thus ornamented. Maxilliped of female considerably reduced, its
segmentation varying among the species. Terminal podomere a
pointed, spinelike segment, or bluntly rounded. Male maxilliped
3-jointed, prehensile. Swimming legs all biramous, trimerous, with
characteristic modification of fourth endopodite. Fifth leg a single
free segment, base represented only by a slight expansion of the body
proper, basal seta present, borne on dorsal side of appropriate body
segment. Armature of free segment two members, usually a conspicu-
ously heavy spine and a seta.
Genotype.—Paranthessius anemoniae Claus.
Remarks.—The wide definition of Paranthessius as here offered pre-
sents some difficulties in the possibility of inclusion of Modiolicola
Aurivillius and Sabelliphilus Sars. The latter genus stands fairly
well alone by virtue of the following characters: The rostrum (bifid) ;
the antennule (proximal two segments expanded) ; the antenna (pre-
hensile hooks on both third and fourth segments) ; and the ornamenta-
tion of the maxilla (fairly spinous). Its remaining appendages would
fit with no difficulties in the normal variations of the species of Paran-
thessius. Many years of usage make it most desirable to retain the
generic distinction. Modiolicola presents even less strong separation,
and it is possible that a further broadening of the definition of Paran-
thessius to include the forms now placed in Modiolicola may become
desirable. However, as I am convinced that the number of un-
described species of lichomolgids is greater than the number now
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 395
known to science, I consider it is entirely probable that generic limits
will be subjected to review and revision on future occasions. The
group Modiolicola, therefore, serves for the present to set aside ob-
viously related, well-characterized species which differ principally
from those of Paranthessius as follows: Absence of a rostrum; posses-
sion of the highly characteristic antenna, with very much shortened
second segment, accompanied by elongation of the third and fourth
seoments, and lack of armature on the third segment; and the reduc-
tion of the armature of the maxilla to a single unornamented seta.
There is a notable tendency to grouping of the species of Paran-
thesstus within the limits set forth above. Subgeneric division is
hardly justified because of the existence of transitional species. In
six species the armature of the distal segment of the fourth endopodite,
consisting of some combination of setae or spines to the total number
of four or five, is developed. In the forms with four spines or setae,
further, the outline of the segment characteristic of the full armature
of five persists. In all these species there is reduction of the prehen-
sile function of the terminal antennal segment, the usual strong claw
being replaced by a group, typically three, of long setae, or weakly
clawed slim spines. In some of these examples, but not all, the prehen-
sile function is transferred to the penultimate antennal segment and
the terminal joint then reduced to palplike dimensions.
The remaining species form a fairly coherent group characterized by
reduction of the distal segment of the fourth endopodite, both in gen-
eral outline, and in its armature, which is reduced to two or three
spines or setae. In all but one of these species the terminal antennal
segment bears a heavy prehensile claw, and the penultimate segment
is the shortest and least developed. Paranthessius parvus (Norman
and Scott) bridges the distinction between these groups, however; in
that species, the prehensile function of the terminal segment is lost,
although the terminal endopodite segment of the fourth leg has the
spine complement reduced to two.
In its body outline Paranthessius is characteristically cyclopoid, or
better, lichomolgid. An oval-shaped forebody is typical; in some
species there is a tendency to elongation, and in others toward in-
flation of the outline of this region to an approximate circle.
The segment of the first swimming leg (the second thoracic seg-
ment—almost invariably called first segment by earlier authors) in
some species is joined to the cephalothorax, in others is a free segment
like the other pedigerous somites. The metasome then possesses three
or four free segments posterior to the cephalothorax. Thoracic seg-
ment 5 is much the smallest of all. Frequently the greatest width
of the metasome is at the first free segment.
396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The conspicuous rostrum of Paranthessius is bent downward and
backward as a strong, pointed beak or hook, and, from the ar-
rangement of the supporting structures, obviously enjoys consider-
able freedom of movement. It thus becomes an important prehensile
structure in this genus. The chitinous bars and articulating masses
on the ventral surface of the head which support the rostrum include
in close association bars that are related to the bases of the antennules
and antennae. Running backward in the midline as far as the upper
lip is a broad straplike plate of chitin which, at its anterior end, is
rounded to form a very mobile articulation with the beak proper (fig.
34,F). Curiously, Scott and Scott (1892) in their description of Lich-
omolgus agilis Scott (not Leydig) |[=Paranthessius rostratus
(Canu) ] interpreted the rostrum as a “short trumpet-shaped siphon,
capable of being extended or depressed * * *” Canu, in his mon-
ograph, illustrated the rostrum very well (Canu, 1892, pl. 24, fig. 3).
The antennules are 7-segmented. The third segment is usually the
shortest ; often it exhibits a great tendency to fusion with the adjacent
segments. An apparent trend is the stressing of the articulation
between segments 4 and 5, with the formation of a basal group (actually
inflated in some species) and with the terminal segments arranged
as a slenderer, more freely movable unit.
The antennae are 4-segmented and there is a highly complicated
articulation with the ventral surface of the head. In some dissections
a considerable mass of the articulating region may come free with the
appendage, suggesting a fifth, basal segment. In the descriptions of
various of the species a 5-segmented antenna is mentioned or depicted,
and I suggest that this interpretation is due to such an artifact. The
four terminal segments are similar, in any case. The first (basal) seg-
ment is short; the second is the longest of all, frequently somewhat
flattened in a plane parallel to the body axis (in the normal orienta-
tion of the appendage) and at the same time expanded mediolaterally.
The arrangement and ornamentation of the two terminal segments
follow various trends, as has been described above.
The original description of Paranthessius Claus, 1889, was based
upon one of the most aberrant representatives of the genus, and as a
result, to the present, no satisfactory, complete resolution of the sub-
sequent multiplication of synonyms has been brought forward.
The lichomolgid nature of Paranthessius was emphasized by its au-
thor, and very properly so, since, as has been pointed out above, ref-
erence to the amplified characters of the genus will show it to exhibit
inmost fundamental arrangement the defining structures of this much-
ubused family. A “Lichomolgus-like” body shape is typical of Par-
anthessius in Claus’ sense. Further characters of his definition to
which we must still adhere would be the rostrum, antennule, antenna
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 397
(although it is rather at the extreme of one of the trends of modifica-
tion pointed out above), mandible, maxillule, maxillipeds of the two
sexes, and the remaining thoracic limbs (although here the exceptional
armature of the second segment of the fourth endopodite remains
unique).
In P. anemoniae Claus some features that distinguish it markedly
from most members of the genus were included in the generic diagno-
sis. The maxilla is unique, the more distal of the two setae of the
terminal joint being enlarged to equal in dimension and arrangement
of ornamentation the terminal prolongation of the main mass of the
segment proper, which, further, has the appearance of being jointed
basally. It is very difficult to reconcile this structure with the
usual condition in lichomolgids, but Claus’ description is supported
by an account of Canu (1898), which is accompanied by a figure
comparable to that presented with the original description. The
armature of the fourth endopodite of P. anemoniae also sets this form
apart from all others of the genus; indeed, is remarkable among the
members of the family Lichomolgidae. The first segment (basal)
bears the usual seta distally placed on the medial margin. The sec-
ond segment bears two medial setae. All other species referred in the
present treatment to Paranthessius bear a single seta on this segment,
and this last condition is typical also of members of Lichomolgus,
Modiolicola, and Sabelliphilus, genera perhaps most closely related
to Paranthessius. All members of the genus Anthessius have the
setae in question exactly like those of P. anemoniae, but in my esti-
mation Anthessius is so distinct from typical lichomolgids that I in-
cline to the establishment of a family, or at least a subfamily, for this
genus and its allies. Jn all other characteristics, P. anemoniae is a
lichomolgid without question, and I should consider it a dubious bene-
fit to single out the species for generic status. Moreover, the unusu-
ally wide range of variability among the representatives of the genus
should provide latitude for the reception of Claus’ species.
Diogenidium Edwards, 1891, was instituted apparently without
knowledge of the description of Paranthessius, although the author
acknowledges consultation with Claus on systematic points dealing
with other copepods described in the same paper. D. nasutwm con-
forms well to the generalized characteristics of Paranthessius in its
present sense. Various details were not included in the description ;
the mouth parts, for example, were dismissed as like those of Licho-
moigus. One slight inconsistency occurred—the generic diagnosis
cites an 8-segmented antennule, but the species description and the
illustrations present the antennule as 7-jointed. The characteristic
rostrum is present and well developed. The segmentation of the
fourth endopod is typical, and the character of three outgrowths on
398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
the terminal segment is shared with several more recently described
species.
Herrmannella was established by Canu, 1891. Its distinction from
Paranthessius was implied by the author’s statements and Diogeni-
dium was represented as differing generically by the configuration of
the mid-region of the body and the nature of the mouth parts. In
its particulars his characterization of Herrmannella and his species
H. rostrata is a description of a generalized Paranthessius. His
claimed differentation from Diogenidium is not supportable, and any
treatment that removed P. anemoniae Claus to separate rank would
have to admit the priority of Diogenidium over Herrmannella.
Canu, in his impressive monograph of 1892, republished his diag-
nosis of H. rostrata, amplified and illustrated, and stated specifically
his bases for separation of the genus from Paranthessius—the anten-
nule, maxilla, and the fourth endopodite. He repeated here his
vague differentiation from Diogenidium, admitting the close relation-
ship of the genera, the situation paralleling, in his statement, the
resemblance of Paranthessius to Anthessius.
The subsequent synonymy of Paranthessius involves a number of
obvious misinterpretations, most of the authors usually bringing
forward subsequent corrections. One feature lending a certain flavor
to this synonymy is the variety of lapses in transcription of Herrmann-
ella, its author himself leading off the distinguished procession of
those dropping out one or another of the improbable-appearing
doubled consonants.
Most of the species described for the genus have been instituted
under Herrmannella (Scott, Thompson and Scott, Sars). In these
treatments a frequent error was the inclusion in the generic concept
of species more properly assignable to Anthessius. This error probably
was due to the condition of the fourth endopodite, the segmentation,
as we have seen, being the same in the two genera.
The name Pseudolichomolgus was proposed twice for representa-
tives of Paranthessius. I am convinced that specimens in my collec-
tion are either identical with Pseudolichomolqus columbiae Thompson
(which was an immature stage) or are representatives of an exceed-
ingly closely related species. In the adult condition these specimens
can be assigned without question to Paranthessius (see further dis-
cussion under species) .
Sars’ concept (1918) of Zermanneila (sic) would apply, in general,
from evidence of species considered, to Paranthessius as here defined,
except for his mention, in discussion only, of H. maxima (Thompson),
a synonym of Aodiolicola inermis Canu. Sars had never seen speci-
mens of this species. His generic diagnosis is very superficial, hardly
serving more than to establish the genus in the Lichomolgidae
and to differentiate it weakly from Modiolicola (M. insignis Aurivil-
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 399
lius). He claimed importance for the rostrum as a generic character
but did not describe or illustrate the structure for any of the five
species that he otherwise completely depicted with his customary
meticulous care.
The most important synthesis of the scattered synonymy of Paran-
thesstus was offered by Monod and Dollfus (1932) in their survey of
the parasites of mollusks. They (pp. 148-146) refuted Canu’s dif-
ferentiation of Herrmannella from Paranthesius, pointing out parallel
extremes of variation in Lichomolgus and further demonstrating that
inclusion of Sars’ Herrmannella species in the concept of the genus
broadens it amply to receive P. anemoniae. They also added Pseudo-
lichomolgus Pesta, 1909, to the synonymy of Paranthessius.
The interpretations of Heegaard (1944) require comment with
reference to Paranthessius. This author’s Scambicornus exhibits
many traits which come within the defined limits of Paranthessius.
Unfortunately, the types were not dissected, and the lack of informa-
tion about the mouth parts requires assigning the form as a genus
incerta sedis among the Lichomolgidae, if it belongs in that family,
as the author claims. As they are illustrated, admittedly somewhat
indefinitely, the mandible and maxilla of Scambicornus are not like
those typical for the family Lichomolgidae. The fourth endopodite,
as depicted in the illustrations, has an armature that does not appear
elsewhere among lichomolgids. If these features could be clarified,
it seems possible that Scambicornus may be related to Paranthessius.
More pertinent to present considerations on Paranthessius is the
invoking by Heegaard of the structure of the antenna of Herrmannella
prehensilis Sars, as figured by its author, in support of Heegaard’s
proposition that such an antenna is a biramous appendage bearing an
exopodite and an endopodite. Sars’ H. prehensilis has patently an
antenna in which the prehensile function has been transferred from
the stout claw typically borne on the terminal segment to a correspond-
ingly developed hooked spine on the penultimate segment, with the
end segment undergoing reduction to a snort, palplike, setiferous
member. The illustrations in the original descriptions of H. seren-
dibica and H. robusta of Thompson and Scott (1903) are in agreement
with Sars’ presentation. There seems to be no advantage in departing
from the traditional concept of the uniramous structure of the antenna.
The genus Paranthessius offers an array of species in which may be
traced very fully the tendency of transfer of prehensile function
from the ultimate segment to the penultimate. <A further support to
the accepted view may be found in the condition of the antenna in
the family Clausidiidae where an expanded third segment with fairly
profuse ornamentation ordinarily dominates in size the more palplike
terminal segment.
818707492
400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
oo
10.
at
18.
14.
15.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PARANTHESSIUS
(Based on characters of females)
. Armature of terminal endopodite segment of fourth leg consisting of 2
Sspinesior setaeciornarispine: andva seta=— =.) eee 2
Armature of this segment consisting of 3 spines or 2 spines and a seta___ 10
Armature of this segment consisting of 4 spines or setae____--_________ 12
Armature of this segment consisting of 5 spines or setae____-___________ 13
. Terminal antennal segment bearing heavy prehensile claw_----------- 3
Terminal antennal segment without usual heavy claw, bearing instead
3 jointed setae of about equal size___________ parvus (Norman and Scott)
7 Caudal rami Zor more times as long as wid@sa = eee eee 4
Caudal rami no more than one and one-half times as long as wide.
validus (Sars)
. Rostrum a strongly curved, posteriorly directed, heavily chitinized
Rostrum replaced by a gently curved, short prominence accompanied
by a bifurcate, weakly chitinized accessory structure.
perplexus, new species
. Fifth leg the usual slightly modified cylinder, or with base expanded____ 6
Fifth leg characteristically shaped: in outline an inverse truncated
cone, the squared-off terminal surface about twice as wide as base.
cynthiae (Brian)
. Length of longest antennal segment much more than twice width_______ 7
Length of longest antennal segment less than twice width___ pectinis (Pesta)
> Margins of fifth ler roughly paralleless = = ie a eet nee 8
Wree segment of fifth leg.expanded basallys—.24 ts 9
. Ventral surface of last abdominal somite with a pair of rows of long
slenderispinUles sues ones ane ee Oe ee eee ee columbiae (Thompson)
No ornamentation on last abdominal somite_______________ rostratus (Canu)
. Lateral margin of terminal segment of fourth endopodite bearing 2
SPINOUS* PLOCESSCS2G20= Ga) Ay oy ce ees ee ee tivelae, new species
Lateral margin of this segment without processes______ saxidomi, new species
Second segment of fourth endopodite with a single seta________________ 11
Second segment of fourth endopodite bears 2 setae on medial surface.
anemoniae Claus
Terminal segment of fourth endopodite with 3 spines___ panopeae, new species
Terminal segment of fourth endopodite with 2 spines and a ciliated seta.
nasutum (Edwards)
. Length of caudal rami twice width__________ robustus (Thompson and Scott)
Length of caudal rami at least 4 times width.
serendibicus (Thompson and Scott)
Terminal antennal segment longer than penultimate segment__________ 14
Terminal antennal segment much smaller than penultimate.
prehensilis (Sars)
Third antennal segment bearing only setae____________-______________ 15
Third antennal segment with a heavy spine on the distal ectal corner.
propinquus Nicholls
Length of caudal rami 4 times width_________________ finmarchicus (Scott)
Length of caudal rami 10 times width___________________ tenuicaudis (Sars)
PARANTHESSIUS ANEMONIAE Claus, 1889
Paranthessius anemoniae Ciavus, 1889, p. 343, figs. 8-15 (Trieste; host: Anemonia
sp.).—Canv, 1894, p. 137 (Iles Chausey, France) ; 1898, pp. 413-415, pl. 10.—
ZULUETA, 1912, p. 12.—Monop and Dortrus, 1982, pp. 148, 145-146.
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 401
PARANTHESSIUS CYNTHIAE (Brian, 1924)
Hermannella cynthiae Brian, 1924, pp. 5-7, figs. 1-4 (Mauritania; host: Cynthia
sp.).
PARANTHESSIUS FINMARCHICUS (T. Scott, 1903)
Herrmannella finmarchica T. Scott, 1903, pp. 28-30, pl. 4, figs. 14-19 (Bog Fjord,
Finmark).
Hermannella finmarchica Sars, 1918, pp. 179-180, pl. 101 (west and south coasts
of Norway).
PARANTHESSIUS NASUTUM (Edwards, 1891)
Diogenidium nasutum Epwarps, 1891, pp. 89-98, pl. 4, figs. 12-19 (Bahama Islands;
host: Miilleria agassizii Selenka).
PARANTHESSIUS PARVUS (Norman and Scott, 1905)
Herrmannella parva NoRMAN and Scott, 1905, pp. 299-300 (Plymouth Sound, Eng-
land; “among Hydrozoa, etc., near low-water’’).
Hermannella parva NorMAN and Scott, 1906, p. 199, pl. 18, fig. 15, pl. 15, figs. 7-10,
pl. 16, fig. 12, pl. 19, fig. 5—Sars, 1918, pp. 176-177, pl. 99 (west and south
coasts of Norway; free-swimming at moderate depths).
PARANTHESSIUS PECTINIS (Pesta, 1909)
Pseudolichomolgus pectinis PESTA, 1909, pp. 268-265, pl. 2, figs. 8-10, pl. 3, figs.
11-16 (Barcola Canal, near Trieste; host: Pecten glaber [Linnaeus] ).—
PELSENEER, 1929, pp. 35, 44.
Paranthessius pectinis Monop and Dottrvs, 1982, pp. 148, 194.
PARANTHESSIUS PREHENSILIS (Sars, 1918)
Hermannella prehensilis Sars, 1918, p. 178, pl. 100 (Skjerjehavn, outside Sogn
Fjord, Norway ; free-swimming, about 20 fathoms depth).
PARANTHESSIUS PROPINQUUS Nicholls, 1944
Paranthessius propinquus NicHo.ts, 1944, pp. 53-54, figs. 23-24 (Sellick Reef,
South Australia).
PARANTHESSIUS ROBUSTUS (Thompson and Scott, 1903)
Hermannelia robusta THOMPSON and Scort, 1903, p. 282, pl. 17, figs. 1-8 (Gulf of
Manaar, Ceylon; from washings of invertebrates).
PARANTHESSIUS ROSTRATUS (Canu, 1891)
Herrmannella rostrata Canu, 1891, p. 480 (sand banks, Pointe aux Oies,
Wimereux, France; host: Mactra stultorum).
Hermannella rostrata CaNnv, 1891, p. 486 (Etaples, France; host: Pecten opercu-
laris Linnaeus).
Herrmannella rostrata Canv, 1892, pp. 236-287, pl. 24, figs. 1-13 (Baie d’Authie,
France; host: Cardium edule Linnaeus).
Lichomolgus agilis T. Scorr (not Leydig), 1892, pp. 266-267 (Morecambe Bay,
England; Firth of Forth; host: Cardium edule Linnaeus).—T. and A. Scort,
1892, pp. 201-203, pl. 15, figs. 1-14—HerpMan, 1893, p. 83 (Liverpool Bay) ;
1893, p. 135.—THompson, 1893, pp. 177, 207-208, pl. 25, figs. 4, Sd.
Hermanneila rostrata CANu, 1894, pp. 8, 10.
Herrmannelia rostrata T. Scott, 1894, p. 259.—Canu, 1899, p. 73.— T. Scorr,
1906, p. 354.
Hermannella rostrata Sars, 1918, pp. 175, 180.
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Herrmannella rostrata PELSENEER, 1929, p. 43.—FRASER, 1932, p. 279 (Morecambe
Bay; nettings of plankton over beds of Cardium edule Linnaeus).
Paranthessius rostratus Monop and Dottrus, 1932, pp. 147-148, 194-195.—
ATKINS, 1934, p. 674 (Plymouth).—LrieH—SuHarpr, 1935, pp. 47-48 (Ply-
mouth; hosts: Cardium edule Linnaeus, Chlamys opercularis [Linnaeus],
Paphia pullastra [Montagu]).
PARANTHESSIUS SERENDIBICUS (Thompson and Scott, 1903)
Hermannella serendibica THOMPSON and Scort, 1903, pp. 282-283, pl. 17, figs. 9-11
(Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon; washings of sponges).
PARANTHESSIUS TENUICAUDIS (Sars, 1918)
Hermanella tenuicaudis Sars, 1918, pp. 180-181, pl. 102 (west coast of Norway).
PARANTHESSIUS VALIDUS (Sars, 1918)
Hermannella valida Sars, 1918, pp. 175-176, pl. 98 (Stavanger Fjord, Norway;
among dredged material from about 50 fathoms).
PARANTHESSIUS COLUMBIAE (Thompson, 1897)
Ficures 33, 34
Pseudolichomolgus columbiae THompson, in Herdman, Thompson, and Scott,
897, pp. 87-88, pl. 8, figs. 1-10 (Puget Sound; plankton).
Specimens examined.—One lot of specimens from several examples
of Schizothaerus nuttallit (Conrad), collected at Tomales Bay, Marin
County, Calif., May 23, 1948, by P. L. Ilg. Eleven adult females, 6
adult males, 50 immature specimens. (Selected specimens constitute
U.S. N. M. No. 85348.)
Washings (formalin in sea water) of the red algal tuft on the siphon
plates of an example of Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad), Tomales
Bay, Marin County, Calif., May 23, 1943, P. L. Illg. One male of the
fifth copepodid stadium. The alga was collected during the period of
outgoing tide and was awash in several inches of water.
From one specimen of several examples of Protothaca tenerrima
(Carpenter) , Tomales Bay, Marin County, Calif., May 23, 1948, P. L.
Ilg, collector. Two adult females.
From several examples of Schizothaerus nuttall%i (Conrad), Bodega
Lagoon, Sonoma County, Calif., January 23, 1944. Collector K. A.
Hok. Six adult females, five adult males, three immature specimens.
It is probably significant that every adult specimen of S. nutialliz
examined on both the recorded occasions yielded examples of the
copepod.
Distribution —Puget Sound; Tomales Bay and Bodega Bay, Calif.
Description—¥rmate: The body is elongated and slender; the
habit is unique among the members of the genus (fig. 33, A). The
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 403
Ficure 33.—Paranthessius columbiae (Thompson): FemMare, A, body outline (X 28); B,
antennule ( 114); C, antenna (X 240); D, maxilliped (X 707); E, terminal segment of
fourth endopodite (* 240); F, fifth leg (X 240).
somite of the first swimming leg (the second thoracic somite) is sep-
arated from the cephalothorax and is the longest pedigerous segment.
The articulation with the cephalothorax is very distinct both dorsally
and ventrally. The legs are placed far back on the ventral side of the
segment, and so the space between the mouth parts and the swimming
legs is of considerable extent. The third thoracic segment is slightly
shorter than the second and is the only metasome segment exhibiting
posterior prolongation of its lateral margins. ‘The fifth thoracic seg-
ment is the terminal segment of the metasome and is much the shortest
and narrowest of these segments. The urosome is slightly longer than
the metasome. It consists of the segment of the fifth legs, the genital
segment and three free abdominal segments. The ovisacs are held
closely appressed to the body and they extend slightly beyond the tips
of the caudal rami. An estimate based on a typical ovisac would indi-
cate as the usual contents approximately 120 small eggs.
The rostrum is highly characteristic. It is the well-developed pre-
hensile organ typical of the genus, with the unique feature that the
anterior, baselike structure of the beak is produced laterally in wide
expansions, the extremes of which exhibit further ventral prolonga-
tion, so that the principal beak is accompanied by two auxiliary knobs
404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
(fig. 34, A). A most curious feature of the sexual dimorphism of this
species is the fact that in the males the auxiliary knobs are still more
strongly produced as stout spines, directed ventrally and posteriorly,
each equal to nearly half the length of the principal beak (fig. 34, F).
The antennule is unique among members of the genus so far de-
scribed. The proximal four segments are intricately related in an
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Ficure 34.—Paranthessius columbiae (Thompson): Femate, A, rostral spine (X 144); B,
basal segments of antennule (X 296); C, last abdominal segment (X 144); D, abdomen
(X< 42); E, caudal ramus (X 144). Mate, F, rostrum and bases of antennules (X 144);
G, maxilliped (X 144); H, fifth leg (< 424). Firta copepopip, male, I, maxilliped of
young example (X 296); J, maxilliped of individual about to molt (X 296). FourtTH
corEpop1p, K, mouth parts (X 296; LA, upper lip; MN, base of mandible; M, maxillule;
MX, maxilla; MP, maxilliped); L, sixth and seventh thoracic somites (X 144).
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 405
expanded, arched plate with highly chitinized margins (fig. 34, B).
The distal three segments constitute a terminal whip, much narrower,
more cylindrical, and with less departure from the usual lichomolgid
structure (fig. 33, B). The first segment has a very mobile articula-
tion with the second, which as usual is the longest segment of the
antennule. ‘The limit between the second and third segments is trace-
able by distinct but incomplete sutures, and a considerable partial fu-
sion unites them. The articulation between the third and fourth seg-
ments is a complete one. The first segment bears four setae on the
anterolateral corner. The second segment bears 13 setae arranged as
a fairly dense row along the anterolateral margin. The third seg-
ment bears two setae on the distolateral corner. The fourth segment
bears three setae on the anterolateral margin, one proximal, the others
at the distal corner. The most distal of these is the longest seta of the
antennule. The fifth segment, which is the longest of the distal trio,
bears three setae. The sixth segment, just slightly shorter than the
fifth, bears two setae. The short seventh segment bears four apical
setae and four in a subapical position.
The antenna is 4-segmented. The second segment is much longer
than the others and is somewhat flattened dorsoventrally, expanded
mediolaterally. The heavy claw borne on the terminal segment is so
oriented with the antenna that the dissected appendage takes a position
which presents a deceptive narrowness of the second segment (fig. 33,
C). The first and second segments each bear a single seta. The third
segment bears four setae. The terminal segment, in addition to its
large claw, has three setae, all placed at the base of the claw.
The mandible is the characteristic flat blade, tapering to a pointed
flexible tip, with ciliate margins (as seen in the illustrated mandible
of Paranthessius tivelae, fig. 36,1). The maxillule bears two termi-
nally placed setae. Figure 34, K, presents the mouth parts of an imma-
ture individual in which there is complete correspondence to the adult
female.
The maxilla is 2-segmented. The base is very large; its posterior
margin bears a row of spinules. The terminal joint bears an unorna-
mented proximal seta and a more distal, larger seta with cilia arranged
along its posteromedial margin.
The maxilliped is very reduced, consisting of three simple segments,
the terminal segment the shortest (fig. 33, D).
The swimming legs conform to the characteristic pattern for the
genus. The arrangement of spines and setae on the segments of the
rami follows:
First leg, exopodite: First segment (basal) bears a lateral spine;
second segment bears a lateral spine and a medial seta; third segment
(terminal) bears four spines and four setae. Endopodite: First seg-
406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
ment—medial seta ; second segment—medial seta; third segment—one
spine and four setae.
Second leg, exopodite: First segment—lateral spine; second seg-
ment—lateral spine and medial seta; third segment—four spines and
five setae. Endopodite: first segment—medial seta; second segment—
two medial setae; third segment—three spines and three setae.
Third leg, exopodite: First segment—lateral spine; second seg-
ment—lateral spine, medial seta; third segment—four spines and five
setae, Endopodite: first segment—medial seta; second segment—two
medial setae; third segment—three spines and two setae.
Fourth leg, exopodite: First segment—lateral spine; second seg-
ment—lateral spine, medial seta; third segment—three spines and
five setae. Endopodite: first segment—medial seta; second segment—
medial seta; third segzment—two terminal spines, the lateral about
three-fifths of the length of the medial (fig. 33, E).
In all the pairs of swimming legs, the distal margins of the basipo-
dites are set with very close-set, long, fine spinules which form a con-
spicuous fringe. The basis in each leg bears a small lateral seta just
proximal to the articulation of the exopodite with the basis. The
coxa bears a large ciliated seta at its medial distal corner. The mar-
gins of the rami are ciliated to varying degrees.
The fifth leg possesses a very elongate free segment (length three
or more times the width), which is directed somewhat posteriorly.
A dorsal seta, set on the body somite proper, represents the basis of
the fifth leg. The terminal armature of the free segment comprises
a shorter, lateral setiform member and a slightly longer, much stouter,
medial spine (fig. 33, F).
The urosome is elongate, exceeding slightly the metasome. The
urosome comprises the sixth thoracic segment (which bears the fifth
legs) ; the genital segment, a fused composite of the seventh thoracic
segment and the first abdominal somite; and three free abdominal
segments. In all these, the posterior margins are entire, lacking the
spinous serrations characteristics of some other species. The termi-
nal segment exhibits an unique form of ornamentation. About mid-
way in length of the segment is placed across the ventral surface a
pair of rows of slender, elongate spinules, in fringe arrangement.
The rows do not meet at the midline, and they form arches across
the ventral surface nearly to its lateral extent. The number of spin-
ules per row in specimens examined has varied from approximately
15 to 20 in each row (fig. 34, C).
Perhaps a significant anticipation of the encroachment of the whole
body by reproductive structures in the most degenerate parasitic
copepods is provided in this species where the ovarian (or oviducal)
tubes of the two sides of the body extend into the abdomen, on one
side, at least, usually penetrating the terminal segment (fig. 34, D).
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—-ILLG 407
The state of preservation of my specimens is not favorable for deter-
mining details of internal anatomy, so the exact identity of the ovifer-
ous bands has not been established. The typical position of the
ovaries and oviducts in lichomolgids is in the thoracic segments, with
no extension posterior to the apertures of the oviducts on the genital
segment.
The caudal rami are about four times as long as wide (fig. 34, E).
The proximal lateral seta is placed relatively far posteriorly, at about
two-fifths the length of the ramus. The external seta is longer than
the internal. The two longest central setae of the tip of the ramus
are jointed at their bases; the longer is about two and one-half times
the length of the caudal ramus.
Length of the body, exclusive of the setae of the caudal rami, is 2
mm.
Mate: The body habit retains the tendency to elongation of the
female, but not in such extreme form; there is therefore little depar-
ture from the facies of the typical lichomolgid male. The segmenta-
tion of the metasome is the same in the two sexes. In the urosome,
the genital thoracic segment of the male is a free somite and bears
well-developed sixth legs. The separation of the first abdominal
somite from the genital segment results in a urosome of six segments.
The more extreme development of the rostrum of the male in com-
parison to the condition in the female has been described above (fig.
34, F). The antennule is alike in the two sexes.
The antenna bears out a tendency in the dimorphism of the species
of Paranthessius I have seen toward an increase in number and size
of spinous protuberances of the appendages. The second segment
of the male antennule bears a row of spinules which are much stouter
and longer than those seen in the female. The mandibles, maxillules,
and maxillae do not exhibit dimorphism.
The maxilliped is one of the diagnostic structures of the male (fig. 34,
G). The appendage is the largest and most conspicuous of the mouth
parts. Of the three segments, the basal one is the shortest. The
second segment is stout and long, its length about double the width.
The terminal segment is parallel with and appressed to the second
segment and, by a complicated articulation, forms a subchelate ap-
pendage with that segment. The terminal segment is a long narrow
blade, about one and one-half times the length of the second segment.
A seta, of curiously modified character, is borne on the second segment.
A long seta is borne on the basal portion of the terminal segment.
Stout spinules, set in rows, ornament the medial surface of the second
joint.
In the swimming legs the sex of adults might be determined by the
more spinous ornamentation of the limbs of the males. The fringes
818707493
408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
of the basipodites are of heavier, more spinulelike members, partic-
ularly in the first three legs. The fourth pair is more like that of the
female. A further feature of the first three legs is the prolongation
of the distal medial corner of the second segment of the endopodite
into a long, stout spinous process. ‘This is not a true spine, as it lacks
an articulation at the base and is therefore a direct extension of the
integument of the podomere proper. These spinous processes are
equivalent in size to the true, articulated spines, however. The con-
trast between these structures in the male and female is illustrated
(fig. 36, C, F) for Paranthessius panopeae, the species in which the
dimorphism is seen most strikingly. In the original description of
Pseudolichomolgus pectinis Pesta, the illustrations show spines on the
two proximal segments of all the endopodites. If these were mov-
able spines, this would represent an unique condition among licho-
molgids. The illustrations do show a somewhat subtle differentiation
of these outgrowths from the truly articulated spines in the usual
positions, and I suggest that they be interpreted as spinous processes
comparable to those seen in the males described here.
The male fifth leg is reduced, much shorter in proportion to width
than in the female, and the outgrowths are less robust, more setiform
(fig. 34,H). The lateral seta is longer than the medial.
The seventh thoracic segment of the male is much modified because
of a pair of chambers containing the sperm masses. The ventral
portion of the segment is prolonged posteriorly on each side, and at
the lateral limit of this prolongation is the slight prominence bearing
two setae that constitutes the sixth leg. The posterior border of the
prolonged region is further ornamented by spinules set in row forma-
tion parallel to the margin. In the present species there are two
such rows of spinules on each side, parallel to each other, the count
of spinules for one side being 24 in the anterior row, 16 in the posterior
row. Figure 35, G, shows the arrangement of this segment and leg
for Paranthessius panopeae.
The terminal abdominal segment bears the rows of spinules char-
acteristic of the species in both sexes, and there is no notable dimorph-
ism of the caudal rami. The body length is about 1.7 mm.
Immature Forms: The several specimens available of late develop-
mental stages at first presented a puzzling complex of resemblances and
differences. As will be presented in detail below, sufficient features
were established to conclude that a portion of these represented the
females and males of the final larval stadium (the fifth copepodid)
and the remainder were of the fourth copepodid stage, in which no
basis for differentiation of the sexes was discovered in the small sample
considered.
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 409
Fifth copepodid. Female: The rostrum is very conspicuously de-
veloped in the 3-pronged pattern of the adult male. The lateral
spines are equal to two-thirds of the length of the central beak. The
appendages of the head all are identical with the adult condition. The
thoracic appendages of the metasome are all identical with those of
the adult. The small maxilliped establishes the specimen as a female,
since the adult condition of the swimming legs is taken to be conclusive
indication that this stadium is the ultimate larval copepodid.
In the urosome the characters depart from those of the adult. The
fifth leg, however, approaches closely to the adult condition, although
it is perhaps slightly less elongate. It is, in actual measurement, at
least twice the bulk of the fifth leg of the adult male. Further, the
terminal armature presents the stout medial spine, longer than the
lateral seta. In the male, both adult and of this stadium, the longer
member of these outgrowths is the lateral, and neither attains spinelike
dimensions.
The urosome is 5-jointed, but it represents different segments from
those present in the adult urosome of the same number of somites.
The first segment is the sixth thoracic somite, bearing the fifth legs.
The second segment is the seventh thoracic somite; it is thus established
by the presence at its posterior margin of a spinule row and one seta,
comparing incompletely but satisfactorily to the sixth leg armature
ofthe adult male. The adult male, and also that of the fifth copepodid
stadium, show two setae for thismember. In this subadult female, the
spinule row is but a single set of about 20 spinules on each side as
compared to the pair of double rows of the corresponding male.
Three abdominal somites complete the urosome. Of these, the ter-
minal one is the longest. This segment bears the characteristic pair
of rows of spinules, exhibiting but eleven spinules on either side in
the specimen examined. The proportion of length of segments is
significant as it indicates clearly the rearrangement of segmentation
of the urosome that takes place during the final molt. The result of
this molt is a urosome in which the terminal thoracic segment and
the first abdominal somite are fused into the very long genital seg-
ment. In this modification, all the ornamentation of the sixth leg
disappears (except perhaps a reduced seta or two very inconspicu-
ously placed at the openings of the oviducts). In the adult, the most
proximal of the three abdominal segments is the longest, and this fact
indicates that the terminal segment of the fifth copepodid is sub-
divided in the final molt.
The caudal rami of the fifth copepodid are stubbier than those of
the adult. The proportion of length to width is about 3.8. The
length of the body measures 1.4 mm.
410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Fifth copepodid. Male: The subadult condition of this male is
patent in the 5-segmented urosome, which conforms in proportion and
arrangement exactly to that of the female of the same stadium.
The fifth leg is comparable to that of the adult male. The longer
of the terminal setae is lateral. The structures of the seventh thor-
acic somite are the two setae of the sixth leg and two pairs of rows
of spinules, as in the adult.
The metasome of the subadult male exhibits some diagnostic fea-
tures. The maxillipeds, while they are by far the most developed of
the mouth parts, lack the free, subcheliform terminal segment of the
adult. Two such maxillipeds (fig. 34, I, J) show the sequence of
development of this appendage at an early stage and a later period
within the same stadium. In the early copepodid of stage five, there
is no indication of the elongate terminal claw (fig. 34, I). A globose
end segment is the forerunner of the claw, however, as is seen in the
second example where, under the cuticle, can be made out the features
of the adult condition, about to be uncovered by the imminent final
molt.
In the swimming legs the spinous processes of the distal medial
corners of the second endopodite segments to be seen in the adult are
here lacking. The segmentation of the rami and the complement of
spines and setae are identical with those of the adult.
Length, exclusive of setae of the caudal rami, is about 1.4 mm.
Fourth copepodid. The metasome has the degree of segmentation
seen in the adult. The rostrum shows very great development of the
lateral spines, these being equal to more than three-fourths of the
length of the central beak. The antennules, antennae, and mouth parts
areasinthe adult female. Figure 34, K, shows the arrangement of the
mouth parts, the very large basal segment of the maxilla nearly ob-
scuring the much reduced maxillipeds.
The swimming legs are 2-jointed and the complement of spines
and setae of the adult is not attained, as the following representa-
tion of the armature of these appendages demonstrates:
First leg, exopodite: First segment—lateral spine; second seg-
ment—four spines, four setae. Endopodite: first segment—medial
seta; second segment—one spine, six setae.
Second leg, exopodite: First segment—lateral spine; second seg-
ment—four spines, five setae. Endopodite: first segment—medial
seta; second segment—three spines, five setae.
Third leg, exopodite: First segment—lateral spine; second seg-
ment—four spines, five setae. Endopodite: first segment—medial
seta ; second segment—three spines, three setae.
Fourth leg, exopodite: First segment—lateral spine; second seg-
ment—four spines, five setae. Endopodite: first segment—medial
seta ; second segment—two spines, one seta.
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 411
It will be noted that, while the full armature of the adult limb is not
present in this larval state, there are included in the complement of
the terminal segment spines or setae which finally appear, in the adult
stadium, on the second segment.
The urosome is 4-segmented, composed of the sixth and seventh
thoracic segments and two abdominal somites. Of these latter, the
terminal segment is the longer. The fifth legs are short, the length
equalling about one and one-half times the width. Of the terminal
setae, the lateral is much the longer. The sixth leg is represented by a
single seta. The single pair of spinule rows of the seventh thoracic
segment comprise about twenty spinules on each side (fig. 34, L).
The caudal rami are relatively short and wide; the ratio of length
to width is about 2.6. Total body length, exclusive of setae of caudal
rami, is about 0.9mm. No characters for differentiation of the sexes
were found.
Remarks.—The single specimen upon which this species was founded
was taken swimming in the plankton in the Puget Sound region. It
was diagnosed as a male in the original description, with, however, one
lapse where it was referred to as female in the legend for the illustra-
tions (p. 90). The character that convinced the describer of the
generic distinctness of the species was the 2-segmented rami of the
swimming legs. This feature, together with the spine shown on the
genital segment and the general configuration of the rostrum in the
figures of the type, I find ample evidence to identify Thompson’s
specimen with the fourth copepodid developmental stage, as borne
out by the series of specimens available to me which I consider to
represent the same species. Additional information from my series
serves to explain some other apparently anomalous features of
Thompson’s description.
The following are the characters in which Thompson’s description
and figures agree with my specimens:
The rostrum and antennules are alike in these two instances and are
unique for the genus Paranthessius. The antennae, mandibles, maxil-
lules, and the terminal portions of the maxillae correspond reasonably
well. The maxilliped described by Thompson and illustrated as his
figure 8 resembles no such structure known among the lichomolgids.
However, reference to the mouth parts figured here as figure 34, K, may
serve to explain this appendage. The base of the maxilla, with its
very obvious muscle band, if the terminal portion were torn away and
the line of this disruption misinterpreted as part of the natural boun-
dary, might very well be delineated in exactly the appearance of
Thompson’s figure. Also, the maxillipeds are so inconspicuous and
so overshadowed by these enlarged maxillae that it would be very easy
to overlook them in a single dissection.
412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The first and fourth swimming legs are figured by Thompson and, in
segmentation and arrangement of ornamentation, conform exactly to
my description above.
The fifth feet present a discrepancy, Thompson’s figure depicting a
longer medial terminal seta. Whether great pains were taken to
depict this feature exactly in an illustration (Thompson, fig. 1) obvi-
ously designed to present the body habit of the copepod rather than
details of its anatomy might be subject to question.
Three abdominal segments are shown in Thompson’s illustration
(fig. 1), with a row of spines depicted along the boundary of the
second and third segments. I suggest that the spinules present on the
undivided terminal segment in my specimens could be readily so misin-
terpreted in casual observation. The seta of the sixth leg corresponds
in the two instances.
The length (1.98 mm.) given by Thompson is greatly at variance
with my specimens. He does not state whether the caudal setae are
included in the measurement, but these structures are much Jess than
half the body length in extent and could not account for the discrep-
ancy seen. It may be that Thompson studied a specimen of a species
different from my examples, but there are so many points by which I
can reconcile these with his description that I do not deem it advisable
to add a new name for representatives of this genus.
The specimens I have examined, including ovigerous females, adult
males, and immature stages were taken as commensals or parasites upon
the gills of clams. J have specimens collected from the mudflats near
the mouth of Tomales Bay, Marin County, Calif., and additional ex-
amples from the similar situation nearby, Bodega Bay, Sonoma
County, Calif. Further information as to the extent of occurrence of
the copepod and the seasonal fluctuation of incidence and abundance
would be of considerable interest. The thorough work of MacGinitie
(1935) on the population of Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, Calif.,
did not discover the presence of Paranthessius columbiae, although
the abundantly occurring principal host was sufficiently scrutinized to
bring forth numerous records of the encysted larvae of tapeworms.
Even so inconspicuous a copepod could not have eluded such search.
From observation of the living animals in sétw upon the host, I can
attest the great transparency and nearly complete invisibility of this
copepod. Even under close scrutiny of the gills of the mollusk no more
than a minute dark thread of about a millimeter or two in length be-
trays the parasite. This thread is the gut, which has a heavy wall.
Whether the dark color is pigmentation of the wall itself or a prop-
erty of the contents of the gut, I did not determine upon living cope-
pods, and in preserved specimens the coloration rapidly disappeared.
The occurrence of Thompson’s specimen in the plankton is not diffi-
cult of explanation. It is a frequent phenomenon for lichomolgids
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 413
to leave the host for varying periods, and numerous species have been
described that have never been taken in association with another or-
ganism. Several records of Paranthessius rostratus are derived from
collections of plankton from waters above cockle beds where the mol-
lusks are infested by this species. In the case of Paranthessius colum-
biae I have recovered a male individual of the fifth copepodid stadium
from washings of the red alga, which almost invariably occurs as dense
tufts on the heavy siphon plates of Schizothaerus nuttallii of Tomales
Bay. The amount of migration of the adults and the relative wander-
ings of the larval stages would be interesting details to supply in a
complete biological investigation of this copepod. Large scale surveys
of the mollusk fauna of a given locality should provide information of
great interest in regard to the limits of specific infestation of given
hosts.
PARANTHESSIUS PANOPEAE, new species
FIGURES 35, 36
Specimens examined.—Fourteen adult females, nine adult males,
one female of the fifth copepodid stadium, from a single specimen of
Panope generosa Gould, collected in Tomales Bay, Marin County,
Calif., May 23, 1948, P. L. Illg, collector.
Types have been assigned the following United States National
Museum catalog numbers: Holotypic female, 85348; allotypic male,
85344.
Description.—FEMALE: The body is elongated although not so ex-
tremely as in P. columbiae. The metasome consists of five somites.
The cephalothorax is the longest segment. The relative lengths of
the succeeding somites are in the order of their arrangement, as are
also their relative widths. The somite of the first swimming legs is
the widest somite of the metasome (fig. 35, A).
The urosome is 5-segmented, consisting of the sixth thoracic somite,
the genital somite, and three free abdominal segments. The ovisacs
are narrow, closely appressed to the abdomen, and elongate, reach-
ing to the ends of the caudalrami. The eggs are small; a single ovisac
contains a hundred or more eggs.
The rostrum is a long, pointed beak, directed posteriorly. It is
movable, and the supporting structures on the head are associated with
the bases of the antennules and antennae. There are no lateral auxili-
ary projections (fig. 36, A).
The antennule (fig. 36, A) is long and slender; it comprises seven
segments. The second segment is the longest. The setal armature is
as follows: First segment—four setae; second segment—nine setae;
third segment—four setae; fourth segment—three setae; fifth seg-
414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Ficure 35.—A-G, Paranthessius panopeae, new species: FEMALE, A, body outline (X 28);
B, maxillule (X 707); C, maxilla (X 240); D, maxilliped (X 240); E, terminal segment of
fourth endopodite (X 493); F, fifth leg (X 493). Mate, G, seventh thoracic somite
(X 167). H-J, P. tivelae, new species: FeMauE, H, body outline (X 45). Matz, I,
maxilliped (X 240); J, fifth leg (X 707). K-M, P. perplexus, new species: FEMALE,
K, body outline (X 43); L, spine of basal segment of first exopodite (X 424); M, spine of
second segment of first exopodite (X 424).
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 415
Ficure 36.—A-G, Paranthessius panopeae, new species: Femaue, A, rostrum and antennule
(X 100); B, antenna (X 144); C, first leg (X 296); D, caudal ramus (X 296). Mate,
E, maxilliped (X 144); F, first leg (X 296); G, fifth leg (X 424). H-M, P. tivelae, new
species: FEMALE, H, last abdominal somite and caudal ramus (X 144); I, mandible
(X 424); J, maxilla (X 424); K, maxilliped (X 424); L, terminal segment of fourth
endopodite (X 296); M, fifth leg (X 424).
ment—four setae; sixth segment—three setae; seventh segment—
eight setae.
The antenna is very stout, 4-segmented. The relations of its parts
are better presented by figure than by description (fig. 36, B).
The mandible is like that of the other species described here. The
maxillule is a single, flattened segment, bearing two stout, spiniform
setae terminally (fig. 35,.B). The maxilla does not depart from the
416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
usual structure seen in the genus. The proportional size of the basal
segment is much less than that seen in P. columbiae. There is no dif-
ference in the maxilla in the two sexes (fig. 35, C).
The maxilliped is 3-segmented. The terminal segment is distinctly
tapering, ending in a rounded apex. Both second and third segments
bear short setae (fig. 35, D).
The swimming legs are comparable in segmentation and ornamenta-
tion with the detailed formula presented for P. columbiae except for
two distinctive features. The marginal fringe of the first and second
basipodites comprises stout, conspicuous spinules rather than slender
cilia (fig. 36,C). The terminal segment of the fourth endopodite pos-
sesses an armature of diagnostic significance. In addition to two ter-
minal spines, of which the medial is the longer by about a third, there
is a third spine, placed on the lateral margin of the segment. This
spine is the shortest of the three, equal to about half the length of the
longest. The longest spine exceeds the length of the segment (fig.
35, E).
The free segment of the fifth leg is much flattened and is widest at
its base. Two slight convexities appear on the posterior (or medial)
margin. ‘The terminal stout spine is nearly twice the length of the
more laterally placed seta (fig. 35, F).
The caudal rami are very elongate, the length equaling seven times
the width (fig. 36, D). The proximal seta of the lateral margin is
placed nearly halfway from the base of the ramus to its tip. The
lateral distal seta is but little longer than the medial distal seta, but
somewhat stouter. The two central setae of the tip of the ramus are
jointed at the base; the longer slightly exceeds in length the caudal
ramus.
The length of the body, excluding the setae of the caudal rami, is
2.1 mm.
Mate: The metasome is less elongated than in the female. The
urosome is 6-segmented. The rostrum, antennule, antennae, and
cephalic mouth parts are just as in the female. The maxillipeds are
of the characteristic male subcheliform construction. The basal seg-
ment is very wide. The second segment is less than twice as long as
wide. It bears a seta and a row of spines along the medial surface.
The terminal segment is the usual slender arc, its length exceeding
twice that of the second segment (fig. 36, E).
The first three pairs of swimming legs exhibit on the distal lateral
corner of the second segment of the exopodite a great prolongation of
the integument into a large spinous process, which is differentiated
from a true spine by its lack of a joint or articulation with the main
body of the podomere. On the first leg this process equals in dimen-
sion the articulated spine of the distal segment (fig. 36, F). On the
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 417
fourth endopodite, this tendency to the production of spinous proc-
esses is less extreme, the appropriate corner in this appendage being
produced only into a short, thornlike denticle of small dimensions.
Somewhat similar, small, thornlike denticles occur on the lateral mar-
gin of the distal segment of this ramus, one placed just proximal to
the base of each of the two more proximal spines. A further slight
deviation in this podomere from the female condition is seen in the
relatively greater length and slenderness of its spines.
The usual dimorphism of the lichomolgid fifth leg is seen in this
species. The free segment is shorter and narrower than that of the
female (fig. 86, G). The terminal armature is strikingly different,
the setae being subequal in proportions with the lateral one slightly
the longer.
The ornamentation of the seventh thoracic segment is typical for
the genus (fig. 35,G@). The pair of rows of spinules exhibit about 18
spinules on each side. The armature of the sixth leg comprises two
subequal setae. The caudal rami differ in no essential from those of
the female. The total length of the body is about 1.8 mm.
IMMATURE sTaGE: Female of the fifth copepodid stadium. A single
specimen of this stage was available and it was not subjected to de-
tailed study, as it presented the diagnostic features of the species,
slightly modified by the characteristics of the developmental state,
as has been described here in detail in the cases of P. columbiae and
P. tivelae. The length of the specimen is 1.6 mm.
PARANTHESSIUS TIVELAE, new species
FIGURES 35, 36
Specimens examined.—Nine adult females, one adult male, thirteen
immature specimens obtained from a single specimen of Z'%vela stul-
torum (Mawe), collected at La Selva Beach, Monterey Bay, Monterey
County, Calif., June 18, 1943, P. L. Illg.
Types have been assigned the following United States National
Museum catalog numbers: Holotypic female, 85346; allotypic male,
85545.
Description —¥FEMALE: The proportions of the metasome conform
fairly closely to the oval configuration of the typical cyclopoid (fig.
35, H). The cephalothorax includes the segment of the maxillipeds;
the somites of the four swimming legs comprise the remainder of the
5-segmented metasome. The lateral portions of the segments of the
swimming legs are produced posteriorly as rounded lobes.
The urosome is of the usual five segments. Distinctive of the
species are the coarsely serrate posterior margins of the abdominal
segments, with the exception of the terminal segment. These serra-
418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
tions comprise very long toothlike shreds of the integument, arranged
roughly as alternate wide and narrow spinules (fig. 386, H).
The egg sacs are elongate in this species, reaching to the caudal
rami. The eggs are large. Each ovisac contains about 30 eggs.
The rostrum and antennules conform very closely to the condition
figured for P. panopeae. The terminal segments of the antennule
exhibit a slight degree of specific differentiation, however ; in P. tévelae
the sixth segment is longer than the fifth; in P. panopeae the propor-
tion is reversed.
The antenna conforms almost exactly in proportions to that of P.
columbiae.
The mandible is a very generalized one, its gradual taper and very
simplified ornamentation of marginal cilia suiting it to exemplifica-
tion as the typical form of the appendage for the genus or even for
the family (fig. 36, 1). The maxillule differs only in subtle and in-
significant particulars of outline from that already illustrated for P.
columbiae. It is a simplified, flat, tapering plate with two terminal
setae. The maxilla, like the mandible, may be considered as general-
ized in construction (fig. 36, J). The well-developed base does not
show the extreme enlargement that characterizes this appendage in P.
columbiae. In the present species, the length of the basal segment
but little exceeds its width. The terminal segment differs from the
other species in the present collection by the lack of ornamentation of
the more distal of the setae on the anterior surface. In the other
species there are fine spinules or cilia arranged along one or both
margins of the seta. Such simple setae are found in this position in
some other members of the genus. In all the species, the more proxi-
mal of the two setae of this segment is always without ornamentation,
The maxilliped is distinctive in P. tivelae (fig. 36, K). The articu-
lation with the head is so complicated that it is impossible from my
preparations to say with certainty whether the appendage is 2- or 38-
segmented. ‘The terminal segment is conical, with pronounced round-
ing of the tip. This segment bears two minute setae. The segment
next proximal (basal segment?) is subquadrate, of very great width
in proportion to its length.
The swimming legs are all by generic definition 3-jointed in both
rami. The number and distribution of the spines and setae are ex-
actly those presented above for P. columbiae. Characteristic minor
features of these limbs for the species are the following, however: The
basipodite of the first legs bears a marginal fringe of very stout
spinules (as illustrated for the male of P. panopeae). On the bases of
all the other legs, this fringe is comprised of well-developed cilia, much
more slender and delicate in configuration than the robust spinules,
although of about equal length. Very stoutly developed spinous proc-
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 419
esses of the integument are placed on the distal lateral corners of
the middle segments of the endopodites of the first and second legs.
These processes are nearly as highly developed as those described for
the males of the other species of the present collection. In the third
and fourth endopodites, there are thornlike, short, spinous projections
in the corresponding position, but these do not show the prolongation
into long outgrowths like those of the first two legs. The terminal seg-
ment of the fourth endopodite is an identifying structure in this spe-
cies (fig. 36,LL). The edges of the segment are nearly parallel. Two
small thornlike processes (spinules or denticles) on the lateral margin
are characteristic. The more proximal spinule is placed at a point
two-thirds the length of the margin from the base of the segment.
The distal spinule is at the base of the terminal spine.
The fifth leg bears a resemblance to that of P. saz¢domi in the in-
flation of the posterior proximal margin of the free segment. How-
ever, the terminal spine of this species is twice the length of the seg-
ment (in P. savidomi the spine is little more than one and one-half
times the length of the segment). As in the other species, the spine
is the more posterior outgrowth of the free segment. This spine of
P. tivelae, further, exceeds the accompanying seta by one sixth of
its own length (fig. 36, M).
The caudal rami are about five and one-half times as long as wide
(fig. 836, H). The lateral proximal seta is inserted slightly short of
half the distance from the base to the tip of the ramus. The most
medial terminal seta is longer than the lateral apical seta. The two
central setae of the four at the tip of the ramus are jointed at their
bases. The longer of these two is about two and one-half times
the length of the ramus. No seta of the caudal rami exhibits cilia-
tion of its margins. The total length of the body, excluding the
caudal setae, is 1.8 mm.
Mate: The shape of the body and the segmentation present the
usual dimorphism characteristic of this group of copepods. ‘The
cephalic appendages correspond to those of the female. The basal
segment of the prehensile maxilliped bears a weakly produced spi-
nous projection at the posterior medial corner. The length of the
second segment is roughly twice the width. A simple row of con-
spicuous spinules forms a border along the medial margin of the
segment. The long claw comprising the terminal joint is twice the
length of the second segment (fig. 35, I).
The swimming legs conform more closely to the female type than
is usually the case in the other species in the present collection. There
is an accentuation of the spinous nature of the marginal fringes of
the basipodites and the spinous processes of the endopodites are
somewhat longer and more robust.
