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Committee on Publication

Barton W. Evermann
Chairman and Editor

C. Hart Merriam David White

A. D. Hopkins Lyman J. Briggs

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Washington Academy of Sciences

Vol. XII

1910

WASHINGTON
January-December, 19 io

■y -, ,^o.

4-li'ri-

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

Anthropological Society of Washington.

Biological Society of Washington.

Botanical Society of Washington.

Chemical Society of Washington.

Columbia Historical Society.

Entomological Society of Washington.

Geological Society of Washington.

Medical Society of the District of Columbia.

National Geographic Society.

Philosophical Soclety of Washington.

Society of American Foresters.

Washington Society of the Arch^ological Institute of
America.

Washington Society of Engineers.

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

OFFICERS FOR 1910
President

Charles D. Walcott

Vice-Presidents

From the Anthropological Society Walter Hough

Archcpological Society Mitchell Carroll

Biological Society Theodore S. Palmer

Botanical Society David White

Chemical Society H. W. Wiley

Engineers Society Bernard R. Green

Entomological Society A. D. Hopkins

Foresters Society Gifford Pinchot

Geographic Society Henry Gannett

Geological Society F. L. Ransome

Historical Society Jas. Dudley Morgan

Medical Society Louis Mackall

Philosophical Society Robert S. Woodward

Corresponding Secretary Treasurer

Frank Baker Arthur L. Day

Recording Secretary

Bailey Willis

Managers
Class of 1911

Barton W. Evermann
L. O. Howard
O. H. Tittmann

Class of 191 S

Frederick V. Colville
Geo. M. Kober
E. W. Parker

Class of 1912

L. A. Bauer
C. F. Marvin
C. Hart Merriam

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1910

Meetings
David T, Day, Chairman

J, S. DiLLER

L. 0. Howard
E. B. Rosa
E. A. Ballock
W. J. Humphreys

Finance

E. W. Parker, Chairman
Arthur L. Day

A. H. Brooks
Thomas H. Kearney
George R. Putnam

Rules

James Dudley Morgan,

Chairman
Walter Hough
O. H. Tittmann

Policy
A. D. HovKiNS, Chairman
David T. Day
David White
A. H. Brooks
Walter Hough
J. N. Rose

F. W. Clarke
Bailey Willis

Publication

Barton W. Evermann, Chairman
Lyman J.Briggs
A. D. Hopkins
C. Hart Merriam
David White

Building

Geo. M. Kober, Chairman
J. Howard Gore
J. N. Rose
Willis L. Moore

J. S. DiLLER

Affiliation

Bailey Willis, Chairman

E. W. Parker
G. K. Burgess

Membership
Henry Gannett, Chairman

F. W. Clarke
L. O. Howard
Geo. M. Kober
C. W. Hayes

Vlll

CONTENTS

PAGB

On the manner of locomotion of the Dinosaurs, especially
Diplodocus, with remarks on the origin of the birds . i

The Lichen flora of the Santa Cruz Peninsula, California 27

The Polytrichaceae of Western North America . . .271

Index 329

ILLUSTRATIONS

Plates

I. The form and attitudes of Diplodocus 26

Text-Figures

1. Section through foot of Tcstudo 2

2. Left acetabuhim 8

3. Acetabulum of Hzard Metapoceros g

4. Femur of Diplodocus 10

5. Proximal end of femur of Diplodocus 10-12

1. Catharinea crispa 277

2. Catharinea angustata 278

3. Catharinea undulata 279

4. Catharinea selwyni 280

5. Oligotrichum parallelum 283

6. Oligotrichum aligerum 284

7. Oligotrichum incurvum 285

8. 0. incurvum and O. i. latifolium 287

9. Psilopilum glabratum 289

10. Bartramiopsis lescurii 291

11. Polytrichadelphus lyallii 293

12. Pogonatum contortum 296

13. Pogonatum capillare 298

14. Pogonatum urnigerum 300

15. Pogonatum alpinum 302

16. Pognatum alpinum, variety 305

17. Pogonatum alpinum, varieties 306

18. Polytrichum gracile 310

19. Polytrichum attenuatum 311

20. Polytrichum ohioense 313

21. Polytrichum inconstans 314

22. Polytrichum commune 316

23. Polytrichum commune and varieties 318

24. Polytrichum jinsenii 319

25. Polytrichum yukonense 320

26. Polytrichum sexangulare 321

27. Polytrichum juniperinum 323

28. Polytrichum strictum 324

29. Polytrichum hypcrboreum 326

30. Polytrichum piliferum 327

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Vol. XII, No. i, pp. 1-25. Pl. i, Figs. 1-7 February 15, 1910.

ON THE MANNER OF LOCOMOTION OF THE DINO-
SAURS ESPECIALLY DIPLODOCUS, WITH REMARKS
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE BIRDS.

By Oliver P. Hay.

In a paper published some months ago (Amer. Naturalist, vol. xliii,
1908, pp. 672-681) the writer advanced the proposition that thesauro-
podous dinosaurs, especially Diplodocus, did not walk, as the elephants
do, with the body high up from the ground and with the legs straight
or nearly so, and moving in approximately perpendicular planes, but
rather as do the crocodiles, with the body low down, and with the
thighs standing well out from the animal's sides. While I was further
considering the subject I received from my friend Dr. O. Abel, of
Vienna, a paper' in which, while endorsing my views regarding the
nature of the food of Diplodocus and the manner of taking it, he en-
deavors to show that I am in error as to the bodily pose and the manner
of locomotion of the sauropods. Dr. Abel maintains that the accepted
views of the way in which these animals walked is the correct one and
he finds support for this view in the structure of the feet. He accepts
Hatcher's opinion that Diplodocus and Brontosaurus were digitigrade
and argues that therefore they walked as represented in Hatcher's
restoration of the reptile. The evidences that they were digitigrade
are found in the belief, probably correct, that the upper ends of the
metatarsals and metacarpals were not arranged in a straight line, but

• Verhandl-zool.-botan. Gessellsch. Wien, 1909, pp. 1 17-123.
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. , February , 19 10.

2 OLIVER P. HAY

in an arc of a circle; further, that the feet were entaxonic, that is, had
the inner digits more strongly developed than the outer ones.

Now, it is the writer's opinion that these evidences of digitigrady
will hardly stand a test. The hinder feet of the bear are certainly
plantigrade and yet the metatarsals are arranged very distinctly in
an arc of a circle. On the other hand, the tiger and the hyaena are
digitigrade, but their metatarsals are almost in a plane. Various
animals will, I think, be found to transgress Dr. Abel's rule, as one
may see by looking through a collection of skeletons. Furthermore,
if it is desired to see an entaxonic foot in which the metatarsals are
arranged in an arc of a circle and which is nevertheless plantigrade
one has only to examine the foot of the human skeleton.

FIG. I SECTION THROUGH HIND FOOT OF TESTUDO. XL 05^, ASTRAGALUS; W^f.
2, METATARSUS OP SECOND DIGIT; ph. T, ph. 2, FIRST AND SECOND PHALANGES;
t., TARSAL OF SECOND ROW; tib., TIBIA.

The writer is not disposed to deny that Diplodocus and its relatives
were more or less digitigrade; but this digitigrady, through perhaps
equal to that of the hinder foot of the elephant, does not prove that
these reptiles walked like the elephant. The land tortoises of the
genus Testudo have the feet constructed much like those of the elephant,
being provided with a thick pad of skin, muscles, tendons, and con-
nective tissue under the astragalus and the metatarsals and applying
only the ungual phalanges to the ground. Nevertheless the legs of
these reptiles stand out from the sides of the body as I have supposed
that those of Diplodocus did. A figure (Fig. i) is here presented
showing a section made through the hind foot of T. tahulata. Unfor-
tunately I have not been able to find or make a similar section through

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS 3

the hind foot of the elephant; but, to judge from various mounted
skeletons and from good figures of others, one can hardly suppose that
the heel of the elephant is lifted farther from the ground relatively
than that of the tortoise.

I grant that Dr. Abel's efforts are along a line where they are needed.
Those who believe in the mammal-like gait of Diplodocus ought to
give their reasons therefor. I do not assert that reasonable argu-
ments for their view cannot be produced, but hitherto the correctness
of this view has been assumed. The subject is a difficult one and
needs to be studied from various points of view and by all who have
the opportunity. And in studying the movements of animals one
soon learns that they can assume so many positions that one may be
at loss, in the case of an extinct creature, to determine which positions
were the usual ones.

In the primitive condition the limbs of the Tetrapoda stand out
at right angles with the body,- and in approximately this position they
are found in most Amphibia and Reptilia. When these animals are
walking, the humerus and the femur move backward and forward
mostly in horizontal planes. In most mammals, on the contrary,
the humerus is turned backward against the thorax and the femur
forward against the flank. The hand, which otherwise would be
directed backward, is turned forward by the crossing of the bones of
the lower arm. The movements of arm and leg are then mostly in
sagittal planes. In the duckbill and the echidnas the limbs have
retained the position found in most reptiles.

Now, among all the reptiles that live today there are none, except
perhaps the chameleons, that have attained even an approach to the
condition found among the mammals.

It is evident that before the close of the Jurassic there existed both
carnivorous and herbivorous dinosaurs that went about habitually
on only their hinder legs; but it is by no means necessary to believe
that the immediate ancestors of these bipeds walked first like mammals
and afterwards like birds. It is well known that certain lizards can
run swiftly on their hind legs, the fore legs and the tail being held
free from the ground. Furthermore, as may be seen from W. Saville-

' Huxley, Anat. Vert. Animals, 1872, p. T,y, Flower's Osteology of the
Mammalia, 1885, p. 362.

4 OLIVER P. HAY

Kent's figures' the hinder limbs are not carried backward and forward
in sagittal planes like those of mammals.

It seems not diflEicult to understand the history of the attainment
of the bipedal habit among lizards and dinosaurs. When the fore-
legs of a quadrupedal reptile are of nearly the same length and have
the same structure as the hind legs there seems to be no good reason
why the animal cannot run as fast on four legs as on two. However,
the hinder limbs, being nearer the center of gravity of the animal,
receiving more of the weight, and being more devoted to propulsion
of the body, are likely to become larger and more powerful, while the
fore legs may become more or less reduced, with or without special
modification for other purposes. If now a reptile whose fore legs
have become relatively much shorter than the hinder ones has occas-
sion to run with the greatest possible speed, it is likely to find that the
fore legs cannot take as long steps as the hinder ones; and naturally
it endeavors to get them out of the way by lifting them up in the air.

This practice would be of great advantage and would tend to become
fixed. The reduced limbs might then become modified for other
purposes or undergo further reduction. In the beginning, the femora
would stand out from the body, giving the animal a wide tread. In
time, however, the knees might be drawn closer to the flanks, the
tread would become narrower and the pace more rapid. At no stage,
however, would the reptile walk like a quadrupedal mammal; and no
argument in favor of such a gait or Diplodocus can b : deduced from
bipedalism in lizards.

If the mammal-like gait of Diplodocus be insisted upon on the
ground of straightness of the femur it may be pointed out, as I did
in the article in the American Naturalist, that the femora of sphenodon
and of lizards, animals that creep, are straight. If it be contended
that it is in the heavy-bodied animals that a straight femur is corre-
lated with a lifting of the body from he ground during locomotion,
it may be permitted to recall that the femora of Allosaiirus and Tyran-
nosaurus, great carnivorous dinosaurs, are distinctly bent. The
femora of Trachodon are straight, while those of Campiosauriis and
Laosaurus are curved. Curvature of the femur seems, therefore, to
have no relation to size of body or erectness of pose. The femora of

» Nature, vol. 53, 1895, pp. 396-397.

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS 5

crocodiles, little and great, are curved; as were too those of their prede-
cessors, Aetosaurus, of the Triassic, and of Alligalorellus, of the Juras-
sic, the former with femora hardly four inches long, the latter with
these bones about an inch in length.

Diplodocus has been erected on column-like legs partly because it
has been supposed that the great weight of its body required this.
However, the legs of animals are not straight in proportion to the
the weight of their bodies. The legs of the largest camels seem not to
be straighter than the legs of the llamas. Some rhinoceroses and
some oxen have very heavy bodies; nevertheless, their femora lack
much of being in line with their tibia and these much of being in line
with the metapodials. Certainly it is not because of the immense
weight of the body that the legs of a man are straight.

There must, of course, be a limit to the size of an animal that can
move itself about on land, in whatever position; but it may be sug-
gested that a reptile that could not walk about as crocodiles do, rest-
ing at least now and then, its body on the ground, could not well
have erected itself when once it had lain down. That the largest
crocodiles are far from the limit of active movement on the land may
be judged from the following extract taken from W. Saville-Kent.*

The celerity with which a huge 25-footer, as witnessed by the writer in
the Norman River, North Queensland, will make tracks for and hurl itself
into the water, if disturbed during its midday siesta by the near impact of
a rifle bullet, is a revelation.

It must be further taken into consideration that the weight of a
crocodile 25 feet long, with short, thick neck, large head, long body,
and heavy tail, would be much greater than that of a sauropod of the
same length, in which most of the length is composed of slender neck
and comparatively slender tail.

It is generally conceded that such carnivorous dinosaurs as Allo-
saurus, Dryptosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus, and such herbivorous
forms as Trachodon and Campiosaurus walked bipedally erect. If
now comparison be made of the femora of any of these with those of
the sauropods great differences will be noted. The shaft of the former
appears to be more elaborately modeled and to consist of finer and
harder bone; all the articular surfaces are smooth and they carry the

* Living Animals of the World, p. 547.

6 OLIVER P. HAY

conviction that the original surfaces, barring a thin layer of cartilage,
are preserved ; there is a definite head, separated from the shaft by a
distinct neck and nearly filling the acetabulum; and there is a definitely
formed trochanter major. In the Sauropoda, on the contrary, the
shaft seems to be composed of coarser bone; the articular surfaces are
rough and show that they were covered by a thick layer of cartilage;
the head merges imperceptibly into the supposed great trochanter
and into the shaft; and the head lacks much of filling the acetabulum.
In its low stage of differentiation the femora of the sauropods resemble
greatly those of the crocodiles and are hardly above those of the
lizards. They furnish no warrant for the belief that their possessors
walked in mammalian fashion.

The structure of the foot of Diplodocus indicates that this reptile
walked in a way very different from that in which the bipedal dinosaurs
walked. In the latter the foot had the third toe most strongly de-
veloped (mesaxonic); in the sauropods the two inner toes were the
strongest, the third somewhat weaker, while the other two were
greatly reduced. This difference of structure must have had its
history and its meaning. That the feet of Diplodocus were shortened
and more or less digitigrade indicates that they were employed for
walking, not at all for swimming. The feet of the crocodiles are to be
regarded as entaxonic, the inner digits being of stouter build, although
slightly shorter than the third; but here the digits are elongated and
webbed to assist in swimming. When the animal is walking, the
pressure comes against principally the inner side of the foot. The
trionychid turtles have the three inner digits most strongly developed
and clawed; the others are slender and unarmed. The clawed digits
are, of course, the ones employed for excavating hiding places in the
sand and mud and getting foothold in walking and running; and
these turtles are, for moderate distances, rapid and powerful runners
on the land and on the bottoms of streams.

It is true that the foot of man is entaxonic and is directed nearly
forward, but its history is wholly different from that of the sauropod
foot. It is certain that the ancestors of man were climbing animals,
with hallux strongly developed and opposable to the other digits.
Being later employed for locomotion on the ground, the foot under-
went a transformation to its present form. The form assumed at any
time by an organ must depend greatly on the form previously pos-

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS 7

sessed. Doubtless the Sauropodaand the Theropoda started out with
the same pedal outfit, and there seems to be no reason for supposing
that the former passed through an arboreal stage and back into an
ambulatory stage.

The position of the trochanter major of the sauropods is open to
question and there are differences of opinion. Marsh* regards as this
trochanter the outer upper angle of the femur, including a part of
the rough surface forming the proximal end of the bone. Hatcher's
view (Mem. Carnegie Mus., I. p. 46) appears to be the same. Osborn*
has identified as the trochanter the rough surface which descends for
some distance below the upper end of the femur on the fibular border.
Neither of these views seems to the writer satisfactory. If the femora
of the Triassic dinosaurs described by v. Huene in his monograph,
Die Dinosaurier der europdischen Triasformation, be examined it
will be found that the trochanter in question is placed at a considerable
distance below the head of the bone, on the dorsal surface, and near
the fibular border. In the more highly specialized dinosaurs of the
Jurassic the trochanter is a distinct process arising from the position
described and ascending nearly to the level of the head. In such
dinosaurs as Trachodon and Triceratops the trochanter has reached
the outer upper angle of the femur, and is well separated from the
head by a distinct neck. The writer believes that in the sauropods
the trochanter occupied the same primitive position that it has in the
Triassic Theropoda. It is not essential that it should be represented
by a process or even by any unusual roughness, as is shown by the
femur of the crocodile.

This being the case, what explanation is to be made of the outer
portion of the rough surface on the proximal end of the femur ? The
writer believes that it forms a part of the head of the bone and entered
into the acetabulum. The matter will be discussed. In order to
illustrate a possible position of the femur in the acetabulum a figure
is here presented (Fig. 2). This has been obtained by placing a
section of the proximal end of the femur, taken from Hatcher's figure
in Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, vol. I, p. 46, in the acetabulum
as shown in the same writer's figure in the second volume of the same

" Dinosaurs N. A., PI. XVI, fig. 3, t.

•Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., i, p. 211, fig. 14.

OLIVER P. HAY

Memoirs, plate IV, fig. 2. The so-called head of the femur is toward
the left, against the pubic process. According to this figure, there
was room in the acetabulum for the femur, standing at right angles
with the pelvis, so that it could rotate on its longer axis and could
swing backward and forward. Such movements would be required
in case the reptile walked as does the crocodile. In the execution of
these movements it would probably happen, as it does in the lizards,
that some part of the head would at times be outside of the acetabulum,
in order to show the resemblance of this joint in the lizards to the one

FIG. 2 LEFT ACETABULUM, CONTAINING SECTION OF PROXIMAL END OF
femur; THIS SECTION SHOWN BY HEAVY LINE. X tV) *^-' ILIUM; tsch.,

ischium; pub., pubis.

depicted, a drawing (Fig. 3) is shown of the acetabulum and head of
the femur of Metapoceros.

However, the articulation at the hip was probably not effected in
just this way. It appears that in some cases the proximal end of the
femur is wider than the acetabulum. Dr. E. S. Riggs informs me
that in Apalosaurus {Brontosaurus) and Brachiosaiirus the upper end
of the femur is about 23 inches wide, exceeding the fore-and-aft
diameter of the acetabulum by 3 or 4 inches. I do not regard this
fact as wholly irreconcilable with the view illustrated by figure 2, the
head of the femur having sometimes a greater diameter than the
acetabulum, as in the land tortoises. Nevertheless, I will not argue
the matter. A somewhat different arrangement at the articulation is
more probable.

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS 9

Certain principles must be regarded as indisputable. One of these
is that primitively, in the common ancestor of the dinosaurs, the
crocodiles, and the lizards, probably in the early dinosaurs themselves,
the whole proximal end of the femur constituted the anatomical head.
Another is that before there could be any such structures and confor-
mations of these as w^e find at the hip joint of Allosaurus, for instance,
or of Trachodon, every possible stage from the one just described must
have been passed through. Through countless generations the thigh
must gradually have assumed a more and more forward position in
habitual locomotion. While muscles and nerves were being trained

FIG. 3 ACETABULUM OF LIZARD METAPOCEROS, CONTAINING SECTION OF
HEAD OF FEMUR. X 2. SECTION OF FEMUR SHOWN BY HEAVY LINE. ALSO

SIDE VIEW OF FEMUR X 2. Fcm., FEMUR; U., ILIUM; isch., ischium; ptib.,

PUBIS.

to this end the femur must have been developing a projecting head,
that part of the proximal end on the fibular side was being excluded
from the acetabulum, and the rotation of the proximal end of the
femur around a perpendicular axis was being changed to rotation
around a horizontal axis, which in mammals would pass through both
femoral heads. Now, as regards the hinder leg and the hip joint, at
what stage in the long journey indicated above, do we find Diplodocus?
Obviously those who believe that this animal ought to be set up on its
legs in the way seen in drawings, plaster restorations, mounts of the
actual bones, and the plaster facsimiles of the skeleton that are being
distributed over the world, must hold that Diplodocus had reached

OLIVER P. HAY

practically the ultimate, or mammalian stage. The writer believes
that it had attained only the first station in the journey.

A study of the femora of the sauropods shows that the proximal
end varies somewhat in shape. Usually it is more or less truncated
or it is slightly concave toward the fibular side and convex toward the
tibial side. Figure 4 represents in outline a side view of the proximal
half of the bone, as represented by Hatcher. As already stated, the

FIG. 4 OUTLINE OF SIDE VIEW OF PROXIMAL END OF FEMUR OF DIPLODOCUS.

proximal border is very rough, as shown by figure (Fig. 5) also taken
from Hatcher. Undoubtedly this was covered by a thick layer of
cartilage. Cope (Amer. Naturahst, xii, 1878, p. 84) says that if the
layer of cartilage were ossified it would be an epiphysis, like that of
the mammals. Figure 6 presents the same outline as does figure 4,

FIG. 5 PROXIMAL END OF FEMUR OF DIPLODOCUS. h, THE SO-CALLED HEAD

but to it there has been added a dotted line which is intended to indi-
cate the writer's view of the form of the upper end of the femur
when the cap of cartilage was present. The stage of development
reached by the animal was that at which a femoral head was being
developed on the tibial side of the bone and the fibular border was
being freed from the articular cup. Although the whole proximal
end may, in some genera, have been too broad to enter the cavity

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS

the greater part did so enter. Doubtless, when the leg was extended
forward, a considerable part of the cartilage covered surface on the
fibular border was out of the cup, and when the leg was directed back-
ward the rounded anterior part of the head was out. This is exactly
what happens in the lizard and, for that matter, in most animals.
The head of the femur of Diplodocus, compared with that of the
crocodile, differed in having its long axis coincident with the plane
through both condyles; while in the crocodile the head is twisted
from the plane mentioned about 75°. Figure 7 represents the same
humerus as figure 6, but lines are drawn across the head to show the
varying relations of the bone to the acetabulum. The line aa may

FIG. 6 PROXIMAL END OF FEMUR OF DIPLODOCUS. X A- THE DOTTED LINE
SHOW THE LIMITS OF THE CARTILAGE.

be regarded as a section through the acetabulum when the leg is
thrown far forward; bb, when the leg is at right angles with the body;
cc, when the leg is thrown well backward. Of course, as the leg is
swung from front to rear, the femur will turn also on its long axis.
As is well known, the acetabulum of the Sauropoda is widely open
in the skeleton. I am not aware that any one has discussed the way
in which in life this opening was filled. It seems improbable that it
was shut simply by membrane, for this would have been too yielding
to the pressure of the head of the femur, if inserted as generally sup-
posed. It seems most probable that the opening was occupied by
a mass of cartilage, an imossified portion of that common cartilage
from which were developed the ilium, the pubis, and the ischium.
This would have formed a firm concave bed on which the convex head

OLIVER P. HAY

of the femur could rotate. If the femur was inserted as the writer
supposes it was, its pressure would have been exerted mostly against
the bony side-walls of the acetabulum and but little against the tissue
filling the inner opening.

In his splendid monograph on Die Dinosaurier der europdischen
Triasformation Dr. v. Huene has presented numerous restorations
of the Triassic carnivorous dinosaurs (Pis. IC-CX). In order to
show the author's conception of their modes of progression, three
species, Plateosaurus reinigeri, Thecodontosaurus antiquus and Anchi-

FIG. 7 PROXIMAL END OF RIGHT FEMUR, WITH ITS CAP OF CARTILAGE, AND
HORIZONTAL SECTION THROUGH ACETABULUM. dd, SECTION OF ACETABU-
LUM; aa, LINE CORRESPONDING TO dd WHEN LEG IS THROWN FORWARD;
bb, LINE CORRESPONDING TO dd WHEN LEG IS AT RIGHT ANGLES WITH BODY;
CC. LINE CORRESPONDING TO dd WHEN LEG IS THROWN BACKWARD.

saurus colurus are restored each in two positions, walking on all fours
and on their hinder extremities only. Dr. v. Huene has the following
to say (p. 291) regarding the position of the hinder hmbs:

Das Femur passt in der Weise in den Acetabularschnitt, dass das ver-
breiterte medial abstehende Proximalende nicht transversal unter dem
Ileum liegt, sondern schrag nach vorn und medial gerichtet ist (daher
wendet sich auch das Knie etwas auswarts).

Notwithstanding this explanation, one is struck by the very mam-
mal-like position of the body and the limbs of these reptiles in the
quadrupedal pose. Elbows and knees are drawn well towards the
sides and the digits are directed straight forward. At least, the pose
of these restorations is quite different from that of any living reptiles.

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS I3

One of these species, Anchisaurus colurus was described by Marsh
from the Triassic of the Connecticut Valley, and he published a
restoration of the skeleton in his work The Dinosaurs of North
America, PI. IV. Dr. R. S. LulF has identified this dinosaur as the
maker of the tracks known as Anchisauripus dananus (Hitch.) This
identification is extremely interesting, in case it can be substantiated.
The bones of the hind foot of Anchisaurus colurus fit accurately in the
tracks named. These tracks are placed close to or on the line along
which the animal was moving, the "line of direction" (Beckles), and
there are, in the several specimens known, no indication of impres-
sions of either the fore feet or the tail.

A study of the various printed restorations of this species reveals
an animal of elongated body, with limbs not greatly unlike those of a
crocodile, the hinder legs being a little longer in proportion to the
length of the body than in the crocodile, while the fore legs are about
three-fourths the length of the hinder ones. In the crocodile the fore
limb is little more than two-thirds as long as the hinder.^^ As com-
pared with the hind foot of the crocodile that of Anchisaurus is a little
longer. Now, with this view of the creature, what is there in it to lead
one to suppose that it erected itself on its hinder limbs, unless it were
on rare occasions; and on such occasions would it not have borne
itself as did the running lizard figured by Saville-Kent ? What one
is asked to believe is that it bore itself so loftily that it is never found
to have put its hands on the ground or to have dragged its tail in the
mud. Furthermore, this reptile walked with all the skill and the
circumspection of the heron and the barn-yard fowl; for each foot was
brought forward and placed very near or on the line of direction and
thus immediately under the center of gravity. This is very different
from the way in which Saville-Kent's lizard ran; for when a foot was
advanced it was placed far from the line of direction and at the same
time the tail was jerked violently toward the same side, in order to
bring the center of gravity over the advanced foot. The dinosaur in
question seems to have had no other use for its tail than to serv'^e as a
counterpoise to the weight of the head and trunk.

Omitting the feet, the legs of most birds consist of three long seg-
ments, viz: the femur, the tibia, and the tarsometatarsus. The

' Mem. Bost. Soc, Nat. Hist., v. p. 487.

' DoUo, Bull. Mus. roy. d'Hist. nat. Belgique, ii, 1883, p. 107.

14 OLIVER P. HAY

relatively short femora diverge downward so that the knees are
almost always farther apart than are the great trochanters, some-
times much farther. Nevertheless the feet in walking are generally
placed on the line of direction, a result brought about through the con-
vergence of the elongated middle and lower segments of the two legs.
If they are not brought close to this line, as in the short-legged ducks
and geese, the walk becomes a waddle.

The femur of Allosaurus, of the Upper Jurassic, possesses a head
that projects strongly inward; and this was provided with a well-
defined smooth articular surface, which is elongated transversely to
the animal and convex from front backward. The surface of the
ilium against which this head fitted is also smooth. Now the confor-
mation of the head of the femur and the ilium is such that the femur
must have diverged considerably from its fellow, thus widely separat-
ing the knees. The tibia is shorter than the femur, and the inner
condyle appears to stand lower than the outer. The metatarsus is
relatively short. I see no way, therefore, for the feet to be brought,
except with unusual effort, near the line of direction in walking or
near each other in standing. The limbs of Allosaurus may be com-
pared to those of the penguins, although in Allosaurus the femora
may not have been directed so strongly forward and the feet may have
been more digitigrade. It would probably be very difficult for the
penguin to plant its feet one in front of the other in walking. I believe
therefore that Allosaurus had a wide trackway and that when it walked
and ran it preserved its equilibrium by whisking its tail from side to
side.

Examination of a femur, accompanied by the tibia and the fibula,
in the U. S. National Museum, apparently that of Tyrannosaurus,
shows the same form of the head of the femur that is found in Allo-
saurus, thus making it probable that this dinosaur also had a straddling
gait. Professor Osborn (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxii, p. 293)
presents a figure of the femur of Tyrannosaurus. He says that the
plane of the head makes an angle of 45° with the axis of the vertebral
column, and that therefore the distal ends of the femora are approxi-
mated. Whether the angle is in front of or behind the head of the
femur is not stated. In Allosaurus the head is directed inward and
forward. The effect of this would certainly be to throw the knees
outward and to plant the foot farther away from the line of direction.

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS 1 5

The convergence of the femora is rare even among the mammals.
If Professor Osborn is right the hind legs of Tyrannosaurus had
attained the human stage in the respect mentioned.

Another potent reason for believing that the dinosaurs just named,
together with Iguanodon and Trachodon, walked with a wide tread is
found in the form of the body. In mammals the abdomen is usually
contracted posteriorly, so that between the thighs it is shallow, per-
mitting the femora to remain parallel with each other or even to con-
verge. Therefore, in walking, the feet are placed near or on the line
of direction. In the birds the baggy abdomen descends between the
thighs and spreads these, thus requiring the convergence of the long
lower segments to bring the feet together. The kangaroos have the
abdomen much like that of the birds; and in them the thighs are found
to diverge toward the knees, but the long tibiae permit the feet to be
placed close to each other in standing and leaping. In Allosaurus
and Iguanodon the belly came down nearly to the knees and passed
backward between the thighs into the tremendous tail. It must be
that the knees were much farther apart than the upper ends of the
femora were and that the tread was wide. The writer is further of
the opinion that in the bipedal dinosaurs the femora were directed
more strongly forward than they are usually placed in restorations,
although not so much so as in birds. This position would tend to
reduce the height of the reptiles and would make the thighs more
divergent.

In a paper published by Mr. William H. Ballou (Century Mag.,
Iv, 1897, pp. 15-23), but the facts and suggestions of which were
furnished by Professor E. D, Cope, there is a figure representing two
individuals of Hadrosaiirus {Trachodon) mirabilis. One of these
is on the shore, resting on its hind legs and haunches, the other is
standing and feeding in the water. By examining these restorations,
made by Mr. Charles R. Knight, one may judge regarding the proba-
bility that these reptiles could leave a straight row of tracks behind
them.

Mr. S. H. Beckles* has described and figured some series of large
footprints found in the Wealden near Hastings, England. These
have been identified by DoUo (Bull. Mus. roy. d'Hist. nat. Belgique,

"Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, x, 1854, 456, pi. xix.

1 6 OLIVER P. HAY

ii, 1883, p. 117, pi. iii, fig. 8) as the tracks of Igiianodon mnntelli. A
study of these footprints shows that in the case of the series designated
by cc the length of the step was close to 5 feet while the width of the
trackway was about 2 feet 2 inches. The tips of the inner toes came,
however, pretty close to the line of direction. It must be observed that
in all of these tracks the toes are turned inward so much that the axis
of the middle toe prolonged passes through the next imprint in front,
made by the opposite foot. Now, I find no reason for supposing
that in life the toes were so directed inward. None of the figures of
Iguanodon so represent them; nor are the toes thus placed in any of
the restorations of Tracliodon. The explanation of the matter seems
to be that the reptile, if reptile it was, was lounging leisurely along, with
short steps, and, to keep its equilibrium, was swinging its body around
a perpendicular axis passing through the pelvis, the tail being thrown
in one direction, the trunk in the opposite. In this way the feet would
be planted not far from the line of direction and pointing toward it.
Had the animal been running, the feet would have been planted
farther from the line of direction and with toes directed forward.

Now, if these conclusions regarding the gait of the Upper Jurassic
and Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs are justified, is it prob-
able that the Triassic Anchisaurus colurus, with an equally hea\y
abdomen and with less elongated and more primitive limbs, had the
ability to walk, just as a bird does, accurately placing one foot directly
in front of the other and under the center of gravity? It seems to
the writer that we need more proof of it. If it could so walk, one
might inquire what was the useof all the modifications undergone by the
dinosaurs up to the end of the Cretaceous. It seems most probable
that Anchisaurus walked usually in crocodilian or lacertilian style,
with, however, the femora drawn somewhat more closely to the sides.
Now and then, when in great haste and for short distances, it was
probably able to progress bipedally in an awkward fashion. In the
same category may be placed some of the European dinosaurs figured
by Dr. v. Huene, such as Thecodontosaurus anliquus and the species
of Plateosaurus. Others, as Pachysaurus ajax and Massosaurus
carinaius, probably walked more or less habitually on their hinder
limbs, but with a wide trackway and with much swinging of the tail
from side to side.

Dr. v. Huene's statement of his view of the manner of insertion of

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS I7

the femur has been quoted above. To the writer it seems probable
that the whole proximal end of the bone constituted the head and was
inserted into the acetabulum, as in lizards and crocodiles, and that
the thigh was directed outward still more than Dr. v. Huene has
supposed.

What then made those bird-like tracks that are so abundant in the
sandstones of the Connecticut River valley ? Why not birds, indeed ?
Although remains of birds have not yet been found in Triassic rocks
there can be little doubt that these animals had already freed them-
selves from the dinosaurs. Already long before the close of the Juras-
sic the hinder limbs of birds had, as we learn from Archceopteryx
taken on its present form, with doubtless ability to plant its footsteps
on the line of direction. This limb was at that early time far in
advance of the hind leg of the dinosaurs of even the Upper Cretaceous;
and it was doubtless even in the Triassic far in advance of the limb of
the dinosaurs of that time. No bird remains have been found where
those famous tracks occur, it is true. It is also true that nearly loo
kinds of tracks have been distinguished, while only 8 or lo species of
dinosaurs have been discovered in the North American Triassic; and
of these only one has had its tracks identified. Therefore, it seems
to the writer entirely reasonable to suppose that those bird-like tracks,
even some of them that show the presence of fore feet and tail, were
really made by birds. For if the birds diverged from the dinosaurs
early in the Triassic their wings were as yet probably unfitted for con-
tinuous flight in the air. Many of them were probably running ani-
mals and some of them may still have retained a tendency to grow
to a large size. Success in flying necessitated in later times a reduc-
tion in size of body. In the Trias the hands had not yet become
reduced and transformed through the development of great pinion
feathers, and they may have been at times applied to the ground in
walking and resting. The tail was yet long, little befeathered, and
might drag on the ground and leave a trail. And it must not be
regarded as wholly certain that the tracks of large bipedal animals
of later times were made by dinosaurs. There may have been in the
Jurassic and the Cretaceous, as well as in the Tertiary, running birds
of even greater size than the largest moa, whose foot was hardly
inferior in size to that of many dinosaurs. On the other hand, such
dinosaurs as Compsognathus and Hallopus may have walked like
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. February, 19 lo.

1 8 OLIVER p. HAY

birds, but the remains of such are found in the Triassic no more than
those of birds.

If now such Theropoda as Anchisaurus colurus, more advanced
probably in every respect than the Sauropoda ever were, did not walk
habitually erect, like mammals, on either two or four legs, but pro-
gressed either in more or less crocodilian manner on all fours or in a
straddling way on the hind legs, is it probable that the sauropods ever
walked high up on four legs in the jaunty manner in which they have
been represented ? It is to be considered that these great herbivorous
reptiles possessed a huge abdomen, deep and probably broad, which
extended backward and merged into the tail, necessitating the diver-
gence of the relatively long femora. The outer surfaces of the pubic
and ischiadic bones were clothed with great masses of muscles, as
were too the insides of the femora. Assuming that the legs were as
straight as they have been represented, the feet could have been hardly
closer together than the knees, probably considerably farther apart.
A bulky animal walking thus could preserve its equilibrium only by
either swaying the body from side to side, to throw it over the ad-
vanced foot, or throwing the tail toward that side. In the case of the
fore foot the long neck might be used to preserve the balance. One
might amuse and instruct himself by working out the movements of
the animal according as it was walking, trotting, pacing, or per-
chance galloping.

The writer is not willing to assert that Diplodocus and its relatives
never straightened out their legs, thus lifting themselves well above
the ground, and never walked thus. Even the crocodiles have been
known to do this, as a rare occurrence.*'" In the U. S. National
Museum there is a specimen of the Florida crocodile mounted in this
position. The femora are directed forward and outward, the tibiae
downward. The feet are widely separated as a mechanical neces-
sity. What is disputed by the present writer, is that this was the cus-
tomary attitude of the sauropods; and their great bulk makes it
doubtful if it was ever assumed.

The writer is of the opinion that the feet of the primitive dinosaurs
had the inner digits somewhat more strongly developed than the
median and outer ones; that is, they were entaxonic, not mesaxonic,

Hornaday, Two Years in the Jungle, pp. 55, 266.

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS I9

resembling in this respect the feet of the crocodiles. A reason for
this conclusion is found in the fact that all the feet of the sauropods
are entaxonic and also the fore feet of the earliest known theropods.
It is therefore more probable that the hinder feet of the latter
reptiles became mesaxonic from an entaxonic condition than that
their fore feet and both fore and hind feet of the sauropods should
be transformed. That the manus of the theropods was entaxonic
may be seen from Marsh's figure of the fore foot of Anchisaurus
colurus and A. polyzelus (Dinosaurs N. A., pis. ii, iii) and from Dr. v.
Huene's figures. Furthermore, the hinder feet of the early theropods
present plain indications of a former entaxonic arrangement. The
foot of Ammosaurus^^ shows a very stout first digit, not greatly shorter
than the others, while the second does not fall behind the third and
fourth in diameter of the bones, little in length. The superiority of
the second to the third seems to have been retained in Allosaurus.
When the hind leg began to be drawn forward against the side and
the weight of the body was throwTi to a greater extent on the median
digits a stimulus appears to have been given to the development of
the third digit, while the first, relieved to some extent of its former
duty, became reduced and turned backward.

In the later theropods the manus also became mesaxonic. This is
seen in Marsh's restoration of the skeleton of Ceratosaurus (op. cit.,
pi. xiv). Mr. C. W. Gilmore, who has recently mounted this skeleton
has shown me the remains of the one hand preserved. Most of the
phalanges are missing. There are present four metacarpals, and
there are no traces of the fifth in the rock. The first is considerably
reduced, the second is the largest. Thus, there is evidence that all
the feet of the carnivorous dinosaurs became transformed from the
entaxonic to the mesaxonic condition. It further appears that the
sauropods retained the primitive condition of the feet, fore and hinder,
more persistently than did the other groups of the order.

For reptiles that progress by creeping, having the humerus and the
femur at right angles with the body in the middle of the step, the
entaxonic condition seems most effective. It is found in the croco-
diles and the turtles, being especially well displayed in the triony-
chids and the land tortoises. In reptiles the first digit is usually

" Marsh, op. cit. pi. iii, fig. 6.

20 OLIVER P. HAY

retained long after the disappearance of the fifth. In the lizards,
however, the fifth is often larger than the first, a condition depend-
ent perhaps on their habit of climbing about on rocks and trees. In
the mammals, on the other hand, it is the first digit that earliest
suffers reduction.

An attempt has already been made on a previous page to account
for the origin of the bipedal habit in reptiles. Evidences are present,
it is beheved, which show that bipedalism in the dinosaurs was not
due to specialization of the anterior limbs. If an examination be
made as to the relative lengths of the fore and the hinder limbs in the
carnivorous dinosaurs, it will be found that in Anchisaurus colurus
the fore limb is about three-fourths as long as the hinder; in Plateosau-
rus quenstedti about two- thirds; in Pachysaurus ajax, about one-half.
These are Triassic dinosaurs. In Ceratosaurus, of the Upper Jurassic,
the fore hmb is only about two-fifths as long as the hinder. In
Tyrannosaurus, of the Upper Cretaceous, the fore limb is diminutive,
in case the humerus found with the specimen really belonged to it.^^
As we have seen, the great pollex of the late Triassic forms had become
much reduced in the Upper Jurassic species. Therefore, in place of
specialization, the whole limb suffered degeneration. If now it be
asserted that bipedalism in the theropods was occasioned by speciali-
zation of the fore limb for other purposes than locomotion, we shall
have the case presented of an organ which, as soon as it was free to
continue its specialization, began to degenerate. Without doubt
however, the fore limb continued to be used for various purposes, just
as the ostrich continues to use its diminutive wings.

Various opinions have been expressed regarding the origin of the
Sauropoda. Marsh^^ expressed the opinion that the group included
the most primitive forms of dinosaurs. Baur" held that the Sauro-
poda had no close relationships to the other reptiles usually classed
with them as dinosaurs. Osborn'^ believes that it is possible to
derive the sauropod type from a primitive quadrupedal theropod
type. In his work already so often quoted, Dr. v. Huene expresses

'^ Osborn. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxii, pi. xxxix.

'' Dinosaurs N. A., p. 164.

'* Amer. Naturalist, xxv, p. 450.

" Nature, vol. 73, 1906, p. 284.

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS 21

his view that the sauropods were derived from the carnivorous dino-
saurs. He sums up his conclusion as follows (p. 351):

Die Sauropodcn ein friihes Theropoden-Stadium festhalten and fixiren
und so eine gleichartige und relativ wenig weiterbildungsfahige Masse
bilden, die sich wohl nur infolge des Riesenwuches bis zum Schluss der
Kreidezeit behaupten konnte.

Regarding the time of origin of the Sauropoda Dr. v. Huene has the
following to say (p. 351):

in der Zeit zwischen dem Schluss der Trias und dem Auftreten von
Dystroph?cus im alteren Jura ist die erste Umpragung zum Sauropoden-
Typus erfolgt.

Dr. V. Huene calls attention to the numerous characters common to
the Theropoda and the Sauropoda, and he believes that the latter
inherited these common characters from the former suborder. Such
a derivation would, the present writer holds, require extremely impor-
tant modifications in the structure of the early Theropoda. The
hind foot had, at the end of the Trias, become decidedly mesaxonic,
with the hallux greatly reduced and probably somewhat turned back-
ward. To create the foot of Diplodocus, for example, the hallux and
the second digit must have been stimulated to increased growth ; that
is, the foot must have been made entaxonic; whereas, the upright gait
that is usually attributed to Diplodocus ought to have increased the
size of the middle digits and further reduced the hallux. The meta-
tarsals that had become lengthened had to be shortened. The fore
limb, that in the late Triassic theropods had become reduced in length,
sometimes greatly so, must have taken on renewed vigor and increased
size. All the modifications that had been attained and all the ten-
dencies established that looked toward making bipeds out of these
theropods had to be reversed.

Probably little or no importance can be attached to the fact that no
remains of sauropods have yet been encountered in the Triassic
deposits. It is certain that but a small proportion of the animals
that made those Connecticut Valley tracks have left us other traces
of their existence. Then, it is extremely probable that comparatively
few of the residents of that region were accustomed to parade on those
desolate and dangerous tidal flats. The sauropods especially, being
slow-footed plant-eaters, would naturally have sought localities where

22 OLWER P. HAY

there were fewer long-legged enemies and where the grazing was more
satisfying.

To the writer, therefore, it appears most reasonable to suppose
that the Sauropoda were a more primitive stock than the Theropoda
and that the latter were derived from the early Triassic representa-
tives of the former. Those primitive sauropods were no doubt far
smaller than any of the group that are known to us. They probably
had shorter necks, although with no fewer vertebrae; the vertebrae were
less complexly constructed than those of their Jurassic descendants,
and fewer of these had coosifised to form the sacrum. The digits, too,
were probably longer and the outer ones were less reduced. We can
hardly doubt that they crawled on their bellies.

The conviction has been expressed that bipedalism in the dinosaurs
was caused by the relative reduction of the fore limbs. On the other
hand, the writer believes that bipedalism among the birds was the
result of specialization of the fore limbs. These different tendencies
gave the signal for the parting of the dinosaurs and the birds. The
birds were the gainers by the separation. They secured all that the
dinosaurs got and far more besides. The two groups separated at
an early period, early in the Triassic, possibly even in the Permian.
It was undoubtedly at a time when the members of neither the one
group nor the other had begun to walk on the hinder legs only. The
feet, fore and hinder, were yet entaxonic. The hinder fifth digit was
probably somewhat reduced, while the hallux was large and directed
forward. Not until after the divergence of the two groups did the
legs of the birds begin to be turned against the flanks and the body
to be lifted from the ground. As greater and greater pressure began
to be thrown on the middle digits the hallux began to be dwarfed and
to be relegated to the hinder part of the foot. Archccopteryx shows
that the hand had been entaxonic, for in it the two outer digits had
wholly disappeared; while the pollex, though somewhat reduced, was
yet large and functional.

It seems quite certain that the differentiation of the fore limb was
initiated by the appearance of incipient feathers in the form, perhaps,
of enlarged scales, which stood out from the ulnar side of the arms.
The presence of these feathers, or scales, led to the flapping of the wings
in the air, not conversely. Perhaps the individuals on which these
rudimentary feathers first appeared were accustomed to clamber

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS 23

about over rocks and shrubs and the h'mbs of trees. Possibly the
primitive birds, although not more than many lizards, strictly arboreal,
often found safety and repose amid the branches and leaves of the
Triassic ferns, calamites, and conifers. Possessing a fringe of feath-
ers on their arms, they soon found these of advantage when they were
running or making leaps to catch their prey or to escape capture by
their enemies. When once they had made this discovery, the race
entered on the conquest of the realms of the air.

It will be observed that the writer, in opposition to Dr. Francis
Nopcsa'" holds that the primitive birds became bipedal while they
were learning to fly and because of it, instead of becoming so long
before the flying habit was initiated. It will be observed that the
fore limbs of Dr. Nopcsa's ''Pro-avis" are already greatly reduced,
and it might be questioned whether such limbs could be rejuvenated.
It is certain that the ostriches have for untold generations been flap-
ping their wings, to aid in running, but these limbs have steadily
degenerated.

As believed by Dr. v. Huene, the Orthopoda probably took their
origin from the Theropoda. If the views expressed by the present
writer are true or approach truth, birds came on the arena before
either of the suborders of dinosaurs just named; and hence most of
the characters which have suggested relationship between the birds
and the dinosaurs, which characters have been so clearly presented
by Dollo and Nopcsa in the papers already quoted, have all arisen
independently in the two groups as a result of their starting from the
same goal and speeding in nearly the same direction. On the other
hand, the sauropods are nearest the stock from which sprang the birds,
and it is in their skeletons that we must seek for the primitive common
characters.

To the writer it seems probable that the avidinosaurs were not
amphibious animals, but dwellers on the land. It is not likely that
wings were developed on animals that lived much in the water. The
Theropoda and the Orthopoda continued to inhabit the land, although
this did not prevent them from seeking their food in swamps or from
refreshing themselves in the water. After the sauropods had attained
such bulk that locomotion on the land became troublesome they

" Proc. Zo5l. Soc. London, 1907, p. 234.

24 OLIVER P. HAY

betook themselves to the streams, in order to enjoy the advantages of
easier transportation; and then they became still more massive. Had
they originally been aquatic and had they continued so, their feet
would have remained more like those of crocodiles, less digitigrade
and less shortened than they were in Diplodocus.

In his paper on the relationships of the birds and the dinosaurs^^
Professor Osbom says:

Thus tridactylism is correlated with rapid bipedal progression, the inner
and outer digits sufifering reduction.

In formulating this apparently important generalization Professor
Osborn did not qualify it with the statement that most of the so-called
tridactyl animals are really tetradactyl, the hallux being present and
usually functional. Nor could he have had before him the skeleton
of any of the sloths, animals that are strictly tridactyl behind, but
which are neither bipedal nor endowed with great speed. Tridactyl-
ism prevailed among the extinct horse-like perissodactyls and is a
characteristic of modern tapirs. On the other hand, there may exist
swift bipedal progression independently of tridactylism. The ostrich
makes rapid headway with only two toes, one might almost say, with
a toe and a half. The kangaroos are wonderful bipedal leapers,
whose functional digits are reduced to two, the fourth and the fifth.
Man may be justly counted among the swift runners, trained individ-
uas making their mile in four and a quarter minutes, and he possesses
a pentadactyl entaxonic foot. No bipedal artiodactyl is recalled, but,
as illustrating a possibility, one must not forget to mention Pan, the
shepherd god of old Arcady. From which considerations it may be
concluded that the bipedal rapid runners have adopted no standard
form of foot.

Accompanying the present paper is a drawing (PI. I) which is
intended to represent the habits of Diplodocus, especially as regards
its habitual pose of body and its manner of locomotion, as conceived
by the writer. This drawing was executed by Miss Mary Mason
Mitchell, after consultation with the author of the paper. Two indi-
viduals are in the foreground. One is collecting food from the sur-
face of the water; the other has the head high in air and is jealously

" Amer. Naturalist, xxxiv, 1900, p. 796.

THE POSE AND LOCOMOTION OF DIPLODOCUS. 25

regarding the approach of another, which is swimming. In the far
distance is a fourth specimen lying stretched out at full length on the
bank.

In the paper published by Mr. Ballou, referred to on page 15,
there is a figure which represents a group of four individuals of
Amphicaiias latus, a dinosaur closely related to Brontosaurus and
attaining a length of from 60 to 80 feet. These animals are shown
as walking about on the bottom of a river, feeding on the vegetation
there and rising on their hind legs to reach the air. The idea here
suggested is adopted by Professor Osbom^® as correct. Mr. Knight,
under Professor Osborn's direction, has made a restoration of Bronto-
saurus*^ in which the same idea regarding the habits of the sauropods
is inculcated. In this restoration a number of individuals, otherwise
invisible, are sticking their heads out of the water. The ability of
any large animal to walk thus submerged must depend on its having
a massive skeleton, as have the hippopotamus and the manatee. In
Diplodocus, on the contrary, almost every conceivable device has been
employed to reduce the weight of the skeleton. The great vertebrae
contain large and small internal cavities, while externally the processes
are canned into thin plates and buttresses and the centra are deeply
excavated on each side. Moreover, as has been shown by Hatcherj^"*
the limb bones are hollow. It would seem to have been hardly more
possible for Diplodocus to walk about immersed in water than it
would be for a man to do the same. Even if the reptile could have
remained sunken, any pressure by the feet in the effort to walk would
have sent it to the surface.

After the text and the drawings of this paper had been completed
the writer received the Scientific American of November 6, 1909, in
which is printed a popular article on the attitude of Diplodocus. In
this article mention is made of a paper on this subject recently pub-
lished by Dr. Gustav Tornier of Berlin, a paper not previously seen
by the present writer. Unfortunately too, he has not seen the original
papers of Messrs. Drevermann and Boule. No numbers of the
Umschau, of Frankfort, for the present year are accessible.

"Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., x, p. 220.

•» Amer. Mus. Jour., V. p. 68.

*' Mem. Carnegie Mus., i, p. 53, fig. 23.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Vol. XII, No. 2, pp. 27^269. May 15, 1910.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA,

CALIFORNIA.*

By Albert W. C. T. Herre.

Wer hat je die Flechten, wer hat die Moose gezahlet,
Deren Friihling beginnt, wen Froste den Herbst entblattern,
Deren iippiger Wuchs die Scheitel atherischer Alpen
Da, wo sie Flora verlast, mit Tausend Farben bekleidet?

J. G. Herder.

The present paper is a synopsis of the author's studies of the syste-
matic limitations and relationships of the lichens of the Santa Cruz
Peninsula of California.

As already explained in earlier papers (Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
vol. vii, p. 325, et seq., and Botanical Gazette, vol. xliii, pp. 267-
273), the Santa Cruz Peninsula forms a natural biological region, and
as such naturally commends itself to the study of the naturalist
interested in geographical distribution.

The region here treated is a roughly triangular area lying west
of San Francisco Bay and the broad, originally treeless Santa Clara-
San Benito valleys, and north of Monterey Bay and the Pajaro river.
Rising from sea level along most of its border, its surface is greatly
broken by a spur of the Coast Range, the Santa Cruz mountains,
which rise at their highest point to an elevation of 3793 feet. Within
this region, measuring no more than 90 miles in length and tapering
from about 35 miles in breadth at the south to perhaps 6 at the Golden

* A Thesis presented as a part of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy at Leland Stanford Junior University, California.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Maj% 1910.

28 HEERE

Gate, are to be found the dense redwood forest and the naked ocean
rock, the cold, foggy mountain crag and the bare, bhstering expanse
of sand-dune, the monotonous salt marsh and the impenetrable
chaparral.

The earliest collector of lichens in California was Archibald Menzies,
a Scotch botanist and collector, who visited the northwest coast of
America during the years from 1779 to 1796; in November and Decem-
ber, 1792, he visited San Francisco Bay, Santa Clara, and Monterey
and obtained specimens which were described by Acharius and also
supplied Tuckerman with material more than 50 years later. Charles
Wright, botanist of the North Pacific Expedition, collected a number
of lichens at various points in the peninsula in 1855 and 1856.

The most important collections were those made by H. N. Bolander,
who collected over a great part of the peninsula, and in fact over most
of California, discovering a large number of most remarkable lichens
during the years from 1863 to 1875.

Since Bolander's time no special work has been done on the lichens of
the Santa Cruz region, though more or less important collections were
made by the following: Dr. C. L. Anderson, of Santa Cruz; Dr. W.
G. Farlow, who published a valuable set of Californian lichens, part
of which were collected in the Santa Cruz mountains; Dr. L. M
Underwood; Dr. Marshall Howe; and C. F. Baker.

The present paper describes 307 species and subspecies; but it is
believed that further investigation will raise this number very materi-
ally. In fact there are in the author's herbarium many specimens
which he has as yet been unable satisfactorily to determine in the
absence of authentic material for comparison, and literature which is
not at present accessible.

In the matter of generic nomenclature, the treatment of the best
students of lichens of the present day has been followed. In the case
of species names the earliest recognizable name found in accessible
authorities has been adopted.

Synonymy too often is the bugaboo of science, and the habit of
many of our most eminent lichenologists of the past, as Nylander and
Tuckerman, of changing names to suit their opinions, has not improved
matters. No scientist, however eminent, has any right to change a
name because it is inapplicable or denotes a character which may be
common to a number of species within a genus. A name should have

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 29

an appropriate and distinctive meaning, but it need have no special
significance and may be totally devoid of meaning or may even be
misleading, as when minima is applied to the largest species of a
genus. In the present unsettled condition of botanical nomenclature
one is often in doubt as to what to do, but it seems clear that the law
of priority should be observed.

Perhaps no more important work could be done than the careful
overhauling of the synonymy of American lichens by someone who
has access to the published exsiccata of Europe and America as well
as the literature of the subject.

The author has endeavored to avoid the old conception where the
word species was almost a generic term, including a large number of
subspecies, varieties, and forms. Nature has no clean-cut, sharply
drawn definitions, and perhaps in no organisms are the actual varia-
tions and gradations so numerous or more puzzling than in lichens.
But, nevertheless, a species should be a pretty distinct and well defined
group in which the degree of variability is relatively small. Those
forms which present constant differences in the field, or in structure,
may be regarded as distinct species, while instead of giving every
minor variation a varietal name we should rather work out the eco-
logical factors producing them, and not overload an already too bur-
densome synonymy.

While every part of the Santa Cruz Peninsula has been visited
many times, certain localities naturally, have been found the richest
in numbers or rarity of species. Perhaps first of these stands the
region at the head of Devils Canon, a wild region where is found the
largest mass of bare rock in the peninsula, and where there is a nearly
vertical descent of perhaps 800 feet. Other localities offering peculiar
attractions to the collector are the cliffs of the Golden Gate, and of
the ocean shore from Point San Pedro to Pigeon Point, and the sand-
stone ridges of Castle Rock and vicinity. But as a matter of fact
there is not a caiion winding down to the ocean, not a group of old
forest trees, not an insignificant reef of igneous rock outcropping in
the foothill pastures, but will amply repay the intelligent efforts of
any collector.

The Santa Cruz Peninsula is peculiarly rich in endemic species,
and although collections in other parts of the state may considerably
extend the range of some of them, it is probable that a goodly number

HEERE

may never be found elsewhere. The climatic conditions which cause
this have already been discussed by the author elsewhere. Yet these
same climatic conditions also give us an exceedingly diversified lichen
flora, and it is believed that the present work can therefore be used
as a manual for the identification of lichens over a great part of the
western half of the United States.

In taking up the study of lichens, while the habit and general
macroscopic structure is of importance and nothing can quite take
the place of careful field work, the student must also be careful and
accurate in the microscopic examination of all material. For this
examination careful sections should be made both of thallus and fruit.
A comparison of sections of the thallus of two plants may show con-
stant differences when the fruit is similar in structure. The algae,
too, need special attention, since some of the features relied upon by
algologists may be absent when living under the conditions found
within the lichen thallus. This is especially true of some of the fila-
mentous blue-green algae.

As a corroborative test in the determination of species, one often
finds certain chemical tests of considerable value. For this purpose
a bit of the cortex, medulla, or apothecium is subjected to the action
of potassium hydrate, or KOH, using a 25 per cent or 50 per cent
solution. In the same way a saturated solution of calcium chloride,
CaCl202 is used, either by itself or applied immediately after KOH.
The ordinary solution of iodine used in the botanical laboratory,
designated as I, is used frequently, most often in the examination
of sections of apothecia.

Results of the above tests are not to be considered as sufficient to
separate species when there are no other differences, but are secondary
characters, to be considered with other characters based on structure
or primary differences. Personally, the author has found the tests
to be quite uniform and reliable, even when examining specimens
obtained from regions thousands of miles apart, or growing on dif-
ferent substrata.

In examining the spores of lichens, the beginner or general student
must be cautious about observing and measuring any spores which
may happen to be within the field of the microscope. In addition to
the spores of various fungi which occur on the surfaces of all plants,
the thallus of some lichens is frequently infested with parasitic fungi.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 3 1

while the apothecia of others are covered with minute parasitic
apothecia. For example, the thallus of Heppia guepini is commonly
the host of a parasitic Endococcus. As Heppia is very often sterile
and the apothecia are not visible to the naked eye, one is exceedingly
apt to be confused by the Endococcus spores unless very careful sec-
tions are made.

Nylandcr, Tuckerman, and others, described the minute apothecia
covering the disk of the fruit of many lichens as parasitic Buellias,
Lecideas, and the like. But as they never contain algae, and have
no thallus of their own, they are undoubtedly parasitic fungi, and
accordingly are not considered in the present work.

In the preparation of this paper the author has been assisted at all
times, and especially in the study of the Lecideaceae, by his fellow
worker, Dr. H. E. Hasse, of Sawtelle, California, who has given his
time and energy wi hout stint.

To my friend and teacher. Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, curator
of the botanical section of the Imperial Natural History Museum of
Vienna, Austria, I wish to express my gratitude for help while study-
ing in the Museum and collecting with him in the Styrian Alps. His
masterly treatment of lichens in Engler and Prantl's Die Naturlichen
Pfianzenfamilien has been followed in this paper.

To Dr. W. G. Farlow of Harvard University I am indebted for
many favors and the gift of valuable specimens, while to him and Mr.
A. B. Seymour I owe the privilege of examining the Tuckerman
Herbarium.

To the authorities of the British Museum and Kew Garden I am
indebted for courtesies while examining the herbaria there.

The veteran Californian botanist, Volney Rattan, long time pro-
fessor in the San Jose State Normal School, generously gave me a
considerable collection of Californian lichens, presented him by H. N.
Bolander; this collection has been of great service in deciding many
difficult points.

Prof. Bruce Fink, of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, has kindly
determined a set of my collections of Cladonias, a labor of love which
I greatly appreciate.

To Dr. William Trelease, the U. S. National Museum and the
Bureau of Plant Industry, at Washington, D. C, and to the Botanical

HEERE

department of the University of California, I am indebted for the loan
of literature otherwise inaccessible.

My sincere thanks are due Prof. William Russell Dudley, head of the
department of systematic botany at Leland Stanford Junior Univer-
sity, for timely assistance and helpful criticism in many ways, espec-
ially in the final preparation of this paper. To him I dedicate this
work, as long since he called my attention to the distinctiveness of the
Santa Cruz Peninsula as a biological region.

Los Gatos, California, October, 1908.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GENERA OF LICHENS OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENIN-
SULA, CALIFORNIA.

Crustaceous Lichens.

A. Thallus absent.

B. On thallus of Pertusaria; apothecia top-shaped.

IX. Sphinctrina
BB. On rock, wood, or bark.

C. Asci multisporous, spores minute XXVI. Biatorella

CC. Spores not more than 8.

D. Apothecia lecideine XIX. Lecidea

DD. Apothecia lecanorine XLIII. Lecanora

AA. Thallus more or less developed.

E. Apothecia pyrenocarpous, more or less globose, immersed, hemi-
spherical or sessile, with a terminal pore.
F. Algae Trentepohlia.

G. Paraphyses branched and twining IV. Arthopyrenia

GG. Paraphyses simple and free V. Porina

FF. Algae Pleurococcus.

H. Thallusuniformcrustaceous; spores 8, simple... T. Verrucaria
HH. Thallus of sub-foliaceous to minute squamules.

/. Spores 8, simple, colorless II. Dermatocarpon

II. Spores 2, muriform, yellowish to brown. .III. Endocarpon
EE. Apothecia not pyrenocarpous.

J. Apothecia more or less stalked, or sessile, spores extruded and
forming a sporal mass or mazaedium covering the disk.

K. Apothecia containing algae IX. Sphinctrina

KK. Apothecia not containing algae.
L. Apothecia on long stalks.
M. Thallus and stipe greenish-yellow, powdery.

VII. Coniocybe
MM. Thallus and stipe not yellow.

N. Spores bilocular VI. Caliciiim

NN. Spores 4-8 celled VIII. Stenocybe

LL. Apothecia short-stipitate or sessile.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 33

O. Apothecia pear or top-shaped, growing on Pertusaria

thallus, containing alga;; spores simple . . .IX. Sphinctrina

00. Apothecia crateriform, not containing alga;; spores

bilocular, or simple in i form X. Cyphelium

JJ. Apothecia without a mazasdium.

P. Apothecia usually linear or elongate, w'ith a fissure-like disk;
seldom circular; algae Trenlepohlia.
Q. Thallus very thin, uniform crustaceous.
R. Apothecia without margin, more or less stellate, branch-
ing, or irregular XII. Arthonia

RR. Apothecia with a margin.

5". Apothecia innate, fissure-Hke, with evident disk; spores

caterpillar-like, brown XIV. PhcBographis

SS. Apothecia sessile, not innate or fissure-like; apothecia

irregular, linear or ellipsoid XIII. Opegrapha

QQ. Thallus thick, irregular, of ten warty or sub-plicate; apothe-
cia circular or nearly so, with both proper and thalline

margins XV. Dirina

PP. Apothecia more or less circular and dish or shield-like;
never linear, though often angular or variously shaped
from pressure or crowding.
T. Algae blue-green {Cyanophycea).
U. Algae Nostoc.

V. Apothecia biatorine or lecideine. .XXXV. Parmeliella

VV. Apothecia lecanorine XXXVII. Pannaria

UU. Algae not Nostoc.
W. Algae Scytonema.

X. Thallus squamulose to small-foliaceous, mostly
of parenchyma: spores simple, colorless.

XXXIV. Heppia
XX. Thallus crustaceous, coralloid, to small squamu-
lose, spores colorless, 2-8 locular.

XXXVI. Placynthium
WW. Algae not Scytonema.

Z. Algae Stigonema; thallus microscopically fruticose,

of terete filaments XXVIII. Zahlbrucknera

ZZ. Algffi Gloeocapsa; thallus diffract-crustaceous to

minutely squamulose XXXI. Pyrenopsis

TT. Algae not blue-green.

a. Algae Trenlepohlia '. XVII. Lecanactis

aa. Algae Pleurococcus, Protococcus, or Palmella.

b. Spores simple, colorless, minute, exceedingly numerous; thallus of
scales or squamules, with usually innate apothecia.

XXVII. Acarospora
bb. Spores not excessively numerous.

c. Spores bi-locular, topically polari-locular, or becoming muri-
form by interpolation of cross-walls.
d. Spores colorless, polar-bilocular.

e. Apothecia lecanorine LVIII. Caloplaca

34 HERRE

ee. Apothecia biatorine or lecideine LVII. Blastema

dd. Spores brown, bilocular to muriform.

/. Apothecia urceolate; spores muriform from beginning.

XVIII. Diploschistes
ff. Apothecia not urceolate.

g. Spores with a distinct halo. . . .XXIII. Rhizocarpon
gg. Spores without a halo.

h. Apothecia lecideine LXI. Buellia

hh. Apothecia lecanorine LXII. Rinodina

cc. Spores simple to multilocular, but not polar-bilocular; color-
less. J ,. |^

i. Apothecia lecideine.

j. Spores simple XIX. Lecidea

jj. Spores bi- to multilocular,

k. Spores bilocular XX. Catillaria

kk. Spores 4-16 locular

/. Thallus without cortex, areolate or uniform.

XXI. Bacidia
II. Thallus with cortex; of swollen or plicate
warts or squamules . .XXII. Toninia
it. Apothecia lecanorine.

m. Apothecia single or grouped, immersed in thai-
line warts; disk very narrow; spores large to

very large XLII. Pertiisaria

mm. Apothecia solitary, not immersed in thalline

warts; disk relatively broad.
n. Spores simple.

0. Paraphyses free, simple; spores small to
medium.
p. Spermatia thread-like; thallus variously
colored but not orange-yellow.

XLIII. Lecanora
pp. Spermatia ellipsoid; thallus orange-yel-
low XL VII. Candelariella

00. Paraphyses branched and entwined; spores

quite large XLIV. Ochrolechia

nn. Spores bilocular.

q. Sterigmata exobasidial.
r. Thallus orange-yellow; spermatia ellipsoid.

XLVII. Candelariella
rr. Thallus not orange-yellow; spermatia

thread-like XLV. Lecania

qq. Sterigmata endobasidial ; thallus marginally
lobed or of more or less lobate squamules.

XLVI. Placolecania

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 35

Foliaceoiis Lichens.

A. Thallus gelatinous when wet; color always dark; algae blue-green
iCyanophyce^.)

B. Algae Scytonema XXX. Polychidium

BB. Algae Nostoc.

C. Thallus dark green without cortical layer XXXII. CoUema

CC. Thallus usually lead-colored, with distinct cortical layer.

XXXIII. Lcptogmm
A A. Thallus not gelatinous when wet.

D. Apothecia never present.
E. Thallus dark.

F. Plant apparently black, the surface coveied with black isidia.

XXXIX. Sticta
FF. Plant dark brown, sub-f ruticose ; the ascendant, irregularly

cut lobes with narrow white edge L. Cetraria

EE. Thallus green or pale.

G. Yellowish green with gray soredia; beneath villous or with

naked pale spots XXXVIII. Lobaria

GG. Plant more or less orbicular, often very large, grey, yellowish
or bright green; beneath black, usually brown-maigined,

more or less black-fibrillose XLIX. Parmclia

DD. Apothecia usually present and abundant.

//. Thallus attached at a single point near the center by an umbili-
cus.
/. Apothecia visible to naked eye; thallus large or of medium size.
/. Apothecia adnate, gyrose; thallus brown. . .XXV. Gyrophora
JJ. Apothecia immersed, appearing as minute dark specks on the

ashy gray thallus II. Dermatocarpon

II. Apothecia not visible to naked eye; thallus very small, dark
olive or blackish brown, expanded or ascendant.

XXXIV. Ileppia
HH. Thallus attached by numerous rhizoids, not umbilicate.
K. Apothecia adnate on undei side ot marginal lobes.

L. Algaae Nostoc; spores 2-4 locular XL. Nephroma

LL. Algae Protococcus; spores simple LI. Nephromopsis

KK. Apothecia always on upper surface of thallus.
M. Thallus bright yellow or oiange.

N. Apothecia chestnut; spores simple, colorless.

L. Cetraria
NN. Apothecia yellow or orange.
0. Spores polai-bilocular, colorless, 8.

LIX. X author ia

00. Spores simple, 16 to 60 XLVIII. Candelaria

MM. Thallus not bright yellow 01 orange.

P. Thallus horizontal, orbicular or variously lobed; undei
surface with veins or cyphels.
Q. Under surface with small white cyphels, villous or
fleecy XXXIX. Sticta

36 HERRE

QQ. Under surface without cyphels.

R. Thallus pale villous beneath with large, pale,

naked spots XXXVIII. Lobaria

RR. Thallus pale or whitish beneath, with brown
veins and fibrils; apothecia adnate on tips
of more or less elongate lobes.

XLI. Pelligera.
PP. Without veins or cyphels on under surface.

6'. Spores bi-locular, brown LXIV. Physcia

SS. Spores simple, colorless.

T. Thallus flat, appressed; under surface brown or
black, more or less black fibrillose; apothecia

scattered over surface XLIX. ParmeUa

TT. Thallus sub-fruticose, compressed; apothecia
marginal or on tips of ascendant lobes.

L. Cetraria

Fruticose Lichens.

Plants more or less erect and shrub-like, or drooping and pendulous.

A. Thallus of two kinds: (i) a horizontal, more or less leafy or granulose
one; (2) a more prominent, erect, and caulescent one, really stalks
for the apothecia but apparently the plant; simple, and club, cup, or
funnel-shaped, or slender and much branched; apothecia scarlet or

brown XXIV. Cladonia

A A, Thallus uniform, not two-fold.
B. Apothecia globose, terminal; plant tufted, shrub-hke, gray.

XL SphcBrophorus
BB. Apothecia dish or shield-Hke; terminal, marginal, or more rarely
scattered.
C. Thallus hair-like.

D. Black or brown, like tangled mats of fine hair.

LIV. Alecioria
DD. Color not black or brown.

E. Thallus erect or decumbent, densely tufted, intricately
branched, terete, gray, sterile; on maritime rocks.

XVI. Dendrographa
EE. Thallus coarser, gray or pale straw-color, rarely red; tufted
or pendulous, becoming enormously elongated; apothe-
cia concolorous or pale tan, with fibrillose margin.