420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The margins of the free segment of the fifth leg are parallel.
Both terminal outgrowths are setiform; of these, the posterior is much
the shorter (fig. 35, J). The sixth legs are represented only by two
setae. The ornamentation of the last thoracic segment is a pair
of rows of spinules, about thirty spinules comprising the row on
either side. The heavily spinous serrations of the posterior margins
of the abdominal somites are like those in the female. There is no
feature of the caudal rami exhibiting any considerable dimorphism.
The total length of the body, exclusive of the setae of the caudal
rami, is about 1.1 mm.
Immature srace: Female copepodid of the fifth stadium. The
metasome presents no point of difference in its contours or its com-
plement of appendages from the condition of the adult female, ex-
cept its slightly smaller size. The urosome is very different from
the adult condition. The five segments comprise the last two tho-
racic segments and three abdominal segments. Of these latter, the
terminal segment is the longest. This proportion anticipates the
final molt in which the first abdominal segment becomes fused to the
last thoracic segment and a subdivision of the terminal somite re-
stores the number of free abdominal segments to three. The two
anterior abdominal segments present have the coarse serration of
the posterior margins which is characteristic of the adults of the
species. The caudal rami are not so long in proportion to width
as is the case in the adult, but the general aspect of arrangement of
the ornamentation shows no significant difference.
The fifth legs are just like those of the adult male. This is a strong
contrast to the condition in P. columbiae, where in the fifth copepodid
this appendage is recognizable as of the female type. The proportion
of the length to width of the free segment of the fifth leg is about that
seen in the male. The more posterior (medial) of the terminal setae
is much shorter than the anterior (lateral) seta. The terminal tho-
racic segment bears a small seta at each posterior lateral corner of
the ventral side, representing the reduced sixth leg. An additional
ornamentation of the segment is a pair of rows of fine, short spinules
extending across the ventral surface parallel with and close to the
posterior ventral margin of the segment.
The total length of the body, exclusive of the caudal setae, is 1 mm.
PARANTHESSIUS SAXIDOMI, new species
FIGURE 37
Specimens exwamined.—Six adult females, three adult males, twenty-
two copepodids of the fourth and fifth stadia obtained from several
specimens of Saxidomus nuttallii Conrad, collected in Tomales Bay,
Marin County, Calif., May 23, 1943, P. L. Illg.
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 421
Types have been assigned the following United States National
Museum catalog numbers: Holotypic female, 85341; allotypic male,
85342.
Description —FrMate: The metasome is very wide in proportion
to its length, presenting a suborbicular outline (fig. 37, A). The
Ficure 37.—A-H, Paranthessius saxidomt, new species: FEMALE, A, body outline (X 25);
B, antenna (X 144); C, maxilliped (X 684); D, terminal segment of fourth endopodite
(X 296); E, fifth leg (X 296); F, caudal ramus (X 144). Mate, G, maxilliped (X 296);
H, fifth leg (X 684). I-P, P. perplexus, new species: Fema.e, I, rostrum (X 296);
J, antennule (X 144); K, antenna (X 144); L, mandible (X 424); M, maxilliped (x 296);
N, terminal segment of fourth endopodite (X 296); O, fifth leg (< 296); P, caudal ramns
(X 144).
422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
greatest width is seen in the second segment of the metasome, which
segment is that of the first swimming legs. The third metasome seg-
ment has the posterior lateral margins strongly produced caudad as
rounded lobes. The urosome is 5-segmented, with no ornamenta-
tion of spinules. The metasome slightly exceeds the urosome in length.
The rostrum is distinctive in this species. At the anterior limit of
the structure, there is great lateral expansion, equivalent to that seen
in P. columbiae. There is here, however, no further production of the
structure into auxiliary knobs or spines like those seen in the previ-
ously described form.
The antennules are of generalized structure, departing only in in-
significant details from the appendage as described and figured above
for P. panopeae. In the present species, there is a heavier chitini-
zation of the anterior and posterior margins of the more proximal
segments.
The distinction of the antenna from that of the species described
above must be principally on subtle variations of the proportions of
the component segments. A pronounced proximal constriction of the
second segment produces a distinctive club-shaped contour (fig. 37, B).
The mouth parts resemble those in the species heretofore described.
The most notable feature is the extreme reduction of the maxilliped.
It retains the usual three segments (fig. 37, C), but the size is reduced
so greatly that the sum of the lengths of the three segments is less
than half the length of the basal segment of the maxilla. The basal
segment is expanded and articulates with a complex set of very heav-
ily chitinized ridges on the ventral surface of the head.
The rami of the swimming legs are all 3-segmented. The comple-
ment of spines and setae is exactly that presented in detail above for
P. columbiae. 'The ornamentation of the terminal segment of the
fourth endopodite is distinctive. The very long medial spine is nearly
two and one-half times longer than the lateral spine (fig. 837, D). The
basipodites of the first three pairs of swimming legs bear the usual
marginal fringes, but they are composed in this species of exceptionally
stout, numerous spinules. The fourth basipodite is fringed by sparsely
distributed, short, fine cilia.
The outline of the fifth leg presents a rounded expansion at the base
(fig. 87, EK). The terminal outgrowths are relatively short, subequal,
the more posterior (medial) stouter and more spinelike.
The caudal rami are of moderate length (fig. 37, F). The ratio of
length to greatest width is about 3.5. The proximal lateral seta is
articulated at a point weil short of half the length of the ramus. ‘The
two elongate, central apical setae are jointed at their bases. The
longer of the two is more than three times the length of the ramus.
None of the setae of the caudal ramus is ciliated.
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 423
The total length of the body, exclusive of the terminal setae of the
caudal rami, measures about 1.7 mm.
Mate: The metasome is not so inflated in outline as that of the
female. The segmentation (five joints) is the same in the two sexes.
As is usual, the urosome of the male is 6-segmented. The rostrum,
antennules, and cephalic mouth parts are not distinctly different in the
two sexes. The maxillipeds present the most conspicuous ornamenta-
tion among the species considered here (fig. 87, G@). A large poste-
riorly and medially directed spinous process forms a prolongation of
the basal segment. The second segment bears a modified seta, recalling
that seen in P. columbiae. Unusually stout and numerous spinules
ornament the medial margin of the second segment (several rows of
small spinules on the ventral surface of that segment are not depicted
in the illustration because of the confusion of detail that would result).
In the swimming legs there is the same development of spinous
processes on the endopodites of the first three legs as in the preceding
species.
The fifth leg is much reduced by comparison to the female structure.
The basal portion of the free segment is constricted somewhat. No
preparation was obtained which preserved both the terminal setae.
That observed and figured (fig. 87, H) is the more posterior, and it is
a fairly stout and notably shortened spinelike outgrowth.
The sixth legs are represented by the usual two setae. On the
flaplike extension of the body somite are borne two pairs of rows of
spinules (recalling P. columbiae). The more anterior row comprises
about 22 spinules on each side, the posterior row about 15 spinules on
each side.
The abdomen, except for its characteristically male segmentation,
exhibits no other features differentiating it from that of the female.
The total length of the body is 1.2 mm.
PARANTHESSIUS PERPLEXUS, new species
FIGURES 35, ot
Specimens examined.—Two adult females, from gills of Sawidomus
nuttallii Conrad, in association with numerous specimens of P. saxi-
domi. Collected at Tomales Bay, Marin County, Calif., May 23, 1943,
PP, Le.
The holotypic female has been designated U. S. N. M. No. 85347.
Deseription—Frmate: The body configuration is distinctive (fig.
85, K). The 5-segmented metasome is not exceptional, its narrowly
oval contour being of the generalized cyclopoid facies. The urosome
is of the usual five segments. The contour of the genital segment is
characteristic for the species. An ellipsoid process, with free rounded
424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
anterior extremity, is extended laterally from each side, the lobes thus
produced each nearly equaling in width the central portion of the seg-
ment. The width of the segment, by this lateral extension, consid-
erably exceeds its length. The urosome is slightly shorter than the
metasome. The margins of the abdominal somites are entire, ex-
hibiting no denticulation or spinous serration,
The rostrum and associated structures are exceptional, unique in
form among members of the genus that I have seen (fig. 37,1). The
usual beaklike spine is absent; the front of the head is produced
ventrally and somewhat posteriorly in a rounded lobe. The usual
basal chitinous plate extending posteriorly between the bases of the
antennules and antennae presents a remarkable modification. At a
level just back of the bases of the antennules, this structure is pro-
duced ventrally as an elongate, terminally bifurcate projection. The
aspect is of rather soft and flexible consistency of the thin chitinous
integument. ‘The usual chitinous bars of this region are represented
posterior to this bilobed structure as a narrow bar, divergent pos-
teriorly in the shape of an inverted Y.
The antennules are 7-segmented. The margins are rather irregular
in outline and show no indication of the chitinous reinforcements
seen in some of the species described above. The sixth and seventh
segments are unusually short in proportion to their width. All the
details of setal armature that could be made out on the two available
specimens are presented in the accompanying figure (fig. 37, J).
The antennae are very stocky in general aspect by comparison with
the other species described here. The length of the second segment
is considerably less than twice the greatest width. In the other spe-
cies seen the ratio of length to width of this segment is much greater
than 2. In the details of ornamentation the appendage does not
differ significantly from that of the other species (fig. 37, K).
The mandibles exhibit an expansion of the basal portion of the
flat ciliated blade that approaches in appearance the mandible of
some of the species of Lichomolgus (fig. 37, LL). This contour is the
only such instance among the members of Paranthessius that I have
seen, but its significance can be hardly more than a verification of the
rather close systematic relationship of the genera. The maxillule is
like that of the other species described above. The maxilla is of
generalized appearance, sufficiently resembling that of P. tivelae to
require no separate illustration. However, in P. perplexus the more
distal of the two setae of the terminal segment of the maxilla bears the
usual fringe of fairly heavy cilia along its distal margin as in the
remainder of the species treated here.
THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 425
The maxilliped is developed to a degree remarkable among the mem-
bers of the genus. Here it is the most conspicuous of the mouth parts,
very considerably exceeding in its dimensions the maxilla, which is
usually the most prominent oral appendage. The basal segment is
long and is expanded basally in its complicated articulation with the
surface of the head. The exact proximal limit of the appendage could
not be made out. The second segment is the longest. It has rather
irregular contours with a slight inflation of outline toward its center.
A single minute seta is borne slightly distal to the center. The distal
segment is a short cone bearing at its apex a small, articulated hook.
It would be a matter of opinion to interpret the hook as a dactylar
segment or, alternatively, as a process of the usual 3-jointed appen-
dage (fig. 37, M).
The swimming legs have the same distribution of spines and setae
as has been given above for P. columbiae. A most distinctive feature
of the first legs is the modification of the more proximal spines of
the exopodite. The spine of the first joint of this ramus is expanded
and flattened in the plane of the appendage and both margins consist
of rows of elongate, highly developed, secondary denticles (fig. 35,
L). The spine of the second segment and the three more proximal
spines of the terminal segment all exhibit the same flattening. In
these spines, however, the pectinate denticles are restricted to the more
proximal margin (fig. 85, M). The distal margins of these spines
exhibit the coarsely serrated, almost transparent laminae that are
seen on the spines of all the species of Paranthessius considered here.
The apical segment of the fourth endopodite bears terminally two
subequal spines. The medial spine exceeds the lateral one by about
one-sixth of its own length. Both spines are very stout (fig. 87, N).
The fifth leg is peculiar to the species. The free segment is inflated
and larger basally than distally. At about one-third of the length of
the segment from the base there is a pronounced constriction. Of the
terminal outgrowths, the more anterior is the stouter and longer
(fig. 37, O).
The abdominal somites exhibit no spinous ornamentation. The
caudal rami are about six times as long as wide (fig. 37, P). The
proximal lateral seta is inserted just midway on the laterai margin.
Of the four terminal setae, the more lateral is longer than the medial
seta. The two central setae are jointed basally. At the distal
extremity these two setae tend to curl into loose spirals. The longest
seta is about one and one-half times the length of the ramus. None of
the setae bears ciliation. The length of the body, exclusive of the
caudal setae, is 1.38 mm.
No male was found.
426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
SUMMARY
The genus Paranthessius Claus, 1889, is reviewed and redefined to
include species formerly assigned to Diogenidium Edwards, LHerr-
mannella Canu, Lichomolgus Thorell (part), Pseudolichomolgus
Thompson, Pseudolichomolgus Pesta, and Pestalichomolgus Wilson.
A key to the 18 species is presented, with synonymies and a compilation
of the published distribution.
Representatives of the genus have been found in semiparasitic or
commensal association with a number of common clams of the Pacific
coast. Paranthessius columbiae (Thompson) was taken from the
gaper clam, Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad), and from Protothaca
tenerrima (Carpenter).
New species are Paranthessius panopeae, trom the geoduck, Panope
generosa Gould; P. tivelae from the pismo clam, 7%vela stultorwm
(Mawe); and P. saxidomi and P. perplexus from the Washington
clam, Saxvidomus nuttallii Conrad.
LITERATURE CITED
ATKINS, D.
1984. Two parasites of the common cockle, Cardium edule, a rhabdocoele,
Paravorter cardii, and a copepod, Paranthessius rostratus (Canu).
Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., vol. 19, pp. 669-676.
Brian, A.
1924. Parasitologia Mauritanica. Matériaux pour la faune parasitologique
en Mauritanie. Arthropoda (1°° Partie) Copepoda. Bull. Comité
Etudes Hist. Sci. Afrique Occidentale Franc., July-Sept. 1924, pp.
4-66, 67 figs.
CANU, E.
1891. Les copépodes marins du Boulonnais. V. Les semiparasites. Bull.
Sci. France et Belgique, vol. 23, pp. 467-487.
1891. Sur quelques copépodes parasites observés dans le Boulonnais.
Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 118, pp. 485-4387.
1892. Les copépodes du Boulonnais. Morphologie, embryologie, taxonomie.
Tray. Lab. Zool. Maritime Wimereux-Ambleteuse (Pas-de-Calais),
vol. 6, pp. 1-354, 30 pls.
1894. Note sur les copépodes et les ostracodes marins recuellis par M. Henri
Gadeau de Kerville dans la region de Granville et aux iles Chausey
(Manche). Bull. Soe. Amis Sci. Nat. Rouen, ser. 3, vol. 30, pp. 127-
1388.
1894. Notes de biologie marine, faunistiques ou éthiologiques. V. Observa-
tions sur quelques copépodes parasites des mollusques comestibles
de la Manche. Ann. Sta. Bquicole Boulogne-sur-Mer, vol. 2, pt. 1,
pp. 1-28, 4 pls.
1898. Note sur les copépodes et les ostracodes des cétes de Normandie. Bull.
Soe. Amis Sci. Nat. Rouen, ser. 4, vol. 33, pp. 389-422, 8 pls.
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THE COPEPOD GENUS PARANTHESSIUS—ILLG 427
CxLaus, C.
1889. Uber neue oder wenig bekannte halbparasitische Copepoden, ins-
besondere die Lichomolgiden- und Ascomyzontiden-Gruppe. Arb.
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EDWARDS, C. L.
1891. Beschreibung einiger neuen Copepoden und eines neuen copepodenihn-
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FRASER, J. H.
1932. Occurrence of the cyclopoid, Herrmannella rostrata Canu, in Cardium
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GURNEY, R.
1927. Zoological results of the Cambridge expedition to the Suez Canal,
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HEEGAARD, P.
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HERDMAN, W. A.
1895. Sixth annual report of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, and
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1935. A list of British invertebrates with their characteristic parasitic and
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1932. Les copépodes parasites de mollusques. Ann. Parasit. Hum. Comp.,
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1944, Littoral Copepoda from South Australia (II): Calanoida, Cyclo-
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498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
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1932. The copepods of the Woods Hole Region, Massachusetts. U. S. Nat.
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1912. Los copépodos parasitos de los celentéreos. Mem. Real Soc. Esp.
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U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CAME INCRE 4.
A ee EA APO, Oe
ry es
issued i
THsoty Te J
Nous ey
SSINGTONY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington,: 1949 No. 3246
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA
PRELIMINARY REPORT NO. 5: BATS (CHIROPTERA)
By Puitie HersuKovitz
No oTHER order of mammals is represented in northern Colombia
by such diversity of forms and abundance of individuals as the
Chiroptera, or bats. A hypothetical list of all the bats of that part
of Colombia comprising the departments of Magdalena, Atldntico,
Bolivar, Norte de Santander, and the Comisarfa de la Guajira (map,
fig. 38) would enumerate at least 100 species. The list would neces-
sarily include nearly every species that occurs in both North and
South America, a number of West Indian bats, and many other
Neotropical species not heretofore recorded from northern Colombia
and Central America.
The first published account of bats from northern Colombia was
presented in 1900, by Bangs. He recorded 10 species collected by
W. W. Brown, Jr., in the Santa Marta region, department of Mag-
dalena. A few months later J. A. Allen listed 22 species represented
by about 175 specimens collected by H. H. Smith in the same area.
Later, in 1904, in a formal report on all the mammals collected by
Smith, Allen repeated the earlier list of bats and added four more
species. This brought the total number of species known from the
Santa Marta region to 30. Sanborn, in 1932, identified a collection
of bats in the Carnegie Museum which included 16 species of bats
from the departments of Magdalena, Bolivar, and Norte de Santander.
Some of the Colombian specimens identified were duplicates of the
original Smith collection, but the greater number was collected by
818710—49—1 429
430
Tits
Figure 38—Map of northern Colombia
DEPARTMENT OF MAGDALENA:
Aguachica—28
Aguas Blancas—24
Bonda—3
Cacagualito—5
Colonia Agricola de Caracolicito—20
Dibulla—11
Don Diego—9
FE] Orinoco—26
El Salado—22
Fundaci6n—l9
La Concepci6n—13
La Gloria—27
Las Marimondas—16
Mamatoco—4
Minca—7
Onaca—6
Palomino—10
Pueblo Bello (Pueblo Viejo Sur)—21
Pueblo Viejo—14
Rio Guaimaral—25
San Antonio—15
San Miguel—12
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 99
“ed m5.x
1 9 u rams
$ < i : . \
4% i ef pNermes |e
Vag 2 3 Re é
showing collecting localities of bats.
Santa Marta—1l
Sierra Negra—18
Taganga (not “Taguaga” or “Tag-
auga’’)—2
Valencia—23
Valparaiso (=Cincinnati)—8
Villanueva—17
DEPARTMENT OF BotivaRr
Jaraquiel—29
Norosi—31
Rio San Pedro—30
DeEparTMENT oF Norte DE SANTANDER
Cicuta—34
Guamalito—32
Rio Tarra—33
DEPARTMENT OF SANTANDER (extraterri+
torial)
El Tambor (=El Tambo?)—35
INTENDENCIA DEL Cuocé (extraterritorial)
Sautata (not “‘Soatata”)—36
State or Zuuia, Venezuela (extraterri-
torial)
Encontrados—37
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA——-HERSHKOVITZ 431
M. A. Carriker, Jr. Sanborn’s list included three species not pre-
viously recorded from northern Colombia. Subsequent publications
on bats by Sanborn added four more species to the known bat fauna
of the region, bringing the total of recorded species to 37. The bats
collected in northern Colombia by the author during his tenure of the
Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship consists of 33 species
represented by 491 specimens, of which 172 are preserved in alcohol.
Eight of the species are first records for the region. Bats have not
yet been recorded from the department of Atlantico and from the
Guajira, the northernmost part of Colombia. No doubt many
species now known only from the Antilles will be found in the Guajira
also.
The foregoing enumerates the 45 species of bats presently known
from northern Colombia. In this paper only the specimens collected
by the author are listed. Northern Colombian localities of bats
recorded by other authors are given in the synonymies.
NOTES ON MEASUREMENTS
All measurements given in the text are in millimeters. Unless
otherwise indicated the measurements are those of specimens col-
lected by the author and preserved as dry skins with skulls separate.
External measurements (except of the wing) are of bats in the flesh
prior to skinning. Hind-foot measurements include claws; ear
measurements are from the notch. Forearm and other wing meas-
urements are from the dry skin. Measurements of specimens pre-
served in alcohol are given when the figures are greater or less than
the extremes of the corresponding measurements of the dry skin or
if they are the only ones available. Except where noted, measure-
ments of individual specimens are given in the same order in which
they are listed under the heading Specimens collected.
RHYNCHISCUS NASO Wied-Neuwied
Vespertilio naso Winp-NEUWIED, Reise nach Brasiliens, vol. 1, p. 251, footnote,
1820.
Rhynchiscus naso, SANBORN, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 20, p.
325, 1937 (revision).
Type locality —Banks of Rio Mucuri, near Morro d’Arara, Minas
Gerais, Brazil.
Specimens collected —Five. Colonia Agricola de Caracolicito, 2
males, 3 females (2 in alcohol).
SACCOPTERYX BILINEATA Temminck
Urocrypius bilineatus TEMMINCK, in Van der Hoeven and Vriese, Tijdschr. Nat.
Gesch. Physiol., Leiden, vol. 5, p. 33, 1938-39.
Saccopteryx bilineata, BANas, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 101, 1900
(Santa Marta).—ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. vol. 138. p. 93, 1900
432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
(Bonda; Minca).—Sanporn, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 171, 1932
(Bonda; Mamatoco); Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 20, p. 328,
1937 (Bonda; Santa Marta; Minca; revision).
Type locality.—Surinam.
Specimens collected.—Sixty-five. El Salado, eastern slope of Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta, 4 males (3 in alcohol), 3 females (1 in alcohol),
1 skeleton only; Rio Guaimaral, 13 males (6 in alcohol), 12 females
(9 in alcohol) ; Villanueva, 2 males (in alcohol), 9 females (6 in alcohol) ;
Norosi, Bolivar, 9 males (4 in alcohol), 9 females (4 in alcohol);
Guamalito, Norte de Santander, 1 male (in alcohol), 2 females (in
alcohol).
SACCOPTERYX LEPTURA Schreber
Vespertilio lepturus ScurEBER, Die Sadugthiere, vol. 1, p. 173 (description), pl.
57 (name), 1774.
Saccopteryr leptura, Banas, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 101, 1900
(Santa Marta).—ALLeNn, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 94, 1900,
part (Bonda).—Sangorn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 20,
p. 332, 1937 (Santa Marta Mountains; Bonda; revision).
Type locality —Surinam.
Specimens collected—Three. Villanueva, 1 male (in alcohol), 2
females.
SACCOPTERYX CANESCENS Thomas
Saccopteryz canescens THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 7, p. 366, 1901.—
Sanporn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 20, p. 334, 1937 (Di-
bulla; Fundacién; Mamatoco; Bonda; revision).
Saccopteryz leptura, ALLEN (nec Schreber), Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 18,
p. 94, 1900 (part; Bonda).—Sangorn, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 172,
1932 (Mamatoco; Fundacién; Dibulla).
Type locality —Obidos, Rio Amazonas, Pard, Brazil.
Specimens collected —Thirteen. Villanueva, 2 males (in alcohol),
5 females (3 in alcohol); Rio Guaimaral, 1 male (in alcohol), 1 female;
El Orinoco, Rio Cesar, 2 females; Norosi, Bolivar, 1 male (in alcohol),
1 female.
Measurements.—Forearm, 34.4-36.4 mm. in 4 males, 34.4-39.0 in
9 females.
PEROPTERYX MACROTIS MACROTIS Wagner
Emballonura macrotis WAGNER, Wiegmann’s Arch. Naturg., Jahrg. 9, vol. 1, p.
367, 1843.
Peropteryx canina, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 93, 1900
(Bonda).
Peropteryz macrotis macrotis, SANBORN, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser.,
vol. 20, p. 339, 1937 (Bonda; revision).
Type locality —Matto Grosso, Brazil.
Specimens collected —Twenty-seven. Villanueva, 13 males (8 in
alcohol), 14 females (7 in alcohol).
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 433
CORMURA BREVIROSTRIS Wagner
Emballonura brevirostris WAGNER, Wiegmann’s Arch. Naturg., Jahrg. 9, vol. 1,
p. 367, 1843.
Cormura brevirostris, SANBorRN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 172, 1932 (Don
Diego); Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 20, p. 348, 1937 (Don
Diego; revision).
Type locality —Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil.
NOCTILIO LEPORINUS LEPORINUS Linnaeus
Vespertilio leporinus Linnanus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 32, 1758.
Type locality —‘America.’”’ Restricted to Surinam by Thomas
(Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, p. 131).
Specimens collected—Two. Rio Guaimaral, 1 male; El Orinoco,
Rio Cesar, 1 female.
Measurements —Head and body, 90, 99; tail, 31, 26; hind foot, 36,
34; ear, 30, 30; forearm, 85.0, 84.7; greatest length of skull, 26.8,
25.4; condylobasal length, 24.8, 23.9; zygomatic breadth, 18.9, 18.5;
width of brain case, 13.9, 13.2; interorbital constriction, 7.0, 6.9;
distance across canines at cingula, 8.9, 8.2; maxillary tooth row, 10.5,
10.3; length of mandible (to front of canine), 19.2, 18.2.
Remarks.—The female is browner on dorsal surface than the male.
NOCTILIO LABIALIS MINOR Osgood
Noctilio minor Oscoop, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 10, p. 30, 1910,
Type locality—Encontrados, south of Lake Maracaibo, Zulia,
Venezuela.
Specimens collected —Six. Rio Guaimaral, 1 subadult female; La
Gloria, Rio Magdalena, 5 females (3 in alcohol).
Measurements —Head and body, 57, 58, 54; tail, 19, 19, 18; hind
foot, 16, 15, 17; ear, 24, 24, 24; forearm, 59.0, 58.9, 56.3 (of the speci-
mens in alcohol, 56.9, 59.7, 61.2); greatest length of skull, 18.4, 20.2,
20.2; condylobasal length, 17.2, 18.5, 18.3; zygomatic breadth, 13.2,
14.6, 14.3; width of brain case, 10.0, 10.6, 10.7; interorbital constric-
tion, 5.2, 5.6, 5.7; distance across canines at cingula, 5.3, 6.3, 6.6;
maxillary tooth row, 7.3, 7.5, 7.4; length of mandible (to front of
canine), 13.4, 13.6, 13.8.
Remarks.—In this species there is considerable geographic and
individual variation in color, size, and proportions. Generic dis-
tinction of the small fish-eating bat from the larger, typical form of
the genus is not indicated, and the name Dirias should be discarded
even as a subgenus.
The earliest published specific name for the small Noctilio is
Vespertilio labialis Kerr (Animal Kingdom, p. 93, 1792). Kerr’s
description of labialis is based on Pennant’s Peruvian bat variety B
(Syn. Quad., p. 365, 1771). According to Pennant (and Kerr) the
species ‘‘inhabits Peru and the Mosquito shore,’’ eastern Nicaragua.
434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Pennant added that the bat of the latter locality ‘differs from the
former in size, being less; in all other respects agreed.”” An examina-
tion of available material from South and Central America and com-
parisons with published measurements show that the Colombian-
Venezuelan and Central American representatives of the species
indeed average smaller than the Peruvian form. It is best, therefore,
to conserve the name minor Osgood for the northern race, while the
type locality of Noctilio labialis labialis Kerr is restricted to Peru,
more specifically to the lower Rio Ucayali region in the department
of Loreto. Individual variation in color is so great among the fish-
eating bats that in selecting a type locality for a described form of
uncertain origin little importance can be attached to the color of
underparts, whether gray, buffy, orange, or red. Noctilio zaparo
Cabrera (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 20, p. 57, 1907), from
Ahuano, Rio Napo, eastern Ecuador, agrees in size with the north-
eastern Peruvian labialis and must now be regarded a synonym of it.
The name Noctilio albiwenter Spix (Simiarum et Vespert. Brasil., p. 58,
1823) based on a bat from the Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, Brazil, is
preoccupied by Noctilio albwentris Desmarest (Nouv. Dict. Hist.
Nat., vol. 23, p. 15, 1818), based on a specimen from ‘‘]l’Amérique
méridionale.’”’ Unless comparisons of the type specimens with each
other and with typical labialis show otherwise, the white-bellied bat
of eastern Brazil should be known as WNoctilio labialis albiventer
Desmarest.
Three specimens of the La Gloria series and the individual from
Rio Guaimaral are in the bright-orange color phase; the remaining
two specimens are in the brown phase. ‘The underparts are approxi-
mately a tone paler than the upperparts. The pale median dorsal
stripe is well defined in the brown-phase individuals, weakly evident in
two of the others, barely suggested in another and absent in the sub-
adult from Rio Guaimaral.
CHILONYCTERIS RUBIGINOSA FUSCA Allen
Chilonycteris rubigincsa, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 457,
1904 (Cacagualito).
Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 30, p.
262, 1911.
Type locality.—Las Quiguas, 5 miles south of Puerto Cabello, north-
ern Venezuela; altitude 650 feet.
Specimens collected.—Six. Colonia Agricola de Caracolicito, southern
slope of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2 males, 3 females; Norosi,
Bolivar, 1 male.
Measurements.—Head and body, 62-75; tail, 19-25; hind foot, 12-
14; ear, 21-22; forearm, 57.0-62.0; greatest length of skull, 21.6—23.3;
condylobasal length, 20.5-21.7; zygomatic breadth, 12.3-12.7; inter-
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 435
orbital constriction, 4.2-4.6; greatest width across rostrum, 7.9-8.4;
maxillary tooth row, 9.0—9.5.
Remarks.—In the absence of any opinion indicating otherwise, the
name Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca Allen applies to the race of
Chilonycteris rubiginosa found in Venezuela, Colombia, and Central
America north into Guatemala.
MICRONYCTERIS MEGALOTIS MEGALOTIS Gray
Phyllophora megalotis Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 10, p. 257, 1842.
Micronycteris megalotis, Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 101,
1900 (Santa Marta).—ALLeNn, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 190,
1900 (Bonda).
Micronycteris megalotis f. typica, ANDERSEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18,
p. 58, 1906 (revision).
Micronycteris megalotis mexicana, ANDERSEN (nec Miller), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 54, 1906 (Bogota).
Micronycteris megalotis megalotis, SanBoRN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 173,
1932 (Bonda; Aguachica; El Tambor, Santander; Jaraquiel).
Type locality —Brazil.
Specimens collected —Twenty. Rio Guaimaral, 7 males (3 in alco-
hol), 7 females (5 in alcohol); Rio Cesar, 2 males (in alcohol); Villa-
nueva, 2 males (in alcohol), i female (in alcohol); Rio Tarra, upper
Rio Catatumbo, Norte de Santander, 1 female.
Measurements.—Total length, 56-65; tail, 12-16; hind foot, 9-11;
ear, 21.0-23.0; forearm, 32.7-35.1 (of a male in alcohol, 36.5); length
of skull, to front of canine, 17.5-18.5; zygomatic breadth, 8.2-9.1;
mastoid breadth, 8.0-8.4; interorbital constriction, 3.6-3.9; across
cingula of canines, 3.1-3.2; M*%, 5.6-6.0.
Remarks.—The northern Colombian specimens grade into the larger
M. m. mexicana Miller.
MICRONYCTERIS MINUTA Gervais [vel MICRONYCTERIS HYPOLEUCA Allen]
Schizostoma minutum GERVAIS, Expédition dans les parties centrales de |’ Amérique
du Sud, Zool., Mamm., livr. 15, sheet 7, p. 50, pl. 7, fig. 1, pl. 10, figs. 4, 4a
(not 5, 5a as cited in text), 1856.
Micronycteris hypoleuca ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 90, 1900.
Micronycteris minuta, ANDERSEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 55,
1906 (revision).
Type locality —Of M. minute Gervais, Capella Nova, Minas Gerais,
Brazil; of M. hypoleuca Allen, Bonda, Colombia.
Remarks.—Micronycteris hypoleuca, known from a skin without
skull, is questionably referred to minuta by Andersen (op. cit.). No
specimens positively identified as minuta have been recorded from
Colombia.
XENOCTENES HIRSUTUS Peters
Schizostoma hirsutum Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 396.—
Dosson, Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the British Museum, p. 477 (measure-
ments of type, p. 480), 1878.
436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Micronycteris hirsutus, THomAs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 2, p. 318, 1898
(Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, 2 specimens in alcohol).—ANbDERSEN, ibid., vol. 18,
p. 57, 1906 (Pozo Azul, Costa Rica; measurements, p. 64).
Xenoctenes hirsutus, SANBORN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 173, 1932 (Mama-
toco, 1 specimen; measurements).—HayYMan, Journ. Mamm., vol. 19, p. 103,
1938 (Trinidad, 2 specimens in alcohol).—Goopwin, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., vol. 87, p. 302, 1946 (2 specimens, Costa Rica).
Type locality—Unknown. Designated as Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, by
Goodwin (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 87, p. 302, 1946).
Specimens collected—Three. Villanueva, Magdalena, 2 males,
1 female.
Measurements.—Those of the female followed by those of the two
males. Head and body, 66, 60, 65; tail, 18, 15, 16; hind foot, 14, 12,
13; ear, 26, 25, 25; forearm, 45.4, 44.7, 44.5; third metacarpal, 35.1,
35.5, 35.7; first phalanx of third digit, 15.9, 15.4, 17.4; second phalanx
of third, 17.0, 16.7, 19.1; third phalanx of third, 13.1, 13.2, 13.0; fourth
metacarpal, 36.0, 36.4, 37.0; length of skull (to front of canine), 23.5,
22.5, -; mastoid width, 10.0, -, —; zygomatic breadth, 11.8, 11.6, -;
maxillary width across third molars, 7.4, 7.4, 7.5; interorbital con-
striction, 4.9, 4.8, 5.2; distance across cingula of canines, 4.3, 4.4, 4.4;
maxillary tooth row, 9.3, 9.6, 9.5; length of mandible (to front of
incisors), 16.3, 16.2, 16.7.
Remarks.—Besides the type preserved in alcohol in the Paris
Museum, four specimens from Costa Rica, two from Trinidad, and
four from northern Colombia have now been recorded. ‘Two other
specimens from Trinidad are in the collection of the Chicago Museum
of Natural History.
MACROPHYLLUM MACROPHYLLUM Schinz
Phyllostloma] macrophyllum Scuinz (P. Max’’), Das Thierreich, vol. 1. p. 163
1821.
Dolichophyllum macrophyllum, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 18,
p. 91, 1900 (Bonda).
Type locality—Rio Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil (see Wied-
Neuwied, Beitrige zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, vol. 2, p. 192, 1826).
TONATIA AMBLYOTIS Wagner
Phyllostoma amblyotis WacNER, Wiegmann’s Arch. Naturg., Jahrg. 9, vol. 1, p.
365, 1843.
Chrotopterus auritus, ALLEN (nec Peters), Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 18,
p. 91, 1900 (Bonda).
Tonatia amblyotis, Goopwin, Journ. Mamm., vol. 23, p. 208, 1942 (Bonda;
revision).
Type locality —Matto Grosso, Brazil.
Specimens collected —Three. Las Marimondas, Sierra de Perija,
1 male, 2 females.
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 437
PHYLLOSTOMUS HASTATUS PANAMENSIS Allen
Phyllostomus hastatus, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 90, 1900
(Bonda); vol. 20, p. 457, 1904 (Bonda).
Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20,
p. 233, 1904.
Phyllostomus hastatus caure ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 234,
1904 (type locality, Cali, upper Rio Cauca Valley, Colombia).
Phyllostomus hastatus cauce [sic], ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 25,
p. 225, 1916 (Rio Frfo, upper Rfo Cauca Valley).
Phyllostomus hastatus subsp. SANBORN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 175, 1932
(Sautaté, Rio Atrato; Mamatoco).
Type locality —Boquerén, Chiriqui, Panamé.
Specimens collected.—Thirty-six. Villanueva, 8 males (2 in alcohol),
22 females (4 in alcohol); Rio Guaimaral, 4 males (1 in alcohol); Las
Marimondas, 1 male; Norosi, Bolivar, 1 female.
Measurements—The means and extremes of the external measure-
ments are taken from 28 adults, those of the cranial measurements
are from 20 of the adults. Total length, 133 (127-150); tail, 22
(17-25); hind foot, 22.7 (20-25); ear, 32.8 (28-34); forearm, 86.7
(82-90.3), of 7 specimens in alcohol, 86.3-93.1; greatest length of
skull, 38.2 (36.7-39.5); condylobasal length, 33.9 (32.9-35.0); zygo-
matic breadth, 20.7 (20.0-21.6); maxillary tooth row, 13.6 (13.1-
14.1).
Remarks.—The above have been compared with typical panamensis
and with 14 specimens representing P. h. hastatus from Venezuela
(La Guaira, Macuto, San Julidn, Suapure). The measurements con-
firm the larger average size of the Panamanian and Colombian race.
On the other hand, P. hastatus paeze Thomas (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 9, vol. 13, p. 235, 1924) from Bogoté, but more probably from
east of Bogoté in the upper Rio Meta region, is described as similar
but with a proportionately shorter skull (greatest length, 35 mm.).
Two specimens from Villavicencio, upper Rio Meta, and another
from Cucuta, north of Bogotdé (collection of Chicago Natural History
Museum), agree with panamensis in every respect. The status of
paeze, therefore, still remains obscure. The central Colombian
caurae, purportedly larger than panamensis, represents simply a large
population of this race.
TRACHOPS CIRRHOSUS Spix
Vampyrus cirrhosus Sprix, Simiarum et vespertilionum Brasiliensium species
novae, p. 64, pl. 36, fig. 3, 1823.
Trachops cirrhosus, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, 1900 (Bonda).—
Sanporn, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 175, 1932 (Sautata, Rio Atrato).
Type locality —Brazil.
Specimens collected—Twenty. Rio Guaimaral, Rio Cesar, near
Valencia, 7 males (1 in alcohol), 6 females (4 in alcohol), 1 skulJ
818710—49—-2
438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
only, 2 skeletons only; El Orinoco, Rio Cesar, 2 females; Norosi,
Bolivar, 1 female; Las Marimondas, 1 male (suckling young; in
alcohol).
Measurements.—Head and body, 77-88; tail, 17-21; hind foot, 18-22;
ear, 34-39; forearm, 58-63.1; third metacarpal, 46.3-51.5; condylo-
basal length, 25.3-27.3; zygomatic breadth, 14.1-15.7; mastoid
breadth, 12.9-14.0; interorbital constriction, 4.9-5.7; maxillary tooth
row, 10.2-10.8.
Remarks.—The only other species of Trachops known is the smaller
coffint Goldman from Guatemala.
GLOSSOPHAGA SORICINA SORICINA Pallas
Vespertilio soricinus Patuas, Miscellanea zoologica, p. 48, pls. 5 and 6, figs. 16-18,
1766.
Glossophaga soricina, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 89, 1900
(Bonda).—Sanporn, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 176, 1932 (Jaraquiel;
Aguachica).
Glossophaga soricina soricina, MiuuER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, p. 419,
1913 (Bonda; revision).
Type locality.—Surinam (restricted by Miller, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
79, p. 39, 1912).
Specimens collected—Nine. Villanueva, 3 females; Sierra Negra,
Sierra de Perijé, 1 male; Las Marimondas, Sierra de Perij4, 1 male;
Guamalito, 2 females; Rio Guaimaral, 2 females (in alcohol).
Measurements.—Those of the three females from Villaneuva are
given. Head and body, 62-67; tail, 53-59; hind foot, 8-10; ear, 10-11;
forearm, 34.9-35.6 (of two females in alcohol, 35.2, 34.2; third meta-
carpal, 33.5, 33.7; first phalanx of third finger, 12.4, 12.5; second
phalanx of third finger, 14.1, 15.0); condylobasal length, 19.1-19.8;
width of brain case, 8.4—8.7; upper tooth row (I to M3), 7.9-8.3; lower
canine to back of M3, 7.3-7.6.
Remarks.—The Sierra Negra specimen is erythristic, the male from
Las Marimondas blackish brown. The others are in various inter-
mediate stages. One of the Villanueva specimens (U.S.N.M. No.
281272) has a small supernumerary premolar in the left upper jaw in
the space between the canine and Pm’. Another specimen, from
Guamalito, has lost in some accident the molars of both lower jaws;
the alveoli are ossified but the mandibles are otherwise complete.
GLOSSOPHAGA LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS Miller
Glossophaga longirostris Miuumr, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1898, p.
330.—Banecs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 101, 1900 (Santa
Marta Mountains).—ALLEeN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 89,
1900 (Taganga; Bonda).
Glossophaga longirostris longirostris, M1uuerR, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, p.
422, 1913 (Bonda; Taganga; revision).—SAaNBorN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol.
21, p. 176, 1932 (Taganga; Mamatoco).
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 439
Type locality——Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, near Santa Marta,
Magdalena, Colombia.
Specimens collected——Seven. Villanueva, 5 males, 2 females (in
alcohol).
Measurements.—Head and body, 55-63; tail, 6-9; hind foot, 12-13;
ear, 16-17; forearm, 37.2-39.8 (of two females in alcohol, 39.4, 39.3;
third metacarpal, 38.5, 38.1; first phalanx of third finger, 14.1, 14.1;
second phalanx of third finger, 18.4, 16.9); condylobasal length,
22.0-22.5; width of brain case, 9.1-9.5; upper tooth row (front of
incisor to back of M?), 8.8-9.4; lower canine to back of Mg, 8.4-8.6.
Remarks.—Where this species occurs together with G. soricina, it
is readily distinguished by larger size, longer rostrum, and smaller
nose leaf. The incisors are present in all above specimens. The
dentition of this bat, as well as of all the other species of glossopha-
gines, is weak and frequently defective. Where teeth are missing, the
loss appears to be the result of some violence, most probably in con-
nection with the bat’s voracious attacks on soft pulpy fruit containing
hard pits.
LONCHOGLOSSA CAUDIFERA CAUDIFERA Geoffroy
Glossophaga caudifer Grorrroy, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 4, p. 418,
pl. 17, 1818.
Lonchoglossa caudifera caudifera, SANBORN, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool.
ser., vol. 20, p. 27, 1933 (revision) ; vol. 27, p. 375, 1941 (Cdcuta).
Type locality —Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Specimens collected.—Five. Pueblo Bello, Sierra Nevada de Santa
Marta, 2 males (1 in alcohol); Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perijé, 2 males,
1 female.
Measurements.—Those of a young adult male from Sao Sebastiao,
Sao Paulo, Brazil, given in parentheses, head and body, (60) 55-59;
tail, 4-7; hind foot, (10) 10-12; ear, 14-14; forearm, (36) 34-37;
metacarpal of third finger, (35.4) 35.4-37.3; first phalanx of third
finger, (13.6) 11.5-13.1; second phalanx of third finger, (18.2) 17.7—
19.9; greatest length of skull, 21.5-22.7; condylobasal length, (21.1)
20.7-22.4; width of brain case, 8.6-8.7 (2 specimens); postorbital
constriction, (4.3) 4.2-4.5; maxillary tooth row, (7.9) 7.8-8.4; distance
across third upper molars, (5.1) 5.4-5.7.
Remarks.—Assignment of the Colombian series to typical caudifera
is provisional. The only other recognized form of the genus is L.
caudifera aequatoris Lénnberg from western Ecuador. This race is
known from too little material for exact determination of its dis-
tinctive characters. It is said to be darker in color and smaller in
cranial and wing measurements.
44() PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
CAROLLIA PERSPICILLATA PERSPICILLATA Linnaeus
Vespertilio perspicillatus LrinNaEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 31, 1758.
Hemiderma brevicauda, Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 101,
1900 (Santa Marta; Pueblo Viejo; Palomino).—ALLen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 90, 1900 (Bonda); vol. 20, p. 457, 1904 (Cacagualito).
Hemiderma perspicillatum, Haun, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, p. 108, 1907
(Santa Marta; revision).
Carollia perspicillata perspicillata, SanBorN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 176,
1932 (Sautataé, Rio Atrato; Mamatoco; Bonda).
Type locality—Surinam (fixed by Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1911, p. 130).
Specimens collected —Seventy-nine. Pueblo Bello, Sierra Nevada de
Santa Marta, 6 males (1 in alcohol), 21 females (6 in alcohol); El
Salado, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 4 males, 2 females; Rio
Guaimaral, 1 male, 3 females (in alcohol); El Orinoco, 1 male;
Villanueva, 8 males, 5 females (1 in alcohol); Sierra Negra, 17 males,
5 females; Rio Tarra, 2 males, 1 female; Norosi, 1 male, 1 female;
Guamalito, 1 female (in alcohol).
Remarks.—The collection includes two erythristic individuals, both
males and both from Villanueva. The forearm varies in length from
38.2 to 44.2 millimeters, the greatest length of the skull averages 22.6.
CAROLLIA CASTANEA H. Allen
Carollia castanea H. ALLEN, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 28, p. 19, 1890.
Hemiderma castaneum, Haun, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, p. 116, 1907 (revi-
sion; description and measurements).
Type locality —Costa Rica.
Specimens collected—Two. Rio Tarra, upper Rio Catatumbo,
Norte de Santander, male and female (in alcohol).
Measurements.—Head and body, 48 (of male); tail, 7, 8; hind foot,
12, 10; ear, 17, 17; tibia, 14, 15; calcar, 6, 7; forearm, 34.3, 36.0; third
metacarpal, 32.3, 34.4; first phalanx of third finger, 14.6, 14.2;
second phalanx of third finger, 19.9, 20.0; third phalanx of third
finger, 12.6, 13.3; fourth metacarpal, 31.4, 33.5; first phalanx of fourth
finger, 12.5, 12.5; second phalanx of fourth finger, 13.5, 13.4; fifth
metacarpal, 34.8, 35.6; thumb, 14, 12; nose leaf, 8.3, 8.4; distance
across base of upper canines, 4.3 (female); maxillary tooth row, 6.1;
length of mandible, 12.3; lower tooth row (C—M;,), 6.9.
Remarks.—Carollia castanea is distinguished from C. perspicillata by
smaller size throughout, nose leaf shorter and less lanceolate in outline,
outer side of tragus without the conspicuous concave subterminal
emargination characteristic of perspicillata; shape of skull of castanea
essentially as in perspicillata but markedly smaller (less than 21 mm.
in greatest length); inner upper incisors about a third smaller, their
outline on outer surface more nearly rectangular, the lower edges
chisel-shaped (subtriangular and tapering to a blunt point in per-
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 44]
spicilata); low heel of upper first premolar without a distinct cusp;
space between first and second upper premolars accentuated on inner
side by the oblique angle of the anterointernal corner of the second
premolar; posterointernal cusp of second upper premolar obsolete,
the tooth situated medially of the first molar and breaking the line
along the outer surface of the cheek teeth; outer surface of lower pre-
molars triangular in outline, the teeth about as high as long, the
second premolar larger than the first; first lower molar not as high as
second and third molars, its crown surface nearly smooth, the cusps
indistinct, the outline of the tooth contrasting sharply with that of
the second lower molar.
Beside Costa Rica and Colombia, the species has been recorded
from Panama, Honduras, and British Guiana by Goodwin (Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 79, p. 32, 1942; vol. 87, p. 316, 1946) and
from Ecuador and Peru by Thomas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58,
p. 222, 1920).
STURNIRA LILIUM PARVIDENS Goldman
Sturnira lilium parvidens GotpMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 30, p. 116,
1917.
Type locality—Papayo, about 25 miles northwest of Acapulco,
Guerrero, México.
Specimens collected —Two. Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perija, 1 male,
1 female.
Measurements —Head and body, 63, 59; hind foot, 13, 13; ear, 16,
16; forearm, 39.3, 40.3; greatest length of skull, 21.5, 21.5; condy-
lobasal length, 19.4, 19.5; zygomatic breadth, 12.8, —; width of brain
case, 9.9, 10.0; interorbital constriction, 5.7, 5.9; maxillary tooth row,
6.3, 6.3.
Remarks —The epaulettes of the male are straw-colored. In a
series of five males from Paraguay the epaulettes are absent in one,
bright yellow to rusty red in the others.
STURNIRA LUDOVICI Anthony
Sturnira ludovicti ANTHONY, Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 139, p. 8, 1924.
Sturnira lilium bogotensis SHamet, Proe. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 40, p. 129,
1927 (type locality, Bogoté, Colombia).
Sturnira hondurensis Goopwin, Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 1075, p. 1, 1940 (type
locality, La Cruz Grande, near San José, La Paz, Honduras).
Type locality—Near Gualea, Pichincha, northwestern Ecuador.
Specimens collected—Four. Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perijé, 2 males,
2 females.
Measurements.—Those of the type specimen of bogotensis Shamel
are given in parentheses. Head and body, 65-70; hind foot, 13-15;
ear, 18-19; forearm, (45.4) 44.2-46.0; greatest length of skull, (24.0)
22.9-24.2; condylobasal length, (22.0) 21.3-22.4; zygomatic breadth,
(13.4) 13.2-13.8: interorbital constriction, (6.4) 6.2-6.7; width of
442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
brain case, (10.5) 10.3-10.7; maxillary tooth row, (6.9) 6.5-7.0; width
across bases of incisors, (6.0) 6.0-6.8.
Remarks.—The genus Sturnira is represented in Colombia by at
least two well-defined species. The first, S. lilium, is characterized
by its comparatively short rostrum, short forearm (40.44 mm. in 12
topotypes from Paraguay), trilobate lower incisors with the middle
lobe nearly as large as the outer ones, paraconids, metaconids, and
entoconids of first two lower molars distinct and separated by deep
valleys, upper molar row symmetrically curved (compare Miller,
U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 57, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1907). The second, Sturnira
ludovici, resembles S. lilium externally and in shape of skull but
averages larger, lower incisors deeply bilobate in young individuals,
simple or weakly bilobate, often with a minute middle lobe, in fully
adult specimens; paraconids and metaconids of first two lower molars
low, poorly defined, the entoconids suppressed with no division be-
tween them and the metaconids, the median longitudinal groove of
these molars not so well defined as in S. liliwm, the second upper molar
turned inward and not in line with the first molar.
The range of Sturnira ludovicit encompasses and exceeds that of
S. lilium parvidens. The present series of ludovici was taken in the
same locality as were two specimens of S. lilium parvidens. Two
skulls from Mirador, México, in the United States National Museum
collection represent ludovici, and another skull from the same locality
is referable to S. lilium parvidens. Sturnira hondurensis Goodwin,
described from Honduras and recorded from Costa Rica, Sturnira
lilium bogotensis Shamel from Bogota, and, in the collection of the
Chicago Natural History Museum, 12 specimens from western Ecuador
and one from San Esteban, Venezuela, are all referable to S. ludoviet.
Another species nearly related to Sturnira ludovici has been de-
scribed from Costa Rica as Sturnirops mordax Goodwin (Amer. Mus.
Nov. No.976,p.1,1938). Except for its long rostrum with the attendant
greater curvature of the maxillary tooth row and the attenuation of
the mandibles, S. mordaz is practically indistinguishable from ludovici
in external, cranial, and dental characters. Full generic separation
of mordax from Sturnira lilium is hardly advised in view of the close
relationship to the annectant S. ludovict.
URODERMA BILOBATUM Peters
Uroderma bilobatum Prtrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 394.—
ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 89, 1900 (Bonda; Cacagualito;
Minca).— ANDERSEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 217 (Onaca; revi-
sion).—Sanporn, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 177, 1932 (Bonda; Caca-
gualito; Minca).
Type locality.—Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Specimens collected —Thirty-eight. Colonia Agricola de Cara-
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 443
colicito, 2 males, 9 females (1 in alcohol), 1 skull only; Pueblo Bello,
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1 male (in alcohol), 1 female (in
alcohol); Rio Guaimaral, 3 males (1 in alcohol), 1 female (in alcohol) ;
Villanueva, 4 males, 5 females; Sierra Negra, 1 male, 3 females;
Norosf, 1 male; Rio San Pedro, Norosi, 1 female (in alcohol) ; Guama-
lito, Norte de Santander, 1 male (in alcohol), 4 females (1 in alcohol).
Measurements.—Head and body, 59-70; hind foot, 11-14; ear,
15-19; forearm, 39.2-44.5; greatest length of skull, 21-1-22.6.
VAMPYROPS UMBRATUS Lyon
Vampyrops lineatus, Banas (nec Geoffroy), Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol.
1, p. 100, 1900 (San Antonio; Palomino; San Miguel).
Vampyrops umbratus Lyon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 15, p. 151, 1902.
Type locality —San Miguel, Rio Macotama, northern slope of the
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia; altitude, 5,260 feet.
Specimens collected —Five. Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perijé, 4 males
(2 in alcohol), 1 female.
Measurements.—Head and body, 66, 66, 62; hind foot, 12, 14, 12;
ear, 19, 19, 20; forearm, 42.1, 40.8, 41.7 (of one male in alcohol, 43.7);
(the following are of a single male specimen) greatest length of skull,
25 (c.); basal length, 20.4; zygomatic breadth, 15.5 (c.); width of
brain case, 10.6; mastoid width, 12.5; interorbital width, 6.2; distance
across canines, 6.6; M?-?, 10.8; maxillary tooth row, 9.3; greatest
length of mandible, 17.4; lower canine to back of Ms, 9.9.
Remarks.—The presents eries brings to eight the known number of
specimens of the species. The measurements of V. oratus Thomas
agree with those of umbratus, but that species is said to have ledges
on the inner sides of the lower molars not present in umbratus. V.
vittatus Peters, recorded from the same region, is a much larger species.
VAMPYROPS VITTATUS Peters
Artibeus vittatus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, p. 225.
Vampyrops vittatus, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 88, 1900
(Valparaiso).—MuuuEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 106,
footnote (Valparaiso; measurements).
Type locality Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, Venezuela.
VAMPYRESSA THYONE Thomas
Vampyressa thyone THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 4, p. 231, 1909.
Type locality —Chimbo, Bolivar Province, western slope of Cor-
dillera Occidental, western Ecuador; altitude, 1,000 feet.
Specimens collected—One. Colonia Agricola de Caracolicito,
southern slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1 female.
Measurements.—Head and body, 49; hind foot, 10; ear, 14; fore-
arm, 31.5; greatest length of skull, 18.2 (c.); condylobasal length, 16.6;
zygomatic breadth, 10.8; mastoid breadth, 9.4; width of brain case,
444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
9.3 (c.); interorbital breadth, 4.6; maxillary tooth row, 5.4 (c.); length
of mandible to front of incisors, 11.7.
Remarks.—The six described species of Vampyressa are separable
into two groups. The first includes the small species thyone Thomas,
minuta Miller,! and venilla Thomas. In these the forearm measures
30 to 33 mm. in length, the skull between 17 and 19 mm. in greatest
length. The second group includes the larger species, pusilla Wag-
ner,’ nymphaea Thomas,‘ and melissa Thomas,* with forearm between
35 and 38 mm., skull 20 to 22 mm. in greatest length. The geo-
graphic range of both groups are coextensive in South America. Only
the small minuta is known from Central America (Panam4). Both
the small V. thyone and the large V. nymphaea have been recorded
from the Choeé in western Colombia, and two specimens of thyone
(identified by Thomas) are available from Amazonian Ecuador. V.
minuta is almost certainly an absolute synonym of thyone; hence the
use of the latter name for the specimen of the present collection.
CHIRODERMA JESUPI Allen
Chiroderma jesupi ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 88, 1900.
Type locality —Cacagualito, a plantation, now abandoned, 20 miles
east of Santa Marta on the road to Rio Hacha, Magdalena, Colombia.
ARTIBEUS JAMAICENSIS JAMAICENSIS Leach
Artibeus Jamaicensis Leacu, Trans. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 75, 1821.
Uroderma planirostris, Banas, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 101,
1900 (Santa Marta).
Artibeus planirostris, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 458, 1904
(Mamatoco).
Artibeus jamaicensis, ANDERSEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 247 (part).
Type locality —Jamaica.
Specimens collected.—Three. El Salado, eastern slope of Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta, 1 male, 1 female; Rio Guaimaral, 1 male (in
alcohol).