LVI. Usnea
CC. Thallus not hair-like.
F. Plants not gray or green.
G. Thallus brown or black.
H. Sooty black, very small, compact, sterile: on vertical

sandstone walls XXIX. Ephebe

HH. Greenish black or brown, spreading, compressed; apothe-
cia abundant, terminal L. Cetraria

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 37

GG. Thallus yellow.

/. Spores simple, colorless; thallus bright lemon-color; apothe-

cia chestnut LIII. Letharia

II. Spores polar-bilocular, colorless; plants and apothecia
reddish yellow or orange.
/. Thallus erect, lax, pendulous or decumbent; on trees and

maritime rocks LX. Theloschistcs

J J. Thallus short, rigid, becoming decumbent; on mari-
time rocks LVIII. Cahplaca

FF. Plants gray, green, or pale.
K. Apothecia present.

L. Apothecia concolorous; thallus tufted, compressed or
terete, or elongate, pendulous, and greatly compressed.

LV. Ramalina
LL. Apothecia not colored like thallus.

M. Apothecia black, pruinose or naked; thallus mar-
ginally fibrillose and fuzzy . .LXIY. Anaplychia
MM. Apothecia not pruinose or black.

N. Apothecia chestnut; lobes long, ascendant, white

beneath, on trees L. Celraria

NN. Apothecia yellowish or dusky; plants very short,
stout, erect, rigid, sub-crustaceous; on maritime

rocks XLIII. Lecanora

KK. Apothecia absent.

0. Lobes narrow, ascendant, margined with stout, usually

branching fibrils LXIV. Anaptychia

00. Lobes not marginally fibrillose.

P. Sub-crustaceous; short, stout, terete; powdery, simple

or branched; on maritime rocks . .XLIII. Lecanora

PP. Thallus pendulous or erect ; more or less white sorediate ;

on trees and shrubs LII. Evernia

LICHENES.

ASCOLICHENES.

Composed of Fungi belonging to the Ascomycetes, living in union
(symbiosis ?) with Algae, these two distinct classes of plants apparently
forming a morphological and physiological unit.

I. Pyrenocarpe^: Apothecia globular, usually opening at the
summit by a minute pore.

II. Gymnocarpe^: Apothecia more or less open and the disk
exposed, circular and shield-like or dish-like, elongated and variously
shaped, or crater-like.

38 IIERRE

PYRENOCARPE^.

Thallus crustaceous, squamulose, rarely foliaceous, more rarely
fruticose. Gonidia of Pleurococcus, Chroolepus or Trentepohlia,
Phyllactidium, Nostoc, or Sirisiphon algae. Soredia are absent or
very rare. Apothecia globular or hemispherical, opening only by a
pore at the summit, immersed in the thallus with only the apex
protruding, or sessile; naked or more or less covered by a thalline layer;
solitary, or confluent and forming a stroma; a proper exciple or margin,
known as the perithecium, pale to black, closed or open below (dimi-
diate) ; within this a more or less distinct envelope, the amphithecium,
enclosing a globose hymenium, the nucleus of many authors, which is
soft, gelatinous, and often contains algae or oil drops. Paraphyses
simple, or branched and then twining and net-like; commonly soon
gelatinizing and apparently lacking. The Angiocarpous lichens of
many authors.

KEY TO FAMILIES.

Thallus with Pleurococcus or Palmella alga.

Thallus crustaceous, without cortex V errucariacecs

Thallus foliaceous or squamulose, cortex present — Dermatocar pacecB

Thallus with Trentepohlia alga, crustaceous, the apothecia solitary or

sub-confluent but not forming stroma PyrenulacecR

VERRUCARIACE^.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, growing upon or within the upper
layers of the substratum, without cortex, the gonidia of Pleurococcus or
Palmella algae. Apothecia single, erect, with an apical pore.

I. Verrucaria (Web.) Th. Fr.

Verrucaria Weber, Prim. Flor. Hols. p. 85.

Verrucaria Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europ. 109. 1861.

Verrucaria A. Zahlbr., Ascolichenes, 54. 1907.

Thallus crustaceous, rimose areolate, or powdery, commonly with
an evident hypothallus, rarely sorediate, usually upon the substratum,
rarely within. Apothecia entirely immersed, half sunken, or sessile;
perithecium coal-black, horny, globular, flask-like, or hemispherical
with the underside open; paraphyses soon gelatinizing; spores 8,
ellipsoid, oval, or globose, one-celled, colorless or rarely brown.

About 100 species, often difficult to define.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 39

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Thallus thin to very thin.

B. Black, resembling a smear of black paint; on maritime rocks.

5. melas
BB. Not black.
C. Very thin and powdery, or mostly obsolete; forming white spots

on limestone 6. calciseda fusca-spora

CC. Of minute ashen or gray granules; on sandstone.

4. miiralis
AA. Thallus more or less areolate or scaly; from thin becoming thick.
D. Color pale.

E. Areoles thick, bluish gray 7. stanfordi

DD. Color dark to the naked eye.

F. Thallus areolate or scaly, ashy gray under lens ; black appearance

due to the numerous apothecia i . rupestris

FF. Thallus some shade of brown.
G. Pale to dark olive brown, with a more or less greenish cast when

wet 2. viridula

GG. Dark brown to black, not becoming greenish when wet.

3. nigrescens

I. VERRUCARI A RUPESTRIS Schrader.

Verrucaria rupestris Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Germ. 109. 1794.
Verrucaria rupestris Leighton, Brit. Angiocarp. Lich. 60. PL. 25.
f. 4. 1851.

Thallus effuse, thin to thickish, apparently continuous, but really
minutely fissured and areolate or scaly; black to the naked eye, but
examination with the lens shows it to be ashy gray.

The black color is due to the numerous, large, prominent, hemis-
pherical, and semi-immersed apothecia; perithecium thick, black,
dimidiate; amphithecium thin, pale brown; hymenial gelatine blue
with I; spores colorless to pale yellow, ellipsoid or sometimes pointed

, 8i-ii

at one end, ~ pL.

20-25

On rocks at Point Lobos, San Francisco, and elsewhere along the
ocean shore; probably occurring throughout our territory. Com-
monly distributed over the North Temperate region.

I also doubtfully refer here a plant on sandstone, Castle Rock
Ridge, altitude 2000 feet, differing as follows:

Thallus areolate, fissured, the areoles distinct or running into a

40 HERRE

continuous crust, chaffy or microscopically corallinoid, dingy brown

in color; resembling a crustaceous Pannaria or Collemaceous lichen.

Apothecia not numerous or conspicuous, small, black, semi-im-

mersed; spores larger than in the previously described form, . ? fx.

24-30

In other respects agreeing.

Unlike anything in the accessible literature or specimens, and per-
haps new.

2. VERRUCARIA VIRIDULA Ach.

Verrucaria viridula Acharius, Lich. Univ. 675. 1810.

Thallus forming a thickish, effuse, rough or uneven, chinky or
fissured crust of minute, polygonal areoles, closely compacted; their
surface smooth or rough or warty; color varying from pale to dark
olive blackish brown, with a more or less evident greenish cast when
wet; KOH-; CaCl30,-.

Apothecia usually but one in an areole, rather large,black, immersed,
with only the apical portion visible; usually without an ostiolum;
perithecium dimidiate, thick, black; amphithecium thin, black;
hymenial gelatine bluish with I; spores broadly elliptical, colorless,

I2i — I??

often with one or two very large oil drops, — ~ fi.

24 - 34

Abundant on sandstone in the foothills and probably occurring all
through the mountains.

A plant of Europe, North America, and northern Africa.

3. VERRUCARIA NIGRESCENS Pers.
Verrucaria nigrescens Persoon, Ust. Ann. Bot. 14: 36. 1795.

Thallus effuse or sub-determinate, thin or becoming moderately
thick, of minute areoles, compacted into a nearly uniform crust; color
dark brown to black.

Apothecia numerous, of moderate size, hemispherical, more or less
immersed and with the apex often covered by the thallus; the apical
pore usually not visible; perithecium entire; hymenial gelatine pale
salmon or reddish with I, or part reddish and part blue with I; spores
ellipsoid to short and broadly ovate, often falsely bi-nucleolate or

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 4I

6 - 81V II - 13I ,8-15

containing; a large oil drop, a. — ^^ //, and n',

^ ^ ^14-18 'i9i - 23 19-29

according to Nylander, ~ a.

23 - 27 "^

On sandstone in the foothills and mountains. Common in Europe,

Africa, and North America.

4. VERRUCARIA IMURALIS Ach.

Vernicaria muralis Acharius, Meth. Lich. 115. 1803.
Verriicaria muralis Tuck. Gen. Lich. 269. 1872.
Verrucaria muralis Jatta, Lich. Syll. Ital. 1325. 1900.

Thallus thin, effuse, and disappearing, ashen or gray in color, of
minute granules.

Apothecia, very small, scattering, black, pruinose or naked, hemis-
pherical, rather prominent; the ostiolum very minute, hardly visible
under the lens; perithecium dimidiate, black; amphithecium pale
brown or yellowish; hy menial gelatine blue with I; spores ellipsoid,

colorless and pale yellowish, a.

13 - 24^

Rarely on sandstone on the highest peaks. Generally distributed
over Europe and North America.

5. VERRUCARIA MELAS Herre, new species.

Thallus thin or very thin, effuse, microscopically areolate and
intricately fissured, appearing to the naked eye as a daub of dead
black paint; KOH— ; CaCL02 — .

Apothecia not numerous, at first low and covered by the thallus,
becoming more prominent and emergent, hemispherical, finally sessile
and sub-globose, the apical portion then irregularly depressed and the
ostiolum comparatively large; perithecium entire, black; asci oval,
clavate, and pear-shaped, the hymenial gelatine blue with I; spores

„. .J 8^ - I2i

ellipsoid, , «.

T-9h - 27
Rare; on rocks a few feet above the sea at Point Lobos, San Fran-
cisco, associated with Arthopyrenia halodytes.

Strongly resembling Verrucaria maura in general appearance, but

42 HERRE

differing in the thinner thallus, the much larger and somewhat dif-
ferently shaped spores, and the chemical reaction. A specimen of
Verrucaria maura from Dr. Farlow, collected at Campobello, New

Brunswick, yields me oblong spores, measuring -~ 7 a, while the

I2i — 16

reaction with I is vinous red.
(melas, ixiXac, black.)

6. VERRUCARIA CALCISEDA FUSCA-SPORA Herre, n. subsp.

Verrucaria calciseda DC. Fl. Fr. 2: 317. 1805.

Verrucaria calciseda Leighton, Lich. Fl. Grt. Britain, ed. 3, 458. 1879.

Thallus effuse, endolithic, very thin and powdery or obsolete, form-
ing white spots on the rock.

Apothecia numerous, minute, black, immersed in tiny pits in the
rock, becoming slightly protuberant; ostiolum depressed, circular,
pore-like, or often irregularly fissured; perithecium broad, dimidiate,
black; gelatinous thecium bluish or blue with I; asci clavate; spores
ovoid or elliptical, from colorless becoming dusky and finally dark

brown, ^~ ^ «.

i7i - 28'^

Abundant on limestone near the summit of Black Mountain, alti-
tude 2700 feet, mixed with Rinodina hischoffi, immersa, from which
it is with difficulty externally distinguishable. The internal structure
not satisfactorily made out owing to the difficulty of extracting the
apothecia from their holes without breaking them.

Differs from the type in having dark spores. Leighton says (Brit.
Angiocarpous Lichens, 60, 1851, pi. 25, f. 4) that the spores of V.
rupestris are pale yellow, but elsewhere he and other authors call the
spores of all this group colorless.

(fusca, dark; spora, oTzdpoc, seed.)

7. VERRUCARIA STANFORDI Herre, new species.

Thallus of thick, somewhat convex areoles, reaching a thickness of
2 mm., either separate or arranged in small groups or finally compacted
into a deeply fissured, continuous, chinky crust; the surface very min-

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 43

utely granulose, of a handsome bluish gray color, shading off to ashen;
KOH-; CaCl203-.

Apothecia one to several in each areole, the perithecium sunken in
the thallus, globular, entire, thick, black; ostiole from sunken becom-
ing elevated, circular, thickish; hymcnial gelatine blue vi^ith I; spores
8, simple, colorless at first, at last brownish, elongate-ellipsoidal,

6 - 8.C
14^ - 22

On rocks in the foothills near Stanford University, at an latitude
of 150 feet. On a rock beside the road to Lick Observatory, alt.
about 800 feet, Alt. Hamilton Range.

(stanfordi, because found near Stanford University.)

DERMATOCARPACEiE .

Thallus foliaceous or squamaceous, with a cortex of pseudoparen-
chyma upon one or both sides; fastened to the substratum by an
umbilicus, by rhizoids, or adherent by the medulla; gonidia of Pleuro-
coccus algae. Apothecia solitary, erect, with a minute pore at the
summit, more or less immersed in the thallus.

KEY TO GENERA.

Apothecia without gonidia II. Dermatocarpon

Apothecia containing gonidia III. Endocarpon

II. Dermatocarpon (Esch.) Th. Fr.

Dermatocarpon Eschweiler, Syst. Lich. Gen. 21. 1824.
Dermatocarpon Th. Fries, Gen. Het. Europ. 103. 1861.

Thallus leafy and greatly expanded or reduced to areolate squa-
mules; umbilicate, or appressed and adnate; the algal layer beneath
the upper cortex. Apothecia solitary, erect, minute, immersed, or
with only the apical portion emergent upon the surface, upon which
they appear as minute specks; perithecium clear or black, globular or
ovoid, without algae; paraphyses usually gelatinizing, rarely poorly
developed and then branched and net-like; asci 8—16 spored; spores
ellipsoid, simple, colorless.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 19 10.

44 IIERRE

KEY TO SPECIES.

Thallus of flat or flattish adnate squamules.

Perithecium black; thallus more or less olive or blackish brown; on

bark i . sqiiameella

Perithecium clear; squamules more or less reddish or chestnut brown ;

on earth 2. hepaticum

Thallus foliaceous, umbiHcate.

One-leaved, large 3. minatum

More or less polyphyllous

The convolute, complicate lobes ascendant, the plant more or less

cespitose 4. miniatum complicatum

Thallus pseudo-crustaceous, small, closely appressed.

5. aquaticum

Section CATOPYRENIUM.

Thallus squamulose; or minutely foliaceous, but not umbilicate;
perithecium black.

I. DERMATOCARPON SQUAMEELLA (Nyl.).

Verrucaria squameella Nyl. in litt. to Dr. Hasse. 1897.

Thallus foliaceous, small to minute, irregularly lobate, with uneven,
undulate surface; the more or less upturned margin crenate, some-
times minutely orbicular-lobulate fringed; color dark olive or reddish
brown to blackish; beneath whitish or pale, fastened to the substratum
by numerous rhizoids.

Apothecia rather numerous, immersed, minute, pear-shaped or
subglobose, the perithecium entire, dark brown or blackish; asci
clavate to short ventricose; hymenial gelatine vinous red with I, but
when KOH is applied first and then I the reaction is a quickly fading

2* — c; "6 — 7

blue; spores narrowly ellipsoid, — = ^ — /i; fx," Nyl. in

i2i - 17^ 15 - 18

liti.

Very rare; collected but once, on the bark of Quercus lobata, in the
foothills 5 miles south of Stanford University. Originally collected by
Dr. Hasse near Los Angeles, where it is also very rare.

Section ENDOPYRENIUM.

Thallus of adnate squamules or sub-foliaceous, but not umbilicate;
perithecium clear.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 45

2. DERMATOCARPON HEPATICUM (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Endocarpon hepaticum Acharius, Lich. Univ. 298. 1810.
Dermatocarpon hepaticum Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 255. i860.

Thallus of small, rounded, closely adnata squamules, these becom-
ing wavy; margin more or less incised or crenate, upturned, blacken-
ing; usually distinct, but sometimes slightly imbricate; color varying
from bright reddish brown to chestnut, and dull dusky brown.

Apothecia numerous, immersed, the ostioles minute, becoming pro-

tuberant with black margin; spores oval, -^ — fi.

12 — 14

On bare earth or in crevices of rocks in the foothills and mountains.
In Tuckerman Herbarium (Bolander's collection) from San Fran-
cisco and Oakland. Common on calcareous soil throughout the
North Temperate Zone.

Section ENTOSTHELIA.
Thallus foliaceous, attached by a central umbilicus.

3. DERMATOCARPON MINIATUM (L.) Mann.

Lichen miniatus Linn. Sp. PI. 2: 1149. 1753.

Dermatocarpon miniatum Mann, Lich. in Bohemia observ. p. . 1826.

Dermatocarpon miniatum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 394. 1906.

Thallus medium to large, smooth, coriaceous, one-leaved or lobate,
the margin rounded, undulate, or crenate, and more or less recurved;
attached by an umbilicus; color whitish to bluish gray or occasionally
brownish; sometimes granulose pruinose; beneath varying from a
bright to a dark brown or black, smooth or minutely pustulate.

Apothecia very numerous, minute, scattered, immersed in the

thallus; opening by small dark or brown pores, which appear as specks

thickly distributed over the entire surface. Spores ellipsoid,

4i - 6i
^^ n.

9f - 17

On rocks, in shaded or damp situations. A common and con-
spicuous lichen throughout the foothills and to the summit of the
Santa Cruz range, the thallus reaching a diameter of more than four
inches in specimens from San Bruno Mountain. Common in the

46 HERRE

mountains of Europe, northern Africa, North America, and New

Zealand.

(miniatum, red, of no application here.)

Of several named varieties one is common here.

4. DERMATOCARPON MINIATUM COMPLICATUM (Sw.)

Th. Fr.

Lichen complicatus Swartz, Nov. Act. Upsal. 4: 38. 1776.
Dermatocarpon miniatum complicatum Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Soc.
Sci. Ups. Ill, 3: 353. 1861.

Thallus small to medium, polyphyllous, densely compacted, the
imbricate and complicate lobes rotund, convolute, and more or less
ascendant, with recurved margin; the surface more or less roughened
and wrinkled. Otherwise like the species.

Common in the foothills with the type, but most abundant on sun-
nier or more exposed rocks.

5. DERMATOCARPON FLUVIATILE (Weber).

Lichen aquaticus Weis, PI. Crypt. 77, 1770. Not L. 1753.
Lichen fluviatile Weber, Spec. Fl. Gott. 265. pi. ^. 1778,
Dermatocarpon aquaticum A. Zahlbr. Annalen des K. K. Naturh. Hofm.

Band XVI, Heft I, p. 81. 1901.
Dermatocarpon aquaticum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 • 394- 1906.

Thallus small, thick, smooth, lobes densely imbricate and com-
pacted; margin rounded, entire or crenate-lobulate; closely appressed,
umbilicate; resembling an intricately convolute, adnate, crustaceous
lichen; color dull gray or olive-brown; sometimes white granulose
pruinose; beneath smooth, dark brown to dingy black.

Apothecia as in Dermatocarpon miniatum, but proportionately

larger and less numerous; spores ellipsoid, — ^ ~ jx.

14^ - i9i

Abundant on granite cliffs 200 feet above the sea, near Point San
Pedro; occurring also on wet sandstone in Devils Cafton, altitude 2300
feet, and at the head of Kings Creek at about 2800 feet. Widely dis-
tributed in the North Temperate region.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 47

III. Endocarpon (Hedw.) A. Zahlbr.

Endocarpon Hedwig, Descr. et Adumbr. Muse. 2 : 56, pi. 20. f. A. 1788.
Endocarpon A. Zahlbr., Ascolichenes, 61. 1907.

Thallus of distinct squamules or leafy scales, closely adnata.
Apothecia solitary, much as in Dermatocarpon, but the hymenium
containing minute ellipsoid or circular green algae lying between the
asci; perithecium dark to black; paraphyses gelatinizing; asci saccate or
ventricose-clavate, with 1—6 spores which are elongate or ellipsoid,
muriform-multilocular, from colorless becoming yellowish and dark
brown.

Species few, widely distributed on earth and rocks.

KEY TO SPECIES.

Squamules flat, closely adnate i. pusillum

Squamules overlapping, with upturned margins 2. pallidum

Thallus with rounded or incised lobules more or less complicate-imbricate.

3. pulvinatum

I. ENDOCARPON PUSILLUM Hedwig.

Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig, Descri. et Adumbr. Muse. 2 : 56, pi. 20,

f. 8, 1788; Germany.

Thallus of small to minute squamules, more or less scattered, or
occasionally forming a crust; flat, closely adnate, circular or with
crenate or lobate margin; surface smooth or fiexuous; color passing
from reddish brown to blackish brown; KOH— ; CaCUOj — .

Apothecia small, immersed, rather numerous, the minute ostiolum
at length enlarged and pit-like; perithecium dark brown, entire;
spores 2, one usually larger than the other, at length dark brown,

T-Zh - 24
-^^ fi.

24i - 56

Common on crumbly sandstone in the foothills, either alone or
upon a cushion of Scytonema filaments, which also often grow over
the thallus. Probably occurring all through the mountains wherever
there is sufficient rock exposure.

Recorded from Europe, North America, Algeria, and New Zealand.

48 HERRE

2. ENDOCARPON PALLIDUM Ach.

Endocarpon pallidum Acharius, Lich. Univ. 301. 1810, Switzerland.

Thallus of small pale reddish or darker scales, these overlapping,
flexuous, and more or less marginally upturned; the rounded lobes
with more or less crenate margin; KOH— ; CaClzOz — .

Apothecia minute, immersed, opening to the surface by a pore
which sometimes becomes enlarged; perithecium dark brown, entire;

spores 2, from pale becoming light brown, — //; Dr. Hasse gives

31.8-37

them as—— — «
45 - 52 "
Rare, on stones in the foothills; found in Europe, North America,

and New Zealand.

3. ENDOCARPON PULVINATUM Th. Fr.

Endocarpon puhinatum Th. Fr. Lich. Arctoi, 257. i860.
Polyblastia pulvinata Jatta, Syll. Lich. Ital. 562. 1900.

Thallus dark chocolate-brown, the squamules more or less imbri-
cate, lobulate, with irregularly crenate or incised margin, the whole
plant resembling a minute Gyrophora; apothecia very small, immersed,
the perithecium more or less protruding, black; asci clavate; spores 2,

muriform multilocular, //.

14 - 17

On boulders in the foothills; rare. A lichen of arctic and alpine

Europe.

PYRENULACE^.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, without cortex or rhizoids; growing
upon or within the substratum; the algae Trentepohlia. Apothecia
single or confluent, erect, with a terminal pore; spermatia exobasidial.

KEY TO GENERA.

Paraphyses branched and twining, or becoming gelatinous ; spores 2 -6

celled IV. A rthopyrenia

Paraphyses unbranched, free; spores 2 — many celled. ...... .V. Porina

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 49

IV. Arthopyrenia.

Thallus thin, with an indistinct hypothallus as a rule. Apothecia
with a globose or hemispherical, horny, black perithecium; para-
physes permanent or gelatinizing; spores wedge-shaped, oval, or
elongate, with usually blunt ends.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A . On maritime rocks /. halodytes

A A. On bark.

B. Spores bilocular, arranged in one row in the asci.

C. Paraphyses slender, distinct 6. conjormis

CC. Paraphyses threadlike, branched, entangled 5. hijormis

BB. Spores bilocular, often with a halo, variously arranged in the asci.

D. Paraphyses gelatinizing 2. analepta

DD. Paraphyses distinct.

E. Apothecia naked 3. analeptella

EE. Apothecia more or less pruinose 4. cinerea-prtiinosa

Section EUARTHOPYRENIA.

Perithecia usually hemispherical; paraphyses normally becoming
gelatinous; spores usually with a gelatinous halo, constricted in the
middle, of 2 dissimilar cells, either cell or both sometimes further
divided.

I. ARTHOPYRENIA HALODYTES (Nyl.) Wedd.

Verrucaria halodytes Nyl. Enum. generale des Lichens, 142. 1858.
Arthopyrenia halodytes Weddell, Excurs. lich. d. I'ile d'Yeu, 307.

1874.
Arthopyrenia halodytes Olivier, Lich. de I'Ouest et Nord-O. France.
2 : 261. 1900.

Thallus efifuse, thin and uniform, or irregularly thickened, when it
becomes somewhat fissured; blackish reddish or reddish brown;
KOH - ; CaCl,02 -.

Apothecia very small and numerous, black, more or less immersed,
or emergent and sub-globose; scattered or becoming clustered and
crowded; paraphyses mostly lacking, rather thick and jointed when

present; asci ventricose, — ^ //; no reaction with I; spores

49 - 62

bilocular, ellipsoid, irregularly arranged in the asci, -^ — pL.

II- 14.7

HERRE

Abundant on precipitous rocks just above high tide, Point Lobos,
San Francisco. Described from the northern coast of France.

2. ARTHOPYRENIA ANALEPTA (Ach.) Korber-

Lichen analeptus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 15. 1798.
Verrucaria analepta Ach. Meth. Lich. 119. 1803.
Arthopyrenia anakpta Korber, Syst. Lich. Germ. 367. 1855.

Thallus e£fuse, thin to obsolete, forming olive or coppery patches
on bark.

Apothecia small to minute, usually not numerous, scattered, black,
sessile or hardly innate, hemispherical to conical; perithecium dimidi-
ate; paraphyses disappearing in a gelatinous mass; asci long, tubular,

- l_/x; spores 4, 6, and 8 in the asci, bilocular, ellipsoidal, con-

90 — 122

stricted at the middle, the divisions w^edge-shaped, one often larger

than the other, -i ^; once observed 3-locular; asci and their con-

17-25
tents yellowish-brownish with I.

Rare; on the bark of Schiniis molle (pepper tree) at Mayfield.

Originally described from Northern Europe, but found throughout

the world.

3. ARTHOPYRENIA ANALEPTELLA (Nyl.).

Verrucaria analeptella Nyl. Flora, 363. 1872.

Thallus very thin, effuse, smooth, continuous, shining; whitish, to
drab and oHve; brownish with KOH; CaCUOz — .

Apothecia not very numerous, minute, semi-immersed, flattened
hemispherical, spreading basally; ostiolum depressed, dot-like; peri-
thecium dimidiate, thick, black; paraphyses free, distinct, branched,

• 1 , . 14 — 18.5 . 16

twmmg; asci tubular to ventricose, jx, averagmg ^- jx;

52 - 73 58

spores in 2 rows in asci, bilocular, or with several false septa, sur-

- o

rounded by a halo, oblong-clli])soidal, -^ ix; no reaction with I.

10 — 22

Rare; on the bark of Platanus racemosa, in Stevens Creek Canon.

Common in Europe on smooth-barked trees; near Arthopyrenia

analepta (Ach.), but differing in the distinct paraphyses.

THE LICHEN FLOILV OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 5 1

DIDYMELLA FALLAX Wainio.

Artho pyrenia fallax Nyl. Flora, 363. 1872.

This fungus, long considered to be a lichen, but which is apparently
not a lichen as it seems to lack alga?, is common on the trunks and
limbs of smooth-barked trees in the foothills. It may be recognized
as follows: Thallus thin, rather effuse, forming smooth, whitish,
cream-colored or pale olive patches; sprinkled with the minute, black,
sub-globose, sessile or half-innate apothecia; paraphyses hair-like,
free, simple and straight or branched and more or less twining; I — ;
asci elongate, brownish with I; spores bilocular or becoming 4-locular,

cons'ricted at the middle, ^^^^^ ^^fi .

12^ — 20

4. ARTHOPYRENIA CINEREO-PRUINOSA (Schaer.) Jatta.

Verrucaria cinereo-pruinosa Schaerer, Spicilegia, 342. 1836.
Artho pyrenia cviereo-pruinosa Jatta, S\ll. Lich. Ital. 529. 1900.

Thallus diffuse, thin, uniform, pale gray to olivaceous; KOH yellow;
CaCl202 — .

Apothecia scattered, black, small to minute, more or less immersed
and sessile, hemispherical or sub-globose; covered with the epidermal
thalline layer, and hence ashy-pruinose, or naked; perithecium dimi-
diate, black, thickish; paraphyses branched and twining, or simple;

I — ; spores bilocular, pointed and slender ellipsoid, ^? — ji-

12 - 15

On the bark of Umbellularia californica, in Stevens Creek Cafion.

The above seems to be a variety of this European lichen, characterized

by mailer spores than the type.

Section ACROCORDIA.

Apothecia solitary, hemispherical, globular, or conical; paraphyses
permanent, hair-like, twining and net-like; asci cylindrical or ventri-
cose, the spores of 2 similar cells arranged in a single row.

52 HERRE

5. ARTHOPYRENIA BIFORMIS (Borr.) Mull. Arg.

Verruciria hifonnis Borrer, Eng. Bot. Suppl, 2617,/. i. 1829.
Arthopyrenia hiformis Miill. Arg.

Thallus effuse, thin, uniform or nearly so, whits to dark gray in
color; KOH yellow brown.

Apothecia black, numerous, of medium size, hemispherical or

sub-globose, the base immersed, with a minute pore at the apex; peri-

thecium entire, thick, black; paraphyses abundant, distinct, long and

thread-like, branched and entangled; asci tubular, mostly sterile with

12
granular contents, yellowish with I; a fertile ascus measured — ix\

spores bilocular, pointed-ellipsoid, — — p..

18-24

On the twigs of an oak in the hills west of Los Gatos, altitude about
1500 feet. Much resembling Arthopyrenia gemmata, but differs in
the entire perithecium. Referred here with doubt, the apothecia and
spores being larger than in European specimens in my herbarium.
The reaction with I is also different from that given by Leighton. A.
iformis is found pret y generally over Europe and Noth America.

6. ARTHOPYRENIA CONFORMIS (Nyl.).

Verruca ia conformis Ny lander, Flora, 257. 1864; France.
Verrucaria conformis Leighton, Lich. Fl. Grt. Brit. ed. 3. 463. 1879.

Tha lus effuse, thin and uniform, finally chinky abo t the apothecia;
silvery gray in color; brown with KOH ; CaCljOj— .

Apothecia very numerous, small to minute, hemispherical, semi-
immersed, black; perithecium dimidiate but extending so far basally
as to be nearly entire; paraphyses long, very slender and hair-like;
asci long, tubular; I-; spores usually in a single row, slender ellipsoid,
bilocular, constricted at the middle; each cell very strongly constricted,
so that the spores appear 4-locular, as if made up of four balls, the end
ones being much smaller than the others; from falsely 2 or 3-septate,

sometimes distinctly 3-septate, — fi.

8^—16

On the bark of Pseudotsuga taxifolia, in the mountains. Recorded
from France and the British Isles.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 53

V. Porina (Ach.) Mull. Arg.

Porina Acharius, Lich. Univ. 60. 18 10.
Porina Mull. Arg.,

Thallus uniform crustaceous, upon or within the substratum, with
Trentepohlia algae. Apothecia simple, scattered, with clear or dark,
entire or dimidiate perithecium, with an apical pore. Paraphyses
simple, free. Spores 6 to 8, ellipsoid, spindle-shaped and needle-like,
bilocular or multilocular, colorless.

A genus of wide distribution, with about 150 species dwelling on
bark and rocks, of which but one seems to occur here.

I. PORINA CARPINEA (Pers.) A. Zahlbr.

Verrucarla carpinea Persoon, in Ach. Meth. Lich. 120. 1803.
Verrucaria carpinea Schaerer, Enumer. Crit. Lich. Europ. 221. 1850.
Porina carpinea A. Zahlbr., Ascolichenes, 66. 1907.

Thallus thin, uniform, effuse or sometimes limitate, pale ashy or
greenish brown to brown; KOH leaves a brown stain.

Apothecia numerous, scattered, minute, black, often shining or
apically polished, rather prominent, hemispherical or sometimes sub-
globose; the minute apical pore readily seen; perithecium dimidiate,
the amphithecium pale; spores fusiform, bilocular to quadrilocular,

15-18

Common on various trees in the foothills and mountains. Com-
mon over the temperate regions of Europe and America.

GYMNOCARPEtE.

A. Disk of the apothecia more or less open; paraphyses forming a net"
work over the asci and holding a protruding sporal mass which con-
ceals the disk, the mazaedium of authors ConiocarpinecB

A A. Paraphyses and spores not forming a mazaedium.

B. Apothecia linear, elongate, ellipsoid, or rarely circular.

Graphidinecs
BB. Apothecia circular Cyclocarpinece

CONIOCARPINE^.

Thallus crustaceous, leafy, or fruticose, without rhizoids; algae
Pleurococcus, Protococcus, Stichococcus, or Trentepohlia. Apothecia
with a more or less open disk; asci usually cylindrical and soon dis-

HERRE

appearing, the ripe spores then forming with the paraphyses a protub-
erant, powdery mass, the "mazaedium, " which remains a long time;
spores 8, colorless or dark, globose and simple, or septate and ellipsoid
or elongate.

KEY TO FAMILIES.

A. Thallus crustaceous, without cortex.

B. Apothecia on a stalk or stipe, with a proper margin. .Caliciacece
BB. Apothecia sessile, with a proper or a thalline margin.

Cypheliaceae

A A. Thallus fruticose, with a cortex; apothecia sessile. .Sph(Brophorace(Z

CALICIACE^.

Thallus crustaceous, with Proto-, Pleuro-, and Stichococcus algae,
Apothecia usually a circular or globose head lifted on a slender stipe,
which is rarely branched or with more than one head.

KEY TO GENERA.

A . Apothecia urn-like, on a very short thick stipe, practically sessile.

IX. Sphinctrina
A A. Apothecia on a long stipe.

B. Spores globose, simple VII. Coniocyhe

BB. Spores septate.

C. Spores bilocular; disk broad VI. Calicium

CC. Spores 4-8 locular; disk very narrow or dot-Uke.

VIII. Stenocybe

VI. Calicium (Pers.) DeNotrs.

Calicium Persoon.

Calicium DeNotaris, Giom. Bot. Ital. an. 2, pi. i. 309. 1847.

Thallus crustaceous, thin to obsolete, warty, or of dusdike or mealy
granules. Apothecia stalked, with a circular or topshaped head, with
a flat or convex disk; proper margin black or pruinose; spores bilocular
or sometimes with an indistinct septum and apparently one-celled,
constricted at the middle, smoky to blackish brown.

Occurring in all parts of the world on dead or rotting wood, on
bark, and also on rocks.

I. CALICIUM POPULNEUM De Brond.
Calicium populneum De Brond. in Duby, Bot. Gall. 2 : 638. 1830.
Thallus white or grayish white, thin, uniform, effuse; KOH yellow;

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 55

Apothecia minute, black, the stipe very short; capitulum sub-
cylindrical to top-like; paraphyses short, thread-like; asci not properly
observed; spores ellipsoid, simple or apparently so, but really becom-
ing bilocular, with a narrow, almost invisible septum, best seen as a
darker portion of the spore when examined under a medium power

of the microscope, «.

12 — 16

Rare; forming rather shiny, whitish patches on the smooth bark of
Quercus agrifolia at Devils Canon, altitude 2300 feet.

In the absence of authentic material for comparison referred here
with some doubt, but in all probability correctly.

2. CALICIUM CURTUM (?) Turn. & Borr.

Calicium curtum Turner and Borrer, Lich. Br. 148. 1839.
Calicium curtum Crombie, British Lichens, i : 93. 1894.

Thallus thin, granulose, or occasionally wanting, whitish to dusky
or blackish gray.

Apothecia small to moderate, usually abundant, black, the stipe
usually stout, quite short; capitulum at first sub-cylindrical, then
flattened, until they are much like the lower half of a top or an urn;
disk broad, plane, black, with a concolorous, narrow, erect, entire
margin; disk and margin finally concealed by the extruded spore mass;
margin very narrowly whitish pruinose at times; paraphyses branched,

5 - 6i
thread-like, entangled; asci narrow, cylindrical, [i; spores

ellipsoid to oblong, bilocular, nearly always constricted at the middle,

II - I4i

On an old fence on the Stengel ranch, near the head of Alpine Creek,
altitude 1400 feet.

While differing in several important respects from the published
descriptions of C. curtum, our plant is nearer to it than to anything
else.

A lichen widely distributed in both the northern and the southern
hemispheres.

56 HERRE

VII. Conicybe Ach.
Coniocyhe Acharius, Vet. Ak. Handl. 283. 1816.

Thallus crustaceous, powdery to obsolete; algae Protococcus or
Stichococcus. Apothecia on a long stipe, the head becoming globose
from the mazsedium; spores simple, globose, yellowish or nearly
colorless.

Found on wood and bark, exposed roots, and rarely on stone.

I. CONIOCYBE FURFURACEA (L.) Ach.

Mucor furfuraceus Linne, Sp. PI. Ed. 3, 1655. 1764.
Coniocyhe furfuracea Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 288. 1816.
Coniocybe furfuracea Tuck. Gen. Lich. 243. 1872.

Thallus indeterminate, of loose, powdery, scurfy granules; greenish-
yellow or sulfur-colored.

Apothecia small, on long, slender, weak stems, globose, concolorous;
the stems dark, their color concealed by sulfur-colored powder; sporal
mass globose, from yellow becoming pale brown; paraphyses short,
thread-like, from simple becoming branched; asci short, slender,
cylindrical; spores simple, colorless or very pale brown, spherical,
2.5 to 4.9 [x in diameter.

On roots and earth on high, overhanging, shady banks along the
road above Congress Springs, at an altitude of 500 to 600 feet. Widely
distributed over Europe and North America, usually on exposed roots.

VIII. Stenocybe Nyl.

Stenocyhe Ny lander, Bot. Not. 84. 1854..

Thallus nearly obsolete, or the apothecia upon a foreign thallus.
Apothecia long-stipitate, scattered, black, with globose or pear-shaped
head, the disk at first closed, then dot-like, with a black margin.
Spores ellipsoid to spindle-shaped, 2—8 celled, large, dark. Four
species, found in Europe, California, and Japan.

I. STENOCYBE MAJOR Nyl.

Stenocyhe major Nylander, Bot. Not. 84. 1854.

Stenocyhe euspora Nyl. with Crombie, Journ. Bot. 272. 1882.

Stenocyhe euspora Crombie, Brit. Lich. i : 97. 1894.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 57

Thallus very thin, of white or gray granules, or altogether absent;
apothecia also growing upon the thallus of Cyphelium inquinans.

Apothecia not abundant, small, shiny, black, the stipe slender or
sometimes robust; capitulum hke a smooth cylindrical club in shape;
margin thin, entire, erect, concolorous; disk from dot-like becoming
small, circular, plane; section of fruit light brown, becoming violaceous-
reddish basally; paraphyses abundant, hair-hke, about ^ /i thick; asci
elongate cylindrical, 12 — 15 X 190 — 230 n; thecium bluish with I;
spores dark brown, pointed-ellipsoid to elongate spindle-shaped,
mostly 4-locular, but also simple and then containing large oil drops,

9^ — 14
or bilocular, trilocular, 5- and 6— locular; {J-

36.7 - 5ii

On the bark of P seudotsiiga iaxifolia, mingled with Cyphelium

inquinans, at Devils Canon, alt. 2300 feet. Found on the bark of

various Coniferae in the mountains of Europe.

IX. Sphlnctrina E. Fr.

Sphinctrina E. Fries, Syst. Orb. Veg. 120. 1825.
Sphinctrina Crombie, Brit. Lich. i : 83. 1894.

Thallus obsolete, the apothecia growing upon crustaceous bark
lichens, usually some species of Pertiisaria. Apothecia sessile or very
short-stipitate, pear-shaped to globose, shiny black, at first closed
with a dot-like, deeply impressed disk; spores simple or rarely bilocular,
from colorless becoming dark.

I. SPHINCTRINA TUB^FORMIS Mass.

Sphinctrina ttibcpformis Massalongo, Mem. Lich, 155. 1853.

Sphinctrina tuhceformis Tuck., Gen. Lich. 241. 1872.

Calicium microcephalum Tulasne, Mem. Hist. Lich, 78, pi. 15, f. 20.

1852.
Sphinctrina microcephala Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. 5* 91. 1857.
SphifKtriiia microcephala Crombie, Brit. Lich. i : 84. 1894.

Thallus wanting; apothecia minute, globose to top-shaped, sessile
or almost stalked; color a very dark polished brown; at first closed;
when open the disk is very small, concave or plane, bordered by the
thick, entire proper margin; asci slender, long, cylindrical; paraphyses
septate, thread-like, simple or slightly branched; thecium bluish with

58 HERRE

I; spores simple, globose to ellipsoid, arranged in a straight row in the

9—9!

asci, dusky when mature, — — fi-

9I - 14I

On the thallus of Pertusaria pustulata, growing on the bark of
Quercus agrifolia, at Santa Cruz. As yet not seen elsewhere. Oc-
curring on the thallus of various Pertusarias in Europe and North
America.

The name given by Massalongo must supersede that of Tulasne,
since the name microcephala had already been applied to a member
of the same genus by Smith, Eng. Bot. 5' 138 (1795?) and Turner
and Borrer, Lich. Brit. 130. 1839.

CYPHELIACE^.

But one genus occurs with us, with characters as follows:

X. Cyphelium Th. Fr.

Cyphelium Th. Fries, Gen. Heter. Europ. 100. 1861.'

Thallus warty-crustaceous or smooth, uniform or radiately lobed
at the circumference. Apothecia innate to elevated-sessile, hemis-
pherical or globose, at first closed, at last open and often crateriform.
Proper margin varying from a mere trace beneath the hymenium to
well developed, when it may be accompanied by a thalline margin.
Paraphyses few, thread-like; spores in a single row, in our species
simple or bilocular.

Usually occurring on dead wood, the bark of large old trees, rarely
on stone.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Section Cypheliopsis A. Zahlbr.

Spores simple, more or less globose i. holanderi

Section Eucyphelium A. Zahlbr.

Spores bilocular, usually constricted at the middle.
A. Thallus uniform.

B. Thallus yellow or greenish yellow 2. tigillare

BB. Thallus white or whitish 3. inquinans

AA. Thallus marginally lobed.

C. On rocks.

D. Thallus thick; spores large 4. calif ornicum

DD. Thallus rather thin; spores small or medium 5. Jarlowi

CC. On dead wood.

E. Thallus thick; whitish or ashy; KOH — 6. occidentalis

EE. Thallus brownish yellow; KOH decided yellow . .7. andersoni

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 59

I. CYPHELIUM BOLANDERI (Tuck.) A. Zahlbr.

Acolium bolanderi Tuck. Lich. Calif. 27. 1866.

Acolium bolanderi Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 136. 1888.

Acolium bolanderi Cummings, Williams, and Seymour, Lichenes

Boreali-Americana, no. 141, San Diego, Calif.
Cyphelium bolanderi A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 84. 1907.

Thallus orbicular, passing into indeterminate, often large, patches
or sometimes with the thallus almost disappearing; of convex wart-
like areoles, sometimes sub-lobate at the circumference, usually
sparsely distributed, rarely contiguous; fertile warts becoming greatly
enlarged, so that they seem to be foreign; color whitish, and light to
dark ashy gray; the fertile areoles darker and somewhat tawny or even
yellowish brown; sometimes nearly the whole thallus passes into the
same color; a black hypothallus sometimes evident; KOH yellow,

Apothecia innate, crateriform, the disk plane, black, more or less
gray pruinose, the proper margin obsolete; paraphyses long, slender
comparatively few in number, simple; I—; asci small, cylindrical;
hypothecium narrow, brown, underlaid by a broad black band, the
remains of the proper margin; spores spherical, simple, 7.5 to 16 /i in
diameter; specimens in Tuck. Herbarium from San Bruno Mountain
have spores 5 — 12 and 8 — 13 n in diameter; spores becoming pro-
truded in a black, columnar mass.

Abundant throughout on various rocks. Reported only from the
coast region of central and southern California.

(Named for H. N. Bolander, Californian educator, collector, and
botanist.)

2. CYPHELIUM TIGILLARE (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Lichen tigillaris Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 67. 1798.
Cyphelium tigillare Th. Fries, Gen. Heter. Europ. loi. 1861.'
Acolium tigillare Tuck. Gen. Lich. 238. 1872. »

Thallus indeterminate, often spreading very extensively, of closely
appressed, irregular, often coalescing areoles, more or less fissured and
plicate, or reduced to small, scattered, sub-lobate warts; color bright
to dusky greenish yellow; KOH—; CaCLOj — .

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1910.

6o HERRE

Apothecia numerous, small, innate, in swollen warts, the disk plane,
black, the narrow, entire margin soon excluded; paraphyses short,
slender, entangled; I—; spores bilocular, broad ellipsoid to sub-
9f — 14.8

Abundant on old fences and rails in the Bay and coast regions and
in the foothills. Found on dry dead wood and bark of conifers
throughout Europe and North America.

{tigillare, pertaining to beams, because found growing on old beams.)

3. CYPHELIUM INQUINANS (Sm.) Trevis.

Lichen inquinans Smith, Engl. Bot. 12: t. 810. 1801.
Cyphelium inquinans Trevis, Flora, 4. 1862.
Calicium tympanellum Ach, Meth. Lich. 89. 1803.
Acolium tympanellum Tuck. Gen. Lich. 238. 1872.
Acolium tympanellum Cummings, Seymour, and Williams, Decades
of N. Amer. Lichens, no. 234, Yosemite.

Thallus effuse, of white or whitish granules or irregular warty
nodules, forming a more or less continuous crust of moderate thickness,
or thin and dispersed, or nearly disappearing; KOH— ; CaClzOj — .

Apothecia small or of moderate size, numerous, sessile but not
appressed and often sub-stipitate, plane, black; the disk naked or
often gray or whitish pruinose; the entire margin black, or white
pruinose, at length concealed by the protruding sporal mass which
stains the fingers; paraphyses slender, simple or branched and twin-
ing, i^ to 2// broad; hypothecium a broad straight brown-black band;

6-7^
asci cylindrical, pL\ thecium more or less light blue with I;

35 -49
spores broadly ellipsoid or oblong, bilocular, often constricted at the

9f — 14

middle, «; spores of a specimen from H. Sandstede,

12^ — 22

16
Oldenberg, Germany, are — /"•

On the bark of Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Devils Canon, alt. 2300 feet.
In North America found only in California, but occurring in Algiers
and throughout Europe.

{inquinans, filthy.)

THE LICHEN FLOR.A. OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 6 1

4. CYPHELIUM CALIFORNICUM (Tuck.) A. Zahlbr.
Trachylia californicum Tuck.

Acolium californicum Tuck. Lich. Calif. 27. 1866.
Acolium californicum Tuck. Gen. Lich. 237. 1872.
Cyphelium californicum A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 84. 1907.

Thallus orbiculate to effuse, thick, uniform, with plicate irregular
surface and crenate, radiately lobulate margin; often sub-imbricate
or else fissured and lobulate-areolate; color white, whitish, and brown-
ish gray, the margin much lighter-colored than the central portion;
the fertile warts not so enlarged proportionately as in Cyphelium
bolanderi, but exhibiting the same tendency to become brown; KOH
yellowish; CaCLOj — .

Apothecia from small becoming medium or large, innate, crateri-
form, the disk broad, concave or plane, black; not pruinose in the
specimens seen; thecium colorless, the paraphyses very long, slender,
and intricately entwined; asci slender, cylindrical; underlaid by a
thick brown-black band, the remains of the proper margin, of the
following shape,

spores dark, bilocular, constricted in the middle, the sporoblasts

9f — 15 10 - 18

approximate, «; according to Tuck., — u.

i3i - 25 ^' ^ 18 - 25 '^

Common on rocks in the San Bruno Hills, at from 500 to 1000 feet

altitude. Collected but once elsewhere, among some specimens of

Lecanora pinguis, 50 feet above the sea at Point Lobos, San Francisco.

Specimens examined in the Tuckerman Herbarium, the herbarium

of Dr. C. L. Anderson, and the author's own material collected by

Bolander. Probably confined to the coast of California.

5. CYPHELIUM FARLOWI (Tuck.) Herre.
Acolium farlowi Tuck, in Tuck. Herbarium (1885); Monterey.
Acolium farlowi in Anderson Herbarium?

This lichen has not been positively identified as yet by me from our
territory, but probably occurs along the north shore of Monterey Bay.
It differs from Cyphelium californicum, to which it is closely related,
in its smaller and thinner thallus and in the much smaller spores which,

7i - 9^

according to Tuckerman, measure u.

12-15

62 HERRE

Specimens in the Tuck. Herb, were collected by Dr. W. G. Farlow
at Monterey, in August, 1885, growing on rocks.

In the herbarium of Dr. C. L. Anderson of Santa Cruz, are several
specimens labelled Acolium farlowi which were collected by him on
shale about Santa Cruz. Probably some of these were identified by
either Tuckerman or Farlow and are therefore correct, but the one
now in my possession is Cyphelium bolanderi.

Apparently very rare and local in its distribution. (Named in honor
of the eminent professor of cryptogamic botany at Harvard Univer-
sity, Dr. W. G. Farlow.)

6. CYPHELIUM OCCIDENTALIS Herre, new species.

Acolium sp. Hasse determ,, in Baker, Pacific Coast Lichens, No.

436, 1902; Stanford University.

Thallus determinate, forming rounded or oval patches, or effuse
and spreading extensively; of rounded thick areoles, vdth their sur-
faces made up of many small rounded nodules, the whole forming a
chinky, deeply fissured crust of a whitish or ashy gray color;
KOH - ;CaCl202-.

Apothecia innate in swollen warts, from small becoming medium
or large; disk black; the thickish, entire, white margin concealed by
the protruding spore mass, the surface of which with age often
becomes tinged more or less with green; the long slender paraphyses
broader than in the other members of the genus occurring with us;
thecium bounded basally by a very broad, sub-crescentic brown-
black band; asci rather slender, cylindrical; spores bilocular, strongly

9! "~ 15-9
constricted at the middle, oblong-ellipsoid, -^ jJ-

On old fences in the mountains and formerly in the foothills, but
the fences on which it occurred there some years ago have since been
replaced by wire fences.

The protruding spore mass marks the fingers with black when
touched, as is also the case with some other members of the genus.

7. CYPHELIUM ANDERSONI Herre, new species.

Thallus orbicular, thickish, margin radiately crenate-lobed, fis-
sured crustaceous, the smooth surface plicate and rugulose con-

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 63

torted, passing at the center into areoles; color a pale brownish
yellow; KOH gives a decided yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia innate in large thick warts of a deeper yellow than the
thallus, strongly resembling those of C. bolanderi; disk broad, black,
plane, bordered by the persistent, rather broad, white and conspic-
uous entire margin ; paraphyses numerous, long, slender, i — 2V
broad, serpentine; asci very slender, 4 — 5 /^ broad, curved or
straight, cyHndrical, the tip slightly pointed; thecium underlaid
by a rather narrow, convex, blackish-brown band; I — ; spores con-
stricted at the middle, bilocular, broadly ellipsoid to oblong,
8|- II
137 - 20

Here described from two specimens collected on old redwood
boards near Santa Cruz, by Dr. C. L. Anderson.

A very singular plant, with a thallus much like that of C. californi-
cum but with different apothecia, spores, and chemical reaction.

I take pleasure in naming this for the veteran algologist of Santa
Cruz, colleague of Asa Gray and Tuckerman.

SPH^ROPHORACEiE.

We have but one genus of the family.

XI. Sphaerophorus.

Sphcerophorus Persoon in Ust. Ann. Bot. 7: 23. 1794.

Thallus erect, bushy, brittle, with cylindrical or flattened branch-
es; alga Protococcus. Apothecia terminal, in globose sweUings of
the tips of branches, which are at first closed and later open by an
irregular fissure at the tip.

I. SPH^ROPHORUS GLOBOSUS (Huds.) Herre.

Lichen glohosiis Hudson, Fl. Anglica, 1 : 460. 1762.
SpharopJiorus globosus Herre, Proc. W. Acad. Sci. 7: 393- 1906.
Lichen globiferus Linne, Mantissa, 133. 1767.
Sphcerophoriis glohifertis De Candolle, Fl. Fr. 2: 327. 1805.
Sphcerophorus globiferus Tuck. Gen. Lich. 231. 1872.
Sphcernphoron coralloides Persoon, Usteri Annal. d. Bot. 1: 23.
1794.

64 HERRE

Thallus fruticose, tufted and shrub-like, erect, branched, terete,
smooth, with short, fine, and very numerous terminal branchlets,
these often in clumps which shatter off very readily; color silvery
gray or whitish, but varying to brownish or a decided brown; rarely
reddish. AUke on all sides; KOH — . Medullary layer densely
cottony; violet with I.

Apothecia terminal, within the swollen and globular tips of the
fertile branches, which split open, exposing the globose apothecia;
spores violet-black, simple, spherical, 7 — lo /< in diameter.

On trees, dead wood, and sandstone. On the Pacific side of the
peninsula occurring from near sea-level to the summit of the range,
but not descending on the Bay side more than a few hundred feet,
remaining within the limits of the redwood and spruce forests.
Occasionally found in great abundance. A strikingly handsome
plant. Described from Europe and recorded from Arctic and cool
temperate America, Madeira, and Australasia.

GRAPHIDINEiE.

Thallus crustaceous, uniform, without cortex or with a cortex on
the upper side; or fruticose, erect or decumbent, with an evident
cortex and medulla; alga Palmella, Trentepohlia, Phycopeltis or Phyl-
laclidium.

Apothecia compressed, more or less linear, with small, fissure-like
disk, are characteristic of the group. Proper margin well developed
or absent; sometimes with a thalline margin; innate or sessile, rarely
on a short stipe. Spores colorless or dark, variously shaped, but
more often spindle or needle-shaped, and multi- or murilocular.

KEY TO FAMILIES.

A. Apothecia without margin ArthoniacecB

A A. Apothecia with margin.
B. Thallus crustaceous.

C. Without cortex GraphidiacecB

CC. Cortex present on upper side DirmacecB

BB. Thallus fruticose, erect or decumbent Roccellacem

ARTHONIACEiE.

Thallus uniform crustaceous; gonidia of Palmella, Trentepohlia,
or Phyllactidium algae. Apothecia forming irregular dots, lines, or
spots, simple or branched; single or forming a stroma, without proper
margin. But one genus occurs with us.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 65

XII, Arthonia.

Arthonia Ach. Lich. Univ. 25. 18 10.
Arthonia A. Zahlbr., Ascolichenes, 89. 1907.

The alga is Trentepohlia. Apothecia innate, surrounded by the
thallus, circular, dot-like, or irregularly stellate, or more or less elon-
gate; spores variously shaped, oval, ellipsoid, wedge-Hke, or needle
shaped; bi- or multilocular, the cells often of unequal size; colorless
or rarely brown.

About 500 species, mostly of the warmer parts of the earth, on
bark and rocks.

KEY TO SPECIES.

Thallus pinkish or reddish when wet; spores 4-locular punctiformis
Thallus not changing color when wet; spores 4— locular radiata

I. ARTHONIA PUNCTIFORMIS Ach.

Arthonia punctiformis Ach, Lich. Univ. 141. 1810.

Arthonia punctiformis Willey, Synopsis Genus Arthonia, 41. 1890.

Thallus white or whitish, forming more or less determinate spots
or blotches, thin, uniform, sometimes evanescent; when moistened
becoming pinkish or reddish; no reaction with chemicals.

Apothecia small or minute, slightly elevated, rounded, oblong or
irregular, black; epithecium granulose, blackish; thecium pale, the
asci pear-shaped; reaction with I first bluish, than wine-red; accord-
ing to Hasse "indigo-blue"; spores oblong-ovoid, 4-to 6-locular,

4-6
12 - 19^

Found fertile on Vaccinium on White Horse Creek, and on Alniis
on the Gazos Creek, near the sea coast; I also refer here a sterile
lichen which is abundant on the stems of Baccharis pillularis and
other shrubs. A lichen of Europe and North America.

2. ARTHONIA RADIATA (Pers.) Th, Fr.

Opegrapha radiata Persoon, Ust, Ann. 29. 1794.

Arthonia radiata Th. Fr. Lich. Arctoi, 240. i860.

Arthonia radiata Willey, Synopsis Genus Arthonia, 44. 1890.

Thallus thin, uniform or shghtly scaly, determinate, often limited
by a black hj^Dothalline line; color, various shades of gray to olive
and fawn-color; no reactions with KOH or CaCl202.

66 HERRE

Apothecia numerous, linear, very irregularly shaped, branching,
stellate, curved, or straight; innate, with sunken disk, or becoming
somewhat elevated; brown to black; epithecium granulose, blackish;
thecium colorless, the asci short, pear-shaped or almost oval; blue
with I, then slowly turning to vinous red, only the asci stained

yellowish ; spores ovoid-oblong, 4-locular, -^ ^ and ^ fJ-

Abundant on trees throughout; an exceedingly variable plant,
found all over the world.

I have referred to this species a large series of Arthonias which
vary in several particulars, but which agree pretty well in spore
characters.

GRAPHIDACE^.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, cortex absent or poorly developed,
with Palmella or Trentepohlia alga, in our species only the latter.
Apothecia usually linear, rarely circular or spot-Uke, sohtary, or
aggregate, but not forming stroma; simple or branched, with a well
developed proper margin, frequently with a thalhne margin; disk
usually narrow and fissure-hke; paraphyses simple and unbranched
or branched and twining; rarely gelatinizing. Spermatia exobasi-
dial.

KEY TO GENERA.

Paraphyses branched, twining XIII. Opegrapha

Paraphyses simple, not twining XIV. Phceographis

XIII. Opegrapha.

Opegrapha Humboldt, Fl. Frib. 57. 1793.

Alga Trentepohlia. Apothecia innate, appressed or sessile, usu-
ally more or less elongate, with a black proper margin; hypothecium
clear or dark; spores 8, oval, elhpsoid, or spindle-shaped, straight or
bowed, colorless, 2-18-locular.

Numerous species, on rocks, wood, and bark, distributed all over
the world.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Spores 6-locular 3. varia

Spores 4-locular

On maritime rocks i . saxicola

On bark of trees 2. prosiliens

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 67

I. OPEGRAPHA SAXICOLA Ach.

Opegrapha saxicola Ach. Syn. Meth. Lich. 71. 1814.
Opegrapha saxicola Stizenberger, Ueber die Stcinbew. Opegr.-
Arten, 23. 1865.

Thallus effuse and very thin, or almost entirely disappearing, of
minute whitish, gray, or yellowish granules.

Apothecia thickly or sparsely scattered, mostly bluntly ellipsoid,
or nearly circular, or compressed and sub-linear; straight or crooked;
dead black; margin at first thick and rounded, later thin, sharp-
edged, the disk then broadly visible; epithecium granulose, blackish
brown (reddish brown according to Stiz.); hypothecium broad,
dark brown; thecium colorless, slightly wine-red with I; paraphyses
threadlike, with tips not at all or very slightly thickened; asci
oblong or sub-clavate; spores 4-locular, ellipsoidal or ovoid, straight

6 — 10
or rarely slightly curved, with a more or less evident halo, ,u;

according to Stizenberger they are "wasserhell bis braun, 20 - 30
mik. lang und 5-8 mik. dick. "

Spermogonia abundant, appearing as small or minute black dots;
spermatia small, short, 3.5 - 4 A< long.

Abundant on sandstone near the old CUff House, San Francisco;
originally described from Europe, where it is widely distributed.

Our plant is a variety, differing in several respects from typical
0. saxicola.

2. OPEGRAPHA PROSILIENS Stirton.

Opegrapha prosiliens Stirton, Grevillea, 3 : 36. 1874.

Opegrapha prosiliens Leighton, Lich. Fl. Grt. Britain ed. 3, 403. 1879.

Opegrapha prosiliens Hasse, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 5:42. 1906.

Thallus white, whitish, yellowish white, and yellowish-greenish,
thin to very thin, becoming almost or entirely obsolete, forming
small, variously shaped distinct patches, or effuse and spreading
indefinitely; KOH — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia black, prominent, straight or curved, narrowly oblong
or ovoid, the margin broad, rounded, or rarely thin and erect, when
the disk is visible; disk ordinarily but a crevice; epithecium granu-
lose, dark brown; hypothecium from very dark brown merging into
black; paraphyses very slender, much branched and entwined, their

68 HERRE

tips clear or slightly darkened; bluish with I; asci subcylindrical or

12? — 22

clavate, usually with a halo, at least at the upper end, r ,«;

spores ellipsoid-spindle shaped, or slipper-shaped, blunt, straight,

4 — locular, the third cell usually the largest, surrounded by a;

6-9f-ii ''6-7"

broad gelatinous halo, -— /^; — //, Stirton. Sper-

20 — 28 20—28

mogonia numerous, forming minute black specks over the thallus

1 _ i

"5 — 2

spermatia straight, very slender, — P-

42 — 73

On twigs and trunks of Alnus, Gazos Creek, alt. 75 feet, and on
dead twigs of Lupinus arbor eus at Pescadero Point, 10 to 25 feet
alt. ; on Quercus agrifolia at Laguna Creek, and on bark of Pseudo-
tsuga taxijolia at Santa Cruz. Dr. Hasse has also collected it on Jug-
lans in the Santa Monica Range near Los Angeles.

The reference of our material to Stirton's plant may be incorrect,
but it agrees with no other described in the accessible literature.

Specimens in the Anderson Herbarium at Santa Cruz, marked
Opegrapha varia seem to be this same species.

XIV. Phaeographis Miill. Arg.

Phceographis Miill. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve,
29: 1887.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, with Trentet>ohlia alga. Apothecia
innate, appressed, or sessile, usually linear, simple or branched; disk
usually narrow, fissure-like; proper margin and hypothecium black
to colorless; hymenium gelatinizing, not turning blue with I; spores
dark, spindle-shaped or caterpillar-like, bi-locular to many-celled.

About ICO species, mostly on bark in the warmer parts of the
earth, represented with us by but one species.

I. PH^OGRAPHIS INUSTA (Ach.) Mull. Arg.

Graphis inusla Ach. Syn. Meth. Lich. 85. 1814; Canada.
Graphis imista Leighton, Lich. Flora Grt. Brit. cd. 3, 431. 1879.

Thallus determinate, thin, uniform, smooth or slightly wrinkled,
yellowish white to white; with KOH yellowish brown.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 69

Apothecia numerous, rather large, slightly sunken, variously and

irregularly shaped, curved, wavy, often branching, much resembling

characters in Oriental script; disk broad, plane, brownish-black to

black, more or less pruinose; thalline margin white, mostly entire,

somewhat overhanging, seemingly burst out from below; proper

margin blackish brown, merging into the clear or very pale yellow

hypothecium; paraphyses not very abundant, slender, simple, free,

pale blue with I; asci elongate-clavate or sub-cylindrical; spores

brown, 8-celled or rarely 6-or 7-celled; mature spores at first pale

brown, broadly ellipsoid or oblong, often pointed at one end, viola-

II - 12^
ceous with I, the septa rather indistinct, ; n :; " /<; later be-

31-^ — 51-4

coming darker, thick- walled with heavy septa, caterpillar-like in
7* - 9f

A single specimen collected on Alnus, on the Gazos Creek, with
Opegrapha prosiliens.

Widespread in the tropics; occurring also in Great Britain,
France, Germany, Japan, and temperate America.

DIRINACE^.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, corticated; alga Trentepohlia. Apo-
thecia circular or elongate, with both proper and thalline margin;
h^-pothecium thick, black; spores spindle-shaped, 4 to 8-locular,
colorless or brown.

XV. Dirina E. Fr.

Dirina E. Fries, Syst. Orb. Veg. 244. 1825.

Cortex of unseptate hyphae arranged perpendicularly to the cor-
tex. The proper margin thin, the thalline margin thick; paraphyses
simple, unbranched; spores 8, colorless.

A genus of few species, on maritime rocks and on bark of trees near
the sea.

I. DIRINA FRANCISCANA A. Zahlbr.

Dirina frajiciscana A. Zahlbr., in Herre Botanical Gazette, 43: 270,
1907.

Thallus effuse, of thick, rounded, irregular tuberculate areoles,
uniform crustaceous, sub-cartilaginous, forming heaped patches.

yo HERRE

Color varying from yellowish or brownish yellow to a dingy ashy
gray, the last most common; KOH — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, of medium size, rounded elevated, sessile;
surface of disk minutely granular, ashy-gray pruinose; the thalline
margin thick, prominent, white, obtuse, soon flexuous, often intri-
cately so; epithecium dark, 56/^ high; hypothecium black, thick, 140/^
high, blue or bluish with I; paraphyses typical, thecium wine-red

70 — 134.5
with I; asci clavate, straight or curved, long stalked, 15 g _ 22 a '"'

spores fusiform, straight or slightly curved, quadrilocular,

5-8.5

23-8 - 33-5 '"

On rocks 50 to 75 feet above the sea at Point Lobos, San Fran-
cisco, growing with Dendrographa minor.

Near Dirina repanda of Europe and Northern Africa, but with a
thicker and differently colored thallus and with different spores.

ROCCELLACE^E.

Thallus fruticose, erect or decumbent, attached to the substratum
by a holdfast; with distinct cortex and medulla; alga Trentepohlia.
Apothecia circular and linear, innate or sessile.

A maritime family, on trees and rocks, mostly found on tropical
coasts. Some species furnish a valuable dye.

XVI. Dendrographa Darb.

Dendrographa~Ddir:h\s)\\xt, Ber. der Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. 13: 313.
1895; Monograph. RoccelL, Bibliotheca Botanica, 45: 1898.

Thallus erect or decumbent, tufted or matted; filaments terete or
compressed basally, branched, with infrequent lateral soredia; color
gray. Apothecia lateral, circular, the disk black, white pruinose;
spores quadrilocular, colorless, spindle-shaped or shghtly curved.

On maritime shrubs or on rocks and earth, on the coast of Cali-
fornia.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 7 I

I. DENDROGRAPHA MINOR (Tuck.) Darb.

Roccella leucophcea var. minor Tuck.,

Dendrographa minor Darbishire, Ber. der Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch.

16: 13. 1898.
Dendrographa minor Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 393. 1906.

Thallus erect or more often lax and decumbent, tufted; terete
and hair-like or slightly flattened below, much and intricately
branched, forming dense tangled clumps; color gray, or basally
blackening. Sterile. Large globose lateral soredia sparingly pres-
ent, these apparently taking the place of apothecia.

Abundant on rocks and earth 50 to 100 feet above the sea near
Golden Gate, San Francisco; collected on rocks at Mission Dolores
by Bolander, but now extinct there. Fertile specimens collected
on rocks at Monterey by Dr. W. G. Farlow, in 1885. On high bluffs
at Tomales Bay, Marin County, Bolander in Tuck. Herb. Re-
corded from the islands of Lower CaHfornia by Dr. Hasse.

Specimens in the Tuck. Herbarium are marked "A R. leucophcea
vix diver sa."

CYCLOCARPINEiE.

Thallus from the simplest uniform crust to the highest foliaceous
or fruticose form; in the crustaceous forms fastened to the substra-
tum by the hj^Dhse of the h^^othallus or the medulla, in the other
forms usually by rhizoids, holdfasts, or an umbiHcus. Cortex absent
in most crustaceous forms, or variously developed, on the upper
side or on both sides. Algas of various families, Protococcus, Pleiiro-
coccus, Palmella, Trenlepohlia, Gloeocapsa, Nostoc, Scytonema, Stig-
onema, Calothrix and Rivularia.

The apothecia are usually disk, shield, or plate-like; sometimes
they are urn-like or globose with a very narrow or minute disk and
immersed in the thallus so that they resemble the Pyrenocarpeae.
The apothecia vary from innate and sessile to stalked, in some forms
the stalk resembling a fruticose thallus, the podetia of authors.
A proper margin usually evident, sometimes lacking; when formed
of hyphai which enclose no algae, soft and nearly or quite colorless,
it is biatorine; when formed of the thallus, black and coal-Hke, it is
lecideine; when formed of the thallus and enclosing algas, it is lecan-
orine. Hjpothecium variously colored, clear to black; paraphyses

72 HERRE

very diverse, but no mazaedium is formed ; asci permanent, one to
many spored. Spores simple, or two to many celled, polar-bilocular,
and muriform, colorless to dark brown, sometimes with a halo.
Soredia often greatly developed and in some families of the highest
importance.

KEY TO FAMILIES.

A. Spores typically bi-locular or polar-bilocular, with much thickened
walls, the cells often connected by a thin tube or canal.
B. Spores colorless, polar-bilocular.

C. Thallus uniform crustaceous or with a radiately plicate margin,

without cortex Caloplacacece

CC. Thallus f ohaceous or f ruticose, corticated Theloschistacecs

BB. Spores brown, polar-bilocular or with a septum.

D. Thallus crustaceous, uniform or lobed at the circumference,

without cortex BuelliacecB

DD. Thallus foliaceous or fruticose, corticated Physciacece

A A. Spores simple, multilocular, or muriform, colorless or rarely brown.
E. Algae belonging to the Cyanophycea; thallus more or less gelatinous
when wet.

F. Algse Nostoc; apothecia sessile, dish-like CollemacecB

FF. Algae not Nostoc.
G. Algae Scytonema or Stigonema; apothecia urn or dish-like.

EphehacecB
GG. Algsd Gloeocapsa; apothecia often not visible, apparently pyre-

nocarpous, urn or dish-like PyrenopsidacecB

EE. Thallus not gelatinous when wet.
H. Thallus crustaceous, uniform or marginally lobed, attached by
the hyphas of the hypothallus or medulla.

/. Thallus with Trentepohlia algae Lecanactidacece.

II. Thallus with Pleurococcus or Palmella algae.
/. Asci many-spored; apothecia lecideine, biatorine, or lecanor-

ine AcarosporacecE

JJ . Asci 1-8 spored, or rarely 16-32 spored.