Measurements.—Head and body, 75, 74; hind foot, 14, 15; ear, 22,
22; forearm, 55.6, 54.8 (of the male in alcohol, 56.0); length of skull
to front of canine, 27.3, 26.6; zygomatic breadth, 16.1, 16.1; width of
brain case, 11.9, 11.9; mastoid breadth, 14.1, 14.3; maxillary width
across first molars, 11.6, 11.1; width across cingula of canines, 7.5,
7.2; canine to back of second molar, 9.9, 9.4; canine to back of third
molar (in male only), 10.1; length of mandible to front of incisors,
18.3, 18.4.
Remarks.—According to Andersen’s classification of the genus
1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 25, 1912.
? Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 13, p. 582, 1924,
3 Arch. Naturg., vol. 1, p. 366, 1843.
4 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 4, p. 230, 1909.
§ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 18, p. 157, 1926.
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 445
Artibeus (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, pp. 224-319) the female of the
pair from El Salado is properly identified as A. jamaicensis, owing to
the absence of the rudimentary third upper molar. The male, taken
together with the female, has a third upper molar in each jaw and
should be referred to A. planirostris planirostris. However, both
specimens are so obviously alike otherwise that it would be folly to
persist in the illusion that the presence or absence of the evanescent
third upper molar is of more than individual or local significance.
Examination of the large series of Artibeus in the collections of the
United States National Museum and of the Chicago Natural History
Museum confirms the absolute unreliability of the dental formula
for separating A. jamaicensis from A. planirostris. The indications
are that the number of upper molars may be an individual as well
as a geographic variable. The incidence of M* appears to be highest
in the Artibeus of Brazil, upper Amazonia, the Guianas, Trinidad,
and the Grenadines and lowest in Paraguay, the trans-Andean regions,
and in Central America and México. Whatever Andersen may have
had in mind, the relationship between the form of the posterior border
of M? and the presence or absence of M® pointed out by him (op. cit.,
p. 252) has no specific significance. The posterior border of the
second upper molar may be emarginate where no trace of M® exists,
and it is not always emarginate in the presence of M*. The third
upper molar may occupy any position behind the second molar
whether or not the posterior border of the latter is notched. In some
series where no third upper molar appears, an alveolus in various
stages of obsolescence may be present. In conclusion, it appears that
the small form, A. planirostris Spix, cannot be treated as other than
a specific synonym of the similarly small A. jamaicensis Leach.
Living side by side with A. jamaicensis is a markedly larger species,
the largest of the genus. The specimens of this species taken in El
Salado and other nearby localities are listed and discussed below under
the heading Artibeus lituratus palmarum. Uf Andersen were again
followed, this large species would be identified as A. gamaicensis
palmarum, thus recording the unhappy situation of two “races”
of the same species occupying identical habitats.
ARTIBEUS LITURATUS PALMARUM Allen and Chapman
Artibeus palmarum ALLEN and CHapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 9,
p. 16, 1897.—ALLEN, ibid., vol. 13, p. 89, 1900 (Bonda; femurvillosum Bangs,
a synonym).—G. M. Auurn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 52, p. 42, 1908
(femurvillosum, synonym).
Artibeus femurvillosum Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 73, 1899
(La Concepcién, type locality); vol. 1, p. 101, 1900.
Artibeus jamaicensis palmarum, ANDERSEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 278
(revision).
Type locality —Trinidad.
446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Specimens collected——Twenty-three. Pueblo Bello, 2 males (in
alcohol); El Salado, 2 males; Colonia Agricola de Caracolicito, 1 male;
Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perijé, 4 males, 14 females.
Measurements—Head and body,87—100; hind foot, 16-21; ear, 23-25;
forearm, 66-73.6; length of skull to front of incisors, 29.2-31.5; mastoid
width, 15.7—16.9; width of brain case, 13.0-13.9; zygomatic breadth,
18.4—19.6; maxillary width across first molars, 12.8-14.1; width across
cingula of canines 8.6-9.1; canine to back of second upper molar,
10.8—11.4; length of mandible to front of incisors, 20.7—21.9.
Remarks.—The abundant and reliable data presented by Andersen
(op. cit.) in his revision of the genus Artibeus do not support his
conclusions that A. planirostris and A. jamaicensis are distinct species
each composed of a group of large and a group of small races. Once
the presence or absence of the rudimentary third upper molar is dis-
counted as a variable (see “Remarks” under A. jamaicensis), nothing
is left by which to distinguish the large ‘‘race’”’ of Andersen’s plani-
rostris from the large ones of his jamaicensis, and the small ‘‘races”’ of
his planirostris from the corresponding ones of jamaicensis. It
becomes clear, then, that the smaller ‘‘races”’ of each compose one
species which should be designated as jamaicensis Leach, and the
larger “races’’ form together another species for which the earliest
available name is lituratus Olfers.6 Andersen could not demonstrate
intergradation between the large and the small ‘races’? composing
each of his species. He implied, however, that additional material
would show this. Moreover, he interpreted the occurrence of indi-
viduals of both the large and the small ‘‘races”’ in any one locality as a
migratory invasion of the one into the territory of the other. This
conjecture is baseless. The considerable amount of material since
accumulated (also, see Anthony, Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 114, p. 5, 1924)
confirms the specific discreetness of the large and small forms and adds
to the very evidence presented, but otherwise either ignored or mis-
interpreted, by Andersen himself, that the normal range of both
species, the large and the small, is coextensive from México into
southern Brazil, and on some of the Neotropical islands. The sub-
specific names recognized as valid by Andersen plus two forms,
richardsont and fraterculus, described since, may be arranged as
follows:
Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach, type locality, Jamaica (richardsont
Allen, with type locality, Matagalpa, Nicaragua, a synonym).
A. j. parvipes Rehn, type locality, Cuba.
A, j. yucatanicus Allen, type locality, Chichén-Itz4, Yucatan, México.
6 “Ph. lituratus Ill.,’”’ in Eschwege, ‘Journal von Brasilien,’ Neue Bibliotheck der Reisebeschreibungen
zur Erweiterung der Erd- und Wélkerkunde, Weimar, vol. 15, No. 2, p. 224, 1818, antedates “‘Phyllostomus
lituratus Tl.,’’? Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten .. ., p. 3, 1823. Both authors based the name
lituratus on Azara’s chauve souris obscure et rayée, Olfers giving Paraguay as the type locality.
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 447
A. j. trinitatis Andersen, type locality, Trinidad (grenadensis Andersen, with
type locality, Grenada, W. I., a synonym).
A. j. fraterculus Anthony, type locality, Portovelo, El Oro Province, southern
Ecuador.
A. j. planirostris Spix, type locality, Bahia, Brazil.
Artibeus lituratus lituratus Olfers, type locality, Paraguay.
A. l. fallax Peters, type locality, Guiana.
A. l. palmarum Allen and Chapman, type locality, Trinidad.
A. l. praeceps Andersen, type locality, Guadeloupe, W. I. (doubtfully dis-
tinet from palmarum; dominicanus Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1908, p. 249, a nomen nudum).
A. 1. aequatorialis Andersen, type locality, Zaruma, southern Ecuador (doubt-
fully distinct from palmarum).
So far as can be determined from available material, separation of
the large lituratus from the small A. jamaicensis is based solely on
size. ‘There is considerable range of variation in size within each of
the species, and old individuals of large races of jamaicensis may
equal, and even exceed, in size small (usually subadult) individuals of
small races of lituratus. In view of the difficulty in distinguishing
subadults from fully adults, it is not always possible to separate the
species, especially of their respective West Indian and North Ameri-
can representatives. In general, the forearm of lituratus is normally
longer than 62 mm. to a maximum of about 75 mm. In jamaicensis,
the forearm is usually less than 63 mm. and may be as short as 50
mm. Mensural differences between the two species in other external
and in cranial characters are in the same proportions.
None of the specimens of palmarum collected in northern Colombia
bears a third molar in the upper jaw. The posterior edge of the second
molar in this series varies from deeply emarginate to convex. In
some individuals there is a bony ledge of the maxillary behind the
second molar; in others the ledge, which could support a third molar,
is lacking. The localities of these bats are included within the range
of palmarum as given by Andersen, and they show agreement with
this form, as compared with fallax, in size and in the consistent ab-
sence of M’.
ARTIBEUS CINEREUS BOGOTENSIS Ancersen
? Dermanura quadrivittatus, Banas, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 101,
1900 (Pueblo Viejo).
Artibeus cinereus bogotensis ANDERSEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18,
p. 421, 1906.
Type locality —Curiche, near Bogota, Colombia.
Specimens collected —One. Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perijd, 1 female.
Measurements.—Head and body, 58; hind foot, 12; ear, 17; forearm,
40.8; third metacarpal, 37.6; first phalanx of third digit, 14.7; second
phalanx of third, 20.5; length of skull to front of canines, 19.9; mas-
toid width, 10.0; width of brain case, 9.3; zygomatic breadth, 11.3
448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
(c.); maxillary width across first molars, 7.8; width across cingula of
canines, 5.1; maxillary tooth row, 6.1; length of mandible to front of
incisors, 12.7.
Remarks.—Andersen’s classification (Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1908, pp. 285-315) of the pygmy forms of Artibeus is based mainly
on the presence or absence of a rudimentary third lower molar and, in
the first upper molar, the degree of development of the posterointernal
lobe, the hypocone (‘cusp 7”’ of Andersen). The diagnostic value of
the presence or absence of the third lower molar may be ruled out as
in the case of the large species of Artibeus (see foregoing ‘‘ Remarks”
under headings A. lituratus palmarum and A. jamaicensis). In his
treatment of the pygmy ‘‘species’”’ normally Jacking the third lower
molar, Andersen indicated the presence of this structure in one jaw,
absent in the other, of individuals of rosenbergi and toltecus.
The form of M' in the pygmy Artibeus is similar to that of the large
Artibeus of the jamaicensis-lituratus group. Sufficient specimens of
the latter group were available to Andersen to demonstrate the variable
structure of M'. On the other hand, the few small localized series of
pygmy Artibeus examined by him caused Andersen to attach undue
significance to the structure of the same tooth in the pygmy species.
A comparison of the molars of 8 skulls of toltecus from México and of
10 skulls identified as A. toltecus ravus from Ecuador with those of
10 skulls of A. cinereus from Venezuela shows complete intergradation
in the size and structure of the first upper molar. In one specimen
from Pambilar, northwestern Ecuador, the hypocone of this tooth is
as little developed as that described for the type of rosenbergi from
Cachavi, a locality in the same general area. The hypocones of M?
in the remaining specimens from Ecuador (Pambilar and Carondolet)
show increasing development to the condition described by Andersen
as distinctive of toltecus. Similarly, the appearance of the hypocone
of M' in Venezuelan series of cinereus ranges from the condition typical
of toltecus to the greatly reduced one of rosenbergi. The specimen
(U.S. N. M. No. 62635) from La Guaira, Venezuela, the only one other
than the type identified by Andersen as rosenbergi, is simply one of
the same series of bats collected by Robinson in northern Venezuela,
which were assigned to A. cinereus bogotensis by Andersen. Addi-
tional material in the collection of the Chicago Natural History Mu-
seum confirms the specific identity of cinereus, toltecus, and rosenbergi.
Of four specimens from San José, Manavi Province, Ecuador, not far
from the type localities of rosenbergi and ravus in Esmeraldas Province,
one shows “‘cusp 7” of M! as described for ravus, another as described
for rosenbergi, the first upper molars of the remaining two specimens
being intermediate in structure.
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 449
With the elimination of the dental characters held to be significant
by Andersen, the evidence presented by that author points to the
probable conspecificity of all the pygmy forms of Artibeus said to be
otherwise indistinguishable from either cinereus or toltecus.
The following classification of the pygmy bats of the A. cinereus
group is based on examination of specimens in the collections of the
United States National Museum and the Chicago Natural History
Museum. These include the types of ravus, phacotis, jucundum, and
anderseni, topotypes or near topotypes of glaucus, watsoni, bogotensis,
rosenbergi, and toltecus, and three pygmy Artibeus from the upper Rio
Pastaza, eastern Ecuador (in the Chicago Natural History Museum),
referable to either anderseni or pumilio but geographically nearer the
latter. Subspecific status of some of the forms listed is provisional.
Artibeus cinereus cinereus Gervais, type locality, Brazil (quadrivittatus Peters,
from Surinam, is probably a synonym).
Artébeus cinereus bogotensis Andersen, type locality, Curiche, near Bogota,
Colombia.
Artibeus cinereus rosenbergi Thomas, type locality, Cachavi, Esmeraldas,
Ecuador (rava Miller, from San Javier, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, asynonym).
Artibeus cinereus glaucus Thomas, type locality, Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru.
Artibeus cinereus pumilio Thomas, type locality, Tushemo, near Masisea,
Rio Ucayali, Loreto, eastern Peru.
Artibeus cinereus anderseni Osgood, type locality, Porto Velho, Rio Madeira,
Amazonas, Brazil.
Artibeus cinereus watsoni Thomas, type locality, Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panamé.
Artibeus cinereus toltecus Saussure, type locality, México, here restricted to
Mirador, Veracruz, whence most of Saussure’s Mexican material orig-
inated (jucundum Elliot, from Veracruz, México, a synonym).
Artibeus cinereus phaeotis Miller, type locality, Yucatan, México.
SPHAERONYCTERIS TOXOPHYLLUM Peters
Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum Prrzrs, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1882, p. 989,
pl. 16.—Sanporn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 27, p. 380,
1941 (Ctiicuta, Norte de Santander).
Type locality —South America.
DESMODUS ROTUNDUS ROTUNDUS Geoffroy
Phyllostoma rotundum Grorrroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 15, p. 181, 1810.
Desmodus rufus, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Must. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 87, 1900 (Bonda).
Desmodus rotundus, SANBORN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 180, 1932 (Bonda).
Type locality — Paraguay.
Specimens collected Forty-seven. El Orinoco, Rio Cesar, 9 males
(4 in alcohol), 20 females (8 in alcohol); Villanueva, 7 males (3 in
alcohol), 11 females (5 in alcohol).
Measurements.—The extremes of 14 fully adult females are preceded
by figures in parenthesis giving the measurements of the largest adult
male. Head and body, (76), 77-87; hind foot, (18), 15-19; ear, (19),
19-21; forearm, (58.4, of another male, in alcohol, 60.2), 56.9-62.7,
450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98
of another female, in alcohol, 63.7; third metacarpal, (56.0), 51.4-55.9;
greatest length of skull, to front of incisor, (24.2), 23.4-24.9; zygomatic
breadth, (12.2), 11.7-12.6; mastoid width, (12.4), 11.9-13.0; interor-
bital constriction, (5.4), 5.3-5.8; height of brain ease, from basisphenoid,
(11.4), 11.1-11.9; upper tooth row, (5.7), 5.3-6.1.
Remarks.—The males are appreciably smaller than the females of
comparable ages.
DIPHYLLA ECAUDATA Spix
Diphylla ecaudata Spix, Simiarum et vespertilionum Brasiliensium species novae,
p. 68, pl. 36, fig. 7, 1823.—ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 138, p. 87,
1900 (Cacagualito).
Type locality.— Brazil.
THYROPTERA TRICOLOR ALBIGULA G. M. Allen
Thyroptera tricolor, AutEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 94, 1900
(Cacagualito).
Thyroptera tricolor albigula G. M. AtLEN, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 9,
p. 1, 1923.
Thyroptera albiventer, G. M. ALLEN and Barsour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
vol. 65, p. 271, 1923 (Rfo Jesusito, eastern Panam4).—G. M. ALLEN, Proce.
New England Zool. Club, vol. 9, p. 2, 1923 (albiventer distinct from tricolor!) .—
Dunn, Journ. Mamm., vol. 12, p. 429, 1931 (Barro Colorado Island, Canal
Zone, Panam4é).
Thyroptera tricolor albiventer, DUNN (nec Tomes), Journ. Mamm., vol. 12,
p. 430, 1931 (Gutierrez, the type specimens of albigula; name lapsus calami
for Thyroptera tricolor albigula Allen).
Type locality.—Gutierrez, in the mountains about 25 miles inland
from Chiriquito, on the trail from the Chiriqui Lagoon to Boquete,
western Panam4; altitude, approximately 4,000 feet.
Specimens collected —Eighteen. Colonia Agricola de Caracolicito,
southern slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 7 males (2 in
alcohol), 11 females (5 in alcohol).
Measurements.—Head and body, 39-49; tail, 29-31 (of 7 specimens
in alcohol, 24-30; free portion of tail 4-8, or 15-28 percent of total
length); hind foot, 6-7; ear, 12-13; forearm, 34.3-37.7; greatest
length of skull, 14.4-15.1; condylobasal length, 13.4-14.0; zygomatic
breadth, 7.1-7.6; width of brain case, 7.2-7.4; depth of brain case,
including bullae and cochleae, 6.5—-7.0; width of rostrum, 4.0—4.3;
interorbital constriction, 2.6—2.9; maxillary tooth row, 5.6-6.0.
Remarks.—Individual variation in color of underparts and in other
characters in the large series from northern Colombia, as well as from
other regions, shows that specific distinction of Hyonycteris albiventer
Tomes (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, p. 179) from Thyroptera
tricolor Spix (Simiarum et Vespert. Brasil., p. 61, 1823) cannot be
maintained as advocated by G. M. Allen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
vol. 52, p. 42, 1908) and Cabrera (Trab. Mus. Nac. Cienc. Nat.,
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 451
Madrid, ser. zool., No. 31, p. 15, 1917). In tricolor (albiventer), under-
parts to lower lip are usually sharply contrasted white, sometimes
with yellowish tinge on parts of belly and chest, and either yellow or
brown on chin and throat; ears small, blackish; calcar with two carti-
laginous projections extending into posterolateral border of uro-
patagium. In discifera, the only other known valid species of the
genus, underparts are brown, slightly paler than upperparts; ears
yellowish, larger than in tricolor; calcar with one cartilaginous pro-
jection extending into posterolateral border of uropatagium; brain
case lower, less globate, teeth smaller than in tricolor. Depth of
brain case from auditory meatus in the type specimen of T. discifera
major Miller is 6.5 mm. This form has been recorded by Sanborn
(Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 180, 1932) from Rio Negro, Boyacéa, in
the interior of Colombia. A skull only, “probably from Bonda,”’ is
referred to 7. discifera major by the same author (loc. cit.).
MYOTIS NIGRICANS NIGRICANS Schinz
Vesplertilio] nigricans Scuinz (‘‘P. Max.’’), Das Thierreich, vol. 1, p. 179, 1821.
Myotis nigricans, Banas, Proe. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 102, 1900
(Santa Marta; Palomino).—ALLEeNn, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 18,
p. 94, 1900 (Bonda).
Myotis bondae ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, p. 384, 1914 (Bonda,
type locality).
Myotis nigricans nigricans, M1uLER and ALLEN, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 144, p. 177,
1928 (Bonda; Palomino; Santa Marta; revision).—Sansorn, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., vol. 21, p. 180, 1932 (Aguachica).
Type locality —Fazenda de Aga, near Rio Iritiba, Espirito Santo,
Brazil (see Wied-Neuwied, Beitriage Naturg. Brasil., vol. 2, p. 268,
1826).
Specimens collected —Twenty-four. Norosi, Bolivar, 10 males (in
alcohol), 5 females (in alcohol) ; La Gloria, Rio Magdalena, 5 males (in
alcohol), 4 females (in alcohol).
EPTESICUS BRASILIENSIS ANDINUS Allen
Eptesicus andinus ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, p. 382, 1914.
Type locality—Valle de Las Papas, Huila, Colombia; altitude,
10,000 feet.
Specimens collected.—One. Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perijé, 1 female.
Remarks.—The individual agrees specifically with a representative
of true brasiliensis from Rio de Janeiro. Its forearm, 43.6 mm. in
the dry skin, is slightly larger than that of the type of andinus Allen
and slightly smaller than that of the type of chiriquinus Thomas. Itis
doubtful whether the latter can be separated even subspecifically from
andinus. The more northern propinquus Peters is a smaller race of
brasiliensis.
452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM FOL. 99
RHOGEESSA TUMIDA H. Allen
Rhogeessa tumida H. AuLEN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, p. 286.
Type locality—Mirador, Veracruz, México.
Specimens collected—Two. Colonia Agricola de Caracolicito, 1
male (in alcohol); Rio Guaimaral, 1 male.
Measurements.—Head and body, 39; tail, 29; hind foot, 7; ear, 11;
forearm, 28.1 (of the male in alcohol, 28.3).
Remarks.—The skull of the specimen prepared as a skin has been
lost. The type and a topotype of R. minutilla Miller, from Margarita
Island, Venezuela, are smaller and paler but appear to be only sub-
specifically distinct from tumida. Judged by the original description,
R. io Thomas, from Valencia, Venezuela, is questionably separable.
even as a subspecies, from typical tumida.
LASIURUS CINEREUS PALLESCENS Peters
Atalapha pallescens Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1870, p. 910.
Lasiurus pallescens, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 94, 1900
(Bonda).
Type locality Sierra de Mérida, Venezuela.
CYNOMOPS PLANIROSTRIS PLANIROSTRIS Peters
Molossus planirostris Petprs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 575 footnote.
Cynomops planirostris paranus, SANBORN (nec Thomas), Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., zool. ser., vol. 27, p. 386, 1941 (Cticuta, Norte de Santander).
Type locality—British Guiana (restricted by Miller, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 79, p. 399, 1912).
TADARIDA MOLOSSA Pallas
Viespertilio] Molossus Pautuas, Miscellanea zoologica, p. 49, 1767; Spicilegia
zoologica, fase. 3, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 11 (skull), 1767.
Nyctinomus macrotis Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1840
(type locality, Cuba).
Promops affinis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 91, 1900 (type
locality, ‘““Taguaga’’= Taganga).
Nyctinomus molossus, MituER, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, p. 86 and footnote
4, 1913 (taxonomic history).
Tadarida macrotis, SHAMEL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 78, p. 15, 1931 (“‘Taga-
uga”’ = Taganga; Promops affinis Allen, a synonym; revision).—SANBoRN, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 182, 1932 (‘“Taguaga’”’=Taganga).
Type locality —‘‘America”’; according to Miller (op. cit.), “not
wmprobably from Surinam.”’
Remarks.—Miller’s statement (evidently overlooked by Shamel,
op. cit.) that “the name Nyctinomus molossus (Pallas) should be
applied to the ‘macrotis’ of northern South America” is correct. As
Shamel combines the northern South American and Antillean bats
under the name macrotis, the prior name molossa is used here. Pre-
sumably the name 7. molossa must apply also to Shamel’s “macrotis”
«
MAMMALS OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA—HERSHKOVITZ 453
recorded (op. cit., p. 16) from “Mexico, Arizona, California, and
Iowa,”’ as well as from the other localities he listed.
EUMOPS ABRASUS MILLERI Allen
Promops milleri ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 92, 1900.
Eumops abrasus millert, SanBorNn, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 21, p. 182, 1932
(Don Diego).—Sansorn, Journ. Mamm., vol. 13, p. 352, 1932 (Don Diego;
revision).
Type locality—Guayabamba (=Santa Rosa de Huayabamba),
San Martin, Peru.
Specimens collected.—Three. Norosi, Bolivar, 3 females.
Measurements.—Head and body, 80, 82, 78; tail, 46, 46, 48; hind
foot, 13, 138, 14; ear, 22, 22, 22; forearm, 57.2, 59.4, 60.6; greatest
length of skull, —, 24.6, 23.6; condylobasal length, —, 22.4, 22.6; interor-
bital constriction, 4.6, 4.4, 4.3; width of brain case, —-, 10.8, 10.7;
upper tooth row (I — M®), 10.1, 10.6, 9.8; distance across canines,
6.0, 6.0, 5.5; distance across third upper molars. 9.7, 9.6, 9.4.
EUMOPS GLAUCINUS Wagner
Dysopes glaucinus WAGNER, Wiegmann’s Arch. Naturg., Jahrg. 9, vol.,.1, .p:
368, 1843.
Promops glaucinus, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 457, 1904
(Santa Marta).
Eumops glaucinus, SANBoRN, Journ. Mamm., vol. 13, p. 353, 1932 (Santa Marta;
revision).
Type locality —Cuyab4, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
MOLOSSUS M4JOR MAJOR Kerr
Vlespertilio] Mol[ossus] major Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 97, 1792.
Molossus major, MiuuEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, pp. 85-86, 90, 1913
(Dominica, Trinidad, Venezuela).
|?] Molossus crassicaudatus, SANBORN (nec Geoffroy), Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol.
21, p. 183, 1932 (Jaraquiel; El Tambor, Santander).
Type locality—La Martinique, Lesser Antilles, West Indies.
Specimens collected.—Eight. Aguas Blancas, near Valencia, 2 males,
6 females (1 in alcohol).
Measurements.—Head and body, 58-63; tail, 36-40; hind foot,
9-11; ear, 9-14; forearm, 36.8-38.7; greatest length of skull, 16.4-17.8;
zygomatic breadth, 9.6-10.6; width of brain case, 8.7—8.8; maxillary
tooth row (C—M®), 6.0-6.4; distance across upper canines, 4.2—4.6.
Remarks.—In his revision of the genus Molossus, Miller (op. cit.)
found it expedient to treat as separate species all named forms
recognizably distinct. These were arranged into species groups
according to size. The rufus group included the large members of
the genus with greatest breadth across the upper canines 5 mm. or
more. The smaller species, with greatest breadth across the canines
less than 5 mm., were subdivided into the currentium, the pygmaeus,
454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
and the obscurus groups. Small and overlapping size differences
combined with minor color differences were indicated for distinguish-
ing each of these three divisions of small species. Additional material
shows that the variation in size and color among these small species
with distance across canines less than 5 mm. is even greater than had
been supposed by Miller. Differences in color, especially, appear to
represent nothing more than tonal variations in the light and dark
phases of the same species. Sanborn (op. cit.) found, in agreement
with earlier authors, that currentium and obscurus are conspecific.
This conclusion combines, in effect, Miller’s three groups of small
molossids. The present series from northern Colombia shows
extremes in cranial and external measurements that grade into the
larger obscurus on the one hand and the smaller pygmaeus on the
other. The series averages larger in size than insular forms of major,
the oldest name available for most of the members of Miller’s groups
of small forms. As Miller records specimens of major from Vene-
zuela with which the present series agrees, this may be the name
adopted for the small northern Colombian Molossus. Further com-
parisons of the northern Colombian bats show them to be practically
indistinguishable from pale phase individuals from Ecuador (Guaya-
quil and Santa Rosa) and northwestern Peru (Piura) indentified by
Miller (op. cit., p. 92) as pygmaeus. Apparently a smiliar bat from
the same region was described later by Allen as M. daulensis. It
appears that in addition to obscurus, pygmaeus, currentium, and crassi-
caudatus the specific synonyms of major may include daulensis,
coibensis, and aztecus. Pending a revision of the genus, these names
should be conserved, at least provisionally, as subspecies of Molossus
major. The width of the brain case given for the type of M. burnsi
Thomas does not now appear to be too excessive for the group.
M. bondae Allen, regarded by Miller as one of the small groups of
Molossus, was first described as larger than any of them.
MOLOSSUS BONDAE Allen
Molossus bondae ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 28, 1904.—
MiuiEr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, p. 89, 1913 (revision, no Colombian
specimens examined).
Type locality—Bonda, Rio Manzanares, 7 miles east of Santa
Marta, Magdalena, Colombia.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3247
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF STAPHYLINID BEETLES
FROM FORMOSA, JAPAN, AND SOUTH CHINA
By Matcorm CAMERON
A coLtiection of 950 specimens of beetles belonging to the family
Staphylinidae from Hainan Island, southeast China, Formosa, the
Loochoo Islands, and Japan has been turned over to me for report
by Dr. R. E. Blackwelder, of the United States National Museum.
These specimens were collected during several trips from 1932 to 1935
by Dr. J. Linsley Gressitt, now of Lingnan University.
Two new genera, 22 new species, 1 new variety, and many new records
are included. Unless otherwise noted all specimens were collected by
Dr. Gressitt. Holotypes are in the United States National Museum
except as noted; paratypes of all new species are in my collection; and
paratypes of most of the new species are also in the Gressitt Collection
in the California Academy of Sciences. Dates are abbreviated, as, for
example, V—7-32= May 7, 1982.
1. EUPIESTUS CHINENSIS, new species
Shining; head and thorax black, elytra and abdomen pitchy, the
posterior margins of the tergites rufescent. Antennae black, the first
four segments reddish. Legs reddish yellow. Of the size of sculpti-
collis Kraatz but narrower, the interantennal fossae smaller, thorax
narrower and less transverse. Head subtriangular, with two large
fossae anteriorly and one at the middle of the base, and at the inner
margin of the eye with a sulcus; with small rather close punctures
larger than in sculpticollis. Antennae as in sculpticollis, the second
and third segments of equal length, the fourth to tenth transverse.
Thorax very slightly broader than long, the sides in front practically
parallel, posteriorly strongly arcuately constricted, with eight fossae
as in sculpticollis more coarsely punctured than in that species. Elytra
818874—49——_1 455
456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
a little longer and broader than the thorax, tricarinate, and with
elevated sutural region, the sulci closely and moderately coarsely
punctured. Abdomen rather closely punctured throughout, the punc-
tures finer posteriorly. Length, 2.5 mm.
Type locality China, Hainan Island, Chung Kow.
Types.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 58732; one paratype in my collec-
tion; collected VII-18-35.
2. SIAGONIUM VITTATUM Fauvel
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (February and April 1931), Mitake (III-
5-32) ; Formosa, Arisan (VI-4-382, V—25-34).
3. PIESTONEUS LEWISI Sharp
Localities.—Japan, Nikko (VII-28-32).
4. PIESTONEUS sp.
Localities —Japan, Nikko (VII-28-32). .
5. ELEUSIS KRAATZI Fauvel
Localities —Formosa, Karenko (1V-23-32).
6. ELEUSIS PUSILLA Fauvel
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Chung Kon (VII-18-35).
7. ELEUSIS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Shikikun (V-11-32).
8. ELEUSIS sp.
Localities—Formosa, Arisan (VI-4-32).
9. BOROLINUS MINUTUS Castelnau
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Chung Kon (VI-18-35).
10. LEPTOCHIRUS (STRONGYLOCHIRUS) LAEVIS Castelnau
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Chung Kon (VII-18-35), Dwa
Bi (VII-23-35).
11. PRIOCHIRUS (TRIACANTHOCHIRUS) TONKINENSIS Bernhauer
Localities.—Formosa, Suisha (V-29-32), Urai (IV-1-32, V-3-32),
Chipon (IV-18-32), Musha (V-20-32), Karenko (1V-23-32), Riran
(IV-19-32), Hassenzan (I1V-22-34), Hori (VI-6-34), Rokki (V-
138-34) ; China, Hainan Island, Dwa Bi (VII-28-35).
12. PRIOCHIRUS (CEPHALOMERUS) JAPONICUS Sharp
Localities —Formosa, Arisan (June 1932, May 1934), Hassenzan
( VI-21-32, April 1934), Pianan Ambu (V-12-82), Taiheizan (V-7-
32), Musha (V-20-82).
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 457
13. PRIOCHIRUS (CEPHALOMERUS) EXCAVATUS Motschulsky
Localities —Formosa, Musha ( V-20-32).
14. PRIOCHIRUS (CEPHALOMERUS) SILVESTRII Bernhauer
RUFIPENNIS, new variety
Differs from the type form only in the dark red color of the elytra.
Type locality—Formosa, Arisan.
T'ypes.—Holotype and 63 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58940; 2 para-
types in my collection; 6 paratypes in Gressitt collection in the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences (C.A.S. No. 5949).
Localities.—Formosa, Arisan (VI-2-32, VI-8-32, V—25-34) , Musha
( V-20-32), Taiheizan (V-6-52), Hassenzan (VI-21-32).
15. PRIOCHIRUS (PLASTUS) sp.
Localities. —Formosa, Urai (I1V—2-32), Shinten (IV-8-82).
16. THORACOCHIRUS FORMOSAE Cameron
Localities—Formosa, Hassenzan (VI-21-32).
17. PARALISPINUS EXIGUUS Erichson
Localitves—F ormosa, Karenko (IV—23-32),
18. PSEUDOLISPINODES PUNCTICOLLIS Bernhauer
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Chung Kon (VII-18-35).
19. HOLOSUS DENSUS Bernhauer
Localities—Yormosa, Arisan (VI-6-32, V-25-34).
20. HOLOSUS SPARSIPENNIS, new species
Very like formosae Cameron but a little narrower, the punctures of
the head a little smaller, the ground sculpture, however, similar.
Thorax of the same build but with the lateral fossae smaller and
much less deep, the punctures about as close but much finer, the
ground sculpture finer; elytra extremely finely, sparingly punctured,
otherwise like formosae. Abdomen with the oblique striae weaker.
Length, 3 mm.
Type locality—Formosa, Karenko.
l'ypes.—Holotype and one paratype, U. S. N. M. No. 58731; one
paratype in my collection; and one paratype in the Gressitt collec-
tion in the California Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No. 5948).
fecords.—Formosa, Karenko (IV-23-32), Urai (IV-1-32).
21. HOLOSUS FORMOSAE, new species
Shining black, the last tergite red. Antennae red. Legs reddish
yellow. Elongate, subparallel, in general facies much like brevipennis
Fauvel, but with less transverse thorax and longer elytra. Head
458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 93
rather finely and closely punctured, finely coriaceous. Antennae ex-
tending to the posterior angles of thorax, the penultimate segments
distinctly transverse. Thorax transverse (3: 2.3), the sides straight,
almost parallel, only slightly narrower behind than in front; the an-
terior angles prominent, pointed; median sulcus and prebasal impres-
sions absent, the lateral fossa large and deep, the sculpture as on the
head. Elytra slightly longer and broader than the thorax (3:2.3),
broader than long (3.5:3), the sides gently rounded, the sutural stria
rather broad, the puncturation much like that of the thorax but ground
sculpture absent. Abdomen slightly narrowed posteriorly, the first
five visible tergites finely obliquely striate and very finely and spar-
ingly punctured, finely coriaceous. Length, 3.5 mm.
Type locality—¥ormosa, Musha.
Types.—Holotype and three paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58730; one
paratype in my collection and one in the Gressitt collection in the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.
fecords.—Musha (V-20-32), Urai (IV-1-32), Rokki (V-13-34),
Hori (VI-8-34).
22. HOLOSUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Kuraru (VIII-10-384).
23. LISPINUS ROBUSTICOLLIS Bernhauer
Localities.—Formosa, Kuraru (IV-6-32), Karenko (IV-23-32).
24. LISPINUS LONGULUS Sharp
Localities.— Japan, Yokohama (IV-6-31).
25. LISPINUS FORMOSAE Bernhauer
Localities—Formosa, Suisha (V-29-82), Karenko (IV-23-32),
Riran (IV-19-32), Chipon (IV—18-32), Urai (IV-1-82), Kuraru
(1V-6-32), Hori (VI-6-34) , Rokki (V-13-34).
26. LISPINUS FORMOSANUS, new species (Bernhauer in litt.)
Narrow elongate shining black, the last tergite reddish. Antennae
red. Legs reddish yellow. Of the narrow elongate build of elongatus
Bernhauer but with longer antennae and different abdominal sculp-
ture. Head narrower than thorax, broadly superficially bi-impressed
between the antennae, rather closely, moderately coarsely punctured
posteriorly, the punctures larger than in elongatus, less closely in
front, the ground sculpture fine, more or less longitudinally striate.
Antennae with the third segment longer than second, fourth to tenth
all longer than broad, gradually decreasing in length, the penultimate
only slightly longer. Thorax very slightly broader than long (2.5 :2.8),
the sides feebly rounded, straight and retracted behind, along the
middle with an extremely fine impressed line, at the posterior angle
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 459
with a lateral impression almost reaching the middle of the side, the
punctures as close but longer than in e/ongatus, the ground sculpture
longitudinally striate. Elytra longer (3.5:2.3) than the thorax, the
punctures not so large as on the thorax (coarser than in elongatus),
the ground sculpture similar. Abdomen elongate, the first visible
tergite rather closely punctured, the second to fifth with numerous
more or less oblique fine ridges and irregular puncturation; ground
sculpture coriaceous. Length, 6 mm.
Type locality —¥ ormosa, Taihorin.
Types.—Holotype in my collection, collected by H. Sauter; two
paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58941.
Records —Formosa, Taihorin, Urai (I1V-1-82, V-1-32) ; Kuraru
(1V-7-32).
27. LISPINUS ISOLATUS, new species
Shining; foreparts red, the head more or less infuscate, abdomen
pitchy, the posterior margins of the first five visible tergites and whole
of the last rufescent. Antennae red. Legs reddish yellow. In color
and lustre much like Zuzonicus Bernhauer but a little larger, the
antennae longer, the thorax longer and less transverse, more punctured
and with stronger ground sculpture, the punctures and ground sculp-
ture of the elytra stronger. Head with small scattered punctures, the
ground sculpture distinct, coriaceous. Antennae with the third seg-
ment as long as the second, fourth and fifth orbicular, sixth to tenth
transverse, differing but little. Thorax transverse (4:3), the sides
rounded in front, arcuately retracted behind, feebly bi-impressed at
the middle of the base and with a short impression at the posterior
angle, narrowly impunctate along the middle and sometimes with a
very fine impressed line; punctures as on the head but rather closer,
between the median and lateral impressions with an impunctate area ;
the ground sculpture as on the head. Elytra longer (4.5:3) than the
thorax, the punctures very similar but less close, the ground sculp-
ture similar. Abdomen more strongly coriaceous, very sparingly
punctured. Length, 3 mm.
Type locality —¥ormosa, Kuraru.
Types.—Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 58729; one
paratype in my collection; one in the Gressitt collection in the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No. 5950).
Records.—Formosa, Kuraru (1V-6-82), Musha (V-20-32).
28. LISPINUS sp.
Localities —Loochoo Islands, Amami-Oshima (VII-9-31).
29. THORACOPHORUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Chipon (IV-18-382).
460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
30. MEGARTHRUS JAPONICUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (III-20-31, IV-14-31).
31. ANTHOBIUM SOLITARE Sharp
Localities—Formosa, Taihoku (III-27-32), Sozan (III-29-32),
Musha (V-20-32).
32. ANTHOBIUM (EUSPHALERUM) FORMOSAE, new species
Shining; head and thorax red, elytra reddish yellow, abdomen
pitchy, the last tergite yellowish. Antennae red, the penultimate
segments often infuscate. Legs reddish yellow. Length,2 mm. Of
the size and color of solitare Sharp, but the thorax less transverse,
much less finely punctured and with scarcely visible ground sculpture,
the antennae longer, the penultimate segments longer than broad.
Head moderately finely, closely punctured, before the ocelli with a
feeble impression, ground sculpture coriaceous, feeble. Antennae
slender, the penultimate segments a little longer than broad. Thorax
transverse (2.5:2), closely punctured like the head and with similar
ground sculpture. Elytra twice as long as the thorax, as closely but
less finely punctured and without ground sculpture. Abdomen finely,
rather closely punctured, not entirely covered by the elytra in either
sex. Pubescence throughout fine and yellow. Length, 2 mm.
Type locality—Formosa, Taiheizan.
Types.—Holotypes and 32 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58728; 4 para-
types in my collection; 4 paratypes in Gressitt collection in the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No, 5951).
fecords.—Formosa, Taiheizan (V-6-32 to V-—10-32), Arisan
( VI-5-32, VI-6-32), Musha (V-20-32), Pianan Ambu (V-11-32).
33. PHYLLODREPA sp.
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (III-20-31).
34. OMALIUM CURTELLUM Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (V-13-31).
35. OMALIUM sp.
Localities—Formosa, Arisan (V-25-34).
36. LESTEVA PLAGIATA Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (V-20-31).
37. TROGOPHLOEUS BIIMPRESSUS Cameron
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (Sept. 1931).
38. TROGOPHLOEUS SHARPIANUS Cameron
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (X-5-381).
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 461
39. TROGOPHLOEUS SIAMENSIS Fauvel
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (Nov. 1981).
40. TROGOPHLOEUS VAGUS Sharp
Localities —Formosa, Kuraru (VIII-10-34).
41, TROGOPHLOEUS sp.
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (III-26-31).
42. OXYTELUS COGNATUS Sharp
Localities—Japan, Yamanashi (IV-4-31), Tokyo (IfI-20-31,
IV-28-31, V-1-31, VI-22-31).
43. OXYTELUS CRASSICORNIS Sharp
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (IV-22-31).
44. OXYTELUS GREGARIUS Sharp
Localities —Formosa, Sakahen (VII-36-34).
45. OXYTELUS LUCENS Bernhauer var.
Localities —Formosa, Urai (V-3-82), Taiheizan (V-8-82), Kar-
enko (IV-23-32), Hassenzan (VI-21-382).
46. OXYTELUS MIMULUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Mitake (III-5-32).
47. OXYTELUS OPACIFRONS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (Nov, 1931, VITI-27-32).
48. OXYTELUS PICEUS Linnaeus
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (VII-7-31, Sept. 1931).
49. OXYTELUS VICINUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (III-24-31).
50. OXYTELUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Musha (V-20-82).
51. PLATYSTETHUS OPEROSUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (ILI-21-381).
52. BLEDIUS GIGANTULUS Bernhauer
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (VII-7-31, TX-11-31, X-5-30, Nov.
1931),
53. BLEDIUS KOSEMPOENSIS Bernhauer
Localities—Formosa, Rokki (V—15-34, VI-14-32), Tamazato (IV-
20-32).
462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
54. BLEDIUS LUCIDUS Sharp
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (1V-28-31, V-20-31, VII-7-31, Sept.
1931).
55. OSORIUS FORMOSAE Bernhauer
Localities —Formosa, Arisan (VI-4—32, V-25-29, V-26-34) , Musha
( V-21-32), Urai (IV-2-32), Taiheizan (V-8-82).
56. OSORIUS MORTUORUM Bernhauer
Localities —Formosa, Urai (V-1-82).
57. OSORIUS TONKINENSIS Bernhauer
Localities —Formosa, Urai (V-2-32) , Taroko (IV-24-32), Karenko
(1V-23-382).
58. OSORIUS RUFIPES Motschulsky
Localities —¥ormosa, Taiheizan (V-6-82).
59. STENUS ALIENUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Yokohama (III-28-81), Tokyo (III-16-81,
Xi-96-81).
60. STENUS LEWISIUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (I1V-16-81, III-23-81).
61. STENUS VERECUNDUS Sharp
Localities —Formosa, Musha (V-21-32).
62. STENUS sp.
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (XI-5-30).
63. STENUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Hori (VI-6-84).
64. STENUS sp.
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Ta Hau (VII-3-35).
65. STENUS sp.
Localities.—Loochoo Islands, Amami-Oshima (VII-11-32).
66. STENUS (HEMISTENUS) ARISANUS, new species
Shining black, the elytra with rather large oval orange-red spot
postero-externally. Antennae, palpi, and legs reddish yellow. Larger
and more shining than kwantungensis the elytra longer and uneven,
the orange spot larger, more coarsely punctured. Head as broad as
the base of elytra, lightly bi-impressed, closely coarsely rugosely
punctured. Antennae extending to base of elytra, the penultimate
segments slightly longer than broad. Thorax longer than broad
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 463
(8:2.5), widest at the middle, straightly retracted behind, the punc-
turation as on the head; ground sculpture feeble. Elytra longer than
the thorax (4:3), as long as broad, uneven, with similar puncturation
and ground sculpture. Abdomen gradually narrowed to apex, dis-
tinctly margined, the puncturation close, less coarse than on the elytra,
the ground sculpture similar. Male, fifth sternite broadly impressed
on the middle of the posterior half, the posterior margin of the im-
pression slightly emarginate, the pubescence scarcely thicker than on
the rest of the surface; sixth rather deeply, triangularly emarginate.
Length, 4.5 mm.
Type locality—Formosa, Arisan.
Types.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 58735; one paratype in my col-
lection; both collected V—25-34.
67. STENUS (HEMISTENUS) KWANTUNGENSIS, new species
Black, moderately shining, the elytra with a small obscure oval
orange-red spot postero-externally and about equidistant from the
lateral and posterior margins, farther from the suture. Antennae
reddish yellow, infuscate apically. Legs and palpi reddish yellow.
In size and build very like alenus Sharp but with different tarsal
structure, less shining, the elytral spot larger, oval, equally obscure,
sculpture of the foreparts coarser, that of the abdomen finer. Head
as broad as the base of elytra, feebly broadly bi-impressed, only
slightly elevated in the middle, closely and moderately coarsely punc-
tured. Antennae slender, extending to the base of the elytra, the
eighth to tenth segments only slightly longer than broad. Thorax
longer than broad (3:2.5) widest at the middle, the sides arcuately
retracted behind, rounded in front, at the sides very obscurely im-
pressed and without median sulcus, coarsely rugosely punctured.
Elytra as long as the thorax, broader than long (3.5:3), the sculp-
ture similar. Abdomen gradually narrowed toward apex, distinctly
margined, closely and moderately finely punctured throughout. Male,
fifth sternite broadly impressed along the middle, the impression
deeper behind and closely pubescent; sixth arcuately emarginate.
Length, 3.5-4 mm.
Type locality—South China, eastern Kwantung, Yim Na San.
Types.—Holotype and 4 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58734; one para-
type in my collection; one paratype in Gressitt Collection in Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No. 5952). Collected VI-15-36.
68. STENUS (HEMISTENUS) RUGOSIPENNIS, new species
Black, rather shining. Antennae reddish. Palpi and legs red-
dish yellow. The knees more or less infuscate. Head as broad as the
base of the lytra, distinctly bisulcate, closely and coarsely punctured,
818874492
464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
the raised median part yet more so. Antennae long and slender ex-
tending to the base of the elytra, all the segments longer than broad.
Thorax as long as broad, widest at the middle, the sides gently rounded
in front, straighter and more retracted behind, with median more
shining sulcus not extending to the anterior or posterior borders, the
sculpture coarse rugose and vermicular. Elytra longer than the thorax
(4.5:3.2), broader than long (5:4.5), uneven, with coarse close ver-
micular rugae forming a rosette. Abdomen elongate and cylindrical
as in Hypostenus, but the segments finely margined, rather coarsely
and closely punctured on the first two visible tergites more finely on the
following with fine coriaceous ground sculpture and fine pubescence.
Foreparts without ground sculpture or pubescence. Male, second
to fourth sternites broadly flattened along the middle; fifth broadly
and deeply impressed on the posterior half; sixth with rectangular
emargination of the posterior margin. Length, 6 mm.
Type locality—Formosa, Arisan.
Types.—Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 58736; one
paratype in my collection; VI-4-32.
69. STENUS (HEMISTENUS) SHARPIANUS Cameron
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (XI-5-30) ; Formosa, Musha (V-20-82),
Arisan (V—25-34).
70. STENUS (HEMISTENUS) sp.
Localities —Formosa, Arisan (VI-4-32).
71. STENUS (HYPOSTENUS) SUBTROPICUS, new species
Shining black. Antennae and legs reddish yellow. Much like
tropicus Bernhauer in build but with narrow head, longer entirely
testaceous antennae, and less coarse puncturation throughout. Head
as broad as the base of elytra, the eyes large, the disc flat, closely and
coarsely punctured. Antennae extending to the base of the thorax,
all the segments longer than broad. Thorax slightly longer than broad
(2.5: 2.3), the sides feebly rounded, broader about the middle, coarsely
and closely punctured like the head. Elytra broader and a little
longer than the thorax, broader than long (8.5:3), the puncturation
similar. Abdomen cylindrical, only the first visible tergite margined,
closely, moderately coarsely punctured on the first three visible seg-
ments, more finely on the following, the puncturation much less coarse
than in ¢ropicus. Ground sculpture absent on the foreparts, very
feeble on the abdomen. Pubescence white and corresponding with the
punctures on the foreparts, closer at the bases of the first three visible
tergites. Male, first sternite with a fine keel along the middle of the
basal half; second and third deeply broadly crescentically impressed,
the margins of the impressions raised and produced backward, densely
pubescent; fourth with a large simple pubescent impression at the
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 465
base; sixth deeply triangularly emarginate. The structure of the third
sternite is very like that of the corresponding one in praenobilis Bern-
hauer. Length, 4 mm.
Type locality —China, Hainan Island, Ta Hau.
Types.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 58783; one paratype in my col-
lection; both collected VII-7-35.
72. STENUS (HYPOSTENUS) sp.
Localities —Formosa, Urai (V-1-32).
73. STENUS (HYPOSTENUS) sp.
Localities—Formosa, Rokki (VI-16-382).
74. DIANOUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Taiheizan (V-6-82).
75. PALAMINUS JAPONICUS Cameron
Localities —Formosa, Hassenzan (IV—22-34, VI-22-32), Suisharyo
(Vi-10-82), Rokki (V—13-84), Bukai (VI-13-34), Suisha (VI-1-34),
Hori (V1I-6-84).
76. PALAMINUS FORMOSAE, new species
Of the usual shining reddish-yellow color of japonicus Cameron
but larger (4.5 to 5.5 mm with normally extended abdomen) and more
robust, the antennae longer and stouter, thorax broader, more trans-
verse (3:2.5). Elytra a half longer than the thorax. Differs from
pennifer Fauvel in the longer antennae, more transverse thorax less
retracted behind, and with more numerous punctures; in other respects
similar.
Type locality —F ormosa, Bukai.
Types.—Holotypes and il paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58737; two
paratypes in my collection; two paratypes in the Gressitt collection
in the California Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No. 5953).
Records.—¥ormosa, Bukai, Rokki (V—-13-34 to V-20-34) , Hassenzan
(LV-22-34 to 1V-27-34), Hori, Suisha. Loochoo Islands, Amami-
Oshima (VII-10-82).
77. PALAMINUS sp.
Localities—China, southwest Fukien, Liung Chon San (VII-
21-36).
78. PALAMINUS sp.
Localities —China, southwest Fukien, Tsin Leong San (VI-6-26).
79. PALAMINUS sp.
Localities—Kormosa, Hori (VI-8-84).
466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
80. PALAMINUS sp.
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Ta Han (VI-21-35).
81. PAEDERUS ANGUSTIPENNIS Bernhauer
Localities —Japan, Nikko (VII-19-31, VII-26-382).
82. PAEDERUS FLAVOTERMINATUS, new species
Moderately shining, head and abdomen black, the last tergite and
sixth sternite yellow, thorax red, elytra dark blue to black. Antennae
and palpi yellowish red. Femora black, tibiae and tarsi reddish yel-
low. Similar in build and antennal structure to poweri Sharp but at
once distinguished by the red thorax, the more or less yellow eighth
tergite, the entirely yellow sixth sternite, and the fine coriaceous
ground sculpture of the head and thorax; from formosanus Adachi in
which a fine coriaceous ground sculpture is present on the head and
thorax it differs in the color of the latter; from kosempoensis Bern-
hauer it differs in the broader, more robust build and the yellow termi-
nal segments of the abdomen and the fine ground sculpture of the head
and thorax. Male sixth sternite with deep parallel-sided excision.
Female, sixth sternite produced in middle, narrowed and rounded at
apex. Length, 10-12 mm.
Ty pe locality—Formosa, Musha.
Types.—Holotype and 17 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58788; 2 para-
types in my collection; 2 paratypes in the Gressitt collection in the
California Academy of Sciences (C.A.S. No. 5954).
Records.—Formosa, Musha (V-20-32), Arisan (VI-4-82, V-
25-84).
83. PAEDERUS FORMOSANUS Adachi
Localittes—Formosa, Pianan-Ampu (V-11-32), Taiheizan (VII-
7-34), Hassenzan (IV-22-34).
84. PAEDERUS FUSCIPES Curtis
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (VI-6-32, V-18-31, Sept. 1930, IV-
28-31, V-23-30) ; Loochoo Islands, Okinawa (VII-5-32) ; Formosa,
Rokki (VI-12-32, V-13-34), Suisha (VI-1-34), Choshu (IV-4-82) ;
China, southwest Fukien, Tsin Leong San (VI-6-36).
85. PAEDERUS KOSEMPOENSIS Bernhauer
Localities —Formosa, Rokki (V-13-34), Hassenzan (IV-22-34),
Bukai (VI-13-34), Mizuho (IV-21-32), Musha (May 1, 1929).
86. PAEDERUS MIXTUS Sharp
Localities —Formosa, Rokki (VI-12-32, V—13-84).
87. PAEDERUS POWERI Sharp
Localities—Japan, Nikko (VII-28-32), Yamanashi (VI-27-31).
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 467
88. PAEDERUS SONDAICUS Fauvel
Localities —Formosa, Chipon (IV—18-32), Riran (IV-19-32).
89. PAEDERUS TAMULUS Erichson
Localities —Formosa, Mizuho (I1V-21-82), Rokki (VI-14-82).
90. DIBELONETES PALAEOTROPICUS Bernhauer
Localities —Formosa, Shonoryo (VI-11-382), Rokki (V-13-34),
Hori (VI-8-34), Kuraru (VIII-10-34).
91. ASTENUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Hassenzan (IV-22-34).
92. MEDON SUBMACULATUS Sharp
Localities —Formosa, Rokki (VI-14-82).
93. LITHOCHARIS NIGRICEPS Kraatz
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (Sept. 1931).
94. LITHOCHARIS UVIDA Kraatz
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (V-28-31).
95. LATHROBIUM SERIATUM Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (IX-11-31).
96. CRYPTOBIUM MARGINATUM Motschulsky
Localities Formosa, Kuraru (1V-10-82).
97. CRYPTOBIUM PECTORALE Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (Sept. 1931); Formosa, Rokki (VI-
16-82),
98. METOPONCUS sp.
Localities —Japan, Nikko (VII-28-32).
99. XANTHOLINUS PLEURALIS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Mount Takao (III-18-31).
100. XANTHOLINUS SUFFUSUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (May 1931).
101. NEOBISNIUS PUMILUS Sharp
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (VI-15-31); Formosa, Rokki (VI-
16-32).
102. PHILONTHUS AENEIPENNIS Boheman
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Fan Ta (VI-4-35).
468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
103. PHILONTHUS AGILIS Gravenhorst
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (IV-8-381).
104. PHILONTHUS LEWISIUS Sharp
Localities —Formosa, Rokki (V1I-16-32, V-13-34) ; Japan, Tokyo
(V-16-31).
105. PHILONTHUS LONGICORNIS Stephens
Localities —Japan, Kyushu, Moji (VII-27-32, collected by T. Na-
kamura).
106. PHILONTHUS QUISQUILIARIUS Gyllenhal
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (IV-30-30).
107. PHILONTHUS RECTANGULUS Sharp
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (Nov. 1931).
108. PHILONTHUS 7-PUNCTATUS Cameron
Localities —¥ormosa, Taiheizan (V—9-82).
109. PHILONTHUS SOLIDUS Sharp
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (1V—-14-31).
110. PHILONTHUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Arisan (V—25-34).
111. PHILONTHUS sp.
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (XI-5-30).
112. PHILONTHUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Kuraru (IV-4-32).
113. HESPERUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Rokki (V-—13-84).
114. HESPERUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Arisan (VI-5-382).
115. AMICHROTUS APICIPENNIS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Nikko (VII-26-82).
116. STAPHYLINUS PAGANUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (IV-20-30, X-20-30).
117. STAPHYLINUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Musha ( V—21-82).
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 469
118. OCYPUS DORSALIS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Kamikochi (VITI-4-—31).
119. OCYPUS KOBENSIS Cameron
Localities —Japan, Yokohama (V-15-30).
120. LEISTOTROPHUS GRACILIS Sharp
Localities —Japan, L. Nojiri (VITI-7-31), Yamanashi (VI-27-31).
121. EUCIBDELUS JAPONICUS Sharp
Localities—Japan, Sagashio, Yamanashi (VI-26-31), Tokyo
(V-80-31), Nikko (VII-26-32).
122. EUCIBDELUS sp.
Localities.—China, southeast Kiangsi, Hong San (VI-26-36).
123. RHYNCOCHEILUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Taiheizan (VII-7-84).
121. ALGON GRANDICOLLIS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (V-29-31).
125. QUEDIUS JAPONICUS Sharp
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (III-20-31).
126. QUEDIUS sp.
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (V-18-31).
127. QUEDIUS sp.
Localities.—Formosa, Rokki (V-13-34).