K. Apothecia with a proper margin, not enclosing algae.

LecidacecB
KK. Apothecia with a thalline margin, enclosing algae.
L. Proper margin well developed, black or dark, usually
entire; apothecia innate; thalline margin poorly devel-
oped DiploschistaceoB

LL. Proper margin wanting or poorly developed and clear;
thalline margin well developed.

M. Apothecia sessile, the disk large LecanoracecB

MM. Apothecia sohtary or several, enclosed in thalline

warts; disk usually very small PertusariacetB

HH. Thallus usually foliaceous or fruticose, or occasionally reduced
to squamules.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 73

iV. Thallus fruticose, erect or decumbent, structure radial, corti-
cated, with a holdfast Usneacea

NN. Thallus foliaceous or squamulose.
0. Thallus large, attached by a central umbilicus . .Gyrophoracea

00. Thallus not umbilicate.

P. Apothecia long-stalked, the podetia simple or branched,
naked or covered with leafy squamules. , . Cladoniacecs
PP. Apothecia not long-stalked.

Q. Apothecia adnate by their entire under surface to the

foliaceous thallus PeltigeracecB

QQ. Apothecia sessile or elevated sessile.

R. Medulla lacking or feebly developed; thallus mostly
of pseudoparenchyma; aXg^e Scytonema. Ileppiacece
RR. Medulla well developed.

S. Spores spindle-shaped, multilocular; under side of

thallus usually with cyphellae SlictacecB

SS. Spores oval or ellipsoid, simple or rarely 2-4 locu-
lar; thallus never with cyphellae.

T. Alga Scytonema PannariacecB

TT. Alga Pleurococcus or Palmella; apothecia lecan-
orine Parmeliacea

LECANACTIDACEiE.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, without cortex, alga Trentepohlia.
Apothecia circular, sessile or innate ; proper margin lacking, or rudi-
mentary, or occasionally well developed; with or without thalline
margin. Paraphyses branched, more or less entangled and twining.
Represented with us by only one genus.

XVII. Lecanactis (Eschw.) Wainio.

Lecanactis Eschweiler, 4, Syst. Lich. Gen., 14. 1824, in part.
Lecanactis Wainio.

Apothecia circular, lecideine, with black proper margin; a thalline
margin wanting; hypothecium black, merging into the margin; asci
4 — 8 spored; spores colorless, elHpsoid, spindle or needle-shaped,
2 — 16 locular.

Rock and bark lichens, mostly of the warmer regions.

1. LECANACTIS ZAHLBRUCKNERI Herre.

Lecanactis zahlhrnckneri Herre, Botanical Gazette, 43: 270. 1907.

Thallus effuse, of small, irregular (sometines plicate) squamules,

which at first are scattered but soon become a thick, uniform, tarta-

74 HERRE

reous crust. Color a more or less evident rose-pink which soon fades
out in herbarium specimens, leaving them whitish or ashy gray.
Apothecia small, round, sessile, becoming convex; black, the disk
gray pruinose, but eventually naked; the proper margin prominent
but finally excluded. Epithecium dark or black, thick, 45 // to 50 //
high, blue with I; hypothecium black, broad, 42 to 60 /^ high; para-
physes typical; thecium brick- or vinous-red with I; asci clavate,

straight or curved, sometimes pointed at tip, '- fi; spores 8,

78 — 106

5 ~7

colorless, fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 4 — locular, — f^-

19.6 — 28

Rare on maritime rocks, 50 to 75 feet above the sea, at Point

Lobos, San Francisco; associated with Dendrographa minor, Artho-

pyrenia halodytes, and some species of Trentepohlia.

2. LECANACTIS CHLOROCONIA Tuck.

Lecanaciis chloroconia Tuck. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, p.

Lecanactis premnea h. chloroconia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II:

115. 1888.

Thallus small, thin, uniform, smooth to granulose; definite
and limited by a black hypothalline line, or this obsolete, and the
thallus diffuse; yellowish-greenish to yellowish-ashen; KOH yellow;
CaCl202 — .

Apothecia small to medium size, circular, sessile, black; the disk
pruinose or finally naked; the proper margin erect, rather thin,
mostly entire, becoming somewhat angulose or wavy; epithecium
granulose, greenish-blackish; hypothecium broad, black, continuous
with the broad black margin; paraphyses branching or simple, free,
their tips thickened and dark green; thecium colorless, turning wine-
red with I; spores mostly 4 — locular, very rarely 3 — or 5 — locular,
finger-shaped or broadly spindle-shaped, straight or slightly curved,

3¥ - 4.9
II — 15 and rarely 17

On bark oiAlnus, in tiny patches mixed with Opegrapha prosiliens,
on Gazos Creek, near the Pacific.

A tropical lichen of wide distribution and occurring also in Europe
and over a great part of North America.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 75

DIPLOSCHISTACEiE.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, corticated, attached to the substra-
tum by the hyphai of the hypothallus or of the medulla; alga Proto-
coccus. Apothecia circular, sunken in the thallus or appressed,
with crater-like, or finally flat disk; proper margin well developed,
entire, or only laterally developed; spores two- to many- celled or
muriform,

XVIII. Diploschistes Norman.

Diploschistes Norman, Con. Prae. Nov. Gen. Lich. 20. 1852.

Thallus as above, as are the apothecia. Proper margin well
developed, black or clear; paraphyses simple or branched at the tips;
asci thin-walled, with 4 — 8 spores; these muriform, dark.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Apothecia medium-sized, from pit-like becoming open and plane with
broad disk, black or gray pruinose i. scruposus

Apothecia minute, immersed, opening by a pore surrounded by a radiately
striate margin 2. actinostomus <

I. DIPLOSCHISTES SCRUPOSUS (L.) Norman.

Z,/c/?e« 5cm/?05«5 Linne, INIantissa, 2: 131. 1771.

Diploschistes scruposus Norman, Con. 1852.

Urceolaria scriiposa Ach. Meth. Lich. 147. 1803.

Urceolaria scniposa Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. I: 222. 1882.

Thallus determinate to effuse, of rough, irregularly shaped, some-
times contorted and pUcate, chinky or fissured areoles, forming a
thick and hard or more or less crumbly and mealy crust; KOH — ;
CaCl.Oj reddish; color various shades of gray, whitish, and ashen;
rarely gray-brown and rusty.

Apothecia numerous, from small and immersed becoming
superficial and medium-sized or large; from deep and pit-like finally
open, plane, with broad black disk, often gray pruinose; the thalline
margin thick, swollen, from entire to more or less rugose ; the proper
margin arched, blackish, more or less denticulate; sometimes the
thalline margin disappears, when the proper margin becomes
prominent, thickened, and exceedingly fine, intricately entwined,
transverse striae become visible; paraphyses slender, branching,

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 19 10.

76 HERRE

their tips enlarged, brown; spores 4 — 8 in the asci, variously

1- J 10 ~ 15-5
shaped, ^-^ n,

26 — 41.5

Abundant throughout; occurring on various kinds of rocks, earth,
the bases of old tree trunks, and the thallus of Cladonia pyxidata.

When the thallus is thick, soft, and crumbly or mealy, it forms the
variety or species gypsacea of various authors. When it is on Cla-
donias and mosses it is the subspecies bryophila; sometimes in this
habitat it grows without a thallus and is then variety parasitica
Sommerf.

All of these variations occur with us, as well as some others, but
none of them depart widely enough from the average form to merit
special description. Several varietal forms may be secured from
one extensively spreading patch covering an irregular rock mass,
where different conditions of light and moisture may affect the
growth of different portions of the thallus.

Widely distributed in both the north and the south temperate zones.

2. DIPLOSCHISTES ACTINOSTOMUS (Pers.) A.Zahlbr.

Urceolaria actinostoma Persoon, in Ach. Lich. Univ. 288. 18 10.
Urceolaria actinostoma Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. I: 222. 1882.
Diploschistes actinostomus A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 122. 1907.

Thallus of smooth, thick, closely compacted, angular or difform
areoles separated by deep cracks and fissures; the whole forming a
dense, determinate, suborbicular crust; rarely the crust is thin and
indeterminate; color whitish, gray, mouse-colored, dusky, and in one
specimen collected, black; the margin usually much paler and a
white hypo thallus more or less evident; KOH — ; CaCl202 faint
reddish.

Apothecia numerous, immersed, very small, opening at the surface
by a minute pore, which is surrounded by an at length fully visible,
radiately striate or stellate proper margin; said by authors to be gray
pruinose, but not so with us; epithecium deep blackish-brown; para-
physes thread-like, densely entangled; spores 3, 4, and 8 in the asci,
variously disposed, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, from colorless turning
dusky with age, then dark brown and much shrunken and misshapen;
12 — It;

• ^~ PL.

18 — 26.9

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 77

A handsome lichen common on rocks in the foothills. The fruit
superficially resembles that of the Verrucariaceod. Found in the
temperate parts of Europe and North America.

LECIDEACE^.

Thallus crustaceous, horizontally outspread, uniform or margi-
nally lobed, fissured, areolate to scale-hke or squamulose, without
rhizoids; alga Protococcus; with or without a poorly developed cor-
tex. Apothecia circular, sessile upon the thallus or rarely innate or
elevated; the proper margin clear or black, the apothecia without
thalline margin and without algae; hypothecium colorless to black;
paraphyses rarely branched, their tips usually more or less thickened;
asci usually with 8 spores, in some genera i — 8, rarely i6 — 32;
spores colorless or brown in one genus, simple, to plurilocular or
muriform.

KEY TO GENERA.

Thallus with a cortex; spores 2-8 locular XXII. Toninia

Thallus without cortex.

Spores simple, colorless XIX. Lecidea

Spores not simple.

Spores muriform, brown XXIII. Rhizocarpon

Spores not muriform, colorless.

Spores bilocular XX. Catillaria

Spores 4-16 locular XXI. Bacidia

XrX. Lecidea (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Lecidea Ach. Meth. Lich. 32. 1803.

Lecidea Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europ. 88. 1861.

Lecidea A. Zahlbr. AscoUchenes, 130. 1907.

Thallus crustaceous, varying from uniform to lobate at the cir-
cumference, and from small areoles to warty, scale-like, or more or
less leafy squamules, without rhizoids, not corticated or with a thin
cortex, naked or sorediose; alga Protococcus. Apothecia circular or
angulate or irregular from lateral pressure, innate, sessile, or ele-
vated-sessile, the proper margin not enclosing algaj and varying from
clear to black; hypothecium colorless to black; paraphyses un-
branched; spores 8 or rarely 16, small, simple, colorless, usually ellip-
soid, ovoid, or narrow-oblong, straight or slightly curved, j

78 HERRE

About 500 described species, principally inhabitants of cold or
temperate regions. The typical representatives of the genus are
especially abundant on igneous or metamorphic rocks in alpine or
cold regions, and are among the most difficult of plants to satisfac-
torily determine.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

I. Section Psora : — Thallus squamulose, more or less lobed.

A. Squamules brick-red or reddish-flesh color; KOH-I-. .1. decipiens
A A. Notred;KOH— .

B. Thallus light brown to chestnut; of small to medium-sized squa-
mules 2. gloUfera

BB. Squamules minute; dull brown-black 3. scotopholis

II. Section Biatora: — Thallus uniform, granulose or much reduced;

apothecial margin clear or colored, but never black.
a. Scales large, more or less lobate ; apothecia large . 4. granulosa phyllizans
aa. Areoles quite small; apothecia small or minute 5. coardata

III. Section Eulecidea : — Thallus uniform ; apothecial margin black.

A. Thallus absent 17. auriculata diducens

A A . Thallus usually well developed.
B, Thallus brown or blackening.
C. Thallus forming small isolated patches among other Hchens

7. intumescens
CC. Thallus indeterminate, spreading.

D. Hypothecium colorless or slightly brownish; no reaction

with 1 8. manni

DD. Hypothecium dark; I-f

E. Thallus brown to dark brown or nearly black; squamules

flat to concave 6. fumosa

EE. Thallus fawn-colored; squamules convex to sub-globose

9. atro-lulescens
BB. Thallus yellow, gray, whitish, or white.
F. White or nearly so.

G. On bark; KOH yellow; CaCl202— 18. melancheima

GG. On rocks.

H. Thallus thin or very thin, marked by tortuous black lines

II. criiciaria
HE. Thallus of crumbs or scales, without tortuous black

lines 16. goniophila

FF. Thallus gray, grayish, or yellowish.
/. On bark or dead wood.

/. Thallus gray, ashen, or whitish; CaCUOj— ... 20. parasema
J J. Thallus olive or yellow to gray and whitish; CaCLOj

brick-red 19. olivacea

II. On rock.

K. Hypothecium black or black-brown.

Thallus ashy or dusky gray 10. grisella

KK. Hypothecium pale to brown.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 79

L. Thallus yellow or sulfur -colored; hypothecium dark

brown 23. enter oleuca theioplaca

LL. Thallus whitish gray, ashen, or bluish-gray.
M. Yellow with KOH.

N. Hypothecium thick, brown. Hymenium blue, then

brown with 1 21. latypcea

NN. Hypothecium colorless to dusky; hymenium

blue with 1 22. enteroleuca

MM. Thallus without reaction to KOH.

O. Without evident h>pothallus, ash-colored or leaden

gray; apothecia small 15. platycarpa

00. A black hypothallus more or less evident. Apo-
thecia from small or medium to very large.
P. Apothecia more or less gray pruinose; thallus

ash-colored 12. lithophila

PP. Apothecia not pruinose.
Q. Thallus ashy-gray or whitish. .. . 13. tessellata
QQ. Thallus bluish-gray or gray ... 14. lapicida

I. LECIDEA DECIPIENS (Ehrh.) Ach.

Lichen decipiens Ehrhart, Hedwig Stirpes Crypt. 2:7. 1789.

Lecidea decipiens Ach. Meth. Lich. 80. 1803.

Biatora decipiens Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 13. 1888.

Thallus of scattered to crowded, rather thin, appressed, smooth
scales of medium size; often shield-shaped or round-lobed and cre-
nate; more or less concave or furrowed, sometimes plicate; of a
bright reddish flesh-color, brick-red, or darkening; the margin more
or less white-edged; beneath white; with KOH the thallus is first
rose pink, than a plum color; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia small to rather above medium size, usually marginal
but also occurring in the middle of a scale, closely adnate, from cir-
cular becoming angular in shape; the black disk soon convex; gener-
ally the small, paler margin is hardly visible and soon entirely disap-
pears; occasionally it is white and persistent; paraphyses conglu-
tinate, their tips umber; hypothecium clear to pale brown; asci
narrowly clavate; thecium blue with I; spores ellipsoid or ovoid,

S - 7

-/I.

9.5 - 16

On earth in lime rock crevices, near the summit of Black Moun-
tain, at an altitude of 2700 feet, mingled with Toninia caeruleo-nigri-
cans and Dcrmatocarpon hepaticum.

So HERRE

A common xerophyte of calcareous earth throughout Europe and
North America; in this country most abundant in the western half.

2. LECIDEA GLOBIFERA Ach.

Lecidea glohifera Ach. Lich. Univ. 213. 1810; Switzerland.
Biatora glohifera Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 10. 1888.

Thallus of small or medium size, thickish, rigid, rounded and cre-
nate lobate, ascendant and imbricate scales; their surface usually
polished and often concave; color pale or whitish brown and greenish
to various shades of chestnut, the under side white; KOH — ;
CaCl202 -.

Apothecia numerous, small to medium size, marginal, elevated-
sessile, black or brown-black, moderately convex to sub-globose, soH-
tary and circular or often confluent and irregular; margin visible only
on young apothecia; white within to the naked eye; paraphyses
conglutinate and difficult to make out, the epithecium a broad
dark brown (reddish-brown?) band; hypothecium very pale
brownish; thecium very pale reddish or becoming colorless, blue
with I, the asci narrow, clavate; spores rare, eUipsoid and ovoid,

9.75 - 14.7

On dry rocks in sunny places in the foothill canons; the only local-
ity from which I have specimens obtained within our territory is
Stevens Creek Canon, alt. 900 feet. It is common in Alum Rock
Park, Mt. Hamilton Range, near San Jose, at an altitude of about
500 or 600 feet. In our plant the scales are smaller than given by
Tuckerman, and smaller and darker than in a specimen from the
Sprague Herbarium, collected in Washington.

A hchen of calcareous earth, occurring over the greater part of
Europe and North America; in the latter region most abundant on
the Pacific Coast.

3. LECIDEA SCOTOPHOLIS (Tuck.) Herre.

Biatora scotopholis Tuck. Lich. Cahf. 24. 1866.

Biatora scotopholis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 11. 1888.

Thallus effuse, of minute, rather thin, rounded, areolate squam-
ules with rugulose surface; their borders finely crenate and slightly

THE LICHEN FIORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 8l

elevated; fissured or crowded and sub-imbricate; dull brown-black,
the irregular thallus dull black to the naked eye, by which the
minute scales are hardly visible; upon a black, fringing hypothallus;
KOH - ;CaCl202 -.

Apothecia small, innate-sessile or adnate; disk flat, red-black to
black, finally becoming convex, and the stout, shghtly lighter
colored margin then disappearing; epithecium granulose, pale
brown; paraphyses strict, coherent; hymenium 44 to 56/1 high, blue
with I; hypothecium colorless; asci clavate; spores ovoid-ellipsoid,

3 -5

— I.

8 -II

On sandstone and other rocks at 1000 feet alt., on Mt. San Bruno,
also in the foothills and mountains, probably throughout, up to an
altitude of 1800 feet. Recorded by Tuckerman from the coast of
California and the Dalles of the Columbia, Oregon.

Often intermingled with the thallus of Rhizocarpon holanderi
(Tuck.), to which it bears a curious resemblance.

4. LECIDEA GRANULOSA PHYLLIZANS A. Zahlbr.

Lecidea granulosa Schaer var. phyllizans A. Zahlbr. Beih. Bot. Cen-

tralbl. 13: 159. 1902.
Biatora glebulosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 16. 1888, in part.

Thallus determinate to effuse, often spreading extensively, of
wavy, undulate, sub-cartilaginous, rounded squamules, incised or
crenate, imbricate, at the circumference becoming radiate and lobate;
whitish ash-colored to pale buff; KOH distinct yellow; CaCl202 red.

Apothecia scattered, or grouped, and then becoming conglom-
erate, sessile, large, 1.75 mm. wide, from plane to turgid convex;
at first with a thin proper margin which is finally excluded; disk dull
reddish or yellowish brown, or blackening, papillate, with a faint
bloom. In the field the disk is reddish flesh-color. Epithecium
granulose, of a sordid yellow-brown color; paraphyses coherent,
indistinct; hymenium pale sordid yellowish; h^-pothecium colorless

3-6

or nearly so; asci narrowly clavate; spores /^; sterigma simple,

9-14

1.2 — 1.5

straight; spermatia acicular, /^.

7-9

82 HERRE

Common in the foothills on sandstone and occasional in the moun-
tains on the same substratum, up to 3000 feet. Specimens collected
by Bolander at Mission Dolores, San Francisco, and at Ukiah, were
named Biatora glehiilosa by Tuckerman.

Described by Dr. Zahlbruckner from specimens collected by Dr.
Hasse on Mt. San Gabriel, in southern California.

5. LECIDEA COARCTATA (Sm.) Nyl.

Lichen coarctatus Smith, English Bot. 5:8. t. 534. 1795.
Lecidea coardata Nyl. Lich. Scand. 196. 1861.
Biatora coardata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 15, 1888.
Parmelia elacista Ach. Meth. Lich. 159. pi. 4./. 4. 1803.
Lecanora ornata Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp, 92. 1826.

Thallus whitish or gray, areolate, scattered; thin or disappearing
or forming a continuous, fissured crust; areolae quite small, the largest
scarcely exceeding f mm. in width, furfuraceous, convex, and mostly
approximate; the red reaction of authors with CaCl202 is not seen in
our plant.

Apothecia sessile and sub-innate, small or minute; disk reddish
brown, flat, fi:cly pap Hate, with a thin, slightly devated margin,
which is concolorous or a little darker, persistent; frequently with a
coarctate, spurious, pulverulent thalline margin; paraphyses indis-
tinct, thread-like and twining; hypothecium and epithecium color-
less; thecium blue or brown with I; asci oblong saccate; spores ovoid-

„. . , 7-5 - II
ellipsoid, — ■ fi.

17-25

On sandstone and earth in the foothills and mountains. The
forma elacista (Ach.) characterized by the effuse, very thin, scurfy, or
almost entirely disappearing thallus, occurs on clay, along the sum-
mit of the first ridge east of Los Gatos, at about 1500 feet elevation,
and on sandstone at 2000 feet elevation on Castle Rock Ridge.

The forma ornata of authors, characterized by a more luxuriant
development of the thallus, with marginally crenate, flat to convex
squamulcs, occurs on sandstone in the foothills.

A variable and quite common lichen of Europe and North Amer-
ica.
(coardata, narrow or appressed, from the appearance of the false

thalline margin.)

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 83

6. LECIDEA FUMOSA (HofTm.) Ach.

Patellaria fumosa Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 2: igo. 1791.
Lecidea fumosa Acharius, Meth. Lich. 41. 1803.
Lecidea fusco-atra Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 75. 1888.

Thallus spreading extensively, areolate squamulose, fissured, or
the small squamules crowded and uniform, concave, rarely flat or
convex, with a distinct, often paler margin, which from entire
becomes intricately flexed; from shining brown varying to dark
brown and nearly black, with a fringing black hypothallus; KOH — ;
CaCloOs - .

Apothecia sessile, not very numerous, scattered or sometimes
conglomerate, i to 1.25 mm. wide; disk smooth, flat, black, with
a thin, grayish-black, at first entire, finally flexuous or lobate margin;
becoming strongly convex and finally immarginate; hymenium color-
less, blue with I; paraphyses coherent; epithecium bluish black;
hypothecium horny, dark brown, about half the thickness of the

5 - 7-5
hymenium; asci narrowly clavate; spores ellipsoid, ^ /^.

On various rocks at all elevations, in the foothills and mountains,
from 200 feet to the summit of the range.

Generally distributed in the mountainous regions of Europe and
North America,

7. LECIDEA INTUMESCENS (Flot.) Nyl.

Lecidea hadia var. intumescens Flotow, Lich. Siles. no. 175, 1829.

Lecidea intumescens Nyl. Lich. Paris, no. 58, 1854.

Lecidea insularis Nyl. Bot. Not. 177. 1852.

Lecidea insularis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II : 76. 1888.

Thallus a tartareous, determinate, warty, plicate or broken crust,
of convex, cervine-brown squamules, several grouped to form small
islands scattered among other crustaceous lichens, especially Lec-
anora sordida and Rhizocarpon geographicum; hypothallus not dis-
tinct.

Apothecia small or minute, innate to sessile; disk black; margin
thin, persistent; epithecium brown; paraphyses coherent; h}pothe-
cium brown; asci clavate; thecium blue with I; spores broadly

5—7

ellipsoid, /^.

10 - 13

84 HERRE

On sandstone in the mountains, at 3000 feet altitude, and also
rarely at lower elevations. Occurring in the Oakland Hills (Bo-
lander), and probably elsewhere in CaKfornia. Generally distrib-
uted in Europe.

8. LECIDEA MANNI Tuck.

Lecidea manni Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 75. 1888.
Z,ga(/m wawm Hasse,The Bryologist 11:6. 1908.

Thallus indeterminate, of rather large and conspicuous, thick,
convex scales or areoles, from scattered becoming crowded and im-
bricate; their surface smooth, with rounded or occasionally crenate
or finely toothed edge, often with a gray, dusky, or blackish mar-
gin; color buff to yellow brown; the dusky or blackish hypo thallus
indistinct; KOH-f CaClsOs reddish.

Apothecia not numerous, innate, sessile, of medium size, circular
or irregular, the black disk flat, soon plano-convex or moderately
convex; bordered by a paler, erect, rather thick, entire, and sinu-
ous margin; hypothecium colorless or sHghtly brownish; I-; spores

4.8 - 5 "5-7

ellipsoid, /^; — /<" Tuck.

12 — 19.5 II — 16

A single specimen collected on felspathic rock, at the summit of

Loma Prieta, at an elevation of 3793 feet. A comparison of this

with Tuckerman's type specimen shows them to be identical in

every respect except the paler color of my specimen. Mt. Diablo,

the type locality, is about 75 miles north of Loma Prieta, and is

the terminal peak of the Inner Coast Range east of San Francisco

Bay. The plant has also been found by Dr. Hasse in Ventura

County. (Named for Horace Mann, Jr. who collected hchens in

California and the Hawaiian Islands in the '60s.)

9. LECIDEA ATROLUTESCENS Nyl.

Lecidea atrolutescens Nyl. in lilt., 1896.

Thallus cartilaginous, indeterminate, composed of convex to
sub-globose squamules, from ^ to 2 mm. wide; fawn-colored or
buff, paling toward the margins, often crenulate and lobulate, either
scattered or approximate; hypothallus indistinct.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 85

Apothecia sessile, becoming large, i to 2 mm. wide, circular,
numerous, often crowded, and then irregular or distorted; disk
black, usually with a white or gray bloom; at first moderately con-
vex, with a turgid and lighter colored margin, becoming subglobular,
the margin persistent and in larger apothecia sinuate or distorted;
epthecium granulose, brown; paraphyses conglutinated; hymenium
colorless to light brownish, deep blue with I, 80 to 100 /« high;

5-6

hypothecium very dark brown; spores oblong ellipsoid, <«.

12 — 14

8
and — [i. Spermatia not seen.

On sandstone at Grizzly Peak, at an altitude of 2700 feet. Here-
tofore known only from Southern California, where it was discovered
by Dr. Hasse.

10. LECIDEA GRISELLA (Elk.) Nyl.

Lecidea fumosa var. grisella Eloerke, in litt.

Lecidea fumosa var. grisella Schaerer, Enum. Crit. Lich. Europ..

no. 1850.
Lecidea grisella Nylander, Lich. Lapp. Or. 160. 1867,

Thallus indeterminate, of minute, then scattered or barely con-
tiguous areoles, plane or moderately convex, dull ashy gray or dusky
gray in color; KOH- or faintly yellowish; CaCl202 red.

Apothecia small to medium, numerous, innate-sessile, closely
appressed, black; the disk plane or soon moderately convex, bordered
by a thin entire margin, which becomes angulose and is long per-
sistent, finally disappearing; epithecium dark brown; paraphyses
conglutinate, thecium deep blue with I; hypothecium blackish
brown, broad; spores not observable in my specimens, the asci

6-7

poorly developed or their contents not differentiated; fi

II - 15

according to Hue.

On rocks in the foothills near Stanford University. A European

lichen apparently not distinguished by American authors.

86 HERRE

II. LECIDEA CRUCIARIA Tuck.
Lecidea cruciaria Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II; 67. 1888 ; Santa Cruz.

Thallus efifuse, thin to very thin, of minute scurfy scales, or closely
areolate; white, more or less plainly marked by tortuous black hypo-
thalline lines, best seen when wet; medulla with I-; hypo thallus
black.

Apothecia numerous, small to medium, sessile, flat; disk black,
opaque, from smooth becoming minutely roughened; from flat
becoming moderately convex and the originally stout, wrinkled,
at length flexuous margin disappearing; epithecium bluish or green-
ish black, with KOH becoming sooty brownish black; paraphyses
coherent, capitate, with bluish black apices; asci clavate and in-

flated-clavate, — /'; hypothecium pale greenish brown and dark-

4.8 - 7J

ening; spores ellipsoid, -i^ 7 /<; hymenium blue with I.

9i - i7i

Tuckerman's specimens were from Santa Cruz, on sandstone. I
have found it, however, only on Monterey shale, along the coast for
50 miles north of Santa Cruz and extending back into the ''chalk
hills" ten miles or more from the coast, at altitudes from 50 to 1400
feet.

12. LECIDEA LITHOPHILA (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Lecidea lapicida i. Uthophila Ach. Lich. Univ. 160. 18 10.
Lecidea Uthophila Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II: 495. 1874.
Lecidea pruinosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 66. 1888.
Lecidea priiinosa Macoun, Cat. Canadian Plants, VII: 154. 1902.

Thallus thin, tartareous, of small ash-colored squamules, loosely
approximate; the rimose-areolate character of the thallus mentioned
by various authors not marked; the black hypothallus but little
evident; KOH- ; CaClaOs-.

Apothecia sessile, i to f mm. wide; disk concave to flat, black,
more or less hght gray pruinose, the thin black margin finally dis-
appearing; epithecium brown; paraphyses simple, erect, coherent;
hypothecium almost colorless; asci clavate; spores rarely seen,

6-7

ellipsoid, n-

Q - 15

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 87

On sandstone at Grizzly Peak at an altitude of 2775 feet. A
lichen of northern and alpine Europe; in America reported from
Greenland, Newfoundland, a number of localities in Canada, and
in Texas.

13. LECIDEA TESSELLATA Flk.

Lecidea tessellata Floerke, Deutsch. Lich. no. 64. 181 5.
Lecidea tessellata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 68. 1888.

Thallus usually determinate and more or less orbiculate, limited
by a black hypothalline band or line which is rarely obsolete; uni-
form crustaceous, thick, sub-tartareous, of flat areoles, from deli-
cately rimose becoming plainly fissured; pale ashy gray or whitish
with a faint blue tinge; KOH — ; CaCl202— ; medulla without reac-
tion with I.

Apothecia numerous, scattered or occasionally thickly grouped,
from small to medium and very large (2.5 mm. broad), innate to
sessile; disk flat to moderately convex, black, occasionally with a
faint bloorfi; margin thick, black, erect; persistent, sometimes
crisped or flexuous; a spurious thalhne margin is seen with some
apothecia; epithecium bluish-black, paling downward; paraphyses,
coherent, strict; hymenium colorless or very pale blue, 80 /i high,
blue with I; hypothecium colorless to pale ash-color, as high as the
hymenium; asci narrowly spatulate; spores rarely to be seen,

^Z'; / ~ ."/' Tuck.
6 6—10

A handsome and conspicuous lichen on igneous rocks in the foot-
hills, at elevations of a few hundred feet. Generally distributed
over Europe and North America.

{tessellata, checkered, like a mosaic pavement, alluding to the
contrasting thallus and apothecia.)

14. LECIDEA LAPICIDA (Ach.) Am.

Lichen lapicida Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 61. 1798, exclud. syn-
onymy.
Lecidea lapicida Ach. Meth. Lich. 37. 1803.
Lecidea lapicida Am.,

Lecidea pantherina v. lapicida Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 2 : 493. 1874.
Lecidea polycarpa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II : 69. 1888.

88 HERRE

Thallus thick to moderately thin, determinate, hmited by a
more or less evident black hypothallus, uniform crustaceous, of
flat areoles separated by minute fissures which later become broad
and conspicuous cracks; KOH -; CaCl202-; medulla without reaction
with I.

Apothecia at first small and innate, then appressed and large
to very large, numerous, single and circular or usually grouped and
then angular, i to 2.5 mm. wide; disk at first flat, soon sHghtly'
convex, black; margin thin, persistent, slightly elevated; epithecium
brown; thecium colorless, 80 /^ high, blue with I; hypothecium almost
colorless or faint yellowish-gray or yellowish-brown; asci inflated

oblong-clavate; spores oblong ellipsoid, //.

ID — i4

On sandstone; at Castle Rock, altitude 3000 feet, and elsewhere
along the summit of the ridge.

A lichen of alpine regions and the cooler parts of Europe and
North America.

15. LECIDEA PLATYCARPA Ach.

Lecidea platycarpa Ach. Lich. Univ. 173. 1810.

Lecidea platycarpa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 73. 1888.

Thallus ash-colored or leaden gray, indeterminate, uniform, thick
and tartareous, becoming more or less fissured, or thin and granulose
to finely pulverulent; no hypothallus evident; KOH — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, small, i to i mm. wide, appressed, scattered ;
disk black, sHghtly papillate, flat; margin thin, becoming obsolete;
the younger apothecia show a spurious, thin thalline margin now
and then; margin shghtly horny; epithecium brown, much narrower
than the hypothecium; paraphyses conglutinate ; hypothecium
brownish-black or blackish-brown; asci ventricose; spores ovoid-

6 — 7.1;

ellipsoid, -^fJ-

^ '15-20

On sandstone in Santa Cruz, altitude about 50 feet. A lichen
of the subarctic and temperate regions of Europe and America.

In our plant the thallus is much more developed and the apothe-
cia smaller than in specimens gathered by me in the Alps.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 89

16. LECIDEA GONIOPHILA (Flk.) Schaer.

Lecidea immersa var. goniophila Floerke, Berl. Mag. 311. 1809.
Lecidea goniophila Schaerer, Lich. Helvet. Exsicc. no. 531.
Lecidea goniopliila Schaerer, Enum. Lich. Europ. 127. 1850.

Thallus effuse, of small, dingy white crumbs or minute scales, or
quite obsolete; KOH pale yellow; CaCl202 very pale reddish.

Apothecia sessile, medium to small, J to i mm. wide, scattered;
disk from a little concave to flat, finally convex, dull black, when
wet suggesting red-black; margin concolorous, entire, somewhat
turgid, glistening, finally obsolete; epithecium dark bluish-black;
paraphyses coherent, hair-like; hymenium about 60 « high, pale
blue with I; hypothecium pale dingy yellow; asci saccate, 20 x 50 //;
spores ovoid ellipsoid, one end often pointed, the episporium dis-

7 — 10

tmctly double, 7- 1^-

■' '14 — 16

On comparison with authentic specimens in the museum at Vienna,
our plant seems to be closest to the variety atro-sanguinea Hoffm.,
distinguished by the nearly obsolete thallus and dark red-black
scattered apothecia.

On sandstone near Devils Canon, at an altitude of 2500 feet.
Described originally from Germany and found also in France,
Switzerland, Austria, and Italy.

17. LECIDEA AURICULATA DIDUCENS Th. Fr.

Lecidea auriculata didiicens Th.. Fries, Lich. Scand. 2: 499. 1874.
Lecidea auriculata dediicens Jatta, Syll. Lich. Ital. 347. 1900.

Thallus absent. Apothecia medium to large; disk flat or slightly
convex, black; margin persistent, thin to almost turgid, black, at
first regular, at last sinuate; epithecium brownish black; paraphyses
coherent, their capitate tips brownish black; hymenium colorless;
hypothecium dusky; asci clavate, thecium intensely blue with I;

spores oblong ellipsoid, — — [j.] according to Fries .- _ ,«•

On various rocks and at various elevations, from near sea level
ascending to 3000 feet at Castle Rock.

90 HERRE

i8. LECIDEA MELANCHEIMA Tuck.

Lecidea melancheima Tuckerman, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts, and Sci.

260. 1847.
Lecidea melancheima Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 81. 1888.

Thallus creamy white, indeterminate, moderately thick, of irreg-
ularly shaped, conjointed and rimose, rugulose, sub-lobate squam-
ules or warts; KOH yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, 4 to i mm. wide, appressed to sessile; disk
glistening and very black, fiat to strongly convex, and then at times
tuberculate, often wavy; margin very thin, becoming fiexuous,
finally excluded; epithecium dark brown, gradually paling down-
ward; paraphyses loosely coherent; h3^othecium pale or colorless;
thecium 60 ,« high, colorless to light brown, blue with I; asci inflated

clavate; spores ellipsoid, //; spermatia not seen.

7 — 12

On dead wood, fences, roofs, limbs of Pseudotsuga taxifolia, etc.,
from sea level up to 3000 feet.

Common in New England; Colorado; Central Europe.

Lecidea elabens E. Fries, Act. Stock. 256, 1822, a similar plant
from northern and Alpine Europe, is different. Schaerer, Enum.
Crit. Lich. Europ. 131, says: "Apothecia atra, sub lamina cornea
strato inferiore carbonaceo, innata, immarginata; disco exasperate,
papillato. "

19. LECIDEA OLIVACEA (Hoffm.) Mass.

Verrucaria olivacea Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 2: 192. 1791.
Lecidea olivacea Mass. Ric. Aut. Lich. Crost. 71. 1852.
Lecidea enteroleuca i.flavida Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 80. 1888.
Lecidea enteroleuca Hasse, Pacific Slope Lichens distrib. C. F. Baker,
no. 628. 1902.

Thallus thin, effuse, of scattered, minute, scale-like granules, or
uniform crustaceous, of tiny areolate granules or crumbs, or becom-
ing warty and uneven; color from an olive-brown or yellowish to
greenish gray and whitish; KOH — ; CaCl202 brick-red or clay-
red.

The forma geographica BagHetto is distinguished by the small,
thin to very thin, determinate thallus, sharply limited by the con-

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 9 1

spicuous black hypothalline lines, and the yellowish or greenish-
brown color.

Apothecia small or minute, numerous, scattered, black or rusty-
black, sessile or sub-immersed, the disk concave to plane, finally
moderately convex, with a thin, erect, entire margin which is finally
excluded; epithecium dusky greenish; thecium blue with I; hypo-

7 - 8i
thecium brown ; spores ellipsoid or ovoid ■ !J-

Common on the bark of various trees from the foothills to the
summit of the highest peaks. A European lichen particularly
abundant in the Mediterranean region. We have both the typical
plant and the forma geographica.

20. LECIDEA PARASEMA Ach.

Lichen parasemus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 64. 1798.

Lecidea parasema Ach. Meth. Lich. 35. 1803.

Lecidea enteroleuca e. achrista Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 80. 1888.

Thallus effuse, thin, contiguous and rather smooth, or tartareous,
becoming chinky or dispersed and made up of minute scurfy or
warty areoles; whitish, gray, ashen, to brownish ash color; KOH —
or sometimes yellowish; CaCl202 — ; hypo thallus indistinct or ab-
sent.

Apothecia small, sessile, black; disk at first flat and often more
or less tuberculate, with an evident entire margin which is some-
times flexuous; soon convex and tumid, rugulose or papillate, the
margin finally obsolete; epithecium bluish black; paraphyses free,
their bluish black tips abruptly thickened; hypothecium faintly
colored to brown; asci clavate, thecium blue with I; spores oblong

6-8
ellipsoid, ^^-3^ /..

A variable bark lichen occurring throughout our territory and
found all over Europe and North America; one of the commonest
species in most temperate regions, but with us less abundant than
the closely related Lecidea olivacea.

21. LECIDEA LATYP^A Ach.

Lecidea latypcBa Ach. Meth. Lich. SuppL 10. 1803.

Lecidea enteroleuca Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 79. 1888, in part.

Proc, Wash, Acad. Sci., May, 1910.

HERRE

Thallus indeterminate, of thickish, unequal, whitish, gray, or
yellowish brown warts, more or less dispersed or continuous and
granulate-areolate; hypothallus indistinct, black; KOH yellow;
CaCl202 faintly reddish yellowish.

Apothecia numerous, scattered or conglomerate, from innate to

sessile, i to i i mm. wide; disk black, long remaining flat, but finally

convex and tuberculate or rugulose; margin at first elevated, entire

or crenulate and sinuate, later disappearing; epithecium bluish

black; paraphyses loosely coherent; hymenium colorless or pale

gray, with I blue, soon turning brown; hypothecium brown, thick;

5 — 10
asci inflated clavate; spores broadly elHpsoid, — — — r -"•

Common on various rocks in the maritime region and in the
foothills, at no very great elevation. Originally described from
Sweden and not rare in the mountains of Europe.

22. LECIDEA ENTEROLEUCA Ach.

Lecidea enteroleuca Ach. Lich. Univ. 177, 1810.

Lecidea enteroleuca Tuck. Syn. N.Am. Lich. II: 79. 1888, in part.

Thallus a thin, effuse, granulose or minutely areolate or warty
crust, or now and then disappearing; the small areoles or warts
scattered, loosely approximate, or becoming crowded and even
heaped; grayish white to dark ashy gray; KOH yellow; CaCl202 —
or faintly reddish; hypothallus black.

Apothecia from. 5 to 1. 5 mm. wide; disk black, at first flat, soon con-
vex, becoming subglobose; the thin, black, horny margin finally
disappearing; paraphyses loosely coherent; epithecium bluish to
brownish black; asci clavate, thecium pale reddish to colorless,
becoming blue with I; hypothecium colorless to dusky; spores

5 — 10

ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, sometimes falsely bilocular, — — — ^/^;

spermatia long, needle-like, curved.

Common on various rocks in the foothills and widely distributed
both as to latitude and altitude; a variable plant.

According to the character of the thallus and color of the hypo-
thecium several forms are recognized, of which we have the follow-
ing:

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 93

var. AEQUATA (Flk.)

Lecidea sahuletorum coquala Floerke, in Schaer. Spicil. 152. 1828.
Lecidea enter oleuca cequala Tuck. Syn. N, Am. Lich, II: 80. 1888.

Thallus of whitish or gray squamules, irregularly distributed
or crowded and then rimose areola te; KOH yellow; CaCl202 red.

Apothecia at first innate, then subsessile to superficial, often
crowded but retaining their regular circular form; disk black, from
flattish to convex; margin regular, entire, but eventually disap-
pearing as the disk becomes more convex; tips of the loosely
coherent paraphyses bluish black; hypothecium pale or colorless;

6 - 8.5
asci inflated clavate or wedge-shaped ; spores — — Z^-

On various rocks in the foothills and mountains. A Hchen of
Central and Northern Europe, also occurring along the Atlantic
coast of America.

var. THEIOPLACA Tuck.

Lecidea enteroleuca var. theioplaca Tuck. Genera Lichenum, 179.

1872.
Lecidea enteroleuca var. theioplaca Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 79.

1888.

Thallus of pale yellow or sulfur-colored, globose or crenulate
warts, mostly irregularly distributed and areolate, or closely com-
pacted into a thin, uniform crust; KOH — ; CaCl202 vermilion;
the color of the thallus precludes a reaction with KOH.

Apothecia small to medium, numerous, irregular, concave or plane,
the thin, entire, greenish margin paler than the black disk, and
finally excluded; hymenium colorless or brownish; hypothecium dark
brown; spores as in the type.

On cliffs bordering the sea, at Point Lobos, San Francisco, and
southward along the coast, at Point San Pedro and Pescadero.

Described by Tuckerman from about San Francisco and also
determined by him from South Carolina and New Jersey.

In the author's opinion this is a species rather than a variety,
distinguished by the different hypothecium, the different chemical
reactions, and other minor distinctions.

94 HERRE

XX. Catillaria (Mass.) Th. Fr.

Catillaria Massalongo, Ric. sul. Aut. Lich. Crost. 78. 1852.
Catillaria Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europe. 88. 1861.

Thallus crustaceous, uniform or marginally lobed, without cor-
tex. Apothecia circular, innate or sessile, with clear to black
proper margin but no thalline margin; disk concave to convex,
variously colored; hypothecium clear to black; paraphyses simple,
free or coherent, capitate; spores 8, rather small, colorless, ovoid
or ellipsoid, elongate or short, straight or curved, bilocular, with
thin walls and without a halo.

A large genus, representatives occurring in all parts of the world
and upon all kinds of substrata.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. On rocks.

B. Thallus purplish black; apothecia black i. suhnigrata

BB. Thallus ash-colored; apothecia dark brown and blackening;

white pruinose 2. franciscana

A A. On bark.

C. Thallus whitish ash-color or gray; becoming yellow with KOH

3 . tricolor
CC. Thallus greenish white; no reaction with KOH 4. globulosa

I. CATILLARIA SUBNIGRATA (Nyl.)

Lecidea suhnigrata Nyl. Flora, 370. 1866.

Lecidea suhnigrata Leighton, Lich. Fl. Grt. Brit. ed. 3. 331. 1888.

Thallus indeterminate, of purplish black squamules, imbricate,
lobed and crenulate, rugulose; KOH — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia sessile, .5 to i mm. wide; disk flat, black, finely papil-
late, at last markedly convex; margin at first thick but becoming
partly or wholly obsolete; hymenium 68 M thick, pale purpHsh
gray, paHng downward, blue with I; paraphyses subcoherent, the

5 — 7

tips clavate; hypothecium colorless; spores ellipsoid, fx,

10 — 12

On rocks near Stanford University, at an elevation of 500 feet.
A lichen of the British Isles.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 95

2. CATILLARIA FRANCISCANA (Tuck.) Herre.
Biatora franciscana Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 32. 1888.

Thallus effuse, of small but thick and coarse squamules; these
numerous and close together, concave, rugose, undulating, often
crenate and lobulate, or sometimes closely appressed, few in number,
or nearly disappearing; occasionally passing into warty areolate
conditions; ash-colored with lighter colored margin, hardly darken-
ing; hypothallus indistinct or absent; KOH — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia of medium size, i to 1.25 mm. wide; disk from slightly to
strongly convex, dark dull brown to blackening, with a white bloom;
the rather stout, lighter colored margin finally excluded; epithecium
brown; hypothecium colorless or faintly colored; paraphyses strict,
not septate, their slightly thickened tips light brown; asci elongate
clavate, about as high as paraphyses; hymenium colorless, blue

3 — 5

with I; spores narrowly oblong-ellipsoid, //.

i4 — 22

On rocks all along the Pacific coast, from near the Cliff House,
San Francisco, southward. Recorded by Tuckerman from the Oak-
land Hills and by Dr. Hasse from the coast of Southern California.

3. CATILLARIA TRICOLOR (With.) Th. Fr.

Lichen tricolor Withering, Arrang. 4: 20. 1796.
Catillaria tricolor Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 2: 574. 1874.
Biatora mixta E. Fries, Vet. Ak. Handl. 267. 1822.
Biatora mixta Tuckerm. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 30. 1888.

Thallus whitish ash-color to dull gray, and from nearly smooth to
granulate, becoming almost chinky, areolate, the small areolae rugu-
lose; usually limited by a black hypothalline line; KOH yellow;
CaClzOz-.

Apothecia small to minute, appressed sessile; disk at first flat,
soon becoming convex, flesh-color to reddish brown and blackish,
pruinose; the thin margin usually persistent; epithecium and hypo-
thecium colorless; paraphyses simple, free, thread-like, slightly knob-
like at the apex; thecium blue with I; asci inflated clavate, — fx;

96 HERRE

spores ellipsoid to spindle-shaped, straight or slightly curved,
2.8-5.6

9.75-18

Abundant on the bark of various living trees in the foothills and
along the coast; rarely on old fences in the mountains.

The var. pacifica of Tuck., distinguished by a black, Kmiting hypo-
thallus and more distinct septum in the spores, and the var. atlantica of
the same author, are both found on this coast.

Common in Europe, on bark and dead wood, in New England, and
on the Pacific coast.

4. CATILLARIA GLOBULOSA (Flk.) Th. Fr.

Lecidea globulosa Floerke, Deutsch. Lich. 181. 1815.
Catillaria globulosa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 2: 575. 1874.
Biatora globulosa Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. II: 32. 1888.

Thallus greenish white, thin, effuse, of minute, crowded warts or
granules, or these now and then scattered; KOH— ; CaC]202 — .

Apothecia small to very small, sessile or semi-immersed in the
thalline warts, soon convex and sub-globose, immarginate ; very young
and small apothecia are fiat with a thin margin; disk dark brownish
black to black, opaque; epithecium pale sordid yellowish; paraphy-
ses conglutinated, indistinct, their tips thickened; hymenium color-
less, blue with I; hypothecium colorless; asci clavate; spores nar-

3~3-5
rowly oblong, faintly septate, at times a Httle curved, 7 f^-

On old fences near Los Gatos, at an altitude of 450 feet.
A European lichen reported in this country from the White Moun-
tains and from British America.

XXI. Bacidia (DeNotaris) A. Zahlbr.

Bacidia DeNotaris, Giorn. Bot. It. an. 2, tom. I: 189. 1846.
Bacidia A. Zahlbruckner, Ascohchenes, 135. 1907.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, without cortex. Apothecia circu-
lar, sessile or rarely innate or elevated, the disk plane or strongly
convex; the proper margin colorless or dark; paraphyses simple, free
or coherent, their ends often thickened; hypothecium clear to dark;

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 97

asci with 8, rarely i6 spores; these from 3-to multilocular, spindle to
needle-shaped, with both ends ahke or one end prolonged into a tail,
straight, curved, or spiral, without a halo.

A large genus, of more than 200 species, found all over the world,
on stones, bark, w^ood, moss, etc.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus usually pale yellow, and yellow with KOH; apothecia blue,

then violet with KOH i. herrei

AA. Thallus never yellow and not changed by KOH.

B. On rocks; thallus black with greenish or grayish cast 2. ioessa

BB. On trees; thallus not blackish.

C. Apothecia clouded flesh-color and darker; thecium blue with

I 3. ncBgelii

CC. Apothecia black; thecium not blue with 1 4. akompsa

I. BACIDIA HERREI A. Zahlbr.

Bacidia herrei A. Zahlbruckner, Annales Mycologoci, 6: 130. 1908.

Thallus sub-orbiculate, becoming effuse, more or less chinky, of
granulose, densely imbricated and crowded, thickish squamules, or
thin and reduced to mere granules; without soredia or isidia, but the
granules sometimes almost coralloid; usually of a pale yellow color,
sometimes whitish, rarely greenish gray; KOH yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia sessile, small to medium, sparsely distributed to approxi-
mate, sometimes forming a heap of several together, basally con-
stricted, circular, or sub-angulose when crowded; disk plane to con-
vex, red, not pruinose; the proper margin thin, concolorous, entire,
from prominent finally excluded; with KOH an apothecial section
turns an intense deep blue, soon changing to violet, the epithecium
losing the blue last; epithecium granular, broad, dark red; hypothe-
cium colorless; hymenium more or less reddish, 90 — iio/i high,
bluish with I; paraphyses close together, free, simple, not septate;
asci short, oblong-clavate; spores arranged lengthwise in the asci,
colorless, needle-like to narrowly spindle-shaped, usually much
attenuated at one end, straight to slightly curved, indistinctly pluri-

2 — 3 <
septate (5 — 8), ^/^> 35 ~ 40." longiseti.y — i.8«latis", A.

Zahlbr.

On sandstone and the bark of Pseudotsuga taxifolia and on dead
wood of Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Adenostomafasciculatum, at Devil's

pS HERRE

Canon, altitude 2300 feet, Castle Rock, 3000 feet, and Grizzly Peak,
2700 feet. Probably found all along the summit of the range in
similar localities.

The above description somewhat altered from Dr. Zahlbruckner's
excellent diagnosis. While the specimen he described was found on
dead Adenostoma, I regard the typical plant to be the one with yel-
low, orbiculate, thickish thallus, growing on sandstone.

A handsome, conspicuous, but not very abundant plant.

Strongly characterized by the color of the thallus and apothecia, as
well as by the beautiful apothecial reactions with KOH.

2. BACIDIA lOESSA Herre, new species.

Thallus effuse, thin, of scattered, minute to small, thick, rounded
or sub-globose, sometimes sub-pHcate or difiform granules or crumb-
like squamules, which are occasionally aggregate; on a thick, promi-
nent, often scurfy hypo thallus; color black with a greenish or grayish
cast; dark olive-green when wet; KOH — : CaC]202 — .

Apothecia numerous, small, sessile, black; the flat disk bordered
by a small, entire, sometimes paler margin, but soon becoming con-
vex, when the margin is excluded finally; epithecium blackish, with
KOH becoming purplish or rosy violet, the color suffusing the the-
cium; the latter blue with I; paraphyses free, thread-like, rather lax,
with sub-globose tips which are violaceous dusky to blackish ; hypo-
thecium colorless to pale brownish; asci subcylindrical to clavate

10 — 15

/<; spores 4 — locular, spindle-, finger-, and sickle-shaped,

3-5-6

14 . 5 — 20

On igneous rocks on a dry liill side. Hidden Villa Canon, at an alti-
tude of 800 feet, and probably in similar situations all through the
foothills. The specimens scanty; apparently close to Tuckerman's
Bialora arlyla, Synopsis, 11: 37, but I cannot bring the two together.
{ioessa, from coeoaa violet colored, from the epithecial reaction with
KOH.)

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 99

3. BACIDIA N^GELII (Hepp.) A. Zahlbr.

Bialora nagelii Hepp. Exiscc. no. 19. 1853.

Biatora ncEgelii Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 36. 1888.

Bacidia ncogelii A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 135. 1907.

Thallus of minute, thickish, scale-like granules, forming a more or
less chinky crust, or occasionally thin; color ashy gray or greenish
ashen; KOH-;CaCl202-.

Apothecia numerous, minute to small, sessile, circular, at first

plane but very soon becoming strongly convex and excluding the

thin, entire, scarcely evident margin; color a clouded flesh-color as

nearly as can be defined, soon darkening and then blackening; para-

physes distinct but coherent, slender; hypothecium clear; thecium

5 — v.c
blue with I; spores spindle-shaped to ellipsoid, — /^;with

I, 2, 3, 4 septa, mostly 4-locular. Dr. Zahlbruckner states in
Ascolichenes "sporen bis 8 zellig" but I find none with more than 5.
Th. Fries states, Lich. Scand. II: p. 379, "sporae primitus simplices,
dein 2-4, raro 6-8 blastae."

On bark of Umbellularia and other trees, mixed with Lecania
dimera, Catillaria tricolor, and other lichens.

A bark lichen of both Europe and North America. (Named for
Karl Wilhelm von Naegeli, botanist and philosopher, professor at
Munich from 1858 to 1891.)

4. BACIDIA AKOMPSA (Tuck.) Herre.

Biatora akompsa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 47. 1888.

Thallus pale ash-colofed to dusky greenish ash-colored, effuse,
interruptedly granulose or scurfy, as if poorly developed; no chemi-
cal reaction evident.

Apothecia scattered, small to minute, sessile; disk dull black, more
or less convex; margin thin, indistinct; epithecium pale grayish
brown; paraphyses coherent, hair-like; hypothecium colorless; asci
clavate or narrowly spatulate; spores needle-shaped, 4 to 5 locular,

2 — 3 1.5 — 2.5

— /^: according to Tuck., — 7 u; thecium not colored

18 - 20 ' ^ ' 18-24

by iodine.

lOO HERRE

On bark of Pinus radiata near Stanford University, at an altitude
of 200 feet. Given by Tuck, as collected by Bolander on the bark of
Pinus insignis, coast of California. The Monterey pine, Pinus
radiata {Pinus insignis) occurs wild only about Monterey and on the
southwestern coast of the Santa Cruz peninsula. Bolander's speci-
mens were undoubtedly collected on the coast between Pescadero
and Santa Cruz, a locality where he collected a number of lichens.

XXII. Toninia (Mass.) Th. Fr.

Toninia Mass. Ric. sul. Aut. Lich. Crost. 107. 1852.
Toninia Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europ. 80. 1861.

Thallus crustaceous-squamulose to sub-foliaceous, swollen or
inflated and sub-pedicellate, marginally lobed ; without true rhizoids;
upper side with a firm cortex.

Apothecia circular, sessile, the proper margin variously colored,
horny, of radiately arranged, thickened hyphae; paraphyses simple,
free or confluent, often capitate; hypothecium clear or dark; spores
8, elongate or ellipsoid, 2 to 8-locular, without halo.

About 80 species, on rocks and earth, mostly xerophytes of the cool
temperate and alpine regions.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A . Spores bilocular.

B. Thallus compact crustaceous; usually white pruinose; with KOH

dusky brown i. caruleo-nigricans

BB. Thallus scattered; not pruinose 5. massata

A A. Spores 4-plurilocular.

C. Thallus of livid brown and blackening squamules, slightly reddish

with KOH 2. squalida

CC. Thallus not affected by KOH.

D. Thallus tawny brown, extending downward in stout brownish

stems 3. caulescens

DD. Thallus of minute squamules forming a dark greenish black or
dusky gray crust 4. aromatica

I. TONINIA C.ERULEO-NIGRICANS (Lightf.) Th. Fr.

Lichen caruleo-nigricans Lightf oot. Flora Scot. 805. 1777.
Toninia cceruleo-nigricans Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 2 : 336. 1874.
Lecidea cceruleo-nigricans Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 61. 1888.

Thallus indeterminate, of thick, gyrosely plicate, turgid, medium
sized or small squamules crowded into a compact crust, appressed,

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA lOI

or sometimes extended downward into stipes; mostly dusky greenish

but varying also from whitish to brown-green and black-green,

usually white pruinose; with KOH turning dusky brown.

Apothecia medium to large, sub-innate to sessile, at first concave

but soon plane or plano-convex, finally strongly convex; the black

disk with a thick, whitish or pruinose margin which soon disappears;

epithecium granulose, dark; paraphyses thick, free, their enlarged or

spatulate and blunt tips dark greenish; thecium colorless, blue with

I; hypothecium brownish; spores bi-locular, spindle-shaped to nearly

2.5 — 3.5 ^, 2-4

needle-like, /«; /<," Tuck.

20 — 30 14 — 27

On earth in rock crevices on Black Mt., at from 2400 to 2700 feet
elevation. An earth and Hme-rock lichen of Europe; in America
only in cold mountains or the far north.

In our specimens the disk is naked, but in specimens collected by
me in Styria the apothecia are mostly white pruinose, the whole plant
often seemingly covered with hoar frost.

2. TONINIA SQUALIDA (Schleich.) Mass.

Lichen squalidus Schleicher, PI. Crypt. Helvet. Cent. Ill, no. 75.

1807.
Toninia squalida Mass., Ric. Aut. Lich. Crost. 108. 1852.
Lecidea squalida Ach. Lich. Univ. 169. 1810.
Lecidea squalida Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 64. 1888.

Thallus a close, uneven crust of small, rather thick and closely
appressed, rugose-pHcate squamules, often sub-Iobate; livid brown
and blackening; shghtly reddish with KOH.

Apothecia numerous, small, closely adnate, the black disk plane,
bordered by a thickish, regular margin; apothecia also larger, becom-
ing irregular, confluent, and convex, when the margin is excluded;
pale wdthin; paraphyses free, slender, their blackish tips enlarged and
rounded; hypothecium pale reddish brownish; epithecium granulose,
violaceous or purplish with KOH, the entire internal structure
becoming more or less suffused with the same tint; thecium blue with

12 — 15

I, the asci clavate, -r /^; spores 4-6 locular, finger or needle-

48 - 52

2.5 — 4

shaped, straight or curved, — Z^-

^ '28-37

I02 HERRE

Rare; on earth in rock crevices near the summit of Black Moun-
tain, at an elevation of 2700 feet. A lichen of alpine and arctic
Europe; in North America recorded from Greenland and the moun-
tains of the Pacific Coast.

3. TONINIA CAULESCENS Anzi.

Toninia caulescens Anzi, Cat. Lich. Prov. Sondr. 67. i860.
Lecidea squalida caulescens Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 64. 1888.

Thallus tawny brown, squamulose, the turgid squamules convo-
lute, scattered or usually crowded and imbricate, extending down-
ward in stout brownish stems; KOH — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia closely sessile, deeply concave, from small and round to
large and lobulate; disk dull black, papillate; the prominent turgid
margin persistent, at first regular, round, becoming at length sinuate
on the larger apothecia; epithecium brown, with KOH violaceous
brown; hypothecium dark reddish brown; paraphyses separate, the
brown tips abruptly capitate; hymenium pale yellowish, intense blue
with I, soon changing to a sordid vinous red; asci spatulate, almost
equahng the hymenium in height; spores fusiform, 4 to 8 (10?) locu-

2-5 — 5
lar, ^ ^ [i-

24 - 50

On earth and rocks at 50 to 100 feet above the sea. Point Lobos,
San Francisco, and on earth above the sea a few miles south of Point
San Pedro.

A lichen of alpine and arctic Europe and of the Pacific coast of the
United States.

4. TONINIA AROMATICA (Sm.) Mass.

Lichen aromaticus Smith, Eng. Bot. pi. 25, f. 1777. 1807.

Toninia aroniaticaMa.ss . Symm. 54. 1855.

Lecidea aromatica Ach. Lich. Univ. 168. 1810.

Lecidea aromalica Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 131. 1888.

Thallus effuse, of minute squamules or crumb-like granules, mostly
contiguous, imbricate, irregularly and confusedly rugose, forming a
dark greenish black or dusky gray crust.

Apothecia sessile, often clustered, f to i mm. wide; disk black, at
first slightly concave with a thin, entire or crenulated margin, soon

THE LICHEN FLORA. OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA I03

flat, the margin not elevated, and finally convex and distorted, the

margin disappearing; epithecium dark, brown-black and purplish

black, with KOH violet; hypothecium dark yellowish brown; para-

physes separate, some with grayish violet, globose tips;hymenium

pallid or pale violaceous gray, intensely blue with I; spores quadrilo-

3—4
cular, narrow fusiform with obtuse ends, [i\ spores straight

or sometimes slightly curved.

On sandstone near Mayfield, at an altitude of 400 feet.

This plant of Europe and Northern Africa has been reported only
from Ontario and California in North America.

5. TONINIA MASSATA (Tuck.) Herre.

Lecidea massata Tuck. Lich. Calif. 25. 1866.

Lecidea massata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 63. 1888.

"Thallus of small, scattered, turgid, glebous squamules becoming
at length plicate, pale greenish and glaucescent; apothecia small to
middling-sized (0 mm., 5—1 mm, 5 in width) peltate, flat, but the
t in uneven margin at length disappearing, finally convex and irregu-
lar, pale within, the hypothecium rufous-brown. Spores cymbiform,
bilocular, 9 — 16 by 3 — 5/^-

On the earth in gravelly soil, San Francisco, California (Bolander,
Tuckerman, /. c. 1866). Colorado, Brandegee in Herb. Sprague.
Spermogones not observed."

I have not been able to find the above lichen and give the descrip-
tion written by Tuckerman.

6. TONINIA RUGINOSA (Tuck.) Herre.

Lecidea ruginosa Tuck. Lich. Calif. 25. 1866.

Lecidea ruginosa Tuck. Syn. N, Am. Lich. II: 64. 1888.

"Thallus of rounded, turgid, glebous squamules which become more
or less crowded together, wavy, and rugose-plicate, and are finally
cancellated, from greenish to at length tawny brown; apothecia
ample to large (i mm., 5 to 3 mm. in width,) flat, at length flexuous-
lobate, scarcely excluding the stout margin, pale within, the hypo-
thecium brownish. Spores acicular, 4 — plurilocular, 25 — 40 by
2 — 3 mic. Spermatia filiform, i:owcd, on sub-simple stcrigmas.

I04 HERRE

Serpentine rocks on the coast of California, (Bolander). Squa-
mules less developed than in the last preceding, scarcely lobed.
Apothecia originally rufous."

The above copied from Tuckerman's description in the Synopsis,
II: 64. "The last preceding" refers to "Lecidea squalida."

As yet I have been unable to find the above described lichen,
though Bolander 's specimens undoubtedly came from about San
Francisco.

XXIII. Rhizocarpon (Ram.) Th. Fr.

Rhizocarpon Ramond, in DC. Fl. Fr. 2: 365. 1805, in part.
Rhizocarpon Th. Fr. Gen. Heterol. Europ. 92. 1861.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, without cortex; often with a strongly
developed hypothallus.

Apothecia circular, sessile upon the thallus, innate, or between the
areoles, with a black or brown proper margin and a dark hypothe-
cium; paraphyses lax, branched and twining; asci with from i to 8
spores which are colorless to dark, bilocular to multilocular, or muri-
form, with a plainly visible halo.

Species numerous, on rocks in arctic and temperate regions.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A . Spores colorless, muriform i, distinctum

AA. Spores brown, 4-locular to muriform,
B. Thallus yellow.

C. Thallus sulfur-yellow; medulla with I- 2. viridi-atrum

CC. Thallus lemon-yellow; medulla blue with I.. 3. geographicum

BE. Thallus not yellow.

D. Thallus of dark brown or reddish black squamules . .4. bolanderi
DD. Thallus more or less gray.

E. Asci with 2 spores; thallus dark gray and blackening.

5. geminata
EE. Asci with 8 spores; thallus brownish, bluish-gray or black-
ish gray 6. petrmum

I. RHIZOCARPON DISTINCTUM Th. Fr.

Rhizocarpon distinctum Th. Fr. Falk. Bleck, 16 (nomen) ; Lich.
Scand. 2: 625. 1874.

Thallus sub-determinate to effuse, thin, rimose-areolate, the areo-
lae minute to small, sHghtly concave or flat; hypothallus black; color
of plant whitish to leaden gray and darkening; KOH — ; CaCl20:. — .

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 105

Apothecia small, .5 to .75 mm. wide; disk black, papillate, with a

thin grayish, at first slightly elevated, margin, continuing plane with

the finally convex disk, but not wholly excluded; epithecium brown

black, gradually paling downward, with KOH pale violaceous; hypo-

thecium pale brown and darkening; hymenium palUd, with I turning

intensely blue; paraphyses conglutinated; asci saccate; spores color-

10 — 16

less, muriform, //.

24 - 36

On rocks in the mountains; New Almaden, 1200 feet; Castle Rock,
3000 feet; and on maritime rocks near Pescadero. A lichen of
northern, alpine, and southern Europe.

2. RHIZOCARPON VIRIDI-ATRUM (Flk.) Korb.

Lecidea viridi-atnim Floerke,

Rhizocarpon viridi-atrum Korber, Syst. Lich. Germ. 262. 1855.

Diplotomma viridi-atrum Jatta, Syll. Lich. Ital. 432. 1900.

Thallus greenish or sulfur-yellow, of minute, thickish, tartareous,
fiat or rounded granules or squamules; the h^-pothallus but httle, or
not at all evident; KOH — ; CaCl202 — ; medulla not affected by I.

Apothecia numerous, of medium size, innate or closely appressed,
dull black, not pruinose; the disk more or less minutely roughened,
at first plane, with a thin, entire or irregular margin; soon moderately
convex and the margin disappearing ; paraphyses indistinct, coherent;
epithecium broad, black, purplish red with KOH; hypothecium
blackish-brown; thecium deep blue with I; spores quadrilocular, elhp-

7-5 — i3-5

sold or oblong, dark brown, becoming nearly black, /^;

17-28.5

perhaps murilocular, but too dark to determine positively.

A distinct species, very rare with us; collected but once, on sand-
stone in the foothills 4 miles west of Stanford University, at an alti-
tude of 400 or 500 feet. Not rare in Europe, but apparently not dis-
tinguished by American collectors.

3. RHIZOCARPON GEOGRAPHICUM (L.) DC.

Lichen geographicus Linne, Spec. Plant. 1140. 1753.
Rhizocarpon geographicum DC. Fl. Fr. 2: 365. 1805.
Buellia geographica Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 103. 1888.

Io6 HERRE

Thallus greenish yellow to bright lemon-yellow, determinate,
rimose areolate, the flat areolae crowded into a chinky crust, or else
the areolae are scattered and tumid, forming small clumps; hypothal-
lus distinct, black; medullary hyphae blue with I; not affected by
other reagents.

Apothecia immersed or between the areolae and on the same level

as the thallus, mostly angular from pressure of adjoining areolae or

other apothecia, small, numerous and often grouped; disk always

flat, black, opaque, the margin thin, black, indistinct; epithecium

brownish-black; paraphyses loosely coherent, the brown tips scarcely

thickened ; hypothecium brownish black; thecium colorless, blue with

16 — 20

I; spores dark brown, 2 to 4 locular and muriform, -^ > fi-

20—40

The forms contigua and lecanorina of authors are not rarely found
mixed with the type, on the same specimen.

A beautiful and conspicuous lichen. Abundant on various rocks
at 2500 feet and above, and in the cold and foggy San Francisco
region descending as low as 500 feet. Found in nearly all moun-
tainous regions of the world and characteristic of all very high peaks.

4. RHIZOCARPON BOLANDERI (Tuck.) Herre.

Buellia holanderi Tuck. Gen. Lich. 189. 1872.

Buellia holanderi Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 103. 1888.

Thallus indeterminate and spreading extensively, cartilaginous,
of small to very small, brown or reddish-black, sometimes shiny, flat
or slightly concave, round or sinuate squamules; these with a shghtly
elevated black border, scattered or approximate; in the latter case
forming an areolate-diffract crust upon a conspicuous black hypo-
thallus that to the naked eye gives the predominant color to the thal-
lus; no chemical reactions of thallus or medulla.

Apothecia small, dispersed, from partially innate to sessile; disk
flat or shghtly convex, naked, black; margin quite thin, becoming
finally obscure; epithecium dark brownish violaceous black; thecium
pale, deep blue with I; paraphyses conglutinate; hypothecium of
same color as epithecium; asci saccate and inflated saccate, about as
high as thecium ; spores colorless to dark smoky gray and dark brown,
solitary or in twos, with a thick gelatinous halo, muriform, oblong

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 107

20 — 36

ovoid or broadly ellipsoid, — -^^ — !i\ according to Tuckerman,

20 — 25

solitary, in twos or in fours, fi-

^ 30-50

On igneous rocks and sandstone throughout, but most abundant
on the higher peaks. Often intermingled with Lecidea scotopholis
Tuck., which is very similar in appearance.

Type locahty, sandstone rocks in the Oakland Hills. Reported
from a number of stations in CaHfornia, Oregon, and Washington,
and probably occurring every^vhere west of the Sierras.

5. RHIZOCARPON GEMINATUM (Ft.) Korb.

Lecidea gemhiatiim Flotow, in litt.

Rhizocarpon geminatum Korber, Syst. Lich. Germ. 259. 1855.
Buellia petrcea c. montagnaei Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 102.
1888, in part.

Thallus of scattered or loosely approximate, thin, round, flat squam-
ules, dark gray and blackening; hypo thallus indistinct.

Apothecia small, circular, sessile; disk flat, black; margin slightly
turgid and elevated, entire and persistent, black; epithecium granu-
lose, violaceous black; hypothecium blackish brown; paraphyses
coherent; hymenium paUid; asci inflated saccate; spores in twos,
either colorless or dark smoky gray, from 4 — locular becoming muri-

16 — 20

form, -5 fi-

'28—32

On rocks in Hidden Villa Canon and elsewhere in the mountains
and foothills, at elevations of a few hundred feet. A common Euro-
pean lichen, which is probably also widely distributed in North
America.

6. RHIZOCARPON PETR.EUM (Flow.) A. Zahlbr.

Lecidea petrcea Flotow, in lilt.

Rhizocarpon pelrceum A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 138. 1907.

Buellia petrcea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: loi. 1888.

Thallus usually small, orbiculate to effuse, thin, uniform, and
minutely rimose, or becoming thickish an ; sub-tartareous, more or
less roughened and minutely verrucose; upon a black, occasionally
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1910.

I08 HERRE

limiting hypothallus, which is often indistinct; color varying from
brownish to bluish or blackish gray; KOH — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia minute to small, often crowded, innate or very closely
adnate; often concentrically arranged; the flat black disk surrounded
by a thickish, elevated, entire or irregular, slightly paler margin; per-
manent in our specimens though said to be finally excluded; hypo-
thecium brown or blackish brown; thecium dark blue with I, the color

12 — 13
evanescent; spores oblong, 4-locular to muriform, dusky, ij-

according to Tuck., 8 — 18 by 24 — 40//.