128. MYCETOPORUS BOLITOBIOIDES Bernhauer
Localities —Formosa, Arisan (VI-6-382).
129. CONOSOMA PARVULUM Cameron
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Chung Kon (VII-18-35).
130. CONOSOMA PLAGIATUM Fauvel
Localities Formosa, Arisan (VI-4-32).
131. CONOSOMA TESTACEUM Erichson
Localities —Formosa, Rokki (V-13-34).
132. CONOSGMA FORMOSANUM, new species
Moderately shining, black, the elytra at the base each with a small
round orange-red spot, the posterior margins of the seventh and eighth
470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
tergites yellowish. Antennae long and slender, the sixth to tenth seg-
ments infuscate. Legs yellow. In coloration and sculpture scarcely
differing from bépustulatwm Gravenhorst and the antennae similarly
constructed extending to the base of the elytra, but the thorax is dis-
tinctly longer and less transverse (5:4) than in that species and the
elytral spot is much smaller. In all other respects similar. Length,
4mm.
Type locality Formosa, Urai.
Types.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 58789; one paratype in my col-
lection; collected VI-26-32.
133. CONOSOMA sp.
Localities —Formosa, Urai (V-2-82).
134. TACHYPORUS FLAVOPICTUS Fauvel var.
Localities —Formosa, Taiheizan (V-10-32), Arisan (V-—25-34).
135. TACHINUS JAPONICUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Nikko (VII-26-32), Taiheizan (V-5-32).
136. COPROPORUS FORMOSAE Bernhauer
Localities Formosa, Hassenzan (VI-21-32).
187. COPROPORUS MELANARIUS Erichsen
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Chung Kon (VII-18-35).
138. COPROPORUS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Hori (VI-8-34).
139. LEUCOCRASPEDUM DILUTUM Bernhauer
Localities —¥ormosa, Mizuho (IV-21-382).
140. LEUCOCRASPEDUM PALLIDUM Cameron
Localities —Formosa, Hassenzan (1V—22-84).
141. LEUCOCRASPEDUM PARVUM, new species
Moderately shining reddish yellow, the elytra extensively infus-
cate. Antennae reddish yellow, the eleventh segment infuscate.
Legs reddish yellow. Smaller than dilutum Bernhauer, the antennae
more slender, the fourth segment longer than broad, the penultimate
less transverse, the eleventh longer, as long as the three preceding
together; thorax very finely but not so finely and obsoletely punc-
tured as in that species. Pubescence throughout golden yellow.
From minutum Bernhauer it differs in the color of the elytra and
abdomen, longer thinner antennae, and less closely punctured abdo-
men. Length, 1.5 mm.
Type locality.—Loo Choo Islands, Amani-Oshima.
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON ait
Types.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 58740; one paratype in my
collection; collected VII-11-382.
142. LEUCOCRASPEDUM ROBUSTUM Cameron
Localities —Formosa, Mount Kannon (IV-28-32), Hassenzan
(1V-22-34).
143. LEUCOCRASPEDUM SCORPIO Blackburn
Localities —China, eastern Kwantung, Yim Na San (VI-15-36),
Southwest Fukien, Liung Chon San (VII-21-36) ; Formosa, Musha
(V-18-32).
144. LEUCOCRASPEDUM sp.
Localities.—Formosa, Bukai (VI-13-34).
NEODECUSA, new genus
In facies exactly like Leucocraspedum Kraatz but at once distin-
guished by the 10-segmented antennae and the short narrow tongue
which is slightly longer than broad with parallel sides and rounded
apex, the right mandible with only a single small tooth, the left
edentate, in all other respects similar to that genus. From Decusa
Casey it differs in the longer first segment of the posterior tarsus,
which is as long as the second, third, and fourth together and the
fifth much shorter than the first as in Lewcocraspedum. The struc-
ture of the mouth parts in Decusa is unknown.
145. NEODECUSA FORMOSAE, new species
Moderately shining, head, thorax, and abdomen black or pitchy,
elytra pitchy brown. Antennae and legs reddish yellow. In build
and color resembling Leucocraspedum scorpio Blackburn but slightly
smaller, with longer antennae, the penultimate segments not trans-
verse, the terminal segment longer, the puncturation of the head,
thorax, and abdomen scarcely differs in the two species but that of
the elytra distinctly finer. Antennae with first and second seg-
ments of equal length, the third segment a little shorter and more
slender than second, fourth as long as broad, fifth as long as fourth
but stouter, sixth to ninth as long as broad, gradually increasing
in size, tenth in male as long as the five preceding together, in female
as long as the three preceding together. Male, sixth sternite with
feeble arcuate emargination. Length, 1.75—2 mm.
Type locality—Formosa, Hassenzan.
Types.—Holotype and 22 paratypes, U. S. N. M. No. 58741; two
paratypes in my collection; two paratypes in the Gressitt collection
in the California Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No. 5955).
FRecords.—Formosa, Hassenzan (IV—22-34 to [V-27-34, VI-20-32),
Shonoryo (VI-11-32), Urai (VI-26-32), Rokki (V-13-34 to V-
20-34) Bukai, Suisharyo (VI-10-32), Musha (V—18-52).
ATe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 9
146. GYROPHAENA sp.
Localities—Formosa, Musha (V-20-32).
147. GYROPHAENA sp.
Localities—Formosa, Rokki (V-13-34).
148. GYROPHAENA sp.
Localities—Formosa, Bukai (VI-13-34).
149. COENONICA ANGUSTICOLLIS Cameron
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Ta Hian (VI-14-35).
150. COENONICA FORMOSAE, new species
Foreparts moderately shining: head black, thorax dark brown;
elytra brownish yellow scarcely infuscate postero-externally; ab-
domen much more shining, black, the raised side and posterior mar-
gins of the tergites broadly yellowish red. Antennae black, the first
three segments and legs reddish yellow. Near philippina Bernhauer
but larger, the punctures of head larger and not so close, the thoracic
impressions weaker, the elytra much more finely, not asperately punc-
tured, the antennae longer and stouter. Head narrower than the
thorax (1.75:2.5), the eye a little shorter than the postocular region,
impunctate in front and on vertex, elsewhere with small, rather close
umbilicate punctures. Antennae moderately long, rather stout, the
second and third segments of equal length, fourth a little longer than
broad, fifth to tenth transverse, the penultimate about twice as broad
as long. Thorax transverse (2.5:2), the sides rounded in front, re-
tracted and slightly sinuate before the obtuse and somewhat prom-
inent posterior angles, in the posterior half before the middle of the
base with a pair of parallel longitudinal sulci, the puncturation rather
close and like the head. Elytra longer (2.2:2) and broader than the
thorax, broader than long (3:2.2), the punctures simple, much finer
and much less close. Abdomen a little narrowed before the apex,
very finely and very sparingly punctured. Except for a fine coriaceous
ground sculpture at the base of the head, the whole insect without
ground sculpture. In the two examples no secondary sexual char-
acters are present. Length, 3-3.2 mm.
Type locality—Formosa, Arisan.
Types.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 58742; one paratype in my col-
lection.
151. COENONICA LEWISIA Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (Oct. 1931).
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 473
152, HOMALOTA FRATERNA Sharp
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (II-20-31, VII-9-31, I1I-9-31, IV-
9-31), Yokohama (IV-6-31); China, Hainan Island, Chung Kon
(VII-13-35).
153. ANOMOGNATHUS ARMATUS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Kyushu, Moji (ITI-24-32), Tokyo (II-20-381).
154, BRACHIDA sp.
Localities—Formosa, Rokki (V-13-34).
155. FALAGRIA CONCINNA Erichson
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (XI-5-30).
156. FALAGRIA sp.
Localities —Japan, Mount Takao (IV-18-30).
157. ATHETA (ALOCONOTA) sp.
Localities —Formosa, Arisan (V-25-34).
158. ATHETA (METAXYA) LUCIDULA Cameron
Localities—Japan, Tokyo (IV-14-31).
159. ATHETA (METAXYA) PSEUDOELONGATULA Bernhauer
Localities Japan, Tokyo (III-20-81, I-15-31).
160. ATHETA (DOCHMONOTA) SAUTERI Bernhauer
Localities—Japan, Yamanashi (IV-4-31), Tokyo (IV-14-31) ;
Formosa, Arisan (V-25-384).
161. ATHETA (LIOGLUTA) FORMOSAE, new species
Shining; head, thorax, and abdomen black, the posterior margins
of the tergites narrowly rufescent; elytra brownish red. Antennae
reddish brown, the first segment blackish. Legs reddish yellow. In
build, color, and lustre scarcely differing from hypnorum Kiesen-
wetter but with differently colored antennae and the penultimate seg-
ments fully as long as broad and also in the following respects: Head
more finely much more sparingly punctured and with scarcely visible
ground sculpture; thorax more finely and obsoletely but about as
closely punctured, ground sculpture absent ; elytra as closely but rather
more finely punctured and without ground sculpture; abdomen more
finely and much more sparingly punctured, the ground sculpture very
fine, transverse. Foreparts with fine rather close yellow pubescence,
that of the abdomen longer and more sparing. Three examples with-
out apparent sexual characters. Length, 3.5 mm.
Type locality—Formosa, Arisan.
474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
Lypes——Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 58743; one
paratype in my collection.
fecords.—¥ormosa, Arisan (VI-5-32), Musha (VI-31-32).
162. ATHETA (CHAETIDA) LONGICORNIS Gravenhorst
Localities—Formosa, Taiheizan (V-9-32).
163. ATHETA (CHAETIDA) sp.
Localities.—Formosa, Musha (V-20-32).
164. ATHETA (COPROTHASSA) SORDIDA Marsham
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (IV-19-31).
165. ATHETA sp.
Localities Formosa, Arisan (VI-6-32).
166. PELIOPTERA FORMOSAE, new species
Head, thorax, and abdomen black, the head and thorax greasy lus-
trous, the abdomen shining, the posterior margins of the tergites nar-
rowly rufescent; elytra yellow, greasy lustrous. Antennae black, the
first segment reddish yellow. Legs reddish yellow. Male, in size,
build, and color much like acuticollis Kraatz but the foreparts less shin-
ing and with different sculpture. Head orbicular, the eye almost as
long as the postocular region, narrower than the thorax, the vertex
superficially impressed, along the middle impunctate, elsewhere with
smal] moderately close punctures and distinct coriaceous ground sculp-
ture. Antennae with the first and second segments of about equal
length, the third a little shorter and narrower, the fourth to tenth
transverse differing but little, about a half broader than long, eleventh
as long as the ninth and tenth together. Thorax very slightly trans-
verse, the sides feebly rounded, all the angles broadly rounded, the
base before the scutellum produced a little backward as in acuticollis,
the disc with four larger quadrately placed punctures, the general
puncturation finer and closer than on the head but with similar
ground sculpture. Elytra very slightly longer but broader than the
thorax, broader than long (2.75:2), not emarginate postero-exter-
nally, finely and closely punctured, finely coriaceous, with a strong
shining keel near the suture extending nearly from the base and par-
allel to the suture to beyond the middle and there curved slightly in-
ward. Abdomen parallel, almost impunctate, the ground sculpture
very fine and transverse, the third, fourth, and seventh tergites at
the middle of the posterior margin each with a tubercle, that of the
seventh the largest: eighth with seven or eight short ridges at the
posterior margin which is truncate and feebly crenulate. Female,
unknown. Length, 8 mm.
L'ype locality —F¥ormosa, Arisan.
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON 475
Types.—Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 58748; one
paratype in my collection; collected V—25-34.
167. PELIOPTERA sp.
Localities —Formosa, Hassenzan (VI-21-32).
168. MIMOXYPODA sp.
Localities —Formosa, Rokki (V-13-54).
169. ORPHNEBIUS sp.
Localities Formosa, Arisan (V—25-34).
170. ORPHNEBIUS sp.
Localities —China, eastern Kwantung, Tsin Leong San (VI-3-35).
171. ZYRAS FORMOSAE Bernhauer
Localities—Formosa, Suisha (V—28-32).
172. ZYRAS SAUTERI Bernhauer
Localities —Formosa, Suisha (V-28-82).
173. ZYRAS sp.
Localities—Formosa, Suisha (VI-1-34).
174. ZYRAS sp.
Localities —Formosa, Bukai (V1I-13-34).
OMOPLANDRIA, new genus
In facies much like a small Hoplandria Kraatz but differing in the
narrow pointed mesosternal process, the bidentate right mandible,
and much shorter differently formed tongue. Temples margined be-
low. Labrum transverse, feebly bisinuate in front. Mandibles stout,
pointed, the right with two teeth at the middle. Maxillary palpi with
small first segment, second larger, gradually thickened towards apex,
third longer and stouter apically, fourth small, subulate, fifth yet
smaller. Labium transverse, trapezoidal with anterior border fully
arcuately emarginate. Labial palpi with first segment short and
stout, second narrower and much shorter, almost as long as broad,
third narrower and much longer, fourth small. Tongue short and
broad, the sides rounded, widened toward apex and briefly bilobed, the
lobes separated by a small arcuate emargination, their apices rounded.
Pronotal epipleura not visible from the side. Mesosternum simple,
its process pointed and extending nearly whole length of coxae, these
narrowly separated. 'Tibiae finely setose, tarsi 4.5.5. the first segment
of posterior scarcely longer than the second, shorter than the fifth.
476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
175. OMOPLANDRIA FUSCIPENNIS, new species
Moderately shining; head and fourth and fifth visible tergites
black, the posterior margin of the latter rufescent, thorax and rest of
abdomen reddish brown, elytra yellowish brown. Antennae and legs
reddish yellow. Somewhat resembling in build the subgenus Acro-
tona Thoms. Head a good deal narrower than the thorax, eyes mod-
erate, longer than the postocular region, finely moderately closely punc-
tured, finely coriaceous, the disc in male slightly flattened. Antennae
short, the first two segments of equal length, third a little shorter
and narrower, fourth to tenth transverse, gradually increasing in
width, the penultimate 2% times broader than long, eleventh small.
Thorax transverse, twice as broad as long, the sides rounded, more
retracted in front, the posterior angles rounded, the disc in male
slightly flattened, the sculpture as on the head. Elytra nearly twice
as long as thorax, broader than long (2.5 :2), finely more closely punc-
tured, finely asperate, the ground sculpture very fine. Abdomen nar-
rowed toward apex, very finely, moderately closely punctured on
the anterior tergites, more sparingly behind, the ground sculpture
feeble. Male, first visible tergite on each side near the lateral margin
with a short, shghtly curved pointed spine: fifth with a median keel
behind: sixth arcuately emarginate and crenulate in the middle of the
posterior margin with a small tubercle adjacent, elsewhere with a few
smaller scattered granules. Length, 2-2.5 mm.
Type locality—F¥ormosa, Arisan.
Types.—Holotype and 23 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58744; two
paratypes in my collection ; two paratypes in the Gressitt collection in
the California Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No. 5956).
176. ALEOCHARA (s. str.) FORMOSAE, new species
In size, build, and antennal structure similar to ata Gravenhorst
but differing as follows: The first three segments of the antennae and
the eighth tergite are reddish yellow, the puncturation of head and
thorax finer and not so close, the abdomen is distinctly more closely
punctured throughout, in other respects similar. From parens Sharp
it differs in the more robust build, much more finely and less closely
punctured head and thorax, coarser sculpture of the elytra, more
coarsely and rather more closely punctured abdomen.
Type locality—F¥ormosa, Musha.
T'ypes.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 58745; one paratype in my col-
lection ; collected V—18-82.
177. ALEOCHARA (s. str.) PARENS Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo (XI-5-30, TV-28-31, VI-7-31).
NEW RECORDS OF STAPHYLINIDAE—CAMERON ATE
178. ALEOCHARA (EURYODMA) PRAESUL Sharp
Localities —Japan, Tokyo.
179. ALEOCHARA sp.
Localities —China, Hainan Island, Vo Lau (VII-2-35).
180. TETRASTICTA sp.
Localities —Formosa, Hassenzan (VI-21-32).
181. PSEUDOPLANDRIA FORMOSAE, new species
Shining, pitchy black. Antennae black, the first three segments
and apex of the last reddish yellow. In build and coloring scarcely
differing from denstventris Cameron, but the antennae are longer, the
penultimate segments fully as long as broad, the elytra and abdomen
less closely punctured. The head and thorax are very finely and very
sparingly punctured, the elytra finely, scarcely asperately, rather
closely punctured. Male, seventh tergite with an extremely fine
median keel on the posterior half. Length, 3.75 mm.
Type locality.—Formosa, Taiheizan.
Types.—Holotype and two paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58746; one
paratype in my collection; one paratype in the Gressitt collection in
the California Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No. 5957).
Records.—Formosa, Taiheizan (V-9-32), Arisan (V-25-34),
182. PSEUDOPLANDRIA CURTICORNIS, new species
Shining, pitchy black, the lateral and posterior margins of the
tergites more or less broadly rufescent. Antennae and legs reddish
yellow. In size and build very like frugivora Cameron, but the
antennae are longer and lighter in color, the sixth and seventh seg-
ments are less transverse, the punctures of the head are superficial but
much larger and closer, the thorax however is as finely but less spar-
ingly punctured, the elytra are more finely and rather less closely
punctured, the tergites are closely punctured at their bases but much
more sparingly elsewhere, whereas in frugivora the tergites are prac-
tically impunctate at bases. Male, seventh tergite with a small tuber-
cle about the middle; eighth broadly arcuately emarginate and finely
crenulate. Length, 3 mm.
Type locality Formosa, Hassenzan.
L'ypes.—Holotype and seven paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 58747; one
paratype in my collection; one paratype in the Gressitt Collection in
the California Academy of Sciences (C. A. S. No. 5958).
fecords.—Formosa, Hassenzan (I1V-22-34), Taiheizan (V-7-32),
Arisan (V—25-34).
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
by the
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3248
ADDITIONS TO THE ECHIUROID FAUNA OF THE
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
By Waturer Kenrick Fisuer
Tue material upon which this paper is based consists of a specimen
donated by Dr. J. E. Lynch, of the University of Washington, and
others dredged off the coast of California by the steamer Albatross
in 1904. The Albatross specimens are a part of a considerable collec-
tion of unworked sipunculoid and echiuroid worms, accumulated by
the late Prof. H. B. Ward, which did not become available for study
until after the publication of my “Echiuroid Worms of the North
Pacific Ocean” (1946). About a third of this collection, including
some of the echiuroids of California, had deteriorated beyond re-
demption. What remains is of considerable interest. There is a
new and primitive genus of the Bonelliidae, while Arhynchite, sup-
posed to lack a proboscis, can now be shown to possess a well-devel-
oped one.
I have used this opportunity to revise the keys to the genera of the
families Echiuridae and Bonelliidae.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA OF ECHIURIDAE
a*. Two circles of caudal setae_______________ Echiurus Guérin-Méneville, 1831
a*. No posterior setae present.
b*. No differentiated thicker bands in longitudinal muscle layer.
c*, Nephrostome of nephridia without elongated spirally coiled lips.
d*, Neurointestinal blood vessel in direct connection with dorsal vessel by
a ring vessel at end of foregut; segment of intestine between ring
vessel and beginning of siphon short and with ciliated groove;
nephrostome with inconspicuous lips; proboscis not especially ex-
panded at tip, often deciduous________ Thalassema Lamarck, 1801
822650—49——1 479
480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
d?. Neurointestinal vessel connected with dorsal vessel directly by a ring
vessel or indirectly by numerous capillaries in wall of gut; segment
of intestine between stomach and beginning of siphon very long (2
or 3 times body length), with or without ciliated groove; nephro-
stome with conspicuous flaplike lip; proboscis very deciduous, long,
slender, expanded at tip-_---------------- Arhynchite Sato, 1937
c*. Nephrostome with elongated, usually spirally coiled lips.
Anelassorhynchus Annandale, 1922
b?. Longitudinal muscle layer with very slight to pronounced differentiation
into longitudinal bands, 6 or more in number.
c'. Nephrostome of nephridia without spirally coiled lips; inner layer of
muscles not differentiated into separate transverse fascicles between
longitudinal bands___-------------------- Lissomyema Fisher, 1946
c*. Nephrostome with elongated spirally coiled lips.
d*. Differentiated longitudinal muscle bands weak, zones between not
showing a fasciculate arrangement of inner oblique muscles; in
small specimens longitudinal bands very faint or visible only in
posterior regiono.O #2 4 Ee Listriolobus W. Fischer, 1926
d*, Longitudinal muscle bands strongly developed, the zones between
crossed by separated fascicles of innermost, oblique layer.
e?. Nephridia in 1 to 5 pairs; vascular ring at beginning of midgut.
Ochetostoma Leuckart and Riippell, 1828
e?. Nephridia, at least in male, in 6 to 14 groups of 1 to 4, the groups
arranged in pairs; vascular ring vessel at posterior end of
DUWEV RS — =i eae Fos 35 tee 8 Ikedosoma Bock, 1942
Genus ANELASSORHYNCHUS Annandale
Anelassorhynchus ANNANDALE, 1922, p. 148 (type, Thalassema branchiorhynchus
Annandale and Kemp, 1915).
Diagnosis—Resembling Thalassema s. s. in having the longitudinal
muscle layer of the body of uniform thickness without specialized
longitudinal bands, but differing in having prolonged, often spirally
coiled, lips to nephrostome.
Remarks.—Annandale based the genus on the structure of the
proboscis of two species, 7h. branchiorhynchus and Th. dendrorhyn-
chus. In these Indian species the proboscis is short, stout, not very
extensile, and the lateral margins bear dendritic gill-like outgrowths.
The first species was found in a tidal creek on the outskirts of Calcutta,
the latter in Chilka Lake, a lagoon on the east coast of India and con-
nected with the Bay of Bengal. He also included 7h. sabinwm Lan-
chester, a brackish-water species, and 7'h. microrhynchus Prashad
from Chandipore, Orissa, which do have dendritic outgrowths. In
1935 Prashad described another species having a frilly margin to
the proboscis—7 halassema marshalli found in estuarine waters of the
Irriwaddy River near Rangoon and congenerie with 7h. branchio-
rhynchus.
It seems to me that the modifications of the proboscis, which exhibit
a number of gradations in complexity, are adaptations to an ecology
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 481
in several ways abnormal, a parallel development being found in
Ochetostoma arkati (Prashad). But these species agree with others
having a normal proboscis in the character of the nephrostome in
combination with the absence of longitudinal muscle bands.
The following species belong in this genus:
a*, With 1 pair of nephridia opening behind setae______-_ abyssalis, new species
a*, With 2 pairs of nephridia opening behind setae.
b+, Adherent proboscis with more or less frilly margin.
branchiorhynchus (Annandale and Kemp)
dendrorhynchus (Annandale and Kemp)
marshalli (Prashad)
b?. Proboscis adherent but its margin not modified microrhynchus (Prashad)
sabinus (Lanchester )
b-* Probosdis' deciduous! 25) eee ee eee semoni (Fischer)
porcellus Fisher *
a*. With 8 pairs of nephridia.
b*. All nephridia opening behind setae____-_---__-___-_--___~_ mucosus (Ikeda)
vegrandis (Lampert)
b*. First pair of nephridia opening in front of setae_-___ inanensis (Ikeda)
moebii (Greef)
ANELASSORHYNCHUS ABYSSALIS, new species
PLATE 28
Diagnosis.—Diftering from all known species of the genus in hav-
ing only one pair of nephridia; neurointestinal vessel connected with
dorsal vessel by numerous small vessels in wall of stomach; therefore
no direct ring vessel present.
Description.—All specimens are in a deplorable condition, the vis-
cera having been lost through anus, probably owing to release of
water pressure. All have lost the proboscis and all except type the
setae and anterior visceral complex. None has the anal vesicles.
Longest specimen, probably unnaturally elongated, 230 mm.; type,
85 mm.; slender, distorted. Body wall slightly translucent, probably
markedly so in life. Skin smooth, with numerous scattered papillae
almost flush with surface and more translucent than the skin, so that
they resemble tiny grains of cooked tapioca. In the head region
of type they are convex, opaque, and more normal, but not visible
without some magnification. Coelomic surface of body wall smooth,
but in contracted specimen the longitudinal layer is crossed by wavy
dark lines encircling body.
Setae two, close together and close to mouth. They are 10 mm.
long with a relatively large, open, curved hook. ‘The slender inter-
basal muscle is not surrounded by the neurointestinal vessel. The
very numerous basilateral muscles are long and slender. ‘The muscles
from proximal end of sheath to lateral body wall are separated from
1 Pacifie Sci., vol. 2, p. 274, Oct. 1948.
482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
the innermost muscle layer for most of their length and are not in
the form of a dissepiment at right angles to body wall.
Nephridia two, small, the lips of nephrostome greatly prolonged
but not in a spiral. Nephridiopores are rather close behind the setae,
but farther from nerve cord than setae.
The foregut survived only in the type. It is fairly long, with a
well-marked gizzard, the anterior end of which coincides with the
posterior margin of the double ventral mesentery. In front is the
esophagus, thrown into loops and held in place by the ventral mesen-
teries, while the short pharynx is attached to body wall by numerous
radiating muscular frenula. The stomach is more inflated than giz-
zard, and its translucent walls are marked by longitudinal lines. A
a very short distance posterior to attachment of neurointestinal vessel
a very inconspicuous ciliated groove begins, but the length of presi-
phonal intestine can not be determined. In one specimen are two
fragments of the intestine having a well-developed siphon.
The vascular system is characterized by absence of any relation
with the interbasal muscle of setae, and the absence of a direct well-
marked ring vessel. Near the intestine the neurointestinal vessel
divides in two, and where it meets the wall at posterior end of stomach
there is a slight inflation. But beyond this point there is no simple
vessel passing over the wall to join the dorsal blood vessel, the in-
flated part of which ends at middle of stomach, to be continued a
short distance by a very constricted vessel. There seems to be no
alternative but a nexus through numerous small vessels in the wall
of stomach, a very unusual condition outside the Bonelliidae (except
in Arhynchite).
Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 21082.
Type locality —Albatross station 4547, 10.5 miles northwest of Point
Pinos, Monterey Bay, Calif., 1,083 fathoms, gray mud, rocks, June 6,
1904, 4 specimens. Near this locality, at station 4537, 1,041 fathoms,
the bottom temperature was 38.5° F.
Genus LISTRIOLOBUS W. Fischer
Listriolobus W. FiscHer, 1926, p. 110 (type, Listriolobus bahamensis Fischer ).—
FISHER, 1946, p. 233.
Diagnosis —Differing from Thalassema s. s. in having elongate,
spirally coiled lips to nephrostome and 6 to 16 (type) narrow meridi-
onal thickenings of the middle longitudinal muscle layer. Differing
from Anelassorhynchus in having these same muscle bands, and from
Ochetostoma in having the inner oblique layer a smooth continuous
sheet not divided between the muscle bands into separate fascicles.
Nephridia one to three pairs; interbasal muscle of setae present or
absent.
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—-FISHER 483
Remarks.—The type of this genus is the species from Green Turtle
Bay, off Great Abaco Island, Bahamas, which Charles B. Wilson
(1900, p. 176) erroneously identified as Ochetostoma erythrogrammon
Leuckart and Riippell and which Wilhelm Fischer (1926, p. 110)
named Listriolobus bahamensis. The generic name derives from
Spengel (1912, p. 316), who pointed out the peculiarity of the muscle
bands but neglected to designate a species with a valid name, men-
tioning only Zhalassema erythrogrammon of Sluiter (1883) and of
Wilson (1900), neither being true erythrogrammon (the type of
Ochetostoma).
I designated Z. bahamensis as the type (1946, p. 233). Wilson’s
specimen was 160 mm. long, including proboscis 80 mm., and 24 mm.
in greatest diameter. Longitudinal muscle bands 16, about 1.5 mm.
wide, with interspaces 4.5 to 7 mm. wide at middle of body. ‘There
were three pairs of nephridia enormously swollen and packed with
sperm. The anterior pair opened 3 mm. in front of the setae and all
three pairs were furnished with spirally coiled nephrostome lips.
Anal glands, 90 mm. long and without visible funnels. Interbasal
muscle of setae not mentioned.
I have examined a small, contracted specimen from Cayo Cristo,
Cuba (American Museum of Natural History), which is probably
L. bahamensis. It is only 20 mm. long, lacks a proboscis, and the
muscle bands are not all clearly defined, but it agrees with Wilson’s
description in essentials. There are three pairs of nephridia, the an-
teriormost just in front of the setae, which are enveloped by a cone of
muscle without obvious separated fascicles of muscle. There is no
interbasal muscle. The foregut is close to the nerve cord so that the
ventral mesentery is poorly developed. The pharynx is thin walled
and esophagus long, but the gizzard and stomach can not be iden-
tified on account of poor preservation. The neurointestinal vessel is
double but unites before joining ventral vessel. At the dorsal end
each branch seems to join directly the dorsal vessel, a definite ring
vessel not being apparent. The anal vesicles are very long and there
is a coecum in front of the large cloaca.
In his revision, Bock (1942) gave Listriolobus at best only subge-
neric rank under Ochetostoma, but L. pelodes Fisher (1946) with two
pairs of nephridia and eight muscle bands was not then known.
Now the discovery of a new, well-marked species with only one pair
of nephridia and six muscle bands greatly strengthens the position of
Listriolobus as a group of generic stature.
484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
LISTRIOLOBUS HEXAMYOTUS, new species
PLATE 29
Diagnosis.—Differing from all known species in having only six
longitudinal muscle bands and one pair of nephridia; neurointestinal
blood vessel does not form a loop surrounding interbasal muscle, but
it is undivided from ventral blood vessel to gut where there is an
inconspicuous ring vessel; foregut very short; body wall translucent;
proboscis unknown.
Description —Length 40-63 mm.; thickness 7-10 mm.; proboscis
lost; form subcylindrical, sometimes slightly produced at anterior
end. The thoroughly relaxed type has a thin translucent body wall
and the six longitudinal muscle bands are very inconspicuous. The
other 3 specimens are contracted and have an opaque body wall marked
by six shallow longitudinal furrows representing the muscle bands.
Only under strong magnification are the papillae visible—largest at
anterior end. These are low, conical, with a central dark spot, and
are in spaced transverse series. They can be best seen only in the
relaxed type. When the skin is contracted they may be more or
less submerged in the folds, though here and there on limited areas
they are definite enough. Color gray or brownish gray. Coelomic
surface smooth, the inner oblique layer not interrupted, as in
Ochetostoma, by the longitudinal bands.
Setae two, relatively long, close together, with a slender interbasal
muscle which does not pass through a loop of the neurointestinal
blood vessel. There are a large number of very slender and long basi-
lateral muscles, only a few of which are indicated in the figure. The
seta sheaths are connected at body wall by a strong transverse muscle;
and extending laterally, at right angles to body wall like a low
dissepiment, is a muscular apparatus the purpose of which appar-
ently is to separate the distal ends of setae (pl. 29, fig. 2, SM).
Nephridia only two, very small, with a conspicuous nephrostome
having an obvious neck and the lips produced as in other members
of the genus. There are no genital products in the nephridia.
Anal vesicles relatively very small, only 8 or 9 mm. long in the
type (length 63 mm.), thin walled and without special features.
The cloaca is also very small (about 2 mm. long), but very muscular.
The end of the nerve cord passes on to its ventral surface and divides
into two trunks, which appear to end at the narrow constriction be-
tween intestine and cloaca.
The alimentary canal is of moderate length, very delicate, and the
thin-walled intestine is crowded with mud pellets. The foregut is
short, much shorter than in Z. pelodes Fisher, and its parts are not
readily recognizable. Both gizzard and stomach are reduced almost
to a minimum (pl. 29, fig. 2). The presiphonal intestine is also of
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 485
moderate length. The whole complex in a relaxed specimen appears
to be moved far forward and to be dominated by the setae and their
numerous muscles. I was unable to find the coecum in the type,
but in another specimen there is a very small spongy body in the
proper location. In LZ. pelodes it is of normal size.
The vascular system differs from that of Z. pelodes in respect to
the neurointestinal vessel which has no loop surrounding the inter-
basal muscle of setae and does not divide into two until it reaches
the gut, where the ring vessel is inconspicuous.
Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 21079.
Type locality — Albatross station 4339, off San Diego, Calif., 287—
369 fathoms, green mud, March 10, 1904; 4 specimens.
Genus ARHYNCHITE Sato
Arhynchite Sato, 1987, p. 142 (type, Thalassema arhynchite Ikeda).
Diagnosis.—Proboscis deciduous, long, slender, ribbonlike, with a
small, expanded, fan-shaped extremity, and a closed base forming
lower lip; nephridia two, the nephrostome with one lip prominently
produced, leaflike and with an irregular or laciniate margin; ali-
mentary canal very long, the presiphonal segment two to three times
body length, with or without a ciliated groove; blood system with or
lacking a ring vessel; no coecum; anal vesicles 7halassema-like;
muscles of body wall smooth with no concentration of fibres into
bands; setae two, with interbasal muscle.
Remarks.—The discovery of a well-developed proboscis in two
species is interesting to say the least. Ikeda examined carefully a
number of specimens from Sapporo and was convinced that a proboscis
was not present, while Sato sectioned the mouth region. “No trace
of a detached proboscis was found, and thus the mouth opening was
entirely enclosed by means of the papillae which were regularly
arranged around the mouth” (1937, p. 145). What Sato did not do
was to trace the ventral nerve to ascertain if it formed a ring around
the mouth, the only real test. I dissected one of the specimens of
californicus and found the nerve cord to be ruptured at the point
where it divides into two. But superficially there is no hint that a
proboscis has been detached, and this was true also of A. énamoenus,
which I described in 1946 (p. 247).
I think the discovery of a proboscis in the two species herein
described need not invalidate the genus. The nephrostome and the
very long presiphonal segment of the intestine separate the group
from Thalassema. Also the form of the proboscis is different from
that of Thalassema. The absence of a ring vessel in inamoenus and
californicus would be a useful distinction but unfortunately puget-
486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
tensis has an especially large one, while in arhynchite of Japan the
connection between dorsal and neurointestinal vessels seems to be
direct. The absence of a coecum indicates a certain remoteness from
T halassema.
The males do not differ from females except in the gonads.
ARHYNCHITE CALIFORNICUS, new species
PLATE 30
Dagnosis—Differing from A. arhynchite of Japan (in which
proboscis is unknown) in having an indirect connection between
dorsal and neurointestinal blood vessels, larger anal vesicles with
one or two large frenula; and possibly also in the form of the
nephrostome.
Description.—Body form like a blunt cigar; length 70 to 90 mm.;
diameter about 15 to20mm. Body wall rather thick, opaque, the skin
with small, spaced, unequal, convex glands, which form more or less
distinct transverse rows or interrupted rings. Between the glands
are very fine transverse wrinkles. At both ends of body the glands are
very much larger, often low papilliform, especially ventrally, and
much more conspicuous than on middle region of body where they are
sometimes nearly obliterated.
The proboscis, of which there are five detached examples having
lengths of 65, 72, 82, and 85 mm., is ribbonlike, thin, and 5 mm. broad
at the maximum. The somewhat fan-shaped expanded tip has a thick-
ened border, which reappears on the proximal half of the stem, here
being scalloped or fluted. The margin closes in and joins close to the
base, forming the lower lip. Probably in life the margins meet,
forming a tube. The nerve can be easily traced near the margin and
follows closely the border of the distal fan, within the thickened por-
tion. Also down the center the median blood vessel can be seen in the
central mass of longitudinal muscle fibres. At its base the proboscis
is constricted and when in place on the animal is surrounded by the
ring of papillae (beneath which are strong sphincters) which have
been mistaken for lips. The functional mouth is detached with the
proboscis and is very small.
Setae two, close to anterior end, 6.5 mm. long, with a hook very
similar to that of inamoenus (in which setae are 11 mm.). Interbasal
muscle well developed, passing through a small loop of neurointestinal
vessel.
Nephridia two, inserted not quite so close to nerve cord as in
inamoenus and behind setae a distance about equal to length of latter.
In the type there is an extra nephridium on right side, inserted in
front of seta and close to it. Nephridia vary greatly in extent of
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 487
inflation. Characteristic is a flaplike nephrostome of variable but
conspicuous size (upward of 4 mm. long) having a lobed or laciniate
border and a crescentic slit near base on anterior or ventral side. It
is much larger than in ¢namoenus, which lacks the lobes. Both speci-
mens are males.
Anal vesicles two, thin-walled, voluminous at base and terminally
slender. They are 40 to 60 mm. long and hence over half the length of
body. A characteristic feature is the presence of one or two broad
frenula at about two-thirds the length from base. These, and slender
frenula near the base, anchor the vesicles to body wall. Ciliated cups
are widely scattered on surface of vesicle. The cloaca is very small,
the length sufficient only to accommodate the base of the vesicles which
are attached close together on the ventral side. Mucosa of cloaca is
longitudinally plicated. A slight thickening of tissue at end of ciliated
groove, where the intestine joins the cloaca, may represent a vestigial
coecum, but it is very small, and not comparable to the normal coecum
of Thalassema.
Alimentary canal excessively long, with numerous coils attached to
body by a multitude of rather strong frenula. In a specimen 80
mm. long, having the gut not overstuffed with pellets, the foregut is
30 mm., presiphonal intestine 200 mm., siphonal segment 160 mm., and
postsiphonal, provided with ciliated groove, 235 mm. ; total, 652 mm.
The foregut is not clearly subdivided. Back of the pharynx-esopha-
gus there is a region about 9 mm. long having the ring markings of the
gizzard, leaving an unusually short segment for the stomach (C’). The
very long presiphonal intestine has no ciliated groove. The anterior
portion of it lies near the nerve cord and proceeds to posterior end of
body, where there is a sharp bend forward.
The blood system is characterized by an indirect or capillary con-
nection between the dorsal and neurointestinal vessels, no ring vessel
being present. The neurointestinal vessel forms a small loop around
the interbasal muscle of setae; in znamoenus the loop is not present.
Type—uvU.S.N.M. No. 21085.
Type locality—Albatross station 4525, Monterey Bay, Calif., 9.4
miles northeast of Point Pinos, 222 fathoms, soft gray mud, May 26,
1904, 2 specimens. A third mutilated specimen and five proboscises
were in container.
ARHYNCHITE PUGETTENSIS, new species
PraTEs 31, 32
Diagnosis.—Differing from A. californicus in having a conspicuous
ring blood vessel at end of foregut and a well-developed ciliated groove
822650—49-—2
488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
throughout the length of the presiphonal segment of intestine; length
100 mm. ; thickness 15-18 mm.
Description.—The body is cylindrical, abruptly tapered and blunt
at both ends. The skin is covered all over with closely placed elevated
irregular glands of several sizes, spaced less than the diameter of the
largest. They are larger at the ends of body but are perfectly visible
to the naked eye all over the surface and there is no smooth area
anywhere. Between the glands the skin is finely wrinkled trans-
versely. The glands were more prominent when the specimen was in
formalin than when subsequently preserved in alcohol. Only the
basal 18 mm. of the proboscis remains. The margin joins at the base
as in californicus to form the lower lip, and the concave surface is
reddish brown.
Setae two, strong, terminally evenly curved, and only about 5 mm.
behind mouth. There is an interbasal muscle that passes through the
neurointestinal blood vessel.
Nephridia two, longer than the preserved specimen and filled with
eggs (May 22). The nephrostome has the characteristic expanded
lip with a lobed or shallowly laciniate border and is about 4 mm.
long, but in life is probably longer.
The anal vesicles are unequal in size; probably the inequality is
abnormal. The ciliated funnels are very small and well spaced.
ALIMENTARY CANAL: The plan of the alimentary canal is shown in
plate 31, figure 1. The middle portion (siphonal gut) is anchored
to the dorsal and dorsolateral regions of body wall, while the presi-
phonal gut (black) and hindgut (stippled) is fastened to the ventral
and ventrolateral walls. The presiphonal gut consists of a long loop,
the proximal half of which is anchored by very numerous frenula
close to right side of nerve cord. But the segment between + and +
is anchored by very numerous frenula to a cablelike muscle attached
forward (pl. 31, fig. 2). There is a conspicuous ciliated groove ex-
tending the entire length of the presiphonal gut, the outer wall of
the proximal half of which is marked by transverse folds. The
siphon is well developed but is not indicated in figure. This siphonal
region of intestine (unshaded in figure) lies dorsally to the rest, while
the postsiphonal portion, characterized by ciliated groove, is mostly
on the left side. Its distal part is attached to the left of nerve cord.
The ciliated groove ends ventrally, in the usual place near end of
ventral blood vessel, but there is no coecum. The cloaca is relatively
small, and the outlet of each anal vesicle is close to anus. The con-
tents of intestine are not molded into pellets.
The foregut has a constriction between the pharynx-esophagus and
the gizzard-stomach. The latter is marked by longitudinal and cir-
cular lines reflecting the grooves of the lining, but there is no sharp
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 489
distinction between the gizzard and the stomach (crop), which ends
at the ring blood vessel.
VascuLar system: The vascular system differs sharply from that
of inamoenus and californicus in having a clear-cut large ring vessel.
The dorsal blood vessel is voluminous; its anterior part is held in place
by broad dorsal frenula which anchor the pharynx. Then follows a
free portion over the posterior part of pharynx-esophagus. Posterior
to this it is attached to the gizzard by a broad continuous mesentery,
from the front edge of which anchoring strands proceed forward to
surface of pharynx. Then posteriorly the dorsal vessel is attached to
wall of stomach, spiraling to right from the dorsal to ventral side, so
that the neurointestinal vessel enters the ring vessel dorsolaterally.
The interbasal muscle of setae passes through a loop of the neuroin-
testinal.
Color in formalin, lavender-gray.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 21098.
Type-locality—Puget Sound, Wash. (Normandy Beach, 12 miles
south of Seattle), lower limits of a minus 2-foot tide, clam grounds,
May 22, 1948, 1 specimen, Sigurd J. Westrheim, collector.
Remarks.—Dr. J. E. Lynch, of the School of Fisheries, University
of Washington, who contributed the type specimen, states that to the
best of his knowledge this is the first adult echiuroid to be collected
in Puget Sound.
The species is very distinct from californicus and inamoenus in hav-
ing a direct connection between the dorsal and neurointestinal blood
vessels. A careful examination of the presiphonal gut of californicus
did not reveal any ciliated groove. The material of this species is
in too poor condition to ascertain details of the intestinal fastening
muscles or frenula and hence whether the arrangement for the presi-
phonal gut of pugettensis is peculiar to the species. The details of
the mesentery of the dorsal blood vessel and the shorter lobes of the
nephrostomes appear to be of specific value. The great size of the
nephridia is probably due to their being packed with eggs, while the
disparity in size of the anal vesicles may be an abnormality.
A. arhynchite (Ikeda) of Japan seems to have smaller skin glands
and to lack the large ring vessel, but details of the alimentary canal
are not available.
Family BONELLIIDAE Baird
In the construction of the following synopsis the first division
has been made according to the position of the nephrostome, whether
at base of nephridium, at its extreme tip, or placed laterally near the
distal end. As the outstanding structural peculiarity common to the
whole family, I think modifications of the nephridia contain the key
490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
to major subdivisions. The form of the proboscis is perhaps equally
valid, but this organ is obviously more susceptible to environmental
influences and it is unfortunately sometimes missing. As a working
hypothesis I have assumed that basal nephrostomes are the most prim-
itive; that two nephridia are more ancestral than one, for the same
reason that an undivided proboscis is more ancestral; and that the
occurrence of two setae, with typical echiuroidean muscle apparatus,
precedes in evolution a condition where there are numerous setae
having a modified muscle apparatus, or none, or where the setae have
disappeared altogether.
In my 1946 key I omitted Sluiterina Monro, 1927, and used Para-
bonellia Onoda, 1935, instead of Zkedella Monro. I had not then seen
the figures published by Wesenberg-Lund (1934, p. 8) and Stephen
(1941, pl. 8, fig. 1) clearly demonstrating that Hamingia arctica has a
terminally bilobed proboscis, not at all thalassemoid, as Monroe, I,
and others had supposed.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA OF BONELLIIDAE
a*, Nephrostome situated at base of nephridium.
b*. Proboscis not branched or cleft at tip; absent in Nellobia.
c*. Two nephridia.
d*. Female with 2 well-developed setae; anal vesicles wide sacs provided
with a very large number of slender excretory tubules having apical
funnel; dorsal vessel of vascular system in direct connection with
neurointestinal; male unknown.
e*. Proboscis without specialized funnel at its base; nephridia opening to
exterior by separate pores; external ends of setae can retract into
2 common ‘pursas2 2) 2h eh) ee ee Maxmiilleria Bock, 1942
e*, Proboscis with a specialized cup or funnel at its base; nephridia
opening to exterior by a single median pore; no bursa into which
endsiof setae retract es eee Prometor Fisher, 1948
d*. No setae; anal vesicles more or less rudimentary, the branched tubules
opening directly into thin-walled cloaca; dorsal blood vessel not
directly connected with neurointestinal; body wall extremely thin;
a specialized genital slit (see Acanthohamingia) extending for-
ward from nephridiopores and forming a rudimentary androecium
for parasitic males, which are provided with anterior curved setae;
proboscis) unknowns. 222 ee Amalosoma’* Fisher, 1948
c*. One nephridium.
d*. Setae 2, well developed; anal vesicles 2, elongate, dendritic; male
MEDIC TA OW as sn ee Protobonellia Ikeda, 1908
d*. Setae 8-10 tiny integumentary spinelets, without muscle apparatus,
situated in genital slit extending forward from nephridiopore; body
wall thin; males without setae____ Acanthohamingia Ikeda, 1910
d*. Setae absent.
e*. Skin thick, glandular; in place of proboscis a short truncate snout;
voluminous branched anal vesicles present, the branchlets carrying
? Placed in this section because Amalosoma is close to Acanthohamingia, which has a
Thalassema-like proboscis.
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 491
a multitude of vase-shaped excretory elements; siphon present;
hind intestine abruptly enlarged____------ Nellobia Fisher, 1946
e*. Skin thin, translucent; Thalassema-like proboscis present; anal
vesicles and siphon said to be lacking *____Sluiterina Monro, 1927
b*. Proboscis cleft at tip into 2 short or long lobes.
c*, Two nephridia ; no setae_---__--~ Hamingia Danielssen and Koren, 1880
c?, One nephridium.
d*, Setae 2, typical; dorsal and neurointestinal vessels very indirectly con-
nectedsby, capillaries S224 = 244s" seo eer Bonellia Rolando, 1822
d?, Setae numerous (29) seated in 2 muscular pads from which muscles
radiate; dorsal and neurointestinal blood vessels in direct connec-
tion‘; male large (28.5 mm. long) without setae.
Acanthobonellia Fisher, 1948
b*, Proboscis a short truncate snout; see above_-__-__ Nellobia Fisher, 1946
a*, Nephrostome at extreme distal end of nephridium ; proboscis cleft at tip.
b+. Two nephridia serving as egg receptacles, between which is a small un-
paired nephridium with a basal nepbrostome.
Austrobonellia Fisher, 1948
b*. One nephridium, the distal end expanded into a large trumpet-shaped
nephrostome.
c*. Two setae; neurointestinal vessel starting from intestine at a consid-
erable distance beyond beginning of siphon; elements of anal vesicles
shortvand| stouts22 2322 eS eee Bonelliopsis Fisher, 1946
c*. No setae; neurointestinal vessel spanning proximal end of siphon;
elements of anal vesicles long and slender____ Eubonellia Fisher, 1946
a*, Nephrostome on a short stalk facing laterally near blind distal end of
nephridium.
b+. The two nephridia with a small nephrostome laterally near distal end; a
small blind tube, projecting into coelom and opening on ventral body
wall between the 2 nephridiopores, containing a degenerate male, grown
fast to walls of tubule by its posterior end (it lacks setae and has 2
sperm receptacles) ; gonad of female situated on frenula radiating from
cloaca; anal vesicles in form of tubules opening independently into
cloaca; 2 setae (plus 2 substitutes).
Pseudobonellia Johnston and Tiegs, 1919
b?. One nephridium; no setae; no androecium____-_~_~-~- Ikedella Monro, 1927
a‘. Position of nephrostome unknown; a large median nephridium between i
small ones; proboscis with 2 short terminal lappets ; alimentary canal short,
scarcely over twice length of body ; size very small (12 mm.) ; 2 setae (plus
2) substitutes] 22s oe a Archibonellia W. Fischer, 1919
2 Monro (1927, p. 618) bases the genus on the absence in the type, Hamingia sibogae, of
siphon and anal vesicles. Sluiter (1902, p. 44, pl. 4, fig. 7) states that the siphon and
anal vesicles “seem” to be absent, “was aber nicht ganz sicher ist, da der darm sehr
gelitten hat und die Verhiiltnisse nicht sicher gestellt werden konnten.” His figure shows
only a small part of the anterior portion of alimentary canal and nothing of the posterior
part of the internal anatomy. The text figure of entire animal indicates a proboscis much
like that of Maamiilleria, but the tip looks as if it had been injured and was starting to
regenerate. Sluiterina sibogae was dredged in 4,391 meters, on nearly black mud, in the
Banda Sea.
4 Altbough Ikeda (1907, p. 4) gives no figures of topographical anatomy, he says, “The
posterior end of the esophagus is embraced by the heart, a broad vascular sinus of a trian-
gular shape with the apex directed forward. From the basal angles of the heart, there
arise two moderately long vessels (commissures) which eventually join the ventral vessel
running over the nerve cord.” This is the arrangement in Thalassema and Hchiurus, and
very different from that of Bonellia.
492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
Genus PROMETOR Fisher
Prometor FisHEr, 1948, p. 857 (type, P. benthophila Fisher).
Diagnosis.—Related to Mazxmiilleria Bock; proboscis long and
ribbonlike, truncate, the borders fused at base to form a differentiated
funnel or cup leading to mouth; one pair of anterior nephridia, into
the specialized basal portion of which opens the large nephrostome,
which is compressed, fan-shaped, and bilabiate; a single common
external nephridiopore; two well-developed setae close together,
without a common external bursa into which both can retract; anal
vesicles unbranched sacs with a great number of glandular excretory
tubules having an apical ciliated funnel; neurointestinal blood vessel
directly connected with dorsal; longitudinal muscle layer continuous;
only females known; probably sexual dimorphism with dwarf males.
Remarks.—This genus differs from Maxmiilleria Bock (1942, p. 22)
in the presence of a specialized funnel or cup at the base of proboscis,
in having only a single nephridiopore, and in lacking a specialized
external bursa into which the two closely placed setae can be retracted.
The blood system of Mawxmiilleria and Prometor is more like that
of Thalassema than of the Bonelliidae (Acanthobonellia and Hamin-
gia excepted). The neurointestinal connects directly with the dorsal
vessel, a small ring vessel being present. This, however, is on the
intestine at the beginning of siphon, and not at end of foregut, as in
Echiurus and Thalassema.
PROMETOR BENTHOPHILA Fisher
PLATES 33, 34
Prometor benthophila F1sHEr, 1948, p. 857, figs. 1-5.
Description—Body somewhat slender pear-shaped; anterior third
of body wall opaque, tough, the skin with fine transverse wrinkles
between very numerous low, flat, closely placed glandular elevations.
These are of many sizes, the largest about 1 mm. in diameter, of ir-
regular contour and the surface is smooth in contrast to the wrinkled
skin between. Posterior two-thirds of body thinner, translucent,
smooth, and without glands, even around anus. The innermost mus-
cular layer is smooth. Length of paratype without proboscis, about
110 mm.
The proboscis is a fleshy ribbon about 55 mm. long (type), the base
forming a cup into which the mouth opens, this cup comprising about
7mm. of the total length. Its lining is folded as if considerable con-
traction had taken place. In the paratype (pl. 33, fig. 1) the proboscis
appears to have been undergoing regeneration. The cup or funnel
comprises nearly all the proboscis. The lumen of its constricted basal
portion is small and the lining is furrowed longitudinally like a gullet.
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 493
In life it is likely that a normal proboscis can be extended at least a
meter in length.
About 5 mm. posterior to constricted base of proboscis is the com-
mon aperture of the two nephridia, and just in front of these and close
together are the broken tips of two slender setae (10 mm. long).
Upper ends of setae close together and interbasal muscle short. The
basilateral muscles are less numerous and stouter than in Maamulleria
lankesteri (Bock, 1942, pl. 4, fig. 1).
Nephridia two, large. The proximal part, into which the large fan-
shaped nephrostome opens, is sharply differentiated from the much
larger distal portion in which the eggs are stored and is marked by a
few shallow furrows. In the type, the wall of the distal portion is
opaque but in the paratype it is translucent, so that the few large con-
tained eggs can be seen. The nephridia open by a single median
nephridiopore close behind the setae.
The two anal vesicles are elongate sacs. One side of each is fixed
to the wall of the mud-filled cloaca. The free surface of each vesicle
is closely covered with fusiform, brown excretory tubules, about 0.5
mm. long, from which the terminal funnel has been lost by maceration.
ALIMENTARY CANAL: The intestine consists of fragments ruptured
from foregut. In the paratype the foregut is sufficiently intact to
show its subdivisions. The buccal cavity or anterior part of pharynx
is connected with body wall by numerous radiating muscular frenula.
The rest of the pharynx is anchored only by the dorsal and ventral
mesenteries not shown in figure. The esophagus (proventriculus of
Bock) is externally marked by slight constrictions and the very short
gizzard by more widely spaced ones. The stomach (C’) ends appar-
ently at a permanent sharp elbow where there is a sphincter. The
presiphonal segment of intestine is short and devoid of a ciliated
groove. The mucosa of pharynx, esophagus, and gizzard is thick,
marked by longitudinal and circular furrows, but that of gizzard is
not so thick as the mucosa of the distal part of esophagus, which is
thrown into prominent lappets much as indicated by Bock (1942, pl. 9,
fig. 10). The lining of stomach is thinner than that of gizzard and
only the longitudinal furrows are present. The cloaca is thin-walled,
crowded with mud, and closely attached dorsally by delicate frenula.
There are no ventral frenula. In the paratype a short piece of in-
testine remains attached to the cloaca. There is no indication of a
coecum.
The vascular system is of the echiurid and not bonelliid type. The
neurointestinal vessel, however, arises directly by three roots from the
dorsal. The ring vessel appears to be of secondary importance. A
bonelliid feature is the position of this plexus at the beginning of the
siphon and not at the end of the stomach.
494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The ovary lies along the top of the ventral blood vessel. Its anterior
end is well forward but the posterior limit can not be determined.
Male—Unknown. Search was made in the funnel at base of
pharynx and in the pharynx.
Type.—uvU.S.N.M. No. 21076.
Type locally.—Albatross station 4887, off San Diego, Calif., lat.
32°32’ N., long. 118°04’20’’ W., 1,059 fathoms, green mud; 2 incom-
plete specimens.
LITERATURE CITED
ANNANDALE, NELSON.
1922. The marine element in the fauna of the Ganges. Bijdr. Dierk., pt. 22,
Feest-nummer 70 sten Geboortedag van Dr. Max Weber, pp. 143-154.
ANNANDALE, NELSON, and Kemp, STANLEY.
1915. Fauna of the Chilka Lake. The Echiuroidea of the lake and of the
Gangetic Delta. Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 55-63, 3 figs.
Bock, SIXTeN.
1942. On the structure and affinities of “Thalassema” lankesteri Herdman
and the classification of the group Echiuroidea. G6teborgs Vet.-
Samh. Handl., ser. B, vol. 2, No. 6, 94 pp., 11 figs., 6 pls.
FISCHER, WILHELM.
1926. Sipunculiden und Echiuriden der Hamburger Siidsee-Expedition 1908-—
1909. Mitt. Zool. Staatsinst. und Zool. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 42,
pp. 109-117, pl. 3, figs. 5, 7-13.
FisHer, WALTER KENRICEK.
1946. Echiuroid worms of the north Pacific Ocean. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 96, pp. 215-292, 9 figs. 18 pls.
1948. A review of the Bonelliidae (Echiuroidea). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser, 11, vol. 14, pp. 852-860, 5 figs.
IKEDA, IWAJI.