On rocks in the foothills and mountains, in dry localities. Gen-
erally distributed over Europe and North America.

CLADONIACE^.

Thallus from crustaceous and uniform to fohaceous, usually incon-
spicuous, of horizontal or ascendant, more or less leafy squamules, or
these reduced and only granulose. Apothecia borne on the tips of
upright hollow or solid podetia, which form the "plant;" they may
be simple, club, cup, or funnel-shaped, or shrub-Uke and much
branched. Spores colorless, simple to 100 celled, or muriform.
But one genus in our Hmits.

XXIV. Cladonia (Hill.) Wainio.

Cladonia Hiller, Hist. PI. 91. 1751, in part.
Cladonia Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 1:5. 1887.
Cladonia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 236. 1882.

Podetia hollow, exceedingly variable, cup, club, or funnel shaped,
or shrub-Hke and much branched; apothecia cephaloid, scattered or
confluent, red, brown, or flesh-colored, borne on the tips of the pode-
tia; spores simple, ovoid-oblong, small, much alike in all the species.

An exceedingly difficult genus from the highly variable and poly-
morphic species which seem to intergrade in a manner most puzzling.
The group is considered to be one of recent origin and it is probable
that many of the forms are still undergoing rapid changes and that the
species have not become relatively fixed. This is highly interesting
to the ecologist and physiologist but is grievous to the systematist.
My material has been passed upon by several workers of recognized

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA IO9

ability and authority on Cladonias, but in several cases they have
been unable to agree or even to express a decided opinion. If the
following arrangement arouses someone to re-study our Californian
Cladonias and define our species clearly I shall feel amply repaid for
this entire work.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Apothecia scarlet.

B. Podetia yellow with KOH ; without cups i . tnacilenta

BB. Podetia not yellow with KOH and bearing small cups

2. flabelliformis
AA. Apothecia brown.

C. Podetia irregularly much branched.

D. Not cup-bearing, surface smooth or with small leafy squamules

3. furcata
DD. Small cups more or less present.
E. Surface densely clothed with leafy squamules; KOH —

4. squamosa
EE. Squamules few or cortex merely rough warty or ridged; cups

more or less proHferate; KOH + 5. sub squamosa

CC. Podetia simple or nearly so, cup-bearing.
F. Cups proUferous.

G. From the centre; not perforated 6. verticillata

GG. From the margin; cups perforated 7. crispata

FF. Cups not proUferous.

H. Podetia turbinate with top-shaped cups, naked or sorediose

8. pyxidata

HH. Podetia cylindrical, trmnpet or club-shaped, sorediose;

cups reduced, often obsolete 9. fimbriata

I. CLADONIA MACILENTA Hoffm.

Cladonia macilenta Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 2: 126. 1796.
Cladonia macilenta Wainio, Rev. Lich. Hoffm. 17. 1886.
Cladonia macilenta WsLimOyMonog. Clad. Univ. 1: 98. 1887.
Cladonia macilenta Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 253. 1882, in part.
Cladonia macilenta Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 391. 1903, in
part.

Primary thallus scanty, minute to small, squamulose or leafy, cre-
nate or laciniate lobate; pale gray-green to brownish; beneath white.

Podetia rising from the surface of the squamules, short or of medium
length, rarely long, cylindrical, slender, or club-like and somewhat
swollen, simple or with few and irregular branches, without cups;
covered by a dense, pale, gray-green sorediose powder which may
become granulose; without squamules or the granules becoming squa-

no HERRE

mules and on the lower half finally leafy lobules similar in form and
color to those of the primary thallus; the whitish ground color usually
but little evident; with KOH more or less yellow.

Apothecia terminal, scarlet; in the field or in freshly gathered
material turning black when wet; small to medium, irregular, more
or less confluent; spores irregularly arranged in the asci.

On stumps, old logs, and living trunks of Sequoia sempervirens and
Pseudotsuga taxijolia. A common and handsome Cladonia.

Part of our material is referred by Prof. Fink to Cladonia hacil-
laris, as the spores are obliquely arranged in the asci; however I am
as yet not able to distinguish more than the one species. Cladonia
macilenta is probably generally distributed over North America and
is reported from all the continents. But Dr. Wainio states that
many authors have not distinguished it from Cladonia hacillaris Nyl.

2. CLADONIA FLABELLIFORMIS (Flk.) Wainio.

Capitularia flahelliformis Floerke, Beschr. Rothfr. Becherfl. 216.

1808.
Cladonia flahelliformis Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 1: 112. 1887.
Cladonia macilenta Herre, Proc. W. Acad. Sci. 7: 391. 1906, in part.

Primary thallus of small or medium sized, crenate-lobate or irregu-
larly dissected and lobate, brownish or pale green squamules; scat-
tered or compacted into a dense, leafy crust; white beneath.

Podetia rising from the surface of the squamules, short or of mode-
rate length, usually rather slender, entire or sparingly branched, the
surface mostly densely sorediate, granulose, or the granules passing
into minute squamules; cylindrical, becoming dilated above and
forming small, shallow, entire or perforated cups; these with dentate
or lacerate and irregular margins which are often proliferous; the
branches likewise dilated apically, or slender and awl-like,

Apothecia scarlet, small to medium, solitary, becoming confluent,
on short stalks from the margins of the cups or crowning the tips of
the prohferous branches.

Rare; on a stump of Sequoia sempervirens on the Bear Gulch road,
at an altitude of about 1000 feet. Given by Wainio in his list of cos-
mopohtan species, though not yet known to occur in Asia.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENTNSULA III

3. CLADONIA FURCATA (Huds.) Schrad.

Lichen furcatus Hudson, Fl. Angl. 458. 1762.
Cladonia Jurcala Schrader, Spic. Fl. Germ. 107. 1794.
C7a(f<?;/m/«/'ca/a Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 247. 1882.
Cladonia furcata Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 1: 316. 1887.
Cladonia furcata Fink, The Bryologist, 7: 54. 1904.
Cladonia racemosa Hoffma.nUjDentsch.Yl. 2: 144. 1795.
Cladonia furcata racemosa Floerke, Clad. Comm. 152. 1828.
Cladonia furcata racemosa Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 1: 323.

1887.
Cladonia furcata racemosa Fink, The Bryologist, 7 : 55. 1904.
Cladonia furcata racemosa Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 391,

1906, in part.
Cenomyce racemosa var. pinnata Floerke, in Schleicheri Cat. Absol.

47. 1821.
Cladonia furcata pinnata Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 1 : 332. 1887.
Cladonia furcata pinnata Yirik, The Bryo\o^st,*7: 56. 1904.
Clado7tia chlorophcea prolifera Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 388.

1906, in part.
Cladonia squamosa Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 390. 1906, in

part.

var. RACEMOSA Floerke.

Primary thallus at first of tiny scattered squamules, these even-
tually quite long, leafy, lobed, with crenate-lobulate margin; pale
green above, varying to pale brown or sometimes whitish; white
beneath.

Podetia fruticose, rather short to elongated or very much elon-
gated, slender to rather coarse, more or less cylindrical, the lower por-
tion dying, but growth continuing above; branches spreading, curved,
from sparingly dichotomously branched becoming intricately
branched, the branches recurved; surface smooth, becoming more or
less roughened, or, in forma phyllophora, more or less thickly clothed
with squamules or leafy thalline lobules; usually more or less
thickened at the axils which are often gaping or perforated; tips
of branches very slender and subulate,or now and then thickened and
stumpy; color whitish, very pale greenish-gray, to brown.

112 HERRE

Apothecia numerous, terminating the branchlets, small to exceed-
ingly minute, brown, varying from pale, almost flesh-color or yel-
lowish to dark.

Common on earth in the redwood forests and also in the foothills.
Dr. Farlow, who has identified the forma phyllophora from material
which I mistakenly called Cladonia chlorophaa prolifera, writes that
he has found this form common in California. This form seems to
merge at times in forms of Cladonia squamosa.

var. PINNATA (Flk.) Wainio.

Podetia erect, I2 to 3^ inches long, slender and cylindrical below,
broad and stout above, dying below but growth continuing apically ;
sparingly dichotomously branched, the sterile tips usually narrowly
subulate, more or less squamulose to the summit, or rough and scab-
rous; not isidiose or sorediate; color whitish or greenish to brown.

Apothecia minute or small, abundant but inconspicuous, brown
and blackish brown.

On earth under woods in the foothills and mountains.

This species or some of its varieties occur all over the world. The
varieties described above have been collected in all parts of the earth
except Africa. The variety pinnata, though Httle known, is no
doubt generally distributed over North America, according to Fink.

4- CLADONIA SQUAMOSA (Scop.) Hoffm.

Lichen squamosus Scopoli, Flora Carniolica, ed. 2 368. 1772.
Cladonia squamosa Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 2- 125. 1796.
Cladonia squamosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 246. 1882.
Cladonia squamosa Wdiimo, Monog. Clad. Univ. 1: 411. 1887.
Cladottia squamosa Fink, The Bryologist, 10 : 21. 1907.
Cladonia squamosa Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 390. 1906,
in part.

Primary thallus leafy or squamulose, lobulate, crenate or dis-
sected, more or less ascendant, sometimes closely compacted into
a dense crust; green, varying from whitish to brownish; white be-
neath. KOH - .

Podetia arising from the surface of the squamules, sometimes
dying basally; sub-cylindrical, clustered, often forming matted

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 13

clumps, erect or irregularly flexuous; irregularly much branched,
the branches mostly spreading, their axils usually cleft; densely
clothed to the summit with light green or brown squamules, these
often large, leafy, and lobulate; epidermis pale green or disappear-
ing, the color then variegated from ashy to pale reddish brown;
seldom cup-bearing with us, or the cups small, dilated, perforate,
with proliferous margins.

Apothecia small or minute, numerous, flesh-brown to dark brown.

On earth in woods on damp hillsides, and on the earth at Twin
Peaks, San Francisco. Generally distributed over North America
and found in all the continents.

5. CLADONIA SUBSQUAMOSA (Nyl.) Wainio.

Cladonia suhsquamosa Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:

560. 1880.
Cladonia suhsquamosa Wainio, Mon. Clad. Univ. 1 : 445. 1887.
Cladonia suhsquamosa ¥ir{k,Th.Q.BTyo\ogb,t,\Q'. 23. 1907.

Primary thallus of small, narrowed, often deeply cleft squamules,
the lobes pointed and more or less irregular; usually but Httle evident
or disappearing. KOH + , yellow and then crimson.

Podetia arising from surface of squamules, slender, short to
medium or moderately long, more or less cylindrical; irregularly
branched or forked, sometimes simple; axils occasionally perforate
or the stems gaping; cups sometimes present, small, perforate;
apices subulate, slender, more often cup-bearing, perforate, or the
cups degenerate, gaping, with proHferate margin of short, slender,
rough branchlets; cortex rough- warty, ridged, or almost entirely
decorticate: more or less squamulose or the leafy lobules becoming
scaly, or entirely naked; from pale grayish or greenish to brownish,
becoming rather dark brown, especially in specimens dying basally.

Apothecia numerous, small to medium, clustered at the tips of
the branches but not confluent, flat or convex; brown to very dark
brown.

Abundant on earth in rock crevices in Pilarcitos Creek Canon,
two miles from the ocean.

A rare plant. Recorded from France, Belgium, Switzerland,
North and South America, Australia, and New Caledonia.

114 HERRE

6. CLADONIA VERTICILLATA Hoffm.

Cladonia verticillata Hoffmann, Deutsch. Flo. 2: 122. 1796.
Cladonia verticillata Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 2: 176. 1894.
Cladonia verticillata Fink, The Bryologist, 7: 86. 1904.
Cladonia verticillata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 390. 1906.
Lichen cervicornis Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 184. 1798.
Cladonia verticillata cervicornis Floerke, Clad. Comm. 29. 1828.

Primary thallus leafy, squamules large (sometimes as much as an
inch in length) to medium size, somewha.' ascendant, usually clus-
tered, rounded or more or less dissected, usually crenate lobulate;
color brownish green or sometimes lighter; beneath whitish.

Podetia rising from the lower margin of the squamules, cylindri-
cal, from short to slender and elongated, cup-bearing, usually smooth
and without squamules, or here and there roughened or bearing
occasional thalhne lobules; sometimes with conspicuous and abun-
dant thalline leaflets on the basal joints and on the cups; these
marginally denticulate and from 2-5 times proliferous from the
center, forming a series of whorls; sometimes two or more branches
arise from one cup, or again cups are lacking on the upper ranks or
branches; color of podetia gray green to ashy and brownish.

Apothecia light to dark brown, small or medium sized, on short
stalks from the margins of the cups, or sessile.

On earth and in crevices of rocks, throughout the foothills, and
mountains. Of ttimes growing in the dryest situations on the rocky
summits of hills where even the chaparral is thin and stunted.

Our plants belong mostly to the variety cervicornis (Ach.) Flk.,
in which the podetia are shorter and more slender, and with
1-3 ranks; sometimes proliferous from the sides of the podetia below
the cups. Occurring in the driest and sunniest places.

Another cosmopolitan hchen, but usually lacking in arctic regions
and rare in the tropics.

7. CLADONIA CRISPATA (Ach.) Flot.

Baeomyces turhinatus var. crispatus Ach. Meth. Lich. 341. 1803.
Cladonia crispata Flotow, Merkw. Flecht. Hirschb. 4. 1839.
Cladonia crispata Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 1 : 379. 1887.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA II5

Cladonia crispala Fink, The Bryologist 7 : 57, 1904.

Cladonia furcala crispala Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 247. 1882.

Primary thallus persistent or finally dying, of medium sized,
digitate-laciniate or crenate, ascendant squamules, rather densely
clustered, and forming a crust; color greenish and greenish brown;
white beneath.

Podetia rising from the surface of squamules, sometimes dying
basally but growing above, from short to medium length, sub-
cylindrical, with few branches; these sub-erect, with axils com-
monly dilated; surface smooth or becoming granulose or somewhat
squamulose; more or less cup-bearing, or terminating bluntly, or
rarely awl-like. Cups small, dilated, perforated, usually with pro-
liferate margins.

Apothecia small, solitary or becoming aggregate, at the ends of
the proliferations or on the ends of short stalks which form a ragged
margin to the cups; brown to very dark brown.

On earth in the mountains, apparently not common. Generally
distributed over the northern part of North America and found in
all parts of the world except Africa.

8. CLADONIA PYXIDATA (L.) Fr.

Lichen pyxidatus Linne, Spec. Plant. 2: 1151. 1753.
Cladonia pyxidata E. Fries, Nov. Sched. Crit. 21. 1826.
Cladonia pyxidata Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 2: 209. 1894.
Cladonia pyxidata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 240. 1882.
Cenomyce chlorophcEa Floerke, in Sommerf. Suppl. Lapp. 130. 1826.
Cladonia chlorophaa Floerke, Clad. Comm, 70, 1828.
Cladonia chlorophceaHene, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 388. 1906.
Cladonia pyxidata costata Floerke, Clad. Comm. 66. 1828.
Cladonia pyxidata costata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 387.

1906.
Baeomyces pocillum Ach. Meth. Lich. 336. 1803.
Cladonia pyxidata pocillum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 241. 1882.

Primary thallus of ascendant, minute to medium-sized or large
squamules, entire or crenate-lobed; more rarely appressed or adnata
and sub-crustaceous; pale or sage-green to ashy or olive-brown.

Il6 HERRE

Podetia simple, short, stout, turbinate, typically naked; usually
rising from centre of squamules; in some varieties with the upper
part covered with a sorediose powder; KOH — or rarely greenish
yellow; cups dilated, with margins entire or more or less denticulate
or prohferous. Apothecia rare, small, becoming confluent and
even large; brown. An exceedingly variable lichen, with several
distinct forms in our territory.

Var. COSTATA Flk.

This form is distinguished by the longitudinally furrowed podetia,
which are basally more or less warty or sub-squamulose, while the
cups are usually granular warty or even squamulose within.

Var. CHLOROPH.EA Flk.

In this variety the podetia are covered with a yellowish-greenish
or sulfur-colored sorediose powder, or with warty granules.

Var. POCILLUM Ach.

In this variety the thallus is of reduced, appressed or adnate
squamules, becoming sub-crustaceous; the naked podetia are small,
short and narrow, and are rarely seen fruiting.

The typical form occurs on rocks, earth, and old stumps, prob-
ably throughout. The variety chlorophosa is abundant and finely
developed on earth in the foothills and mountains; the variety cos-
tata is found in the mountains, on rocks and earth; the variety
pocillum has been collected on the roofs of old houses at Mayfield
and elsewhere in the Bay region, and also on earth at Twin Peaks,
San Francisco.

A truly cosmopolitan lichen but most abundant in the temperate
regions.

9. CLADONIA FIMBRIATA (L.) E. Fries.

Z,«c/?ew_^m&nato Linne, Spec. Plant. 2: 1152. 1753.
Cladonia jimhriata E. Fries, Lich. Europ. Reform. 222. 1831.
Cladonia fimhriata Wainio, Monog, Clad. Univ. 2: 246. 1894.
Cladonia fimhriata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 241. 1882; (in-

clud. tuhceformis) .
Cladonia fimhriata Fink, The Bryologist, 7: 22. 1904.

THE LICHEN FLORA. OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 1 7

Cladonia fimhriata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 389. 1906;

varieties clavata, cornuta, and luhccformis.
Cladonia fimhriata simplex (Weis.) Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ. 2 :

256. 1894.
Cladonia fimhriata simplex Fink, The Bryologist, 7: 23. 1904.
Cladonia fimhriata coniocrcea (Flk.) Wainio, Monog. Clad. Univ.

2: 308. 1894.
Cladonia fimhriata coniocrcea Fink, The Bryologist, 7: 25. 1904.
Cladonia fimhriata cornuta Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 389.

1906.

Primary thallus of leafy, elongate or medium sized, numerous and
often densely imbricate squamules which may pass into an effuse,
powdery crust; squamules more or less lobed, with crenate or lacini-
ate margins, flat or concave, more or less ascendant; color pale to
dull sage-green or varying to whitish or brownish green, or olivaceous ;
beneath white.

Podetia rising from surface of squamules, simple or sparingly
short-branched in the upper portion, small to medium size, slender
or becoming rather stout, terete; apically pointed and thread-like,
or coarser, thicker, blunt, with greatly reduced cups; more or less
thickly covered with a whitish or greenish sorediose powder, or
becoming rough and verrucose; usually destitute of squamules, but
sometimes more or less squamulose basally.

Cups small to minute, or abortive, with an entire or minutely
denticulate margin; sometimes well developed with dentate margin.

Apothecia rare, brown to dark brown, small to very minute,
terminal or on tips of the denticulations of the cups.

Most of our specimens belong to the variety coniocrcea (Flk.)
Wainio, in which the podetia are unbranched, usually rather short,
sorediose, cupless, cyhndrical and pointed, or with minute abortive
cups; squamules absent or more or less present basally.

Part of our material belongs to the variety simplex (Weis) Wainio,
in which the plant resembles a slender form of Cladonia pyxidata,
with simple podetia without squamules, sorediose or becoming
rough and verrucose, and with the cups better developed than in the
other varieties.

The variety suhulata is also occasionally found here; in this the
podetia are much elongated, usually without cups, cylindrical or

Il8 HERRE

sparingly branched, the tips attenuate and pointed or obscurely cup-
like, usually without squamules, or basally more or less squamulose.

Common in some form throughout, on dead wood, rotten logs,
old stumps, earth, and moss: not infrequent on old roofs.

Found all over the world in some of its varieties, these intergrad-
ing so that Fink says it constitutes ' 'perhaps the most confusing
assemblage of Hchens known to our flora."

GYROPHORACEiE.

Thallus foliaceous, one-leaved to polyphyllous, attached by a
central umbilicus; under side naked or more or less fibrillose; an
upper and an under cortex present; alga Pleurococcus. Apothecia
scattered over the surface, innate, sessile, or elevated-sessile, the
proper margin usually black, rarely enclosing a few gonidia beneath;
disk seldom smooth, usually gyrose-plicate; asci i-8 spored; spores
colorless or dark, simple, multilocular, and muriform. Three gen-
era, of which we have but one.

XXV. Gyrophora Ach.

Gyrophora Ach. Meth. Lich. loo. 1803.

Characters mostly as above. Asci with 8 spores; these colorless
or brown with age, simple, in one species pluri-locular, ellipsoid or
oblong, thin-walled, without gelatinous halo; hypothecium brown-
ish to black.

About 35 species common on igneous rocks and sandstone, especi-
ally in alpine or far northern regions.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A . Thallus polyphyllous, often much dissected, naked beneath

I. polyphylla

A A. Thallus one-leaved or but little compHcate and not dissected.

B. Under surface naked 2. phcea

BB. Under surface with dense black fibrils 3. polyrrhiza

I. GYROPHORA POLYPHYLLA (L.) Turn. & Borr.

Lichen polyphyllus Linne, Sp. PI. 2: 11 50. 1753.
Gyrophora polyphylla Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. 214. 1839.
Gyrophora polyphylla Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 365. 1906.
Umhilicaria polyphylla Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 85. 1882.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 19

Thallus small to medium size; many-leaved, crinkled, cespitose;
surface smooth, often polished; irregularly much lobed and dis-
sected, the erectish lobules often slender with dilated and rounded
tips; marginally crenate, dentate, unevenly cut,orerose; sometimes
minutely and excessively dissected and crisped; color black or very
dark brown; beneath naked, finely granulate, dull black. Sterile.

Not rare on the high sandstone cHffs at the head of Devil's Canon,
at an altitude of 2300 feet, mingled with Gyrophora polyrrhiza.
Also growing alone in considerable abundance on precipitous rocks
on Mount San Bruno, at about 1000 feet.

Widely distributed in Europe, Asia and North America.

2. GYROPHORA PH^A (Tuck.) Herre.

Gyrophora phcea Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 366. 1906.
Umbilicaria phaa Tuck. Lich. Calif. 15. 1866.
Umbilicaria ph<xa Tuck. Syn. N.Am. Lich. 1 : 86. 1882.
Umbilicaria phcza Cummings, Williams, and Seymour, Decades

of N. Am. Lichens no. 157, Moreno, California.
Umbilicaria phcBa Hasse, in Seedless Plants of So. Calif, by A. J.

McClatchie, 369; no date.
Umbilicaria phcea Macoun, Cat. Canadian Plants, VII: 80. 1902.

Vancouver Island.

Thallus small to medium, one-leaved or occasionally polyphyl-
lous, smooth above; color brown, but varying from greenish or
grayish to olive or dark tawny brown; under surface without fibrils,
granular; usually darker brown or blackish, but sometimes paler.

Apothecia numerous, black; at first innate but finally prominent;

20
angular or rounded, their surface plicate; asci — ,«. ; spores simple,

- o

colorless to brown, variously arranged in the asci, /'•

■^ ^ ' 10 - 13.5

On bare, exposed sun-blistered rocks; most frequently on sand-
stone but also on igneous rocks. According to Tuckerman, found
only between 1000 and 3000 feet altitude, but really extending
much above and below these limits. Occurring in the Santa Cruz
Mountains from Searsville Ridge, at an elevation of about 350 feet,
to the summit of Loma Prieta, 3793 feet. In the Mt. Hamilton

I20 HERRE

range across the Santa Clara Valley, it occurs in Alum Rock Park
near San Jose at about 300 feet above sea level. I have also col-
lected it in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, at Verdi, Nevada, at an
elevation of 4900 feet. Usually abundant wherever found.

My largest specimens from the Santa Cruz peninsula have a diam-
eter of somewhat more than two inches. This lichen seems to
reach a greater thalUne development in the drier Inner Coast Range
than in the Santa Cruz Mountains. A specimen in the Tuckerman
Herbarium from Mt. Diablo has a diameter of 3 inches, while I have
collected specimens on Mt. Santa Ana with a breadth of 4 inches.

Ranging from Vancouver Island on the north to Guadalupe Island
in Lower California, a specimen from the latter locality, collected
by Dr. Edward Palmer, being in the Tuckerman Herbarium.

3. GYROPHORA POLYRRHIZA (L.) Korb.

Lichen polyrrkizos 'Linne, Sp. VlsLTit. 2: 1151. 1753-
Gyrophora polyrrhiza Korber, Par. Lich. 41. 1859.
Gyrophora diaholica A. Zahlbr. in Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 :
366. 1906.

Thallus small to medium, one-leaved becoming many-leaved
and complicate; more or less orbicular, the edges torn or irregular;
coriaceous, rigid, usually smooth and polished; color a very dark
rich brown, becoming olive when moist; beneath black, granulate,
more or less covered with short, dense, black fibrils.

Fertile plants infrequent; apothecia at first innate, and very
small, but finally large, rounded, or irregularly oblong, prominent
and dome-like, reaching a diameter of 8 mm.; beautifully gyrose-

5 — 7

plicate, black; spores simple, colorless, short ellipsoid, 1^--

7*5 ^Z'S

Abundant on high sandstone cliffs in Devil's Caiion, at an alti-
tude of 2000-2300 feet; mingled with G. phaa and G. polyphylla,
but from its greater size and abundance forming the dominant tone
of the rock Hchen flora. A few specimens also found on Castle Rock,
altitude 3000 feet. Abundant in the Yosemite Valley, according
to Dr. Hasse. Recorded from Northern Europe and Asia; not
given by Tuckerman in his lists of North American species.

I have compared my specimens with authentic fruiting material
from Th. Fries in the Imperial Museum at Vienna, and in the Brit-

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 121

ish Museum, and with the specimens at Kew in the Leighton Her-
barium.

At the time of naming Gyrophora diaholica Dr. Zahlbruckner had
not seen fertile specimens of G. polyrrhiza; later he obtained some
from Dr. Fries and saw at once the identity of the plants.

ACAROSPORACE.E.

Thallus crustaceous, scale-like, almost foliaceous, or obsolete,
without rhizoids; alga Pleurococcus or Protococcus. Apothecia en-
closed in thalline warts, from apparently pyrenocarpous globose,
and innate, to circular, sessile, or elevated sessile, solitary or grouped,
with proper or thalHne margin; disk often very small or irregular;
asci multisporous, the spores very small, colorless, simple in our
species.

KEY TO GENERA.

A . Thallus obsolete or but Uttle evident XXVI. Biatorella

A A. Thallus of small or medium-sized scales or warts in which the
apothecia are innate XXVII. Acarospora

XXVI. BiatoreUa (DeN.) Th. Fr.

Biatorella De Notaris, Giorn. Bot. It. an. 2, t. 1: 192. 1846.
Biatorella Th. Fr., Gen. Heterol. Lich. 86. 1861.

Thallus crustaceous, uniform or marginally lobed, or, in our
species, obsolete or very poorly developed. Apothecia circular
or nearly so, sessile or elevated, lecideine in our species, hypothe-
cium clear to dark; spores elhpsoid or globose, very small and thin-
walled.

KEY TO^SPECIES.

A . Spores few, often only 8 i. revertens

A A. Spores very numerous.

B. Hypothecium clear 2. simplex

BB. Hypothecium brown to brownish black 3. clavus

I. BIATORELLA REVERTENS (Tuck.) Herre.

Sarcogyne Tuck. Genera Lichenum, 122. 1872.
Lecanora privigna d. revertens Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1 : 204. 1882.
Thallus wanting. Apothecia lecideine, medium to large, from

122 HERRE

circular with plane disk, soon wavy, lobate, or difform, sometimes
slightly convex; sessile, usually scattered, rarely closely grouped;
color a dull black. Proper margin erect, persistent, finally very
much flexed or wrinkled; paraphyses rather slender, free, simple,
very pale brownish to clear, their tips very dark blackish brown;
hypothecium brown or brownish; hymenium dark blue with I;

spores few, usually 8 in my specimens, ellipsoid, P-

Abundant on sandstone in the mountains, at an altitude of 2300
feet and above.

Recorded by Tuckerman from Yosemite Valley and from Ukiah,
California, and from Colorado; also reported from Kadiak, Alaska,
by Professor Cummings, in Lichens of Alaska.

2. BIATORELLA SIMPLEX (Dav.) Br. et Rostr.

Lichen simplex, Dav. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 283, pi. 28,/. 2. 1794.
Biatorella simplex Br. et Rostr. Lichenes Daniae, 115. 1870.
Lecanora privigna Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 204. 1882.

Thallus practically obsolete, or present only as a few scattered
crumb-hke particles.

Apothecia lecideine, minute to small, rarely of medium size,
circular, corrugated, folded, or variously shaped; sessile, appressed,
scattered or becoming crowded and heaped; disk concave, plane,
irregular, dull black or sometimes reddish black; margin rather
thick, persistent, elevated, finally flexuose; epithecium dark brown-
ish; hypothecium clear; paraphyses very slender, free, simple;

1.5 — 2.5
hymenium blue, then red with I; spores very numerous, 7- //.

On sandstone in the foothills and mountains. This seems to be
quite a variable plant, some of our forms being with difficulty placed
here. One, occurring with Biatorella revertens, is strongly marked
by its medium sized to large apothecia of a rich red-brown color,
with convex and sometimes wavy disk, and small, thin, black margin

much crenate or lobate, never entirely disappearing; hymenium

blue to dark blue with I; spores M-

3-4

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 123

Another form is characterized by the medium sized, more or less
clustered and angulose apothecia, with coal-black, often glistening
disk; margin thin, not elevated, entire.

Generally distributed over Europe and North America.

3. BIATORELLA CLAVUS (DC.) Th. Fr.

Patellaria clavus DC. Fl. Fr. 2 : 348. 1805.
Biatorella clavus Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 2 : 409. 1874.

Thallus wanting or represented by a few minute black specks

Apothecia of medium to large size, at first concave, soon plane,

circular, becoming irregular; disk black, hardly reddish black, not

pruinose; margin thickish, erect, entire, becoming wrinkled; epithe-

cium brown to black; hypothecium brown to brownish black; par-

2 — 2.5
aphyses thread-like, thecium deep blue with I ; spores — M-

Rare; on sandstone in the mountains. Widely distributed over
Europe and North America.

XXVII. Acarospora Mass.

Acarospora Massalongo, Ric. Sul. Aut. Lich. Crost. 27. 1852.
Acarospora A. Zahlbr., Ascolichenes, 152. 1907.

Thallus crustaceous, of scales or warts, these scattered or crowded,
uniform or marginally lobed; apothecia innate or rarely sessile,
solitary or several in one scale, with a thalline margin, the disk
often narrow, circular or irregular; hypothecium clear or now and
then dusky, upon a layer of gonidia; spores minute, simple, broadly
eUipsoid to elongate.

Rock and earth lichens distributed over the whole earth but
richest in species in arid or semi-arid regions; a considerable number
endemic to California.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Thallus yellow.
B. Thallus clear bright lemon-yellow with radiately lobate margin ; disk

of apothecia yellow i. chlorophana

BB. Thallus duller yellow, not radiate-lobate at margin; apothecia not
concolorous.

C. Greenish yellow; disk reddish to dark red 2. bella

CC. Sulfur-yellow; disk red-brown to red-black 3. schleicheri

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., I^Iay, 1910.

124 HERRE

A A. Thallus not yellow.

D. Thallus brown to chestnut.

E. Thallus pale brown to chestnut; reddish with KOH +CaCl202

4. fuscata
EE. Thallus very dark brown; not affected by reagents. .5. rufescens
DD. Thallus not brown, or else suffused with white, and the true color
not apparent.

F. Squamulesvery small, more or less white pruinose... .6. obpallens
FF. Squamules not white pruinose.

G. Thallus pale green-clay color to pale yellowish or dirty

brown, of large thick scales 7. hassei

GG. Thallus tliin, dirty grayish or sand-colored, of small, closely
appressed scales 8. arenosa

I. ACAROSPORA CHLOROPHANA (Wahlb.) Mass.

Parmelia chlorophana Wahlenberg, in Ach. Supplementum, Math.

Lich, 44. 1803.
Acarospora chlorophana Mass. Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost. 27, /. 44.

1852.
Lecanora chlorophana Ach. Lich. Univ. 436, 1810.
Lecanora chlorophana Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 201. 1882.

Thallus of small, closely compacted, irregular, flattish or wart-
like areoles, closely appressed, their surface smooth; more or less
radiately lobed at the circumference; clear, very bright lemon-
color. KOH - ; CaClaOz - .

Apothecia small, from innate and plane soon emergent and ses-
sile, finally of medium size; the concolorous disk eventually pale
brownish or dusky yellow; the thin entire margin becoming very
flexuous; I do not find it excluded as stated by Tuckerman;
epithecium granular, lemon-yellow; paraphyses free, their tips

1-1.8

enlarged; thecium deep blue with I; spores oblong or ovoid, [i.

2-4 3

One of the handsomest of crustaceous lichens. Abundant and
very noticeable on igneous rocks in the dry Inner Coast Range at
elevations of but a few hundred feet, but probably not occurring at
all in the moister Santa Cruz Peninsula. Common in alpine and
northern Europe and throughout western North America.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 12$

2. ACAROSPORA BELLA (Nyl.) Herre.

Lecanora hella Nylander, Ann. Sci. Natur. 4: 3, 156. . (1858 ?).
Lecanora chrysops Tuck. Amer. Journ. Arts. & Sci. 2: 425.

Lecanora xanthophana Nyl. Ann. Sci. Natur. 4: 15, 379,

Lecanora xanthophana Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 201. 1882.

Thallus of small or medium sized flat or turgid scales, more or
less crenate-lobate, either imbricate and crowded into a thickish
crust, or more or less scattered, discrete and rimose-areolate, the
outer squamules lobulate; color a clear lemon-yellow or greenish
yellow, rarely dusky yellow; KOH — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia usually but one in an areole, small, or more rarely
medium to large, concave, becoming plane, the disk then often
uneven from ridges and lumps made by processes coming from the
margin and meeting at the centre; seldom convex; reddish and
brown to very dark red in color; margin entire, finally wavy and
irregular; epithecium pale yellow; paraphyses distinct,free; thecium

1.5 — 2.5
pale greemsh-bluish with I ; spores —7 — /"•

Abundant and somewhat variable; on rocks in the foothills and
along the seashore; sometimes forming very extensive and con-
spicuous patches on dry, perpendicular rocks, usually in such cases
associated with the equally conspicuous and brilliantly contrasting
Caloplaca murorum.

Originally described from Chili and occurring throughout the
Andes and over the greater part of the United States.

3. ACAROSPORA SCHLEICHERI (Ach.) Mass.

Urceolaria schleicheri Ach. Lich. Univ. 332. 1810.

Acarospora schleicheri Mass. Ric. sul. Auton. dei Lich. Crost. 27.

1852.
Lecanora schleicheri Tuch. Syn. l>i. Am. Tiich.l: 202. 1882.
Lecanora schleicheri Farlow, Journey to California, Point Loma.

1885.

Thallus tartareous, of difform, thickish areoles, from flat soon con-
vex, sometimes somewhat crenate or lobate; more or less thinly scat-
tered or crowded into an irregular crust; color pale sulfur-yellow or
yellowish-whitish, changing to bright or lemon-yellow when mois-
tened.

126 HERRE

Apothecia small or medium size, innate, urceolate, concave, soon
plane, finally emergent and sessile, the thin margin usually entire,
becoming minutely denticulate and wavy or lobulate ; disk dark red-
brown to red- black, smooth or becoming roughened; epithecium
lemon-yellow; paraphyses sub-conglutinate; hymenium pale bluish

with I, the asci not tinged; spores broad, short-ellipsoid, -^ '— n-

Rare; on a rocky clay bank in the foothills near Stanford Univer-
sity, with Acarospora bella. Collected on earth at Mission Dolores
by Bolander, but not occurring there now, as the locality has become
a thickly settled part of San Francisco.

An earth and rock lichen of Europe and Western North America.

4. ACAROSPORA FUSCATA (Schrad.) Arn.

Lichen fuscatus Schrader, Spicil. Fl. Germ. 83. 1794.

Acarospora. fuscata Arnold,

Lecanora fuscata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 203. 1882.

Thallus indeterminate, of small to medium sized, appressed squa-
mules, angular, or when scattered or marginal more or less crenate-
lobate; blackish beneath; color varying from pale brown to very dark
chestnut; KOH -f CaCl202 reddish.

Apothecia at first dot-Hke and depressed, then from concave becom-
ing plane, variously shaped, finally superficial with a more or less evi-
dent margin; from one to several in an areole; paraphyses agglutinate
at their dark brown tips; hymenium pale bluish or yellowish blue

with I, the asci pale yellowish; spores M-

Common on sandstone in the mountains. Found in the temper-
ate and arctic realms of Europe and America.

5. ACAROSPORA RUFESCENS (Sm.) Th. Fr.

Urceolaria rufescens Sm. Eng. Fl. 5: 173. 1795.
Acarospora rufescens Th. Fries, Lich. Scand. 215. 187 1.
Lecanora fuscata b. rufescens Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 203. 1882.

Thallus of small, angular, flattened squamules, separated more or
less by fissures, not confluent; more rarely more or less contiguous,
larger, and somewhat lobate incised; color a very dark brown;
KOH-;CaCl202 -.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 27

Apothecia small or very small, one in each scale; irregular in form,
concave or plane, concolorous or darker than the thallus; becoming

blackish brown; thecium blue with I; spores -^ //•

Abundant on rocks in the foothills, forming inconspicuous inde-
terminate dark blotches on them. Common in Europe and North
America.

6. ACAROSPORA OBPALLENS (Nyl.) A. Zahlbr.

Lecanora ohpallens Nyl. with Hasse in Bull. Torrey Botan. Club. 24:

446. 1897.
Lecanora ohpallens Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fennic. 26: 31. 1900 (note).
Lecanora ohpallens Hasse, Lichens So. Cahf. ed 2: 13. 1898.
Acarospora ohpallens A. Zahlbruckner, Beihefte zum Botan. Cen-

tralbl. 13: 161. 1902.

Thallus of very small to small squamules, reaching a breadth of i
to 1.5 mm., often forming only a narrow margin to the apothecia,
thin, scattered and round or sometimes approximate and angulose,
convex, the surface more or less rugose; color typically pale to dark
reddish brown, but in our specimens mostly densely white pruinose,
often with a more or less roseate cast.

Apothecia but one in an areole, immersed; disk concave to plane,
not more than i mm. broad, black or reddish, but usually densely
white pruinose; thalline margin prominent, thick, often wavy or
denticulate; epi thecium thin, more or less granulose, pale yellowish;
hypothecium pale, thick; paraphyses hair-like and densely conglu-
tinate, dusky, paling with KOH, simple; their tips slightly thick-
ened ; thecium pale, very broad, first bluish then soon reddish with
I; asci large, clavate or inflated clavate; spores oval or oblong, very

1.4 — 2

numerous, j- //•

3-0

On soft crumbly sandstone at Laguna Creek, on the coast 9 miles
north of Santa Cruz.

Previously collected only by Dr. Hasse in the Santa Monica range,
where it occurs on both rocks and earth. "The type occurs on earth
and the squamules are cervine brown; on sandstone the squamules
are suffused with white, interspersed with brown ones like the earth
form, or partially white suffused;" Hasse, in lilt.

128 HERRE

7. ACAROSPORA HASSEI Herre, new species.

Thallus efifuse, of irregular, thick, sometimes lobate scales, thinly
scattered to contiguous and fissured-crustaceous; color a pale green-
clay to dusky yellowish and dirty brown; beneath pale yellowish to
brown; KOH -; CaClsOi -.

Apothecia numerous, one to several in a scale, small, impressed and
slightly concave, soon plane, without evident margin; disk reddish
to very dark red-brown; epithecium dark brown, granulose; para-
physes rather broad, straight or curved, their tips pale yellowish
brown; thecium blue with I; hypothecium pale yellowish, nearly

clear; spores /"•

^ 3-4-9

On sandstone at Castle Rock, altitude 3000 feet. Reminding one
of Acarospora glaucocarpa, but quite different in appearance from
any Acarospora I have been able to examine.

I take pleasure in naming this species for the veteran CaHfornian
lichenologist, Dr. H. E. Hasse.

8. ACAROSPORA ARENOSA Herre, new species.

Thallus thin, often scanty, of small, closely appressed, flat or very
slightly roughened scales; contiguous or marked by sHght fissures;
dirty grayish or sand-colored; beneath sand-color or pale; KOH — ;
CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, small to very small, finally of medium size,
rarely more than one in an areole; at first flat, with a thin, erect,
entire, proper margin; soon shghtly convex, the margin almost disap-
pearing and barely visible; color black or very dark reddish; para-
physes very pale brownish, becoming clear with KOH, agglutinate,
their tips brown; hypothecium more or less dusky; hymenium deep

11 .IT I — 1. 2 15
blue with I ; spores ^ ^.

2.5 - 3|
On sandstone in the foothills a few miles from Stanford Univer-
sity, at an altitude of 400 feet.

EPHEBACEiE.

Thallus small but fruticose, branched, more or less filiform or folia-
ceous, with Scytonema or Stigonema algae; cortex present or absent.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 29

Apothecia small or minute, sessile and biatorine, or enclosed in the
thallus and apparently pyrenocarpous ; paraphyses well developed
or absent; spores colorless or brown, simple or bilocular.

KEY TO GENERA.

A. Thallus fruticose, without cortex.
B. Thallus fiMform fruticose, decumbent, the apothecia lateral, sessile.

XXVIII. Zahlbrucknera
BB. Thallus erect, Uke a minute shrub, always sterile with us.

XXIX. Ephebe
A A. Thallus foHaceous or fruticose with well developed cortex.

XXX. Polychidium

XXVIII. Zahlbrucknera Herre, new genus.

Thallus minutely fruticulose, decumbent, mat-like, the branches
thread-like, of Stigonema algae, the hyphae running parallel length-
wise in the gelatinous sheath.

Apothecia small, lecideine, lateral, appressed, sub-globose; hypo-
thecium clear; paraphyses slender, sparingly branched or simple,
septate, their tips not enlarged; asci cylindrical to subclavate, elon-
gate, their tips often pointed, thin-walled, with from 8 to 24 spores;
these simple, globose to ellipsoid, thin walled, without a halo, at last
dusky or blackish. Spermatia not observed.

Differs from Thermutis, to which it is nearest, in the paraphyses,
the multisporous asci, and the darkening spores.

Named for Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, the eminent lichenolo-
gist, curator of the botanical section of the Imperial Natural His-
tory Museum, at Vienna, Austria.

I. ZAHLBRUCKNERA CALCAREA Herre, new species.

Thallus minute, almost microscopic, of thread-like, entangled,
branching, decumbent filaments, forming dense clumps or mats;
color black or blackish brown; becoming brown when moistened;
KOH -;CaCl202 -.

Apothecia rare, minute, sub-globose, concolorous, the disk depres-
sed, very narrow, or with entire margin; paraphyses not numerous,

■ 9-75 — 17
1.5 — 2 ,« broad; asci ix ; no reaction with I; spores

80 — 108
8 to 24, usually i8, globose, ovoid, and ellipsoid, mostly colorless but

I30

HERRE

finally dusky or blackish, — — ^ ^.

7-3 - 12.25

Rare; forming black stains on limestone at the summit of Black

Mountain, altitude 2787 feet.

XXEX. Ephebe Fries.

Ephebe E. Fries. Syst. Orb. Veg. 256. 1825.

Thallus fruticulose, branched, composed mainly of the alga Sirosi-
phon pulvinatus associated with a fungus, the form and habit of the
plant being due mainly to the alga; color black; apothecia immersed
or superficial and globose; spores ellipsoid and colorless. On rocks.
Species few and doubtful.

I. EPHEBE SOLIDA Born.

Ephehe solida hornet, Ann. ^c\. i: 171. 1852.

Ephebe solida Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 132. 1882.

Ephebe pubescens Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 375. 1906.

Thallus small, erect, tufted, stout, minutely shrub-like, compact,
much branched; sooty black; always sterile with us.

Abundant on perpendicular sandstone rocks at several different
places in the ridge between Searsville and Stanford University, at an
altitude of about 400 feet. Apparently not occurring elsewhere in
the peninsula.

A very remarkable form unlike any other lichen of our flora. For-
merly described by me as Ephebe pubescens, but differing from that
plant in its much shorter, stouter, and more shrub-like filaments and
habit.

A North American lichen, recorded from Georgia, Alabama, Ver-
mont, and Massachusetts.

XXX. Polychidium (Ach.) A. Zahlbr.

Collenia, section Polychidium Ach. Lich. Univ. 658. 1810.
Polychidium A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 156. 1907.

Thallus foHaceous, or more or less fruticose but decumbent, with
terete branches, with a well developed pseudoparenchymatous cor-
tex on both sides, or of pseudoparenchyma throughout; alga Scyton-
ema.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA l3l

Apothecia sessile, scattered or terminal, biatorine, the disk flat or
slightly convex; paraphyses simple, with the tips septate and some-
what enlarged; spores colorless, boat or spindle-shaped, bilocular.

We have two of the 3 or 4 species.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Thallus foliaceous, under margin with conspicuous, white, fleecy cilia.

I. albociliatum
A A. Thallus minutely fruticulose, irregularly and intricately branched.

2. muscicola

I. POLYCHIDIUM ALBOCILIATUM (Desmaz.) A. Zahlbr.

Leptogium albociliatum Desmazieres, Ann. Sci. Nat. 4:4. 132. 1855.

Leptogiufn albociliatum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 156. 1882.

Leptogium albociliatum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 380. 1906.

Polychidimn albociliatum A. Zahlbruckner, AscoHchenes, 157. 1907.

Thallus small to medium size, rounded, by coalescence forming
extensive, indeterminate mats; lobes imbricate, deeply and sinuately
laciniate, their tips rounded or pointed; margin in folds or crisped,
up-turned, crenate, lacerate, or denticulate; surface smooth cen-
trally, often granulate or with small erect lobules; color greenish
black; the margin cilia te with minute white bristles; under surface
paler; marginally with a conspicuous white fleece; this longer, shaggy,
and brown within; rarely disappearing.

Apothecia numerous and becoming crowded when present; small
to medium size, sessile; disk reddish, plane or convex; margin pale,
entire, finally disappearing; often bristly with minute white cilia
similar to those on margin of thallus. Spores bilocular, pointed,

slightly constricted in the middle, — ^^^ ^^-^ M-

19.5 - 28

Found throughout on rocks and on earth, among mosses.

Fruiting abundantly at 3000 feet altitude on Castle Rock ridge
and in Devils Caiion, at 2300 feet; still luxuriant in growth as low as
2000 feet. Extending downward to 150 feet in the foothills, but
there reduced and sterile.

A European lichen, recorded in this country only from the Pacific
slope.

132 HERRE

2. POLYCHIDIUM MUSCICOLA (Swartz) S. Gray.

Lichen muscicola Swartz, N. Act. Ups. 4: 248. 1784.
Polychidium muscicola S. Gray, Nat. Arr. 1 : 402. 182 1.
Leptogium muscicola Fries, Sum. Veg. 122. 1846.
Leptogium muscicola Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 154. 1882.
Leptogium muscicola Cummings and Seymour, Decades N. Am, Lich.
no. 65, Franconia Mountains, N. H.

Thallus minute, pulvinate, fruticulose, irregularly and intricately
branched and interwoven; branches more or less cylindrical, decum-
bent; apothecia medium, subterminal, appressed, brownish red; disk
flattish, becoming convex when the thin, entire, paler margin is
finally excluded; spores bilocular, colorless, cymbiform and fusiform,

/J-; according to Tuck., ^.

17 - 25 18 - 30

Growing over mosses on rocks in mountains. Not found by me
but in the Tuck. Herb, there are specimens collected by Bolander in
the mountains back of Redwood City, on the road to Pescadero, and
also from Bear Valley, the last locaHty in Mariposa County.

Probably generally distributed on the Pacific Coast from Central
CaHfomia to Bering Sea. A lichen of Europe and Northern Africa,
and in America recorded from New England, Cahfornia, and the
islands of Bering's Straits.

PYRENOPSIDACEiE.

Thallus crustaceous, foliaceous, or fruticose, in our species adnate
or fastened by rhizoids; alga Gloeocapsa. Apothecia closed or open,
or apparently between the two types; proper margin present or lack-
ing; those with dish-like apothecia have a thalline margin; paraphy-
ses gelatinizing or distinct, unbranched or septate; asci 8 or many
spored; spores colorless, simple or bilocular, ellipsoid or globose.

Of the 16 genera recognized by Zahlbruckner, but one has as yet
been collected within our Umits.

XXXI. Pyrenopsis (Nyl.) Forss.

Pyrenopsis Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. 3: 164. 1855.

Pyrenopsis Forssell, Beitrage der GloeoHchenen .

1885.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 33

Thallus uniform crustaceous to coralloid or fruticose, attached by
the hyphae of the medulla. Apothecia innate or sessile, lecanorine,
the proper margin distinct or obsolete; spores simple.

About 40 species, living on rocks, but one found with us.

I. PYRENOPSIS PH.EOCOCCA Tuck.

Synalissa phceococca Tuck. Gen. Lich. 80. 1872.

Pyrenopsis phoeococca Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 136. 1882.

Thallus effuse, thin, of minute coralloid-granulose, distinct or areo-
late crumbs, which may pass into a thicker, broken crust; color a
dark reddish brown.

Apothecia scattered, rather numerous, from very small becoming
moderate in size, the disk concolorous or more reddish; disk at first
dot-like, finally dilated and lecanorine; margin thickish, entire, con-
colorous; hypothecium colorless, upon an algal layer; paraphyses
simple, long and hair-like, conglutinate but finally distinct; asci
mostly cylindrical and the contents usually not well differentiated, or
ventricose, rarely clavate; thecium blue with I, the spores uncolored
or yellowish; spores ovoid to elongate-ellipsoid, simple, colorless,
usually containing a very large oil drop and the protoplasmic con-
tents irregular, -^-^ /^; Tuckerman says" ^ n, simple

16 — 22 8 — 12

and bilocular." The latter statement is probably an error, the
spores often appearing bilocular when within the asci but shown to be
simple when extruded. Further material is necessary to clear this
point.

A rare plant; found but once on sandstone, in the vicinity of Stan-
ford University. Collected by Dr. Hasse on the same substratum
in the Santa Monica Range. Recorded by Tuckerman on granitic
rocks from North Carolina, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.

COLLEMACE^.

Thallus gelatinous when wet, usually foliaceous, but varying from
sub-crustaceous to fruticose, with Nostoc algae. Apothecia disk-hke
or globose, sessile or innate, usually lecanorine, or sometimes biato-
rine, a proper margin present or lacking; the disk broad to dot-like;
paraphyses simple; spores 8, colorless, needle-shaped to globose,
straight or curved, simple to multilocular and muriform.

134

HERRE

Of the eleven genera recognized by Zahlbruckner, we have two,
which are by far the most important members of the family.

KEY TO GENERA.

Thallus without distinct cortical layer, beneath naked. XXXII. Collema
Thallus with distinct cortex on upper side or both sides; under surface
naked or more or less covered with fleecy rhizoids.

XXXIII. Leptogiutn

XXXII. CoUema (HUl.) A. Zahlbr.

Collema Hiller, Hist. PL 175 1.

Collema A. Zahlbr. AscoHchenes, 171, 1907.

Thallus foliaceous or sometimes sub-crustose, very small to medium
size, very dark green or blackening; the under surface naked,
usually wrinkled or fenestrate; cortical layer not present or very
indistinct. Apothecia scattered or crowded, usually numerous,
circular, usually dish- or shield-shaped, very small to medium size,
lecanorine, a proper margin lacking or present; spores ellipsoid or
needle or spindle-shaped, bilocular, plurilocular, or muriform.

A large genus, of wide distribution, the species growing upon bark,
mosses, earth, and rocks.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A . Confined to trees.
B. Surface with anastomosing edges covered with black granules.

I. aggregatum
BB. Surface radiately wrinkled and pustulate.

C. Surface smooth, naked 2. vespertilio

CC. Surface isidiose-pulverulent 3. nigrescens

A A. Confined to earth and rocks.

D. Thallus minute squamulose or crustose 4. cristatellum

DD. Thallus not squamulose or crustaceous.

E. Spores bilocular 5. coccophorum

EE. Spores 4-locular to muriform.
F. Thallus rather large, smooth, pustulate and wrinkled ; apoth-
ecia small 6. pulposum

FF. Thallus usually only a border to the large, crowded, im-
beded apothecia 7. glaucescens

I. COLLEMA AGGREGATUM Nyl.

Collema aggregatum Nyl. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. 2 : 318. 1854.
Collema aggregatum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 146. 1882.
Collema aggregatum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 376. 1906.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 35

Thallus small or medium size, circular, irregularly lobed, with
crenate margin; marked by thick, rough, anastomosing ridges
densely covered by black granules; more or less fenestrate; color
dark green or black; beneath pale, smooth, much wrinkled and pitted.

Apothecia numerous, mostly on the ridges; disk from concave
becoming flat or even convex; reddish or darkening; margin entire;

spores spindle-shaped, long, plurilocular, ^ /^.

45 ~ 75

On trees and not rare in the foothills. Found all over the north

temperate zone.

2. COLLEMA VESPERTILIO (Lightf.) Wainio.

Lichen vesper tilio 'Lightioot, Flora. ScoticsL, 2: 840. 1777.
Collema vespertilio Wainio, Act. Soc. Faun. Fl.Fennic.7: 235. 1890.
Collema vespertilio Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 376. 1906.

Thallus of medium size, orbicular, thin, closely appressed; lobe,
rounded, with entire or crenate margin; surface naked, smooths
radiately wrinkled and thickly pustulate; color yellow-green, very
dark green, and black; beneath paler or concolorous, lacunose or
pitted.

Apothecia small, usually very numerous and crowded; disk red-
dish or blackening; plane, becoming convex; spores needle-shaped or

spindle-like, long, plurilocular, ^ /^.

47-5 - 55

On trees and perhaps occasionally on rocks. Common in the foot-
hills at moderate elevations. Our most abundant Collema.

Confused by most writers with nigrescens, its distribution there-
fore uncertain, but probably general in all temperate regions.

3. COLLEMA NIGRESCENS (Leers.) Wainio.

Lichen nigrescens Hudson, Flora Anglica, 450. 1762 (?).

Lichen nigrescens Leers. Fl. Herborn. 945. 1775.

Collema nigrescens WsLinio, Act. Soc. Faim. Fl. Fenn. 7: 235. 1890.

Collema nigrescens Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 147. 1882. in part.

Collema nigrescens Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 376. 1906.

Thallus of medium size, more or less orbiculate, thin, marginally
closely appressed, the rounded lobes with margins more or less undu-

I36 HERRE

late or crenate; surface radiately ridged and pustulate, finally densely
isidiose pulverulent; color very dark green or blackish green; beneath
concolorous or paler, lacunose, pitted, or fenestrate.

Apothecia usually infrequent and scattered, rarely numerous,
small to medium ; the disk dark red-brown ; the entire margin rather
thick, finally excluded; often isidiose, when it is tuberculate-radiate
or toothed. Spores acicular or long-fusiform, more or less curved,

5-6 locular, ~ ^ fi.

39 - 49
Fairly common on trees in the foothills, A wide spread, probably

cosmopoHtan lichen,

4. COLLEMA CRISTATELLUM Tuck.

Collema cristatellum Tuckerman, Lich. CaHf. 29. 1866.
Collema cristatellum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 152. 1882.
Collema cristatellum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 378. 1906.

Thallus scattered, microscopic, forming an indeterminate crus-
taceous or squamulose crust; lobes minute, ascendant, with more or
less dissected and crenate or dentate edges, or reduced to tiny erect
lobules; color greenish or brownish black.

Apothecia of medium size, concave; disk concolorous or reddish;
margin entire; spores from bilocular and spindle-shaped becoming

muriform and oblong or ellipsoid, ^ fJ-', according to Tuck.,

22 — 31
7-9

16-30

On clay and crumbhng rock on a steep slope in Hidden Villa
Canon, elevation 800 feet. Probably occurring throughout in simi-
lar situations but too readily overlooked.

Only recorded so far from New Mexico and California.

5. COLLEMA COCCOPHORUM Tuck.

Collema coccophorum Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. Vol.
Collema coccophorum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 150. 1882.
Collema coccophorum Hasse, Bull. So. CaUf. Acad. Sci. 5: 38. 1906.
Thallus small, effuse to orbicular, black or very dark; the tiny
lobules more or less erect, imbricate or complicate, the free end
enlarged, crenate or densely tuberculate.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 137

Apothecia very rare, small to medium size, the disk flat, reddish
brown; the entire margin upturned and prominent, thin, and becom-

w Q -

ing minutely denticulate; spores ovoid, bilocular, — -^ /^;

12 - 14.5

Tuckerman says "spores ovoid-ellipsoid, bilocular, mostly decolo-

, II - 21 "

rate, !J-

7-9

On earth on dry hillsides or in rock crevices, usually growing with
Nostoc commune and Dermatocarpon hepaticum. Not abundant any-
where, but generally distributdd in the foothills.

Recorded by Tuckerman from the valley of the Rio Grande,
Texas, and from Oakland, Cahfornia. Dr. Hasse has also found it
in Riverside and Los Angeles counties, Cahfornia, and it probably
occurs generally throughout the southwestern states.

6. COLLEMA PULPOSUM (Bernh.) Ach.

Lichen piilposus Bernhardi, in Schrader's Journ. Bot. 1: 7, pi. i,/.

I. 1799.
Collema pulposum Ach. Lich. Univ. 632. 1810.
Collema pulposum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 148. 1882.
Collema pulposum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 377. 1906.

Thallus thin, small to medium size, orbicular or irregular, closely
appressed, usually depressed or concave centrally; very soft and gela-
tinous when moist; lobes rounded, sometimes imbricate, margin
varying from entire and sinuous to crenate and sUghtly laciniate and
even denticulate; surface smooth, more or less pustulate and
wrinkled; sometimes beset with tiny erect lobules; color dark green
or black, sometimes brownish; beneath paler, smooth, wrinkled.

Apothecia small, numerous; disk flat or concave, reddish, with
paler, entire margin ; spores more or less pointed, elUpsoid or ovoid,
often sUghtly curved, from 4 — locular becoming muriform,

— /*; according to Nylander, whose measurements are copied

20 - 36

by all later writers, they are — [i.

16 — 24

On earth on damp hillsides, forming rather extensive patches

among mosses. Not rare in the foothills and lower slopes of the

mountains. Found throughout the northern hemisphere.

138 HERRE

7. COLLEMA GLAUCESCENS Hoflfm.

Collema glaucescens Hoffmann, Deutsch, Fl. 2: 100. 1795.
Lichen limosus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 126. 1798, (excl. syn. Col-
lema graniformis Hoffm.)
Collema limosum Ach. Lich. Univ. 629. 1810.
Collema limosum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 150. 1882.
Collema limosum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 377. 1906

Thallus thin, small to medium, irregular or scattered, very closely
appressed; margin irregularly crenate or dentate-lobulate ; surface
smooth, or here and there beset with small ascendant lobules; color
black or dark green.

Thallus mostly disappearing and becoming merely a network or
margin about the numerous large, imbedded apothecia; disk mostly
flat, reddish or blackening; spores usually in fours in the asci, ellip-

II "~ 17
sold, muriform, P-.

22 - 35

On a wet clay bank beside a spring a mile above Wright's Station;
altitude about 1200 feet. Probably occurring in similar situations
throughout the mountains.

A lichen of Europe and North America.

XXXIII. Leptogium (Ach.) S. Gray.

Collema sect. Leptogium Ach. Lich. Univ. 654. 18 10.
Leptogium S. Gray, Nat. Arr. 1: 395. 182 1.

Thallus mostly foliaceous, but ranging from crustose to fruticu-
lose, with a distinct cortex present on the upper side or on both sides;
under surface naked or covered with rhizoids which may become a
dense close nap or fleece ; color varying from plumbeous, brown, dark
green, to black.

Apothecia scattered over the surface, often crowded, and usually
numerous; small, at first innate, then sessile, lecanorine, the disk
broad, circular; spores colorless, ovoid, ellipsoid, spindle-shaped or
needle-like, straight or curved, often with attenuate tips, 4-locular
to plurilocular and muriform.

Comprising more than a hundred species distributed all over the
world, especially in tropical regions, on bark, mosses, earth, and

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 39

rocks. Some species always sterile in temperate regions and often
difficult to determine.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. On trees.

B. Dark green to black; smooth beneath; thallus fenestrate, wrinkled,

ridged, isidiose i. chloromelutn stellans

BB. Lead-color to blackish green.

C. Beneath fleecy with long white or brown fibrils ... 2. hildebrandii
CC. Beneath covered with minute velvety pubescence. 3. saturninum
A A. On earth, moss, or rocks.

D. On limestone only; thallus thick, plicate, orbiculate. . . .4. plicatile
DD. Not on limestone.

E. Thallus small to minute.

F. Thallus small, foliaceous, rather entire 5. scotinum

FF. Thallus minute or microscopically foUaceous to crustose.

G. Thallus irregularly cut and divided 6. tenuissimum

GG. Thallus chaffy or scurfy, areolate, wine-red with I.

7. rhy par odes
EE. Thallus medium size to large.
H. Thallus red-brown, chestnut, or lead-color; lobes narrowed

^vith erect corniculate tips 8. palniatum

EH. Color black.
/. Lobes erect, crenate, narrowed, complicate. . .9. calif ornicum
II. Thallusfiat,expanded, more or less orbicular. .. 10. />/a^>'«MW

I. LEPTOGIUM CHLOROMELUM STELLANS Tuck.

Lichen chloromelos Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occident. 3: 1892. 1806.
Leptogium chloromelum Nyl. Syn. Meth. Lich. 1: 128. i860.
Leptogium chloromelum stellans Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 163.

1882.
Leptogium chloromelum stellans Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 382.

1906.

Thallus orbicular, becoming indeterminate, medium to very large,
more or less fenestrate, laciniate; lobes usually narrow, irregular,
more or less imbricate or coalescing; surface striate, wrinkled and
ridged, the ridges densely covered with black isidiose granules, or by
cristate-lacerate isidiose lobules; color dark green, plumbeous, or
black; beneath paler, wrinkled; rarely a very minute down sparingly
present.

Sterile.

Common on trees; reaching its maximum development at an alti-
tude of from 500 to 800 feet, the loosely connected thallus often 4 or
5 inches in diameter.

Proc Wash, Acad. Sci., May, 1910.

140 HERRE

A plant of very wide distribution, found throughout North Amer-
ica, a large part of South America, Western Europe, the Canary
Islands, the East Indies, and New Zealand.

2. LEPTOGIUM HILDEBRANDII (Garovagl.) Nyl.

Lichen saturninus Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1 : 84. 1 791 (non Dicks.

1790).
Collema hildehrandii GarovagHa, Lich. Ital. ed. I, Dec. i. no. i.

1837-
Leptogium hildehrandii Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 21: 272.

1856.
Leptogium saturninus Schaerer, Lich. Helvet. Spicil. 534. 1840.
Leptogium saturninus Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 382. 1906.
Leptogium myochroum a. saturninum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I:

166. 1882.

Thallus large, orbicular, one-leaved or polyphyllous and imbricate;
the long irregular sinuate lobes rounded at the tips; their margins
upturned, more or less convolute and elevated; sometimes with finely
laciniate edges, margined with isidiose granules; upper surface vary-
ing from smooth to granular or finely densely isidiose granulate ; lead
color to greenish black, with usually a more or less evident metallic
rufous or bronze lustre; granules, when present, brownish black;
beneath paler, finely wrinkled; covered with a white or brown fleece,
this becoming interruptedly long and shaggy.

Sterile.

On trunks of trees; abundant throughout. Generally distributed
over the temperate regions.

3. LEPTOGIUM SATURNINUM (Dicks.) Nyl.

Lichen saturninus Dicks. Plant. Crypt. Brit. Ease. 11: 21, pi. 6, /. 8.

1790.
Leptogium saturninum Nyl. Prod. Lich. Gall, in Act. Soc. Linn, de

Bordeaux, 21: 272. 1856.
Leptogium myochroum b. tomentosum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1: 166.

1882.
Leptogium myochroum b. tomentosum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.

7: 383. 1906.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA I4I

Thallus orbicular, flattish, much thinner than L. hildebrandii, \ohes
large, round, somewhat plaited. Color greenish black with very
small black granules more or less thickly sprinkled over the surface;
beneath pale, smooth, very minutely pubescent.

Sterile.

On trunks of trees, rare. So far collected only on Black Moun-
tain, at an elevation of 2200 feet.

A Hchen of general distribution in the north temperate and sub-
arctic zones, very rarely found fruiting.

4. LEPTOGIUM PLICATILE (Ach.) Nyl.

Lichen plicatilus Ach. Nov. Att. Acad. Sci. Stockh. 16: 11. pi. i. f.

2- 1795-
Leptogium plicatile Nylander, Cromb. Journ. Bot. 336. 1874.
Collema plicatile Ach. Lich. Univ. 635. 1810.
Collema plicatile Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1 : 151. 1882,
Collema plicatile Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 378. 1906.

Thallus small, orbicular, thick, laciniate; divisions distinct,
separate, or disappearing centrally, leaving only the marginal lobes;
these rugose, undulate-pUcate, compact, more or less ascendant; sur-
face sometimes covered with small erect granules or lobules; color
dingy brownish green or black.

Apothecia small or medium, numerous, concave or usually plane;
disk reddish or more often blackening, the margin entire or flexuous;

7-5 — 8
spores ovoid, elUpsoid, quadrilocular, -^^ fi.

On limestone rocks near the summit of Black Mountain, altitude
2700 feet, and on similar rocks at New Almaden, at about 1200 feet;
rare.

Foimd in Europe from Sweden southward into northern Africa.
In America recorded only (so far as I am aware) from Iceland and
from the Santa Cruz Peninsula.

5. LEPTOGIUM SCOTINUM (Ach.) E. Fr.

Lichen scotinus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 128. 1798.

Collema scotinum Ach. Lich. Univ. 651. 1810.

Leptogium scotinum E. Fries, Sum. Veg. 122. 1846.

Leptogium scotinum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 380. 1906.

142 HERRE

Thallus small, suborbicular to effuse, appressed, with upturned
edges; lobes rounded, more or less complicate; margin entire, crenate,
or somewhat laciniate; greenish lead-color to brown.

Apothecia numerous and comparatively large, reddish brown;

, „ 10 — 16

margm entire, paler; spores muriform, //.

24 — 40

On earth, among mosses.

On clay banks beside roads, on Black Mountain and probably
elsewhere in similar situations. From its small size too readily over-
looked. Distribution general in Europe.

6. LEPTOGIUM TENUISSIMUM (Sm.) Korb.

Collema tenuissimum Sm. Eng. Fl. 5: 213. 1795.
Leptogium tenuissimum Korber, Syst. Lich. Germ. 419. 1855.
Leptogium tenuissimum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 157. 1882.
Leptogium tenuissimum Cummings and Seymour, Decades of N. Am.
Lich. no. 125b, Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co., CaHf.

Thallus minute, diffuse, irregularly cut and divided ; f oUaceous to
densely crustose; the lobes unequal, dissected, or crenately incised,
ascendant; color pale greenish brown to olive and dark brown or
chestnut.

Apothecia numerous, appressed, comparatively large, reddish
brown, urceolate, the margin thick, entire; spores muriform, ovoid to

oblong, apically attenuate, ^^-^ ^ u.

24-39

On earth and mossy roots; in the mountains at 1500 feet elevation
and above. Generally distributed over Europe and temperate
America.

I also doubtfully refer here a very minute Leptogium occurring on
sandstone in the mountains above Saratoga, at an elevation of 2000

feet; spores 3-septate or ovoid muriform, //.

21 — 28

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 43

7. LEPTOGIUM RHYPARODES Nylander.

Leptogium rhyparodes Nyl. Flora, 210. 1865.

Leptogium rhyparodes Leighton, Lich. Flora Grt. Brit. ed. 3. 26.

1879.
Leptogium rhyparodes Crombie, Brit. Lichens, 1: 64. 1894.

Thallus effuse, microphylline, furfuraceous, areolate, sub-granu-
lose, blackish, wine-red with I.

Apothecia concolorous or reddish brown, very small, at first con-
cave, then plane, eventually the margin excluded; thecium blue with
I; spores colorless, ovoid to ellipsoid, tapering to a point at one end,

more or less muriform-multilocular, ^ a.

20 - 30

Occurring with dwarf mosses on sandstone; described from speci-
mens collected at Grizzly Peak, altitude 2700 feet. Originally de-
scribed from Scotland. Collected by Dr. Hasse in the Santa Monica
Range near Los Angeles.

8. LEPTOGIUM PALMATUM (Huds.) Mont.

Lichen palmatus Hudson, Fl. Ang. ed. 2. 536. 1778.
Leptogium palmatum Montagne, PI. Cell. Voy. Pol. Sud. 128. 1845.
Leptogium palmatum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 159. 1882.
Leptogium palmatum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 381. 1906.

Thallus medium to large, more or less tufted, very irregular, deeply
laciniate; lobes more or less convolute, with crenate margin, the 2 —
4 corniculate tips erect, narrow, tubular, pointed or blunt; surface of
thallus finely wrinkled and pitted; beneath paler, wrinkled; color
usually reddish brown to chestnut, sometimes greenish lead-color.

Apothecia scattered, becoming very numerous and crowded, con-
colorous or red-brown; the paler elevated margin entire; spores muri-

12 — 16

form-multilocular, ovoid or elhpsoid, l^.

30 — 48

Abundant on earth, mosses, and rocks; often occurring in very
extensive patches.

Occurring generally throughout Europe, Algeria, and the Cana-
ries; in America apparently confined to the Pacific Coast from
British Columbia southward, but probably not extending into south-
ern California.

144

HERRE

9. LEPTOGIUM CALIFORNICUM Tuck.

Leptogium californicum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 159. 1882.
Leptogium californicum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 38 1 . 1 906.

Thallus of medium size, indeterminate, irregularly and narrowly
laciniate and cut-lobed; the margins erect, crinkled or much and
intricately folded, more or less crenate, serrate, or dentate-lobulate,
or sometimes merely granulate. Thallus occasionally much reduced,
the erect, very narrow, much dissected lobes then densely crowded;
color black or dark brown; margin often lustrous as if oiled or var-
nished.

Apothecia infrequent, small, red-brown, the paler margin elevated,

entire or more or less dentate ; spores murif orm-multilocular, rarely

II — 16

only 6 — 8 locular, 7 M-

29—48

Occurring throughout, forming large, coal-black mats on mossy
sandstone ledges at moderate elevations in the foothills; reduced
forms occurring in rock crevices as low as 150 feet. Found from
British Columbia to Lower California.

10. LEPTOGIUM PLATYNUM (Tuck.) Herre.

Leptogium californicum platynum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 159.

1882.
Leptogium californicum platynum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 :

381. 1906.

Thallus medium to large, orbicular, or indeterminate through
fusion of adjacent plants; appressed; lobes irregular, elongate and
expanded, imbricate, with crenate or dentate margin; surface finely
striate or wrinkled, more or less pustulate, occasionally minutely
lobulate; beneath paler, finely wrinkled; color black or greenish
black, rarely brownish black.

Apothecia very numerous, minute, reddish brown, the prominent

entire margin paler; spores ovoid or ellipsoid with attenuate tips,

10 — 16

murif orm, multilocular, ■ /«.

27-48

On earth,exposed roots, and rocks,in damp situations in the moun-
tains. Abundant on Castle Rock Ridge from 1500 feet upwards.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 45

A very distinct and handsome lichen, thus far recorded only from
central CaHfornia.

HEPPIACE.E.

Thallus varying from very small crustaceous scales or more or
less foliaceous squamules to ascendant, branched, sub-fruticose
forms; attached by rhizoids or by a central umbiUcus; tissue mostly
of a large celled pseudoparenchyma; hypo thallus well developed or
finally disappearing; alga Scytonema.

Apothecia scattered over the surface, innate, usually invisible to
the naked eye, the disk very narrow and pore-Hke, or occasionally
somewhat emergent; proper margin lacking or indistinct; hypothe-
cium clear; paraphyses simple, usually septate; asci containing from
4 to many spores, these simple, colorless, ellipsoid to spherical, thin
walled.

Comprises but a single genus.

XXXIV. Heppia Naeg.

Eeppia Naegeli, in Hepp. Exsiccata, no. 49. 1853.
Heppia Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europ. 56. 1861.
Heppia A. Zahlbr. AscoUchenes, 177. 1907,
Characters of the genus as above.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus thick, small-leaved, attached by a central umbilicus, ap-
pressed.

B. Thallus usually with a blue sorediose margin i. guepini

A A. Thallus not umbiUcate; without blue sorediose margin.

C. Squamules more or less ascendant and containing several apothecia.

2. bolanderi

CC. Thallus of small, closely appressed squamules, each containing but

one apothecium 3. hassei

I. HEPPIA GUEPINI (Dehse) Nyl.

Endocarpon guepini DeUse, apud Duby et DC. Botanic. Gallic. 2 :

594. 1830.
Endocarpon guepini Moug. apud Fr. Lich. Europ. 410. 1831.
Heppia guepini Nyl. apud Stizbgr. Lich. Helv. in Jahresb. St. Gal-

Hsch. Naturw'iss. Ges. 338. 1882.

146 HERRE

Endocarpiscum guepini Nyl. Flora, 47: 487. 1864.
Endocarpiscum guepini Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 113. 1882.
Endocarpiscum guepini Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 374. 1906.

Thallus small to very small, thick and leathery, one-leaved, becom-
ing polyphyllous, umbihcate, appressed, more or less circular and
peltate, or crenate-lobulate, smooth or flexuous; scattered, or densely
crowded and imbricate; the sinuous, crenate, usually upturned mar-
gin generally blue sorediate; the brownish olive color paUng some-
times to gray but more often blackening; beneath naked, smooth,
minutely wrinkled, flesh-color, brown, or blackening.

Apothecia deeply imbedded in tiny pits, invisible to the naked eye;
rarely becoming superficial, lecanorine, black; spores very numerous,
spheroid to oblong, exceedingly minute.

Abundant on sandstone and granite in the foothills at moderate
elevations and on clififs above the sea. A lichen of Europe and
North America.

The thallus is very frequently infested with a fungus, Endococcus
pseudocarpus Nyl., described by him as a Uchen; it may be recog-
nized as follows : — fruiting body immersed in the thallus of Heppia,
globose, blackish-brown, with bi-locular, ellipsoid, pale brown

J 1 • 3.5-6.25

or dusky spores, measuring /^.

9-75 - 15-75

2. HEPPIA BOLANDERI (Tuck.) Wainio.

Pannaria holanderi Tuck. Gen. Lich. 51. 1872.
Endocarpiscum holanderi Tuck. Syn. N, Am. Lich. I: 114. 1882.
Heppia holanderi Wainio, Etude sur la Classif. Nat. et la Morph.
des Lichens du Bresil, 215. 1890.

Thallus small to minute, from scattered soon densely crowded
and imbricate, one-leaved, thick, rigid, from simple soon irregularly
lobulate, more or less wavy, crisped, the margin often curved up-
ward and microscopically granulose or isidiose, attached by a very
few thick rhizoids, either centrally, or else at one edge, and then
ascendant or erect; color dull olive and blackening.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 47

Apothecia innate, globose, very minute, rare in our specimens;

3 ~ si
spores numerous, 35 to 60 in the asci, ellipsoid, /"•

4-7
Rare; on sandstone at Laguna Creek, near the Pacific Ocean, 9

miles north of Santa Cruz. Generally distributed over California

and also found in southeastern Brazil.

Smaller, thinner, and darker than Heppia guepini, and, as Tuck-

erman states, much resembling a Collema in appearance. This

species is also much infested with Endococcus pseudocarpus.

3. HEPPIA HASSEI A. Zahlbr.

Heppia hassei K.Z3ih[hx.^e\hei. Bot. Centralbl. 13: 157. 1902.

Thallus thin, closely appressed, of small, rounded, olivaceous
squamules, lobulate-crenate to irregular, approximate, or separate
and distinct, the margin slightly ascendant; without distinct hypo-
thallus or rhizoids.

A single apothecium immersed in each squamule, the disk ruby,
or dark reddish brown, at first dot-Uke, then enlarging to medium
size; the entire thalline margin very thin; hypothecium broad, yel-
lowish, of irregular hyphae; proper margin broad, of parallel sHghtly
septate hyphae; hymenium pale rose, 120-170/^ high, blue, soon
vinous red with I; asci numerous, ventricose-saccate, straight or

22 — 27

slightly curved, //; epithecium reddish; paraphyses gel-

100 — 120

atinous, simple, septate, about 3 ,« broad, their tips hardly broader;

spores numerous, simple, colorless, oval, <".

5-7

Rare; on rocks, on a dry hill-side, at an altitude of about 800
feet. Hidden Villa Canon. Collected by Dr. Hasse on granite at
Palm Springs, the type locality, and also on rock in the Santa
Monica Range.

This very inconspicuous and xerophytic lichen probably occurs
throughout the drier portions of the southwestern United States.
(Named for Dr. H. E. Hasse, army surgeon and botanist.)

148 HERRE

PANNARIACE^E.

Thallus crustaceous, granular, uniform or marginally lobed; or
squamulose, passing into foliaceous forms; hypo thallus and rhizoids
usually well developed; the upper side with a cortex of pseudopar-
enchymatous tissue composed of hyphae arranged perpendicularly,
irregularly, or horizontally; lower side with or without a cortex;
algae Nostoc, Scytonema, or in two genera, Pleurococcus.

Apothecia circular, marginal or scattered over the surface, lec-
anorine or biatorine, or occasionally lecideine; paraphyses simple;
spores colorless, simple, or 2-4 celled.

A dilSicult group, nearly related to the Stictas and the Pelligeras,
and also the Heppias, with features intermediate between the lec-
anorine and the lecideine types of hchens.

Following the arrangement of Dr. Zahlbruckner, we have 3 of his
ten genera, though the present author feels that some of the genera
are hardly separable.

KEY TO GENERA.

A. Apothecia lecanorine; spores i-celled XXXVII. Pannaria

A A. Apothecia biatorine or lecideine.

B. Spores i-celled XXXV. Parmeliella

BB. Spores 2-8 locular XXXVI. Placynthium

XXXV. Parmeliella Mlill. Arg.

Parmeliella Miill. Arg.,

Parmeliella A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 181. 1907.

Thallus of small scales, lobed at the margin, or nearly foliaceous,
usually with a well-developed dark hypothallus; alga. Nostoc. Cor-
tex present on upper side but not on lower.

Apothecia biatorine, scattered over the surface; margin of stel-
lately arranged, septate hyphag, not enclosing algae; spores simple,
colorless, elongate or ellipsoid.

About 15 species, on rocks, earth, and bark of trees, often difficult
of determination.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 49

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Thallus usually of minute, steel-blue granules 4. cyanolepra

A A. Thallus more or less brown, of evident squamules.

B. Thallus of minute to very minute squamules passing into a con-
tinuous areolate crust i. microphylla

BB. Squamules small to medium size, crenate lobulate.

C. Squamules as in BB 2. lepidiota

CC. Squamules passing into a mass of short, stout, coralloid branch-
lets 3. lepidiota coralliphora

I. PARMELIELLA MICROPHYLLA (Sw.) Mull. Arg.

Lichen microphyllus Swartz, Vet. Ak. Handl. 301. 1791.

Parmeliella microphylla Miill. Arg.,

Pannaria microphylla Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 121. 1882.

Thallus of minute to very minute, closely appressed, crenate,
often imbricate squamules which are mostly run together into a
continuous or areolate-chinky crust; sometimes thinly scattered;
on a blue-black h>^othallus; upper surface of squamules a yellow-
brown, with whitish margins, so that the whole crust has an ashy
brown appearance.

Apothecia very numerous, small to medium size, from plane soon
convex, appressed, the disk pale to dark red-brown, sometimes
blackening; the paler, entire, proper margin soon excluded; when the
thallus is well developed and thick the apothecia are sub-immersed
with a pseudo-thalKne margin of denticulate squamules; when the
thallus is thin they are superficial; epithecium pale yellow; para-
physes loosely coherent; thecium bluish, then a nondescript yellowish-

9-75 ~ 12

reddish or tawny yellowish with I; spores long ellipsoid, /«•

20 - 30

Common on sandstone and also occurring on roots in the foot-
hills and mountains. Differing from the type in the very much
larger spores and the reduced squamules, the forma calijornica of
Tuckerman.

I am not satisfied with placing it here, but can find no other place
for it.

P. microphylla is a common lichen of the mountains of the tem-
perate and sub-arctic realms.

150 HERRE

2. PARMELIELLA LEPIDIOTA (Sommerf.).

Lecidea carnosa B. lepidiota Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 174. 1826.
Pannaria lepidiota Th. Fr. Lich. Arctoi. 74, i860.
Pannaria lepidiota Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 121. 1882.
Pannaria lepidiota Cummings and Seymour, Decades of North
American Lichens, no. 122, Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co., Calif.

Thallus of small squamules with crenate-lobulate, digitate, or
dissected margin, laterally expanded or somewhat ascendant and
imbricate; color grayish to dingy brownish; squamules more or less
dispersed when growing among mosses.

Apothecia numerous, medium-sized, sessile, from plane becoming

convex, excluding the thin, entire, proper margin; disk pale to

dark reddish, brown, and blackening; epithecium pale yellowish;

paraphyses simple, septate, free; thecium pale bluish, then more or

less brownish-reddish with I; spores pointed ellipsoid, rather slen-

9 — 12

der, fi. A specimen in the Tuck. Herb., collected by

7-27

5.5 —8 5 ~ 10

Bolander at Mission Dolores, has spores — u and f^-

^ 18 - 21 -^ 27-34

On earth, mosses, stumps, and rocks, in the mountains. A plant
of northern Europe and northern and western America.

3. PARMELIELLA LEPIDIOTA CORA LLIPHORA (Tuck.).

Pannaria lepidiota b, coralliphora Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 122.

1882.
Pannaria lepidiota b. coralliphora Macoun, Cat. of Canad. Plants,

VII. 94. 1902.

Thallus of small or medium sized squamules which soon become
a thick mass of short, stout, irregularly swollen or knotty, coralloid
branchlets, leaving no trace of the squamules visible; color dirty
brownish-yellowish, grayish, and blackening.

Apothecia numerous, often densely crowded, medium to large;
from plane, circular, and depressed, becoming convex and irregularly
crenate; disk red, red-brown, and blackening, soon excluding the

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 151

thin, entire, paler proper margin; epithedum pale yellow; paraphy-
ses simple, septate, sub-conglutinate; thecium pale blue with I, the
asci then more or less dingy reddish-yellowish; spores ellipsoid with

. , , . 8.5 - 12.25
pom ted tips, ^ ~ fi.

17 - 24.5

On mossy sandstone and earth in the foothills; not rare. Orig-
inally described from specimens collected by Macoun on Vancouver
Island; recorded also by Professor Cummings from Alaska. No
other locaUties seem to be noted by any authors.

My material agrees with the type specimens in the Tuckerman
herbarium.

4. PARMELIELLA CYANOLEPRA (Tuck.) Herre.

Pannaria cyanolepra Tuck. Lich. Calif. 17. 1866.
Pannaria lepidiota c. cyanolepra Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 122.
1882.

Thallus of minute, dissected, dusky yellowish or buff squamules,
their edges and soon the whole thallus disappearing under a con-
fused mass of minute, steel-blue granules; the plant ordinarily a
thin indeterminate, fragile blue crust, with but few or no squam-
ules visible.

Apothecia minute to small, finally medium in size, closely ap-
pressed, plane, becoming convex and excluding the thin, entire,
erect proper margin; disk dark red to black red; epithecium yel-
lowish brown; thecium bluish with I; spores ellipsoid,

8.5 - II . T, 1 , . 8-10
11; mluckermans specimens, ,«.

14-5 - 19-5 14 - 21

Not uncommon on clay banks and encrusting mosses beside roads
in the foothills and mountains, forming more or less conspicuous
patches. Usually sterile; fertile specimens collected but once, on
clay and broken rock, in Hidden Villa Canon, at an altitude of 800
feet. Fruiting specimens collected by Bolander near San Francisco
and on the American river, near Auburn.

I have removed this from sub-specific to specific rank, in accord-
ance with Tuckerman's original idea.

152

HERRE

XXXVI. Placynthium (Ach.) Harm.

Collema sect. Placynthium Ach. Lich. Univ. 628. 1810.
Placynthium Harm. Cat. Des. Lich, Lor. 1894.

Thallus areolate-crustaceous, granular, coralloid, or of small
squamules, with a more or less well developed blue black hypo-
thallus; alga Scytonema.

Apothecia sessile, lecideine or biatorine, plane or convex; hypo-
thecium clear or dark; paraphyses simple, septate, the tips thick-
ened and darker; spores colorless, elongate or ellipsoid-ovoid, 2-8
locular.

Species few; obscure lichens of rocks, wood, and mosses.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Thallus more or less coralloid granulosa, black i. nigrum

A A. Thallus of lobulate appressed squamules, deep brown. ..2. dubium

I. PLACYNTHIUM NIGRUM (Huds.) S. Gray.

Lichen niger Hudson, Fl. Angl. 2: 524. 1778.
Placynthium nigrum S. Gray, Nat. Arr. 1 : 395. 1821.
Pawwana wigra Nyl. Lich. Scand. 126. 1861.
Pannaria nigra Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1:127. 1882.

Thallus crustaceous, very minutely coralloid granulose or sub-
squamulose, areolate, scattered or continuous, rather thin; on a
thin black or bluish black hypothallus; color very dark, appearing
sooty black to the naked eye; specimens from other localities vary
from brownish black to dark grayish black and black.

Apothecia minute to small, at first with plane, reddish black disk
and entire, thin margin, but soon much larger, convex, dead black,
the margin excluded and then lecideine; epithecium blackish green;
paraphyses rather stout, septate, their dark green tips enlarged;
hypothecium dark brown or blackening basally; thecium colorless,
blue with I; the pseudoparenchymatous tissue of the apothecial
wall violet with KOH; asci clavate; spores colorless, elUpsoid, bi-
locular or sometimes rather imperfectly 4-locular,
4^ -6i
9 - i2i

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 53

On dolomite at New Almaden, at an altitude of about 1200 feet.
Rare and inconspicuous with us, but widely distributed in Europe
and North America and often common on calcareous rocks.

2. PLACYNTHIUM DUBIUM Herre, new species.

Thallus of very small or minute, expanded or sub-erect squam-
ules, fringed with short finger-like lobules, or with irregularly cut
margin; squamules often crowded into a rough crust, or again
sparsely distributed, sub-orbiculate or effuse; color a very dark
brown, seldom paler; black beneath; on a blue-black h^pothallus.

Apothecia minute, superficial, sessile, constricted at the base, the
disk very slightly convex, blackish red-brown; the thin, entire mar-
gin of the same color as the thallus; paraphyses free, from simple
finally somewhat branched, at first thread-like, becoming rather
broad, septate, with enlarged, very pale brownish tips; hypothecium
colorless or very pale yellow ; thecium very deep blue with I ; spores
variously shaped, slender spindle-shaped to broadly ellipsoid, often
with one end drawn out to a long tip, from simple with broken con-
tents, and bilocular, to 4-locular, the septa faint,

igi - 24^

On sandstone and among mosses on sandstone, in the foothills
near Stanford University, at an altitude of 150 feet. Exceedingly
rare in fruit.

XXXVII. Pannaria Del.

Pannaria Delise, in Duby Bot. Gallic. 606. 1830.

Thallus granulose, squamulose, to minutely foliaceous, upper
surface more or less isidiose, or naked; usually with a well developed
black or blue-black hypo thallus; rarely with rhizoids; alga Nostoc;
only the upper side with a cortex.

Apothecia at first innate, at last sessile and dish- or shield-shaped,
lecanorine; margin of a pseudoparenchyma cortex and a medullary
layer enclosing algae; hypothecium colorless; spores colorless, sim-
ple, ellipsoid to spindle-shaped.

A large genus of about 50 species, often difficult to determine,
dwelling on a variety of substrata.

I 54 HERRE

I. PANNARIA CONOPLEA (Pers.) E. Fries.

Lichen conopleus Persoon, Ust. Ann. Bot. 1794.
Parmelia conoplea Ach. Lich. Univ. 467. 1810.
Pannaria conoplea E. Fries, Lich. Europ. Reform. 88. 183 1.
Pannariaruhiginosa h. conoplea Tuck. Syn. N.Am. Lich. 1: 120.
1882.

Thallus of foliaceous, more or less orbiculate, medium-sized, thick-
ish squamules, from scattered or imbricate, and crenate or incised
lobate, passing into a thickly compacted, rough, chinky crust; color
yellow, brown or buff; the margin gray sorediose, soon densely covered
with blue or gray-blue granules which finally entirely obscure the
whole upper surface except at the immediate circumference.

Always sterile with us.

A common lichen on sandstone and the base of tree trunks, usu-
ally among mosses. Found in both Europe and North America.

Pannaria lanuginosa.

The thick, white or yellowish white, powdery, sterile growth de-
scribed as Amphiloma or Leproloma or Pannaria lanuginosa is not
rare with us on perpendicular or overhanging rocks, or on mossy
banks.

It is probably an undeveloped stage of some Hchen, due to its habi-
tat, and is not to be considered a genuine species. Pannaria lanu-
ginosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1:117. 1882.

STICTACEiE.

Thallus fohaceous, large or very large, the fronds expanded, wide
lobed, seldom ascendant, attached to the substratum by rhizoids
which may form a nap or fleece; both sides with cortex; alga Pa/me//a
or Nostoc; under-surface dotted with cyphella^ or pale bare spots.

Apothecia scattered or marginal, shield-like, sessile,disk red-brown
and darkening; spores colorless or brown, spindle or needle-shaped,
two-to multilocular.

KEY TO GENERA.

Under surface of thallus without cyphellae XXXVIII Lobaria

Under surface of thallus with cyphellae XXXIX Sticta

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 55

XXXVIII. Lobaria (Schreb.) Hue.

Lobaria Schreber, Gen. PI. Ed. VIII, 2: p. 768. 1791.
Lobaria Hue, Nouv. Archiv d. Mus. Ser. IV, 3: 1901.

Thallus large, leaf-like, the lobes expanded; under surface villous
or fleecy, interspersed with large, naked, pale spots. Spores color-
less or brown, 2-10 locular, spindle or needle-shaped.

A large genus, best represented in the rainy tropics, living on bark,
moss and rocks.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A . Under side of thallus with large convex spots, more or less brown
veined between them i. pulmonarta

AA. Spots small, white or pale, flat or sunken, scattered through the
dense dark nap 2. scrobiciilata

I. LOBARIA PULMONARIA (L.) Hoffm.

Lichen pulmonarius Linne, Fl. Suec. Prodr. 1087. 1755.
Lobaria pulmonaria Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2 : 146. 1795.
Sticta pulmonaria Tuck. Syn. N. Am . Lich. I. 96. 1882.
Sticta pulmonaria Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 368. 1906.

Thallus leathery, medium to very large, irregularly and loosely
lobed, the surface reticulate and deeply pitted; lobes narrow, deeply
and sinuously crenate, the margins and reticulations often sorediose
or isidiose; color varying from bright green to ohvaceous and yellow-
ish brown; under surface pale or dark brown villous veined, between
large, pale, naked, bullate spots.

Apothecia infrequent, marginal, small, the disk red-brown; spores

colorless, 2-4 locular, — '- ^ fJ-.

22 - 29.5

Common on trunks of trees in the mountains above 1500 feet;
reaching its best development in the redwoods at about 2000 feet
altitude, the immense lax lobes sometimes having a spread of nearly
two feet. Occurring also on shaded mossy sandstone in Devils
Canon, at 2300 feet.

A cosmopolitan lichen.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 19 10.

156 HEREE

2. LOBARIA SCROBICULATA (Scop.) DC.

Lichen scrohiculatus Scopoli, Flor. Cam. 2: 384. 1760.
Sticta scrohiculata Ach. Lich. Univ. 453. 1810.
Sticta scrohiculata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 102. 1882.
Sticta scrohiculata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 369. 1906.
Loharia scrohiculata DC. Fl. Fr. 2: 402. 1805.

Thallus of medium size, rounded or sub-orbicular, leathery, short-
lobed; surface more or less pitted or wrinkled; thickly sprinkled with
gray soredia; lobes rounded, imbricate, but Httle incised, more or less
crenate; color of herbarium specimens dull yellowish green or gray;
in the field often a dark liver-green; beneath densely villous, buflf
to dark brown or dingy black; more or less interspersed with naked
white or pale spots.

Sterile. Apparently without apothecia in America, but occurring
fertile in Europe.

Common on trees and rocks in the mountains above 1500 feet.
Also very abundant on a sandstone cliff in Pilarcitos Creek Canon,
two miles from the Pacific, at from 200 to 300 feet altitude.

A common plant of the temperate and sub-arctic regions of both
hemispheres.

XXXIX. Sticta Schreb.

Sticta Schreber, in L. Gen. PL ed. 8:2: 768. 1791.

Thallus foliaceous, usually conspicuous, often more or less ascen-
dant, the upper surface often sorediose or isidiose; cortex of the
under surface more or less broken, the white medulla showing as
white specks or heaps, known as cyphellae; more or less covered
beneath by rhizoids, passing into a fleecy nap.

Apothecia scattered or marginal, in some species apparently never
present; spores colorless to brown, long-ellipsoid, spindle or needle-
like, 2-8 locular.

About 150 species, dweUing on bark, earth, and rocks, best devel-
oped in the moist tropics and warm temperate regions.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Apothecia abundant; thallus lacunose-reticulate, the ridges often
with confluent gray soredia i. anthraspis

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA I57

AA. Always sterile.

B. Upper surface covered with dense black isidia 2. fuliginosa

BB. Surface smooth; marginally sorediate 3. limbata

I. STICTA ANTHRASPIS Ach.

Sticta anthraspis Ach. Meth. Lich. 280. 1803.

Sticta anthraspis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: loi. 1882,

Sticta anthraspis Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 369. 1906.

Thallus medium to large, rounded or irregular, usually conspic-
uously pitted and reticulate; texture leathery or parchment-like;
short and wide-lobed, margin sinuous, rounded and crenate, or often
more narrowly and deeply cut, even becoming lacerate; ridges of
surface often covered with gray confluent soredia; color usually
brown, but varying from green to russet or chocolate, or even darker;
beneath covered with a dense pale fleece, which becomes darker
toward the centre or sometimes is entirely dark or dingy black;
thickly sprinkled with small white convex cyphels.

Apothecia medium to large, scattered, becoming very abundant^
the disk red-brown, or darkening and finally black; flat, finally con_
vex and excluding the prominent, entire or denticulate margin-

7.5 — 10

spores straight, colorless, 2-5 locular, i^.

24 - 34.25

On trees, roots, and occasionally on old fences; rarely on earth or
sandstone. Very common in the mountains at all elevations and
extending downward in the foothills to about 200 feet. Usually
sterile at the lower elevations, but in deep shady cafions luxuriant and
fertile at not more than 200 feet. Often attaining a diameter of 10
or 12 inches.

Confined to the west coast of the United States.

2. STICTA FULIGINOSA (Dicks.) Ach.

Lichen fuliginosus Dickson, Brit. Crypt. 1: 13. 1785.

Sticta fuliginosa Ach. Meth. Lich. 281. 1803.

Sticta fuliginosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 99. 1882.

Sticta fuliginosa Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 368. 1906.

Thallus leathery, more or less round-lobed; lobes short, wrinkled
and pitted, the margin entire, sinuous or somewhat crenate; color

158 HERRE

a dark brownish or lurid gray, this obscured by the dense covering
of black isidia, so that the surface appears black; beneath pale
brown, tomentose; more or less sprinkled with white, concave cy-
phels.

Sterile in America and rarely found fertile in Europe.

On rocks, trees, dead wood, old fences, moss, and earth. Com-
mon at all elevations. A plant of world-wide distribution.

3. STICTA LIMB ATA (Sm.) Ach.

Lichen limhatus Smith, in Eng. Bot. 16: pi. 1104, 1802.
Sticta limhatus Ach. Meth, Lich. 280. 1803,
Sticta limhatus Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 100. 1882.
Sticta limhatus Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 368. 1906.

Thallus small, usually one-leaved; lobes smooth, rounded, broad,
the margin crenate or sinuous; confluent gray soredia abundant
along or near the margin; color in the field usually a glaucous green;
herbarium specimens vary from bluish or greenish drab or gray to
dull rufous brown; beneath covered with a pale brown fleece which
becomes darker centrally; white concave cyphels rather sparingly
present.

Apothecia unknown.

Not uncommon along the higher ranges, at an altitude of 2400
feet and above. A European species recorded in this country only
from Oregon and the Santa Cruz peninsula, and by Eckfeldt re-
corded from Labrador.

PELTIGERACE^.

Thallus expanded foliaceous, or reduced to stellate lobes sur-
rounding the apothecia; cortex on both sides or only above, the
thallus attached by rhizoids, these sometimes greatly developed, and
the under side tomentose; alga Palmella or Nostoc.

Apothecia without margin, adnate to the thallus by their whole
under surface ; upon the under surface as well as the upper surface
of the plant; hypothecium clear; paraphyses simple; asci 2-8 sporous
or multisporous; spores colorless to brown, ellipsoid, spindle or
needle-shaped, 2-8 locular.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 59

KEY TO GENERA.

Apothecia on the under surface of the marginal lobes. XL. Nephroma
Apothecia on the upper surface of the marginal lobes. XLI. Peltigera

XL. Nephroma Ach.

Nephroma Ach. Lich. Univ. loi. 1810.

Thallus leafy, horizontally expanded, naked beneath or with
well developed rhizoids, with both sides corticated; alga Nostoc or
Palmella; under-side not netted veined.

Apothecia reddish brown, circular to kidney-shaped; adnata to
the under side of the more or less extended and narrowed lobes and
usually exposed by the curling of the tips of the lobes; margin ab-
sent; spores 8, colorless or brownish, spindle-shaped to nearly needle-
like, 2-4 locular, straight or slightly curved.

Species few, dwelling on bark and among mosses on rocks and
earth, in the cool temperate zone.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Under side of thallus with white tubercles, i. resupinatum rameum
AA. Under side not white tuberculate.

B. Under side tomentose: medulla white, unaffected by KOH.

2. helveticum

BB. Under side smooth; medulla yellow, turning purplish red with

KOH 3. lusilanicum

I. NEPHROMA RESUPINATUM RAMEUM Schaerer.

Nephroma resupinatum rameum Sch.a.eTer,Ermm. Crit. Lich. Europ.

iS.pl. 2, f. 3. 1850.
Nephromium tomentosum rameum Nyl. apud Norrl. in Med. Sallsk.

Faun, et Flora Fenn. 1: 18. 1876.
Nephromium to^nentosum rameum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.

7: 370. 1906.

Thallus expanded, membranaceous, medium to large; lobes
rounded, crenate, tomentose at the margin; becoming elevated a«d
finally imbricate and complicate; beneath covered with a pale
fleecy nap in which are many small white or yellowish tubercles,
these larger and more numerous on basal portion of lobes; color a

l6o HERRE

dusky velvety brown usually, but varying from greenish brown to
almost chestnut.
Apothecia large, numerous, reddish brown; spores pale brown to

colorless, broadly spindle-shaped or oblong, 4-locular,--^ //.

17 — 22

On trees and shrubs, most frequent on Rhus diversiloba. Appar-
ently confined to damp undergrowth in oak woods about the summit
of the range. Abundant on Black Mountain, Page Mill road, at
2000 feet.

A lichen of arctic and temperate Europe and America.

2. NEPHROMA HELVETICA Ach.

Nephroma helvetica Acharius, Lich. Univ. 523. 1810.
Nephroma heheticum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 104. 1882.
Nephroma heheticum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 371. 1906.

Thallus small or medium, expanded, intricately and sinuously
complicate-lobed; lobes rounded, more or less crisped, their margins
crenate, typically fringed with small or minute tooth-like lobules;
surface smooth or minutely granular, but occasionally sprinkled
with pustules or lobulate outgrowths, and sometimes deeply pitted;
medullary layer white, KOH— ; beneath pale brown to dusky,
covered with a dense concolorous nap; thallus brown, of varying
shades.

Apothecia abundant, very dark red; spores 4-locular, faint

r Or

brown, ellipsoidal to spindle-shaped, ~ ^ ,«.

17 - 23

On trees and shrubs in the mountains, above 1700 feet. Appar-
ently confined to dense damp woods near the summit of the range;
widely distributed but not very abundant in any one locality. Gen-
erally distributed over North America and the mountains of Central
Europe.

3. NEPHROMA LUSITANICUM Schaer.

Nephroma lusitanicum Schaerer, Enum. Crit. Lich. Europ. 323.

1850.
Nephromium lusitanicum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 105. 1882.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA l6l

Nephromium lusitanicum Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 37 1 . 1906.

Thallus expanded, rounded; of medium size but becoming
rather large by the coalescence of adjacent plants; deeply and sinu-
ately imbricate-lobed; lobes crenate at tip, their margins sometimes
minutely crenate or notched, when they simulate the denticulate
margins of Nephroma helvetica. Surface smooth, becoming more or
less wrinkled; color varying from drab and pale brown to dark
chestnut; beneath smooth, more or less wrinkled; pale brown, be-
coming dusky and finally black; medullary layer yellow, becoming
purple-red with KOH.

Apothecia numerous, medium to large ; spores 3-4 locular, pale

brown or colorless, /^'

16 — 24

Very abundant on mossy sandstone and trunks of oaks in Devils
Cafion, altitude 2300 feet. Not found as yet elsewhere, but to be
looked for in similar situations.

Recorded from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, British Isles,
Canary Islands, Java, Oregon, and CaHfornia.

XLI. Peltigera Willd.
Peltigera Willdenow, Fl. Berol. 47. 1787.

Thallus leafy and large-lobed, rarely reduced, horizontally ex-
panded or marginally ascendant, attached by tufted rhizoids; upper
side naked or finely pubescent; under side without cortex, beset
with more or less anastomosing netted veins.

Apothecia circular, marginal, adnate on the upper side of the
more or less extended and narrowed fertile lobes, flat or laterally re-
curved, without margin; disk covered with a veil, the rest of the
upper cortex under which the apothecium rises, which later splits,
the fragments margining the fruit; hypothecium clear to brownish;
paraphyses simple, septate, thickened at the tips; asci 6-8 spored;
spores colorless or brownish, elongate-ellipsoid, spindle or needle-
shaped, 4-S locular, thin walled.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus more or less marginally sorediate i. scutata

A A. Thallus never sorediate.

I 62 HERRE

B. Tips of lobes smooth or barely tomentose; thallus thick, rather
rigid 2. rufescens

BB. Tips of lobes more or less visibly tomentose.

C. Thallus medium to large, thin 3, canina

CC. Very thin and papery, expanded 4. canina memhranacea

I. PELTIGERA SCUTATA (Dicks.) Leight.

Lichen scutatus Dickson, PI. Crypt. Brit. 3: 18. 1793, excl. S}ni.
Peltigera scutata Leighton, Lich. Fl. Grt. Brit. ed. i: 210. 1871.
Peltigera scutata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 107. 1882.
Peltigera scutata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 372. 1906.

Thallus comparatively thick, small or of medium size, much and
irregularly lobed; lobes undulately crenate, their edges confluently
gray sorediate; surface smooth, occasionally sorediate; the lobes
sometimes finally converted into a powdery sorediate heap, losing
all semblance of the original thalline form except marginally; color
greenish ashy or gray, or more seldom reddish brown; beneath white,
with broad, tomentose, anastomosing, brown veins; these dark
brown or blackening centrally and finally coalescing so as to obscure
the under surface, which appears only as small white or pale brown
spots in the dark area. More or less fibrillose near the margins.

Apothecia dark reddish-brown to black; spores needle or spindle-

shaped, straight or bowed, ^-^ ^ P-.

40 — 61

On mossy sandstone, tree trunks, and earth.

Common at all altitudes above 300 feet; reaching its greatest
vegetative development on perpendicular mossy sandstone cliffs,
where it forms extensive mats, but is usually sterile. Occasionally
abundantly fertile, especially on trees, but as a rule apothecia are
rare and scattered. A lichen of Europe and North America, no-
where abundant according to published records.

2. PELTIGERA RUFESCENS (Neck.) Hoflfm.

Lichen rufescens Necker, Meth. Muse. 79. 1771.
Peltigera rufescens Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 2 : 107. 1795.
Peltigera rufescens Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 108. 1882.
Peltigera rufescens Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7:373. 1906.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 63

Thallus small or medium, rather rigid and thick, smooth or mar-
ginally minutely tomentose, rounded, irregularly laciniate; lobes
more or less imbricate, becoming narrowed, crowded, and somewhat
crisped marginally; color varying from pale greenish gray to reddish,
finally russet or dark brown; pale brown beneath, reticulate with
thick brown veins; these thinly sprinkled with coarse brown fibrils.

Apothecia often clustered, comparatively large; terminal on long
narrow lobes; disk reddish brown and darkening; spores spindle-

4- — 6-
shaped, straight or curved, 4-7 locular, ^ fi.

41.5 - 6ii
On earth, moss, and rocks, in the foothills; a cosmopolitan Uchen.

3. PELTIGERA CANINA (L.) Hoffm.

Lichen caninus Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. X. 1342. 1753; Fl. Suec.

1109. 1755.
Peltigera canina Hofi'mann, Deutsch. Fl. 2: 106. 1795.
Peltigera canina Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 109. 1882.
Peltigera canina Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 373. 1906.

Thallus thin, orbicular, becoming expanded, irregular, and very
large; lobes large, broad, imbricate, intricately cut; tips rounded or
often more pointed, more or less deeply crenate; surface smooth, or
minutely pubescent, this more evident along margin of terminal
lobes. Color greenish gray or drab, varying to reddish or brown;
beneath very pale, netted with pale prominent veins of the same
color, these sometimes darkening centrally; long conspicuous con-
colorous or darkening fibrils present.

Apothecia marginal, numerous; circular, becoming elongate; disk
red-brown; spores colorless, 4-8 locular, needle-shaped or elongate

4- — 6-
spindle-shaped, straight or curved, -^^ ^i"-

45 - 73i
On earth and moss throughout. A common lichen of world-
wide distribution.

4. PELTIGERA CANINA MEMBRANACEA (Ach.) Nyl.

Peltidea canina membranacea Ach. Lich. Univ. 518. 18 10.
Peltigera canina membranacea Nyl. Syn. Meth. Lich. 1 : 324. i860.

164 HERRE

Peltigera canina membranacea Tuck. Syn, N. Am. Lich. I: 109. 1882.
Peltigera canina membranacea Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 374.
1906.

Thallus very thin and papery, becoming greatly expanded, the
surface smooth and more or less pitted and furrowed; lobes large,
dilated, rounded, irregularly crenate and laciniate, more or less
imbricate, often forming mats several layers in thickness; tips of
lobes visibly tomentose; color and under surface as in typical form.

Apothecia numerous, marginal or terminal on somewhat narrowed
and extended lobules; spores 4 — 8 locular, needle-like,

40 - 73i

Occurring throughout, on mossy tree trunks, rotting logs, and on
earth and stones. A European lichen occurring also on the Pacific
coast of America and in Mexico.

PERTUSARIACE^.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, attached by the hyphae of the
medulla or of the hypothallus, cortex present or absent on the upper
side ; alga Pleurococcus .

Apothecia solitary or several immersed in thalline warts, the disk
usually very narrow; rarely it is broad and lecanorine in appearance,
while in some forms it is pyrenocarpous in appearance ; proper mar-
gin lacking; paraphyses well developed, usually branched and twin-
ing, rarely unbranched and free ; spores 1—8, colorless or brownish,
usually very large and thick-walled, simple or bilocular. We have
the most important genus of the family, Pertusaria.

XLII. Pertusaria DC.

Pertusaria DC. Fl. Fr. 2 : 139. 1805.

Thallus as above; apothecia single or more often enclosed in goni-
dia-bearing fruiting warts, rarely immersed in the thallus; spores
usually large to very large, colorless, rarely dusky or brown, simple,
with strongly thickened walls of concentric layers, the inner spore
wall smooth or with cross-markings.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 65

A cosmopolitan genus of about 200 species, occurring on rock,
bark, and moss; frequently sterile or with the apothecia degenerate,
forming heaps of soredia, when the species are often difficult or
impossible to determine satisfactorily.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A . On rocks i . pertusiis

AA. On bark.
B. Thallus conspicuously sorediate and more or less marginally
sorediate; sterile.

C. Thallus bitter to the taste, like quinine 2. amara

CC. Thallus not bitter 3. globulifera

BB. Soredia absent or inconspicuous.

D. Thallus usually sulfur-yellow 4. wuljenii

DD. Thallus white or cream-colored.

E. Thallus milk-white; apothecial warts brownish red

with CaCkO, 5. velata

EE. Thallus cream-colored to grayish white.
F. Apothecial warts lecanorine; disk pruinose, pale flesh-
color when moistened and rubbed 6. lecanina

FF. Apothecial warts not lecanorine.

G. Thallus not affected by KOH; spores 2 or i.

7. pustulata
GG. Thallus yellow with KOH ; spores 3, 4, 5, or 6 ;

rarely 2 8. leioplaca

I. PERTUSARIA PERTUSUS (L.)

Lichen pertusus Linne, Mantissa, 2: 134. 1771.

Pertusaria communis DeCandolle, Flora France, 2: 230. 1805.

Pertusaria communis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 214. 1882.

Thallus thick (rarely thin), chinky, areolate and rough warty;
determinate, more or less orbiculate, or often spreading extensively,
the margin more or less zonate; color clear gray to dusky gray; KOH
yellowish, becoming orange-red; CaCl202 — .

Apothecial warts numerous, of medium size, adnate, flattened,
sub-globose or diflform, usually crowded; the apothecia ordinarily
five or six in each wart, but varying from one to 12 in number;
ostioles black or very dark, minute, from elevated becoming de-
pressed; epithecium violet with KOH; spores usually in twos, also

48 - 73 „

solitary, in threes, or fours;

140 - 188

I 66 HERRE

Occurring with us only on rocks, but common in the maritime
region. Our plant is the form rupestris of authors but is not to be
separated from the type. A tree and rock lichen of common occur-
rence throughout Europe and America.

2. PERTUSARIA AMARA (Ach.) Nyl.

Variolaria amara Acharius, Lich. Univ. 324. 18 10.
Pertusaria amara Nylander, Flora, 22. 1873.

Thallus from determinate and orbicular becoming widespread
and effuse; rough and chinky, more or less powdery, usually densely
covered with large, often confluent soredia; color gray to almost
white, marginally brown and zonate; KOH — ; the apothecial ver-
rucae becoming sorediate heaps with us and the plant therefore
sterile; when treated with KOH + CaCl202 they give a violet reac-
tion.

The whole plant very bitter, almost like quinine.

Abundant on trunks of trees, especially on ^sculus and Quercus.

A common lichen in Europe and recorded also from Japan, but
apparently not distinguished by American authors.

3. PERTUSARIA GLOBULIFERA (Turn.) Nyl.

Variolaria globulifera Turner, Trans. Linn. Soc. 9: 139. 1808.
Pertusaria globulifera Nylander, Mem. Soc. Cherbourg, 5: 116.
1857-

Thallus sub-orbiculate but spreading extensively and then more
or less indeterminate; cartilaginous; smooth at first but soon un-
evenly plicate and more or less fissured; sprinkled with minute white
soredia; color gray to white; marginally zonate and brown, but
less marked than in P. amara.

Apothecial warts adnate, plane, lecanoroid, sterile, degenerate,
passing into white, powdery heaps, the central portion of the thallus
soon almost covered with the dense confluent soredia; KOH — ;
CaCl202 — .

Common on tree trunks in the mountains and widely distributed
in Europe and North America.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 167

4. PERTUSARIA WULFENII (DC.) E. Fr.

Pertusaria wulfenii DeCandolle, Fl. Fr. 2: 320. 1805.
Pertusaria wulfenii E. Fries, Lich. Europ. Reform. 244. 1831.
Pertusaria wulfenii Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 216. 1882.

Thallus determinate or becoming somewhat effuse, often orbicu-
late, sharply bounded by the black hypothallus, sometimes zonate
at the circumference; originally smooth but usually thick, rough,
fissured, and warty; sulfur-yellow and paler; yellow with KOH;
KOH + CaCl202 orange-yellow.

Apothecial warts usually crowded, sessile, flattened globose;
ostioles mostly confluent, forming a depressed black disk; the thai-
line margin thick, swollen, irregularly waved or folded; epithecium
violet with KOH; paraphyses and epithecium indigo with I; spores

. - ^ 20 — 47.5

m eights, ^^^^-^ <«.

56 - 123

Occurs with us on the bark of oaks, principally Quercus chryso-
lepis, at an altitude of 2000 feet and above.

Widely distributed throughout the temperate zone, usually on
bark, rarely on stone.

A very pale greenish gray to yellowish gray form occurs on Quer-
cus agrifolia along the Pacific shore, at an altitude of 50-200 feet;

20 — 22
spores very much smaller, fi.

50 - 56
5. PERTUSARIA VELATA (Turn.) Nyl.

Parmelia velata Turner, Trans. Linn. Soc. 9: 143, pi 12, f i. 1808.
Pertusaria velata Nylander, Lich. Scand. 179. 1861.
Pertusaria lelata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 212. 1882.

Thallus thin, smooth, becoming chinky, somewhat zonate at the
circumference; color milk-white; KOH yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecial warts small, adnate, lecanoroid, brownish red with

CaCl202; disk plane or concave, concolorous to pale yellowish;

40 — 60

spores solitary, <"•

200 — 240

A single specimen of this lichen has been found by me, growing on
the bark of an oak at Devils Canon, altitude 2300 feet. A common
plant of Europe, Asia, and North America.

1 68 HERRE

6. PERTUSARIA LECANINA Tuck.

Pertusaria lecanina Tuck. Genera Lichenum, 126, footnote. 1872.
Pertusaria lecanina Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 213. 1882.

Thallus sub-orbiculate, small, thin, smooth, becoming fissured
and more or less thickened or roughened centrally; gray to pale yel-
lowish; KOH pale yellow; KOH plus CaCl202 deeper or orange-
yellow.

Apothecial warts numerous, small, lecanorine, sessile, pruinose,
nearly concolorous to pure white; when moistened and rubbed the
pale and flesh-colored disk becomes visible; margin entire; spores in

37-5 - 60
twos, ^^ /^.

74 — 160

Abundant on the bark of Msculus californicus and Populus sp.,
in the foothills; occasional on oaks.

An inconspicuous species usually occurring in small to very small
patches among other crustaceous lichens on bark and obscured by
them. Apparently confined to Cahfornia.

7. PERTUSARIA PUSTULATA (Ach.) Nyl.

Porina pustulata Ach. Lich. Univ. 309. 1810.

Pertusaria pustulata Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. Ser. III. 441, pi.

I. 1856.
Pertusaria pustulata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 215. 1882.

Thallus small, smooth at first, soon chinky and more or less
roughened or warty, thin, and from determinate becoming efifuse;
cream-colored, gray, or white; KOH— ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecial warts small to minute, convex, flattened, hemispheri-
cal or irregular ; ostioles dusky or black, dot-like, often confluent and
becoming disk-like, or stellate; spores one or two in the asci,
24„-„3 9 ,

73 - 98 "

Common on trunks and limbs of Quercus agrifolia about Santa
Cruz. Occasional on other trees in the foothills. A cosmopolitan
lichen.

8. PERTUSARIA LEIOPLACA (Ach.) Schaer.

Porina leioplaca Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 59. 1809.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 69

Porina leioplaca Ach. Lich. Univ. 309, pi. 7. f. 2. 1810,
Pertusaria leioplaca Schaerer, Spicilegia, 66. 1823.
Pertusaria leioplaca Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 214. 1882.

Thallus determinate, cartilaginous, thin to very thin, smooth,
becoming folded or undulate, and fissured; color whitish or creamy;
KOH yellow.

Apothecial warts scattered, adnate, hemispherical to irregular,
smooth, somewhat flattened; ostioles soHtary or few, minute, punc-
tifomi, indistinct or blackening; spores varying, 3-4-5- and 6 in the

asci; rarely only two; oblong ellipsoid; ^ /^.

47 - 75

On trunks and Hmbs of trees in the foothills. A cosmopolitan

lichen.

LECANORACEiE.

Thallus crustaceous, uniform or marginally lobed, or exceptionally
fruticose, branched and decumbent; without rhizoids, and with or
without cortex; alga Protococcus or Pleurococcus.

Apothecia permanently innate in the thallus or sessile, circular,
with a thalline margin enclosing algas; proper margin lacking or
imperfectly developed; hypothecium clear, usually upon a layer of
algae; paraphyses unbranched and free, or branched and agglutinate;
asci usually 8-spored, sometimes 2-8, or 8-32 sporous; spores color-
less, rarely brownish, simple, bilocular to multilocular and muri-
form; thin walled.

KEY TO GENERA.

A . Spores simple.

B. Paraphyses unbranched, free.

C. Spermatia thread-like, straight or curved . . .XLIII. Lecanora
CC. Spermatia eUipsoid, straight; thallus egg-yellow.

XLVII. Candelariella

BB. Paraphyses branched and net-hke XLIV. Ochrolechia

A A. Spores not simple.

D. Sterigmata exobasidial; spores bilocular.
E. Thallus gray or brown; spermatia thread-like, straight

or curved XLV. Lecania

EE. Thallus egg-yellow; spermatia ellipsoid, straight.

XLVII. Candelariella
DD. Sterigmata endobasidial ; spores 2-4 locular.

XL VI. Placolecania

lyo HERRE

XLIII. Lecanora Ach.

Lecanora Ach. Lich. Univ. 77. 18 10.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, becoming marginally lobed, or
squamulose and occasionally sub-foliaceous, or very rarely fruticose
and erect or decumbent; alga Protococcus. Apothecia permanently
innate in one section, or more often sessile, circular, with thalline
margin enclosing algae; proper margin little or not at all developed;
paraphyses unbranched, free; hypothecium clear or colored, not
black; spores nearly always 8, rarely 16 or 32, simple, colorless, ellip-
soid, ovoid, or globose, thin-walled, without halo. Spermatia thread-
like, straight, bowed, or sickle-shaped.

A very large genus found all over the world and growing upon the
most diversified substrata. Many of the species exceedingly vari-
able and often difficult to determine, the varietal forms apparently
intergrading.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A . Thallus f ruticulose.

/. Sect. Cladodium Tuck. Thallus f ruticulose to decumbent and
warty, without cortical layer; apothecia terminal or lateral.

a. Thallus erect, short, effuse, not sorediate i. bolanderi

aa. Thallus forming tufts or small mats; more or less sorediate

2. phryganitis
A A . Thallus not f ruticulose.

B. Thallus sub-foliaceous, marginally lobed.

//. Sect. Placodmm (Hill.) Th. Fr. — Thallus sub-fohaceous, margin-
ally lobed, centrally passing from crustaceous forms to
squamulose; upper cortical layer well developed; apothecia
sessile.
b. Thallus very thick, tartareous; orange with CaChO,.

3. pinguis
bb. Thallus thin, parmelioid, with long marginal lobes; no

change with CaCkO., 4. saxicola

BB. Thallus uniform crustaceous, not marginally lobate.
C. Apothecia sessile.
///. Section Eulecanora Wainio. — Thallus uniform crustaceous,
areolate or warty; cortex present or more or less im-
perfectly developed; apothecia sessile.
c. On rocks.

d. Apothecia black within '. 7. atra

dd. Apothecia pale within.

e. Thallus yellowish with CaCkO., 15. frustulosa

ee. Thallus not affected by CaCl^02.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 171

/. Apothecia small, very numerous, not pruinose.

g. Apothecia black 8. coilocarpa

gg. Apothecia bright chestnut.

12. subfusca campestris
ff. Apothecia medium to large; pruinose.
h. Thallus determinate, of ten zonate, areolate; apothecia
bluish gray or whitish pruinose.

9. sordida
hh. Thallus effuse, warty or coarsely granular ; apothecia

ashy pruinose 10. atrynea cenisia

cc. On bark or dead wood.

i. Thallus not affected by or only darkened by KOH.

j. Apothecia very small, the margin white 4. hageni

jj. Apothecia biatorine, margin soon excluded, disk swollen,

dark brown and blackening 17. varia scepincola

ii. Thallus colored by KOH.

k. Thallus orange or orange-red with CaCljO^.

18. symmicta
kk. Thallus not affected by CaCUOz-
/. Thallus yellow, then red or orange with KOH.
m. Thallus thin, smooth, whitish or

very pale bufl-gray 5. albella

mm. Thallus thick, rough or warty; dull ashy

gray to dusky 6. albella cancriformis

II. Thallus only yellow or yellowish with KOH.
n. Apothecia greenish pruinose; paraphyses agglutinate. . 13. pacifica
nn. Apothecia not pruinose; paraphyses more or less distinct.

0. Apothecia reddish brown 11. subfusca

00. Apothecia small, pale yellowish or whitish 16. varia

CC. Apothecia permanently innate.

IV. Sect. Aspicilia (Mass.) Th. Fr.- Thallus uniform
crustaceous; apothecia permanently innate, disk con-
cave to plane.
p. Thallus yellow, then brick-red with KOH.

q. Medulla blue with 1 19. alpina

qq. Medulla not blue with 1 20. cinerea

pp. Thallus not affected by KOH.

r. Surface of areoles smooth; apothecia not pruinose

21. gibbosa
rr. Surface of areoles rough crumbly; apothecia whitish

pruinose 22. calcarea

SECTION CLADODIUM Tuck.
Thallus fruticulose to decumbent and warty, with6ut cortex,

I. LECANORA BOLANDERI Tuck.

Lecanora bolanderi Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 6 : 266. 1864.
Lecanora bolanderi Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 181. 1882.
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, igio.

172 HERRE

Lecanora bolanderi Herre. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 384. 1906.
Lecanora thamnitis Tuck. Lich. Calif. 20. 1866.
Lecanora thamnitis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 181. 1882.
Lecanora thamnitis Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 385. 1906,
(copied from Tuckerman).

Thallus fruticose, short, rigid, dichotomously divided, ultimately
forming dense clumps, but all stages occur from diffuse, crustose
forms to orbicular, fruticose clumps; branches terete, erect, blunt;
color a yellowish green. Apothecia terminal, of medium size, becom-
ing large ; disk concolorous or decidedly yellowish, sometimes tawny,
dusky or blackening; margin swollen, entire, or more or less crenate

or denticulate; spores ovoid-ellipsoid, — ^^ /^.

10 — 14

On granite cUffs 250-300 feet above the sea near Point San Pedro,
on sandstone at Pescadero Point and near Pigeon Point Lighthouse,
and on metamorphic rocks about San Francisco; not common.

After an examination of Tuckerman's material and my own mate-
rial collected by Bolander as well as myself, I am unable to separate
bolanderi and thamnitis.

So far as I am aware, recorded only in CaUfornia, from OHma,
Marin County, the Oakland Hills, the Farallone Islands, and the
Santa Cruz Peninsula. In the Report of the Fur Seal Investiga-
tions, Part III, p. 383, i896-'97 (1899) Lecanora thamnitis is given by
W. W. Calkins in a Hst of Hchens collected on St. Paul Island in 1891.
If this is correct, the range extends to Bering Sea.

2. LECANORA PHRYGANITIS Tuck.

Lecanora phryganitis Tuck. Lich. Calif. 19: 1866.

Lecanora phryganitis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 182. 1882.

Lecanora phryganitis Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 385. 1906.

Thallus short, terete, rigid; simple or irregularly short-branched;
tufted, or forming low, rounded, intertangled mat-like clumps, the
branches longer and decumbent at the circumference; covered with
sorediose yellowish gray-green granules or powder, or sometimes
with large soredia; beneath brown, or blackening basally; apothecia
very rare, only two or three fertile specimens being found; these ter-
minal, medium to large, fiexuous, the disk tawny yellowish.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 73

Tuckeiman states ''apothecia middling to ample, lateral, sub-
sessile; disk pale brick-colored, margin flexuously lobed; spores

oblong, ellipsoid, /^"

5 ~ 7
Abundant on granite cliffs above the sea near .Point San Pedro,

altitude 300 feet; a few plants also found at Point Pescadero at an

elevation of 50 feet. Still rather frequent on metamorphic rocks at

Twin Peaks, San Francisco, at an altitude of 600 to 755 feet.

The type locality, Mission Dolores, is now in a thickly settled part
of San Francisco and the plant is rapidly becoming extinct; material
such as Bolander collected can no longer be obtained.

A very distinct lichen, always associated with Lecanora pinguis
and L. holanderi Tuck. Apparently Umited in its range to the
strictly maritime portions of the Santa Cruz Peninsula.

SECTION PLACODIUM (Hill.) Th. Fries.

Thallus sub-foliaceous, marginally lobed, centrally passing from
crustaceous forms to squamulose; cortex present above; apothecia
sessile.

3. LECANORA PINGUIS Tuck.

Lecanora pinguis Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 6: 268. 1864.
Lecawom />mg«i5 Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 185. 1882.
Lecanora pinguis Cummings and Seymour, Decades of N. Am.
Lichens, no. 130, San Mateo County, CaUf.

Thallus thickened, tartareous, closely adnate, finally of wart-like,
roughened areoles; centrally the areoles scarcely distinct, but radi-
ately pHcate at the circumference; color a peculiar yellowish-greenish
to olive gray; sometimes dusky centrally or occasionally suggesting
sulfur; medulla a very pale sulfur; thallus orange with CaCl202;
KOH-.

Apothecia medium to very large, becoming lobate; adnate, usually
numerous, strongly resembUng those of Lecanora phryganitis; the
disk yellowish flesh-color, sub-pruinose, becoming turgid and exclud-
ing the thick margin which is finally much flexed and lobed ; thecium
blue with I; spores oblong to narrow eUipsoid, rarely slightly bowed,

4 - 7

— '-, ' — ' A<-

I2i - 18

174 HERRE

This very distinct lichen is abundant on rocks in the maritime
area; so far as the author is aware it is confined to the maritime belt
of central California.

4. LECANORA SAXICOLA (PoU.) Ach.

Lichen saxicola PolHch, Hist. Plant, in Palatin. Elect. 225. 1777.

Lecanora saxicola Ach. Lich. Univ. 431. 18 10.

Lecanora muralis, Lecanora muralis a. saxicola, Lecanora muralis c.

diffracta, and Lecanora muralis d. semitensis Tuckerman, Syn. N.

Am, Lich. I: 184. 1882.
Lichen diffractus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 63. 1798.
Lecanora semitensis Tuck. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.

Thallus orbiculate, medium to large, closely appressed, of scales
or areolae centrally, becoming radiate at the circumference; the
lobes sinuate, plane or plicate, multifid, with crenate tips, parme-
lioid; color from glaucous green to pale yellow or brownish, the
squamules sometimes black-margined; KOH— ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia small to medium size, appressed, central, usually abun-
dant, sometimes obscuring the thallus; disk plane, becoming convex,
from pale yellowish passing into reddish brown; the pale margin from
entire becoming crenulate and flexuose, finally excluded; spores

II- -A 4-9 - 7i ,
empsoid, — /^.

Common on rocks throughout; occasional on fences and roofs of
houses. A variable Hchen of world-wide distribution.

var. DIFFRACTA (Ach.)

The variety diffracta is distinguished by (a) its much darker thal-
lus, which passes finally into tawny yellow, brick-red, or brown; (b)
the scales become reduced to separate, distinct areoles which are
usually black-margined; (c) the much narrower and shorter marginal
lobes. Apothecia infrequent; small to very large, and from plane
and circular becoming difform or highly flexuous; from pale flesh-
color passing to dark reddish; the Hght colored denticulate margin
flexuous or sometimes excluded.

Abundant and variable on sandstone at 2000 feet and above;
through the coalescence of adjacent plants often covering large areas.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 75

Sometimes reduced to very small and sparsely scattered scales
with only a trace of peripheral lobation, forming then the variety
semitensis of Tuck., which I am unable to separate from ditfracta, as
the two forms seem to grade imperceptibly one into the other.

A lichen of Europe and North America.

SECTION EULECANORA Wainio.

Thallus uniformly crustaceous, areolate or warty, a cortical layer
more or less perfectly developed; apothecia sessile.

5. LECANORA ALBELLA (Pers.) Ach.

Lichen albellus Persoon in Ust. Ann. Bot. 11 : i8. 1794.
Lecanora albella Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 137. 1810.
Lecanora pallida Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 185. 1882.

Thallus thin, smooth, whitish or very pale buff-gray, determinate,
from orbicular spreading and forming large diffuse patches; KOH
yellow, then dark orange-red; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia usually scattered, medium, plane, pale buff or flesh-
colored, naked or grayish or whitish pruinose, the entire margin
finally disappearing; paraphyses hardly separate; thecium blue with

7.5 — 10

I, the color soon fading; spores /<.

II - 15

Common on smooth barked trees in the foothills. Generally dis-
tributed throughout Europe and North America.

6. LECANORA ALBELLA CANCRIFORMIS Tuck.

Lecanora pallida b. cancriformis Tuck. Syn, N. Am. Lich. I: 186.

1882.
Lecanora pallida b. cancriformis Cummings, Williams, and Seymour,

Lichens BoreaH-Americana, no. 51, Berkeley, Calif.

Thallus sub-orbicular to effuse, at first thin, soon becoming thick
and rough or warty; dull ashy gray to dusky; KOH yellow, changing
to muddy red or orange; CaCl202-.

Apothecia numerous, medium to large, from plane finally convex

176 HERRE

and excluding the thick entire or crenate margin; sometimes crowded
and then angular; disk flesh-colored and gray pruinose; spores

7 — 9
broadly ellipsoid, !<■', thecium blue with I.

Common on bark of trees in the foothills and on fences in the salt
marshes about San Francisco Bay. Collected by Bolander at Ala-
meda, by Howe at Berkeley, and by Dr. Hasse in southern Cahfornia;
Calif ornian specimens also in Tuck. Herb., collected by Charles
Wright. A North American Uchen.

7. LECANORA ATRA (Huds.) Ach.

Lichen ater Hudson, Fl. Angl. 1 : 445. 1762.

Lecanora atra Ach. Lich. Univ. 334. 1810 (excluding vars. /5 and r).

Lecanora atra Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 189. 1882.

Thallus from determinate becoming effuse and spreading exten-
sively, bounded by the black hypothallus; from rather thin soon
becoming thick, granulate, rough warty, or passing into smoothish
distinct areoles, separated by black fissures; color a clear bright gray-
ish white varying to cloudy ashy gray; KOH yellow; CaCl'jOa — .

Apothecia from innate soon prominent, sessile, and finally quite
large; disk plane or sHghtly convex, dead black; margin persistent,
white, entire, rarely crenulate or flexuous; black within to the naked
eye; paraphyses broad, coherent, dark violet, their tips much darker;
becoming reddish violet with KOH; blue or greenish blue with I;

c — 7 c

spores elHpsoid or ovate, — -^ f^.

9-75 - 14

The smooth, areolate, brightly colored form with large to very
large apothecia is abundant and conspicuous on shale along the sea
coast north of Santa Cruz for 30 miles or so. Found also on rocks in
the foothills and sometimes on old fences, the thallus strongly resem-
bhng that of Lecanora coilocarpa. Collected on metamorphic sand-
stone at Mission Dolores by Bolander. In the Tuckerman Her-
barium is a Californian specimen collected by Charles Wright on
Quercus agrifolia, but I have been unable to find it on trees.

Occurring all over the North Temperate Zone.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 77

8. LECANORA COILOCARPA (Ach.) Nyl.

Lecanora subfusca ,5 coilocarpa Ach. Lich. Univ. 393. 1810.
Lecanora coilocarpa Nyl. with Norrl. in Medd. Salsk. pro Faun, et

Flor. Fenn. 1: 23. 1876.
Lecanora subfusca d. coilocarpa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 188.

1882.

Thallus determinate or effuse, at first rather thin, uneven, granu-
late, wrinkled, becoming thickish, fissured, and verrucose; color gray
to white; KOH yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia usually small and very numerous, sometimes conceal-
ing the thallus, finally of medium size ; from concave and plane even-
tually convex and flexuous; disk black; margin entire to crenate,
rarely lobate; paraphyses slender, hardly free or else coherent, the
epithecium dark greenish in section; h>Tnenium blue with I; spores

5-6

:rf^-

14 - 18

Abundant on rocks; closely resembling Lecanora atra and Leca-
nora frustulosa in some of their forms, but readily separated on
examination of sections of the apothecia.

A rock lichen of Europe and North America.

9. LECANORA SORDIDA (Pers.) Th. Fr.

Lichen sordida Persoon in Ust. Ann. Bot. 7: 26. 1794.
Lecanora sordida Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1 : 246. 187 1.
Lecanora sordida Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 187. 1882.

Thallus determinate, medium to large, orbiculate or effuse, and
spreading extensively, the circumference often zonate; fissured, or
chinky and areolate, rough, the surface crumbly; whitish, glaucous
white, or brownish white; KOH bright yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, often crowded, of small to medium size, at
first innate, plane, soon sessile and convex or globose; circular to
angular and difform; disk usually black, also pale clouded-flesh-
color, and dusky; densely pruinose, the apothecia appearing dull
gray to bluish gray or whitish; yellow with CaCl202; margin thin,
entire, finally disappearing; thecium blue with I; spores
4.9 - 8.5

9-5 - 17-5

178 HERRE

Common on rocks throughout and widely distributed over Europe
and North America,

TO. LECANORA ATRYNEA CENISIA (Ach.) Nyl.

Lecanora cenisia Ach. Lich. Univ. 361. 1810.
Lecanora cenisia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 186. 1882.
Lecanora atrynea cenisia Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 409. pi.
25. 1878.

Thallus of coarse crumb-like or warty granules, usually scattered,
or forming a warty, areola te crust; from determinate spreading
extensively and becoming indeterminate; color varying from gray to
white ; KOH yellow ; CaClaOj - .

Apothecia usually numerous, medium to large, plane to convex,
sometimes contorted from crowding; livid, yellowish brown, and
blackish, the color concealed by an ashy bloom so that the apothecia
appear nearly concolorous with the thallus ; the thick margin crenate,
persistent; epithecium brownish, granulose; thecium blue with I;

11- -J 7 — 10

spores elhpsoid, — ^ ,«.

10-17

A rather variable lichen, abundant on rocks and occasional on
earth along the ocean shore, occurring also on various rocks on Mt.
San Bruno, at 1000 feet and above.

I also refer here a lichen from the San Bruno Hills in which the
thallus is composed of closely aggregated papillate warts, with large
and naked apothecia.

Distributed over Europe and North America, in maritime and
alpine regions.

II. LECANORA SUBFUSCA (L.) Ach.

Lichen subfuscus Linne, Fl. Suec. 409. 1755.
Lecanora subfusca Ach. Lich. Univ. 393. 18 10.
Lecanora subfusca Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 187. 1882, (in
part.)

Thallus from orbiculate and determinate becoming eflfuse and
widespread, smoothish and thin to uneven, wrinkled, chinky, or
rough granulose; color whitish, grayish white, or ashy gray; KOH
yellow; CaClzOa-.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 79

Apothecia of small to medium size, plane or plano-convex, the disk

typically of a beautiful bright clear reddish brown, but varying from

light brown to a very dark brown-black; not pruinose; the persistent

thalline margin entire to flexuous and slightly crenate; paraphyses

slender, distinct, the epithecium brownish or yellowish; thecium

bluish, then indigo with I; spores ellipsoid to ovate-ellipsoid,

7 - II

— /^.

12 — 17

Abundant on bark of various trees, especially in the foothills; not
rare on old fences. Disk sometimes black from the numerous
minute apothecia of a parasitic Thelidium or Conidioclamens.

Found throughout the world; a variable plant occurring on a
great variety of substrata.

12. Var. CAMPESTRIS Schaerer.

Lecanora subfusca campestris Schaerer, Spicil. 391.

Lecanora subfusca campestris Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1 : 188, 1882.

Thallus from contiguous becoming thin and scattered, rougher
and granulose warty; gray to grayish white; apothecia very numer-
ous, usually small; plano-convex or turgid, often flexuous; the disk
bright chestnut to blackish brown; naked; margin entire to minutely
crenate.

A rock-dwelling form of subfusca, occurring on sandstone through-
out.

Of the many varieties of subfusca named by authors, we seem to
have, in addition to the above described, only argentata and perhaps
allophana, and these I am unable to regard as differing enough from
the typical form to merit separate descriptions. In the Tuck. Herb,
are specimens labelled Lecanora subfusca v. chlarona collected by
Bolander on Quercus or Passania densiflora, and in Marin County
on Negundo aceroides and also some collected by Charles Wright,
botanist of the U. S. Exploring Expedition.

In some of my specimens the thallus is very near that of Lecanora
chlarona collected by me in the Austrian Alps, but a section of the
apothecium shows that they do not have the entirely clear epithe-
cium of chlarona but the brownish one of subfusca. It is doubtful if
true chlarona has ever been collected in this region.

l8o HERRE

13. LECANORA PACIFICA Tuck.
Lecanor a pact fica Tuck. Syn.l>i. Am. 'Lich.l: 191. 1882.

Thallus thin, from smooth and uniform becoming chinky, rough,
and warty; dirty white and grayish; KOH yellowish; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia small to medium, appressed, fiat; disk pale to dull yel-
lowish and tawny, or darker, usually thin greenish pruinose; the
white margin crenulate, persistent, often fiexuous; paraphyses slen-
der, agglutinate; epithecium yellowish or brownish, granular; the-

cium indigo with I; spores ellipsoid, — /<•

12 — 17

On trees, growing in small patches intermingled with Lecanora
subfusca and Lecanora hageni. Recorded only from CaUfornia, Ore-
gon, and Vancouver Island. Tuckerman says "The plant is com-
mon and very observable among the bark-lichens of our Western
Coast." This does not accord with the experience of either Dr.
Hasse or myself; on examination of the material in the Tuckerm.
Herb, it seems to me to be too close to Lecanora subfusca to be readily
separable. Such other material as I have seen under this name else-
where has been Lecanora albella cancriformis.

Separated from subfusca by the pruinose apothecia, the aggluti-
nate paraphyses, and the granular epithecium.

14. LECANORA HAGENI Ach.

Lecanora hageni Ach. Lich. Univ. 367. 1810. (excluding varieties).
Lecanora hageni Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 188. 1882.

Thallus effuse, very thin and disappearing, or of tiny scattered
warts; color white, grayish- white, ash-colored, or greenish-dusky;
KOH- ;CaCl202-.

Apothecia minute to small, numerous, thin, flat, often contorted
from being crowded; disk plane, pale to dark brown, and blackening,
densely gray pruinose; the conspicuous white margin thin, erect,
persistent, entire or denticulate; paraphyses rather slender, their tips
slightly brown; said to be jointed, though I do not find them so.

Spores ellipsoid, —^ P-

10 — 14

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA l8l

On bark of trees and old fences in the foothills and mountains;
most abundant on Msculus californicus, associated with Caloplaca
cerina. On leaves of Yucca sp., at Stanford University, with Can-
delaria concolor and Buellia myriocarpa. On an old leather shoe,
with Candclariella epixantha, Fat jo Ranch, altitude 2500 feet. On
shale at San Gregorio Beach; this last has a more uniform and better
developed thallus than other specimens.

Found throughout Europe and North America.
{hageni, named for Karl Gottfried Hagen, 1 749-1829, Professor
of botany at Konigsberg.)

15. LECANORA FRUSTULOSA (Dicks.) Ach.

Lichen frustulosus 'Dicks. Crypt. Fa.sc. Ill: 13. pi. 8,/. 10. 1793.
Lecanora frustulosa Ach. Lich. Univ. 405. 1810.
Lecanora frustulosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 186. 1882.
Lecanora frustulosa Cummings, Williams, and Seymour, Decades of
N. Am. Lichens, no. 262, San Diego, Calif.