1907. On three new and remarkable species of echiuroids. Journ. Coll. Sci.
Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 21, art. 8, pp. 1-64, 4 pls.
Monro, C. C. A.
1927. On the families and genera of the class Echiuroidea. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 20, pp. 615-620.
OnopA, KaAtTsuzo.
1935. Parabonellia (nom. noy.) misakiensis (Ikeda), correction of my paper
on Pseudobonellia. Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 15, p. 141.
PRASHAD, B.
1935. On a collection of echiuroids of the genus Thalassema Lamarck in
the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 37, pt. 1,
pp. 39-48, 1 pl.
SATo, HAYAO.
19387. Echiuroidea, Sipunculoidea and Priapuloidea obtained in northeast
Honshu, Japan. Saito Ho-on Kai Mus. Res. Bull., No. 12, pp. 137-
176, 4 pls.
SLUITER, C. PH.
1902. Die Sipunculiden and Echiuriden der Siboga-Expedition Siboga
Iixped. Monograph 25, 58 pp., 4 pls.
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 495
SPENGEL, JOHANN WILHELM.
1912. Uber den Hautmuskelschlauch gewisser Thalassema-Arten und seine
Bedeutung fiir die Systematik dieser Tiere. Verh. Deutsch. zool.
Ges., vol. 22, pp. 309-317.
STEPHEN, A. C.
1941. The Echiuridae, Sipunculidae and Priapulidae collected by the ships
of the Discovery Committee during the years 1926-1937. Discovery
Reports, vol. 21, pp. 235-260, 2 pls.
WESENBERG-LUND, ELISE.
1934. The Scoresby Sound Committee’s 2nd East Greenland Expedition in
1932 to King Christian IX’s Land. Gephyreans and Annelids.
Medd. om Grgnland, vol. 104, No. 14, 38 pp., 9 figs.
WILSoN, CHARLES BRANCH.
1900. Our North American echiurids. Biol. Bull., vol. 1, pp. 1638-178, 1 pl.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
[All figures were made by the writer directly from dissections or specimens. ]
PLATE 28
Anelassorhynchus abyssalis, new species
1. Anterior complex of type, X 10. The foregut has been drawn to right to re-
veal the setae and nephridia. (B’, B®, B*, dorsal, neurointestinal, and ventral
blood vessels, respectively ; C, stomach; CF, ciliated funnel of nephrostome ;
G, gizzard; I, small segment of intestine; MJ, interbasal muscle; N, nephrid-
ium; NC, nerve cord; O, esophagus; P, pharynx; S, seta; SM, seta muscle
described in text; VM, double ventral mesentery. )
. Seta of type, < 10.
bo
PLATE 29
Listriolobus heramyotus, new species
1. Seta from paratype, X 10.
. Anterior complex of type, X 10. The foregut is drawn to right to show the
nephridia and foreshortened setae. On left, a seta, 8’, is drawn full length.
From where seta sheath meets body wall, a muscle, SM, extends laterally,
one edge attached to body wall and the other free, the outer end near dorso-
lateral longitudinal muscle band, WL’. (B*-B*, dorsal, ring, and neurointes-
tinal blood vessels, respectively ; C, stomach; CF, ciliated funnel of nephro-
stome; G, gizzard; J, presiphonal intestine, its ciliated groove dotted; MI,
interbasal muscle; ML, position of right ventrolateral muscle of body wall;
ML’, left dorsolateral muscle; VW, nephridium; NC, nerve cord; P, pharynx;
S, seta; S’, a seta pressed flat to show length; Si’, proximal end of siphon;
SM, dotted, lateral seta muscle described in text; VM, ventral mesentery of
pharynx-esophagus. )
3. Side view of paratype, X 2.
4. Skin papillae from near setae, much enlarged.
bo
PLATE 30
Arhynchite californicus, new species
1. Dissection of anterior complex of type, X 7. The anterior part of foregut is
in situ, the distal part drawn to right to show nephridia. The + beneath
496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
interbasal muscle indicates position of the extra nephridium. The neuro-
intestinal vessel, B°’, emerges from between the two ventral mesenteries to
encircle the interbasal muscle. (Lettering as for plates 28 and 29.)
. A proboscis, ventral side, X 2.
. Tip of proboscis, X 5.
. Portion of proboscis near base, X 5.
. Ventral side of anterior end of type, X 4.
oP ww bo
PLATE 31
Arhynchite pugettensis, new species
1. Map of alimentary canal, X 2, in approximate natural position when animal is
opened along middorsal line. The foregut is unshaded; presiphonal gut in
solid black; siphonal gut unshaded; postsiphonal gut stippled. Muscular
mesenteries and details of anterior complex omitted. Only left nephridium
shown in entirety. (AV, anal vesicles; CF, nephrostome; Cl, cloaca; J,
presiphonal intestine; N, nephridium; Si* and Si’, beginning and end of
siphon. )
2. The segment of presiphonal gut between +-+ of fig. 1 to show arrangement of
muscular mesenteries attached near nerve cord. (NC, nerve cord.)
PLATE 32
Arhynchite pugettensis, new species
1. Anterior complex, < 5. The foregut has been drawn far to right and only the
beginning of presiphonal gut is shown. (M, muscular mesenteries of foregut ;
M’, mesentery of presiphonal gut; CG, ciliated groove of presiphonal gut;
other letters as for plates 28 and 29.)
2. Proximal end of detached, incomplete proboscis, X 2: a, Dorsal, and b, ventral
aspects ; c, the basal aperture enlarged.
PLATE 33
Prometor benthophila Fisher
1. Ventral view of paratype, natural size. The thin-walled posterior portion
of body was badly torn so that reconstruction was necessary. The inflation
is probably artificial. Proboscis was evidently undergoing regeneration.
la. Ventrolateral aspect of anterior end of paratype, X 2.
2. Ventral view of anterior end of type, natural size, to show the basal funnel
of proboscis (leading to mouth), the two setae, and Single nephridiopore.
2a. Lateral view of proboscis funnel, enlarged.
2b. Setae (S), nephridiopore (NP), and surrounding skin of type, X 10. The
tip of each seta is missing.
2c. Basal portion of nephridia, showing the compressed fan-shaped nephrostomes
or ciliated funnels (CF), x 5. A portion of nerve cord (NC) has been re-
moved ; N, thinner-walled portion of nephridium.
PLATE 34
Prometor benthophila Fisher
1. Anterior portion of alimentary canal of paratype arranged to show the dif-
ferent parts of the foregut and circulatory system, X 4 In the natural
ECHIUROID FAUNA OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 497
position the portion of the dorsal blood vessel, B’, attached to esophagus is
nearly middorsal. The nerve cord is shown without the close serpentine
twisting due to contraction of body wall. (Go, ovary.)
2. Nephridia of type, the proximal portion, due to contraction of body wall,
overlapped by the seta apparatus, X 4.
2a. Ventral aspect of cloacal complex of type, X 3. The cloaca has been turned
backward owing to the attachment of dorsal wall of cloaca to body wall.
The anterior end of cloaca is below; the circle indicates passage into intestine
which was torn off. AV is the anterior lobe of anal vesicle and the numerous
villiform nephric tubules normally hang from the underside of the vesicle.
Position of anus at A.
(Lettering as for plates 28 and 29.)
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
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U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 29
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LISTRIOLOBUS HEXAMYOTUS, NEW SPECIES.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 495.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 30
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
ARHYNCHITE CALIFORNICUS, NEW SPECIES
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGES 495~496.
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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 31
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
ARHYNCHITE PUGETTENSIS, NEw SPECIES.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 496,
. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 32
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ARHYNCHITE PUGETTENSIS, NEW SPECIES.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 496.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL.. 99 PLATE 33
;
PROMETOR BENTHOPHILA FISHER.
FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 496.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 99 PLATE 34
U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM
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FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGES 496~497.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3249
A REMARKABLE NEW SPECIES OF TRYPETID FLY OF
THE GENUS CERATITIS (SENSU STRICTO) FROM EAST
AFRICA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES
NATIONAL MUSEUM
By H. K. Munro
In working over a small collection of flies of the family Trypetidae
received for identification from the United States National Museum,
the writer found a short series of a new species of the genus Ceratitis
Macleay, which is here described.
CERATITIS (CERATITIS) CAETRATA, new species
This small species is the fourth to be placed in Ceratitis (sensu
stricto), but only the second from the African Continent. The males
are characterized by the anterior upper orbital bristle that has a flat
expansion at the tip; in this species the bristle is very long, 0.9 width
of head, and the expansion small, black, and circular. In the medium-
sized capitata (Wiedemann) the bristle is 0.5 width of head, the ex-
pansion black and lozenge-shaped; in malgassa Munro from Mada-
gascar, also of medium size, the bristle is 0.5 width of head, the
expansion small and white; and in the large catoiret Guérin from
Mauritius the bristle is 0.7 width of head, the expansion large, shield-
shaped, and white.
This species is characterized also by the absence of inferior orbital
bristles and the very elongate vertical plates in the male, and in both
sexes by the prominent frons and details of coloration, especially of the
dorsum of the thorax.
82995449 499
500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Holotype male, allotype female, U. S. N. M. No. 58820, and two
male paratypes, Nairobi, British East Africa, N. L. H. Krauss, April—
May 1936 (Kr. 7), from fruits of Zeclea trichocarpa; one male para-
type, Nairobi, British East Africa, May 1936, N. L. H. Krauss, from
fruits of Brucea antidysenterica. (Two male paratypes of the first
series retained in the South African National Collection of Insects.)
Length, male 4.6 mm. (small male 4.0 mm.), female 4.5 mm.; wing,
male 4.6 mm. (small male 4.3 mm.), female 4.4:mm
Heap, male (fig. 39, @), length: height : width, 5.5: 8: 10, short, pale
yellow behind and below, deeper yellow above and in front; eye,
length 0.7 width, somewhat narrowed below; posteriorly broadly black
above, beard short, pale, a row of short, brownish, postorbital bristles,
postocellars brownish, inner verticals yellowish, the outers black;
frons very prominent and swollen anteriorly; seen from above there
is posteriorly a large, yellowish, subtranslucent vertical triangle on
which is the smaller ocellar dot, black between the ocelli; also trans-
lucent are the elongate vertical plates, which extend as far as the ante-
rior edge of the eyes bearing at the front end a moderate tubercle
with the very long, flattened, anterior upper orbital bristle, which
ends in a relatively small, almost circular, dense black disc set at right
angles to the flattening of the stem; the disc is 0.2 mm. in diameter,
the total length of the bristle 1.35 mm., 0.9 width of head. The median
part of the frons between the vertical plates is opaque, yellow in front,
becoming brownish yellow on each side of the vertical triangle; the
anterior part before the disc bristles is vertical, and the lower orbital
bristles are absent ; width of frons 0.7 length at vertex, 0.8 at antennae,
0.35 width of head; ocellars brownish, moderate; very slight, pale
pubescence anteriorly and some longer, black on ocellar dot.
Heap, female, short, narrowed below, length, at antennae 5.5: at
epistome 4.0: height 8: width 10; frons yellow, moderately swollen
anteriorly and with slight, black pubescence, bristles normal, two
lower, two upper orbitals, ocellars strong; male and female, lunule
very short; antennae (both lost in female) 0.6 face, second joint with
pale setae, third rounded at end, its width 0.6 length, arista short-
pubescent above; face wide, flat, yellow, grooves short, moderately
deep, cheeks and genae narrow, genal bristle very weak or not differ-
entiated in male, normal, black in female; epistome flat ; proboscis yel-
low, in dry specimen labella apparently of moderate length, about
0.8 length of mouth opening which is rather large and squarish in
front; palpi yellow, normal, width 0.4 length.
THorAx : Dorsum (fig. 39, b), brown to light ferruginous, moderate
gray dust and pale yellow pubescence; dark spots bare, shining, black
to blackish brown, yellow areas (dotted) bare, shining; bristles black,
normal, one mesopleural, pale hairs on propleura, scapulars pale yel
A NEW TRYPETID FLY—MUNRO 501
low; pleura pale ferruginous, gray dust and pale pubescence, hypo-
pleura with a slight, brownish, horizontal, median, weak streak;
scutellum moderately swollen, shining black, divided by usual yellow
bars, the posterior pair incomplete, apical bristles 0.75 basals, slight
pale pubescence on disc; postscutellum, upper part black, lower fer-
ruginous, gray-dusted; squamae pale yellow, of moderate width;
halteres yellow; legs yellow, femora deeper yellow, first pair with row
of yellow bristles below and yellow hairs above, tibiae paler yellow,
yellow clothing, midpair with strong, apical, black spur, tarsi yellow
to blackish, with black clothing; wing (fig. 39, ¢), third vein setose
to middle of first posterior cell, basal band pale yellow, with pale black
cuter margins, marginal band mainly black outwardly, cubital black,
the two latter not united to basal or very faintly.
ABpoMEN short, yellow, brown pubescence, a band of gray dust on
posterior 0.3 of tergum 2, narrowed to sides, and on posterior 0.75 of
tergum 4, black apical bristles strong, on penultimate tergum as well
in female; oviscape short, 0.5 mm., 0.12 wing length, flat in specimen,
yellow, pubescence pale brown; male terminalia not examined.
Ficure 39.—Ceratitis (Ceratitis) caetrata, new species: a, Head of male in
profile, with antenna, arista, and long disc bristle drawn fully extended;
b, dorsum of thorax; c, wing.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3250
A NEW MARINE ANNELID FROM FLORIDA
By Otca Hartman
SIxTEEN or more species and subspecies of the annelid genus Sabel-
laria Lamarck (family Sabellariidae Johnston) have been named from
widely scattered localities. Three are described from New Zealand
(Augener, 1926), 2 come from west Africa (Augener, 1918), 2 are
from India or Indo-Pacific areas (Gravier, 1909, and Fauvel, 1930),
9 are European (Fauvel, 1927), and 12 are from various parts of
the Western Hemisphere (Hartman, 1944). Most species occur in
warmer seas and littoral zones. The recovery of yet another one from
Florida is the basis of this report. The specimens were collected by
Prof. T. A. Stephenson, of the University College of Wales, for whom
the subspecies isnamed. The type collection is deposited in the United
States National Museum. The illustrations were drawn by Anker
Petersen.
The most conspicuous characters that distinguish the known species
of the genus Sabellaria from one another are structural features of
the opercular paleae, usually designated for their position in outer,
middle, and inner rows, although the last two rows are presumed to
represent a single one in alternating series. These paleae are seg-
mentally formed setal modifications that arise from notopodial parts
of the first several (possibly two) visible segments. These parts are
conspicuously shifted forward at the time of metamorphosis so as to
lie in front of the oral structures (see fig. 40, a). During the life of
the individual the paleae are continuously formed as secretions of
special cells located at the dorsal end of the setal fascicles, and are
replaced, as are other setae. In consequence, younger or smaller in-
830129—49 503
504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 99
dividuals of a single species may have fewer or smaller paleae than
larger representatives. Aside from these gradations, there is remark-
able uniformity in structure of the different paleae for a particular
species.
In other respects the species of Sabellaria are closely akin. The
body consists of an anterior prolongation or peduncle with a distal
operculum; the peduncle may have specific patterns of coloration.
The ventral mouth with its accessory parts (oral tentacles and paired
palpi) is located at the posterior end and ventral side of the peduncle;
it is usually not seen unless the several transverse rows of oral tentacles
are pushed aside. This is followed by the thorax, abdomen, and cauda.
The thorax consists of two anterior thoracic setigerous segments, rep-
resented by neuropodia only, and three biramous parathoracic seg-
ments, provided with alternating paleae and slender setae in notopodia
and limbate setae in neuropodia. The abdomen consists of a variable
number of biramous segments with uncinigerous tori above and slen-
der fascicles of setae below. This is followed by a slenderer, usually
cylindrical smooth cauda with a terminal anus. Branchiae are simple,
tapering, notopodial prolongations, usually somewhat crenulate at the
roargins and present on most body segments. All setae are simple
but some are modified as paleae or uncini.
TABLE 1—Comparison of Western Hemisphere species and subspecies of Sabellaria
Middle Inner
paleae: Uni- | paleae:
formly long | Distal
or alternate end
Species or subspecies Distribution Distal end of outer paleae
alcocki, ex auctore 1________- French Guiana; | Closely serrated and pro- | Alternate___| Entire.
southern California. longed.
bella Groupes ene se eee Brazil and Peru_____-- Prolonged and serrate___-_- Alternate_.-| Entire.
bellis\Hansen!=:! yee eiwe es Brazile ete fo Slightly serrate.__________- Uniform__..} Serrate.
cementarium Moore-------- Northeast Pacific____- iPenicilistesssses se Uniform____| Entire.
SissidensiGrubes-=- sees @hileteo eee ee Bifarcates ss seas eee Uniform____| Entire.
floridensis Hartman____-_-__- Southwest Florida_.__| Prolonged and strongly | Alternate___| Serrate.
serrate.
subspecies stephensoni, new_| Northeast Florida____- Shorter and serrate_____-_- Alternate_._| Serrate.
gracilis Hartman_-_________- Southern California___| Serrate, approaching peni- | Uniform___-| Entire.
cillate.
nanella Chamberlin-_----_-- Central California_____ Smooth’ spike®* 2¢222-2=-—— Uniform _-_..| Entire.
pectinata moorei Monro_-____ Balboa, Panama__-_-_-_- Shortiserrate. 22. 2.4 Uniform..._| Serrate.
spinulosa Leuckart !_______- Balboa, Panama-_-_--_- Serrate, approaching peni- | Uniform__-__|} Entire.
cillate.
vulgaris Verrill...._--.----- New England to | Long penicillate_._....___. Uniform_.__| Entire.
Georgia.
subspecies beaufortensis | North Carolina__..__.| Long penicillate____.._.._- Uniform_..-| Entire.
Hartman.
1 See Hartman, 1944, p. 339.
Table 1 lists the species and subspecies from the Western Hemis-
phere, with the distinguishing characteristics of the opercular paleae
A NEW ANNELID FROM FLORIDA—HARTMAN 505
and distributional data indicated; more complete bibliographic ref-
erences are given elsewhere (see Hartman, 1944).
SABELLARIA FLORIDENSIS STEPHENSONI, new subspecies
Figure 40
Collection.—Marineland, northern shore of eastern Florida, between
tide marks; clump of tubes with many specimens.
The relative proportions of peduncle, thorax, abdomen, and cauda,
for a smaller individual, are illustrated in figure 40, a. Opercular
paleae are straw-colored; the peduncle is dorsally traversed by seven to
nine slightly oblique broken bands of dark pigment, which is most
intense along the middorsum and extends laterally with diminishing
intensity toward the oral tentacular region. Similar though darker
pigment spots occur on thoracic and abdominal neuropodia, Cauda
and branchiae are paler than the other parts of the body (preserved).
Length of a larger individual is 12 mm., excluding the cauda, which
is usually turned under. Setigerous segments consist of two anterior
thoracic, three parathoracic, and 20 to 24 abdominal ones. The first
two are uniramous: all subsequent ones are biramous, as typical of
other species of the genus. The uncinial tori of the last eight setig-
erous segments are slenderer and longer than the others. The cauda
lacks visible annulation; when turned under it extends forward to the
twelfth abdominal segment.
The opercular crown has 15 to 17 paired outer paleae, 4 or 5 shorter,
and an equal number of alternating longer paired middle, and nine
paired inner paleae; the total number in the outer row (30 to 34) is
thus about the same as that of middle and inner rows combined. In
addition, the dorsal end of the outer row has two pairs of projecting
acicular spines (fig. 40, g) that project freely and tend to overlap at
their distal ends; their embedded bases extend back through the
peduncular tissue. The outer paleal row is bound by a circlet of pale,
tapering papillae that number about 24; they are smallest and closest
together on the dorsal side.
The outer opercular paleae are long, distally serrated (fig. 40, 7)
with about 15 points; their flat surface is nearly smooth. Middle
paleae, under low magnification, also appear smooth but under higher
power are seen to be delicately spinous. The longer (fig. 40, e) and
shorter (fig. 40, c) are similar to each other except in their distal ends.
Inner paleae are delicately spinous along their free portions; they
end in a serrated edge (fig. 40, d).
Oral tentacles number about five rows on a side, and four to eight
in a row; they are crowded and fill the oral area. Individually they
are seen to be uniformly slender and ciliated and to have longitudinal
506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
rows of minute pigment spots. The palpi, to be seen by lifting the
tentacles, are about as long as the latter but taper from thicker bases
to slender tips.
Branchiae occur on all segments except the last few, where tori
are long and slender; they are largest in the anterior half of the body
and diminish thereafter so as to be absent on about the last ten
segments.
Anterior thoracic segments have neuropodia only. The first has
a pair of inconspicuous fascicles of very fine slender delicate setae,
distally strewn with minute slender hairs. In the second segment
the setae are larger and have a serrated limbate region at the free
end. They resemble setae of neuropodia farther back.
Parathoracic segments are biramous. Their notopodia have single
transverse rows of paleae alternating with slender acicular spines;
they number about four pairs in the first, six or seven in the second,
and seven or eight in the third segment. The paleae are distally broad
and end in long, slender serrations (fig. 40, 6).
In the abdomen, notopodial tori have uncini in single transverse
series; the uncini are very minute though numerous (50 to 100 or more
in a row, where best developed). Each is a pectinate plaque with five
(fig. 40, h) or six teeth in a single row. The cauda is smooth and
cylindrical; it ends in a terminal anus.
The tubes are massed to form concreted clumps; they are sufficiently
friable to be broken when dropped from a table. Individual tubes
measure about 2.3 mm. in outside diameter and 1 mm. or less within.
The individual sand grains are uniformly small, largely colorless
quartz particles.
S. floridensis stephensoni is nearly related to the stem species from
southwestern Florida. In both, the inner opercular paleae are ser-
rated, interpeduncular spines occur at the dorsal end of the operculum,
and the middle paleae alternate long and short. In the stem species,
however, the outer opercular paleae are distally much longer and more
strongly serrated, the peduncle is blotched rather than striped, the
over-all size is somewhat greater (14 or 15 mm.), and the body is more
robust than in the subspecies.
Others from the Western Hemisphere with serrated inner opercular
paleae are distinguished in table 1. There remain S. pectinata Fauvel
(1928, p. 163) from India, with its variety intermedia Fauvel (1932,
p. 210) from India, and S. cementariwm Fauvel (1932, p. 210) from
India (not Moore, 1906, p. 248, from the northeast Pacific). The third
has outer opercular paleae with a long, smooth, slender spike and
middle paleae all short. The first has greatly prolonged, strongly
serrated outer paleae, and its variety, intermedia, has middle paleae
A NEW ANNELID FROM FLORIDA-——HARTMAN 507
Figure 40.—Sabellaria floridensis stephensont, new subspecies: a, Entire animal seen from
the right side, X 16.4; b, notopodial palea from second parathoracie segment, X 171.3;
c, shorter palea from middle opercular row, X 103; d, inner opercular palea, X 103;
e, longer palea from middle opercular row, X 103; f, outer opercular palea, X 85.5;
g, interpeduncular spine, X 103; 4, uncinus from abdominal torus, X 953.
508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
that are short and smooth with alternating ones that are long and
slightly serrated, and its outer paleae have a short, serrated tip.
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21114.
Type locality—Marineland, northern Florida, shore.
Distribution —Atlantic coast of northern Florida.
LITERATURE CITED
AUGENER, Hermann.
1918. Beitriige zur Kenntnis des Meeresfauna West-Afrikas, vol. 2a ptames
pp. 67-625, 6 pls.
1926. Polychaeten von Neuseeland: II, Sedentaria. Vid. Medd. Nat. Foren.
Kj¢benhavn, vol. 81, pp. 157-294, 22 figs.
F'AUVEL, PIERRE.
1927. Polychétes sédentaires. Faune de France, vol. 16, pp. 1-494, 152 figs.
1928. Annélides polychétes nouvelles de l’Inde. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
vol. for 1928, pp. 159-165, 3 figs.
1930. Supplement to the littoral fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of
Manaar: Annelida Polychaeta of the Madras Government Museum.
Bull. Madras Goy. Mus., new ser. (nat. hist.), vol. 1, pp. 1-72, 18 figs.
1952. Annelida Polychaeta of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Mem. Indian
Mus., vol. 12, pp. 1-262, 9 pls.
GRAVIER, CHARLES.
1909. Contribution 4 l’étude de la morphologie et de l’evolution des Sabel-
lariens St. Joseph (Hermelliens Qfg.). Ann. Sci. Nat. Hist. Paris,
ser. 9, vol. 9, pp. 287-305, 2 pls.
HARTMAN, OLGA.
1944. Paraonidae, Magelonidae, Longosomidae, Ctenodrilidae and Sabellar-
iidae. Allan Hancock Pacific Exped., vol. 10, pp. 311-389, 16 pls.
Moore, JOHN Percy.
1906. Additional new species of Polychaeta from the North Pacific. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, pp. 217-260, 3 pls.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ees
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3251
A NEW SPECIES OF APSEUDID CRUSTACEAN OF THE
GENUS SYNAPSEUDES FROM NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
(TANAIDACEA)
By Roserr J. Menzies
Aw apparently new species of apseudid crustacean is here described
from specimens collected at various localities in northern California.
For the loan of the Monterey County specimens I am indebted to Dr.
Frank A. Pitelka, of the University of California; and for the gift of
the San Mateo County specimens Miss Margaret Barr, graduate stu-
dent at the Pacific Marine Station, Marin County, Calif., deserves spe-
cial thanks.
This is, to my knowledge, the second record of an intertidal marine
apseudid from the California coast, the first being that of Dalapseudes
pedispinis Boone, which was collected from Laguna Beach, Calif.
Specimens of Synapseudes can be easily distinguished from those of
Dalapseudes by their lack of pleopods. Three pairs of pleopods occur
in Dalapseudes (Boone, 1923, p. 147).
Family APSEUDIDAE
Genus SYNAPSEUDES Miller, 1940
Genotype: Synapseudes minutus Miller, 1940, by original desig-
nation.
Miller established Synapseudes for eye-bearing apseudid Chelifera
having a three-segmented pleon and a complete absence of pleopods.
His statement (Miller, 1940, p. 313) that “this is also the first case of
complete absence of pleopoda in this family” is contradicted by White-
legge’s (1901, p. 213) report of a complete absence of pleopods in some
specimens of Pagurapseudes spinipes Whitelegge and also by Van-
héffen’s (1914, p. 464) similar statement concerning Pagurapseudes
830590—49 509
510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
heterocheles Vanhoffen. Three species appear to belong in Synap-
seudes. ‘They are S. minutus Miller from Hawaii, S. heterocheles
(Vanhéffen) from Cape Verde Islands, and S. intwmescens, new
species, from California.
SYNAPSEUDES INTUMESCENS, new species
Fiaurss 41, 42
Holotype.—Female with partially developed oostegites; length 2.0
mm., width at widest part of third peraeon somite 0.4 mm.
Allotype.—Length 1.6 mm., width 0.4 mm.
Figured paratype.—Female ; length 1.6 mm., width 0.6 mm.
Diagnosis.—Eyes lateral, bulging slightly. Rostrum bifurcated.
Lateral borders of pleon somites 2 and 3 extending somewhat pos-
teriorly and having truncate apex beset with tuberculations and a seta.
Pleotelson with acutely pointed apex, above which is a narrow, cone-
shaped, setiferous papilla, lateral and anterior to which are two widely
conical setiferous papillae. Inner branch of uropods composed of
four segments, outer branch two-jointed. Inner margin of first
antenna with conspicuous spines. Second antenna having five seg-
ments. Last joint of mandibular palp bearing two ciliated setae.
Character of body.—Entire animal appears elongated and is more
attenuated posteriorly than anteriorly. Integument thick, heavily
calcified, chalky white in color. Tips of gnathopods black.
Carapace.—Carapace longer than wide; eyes bulging and with a
lateral convexity immediately posterior to them. Rostrum bifurcated
and margined with sharp tubercles. Two elevated circular swellings
are located one on each side of midline posterior to eyes and are fol-
lowed by a wider pair of perhaps less elevated swellings. Posterior
border of carapace widely convex. A single long seta located on each
side of carapace posterior to eyes.
Peracon.—First somite fused with head to form carapace. Second
and third somites similar and with a seta and three lateral elevations
on each side of midline; margin of first lateral elevation extending
the length of second somite and possessing tuberculations at anterior
angle; second lateral elevation of second somite similar to first lateral
elevation and with tubercles and a seta at anterior angle and tubercles
on posterior angle; third lateral elevation (marginal) of second somite
longer and larger than second lateral elevation of that somite and pos-
sessing tubercles on anterior and posterior border and a seta at its
posterolateral angle. Somites 5 and 6 similar, having first lateral
elevation margin that does not extend entire length of somite, stopping
prior to reaching posterior border; second lateral elevation lacking;
third lateral elevation similar to those of prior somites except that
those of the fifth and sixth somites possess two setae. Sixth somite
A NEW SPECIES OF SYNAPSEUDES—MENZIES 511
Ficure 41.—Synapseudes intumescens, new species, female paratype: a, Dorsal view;
b, uropod, right; ¢, lateral view of abdomen; d, first antenna, right; ¢, gill-like struc-
ture within carapace, right; f, second antenna, right; g, flagellum of second antenna,
left; A, ventral view of abdomen. (Magnifications: b, d, e, as given for d; c, f, h, as
given for h.)
512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
with one seta at posterior angle of third lateral elevation. Coxal
plates of somites five and six not so long as their corresponding somites
and visible in dorsal view. Sixth somite possessing two pairs of setae
on dorsal surface. Seventh somite similar to sixth but coxal plate
not visible in dorsal view and somite with one transverse row of three
setae located on each side of midline. An elevated genital papilla
present on midventral line of last somite of male specimens.
Pleon.—Composed of three somites, two short anterior somites and
a triangulate pleotelson. Lateral border of first and second somites
extending somewhat posteriorly and having truncate apex beset with
tuberculations and a seta. An elevated, laterally directed papilla bear-
ing a seta at its apex is located medial to each lateral extension. Pos-
terior margin of somites having setae along dorsal portion. Pleotelson
with acutely pointed apex, above which is a narrow, cone-shaped, setif-
erous papilla. Lateral and anterior to that papilla are two widely
conical setiferous papillae. No pleopods present. Uropods two-
branched, first segment or peduncle extending in length almost to end
of pleotelson. Inner uropod branch as long as peduncle and composed
of four subequal segments, outer branch two-jointed and one-half the
length of inner branch.
First antennae—First segment thick, three times the length of
second, and with a series of large spinelike tubercles on medial margin.
Third segment slightly shorter and much narrower than second.
Fourth segment about one-half the length of third segment and bear-
ing two branches, the outer of which is composed of three subequal
segments, inner branch about as long as fourth segment and composed
of two joints. Number of segments of antennal branches is reduced
by one in very small specimens. A corresponding reduction occurs in
the number of joints to the branches of the uropods.
Second antenna.—Small, located below first antenna and concealed
from dorsal view. It is composed of a three-jointed, flattened peduncle
whose segments decrease in size distally. First two segments with
tuberculate borders. Flagellum composed of two segments the first of
which is four times the length of the last. A “sensory” ciliated bristle
is located at inner angle of tip of first flagellar segment. Setae at tip of
last flagellar segment pointed, not filamentous.
Mawilliped—With two coupling hooks; palp composed of four
articles, the first two of which are wider than endognath. 'Toothed
setae present on medial margin of last three palp segments.
First pair of maxillae——Composed of two lobes and a biflagellated
appendage. Inner lobe with 4 apical setae, outer lobe with 10 apical
setae. Biflagellate appendage, which is located external to outer lobe,
appears to be two-jointed, last joint bearing two elongate flagellalike
spinulate setae, both of which exceed combined length of prior seg-
ments.
A NEW SPECIES OF SYNAPSEUDES—MENZIES 513
Ficure 42.—Synapseudes intumescens, new species, female paratype (except where
indicated): a, Second peraeopod, right; d, gnathopod, left; c, first maxilla, right;
d, gnathopod, left (male paratype); ¢, eye region, left; f, incisor process, right mandi-
ble; g, left mandible; h, second maxilla; 1, seventh peraeopod, right; 7, maxilliped,
right. (Magnification: a, b, d, i, as given for a; all others as given for c.)
514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Second pair of maxillae—Composed of two lappets. Outer lappet
bilobed, outer lobe with six slender setae, inner lobe with four slender
setae. Inner lappet with 2 lobes, outer lobe with 3 slender apical setae
and 5 stout denticulate setae, inner lobe with 11 slender setae.
Mandible-—Molar process tubular with truncate cutting end having
three setae. Palp three-jointed, first two joints subequal in length,
third joint about one-third the length of second joint and bearing two
elongate spinulate setae at apex. Incisor with toothless knifelike edge.
Left mandible with a four-toothed lacina and about five setae in setal
row. Right mandible lacking lacina but with a lacinoid seta followed
by three setae in setal row.
Gnathopod.—Composed of enlarged and twisted segments. ‘Tips
of fingers black. Cutting edge of movable finger with about five teeth
(not counting tip of finger as a tooth) in females and young males,
adult males with a single large tooth. Cutting edge of immovable
finger having about ten subequal teeth in females and young males.
In adult males fewer but more enlarged teeth are present. Left and
right gnathopods not differing conspicuously in size from one another.
Second peraecopod.—Basis with large spinelike tubercles on supe-
rior margin. Ischium set in distal articular margin of basis and
scarcely discernible. Merus with thick spine at superior and inferior
distal angles, carpus with one thick spine at distal superior and infe-
rior angles, propodus with single thick spine on superior distal angle
and four similar spines on inferior border. Dactylus having a single
black-tipped claw. Inner distal angles of merus, carpus, and propo-
dus with spinulate setae.
Seventh peraecopod.—Setae much reduced in number. Merus and
carpus with a thick seta on distal superior angle. Propodus with two
strong setae on inferior margin. Ischium proportionally consider-
ably longer than ischium of second peraeopod. Dactylus more strongly
developed than on second peraeopod, tip black.
Type locality —Tomales Bluff, Marin County, Calif., south of reef
on holdfasts of the alga Laminaria sp. and under stones in the lami-
narian zone of open rocky coast. May 23, 1948.
Material ecamined.—Specimens were examined that had been col-
lected from the following localities in northern California:
Marin County: Rocks north of Pacific Marine Station, August 18,
1947, R. J. Menzies, 1 ovigerous female; March 22, 1948, R. J. Menzies,
3 males, 3 females, 1 juvenile; May 12, 1948, R. J. Menzies, 1 female;
May 15, 1948, Margaret Barr, 8 females, 3 ovigerous, 2 juveniles;
Tomales Bluff, bay side, November 28, 1947, R. J. Menzies, 1 male;
May 23, 1948, R. J. Menzies, 2 males, 3 females; Tomales Point, ocean
side, August 18, 1947, R. J. Menzies, 1 female, May 23, 1948, 3 males,
3 females; Zomales Point, reef, November 30, 1947, R. J. Menzies,
1 male young; May 23, 1948, R. J. Menzies, 11 males, 19 females, some
A NEW SPECIES OF SYNAPSEUDES—MENZIES 5TS
ovigerous; June 9, 1948, R. J. Menzies, 11 males, 9 females, 7 ovigerous.
San Mateo County: Moss Beach, December 26, 1947, Margaret
Barr, 2 males, 1 female with empty marsupium.
Monterey County: Carmel Cove, July 18, 1947, T. R. Howell,
1 male, 1 ovigerous female; July 6, 1947, J. Davis, 4 specimens.
Geographical distribution—Marin County to Monterey County,
Calif.
Ecology.—The collections indicate the species to be abundant in and
just above the laminarian zone. Specimens were found on the hold-
fasts of the algae Egregia, Macrocystis, and Laminaria, on the bryo-
zoans Filicrisia sp., Tricellaria occidentalis, and Scrupocellaria eali-
fornica,; on the dorsal surface of the sea-star Pateria miniata and the
abalone Haliotes sp.; and on and under rocks in the laminarian zone.
One specimen was collected from a Mytilus californianus bed. The
species appears most abundant at wave-swept open rocky coast
localities.
Reproduction.—Ovigerous specimens were found from May to Au-
gust inclusive and in December.
Types.—Type specimens are deposited in the following institutions :
United States National Museum, female holotype, No. 87416, allotype,
figured paratype, and 3 male and 5 female paratypes. Allan Han-
cock Foundation, 2 male and 2 female paratypes. Pacific Marine Sta-
tion, 11 male, 19 female, and 1 juvenile paratypes.
KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES OF THE GENUS SYNAPSEUDES
a. Inner border of first joint of first antenna with conspicuous spines.
bd. Dorsal surface of pleotelson smooth ; Cape Verde Islands.
heterocheles ( Vanhdéffen)
b?. Dorsal surface of pleotelson with 3 setiferous elevated swellings ;
California ae ee ee eee ee intumescens, new species
a. Inner border of first joint of first antenna smooth, lacking spines;
ela Wise eee ee ee ee ee ee minutus Miller
LITERATURE CITED
Boone, PEARL LEE.
1923. New marine tanaid and isopod Crustacea from California. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, vol. 36, pp. 147-156.
MILLER, MILTON ALBERT.
1940. The isopod Crustacea of the Hawaiian Islands (Chelifera and Valvif-
era). Occ. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., vol. 15, No. 26, pp. 295-321,
9 figs.
VANHOFFEN, ERNST.
1914. Die Isopoden der Deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsche
Siidpolar-Exped., vol. 15, Zool. 7, pp. 449-595, 132 figs.
WHITELEGGE, TH.
1901. Isopoda I. Crustacea Part 2. Scientific results of the trawling
expedition of H. M. C. S. Thetis off the coast of New South Wales.
Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, pt. 3, pp. 201-246, 23 figs.
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PROCEEDINGS ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ys Shee
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3252
REDESCRIPTION OF THE SHRIMP BATHYPALAEMONEL-
LA PANDALOIDES (RATHBUN), WITH REMARKS ON
THE FAMILY CAMPYLONOTIDAE
By L. B. Hottxuts
In A paper on brachyuran and macruran decapod Crustacea from the
Hawaiian Archipelago, Rathbun (1906) described a new species of
shrimp under the name Palaemon pandaloides. Kemp (1925) in his
key to the species of the genus Palaemon (to which he gave the name
Leander) inserted Rathbun’s species under the name Leander panda-
loides without having access to specimens. Since then the species
has not been recorded in the literature.
While working last year in the United States National Museum I
had the opportunity, through the courtesy of Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr.,
curator of the division of marine invertebrates, of reexamining the
type specimens of Palaemon pandaloides and found that they do not
belong to the genus Palaemon at all, as indicated by the presence of
arthrobranchs at the bases of the pereiopods. They undoubtedly be-
long to the family Campylonotidae. Comparison of the specimens
with Balss’s (1925) description of the genus Bathypalaemonella made
it clear that Palaemon pandaloides belongs in that genus. Rathbun’s
specimens differ, however, in some respects from Balss’s Bathypalae-
monella zimmeri and so have to be considered to belong to a separate
species.
Inasmuch as Rathbun’s description is rather short, it is thought
that a redescription of this interesting species will be found useful.
$31087—49 ole =
518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Genus BATHYPALAEMONELLA Balss
BATHYPALAEMONELLA PANDALOIDES (Rathbun)
FIGURE 43
Palaemon pandaloides RatuBun, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 3, p. 924,
fig. 73, pl. 22, fig. 4, 1906.
Leander pandaloides Kemp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 27, p. 290, 1925.
Description.—The rostrum is very long and slender, overreaching
the scaphocerite with a large part of its length. The upper margin
bears 17 teeth in the proximal half, the distal portion entire except for
a subapical tooth. Five or six dorsal teeth of the rostrum are placed
on the carapace behind the orbit. The proximal dorsal teeth of the
rostrum are shorter and more erect than the distal teeth, which are
longer, slenderer, and pressed against the rostrum proper. The lower
margin bears 13 teeth, the distals of which are far more widely spaced
than the proximals. The carapace is smooth and possesses antennal
and branchiostegal spines. The antennal spine is placed slightly be-
low the rounded orbital angle. The branchiostegal spine is situated
on the anterior margin of the carapace, just like the antennal. No
branchiostegal groove is present. The anterolateral angle of the
carapace is rounded.
The abdomen is smooth and has the pleurae of the first five seg-
ments broadly rounded. The sixth segment is slightly more than
twice as long as the fifth and somewhat shorter than the telson. The
telson is elongate and provided with two dorsal pairs of spines, which
are placed in the middle and at three-quarters of the length of the
telson. The posterior margin of the telson is truncate; it is provided
with four pairs of spinules, the outer of which are short, the three
inner pairs longer and of equal length.
The eyes are well developed; the cornea is rounded and provided
with black pigment.
The antennular peduncle has the stylocerite large and sharply
pointed. Slightly above its base the stylocerite is somewhat broad-
ened, and it reaches almost to the middle of the second segment of
the peduncle. No anterolateral spine is present at the basal segment
of the peduncle. The second segment is somewhat longer than the
third. The upper antennular flagellum is slightly thickened at the
base and consists of a single ramus.
The scaphocerite is long and slender, almost six times as long as
broad. The outer margin is concave. The final tooth is strong and
reaches about as far forward as the lamella. The antennal peduncle
fails to reach the middle of the scaphocerite. A distinct spine is
present near the external side of the base of the scaphocerite.
The oral parts strongly resemble those of Bathypalaemonella zim-
meri Balss. The incisor and molar processes of the mandible are
THE SHRIMP BATHYPALAEMONELLA PANDALOIDES—HOLTHUIS 519
fused to one large denticulate plate; a 2-joiated palp is present. The
maxillula, maxilla, and first maxilliped do not differ from the figures
given by Balss (1925) of those parts of B. zimmeri. The second
maxilliped has the last joint more slender and more curved than in
Balss’s species; an epipod and a very large podobranch are present.
The branchial formula runs as follows:
| Maxillipeds | Pereiopods
|
[re ae
lena | ete || ae | I | UI | Iv | Vv
| |
| | |
Pleunobranchssssee 2 see ee see Pee REM | en oeee 1 | 1} 1 1 1
ATONTODISN CHS Soe ee ee eee | eee ees || | 1 1 1 1 | Lp See eee
ROGobranchseeecssas a ee aes 1 | 2 oes Sok |e SELB Se Bee er tae oe ee |e ee
DI DOGS seat atmane =) enon EEE | 1 1 Dy | oeees |e 2 oo See a ee ee ee
HXODOd Seetyse ee eae | 1 | a3 1 | alee |--------|--------]--------|--------
| 1
The first pereiopod is slender and reaches beyond the end of the
antennal peduncle, but it fails to reach the end of the scaphocerite.
The fingers are short, measuring slightly less than half the length of
the palm. The chela is narrow and cylindrical. The carpus is 1.4
times as long as the chela and 1 times as long as the merus. The
ischium is almost as long as the merus. Only one of the second legs is
present in the specimens at hand. This leg resembles the first leg,
but is longer and slightly stronger. It reaches beyond the scaphocerite.
The palm is narrow and cylindrical, 1.7 times as long as the fingers.
The carpus is twice as long as the chela and somewhat longer than the
merus, which is 1.3 times as long as the ischium. Since in Bathypalae-
monella zimmeri the second legs are very unequal in shape and strength,
it is to be expected that the same is true for the present species.
However, since only one leg is present here nothing can be stated with
certainty in that respect. The third leg reaches with part of the
propodus beyond the scaphocerite. The dactylus is strongly curved
and bears on each lateral surface a posteriorly directed spinule near
the middle of the posterior margin. The propodus is more than five
times as long as the dactylus; it bears some spinules in the distal part
of the posterior margin, and many hairs are present there too. The
carpus is about as long as the propodus. ‘The merus is almost 1.5
times as long as the carpus; it possesses a large movable spine in the
distal part. The ischium is half as long as the merus. The fourth
and fifth legs are similar to the third.
The first pleopod of the male has the endopod large and oval in
shape. A large part of the inner margin of the endopod is membra-
naceous and at the inner side provided with minute, strongly curved
hooks, thus taking the place of an appendix interna. The second
pleopod of the male has the appendix interna and masculina of about
the same size.
520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
The uropods are elongate and overreach the telson. The endopod
is narrowly ovate. The exopod has the outer margin about straight
and ending in a strong tooth, which at its inner side bears a movable
spine. No other spinules are present on the exopod.
The male specimen examined by me measures 55 mm., the female
56 mm.
Locality —The two specimens were collected near Mokuaeae Islet
near Kauai Island, Hawaiian Archipelago, 950 meters, bottom fine
gray sand and mud, June 12, 1902, Albatross station 3992.
Ficure 43,—Bathypalaemonella pandaloides (Rathbun): a, Anterior part of body in
lateral view; b, antennula; c, scaphocerite; d, mandible; ¢, second maxilliped;
f, first pereiopod; g, third pereiopod; hf, dactylus of third pereiopod; 7, endopod of
first pleopod of male. (a-c, f, g, X 5; d, X 20; ¢, X 13; h, X 40; 7, X 18.)
THE SHRIMP BATHYPALAEMONELLA PANDALOIDES—HOLTHUIS 521
Remarks.—The present form is the second species known of the
genus Bathypalaemonella Balss. It is closely related to B. zimmeri
Balss but differs from that species in the following respects:
1. The rostrum bears many more teeth. In B. zimmeri the rostral
formula is 2241. This formula in B. pandaloides is =. Though
Balss in his description states that only three teeth of the dorsal mar-
gin of the rostrum are placed behind the orbit, his figure shows five
there.
2. The scaphocerite in B. zimmeri has the anterior inner angle more
produced than in B. pandaloides.
3. The last joint of the second maxilliped is slenderer in Rathbun’s
than in Balss’s species.
4. The dactylus of the last three pereiopods are quite differently
built in the two species. In B. zimmeri the dactylus is stated to be
provided with four or five small denticles at the posterior margin,
while in B. pandaloides only two denticles are present, which are very
curiously placed at the same level, one at each side of the posterior
margin of the dactylus.
Unfortunately, both specimens of B. pandaloides lack the larger
second leg, so that nothing can be said about possible differences in
the shape of that appendage in the two species.
Bathypalaemonella zimmeri Balss is known only from the original
record, off the east coast of Somaliland, latitude 6° 18’ N., longitude
49° 32’ E., from a depth of 1,079 meters.
In 1925 Balss correctly placed the genus in the family Campylono-
tidae, after having put it in the family Palaemonidae in 1914. There
is no doubt that Bathypalaemonella is a campylonotid, but I do not
agree with Balss (1925, 1927) and Sollaud (1910, 1913) that this family
belongs to the superfamily Oplophoroida Borradaile. Sollaud (1910,
1913) mentions the following points in favor of placing Campylonotus
in the Oplophoroida:
1. The number of spinules on the dorsal surface of the telson is
8 or 10; in the Palaemonidae this number always should be 4.
2. The upper antennular flagellum is not bifurcated as it is in the
Palaemonidae.
3. The mandible is not cleft.
. The maxillulae have two laciniae, which both are cleft.
. The palp of the first maxilliped is bi- or tri-articulated.
. The exopeod of the third maxilliped is jointed.
. The second maxilliped consists of five joints.
. Arthrobranchs are present on the first four pereiopods.
9. Epipods are present at the base of the first four pereiopods.
That the character of the number of dorsal spinules is of no im-
portance is shown by the fact that in some Pontoniinae there are eight
dorsal spinules on the telson (Periclimenes alcocki Kemp), while in an
CONT OS Ore
H22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
undescribed species of Pontonia I found 10 dorsal spinules there.
Balss (1925) states the mandible of his Bathypalaemonella zimmeri to
be distinctly cleft, though the two processes are placed close together.
The lower lacinia of the maxilla in the species of Bathypalaemonella is
strongly reduced, forming thereby a transition between the situation
as it is in the Palaemonidae and that in Campylonotus. In some
species of Palaemonidae a 5-articulated endopod of the second
maxilliped may be observed. As to points 2, 8, and 9 above, in the
Hippolytidae genera are found that have a bifurcated upper anten-
nular flagellum (e. g., Zysmata) and some that are very closely related
and have the flagellum single (e. g., Hippolysmata); there are also
Hippolytidae with arthrobranchs (e. g., Ligur) and others (e. g.,
Barbouria) that lack them, but nevertheless are closely related. In
some genera of Hippolytidae some species have and others miss
epipods on the pereiopods. In none of the Palaemonidae I examined,
however, did I find the palp of the first maxilliped or the exopod of
the third maxilliped articulated.
The arguments for a close relationship between the Campylonotidae
and the Palaemonidae are the following:
1. The shape of the rostrum in Campylonotus (and in a lesser degree
also in Bathypalaemonella) is distinctly palaemonoid.
2. The first maxilliped has the exopod resembling that of the
Palaemonidae and is strongly different from that of the Oplophoridae.
3. The last joint of the second maxiliped is inserted alongside the
penultimate joint and not at the top of it.
4. None of the pereiopods bears an exopod.
5. The second legs are much stronger than the first.
Especially the last argument seems very strong in my opinion, as
the shape and the relationship of the first and second pairs of pereio-
pods are of much importance in all the higher groups of Caridea.
The character of the presence or absence of exopods is rather variable
in the family Atyidae, which belongs to the Oplophoroida.
In my opinion it is much more reasonable to place the family
Campylonotidae in the superfamily Palaemonoida. It then should
have to be considered a primitive family in that group.
This superfamily Palaemonoida must be restricted to the families
Campylonotidae, Palaemonidae, and Gnathophyllidae. The families
Alpheidae and Hippolytidae, placed by Borradaile (1907) and Balss
(1927) in the present superfamily, have to be removed to a separate
superfamily. The Palaemonoida then may be defined as: Caridea
with the second legs distinctly stronger than the first, with the carpus
of the second legs not articulate, without exopods on the pereiopods,
with perfect chelae on the first pereiopods, and with the rostrum
immovable.
LITERATURE CITED
Bauss, H.
1914. Diagnosen neuer Macruren der Valdiviaexpedition. Zool. Anz., vol.
44, pp. 592-599.
1925. Macrura der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, 2: Natantia, Teil A.
Wiss. Ergebn. Valdivia Exped., vol. 20, pp. 217-315, 75 figs., 9 pls.
1927. Decapoda. Jn Kiikenthal and Krumbach’s ‘‘Handbuch der Zoologie,”’
vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 840-1038, figs. 903-1119.
BorRaDAILEs, L. A.
1907. On the classification of the decapod crustaceans. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 7, vol. 19, pp. 457-486.
Kemp, 8.
1925. On various Caridea: Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian
Museum, XVII. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 27, pp. 249-343, 24 figs.
RaTHBuN, Mary J.
1906. The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian Islands. Buil. U. 5.
Fish Comm., vol. 23, pp. 827-930, 79 figs., 24 pls.
SoOLLAuD, E.
1910. Sur l’identité des genres Anchistiella A. Milne-Edwards et Campylonotus
Bate. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 16, pp. 377-383, 3 figs.
1913. Nouvelles observations sur les crevettes du genre Campylonotus Bate
(—Anchistiella A. M.-E.), type d’une nouvelle famille de Caridea:
les Campylonotidae. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 19, pp.
184-190, 2 figs.
523
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 99 Washington : 1949 No. 3253
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF EVANIIDAE
(HYMENOPTERA)
By Henry Townes
Tur family Evaniidae is an isolated group of parasitic Hymenoptera
most closely related to the Serphoidea. It differs from all but a few
Hymenoptera in having the abdomen attached near the top of the
propodeum instead of down near the coxae, and from these few in
abdominal structure as follows: The first abdominal segment is cylin-
dric and slightly arched, and the rest of the abdomen is small, flattened,
circular or subcircular or subtriangular, and attached to the first seg-
ment by a free articulation. The Evaniidae differ from all other para-
sitic Hymenoptera in having a long anal lobe at the base of the
hind wing.
The species of Evaniidae are parasitic in the egg capsules of Blatti-
dae and are most abundant in the Tropics, where their hosts are com-
monest. A few species parasitic on domestic cockroaches have been
widely distributed by commerce. Two of these species are established
in the Nearctic Region, and these together with nine native species
constitute our known fauna. The introduced species occur in cities
and are frequently collected on the windows of buildings. Of the
native species, which are to be found in woods, several are common in
the Southeastern United States and occur as far north as southern
Canada. West of the humid East, evaniids are occasional along the
southern border of the United States, and a single rare species has been
taken in central California.
Previous comprehensive papers on the Nearctic Evaniidae include
a revision by Bradley (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, pp. 13/-
162, 1908) and a literature compilation by Kieffer (Das Tierreich,
831352—49 525
526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Lief. 30, pp. 6-188, 1912). Persons interested in a complete record of
the literature should consult Hedicke (Hymenopterorum catalogus,
pars 9 (Evaniidae), 1939). Only the original descriptions are cited
below in the species bibliographies. The types of the specific names
proposed by Ashmead, Bradley, and Kieffer have been studied. The
rest have not been available.
The locations of types and of specimens studied from institutional
collections are indicated in parentheses by the name of the city in
which each collection is located.
KEY TO THE NEARCTIC GENERA OF EVANIIDAE
1. Forewing with only 8 strong longitudinal veins (costal, subcostal, and medial)
and only one closed cell (subcostal) ; second and third tergites covering all
or nearly all the gaster; notaulus extending less than 0.6 length of meso-
Sculum, usually absent: =2= ss a8 ee ee ee eee Hyptia
Forewing with numerous veins enclosing eight cells; second and third tergites
enclosing basal 0.6+ of gaster; notaulus complete____________________ 2
2. Submedian to subbasal constricting groove on hind coxa interrupted on ventro-
lateral face of coxa; base of middle coxa separated from base of hind coxa
by about 2.0 length of middle coxa; metasternum large and rather evenly
convex ; hind coxa beneath with a curved longitudinal carina next to meta-
sternal fork (not visible when coxa is turned outward); shoulders of
pronotum rounded, without a sharp transverse ridge; mediellan vein strong
for about 0:9 distance to wing margin== == 5 a ee ee Evania
Submedian to subbasal constricting groove on hind coxa not interrupted on
ventrolateral face of coxa, completely encircling coxa; base of middle coxa
separated from base of hind coxa by about 1.0 to 1.5 length of middle coxa;
metasternum smaller; hind coxa beneath without a curved longitudinal
carina next to metasternal fork, but sometimes with a curved groove in that
position; shoulders of pronotum with a sharp transverse ridge; mediellan
vein distinct for less than 0.8 distance to wing margin___________________ 3
3. Hind coxa beneath with a curved longitudinal groove next to metasternal fork
(not visible when coxa is turned outward; this groove should not be confused
with transverse coxal constriction) ; lower part of frons with a lateral longi-
tudinal carina that curves around outside of antennal socket to approach or
reach midline on upper part of face; second intercubital vein (a very weak
vein) meeting radial cell near its distoventral angle; mediellan vein distinct
to beyond middle of wing (except in a few exotic species) ; forewing of
Nearcticspeciesii:5stoyf.5imm> long!) ae ee eee Prosevania
Hind coxa beneath without a longitudinal groove next to metasternal fork;
lower part of frons without a lateral longitudinal carina ; second intercubital
vein (a very weak vein) meeting radial cell considerably basad of its disto-
ventral angle; mediellan vein not distinct to middle of wing; forewing of
Nearctic'species/4:0:to'.5.0 mm. long==_~ 2 2b 2s Se eee Evaniella
Genus EVANIA Fabricius
Evania Fasricius, Systema entomologiae, p. 345, 1775. Type: Ichneumon appendi-
gaster Linnaeus. Designated by Curtis, 1829.
As defined in the key, Hvania is a much more restricted and compact
genus than as used by other authors. Most of the species that they
THE NEARCTIC EVANIIDAE—TOWNES 527
refer to Evania belong properly in Prosevania, Evaniella, Szeplige-
tellas and Acanthinevania.
In the Nearctic Region /vania in the strict sense contains only the
introduced #£. appendigaster. Most of the other species of the genus
are Oriental.
EVANIA APPENDIGASTER (Linnaeus)
Ichneumon appendigaster LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 566, 1758. Type:
Hispanic America (location unknown).