Thallus thick, somewhat determinate, of wart-like areoles, or
squamules, these distinct, becoming flattened and more or less radi-
ately efiigurate; dispersed, or crowded and nearly imbricate; color
yellowish white or whitish; KOH yellow; CaCl202 yellowish.

Apothecia small to medium, sessile, plane to convex, the disk
brownish black or black; margin thick, entire or somewhat crenate;
paraphyses coherent, brownish, their tips darker; hymenium blue

with I; spores elUpsoid or oblong, -^ /"•

10 - 15

On rocks in the foothills; a lichen of northern Europe and North
America.

Our specimens all seem to belong to the form with white thallus
(v. albida) , instead of the more typical form with yellowish color, and
are not always easy to separate from Lecanora coilocarpa and Lecan-
ora atra in external appearance.

16. LECANORA VARL\ (Ehrh.) Ach.

Lichen varius Ehrh. Crypt. Exsicc. no. 68, 1785.

Lecanora varia Ach. Lich. Univ. 377. a and 1^, 18 10.

Lecanora varia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 191. 1882, (in part).

I 82 HERRE

Thallus sub-determinate or effuse, thin, uneven, usually scanty,
limited more or less by the black hypothallus; of small areoles, or
distinct, unequal granules; color a pale yellowish, whitish or greenish;
KOH yellow; CaClaOa-.

Apothecia small, numerous, often crowded, plane or plano-convex,
concolorous or pale yellow; margin thin, entire or crenulate, finally
excluded; thecium bluish then greenish-bluish with I; paraphyses

slender, free or sub-conglutinate; spores elUpsoid, — — /<•

9 - 12.25

Common in the foothills on the bark of trees and on fences. On
leaves of Sequoia sempervirens, Santa Cruz Mts., Farlow in Tuckerm.
Herb.; on cones of Pinus insignis, Bolander.

A plant of very wide distribution.

17. LECANORA VARIA S.EPINCOLA E. Fries.

Lecanora varia scepincola E. Fries, Lich. Europ. Reform. 158.

1831.
Lecanora varia scepincola. Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 192. 1882.

(Not Lecanora symmicta scepincola of Crombie, British Lichens,

434. 1894.)

Thallus effuse, of small, crumb-like granules or leprose-pulveru-
lent; contiguous or more or less scattered and thin; dirty grayish,
greenish, or green-gray; KOH darkens the thallus; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia very numerous, minute to small, biatorine; the pale
entire margin visible only in early stages, soon excluded by the usu-
ally swollen, finally irregular disk; dark red-brown and blackening;
paraphyses narrow, conglutinate to somewhat free, jointed, the
brownish tips sUghtly thickened; epithecium brown; hypo thecium
clear; hymenium bluish or blue with I; spores ellipsoid,

4-5-5 ^.
7-5 - 12.5

On old fences in the foothills. A lichen of dead wood and fences,
common in Europe and America.

I refer our material here with much doubt, but it is not to be
placed under any other species I find described.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 183

18. LECANORA SYMMICTA Ach.

Lecanora symmicta Ach. Synopsis, 340. 18 14.

Lecanora varia d. symmicta Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 192. 1882.

Thallus thin or very thin and scanty, effuse, of minute granules,
or forming a minute, rough crust; pale yellow or greenish yellow;
KOH yellow; CaCl202 orange or orange-red.

Apothecia small, at first flat, with thin, entire, or denticulate mar-
gin; soon convex, the margin disappearing; often crowded and angu-
lose, sometimes heaped, usually obscuring the thallus; color pale yel-
low, brownish yellow, or darkening somewhat; paraphyses slender,
free, their tips sUghtly enlarged; thecium blue with I; spores ellip-

5-7^
soid or oblong, «.

II -13-5
Abundant on old fences about the salt marshes and in the valleys

and foothills; also occurring on bark of trees. Common throughout

the temperate region.

Distinguished from Lecanora varia, which it much resembles, by

the reaction with CaCl202, and by the biatorine apothecia.

SECTION ASPICILIA (Mass.) Th. Fr.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, upper cortical layer more or less
developed; apothecia permanently innate, the disk deeply concave
to plane; paraphyses mostly lax, septate.

19. LECANORA ALPINA Sommerf.

Lecanora alpina Sommerfeldt, Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 94. 1826.
Lecanora alpina Th. Fries, Lich. Scand. i: 283. 1871.

Thallus of minute areoles with rough uneven surface, separated by
deep, relatively wide fissures; from dark ashy gray merging into
cream, or reddish gray at the margin; KOH yellow, then a perma-
nent brick-red; CaCl202— ; medulla more or less blue with I.

Apothecia numerous, small or minute, one or sometimes two or
three in an areole; at first innate, with concave disk, soon emergent
and plane or even elevated; color jet-black when dry; more or less
reddish black when wet; thalline margin entire, at last excluded; the-

184 HERRE

cium blue with I, the asci yellowish or reddish-yellowish; epithe-

■J.6 7

cium brownish; spores 8, ovoid, - — '- /'•

' ^ 7.5-12.25

Described from a small specimen collected on the summit of Loma
Prieta, altitude 3793 feet. Near Lecanora cinerea, from which it is
markedly separated by the small spores and the rough surface of the
areoles, as well as the medullary reaction with I.

A lichen of northern Europe.

20. LECANORA CINEREA (Ach.) Somm.

Lichen cinereus (?) Linne, Mantissa, I, 132. 1767.
Lichen cinereus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 32. 1798.
Lecanora cinerea Sommerfeldt, Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 99. 1826.
Lecanora cinerea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I. 198. 1882 (in part).

Thallus effuse, or more or less determinate, of uniform smooth
areoles separated by a net- work of irregular chinks or fissures, or
else of separate distinct areoles; the black hypo thallus not very evi-
dent; color varying from whitish to ashy or brownish gray, or in
shaded situations quite dusky; KOH yellow, then blood-red or brick-
red; CaCl202— ; I — .

Apothecia one to several in an areole, small to medium, at first
immersed with concave disk; eventually emerging, then sessile, the
disk plane, black, not pruinose; margin entire, persistent; paraphy-
ses somewhat agglutinate, their tips brownish; hymenium bluish,
then tawny with I; spores 8 or sometimes but 6 in the asci, round-

II -14

empsoid, ,«.

^ '17—22

On rocks throughout; generally distributed over the North Tem-
perate Zone.

With us the apothecia are not very well developed, the spermo-
gonia however being very numerous.

21. LECANORA GIBBOSA (Ach.) Nyl.

Lichen gibbosus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 30. 1798.

Lecanora gibbosa Nyl. Lich. Scand. 154. 1861.

Lecanora cinerea c. gibbosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 198. 1882.

Thallus determinate, thickish, of rounded areolae or warts, their

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 85

surface smooth, from flattish becoming tumid and irregular; color
light to dark bluish-gray or ashen; KOH — ; CaCl202— ; medulla
I-.

Apothecia small, usually one, sometimes two or three in an areole;
immersed, concave, finally protruded and sessile, the disk then plane;
black, not pruinose; margin persistent, entire, finally flexuous; the-
cium pale blue, then greenish blue or reddish violet with I; paraphy-
ses sub-conglutinate, their tips dark brownish; asci clavate or ven-
tricose, in our specimens their contents usually not differentiated
into spores; these when present 6 or 8, sometimes only 4, eUipsoid to

12—20
sub-globose, ,«• In another set of specimens tentatively

placed here, with very dark greenish thallus, the spores are
II — 13.1^
19.5-24.5

A very common rock lichen throughout our range ; widely distrib-
uted in Europe and probably occurring generally over North
America.

22. LECANORA CALCAREA (L.) Sommerf.

Lichen calcareus Linne, Sp. PI. 1140. 1753.

Lecanora calcarea Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 102. 1826.

Lecanora calcarea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 199. 1882.

Thallus determinate or becoming effuse, chinky areolate; the
areoles contiguous, angular, appearing uniform to the naked eye,
surface more or less rough-crumbly; at the circumference often some-
what effigurate; KOH — ; CaCl202 — ; medulla I — . Color from
bluish and light gray to pure white; also occurring with the areoles
widely scattered, rounded, convex, dull white, densely white prui-
nose.

Apothecia numerous, innate, sunken, finally plane, black, usually
whitish pruinose; paraphyses slender, agglutinate; their apices yel-
lowish-brownish ; hymenium blue with I ; asci in our specimens usu-
ally without spores; these usually 6, also 2,7, and 8 in number, ellip-

14-22
sold or globose, P-

Well developed on Hmy sandstone in the mountains, above 2000

1 86 HERRE

feet; the white form of dispersed areoles occurs on Umestone in the
foothills above Los Gatos, at looo feet and above.

The variety contorta (Hoffm.) occurs on shale along the sea
coast and occasionally elsewhere. It is distinguished by the green-
ish-lead-colored thallus, which is more or less contiguous and thin to
moderately thick; fertile areoles enlarged, elevated, irregular, with
medium to large, urceolate apothecia.

Found generally over Europe, North America, and northern
Africa.

XLIV. Ochrolechia Mass.

Ochrolechia Massalongo, Ric. Aut. Lich. Crost. 30. 1852.

Thallus uniform crustaceous, areolate, the areolae more or less
stipitate below; alga Pleurococcus; surface of thallus often sorediate.

Apothecia sessile, basally constricted, circular; hypothecium clear;
paraphyses branched and entangled; asci 2-8 sporous; spores color-
less, large, ellipsoid or ovoid, simple, with thin walls.

Species few; bark, moss, or rock lichens of the cooler portions of
the earth.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. On bark; thalline warts red with CaCl^Oj i. tartar ea

AA. On mosses and sandstones; CaCl^O,.— 2. upsaliensis

I. OCHROLECHIA TARTAREA (L.) Mass.

Lichen tartareus Linne, Sp. PL 1141. 1753.

Ochrolechia tartarea Mass. Ricerch. sull' Auton. Lich. Crost. 30.

1852.
Lecanora tartarea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 196. 1882, in part.
Lecawora ^a//e5cew5 Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 196. 1882, in part.

Thallus orbiculate to effuse, thick, (rarely thin), from smooth
becoming rough, crumbly, granulose and chinky, or of crowded,
unequal, finger-like warts; color whitish or grayish white; KOH yel-
low or yellowish; tops of thalline warts red with CaCl202.

Apothecia soon large, from concave becoming plane, finally
crowded, or heaped and contorted, the disk wrinkled more or less,
and becoming wavy; not rarely when very large they are convex and

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 87

depressed centrally; pale brownish yellow to reddish, naked; red or
reddish with CaCl202; margin thick, entire, becoming flexed or even

20 — 30
lobate; spores ellipsoid, oblongo-ellipsoid, — , /' or sub-globose,

— /<; 8, 6, 4, or even but 2 in the asci.

Abundant on trunks of trees and on shrubs in the foothills and
mountains, in both forests and chaparral; also found on the roof of a
house in Mayfield.

I include here the ''common bark lichen of the Pacific Coast"
given by Tuckerman under L. pallescens (see synonymy above).

A lichen of frequent occurrence in the temperate and sub-arctic
realms.

2. OCHROLECHIA UPSALIENSIS (L.)

Lichen upsaliensis Linne, Sp. PI. 1142. 1753.

Thallus sub-orbiculate and determinate, or effuse; thin and smooth
to thickish and tuberculate, bluish white or yellowish white; KOH — ;
CaCl202 — .

Apothecia usually small, eventually of medium size, numerous;
when young deeply concave, finally plane, the disk pale yellow and
granulose; margin thick, prominent, entire; spores 4 to 8 in the asci,

40-55

Encrusting mosses and on sandstone among mosses at Devils
Canon, 2300 feet; Grizzly Peak, 2715 feet; and Castle Rock, 3000
feet. Also from Mt. Diablo, collected by Horace Mann, in Tuck.
Herbarium. A European lichen probably occurring throughout
Western North America in alpine situations.

XLV. Lecania (Mass.) A. Zahlbr.

Lecania Massalongo, Ale. Gen. Lich. Nuov. Limit, e Descr. 12.

1853-
Lecania A. Zahlbruckner, Ascolichenes, 204. 1907.

Thallus varying from uniform crustaceous to marginally lobate or
squamulose forms, or even dwarfed fruticose; alga Pleurococcus.
Apothecia circular, sessile, lecanorine, a proper margin lacking or
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1910.

l88 HERRE

more or less developed; paraphyses simple, not twining; asci with 8
spores, rarely with i6 or 32; spores colorless, elongate or ellipsoid,
straight or curved, 2- multilocular, thin-walled; spermatia exoba-
sidial.

About 50 species, removed from Lecanora by the spores and the
structure of the spermogonia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A . Thallus of discrete squamules or warts; reddish or red brown.

I. dudleyi
A A. Thallus more or less continuous.

B. ThaUus areolate, pale to tawny brown and blackening.

2. brunonis

BB. Thallus thin or very thin, not areolate; brownish ash-colored to

white 3. dimera

I. LECANIA DUDLEYI Herre, new species.

Thallus effuse, of thick, irregular, closely appressed scales, which
vary in shape from crenate flattened squamules to rounded or sub-
globose warts, or diff orm, warty clumps ; always rather sparsely dis-
tributed, never forming a uniform crust; color pale to very dark red-
dish or red-brown; a black hypothallus more or less evident; beneath
pale yellowish; KOH— ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia of medium size, from plane soon becoming elevated,
protuberant, and sub-globose, the thin, entire thalline margin
excluded; the disk red-brown or reddish black, finally black granu-
lose; epithecium reddish or reddish-brownish; paraphyses not very
slender, jointed, very pale brownish; thecium deep blue or violet

with I; spores bilocular, elHpsoid or ovoid, — ^ ^ [J-

On rocks and clay above the sea at Point Lobos, San Francisco.
A unique species unhke anything in any of the collections I have

examined.

{dudleyi, named for Prof. William Russell Dudley, professor of sys-
tematic botany at Leland Stanford Junior University.)

2. LECANIA BRUNONIS (Tuck.) Herre.

Lecanora hrunonis Tuck. Gen. Lich. 116. 1872.

Lecanora hrunonis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 193. 1882.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 89

Thallus effuse, of coarse, uneven areoles separated by broad fis-
sures, each areole made up of few to many small, crumb-like granules
which become confluent or imbricated; CaCl202— ; KOH— ; color
pale to tawny brown, and blackening.

Apothecia small to medium size, solitary or clustered, sometimes

confluent; disk plane to convex, or turgid, the margin entire or finely

toothed, at length excluded; red-brown and blackening; paraphyses

rather thick, their tips enlarged and yellow, more or less conglutin-

ate; thecium greenish blue to blue with I; spores bilocular, ellipsoid,

4 — 7i 7—8 7

/<; also^ — - «; once seen 3-locular,

12 — 18 15 ' ' 20 — 24.5 '

Not rare on various rocks in the foothills; occurring throughout

the Santa Cruz Peninsula in the maritime and foothill regions. Also

recorded from the Oakland Hills and from near Santa Monica and

Catalina Island.

(brunonis, from the San Bruno Hills, San Mateo County, where it
was discovered by H. N. Bolander.)

3. LECANIA DIMERA (Nyl.) OUv.

Lecanora dimera Nylander, Not. Sallsk. pro F, et F. Fenn. Forh. 1 1 :

184, 1871.
Lecania dimera Olivier, Lich. I'Ouest et Nord-Ouest France, 1 : 309.

1897.
Lecanora athroocarpa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 194. 1882, (in
part).

Thallus effuse, very thin or becoming slightly thicker and minutely
verrucose or areolate, but smooth to the naked eye; sometimes disap-
pearing; in our specimens marked by black hypothalline lines; color
brownish ashen, grayish- white, or white; KOH yellow or yellowish;
CaCl202 — .

Apothecia small to very small, biatorine, plane or soon becoming
convex, the disk pale to dark brown or blackening, notpruinose; the
thin, entire thalline margin excluded when the convex black apothe-
cia are quite lecideine in appearance; epi thecium broad, dark bluish-
dusky or dusky-violaceous; paraphyses simple, free or more or less

7 — 10
coherent, thread-like; asci narrowly clavate, ^^ «; thecmm deep

IQO HERRE

indigo with I; spores bilocular, oblong, straight or sHghtly curved,

II — 19

Rare with us apparently, but probably only overlooked as it is
inconspicuous. Growing on bark of Umhellularia calif ornica, with
Lecidea tricolor and other lichens. Widely distributed over Europe
and North America.

XLVI. Placolecania (Steiner) A. Zahlbr.

Placolecania A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 205. 1907.

A small genus, separated from Lecania by the endobasidial sterig-
mata, which are simple or sparingly branched, and septate; sper-
matia short, straight, rod-like; spores much as in the preceding genus,
2 — 4 locular.

We have but one species.

I. PLACOLECANIA CRENATA Herre, new species.

Thallus of small, orbiculate or erect-imbricate, turgid, crenate and
wavy squamules; color pale yellowish-ashy, or yellowish-gray, more
or less gray margined; beneath whitish, becoming dusky or blacken-
ing; KOH- ; CaClaOa-.

Apothecia small to barely medium, plane, finally convex, half con-
cealed by erect thaUine lobules, or sessile; the entire thick margin
becoming crenate or wavy and sometimes excluded; disk pale brown-
ish-plum color and blackening, whitish pruinose; paraphyses free,
slender, unbranched, their tips thickened and sometimes septate,
colorless; epithecium reddish brown or dark; thecium permanent
indigo blue with I; hypo thecium colorless or sUghtly brown; spores

simple to quadrilocular, mostly bilocular, elliptical, — ^ ^ ,«;

.25 — .5

spermatia minute, straight, endobasidial, /<•

I 2.5

On rocks and earth in crevices, 50 to 100 feet above the sea at
Point Lobos, San Francisco. Material scanty and as yet not seen
elsewhere.

Resembles in external appearance Lecidea massata Tuck., but the
material in the Tuck. Herb, is so very scanty that I did not use an}^

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA I9I

for microscopic examination. Tuckerman's description is quite un-
satisfactory, but this plant seems to be sufficiently distinct from
massata.

XL VII. CANDELARIELLA Miill. Arg.

Candelariella Miill. Arg,,

Candelariella A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 207. 1907,

Thallus crustaceous, granular, warty, areolate, or marginally
lobed, bright yellow or golden; no red reaction with KOH.

Apothecia sessile, circular, lecanorine, yellow, no red reaction with
KOH; paraphyses free, simple, septate or not, sometimes with the
tip branched; asci with 8 to many spores ; spores colorless, elongate to
elhpsoid, simple or bilocular. Spermogonia very small, yellow;
sterigmata exobasidial, sparingly septate, sometimes forked or
branched; spermatia short, straight, more or less dumb-bell shaped.
Species few, on wood, bark, and stone.

This genus seems to be close to Caloplaca, and is considered by
Zahlbruckner to be a reduced form of it, or else to represent the forms
from which Caloplaca originated.

I. CANDELARIELLA VITELLINA (Ehrh.) Mull. Arg.

Lichen vitellinus Ehrh. Exs. no. 155. 1785.

Candelariella vitellina Miill. Arg.

Placodium vitellinum Tuck. Syn. N. Am, Lich. I: 180. 1882,

Thallus efifuse, more or less scattered, of small, rounded, crenate
squamules or granules; these scattered and evanescent, or more often
crowded into rounded or globose heaps; from pale yellow to bright
greenish yellow.

Apothecia numerous, circular, small to medium, sessile; usually
clustered and often four-sided or angular from being crowded; the
disk flat, finally convex when the thalhne margin is excluded; margin
entire, becoming granulate or crenate; color yellow to tawny or even
brown; thecium blue with I; spores simple or falsely bilocular, 12-32

in the asci, /'• Occasionally the asci have but 8 spores,

9-75 -17-25 ^ ^ '

when it forms the species epixantha of authors, which however I am
unable to separate except as a variety.

192 HERRE

Occurring throughout on rocks and the earth in their crevices; less
often on old fences and on trees. Often scattered over the surface of
other crustaceous lichens, when the thallus may be reduced to a few
granules about the apothecia, or entirely absent. Found once (var.
epixantha) on old leather.

Generally distributed over the Northern Hemisphere.

PARMELIACEJE.

Thallus foUaceous, laterally expanded or more or less ascendant
to sub-fruticose; in our representatives attached by rhizoids; dorsi-
ventral, cortex on both sides or only above; alga Pleurococcus.

Apothecia circular, sessile or on very short pedicels, with thalline
margin; paraphyses branched or unbranched, often imbedded in a
firm jelly; asci with 6-8 (rarely 16 or more) simple, colorless spores.
Spermatia endo- or rarely exobasidial.

KEY TO GENERA.

A . Asci multisporous XL VIII. Candelaria

A A. Asci 6-8 sporous

B. Thallus fiat, usually appressed, beneath brown or dark, more

or less fibrillose; apothecia scattered XLIX. Parmelia

BB. Thallus sub-fruticose to fruticose.

C. Apothecia marginal or terminal L. Cetraria

CC. Apothecia originating on under side of lobes, later appar-
ently marginal or terminal by the turning of the lobes

LI. Nephromopsis

XL VIII. Candelaria Mass.

Candelaria Massalongo, Mon. Lich. Blast. 62. 1853.

Thallus small, laciniately dissected, yellow; no reaction with KOH.

Apothecia small, lecanorine, sessile, the disk nearly the color of
the thallus; asci ventricose-clavate, with 16 or more spores; these
small, elUpsoid or ovoid, simple or falsely bilocular.

Three species of wide distribution, growing on bark, wood, and
mosses.

I. CANDELARIA CONCOLOR (Dicks.) Wainio.

Lichen concolor Dicks. PI. Crypt. Brit. II, 18. pi. 9, /. 8. 1793.
Candelaria concolor Wainio, Etud. Lich. Bresil, 70. 1890,

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 93

Theloschistes concolor Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1: 51. 1882.
Theloschistes concolorYierre,Vioc.'^dis\i. Acad. Sci. 7: 349. 1906.

Thallus foliaceous, appressed, the narrow lobes more or less dis-
sected; quite small; color yellow, greenish-yellow, or pale; often an
ashy white, pale beneath.

Apothecia small, yellow to orange; spores numerous, 20 to 60 in
the asci, simple, or apparently one-septate.

On trees; also on leaves of a Yucca, at Stanford University, asso-
ciated with Lecanora ha gent and Buellia myriocarpa.

An inconspicuous lichen of wide distribution in general, but appar-
ently rare with us.

XLIX. PARMELIA (Ach.) DeNotrs.

Parmelia Ach. Meth. Lich. 153. 1803.
Parmelia DeNotaris, Giorn. Bot. It. 189. 1847.

Thallus foliaceous, appressed, expanded laterally and often very
large, variously lobed or lacinate, often imbricate; the lower surface
usually black, or dark brown, often brown margined, generally more
or less black fibrillose; in a few species not occurring with us fastened
by a central umbilicus; upper surface often sorediate or isidiose.

Apothecia shield-Kke, scattered, sessile or often sub-pedicellate;
paraphyses imbedded in a firm jelly, usually branched and septate;
spores small, elhpsoid, ovoid, or globose, colorless.

This enormous genus of 400 species or more contains the largest
and most conspicuous foliaceous lichens of our flora and is well
represented both in number of species and of individuals.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Thallus dark.

B. Bright shining brown to dull brown or nearly black.
C. Apothecia present, often abundant.
D. Surface smooth, often polished.

E. Medulla not colored by CaClaOz 7. oUvacea

EE. Medulla red with CaClOj 8. glabra

CC. Sterile.

F. Surface covered with short papillae 9. exasperata

FF. Surface covered with a concolorous scurfy growth

or isidia 10. fiiliginosa

BE. Thallus dusky gray to dark brown ; with conspicuous erumpent

soredia 11. conspurcata

A A . Thallus some shade of green.

194 HERRE

G. Thallus inflated, loosely attached; whitish to bright green.
H. Without perforations in under surface; lobes usually with

terminal soredia i6. physodes

HH. With perforations in under surface; lobes longer, more
inflated, without terminal soredia.

17. enter omorpha
GG. Thallus not inflated.

I. Color pale, whitish or glaucous.

/. Under side black, brown-margined; thallus expanded.
K. Lobes marginally ciliate; thallus medium to very.

large; glaucous white 2. perforata

KK. Margin not ciliate; thallus small to medium; pearly

white; maritime; i. perlata

J J. Under side not brown-margined; thallus narrowed
branched.
L. Sterile or fruiting very rarely.

M. Thallus beset with small or dot-like white

soredia 6. borreri

MM. Thallus not sorediate.

N. Thallus not reticulate above; margin ciUate;

lobes very narrow, short 4. herrei

NN. Surface of thallus reticulate, margin not
ciliate; lobes broader, long, many-
cleft 3 . saxatilis

LL. Apothecia abundant; thallus adnate, bright;

lobes narrow, sinuate 5. tiliacea.

II. Color yellow to yellowish green.
0. Beneath black with chestnut or brown border.
P. Margin of lobes not confluently sorediate.
Q. Thallus smooth or isidiose-sorediate ; on

rocks 12. flavicans

QQ. Surface wrinkled, plicate, with concolorous soredia; on

stones, shrubs, fences 13. caperata

PP. Edges of lobes confluently white-sorediate; surface wrinkled,

at least marginally 14. soredica

00. Beneath pale or dark, margin darker; with short, scattered,

concolorous fibrils; surface smooth or usually more or less

isidiose 15. conspersa

I. PARMELIA PERLATA (L.) Ach.

Lichen perlatus Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 712. 1767.
Parmelia perlata Acharius, Meth. Lich. 216. 1803.
Parmelia perlata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 53. 1882.
Parmelia perlata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7; 351. 1906.

Thallus greenish pearl-gray, dilated, membranaceous; margin
thin, smooth, rounded and irregularly lobulate; rest of thallus thick-

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 95

ened, convolute, more or less ascending; margins of inner lobes
covered with confluent, concolorous soredia; under surface black,
wrinkled, papillose, margin brownish; from strongly and densely
black fibrillose to smooth. KOH yellow; CaCl202 — .

Sterile. On old fences and roofs along the seashore, and occa-
sionally on trees and rocks. Not found outside the maritime region.
A cosmopolitan lichen.

2. PARMELIA PERFORATA (Wulf.) Ach.

Lichen perforatus Wulf en in Jacquin Coll. 1 : 116, pi. j. 1786.
Parmelia perforata Ach. Meth. Lich. 217. 1803.
Parmelia perforata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 53. 1882.
Parmelia perforata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 352. 1906.

Thallus large, finally greatly dilated, smooth, gray, tinged with
greenish, or whitish; the ample lobes crenate, becoming marginally
much dissected; margins of inner lobes often confluently gray sore-
diate; lobes fringed (in f. ciliata Nyl.) with long, black, simple or
branched ciha; under side black, with a broad chestnut margin;
interruptedly clothed with dense patches of black fibrils; KOH yel-
low; the medulla white, becoming rose-red with KOH.

Apothecia rare, medium to large; margin entire; disk chestnut,

rarely perforate; spores ellipsoid, -^ — — — 7- ,«•

On trees, mossy rocks, and earth.

This large and handsome plant occurs throughout the Santa Cruz
mountains, usually sterile; on shaded, moss-covered sandstone cliffs
immense circular mats are formed ; in many cases these coalesce into
great carpets covering many square feet.

Fruiting specimens occur abundantly on Quercus and Umbellu-
laria, about the head of Alpine Creek Caiion, at an altitude of 1000
feet, and fertile plants are occasional elsewhere. Nearly all the
apothecia seen here behe the specific name, being imperforate.

Occurring generally throughout Europe and North America
(including the West Indies) , and also in Australasia, Ceylon, Japan,
and the Isle of Mauritius.

196 HERRE

3. PARHELIA SAXATILIS (L.) Ach.
Lichen saxatilis L. Sp. Plant. 2: 1142. 1753.
Parmelia saxatilis Ach. Meth. Lich. 204. 1803.
Parmelia saxatilis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 59. 1882.
Parmelia saxatilis Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 354. 1906.
Lichen omphalodes L. Sp. Plant. 1143. 1753.
Parmelia omphalodes Ach, Meth. Lich. 204. 1803.

Thallus narrowed, deeply cleft; lobes long, sinuous, more or less
pinnately dissected, or sometimes rather simple and irregularly cut-
lobed; surface reticulate, rimose, at length sculptured andlacunose;
often scabrous, becoming isidiophorous; color usually ashy gray, but
varying from almost white or green to even a yellow-gray; beneath
black, with paler or chestnut tips to the lobes; usually densely
clothed with black fibrils; KOH yellow; medulla first yellowish, soon
blood-red; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia small to medium; disk pale chestnut; margin irregular,

sub-crenulate or rather entire; in my specimens greenish powdery

7.5—9
sorediose; spores ellipsoid, ,«• Practically always sterile with

us. Of several thousand specimens examined in the field, but one
was found fruiting. This was growing in Devils Canon on sand-
stone, alt. 2300 feet, the specimen having 12 apothecia.

Common on trees and rocks. Rarer in the foothills, where it des-
cends as low as 150 feet, but becoming very abundant as the moun-
tains are ascended. Grows indifferently on dead or live trees and
rocks, but reaching its maximum size on moss-covered sandstone.

The variety Isidiata Anzi, distinguished by the isidiose sur-
face of the fronds, which are reduced to an almost uniform crust, is
not rare in the higher mountains, growing on sandstone.

The variety Omphalodes (Linne) regarded as a species by
many authors, occurs rarely on sandstone along the highest peaks.
It is distinguished by the dark, purpHsh-brown to blackish color of
the thallus.

A hchen of Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America.

4. PARMELIA HERREI A. Zahlbr.

Parmelia herrei A. Zahlbr., in litt.

Parmelia herrei Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 353. 1906.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 97

Thallus narrow, lobed and deeply dissected; smooth above; the
lobes sinuately pinnatifid, their tips rounded or crenate, some-
times sorediate; centrally becoming much complicate and imbri-
cate; margin fringed with long, black, conspicuous ciha. Beneath
black and densely clothed with long black fibrils. Surface a dull
pearly gray, varying to a slate gray; KOH yellow; medulla red
withKOH;CaCl202-.

Apothecia not known.

This distinct Parmelia occurs only on earth in the crevices of
sandstone in Pilarcitos Creek Cafion, about two miles from the
Pacific, at an altitude of 200-300 feet, and is rather abundant at
that locahty.

5. PARMELIA TILIACEA (Hoflfm.) Ach.

Lichen tiliaceus Hoffmann, Enum. 26, pi. 16, f. 2, 1784; (in part;.
Parmelia tiliacea Ach. Meth. Lich. 215. 1803.
Parmelia tiliacea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I. : 57, 1882,
Parmelia tiliacea Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 353. 1906.

Thallus much narrowed, membranaceous, often suborbicular;
smooth, becoming finely wrinkled; closely adherent to the sub-
stratum; lobes contiguous, often subimbricate, sinuous, deeply
incised ; margins crenate or rounded ; color gray, varying from nearly
white to green, but always of a peculiarly bright, clean appearance;
beneath black; densely clothed with small black fibrils; KOH
yellowish; medulla red with CaCl202.

Apothecia abundant, mostly central; disk bright chestnut; margin
entire, crenate, or crenulate, or even lobed; spores small, elKpsoid

5 - 7i
to rounded-elhpsoid, l^-

This beautifully colored bark-dwelling lichen, found in every
quarter of the globe, is very abundant with us on trees at an alti-
tude of 2000 feet and upward, though it descends occasionally to
much lower altitudes. Wherever found it is in full fruit.

6. PARMELL\ BORRERI Turn.

Parmelia horreri Turner, Trans. Linn. Soc. 9: 148. pi. ij. f. 2. 1808.
Parmelia horreri Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 58. 1882.

198 HERRE

Thallus siib-orbiculate, narrowed, cartilaginous-membranaceous ;
lobes short, broad, crenately incised, more or less reticulately rugose,
and beset with small or dot-like, irregularly scattered, roughened,
white soredia; upper surface glaucous gray; herbarium specimens
brownish gray; beneath whitish to pale brownish and dusky, smooth,
or with white, brown, or black fibrils; KOH greenish yellow to yel-
low; medulla and soredia red with CaCl202.

Sterile with us.

I have found this widely distributed lichen near the mouth of Ano
Nuevo Creek, at an altitude of 100 feet, growing plentifully on the
trunks of oaks, and also sparingly on oaks at Santa Cruz. A single
specimen was also collected at Devils Canon, growing on sandstone.

(Named for WilHam Borrer, an eminent EngUsh lichenologist of
the first half of the last century.)

7. PARHELIA OLIVACEA (L.) Ach.

Lichen olivaceiis L. Sp. Plant. 2 : 1143. 1753.
Parmelia olivacea Ach. Meth. Lich. 213. 1803.
Parmelia olivacea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 62. 1882, (in

part).
Parmelia olivacea Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 356. 1906, (in

part).

Thallus membranaceous, expanded, orbicular or becoming irreg-
ular, appressed; usually smooth and poHshed, but finally wrinkled
and rough; lobes rounded, crenate, flat; color olive-brown to very
dark brown, almost black; beneath black, with short black fibrils;
KOH-; CaClaOa-.

Apothecia concolorous or chestnut; margin crenate or dentate,
to entire; spores short-ellipsoid to globose, 8 in the asci, and also
(variety polyspora Herre, new variety), are 16, 18, and 20 in

the asci, /<• Apothecia very abundant on tree-growing forms

but rare or wanting on those growing on rocks.
Common on trees and rocks throughout.
According to all the accessible literature this species has 8 spores,

7 — 10
averagmg /<, but the spore characters of my specimens are

exceedingly different.

THE LICHEN FLOR,\ OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 1 99

Var. POLYSPORA Herre, new variety.

Thallus and spores as above, the spores being from 1 6 to 20 in the
asci and much smaller than given by authors for olivacea. This
form is abundant on Quercus •wisUzenii on Black Mountain, at an
altitude of 1600 feet.

Parmelia olivacea is generally distributed over the north tem-
perate zone.

8. PARMELIA GLABRA Schaerer.

Parmelia glabra Schaer. Lich. Helvet. Spicilegium, 466.

Thallus membranaceous, expanded, orbicular to indeterminate;
upper surface smooth or somewhat lacunose, often appearing pol-
ished and glistening or shiny; lobes rounded, crenate and irregularly
cleft, from appressed often becoming centrally erect or ascendant
and densely crowded or imbricate; color pale to dark olive-brown;
beneath dark brown to black, with paler brown margin; short
brown or black fibrils more or less abundant; medulla red with
CaClaOz.

Apothecia not abundant, medium or large size, with dark chest-

4.9 — 74-
nut disk and upturned, minutely dentate margin; spores „ n •

On rocks and moss along the summit of the range; abundant at
Castle Rock. Reported also by Dr. Hasse from southern Cali-
fornia.

A common lichen on tiees in Central Europe.

9. PARMELM EXASPERATA (Ach.) Nyl.

Collema exasperatum Ach. Lich. Univ. 645. 18 10.

Parmelia exasperata^yl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et F. Fenn. Forrh. n. s.

5: 120 (note). 1866.

Thallus appressed, orbicular or sub-orbicular, with marginal lobes
much dissected or only crenate lobulate; central portion wrinkled
and folded, more or less imbricate, becoming rough and densely
beset with short papillae; dark brown in color; under side black,
with many short black fibrils; no reaction with KOH or CaCljOi.

Sterile with us.

On rocks throughout, but not very conspicuous or abundant any-
where. A rock lichen of Europe and North America.

200 HERRE

lo. PARMELIA FULIGINOSA (E. Fr.) Nyl.

Parmelia olivacea var. fuliginosa E, Fries in Duby, Bot. Gall. 602.

1830.
Parmelia fuliginosa Nyl. Flora, 346. 1868.

Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, appressed; lobes short, round-
ed, broad, more or less imbricate, marginally crenate; surface more
or less covered with concolorous isidia or scurfy growth; color green-
ish olive or brown to olive-black; beneath brown to blackish,
rugose or channelled, with black fibrils. Medullared with CaCl202.

No fertile specimens collected.

Not rare on twigs in the mountains, and also occurring on rocks
throughout. Our tree form is near the variety Icetevirens Nyl., but
the t3^ical plant is found on rocks. Common in the north temper-
ate zone.

II. PARMELIA CONSPURCATA (Schaer.) Wainio.

Parmelia olivacea var. conspurcata Schaerer, Lich. Helvet. Spicil.

Sect. X, 466. 1840.
Parmelia conspurcata Wainio, Med. Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn. 14: 22.

1888.
Parmelia conspurcata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 357. 1906.

Thallus small to medium, orbiculate or irregular; inner lobes
somewhat ascendant, their margins often confluently isidiose-sore-
diate; marginal lobes flatter, rounded, sub-imbricate, crenate;
color brown, but varying from ashy gray to chocolate. The whole
surface sprinkled with conspicuous, white, erumpent soredia, these
passing into the dusky isidiose soredia on older portions of the thal-
lus; beneath brown, varying from buff to black; thickly set with
short, shaggy fibrils; both cortex and medulla yellow with KOH;
medulla red when treated with KOH followed by CaCl202.

Sterile.

Abundant on a huge sandstone rock at the summit of the range
on the Bear Gulch road, altitude 1900 feet. Common on the San
Bruno Hills, on rocks and earth, at an altitude of 800-1100 feet.

Not rare in Europe but not collected in North America except by
Bruce Fink, who says "frequent on trees and rarely on rocks,"
in Lichens of the Northern Boundary.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 201

12. PARMELIA FLAVICANS Tuck.

Parmelia perlata flavicans Tuck. Lich. Calif. 13. 1866.
Parmelia flavicans Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 53. 1882.
Parmelia flavicans Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 352. 1906.

Thallus large, orbicular, becoming very large and irregular;
surface smooth, or centrally more or less wrinkled and plicate;
often isidiose-sorediate; lobes long, sinuous, imbricate, marginally
crenate and undulate, their tips thin and rounded; color of thallus
pale yellow or more often a yellowish green; beneath black with
chestnut margin; smooth or wrinkled; generally naked, but also
more or less interruptedly black fibrillose; thallus and medulla not
affected by KOH; medulla blood-red with CaCl202, fading to pale
pink.

Apothecia not uncommon; disk chestnut in dried specimens; in
the field sometimes of same color as thallus; margin entire or crenu-
late, often sorediate; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, often falsely bilocu-

7-5-12

lar, -^-^ fi.

11 — 22

Common on rocks in the foothills; a well marked species, not to
be confused with any other. Distribution not known; I have ex-
amined specimens collected by Baker and Nutting in northeastern
California, in either Modoc or Lassen County, and now in the
University of Cahfornia herbarium. Probably occurring every-
where west of the Sierra Nevada watershed.

13. PARMELLV CAPERATA (L.)Ach.

Lichen caperatus Linne, Sp. Plant. 2: 1147. 1753-

Parmelia caperata Ach. Meth. Lich. 216. 1803.

Parmelia caperata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I. 63. 1882, (in part).

Parmelia caperata Herre, Proc. W. Acad. Sci. 7: 357. 1906.

Thallus large, orbiculate to indeterminate, with smooth but
wrinkled and plicate surface; marginally much dissected; lobes long,
imbricate, laciniate, their margins often pointed, elevated and rough-
ened, their tips rour.ded, becoming isidiose centrally or sprinkled
with concolorous soredia; color pale yellowish or greenish; beneath
black with narrow brown margin; more or less abundantly clothed
with short black fibrils; cortex and medulla yellow with KOH;
CaClzOz-.

202 HERRE

Practically always sterile with us. But I very doubtfully refer

here a densely sorediate and rather degenerate form on old fences at

Santa Cruz, which has small to medium apothecia, with chestnut

disks; margin entire to sub-crenulate, thick, and more or less sore-

7 ~ 9
diose; spores ellipsoid, . /'.

Not rare on twigs and branches of trees along the summit of the
range; also occurring on stones and shrubs about the entrance to
San Francisco Bay; on rocks in the San Bruno Hills; rarely on old
fences in the mountains.

A common bark lichen throughout both the north and the south
temperate zones, but rarely fruiting.

14. PARHELIA SOREDICA Nyl.

Parwe/ia 50fe(^ica Nylander, Flora, 68: 605, 1885. Saskatchewan.
Parmelia soredica Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 358. 1906.
Parmelia caperata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 64. 1882. in part.

Thallus coriaceous, large to very large, orbicular, becoming irreg-
ular, undulate, radiately plicate, closely adherent to the substratum;
lobes rounded, complicate, imbricate, their margins ascendant and
confluently white sorediate, except on periphery, where they are
dilated, smooth or wrinkled, with crenate edges. Surface of lobes
more or less sorediate; central portion of thallus finally passing into
sorediate heaps which become detached and fall away, leaving the
outer portions to continue their growth; color green to yellowish
green; beneath black with brown margin; outer lobes sometimes
with a few white or dark fibrils, otherwise naked ; KOH — ; medulla
and soredia red with CaCl202.

Apothecia abundant on large specimens, generally of small or
medium size; disk chestnut; margin entire or lobulate, usually sore-
diate ; spores ellipsoid, -j ,"•

On trees, fences, and roofs; perhaps occasional on rocks. Com-
mon everywhere in the valleys and foothills and extending to the
summit of the range; especially conspicuous and well grown on
Quercus lohala on whose rough bark it seems to attain its maximum
development.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 203

This lichen probably ranges over western North America from
the sub-arctic region to northern Mexico, but is only positively re-
corded from the Saskatchewan, British America, by Ny lander, and
from California by myself. An examination of the Tuckerman
Herb, shows that Bolander's No. 20, being the specimen on the upper
right hand corner of the sheet containing Tuckerman's material of
Parmelia caperata, is undoubtedly Parmelia soredica. This is the
specimen described by Tuckerman in his Synopsis, Pt. I, top of
page 64, 1882.

15. PARMELIA CONSPERSA (Ehrh.) Ach.

Lichen conspersus Ehrh. in Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 118. 1798.
Parmelia conspersa Ach. Meth. Lich. 205. 1803.
Parmelia conspersaTMc\i.'$>yn.^.Am..'L\c\i.l'. 64. 1882.
Parmelia conspersa Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 358. 1906.

Thallus dilated, membranaceous, usually orbicular, but finally
irregular and greatly expanded ; marginally closely appressed, smooth,
often polished, much and intricately divided or lobed; the lobes
usually narrowed, often complicate and intricate; the central por-
tion wrinkled and roughened, becoming isidiosc, thickened or eleva-
ted, finally forming irregular heaps detached from the substratum;
color varying from pale to dark yellowish or gray-green; beneath
pale to dark brown, or occasionally black, with short, scattered,
concolorous fibrils, or even merely tuberculate; marginally darker,
often lustrous; thallus and medulla yellow with KOH, the medulla
then changing to orange or red ; neither affected by CaCl202.

Apothecia numerous; margin incurved, crenate; disk chestnut;

. 1 4-9 — 6.5
spores short empsoid, -^ /«•

Common on rocks throughout our range.

Like Parmelia perforata this species often turns a beautiful red
or rose-purple when pressed while wet, and occasionally one sees
similarly discolored specimens on the rocks.

A lichen of world-wide distribution.

16. PARMELLV PHYSODES (L.) Ach.

Lichen physodes Linne, Sp. Plant. 2: 1144. 1753.
Parmelia physodes Ach. Meth. Lich. 250. 1803.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1910.

204

HERRE

Parmelia physodes Bitter, Hedwigia, 40: 218. 1901.

Parmelia physodes Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 354. 1906.

Parmelia physodes Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 59. 1882, (in part).

Thallus suborbicular, deeply cut, more or less inflated, loosely
attached to the substratum; lobes numerous, sinuous, many-cleft,
plane or convex; becoming crowded centrally, somewhat ascendant
and compHcate; ends of lobes often terminating in white soredia;
surface smooth, becoming tuberculate; color varying from greenish
pearl-gray, to slate-color or green; beneath dull black or dusky,
naked, much wrinkled; sometimes edged with chestnut; yellow or
greenish yellow with KOH, turning gradually through orange to
dark red; CaCl20; — .

Apothecia more or less cup-shaped; margin crenulate; disk chest-

4.8-6
nut; spores elliptical to globose, -7- — ^ ^.

This lichen occurs very sparingly throughout our range; most
abundant on old fences and trees in the foothills; probably cosmo-
politan in its distribution.

17. PARMELIA ENTEROMORPHA Ach.

Parmelia enteromorpha Ach. Meth. Lich. 252. 1803.

Parmelia enteromorpha Bitter, Hedwigia, 40: 233, pi. 11. f. 11,12,

and 13. 1 901.
Parmelia enteromorpha Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 355. 1906.
Parmelia physodes, varieties enteromorpha and vittata Tuck. Syn. N.

Am. Lich. I: 60. 1882.

Thallus sub-orbiculate, soon becoming large, expanded, and inde-
terminate; deeply clef t, loosely attached to the substratum; lobes
very numerous, more or less inflated, elongated, lax or pendulous,
irregularly divided ; usually narrow but occurring in all shapes from
linear or terete to broad and flat, these last usually short and mar-
ginally imbricate; surface smooth and convex, or more rarely
wrinkled, sometimes papillate; often densely sprinkled with black
specks, the spermogonia; color green, but varying from gray to
dingy brownish or even dusky; beneath black or dark brown, wrink-
led, naked; more or less beset with holes in the lower cortex; yellow
or greenish yellow with KOH; CaCl202 — .

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 205

Apothecia usually abundant, medium to large; sub-pedicellate,
top-shaped and cup-like, becoming plane or even convex, when
the margin disappears; margin entire, crenulate, or lobulate; disk

4-6
chestnut; often perforate; spores ellipsoid, /^.

On trees, shrubs, and fences. A lichen of North and Central
America, and also found in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.

Very abundant along the summit of the range and extending down-
ward nearly to sea-level. Especially fine on Sequoia sempervirns
and Pseudolsuga taxifolia, being a characteristic lichen of the red-
wood forest.

L. Cetraria Acharius.

Cetraria Ach. Meth. Lich. 292. 1803, in part.
Cetraria Ach. Lich. Univ. 96. 1810.

Thallus fruticose, or in most of our species expanded foliaceous
with lobes more or less ascendant, narrowed and elongate; both
sides with cortex; medullary layer cottony; color very variable,
green, white, yellow, brown, and black.

Apothecia, except in number one, darker and of a different color
from that of the thallus; terminal or marginal; asci 6-8 sporous;
spores simple, ellipsoid, colorless; paraphyses simple, or branched
and conglutinate, septate.

About fifty species of earth and bark lichens, characteristic of
alpine and arctic regions and the cooler parts of the temperate
zone.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus black or greenish black i. calif ornica

AA. Thallus variously colored.
B. Thallus not green or pale.

C. Thallus yellow 2. juniperina

CC. Thallus brown; lobes with white sorediate edges; always

sterile 3. chlorophylla

BB. Thallus green or pale.

D. Foliaceous; green, more or less black basally beneath; edges

dissected 4. glauca

DD. Fruticose; lobes long, narrow, ascendant or pendulous.

E. Sterile; lobes broad, black beneath 5. tuckermani

EE. Apothecia abundant, terminal; lobes white beneath.

6. lacunosa stenophylla

2o6 HERRE

I. CETRARIA CALIFORNICA Tuck.

Cetraria californica Tuck. Am. Journ. Sci. 28: 203. 1859.

Cetraria californica Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1 : 29. 1882.

Cetraria californica Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 337. 1906.

Thallus tufted, fruticose, erect; lobes spreading, flattened or linear,
much branched, their tips finely dissected; color black or very dark
green; occasionally brownish green or dusky; color always dull;
beneath paler, usually oHve-green or brown, but varying greatly;
finally white with a tinge of greenish.

Apothecia terminal, concolorous and dull, but sometimes shining

and darker than the thallus; margin- toothed or fringed, sometimes

3 — 5
almost smooth; spores ellipsoid, 7 Z^-

On fences, shrubs, and twigs of trees. Found everywhere, from
the salt marshes about San Francisco Bay to the highest elevation
in the peninsula.

Found only in the western United States and British Columbia,
from the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Pacific. Originally on
various coniferae and evergreen shrubs, but migrant to fences.

2. CETRARIA JUNIPERINA (L.) Ach.

Lichen juniperinus L,mne, Sp. Plant. 2: 1147. 1753-
Cetraria juniperina Ach. Meth. Lich. 298. 1803.
Cetraria juniperina Tuck. Syn. N.Am. Lich. I: 37, 1882.
Cetraria juniperina Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 340. 1906.

Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous and expanded, or else tufted,
irregularly cut-lobed and ascendant; lobes crowded, edges erose
and crenate. Color bright yellow, alike on both sides; sometimes
the yellow is tinged with greenish.

Apothecia submarginal, the disk chestnut; margin crenulate or

3.5 —4.9
tuberculate; spores ellipsoid, ,- _ ^ P-

Abundant on twigs, limbs, and cones of Pinus attenuata, in the
"chalk hills" on the western border of the Big Basin, at an alti-
titude of 1500 feet and above; common also on Pinus radiata, which
is found along the sea coast from Point Ano Nuevo to Monterey
and southward.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 207

A lichen of the cool temperate and alpine regions of Europe and
North America.

3. CETRARIA CHLOROPHYLLA (Humb.) Wainio.

Lichen chlorophylliis Humboldt, Fl. Fr. Spicil. 20. 1793.

Cetraria chlorophylla Wainio, Lich. Caucas. in Termesztr. fiizetek,

22: 278. 1899.
Cetraria chlorophylla Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 338. 1906.
Cetraria saepincola b. chlorophylla Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 35.

1882.

Thallus foUaceous, expanded; lobes numerous, short, irregularly
cut; terminally ascendant, sinuate, crenate, with white sorediate
edges; color varying from olivaceous or greenish dull brown to a
shining chestnut, and darker; beneath paler, wrinkled, and with
occasional scattered fibrils.

Always sterile with us and rare in fruit anywhere.

On Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Castle Rock Ridge, altitude 2500 feet.
Common on fences throughout the foothills and to the summit of
the range, but originally apparently confined to the larger coniferae
of the redwood formation.

Recognized at once by the narrow but conspicuous white edge of
the thallus.

A plant of northern and central Europe and western America.

4. CETRARIA GLAUCA (L.) Ach.

Z,fc/fe« g/awcw5 Linne, Sp. Plant. 2 : 1148. 1753.
Cetraria glauca Ach. Meth. Lich. 296. 1803.
Cetraria glauca Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 35. 1882.
Cetraria glauca Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 339. 1906.

Thallus membranaceous, foliaceous, sinuately or irregularly
broad-lobed; the crenate or dissected edges of the lobes frequently
sorediate, thickened, and prolonged into more or less conspicuous
coralloid branchlets; color of plants growing on earth: greenish
gray marginally, varying to olive- or brown-gray centrally, or some-
times the whole plant a glaucous gray-green; beneath wrinkled or
reticulate and black, with now and then a chestnut margin; fibrils
wanting, or occasionally scattered and very minute. Color of

2o8 HERRE

plants on trees: pale sage-green, varying to colors as dark as those
of earth-growing forms; beneath black, fading into pale brown,
with broad white margins.

Rarely found in fruit anywhere, and always sterile with us.

Everywhere on trees in the mountains above 1500 feet, but at no
place very abundant; usually on the limbs of Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
This hchen also occurs on earth in rock crevices at slight ele-
vations near the sea coast.

On sandstone in Devils Canon, altitude 2300 feet, occurs the variety
fusca (Flot.), which differs from the type in having the entire
thallus of a dark oHve brown. Rare and local.

A widespread Hchen of the north temperate and sub-arctic regions.

5. CETRARIA TUCKERMANI Herre.

Cetraria glauca stenophylla Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 36. 1882.

name preoccupied.
Cetraria tuckermani Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 340. 1906.

This species differs from Cetraria glauca in having the lobes elon-
gated, lax, narrow or linear, and more or less channelled; margin
irregularly cut and erose; beneath black or dark brown at the base,
the lobes white beneath. Sterile with us.

On bark of coniferae near King's Mountain House, altitude 1900
feet, and in the Big Basin, at an altitude of about 1200 feet.

Widely distributed but not abundant anywhere.

In the Tuckerman Herbarium are specimens labelled "Santa
Cruz Mountains," collected by Dr. W. G. Farlow; on Pinus con-
torta, Tomales Bay, collected by H. N. Bolander, and from Monterey
County, collected by Mrs. M. A. Booth. The plant is also recorded
by Tuckerman from Oregon. In the herbarium of the University
of California is a specimen from Eureka; probably generally dis-
tributed from central California northward to the western part
of Washington.

Named for our most eminent student of lichens, Edward Tuck-
erman.

6. CETRARIA LACUNOSA STENOPHYLLA Turk.

Cetraria lacunosa stenophylla Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 35. 1882.
Cetraria lacunosa stenophylla Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 339.
1906.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 209

Thallus becoming fruticose, deeply and irregularly lobed; lobes
long, lax or sub-pendulous, narrow to linear, deeply channelled;
margins laciniate, erose, and minutely tuberculate; color pale sage-
green or gray-green; some times with a brownish cast; beneath white
or very pale.

Apothecia terminal; disk chestnut; margin crenate or more rarely

entire; spores circular or ellipsoid ' "■

4-9 - 8.5

Very common on trees in the mountains about 1 500 feet. Especi-
ally abundant on the limbs of Pseiidotsuga taxifolia, which it some-
times clothes to the exclusion of all other lichens.

Range not known, but probably occurring throughout central
and northern California and to be looked for in Oregon. There is
a specimen from Humboldt County in the Tuckerman Herb.

LI. Nephromopsis Mtill. Arg.

Nephromopsis Mull. Arg.

Nephromopsis A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 216. 1907.

Thallus similar to that of Cetraria. Distinguished by the ter-
minal apothecia which originate on the under side of the lobes and
are directed upward by the twisting or turning of the lobes in the
same manner as the apothecia of Nephroma are exposed.

Species few, of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A . Thallus greenish to dark brown; lobes narrowed, crowded, mar-
gined with minute dark tubercles i. ciliaris

A A. Thallus dark brown; lobes broad, flat, but little ascendant.

2. platyphylla

I. NEPHROMOPSIS CILIARIS (Ach.) Hue.

Cetraria ciliaris Ach. Lich. Univ. 508. 1810.
Cetraria ciliaris Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I. 34. 1882.
Cetraria ciliaris Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 337. 1906.
Nephromopsis ciliaris Hue, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris.

Thallus foliaceous, depressed, expanded, irregularly cut and lobed;
lobes expanded, leafy, or more often narrowed, crowded, ascendant,
and much dissected; margin of lobes not ciliate but crenate and mar-
gined with minute black or dark tubercles; similar tubercles often

210 HERRE

appearing on surface of lobes, or even covering them; color dusky
brown, but varying from bright to dusky green, brownish, and dark
brown; beneath brownish, wrinkled and pitted, and with occasional
fibrils.

Apothecia terminal or marginal; disk chestnut, the margin crenu-
late or minutely tuberculate; spores spherical, 4.9 to 8 « in diameter.

Abundant throughout, on trees, shrubs, and fences, from sea
level to 3000 feet or more.

Examination of many hundreds of specimens has failed to show
one according in character with the specific name, marginal cilia or
fibrils being invariably absent.

A particularly luxuriant but aberrant form is found on fences
along the ocean shore. It is distinguished by its large clumps of
erect, complicate and crisped lobes, and great development of the
tubercular or cephaloid growths mentioned above, the entire surface
being covered with them.

A lichen of the United States and Canada; said to occur also in
Northern Europe and Asia.

2. NEPHROMOPSIS PLATYPHYLLA (Tuck.) Herre.

Cetraria platyphylla Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 34. 1882.
Cetraria platyphylla Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 338. 1906.

Thallus thin, compressed, rigid, foliaceous; lobes appressed, and
expanded, with elevated tips, or more often ascendant, narrow at
base; surface rough, covered with tubercles, the lens also often dis-
closing the presence of many sulfur-colored granules; color dark dull
olivaceous brown; under surface paler, wrinkled, naked; medullary
layer sulfur-colored or white and cottony.

Apothecia marginal; disk shining, darker than thallus; margin
tuberculate; spores spherical, 4.5 to 9 /^ in diameter.

On Pseudotsuga taxijolia, Butano Ridge, altitude 2000 feet; on
Adeno stoma fasciculalum, Loma Prieta, altitude 3793 feet.

A bark lichen ranging from the Sierras westward and from British
Columbia to southern Cahfornia.

USNEACEiE.

Thallus fruticose, erect, or lax and decumbent, sometimes pros-
trate or pendulous and excessively elongated; attached by a holdfast

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 211

or scattering rhizoids, or growing from the earth; structure radial,
sometimes dorso-ventral, with cortex on all sides, formed of hyphae
either longitudinal or running at right angles to the surface; in the
genus Ramalina strengthened by a so-called inner cortex of distinct
and solid cords. Alga Protococcus.

Apothecia circular, shield or dish-shaped, sessile or sub-pedicellate,
with a thalline margin; spores i to 8, colorless, or rarely brown, sim-
ple, bilocular, or muriform, thin-walled.

KEY TO GENERA.

A. Spores bilocular; cortex strengthened by a mechanical tissue;
thallus always compressed more or less, at least basally.

LV. Ramalina
A A. Spores simple.
B. Thallus brown or black, like tangled mats of fine hair.

LIV. Aledoria
BB. Thallus not black or brown.
C. Thallus gray or pale straw-color, rarely red; tufted or pen-
dulous, becoming enormously elongated; apothecia con-
colorous or pale tan, with fibrillose margin. LVI. Usnea
CC. Apothecia not concolorous.
D. Thallus pendulous or erect, more or less white sorediate;

sterile LIL Evernia

DD. Thallus bright lemon-yellow; apothecia chestnut

LIII. Letharia

LII. Evernia Ach.
Evernia Acharius, Lich. Univ. 84. 18 10.

Thallus erect or pendulous, attached by a holdfast, branched;
structure dorso-ventral, the lobes flattened and with a thin cortex on
all sides, formed of branching and septate hyphae arranged perpen-
dicularly to the surface.

Apothecia lateral or terminal, sessile or sub-pedicellate, dish-like,
with thalHne margin, the disk of a different color from the thallus;
hypothecium colorless, with an algal layer beneath; paraphyses sim-
ple, thick, septate; asci with 8 simple, colorless, small, ellipsoid
spores.

We have one of the two species, widely distributed in the temper-
ate zone.

212 HERRE

I. EVERNIA PRUNASTRI (L.) Ach.

Lichen prunastri Lmne, Sp. VlsiTit. 2: 1147. 1753.

Evernia prunastri Ach. Lich. Univ. 442. 1810.

Evernia prunastri Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 39. 1882.

Evernia prunastri Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 342. 1906.

Thallus tufted, fruticose, erect or pendulous, angular or flattened;
branches numerous, narrow to linear, elongate; or (forma soredifera
Ach.), shorter and much wider lobed, beneath lacunose or channel-
led; white or greenish, with mealy, lateral, and confluent soredia
very abundant ; these also more or less present in the typical form ;
color whitish, pale green, to dark green; beneath much paler, often
white.

Sterile with us.

A very common lichen throughout, growing on trees, shrubs, dead
wood, fences, roofs, mossy stones; often forming conspicuous whitish
tufts on twigs of shrubs.

Of very wide distribution, being found in Europe, Asia, Northern
Africa, and North and South America.

LIII. Letharia (Th. Fr.,) A. Zahlbr.

Evernia sect. Letharia Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1 : 32. 187 1.
Letharia A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 218. 1907.

Thallus tufted, erect or pendulous, attached by a holdfast, much-
branched, alike on all sides, the cortex of hypha^ perpendicular to the
surface; medulla cobwebby, with more or less firm medullary cords
or longitudinal threads, much as in Ramalina. Apothecia as in
Evernia.

Species tew, of cool and temperate parts of the northern hemi-
sphere.

I. LETHARIA VULPINA (L.) Wainio.

Lichen vulpinus L'mne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1343. 1753.
Letharia vulpina Wainio,
Evernia vulpina Ach. Lich. Univ. 443. 18 10.
Evernia vulpina Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 38. 1882.
Evernia vulpina Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 341. 1906.
Thallus tufted, erect, much-branched, becoming long and pendu-

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 2 1 3

lous; branches terete, basally angular; large specimens conspicuously
angular and lacunose; whole plant a bright lemon-color, often more
or less sorediate ; very small immature specimens sometimes of a yel-
lowish green.

Apothecia large, in specimen from San Bernardino Mts. an inch
and a half in diameter; terminal, more or less pedicellate; disk chest-
nut; margin often fringed with large fibrils, otherwise smooth and
entire; spores (taken from specimen collected on Mt. San Bernar-
dino, altitude 6000 feet) ellipsoid, ^^,«.

7 - II

On trees, old fences, and sandstone.

Occurring everywhere on the peninsula; small, inconspicuous
specimens are found on old fences and roofs from the salt marshes
about San Francisco Bay to the summit of the range. Common on
trunks and limbs of Sequoia sempervirens and Pseudotsuga taxifolia,
especially on dead or dying limbs. Common on sandstone above
2300 feet.

But one fertile specimen collected within our Hmits, on an old
fence near Stanford University, at an altitude of 200 feet.

In the higher mountains of the state everywhere abundant, form-
ing huge matted yellow clumps 6 inches or more in length, the large,
fibrillose apothecia and brilliant thallus attracting the attention of
all.

A lichen of arctic and alpine Europe and North America, and of
the high mountains west of the Missouri; in this state ranging south
into Lower Cahfornia.

LIV. Alectoria Ach.

Aledoria Ach. Lich. Univ. 120. 1810.

Thallus pendulous or prostrate, attached by a holdfast, usually
excessively elongated for its diameter and resembling fine hair; the
cortex of longitudinal hyphae; medulla of longitudinal hyphac form-
ing a cottony central cord.

Apothecia on short, crooked, lateral branchlets, sessile or sub-pedi-
cellate, with naked or ciliate margin; disk brown or blackish; hypo-
thecium colorless, upon an algal layer; paraphyses branched and
anastomosing; asci with 4-8 spores, these simple, ellipsoid, colorless
or brownish.

214 HERRE

About 20 species growing on earth and bark, especially in alpine
and sub-arctic regions.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus black, green-black, rarely brownish-black i. jubata

A A. Thallus brown, reddish brown, or pale 2. fremontii

I. ALECTORIA JUBATA (L.) Nyl.

Z?c/?ewyw&a/w5 Linne, Sp. Plant. 2: 1155. 1753.
Alectoria jubata Nylander, Journ. Bot. 233. 1872.
Alectoria jubata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 44. 1882.
Alectoria jubata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 346. 1906.

Thallus tufted, pendulous, elongated, slender, terete, smooth,
pohshed, very much branched and hair-like, forming tangled clumps
and mats; small greenish, powdery, lateral soredia sometimes pres-
ent; color black, green-black, or rarely brownish black.

Always sterile with us. On trees and shrubs, above 1800 feet;
occurring on Pseudotsuga taxifolia, wherever it grows, and also on
oaks and Adenostoma. A peculiar plant, resembling mats of much
tangled fine black hair.

Occurring in the cooler parts of the earth and on high mountains
of the warmer regions.

2. ALECTORIA FREMONTII Tuck.

Alectoria fremontii Tuckerman, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 422.

1859.
Alectoria fremontii Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 45. 1882.

Thallus pendulous, elongated, forming densely tangled tufts or
clumps, smooth; branches irregular, flexuous, terete, their tips
becoming very long and thin and undivided; color brown, or uniform
reddish brown, or sometimes paler.

Not seen in fruit by me.

Occurring on large coniferae in the redwood forests. I have seen
but two specimens from our territory; one collected by Dr. Ander-
son, near Santa Cruz, and the other collected by one of my students,
Mr. Harold Hannibal, at Scotts Valley, some miles north of Santa
Cruz.

Common on various coniferae in the Sierra Nevada Mts., and in

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 215

the higher mountains all over California and Oregon, generally fruit-
ing.

(Named for General John C. Fremont, distinguished explorer of the
west.)

LV. Ramalina Ach.

Ratnalina Ach. Lich. Univ. 122. 18 10.

Apothecia shield-like, scattered, marginal or terminal, sub-pedicel-
late, concolorous; paraphyses agglutinated, simple; spores 8, oblong,
ellipsoid, or spindle-shaped, colorless, bilocular, or rarely 4-locular.

Thallus fruticose, tufted, erect or pendulous, terete or more often
compressed, alike on both sides; cortex usually strengthened on the
inner side by a layer of hyphae parellel to its long axis, forming a con-
tinuous ring or broken into isolated, longitudinal girders; medulla
cottony, filling the inner part of the thallus, or else very small, lying
in the space between the mechanical stiffening and the cortex, or
attached to the inner side of the latter, so that the centre of the thal-
lus is hollow. Soredia not rare.

A large genus, widely distributed, mostly growing on rocks and
bark.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Habitat, maritime rocks.

B. Thallus terete, smooth or wrinkled.

C. Sparingly branched, blackening at base; apothecia

lateral i. ceruchis

CC. Thallus much shorter, simple, not blackening; apothe-
cia terminal 3. combeoides

BB. Thallus compressed, two-edged 4. homalea

AA. Habitat, trees, shrubs, fences.
D. Thallus with conspicuous soredia.

E. Apothecia absent; thallus terete, thread-like, with

large bluish soredia 2. ceruchis cephalota

EE. Apothecia rare, inconspicuous; thallus flattened,
two-edged or hnear, with many white powdery

soredia 7. farinacea

DD. Thallus not sorcdiate.

F. Thallus a lace-like net-work, very long, pendu-
lous, much branched and tangled 5. reticulata

FF. Thallus tufted, medium sized, or small, erect or

pendulous, little-branched 6. menziesii

G. Thallus small to very small, erect, terete or

flattened, branched, the tips filiform.. . 10. rigida
GG. Branches not terete, their tips not filiform.

2l6 HERRE

H. Lobes slender, elongate-branched, chan-
nelled beneath 8. canaliculata

HH. Lobes short, very broad, little divided;

not channelled beneath 9. fraxinea

I. RAMALINA CERUCHIS (Ach.) DeNot.

Parmelia cenichis Ach. Math. Lich. 260. 1803.
Ramalina ceruchis De Notaris, Giorn. Bot. Ital. 1: 45. 1846.
Ramalina ceruchis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 21. 1882.
Ramalina ceruchis Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 331. 1906.

Thallus tufted, terete, smooth, becoming wrinkled; sparingly
branched, the tips pointed; color yellowish green, basally black or
blackening. Our specimens sterile; apothecia lateral when present.

The long, cylindrical, pointed thallus of this species serves to
separate it very markedly from the other Ramalinas.

I have obtained it but once, and then it was sterile; Acharius says
"scutellas rarissime."

It occurs very sparingly on the sandstone cliffs above the sea at
Point Lobos, San Francisco. I have also examined specimens from
San Diego, collected by Dr. Farlow, Dr. Cooper, and Miss Middle-
combe.

Originally described from Peru, and probably occurring along the
entire coast between Peru and Oregon.

2. RAMALINA CERUCHIS CEPHALOTA Tuck.

Ramalina ceruchis f. cephalota Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 21. 1882.
Ramalina ceruchis f. cephalota Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 332.
1906.

This subspecies is known at once by the conspicuous, lateral,
bluish soredia, which abound on the very slender, short, round,
entangled filaments. It is always sterile, and occurs all along the
Pacific coast in our territory, growing on dead or dying twigs and
branches of maritime trees and shrubs, and on old fences. It
extends at least as far south as San Diego, where it was collected by
Dr. Farlow.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 2 I 7

3. RAMALINA COMBEOIDES Nyl.

Ramalina combeoides Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. 2:4, p. 107.

1870.
Ramalina combeoides Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 21. 1882.
Ramalina combeoides Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 332. 1906.
Ramalina ceriichis Cummings and Seymour, Decades of N. Am.

Lich. no. 91, San Mateo County, Calif.

Thallus tufted, short, stout, terete, more or less pitted or wrinkled;
color a pale glaucous green; no part of the thallus black,

Apothecia abundant, terminal or clustered, concolorous or slightly
yellowish; spores bilocular to quadrilocular, curved or straight,
3-6 - 4-8
12 — 14.0

On maritime rocks.

This species is placed with Ramalina ceruchis by Tuckerman, but
there seems to be no difficulty in separating the two in the field.
They differ constantly in color, appearance of thallus, size, and in
the apothecia. The short, cyhndrical thallus capped by the disk-
shaped apothecia, together with the sage-green color and the absence
of black, distinguish it from all related forms.

Very abundant about Point San Pedro, and in Pilarcitos Creek
Canon, two miles from the ocean. In the Tuckerman Herbarium
are specimens from Mission Dolores (San Francisco), and Tomales
Bay in Marin County, collected by H. N. Bolander. It has also
been recorded from San Diego by one or two collectors. Not known
outside of Cahfornia.

4. RAMALINA HOMALEA Ach.

Ramalina homalea Acharius, Lich. Univ. 598. 1810.
Ramalina homalea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 21. 1882.
Ramalina homalea Cummings and Seymour, Decades of N. Am.

Lich. no. 92, San Mateo County, CaUf.
Ramalina homalea Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 332. 1906.

Thallus tufted, compressed, two-edged, smooth or becoming
wrinkled; lobes spreading, simple or irregularly branched; color yel-
lowish green in herbarium specimens, the living plant a gray-green;
holdfast and basal portion of plant filled with red or orange coloring
matter.

2l8 HERRE

Apothecia abundant, marginal or sub-terminal; concolorous or

decidedly yellowish; spores straight or sHghtly curved, bilocular,

3.6 - 4.2

-«.

9-7 - 14-5

This singular looking Ramalina occurs on maritime rocks all along
the coast of California wherever conditions are favorable. In places
it covers the rocks to such an extent that at some distance they
appear to be hidden from view by some kind of tufted grass. The
holdfast is very strong and often brings a layer of rock away with it.
It contains a remarkable amount of orange-red coloring matter and
no doubt would furnish a satisfactory orchil.

I have examined specimens collected at various points along the
coast, from San Francisco to Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

5. RAMALINA RETICULATA (Noehd.) Krempelh.

Lichen reticulata Noehden in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 3 : 237-238. 1801.
Ramalina reticulata Krempelhuber, Geschicht. u. Litt. d. Lich. 1 :

86. 1867.
Ramalina reticulata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 22. 1882.
Ramalina reticulata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 333. 1906.