Evania unicolor Say, in Keating, Narrative of an expedition to the source of
St. Peters River, etc., vol. 2, p. 320, 1824; LeConte ed., vol. 1, p. 214. Types:
Pennsylvania and near Rocky Mountains (destroyed).
The large size of this species (forewing 5.5 to 7.0 mm. long) makes
it superficially similar only to Prosevania punctata among the Nearctic
species. It may be distinguished from this species by its smooth face,
with fine, rather sparse punctures, and by the pleura with rather sparse,
very large separate punctures rather than close, large, reticulate
punctures.
Specimens.—Many males and females from Arizona (Globe, Santa
Rita Mountains, Tempe, and Tucson) ; Disrricr or Cotumst1a (Wash-
ington) ; Frorma (Arcadia, Fort Myers, and Jacksonville) ; Grorera
(Atlanta and Thomasville) ; Lourstana (Baton Rouge); New Yorr
(Long Island and New York City) ; Pennsytvanta (Philadelphia) ;
TENNESSEE (Memphis) ; and Texas (Dallas, El Paso, Houston, San
Antonio, and 20 miles north of San Antonio). Most of these speci-
mens were taken during the summer months. Those of other dates
are: April 6 at Arcadia, Fla.; April 22 at Fort Myers, Fla.; May 23
at Philadelphia, Pa.; May 28 at Baton Rouge, La.; September 6 at
Dallas, Tex.; and December at Philadelphia, Pa. The earliest Nearctic
record of capture on this material is a specimen from Washing-
ton, D. C., taken June 5, 1879, but Say’s record of the presumably
synonymous Evania unicolor is much earlier.
This species is probably of Oriental origin, but it now occurs in
most of the tropical and subtropical parts of the world. In the
United States it is common in Arizona and in the cities of the Gulf
and Atlantic States as far north as New York City. In other parts
of the world it has been reared from the egg capsules of Blatia orien-
1 Szepligetella Bradley, 1908, was erected as a monotypic endemic genus for the Hawaiian
Evania sericea Cameron. JF. sericea is not an endemic of Hawaii, as I have seen specimens
of it also from New Guinea, Fiji, the Philippines, the Marquesas, Kapingamarangi, Bikini,
Swains Island (north of Samoa), and Tahiti. It was recorded from the New Hebrides by
Cheesman in 1936. A specimen I collected on Kapingamarangi was flying about the eaves
of a native house of Pandanus thatch. In view of this and its distribution, it seems prob-
able that sericea is parasitic on a blattid living in Pandanus thatch and with its host was
widely spread by migrations of the Polynesians and other natives. In the U. S. National
Museum are five additional species of Szepligetella, all from Australia.
528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
talis and Periplaneta spp., and these are doubtless its hosts in the
United States also.
Genus PROSEVANIA Kieffer
Prosevaniad KreFrFer, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 80, p. 157, 1911. Type: Evania
(Prosevania) afra Kieffer. Designated by Viereck, 1914.
As defined in the key, Prosevania is a large genus of the Old World
Tropics. A single introduced species is common in the cities of the
Eastern United States.
PROSEVANIA PUNCTATA (Brullé), new combination
Evania punctata Brurif&, Expédition scientifique de Morée, vol. 3, p. 378, 1833.
Type: Greece (? Paris).
Evania urbana Brapiey, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 140, 1908. Type: ¢,
Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia).
This species differs from most others of its genus in its more robust
thorax, shoulder carina of pronotum extending downward on each
side nearly to the lower corner of the pronotum; shoulders of pro-
notum rather rounded; and speculum not reaching the front edge of
the mesopleurum but bounded anteriorly by some fine punctures.
Among the Nearctic evaniids, its large size (forewing 5.5 to 7.5 mm.
long) makes it superficially similar only to Bvania appendigaster,
but in addition to the generic characters it is easily distinguished from
that species by its coarsely striatopunctate face and its pleura reticula-
topunctate except at the speculum.
Specimens.—Many males and females from DrLaware (New Castle
County) ; Disrricr or Cotumspia (Washington) ; Groreta (Atlanta) ;
New Jersey (Newark and Plainfield) ; New Yorr (Brooklyn, Flat-
bush, Ithaca, Long Island, New York, and Yonkers) ; Norrm Caro-
LInA (Elizabeth City) ; On10 (Columbus) ; Pennsytvanta (Harris-
burg and Philadelphia) ; and Vireinta (Falls Church, Norfolk, and
Roanoke). Collecting dates for these specimens range throughout
the growing season. The first record of capture in the Nearctic Re-
gion is a specimen taken in Washington, D. C., August 29, 1898, by
KC. Pratt.
This species is a native of the Mediterranean Region and is natural-
ized in the cities of the Eastern United States from New York and
Ohio south to Georgia. Though no rearing records are available, the
large size of the species and its occurrence in cities indicate that
it is a parasite of Periplaneta spp. and Blatta orientalis.
Genus EVANIELLA Bradley
Evaniella Bravtry, Can. Ent., vol. 37, p. 64, 1905. Type: (Hvania unicolor Say
as misdetermined by Ashmead)=—semacoda Bradley. Original designation.
THE NEARCTIC EVANIIDAE—TOWNES 529
This is a large genus of the Neotropics and is represented also in
the Australian Region. ‘Three species occur in the Nearctic Region,
one widespread in the Eastern United States and the other two re-
stricted to New Mexico and California.
KEY TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF EVANIELLA
1. Cheek about 1.0 as long as height of eye; coloration almost uniformly reddish
D320 ye en ee eee 3. californica (Ashmead)
Cheek about 0.3 as long as height of eye; coloration partly or entirely
DDC kite ee Se se 2 ee Se ee ee ee ite es Scones Cte ee 2
2. Head about 1.0 as wide as thorax; temple with rather close, large punctures ;
thorax entirely black to entirely ferruginous, when only partly ferruginous
this color present on front part of thorax, hind part black.
1. semaeoda Bradley
Head about 0.8 as wide as the thorax; temple with sparse small punctures;
thorax black anteriorly, ferruginous posteriorly.
2. neomexicana (Ashmead)
1. EVANIELLA SEMAEODA Bradley
Evaniella semaeoda Braptey, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 144, 1908.
Type: ¢, Browns Mills, N. J. (Ithaca).
Forewing about 4.8 mm. long; head about 1.0 as wide as the thorax ;
cheek about 0.3 as long as the height of the eye; mandible without
a posterior ventral tooth; frons and temple with close large punctures;
mesoscutum with numerous large punctures, closely spaced on the
median lobe and sparse on the lateral lobes; shoulder carina of
pronotum strong, continuous across the midline and laterally curved
backward to near the hind margin of the pronotum below the tegula ;
subdiscoidal vein weak, unpigmented; first tergite with very fine
punctures, in the female with very sparse, large punctures also.
The color varies from nearly all black to nearly all but the gaster
ferruginous. Blackish specimens have the legs a little paler than the
body; tegula and front tibia and tarsus ferruginous; scape and front
femur brownish ferruginous; basal part of first trochanter of hind
legs stramineous; and basal four segments of female antenna stra-
mineous to brownish ferruginous. Commonly the pronotum and meso-
scutum are ferruginous and the apical part of the first tergite stra-
mineous. In the most extensively ferruginous specimens only the gaster
is blackish, and the flagellum of the male and all but the basal three
flagellar segments of the female dark brown. ‘The head and hind legs
are among the last parts to be invaded by ferruginous.
Specimens.—Many males and females from Frioriwa (Crescent City,
Lakeland, Orlando, Pablo Beach, and Zolfo Springs) ; Groreta (Oke-
fenokee Swamp and Tifton) ; Kansas (Baldwin) ; Lourstana (Tallu-
lah) ; Marytanp (Plummers Island and Takoma Park) ; Micuigan
(Livingston County); New Jrersry (Jamesburg, Moorestown, and
530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 99
Wenonah) ; New York (Cold Spring Harbor, Farmingdale, and Riv-
erhead) ; Pennsytvanta (Gladwyn) ; Ruopr Istanp (North King-
ston and Westerly) ; and Virernra (near Washington D. C., Falls
Church, Mount Vernon, and New Church).
Practically all the dates of capture are from June 19 to August 4.
Dates outside of this range are August 10 at Orlando, Fla.; August
22 at Lakeland, Fla.; and August 26 at Okefenokee Swamp, Ga. This
seasonal distribution indicates a single generation a year.
This species occurs in the Lower and Upper Austral Zones of the
United States from the Atlantic west to Michigan and Kansas. Along
the Atlantic coast it ranges north to Long Island and Rhode Island,
and in the Central States to Livingston County, Mich.
2. EVANIELLA NEOMEXICANA (Ashmead)
Evania Neomericana ASHMEAD, Can. Ent., vol. 33, p. 304, 1901. Lectotype hereby
selected: ¢, Las Cruces, N. Mex., September 9 (Washington).
Forewing about 4.0 mm. long; head about 0.8 as wide as the thorax;
cheek about 0.3 as long as the height of the eye; mandible without a pos-
terior ventral tooth; frons with rather close, moderately small punc-
tures; temple with sparse medium-sized punctures; shoulder carina
of pronotum continuous across the midline, extending laterad to the
front end of the notaulus; mesoscutum with interspersed sparse
medium-sized punctures and closer fine punctures; subdiscoidal vein
weak, unpigmented; first tergite with very sparse small punctures.
Black or piceous. Lower 0.6 of mesepisternum, all the metapleurum
except its upper section and all the propodeum except basad of and
above the abdominal socket, ferruginous.
Specimens.—Redescribed from the types: a male from Las Cruces, N.
Mex., T. D. A. Cockerell (Washington), and a male from Las Cruces,
N. Mex., September 9 (Washington).
3. EVANIELLA CALIFORNICA (Ashmead)
Hvania Californica ASHMEaD, Can. Ent., vol. 33, p. 304, 1901. Type: ¢, Natoma,
Calif. (Washington).
Forewing about 3.5 mm. long; head about 1.0 as wide as the thorax ;
cheek about 1.0 as long as the height of the eye; mandible without a
posterior ventral tooth; frons and mesoscutum with fine rather sparse
punctures; temple with very fine sparse punctures; shoulder carina of
pronotum present only near the front end of the notaulus, not con-
tinuous across the midline nor extending laterad beyond the inner
edge of the tegula; subdiscoidal vein weak, unpigmented; first tergite
with fine punctures.
Reddish brown. Mandible, lower part of face, and all but upper
part of clypeus yellowish brown.
Specimen.—Redescribed from the type male from Natoma, Sacra-
mento County, Calif., July 7, 1895 (Washington).
THE NEARCTIC EVANIIDAE—TOWNES 531
Genus HYPTIA Illiger
Hyptia ItLicrr, Mag. Insekt. (Mliger), vol. 6, p. 192, 1807. Type: Evania peti-
olata Fabricius. Monobasic.
Hyptiam SHucKarD, Entomologist, vol. 1, p. 120, 1841. Hmendation.
This genus is easily distinguished from others in the Nearctic Region
by the partial or complete absence of the notaulus and by the reduced
venation. Only the subcostal cell of the forewing is enclosed. The
species are restricted to the New World, with most of them in the Neo-
tropics.
The Nearctic species vary considerably in color, which has led to the
creation of some synonyms. All six may have the head, thorax, and
first tergite either entirely black or partly to entirely ferruginous.
The forward and upper parts of the thorax are the regions most fre-
quently ferruginous, and the ferruginous coloration is most frequently
and extensively developed in specimens from the southern parts of the
ranges of the various species.
Our species are on the wing mostly in midsummer and, at least in the
North, seem to have a single generation a year. Adults occur in woods.
The commoner species (thoracica, reticulata, and harpyoides) are
probably all parasites of Parcoblatta spp., though the rearing data are
scanty.
KEY TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF HYPTIA
1. Mesoscutum about 0.54 as long as wide; forewing about 2.3 mm. long; lower
part of mesopleurum with only fine punctures or with a very few coarse
ones) (figs-44. ¢) =. 22s 225 2-2 _t _- , floridana “Ashmead
Mesoscutum 0.65 to 0.95 as long as wide; forewing 2.5 to 4.8 mm. long; lower
part of mesopleurum with scattered large coarse punctures (fig. 44, a-d, f)_ 2
2. Mesopleurum near its upper posterior margin with oblique rugae (fig. 44, f) ;
mesoscutum about 0.90 as long as wide; forewing 2.6 to 3.7 mm.
LO 1). eens tS eek eek i eee eS 6. oblonga, new species
Mesopleurum near its upper posterior margin without oblique rugae (fig. 44,
a-d); mesoscutum 0.65 to 0.8 as long as wide; forewing 3.5 to 4.8
ba 01.0 Bese (0) 0 YA pe es ec ar a eS NS ec Aas 3
38. Median posterior corner of mesopleurum not containing a subcircular depres-
sion, though often with a group of depressions nearby (fig. 44, a, b) ---___ -
Median posterior corner of mesopleurum containing a subcircular depression
(See eA Ci) eee = ee = ee ee ee Se ee eS eee 5
4. Punctures on frons so close that they are angular and separated by
sharp ridges; hind femur beneath with rather dense small weak
DUNCCUTOS =< 2 te Sone eS ee Ee eee 1. harpyoides Bradley
Punctures on frons so distant that they are not angular, and the separating
areas are rounded or flattened ridges ; hind femur beneath with sparse, large,
weak: PUNCEULES so ee7 ee a eek 2. thoracica (Blanchard)
5. Femora black; lower swelling of mesopleurum with a few moderately large
DUNGCHITES s (he 4A TC) ae Se eee ee ee ee ce 3. reticulata (Say)
Femora ferruginous; lower swelling of mesopleurum with many large punc-
tures? (fig445 @)\ he ee LS aed 2s 4, femorata, new species
532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
H. RETICULATA
4. FEMORATA < H. FLORIOANA 4. OBLONGA
Ficure 44.—Left mesopleura of the Nearctic species of Hyptia (setae and finer punctures
omitted from the drawings).
1. HYPTIA HARPYOIDES Bradley
FIGURE 44, a
Hyptia harpyoides BRavLEy, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 151, 1908. Type:
2, Philadelphia, Pa. (Ithaca).
Hyptia brevicalear var. glabriceps KIEFFER, Ann. Soc, Ent. France, vol. 79, p. 72,
1910. Type: ¢, Polk County, Wis. (Claremont, Calif). New synonymy.
Punctures on frons so close that the frons appears somewhat reticu-
late, without convex areas between the punctures.
Forewing about 4.0 mm. long; punctures of frons all contiguous,
without smooth areas between them; seventh flagellar segment of male
THE NEARCTIC EVANIIDAE—TOWNES 533
about 1.9 as long as wide, of female about 1.0 as long as wide; median
part of pronotum as seen from above with its upper face reduced to a
sharp edge; mesoscutum in dorsal view about 0.70 as long as wide, its
punctures mostly adjacent to one another; mesopleurum without an
impression in its median posterior corner, but often with an irregular
group of impressions near the center of the oblique groove, its lower
swollen part with some scattered large punctures (fig. 44, a) ; underside
of hind femur with rather dense weak punctures, and with an im-
punctate area extending from near its apical 0.35 to the apex; longer
spur of hind tibia about 1.12 as long as the shorter spur and about 0.51
as long as the hind basitarsus; first tergite with moderately fine oblique
striation and some indistinct punctures.
Black or piceous. Mandible and tegular fulvous; front and middle
legs and antenna from dusky fulvous to rufopiceous. Specimens with
more or less extensive ferruginous coloration, as noted under the gen-
eric description, are uncommon.
Specimens.—Many males and females from ConNnecricur (Candle-
wood Lake) ; Grorera (Rabun County) ; Intrnors (Zeigler) ; Kansas
(Baldwin, Lawrence, and Logan County at 3,322 feet); MaryLanp
(Cabin John, College Park, Hyattsville, Plummers Island, and
Takoma Park) ; Massacuusertts (Forest Hills, Natick, Sagamore, and
Wellesley) ; Mrcnrean (Antrim County, Cheboygan County, Con-
stantine, Detroit, Douglas Lake, Grand Ledge, Huron County, Lake
County, Mason County, and Midland County); Mrynesora (Lake
Minnetonka); Musstsstppr (Lucedale and Pass Christian); New
Hampsuire (Antrim and Concord): New Jerssy (Lakehurst, Mal-
aga, Palisades, Riverton, and Wenonah); New Yorx (Bohemia,
Cold Spring Harbor, Eastport, Farmingdale, Flatbush, Huguenot,
Ithaca, Millwood, Mount Merino, and Poughkeepsie) ; Norra Caro-
LINA (Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Southern Pines, and
valley of the Black Mountains); Ouro (Cedar Point and Put in
Bay); Onvarto (Marmora) ; Pennsytvania (Buck Hill Falls, Car-
lisle Junction, Cedar Run, Gladwyn, Harrisburg, Heckton Mills,
Inglenook, Mount Holly Springs, Rockville, and Spring Brook) ;
Ruopve Istanp (Kingston and Westerly) ; Sour Carotina (Ander-
son); TENNEsseE (Elkmont and Cades Cove, both in the Great
Smoky Mountains National Park) ; and Virernta (Barcroft, Clifton,
Dismal Swamp, East Falls Church, Falls Church, Mount Vernon,
and Vienna).
Nearly all dates of capture fall between June 20 and August 15,
indicating a single generation a year. Records outside of these dates
are: June 5 at Anderson, S. C.; June 7 at Lucedale, Miss.; June 13
and 15 in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park of Tennessee;
June 14 at Pass Christian, Miss.; August 16 at Forest Hills,
534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Mass.; August 21 at Midland County, Mich.; August 25 at Mount
Holly Springs, Pa.; and August 28 at Flatbush, N. Y.
This evaniid has a more northern distribution than any other in
the Nearctic Region. It occurs in the Eastern United States and
as far west as Minnesota and Kansas, commonly in the Upper Austral
and the warmer parts of the Transition Zone. This species and
Hyptia thoracica occur in Ontario and are the only evaniids recorded
from Canada.
2. HYPTIA THORACICA (Blanchard)
FIcurE 44, 0
Evania thoracica BLANCHARD, Histoire naturelle des animaux articulés .. ., Ins.,
vol. 3, p. 299, 1840. Type: Carolina (lost).
Hyptiam thoracicum SHucKaRD, Entomologist, vol. 1, p. 120, 1841. Type: ¢,
North Carolina (lost). Preoccupied in Hyptia by Blanchard, 1840.
Evania dorsalis Westwoop, Trans. Ent. Soe. London (ser. 2), vol. 1, p. 214, 1851.
New name for H#. thoracica Blanchard.
Hyptia brevicalcar Kierrer, Arkiv Zool., vol. 1, p. 541, 1904. Type: 9, Wisconsin
(Stockholm). New synonymy.
Hyptia mylacridomanes Braptry, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 153, 1908.
Type: 9, Ithaca, N. Y. (Ithaca). New synonymy.
Hyptia hyptiogastris Braptry, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 160, 1908.
Type: ¢, Tifton, Ga. (Washington). New synonymy.
Hyptia terana Bravery, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 161, 1908. Type: ¢,
Galveston, Tex. (Lawrence). New synonymy.
Median hind corner of mesopleurum without a subcircular depres-
sion, punctures on frons mostly separated by convex or flattened areas ;
mesoscutum about 0.75 as long as wide.
Forewing about 4.3 mm. long; punctures of frons somewhat conflu-
ent in transverse rows, the rows separated by about 0.3 the diameter of
the punctures; seventh flagellar segment of male about 1.5 as long as
wide, of female about 1.2 as long as wide; median part of pronotum
as seen from above with a very narrow upper face; mesoscutum in dor-
sal view about 0.75 as long as wide, its punctures mostly adjacent, or
many of them separated by about 0.3 their diameter; mesopleurum
without an impression in its posterior median corner, but with a group
of impressions near the center of the median oblique groove, its lower
swollen part with numerous large punctures (fig. 44, 6) ; under side
of hind femur with a few large weak punctures, impunctate beyond the
middle; longer spur of hind tibia about 1.12 as long as the shorter spur
and about 0.46 as long as the hind basitarsus; first tergite with mod-
erately dense oblique punctures and with distinct oblique striation.
Black or piceous. Front tibia fulvous; front femur and tarsus,
middle legs beyond the trochanters, mandible, and tegula more or less
tinged with rufous or the mandible and tegula sometimes entirely ru-
fous. Specimens with more or less ferruginous coloration, as noted
THE NEARCTIC EVANIIDAE—TOWNES 535
under the generic description, comprise about 40 percent of those I
have seen.
The type of E'vania thoracica Blanchard is not in the Paris Museum,
and that of Hyptiam thoracicum Shuckard is not in the British Mu-
seum. Both are probably destroyed. Since their descriptions will fit
several different species, the names must be assigned arbitrarily.
Bradley (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, pp. 154-156, 1908) has done
this in a reasonable manner, and his disposition of the names is fol-
lowed. He synonymized thoracicum Shuckard with thoracica Blan-
chard, redefined thoracica Blanchard, and reported on a number of
specimens that he identified as thoracica. His specimens and descrip-
tion belong to the present species.
Specimens.—Many males and females from Connecticut (Lyme) ;
District or CotumBiaA; Froria (Crescent City, Homestead, Hudson,
Jacksonville, Orlando, Paradise Key, and Seven Oaks) ; Grorera (At-
lanta, Spring Creek in Decatur County, and Tifton) ; Kansas (Gard-
ner) ; Marytanp (Beltsville, Prince Georges County, and Takoma
Park) ; Massacuusetts (Holliston, Humarock, Middlesex Fells, Saga-
more, and Wellesley); Micnican (Livingston County); Missourt
(Kirkwood) ; New Jersry (Glassboro, Lakehurst, and Moorestown) ;
New York (Ithaca) ; Norra Carorina (Southern Pines) ; Onto (Put
in Bay and Wayne County) ; Onrarro (Go Home Bay) ; Pennsyt-
vant (Harrisburg and Shiremanstown) ; Ruopr Istanp (Westerly) ;
Soura Carotrna (Horry County) ; Texas (Brownsville and San An-
tonio) ; and Virernta (Barcroft, East Falls Church, Falls Church,
Mount Vernon, and Vienna).
Nearly all dates of capture fall between June 20 and July 31, indi-
cating a single generation a year. Records outside of these dates
are: May 21 and June 4 at Southern Pines, N. C.; May at Brownsville,
Tex.; June 15 at Beltsville, Md.; August 2 at Falls Church, Va.;
August 15 at Wellesley, Mass.; August 20 at Orlando, Fla.; and
September 14 at Falls Church, Va.
This species occurs from the Atlantic States west to Michigan and
Kansas, from the Tropical Zone to the warmer parts of the Transi-
tional Zone. There isa single record from Ontario, Canada (Go Home
Bay). Two specimens in the U. S. National Museum were reared
as follows: é, Kirkwood, Mo., August 1939, ex odtheca Parcoblatta
pennsylvanica; %, Vienna, Va., collected September 1936, emerged
1937, J. C. Bridwell, ew odtheca Parcoblatta sp.
3. HYPTIA RETICULATA (Say)
Ficure 44, ¢
Brachygaster reticulata Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 223, 1836 ;
LeConte ed., vol. 2, p. 686. Type: Indiana (destroyed).
536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 99
Hyptia nyctoides Braptry, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 159, 1908. Type:
6, Farmingdale, N. J. (Washington). New synonymy.
Hyptia prosetethetra Brapitey, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 160, 1908.
Type: ¢, Tifton, Ga. (Washington). New synonymy.
Median hind corner of mesopleurum with a subcircular depression;
femora black, mesoscutum in dorsal view about 0.75 as long as wide.
Forewing about 4.3 mm. long; punctures of frons somewhat con-
fluent in transverse rows, the rows separated by about 0.33 the diameter
of the punctures; seventh flagellar segment of male about 1.6 as
long as wide, of female about 1.1 as long as wide; median part of
pronotum as seen from above with a narrow upper face; mesoscutum
in dorsal view about 0.75 as long as wide, its punctures mostly adjacent
to one another; mesopleurum with an impression near its median
posterior corner, its lower swollen part with scattered moderately
large punctures (fig. 44, ¢) ; under side of hind femur with moderately
dense fine punctures, its impunctate area extending from about its
apical 0.35 to the apex; longer spur of hind tibia about 1.25 as long
as the shorter spur and about 0.55 as long as the hind basitarsus; first
tergite with moderately dense punctures and a suggestion of oblique
striation.
Black or piceous. Tegula and apical part of mandible dark ferru-
ginous; antenna and fore and middle legs somewhat tinged with ferru-
ginous. Specimens with more or less ferruginous coloration, as noted
under the generic description, comprise about 40 percent of those
I have seen.
Say’s description of Brachygaster reticulata would fit Hyptia
thoracica or H. harpyoides as well as the present species except for
his statement “petiole punctured.” In both thoracica and harpyotdes
the petiole has distinct oblique striation as well as more or less distinct
punctuation.
Specimens.—Many males and females from Frioria (Crescent City,
near Everglade, Lakeland, Langford, Paradise Key, and St. Peters-
burg); Grorera (Bainbridge, DeWitt, Griffin, Okefenokee Swamp,
Thomasville, and Tifton) ; Louistana (Opelousas) ; Marynanp (Glen
Echo) ; Massacuuserts (Holliston and Wellesley) ; Mrxtco (Mina-
titlan and Tuxtepec); Micriacan (Midland County and Muskegon
County) ; New Yor (Farmingdale, Fishers Island, and Flatbush) ;
Norra Carorina (Southern Pines); Pennsytvanta (near Philadel-
phia) ; Tpxas (Chisos Mountains in Brewster County) ; and Virernta
(Cape Henry, Falls Church, Hot Springs at Deer Lick Mountain, and
Virginia Beach).
Collection records for the Northeastern United States fall in July
and the first half of August, except for captures at Falls Church, Va.,
on September 4, and at Cape Henry, Va., on September 9. In Florida
THE NEARCTIC EVANIIDAE—TOWNES 537
the species appears on the wing late in April; there is a record for May
at Opelousas, La., three for June 15 to 23 in southern Georgia, and one
for June 1 at Southern Pines, N.C. At three Florida localities it was
taken August 10, August 18, and August 22. This seasonal distribu-
tion indicates one generation a year in the North and perhaps two in
Florida.
This species occurs from the Atlantic States west to Michigan and
Kansas, from the Tropical and Lower Austral Zones to the warmer
part of the Transition Zone. It has been collected also in southern
Mexico.
4. HYPTIA FEMORATA, new species
Ficune 44, d
Femora ferruginous; upper anterior part of mesopleurum with
about three subcircular impressions as in figure 44, a.
Forewing about 4.0 mm. long; punctures of frons somewhat con-
fluent in transverse rows, the rows separated by about 0.838 the diam-
eter of the punctures; seventh flagellar segment of male about 1.3 as
long as wide, of female about 1.1 as long as wide; median part of
pronotum as seen from above with a very narrow upper face; meso-
scutum in dorsal view about 0.74 as long as wide, its punctures sepa-
rated by about 0.5 their diameter; mesopleurum with an impression
in its median posterior corner, its ventral swelling with numerous
large punctures (fig. 44, d); under side of hind femur with rather
sparse coarse punctures, its impunctate area extending from near
its basal 0.45 to its apex; longer spur of hind tibia about 1.2 as long
as the shorter spur and about 0.48 as long as the hind basitarsus; first
tergite with moderately fine oblique striae and some scattered punc-
tures.
The type is colored as follows: Black. Mandible, scape, tegula, legs
beyond coxae, and first tergite ferruginous, the hind tarsus and apex
of hind tibia somewhat infuscate. A paratype male from Uvalde,
Tex., is colored like the type. A paratype male from Davis Moun-
tains, Tex., is colored as the type, except that the mandible and scape
are fuscoferruginous, the hind tibia and tarsus are piceous, and the
apical part of the hind femur infuscate. A paratype female is ferru-
ginous with a large median basal fuscous spot on the second tergite,
and the apical part of the abdomen and the hind leg beyond the tro-
chanters weakly infuscate.
Type.— & , Chisos Mountains, Tex., July 9, 1936, J. N. Knull (Wash-
ington). U.S.N.M. No. 58749.
Paratypes.— 8, Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis County, Tex., June 29,
1942, H. A. Scullen (Corvallis). ¢, Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis
538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 99
County, Tex., July 9, 1942, H. A. Scullen (Washington). 4, Uvalde,
Tex., June 18, 1920, Wickham (Cambridge).
5. HYPTIA FLORIDANA Ashmead
FIcurE 44, e
Hyptia floridana ASHMEAD, Can. Ent., vol. 33, p. 303, 1901. Lectotype hereby
selected: ¢, Biscayne Bay, Fla. (Washington).
Mesoscutum about 0.54 as long as wide; forewing about 2.3 mm.
long.
Forewing about 2.3 mm. long; punctures on frons tending to form
transverse rows, the rows separated by about 0.6 the diameter of the
punctures; seventh flagellar segment of male about 1.33 as long as
wide, of female about 1.0 as long as wide; central 0.6 of mesoscutum
reduced so that it is not visible from above; mesoscutum in dorsal
view about 0.54 as long as wide, its punctures separated by about 0.5
their diameter; mesopleurum with an impression in its median pos-
terior corner, its lower swollen part with only fine punctures or with
a very few medium-sized punctures intermingled (fig. 44, e) ; under
side of hind femur with small punctures, its impunctate area extend-
ing from near its middle to the apex; longer spur of hind tibia about
1.15 as long as the shorter spur and about 0.47 as long as the hind
basitarsus; first tergite with moderately coarse oblique striae and
scattered oblique punctures.
Black or piceous. Mandible, tegula, tibial spurs, and front and
middle tarsi fulvous to brownish fulvous; front and middle legs more
or less tinged with fulvous in the male, definitely fulvous in the female.
In the female the scape, basal flagellar segments, and apical 0.4 of first
tergite are more or less definitely fulvous. Two specimens from
Guatemala and Panama have the head and thorax largely ferruginous.
Specimens.— 6, Jacksonville, Fla. (paratype, Washington). 2
6 8,3 2 9, feeding on petiolar nodules of Ricinus communis, Miami,
Fla., October 3, 1918 (Washington). @, Miami, Fla. (New York).
8, De Witt, Ga., June 8, 1914, C. S. Spooner (Ithaca). ¢, Tallulah,
La. (Washington). ¢, Concepcion, 1,400 feet, Guatemala, C. N.
Ainslie (Washington). ¢@, Porto Bello, Panama, March 6, 1911,
K. A. Schwartz (Washington).
6. HYPTIA OBLONGA, new species
Ficure 44, f
Mesopleurum just below the oblique carina with oblique rugae;
mesoscutum about 0.90 as long as wide.
Forewing 2.6 to 3.7 mm. long; punctures on frons separated by
about 0.2 to 0.4 their diameter; seventh segment of flagellum of male
THE NEARCTIC EVANIIDAE—TOWNES 539
about 1.5 as long as wide, of female about 1.2 as long as wide; median
part of pronotum as seen from above with a narrow upper face; meso-
scutum in dorsal view about 0.90 as long as wide, its punctures sepa-
rated by about 0.33 their diameter in larger specimens and by about
0.67 their diameter in smaller specimens; mesopleurum with an im-
pression in its median posterior corner, with oblique ridges near its
upper posterior margin, and in larger specimens with some large
punctures on its lower swollen part (fig. 44, /); under side of hind
femur with small and moderately small punctures, it impunctate area
extending from about its middle to the apex; longer spur of hind
tibia about 1.2 as long as the shorter spur and about 0.40 as long as
the hind basitarsus; first tergite with scattered oblique punctures and
a very fine sculpture that gives it an opaque glaucous surface.
Black or largely ferruginous. In a black specimen the mandible
except basally, tegula, front tibia and tarsus, and middle tarsus are
fulvous, and the apical 0.3 of first tergite is tinged with ferruginous.
All specimens but one from Mexico have more or less extensive ferru-
ginous coloration, as noted under the generic description.
Type— % , Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., July 20, 1937, D. J. and J.N.
Knull (Washington). U.S.N.M. No. 58750.
Paratypes—?, Evergreen, Ala., August 2 (Washington). ¢,
Spring Creek, Decatur County, Ga., July 16 to 29, 1912 (Ithaca).
3, Suerre, Atlantic side, Costa Rica, July 20, 1928, A. Alfaro (Wash-
ington). 3, Cuernavaca, Mexico, November 4, 1922, E. C. Smyth
(Washington).
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INDEX
(New genera, species, etc., are printed in italics)
abdominale, Toxoneuron, 231.
abdominalis, Cardiochiles, 231, 265.
Toxoneura, 231.
abildgaardi, Sparisoma, 177.
Sparus, 177.
Abudefduf, 176.
saxatilis, 176.
abyssalis, Anelassorhynchus, 481, 495.
Acanthinevania, 527.
Acanthobonellia, 491, 492.
Acanthoelinus, 178.
chaperi, 178.
Acanthocybium, 180, 181.
solandri, 181.
Acanthohamingia, 490.
Acanthuridae, 165.
Acanthurus, 165.
hepatus, 165.
Acara bimaculata, 175.
diadema, 171.
nassa, 170.
pulchra, 172.
tetramerus, 170, 171.
vittata, 172.
Acaridae, 268.
Acaronia, 166, 170.
nassa, 170.
Acaropsis (fish) 170.
Acaropsis (mite), 267, 269, 312.
callida, 318, 315.
docta, 313, 314.
kulagini, 312, 313.
mericourti, 312, 313.
nassa, 170.
rufus, 312, 314.
sollers, 312, 314.
travisi, 312, 313.
Acarus eruditus, 275, 278.
lepidopterorum, 302.
squamosus, 297, 301.
acer, Cheletes, 286.
Cheyletus, 277, 286.
Acer pennsylvanicum, 382.
rubrum, 382.
Aceria ficus, 294.
sheldoni, 306, 309.
Achiridae, 9, 190.
achirus, Pleuronectes, 191.
Achirus, 9, 191.
achirus maculipennis, 190, 191.
fasciatus, 191.
lineatus, 191.
Acmaeodera, 335.
aeneicollis, 342.
danforthi, 345.
956645—52——2
Acmaeodera faceta, 341.
flavomarginata, 348.
horni, 334.
knabi, 337.
meridionalis, 345.
monticola, 341.
neglecta, 337.
neoneglecta, 336.
oawacae, 340.
ruricola, 333.
rustica, 338.
serena, 342.
Striata, 844.
subeylindrica, 346.
tubulus, 339.
unicolor, 335.
wheeleri, 338.
acoupa, Cheilodipterus, 159.
Cynoscion, 159, 162.
acrostichoides, Polystichum, 382.
Acrotona, 476.
Actinopterygii, 33.
acus, Forlowella, 77.
Syngnathus, 101.
acuticollis, Pelioptera, 474.
Acyrtus, 198.
adela, Apheloria, 372.
Adenops, 102, 104.
analis, 102-105 (fig.), 106.
Adontosternarchus, 58.
sachsi, 74.
adscensionis, Epinephalus, 120.
Trachinus, 120.
aeneicollis, Acmaeodera, 342,
aeneipennis, Philonthus, 467.
aeneocupreus, Taphrocerus, 349, 350.
aequatorialis, Artibeus lituratus, 447.
aequatoris, Lonchoglossa caudifera,
439.
Aequidens, 166, 170.
latifrons, 171.
mariae, 171.
metae, 171.
potaroensis, 171.
puleher, 171.
tetramerus, 171-173, 175.
vittata, 171, 172.
Aetobatus, 32.
narinari, 32.
affinis, Promops, 452.
afra, Evania (Prosevania), 52S.
africanus, Corycaeus, 325.
agassizii, Miilleria, 401.
541
042
agilis, Lichomolgus, 396, 401.
Philonthus, 468.
Agonostomus, 111.
monticola, 10, 110, 111.
telfairii, 111.
Agrilus kalshoveni, 361.
aigula, Lachnolaimus, 176.
alacer, Cheletes, 285,
Cheyletus, 277, 285.
alba, Crocethia, 309, 310.
Motaeilla, 275.
Quercus, 382.
albifrons, Apteronotus, 68, 69, 72.
Gymnotus, 68, 69.
Sternarchus, 69.
albigula, Thyroptera tricolor, 450.
albiventer, Hyonycteris, 450.
Noctilio, 434.
Thyroptera, 450.
Thyroptera tricolor, 450, 451.
albiventris, Noctilio, 434.
Albula, 34.
nemoptera, 35.
vulpes, 34.
Albulidae, 34.
alburnus, Perea, 152.
alecocki, Periclimenes, 521.
Sabellaria, 504.
Alectis, 123.
Aleochara formosae, 476.
parens, 476.
(Euryodma) praesul, 477.
sp., 477.
Algon grandicollis, 469.
alienus, Stenus, 462, 463.
Allopoecilia, 98.
caucana, 98,
Alpheidae, 522.
alta, Crenicichla, 168.
altum, Pterophyllum, 167.
Amalosoma, 490.
amazonica, Clupea, 36.
Rhinosardinia, 36.
Sciaena, 154.
amazonicus, Corycaeus, 325.
Corycaeus (Ditrichocorycaeus),
321.
amblyopsis, Culius, 184.
Eleotris, 184.
amblyotis, Phyllostoma, 436.
Tonatia, 436.
americana, Cheyletiella, 271.
Ewingella, 270, 271.
americanus, Corycaeus (Ditrichocory-
caeus), 321.
americanus, Cyprinus, 152.
Equetus, 163.
Histiophorus, 182.
Istiophorus, 182.
Amichrotus apicipennis, 468.
Amorphacarus, 267.
amploris, Coquetaia, 173, 175.
Anablepidae, 84.
anableps, Cobitis, 84.
Anableps, 84.
microlepis, 81, 85.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
| analis, Adenops, 102-105 (fig.), 106.
Lutianus, 131.
Lutjanus, 131.
Mesoprion, 131.
anas, Apteronotus, 72.
anax, Cheletopsis, 309.
Anchoa, 9, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47.
| argenteus, 42, 45 (fig.), 46, 47.
| ginsburgi, 42) 43.
| januaria, 43, 44.
lyolepis, 42, 43.
| parva, 42, 43.
Spinifer, 42, 46, 47.
tricolor, 42, 43.
trinitatis, 42, 44, 45 (fig.), 46.
| Anchoas, 37.
; anchovia, Sardinelia, 35.
| Anchovia, 38.
clupeoides, 38-41.
nigra, 39, 40 (fig.), 41.
pallida, 48.
parva, 43.
trinitatis, 44.
in
Anchoviella, 38, 47.
blackburni, 44, 47, 48.
| estauquae, 47.
| guianensis, 47, 48.
| pallida, 47, 48.
j venezuelae, 48.
Anchovies, 9, 37.
Ancistrus brevifilis bodenhameri, 77.
brevifilis brevifilis, 76.
Ancylodon, 158.
ancylodon, Lonchurus, 158.
Macrodon, 151, 158.
andersoni, Artibeus cinereus, 449.
andinus, Eptesicus, 451.
Eptesicus brasiliensis, 451.
Anelassorhynchus, 480, 482.
abyssalis, 481, 495.
branchiorhynchus, 481.
dendrorhynchus, 481.
inanensis, 481.
marshalli, 481.
microrhynchus, 481.
moebii, 481.
mucosus, 481.
porcellus, 481.
sabinus, 481.
semoni, 481.
vegrandis, 481.
Anemonia sp., 400.
anemoniae, Paranthessius,
397—400.
angusticollis, Coenonica, 472.
angustipennis, Paederus, 466.
animosa, Cheletopsis, 309, 310.
Anisotremus, 182, 134.
surinamensis, 134.
Annelid, A new marine, from Florida,
508.
annularis, Sparus, 137.
annulator, Megischus, 363.
anomala, Nannacara, 170.
Anomognathus armatus, 473.
Antennarioidea, 203.
393, 394,
INDEX
Anthessius, 393, 398.
Anthias jocu, 180.
macrophthalmus, 121.
saponaceus, 120.
striatus, 121.
Anthobium (Eusphalerum) formosae,
460.
solitare, 460.
antidysenterica, Brucea, 500.
antillanus, Conodon, 134.
antrostomicola, Apheloria, 372, 3877, 378.
Apheloria, 372, 379.
adela, 372.
antrostomico?a, 372, 377, 378.
aspila, 374.
coriacea, 372, 374.
kleinpeteri, 3875.
picta, 374, 376, 387.
trimaculata, 378.
virginica, 374.
apicale, Toxoneuron, 282.
apicalis, Cardiochiles, 232, 264.
Toxoneura, 232.
apicipennis, Amichrotus, 468.
apoda, Perea, 1380.
Apodoidea, 77.
apodus, Lutjanus, 130.
Aporiaria carolina, 379.
appendigaster, Evania, 527, 528.
Ichneumon, 526, 527.
Apseudidae, 509.
Apteronotus, 58, 68, 71.
albifrons, 68, 69, 72.
anas, 72.
cuchillo, 57, 69, 72.
leptorhynchus, 57, 68, 69, 71.
passau, 68.
Aradus varius, 304.
Araeocerus fasciatus, 285.
Aramus guarauna, 315.
scolopaceus, 315.
Arbaciosa, 199, 201.
fasciata, 199, 201.
Archibonellia, 491.
Archomenidia sallei, 104.
Archosargus, 137.
aries, 136, 1387.
unimaculatus, 136, 187.
Areos, 201.
arctica, Hamingia, 490.
areticus, Galeocerdo, 20.
Squalus, 20.
arenarius, Cynoscion, 162.
arenatus, Priacanthus, 121.
Rypticus, 120.
argentea, Sciaena, 133.
Selene, 126.
argenteus, Anchoa, 42, 45 (fig.), 46, 47.
argenteus, Diplodus, 136, 137.
Eucinostomus, 10, 158-141.
Sargus, 137.
Sparus, 136.
argus, Cephalopholis, 121.
argyroleucus. Bodianus, 157.
arhynchite, Arhynchite, 486, 489.
Thalassema, 485.
543
Arhynchite, 479, 480, 482, 485.
arhynchite, 486, 489.
californicus, 485-489, 495.
inamoenus, 485-487, 489.
pugettensis, 485, 487, 489, 496.
aries, Archosargus, 136, 137.
Sargus, 137.
Ariidae, 10.
arisanus, Stenus (Hemistenus), 462.
Arizona, Pima County meteorite, 358.
arizonicus, Megischus, 364, 368.
arkati, Ochetostoma, 481.
armatus, Anomognathus, 473.
artedi, Hypopomus, 65, 67.
Artibeus, 445, 446, 448, 449.
cinereus, 448, 449.
cinereus andersoni, 449. -
cinereus bogotensis, 447-449.
cinereus cinereus, 449.
cinereus glaucus, 449.
cinereus jucundiin, 449.
cinereus phaeotis, 449.
cinereus pumilio, 449.
cinereus rava, 449.
cinereus rosenbergi, 449.
cinereus toltecus, 449.
cinereus watsoni, 449.
femurvillosum, 445.
jamaicensis, 444-448.
jamaicensis fraterculus,. 447.
jamaicensis grenadensis, 447.
jamaicensis jamaicensis, 444, 446.
jamaicensis palmarum, 445.
jamaicensis parvipes, 446.
jamaicensis planirostris, 447.
jamaicensis trinitatis, 447.
jamaicensis yueatanicus, 446.
lituratus, 446, 447.
lituratus aequatorialis, 447.
lituratus dominicanus, 447.
lituratus fallax, 447.
lituratus lituratus, 447.
lituratus palmarum, 445, 447, 448.
lituratus praeceps, 447.
palmarum, 445, 447.
planirostris, 444446.
planirostris planirostris, 445.
rosenbergi, 448.
toltecus, 448, 449.
toltecus rayus, 448, 449.
vittatus, 4438.
arugosus, Cardiochiles, 233, 234, 265.
aseensionis, Holocentrus, 99.
Perea, 99.
asper, [Prochilodus], 55.
Aspidiotus uvae, 299.
aspila, Apheloria, 374.
Astenus sp., 467.
asterias, Urotrygon, 26.
Atalapha pallescens, 452.
Atherina brasiliensis, 107.
Atherinidae, 10, 102, 106.
atherinoides, Clupea, 48.
Pterengraulis, 48, 50, 51.
Atheta (Liogluta) formosae, 473.
(Liogluta) hypnorum, 473.
544
Atheta (Chaetida) longicornis, 474.
(Metaxya) lucidula, 4738.
(Metaxya) pseudoelongatula, 473.
(Coprothassa) sordida, 474.
sp., 474.
(Aloconota) sp., 4738.
(Chaetida) sp., 474.
atlanticus, Megalops, 33.
Tarpon, 9, 33.
atro-signatus, Tachygonus, 221 (fig.).
audax, Cheletes, 285.
Cheyletus, 277, 285.
auratum, Plagioscion, 154.
auratus, Diapterus, 141.
Johnius, 154.
Mullus, 163.
Mullus barbatus, 163.
aurita, Sardinella, 35.
auritus, Chrotopterus, 4386.
aurorubens, Centropristes, 131.
Rhomboplites, 1381.
australis, Leucosticte, 273.
Austrobonellia, 491.
Austrofundulus, 82, 85, 89.
_ gtagnalis, 82, 86-89 (fig.).
transilis, 85-88.
transilis limnaeus, 82, 85 (fig.), 86,
87.
transilis transilis, 82, 85, 88.
Auxis, 179.
aversor, Cheyletus, 276, 283.
Awaous, 186.
tajasica, 187.
awlaec, Eugerres, 145, 147 (fig.), 148.
aya, Bodianus, 1381.
Lutianus, 131.
Lutjanus, 131.
aztecus, Molossus, 454.
Baginia tenuis evidens, 311.
tenuis lowii, 312.
Bagreidae, 10.
Bagres, 75.
bahamensis, Listriolobus, 482, 483.
Bairdiella, 157.
chrysura, 157 (fig.).
ronchus, 151.
Baker, Edward W., on A review of the
mites of the family Cheyletidae in the
U. S. National Museum, 267.
bakeri, Tarsonemus, 306.
Balistes, 192.
vetula, 192.
Balistidae, 192.
Balistoidea, 192.
barbatus, Mullus, 163.
3arbouria, 522.
Tvarbudos, 115.
harklyi, Coracopsis nigra, 286.
barracuda, Esox, 109.
Sphyraena, 109.
basilica, Cheletopsis, 309, 310.
Basses, sea, 117.
batabanus, Johnius, 162.
hbatesii, Engraulis, 51.
Lycengraulis, 50, 51.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL
MUSEUM VOL. 99
Batfishes, 2Us.
Bathygobius, 10, 186.
soporator, 186.
Bathypalaemonella, 517, 518, 521, 522.
pandaloides, 517, 518, 520 (fig.),
521.
pandaloides, Redescription of, with
remarks on the family Campylo-
notidae, 517.
zimmeri, 517, 519, 521, 522.
Bathystoma, 132, 134.
rimator, 134.
Batoidea, 21.
Batrachoidea, 202.
Batrachoides, 202.
surinamensis, 202.
tau, 202.
Batrachoididae, 202.
Batrachus surinamensis, 202.
Bats (Chiroptera) of northern Colom-
bia, 429.
beauchampi, Cheyletus, 276, 282.
beaufortensis, Sabellaria vulgaris, 504.
beebei, Hypopomus, 56, 66 (fig.), 67.
beecheyi, Citellus, 281.
Beetles, New buprestid, from Mexico,
Central and South America, and
the West Indies, 327.
staphylinid, New species and rec-
ords of, from Formosa, Japan,
and South China, 455.
bella, Sabellaria, 504.
bellis, Sabellaria, 504.
Belone guianensis, 79.
raphidoma, 80.
strongylura, 79.
taeniata, 79.
Belonidae, 9, 79.
beltii, Euplectalecia, 347.
beniensis, Rivulus, 91.
benthophila, Prometor, 492, 496.
berlesei, Cheletes, 293.
Cheletomimus, 293.
Berycoidea, 99.
beryllinus, Gobiesox, 198.
Deta, Serranus, 119.
bicolor, Megischus, 364, 366.
Megischus bicolor, 364, 367.
Quercus, 867.
Stephanus, 361, 367, 368.
bicolor, Tachygonus, 214 (fig.), 215.
bidentatus, Tachygonus, 225.
bigelowi, Sphyrna, 20.
Big-eyes, 121.
biimpressus, TJ'rogophloeus, 460.
bilineata, Saccopteryx, 429.
bilineatus, Urocryptus, 431.
bilobatum, Uroderma, 442.
bimaculata, Acara, 175.
bimaculatum, Cichlasoma, 175.
bimaculatus, Halichoeres, 176.
Labrius, 175.
bipustulatum, Conosoma, 470.
' birostris, Manta, 32.
VATA ions
bishoppi, Bucheyletia, 294, 295, 297.
blackburni, Anchoviella, 44, 47, 48.
INDEX
blackburni, Coleotropis, 102, 103,
108, 109 (fig.).
Blatta orientalis, 527, 528.
Bledius gigantulus, 461.
kosempoensis, 461.
lucidus, 462.
bleekeriana, Chirocentrodon, 37.
Pellona, 387.
Blennies, 178.
Blennioidea, 178.
bodenhameri, Ancistrus breviltilis, 77.
bodianus, Bodianus, 176.
Bodianus, 176.
3odianus argyroleucus, 157.
aya, 131.
bodianus, 176.
rufus, 176.
stellifer, 156.
bogotensis, Artibeus cinereus, 447-449.
Sturnira lilium, 441, 442,
boleosoma, Gobionellus, 186.
Gobius, 186.
bolitobioides, Mycetoporus, 469.
bonariense, Haemulon, 135.
bondae, Molossus, 454.
Myotis, 451.
bondari, Tachygonus, 220, 222.
tondi, Rivulus, 83, 90-93 (fig.),
Bonefish, 34.
Bonellia, 491.
Bonelliidae, 479, 482, 489, 490, 492.
Bonelliopsis, 491.
Bonito, 180.
Bony fishes, 33.
Boraria, 379.
earolina, 374, 379.
Borolinus minutus, 456.
Bothidae, 9, 189.
Bothriocerus, 363.
europoeus, 363.
Brachida sp., 473.
Brachoria, 379.
ethotela, 379.
initialis, 379.
Brachycybe sp., 388.
Brachygaster reticulata, 535, 536.
Brachygenys, 182.
106,
94.
Bracon (Toxoneuron) explorator, 239.
tibiator, 259.
(Toxoneuron) tibiator, 259.
(Toxoneuron) viator, 262.
Braconidae, 229, 362.
branchiorhynchus, Anelassorhynchus,
481.
Thalassema, 480.
brasilianus, Eugerres, 145, 146.
brasiliensis, Atherina, 107.
Eptesicus, 451.
Esox, 81.
Hemiramphus, 81.
Hemirhamphus, 81
Mugil, 10, 111, 114.
Narcine, 33.
Thrina, 107.
Torpedo, 33.
Xenomelaniris, 102, 103, 106, 107.
956645—52——_3
545
breviealear, Hyptia, 534.
brevicauda, Hemiderma, 440.
breviceps, Evorthodus, 185.
Larimus, 152, 163.
brevifilis, Ancistrus brevifilis, 76.
brevipennis, Holosus, 457.
brevirostris, Cormura, 433.
Emballonura, 433.
Hypopomus, 65-67.
brevis, Rivulus, 94.
brevitarsis, Cardiochiles, 235, 266.
brimleii, Deltotaria, 879, 380.
brownii, Solea, 191.
Trinectes maculatus, 190, 191.
Vomer, 125.
Brucea antidysenterica, 500.
brunneipennis, Polycesta, 329.
brunneus, Megischus, 364, 369.
buchanani, Tachygonus, 214 (fig.).
buckneri, Cheletogenes, 305, 308.
burmiticus, Cheyletus, 287.
burnsi, Molossus, 454.
butcheri, Pseudopimelodus villosus, 76.
butleri, Cheyletus, 276.
Polydesmus, 389.
Zinaria, 389.
Butterfly-fishes, 164.
cachuamilpensis,
282.
Caenocheyletes franseni, 269.
caetrata, Ceratitis (Ceratitis), 499, 501.
caffra, Coptorthosoma, 290.
calamus, Calamus, 136.
Pagellus, 136.
Calamus, 136.
calamus, 136.
megacephalus, 136.
calanealae, Myxus, 112.
calidris, Totanus, 309, 310.
californianus, Mytilus, 515.
californica, Evania, 530.
Evaniella, 529, 5380.
Scrupocellaria, 515.
Toxoneura, 236.
californicus, Arhynchite, 485-489, 495.
Megischus, 364.
ealifornicus, Cardiochiles, 286, 265.
Callichthys callichthys, 76.
callida, Acaropsis, 313, 315.
Callosciurus prevostii rubiventer, 312.
sladeni midas, 281.
ealnaensis, Paralabrax, 119.
Calymmaderus sp., 292.
camara, Lantana, 300.
Cameron, Malcolm, on New species and
records of staphylinid beetles from
Formosa, Japan, and south China,
455.
camposi, Polycesta, 327.
Campylonotidae, 517, 522.
Redescription of the shrimp Bathy-
palaemonellapandaloides
(Rathbun) with remarks on the
family, 517.
Campylonotus, 521, 522.
Cheyletus, 268, 276,
546
canadensis, Cheyletiella, 272.
Megischus, 367.
Neocheyletiella, 271, 272.
Tsuga, 382.
canadus, Gasterosteus, 122.
Rachycentron, 122.
eancriformis, Eutarsus, 275, 278.
eanescens, Saccopteryx, 432.
canina, Peropteryx, 432.
canis, Mustelus, 20.
Canthigaster, 193, 196.
rostratus, 196.
capistratus, Chaetodon, 164.
capitata, Ceratitis, 499.
caracasensis, Hemiloricaria, 77.
Loriecaria, 77.
Carangidae, 10, 122.
carangus, Scomber, 124.
Caranx, 123, 124.
(Trachurops) crumenophthalmus,
124.
erysos, 124, 125.
dumerili, 129.
hippos, 124, 125.
latus, 124, 125.
carapo, Gymnotus, 74.
earapus, Sternopygus, 59.
Carapus fasciatus, 74.
Carcharias [Scoliodon] laticaudus, 19.
(Scoliodon) terrae-novae, 19.
Cardiochiles, The species of ichneu-
mon-fiies of the genus occurring in
America north of Mexico, 229.
Cardiochiles, 229, 230, 264.
abdominalis, 231, 265.
apicalis, 232, 264.
arugosus, 233, 234, 265.
arugosus pullus, 234, 265.
brevitarsis, 235, 266.
californicus, 236, 265.
dignus, 237, 265.
dilatus, 238, 265.
explorator, 239, 264.
floridanus, 240.
insculptus, 240, 241, 264.
levis, 242, 264.
magnus, 243, 256, 265.
minutus, 244, 264.
nebrascensis, 245, 265.
nigricans, 246, 265.
nigriceps, 229, 247, 255, 266.
nigroclypeus, 230, 247, 265.
orizabae, 248, 264.
pluto, 249, 265.
rubicundus, 250, 265.
rubidus, 235, 251, 265.
rufostigma, 252, 265.
seminiger, 247, 253, 266.
seminigrum, 244.
tennessensis, 254, 266.
texensis, 255, 265.
therberiae, 257, 264.
thoracicus, 258, 264.
tibiator, 259, 264.
transversus, 260, 265.
truncus, 261, 265.
viator, 247, 262.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
Cardiochilinae, 229, 230.
Cardium edule, 401, 402.
ecarica, Ficus, 294,
carnifex, Cheyletus, 277, 286.
carolina, Aporiaria, 379.
Boraria, 374, 379.
carolinensis, Sciurus, 278.
carolinus, Gasterosteus, 127.
Trachinotus, 126, 127.
Carollia castanea, 440.
perspicillata, 440.
perspicillata perspicillata, 440.
Carp, 75.
carpio, Cyprinus, 75.
caseyi, Tachygonus, 219.
eastanea, Carollia, 440.
castaneum, Hemiderma, 440.
castelnaui, Paralabrax, 119.
Catfishes, 10, 75, 76.
eatoirei, Ceratitis, 499.
caucae, Phyllostomus hastatus, 437.
caucana, Allopoecilia, 98.
Girardinus, 98.
Mollienisia, 84, 96, 98.
caudifer, Glossophaga, 439.
caudifera, Lonchoglossa caudifera, 4389.
caudimaculata, Strongylura, 79.
caurae, Phyllostomus hastatus, 437.
cavalla, Secomberomorus, 181.
cavifrons, Diagramma, 133.
cayennensis, Citharichthys, 189.
Otolithus, 160.
cementarium, Sabellaria, 504, 506.
Central America, new buprestid beetles
from, 327.
Centropomidae, 10, 115.
Centropomus, 115.
ensiferus, 115, 116.
parallelus, 115.
pectinatus, 115.
undecimalis, 115, 116.
Centropristes aurorubens, 131.
Cephalacanthoidea, 189.
Cephalopholis, 121.
argus, 121.
fulvus, 121.
fulvus punctatus, 121.
Cephalopterus manta, 32.
cephalus, Gobiesox, 10, 201, 202.
Mugil, 110, 112.
Ceratitis, 499.
(Ceratitis)
(fig.).
eapitata, 499.
eatoirei, 499.
malgassa, 499.
Cetengraulis, 37, 38, 54.
edentulus, 54.
mysticetus, 54.
Chaetodipterus, 164.
faber, 164.
plumierii, 164.
Chaetodon, 164.
capistratus, 164.
faber, 164.
glaucus, 127.
caetrata, 499, 501
Chaetodon lanceolatus, 163.
saxatilis, 176.
schal, 165.
striatus, 164.
Chaetodontidae, 164.
Chaetostoma dupouii, 77.
ehanayi, Neocheyletiella, 271, 274.
chaperi, Acanthoclinus, 178.
Paraclinus, 178, 179.
Characinidae, 55.
Characinoidea, 55.
Cheilodipterus acoupa, 159.
Chelacaropsis, 267, 269, 315.
moorei, 315.
Cheletes, 275.
acer, 286.
alacer, 285.
audax, 285.
berlesei, 293.
eruditus, 278, 280, 287.
fortis, 280.
intrepidus, 286.
malaccensis, 284.
rapax, 284.
saevus, 287.
schneideri, 281.
strenuus, 280.
trouessarti, 280.
vorax, 286.
Cheletia, 297.
flabellifera, 295, 298.
ornatus, 305.
squamosa, 301.
Cheletiella, 270.
heteropalpus, 272.
macronycha, 272.
microrhyncha, 272.
parasitivorax, 270.
pinguis, 275.
Cheletogenes, 267, 269, 304, 805.
buckneri, 305. 308.
oaklandia, 305, 306, 308.
ornatus, 305, 306.
quadrisetosus, 305, 307, 308.
traubi, 305, 307.
Cheletoides, 267, 269, 275.
uncinata, 275.
uncinatus, 275.
Cheletomimus, 267-269, 293.
berlesei, 293.
ornatus, 293, 306.
trux; 2983.
Cheletomorpha, 267, 269, 302.
lepidopterorum, 289, 302, 303.
orientalis, 303.
venustissima, 302.
Cheletonella, 267-269, 292, 298.
rugosa, 292.
vespertilionis, 292.
Cheletophanes, 267, 269, 293, 303.
montandoni, 308, 304.
peregrinus, 308, 304.
Cheletophyes, 267, 269, 287, 288.
haweaiiensis, 268, 288-290.
marshaili, 288, 290.
philippinensis, 288.
INDEX 547
Cheletophyes semenovi, 288, 290.
vitzthumi, 287, 288, 290.
Cheletopsis, 267-269, 309.
anax, 309.
animosa, 309, 310.
basilica, 309, 310.
impavida, 309, 310.
magnanima, 309, 310.
major, 309.
norneri, 309, 310.
Cheletosoma, 267, 269, 315.
tyrannus, 315.
Chelonotus, 267, 269, 310, 311.
ewingt, 311.
oudemansi, 311.
selenirhynehus, 310-312.
Cheyletia, 267, 269, 294, 297.
harpyia, 294.
laureata, 301.
pyriformis, 297, 298.
squamosa, 268, 292, 298, 301.
virginiensis, 297, 299.
wellsi, 298, 300.
Cheyletidae, 167, 275.
A review of the mites of the family,
in the United States National
Museum, 267.
Cheyletiella, 267, 269, 270, 271.
americana, 271.
canadensis, 272.
heteropalpus, 272.
microrhyneha, 272.
parasitivorax, 270, 271.
pinguis, 275.
Cheyletus, 167, 267, 269, 275, 276.
acer, 277, 286.
alacer, 277, 285.
audax, 277, 285.
aversor, 276, 283.
beauchampi, 276, 282.
burmiticus, 287.
butleri, 276.
cachuamilpensis, 268, 276, 282.
carnifex, 277, 286.
clavispinus, 287.
eocciphilus, 305.
davisi, 276, 283.
dagocta, 314.
doddi, 276, 279.
eburneus, 278.
eruditus, 275-279, 287.
ferox, 277, 278, 286.
flabellifer, 295.
(Cheyletia) flabellifer, 295.
fortis, 276, 277, 280.
furibundus, 278, 286.
hendersoni, 276, 279, 280.
heteropalpus, 272.
intrepidus, 277, 286.
laureata, 297.
linsdalei, 276, 281.
longipalpus, 298.
longipes, 302.
(Eucheyla) loricata, 290, 291.
macrocherus, 280.
macronycha, 272.
548
Cheyletus major, 309.
malaccensis, 277, 281, 284, 285.
montandoni, 3038.
munroi, 276.
nigripes, 287.
norneri, 309, 310.
ornatus, 293, 305.
parasitivorax, 270.
parumsetosus, 276, 319.
praedabundis, 278, 287.
promptus, 276, 319.
pyriformis, 298.
rabiosus, 277, 286.
rapax, 277, 284, 285.
rufus, 302.
saceardianus, 305.
saevus, 287.
scehneideri, 276, 281.
seminivorus, 278, 302.
sp., 268.
squamosa, 301.
strenuus, 276, 280.
trouessarti, 276, 277, 280.
trux, 276, 277, 282.
venator, 277, 286.
venustissima, 302.
vorax, 277, 286.
Chilonycteris rubiginosa, 434, 435.
rubiginosa fusca, 434, 435.
China, new species and records of sta-
pbylinid beetles from south, 455.
chinensis, Eupiestus, 455.
chiriquinus, Eptesicus, 451.
Chirocentrodon, 35, 37.
bleekeriana, 37.
taeniatus, 37.
Chiroderma jesupi, 444.
Chiroptera, of northern Colombia, 429,
Chivo, 164.
Chlamys opercularis, 402.
Chloroscombrus, 123, 126.
chrysurus, 126.
Chorinemus palometa, 128.
saliens palometa, 128.
Chriopeoides, 95.
pengelleyi, 95.
Chrotopterus auritus, 436.
chrysopterus, Perea, 133.
chrysura, Bairdiella, 157 (fig.).
chrysurus, Chloroscombrus, 126.
Dipterodon, 157.
Ocyurus, 131.
Scomber, 126.
Sparus, 131.
Cichla, 165, 166.
ocellaris, 166.
temensis, 166.
Cichlasoma, 166, 175.
bimaculatum, 175.
kraussi, 173.
psittacum, 175.
Cichlaurus, 175.
Cichlidae, 165.
Cichlosoma kraussi, 173.
cinctipes, Stephanus, 362.
Schlettererius, 362.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
cinereus, Artibeus, 448, 449.
Artibeus cinereus, 449.
Gerres, 141.
Mugil, 141.
cirratum, Ginglymostoma, 19.
cirratus, Nebrius, 19.
Squalus, 19.
cirrhosa, Sciaena, 153.
cirrhosus, Trachops, 437.
Vampyrus, 487.
Citellus beecheyi, 281.
Citharichthys, 9, 189.
cayennensis, 189.
spilopterus, 189.
clathratus, Paralabrax, 119.
clavispinus, Cheyletus, 287.
claytonii, Gobionellus, 186.
Gobius, 186.
Clingfishes, 10, 198.
Clinidae, 178.
Clinus delalandii, 179.
nigripinnis, 178.
nuchipinnis, 178.
pectinifer, 178.
Clupea amazonica, 36.
atherinoides, 48.
clupeola, 36.
Clupeidae, 35.
Clupeoidea, 33.
clupeoides, Anchovia, 38-41.
Engraulis, 39.
clupeola, Clupea, 36.
Harengula, 36.
Cobitis anableps, 84.
cocciphilus, Cheyletus, 305.
Coccoidea, 268.
coelebs, Fringilla, 275.
Coenonica angusticollis, 472.
formosae, 472.
lewisia, 472.
philippina, 472.
coffini, Trachops, 438.
Cofres, 192.
cognatus, Oxytelus, 461.
coibensis, Molossus, 454.
Coleotropis, 107.
blackburni, 102, 103, 106, 108, 109
(fig.).
starksi, 103, 106, 107.
Colomesus, 193, 196.
psittacus, 197.
columbiae, Paranthessius, 393, 400, 402,
403 (fig.), 404 (fig.), 412, 418,
416-418, 422, 423, 425, 426.
Pseudolichomolgus, 394, 398, 402.
communis, Ricinus, 538.
compressus, Engraulis, 42.
Odontognathus, 36.
comptus, Tachygonus, 218, 219 (fig.).
concinna, Falagria, 473.
conclusa, Sigmoria, 388, 389.
concolor, Nebrius, 19.
conirostris, Higenmannia, 57, 63, 64.
Conodon, 1382, 134.
antillanus, 134.
nobilis, 134.
INDEX
Conosoma bipustulatum, 470.
formosanum, 469.
parvulum, 469.
plagiatum, 469.
sp., 470.
testaceum, 469.
conradi, Pygidium, 76.
Conurus cruentata, 285.
049
Crenicichla macrophthalma, 167-169.
orinocensis, 166.
saxatilis, 168, 169.
vittata, 167.
wallacii, 168, 169.
| eristatus, Pavo, 275.
_ Croakers, 10, 150.
| Crocethia alba, 309, 310.
Copepod, A new species of Corycaeus crocro, Pomadasys 133.
from the North American coast,
ool
A review of Paranthessius Claus,
391.
coprophagus, Pimelodus clarias, 76.
Coproporus formosae, 470.
melanarius, 470.
sp., 470.
Coptorthosoma caffra, 290.
Coquetaia, 173.
amploris, 178, 175.
Coracopsis nigra barklyi, 286.
eoriacea, Apheloria, 372, 374.
Fontaria, 374.
Cormura brevirostris, 433.
Cornetfishes, 99.
eornubica, Lamna, 19.
cornubicus, Squalus, 19.
Corocoro, 135.
coroides, Umbrina, 150, 153.
coronata, Deltotaria, 380.
Corvina ronchus, 157.
Corvinata, 154.
Corvula, 162.
sanctae-luciae, 152, 162.
Corycaeidae, 321.
Corycaeus, A new species of copepod
of the genus from the North Amer-
ican coast, 321.
Corycaeus, 321.
africanus, 325.
amazonicus, 825.
(Ditrichecorycaeus) amazonicus,
Sole
(Ditrichocorycaeus) americanus,
321.
farrani, 325.
lubbockii, 321, 325.
Coryphaena, 129.
hippurus, 129.
Coryphaenidae, 129.
cosmopolita, Seriola, 126.
Cossyphus rufus, 176.
Cotylis, 202.
nigripinnis, 202.
nigripinnis nigripinnis, 200, 202.
nuda, 202.
Crabeater, 122.
crassicaudatus, Molossus, 453, 454.
erassicornis, Oxytelus, 461.
Creagrutops, 8.
Crenicichla, 165, 167.
alta, 168.
geayi, 168, 169.
johanna, 167, 168.
lacustris, 167.
lugubris, 168, 170.
Pristipoma, 138.
eroicensis, Searus, 177.
crossulus, Etropus, 190.
eruentata, Conurus, 285.
Pyrrhura, 285.
erumenophthalma, Trachurops, 124,
erumenophthalmus, Caranx (Trachu-
rops), 124.
Seomber, 124.
Cryptobium marginatum, 467.
pectorale, 467,
Cryptops, 61.
erysos, Caranx, 124, 125.
Scomber, 125.
Ctenolucinae, 55.
cuchillejo, Sternarchogiton, 72, 74.
cuchillo, Apteronotus, 57, 69, 72.
Culius amblyopsis, 184.
cupricollis, Peronaemis, 347.
curema, Mugil, 10, 111, 112.
currentium, Molossus, 453, 454.
eurtellum, Omalium, 460.
curticornis, Pseudoplandria, 477.
curvicrus, Tachygonus, 220, 224.
cuvier, Galeocerdo, 20.
Squaius, 20.
eyaneostriga, Cyprinodon, 94.
eyanurus, Psittinus, 285.
Cybium sara, 181.
solandri, 181.
Cychlasoma pulchrum, 171.
cylindraceus, Rivulus, 89.
Cynomops planirostris paranus, 452.
planirostris planirostris, 452.
Cynoscion, 152, 159, 162.
acoupa, 159, 162.
arenarius, 162.
jamaicensis, 159, 162.
leiarchus, 159.
maracaiboensis, 10, 159, 160, 161
(fig.), 162.
nothus, 162.
regalis, 162.
steindachneri, 159, 162.
striatus, 162.
virescens, 159,
cynthiae, Hermannella, 401.
Paranthessius, 400, 401.
Cyprinidae, 75.
Cyprinodon, 94.
ecyaneostriga, 94.
dearborni, 83, 94.
variegatus, 94.
Cyprinodontidae, 81, 85.
Cyprinodontoidea, 81.
Cyprinoidea, 75.
550
Cyprinus, 75.
americanus, 152.
carpio, 75.
Dactylopteridae, 189.
Dactylopterus, 189.
pipapeda, 189.
volitans, 189.
Dalapseudes, 509.
pedispinis, 509.
danjorthi, Acmaeodera, 345.
dariensis, Hemibrycon, 56.
Sternopygus, 59, 61.
Dasyatidae, 22, 23.
daulensis, Molossus, 454.
davisi, Cheyletus, 276, 283.
dearborni, Cyprinodon, 83, 94.
Decapterus, 122.
Decusa, 471.
delalandii, Clinus, 179.
Malacoctenus, 179.
delsmani, Etropus, 190.
Deltotaria, 379.
brimleii, 379, 380.
coronata, 380.
Dendrochelidon mystacea, 309.
Dendroctonus frontalis, 300.
dendrorhynchus, Anelassorhynechus, 481.
Thalassema, 480.
densiventris, Psuedoplandria, 477.
densus, Holosus, 457.
depressicoliis, Tyndaris, 330.
Dermanura quadrivittatus, 447.
Desmodus rotundus rotundus, 449.
rufus, 449.
Devilray, 32.
dewegeri, Paralabrax, 117, 119.
Serranus (Paralabrax), 117.
Diabasis flavolineatus, 135.
steindachneri, 135.
Diabolus marinus, 32.
diadema, Acara, 171.
Diagramma cavifrons, 133.
Dianous sp., 465.
Diapterus, 10, 138, 141, 146.
auratus, 141.
evermanni, 142, 144-146.
limnaeus, 142, 143 (fig.), 144, 145.
olisthostomus, 142, 145.
peruvianus, 144.
plumieri, 10.
rhombeus, 142, 144, 145.
Diastephanus leucostietus, 361.
Dibelonetes palaeotropicus, 467.
dignus, Cardiochiles, 237, 265.
dilatus, Cardiochiles, 238, 265.
dilutum, Leucocraspedum, 470.
Diodon, 197.
holacanthus, 197.
hystrix, 197.
Diodontidae, 197.
Diodontoidea, 197.
Diogenidium, 393, 397, 398, 426.
nasutum, 393, 397, 401.
dioica, Urtica, 382.
diphylla, Mitella, 382.
Diphylla ecaudata, 450.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
Diplectrum, 119.
fasciculare, 119.
radiale, 119.
Diplodus, 137.
argenteus, 136, 137.
Dipterodon chrysurus, 157.
discifera, Thyroptera, 451.
Discocephalioidea, 192.
Ditherus, 230.
ruficollis, 230.
Ditrichocorycaeus, 322, 325.
Dixonina, 34.
nemoptera, 34.
docta, Acaropsis, 313, 314.
Cheyletus, 314.
deddi, Cheyletus, 276, 279.
Dolichophyllum macrophyllum, 436.
Dolphins, 129,
dominicanus, Artibeus lituratus, 447.
Doncella, 176.
Doraops, 8.
d’orbignyi, Potamotrygon, 27.
Taeniura, 27.
Dormitator, 183.
maculatus, 183.
dormitor, Gobiomorus, 183, 184.
dorni, Rivulus, 91.
dorsalis, Evania, 534.
Ocypus, 469.
Sphoeroides, 195.
Doryichthys, 101.
lineatus, 100, 101.
ductor, Gasterosteus, 129.
Naucrates, 129.
duidae, Tateichthys, 61.
dumerili, Caranx, 129.
Seriola, 129.
duplex, Orthopristis, 133.
Dupouichthys, 8.
dupouii, Chaetostoma, 77.
Dupouyichthys sapito, 76.
Dysopes glaucinus, 453.
East Africa, new species of trypetid fly
of the genus Ceratitis from, 499.
eburneus, Cheyletus, 278.
ecaudata, Diphylla, 450.
Echelidae, 78.
Echeneidae, 192.
Echeneis, 192,
neucrates, 192.
HWehiuridae, 479.
Hehiurus, 479, 491, 492.
edentulus, Cetengraulis, 54.
Engraulis, 54.
edule, Cardium, 401, 402.
edulis, Inga, 220.
Kel, electric, 75.
worm, 78.
HWeregia, 515.
eigenmanni, Loricaria, 77.
Higenmannia, 58, 61, 62, 64.
conirostris, 57, 63, 64.
goajira, 57, 62-64.
troscheli, 63, 64.
virescens, 62-64.
virescens humboldtii, 62.
INDEX
Elagatis, 124.
Elasmobranchii, 18.
electricus, Electrophorus, 75.
Gymnotus, 75.
Electrophoridae, 75.
Electrophorus, 58, 75.
electricus, 75.
elegans, Haemulon, 134.
Rhamnhicthys (Brachyrhamphich-
thys), 61.
Rivulus, 91.
Steatogenys, 61.
Eleotridae, 10, 182, 183.
Eleotris, 184.
Eleotris amblyopsis, 184.
gundlachi, 183.
pisonis, 184.
smaragdus, 183.
Eleusis kraatzi, 456.
pusilla, 456.
sp., 456.
elongatus, Lispinus, 458, 459.
Elopidae, 33.
EHlops, 34.
saurus, 9, 33, 34.
elutiella, Ephestia, 285.
Emballonura brevirostris, 433.
macrotis, 432.
Emmelichthyidae, 131.
Emperador, 182.
Engraulidae, 37, 47.
Engraulis, 37.
batesii, 51.
clupeoides, 39.
compressus, 42.
edentulus, 54.
grossidens, 50, 54.
janeiro, 54.
macrolepidotus, 38.
perfasciatus, 47.
productus, 39.
tricolor, 48.
ensiferus, Centropomus, 115, 116.
Ephestia elutiella, 285.
Ephippidae, 164.
Ephippus faber, 164.
Epinephalus, 120.
adscensionis, 120.
interstitialis, 120.
morio, 120.
striatus, 121.
Epipaschia zelleri, 241.
Eptesicus andinus, 451.
brasiliensis, 451.
brasiliensis andinus, 451.
chiriquinus, 451.
propinquus, 451.
Eques punctatus, 163.
Equetus, 150, 163.
americanus, 163.
punctatus, 152, 163.
ericacea, Nannaria, 381, 383, 385, 386.
Eriophyidae, 268.
Ernestiella, 230.
nigromaculata,
Erotelis, 183.
smaragdus, 183.
30.
5ol
Erotelis valenciennesi, 183.
eruditus, Acarus, 275, 278.
Cheletes, 278, 280, 287.
Cheyletus, 275-279, 287.
erythrogrammon, Ochetostoma, 488.
Thalassema, 483.
Esox barracuda, 109.
brasiliensis, 81.
synodus, 55.
timueu, 80.
vulpes, 34.
estauquae, Anchoviella, 47.
ethotela, Brachoria, 379.
Etropus, 190.
crossulus, 190.
delsmani, 190.
longimanus, 190.
Eucheyla, 267, 269, 290.
loricata, 291.
panamensis, 291.
whartoni, 291, 292.
Eucheyletia, 267, 269, 294.
bishoppi, 294, 295, 297.
flabellifera, 294-296.
hardyi, 294, 296.
harpyia, 294.
Eucibdelus japonicus, 469.
sp., 469.
Eucinostomus, 10, 138.
argenteus, 10, 188-141.
gula, 189-141.
havana, 139.
lefroyi, 139.
pseudogula, 139, 141.
Lugerres, 138, 141, 146.
awlae 145, 147 (fig.) 148.
brasilianus, 145, 146.
plumieri, 145, 147, 148.
Eulamia nicaraguensis, 9.
eulepidotus, Sphoeroides, 10, 194-196.
Tetrodon (Spheroides), 196.
Eumops abrasus milleri, 453.
glaucinus, 453.
Eupiestus chinensis, 455.
seulpticollis, 455.
Euplectalecia, 346.
beltii, 347.
knabi, 346.
europoeus, Bothriocerus, 363.
Eutarsus, 275.
cancriformis, 275, 278.
Eutogenes, 267, 269, 304.
foxi, 304.
Evania, 526, 527.
(Prosevania) afra, 528.
appendigaster, 527, 528.
californica, 530.
dorsalis, 534.
neomexicana, 530.
petiolata, 531.
punctata, 528.
semaeoda, 528.
thoracica, 534, 535.
unicolor, 527, 528.
urbana, 528.
052
Evaniella, 526-529.
ealifornica, 529, 530.
neomexicana, 529, 530.
semaeoda, 529.
Evaniidae, 525, 526.
Nearctic species of, 525.
evermanni, Diapterus, 142, 144, 145, 146.
Searus, 177.
evidens, Baginia tenuis, 311.
evolans, Trigla, 188.
Evorthodus, 10, 185.
breviceps, 185.
lyricus, 185.
Ewingella, 270.
americana, 270, 271.
ewingi, Chelonotus, 311.
excavatus, Priochirus (Cephalomerus),
457.
exiguus, Paralispinus, 457.
Exocoetidae, 81.
Exocoetus, 81.
volitans, 81.
explorator, Bracon (Toxoneuron), 239.
Cardiochiles, 239, 264.
Toxoneura, 239.
Toxoneuron, 239.
faber, Chaetodipterus, 164.
Chaetodon, 164.
Ephippus, 164.
faceta, Acmaeodera, 341.
Fagus grandifolia, 367.
Falagria concinna, 473.
sp., 473.
faleatus, Labrus, 127.
Scomber, 126.
Trachinotus, 126, 127.
fallax, Artibeus lituratus, 447.
fanfarus, Naucrates, 129.
farrani, Corycaeus, 325.
fasciata, Arbaciosa, 199, 201.
fasciatus, Achirus, 191.
Araeocerus, 285.
Carapus, 74.
Gobiesox, 202.
Gobius, 186.
Sicyases, 201.
fasciculare, Diplectrum, 119.
femoratis, Tachygonus, 220, 223 (fig.).
femorata, Hyptia, 531, 532 (fig.), 537.
femurvillosum, Artibeus, 445.
ferox, Cheyletus, 277, 278, 286.
ferrugineus, Tachygonus, 220,
(fig.).
ficus, Aceria, 294.
Ficus carica, 294.
Filicrisia sp., 515.
finmarchica, Hermannella, 401.
Herrmannella, 401.
finmarchicus, Paranthessius, 400, 401.
Fisher, Walter Kenrick, on Additions
to the echiuroid fauna of the North
Pacific Ocean, 479.
Fisher, W. S., on New buprestid beetles
from Mexico, Central and South
America, and the West Indies, 327.
fissidens, Sabellaria, 504.
221
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
Fistularia, 99.
tobaearia, 99, 100.
Fistulariidae, 99.
fistulatus, Syngnathus, 100, 102.
flabellifer, Cheyletus, 295.
Cheyletus (Cheyletia), 295.
flabellifera, Cheletia, 295, 298.
Fucheyletia, 294, 295, 206.
flabelliferus, Ochmacanthus, 76.
Flatfishes, 189.
flavescens, Scarus, 177.
Sparisoma, 177.
flavipes, Gambetta, 310.
Tringa, 310.
flavolineatum, Haemulon, 135.
flavolineatus, Diabasis, 135.
flavomarginata, Acmaeodera, 343.
flavopictus, Tachyporus, 470.
flavoterminatus, Paederus, 466.
fiohri, Tachygonus, 225.
Florida, a new marine annelid from,
503.
floridana, Hyptia, 531, 532 (fig.), 538.
Toxoneura, 240,
floridanum, Toxoneuron, 240.
floridanus, Cardiochiles, 240.
Megischus, 368.
floridensis, Sabellaria, 504.
¥lyingfishes, 81.
foetens, Salmo, 55.
Synodus, 55.
Fontaria coriacea, 374.
montana, 372.
virginiensis, 889.
Forlowella acus, 77.
Formosa, new species and records of
staphylinid beetles from, 455.
formosa, Perea, 119.
formosae, Aleochara, 476.
Anthobium (Eusphalerum), 460.
Atheta (Liogluta), 473.
Coenonica, 472.
Holosus, 457.
Neodecusa, 471.
Palaminus, 465.
Pelioptera, 474.
Pseudoplandria, 477.
formosae, Coproporus, 470.
Lispinus, 458.
Osorius, 462.
Thoracochirus, 457.
Zyras, 475.
formosanum, Conosoma, 469.
formosanus, Lispinus, 458.
formosanus, Paederus, 466.
fortis, Cheletes, 280.
Cheyletus, 276, 277, 280.
Four-eyed-fish, 85.
fori, Eutogenes, 304.
franseni, Caenocheyletes, 269.
fraterculus, Artibeus jamaicensis, 447.
fraterna, Homalota, 473.
Fringilla coelebs, 275.
frontalis, Dendroctonus, 300.
frugivora, Pseudoplandria, 477.
fulvus, Cephalopholis, 121.
Labrus, 121.
INDEX
furcatus, Megischus, 363.
furcifera, Sigmoria, 3887.
furibundus, Cheyletus, 278, 286.
turnieri, Micropogon, 150, 153.
Umbrina, 153.
fusea, Chilomycteris rubiginosa,
435.
fuscipennis, Omoplandria, 476.
fuscipes, Neotoma, 296.
Paederus, 466.
434,
gairdnerii, Salmo, 54.
Galeocerdo, 20.
arcticus, 20.
cuvier, 20.
Galeocerdus maculatus, 20.
Galeoidea, 19.
Galeorhinidae, 19.
Gambetta flavipes, 310.
Garmannia, 10, 185.
paradoxa, 185.
schultzi, 185.
spes, 185.
Gasterosteus canadus, 122.
earolinus, 127.
ductor, 129.
Gata, 19.
geayi, Crenicichla, 168, 169.
generosa, Panope, 413, 426.
Genyatremus, 132, 133.
Geophagus, 165.
Germo, 180.
Gerres, 138, 141.
cinereus, 141.
gula, 139.
olisthostoma, 142.
plumieri, 146, 148.
rhombeus, 144.
vaigiensis, 141.
Gerridae, 10, 137.
gigantulus, Bledius, 461.
Ginglymostoma, 19.
cirratum, 19.
ginsburgi, Anchoa, 42, 43.
Girardinus caucana, 98.
guppyi, 98.
reticulatus, 98.
glabriceps, Hyptia brevicalcar, 532.
gladifer, Istiophorus, 182.
gladius, Scomber, 182.
Xiphias, 182.
glauca, Prionace, 20.
glaucinus, Dysopes, 455.
. Eumops, 453.
Promops, 453.
Glaucomys volans querceti, 316.
glaucus, Artibeus cinereus, 449.
Chaetodon, 127.
Glyphis, 20.
Squalus, 20.
Trachinotus, 126, 127.
Glossophaga caudifer, 439,
longirostris, 438.
longirostris longirostris, 438.
soricina, 488, 439.
soricina soricina, 438.
503
Glyphis, 20.
glaucus, 20.
hastalis, 20.
Gnathophyllidae, 522.
Gnorimoschema operculella, 240.
goajira, Higenmannia, 57, 62-64.
Gobiesocidae, 10, 198.
Gobiesociformes, 198.
Gobiesox, 202.
beryllinus, 198.
cephalus, 10, 201, 202.
fasciatus, 202.
gyrinus, 202.
humeralis, 201.
nigripinnis, 202.
Gobiformes, 182.
Gobiidae, 10, 182, 185.
Gobiomorus, 10, 1838.
dormitor, 183, 184.
Gobionellus, 10, 186.
boleosoma, 186.
claytonii, 186.
hastatus, 186.
Gobius boleosoma, 186.
claytonii, 186.
fasciatus, 186.
lyricus, 185.
nebulo-punctatus, 186.
ocellaris, 186.
paradoxus, 185.
pisonis, 184.
plumieri, 187, 188.
soporator, 186.
tajasica, 187.
goodei, Trachinotus, 127.
gowdeyi, Tachygonus, 224, 225.
gracilicirrhus, Umbrina, 150, 153.
gracilis, Leistotrophus, 469.
Sabellaria, 504.
grandicollis, Algon, 469.
grandidentata, Populus, 367.
grandifolia, Fagus, 367.
gravina, Macrodon, 56.
gregarius, Oxytelus, 461.
grenadensis, Artibeus jamaicensis, 447.
griseus, Labrus, 130.
Lutianus, 130.
Lutjanus, 1380.
grossidens, Engraulis, 50, 54.
Lycengraulis, 50, 51, 53, 54.
Grunts, 182.
euachancho, Sphyraena, 110.
Guacima guacima, 219.
guarauna, Aramus, 315.
guasa, Serranus, 121.
guerini, Tachygonus, 215, 220.
guianensis, Anchoviella, 47, 48.
Belone, 79.
Potamorrhaphis, 79.
Stolephorus, 48.
gula, Eucinostomus, 139, 140, 141.
Gerres, 139.
gundlachi, Eleotris, 183.
guppyi, Girardinus, 98.
Gurnards, 188.
euttatus, Lutjanus, 130.
Mesoprion, 130.
554
Gymnosarda, 179.
Gymnothorax, 77.
moringa, 77, 78.
ocellatus, 77, 78.
reticularis, 77.
ruppelli, 77.
vicinus, 77, 78.
Gymnotidae, 57, 74, 75.
Gymnotoidea, 56.
Gymnotus, 58, 74.
albifrons, 68, 69.
carapo, 74.
electricus, 75.
macrurus, 58.
rostratus, 68.
gyrinus, Gobiesox, 202.
Gyrophaena sp., 472.
Haemulon, 132, 134, 135.
bonariense, 135.
elegans, 134.
flavolineatum, 135.
jeniguano, 134.
rimator, 134.
(Bathystoma) rimator, 134.
seiurus, 135.
steindachneri, 135.
Hairtails, 179.
haitiensis, Taphrocerus, 348.
Halfbeaks, 9, 80.
Halichoeres, 176.
bimaculatus, 176.
radiatus, 176.
Haliotes sp., 515.
Hamingia, 491, 492.
arctica, 490.
sibogae, 491.
Haplochilus harti, 92.
hartii, 89, 92.
hardyi, Eucheyletia, 294, 296.
Harengula, 35, 36.
clupeola, 36.
latulus, 36.
majorina, 36.
harperi, Sphoeroides, 194.
harpyia, Cheyletia, 294.
Bucheyletia, 294.
harpyoides, Hyptia, 531, 532 (fig.),
536.
Harpyrhynchus, 267.
Hartemita, 230.
latipes, 230.
harti, Haplochilus, 92.
Rivulus, 92, 94.
hartii, Haplochilus, 89, 92.
Rivulus, 83, 89-92.
Hartman, Olga, on A new marine an-
nelid from Florida, 503.
Harvestfishes, 182.
hastalis, Glyphis, 20.
hastatus, Gobionellus, 186.
hastatus, Phyllostomus, 437.
havana, Eucinostomus, 139.
288-290.
hawaiiensis, Cheletophyes, 268, 288-290.
Heliothis virescens, 229, 247, 255.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
Hemibrycon dariensis, 56.
dentatus metae, 56.
Hemicaranx, 123.
Hemiderma brevicauda, 440.
castaneum, 440.
perspicillatum, 440.
Hemiloricaria caracasensis, 77.
Hemiprocne mystacea, 309.
Hemiramphidae, 9, 80.
Hemiramphus, 81.
brasiliensis, 81.
unifasciatus, 80, 81.
Hemirhamphus, 80.
brasiliensis, 81.
roberti, S80.
Hemistephanus, 363.
Henderson, E. P., and Perry, Stuart H.,
on the Linwood (Nebraska)
meteorite, 357.
on the Pima County (Arizona) me-
teorite, 353.
hendersoni, Cheyletus, 276, 279, 280.
hepatus, Acanthurus, 165.
Teuthis, 165.
Hepsetinae, 55.
Hermanella tenuicaudis, 402.
Hermannella, 393, 398.
eynthiae, 401.
finmarchiea, 401.
maxima, 398.
parva, 401.
prehensilis, 401.
robusta, 401.
rostrata, 401.
serendibica, 402.
valida, 402.
Heros psittacus, 175.
Herrings, 35.
Herrmanella, 393.
Herrmannella, 393, 398, 399, 426.
finmarchica, 401.
parva, 401.
prehensilis, 399.
robusta, 399.
rostrata, 393, 398, 401, 402.
serendibica, 399.
Hershkovitz, Philip, on Mammals of
northern Colombia. Preliminary re-
port No. 5: Bats (Chiroptera), 429.
herzbergii, Selenaspis, 76.
Hesperus sp., 468. ;
heterandria, Lima, 81.
Heterandria zonata, 81.
heterocheles, Pagurapseudes, 510.
Synapseudes, 515.
heteropalpus, Cheletiella, 272.
Cheyletiella, 272.
Cheyletus, 272.
Neocheyletiella, 271-274.
Heterosomata, 189.
Heterotheca subaxillaris, 256.
hexamyotus, Listriolobus, 484, 495.
Hexanemathichthys rugispinis, 76.
Hildebrandichthys, 38, 49, 51.
setiger, 49 (fig.), 50-51.
INDEX
Hippocampus, 100.
punctulatus, 100.
Hippolysmata, 522.
Hippolytidae, 522.
hippos, Caranx, 124, 125.
Scomber, 125.
hippurus, Coryphaena, 129.
hirsutum, Schizostoma, 4385.
hirsutus, Micronycteris, 436.
Xenoctenes, 435, 436.
hirundo, Sterna, 310.
Histiophorus americanus, 182.
Hoffman, Richard L., on Nine new xys-
todesmid millipeds from Virginia and
West Virginia, with records of estab-
lished species, 371.
holacanthus, Diodon, 197.
holmiae, R'vulus, 83, 90-92.
Holocenthridae, 99.
Holocenthrus, 99.
Holocentrus, 99.
ascensionis, 99.
maxilla, 99.
Holosus brevipennis, 457.
densus, 457.
formosae, 457.
sp., 458.
sparsipenms, 457.
Holthuis, L. B., on Redescription of the
shrimp Bathypalaemonella panda-
loides (Rathbun), with remarks on
the family Campylonotidae, 517.
Homalota fraterna, 473.
hondurensis, Sturnira, 441, 442.
Hoplandria, 475.
Hoplias malabaricus, 56.
Hoplomyzon, 8.
Hoplosternum littorale, 76.
thoracatum thoracatum, 76.
horni, Acmaeodera, 334.
Hubbsichthys, 8, 95, 96.
laurae, 83, 95, 96 (fig.), 97.
humboldtii, Eigenmannia virescens, 62.
Pastinaca, 27.
Potamotrygon, 24, 27, 28.
Sternopygus, 61.
humeralis, Gobiesox, 201.
Paralabrax, 119.
hummelincki, Rachovia, 83, 94.
hydropicus, Tachygonus, 215.
Hymenoptera, 361.
Hymenoptera, the Nearctic species of
Evaniidae, 525.
the Nearctic species of Stepha-
nidae, 361.
Hyonycteris albiventer, 450.
hypnorum, Atheta (Liogluta), 473.
Hypoclinemus, 9, 190.
mentalis, 190, 191.
hypoleuca, Micronycteris, 435.
Hypoplectrus, 119.
unicolor, 119.
Hypopomus, 58, 65.
artedi, 65, 67.
beebei, 56, 66 (fig.), 67.
brevirostris, 65-67.
occidentalis, 66 (fig.), 67.
559
Hyporhamphus, 80.
roberti, 9, 80.
tricuspidatus, 80.
unifasciatus, 81.
Hypostenus, 464.
Hypostomus watwata, 77.
Hypotremata, 21.
Hyptia, 526, 531.
brevicalear, 534.
brevicalear glabriceps, 532.
femorata, 531, 532 (fig.), 537.
floridana, 531, 532 (fig.), 5388.
harpyoides, 531, 532 (fig.), 536.
hyptiogastris, 534.
mylacridomanes, 534.
nyctoides, 536.
oblonga, 531, 532 (fig.), 538.
prosetethetra, 536.
reticulata, 531, 532 (fig.).
texana, 534.
thoracica, 531, 532 (fig.), 534, 536.
Hyptiam, 531.
thoracicum, 534, 535.
hyptiogastris, Hyptia, 534.
hystrix, Diodon, 197.
Potamotrygon, 24, 27-29.
Trygon, 27, 29.
Trygon (Trygon), 29.
Ichneumon appendigaster, 526, 527.
saltator, 230.
TIehneumon-flies of the genus Cardio-
chiles occurring in America north of
Mexico, species of, 229.
Ichneumonidae, 367.
Ichthyology, a further contribution,
Venezuelan, 1.
iheringi, Microglanis, 76.
Ikedella, 490, 491.
Ikedosoma, 480,
Ilig, Paul L., on A review of the cope-
pod genus Paranthessius Claus, 391.
Impatiens pallida, 376.
impavida, Cheletopsis, 309, 310.
imperator, Tetraopterus, 182.
inamoenus, Arhynchite, 485-487, 489.
inanensis, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
incertus, Psittinus, 285.
incilis, Mugil, 111, 113.
Inermia, 131.
vittata, 131.
inermis, Modiolicola, 398.
Infratridens, 199.
Inga edulis, 220.
Iniomoidea, 55.
initialis, Brachoria, 379.
inornatus, Oligoplites, 127.
insculptus, Cardiochiles, 240, 241, 264.
insignis, Modiolicola, 398.
insularis, Trigonogya, 351.
intermedia, Sabellaria pectinata, 506.
interstitialis, Epinephalus, 120.
Serranus, 120.
intrepidus, Cheletes, 286.
Cheyletus, 277, 286.
intumescens, Synapseudes,
(fig.), 518 (fig.), 515.
510, 511
596
isolatus, Lispinus, 459.
Isospondylioidea, 33.
Istiophoridae, 182.
Istiophorus, 182.
americanus, 182.
gladifer, 182.
nigricans, 182.
Isuridae, 19.
Isurus nasus, 19.
itajara, Promicrops, 121.
Serranus, 121.
jamaicensis, Artibeus, 444448.
Artibeus jamaicensis, 444, 446.
jamaicensis, Cynoscion, 159, 162.
janeiro, Engraulis, 54.
januaria, Anchoa, 43, 44.
Japan, new species and records
Staphylinid beetles from, 455.
japonicus, Eucibdelus, 469.
Megarthrus, 460.
Palaminus, 465.
Priochirus (Cephalomerus), 456.
Quedius, 469.
Tachinus, 470.
jeniguano, Haemulon, 134.
jesupi, Chiroderma, 444.
jocu, Anthias, 130.
Lutjanus, 130.
johanna, Crenicichla, 167, 168.
Johnius auratus, 154.
batabanus, 162.
jucundum, Artibeus cinereus, 449.
of
Kalmia latifolia, 382.
kalshoveni, Agrilus, 361.
kleinpeteri, Apheloria, 375.
knabi, Acmaeodera, 337.
Huplectalecia, 346.
kobensis, Ocypus, 469.
Kopthortosoma nigrita, 286.
kosempoensis, Bledius, 461.
Paederus, 466.
kraaizi, Hleusis, 456.
kraussi, Cichlasoma, 173.
Cichlosoma, 173.
Petenia, 173, 174, 175.
kulagini, Acaropsis, 312, 313.
kwantungensis, Stenus (Hemistenus),
462, 463.
labialis, Noctilio labialis, 484.
Labrax nebulifer, 117.
Labridae, 176.
Labrisomus, 178.
nuchipinnis, 178.
Labrius bimaculatus, 175.
Labrus faleatus, 127.
fulvus, 121.
griseus, 130.
maximus, 176.
punctata, 175.
radiatus, 176.
rufus, 176.
Lachnolaimus, 176.
aigula, 176.
maximus, 176.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
Lactophrys, 192.
tricornis, 192, 193.
trigonus, 192.
triqueter, 192, 193.
lacustris, Crenicichla, 167.
Ladyfishes, 34.
laevigatus, Lagocephalus, 197.
laevis, Leptochirus (Strongylochirus),
456.
lagocephalus, Tetraodon, 197.
Lagocephalus, 193, 197.
laevigatus, 197.
stellatus, 197.
lalandii, Rhinoptera, 32.
Laminaria, 515.
laminata, Nannaria, 383.
Lamna, 19.
cornubica, 19.
nasus, 19.
Lamnoidea, 19.
lanceolatus, Chaetodon, 163.
lankesteri, Maxmiilleria, 493.
Lantana camara, 300.
Larimus, 163.
breviceps, 152, 163.
Lasiurus cinereus pallescens, 452.
pallescens, 452.
Lathrobium seriatum, 467.
laticaudus, Carcharias [Scoliodon], 19.
latierus, Tachygonus, 220,
latifolia, Kalmia, 382.
latifrons, Aequidens, 171.
latipes, Hartemita, 230.
latulus, Harengula, 36.
latus, Caranx, 124, 125.
laurae, Hubbsichthys, 83, 95, 96 (fig.),
97.
laureata, Cheyletia, 301.
Cheyletus, 297.
Leander, 517.
pandaloides, 517, 518.
Leatherjackets, 10, 127.
Lebistes, 98.
reticulatus, 84, 98.
lefroyi, Eucinostomus, 139.
leiarchus, Cynoscion, 159.
Otolithus, 159.
Leistotrophus gracilis, 469.
Lepadogaster nudus, 202.
lepidopterorum, Acarus, 302.
Cheletomorpha, 289, 302, 303.
leporinus, Noctilio leporinus, 4383.
Vespertilio, 433.
Leptochirus (Strongylochirus)
456.
leptorhynechus, Apteronotus, 57, 68, 69,
laevis,
Sternarchus, 69.
leptura, Saccopteryx, 432.
lepturus, Trichiurus, 179.
Vespertilio, 482.
Lesteva plagiata, 460.
Leucocraspedum, 471.
dilutum, 470.
pallidum, 470.
parvum, 470.
robustum, 471.
INDEX 557
Leucocraspedum scorpio, 471.
sp., 471.
Leucosticte australis, 273.
leucostictus, Diastephanus, 361.
levis, Cardiochiles, 242, 264.
lewisi, Piestoneus, 456.
lewisia, Coenonica, 472.
lewisius, Philonthus, 468.
Stenus, 462.
Lichomolgidae, 392, 393, 398, 399.
Lichomolginae, 392.
Lichomolgus, 393, 394, 397, 399, 424, 426.
agilis, 396, 401.
Ligur, 522.
lilium, Sturnira, 442.
Lima heterandria, 81.
limnaeus, Austrofundulus transilis, 82,
85 (fig.), 86, 87.
Diapterus, 142, 143 (fig.), 144, 145.
limnichthys, Lycengraulis, 50-52 (fig.),
53.
fineatus, Achirus, 191.
Doryichthys, 100, 101.
Micropogon, 153.
Oostethus, 100, 101,
Vampyrops, 443.
linsdalei, Cheyletus, 276, 281.
Liriodendron tulipifera, 382.
Lispinus elongatus, 458, 459.
formosae, 458.
formosanus, 458.
isolatus, 459.
longulus, 458.
luzonicus, 459.
robusticollis, 458.
sp., 459.
Lissomyema, 480.
Listriolobus, 480, 482, 483.
bahamensis, 482, 483.
hevamyotus, 484, 495.
pelodes, 483-485.
Listrophorus, 271.
Lithocharis nigriceps, 467.
uvida, 467.
littorale, Hoplosternum, 76.
lituratus, Artibeus, 446, 447.
Artibeus lituratus, 447.
liza, Mugil, 114.
Lizardfishes, 55.
Lonchoglossa caudifera aequatoris, 439.
caudifera caudifera, 439.
Lonchurus ancylodon, 158.
longicornis, Atheta (Chaetida), 474.
Philonthus, 468.
longimanus, Etropus, 190.
longipalpus, Cheyletus, 298.
longipes, Cheyletus, 302.
longipinnis, Pterolebias, 85.
Stromateus, 182.
longirostris, Glossophaga, 438.
Glossophaga longirostris, 438.
longulus, Lispinus, 458.
Lophius vespertilio, 203.
Loricaria, 77.
caracasensis, 77.
eigenmanni, 77.
Loricaria typus, 77.
Loricariidae, 75.
loricata, Cheyletus
291.
Eucheyla, 291.
Loros, 176.
lowii, Baginia tenuis, 312.
Sciurus, 312.
Loxostege similalis, 240.
tubbockii, Corycaeus, 321, 325.
lucens, Oxytelus, 461.
lucidula, Atheta (Metaxya), 473.
lucidus, Bledius, 462.
ludovici, Sturnira, 441, 442.
lugubris, Crenicichla, 168, 170.
luteus, Lutjanus, 132.
Lutianus analis, 131.
aya, 131.
griseus, 130.
[slaynagris, 130.
Lutjanidae, 130.
lutjanus, Lutjanus, 130.
Lutjanus, 130.
analis, 131.
apodus, 1380.
aya, 131.
griseus, 130.
guttatus, 130.
jocu, 130.
luteus, 132.
lutjanus, 130.
synagris, 130.
surinamensis, 134.
luzonicus, Lispinus, 459.
Lycengraulis, 9, 38, 50, 51.
batesii, 50, 51.
grossidens, 50, 51, 53, 54.
limnichthys, 50, 51, 52 (fig.), 53.
olidus, 53.
lyolepis, Anchoa, 42, 43.
Stolephorus, 43.
lyricus, Evorthodus, 185.
Gobius, 185.
Lysmata, 522,
(Eucheyla), 290,
macalatus, Pseudupeneus, 164.
Mackerel, Spanish, 181.
macrocherus, Cheyletus, 280.
Macrocystis, 514.
Macrodon, 158.
ancylodon, 151, 158.
gravina, 56.
tareira, 56.
teres, 56.
macrolepidotus, Engraulis, 38.
macronycha, Cheletiella, 272.
Cheyletus, 272.
Neocheyletiella, 271, 272.
macrophthalma, Crenicichla, 167-169.
macrophthalmus, Anthias, 121.
macrophylum, Dolichophyllum, 436.
Macrophyllum, 436.
Phyllostoma, 436.
Macrophyllum macrophyllum, 4386.
macrotis, Emballonura, 432.
Nyctinomus, 452.
508
macrotis Peropteryx macrotis, 432.
Tadarida, 452.
macrurus, Gymnotus, 58.
Stephanus, 363.
Sternopygus, 57-59, 61.
maculata, Paralabrax, 119.
Sciaena, 183.
maculatofasciatus, Paralabrax, 119.
maculatus, Dormitator, 183.
Galeocerdus, 20.
Mullus, 164.
Seomber, 181.
Scomberomorus, 181.
Sphoeroides, 194, 195.
maculipennis, Achirus achirus,
191.
Monochir, 191.
magdalenae, Potamotrygon, 24, 28, 29,
30 (fig.).
Taeniura, 29.
magnanima, Cheletopsis, 309, 310.
magnus, Cardiochiles, 243, 256, 265.
major, Cheletopsis, 309.
Cheyletus, 309.
Molossus, 453, 454.
Molossus major, 453.
Thyroptera discifera, 451.
Vespertilio molassus, 453.
majorina, Harengula, 36.
malabaricus, Hoplias, 56.
malaccensis, Cheletes, 284.
Cheyletus, 277, 281, 284, 285.
Malacoctenus, 179.
delalandii, 179.
malgassa, Ceratitis, 499.
manta, Cephalopterus, 32.
Manta, 32.
birostris, 32.
Mao, Ying-Tou, on the species of ich-
neumon-flies of the genus Cardio-
chiles occurring in America north of
Mexico, 229.
nuaracaiboensis, Cynoscion, 10, 159, 160,
161 (fig.), 162.
marginatum, Cryptobium, 467.
marginatus, Myliobatis, 31.
marginella, Tyndaris, 332.
mariae, Aequidens, 171.
marinus, Diabolus, 32.
marmoratus, Rhamphichthys, 68.
Rhamphichthys rostratus, 68.
Sphoeroides, 194.
Symbranchus, 79.
Synbranchus, 78.
Tetraodon, 194.
marshalli, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
Thalassema, 480.
marshal, Cheletophyes, 288, 290.
martinicensis, Menticirrhus, 159, 152.
Umbrina, 152.
Mastogenius, 350.
peruvianus, 350.
subeyaneus, 350.
uniformis, 351.
maxilla, Holocentrus, 99.
maxima, Hermannella, 398.
190,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
maximum, Rhododendron, 382.
maximus, Labrus, 176.
Lachnolaimus, 176.
Maxmiilleria, 490-492,
lankesteri, 493.
Medon submaculatus, 467.
megacephalus, Calamus, 136.
Megalops atlanticus, 33.
megalotis, Micronycteris, 435.
Micronycteris megalotis, 435.
Phyllophora, 435.
Megarthrus japonicus, 460.
Megischus, 362, 363.
annulator, 363.
arizonicus, 364, 368.
bicolor, 364, 366.
bicolor bicolor, 364, 367.
bicolor sickmanni, 364, 367.
brunneus, 364, 369.
californicus, 364.
canadensis, 367.
floridanus, 368.
furcatus, 363.
texanus, 363-365.
melanarius, Coproporus, 470.
melanotis, Sitta pygmaea, 274.
melanura, Perea, 184.
melissa, Vampyressa, 444.
Membrasg, 104.
Menidia starksi, 107.
venezuelae, 107.
mentalis, Hypoclinemus, 190, 191.
Solea, 190, 191.
Menticirrhus, 152.
martinicensis, 150, 152.
Menzies, Robert J., on A new species of
apseudid crustacean of the genus
Synapseudes from northern Califor-
nia, 509.
mericourti, Acaropsis, 312, 313.
Tyroglyphus, 312.
meridionalis, Acmaeodera, 345.
merula, Turdus, 275.
Merula nigra, 275.
Mesoprion analis, 131.
guttatus, 130.
uninotatus, 180.
metae, Aequidens, 171.
Hemibrycon dentatus, 56.
Meteorite, Linwood, Butler County,
Nebr., 357.
Pima County, Ariz,, 353.
Metoponcus sp., 467.
mexicana, Micronycteris megalotis, 485.
Mexico, New buprestid beetles from,
327.
microdon, Pristis, 21.
Microglanis iheringi, 76.
poecilus, 76.
microlepis, Anableps, 81, 85.
Micronycteris hirsutus, 436.
hypoleuca, 435.
megalotis, 435.
megalotis megalotis, 455.
megalotis mexicana, 435.
megalotis typica, 435.
INDEX
Microphilypnus, 10, 183.
ternetzi, 183.
Micropogon, 153.
furnieri, 150, 153.
lineatus, 153.
micropus, Neotoma, 297.
Rivulus, 92.
microrhyncha, Cheletiella, 272.
Cheyletiella, 272.
Neocheyletiella, 271, 272.
microrhynchus, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
Thalassema, 480.
midas, Callosciurus sladeni, 281.
milleri, Eumops abrasus, 453.
Promops, 4538.
Millipeds, 371.
xystodesmid, nine new, from Vir-
ginia and West Virginia, 371.
Mimoxypoda, sp., 475.
mimulus, Oxytelus, 461.
mindii, Pseudophallus, 100, 101.
Syngnathus, 101.
miniata, Pateria, 515.
Minnows, 75.
minor, Nannaria, 381.
Noctilio labialis, 438, 434.
minuta, Mycronycteris, 435.
Toxoneura, 244.
Vampyressa, 444.
minutilla, Rhogeessa, 452.
minutum, Schizostoma, 435.
Toxoneuron, 244.
minutus, Borolinus, 456.
Cardiochiles, 244, 264.
Synapseudes, 509, 515.
Tachygonus, 226.
mirus, Tachygonus, 216, 217 (fig.), 218.
Mitchella repens, 382.
Mitella diphylla, 382.
Mites, a review of the family Cheyle-
tidae in the United States National
Museum, 267.
mixtus, Paedrus, 466.
Mobulidae, 32.
Modiolicola, 394, 395, 397, 398.
inermis, 398.
insignis, 398.
moebii, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
Mollienisia, 98.
caucana, 84, 96, 98.
sphenops, 99.
sphenops vandepolli, 84, 99.
molossa, Tadarida, 452.
molossus, Nyctinomus, 452.
Vespertilio, 452.
Molossus, 453, 454.
aztecus, 454.
bondae, 454.
burnsi, 454.
coibensis, 454.
erassicaudatus, 453, 454.
currentium, 453, 454.
daulensis, 454.
major, 453, 454.
major major, 453.
obseurus, 454.
planirostris, 452.
559
Molossus pygmaeus, 453, 454.
rufus, 453.
Monochir maculipennis, 191.
monodolfi, Pygidium, 76.
montana, Fontaria, 372.
montandoni, Cheletophanes, 303, 304.
Cheyletus, 303.
montanum, Sicydium, 187.
montanus, Tachygonus, 216, 217 (fig.).
Monte, Oscar, on The weevils of the
genus Tachygonus in the United
States National Museum, 213.
monticola, Acmaeodera, 341.
monticola, Agonostomus, 10, 110, 111.
Mugil, 111.
moorei, Chelacaropsis, 315.
moorei, Sabellaria pectinata, 504.
Morays, 77.
mordax, Sturnirops, 442.
moringa, Gymnothorax, 77, 78.
Muraena (Gymnothorax), 78.
morio, Epinephalus, 120.
Serranus, 120.
mortuorum, Osorius, 462.
Motacilla alba, 275.
mucosus, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
Mugil, 110, 112.
brasiliensis, 10, 111, 114.
cephalus, 110, 112.
cinereus, 141.
curema, 10, 111, 112.
incilis, 111, 118.
liza, 114.
monticola, 111.
trichodon, 10, 111, 114.
Mugilidae, 10, 110, 112.
mulleri, Rhamphichtys, 65.
Miilleria agassizii, 401.
Mullets, 10, 110, 112, 114.
Mullidae, 163.
Mullus, 163.
auratus, 168.
barbatus, 1638.
barbatus auratus, 163.
maculatus, 164.
munda, Sigmoria, 387.
mundus, Urotrygon, 24, 26.
Munro, H. K., on A remarkable new spe-
cies of trypetid fly of the genus Cera-
titis from East Africa in the collection
of the United States National Mu-
seum, 499.
munroi, Cheyletus, 276.
Muraena (Gymnothorax) moringa, 78.
(Priodonophis) ocellata, 78.
Muraenidae, 77.
Murenophis vicina, 78.
muriecatus, Odontognathus, 36.
mustelus, Squalus, 20.
Mustelus, 20.
eanis, 20.
Mycetoporus bolitobioides, 469.
Mycronycteris minuta, 435.
myersi, Petenia, 174, 175.
mylacridomanes, Hyptia, 534.
Mvliobatidae, 31.
560
Myliobatis marginatus, 31.
Myobia, 267, 271.
Myobiinae, 167.
Myotis bondae, 451.
nigricans, 451.
nigricans nigricans, 451.