Thallus much compressed, greatly elongated, pendulous; very
much branched, forming tangled mats; the whole plant filled with
holes, the result being a more or less coarse or deHcate net-work;
the branches giving off many lobules, also reticulated; color grayish
green, alike on both sides.

Apothecia abundant, scattered over surface of plant, concolorous;

. . . 4i - 4.8
spores ellipsoid or oblong, straight or curved, bilocular, — fJ-.

Recorded from Lower Cahfornia to British Columbia, and occur-
ring throughout our territory; reaching its highest development in
the lower foothills near the Bay and the ocean shores. It is common
on trees and old fences.

In deep, dark, humid canons, or at great elevations where influ-
enced by the ocean fogs and winds, the thallus is exceedingly deUcate
and filmy, resembling the finest lace. In the dry lowlands it is often
very coarse, the broad, unperforated expansions of the thallus reach-
ing a breadth of 40 mm. or more. It sometimes reaches a length of

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 219

more than two meters and a breadth of two-thirds of a meter, and is
easily our largest North American Hchen.

Many specimens may be found attached by the holdfast from
which they have grown, but the chief method of propagation and
diffusion is by the tearing and breaking of the thallus and the dis-
semination of the fragments by the wind. Of course the distribution
is greatest by this method during the rainy season, but it goes on at
all times, even during the dryest and calmest weather.

The oaks are often completely covered with festoons of this lichen
so that they present an appearance identical with that of the live
oaks of the Gulf States, covered with Tillandsia usneoides.

6. RAMALINA MENZIESII Tuck.

Ramalina menziesii Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, Vol.

1 : p. 204. 1847.
Ramalina menziesii Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 24. 1882.
Ramalina menziesii Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 334. 1906.
Ramalina menziesii Cummings and Seymour, Decades of N. Am.

Lich., no. 93, Berkeley, Cahf.

Thallus originally tufted, rigid, linear, canaliculate; lobes more or
less twisted, irregularly branched; puberulent or smooth. With age
the plant becomes more or less flaccid and pendulous, the lobes long,
dilated and ribbon-like, more or less irregular in outline, the edges
occasionally fringed with lobules; surface furrowed or channelled;
color sage-green, gray-green, or bright green.

Apothecia abundant, at first marginal or sub-terminal, later scat-
tered; small to large, sub-pedicellate, margin usually incurved; spores

4.8-6

bilocular, straight or curved, (J-.

10- 14.5

Habitat trees, shrubs, old fences. A specimen in the Tuck. Herb.,

collected in Alameda County by H. N. Bolander, is labelled "on the

earth. " It is apparently not found in the higher mountains but is

exceedingly abundant throughout the plains and foothills. While

its habitat is given as "California" by Tuckerman, its exact range

is not known. It is recorded by Hasse from southern Cahfornia,

while in the Tuck. Herb, is a specimen collected in Oregon by E.

Hall, and labelled by Tuckerman "i?. menziesii f. sorediata/' Its

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1910.

2 20 HERRE

range is thus at least looo miles from north to south and may be

much greater.

(Named for Archibald Menzies, Scotch botanist and explorer, who

collected the plant, probably at Monterey, sometime before 1800

and who gave Tuckerman his first specimens.)

7. RAMALINA FARINACEA (L.) Ach.

Lichen farinaceus 'Lirme, Sp.'Pla.nt. 2: 1146. 1753.
Ramalina Jarinaceus Ach. Lich. Univ. 606. 1810.
Ramalina farinaceus Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 335. 1906.
Ramalina calicaris d. farinacea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 25.
1882.

Thallus tufted, erect or pendulous, compressed and two-edged, or
attenuate and thread-like, channelled; color pale green to white or
nearly white; lateral white powdery soredia very abundant on lobes.

Apothecia lateral, rare and inconspicuous, concolorous; spores

curved, bilocular, ^.

13-15

Distribution well nigh cosmopolitan, occurring with us in the foot-
hills and mountains, on trees and shrubs. A few fruiting specimens
were obtained in the mountains above Searsville, altitude 1500 feet,
growing upon oaks. This plant is Hkely to be confused with Evernia
prunastri, with which it is commonly associated.

In deep, dark canons the thallus often darkens and is now and
then of a pure black, only recognizable because of the intermediate
forms between the t3^pical plant and the nigricant variety.

8. RAMALINA CANALICULATA Fr.

Ramalina canaliculata E. Fries, Lich. Eur. 30. 183 1.
Ramalina calicaris c. canaliculata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 25.
1882.

Thallus tufted, elongate, rather rigid, erect or sub-pendulous;
lobes slender, irregularly branched, channelled and more or less
reticulate beneath; not sorediate; color pale gray-green or glaucous.

Apothecia abundant, marginal or terminal, sub-pedicellate, small
or medium size, concolorous; spores straight or sHghtly curved,

sometimes falsely tri- or quadri-locular, -^-^ '- — /^.

10 - 17.25

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 221

Abundant on Quercus agrifolia near Santa Cruz, and occasional
on trees at Los Gatos.
A widespread and variable lichen.

9. RAMALINA FRAXINEA Ach.

LiV//ew/ra:r««e«5 Linne, Sp. Plantarum, 2: 1146. 1753.

Ramalina fraxinea Ach. Lich. Univ. 602. 1810.

Ratnalina calicaris a. fraxinea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1 : 25. 1882.

Thallus tufted, rigid, short, stout, the surface irregularly lacunose
or rugose; not sorediate; lobes short, broad, but little divided, some-
times with marginal lobules; dull gray-green.

Apothecia medium, lateral or marginal, the receptacle rugose; disk
concave, very pale tan; spores curved or sometimes straight,

II — 17

Our plant is small, not more than an inch in height, and reaching
but a small fraction of the size I have observed it to attain in the
Alps.

Abundant on trees about Los Gatos and elsewhere in the foothills;
occurring in every quarter of the globe.

10. RAMALINA RIGIDA Ach.

Ramalina rigida Ach. Syn. Meth. Lich. 294. 1814.
Ramalina rigida Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 22. 1882.
Ramalina rigida Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 335. 1906.

Thallus small, tufted, erect, irregularly much-branched, terete, or
flattened and sometimes channelled ; the branches slender, their tips
thin, filiform; color white to greenish white.

Apothecia small, lateral, the disk greener than the thallus; spores

6-7

bilocular, ellipsoid, /«.

12 — 16

This pretty little Ramalina has been collected on the trunks of

alders along Los Gatos Creek, near Wrights, at about 800 feet, in

Austrian Gulch, at 1500 feet, and near Long Bridge, at about 800

feet. It is found very sparingly, growing with Ramalina farinacea

and Evernia prunastri, with young stages of which it is likely to be

confused.

222 HERRE

It probably occurs beside all perennial streams in deep and shady
canons. Found in both North and South America.

LVI. Usnea (Dill) Pers.

Usnea Dillenius, Hist. Muse. 56. 1741, in part.
Usnea Persoon in Ust. Ann. Bot. 21. 1794.

Thallus erect and shrub-Uke or excessively elongated and pendu-
lous, more or less thread-Hke, often forming intricately branching
and entangled mats, without rhizoids but attached by a holdfast;
structure radial, alike on all sides, naked, or usually beset with fibrils,
smooth or rough; cortex horny, of irregular or nearly perpendicular
hyphae; outer medulla cottony; inner medulla a solid, cartilaginous,
central cord of longitudinal, thick- walled hyphas; soredia often abun-
dant.

Apothecia circular, usually large and conspicuous, lateral or ter-
minal, shield-like, with pale, often pruinose apothecia, usually
fringed with long fibrils; paraphyses branched, capitate, septate;
spores 8, small, colorless, ellipsoid to globose.

A large genus, many of the species really but variable conditions
of polymorphic species; found all over the world, usually on bark,
rarely on rocks.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A . Plants small, erect, shrub-like.
B. Color gray-green.

C. Without soredia i. florida

CC. Soredia more or less abundant 2. hirta

BB. Color rusty red 3. rubiginea

AA. Plants more or less pendulous.

D. Sub-erect or short pendulous 4. ceratina

DD. Pendulous, tangled, long to very long.
E. Fibrils numerous.

F. Thickly set with short spreading fibrils 5. dasypoga

FF. Fibrils nearly straight, horizontal 8. longissima

EE. Fibrils very few or wanting.

G. Thallus broken into distinct joints 7. articulata

GG. Thallus not articulate.

H. Without spreading fibrils 6. plicata

HH. Smooth or with very few fibrils .9. calif ornica

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 223

I. USNEA FLORIDA (L.) Hoffm.

Lichen Jloridus Linne, Sp. V\a.nt. 2 : 1154. 1753.

Usnea florida Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 133. 1791.

Usnea florida Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 343. 1906.

Usnea barbata a. florida Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 41. 1882.

Thallus terete, tufted, erect, stout, rather rigid, shrub-like, spread-
ing branched, beset with stiff straight fibrils; epidermis smooth or
more or less roughened with minute papillae or tubercles ; color gray-
green.

Apothecia medium to very large, numerous, terminal; color a pale

tan, very pale flesh-color, or sometimes whitish ; spores — ^ — ^ .".

7-33 - 9-75

On trees and fences throughout; dwarfed and usually sterile near
sea-level; larger and fruiting profusely above 1000 feet. An exceed-
ingly variable plant of world-wide distribution.

2. USNEA HIRTA (L.) Hoffm.

Lichen hirius Linne, Sp. Plant. 2: 1155. 1753-
Usnea hirta Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 2: 133. 1791.
Usnea hirta Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 343. 1906.
Usnea barbata a. florida* hirta Tuck, Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1: 41. 1882.
Thallus small, tufted, shrub-like, erect, rigid; branches wide-
spread, curving, thickly clad with short fibrils; the whole plant
densely beset with soredia.

4,5 — 7.5

Apothecia small, rare; spores ^.

7 — 10

On trees and fences throughout but most frequent in the foothills
at moderate elevations. Occasional on rocks, Alameda County,
Bolander, in Tuckerman Herbarium.

A common lichen of the northern hemisphere.

3. USNEA RUBIGINEA (Michx.)

Usnea florida rubiginea Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 332. 1803.
Usnea rubiginea Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7; 343. 1906.
Usnea barbata a. florida* hirta** rubiginea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich.
1:41. 1882.

2 24 HERRE

Thallus much like that of Usnea hirta; epidermis smooth to papil-
late-scabrous; color varies from bright to dark rusty red or brick-red.
Apothecia (not seen) concolorous.

Along the coast from Santa Cruz northward, on trees. Occasional
in the mountains, Big Basin, and near the head of Alpine Creek. On
dwarfed shrubs on San Bruno Mt., alt. iioo feet. Very abundant
and conspicuous on Pinus radiata at Pacific Grove.

A very handsome lichen, generally distributed over North America
and also found in South America, parts of Europe, and South Africa.

4. USNEA CERATINA Ach.

Usnea ceratina Acharius, Lich. Univ. 619. 1810.

Usnea ceratina Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 344. 1906.

Usnea barbata b. ceratina Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 41, 1882.

Thallus fruticose, much branched, at first erect but becoming pen-
dulous; reaching a length of 6 to 8 inches, or perhaps more; thickly
covered with long slender curling fibrils; epidermis smooth to warty
or papillose.

Apothecia abundant, medium to large; concolorous, tan, or very

5 - 7J
pale flesh-color; spores circular to short ellipsoid, — ^^ M.

On trees and dead wood; abundant at 2000 feet and above.
Found in all temperate and tropical regions but absent from the
arctic and sub-arctic realms.

5. USNEA DASYPOGA (Ach.) Nyl.

Usnea plicata dasypoga Ach. Meth. Lich. 312. 1803.

Usnea dasypoga Nyl. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 202. 1876.

Usnea dasypoga Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 344. 1906.

Usnea barbata c. dasypoga Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 41. 1882.

Thallus greatly elongated and pendulous, slender, terete; thickly
beset with short spreading fibrils; epidermis usually smooth or
minutely roughened ; color gray or yellowish green (straw-color) ; the
principal branches often blackening basally.

Apothecia small, infrequent, rather pale; spores — /<.

Common on trees and shrubs above 600 feet; best developed in the

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 225

redwood formation, often reaching a length of four feet. Native to
Europe, North and South America, the East Indies, and Madagascar.
We have the typical form as well as the following variety.

6. var. PLICATA (Hoffm.) Hue.

Usnea plicata Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 132. 1791.

Usnea dasypoga plicata Hue, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris. Ser. 4", 1 :

1899.

Usnea barhata d. plicata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 41. 1882.

Usnea plicata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 344. 1906.

Thallus greatly elongated and pendulous, rather coarser than in
the type; sub-dichotomously divided, the branches without spread-
ing fibrils; varying from gray-green to straw-color. Apothecia very
small and rare.

Frequent on trees and shrubs above 600 feet; often growing in
inextricable confusion with the type.

7. USNEA ARTICULATA (L.) Hoffm.

Lichen articulatus Linn. Sp. Plant. 2: 11 56. 1753.

Usnea articulata Hoffmann, Deutsch. Fl. 2: 35. 1791.

Usnea barhata e. articulata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 41. 1882.

Thallus moderately elongate, pendulous, much branched, more
or less dichotomous, smooth or minutely sorediose-tuberculate;
broken into joints, these more or less inflated basally; my Calif or-
nian specimens without fibrils, though material collected in Europe
has them present on the entangled secondary branchlets. The artic-
ulations are sometimes so distinct and numerous as to suggest beads
strung on the medullary axis.

Sterile with us.

A distinct and not very abundant plant of the mountain forests.
Widely distributed over the earth, absent only from the frigid zones,
but not well marked in North America except on the Pacific coast.

8. USNEA LONGISSIMA Ach.

Usnea longissima Ach. Lich. Univ. 626. 18 10.

Usfiea longissima Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 43. 1882.

Usnea longissima Herre, Proc, Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 345. 1906.

2 26 HERRE

Thallus pendulous, finally excessively elongated, terete, basally
slightly compressed, sparingly branched; thickly clothed with sim-
ple, nearly straight, horizontal, comparatively short fibrils.

Apothecia small or very small, lateral or terminal; concolorous or

pale tan; spores short ellipsoid, ^ _ /^.

Color of thallus a soft but bright silvery or gray-green; herbarium
specimens fading badly, becoming finally a yellowish green.

On trees above 1500 feet, in the redwood formation.

About the head of Purissima Creek, altitude 1900 feet, the long
swaying silver-gray fronds of this lichen form a conspicuous feature
of the landscape. Here it attains a length of eight or nine feet, but
owing to its inaccessible situation only fragments are obtainable.

Widely distributed over the cooler portions of the northern hemi-
sphere and on mountains in the tropics. Said to reach a length of 6
meters (Hungary, according to Zahlbruckner), or 10 meters (Java,
Nylander).

9. USNEA CALIFORNICA Herre.

Usnea californica Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 345. 1906.

Thallus large, stout, terete, much elongated and pendulous,
smooth; the coarse branches irregularly divided and wide-spread,
readily traceable nearly to the extremity of the plant; secondary
branches long and sub-divided; sparsely clothed with fibrils; branch-
lets and fibrils occasionally sorediate; color gray-green to yellowish
green.

Fruiting specimens rare ; apothecia borne on secondary branches,
terminal or lateral, small to medium size; concolorous or tan; spores

nearly circular to broadly elhpsoid,^ — — /^.

On trees; as yet seen only about the head of Alpine Creek at an
altitude of 1000 feet, where it is locally quite abundant. A similar
plant, collected in Mexico, is in the Museum at Vienna.

A robust, conspicuous plant, reaching a length ordinarily of 2-3
feet and probably the bulkiest of our Usneas. Quite different in
habit and general appearance from all our other species.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 227

CALOPLACACE^.

Thallus crustaceous and uniform or marginally lobed, or rarely
podetia-form or fruticose; without rhizoids, usually without cortex;
alga Pleurococcus.

Apothecia circular, innate or sessile, with a thalline margin, or a
proper margin which does not enclose alga;; epithecium granular,
usually containing chrysophanic acid and becoming purple or violet
with KOH. Paraphyses simple, septate, usually with enlarged tips;
spores usually 8, colorless, rarely tri- or quadrilocular, mostly polar-
bilocular, the cells connected by a narrow tube or isthmus; rarely
the spores are simple; these species are separated from Lecidea or
Lecanora by the endobasidial sterigmata.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

A . Apothecia with proper margin, not containing algae,

biatorine or lecideine LVII. Blastema

A A. Apothecia with thalline margin enclosing algae,

lecanorine LVIII. Caloplaca

LVII. Blastema (Mass.) Th. Fr.

Blastema Massalongo, Monog. Lich. Blast. loi. 1853, i^ part.
Blastema Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europ. 87. 1861.

Thallus crustaceous, uniform to powdery, granular, or areolate,
without cortex.

Apothecia circular, innate or sessile, light colored or dark with
proper margin which does not enclose algae; asci 4-16 spored;
spores polar-bilocular, ellipsoid or oblong, colorless.

A widely distributed genus of about 60 species, occurring on bark,
wood, mosses, and rocks. But one species certainly occurring with
us.

I. BLASTENIA FERRUGINEA (Huds.) Arn.

Lichen ferruginens Hudson, Flora Anglica, 444. 1762.

Blastenia ferruginea Arn.

Placodium ferruginea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 177. 1882.

Thallus at first uniform but soon rough, chinky or fissured, granu-
lar to warty; determinate and sub-orbicular to effuse; from ashy gray
to whitish.

Apothecia small to medium, plane to convex, rust-colored to red;

228 HERRE

proper margin thin, more or less undulate, usually persistent;

thalline margin obsolete; spores ellipsoid to broadly-ellipsoid,

6.2'5 — lo

12.25 — 22

This well-nigh cosmopolitan lichen occurs with us on the bark of
oaks in the mountains and on rocks, especially along the seashore.

A variable plant with a number of rock-dwelling forms.

One of these, Blastema f err uginea bolanderi (Tuck.), is distin-
guished by its having no thallus and the apothecia being usually
of a bright vermilion. It is abundant on maritime rocks.

LVIII. CaloplacaTh. Fr.

Caloplaca Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europ. 70. 1861.

Thallus crustaceous to fruticose, usually yellow, becoming pur-
pHsh red with KOH.

Apothecia lecanorine, with a thalline margin; hypothecium clear,
upon an algal layer; asci with 8 spores.

Species numerous, often quite variable and very difficult to define;
scattered over the whole earth and growing upon a great variety of
substrata.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus fruticose, of terete, nodulose branches. . . i. coralloides
A A. Thallus crustaceous to sub-foliaceous.

B. Apothecia dark brown to black 4. variabilis

BB. Apothecia some shade of orange or yellow.
C. Thallus marginally lobed or sub-foliaceous.

D. Lobes linear to cylindrical, much branched. . . .2. elegans
DD. Lobes marginally plicate or imbricate, broad .3. niuroriim
CC. Thallus not lobate or sub-foliaceous.
E. Thallus gray, ashy or dusky.

F. Hypothallus concolorous; thallus faint reddish

with KOH 5. cerina

FF. Hypothallus blue black; thallus crimson with

KOH 6. gilva

EE. Thallus yellow, orange or red.

G. Thallus granulose, lemon-yellow to greenish

or grayish 7. citrinum

GG. Thallus not granulose.

H. Thallus of turgid, crenate squamules, pale

or tawny yellow 8. bolacinutn

HH. Thallus of minute areoles, fissured; orange-
red 9. cinnaharina

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 2 2g

I. CALOPLACA CORALLOIDES (Tuck.) A. Zahlbs.

Caloplaca coralloides A. Zahlbs. Ann. K. K. Natur. Hofmus.

22: ii6. 1907., and Kryptog. exs ic. No. 1558.
Placodium coralloides Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 287. 1864.
Placodium coralloides Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 169. 1882.
Placodium coralloides Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 385. 1906.

Thallus slender, solid, cartilaginous, decumbent, forming orbicu-
late, eventually indeterminate patches; branches terete, nodulose,
blunt, sub-dichotomously divided, much intertangled; color bright
yellow or orange, finally dark orange; underneath and basally gray-
ish or blackening.

Apothecia small to medium, lateral or terminal, sub-pedicellate;
the rough, dark-orange disk somewhat concave, becoming finally
convex and excluding the thin, entire, elevated margin; spores
oblong or ellipsoid, the sporoblasts usually approximate, the isthmus

S — 7
generally lacking, /^.

Very abundant on rocks above the sea at Point Lobos, San Fran-
cisco, and from Pescadero Point southward along the coast to Frank-
lin Point. It grows usually within a few feet of the water, barely
above ordinary high tide, and must be submerged at every storm or
unusual tide.

A beautiful and unique lichen.

2. CALOPLACA ELEGANS (Link) Th. Fr.

Lichen elegans Link, Ann. Bot. 1 : 37. 1794.
Caloplaca elegans Th. Fries, Lich. Scand. 168. 1871.
Placodium elegans Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 170. 1882.

Thallus orbicular or stellate, appressed, radiate, thick; many-
cleft, the hnear, convex or round and knotted, much branched lo-
bules more or less curved, twisted and knotted, but distinct; upper
surface smooth; color deep orange or vermihon.

Apothecia numerous, small, concolorous; the concave disk becom-
ing plane or even convex, at last excluding the thin, somewhat paler,

entire thalline margin; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, ^ /'.

(( })

^ -fi. in Tuck. Syn.

9-18

230 HERRE

Here described from specimens from San Jacinto Mountain (Dr.
Hasse coll.), altitude 7500 feet, and from Mt. Eddy in northern
California, collected by Dr. E. B. Copeland, altitude 8500 feet.

I have collected at Devils Canon, altitude 2300 feet, a sterile
lichen which is unmistakably referable here, but which differs from
the above in the sub-crustaceous, dwarfed thallus, with much shorter
lacineae, more irregularly dispersed and with a rougher surface.
The typical form may well occur with us.

The color variation in this plant is considerable; specimens col-
lected by me in the Alps range from dingy orange to bright vermilion.

Widely distributed in both northern and austral regions.

3. CALOPLACA MURDRUM (Hoffm.) Th. Fr.

Lichen murorum Hoffmann, Enum. Lich. 63. 1784.
Caloplaca murorum Th. Fries, Lich. Scand. 170. 187 1.
Placodium murorum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 170. 1882.

Thallus orbicular, closely adherent to the substratum, sometimes
forming an effuse crust by the fusing of adjacent plants; centrally
areolate or warted, gradually passing into lobes which are pHcate or
imbricate, convex or plane, with crenate tips; upper surface more or
less minutely granulate scabrous ; usually thickish or swollen, but in
a maritime form the lobules are often quite thin; KOH purple; color
varying from pale to bright yellow.

Apothecia medium, convex, plane or sometimes turgid, circular,
becoming irregular when crowded; concolorous to dark orange, the
disk naked; margin paler, entire to finely crenate; spores
4.0 — 8.5
10-18

Common throughout, especially on limestone and calcareous shale.

This cosmopolitan lichen has a number of well marked forms, of
which the following occur with us:-

4. CALOPLACA MURORUM MINL\TUM (Tuck.)

Tuck., 1. c. 171. 1882.

This variety agrees with the type in all respects except that the
thallus is a flaming orange-red or dark red. There is every grada-
tion in color between it and the type.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 23 1

It occurs very finely developed on dry perpendicular rock walls
and also on boulders in dry places.

5. CALOPLACA MURORUM DECIPIENS (Nyl.)

Lecanora muroriim decipiens Nyl. Flora, 8 (note) 1869; p. 106. 1883.
Lecanora murorum decipiens Crombie, Brit. Lich. 1 : 359. 1894.

Distinguished by the reduced, crowded, verrucose thallus, with
concolorous soredia; lobules very short; apothecia concolorous, scat-
tered.

Rare; on rocks in the foothills.

4. CALOPLACA VARIABILIS (Pers.) Th. Fr.

Lichen variabilis Persoon in Ust. Ann. 26. 1794.
Caloplaca variabilis Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I: 172. 1871.
Placodium variabile Nyl. Lich. Scand. 138. 1861.
Placodium variabile Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 172. 1882.

Thallus of minute, rather thin areoles, forming a chinky crust,
without effigurate margin in our specimens; ashy gray to grayish
brown in color; faint reddish or violet with KOH', CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, obscuring the thallus, of moderate size,
appressed, fiat or plano-convex; the disk very dark brown to black,
bordered by an entire, at length flexuous margin, which passes from
white powdery or paler conditions into concolorous; thecium deep
blue with I; in our specimens the contents of the asci generally
degenerate, not often formed into spores, these also generally imper-

feet, broadly ellipsoid, '— ,«.

14.5 - 17.1

On igneous rocks in the foothills near Stanford University; too
easily passed by, bearing no resemblance to our other representa-
tives of the genus. Found in Europe and western North America.

5. CALOPLACA CERINA (Ehrh.) A. Zahlbr.

Lichen cerinus Ehrhart, PI. Crypt. Dec. 22, no. 216. 1785.

Caloplaca cerina A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 228. 1907.

Placodium cerinum c. pyracea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 175.

1882.

Thallus thin, efi'use, granular and contiguous, or becoming chinky

232 HERRE

and scurfy, or occasionally obsolete; whitish, ashen, to dusky gray;

hypothallus not different in color; KOH faint reddish,

Apothecia small, sessile, plane or convex; thalline margin soon

disappearing; the thin entire, proper margin prominent, paler than

the orange-yellow disk; KOH crimson; spores ellipsoid,

4.9 - 8

/'.

9-75 - 15-75

Abundant on trees, especially on ^sculus californicus.
A common lichen in Europe and North America, on bark, dead
wood, and stones,

6. CALOPLACA GILVA (Hoffm.) A, Zahlbr,

Verrucaria gilva Hoffmann, Deutsch, Flor. 2. 1795.
Caloplaca gilva A, Zahlbr, Ascolichenes, 228. 1907.
Placodium cerinum Tuck. Syn. N. Am, Lich, I: 175. 1882,

Thallus thin, usually definite, soon chinky, granular or warted,
areolate or scattered; often disappearing; hypothallus evident, blu-
ish black; color gray, ashy, or dusky; KOH crimson,

Apothecia small to medium, sessile; disk pale yellow to reddish or
brownish; plane; thalline margin thin, entire, paler or concolorous;
thecium rose-red with KOH; spores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid,
4-9 -9-75

10 - 15-75

A common and variable lichen, occurring everywhere in ihe foot-
hills on trees and old boards, and also on rocks. Found generally
over Europe and North America.

7, CALOPLACA CITRINUM (Hoffm,) Th, Fr,

Verrucaria citrina Hoffmann, Deutsch, Fl. 2: 198, 1795.
Caloplaca citrinum Th, Fries, Lich. Scand, 1 : 176, 187 1.
Placodium citrinum Leighton, Lich. Flor. Grt. Brit, ed. 3, 163.

1879.
Placodium citrinum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 174. 1882.

Thallus effuse, granulose, sub-areolate, lemon-yellow, var3dng
from grayish to greenish.

Apothecia small, numerous, appressed, the disk yellow or pale

6 — 7.5
orange, plane, the pale margin entire; spores ellipsoid, 1^^^^— Z^'-

KOH purple. ^^'^ ^^

THE IICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 233

Not common ; on bark of pepper (Schinus molle) and cypress trees,
at Mayfield.

I also refer here a depauperate plant growing on various maritime

shrubs at Santa Cruz; the spores of this are a '- /^.

^ 8.5-12.25

Occurring over Europe and North America, more often on mortar

or rocks, rarely on old trees.

8. CALOPLACA BOLACINUM (Tuck.) Herre.

Placodiiim holacinum Tuckerman, Lich. Calif. 18. 1866.
Placodium holacinum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 173. 1882.

Thallus of rounded, turgid, crenate squamules, or centrally of
warty areoles; often contiguous but usually scattered, when the
scales are sometimes much reduced; color a pale yellow to tawny yel-
low.

Apothecia medium to large, sessile, becoming convex; often cre-
nate or difform; the disk bright to dark orange, finely granulate;
proper margin pale, often prominent; thalline margin becoming
obsolete; thecium purplish red with KOH; blue with I; spores

ellipsoid, ^"^'^^ li.
^ ' 9.75 - 17

On rocks; perhaps occurring throughout our range, but not often
seen outside the maritime belt, where it occurs on cliffs above the
sea; nowhere very abundant.

A Calif ornian lichen.

9. CALOPLACA CINNABARINA (Ach.) A. Zahlbr.

Lecanora cinnaharina Ach. Lich. Univ. 402. 1810; Island of St.

Bartholomew, West Indies.
Caloplaca cinnaharina A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 228. 1907.
Placodium cinnaharrinum Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 173. 1882.

Thallus areolate, fissured or chinky, or the areoles more often
scattered and minute or almost disappearing; sometimes large and
passing into flattened and crenate scales ; on a black hypothallus ; color
of thallus, orange-red.

Apothecia very small or minute, appressed; disk plane to moder-
ately convex, orange-red; margin pale, entire; spores P-

234

HERRE

Common on rocks throughout North America and abundant with
us on stones in the foothills.

THELOSCHISTACE^.

Thallus fohaceous, leafy-lobed or f ruticose in some forms, attached
by rhizoids or by a holdfast, the structure dorsi- ventral or radial;
cortex on upper and lower sides or on all sides; alga Pleurococctis .

Apothecia circular, sessile, terminal, marginal, or scattered, with
thalline margin ; epithecium granular or powdery, usually containing
chrysophanic acid; hypothecium clear; paraphyses simple, septate;
asci with 8 spores, these colorless, polar-bilocular or four-locular, the
cells joined by a narrow isthmus.

KEY TO THE GENERA,

A. Thallus foliaceous, dorsi-ventral, attached by rhizoids.

LIX. Xanthoria
A A. Thallus f ruticose, with radial structure, more or less erect,

attached by a holdfast LX, Theloschistes

LIX. Xanthoria (Th. Fr.) Arn.

Xanthoria Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europ. 60. 1861. in part.

Xanthoria Arnold,

Xanthoria A. Zahlbr. Ascolichenes, 229. 1907.

Thallus foliaceous, laterally expanded or ascendant, attached by
rhizoids, imbricately lobate, dorsi-ventral, with cortex on both sides.

Apothecia circular, scattered over the surface, or marginal, sessile
or appressed, disk always yellow or orange, with thalline margin;
spores colorless, polar-bilocular.

Species few, of very wide distribution.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus minute or small, effuse, scattered 5. ramulosus

A A. Thallus more or less orbicular, expanded, entire.

B. Lobes expanded, entire, short, thick, crenate, often prui-

nose I . parielina

BB. Lobes many-cleft.

C. Thallus small, effuse or stellate; more or less concealed

by the small, very abundant apothecia 2. polycarpus

CC. Thallus with granulose, powdery margins.

D. On trees and dead wood; apothecia medium to large.

3. lychneus laciniosa
DD. Onmaritime rocks; apothecia small.. 4. lychneus pygmaa

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 235

1. XANTHORIA PARIETINA (L.) Th. Fr.

Lichen parietinus Linne, Sp. Plant. 2: 1143. 1753-
Xanthoria parietina Th. Fries, Lich. Arctoi. 67. i860, in part.
Xanthoria parietina Th. Fries, Lich. Scand. 1 : 145. 187 1.
TheloscJdstes parietinus Norm. Nyt. Mag. Naturvid. 7: 229. 1853.
Theloschistes parietinus Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 49. 1882.
Theloschistes parietinus Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 348. 1906.

Thallus foliaceous, more or less orbicular, appressed ; lobes broad,
entire, crenate, often plaited; sometimes short, thick, and somewhat
pruinose; sometimes forming a thick, effuse crust; color yellow to
orange.

Apothecia small to medium size, concolorous; margin thick,
prominent, entire, becoming flexuous; finally disappearing; spores

12.25 - 17

On trees, rocks, roofs, and fences. A wide spread Hchen, with us
most abundant in the lowlands and foothills about San Francisco
Bay.

2. XANTHORL\ POLYCARPUS (Ehrh.)

Lichen polycarpus Ehrhart, Plant. Crypt. Exsic. no. 136. 1785.
Theloschistes polycarpus Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 50. 1882.
Theloschistes polycarpus Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 348.

1906.

Thallus very small, sub-orbicular, stellate or more often effuse,
closely appressed, yellow; lobes much cleft, narrow.

Apothecia small and very numerous, sometimes concealing the

5 - 8.5
thallus; disk concolorous or orange; spores -^ — 7- /'•

On trees. Common in the valleys and lower foothills. Widely
distributed over the northern hemisphere.

3. XANTHORIA LYCHNEA LACINIOSA (Schaer.)

Parmelia parietina laciniosa Schaerer, Lich. Helvet._Spicil. 477.

1840. f^

Theloschistes lychneus laciniosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 51.

1882.
Theloschistes lychneus laciniosa Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7:

349. 1906.

Proc. Wash, Acad. Sci., May, 1910.

236 HERRE

Thallus foliaceous, appressed, expanded, orbicular or stellate;
lobes much and intricately dissected, their tips ascendant and more or
less fibrillose; lobes either smooth or with granulose powdery mar-
gins; color yellow to orange, rarely greenish to whitish; beneath
white or greenish white, with scattered fibrils of the same color.

Apothecia abundant, medium to large, their disks dark orange;
margin entire or minutely crenulate.

Very abundant in the valleys and foothills on trees and dead
wood; especially noticeable on Msculus calif ornicus .

Passing into states not distinct from polycarpus, but when well
developed a very well marked form,

4. XANTHORIA LYCHNEA PYGM.EA (Bory).

Borrera pygmcea Bory, in Fries, Lich. Europ. Reform. 73. 1831.
Theloschistes lychneus h. pygmaus Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 51.
1882.

Thallus small, sub-orbiculate and pulvinate, or effuse; the lobes
much narrowed or minute, irregular, becoming more or less rounded
and erect, the tips and margins finally granulose-powdery; color
orange or orange-yellow,

Apothecia small, dark orange, not numerous, the entire margin

becoming flexuous and granulose. Spores 7 /*.

On rocks in the maritime belt, San Bruno Mt., 1000 to 13CXD feet
elevation. In the Tuck, Herbarium are specimens from the Oak-
land Hills, elevation 2000 feet, and from OHma, Marin County;
these are labelled Theloschistes parieiinus var . finmarkicus Ach. Dr.
Hasse has also collected it on the ocean bluffs at Newport, Los
Angeles County.

5. XANTHORL\ RAMULOSUS (Tuck.) Herre.

Theloschistes ramulosus Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 51. 1882.
Theloschistes ramulosus Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7 : 349, 1906,

Thallus small, effuse, closely appressed; the minute and scattered

lobules but little divided; color pale yellow to greenish yellow.

Apothecia very small, entire, concolorous, or at length orange;

5-6

spores , {i.

' 14—16

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 237

On trees and shrubs in the maritime region and in the lower foot-
hills.

In the Tuckerman Herb, are specimens found on bushes at Mare
Island, collected by Charles Wright, and others simply marked
"CaUfornia," growing on jEscuIus, with Placodium gilva.

This insignificant little plant is too readily overlooked. It resem-
bles Candelaria concolor, from which it may be best distinguished by
the difference in spores.

LX. Theloschistes Norm.

Theloschistes Norman, Con. Gen. Lich. i6. 1852.

Thallus fruticose, erect or decumbent, branched; structure radial,
alike on all sides, without rhizoids.

Apothecia circular, sessile, plate-shaped, with thaUine margin;
spores colorless, polar-bilocular to 4-locular.

A small genus of wide distribution, usually living on bark.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus sub-terete; apothecial margin sub-crenulate . . . i. flavicans
A A. Thallus compressed; apothecia with marginal radiate fi-
brils 2. chrysophthalmus

I. THELOSCHISTES FLAVICANS (Sw.) Norm.

Lichen flavicans Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occid. 3: 1908. 1788.
Theloschistes flavicans Norman, Gen. Lich. 17. 1852.
Theloschistes flavicans Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 348. 1906.
Theloschistes chrysophthalmus b. flavicans Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich.

I: 49. 1882.

Thallus tufted, elongated, erect and spreading, becoming decum-
bent, sub-terete ; branches numerous, narrow to linear, more or less
twisted and pitted or channelled ; margins with numerous small con-
colorous soredia; color a bright orange-yellow.

Apothecia rare, without marginal radial fibrils; disk a very dark
orange; margin sub-crenulate; my specimens do not yield me spores

but examples from Santa Barbara have spores, — ' — Z*.

^ ^ ' 12 - 14.75

On rocks, earth, and shrubs. Rather abundant on a sandstone

cliff in Pilarcitos Creek Canon, altitude about 200 feet. It also

occurs sparingly on the twigs of dwarf Baccharis and Vaccinium on

238 HERRE

the foggy, wind-swept summit of San Bruno mountain, at an altitude
of about 1300 feet; here it is sometimes paler basally, or, when
shaded, is greenish.

Abundant in the coast ranges from San Luis Obispo County south-
ward, on the twigs of various trees and shrubs; here the lichen is
darker colored, usually lacks soredia, and the apothecia are numer-
ous. A wide-spread tropical or sub-tropical lichen of maritime
regions.

2. THELOSCHISTES CHRYSOPHTHALMUS (L.) Th. Fr.

Lichen chrysophthalmus Linne, Mantissa, 2: 311. 1771.
Theloschistes chrysophthalmus Th. Fries, Gen. Heterol. Europ. 51.

1861.
Theloschistes chrysophthalmus Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 48. 1882.

Thallus small, rigid, somewhat erect, much compressed, divari-
cately lobed, the multifid tips becoming more or less beset with
fibrillose or spinose branches; yellow or yellowish white; beneath
whitish; smooth.

Apothecia medium to large, with orange disk, the margin with
radiate fibrils; spores polar-bilocular, the cells often connected by a

6-7
faint tube, '^ — "/<.

On Quercus agrifolia at Santa Cruz. Rare in the Santa Cruz
peninsula, the herbarium specimens I have seen under this name
from this region being all Xanthoria lychneus laciniosa.

A common Hchen in some parts of the state and widely distributed
in general.

BUELLIACE^.

Thallus crustaceous to squamulose, uniform or marginally lobed,
without rhizoids, usually without cortex ; alga Protococcus.

Apothecia circular, innate or sessile, with only a proper margin or
with a thalline margin; paraphyses simple; asci with 8 spores, rarely
with 16-24 spores; these smoky gray to brown, 2 — 4 locular, or also
muriform, usually with very thick walls.

KEY TO GENERA.

Apothecia lecideine LXI, Buellia

Apothecia lecanorine LXII. Rinodina

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 239

LXI. Buellia DeNot.

Buellia DeNotaris, Giorn. Bot. It. an. 2 : t. 1 : 195. 1846.

Thallus as above; apothecia innate, appressed, or sessile, lecideine,
not containing algaj; hypothecium usually dark or black; paraphy-
ses simple, the tips generally dark and thickened; asci 8-spored,
rarely with 16-24 spores; spores brown to blackish, oblong or ellip-
soid, 2-4 locular, becoming muriform, the septa thick, without a
halo.

A large genus, the species often very difficult; on bark, rocks, and
wood, occurring in all parts of the world.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus dark.

B. Thallus more or less squamulose i. badia

BE. Thallus more or less compactly crustose or minutely
areolate.

C. Brown-gray or umber 2. pullata

CC. Greenish or brownish ash colored and darker. 3. myriocarpa
AA. Thallus pale.

D. Thallus more or less yellowish.

E. Yellow with CaCloOo ; on trees 4. oidalea

EE. Orange-red with CaCl^Oo 5. halonia

DD. Thallus more or less whitish or ashen,

F. Little or no reaction with KOH.

G. Areoles small, rough-surfaced, angulose; KOH —

or brownish; on rocks 8. spuria

GG. Thallus uniform or sub-areolate; clear white,
often silvery; KOH faintly yellowish or — ;

on rocks 6. albo-atra

FF. Yellow with KOH.
H. On bark.

/. Thallus of smooth, rounded, contiguous
areoles, occasionally sub-lobate; whitish

to dark gray 7. parasema

HH. On rocks.

/. Without evident hypothallus.

K. Areoles distinct, putty-colored; more or less
sub-lobate or crenate at circumference.

9. hpidasira
JJ. Hypothallus present.

L. Areoles and apothecia minute to very
minute; apothecia innate-sessile,between

the areoles 10. stellulata

LL. Areoles and apothecia minute to small;
apothecia adnate upon the areoles.

II. retr over tens

240 HERRE

I. BUELLIA BADIA (E. Fr.) Korb.

Lecidea hadia E. Fr. Lich, Europ. Reform, 289. 1831.
Buellia hadia Korber, Sys. Lich. Germ. 226. 1855.
Buellia hadia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: p. 88. 1888.

Thallus effuse, indeterminate, of minute, crumb-like granules or
these becoming larger, crenate-incised, or lobate and more or less
crowded and imbricate; often passing into a fissured crust of small or
medium-sized, flattened, sometimes sub-lobulate squamules; a black
hypothallus very Httle evident; color gray-brown, olive-brown, and
nearly chestnut; KOH; CaCl202.

Apothecia minute or small, closely adnate, black; disk at first flat,

with an evident entire or irregular margin, becoming moderately

convex and the margin finally excluded; hypothecium umber to

blackish brown; paraphyses free, simple, rather stout, the outer half

of their moderately enlarged, sub-globose or rounded tips dusky or

brown; asci ventricose clavate, thecium blue with I; spores bilocular,

6.5 -8
dark brown, ellipsoid, _ /^.

Not rare on rocks in the foothills, occurring in small patches among
other Hchens.
A European lichen found also in western America.

2. BUELLIA PULLATA Tuck.

Buellia pullata Tuck. Lich. Calif. 26. 1866.

Buellia pullata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: q6. 1888.

Thallus effuse, of very minute angular areoles, flat or concave,
finally somewhat rugose or warty, separated by very small fissures,
forming a contiguous, brown-gray or pale umber crust; KOH or
brown; CaCl202.

Apothecia numerous, small, sessile, circular or finally angular and
irregular; the black naked disk flat and surrounded by a thin, erect,
entire margin, or becoming convex, and the margin disappearing;
paraphyses simple, thread-like, more or less sub-coherent, their tips
sometimes capitate and darkened; epithecium broad, blackish
brown; hypothecium pale to dark brown; asci short and broadly cla-
vate or cylindrical-clavate, the spores variously arranged; thecium

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 24 1

deep blue with I; spores short ellipsoid, rather blunt, bilocular,

5 - 8.5

jQ _ J -"• A specimen collected by Bolander yields me sporee

6-5 - 9

/«•

13-19

On rocks above the sea and also in the foothills. Known only
from the coast region of CaHfornia.

A specimen in the Tuck. Herb., collected by Bolander, No. 150,
at San Bruno, has the thallus obsolete.

3. BUELLIA MYRIOCARPA (DC.) Mudd.

Patellaria myriocarpa DC. Fl. Fr., Vol. II: 346. 1805.
Buellia myriocarpa Mudd, Manual Brit. Lich. 217. 1861.
Buellia myriocarpa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 97. 1888.

Thallus small, thin, indeterminate, scurfy or forming a compact
minutely fissured crust which may pass into minutely rough-warty
conditions; greenish or brownish ash-colored and darker; KOH~;
CaClaOa.

Apothecia numerous, very small, sessile, black; the disk flat, with

a thin, erect, paler margin; soon moderately convex and the margin

disappearing; epithecium granulose, brown; paraphyses free, rather

slender, their enlarged tips more or less ellipsoid or oblong, the

extreme apex often dark; hypothecium dark brown; asci clavate,

5 - 7
thecium blue with I; spores bilocular, elUpsoid, "~~~~— ~ A'j

4-8
according to Tuckerman, _ ^ f^-

Abundant on the bark of Cupressus and other trees and also occur-
ring on stones, in the foothills. Found all over the world.

4. BUELLIA OIDALEA Tuck.

Lecidea oidalea Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci., Vol. , p. 383.

i860.
Buellia oidalea Tuck. Lich. Calif. 26. 1866.
Buellia oidalea Tuck. Gen. Lich. 189. 1872.
Buellia oidalea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 99. 1888.

Thallus suborbiculate to effuse, more or less limited by the black

242 HERRE

or dusky hypothallus, uniform, from thin and rather smooth becom-
ing thick, minutely fissured and rough-warty or uneven; color a yel-
lowish-green or whitish-greenish; KOH greenish yellow; CaCl202
yellow.

Apothecia small to medium, finally large, scattered, sessile, dull
black; the disk at first concave, then plane, at last convex, the entire
margin finally excluded; epithecium granulose, brown to dark
brown; hypothecium brownish black; paraphyses simple, threadlike,
lax, their tips very slightly enlarged and brown-margined; asci with
1,2,3 ^^^ 4 spores; thecium blue with I; spores very diverse, at first
bilocular, then quadrilocular, finally becoming muriform multi-

lA — l8 . I C 22

locular, M in a specimen from Pimis radiata, r- «

'29—45 ^ '40 — 60

in a specimen from an old fence near San Francisco Bay.

On the bark of Pinus radiata at the mouth of Ano Nuevo Creek

and southward along the coast on old fences and various trees;

also on an old fence on the salt marsh near Mountainview Landing.

Recorded byTuckerman as occuringon the bark of various trees, in

a number of localities, from San Diego and Yosemite to the state of

Washington.

18 — 24

Accordmg to Tuckerman the spores occur solitary, -7 ^ /< and

40 — 00

also in twos, threes, fours, fives, sixes and eights, averaging 16
by 30//. As Tuckerman well says "This instructive lichen beauti-
fully exhibits the history of the muriform spore. "

5. BUELLIA HALONIA (Ach.) Tuck.

Lecidea halonia Ach. Meth. Lich. 47. 1803.
Buellia halonia Tuck. Lich. Calif. 26. 1866.
Buellia halonia Tuck. Gen. Lich. 186. 1872.
Buellia halonia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 95. 1888.

Thallus determinate and more or less orbiculate, or even sub-
effigurate, upon a black, Hmiting hypothallus; made up of tiny,
angular areoles separated by minute to medium-sized chinks or fis-
sures, at first smooth but soon wavy or variously rugose ; color a
pale yellow-green to bright greenish yellow; KOH— ; bright orange-
red with CaCl202.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 243

Apothecia numerous, of medium size, innate, sessile, black, the
disk at first flat or plano-convex, bordered by a thin, erect entire
margin; soon convex or swollen and the margin disappearing; more
or less greenish- or pale-pruinose; epithecium dark brown; para-
physes thread-like, sub-coherent, their tips hardly enlarged; theci-
um blue with I; hypothecium very broad, reddish brown to black-

7 — 10
ish brown; spores bilocular, ellipsoid, -„ it-.

On rocks all along the ocean shore and in the foothills bordering
the Bay. Oakland Hills, Bolander, in Tuck. Herb. Recorded by
Hasse from the islands off the coast of southern California. Origi-
nally described from the coast of South Africa, at the Cape of Good
Hope.

6. BUELLIA ALBO-ATRA (Hoffm.) Th. Fr.

Lichen albo-ater Hoffmann, Enum, Lich. 30. 1784.
Buellia alho-atra Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 2: 607. 1874.
Buellia albo-atra Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. H: 92. 1888.

Thallus small, effuse, thin to moderately thick, from uniform
becoming fissured and sub-areolate, with an irregularly roughened
surface; color clear white, often with a silvery lustre; KOH faintly
yellowish or — ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, small, sub-innate to adnate and sessile,
black; disk from plane soon strongly convex, naked or gray pruinose,
the proper margin not apparent but often bordered by a false white
or darkening thalline margin; epithecium slightly granulose, yellow-
ish brown; hypothecium deep brown; paraphyses becoming free,
moderately stout, their slightly enlarged and sometimes bluish
dusky and dark brown tips cut off by a septum; asci clavate; the-
cium permanent deep blue with I; spores brown, ellipsoid or bowed
or bean-shaped, from quadrilocular becoming muriform, irregularly

, • , • 73 — 9-75 , 12 — 14.6

disposed m the asci, /;, and ,,- /<•

13 — 22 20 — 28

On the bark of oaks in the foothills and on Pseudotsuga taxijolia
at the summit of the range.

The variety saxicola is common in the foothills on rocks, and
occurs also under overhanging sandstone walls at Devils Canon.
It is distinguished by the sub-orbiculate to effuse thallus of minute

244 HERRE

areoles, occurring generallyin small, more or less determinate patches,
sometimes bounded by a black hypothallus. The apothecia are
smaller and more crowded.

A common and variable lichen, dwelling on bark and rocks in
the cold and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.

7. BUELLIA PARASEMA (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Lichen parasemus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 64. 1798.
Lecidea parasema Ach. Meth. Lich. 35. 1803.
Buellia parasemaTh..¥r.'L\ch..Scdi,n6.. 2: 589. 1874.
Buellia parasema Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 92. 1888.

Thallus of small, smooth, rounded, contiguous areoles, or much
fissured and the areoles often sublobate; passing also into very
thin, almost obsolete states; or the areoles becoming thicker, rough,
and corrugated; color whitish gray, to dark ashy gray, the Hmit-
ing, pale or blackening hypothallus usually but little evident in
our specimens, or even entirely obsolete; KOH yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, small to medium, closely sessile or adnate,
black and also brownish black; the disk at first flat, with a thin,
entire margin which is irregular as the disk becomes flexuous; or
the disk convex almost from the beginning, and soon tumid, the
margin disappearing; epithecium yellowish brown; paraphyses very
slender, coherent, thecium blue with I; h3^othecium very broad,
brownish black; spores brown, ellipsoid, bilocular, not constricted,

n c 12 . K II

^ u: according to Tuck. i^.

16 — 29 10 — 24

Common throughout on old fences, decorticated dead wood, and

the bark of trees; a variable species probably distributed over the

whole earth.

8. BUELLIA SPURIA (Schaer.) Korb.

Lecidea spuria Schaerer, Lich. Helvet. Spicilegium, 127.
Lecidea spuria Schaerer, Enum. Crit. Lich. Europ. 114. 1850.
Buellia spuria Korber, Parerga Lich. 183. 1865.
Buellia spuria Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 91. 1888.

Thallus of small, flattish or plano-convex, rough-surfaced, angu-
lose areoles crowded together into a rimose or chinky dark ashy
gray crust, or else of more or less dispersed, slightly convex,

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 245

angular, smooth areoles, upon a black hypothallus; KOH — or
brownish ; CaCl202 — •

Apothecia small or minute, innate-sessile or closely appressed,
black; the flat disk surrounded by a thin but prominent and entire
margin; more rarely the disk is roughened or papillate, moderately
convex, the margin disappearing; epithecium thick, black; hypo-
thecium brownish black; asci clavate or ventricose; thecium blue
with I; paraphyses sub-coherent at their tips, becoming free, slen-
der, the apices but little enlarged, umber to blackish brown; spores

ellipsoid, bilocular, not constricted at the middle, '- n.

On rocks in the foothills at slight elevations; common in Europe
and the eastern United States.

9. BUELLIA LEPIDASTRA Tuck.

Lecidea lepidastra Tuck, Amer. Journ. Arts. & Sci. 25 : 429. 1858.
Buellia lepidastra Tuck. Gen. Lich. 186. 1872.
Buellia lepidastra Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 90. 1888.
Buellia lepidastra Hasse, Lich. South. Calif, ed. 2, 15. 1898.

Thallus of distinct, thickish, flat or plano-convex areoles forming
a fissured crust, passing at the circumference into sub-lobate and
crenulate or more dilate areoles or squamules, which often form a
limiting, sub-orbiculate border; no hypothallus to be made out;
color of a putty-like whiteness; KOH yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous, often crowded, circular to angulose, small,
adnate or sessile, black; the naked disk at first flat, with a thin
entire margin, becoming plano-convex or moderately rounded, the
margin more or less obsolete; paraphyses moderately stout, septate,
from agglutinate becoming free, their slightly enlarged and dusky
tips brown to black at the very apex; asci clavate, thecium deep
blue with I; hypothecium blackish brown; spores bilocular, blunt-

6 — 7.5
ellipsoid or pointed, not constricted at the middle,- — -^ -P-', Tuck.,

"6-8 »

10 — 20

On stones in the foothills, at elevations of a few hundred feet,
forming small, sub-efiigurate patches among other lichens. A
North American Hchen originally described from Vermont.

246 HERRE

10. BUELLIA STELLULATA (Tayl.) Mudd.

Lecidea stellulata Taylor, in Mackay, Fl. Hibern. II: 118. 1836.
Buellia stellulata Mudd, Man. Brit. Lich. 216. 1861.
Buellia stellulata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 91. 1888.

Thallus from small and more or less orbiculate becoming effuse
and spreading extensively, but bounded by a thin black hypothallus;
thin, of minute to very minute, flat or plano-convex areoles, finely
rimose; color white, ashy gray, and dusky ashen; KOH yellow;
CaClsOa-.

Apothecia numerous, minute to very minute, innate-sessile be-
tween the areoles, becoming crowded and confluent, black; the disk
plane with a thin erect black or occasionally gray margin which
finally disappears; epithecium and hypothecium blackish brown
or umber; paraphyses simple, thread-hke, sub-coherent, their tips
enlarged, blunt, rounded; thecium blue with I; spores bilocular,

6-8

blunt-elhpsoid, /^.

^ 10-15

Common on various rocks in the maritime area and in the foot-
hills. A cosmopolitan lichen.

The minute white areoles thickly studded with the black apothecia
often give it a "pepper and salt" or ''Milky Way" appearance.

II. BUELLIA RETROVERTENS Tuck.

Buellia retrovertens Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. II: 89. 1888.

Thallus of small or minute, separate or contiguous, smooth, plano-
convex, rounded, angulose, or sub-lobate whitish-gray squamules on
a more or less evident black hypothallus; KOH yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia adnate, minute to small, disk at first flat, dull black,
with an entire, slightly elevated, brown-black margin; becoming
convex when the margin is obsolete; epithecium a narrow brown-
black fine ; hypothecium dark brownish black; paraphyses coherent,
with abrupt globular pale violaceous heads; thecium pallid, blue
with I; asci spatulate, nearly as high as thecium; spores long-ellip-
soid, dark brown, little or not at all constricted at the middle, ap-

5-8

parently with a narrow and Httle evident halo, ^.

^ -^ '10—17

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 247

On rocks near Mayfield, at an altitude of 200 feet, and on jasper
at Twin Peaks, San Francisco, altitude about 550 feet.

This species seems to be almost as near Rhizocarpon as to Buellia.

LXII. Rinodina (Mass.) Stiz.

Rinodina Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. 14. 1852.

Rinodina Stizenberger, Beitrag zur Flechtensystematik, 45. 1862.

Thallus crustaceous, rarely squamulose, uniform or marginally
lobed, without rhizoids, a cortex present in some species; alga Pro-
tococcus.

Apothecia circular, innate or sessile, lecanorine, with thalline mar-
gin enclosing algai which in some species soon die; proper margin
very thin or lacking; disk dusky or black, naked or pruinose; epithe-
cium granular or powdery, usually purple or violet with KOH; hypo-
thecium colorless, rarely dark; paraphyses simple or rarely forked,
thread-like, more or less clavate, often thickened at the tips; spores
usually 8, rarely as many as 24, smoky gray, brown, or blackish,
2-4 celled, with (usually) strongly thickened walls, the cell contents
united by an isthmus.

A large genus of rock and bark lichens, found all over the world.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Thallus obsolete or nearly so, on limestone; apothecia im-
mersed in pits in the rock 3. bischoffi immersa

AA. Thallus well developed.

B. Thallus with margin radiately lobate.

C. Thallus white to dusky gray i . radiata

CC. Thallus greenish yellow or straw-color 2. oreina

BB. Thallus not marginally lobate.

D. On rocks.

E. Thallus dark brownish to olive black; KOH- ... 4. tephraspis
EE. Thallus whitish to brown-gray; KOH bright yellow

5. confragosa
DD. On bark.

F. Thallus brown or gray.
- G. Color umber or dark brown; apothecia often

pruinose 6. hallii

GG. Color olive-brown or gray-brown ; apothecia

never pruinose 7. sophodes

FF. Thallus whitish or gray.

H. Thallus reddish with CaCLOj 8. atrocinerea

HH. Thallus not affected by CaCUO?.

248 HERRE

/. Thallus faint yellow with KOH ; paraphyses

agglutinate 9. roboris

II. Thallus not affected by KOH ; paraphyses
free; spores smaller than in roboris.

10. exigua

I. RINODINA RADIATA Tuck.

Buellia radiata Tuck. Lich. Calif. 25. 1866.

Rinodina radiata Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts. & Sci. new series,

4: 173. 1877.
Rinodina radiata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 205. 1882.
Lecanora radiata Hasse, Lich. So. Calif, ed. 2. 11. 1898,

Thallus more or less orbicular, adnate, rather thin, small or
medium, or spreading through the coalescence of several plants; the
rather broad marginal region radiately lobed, irregularly crenate and
cleft, the lobules convex or flattened; remainder of thallus of small,
irregular, flattish areoles, forming a uniform fissured crust. Margin
white to gray; central portion dusky gray to blackish; a black fring-
ing hypothallus often visible; KOH— ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia from small and innate emerging and becoming sessile
and sub-globose; disk plane, at last strongly convex, black; naked,
or more often white pruinose, with entire or irregular whitish thai-
line margin which rarely disappears; epithecium thin, granulose,
brown; paraphyses short, free, simple, their tips somewhat enlarged,
pale yellowish brown; hypothecium dusky or blackish brown; asci
short, cylindrical-clavate or ventricose; thecium deep blue with I;

spores short ellipsoid, q~ '— fL

Abundant on rocks in the maritime area; usually closely associ-
ated with Buellia stellulata. Probably confined to the coast ranges
of California.

Under unfavorable conditions the thallus is poorly developed,
without the radiately lobed margin, but remains uniform, being
then the variety fimbriata of Tuckerman.

2. RINODINA OREINA (Ach.) Mass.

Lecanora straminea /? oreina Ach. Lich. Univ. 433. 1810.
Rinodina oreina Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. 16. 1852.
Rinodina oreina Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 206. 1882.

THE LICHEN FLOILA. OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 249

Thallus of medium size or large, rarely small with us, closely
appressed, with a radiately lobed circumference, the crenate lobules
long and distinct; remainder of plant thicker, crustaceous, fissured,
of variously shaped areoles, plane or convex, smooth, or roughened;
color greenish yellow or straw-color, the margin much lighter than
the inner portion, which is often dusky; lobes of circumference
black-margined, as are sometimes all the areoles; KOH faintly
darker yellowish ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia small, innate, soon emergent and sessile, from plane,
becoming strongly convex; color of disk brown, brownish-black
and black; the entire thalline margin finally disappearing; paraphy-
ses agglutinate, their pale yellow tips enlarged; epithecium granular,
brownish; hypothecium clear; thecium blue with I; spores short,

blunt elUpsoid, A- 9 - 7t
^ '9-75-12.5

Found but once within our limits, lining a "pot-hole" on the top
of a huge sandstone crag, on the summit of the range near Devils
Canon, altitude about 2500 feet. Very abundant and finely devel-
oped in the Inner Coast Range, occurring at Alum Rock Park as
low as 300 feet, covering large areas of igneous rock.

Occasionally the marginal lobes are absent and the central portion
is degenerate.

Widely distributed over the temperate zone.

3. RINODINA BISCHOFFI IMMERSA Korber.

Rinodina bischqffii immersa Korber, Parerga Lich. 75. 1865.
Rinodina bischoffii immersa Jatta, Syll. Lich. Ital. 272. 1900.
Lecanora bischoffii immersa Leighton, Lich. Fl. Grt. Brit. ed. 3,
221. 1879.

Thallus endolithic, of minute granules visible only with a good
lens, imparting a gray or bluish cast to the stone, or else entirely
absent; KOH—; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia minute, numerous, immersed in tiny pits in the rock,
black, usually plane and below the surface; a thin paler or concolor-
ous margin more or less evident; paraphyses simple, their tips coher-
ent, broadly capitate, sometimes forked, umber-colored; epithecium,
broad, blackish brown; hypothecium dark brown; spores blunt

250

HERRE

ellipsoid, from colorless becoming dark brown, bilocular, the septum

7 1^ — 12 . 2S

broad, ^-^ ;r Z^-

' 14 - 19-5

Abundant on limestone near the summit of Black Mountain,
altitude 2700 feet.
A European lichen which I fail to find recorded from this country.

4. RINODINA TEPHRASPIS Tuck.
Lecanora tephraspis Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci.,

p. 425, .

Rinodina sophodes c. tephraspis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 208.

1882.

Thallus of thick, swollen, uneven, densely crowded and variously
shaped areoles; from dark brownish ashen becoming very dark,
finally olive black; hypothallus hardly perceptible; KOH— ;
CaClaOa-.

Apothecia numerous, at first innate and very small, emerging
and sessile, finally of medium size; the disk black or very dark;
the entire, persistent margin at first paler but soon blackening;
epithecium dark brown; paraphyses thread-like, free, the tips be-
coming much enlarged, yellow to brownish; thecium blue with I;

spores with thick walls, blunt and broadly ellipsoid, — ,«.

Abundant on serpentine and occurring also on other rocks in the
foothills.

A North American plant, separated from sophodes by the different
thallus, the free paraphyses, and the broader spores, as well as the
different habitat.

5. RINODINA CONFRAGOSA (Ach.) Korb.

Parmelia confragosa Ach. Meth. Lich. Supplem. 33. 1803.
Rinodina confragosa Korber, Syst. Lich. Germ. 125. 1855.
Rinodina sophodes d. confragosa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 208.

1882.

Thallus of rather thick, lobulate or warty, conglomerate areoles,
from whitish becoming brown-gray; KOH bright yellow; CaCl202— ;
the h>pothallus not observable in my specimens.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 2$ I

Apothecia from innate soon sessile, small or medium size, plane,
the persistent thalline margin thick, entire, sometimes wavy, often
inflexed; brownish black to black; paraphyses coherent, their tips
not much enlarged; epithecium dark blackish brown; thecium blue

9—13
with I; spores thick-walled, blunt, ellipsoid, -^ /^.

On sandstone in the mountains, apparently not very abundant.
Widespread throughout the north temperate zone.

6. RINODINA HALLII Tuck.

Rinodina hallii Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich, I: 208. 1882.

Thallus determinate, bounded by a conspicuous, broad, black
hypothallus, uniform, but soon chinky areolate, rather thin; color
var^'ing from pale green-brown to umber, the dark forms most com-
mon; KOH— ; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia numerous but not crowded, closely appressed but
hardly innate even when very young, from small to rather more than
medium size; the disk plane when very small, but soon convex, at
length strongly so, bordered by a thin, entire, concolorous proper
margin which is usually persistent, though sometimes excluded;
brownish black to black, occasionally partially covered with a thin
white bloom; paraphyses coherent, their enlarged tips yellow or yel-
lowish brown; epithecium brown; hypothecium clear; thecium deep

8 - 12.5
blue with I; spores thin-walled, ellipsoid to irregular, ^ _ /*.

On the bark of various trees, but abundant and conspicuous on
oaks; in the mountains at 1500 feet and above, and also in deep, dark
canons beside perennial streams as low as 600 feet.

The more or less orbiculate thallus often spreads extensively and
becomes effuse by the union of several plants.

There seem to be no published records of its occurrence outside
California and Oregon.

Named for Elihu Hall, an Illinois botanist and collector who also
collected extensively in the west and sent Tuckerman his type speci-
mens.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, igio.

252 HERRE

7. RINODINA SOPHODES (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Lichen sophodes Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 67. 1798.

Rinodina sophodes Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I: 199. 187 1.

Rinodina sophodes Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 207. 1882, in part.

Thallus more or less determinate, thin or of moderate thickness,
bordered by a black hypothallus; uniform granular or of uneven
granulose areoles; color olive-brown or gray-brown; KOH— ;
CaClaOz-.

Apothecia small, appressed, the disk at j&rst plane, then convex,
color varying from dark brown to brownish-black; the thin entire
margin usually paler, rarely blackening; epithecium dark brown;
paraphyses slender, confluent, or hardly free, their tips enlarged, yel-
low and darker; hypothecium colorless; hymenium deep beautiful
blue with I; spores ellipsoid or sub-ellipsoid, often with one side

7 — 12
nearly straight, the other one strongly arched, -7 /"•

Common on bark throughout, and distributed over the entire
earth.

8. RINODINA ATRO-CINEREA (Dicks.) Korber.
Lichen atro-cinerea Dickson, Plant. Crypt. Brit., Ease. Ill: 14.

1793-
Rinodina atro-cinerea Korber, Syst. Lich. Germ. 125. 1855.

Rinodina sophodes b. atro-cinerea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 207.

1882.

Thallus of small, sub-lobulate granules or areoles, scattered, or
subcontiguous and forming a chinky, areolate, unequal crust, of a
whitish or light ashy gray color; hypothallus not perceptible; KOH
yellow; CaCl202 reddish.

Apothecia small to very small, adnate, sessile, the red-brown disk
darkening, from brown to black; at first plane but soon convex; the
entire, whitish thalline margin very soon disappearing and the apo-
thecia then purely lecideine, with a thin, entire, proper margin which
may also disappear; paraphyses simple, free, thread-like, their tips
hardly enlarged; epithecium umber or blackish; thecium deep blue

8.5 - 12.5 __

with I; spores ellipsoid, oblong, or bowed.

17 - 27

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 253

On charred stems of Manzanita in the mountains near Los Gatos,
at about 2000 feet altitude.

9. RINODINA ROBORIS (Duf.) Th. Fr.

Lecanora roboris Dufour, Pr. L. Gall. 93.
Rinodina roboris Jatta, Syll. Lich. Ital. 273. 1900.

Thallus thin, determinate to sub-effuse, of rather uniform small
areoles; color whitish to gray; hypothallus broad, black, but often
obsolete; KOH faint yellow; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia medium to large, sessile, soon convex, the gray, entire
margin becoming crenulate, rarely entirely disappearing; the disk
blackish brown; paraphyses agglutinate, their tips enlarged and pale
yellow; epithecium brownish; hypothecium clear; thecium a beauti-
ful dark blue with I; spores long ellipsoid, thin-walled, — El:^ /i.

19- 27

On bark oiAcer macrophyllum and of oaks, along the summit of the
range.

Found in western Europe and on the Pacific coast of the United
States.

Differs from sophodes in the color of the thallus, the larger apothe-
cia with crenulate margin, and the larger spores, as well as the thai-
line reaction with KOH.

10. RINODINA EXIGUA (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Lichen exigua Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr., 69. 1798.

Rinodina exigua Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I: 201. 1871.

Rinodina exigua Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 208. 1882, in part.

Thallus effuse, thin, uneven, granulose, or merely scurfy, and often
scattered and very thin; varying in color from whitish and pale gray
to very dark grayish brown and blackish olive; KOH— ; CaCl202— .

Apothecia small to minute, numerous, plane or finally convex, disk
brownish black to black; thalline margin pale or whitish, from entire
becoming crenulate, and finally excluded; epithecium blackish
brown, granulose; paraphyses thread-like, free, their tips enlarged,
yellowish brown; hypothecium clear; thecium blue with I; spores

6 - II
II. 5 - 20

254 HERRE

On various trees in the foothills and also on rocks and old fences.
Of world wide distribution.

Differs from sophodes in the reduced, effuse thallus and smaller
spores, while the hypothallus is indistinct or absent.

PHYSCIACE^.

Thallus usually fohaceous, stellate, or orbicular, appressed, la-
ciniately branched orlobed; rarely fruticose or ascendant; beneath
fibrillose, or more seldom naked; cortical layer present; alga Protococ-
cus.

Apothecia usually abundant, shield-shaped, lecideine or lecano-
rine; the disk dark or blackish, often pruinose; paraphyses simple;
asd with 8 brown, ellipsoid, in our species, bilocular and thick- walled
spores.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

A . Upper cortical layer of pseudoparenchyma, formed of hy-

phae perpendicular to the surface LXIIl. Physcia

A A. Upper cortical layer of longitudinal hyphse, not forming

pseudoparenchyma LXIV. Anaptychia

LXIII. Physcia (Schreb.) Wainio.

Physcia Schreber, Genera Plant. 2: 767. 1791, in part.
Physcia Wainio, Etud. Lich. Bresil, 1 : 138. 1890.

Thallus fohaceous, stellate or orbicular, appressed or ascendant,
usually attached by rhizoids, laciniately branched or lobed; lobes
dorsi- ventral, both sides with cortical layer; medulla cottony, white,
saffron, sulfur-colored, or red.

Apothecia shield-shaped, sessile, with thalline margin; disk dark
to black, often pruinose; paraphyses simple, septate, rarely unsep-
tate; epithecium not affected by KOH; hypothecium colorless or
dark; spores 8, brown, elhpsoid, thick-walled, bilocular, rarely quad-
rilocular or muriform through the interpolation of longitudinal
septa.

This widely distributed genus is well represented with us.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A . Thallus more or less pruinose.

B. Thallus silvery white 2. pulverulenta argyphcza.

BB. Thallus more or less brown.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 255

C. Surface not isidiose.

D. Apothecial margin not fringed with thalline lobules.

I . pulverulenta
DD. Apothecial margin fringed with thalline lobules.

4. venusta
CC. Surface isidiose.

E. Medulla white 3. pulverulenta isidiigera

EE. Medulla greenish yellow or sulfur 5. muscigena

A A. Thallus not pruinose.

F. Thallus brownish gray to oHve and dark, brown.
G. Thin and very closely appressed, not sorediate.

10. adglutinata
GG. Thallus thicker, sorediate, marginally hispid. ... 11. obscura
FF. Thallus white, gray, or ashy.

H. Thickly sprinkled with small white, sub-epidermal spots.

/. Under surface with simple white fibrils 6. stellaris

II. Under surface with hispid black fibrils 7. aipolia.

HH. Thallus without sub-epidermal white spots.

/. Lobes flat; marginally sorediate 8. tribacia

J J. Lobes ascendant, with vaulted inflated tips; not

sorediate 9 • ienella

PHYSCL\ PULVERULENTA (Schreb.) Nyl.

Lichen pulverulentus Schreher, SpidL 128. 1771.

Physcia pulverulenta Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3. 1: 308.

1856.
Physcia pulverulenta Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 72. 1882.
Physcia pulverulenta Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 361. 1906.