Myrophis, 78.
punctatus, 78.
mystacea, Dendrochelidon, 309.
Hemiprocne, 309.
mysticetus, Cetengraulis, 54.
Mytilus californianus, 515.
Myxus calancalae, 112.
nanella, Sabellaria, 504.
Nannacara, 166, 170.
anomala, 170.
Nannaria, 381, 385.
ericaced, 381, 383, 385, 386.
lanvinata, 383.
minor, 381.
seutellaria, 383.
simplex, 384, 386.
tennesseensis, 383.
wilsoni, 383, 386.
Narcine, 33.
brasiliensis, 33.
Narcobatoidea, 32.
narinari, Aetobatus, 82.
Raia, 32.
Raja, 32.
naso, Rhynchiscus, 431.
Vespertilio, 429.
nassa, Acara, 170.
Acaronia, 170.
Acaropsis, 170.
nasus, Isurus, 19.
Lamna, 19.
Squalus, 19.
nasutum, Diogenidium, 393, 397, 401.
Paranthessius, 400, 401.
nattereri, Sternarchogiton, 72, 74.
Sternarchus, 72.
Naucrates, 124, 129.
ductor, 129.
fanfarus, 129.
Nearctic, species of Evaniidae, 525.
species of Stephanidae, 361.
nebrascensis, Cardiochiles, 245, 265.
Nebraska, The Linwood meteorite, 357.
Nebrius, 19.
cirratus, 19.
concolor, 19.
nebulifer, Labrax, 117.
Paralabrax, 119.
nebulo-punctatus, Gobius, 186.
Needlefishes, 9, 79.
neglecta, Acmaeodera, 337.
neivai, Tachygonus, 216.
Nellobia, 490, 491.
Nematognathoidea, 75.
Nematognaths, 10.
nemoptera, Albula, 35.
Dixonina, 34.
Neobisnius pumilus, 467.
Neocheyletiella, 267, 269, 271.
canadensis, 271, 272.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 99
Neocheyletiella chanayi, 271, 274.
heteropalpus, 271-274.
macronycha, 271.
microrhyncha, 271, 272.
pinguis, 271, 275.
rohweri, 271, 274.
smallwoodae, 271, 2738, 274.
Neodecusa, 471.
formosae, 471.
neomexicana, Evania, 530.
Evaniella, 529, 530.
neoneglecta, Acmaeodera, 336.
Neosteus, 35.
Neotoma fuscipes, 296.
micropus, 297.
nephelus, Sphoeroides, 194, 195.
neucrates, Echeneis, 192.
nicaraguensis, Eulamia, 9.
niger, Tachygonus, 219 (fig.).
nigra, Anchovia, 39, 40 (fig.), 41.
nigra, Merula, 275.
nigricans, Cardiochiles, 246, 265.
nigricans, Istiophorus, 182.
Myotis, 451.
Myotis nigricans, 451,
Vespertilio, 451.
nigriceps, Cardiochiles, 229, 247, 255,
Lithocharis, 467.
nigripes, Cheyletus, 287.
nigripinnis, Clinus, 178.
Cotylis, 202.
Cotylis nigripinnis, 200, 202.
Gobiesox, 202.
Paraclinus, 178.
nigrita, Kopthortosoma, 286.
nigroclypeus, Cardiochiles,
265.
nigromaculata, Ernestiella, 230.
Sch6nlandella, 230.
nitidus, Tachygonus, 224, 225 (fig.).
nobilis, Conodon, 134.
Perca, 134.
Noctilio albiventer, 434.
albiventris, 434.
labialis labialis, 434.
labialis minor, 433, 434.
leporinus leporinus, 483.
zaparo, 434.
norneri, Cheletopsis, 309, 310.
Cheyletus, 309, 310.
North American coast, a new species of
copepod of the genus Coryeaeus from
$21.
North Pacific Ocean, additions to the
echiuroid fauna of the, 479.
Northern California, a new species of
apseudid crustacean of the genus
Synapseudes from, 509.
Northern Colombia, mammals of, Bats
(Chiroptera), 429.
nothus, Cynoscion, 162.
Notoedrus, 271.
nuchipinnis, Clinus, 178.
Labrisomus, 178.
nuda, Cotylis, 202.
230,
247,
INDEX
nudus, Lepadogaster, 202.
nuttallii, Saxidomus, 420, 423, 426.
Schizothaerus, 402, 413, 426.
Nyectinomus macrotis, 452.
molossus, 452.
nyctoides, Hyptia, 536.
nymphaea, Vampyressa, 444.
oaklandia, Cheletogenes, 305, 306, 308.
oaracae, Acmaeodera, 340.
oblonga, Hyptia, 531, 532 (fig.), 538.
obscurus, Molossus, 454.
Rivulus, 82, 89.
obtusirostris, Sternopygus, 58.
occidentalis, Hypopomus, 66 (fig.), 67.
Tricellaria, 515.
ocellaris, Cichla, 166.
Gobius, 186.
ocellata, Muraena (Priodonophis), 78.
ocellatus, Gymnothorax, 77, 78.
Ochetostoma, 480, 482, 483.
arkati, 481.
erythrogrammon, 483.
Ochmacanthus flabelliferus, 76.
Ocypus dorsalis, 469.
kobensis, 469.
Ocyurus, 131.
ehrysurus, 1531.
Odontognathus, 35, 36.
compressus, 386.
muricatus, 36.
officinarum, Saccharum, 300.
Ogeocephalidae, 208.
Ogcocephalus, 203.
vespertilio, 203.
olidus, Lycengraulis, 53.
Oligoplites, 124, 127.
inornatus, 127. ,
palometa, 10, 128.
saliens, 127, 128.
saliens palometa, 128.
saurus, 129.
saurus saurus, 128, 129.
olisthostoma, Gerres, 142.
olisthostomus, Diapterus, 142, 145.
Omalium curtellum, 460.
sp., 460.
Omoplandria, 475.
fuscipennis, 476.
Oostethus, 9, 100.
lineatus, 100, 101.
opacifrons, Oxytelus, 461.
opercularis, Chlamys, 402.
operculella, Gnorimoschema, 240.
operosus, Platystethus, 461.
Ophioptes, 267.
Ophioscion, 154.
typicus, 154, 157 (fig.).
venezuelae, 151, 154, 155 (fig.).
Oplophoroida, 521.
Orectolobidae, 19.
orientalis, Blatta, 527, 528.
Cheletomorpha, 303.
orinocensis, Crenicichla, 166.
orizabae, Cardiochiles, 248, 264.
Toxoneuron, 248.
956645—52——4
561
ornatus, Cheletia, 305.
Cheletogenes, 305, 306.
Cheletomimus, 298, 306.
Cheyletus, 293, 305.
Orphnebius sp., 475.
Orthopristis, 182, 133.
duplex, 138.
ruber, 134.
Osorius formosae, 462.
mortuorum, 462.
rufipes, 462.
tonkinensis, 462.
Ostariophysoidea, 55.
Osteichthyes, 33.
Ostraciidae, 192.
Ostracioidea, 192.
Ostracion tricornis, 193.
triqueter, 193.
Otolithus cayennensis, 160.
leiarchus, 159.
toeroe, 159, 160.
oudemansi, Chelonotus, 311.
Oxytelus cognatus, 461.
crassicornis, 461.
gregarius, 461.
lucens, 461.
mimulus, 461.
opacifrons, 461.
piceus, 461.
sp., 461.
vicinus, 461.
pachyeephalus, Tetraodon, 197.
Tetraodon (Lagocephalus), 197.
Pachyurus, 10, 157.
schomburgkii, 151, 157, 158.
squamipinnis, 157.
Paederus angustipennis, 466.
flavoterminatus, 466.
formosanus, 466,
fuscipes, 466.
kosempoensis, 466.
mixtus, 466.
poweri, 466.
sondaicus, 467.
tamulus, 467.
paeze, Phyllostomus hastatus, 437.
paganus, Staphylinus, 468.
Pagellus calamus, 136.
pagrus, Pagrus, 136.
Sparus, 136.
Pagrus, 136.
pagrus, 136.
vulgaris, 136.
Pagurapseudes heterocheles, 510.
spinipes, 509.
Palaemon, 517.
pandaloides, 517, 518.
Palaemonidae, 521, 522.
Palaemonoida, 522.
palaeotropicus, Dibelonetes, 467.
Palaminus formosae, 465.
japonicus, 465.
sp., 465, 466.
pallescens, Atalapha, 452.
Lasiurus, 452.
Lasiurus cinereus, 452.
562
pallida, Anchovia, 48.
Anchoviella, 47, 48.
Impatiens, 376.
pallidum, Leucocraspedum, 470.
pajmarum, Artibeus, 445, 447.
Artibeus jamaicensis, 445.
Artibeus lituratus, 445, 447, 448.
palometa, Chorinemus, 128.
Chorinemus saliens, 128.
Oligoplites, 10, 128.
Oligoplites saliens, 128.
Scombroides, 128.
Pampanos, 122, 127.
Panaietis, 393.
panamensis, Eucheyla, 291.
panamensis, Phyllostomus hastatus,
437.
pandaloides, Bathypalaemonella, 517,
518, 520 (fig.), 521.
Leander, 517, 518.
Palaemon, 517, 518.
Pandanus tectorius, 288.
Panope generosa, 413, 426.
panopeae, Paranthessius, 400, 408, 4183,
414 (fig.), 415 (fig.), 418, 422, 426.
pantherinus, Rhamphichthys, 68.
Pantonia, 522.
Paphia pullastra, 402.
Parabonellia, 490.
Paraclinus, 178.
chaperi, 178, 179.
nigripinnis, 178.
paradoxa, Garmannia, 185.
paradoxus, Gobius, 185.
Paralabrax, 117.
calnaensis, 119.
castelnaui, 119.
clathratus, 119.
dewegeri, 117, 119.
humeralis, 119.
maculata, 119.
maculatofasciatus, 119.
nebulifer, 119.
Paralispinus exiguus, 457.
parallelus, Centropomus, 115.
Paranthessius, a review of the copepod
genus, 391.
Paranthessius, 392-399, 411, 424-426.
anemoniae, 393, 394, 397-400.
columbiae, 393, 400, 402, 403 (fig.),
404 (fig.), 412, 413, 416-418, 422,
423, 425, 426.
cynthiae, 4060, 401.
finmarchicus, 400, 401.
nasutum, 400, 401.
panopeae, 400, 408, 418, 414 (fig.),
415 (fig.), 418, 422, 426.
parvus, 395, 400, 401.
pectinis, 400, 401.
perplecus, 400, 414
(fig.), 423, 426.
prehensilis, 400, 401.
propinquus, 400, 401.
robustus, 393, 400, 401.
rostratus, 396, 400-402, 413.
saxvidomi, 393, 400, 419-421 (fig.),
426.
(fig.), 421
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 99
Paranthessius serendibicus, 393, 400,
tenuicaudis, 400, 402.
tivelae, 400, 405, 414 (fig.), 415
(fig.), 417-419, 424, 426.
validus, 400, 402.
paranus, Cynomops planirostris, 452.
parasitivorax, Cheletiella, 270.
Cheyletiella, 270, 271.
Cheyletus, 270.
Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, 585.
spp., 531, 535.
parens, Aleochara, 476.
Parrotfishes, 176.
paru, Stromateus, 182.
parumsetosus, Cheyletus, 276, 319.
parva, Anchoa, 42, 43.
Anchovia, 43.
Hermannella, 401.
Herrmannella, 401.
parvidens, Sturnira lilium, 441, 442.
parvipes, Artibeus jamaicensis, 446.
parvulum, Conosoma, 469.
parvum, Leucocraspedum, 470.
parvus, Paranthessius, 395, 400, 401.
passau, Apteronotus, 68.
Pastenaque, 27.
pastinaca, Raja, 27.
Pastinaca humboldtii, 27.
Pastinacae, 27.
Pateria miniata, 515.
Pavo cristatus, 275.
pectinata, Sabellaria, 506.
pectinatus, Centropomus, 115.
Pristis, 21.
pectinifer, Clinus, 178.
pectinis, Paranthessius, 400, 401.
Pseudolichomolgus, 394, 401, 408.
pectinisquamis, Tachygonus, 226.
pectorale, Cryptobium, 467.
Pediculatiformes, 203.
pedispinis, Dalapseudes, 509.
pejeraton, Sternopygus, 57, 59, 60.
pelagicus, Syngnathus, 100, 102.
Pelioptera acuticollis, 474.
formosae, 474.
sp., 475.
Pellona bleekeriana, 37.
pelodes, Listriolobus, 488-485.
pengelleyi, Chriopeoides, 95.
pennsylvanica, Parcoblatta, 535.
pennsylvanicum, Acer, 382.
Peprilus, 182.
peru, 182.
Perea alburnus, 152.
apoda, 1380.
ascensionis, 99.
chrysopterus, 183.
formosa, 119.
melanura, 134.
nobilis, 134.
saltatrix, 121, 122.
undulata, 1538.
unicolor, 119.
unimaculata, 137.
Percesoces, 102.
Percoidea, 115.
INDEX
Percomorphoidea, 102.
peregrinus, Cheletophanes, 3038, 304.
perfasciatus, Engraulis, 47.
Periclimenes alcocki, 521.
Periplaneta spp., 528.
perlucida, Polycesta, 3380.
Peronaemis, 347.
cupricollis, 347.
thoracicus, 348.
Peropteryx canina, 432.
macrotis macrotis, 432.
perplevus, Paranthessius,
(fig.), 421 (fig.), 423, 426.
perrotteti, Pristis, 21.
Perrunichthys, 8, 76.
perruno, 76.
perruno, Perrunichthys, 76.
Perry, Stuart H., and Henderson, E. P.,
on The Pima County (Arizona)
meteorite, 353.
on The Linwood (Nebraska) me-
teorite, 357.
perspicillata, Carollia, 440.
Carollia perspicillata, 440.
perspicillatum, Hemiderma, 440.
perspicillatus, Vespertilio, 440.
peru, Peprilus, 182.
peruvianus, Diapterus, 144.
peruvianus, Mastogenius, 350.
Pestalichomolgus, 394, 426.
Petenia, 166, 173-175.
kraussii, 173-175.
myersi, 174, 175.
splendida, 178.
petiolata, Evania, 531.
phaeotis, Artibeus cinereus, 449.
Phalaenopsis sp., 303.
philippina, Coenonica, 472.
philippinensis, Cheletophyes, 288.
Philonthus aeneipennis, 467.
agilis, 468.
lewisius, 468.
longicornis, 468.
quisquiliarius, 468.
rectangulus, 468.
J-punctatus, 468.
solidus, 468.
sp., 468.
Phyllodrena sp., 460.
Phyllophora megalotis, 435.
Phyllostoma amblyotis, 436.
macrophyllum, 4386.
rotundum, 449.
Phyllostomus hastatus, 437.
hastatus caucae, 437.
hastatus caurae, 437.
hastatus paeze, 437.
hastatus panamensis, 437.
hastatus subsp., 437.
piceus, Oxytelus, 461.
Picobia, 267.
picta, Apheloria, 374, 376, 387.
Piestoneus lewisi, 456.
sp., 456.
Pilotfish, 129.
Pima County (Arizona) meteorite, 353.
Pimelodus clarias coprophagus, 76.
400, 414
pinguis, Cheletiella, 275.
Cheyletiella, 275.
Neocheyletiella, 271, 275.
pipapeda, Dactylopterus, 189.
Pipefishes, 9, 100.
pisonis, Eleotris, 184.
Gobius, 184.
plagiata, Lesteva, 460.
plagiatum, Conosoma, 469.
Plagioscion, 10, 151, 153.
auratum, 154.
squamosissimus, 154.
planata, Tyndaris, 331, 333.
planirostris, Artibeus, 444-446.
Artibeus jamaicensis, 447.
Artibeus planirostris, 445.
Cynomops planirostris, 452.
Molossus, 452.
Uroderma, 444.
Platax sealaris, 166. 167.
Platystethus operosus, 461.
Plectognathoidea, 192.
Plectropoma puella, 119.
Pleuronectes achirus, 191.
Pleuronectoidea, 189.
plumieri, Diapterus, 10.
Eugerres, 145, 147, 148.
Gerres, 146, 148.
Gobius, 187, 188.
Scomberomorus, 180.
Scorpaena, 188.
Sicydium, 188.
plumierii, Chaetodipterus, 164.
Polydactylus, 115.
pluto, Cardiochiles, 249, 265.
Toxoneura, 249,
Poecilia, 97.
reticulata, 98.
vanderpolli, 99.
vivipara, 84, 97.
Poeciliidae, 97.
Poecilostoma, 392.
poecilus, Microglanis, 76.
Polycentridae, 164.
Polycentrus, 164,
schomburgkii, 164.
Polycesta, 327.
brunneipennis, 329.
camposi, 327.
perlucida, 330.
velasco, 328.
Polydactylus, 115.
plumierii, 115.
virginicus, 115.
Polydesmus butleri, 389.
(Fontaria) trimaculata, 378.
Polynemidae, 115.
Polynemoidea, 115.
Polynemus virginicus, 115.
Polypodium virginianum, 382.
Polystichum acrostichoides, 382.
Pomacentridae, 176.
Pomadasyidae, 132.
Pomadasys, 132, 133.
crocro, 133.
Pomatomidae, 121.
564
PROCEEDINGS OF
Pomatomus, 121.
saltatrix, 122.
skib, 121.
Populus grandidentata, 367.
Porbeagle, 19.
porcellus, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
porcinum, Sternarchogition, 74.
porcus, Scorpaena, 188.
Potamorrhaphis, 79.
guianensis, 79.
Potamotrygon, 9, 24, 27, 28.
dorbignyi, 27.
humbolatii, 24, 27, 28.
hystrix, 24, 27-29.
magdalenae, 24, 28-30 (fig.).
potaroensis, Aequidens, 171.
poweri, Paederus, 466.
praeceps, Artibeus lituratus, 447.
praedabundis, Cheyletus, 278, 287.
praenobilis, Stenus (Hypostenus),
465.
praesul, Aleochara (Euryodma), 477.
prayenis, Pseudupeneus, 164.
prehensilis, Hermannella, 401.
Herrmannella, 399.
Paranthessius, 400, 401.
Priacanthidae, 121.
Priacanthus, 121.
arenatus, 121.
prinus, Quercus, 3882.
Priochirus (Cephalomerus) excavatus,
457.
(Cephalomerus) japonicus, 456.
(Cephalomerus) silvestrii rufipen-
nis, 457.
(Plastus) sp., 457.
(Triacanthochirus)
456.
Prionace glauca, 20.
Prionotus, 188.
punctatus, 188.
Pristidae, 21.
Pristipoma crocro, 133.
rodo, 134,
rubrum, 134.
pristis, Squalus, 21.
Pristis, 21.
microdon, 21.
pectinatus, 21.
perrotteti, 21.
probatocephalus, Sparus, 137.
[Prochilodus] asper, 55.
productus, Engraulis, 39.
Prometor, 492.
benthophila, 492, 496.
Promicrops, 121.
itajara, 121.
Promops affinis, 452.
glaucinus, 453.
milleri, 453.
promptus, Cheyletus, 276, 319.
propinquus, Eptesicus, 451.
Paranthessius, 400, 401.
prosetethetra, Hyptia, 536.
Prosevania, 526-528.
punctata, 527, 528.
Prosopis sp., 337.
tonkinensis,
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 99
Protobonellia, 490.
Protomyobia, 267.
Protothaca tenerrima, 402, 426.
Psettodoidea, 189.
Pseudobonellia, 491.
Pseudocheylidae, 271.
Pseudocheylus, 271.
pseudoelongatula, Atheta (Metaxya),
473.
pseudogula, Eucinostomus, 189, 141.
Pseudolichomolgus, 394, 398, 399, 426.
columbiae, 894, 398, 402.
pectinis, 394, 401, 408.
Pseudolispinodes puncticollis, 347.
Pseudomolgus, 393.
Pseudophallus, 9, 101.
mindii, 100, 101.
Pseudopimelodus villosus butcheri, 76.
Pseudoplandria curticornis, 477.
densiventris, 477.
formosae, 477.
frugivora, 477.
Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 363.
Pseudupeneus, 164.
macalatus, 164.
prayenis, 164.
Psilommiscus, 230.
sumatranus, 230.
psittacum, Cichlasoma, 175.
psittacus, Colomesus, 197.
Heros, 175.
Scarus, 177.
Tetrodon, 196, 197.
Psittinus cyanurus, 285.
incertus, 285.
Psorergates, 267, 271.
Pterengraulis, 38, 48, 51.
atherinoides, 48, 50, 51.
Pterolebias, 85.
longipinnis, 85.
zonatus, 82, 85.
Pterophyllum, 165-167.
altum, 167.
sealaris, 166, 167.
puella, Plectropoma, 119.
Puffers, 10, 193.
pugettensis, Arhynchite, 485, 487, 489,
496.
pulcher, Aequidens, 171.
pulchra, Acara, 172.
pulchrum, Cychlasoma, 171.
pullastra, Paphia, 402.
pullus, Cardiochiles arugosus, 234, 265.
pumilio, Artibeus cinereus, 449.
pumilus, Neobisnius, 467.
punctata, Hvania, 528.
Labrus, 175.
Prosevania, 527, 528.
Trigla, 188.
punctatum, Sicydium, 187.
punctatus, Cephalopholis fulvus, 121.
Eques, 163.
Equetus, 152, 163.
Myrophis, 78.
Prionotus, 188.
puncticollis, Pseudolispinodes, 347.
INDEX
punctulatus, Hippocampus, 100.
Scarus, 177.
pusilla, Eleusis, 456.
Vampyressa, 444.
Pygidium conradi, 76.
monodolfi, 76.
pygmaeus, Molossus, 453, 454.
pyriformis, Cheyletia, 297, 298.
Cheyletus, 298.
Pyrrhura cruentata, 285.
quadrisetosus, Cheletogenes, 305, 307,
308.
quadrivittatus, Dermanura, 447.
Quedius japonicus, 469.
sp., 469
querceti, Glaucomys volans, 316.
Quercus alba, 382.
bicolor, 3867.
prinus, 382.
quinquedentatus, Tachygonus, 222.
quisquiliarius, Philonthus, 468.
rabiosus, Cheyletus, 277, 286.
Rabirubia, 181.
Rachovia, 94.
hummelincki, 83, 94.
Rachycentridae, 122.
Rachycentron, 122.
canadus, 122.
typus, 122.
Radfordia, 267.
radiale, Diplectrum, 119.
radialis, Serranus, 119.
Serranus (Diplectrum), 120.
radiatus, Halichoeres, 176.
Labrus, 176.
Raia narinari, 32.
Raja birostris, 32.
narinari, 32.
pastinaca, 27.
Rajiformes, 21.
rapax, Cheletes, 284.
Cheyletus, 277, 284, 285.
raphidoma, Belone, 80.
Strongylura, 79, 80.
Tylosurus, 80.
rastrifer, Stellifer, 151, 156, 157 (fig.).
rava, Artibeus cinereus, 449.
ravus, Artibeus toltecus, 448, 449.
Rays, 18, 21.
cow-nosed, 31, 32.
eagle, 31, 32.
electric, 32, 35.
rectangulus, Philonthus, 468.
reedi, Tyndaris, 332.
regalis, Cynoscion, 162.
Scomber, 180, 181.
Secomberomorus, 181.
repens, Mitchella, 382.
reticularis, Gymnothorax, 77.
reticulata, Brachygaster, 535, 536.
Hyptia,- 531,532. (fig.).
Poecilia, 98.
reticulatus, Girardinus, 98.
Lebistes, 84, 98.
569
Rhamphichthys, 58, 68.
(Brachyrhamphichthys)
61.
marmoratus, 68.
mulleri, 65.
pantherinus, 68.
rostratus, 68.
rostratus marmoratus, 68.
schomburgki, 68.
Rhinomolgus, 393.
Rhinoptera, 31.
lalandii, 32.
Rhinosardinia, 35, 36.
amazonica, 36.
serrata, 36.
Rhododendron maximum, 382.
Rhogeessa minutilla, 452.
tumida, 452.
rhombeus, Diapterus, 142, 144, 145.
Gerres, 144.
Rhomboplites, 181.
aurorubens, 1381.
Rhynchiscus naso, 431.
Rhyncocheilus sp., 469.
Ricinus communis, 538.
rimator, Bathystoma, 134.
Haemulon, 134.
Haemulon (Bathystoma), 134.
Rimicola, 199.
Rivulus, 89, 95.
beniensis, 91.
bondi, 83, 90-93 (fig.), 94.
brevis, 94.
cylindraceus, 89.
dorni, 91.
elegans, 91.
harti, 92, 94.
hartii, 83, 89-92.
holmiae, 83, 90-92.
micropus, 92.
obseurus, 82, 89.
stagnatus, 91.
roberti, Hemirhamphus, 80.
Hyporhamphus, 9, 80.
robusta, Hermannella, 401.
Herrmannella, 399.
robusticollis, Lispinus, 458.
robustum, Leucocraspedum, 471.
robustus, Paranthessius, 393, 400, 401
rodo, Pristopoma, 134.
rohweri, Neocheyletiella, 271, 274.
ronchus, Bairdiella, 151.
Coryina, 157.
rosenbergi, Artibeus, 448.
Artibeus cinereus, 449.
rostrata, Hermannella, 401.
Herrmannella, 393, 398, 401, 402.
rostratus, Canthigaster, 196.
Gymnotus, 68.
Paranthessius, 396, 400-402, 418.
Rhamphichthys, 68.
Tetrodon, 196.
Tetrodon (Canthigaster), 196.
rotundum, Phyllostoma, 449.
rotundus, Desmodus rotundus, 449.
rousseau, Syngnathus, 100, 101.
elegans,
566
ruber, Orthopristis, 134.
rubicundus, Cardiochiles, 250, 265.
rubidus, Cardiochiles, 235, 251, 265.
rubiginosa, Chilonycteris, 434, 435.
rubiventer, Callosciurus prevosti, 312.
rubrum, Acer, 382.
Pristipoma, 134.
ruficollis, Ditherus, 230.
rufipennis, Priochirus (Cephalomerus)
silvestrii, 457.
rufipes, Osorius, 462.
Stephanus, 362.
rufostigma, Cardiochiles, 252, 265.
rufovarius, Tachygonus, 216, 218.
rufus, Acaropsis, 312, 314.
Bodianus, 176.
Cheyletus, 302.
Cossyphus, 176.
Desmodus, 449.
Labrus, 176.
Molossus, 453.
Tachygonus, 213.
rugispinis, Hexanemathichthys, 76.
rugosa, Cheletonella, 292.
rugosipennis, Stenus (Hemistenus),
468.
rugosipennis, Tachygonus, 219.
rugosus, Tachygonus, 225 (fig.), 226.
ruppelli, Gymnothorax, 77.
ruricola, Acmaeodera, 333.
rustica, Acmaeodera, 338.
Rypticus, 120.
arenatus, 120.
Sabellaria, 503, 504.
aleocki, 504.
bella, 504.
bellis, 504.
cementarium, 504, 506.
fissidens, 504.
floridensis, 504.
floridensis stephensoni,
(fig.).
gracilis, 504.
nanella, 504.
pectinata, 506.
pectinata intermedia, 506.
pectinata moorei, 504.
spinulosa, 504.
vulgaris, 504.
vulgaris beaufortensis, 504.
Sabellariidae, 503.
Sabelliphilinae, 392.
Sabelliphilus, 394, 397.
sabinum, Thalassema, 480.
sabinus, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
saceardianus, Cheyletus, 305.
Saccharum officinarum, 300.
Saccoderma, 8.
Saccopteryx bilineata, 429.
canescens, 432.
leptura, 432.
sachsi, Adontosternarchus, 74.
Sternarchogiton, 74.
Sternarchus, 74.
saevus, Cheletes, 287.
Cheyletus, 287.
504-507,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, $9
Sailfish, 182.
salar, Salmo, 54.
saliens, Oligoplites, 127, 128.
Scomber, 128.
sallei, Archomenidia, 104.
Salmo, 54.
foetens, 55.
gairdnerii, 54.
salar, 54.
Salmonetes, 163.
Salmonidae, 54.
Salmoniformes, 54.
saltator, Ichneumon, 230.
Temnodon, 122.
saltatrix, Perea, 121, 122.
Pomatomus, 122.
sanctae-luciae, Corvula, 152, 162.
sapito, Dupouyichthys, 76.
saponaceus, Anthias, 120.
sara, Cybium, 181.
sarda, Sarda, 180.
Scomber, 180.
Sarda, 180.
sarda, 180.
Sardinella, 35.
anchovia, 35,
aurita, 35.
Sardines, 35, 36.
Sargo, 137.
Sargus argenteus, 137.
aries, 137.
unimaculatus, 137.
saurus, Elops, 9, 33, 34.
Oligoplites, 129.
Oligoplites saurus, 128, 129.
Scomber, 129.
sauteri, Zyras, 475.
Sawfishes, 21.
saxatilis, Abudefduf, 176.
Chaetodon, 176.
Crenicichla, 168, 169.
Sparus, 169.
savidomi, Paranthessius, 393, 400, 419-
421 (fig.), 426.
Saxidomus nuttallii, 420, 423, 426.
[slaynagris, Lutianus, 130.
seabra, Trinectes, 191.
Sead, big-eyed, 124.
sealaris, Platax, 166, 167.
Pterophyllum, 166, 167.
Seambicornus, 399.
Scaridae, 176.
Searus, 177.
eroicensis, 177.
evermanni, 177.
flavescens, 177.
psittacus, 177.
punctulatus, 177.
viridis, 178.
Sceloporus woodi, 313.
schal, Chaetodon, 165.
Schinia sp., 244.
Schizostoma hirsutum, 435.
minutum, 435.
Schizothaerus nuttallii, 402, 413, 426.
Schlettererius, 361-363.
cinctipes, 362.
INDEX
schneideri, Cheletes, 281.
Cheyletus, 276, 281.
schomburgki, Rhamphichthys, 68.
schomburgkii, Pachyurus, 151, 157, 158.
Polycentrus, 164.
Schonlandela, 230.
nigromaculata, 230.
Schultz, Leonard P., on A further con-
tribution to the ichthyology of Ven-
ezuela, 1.
schultzi, Garmannia, 185.
Sciaena amazonica, 154.
argentea, 133.
cirrhosa, 153.
maculata, 183.
squamosissima, 153, 154.
undecimalis, 115, 116,
Sciaenidae, 10, 150.
sciurus, Haemulon, 135.
Sparus, 134, 135.
Sciurus carolinensis, 278.
lowii, 312.
Scleropareioidea, 188.
Scoliodon, 19.
terrae-novae, 19.
seolopaceus, Aramus, 315.
Scomber, 179.
carangus, 124.
chrysurus, 126.
crumenophthalmus, 124.
crysos, 125.
faleatus, 126.
gladius, 182.
hippos, 125.
maculatus, 181.
regalis, 180, 181.
saliens, 128.
sarda, 180.
saurus, 129.
thynnus, 180.
Scomberomorus, 180, 181.
ecavalla, 181.
maculatus, 181.
plumieri, 180.
regalis, 181.
Scombridae, 179.
Scombroidea, 179.
Scombroides palometa, 128.
Scorpaena, 188.
plumieri, 188.
poreus, 188.
Scorpaenidae, 188.
scorpio, Leucocraspedum, 471.
Scorpionfishes, 188.
Serupocellaria californica, 515.
sculpticollis, Eupiestus, 455.
scutellaria, Nannaria, 383.
Seyliorhinoidea, 19.
Seahorses, 100.
Sea-robins, 188.
Selachii, 18.
Selachoidea, 18.
Selenaspis herzbergii, 76.
Selene, 123, 126.
argentea, 126.
setipinnis, 125.
vomer, 126.
567
selenirhynchus, Chelonotus, 310-312.
semaeoda, Hvania, 528.
Evaniella, 529.
semenovi, Cheletophyes, 288, 290.
seminiger, Cardiochiles, 247, 253, 266.
Tenthredoides, 230, 253.
seminigra, Toxoneura, 253.
seminigrum, Cardiochiles, 244.
Toxoneuron, 253.
seminivorus, Cheyletus, 278, 302.
semirufus, Tachygonus, 224.
semoni, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
serena, Acmaeodera, 342.
serendibica, Hermannella, 402.
Hermannella, 399.
serendibicus, Paranthessius, 393, 400,
402.
Sergeantfish, 122.
seriatum, Lathrobium, 467.
Seriola, 124, 129.
cosmopolita, 126.
dumerili, 129.
Serphoidea, 525.
Serranidae, 117.
Serranus beta, 119.
(Paralabrax) dewegeri, 117.
guasa, 121.
interstitialis, 120.
itajara, 121.
morio, 120.
radialis, 119.
(Diplectrum) radialis, 120.
tortugarum, 119.
serrata, Rhinosardinia, 36.
serrator, Stephanus, 362.
setapinnis, Vomer, 125.
Zeus, 125.
setiger, Hildebrandichthys, 49 (fig.),
50, 51.
setipinnis, Selene, 125.
7-punctatus, Philonthus, 468.
Sharks, 18.
dog, 20.
gray, 19.
great blue, 20.
hammerhead, 20.
leopard, 20.
mackerel, 19.
nurse, 19.
sharp-nosed, 19.
tiger, 20.
sharpianus, Stenus (Hemistenus), 464.
Trogophloeus, 460.
sheldoni, Aceria, 306, 309.
Shrimp, redescription of Bathypalae-
monella pandaloides (Rathbun),
with remarks on the family Campy-
lonotidae, 517.
Siagonium vittatum, 456.
siamensis, Trogophloeus, 461.
sibogae, Hamingia, 491.
Sluiterina, 491.
sickmanni, Megischus bicolor, 364, 367.
Stephanus, 361, 367.
Sicyases, 200.
fasciatus, 201.
568
Sicydium, 10, 187.
montanum, 187.
plumieri, 188.
punctatum, 187.
Sigiria, 375.
Sigmoria, 387.
conclusa, 388, 389.
furcifera, 387.
munda, 387.
Silversides, 10, 102, 107.
similalis, Loxostege, 240.
simplex, Nannaria, 384, 386.
Siphostoma starksi, 101.
Sitta pygmaea melanotis, 274.
Skates, 21.
skib, Pomatomus, 121.
sloani, Urobatis, 24, 25 (fig.).
Sluiterina, 490, 491.
sibogae, 491.
ee con we, Neocheyletiella, 271, 278,
27
smaragdus, Eleotris, 183.
Erotelis, 183.
Snappers, 130.
Soapfishes, 120.
solandri, Acanthocybium, 181.
Cybium, 181.
Sole, 191.
Solea brownii. 191.
mentalis, 190, 191.
Soleiformes, 190.
Solenichthyoidea, 99.
Soles, 9, 189, 190.
solidus, Philonthus, 468.
solitare, Anthobium, 460.
sollers, Acaropsis, 312, 314.
sondaicus, Paederus, 467.
soporator, Bathygobius, 186.
Gobius, 186.
sordida, Atheta (Coprothassa), 474.
soricina, Glossophaga, 438, 439.
Glossophaga soricina, 428.
soricinus, Vespertilio, 438.
South America, New buprestid beetles
from, 327.
Sovichthys, 8.
Spadefish, 164.
Sparidae, 136.
Sparisoma, 177.
abildgaardi, 177.
flavescens, 177.
viridis, 178.
sparsipennis, Holosus, 457.
Sparus abildgaardi, 177.
annularis, 137.
argenteus, 136.
ehrysurus, 131.
pagrus, 136.
probatocephalus, 137.
saxatilis, 169.
sciurus, 134, 135.
synagris, 130.
virginicus, 134.
Spathuloricaria, 77.
spengleri, Sphoeroides, 194.
Tetrodon, 193, 195.
spes, Garmannia, 185.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 39
Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum, 449.
sphenops, Mollienisia, 99.
Sphoeroides, 193, 194.
dorsalis, 195.
eulepidotus, 10, 194-196.
harperi, 194.
maculatus, 194, 195.
marmoratus, 194.
nephelus, 194, 195.
spengleri, 194.
testudineus, 10, 195, 196.
Sphyraena, 109.
Sphyraena barracuda, 109.
guachancho, 110.
Sphyraenidae, 109.
Sphyrna, 20.
bigelowi, 20.
zygaena, 20.
Sphyrnidae, 20.
spilopterus, Citharichthys, 189.
spinifer, Anchoa, 42, 46, 47.
spinipes, Pagurapseudes, 509.
spinulosa, Sabellaria, 504.
splendida, Petenia, 173.
Squalus arcticus, 20.
cirratus, 19.
ecornubicus, 19.
cuvier, 20.
glaucus, 20.
mustelus, 20.
nasus, 19.
pristis, 21.
(Carcharias) terrae-novae, 19.
zygaena, 20.
squamipinnis, Pachyurus, 157.
squamosa, Cheletia, 301.
Cheyletia, 268, 292, 298, 301.
Cheyletus, 301.
squamosissima, Sciaena, 153, 154.
squamosissimus, Plagioscion, 154.
squamosus, Acarus, 297, 301.
Squirrelfish, 99.
stagnalis, Austrofundulus,
(fig.).
stagnatus, Rivulus, 91.
Staphylinus paganus, 468.
sp., 468.
starski, Coleotropis, 103, 106, 107.
Menidia, 107.
Siphostoma, 101.
Steatogenys, 56, 61.
elegans, 61.
steindachneri, Cynoscion, 159, 162.
Diabasis, 185.
Haemulon, 135.
stellatus, Iagocephalus, 197.
Stellicola, 393.
stellifer, Bodianus, 156.
Stellifer, 150, 156.
rastrifer, 151, 156, 157 (fig.).
Stenus alienus, 462, 463.
(Hemistenus) arisanus, 462.
(Hemistenus) kwantungensis, 462,
463,
lewisius, 462.
(Hypostenus) praenobilis, 465.
(Hemistenus) rugosipennis, 463.
INDEX
Stenus (Hemistenus) sharpianus, 464.
sp., 462
(Hemistenus) sp., 464.
(Hypostenus) sp., 465.
(Hypostenus) subtropicus, 464.
(Hypostenus) tropicus, 464.
verecundus, 462.
Stephanidae, 361, 362.
on the Nearctic species of the fam-
ily, 361.
Stephanus, 362, 363.
bicolor, 361, 867, 368.
cinetipes, 362.
macrurus, 363.
rufipes, 362.
serrator, 362.
sickmanni, 361, 367.
stephensoni, Sabellaria floridensis, 504—
506, 507 (fig.).
Sterna hirundo, 310.
Sternarchidae, 58.
Sternarchogiton, 58, 72-74.
cuchillejo, 72, 74.
nattereri, 72, 74.
porcinum, 74.
sachsi, 74.
Sternarchus, 68.
albifrons, 69.
leptorhynecbus, 69.
nattereri, 72.
sachsi, 74.
virescens, 62.
Sternopygus, 56, 58.
carapus, 59.
dariensis, 59, 61.
humoldtii, 61.
macrurus, 57-59, 61.
obtusirostris, 58.
pejeraton, 57, 52, 60.
virescens, 62.
Stingray, 22, 24, 27, 29.
Stolephorus guianensis, 48.
lyolepis, 43.
strenuus, Cheletes, 280.
Cheyletus, 276, 280.
striata, Acmaeodera, 344.
striatus, Anthias, 121.
Chaetodon, 164.
Cynoscion, 162.
Epinephalus, 121.
Stromateidae, 182.
Stromateoidea, 182.
Stromateus longipinnis, 182.
paru, 182.
strongylura, Belone, 79.
Strongylura, 79.
caudimaculata, 79.
raphidoma, 79, 80.
timuacu, 9.
timucu, 79, 89.
stultorum, Tivela, 417, 426.
Sturnira, 442.
hondurensis, 441, 442.
lillium, 442.
lilium bogotensis, 441, 442.
lilium parvidens, 441, 442.
569
Sturnira ludovici, 441, 442.
Sturnirops mordax, 442.
subaxillaris, Heterotheca, 256.
subeyaneus, Mastogenius, 350.
subeylindrica, Acmaeodera, 346.
submaculatus, Medon, 467.
subtropicus, Stenus (Hypostenus), 464.
suffucus, Xantholinus, 467.
sumatranus, Psilommiscus, 280.
surinamensis, Anisotremus, 154.
Batrachoides, 202.
Batrachus, 202.
Lutjanus, 134.
Swordfishes, 182.
Symbranchus marmoratus, 79.
synagris, Lutjanus, 130.
Sparus, 130.
Synapseudes, a new species of apseudid
crustacean of the genus, from north-
ern California, 509.
Synapseudes, 509, 510.
heterocheles, 515.
intumescens, 510, 511 (fig.),
(fig.), 515.
minutus, 509, 515.
Synbranchidae, 78.
Synbranchioidea, 78.
Synbranchus, 78.
marmoratus, 78.
Synentognathoidea, 79.
Syngnathidae, 9, 100, 101.
Syngnathus acus, 101.
fistulatus, 100, 102.
mindii, 101.
pelagicus, 100, 162.
rousseau, 100, 101.
Synodontidae, 55.
synodus, Essox, 55.
Synodus, 55.
foetens, 55.
Syringophilus, 267.
uncinatus, 275.
Szeplagetella, 527.
513
Tachinus japonicus, 470.
Tachygonus, weevils of the genus, in the
United States National Museum, with
new species, 2138.
Tachygonus atro-signatus, 221 (fig.).
bicolor, 214 (fig.), 215.
bidentatus, 225.
bondari, 220, 222.
buchanani, 214 (fig.).
easeyi, 219.
comptus, 218, 219 (fig.).
curvicrus, 220, 224.
femoralis, 220, 223 (fig.).
ferrugineus, 220, 221 (fig.).
flohri, 225.
gowdeyi, 224, 225.
guerini, 215, 220.
hydropicus, 215.
laticrus, 220.
minutus, 226.
mirus, 216, 217 (fig.), 218.
montanus, 216, 217 (fig.).
570
Tachygonus neivia, 216.
niger, 219 (fig.).
nitidus, 224, 225 (fig.).
pectinisquamis, 226.
quinquedentatus, 222.
rufovarius, 216, 218.
rufus, 213.
rugosipennis, 219.
rugosus, 225 (fig.), 226.
semirufus, 224.
validus, 222, 223 (fig).
Tachyporus flavopictus, 470.
Tadarida macrotis, 452.
molossa, 452.
taeniata, Belone, 79.
taeniatus, Chirocentrodon, 37.
Taeniura d’orbignyi, 27,
magdalenae, 29.
tajasica, Awaous, 187.
Gobius, 187.
Tamboriles, 193.
tamulus, Paederus, 467.
Tanaidacea, A new species of apseudid
erustacean of the genus Synapseudes
from northern California, 509.
Taphrocerus, 348.
aeneocupreus, 849, 350.
haitiensis, 348.
tareira, Macrodon, 56.
Tarpon, 9, 33.
atlanticus, 9, 33.
Tarsonemus bakeri, 306.
Tateichthys duidae, 61.
tau, Batrachoides, 202.
taxifolia, Pseudotsuga, 363.
Teclea trichocarpa, 500.
tectorius, Pandanus, 288.
Teleostei, 33.
telfairii, Agonostomus, 111.
temensis, Cichla, 166.
Tembladores, 32.
Temnodon saltator, 122.
tenerrima, Protothaca, 402, 426.
tennesseensis, Nannaria, 383.
tennessensis, Cardiochiles, 254, 266.
Tenthredoides, 230.
seminiger, 230, 253.
tenuicaudis, Hermanella, 402.
Paranthessius, 400, 402.
teres, Macrodon, 56.
ternetzi, Microphilypnus, 183.
terrae-novae, Carcharias (Scoliodon),
19.
Scoliodon, 19.
Squalus (Carcharias), 19.
testaceum, Conosoma, 469.
testudineus, Sphoeroides, 10, 195, 196.
Tetraodon, 196.
tetramerus, Acara, 170, 171.
Aequidens, 171-173, 175.
Tetraodon lagocephalus, 197.
marmoratus, 194.
pachycephalus, 197.
(Lagocephalus) pachycephalus, 197.
testudineus, 196.
Tetraodontidae, 10, 193.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 99
Tetraodontoidea, 193.
Tetraopterus imperator, 182.
Tetrodon (Spheroides) eulepidotus, 196.
psittacus, 196, 197.
rostratus, 196.
(Canthigaster) rostratus, 196.
spengleri, 198, 195.
Teuthis hepatus, 165.
texana, Hyptia, 534.
texanus, Megischus, 363-365.
texensis, Cardiochiles, 255, 265.
Thalassema, 479, 480, 482, 485, 487,
490-492,
arhynehite, 485.
branchiorhynechus, 480.
dendrorhynchus, 480.
erythrogrammon, 483.
marshalli, 480.
microrhynchus, 480.
sabinum, 480.
therberiae, Cardiochiles, 257, 264.
thoracatum, Hoplosternum thoracatum,
76.
thoracica, Hvania, 534, 535.
Hyptia, 531, 582 (fig.), 534, 536.
Toxoneura, 258.
thoracicum, Hyptiam, 534, 535.
Toxoneuron, 258.
thoracicus, Cardiochiles, 258, 264.
Peronaemis, 348.
Thoracochirus formosae, 457.
Thoracophorus sp., 459.
Threadfins, 115.
Thrina brasiliensis, 107.
Thunnus, 180.
thynnus, 180.
thynnus, Secomber, 180.
Thunnus, 180.
thyone, Vampyressa, 443, 444.
Thyroptera albiventer, 450.
discifera, 451.
discifera major, 451.
tricolor, 450.
tricolor albigula, 450.
tricolor albiventer, 450, 451.
tibiator, Bracon, 259.
Bracon (Toxoneuron), 259.
Cardiochiles, 259, 264.
Tiburones, 19.
timuacu, Strongylura, 9.
Timucu, 80.
timucu, Esox, 80.
Strongylura, 79, S80.
Tivela stultorum, 417, 426.
tivelae, Paranthessius, 400, 405, 414,
(fig.), 415 (fig.) 417-419, 424, 426.
tobacaria, Fistularia, 99, 100.
toeroe, Otolithus, 159, 160.
toltecus, Artibeus, 448, 449.
Artibeus cinereus, 449.
Tonatia amblyotis, 436.
Tonguefishes, 9, 190.
tonkinensis, Osorius, 462.
tonkinensis, Priochirus
chirus), 456.
Torpedinidae, 32.
Torpedo brasiliensis, 33.
(Triacantho-
INDEX
tortugarum, Serranus, 119.
totanus, Totanus, 310.
Tringa, 310.
Totanus calidris, 309, 310.
totanus, 310.
Townes, Henry, on the Nearctic species
of Evaniidae, 525.
on the Nearctic species of Stepha-
nidae, 361.
Toxoneura abdominalis, 231.
apicalis, 232.
ealifornica, 236.
explorator, 239.
fioridana, 240.
minuta, 244.
pluto, 249.
seminigra, 253.
thoracica, 258.
viator, 262.
Toxoneuron, 230.
abdominale, 231.
apicale, 232.
explorator, 239.
floridanum, 240.
minutum, 244.
orizabae, 248.
seminigrum, 253.
sp., 247.
thoracicum, 258.
viator, 230, 262.
toxophyllum, Sphaeronycteris, 449.
Trachinotus, 123, 126.
carolinus, 126, 127.
falcatus, 126, 127.
glaucus, 126, 127.
gzoodei, 127.
Trachinus adscensionis, 120.
Trachops cirrhosus, 437.
coffini, 488.
Trachurops, 122, 124.
crumenophthaima, 124.
Trachurus, 123.
transilis, Austrofundulus, 85-88.
Austrofundulus transilis, 82, 85, 88.
transversus, Cardiochiles, 260, 265.
traubi, Cheletogenes, 305, 307.
travisi, Acaropsis, 312, 313.
Tricellaria occidentalis, 515.
Trichiuridae, 179.
Trichiuroidea, 179.
Trichiurus, 179.
lepturus, 179.
trichocarpa, Teclea, 500.
trichodon, Mugil, 10, 111, 114.
tricolor, Anchoa, 42, 43.
Engraulis, 43.
Thyroptera, 450.
tricornis, Lactophrys, 192, 193.
Ostracion, 193.
trieuspidatus, Hyporhamphus, 80.
Tridensimilis, 8.
Triggerfishes, 192.
Trigla evolans, 188.
punctata, 188.
volitans, 189.
Triglidae, 188.
d71
Trigonogya, 351.
insularis, 351.
uniformis, 351.
trigonus, Lactophrys, 192.
trimaculata, Apheloria, 378.
Polydesmus (Fontaria), 378.
Trinectes, 9, 191.
maculatus brownii, 190, 191.
seabra, 191.
Tringa flavipes, 310.
totanus, 310.
trinitatis, Anchoa, 42, 44, 45 (fig.), 46.
Anchovia, 44.
Artibeus jamaicensis, 447.
triqueter, Lactophrys, 192, 193.
Ostracion, 193.
Trogophloeus biimpressus, 460.
sharpianus, 460.
siamensis, 461.
sp., 461.
vagus, 461.
tropicus, Stenus (Hypostenus), 464.
troscheli, Kigenmannia, 63, 64.
trouessarti, Cheletes, 280.
Cheyletus, 276, 277, 280.
Trout, 54.
rainbow, 54.
Trumpetfishes, 99, 100.
truncus, Cardiochiles, 261, 265.
Trunkfishes, 192.
trux, Cheletomimus, 298.
Cheyletus, 276, 277, 282.
Trygon, 27.
hystrix, 27, 29.
(Trygon) hystrix, 29.
Tsuga canadensis, 382.
tubulus, Acmaeodera, 339.
tulipifera, Liriodendron, 382.
tumida, Rhogeessa, 452.
Tuna, 180.
Turdus merula, 275.
Tylosurus raphidoma, 80.
Tyndaris, 330.
depressicollis, 330.
marginella, 332.
planata, 331, 333.
reedi, 332.
unicolor, 331.
typica, Micronycteris megalotis, 435.
typicus, Ophioscion, 154, 157 (fig.).
typus, Loricaria, 77.
Rachycentron, 122.
tyrannus, Cheletosoma, 315.
Tyroglyphus mericourti, 312.
umbratus, Vampyrops, 443.
Umbrina, 153.
eoroides, 150, 153.
furnieri, 153.
gracilicirrhus, 150, 153. Z
martinicensis, 152.
uncinata, Cheletoides, 275.
uncinatus, Cheletoides, 275.
Syvringophilus, 275.
undecimalis, Centropomus, 115, 116.
Sciaena, 115, 116.
572
undulata, Perea, 1538.
unicolor, Acmaeodera, 3835.
Tyndaris, 331.
unicolor, Evania, 527, 528.
Hypoplectrus, 119.
Perea, 119.
unifasciatus, Hemiramphus, 80, 81.
Hyporhamphus, 81.
uniformis, Mastogenius, 351.
Trigonogya, 351.
unimaculata, Perea, 137.
unimaculatus, Archosargus, 136, 157.
Sargus, 137.
uninotatus, Mesoprion, 130.
urbana, Evania, 528.
Zinaria, 389.
Urobatis sloani, 24, 25 (fig.).
Urocryptus bilineatus, 481.
Uroderma bilobatum, 442.
planirostris, 444,
Urotrygon, 24.
asterias, 26.
mundus, 24, 26.
venecuelae, 23-25 (fig.), 26.
Urtica dioica, 382.
uvae, Aspidiotus, 299.
uvida, Lithocharis, 467.
vagus, Trogophloeus, 461.
vaigiensis, Gerres, 141.
valenciennesi, Erotelis, 183.
valida, Hermannella, 402.
validus, Paranthessius, 400, 402.
validus, Tachygonus, 222, 223 (fig.).
Vampyressa, 444.
melissa, 444.
minuta, 444.
nymphaea, 444.
pusilla, 444.
thyone, 448, 444.
venilla, 444.
Vampyrops lineatus, 4438.
umbratus, 4438.
vittatus, 443.
Vampyrus cirrhosus, 487.
vandepolli, Mollienisia sphenops, 84, 99.
vanderpolli, Poecilia, 99.
variegatus, Cyprinodon, 94.
varius, Aradus, 304.
vegrandis, Anelassorhynchus, 481.
velasco, Polycesta, 328.
venator, Cheyletus, 277, 286.
Venezuela, further contributions to the
ichthyology of, 1.
Venezuela, glossary of localities, 13.
venezuelae, Anchoviella, 48.
Menidia, 107.
Ophioscion, 151, 154, 155 (fig.).
Xenomelaniris, 102, 103, 106, 107.
venezuelae, Urotrygon, 23, 24, 25 (fig.),
venilla, Vampyressa, 444.
venustissima, Cheletomorpha, 302.
Cheyletus, 302.
verecundus, Stenus, 462.
vespertilio, Lophius, 203.
Ogcocephalus, 203.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 98
Vespertilio leporinus, 433.
lepturus, 482.
molossus, 452.
molossus major, 453.
naso, 429.
nigricans, 451.
soricinus, 438.
perspicillatus, 440.
vespertilionis, Cheletonella, 292.
vetula, Balistes, 192.
viator, Bracon (Toxoneuron), 262.
Cardiochiles, 247, 262.
Toxoneura, 262.
Toxoneuron, 230, 262.
vicina, Murenophis, 78.
vicinus, Gymnothorax, 77, 78.
Oxytelus, 461.
virescens, Cynoscion, 159.
Kigenmannia, 62-64.
Heliothis, 229, 247, 255.
Sternarchus, 62.
Sternopygus, 62.
Virginia, new xystodesmid millipeds
from, 371.
virginianum, Polypodium, 382.
virginica, Apheloria, 374.
virginicus, Polydactylus, 115.
Polynemus, 115.
Sparus, 184.
virginiensis, Cheyletia, 297, 299.
virginiensis, Fontaria, 389.
viridis, Scarus, 178.
Sparisoma, 178.
vittata, Acara, 172.
Aequidens, 171, 172.
Crenicichla, 167.
Inermia, 131.
vittatum, Siagonium, 456.
vittatus, Artibeus, 4438.
Vampyrops, 443.
vitzthumi, Cheletophyes, 287, 288. 290.
vivipara, Poecilia, 84, 97.
yolitans, Dactylopterus, 189.
Exocoetus, 81.
Trigla, 189.
vomer, Selene, 126.
Zeus, 126.
Vomer, 123, 125.
brownii, 125.
setapinnis, 125.
vorax, Cheletes, 286.
Cheyletus, 277, 286.
vulgaris, Sabellaria, 504.
Pagrus, 136.
vulpes, Albula, 34.
Esox, 34.
wallacii, Crenicichla, 168, 169.
watsoni, Artibeus cinereus 449.
watwata, Hypostomus, 77.
Weevils of the genus Tachygonus, 213.
wellsi, Cheyletia, 298, 300.
West Virginia, A new xystodesmid mil-
liped from, 371.
whartoni, Eucheyla, 291, 292.
wheeleri, Acmaeodera, 338.
INDEX
Wilson, Mildred Stratton, on A new
species of copepod of the genus Cory-
caeus from the North American coast,
321.
wilsoni, Nannaria, 383, 386.
woodi, Sceloporus, 3138.
Wrasses, 176.
Xantholinus suffusus, 467.
Xenoctenes hirsutus, 485, 4386.
Xenomelaniris, 107.
brasiliensis, 102, 103, 106, 107.
venezuelae, 102, 103, 106, 107.
Xiphias, 182.
gladius, 182.
Xiphiidae, 182.
Xorides, 367.
Xystodesmidae, 372.
Xystodesums, 872.
573
yucatanicus, Artibeus jamaicensis, 446.
zaparo, Noctilio, 484.
zelleri, Epipaschia, 241.
Zeus setapinnis, 125.
vomer, 126.
zimmeri, Bathypalaemonella, 517, 519,
521, 522.
Zinaria, 389.
butleri, 389.
urbana, 389.
zonata, Heterandria, 81.
zonatus, Pterolebias, 82, 85.
zygaena, Sphyrna, 20.
Squalus, 20.
Zyras formosae, 475.
sauteri, 475.
sp., 475.
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