Thallus orbicular or stellate; the numerous lobes usually long and
broad, laciniate, crenate, their margins sometimes dissected, tips
rounded; central lobes sometimes short, rounded, imbricate, with
retuse tips; color greenish to brownish, the upper surface more or
less white pruinose; beneath black, or marginally white, densely
black fibrillose; medullary layer white or greenish white.

Apothecia wanting or imperfectely developed.

On stones in the foothills. Recorded by Hue from nearly all over
the world.

2. PH\^SCL\ PULVERULENTA ARGYPILEA Nyl.

Physcia pulverulenta argyphcea Nyl. Lich. Scand. 104. 1861.
Physcia pulverulenta argypJuBa Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 361.
1906.

256 HERRE

Thallus orbicular or stellate, appressed; lobes discrete, narrow,
elongate, many-cleft; their margins crenate or entire; usually up-
turned and confluently sorediate; thallus often becoming powdery
sorediate or crustose at the centre, and now disappearing, leaving
only the marginal lobes.

Varies from the type in having the thallus of a silvery white color;
rarely darker or dingy. Medullary layer white or greenish white.

Apothecia rare, the disk pruinose; margin thick, sorediate, entire,

or sometimes slightly dentate; spores — ^ — n.

25 - 32.5

Common on trees in the foothills and mountains.

3. PHYSCIA PULVERULENTA ISIDIIGERA A. Zahlbr.

Physcia pulverulenta isidiigera A. Zahlbruckner, in litt.

Physcia pulverulenta isidiigera Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad.Sci. 7: 362.

1906.
Physcia pulverulenta isidiigera Hasse, Bull. So. CaHf. Acad. Sd. 5 :

39. 1906; Ventura County and Mt. San Jacinto.

Thallus orbicular, marginally closely appressed and thin; becom-
ing thick, heaped, and isidiose powdery or granular in the central
portion, all trace of lobes being lost; marginal lobes short, crenate,
imbricate; color brownish or dingy black; often bluish pruinose, the
plant then of a pale, bluish-slate color; beneath black, the margin
pale; covered with short black fibrils; medulla greenish white.

Apothecia small, the disk black, occasionally pruinose; margin

thick, tumid, elevated, sorediate; spores — ^ n.

Z^ - 37-5
On trees, roofs, and fences. Very common in the lowlands about

San Francisco Bay and back to the foothills, growing in great abim-

dance in the shade or where exposed to the moist bay winds.

4. PHYSCIA VENUSTA (Ach.) Nyl.

Parmelia venusta Ach. Meth. Lich. 211. 1803.

Physcia venusta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 25: 383, pi. 25. 1878.

Physcia venusta Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 363. 1906.

Thallus expanded, orbicular, appressed; lobes many-cleft, narrow,
laciniate or crenate, the tips usually rounded; inner lobes often

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 257

marked with small tooth-like lobules; color varying from green
through buff to tawny brown; gray pruinose at least on tips of
lobes, but usually otherwise naked; beneath black and densely black
fibrillose, usually pale at margin; medullary layer white.

Apothecia pruinose, sessile; disk flat, black, or reddish-black;
often gray or bluish pruinose; margin thick, entire, fringed with

I ■% — 17

small thalline lobules; spores -^ pi.

27 - 32

This species grows luxuriantly on oaks, principally Quercus chryso-

lepis, along the summit oi the range at an altitude of 2200 feet and

above.

5. PHYSCIA MUSCIGENA (Ach.) Nyl.

Parmelia muscigena Ach. Lich. Univ. 472. 18 10.

Physcia muscigena Nyl. Syn. Meth. Lich. 1 : 418. i860.

Physcia muscigena Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 363. 1906.

Thallus diffuse, spreading, irregular; the laciniate, numerous lobes
short, narrow, distinct, often upturned at the tip; margins more or
less sorediate or powdery with confluent, sulfur-colored soredia; sur-
face often with isidiose or cephaloid outgrowths; medullary layer
usually greenish yellow or sulfur-colored; color of thallus brown,
finally a very dark dull brown; rarely greenish; usually only tips of
lobes pruinose; beneath white, becoming very dark; densely clothed
with more or less hispid black fibrils.

Apothecia rare, scattered; margin thick, becoming sorediate;

13-75 — 17-5
spores ^ '-^ '-^ fi.

27-5 - 375
Common in the foothills on mossy sandstone and the trunks of
oaks.

6. PHYSCIA STELLARIS (L.) Nyl.

Lichen stellaris L. Sp. Plant. 2: 1144. 1753.
Physcia stellaris Nyl. Syn. Meth. Lich. 1 : 424. i860.
Physcia stellaris Tuck. Syn, N. Am. Lich. I: 73. 1882.
Physcia stellaris Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 363. 1906.

Thallus smooth, appressed, stellate or irregular; lobes many cleft,
sinuate, very close together; thickly sprinkled with small white sub-
epidermal spots; neither pruinose nor sorediate; color white; beneath

258 HERRE

white or pale, clothed more or less with simple white fibrils. KOH
yellow; medulla not colored yellow by KOH.
Apothecia black, usually pruinose; margin entire; spores

14-5 - 19-5
On stones and twigs; abundant along the highest peaks of the

range and one of the commonest and most widespread of hchens.

7. PHYSCIA AIPOLIA (Ach.) Nyl.

Lichen aipolius Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 112. 1798.
Physcia aipolia Nyl. Flora, 53* 38. 1870.
Physcia aipolia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 73. 1882.
Physcia aipolia Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 363. 1906.

Thallus orbicular, expanded, appressed; lobes much cleft, sinuous,
separate and distinct, or coalescent and imbricate; very thickly
sprinkled with small white sub-epidermal spots; surface smooth,
without soredia; color white or bluish white; beneath dark or black,
usually densely clothed with black hispid fibrils; medulla yellow
with KOH.

Apothecia numerous, usually bluish pruinose; disk brownish
black; margin thick, prominent, more or less crenate; spores

5-10
/<.

15-25

Common on twigs and trunks throughout our range; particularly
well developed on Msculus calif ornicus above 2000 feet. Abundant
on rocks along the summit of the range. A very common and wide-
spread lichen.

8. PHYSCIA TRIBACIA (Ach.) Tuck.

Lecanora trihacia Ach. Lich. Univ. 415. 1810.
Physcia trihacia Tuck Lich. Am. Sept. No. 85.
Physcia trihacia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 75. 1882.
Physcia trihacia Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 364. 1906.

Thallus more or less orbicular, usually rather small, much lobed;
lobes short, intricately laciniate; their margins upturned, much-dis-
sected, granulate, becoming lined with confluent soredia; center of
thallus sometimes converted into a granulate or sorediate crust; color

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 259

bluish white, gray, or ashy; beneath white, becoming buff centrally;
sparingly covered with short white fibrils.

Apothecia rare, small to medium, sessile; disk brown to black;

margin thick, entire or somewhat rugose; spores — ~ ^ //.

17-5 - 25
Common in the foothills on trees and rocks. A common lichen of
Europe and North America.

9. PHYSCIA TENELLA (Scop.) Nyl.

Lichen tenellus Scopoli, Flor. Car. ed. 2, 2: 394. 1772.
Physcia tenella Nyl. Flora, 57: 306. 1874.
Physcia hispida Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 75. 1882.
Physcia hispida Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 364. 1906.

Thallus quite small; sub-stellate and appressed, or more com-
monly forming small, loose, diffuse clumps; the short ascendant
lobes irregularly and deeply cleft, their tips inflated and vaulted,
forming a very characteristic feature; margins of lobes beset with
long, concolorous, or occasionally darkening, fibrils; color white or
bluish ashy-gray; beneath white, with few short white fibrils.

Sterile with us.

Sometimes covering considerable areas, and dwarfed so as to be
scarcely recognizable.

Frequent on trees and shrubs throughout. Occurs in the univer-
sity arboretum on stems of the giant cactus of Arizona, Cereus gigan-
teus. •

Common throughout the colder portions of the northern hemi-
sphere.

10. PHYSCIA ADGLUTINATA (Flk.) Nyl.

Lecanora adghitinata Floerke, Deutsch. Lich. 4: 7. 1815 .
Physcia adgluUnata Nyl. Syn. Meth. Lich. 1: 428. i860.
Physciu adglutinata Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1: 77. 1882.
Physcia adglutinata Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 365. 1906.

Thallus small, inconspicuous; very closely appressed so that it
appears to be a part of the substratum; lobes thin, flat, coalescent;
center of the thallus often crustose; color "glaucescent becoming
cinerascent and brown, pale and scarcely fibrillose beneath; apothe-

26o HERRE

cia small and very small; disk blackish brown; margin entire, scarcely

cib'ate; "spores /^", Tuckerman.

14 — 22

Occurring very rarely with us, on trees. A wide spread but not
very common lichen.

II. PHYSCIA OBSCURA (Ehrh.) Nyl.

Lichen obscurus Ehrhart, PL Crypt, no. 177. 1785.

Physcia obscura Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, series 3, I: 309.

1856.
Physcia obscura Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 76. 1882.

Thallus sub-orbicular or sub-stellate, appressed, smooth, not prui-
nose; lobes narrow, many-cleft, flat or slightly convex, sorediate;
marginally hispid or pseudo-cib'ate; centrally it may pass into small,
overlapping lobules, or become crustaceous and disappearing, leav-
ing the marginal lobes only; brownish-gray mouse-color to dark
brown; beneath black, more or less clothed with black fibrils.

No fruiting specimens have yet been collected here.

Not abundant or conspicuous with us; best developed on bark, but
occurring likewise on rocks, usually with stellate and much reduced
thallus.

A variable and cosmopolitan lichen.

LXIV. Anaptychia Korber.

Anaptychla Korber, Sys. Lich. Germ. 49. 1855.

Thallus foliaceous or fruticose, much lobed or branched, prostrate,
ascendant, or erect, usually with rhizoids on the lower side; lobes
broad to linear, smooth or channelled, often fibrillose; dorsi-ventral
or radial, both sides or only the upper with an almost cartilaginous
cortex of longitudinal, agglutinated hyphae, not forming pseudopar-
enchyma; the algse lie either under the upper cortex or also next the
under cortex.

Apothecia circular, sessile or terminal, lecanorine; disk dark, prui-
nose or naked; hypothecium clear, the paraphyses simple; spores
brown, ellipsoid to elongate, bilocular, with thick walls.

Species few, of wide distribution, occurring on earth, rocks, moss,
and bark.

THE LICHEN FLORA OF THE SANTA CRUZ PENINSULA 26 1

KEY TO TO THE SPECIES.

A. Apothecia abundant; thallus small, matted or tufted, KOH-.

T. erinacea
A A. Sterile with us.

B. Thallus elongate, fruticose; KOH- ; on earth 2. leucomela

BB. Lobes shorter and wider than No. 2; KOH yellow; on

trees and shrubs 3. ciliaris

I. ANAPTYCHIA ERINACEA (Ach.) Herre.

Borrera erinacea Ach. Lich. Univ. 499. 18 10.
Physcia erinacea Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. 1 : 224. 1847.
Physcia erinacea Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 67. 1882.
Physcia erinacea Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 360. 1906.

Thallus small, matted or loosely tufted; naked, white or greenish
white; beneath very white and often covered with a greenish powder;
the ascendant lobes more or less flat, sinuous, and irregularly
notched; contracting and dilating so as to be knobbed; marginally
cihate with many long fibrils, so that the whole plant has a fuzzy
appearance; cilia white, brown, or blackening; KOH—.

Apothecia usually abundant, small, scattered; pedicellate; the con-
vex disk black or brownish black; more or less bluish-white pruinose,
becoming later naked; margm entire or minutely crenulate; spores

15 - ^^
Occurring in both Lower and upper California on shrubs near the

seashore. A few specimens were also found on sandstone at Point
Lobos, San Francisco, and near Pigeon Point lighthouse. South-
ward it is both abundant and luxuriant, but in our territory it is rare
and rather depauperate.

2. ANAPTYCHIA LEUCOMELA (L.)

Lichen leuconielas L. Sp. Plant, ed. 12, 2: 1613. 1763.
Physcia leucomela Michaux, Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 306. 1803.
Physcia leucomela Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 69. 1882.
Physcia leucomela Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 361. 1906.

Thallus fruticose, ascendant, elongated, forming diffuse clumps or
mats; the lobes but little di\'ided, narrow to linear, very much inter-
twined; margins with numerous stout, branched, black or dark

262 HERRE

fibrils; color above varying from greenish or pearly gray to pale
dingy brown; under surface channelled, very white; white powdery;
KOH-.

Sterile with us and rarely fruiting anywhere.

Found in some abundance in Pilarcitos Creek Canon, growing on
high clay banks and on earth in crevices of sandstone cliffs. On
earth at Santa Cruz, herbarium of Dr. C. L. Anderson; on clay banks
on San Juan Hill, elevation about 1000 feet; on Quercus agrifolia,
Oakland Canon, Bolander in Tuckerman Herbarium. Recorded by
Dr. Hasse from Catalina Island, southern CaHfornia. A cosmo-
politan lichen.

3. ANAPTYCHIA CILIARIS (L.) Mass.

ZicA^w a'/jam Linne, Sp. Plant. 2 : 1144. 1753.

Anaptychia ciliaris Massalongo, Mem. Lichenograf. 35. 1853.

Physcia cilaris Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. I: 71. 1882.

Thallus loosely tufted, orbiculate or more often in diffuse clumps;
spreading and decumbent, or slightly ascendant ; gray to green-gray ;
rarely darkening to brownish; yellow with KOH.

The narrow and elongate lobes wider and shorter than those of
A. leucomela, intricately intertangled, many-cleft; their margins
beset with brownish or blackening fibrils, mostly simple, but becom-
ing branched; beneath channelled, white to greenish, usually covered
with a greenish powder.

Sterile with us.

Abundant on Quercus agrifolia in the hills immediately back of
Santa Cruz.

A common and variable Uchen of the temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere, usually on bark, more rarely on rocks.

Anaptychia comosa (Esch.) Trevis., has been collected once by
Dr. Hasse in the Santa Monica Range and may be expected here.
It is near leucomela and ciliaris, but may be distinguished by the
much shorter lobes, thickly beset along their margins and upper
surface with long white or concolorous fibrils, which give the plant a
fuzzy, cottony appearance.

ADDENDA

LECIDEA QUERNEA (Dicks.) Ach.

Lichen querneus Dickson, Plant. Crypt. Brit. Fasc. I: 9. and T. II:

f. 3. 1785.
Lecidea quernea Acharius, Meth. Lich. 63. 1803.
Biatora quernea Tuck. Genera Lich. 159. 1872.
Biatora quernea Syn. N. Am. Lich. Part II: 28. 1888.

Thallus effuse, spreading widely, of minute, sorediose, greenish-
yellow granules which form a pale or bright but thin leprose crust,
which is rarely thickish; usually without an evident h>^othallus but
sometimes a white or whitish hypothallus is present; dark reddish
brown with KOH; CaCl202 — .

Apothecia minute to small, immersed, circular, at first plane,
but soon becoming convex and finally sub-globose and emergent;
without margin; disk reddish, reddish-brown, and dull brown to
brownish-black; epithecium broad, dark or reddish, granulose; the-
cium pale, the paraphyses slender, embedded in the hymenial
gelatine; blue with I; h^-pothecium yellowish to brown, with brown
or violet granules scattered through it; becoming reddish with

KOH; asci broadly clavate, — -A*; spores ellipsoid or ovoid,

26.5 - 38

colorless, or more rarely brown, in specimens from bark measuring

5.85 - 7.3 . 5.5 — 6.5

rr p-\ specimens from fences have spores /^.

8.8 - 11.7 ^ ^ 9.75 - 12.25

Forming powdery, indeterminate patches on the bark of Pinus
radiata along Ano Nuevo Creek, altitude 100 feet, and also spreading
extensively over old fences along the sea coast between Pigeon
Point and Scott Creek. On old fences at Santa Cruz and all about
Monterey Bay and southward along the coast of Monterey penin-
sula; on trunks of Cupressiis fuacrocarpa along the coast south of
Monterey.

264 HERRE

The form on tree trunks is a much paler and brighter yellow than
the plant usually is on fences, while the latter has darker and duller
colored apothecia. The lichen often grows intermingled with Lecan-
ora alhella cancriformis .

Collected by Bolander on Pinus (insignis) radiata, near Pescadero,
and on Myrica near San Francisco, and by Dr. Farlow at Santa
Cruz.

Not certainly known in North America outside the Santa Cruz
and Monterey peninsulas, the plant recorded by Dr. Hasse from
Santa Monica under this name being something else. Widely
distributed in Europe.

LECIDEA PACIFICA Herre, new species.

Lecidea pacifica Herre, Ex. Lich. Santa Cruz Pen. Calif, no. 635.

Thallus thin to very thin, from determinate soon effuse, sometimes
bordered by a scarcely evident black hypothalline line; from con-
tiguous becoming minutely fissured and areolate,the surface smooth
or minutely roughened ; appearing to the eye as a uniform brownish
gray film; KOH light yellow; CaCl202 — •

Apothecia medium to rather large, sessile, scattered, dark red-
brown to blackish-brown and reddish black; disk at first plane or
flatfish with an evident, thick, entire, sometimes flexuous margin;
becoming convex, the margin finally disappearing; epithecium
yellowish brown; paraphyses simple, free, thread-Kke, their blackish
brown tips subcoherent; hypothecium colorless; thecium blue with I;
spores variouly disposed in the clavate asci, ellipsoid to short

7- - 8.5

ellipsoid, ^^ jJ-.

12—16

Rare ; forming pale spots or blotches on granite rocks in the bed
of Peters Creek, altitude about iioo feet.

INDEX

Note — New names in black-face type, synonyms in italics.

Acarospora 123

arenosa 128

bella 125

chlorophana 124

fuscata 126

hassei 128

obpallens 127

rufescens 126

schleicheri 125

xanlhophana 125
Alectoria 213

jubata 214

freraontii 214
Anaptychia 260

ciliaris 262

comosa 262

erinacea 261

leucomela 261
Arthonia 6$

punctiformis 65

radiata 65
Arthopyrenia 49

analepta 50

analeptella 50

biformis 52

cinerea-pruinosa 51

conformis 52

halodytes 49

Bacidia 96

akompsa 99

herrei 97

naegelii 99

ioessa 98
Biatorella 121

clavus 123

revertens 121

simplex 122

Blastema 227

ferruginea 227

ferruginea bolanderi 228
Buellia 239

albo-atra 243

badia 240

halonia 242

lepidastra 245

myriocarpa 241

oidalea 241

parasema 244

pullata 240

retrovertens 246

spuria 244

stellulata 246

Calicium 54

curtum 55

populneum 54
Caloplaca 228

bolacinmn 233

cerina 231

cinnabarinum 234

citrinum 232

coralloides 229

elegans 229

gilva 232

murorum 230

murorum decipiens 232

murorum miniatimi 230

variabilis 231
Candelaria 192

concolor 192
Candelariella 191

vitellina 191
Catillaria 94

franciscana 95

globulosa 96

266

INDEX

Catillaria — Con.

subnigrata 94

tricolor 95
Cetraria 205

califomica 206

chlorophylla 207

glauca 207

juniperina 206

lacunosa stenophylla 208

tuckermani 208
Cladonia 108

crispata 114

fimbriata 116

fimbriata coniocraea 117

fimbriata simplex 117

fimbriata subulata 117

flabelliformis no

furcata in

furcata pinnata H2

furcata racemosa in

macilenta 109

pyxidata 115

pyxidata costata 116

pyxidata chlorophaea 116

pyxidata pocillum 116

squamosa 112

subsquamosa 113

verticillata 114
CoUema 134

aggregatum 134

coccophorum 136

cristatellum 136

glaucescens 138

nigrescens 135

pulposum 137

vespertilio 135
Coniocybe 56

furfuracea 56
Cyphelium 58

andersoni 62

bolanderi 59

californicum 61

farlowi 61

inquinans 60

occidentalis 62

tigillare 59

Dendrographa 70
minor 71

Dermatocarpon 43

flurratile 46

hepaticum 45

miniatum 45

miniatum complicatum 46

squameella 44
Diploschistes 75

actinostomus 76

scruposus 75
Dirina 69

franciscana 69

Endocarpon 47

pallidum 48

pulvinatum 48

pulsillum 47
Ephebe 130

solida 130
Evernia 211

prunastri 212

Gyrophora 118
phaea 119
polyphylla 118
polyrrhiza 120

Heppia 145

bolanderi 146
guepini 145
hassei 147

Lecanactis 73

chloroconia 74

zahlbruckneri 73
Lecania 187

brunonis 188

dimera 189

dudleyi 188
Lecanora 170

albella 175

albella cancriformis 175

alpina 183

atra 176

atrynea cenisia 178

bolanderi 171

calcarea 185

cinerea 184

coilocarpa 177

frustulosa 181

nSTDEX

267

Lecanora — Con.

gibbosa 184

hageni 180

pacifica 180

phryganitis 172

pinguis 173

saxicola 174

saxicola diffracta 174

sordida 177

subfusca 178

subfusca campestris 179

symmicta 183

varia 181

varia saepincola 182
Lecidea 77

atrolutescens 84

auriculata deducens 89

coarctata 82

cruciaria 86

decipiens 79

enteroleuca 92

enteroleuca jequata 93

enteroleuca theioplaca 93

fumosa 83

fusco-alra 83

globifera 80

goniophila 89

granulosa phyllizans 81

grisella 85

insularis 83

intumescens 83

lapicida 87

latypaea 91

lithophila 86

manni 84

melancheima 90

olivaca 90

parasema 91

platycarpa 88

pruinosa 86

quernea 263

scotopholis 80

tessellata 87
Leptogium 138

californicum 144

chloromclum stellans 139

hildebrandii 140

palmatum 143

platynum 144

Leptogium — Con.

plicatile 141

rhyparodes 143

saturninum 140

scotinum 141

tenuissimum 142
Letharia 212

vulpina 212
Lobaria 155

pulmonaria 155

scrobiculata 156

Nephroma 159

helvetica 160

lusitanicum 160

resupinatum rameum 1 59

tomentosum 159
Nephromopsis 209

ciliaris 209

platyphylla 210

Ochrolechia 186

tartarea 186

upsaliensis 187
Opegrapha 66

prosiliens 67

saxicola 67

varia 68

Pannaria 153

conoplea 154

lanuginosa 154
Parmelia 193

borreri 197

caperata 201

conspersa 203

conspurcata 200

exasperata 199

enteromorpha 204

flavicans 201

fuliginosa 200

glabra 199

herrei 196

olivacea 198

olivacea polyspora 199

perforata 195

perlata 194

physodes 203

saxatilis 196

268

INDEX

Parmelia — Con.

soredica 202

tiliacea 197
Parmeliella 148

cyanolepra 151

lepidiota 150

lepidiota coralliphora 150

microphylla 149
Peltigera 161

canina 163

canina membranacea 163

rufescens 162

scutata 162
Pertusaria 164

amara 166

communis 165

globulifera 166

lecanina 168

leioplaca 168

pertusus 165

pustulata 168

velata 167

wulfenii 167
Phaeographis 68

inusta 68
Physcia 254

adglutinata 259

aipolia 258

muscigena 258

obscura 260

pulverulenta 255

pulverulenta argyphaea 255

pulverulenta isidiigera 256

stellaris 257

tenella 259

tribacia 258

venusta 256
Placolecania 190

crenata 190
Placynthium 152

dubinum 153

nigrum 152
Polychidium 130

albociliatum 131

muscicola 132
Porina 53

carpinea 53
Pyrenopsis 132
ph^ecocca 133

Ramalina 215

canaliculata 220

ceruchis 216

ceruchis cephalota 216

combeoides 217

farinacea 220

fraxinea 221

homalea 217

menziesii 220

rigida 221

reticulata 218
Rhizocarpon 104

bolanderi 106

distinctum 104

geminatum 107

geographicum 105

petraeum 107

viridi-atrum 105
Rinodina 247

atro-cinerea 252

bischoffi immersa 249

confragosa 250

exigua 253

hallii 248

oreina 248

radiata 248

roboris 253

sophodes 252

tephraspis 250

Sphserophorus 63

globosus 63
Sphinctrina 57

tubseformis 57
Stenocybe 56

major 56
Sticta 156

anthraspis 157

fuliginosa 157

limbata 158

Theloschistes 237

chrysophthalmus 238

flavicans 237
Toninia 100

aromatica 102

caeruleo-nigricans 100

caulescens 102

massata 103

INDEX

269

Toninia — Con.

ruginosa 103
squalida loi

Usnea 222

articiilata 225
californica 226
ceratina 224
dasj-poga 224
dasypoga plicata 225
florida 223
hirta 223
longissima 222
rubiginea 223

Verrucaria 38

calciseda fusca-spora 42

Verrucaria — Con.
melas 41
muralis 41
nigrcsccns 40
rupestris 39
Stanford! 42
\iri(!ula 40

Xanthoria 231

lychnea laciniosa 235
lychnaca pj'gmaca 236
parietina 235
polycarpus 235
ramulosus 236

Zahlbrucknera 129
calcarea 129

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Vol. XII, No. 3, pp 271-328- Figs. 1-30. August 15, 1910

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH

AMERICA

By T. C. Frye

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Introductory Note.

There is great confusion in the taxonomy of our western mosses on
account of the duplication of names and the naming of species from
sterile specimens or single collections. Systematic work on them is
much needed. To show the way, a single family, the Polytricha-
cea?, was studied from type material and accessible collections. In
the keys in this paper the characters separating the genera or
species are given for all, thus making a comparison. So often one
wants a comparison rather than a description, that it is hoped this
will prove of value to those using this paper.

Acknowledgments are due to Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton for kindly
permitting the writer to examine type material in the herbarium of
the New York Botanical Gardens.

The illustrations in this paper are mostly from drawings by Elsie
K. Waddingham.

POLYTRICHACE^.

Name derived from poly = many, and tricho = hair; referring to
the hairiness of the calyptra in many genera.

Plants usually of large size, growing on soil. Stems simple or
slightly branched, springing from a subterranean shoot.

Leaves usually narrow. Lamellae present on their inner surface
and sometimes on the back as well, each usually a few cells high and

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., August, 1910,

272 FRYE

I cell thick, wanting in Racelopus ; marginal cells often of a different
form from the others. Vein one, extending at least nearly to the tip.
Inflorescence nearly always dioicous; sex organs terminal; antheridia
in a rather large cup or disk through which the plant generally again
grows.

Calyptra narrow, often covered with a dense mat of branched
hairs which are directed away from the point and end freely; if not
with densely matted hairs, the apex of the calyptra is spinulose, or
has few to many hairs, or is quite smooth.

Capsule large, cylindric, or prismatic with 2 — 6 angles. Peri-
stome present (except in Lyellia, Bartramiopsis and some species of
Psilopilum), single; teeth 32 or 64, rarely 16, unbarred, hgulate, tri-
angular in cross section. Columella expanded at the apex into a
shield-shaped membrane (epiphragm) covering the mouth of the cap-
sule and uniting with the tips of the teeth. Lid present. Pedicel
long, smooth (except in Racelopus). Spores .008 — .021 mm., rarely
larger, smooth or nearly so.

Total number of genera, 10; number represented in western North
America, 7. Total number species, about 320; number in western
North America, 27.

SYNOPSIS AND COMPARISON OF THE WORLD'S GENERA OF POLYTRI-

CHACE^.

I. Calyptra with few or no hairs.

2. Lamellae on upper side 18 or fewer.
3. Lamina of i layer of cells.
4. Leaves bordered.
5. Peristome present.

6. Stomates wanting on capsules.
7. Capsule terete Catharinea.

4. Leaves not bordered.

5. Peristome present; calyptra with few hairs; lamellae on
vein at back of leaves in nearly all cases.
6. Stomates present on capsule.

7. Capsule terete Oligotrichum.

5. Peristome wanting; or if present, calyptra without hairs;
without lamellae on back of leaves.
6. Stomates present on capsule.

7. Capsule somewhat flattened, elliptical in cross section.

Psilopilum.
3. Lamina composed of 2 layers of cells.
4. Leaves not bordered.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 273

5. Peristome wanting.

6. Stomates present on capsule.

7. Capsule terete Bartramiopsis.

5. Peristome present.

6. Stomates present on capsule.

7. Capsule terete Dendroligotrichum.

2. Lamallae on upper side 20 or more.
3. Lamina of i layer of cells.
4. Leaves not bordered.
5. Peristome wanting.

6. Stomates present on capsule.

7. Capsule 2-4 angled Polytrichadelphus.

3. Lamina of 2 layers of cells.
4. Leaves not bordered.
5. Peristome wanting.
6. Stomates present on capsule.

7. Capsule keeled on one side, somewhat oval in cross
section Lyellia.

I. Calyptra densely covered with hairs.
2. Lamellse wanting.
3. Lamina of i layer of cells.
4. Leaves not bordered.
5. Peristome present.

6. Stomates wanting on capsule.

7. Capsule terete Racelopus.

2. Lamellae on upper side 20 or more.
3. Lamina of i layer of cells.
4. Leaves not bordered.
5. Peristome present.

6. Stomates either present or wanting on the capsule.

7. Capsule terete Pogonatum.

6. Stomates present on capsule.

7. Capsule 4-6 angled' Polytrichum.

'The writer has followed the classification of Brotherus in Engler & Prantl: "Die
natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, " Teil i, Abt. 3, s. 669-698 (1904) except in the separa-
tion of Pogonatum from Polytrichum. The chief question here arising is where to
put Pogonatum alpinum. Excepting this plant the Pogonatums have capsules terete,
teeth 32, stomates wanting; the Polytrichums have capsules angular, teeth 64, stomates
present; Pogonaliun alpinum is a fine gradation form between the two genera, having
the terete capsule of the Pogonatums, the stomates of the Polytrichums, and standing
between the two genera in its 32 or 64 teeth depending upon how one counts the doub-
ling. Whether one classes it a Pogonatum or a Polytrichum depends upon whether one
emphasizes the form of the capsule or the presence of the stomates. When there is
nothing to be gained by using a microscopic character in the separation of genera,
why not use one which can be seen with the naked eye? In this paper Pogonatum
alpinum is therefore classed as a Pogonatum.

274 FRYE

KEY TO THE WEST NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

I. Lamellae on upper side of leaf i8 or fewer 2.

1. Lamellae on upper side of leaf 20 or more 8.

2. Leaves bordered Catharinea, p. 275

2. Leaves not bordered 3.

3. Leaf margin with long hairs where sheath grades into blade;

lamina of two layers of cells; peristome wanting.

Bartramiopsis, p. 289

3 . Leaf margin without hairs ; lamina of i layer of cells ; peristome

present 4.

4. Capsule distinctly cernuous Psilopilum, p. 288

4. Capsule straight or very nearly so Oligotrichum, p. 281

4. Capsule wanting (for sterile specimens) 5.

5. Lamellae straight; plant much crisped when dry.

Oligotrichum parallelum, p. 282

5. Lamellae wavy from side to side ; plants not or very little crisped

when dry 6.

6. Lamellae on back conspicuous, about equal in number and size

to those on the upper side; leaf margin plane or erect.

Oligotrichum aligerum, p. 284

6. Lamellae on back inconspicuous or none; leaf margin incurved. 7.

7. Leaf margin abruptly incurved above the sheath; lamellae on

back inconspicuous or none . . Oligotrichum incurvum, p. 285

7. Leaf margin gradually incurved from base; lamellae on back

wanting Psilopilum, p. 298

8. Capsules 4-6 angled; teeth 64; calyptra densely hairy.

Polytrichum, p. 304
8. Capsules 2-4 angled; two of the angles nearer together than the
others; teeth 64, calyptra with few hairs.

Polytrichadelphus, p. 291
8. Capsules terete; teeth 32, or 64 inPogonatum alpinum; calyptra

densely hairy Pogonatum, p. 294

8. Capsules wanting (for sterile specimens) 9.

9. Leaf margin entire, inflexed over the lamellae in most species.

Polytrichum, p. 304

9. Leaf margin serrate 10.

10. Leaves very much crisped when dry.

Pogonatum contortum, p. 295

10. Leaves little or not at all crisped when dry .11.

11. Marginal cells of lamellae smooth or merely grooved.

Polytrichum, p. 304

II. Marginal cells of lamellae rough or papillose 12.

THE P0LYTRICHACE.5: OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 275

12. Plants erect; marginal cells of lamellae not higher than wide,

except in P. alpinum Pogonatum, p. 294

12. Plants decumbent; marginal cells higher than wide.

Polytrichadelphus, p. 291

CATHARINEA Ehrh.
Atrichum Beauv.

Named after the Empress Catharine II of Russia.

Plants not very tall. Stems with abundant rhizoids at base.

Leaves without sheath, more or less transversely undulate, gener-
ally with diagonal rows of teeth on the back, mostly crisped when
dry. Margin plane, bordered except in young leaves, singly or
doubly serrate with coarse sharp teeth. Lamellae i-io, restricted
to the vein, composed of similar smooth cells, margin entire. Vein
f the leaf-width or less, percurrent or vanishing, without lamellas on
the back, often toothed on back near apex. Cells all smooth, chloro-
phyllosc, mostly quadratic, upper ones hexagonal or elliptic-hexa-
gonal.

Calyptra naked, or with a few hairs or teeth at the tip.

Capsule somewhat inclined, curv^ed, never angular, smooth, with-
out stomates. Peristome present; teeth 32, pale, with yellow or
brown middle line. Lid long-beaked. Pedicel smooth, solitary or
sometimes 1-3 from a stem-tip.

Number species in western North America, 4; total number
species, about 33.

THE WEST NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES, — A COMPARISON AND KEY.

I . Capsule as 1 :4 ; leaves not wavy along the margin when moist.
2. Vein constituting ^-^,5 of the leaf- width.
3. Lamellae 1-2 cells high.
4. Cells .025-. 045. mm.

5. Lamina without teeth at back /. C. crispa.

I. Capsule as i: 6-8; leaves slightly to distinctly wavy along mar-
gins when moist.
2. Vein constituting \~j of the leaf-width.
3. Lamellrc5-S cells high.
4. Cells .010-. 020 mm.

5. Lamina mostly with teeth at back 2. C. angustata.

2. Vein constituting \-\\ of leaf-width.
3. Lamellae 3-5 cells high.

276 FRYE

4. Cells .010-. 020 mm.

5. Lamina mostly with teeth at back j. C. undulata.

3. Lamellae 9-13 cells high.
4. Cells .025-. 050 mm.

5. Lamina mostly with teeth at back 4. C. selwyni.

1. Catharinea crispa James, in Proc. of Amer. Acad., 1855, p. 445.
Atrichum crispum Sull., in Mos. of U. S., p. 41 (1856).

Name probably derived from the crisping of the leaves in drying,
a characteristic however, not restricted to this species, nor even this
genus.

Plants dioicous, 2.5-10 cm. high, iji soft tufts. Stems erect, sim-
ple.

Leaves distant, oval-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, not papillose,
patent, crisped when dry, obtusely acuminate, hardly at allundulate,
width to length about as 1:2-3, the lower shorter and broader;
lamina smooth at back. Margin reddish, toothed from near the
base, bordered. Lamellae 1-4, 1-3 cells high, vanishing in the lower
half of the leaf. Vein strong, reddish/brown, vanishing in the apex,
with few or no teeth at back, about i-jV the leaf -width. Cells .025-
.045 mm., quadrate-hexagonal or rounded, the lower elongate.

Cal)^tra smooth except at tip, which is roughened with very short
hairs.

Capsule erect or nearly so, slightly curved, width to length about
as 1:4, narrowly obconic, wide-mouthed. Teeth narrow, unequal;
basal membrane very narrow. Lid conic, with subulate beak.
Pedicels slender, 1-3 at a stem-tip, somewhat fiexuose. — On clayey
soil.— Revelstoke, British Columbia; Atlantic Coast of United
States; England.

2. Catharinea angustata Brid., in Mant. Muse. p. 204 (1819),
Atrichum angustatum B. & S., in Bryol. Eur. t. 411, (1844.)

Name derived from augustus = narrow; referring to the narrow
leaves.

Plants dioicous. Stems 2-5 cm. high.

Leaves narrower than in C undulata, undulate when moist, width
to length about as i: 7-10, not papillose; lamina smooth at back.
Margin serrate only above middle, bordered. Damellae 4-7, 5-8
cells high. Vein toothed at back, \-\ the width of leaf. Cells
.010 — .014 mm.

THE POLYTRICHACEiE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

277

Calyptra cucullate, about half covering the capsule, rough at tip.

Capsule purple, narrower and more erect than in C. undulata,
width to length about as i: 7-8. Teeth shorter than in C. undu-
lata. Lid dark purple, about half as long as the capsule. — On
clayey soil. — McLeod's Lake, British Columbia; Santa Cruz
Mountains, California; Atlantic states; Eastern Canada; Europe.

Fig. 1. Catharinea crispa.

1^= Plant moist, with capsule, X i. 2 = Plant drj^, showing crisping of leaves
X I. 3 = Capsule with lid, X 5. 4 = Peristome X 150. 5 = Leaf showing lamel-
lae on upper side, X 15. 6 = Leaf-tip, X 65. 7 = Cross section of leaf, showing
lamellae, X 65. 8 = Cross section of leaf margin showing thickened border cells,
X 250. 9 = Cross section of a few lamellae, X 250.

3. Catharinea undulata Web. & Mohr, in Ind. pi. crypt. (1803).
Atrichum undulatum Beauv. Prodr. p. 42 (1805).

So named on account of its wavy or undulate leaves.

Plants in loose patches, dull green. Stems erect, 2.5-5 cm.
high, simple or much branched, from a subterranean shoot. Inflor-
escence autoicous.

278

FRYE

Lower leaves very small, scale-like; upper leaves ligulate, width to
length about as i : 5-6, 4-6 cm. long, strongly transversely undu-
late, much crisped and incurved when dry, spreading when moist,
lamina with transverse rows of teeth on back. Margin bordered
with 2 — 3 rows of very narrow brownish cells, sharply spinose for the
greater part of its length with strong and usually paired teeth.
Lamelte 2-6, straight, 3-5 cells high, occasionally as much as 7

Fig. 2. Catharinea angustata.

1 = Plant dry, X i. 2 = Moist plant, with capsule, X i. 3 = Capsule, X 5-
4 = Peristome, X 150. 5 = Leaf showing lamellje on upper side, X 15. 6 = Leaf
tip, X 65. 7 = Cross section of leaf in lower portion, X 65. 8 = Cross section of
margin in lower portion, X 250. 9 = Cross section of leaf in upper portion, X 65.
10 = Cross section of margin in upper portion, X 250. 11 = Cross section of a few
lamellae, X 250.

ells high. Vein vanishing in the apex, sharply spinose at the back,
i-y% the leaf width. Cells above hexagonal or elliptic-hexagonal
with the longer axis transverse, .018-. 020 mm.; basal elongate-rect-
angular.

Calyptra pale, rough at apex, covering about | of the capsule.

Capsule cylindric, width to length about as i : 6-8, strongly arcu-

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

279

ate, brown. Teeth long, lanceolate, obtuse, median line orange.
Lid subulate, curved, one-half to once length of capsule. Pedicels
terminal, erect, flexuose, reddish-brown, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1-3 from

Fig. 3. Catharinea undulata.

1 = Dry antheridial plant; d = antheridial disk through which stem has continued,
X I. 2 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 3 = Capsule, X 5. 4 = Peristome,
X 150. 5 = Leaf, showing paired serrae, and lamella; on upper side, X 15. 6 =
Leaf-tip, X 65. 7 = Cross section of leaf, X 65. 8 = Cross section of leaf-margin
showing thickened border cells, X 250. 9 = A few lamella; in cross section, X 250.

the same stem-tip. — On clayey soil. — Juneau, Alaska, and south to
California, eastward across the continent in Canada and northern
United States; Europe; Asia.

28o

FRYE

Fig. 4. Catharinea selwyni.

1 = Dry plant, showing innovation, X i. 2 = Moist plant with capsule, X i.
3 = Capsule, X 5- 4 = Peristome, X 150. 5 = Leaf showing lamellce on upper
side and paired serrae at margin, X 15. 6 = Leaf-tip, X 65. 7 = Cross section of
leaf, X 65. 8 = Cross section of leaf margin showing thickened border cells, X 250.
9 = Cross section of a few lamellae, X 250.

4. Catharinea selwyni (Aust.) E. G. Brit., in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.

16: no (1889).
Atrichum selwyni Aust., in Bot. Gazette, 2: 95 (1877).
Catharinea rosulala"^ Kindb., in Eur. and N. Amer. Bryin. p. 154

(1897).

*For the reasons for including C. rosulata under C. undulala, see Bryologist, 10:

53 (1907).

THE POLYTRICHACE^E OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 28 1

Named after Selwyn.^

Plants dioicous. Stems more slender than in C. undiilata.

Leaves undulate when moist, with transverse rows of teeth on the
back, broader in proportion than in C angiistata, subspatulate, gen-
erally obtuse, excavated at base. Margin bordered, serrate to mid-
dle or below. Lamellae 4 — 6,9—13 cells high. Vein vanishing in
apex, toothed at back. Cells .025 — .050 mm.

Calyptra quite smooth.

Capsule nearly erect or subarcuate, narrowly cylindrical, dark pur-
ple, shining, width to length about as 1:6 — 8. Teeth shorter than
in Cnndiilata. Lid shorter rostrate than in C. undiilata. — On
clayey soil and in crevices of rock. — Revelstoke, British Columbia;
Rogers Pass and Beaver Creek in Selkirk Mountains, British
Columbia; Lesser Slave Lake, Athabasca, Canada; Kootenai
County, Idaho.

OLIGOTRICHUM Lam. & DC.

Name derived from oligo = few, and tricho = hair; referring to
the almost naked calyptra.

Plants dioicous. Stems simple, 1—3 cm. tall, with rhizoids at base.

Leaves not undulate, i cell thick; upper leaves lanceolate to ligu-
late, when dry incurved-hooked and rarely crisped, when moist
patent to squarrose from an indistinct sheath-like base, usually with
lamellae on back toward apex; lamina on back not toothed (except
sometimes in 0. parallelum). Margin not bordered, sometimes
inflexed. Lamellae on upper side 3 — 13 (in our species), wavy from
side to side (except in O. parallelum) , with crenulate margins (except
in O. parallelum), composed of similar smooth cells.

Calyptra with a few erect hairs, rarely smooth.

Capsule erect or inclined, symmetric, terete, oval or ovate, usually
straight, smooth, with very large 2-celled stomates. Peristome pre-
sent; teeth 32 (at least in ours), usually equal, pale throughout. Lid
readily dropping off, thinly rostrate from a conic base.

Number species in western North America, 3; total number spe-
cies, about 10.

' Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn, Director of the Canadian Geological Survey from
1869 to 1895; editor of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, and a
large contributor to the same.

282 FRYE

THE WEST NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES, A COMPARISON AND KEY.

I. Lamellae straight; capsule with few stomates.
2. Leaf margin plane.
3. Lamellae on upper side 4-7 ; 3-6 cells high.
4. Lamellae on back low or wanting i. 0. paralleliim.

I. Lamellae wavy from side to side; capsule with numerous stomates.
2. Leaf margin plane.
3. Lamellae on upper side 5-7 ; 3-7 cells high.

4. Lamellae on back high 2. 0. aligerum.

2. Leaf margin incurved.
3. Lamellae on upper side 10-13; 6-12 cells high.

4. Lamellae on back low or wanting 3.O. incunum.

1. Oligotrichum parallelum (Mitt.) Kindb., in Eur. and N. Amer.

Bryin., p. 156, (1897).
AtricJmm parallelum Mitt., in Journ. of Linn. See, 1864, p. 48, t. 8.
Atrichum leiophyllum'^ Kindb., in Bull. Terr. Bot. Club. 17: 275,

(1890).
Oligotrichum leiophyllum Kindb., in Eur. and N. Amer. Bryin.,

p. 156 (1897).

Probably so named because there are often tooth-like processes
parallel to the vein on the backs of the leaves.

Plants dioicous, loosely caespitose, dark green; antheridial plants
more slender, the antheridial disks cupshaped. Stems simple,
erect, 1—3 cm. tall.

Upper leaves half open, incurved when moist, slightly undulate,
ligulate-lanceolate, often marked on the back by small thin tooth-
like processes parallel to the vein; lower leaves shorter, oblong, more
obtuse. Margin plane, sharply dentate from the middle or below.
Lamellae on upper side4 — 7, straight. Vein percurrent, sometimes
with 1 — 3 longitudinal dentate lamellae on back. Cells round-
hexagonal, basal cells narrow. Perichaetial leaves oblong, convolute
at base, gradually narrowed, lanceolate.

Capsule as 1:3—4, subcylindric, slightly arcuate, contracted
under the mouth, with few stomates. — On soil. — Kodiak Island,
Port Etches, and Douglas Island, Alaska; Vancouver Island, and
Rocky Mountain region of British Columbia; Washington.

* See Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4: 326, (1902).

Fig. 5. Oligotrichum parallelum.
1 = Antheridial plant dry; d = antheridial disk, termination of a year's growth,
X I 2 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 3 = Capsule with Ud, X S- 4 - Peri-
stome showing wide membrane and doubling of teeth. X 150. 5 = Leaf showmg
lamella, on upper surface, X i5- 6 = Leaf showing teeth and lameU^ on back, X 15
7 = Leaf-tip X 65 8 = Cross section of leaf showing lamellae, X 65. 9 - t^ross
section of leaf margin, X 250. 10 = Cross section of a few lamella, sho^v^ng smooth
and unthickened marginal cells, X 250.

284

FRYE

2. Oligotrichum aligerum Mitt., in Joiirn. of Linn. Soc, 1864, p.

48, t. 8.

Name derived from aliger = wing; referring to the conspicuous
lamellae on the back.

Plants dioicous, loosely caespitose, gregarious; male plants shorter,
prohferous from the center of the antheridial disk. Stems 1—3 cm.
tall, slender, radiculose at base.

Fig. 6. Oligotrichum aligerum.

1 = Antheridial plant; d = antheridial disk through which the stem has grown.
2 = Plant 7.-ith capsule. 3 = Capsule. 4 = Calyptra, with its few hairs. 5 = Hair
of calyptra. 6 = Peristome. 7 = Leaf, showing lamellae on upper surface. 8 =
Leaf-tip. 9 = Cross section of leaf showing lamelL-e. (After SuUivant).

Leaves open or spreading, oblong-lanceolate, smooth, blunt,
pointed, with lamellae on both sides. Margin plane, entire at base-
short-dentate above middle. Lamellas on upper side 5 — 7,^ wavy
from side to side; lamellae on back 6 — 8, high, dentate. Vein per-

' Brotherus, in Engler & Prantl: Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil. i, Abt. 3
s. 674, shows 1 1 in a figure.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

285

current or vanishing, keeled. Cells round-quadrate, distinct. Peri-
chastial leaves ovate, sheathing at base, erect, narrower, subulate to
apex, their cells round and pellucid.

Calyptra with a few hairs above.

Capsule long, subcylindric, slightly arcuate, contracted under the
mouth, ventricose below, with numerous stomates. — On wet clay
banks. — Rocky Mountains and coast of British Columbia;
Washington; Oregon.

3. Oligotrichum incurvum (Huds.) Lindb., in Hartm. Skand. Fl. 9

ed. 2: p. 45 (1864).
Oligotrichum hercynicum Lam. & DC. Fl. Fr. 3 ed., 2:492 (1805).

Fig. 7. Oligotrichum incurvum.

1 = Plant with capsule, dry, X i. 2 = Moist plant, X i. 3 = Capsule, X 5-
4 = Peristome, X 150. 5 = Leaf showing upper side with lamellre and in-
curved margin, X 15. 6 = Leaf from back showing ridges, those on vein toothed,
X 15. 7 = Leaf-tip showing serration of margin, X 65. 8 = Cross section of leaf
showing lamellae on upper side and ridges on back, X 65. 9 = Cross section of leaf
margin X 250. 10 = A few lamellae in cross section, X 250.

286 FRYE

So named because the leaves are strongly incurved or twisted when
dry.

Plants dioicous, loosely caespitose, glaucous green, reddish-brown
when old. Stems 1—3 cm. high, erect, rigid, simple.

Leaves erect or spreading, lanceolate from an oblong base, more or
less acute; when dry strongly incurved and twisted but less crisped
and undulate than in Caiharinea. Margin not bordered, incurv'^ed
at least above thus making leaves somewhat tubular near tip,
remotely and minutely dentate at apex but sometimes entire. Lam-
ellae on upper side 10— 13, wavy from side to side, 6 — 12 cells high,
their margins variously notched and crested. Vein with 2 — 3
lamellae on back; back lamellae short, blunt, low, serrate, rather ridges
than lamellae, sometimes wanting. Cells hexagonal, rectangular at
base; cell- walls meeting margin of leaf perpendicularly.

Cal5^tra with a few scattered hairs.

Capsule ovate-cylindric, erect or somewhat inclined, somewhat
irregularly plicate when dry, contracted below the mouth, with
numerous stomates. Teeth short, unequal. Lid shortly rostrate,
oblique, often falling off with the calyptra. Pedicel smooth, rather
thick, 2—4 cm. long. — On soil. — Rogers Pass, Selkirk Mountain,
British Columbia; Greenland; Europe.

COMPARISON OF VARIETY WITH TYPE.

3. O. incurvum, t3'pical.

I. Cells wall in upper half of leaf approaching leaf margin perpendicu-
larly.
2. Cells about midway between base and tip .010-.015 mm. in their
longer diameter.
3. Leaves usually remotely dentate, but sometimes entire.
4. Vein usually with 1-3 low serrate ridges or lamellae on back,
but sometimes smooth.
5. Capsule somewhat irregularly plicate.

3a. O. incurvum var. latifolium^ (C. M. & Kindb).
Oligotrichum hercynicum var. latifolium C. M. & Kindb., Mac. Cat.

VI, p. 149, (1892).
Oligotrichum integrifolium Kindb., in Revue Bryol. 1894, p. 40.

^ Name derived from latum = broad, and folium = leaf; referring to the leaves
being broader than in the type.

THE POLYTRICIIACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

287

Cell walls in upper half of leaf approaching leaf margin diagonally.
2. Cells about midway between base and tip .020-.030 mm. in their
longer diameter.
3. Leaves entire or nearly so.
4. Vein smooth at back.

5. Capsule distinctly plicate.

2 a

3 O'

Fig. 8.

Comparison of Oligotrichum incurvum (upper figure) with Oligotrichum
incurvum var. latifolium (lower figure). ,

1 and la = Leaves, upper side, one narrower than the other. In 1 the margin is
usually serrate where it is rolled in, X 15. 2 and 2a = Leaf-tips, one usually with
serrate lamellae on the back, the other not, X 65. 3 and 3a = Portions of leaves show-
ing difference in size of leaf cells; also the cell walls meeting the margin perpendicu-
larly in 3 and diagonally in 3a, X 500.

On Soil — St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea.'

^ Kindberg reports this from Rogers Pass, Selkirk Mountains, B. C.,but an examina"
tion of this material shows that in areolation, direction of marginal cell walls, and size
of leaves it is nearer to the type than to the variety. The leaf margin of O. incurvum
sometimes approaches entirety, and the back smoothness. 0. incurvum var. lati-
folium is therefore kno^vn only from St. Lawrence Island.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., August, 1910.

288 FRYE

PSILOPILUM Brid.

Name derived from psilos = bare, and pilos = felt; referring to
the absence of felted or matted hairs on the calyptra.

Plants dioicous. Stems simple, from subterranean shoots.

Leaves keeled or incurved, lanceolate or ligulate, not undulate,
never toothed at back, i cell thick, when moist more or less patent
from an indistinct sheath, when dry appressed or the tips incurved.
Margin not bordered. Lamellae on upper side only, wavy from side
to side, with crenulate edges; marginal cells similar to the others.
Cells quadratic or round-hexagonal, rectangular at base.

Calyptra cucuilate, naked, or at tip papillose.

Capsule usually inclined, more or less distinctly obliquely ovate,
with small mouth, laterally compressed, smooth, with large 2-celled
stomates. Peristome present (in North American species); teeth
usually unequal in size. Lid easily falling off, pointed to long and
thinly rostrate from a conic base. Pedicels single.

Number of species in western North America, i ; total number spe-
cies, about 13.

1. Psilopilum glabratum (Wahl.) Holz., in Bryologist, 5: p. 80

(1902).
Oligotrichum glabratum (Wahl.) Lindb., in Muse. Scand. p. 12 (1879).
Psilopilum tschuischicum^ (C. M.) Par., in Index, ed. i,p. 1040.

(1897).
Psilopilum arcticum Brid., in Bryol. Univ. Vol. 2, p. 96 (1827).

Name from glabrare = to deprive of hair; referring to the smooth
calyptra.

Stem 1—3 cm. high.

Leaves very concave, muticous. Margin irregularly crenulate
above. Lamellae 7 — 10, disappearing toward the base. Vein van-
ishing in the apex, smooth on the back. Cells small, long-rectangu-
lar at the base.

Calyptra very narrow, smooth.

Capsule ferruginous, black when old, ovate-gibbous. Teeth long,
some of them 2-parted, thin. Lid short, convex-conic, with short
incurved beak. Pedicel terminal, erect, brownish, .5 — 1.5 cm. long.

* Cardot & Theriot in Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 4, p. 327 (1902).

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

289

— On soil.— Port Clarence, and near Nome, Alaska; St. Paul and
St. Matthew islands in Bering Sea, Alaska; Klondike River in
Yukon Territory; Labrador; Greenland; Scandinavian Peninsula;
Siberia.

Fig. 9. Psilopilum glabratum.

1 = Dry plant, X i. 2 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 3 = Capsule, X S-
4 = Peristome, X 150. 5 = Leaf showing incurved margins and lamellae on upper
side, X 15. 6 = Leaf-tip, muticous, keeled, X 65. 7 = Cross section of leaf, X 65.
8 = Cross section of a few lamellre, X 250.

BARTRAMIOPSIS Kindb.

Bartramia is another genus of mosses, opsis = looking like; hence
looking like Bartramia.

Plants dioicous, blackish-green to brown. Stems slender, 2—8
cm. high, simple or dichotomous above, with rhizoids at base.

290 FRYE

Leaves distant, squarrose, more or less crisped when dry, linear-
lanceolate from a hyaline sheath-like base whose edges bear each
3 — 5 long hairs, not transversely undulate, not toothed at back;
lamina 2 cells thick. Margin not bordered, densely and sharply ser-
rate. Lamellae 5 — 8, notwavy from side to side, on upper side only,
6 — 8 cells high, toothed. Vein strong, percurrent. Cells round-
hexagonal, thick-walled, .008 mm. ; sheath-cells elongated-rectangu-
lar, thin-walled.

Calyptra cucuUate, naked, covering only the lid.

Capsule erect, symmetric, terete, wide mouthed, smooth, with
large 2-celled stomates. Peristome wanting. Lid conic, with long
beak. Pedicels single, 8— 12 mm. long, reddish, flexuose when dry.

Number of species in western North America, i ; total number spe-
cies, I.

1. Bartramiopsis lescurii (James) Kindb., in Rev. Bryol. 1894,

P- 35-
Atrichum lescurii James, in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 6: 33 (1879).

Bartramiopsis sitkana Kindb.," in Rev. Bryol., 1894, p. 35.

Named after Lesquereux^"

Plants laxly caespitose. Stems filiform, flexuous, laxly foliose,
long naked below.

Leaves 4 mm. long, subvaginate at base, acuminate, 2 cells thick
except near the margin where they are i cell thick, when dry very
much crisped, when moist arcuate-spreading. Margin plane, at
sheath-like base entire, with 3 — 5 hairs at edge where sheath joins
blade, further up the hairs shorten into strong teeth. Vein broad,
smooth at base. Cells 01 sheath hyahne, width to length about as
1:4 — 6.

Calyptra glabrous, shortly acuminate.

Capsule at first slightly ovate-cylindrical, turbinate when old, lid
long conic, long acuminate, almost equaling the capsule. Spores

' Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 4; 326 (1902).

'"Leo Lesquereux, 1806-1889. A noted worker in American fossil plants and in
the mosses. With W. S. Sullivant he published "Iconcs Muscorum;" and with T.
P. James, "Manual of the Mosses of North America." These are today two of our
best books on North American mosses.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 29I

ovate or somewhat spherical, .012 — .016 mm. — On soil. — Virgin
Bay, Orca, Douglas Island, and Wrangel, Alaska; Japan; Kam-
chatka.

Fig. 10. Bartramiopsis lescurii.

1 = Plant dry, X i. 2 = Moist plant, with capsule, X i. 3 = Moist plant, with-
out capsule, X I. 4 = Capsule with lid, not quite mature and therefore slightly
shrunken, X 5. 5 = Mature capsule without lid, X 8. 6 = Leaf showing hairs at
margin and lamellae on upper side, X 15. 7 = Leaf showing narrower blade and more
curved tip, X 12. 8 = Leaf tip, upper side, showing lamellse, X 100. 9 = Leaf
tip, under side, X 100. 10 = Cross section of leaf showing 2 layers of cells except
near the margin, X 65. 11 = Cross section of a few lamellae, X 250. (Numbers
5, 7, 8, 9, after Engler & Prantl.)

POLYTRICHADELPHUS Mitt.

Polytrichum is another genus of mosses, adelphos = brother;
hence a brother to Polytrichum.

Plants dioicous, more or less robust, rigid, loosely caespitose.
Stems from subterranean rhizomes, erect or inclined, usually quite
long, densely leafy, simple or forked or tufted.

292 FRYE

Upper leaves erect to patent, when dry more or less closely applied
to the stem, narrowly lanceolate to awl-shaped from a thin shcath-
like base, smooth at back; lamina i cell thick, but narrow. Margin
not bordered, slightly if at all incurved, mostly sharply toothed to
hairy above (not hairy in North American species). Lamellae on
upper side only, numerous, not wavy from side to side, entire, mar-
ginal cells mostly somewhat enlarged and somewhat oval. Vein
broad outside of sheath, excurrent as a red point. Cells of sheath
without chlorophyll, elongated-rectangular to linear, narrower
toward the margin; cells of limb iso-diametric, thick walled.

Calyptra cucullate, usually with short hairs at tip, sometimes
smooth.

Capsule inclined, oblong or ovate, 2—4 angled, smooth, often
semilunar in cross section, with numerous 2-celled stomates. Peri-
stome present; teeth pale, with yellowish axis. Lid conic, more or
less beaked. Pedicels single or two on a tip, elongated, thick.

Number of species in western North America, i ; total number of
species, about 18.

1, Polytrichadelphuslyallii Mitt., in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1864, p. 49.
Oligotrichum lyallii Lindb.. in Act. Soc. pr. Fauna et Fl. Fenn, 1868,

p. 102.
Polylrichum angnstidens Lindb. ^^ in Bot. Centralb. \^o]. 84.

Named after Lyall.^^

Plants robust, dirty yellow to brownish green. Stems fastigiately
branching from the middle, sometimes simple, naked at the base
densely foliate above.

" Prof. J. M. Holzinger, of Winona, Minnesota, kindly sent some Polylrichum angus-
tidens Lindb., co-type material, No. 11 21 of the collection by Sandbcrg in northern
Idaho. A comparison of this with Polylrichadelphiis lyallii Mitt, indicates that they
are the same. The leaf characteristics even down to the marginal cells of the lamellae
agree. The number of lamella is 35-45. The capsules sent were young and shrunken;
the angles cannot therefore be made out with certainty. Lindberg says, "capsules
acutely 4-angled," but if his material was likewise young and shrunken, one could
easily surmise an error here. The other capsule characteristics agree with Polytricha-
delphus lyallii. The calj^ptra would at once distinguis h Polytrichum from Polytricha-
delphus, but it is wanting in the writer's material; since Lindberg omits it in his
description, one surmises it was wanting in his as well. More evidence is necessary
to convince the writer that Polytrichum angustidens is not Polytrichaddphus lyallii.

^2 David Lyall, surgeon and botanist attached to international survey.

Fig. 11. Polytrichadelphus lyallii.

1 = Plant moist, with capsules, X i. 2 = Plant dr>S Xi. 3 = Capsule, showing
double fold. 4 = Capsule, X 5. 5 = Cross section of capsule near base, X 10.
6 = Cross section of capsule near mouth, X 10. 7 = Calyptra. 8 = Hair of calyp-
tra. 9 = Peristome. 10 = Leaf. 11 = Leaf, X 15. 12 = Leaf tip, X 65. 13 =
Cross section of leaf. 14 = Cross section of a few lamellae, X 250. (Nos. 3, 7, 8, 9,
10, 13, after Sullivant.)

294 FRYE

Leaves oblong, clasping at base, narrowly lanceolate above, con-
vex and smooth on back. Margin incurved, distantly serrate from
the middle up. Lamellae 35-45, 3-7 cells high; marginal cells
rough, oval, higher than wide. Inner pericha^tial leaves with long
convolute base and short acumen.

Calyptra fugacious, with few appressed hairs, split on one side, not
curved, sHghtly twisted.

Capsule slightly inclined, cylindric-oblong, ventricose below,
bluntly 2—4 angled,*^ plicate-rugose at base when empty. Teeth
64. Lid broadly conic, subulate-rostrate. Pedicel long, flexuous.
— On soil. — In mountains from British Columbia southward to
Colorado, Nevada, and California.

POGONATUM P. Beauv.

Name derived from pogon = beard; referring to the hairy calyp-
tra.

Plants dioicous (in species included), loosely caespitose, olive to
dark green. Stems erect, simple or branched above.

Leaves when dry crisped, appressed or spreading more or less, lan-
ceolate to Hnear-lanceolate, usually with a sheath-like base, sheath
and lamina i cell thick; lamina smooth at back. Margin not
incurved, usually sharply serrate, not bordered. Lamellae mostly
very numerous (at least 35 in the included species), not at all or very
little wavy from side to side, entire, rarely few to wanting. Vein
toothed at back toward apex, sometimes smooth, wide, many cells
thick. Cells of lamina small, thick walled, round-hexagonal; cells of
sheath rectangular to Hnear.

Cal>ptra with long smooth hairs at tip which usually form a felted
mat covering the whole surface.

Capsule erect or incHned, straight, sometimes slightly curved,
terete, sometimes slightly ribbed, cells of epidermis usually mamil-
lose; without stomates, except in P. alpimwi; hypophysis wanting or

'' This species is described in Lesquereux & James' Manual as having the capsule
biplicate and semilunar in cross section. There are however two other faint angles
extending part way up from the base, making it 4-angled at least below. Brotherus'
descri[)lion of the capsule of the genus (Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pllanzenf. Teil i, Abt.
3, s. 682) as " 2-kantig, in Querschnitt halbmondformig " does not hold as shown by the
cross sections of the capsule in the plate.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 295

indistinct; Peristome present; teeth 32 (in the included species), in
P. alpimim doubled so one might count 64. Lid hemispheric, more
or less long-beaked. Pedicels single, rarely several at one tip, more
or less elongated, purple.

Number of species in western North America, 4; total number spe-
cies, about 133.

THE WEST NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES, A COMPARISON AND KEY.

I. Leaves very much crisped when dry.

2. Marginal cells of lamella) smooth, not thickened.
3. Teeth 32.

4. Capsule without stomates.
5. Capsule papillose.
6. Marginal cells of lamellae differing little in size and form
from the others i. P. contortum.

I. Leaves hardly or not at all crisped when dry.
2. Marginal cells of lamellae papillose or rough, thickened.
3. Teeth 64, or 32 double ones.
4. Capsule with stomates.
5. Capsule not papillose.

6. Marginal cells of lamellae ovate, width to length as i :
^-2, larger than the others 4. P. alpiniim.

3. Teeth 32.

4. Capsule without stomates.
5. Capsule papillose.

6. Marginal cells of lamellae oval or flat-topped, width to
length as 1^-2:1, larger than the others.

2. P. capillare.

6. Marginal cells of lamellae round, about the same size as
the others j. P. iirnigerum.

1. Pogonatum contortum (Menz.) Lesq., in Mem. Calif. Acad, i,

p. 27.
Pogonatum eryihrodonlium Kindb., in Mac. Cat. p. 150 (1892).
Pogonatum atrovirens Mitt.,^^ in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1864, p. 49.

'^ .Vn examination of P. atrovirens Mitt, shows it to be P. contortum. T\-pe material
from the Mitten Herbarium, now owned by the New York Botanical Garden, and also
material collected by Macoun at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, near V'ancouver, British
Columbia, was compared with authentic P. contortum. The capsules are papillose
as in P. contortum. The basilar areolation is the same in leaves taken from correspond-
ing parts of the stem. The leaves in both vary in the size of the sheath, those near
the base of the stem having larger sheaths than those near the tip. Since these con-
stitute the characteristics upon which P. atrovirens Mitt, is founded, it reduces to
P. contortum.

Fig. 12. Pogonatum contortum.

1 and 2 = Dry antheridial plants; d = antlieridial disks through which stems have
grown XI 3 and 4 = Moist plants with capsules; stems have continued beyond pomt
where pedicel arises, X i. 5 and 6 = Capsules, X 5- 7 = Immature capsule covered
by calyptra, X 5- 8 = Peristome, X 150. 9 and 10 = Leaves, showmg lamellce
on upper side, X 15- 11= Leaf tip, X 65. 12 and 13 = Cross sections of leaves
X 65. 14 = Cross section of leaf margin, X 250. 15 and 16 = Cross sections of
lamella;, X 250.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 297

So named because the leaves are strongly twisted or contorted
when dry.

Plants large, gregarious or loosely caespitose, glaucous green above,
brown below. Stems simple, or with an innovation from under the
perichetium, loosely and irregularly foliate its whole length.

Leaves erect, open, twisted and crisped when dry, Hnear-lanceo-
late, usually longer upwards on the stem, acute, sheath scarcely
broader than blade. Margin sharply serrate to the base. Lamellae
20 — 40. Marginal cells of the lamellae oval, smooth, not very
much larger than the others. Vein percurrent, sparingly dentate on
the back. Perichaetial leaves similar to the foliage leaves.

Calyptra covering the whole capsule.

Capsule ovate to obovate or cylindric, erect or somewhat curved,
papillose, when dry sUghtly constricted under the mouth, without
stomates. Teeth 32. Lid convex, rostellate. Pedicel long, flexu-
ous. — On soil, usually clay. — Along the coast from the Alaska Penin-
sula to California; Rocky Mountains, at least of British Columbia.

2. Pogonatum capillare (Rich.) Brid., in Bryol. Univ. II, p. 127,

(1827).
Pogonatum dentation Brid., in Bryol. Univ. II, pp. 122 and 744,

(1827).
Pogonatum capillare var. dentatum Lindb.,^^ in Act. Soc. sc. Fenn.

1872, p. 266.

Name derived from capillaris = hairy; probably referring to the
hairy calyptra, so common in this family.

Plants 2.5 cm. high or less, gregarious or loosely caespitose, glauc-
ous green; male plants smaller. Stems slender, mostly simple,
loosely foliate, with rhizoids at base.

'* Cardot and Theriot, in "Mosses of Alaska, " Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 4: 327 (1902)
say "Pogonatum dentatum (Menz.) Brid. is but a western race of P. capillare, charac-
terized by having slenderer stems than those of the tv^pe, and by its pedicel which is
usually not so flexuous. " This hardly seems sufficient difference for a variety.
Cloudy weather and wet soil cause stems to grow longer and more slender. The
northwest coast of North America is characteristically damp and cloudy. Potatoes
growing in a dark damp cellar are not called new varieties. Further the difference
is not constant. The marginal cells of the lamella: vary a great deal, so this dis-
tinction, shown in the figures in SuUivant's Icones Muscorum, does not hold.

Fig. 13. Pogonatum capillare. .
1 = Moist plants, with capsules, X i. 2 = Dry anthcridial plant; d = anthcridial
disks, X I. 3 and 4 = Immature capsules covered by calyptras, X 5. 5 and 6 =
Capsules with lid. X S- 7 = Peristome, X 150. 8 = Double tooth of peristome, X
150. 9 and 10 = Leaves showing,' sheath at base and lamclKx on uppcrside, X 15.
11 and 12 = Leaf tip, X 65. 13 and 14 = Cross sections showing lamelhc and leaf
margms, X 65. 15 and 16 = Cross sections of a few lamella, X 250.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 299

Leaves not crisped when dry, gradually longer upwards; lower
leaves distant, small, appressed; upper leaves large, linear from a
short sheathing base. Margin sharply serrate. Lamellae 45 — 551
marginal cells of lamellae much larger, papillose, rectangular or oval,
wider than long as i| — 2:1.

Calyptra hairy, hardly covering capsule to base.

Capsule oblong-cyhndric, erect, papillose, thin, without stomates.
Teeth 32. Lid hemispheric, abruptly straight-beaked. Pedicel
slender, fiexuous, long. — On soil. — St. Paul Island, Bering Sea;
from the Alaska Peninsula along the coast to southern Alaska;
Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and the United States;
Portland, Oregon; Adirondack Mountains; White Mountains; New-
foundland; Miquelon Island; Greenland; Scandinavian Peninsula;
Siberia.

3. Pogonatum urnigerum (L.) Beauv., in Prodr. p. 84 (1805).
Polytriclmm urnigerum L., in Sp. PI. II, p. 1109. n. 3 (1753).

Name derived from urna = urn, and gerere = to bear; probably
referring to its erect, wide-mouthed capsule.

Plants erect, 2.5 — 7.5 cm. high, dark green, brown below. Stems
rigid, sometimes forked at tip.

Upper leaves lanceolate from a pale sheathing base, crowded, at
apex acute to acuminate; when moist patulose; when dry rigid, not
crisped, appressed, erect. Margin plane or erect, sharply toothed
nearly to sheath. Lamella3 40 — 50, 4 — 6 cells high; marginal cells
not much larger, rounded, thickened, papillose, yellowish-green.
Vein slightly excurrent or vanishing, sharply spinose at back. Cells
quadrate-hexagonal or rounded.

Calyptra longer than the capsule.

Capsule erect or nearly so, symmetric, wide-mouthed, yellowish-
brown to brown, without stomates, very papillose. Teeth 32, red-
dish. Beak of lid almost straight, subulate. Pedicel 2.5 — 4 cm.
long, slender, pale reddish. — On soil and soil-covered rocks. —
Coast of Alaska from Disenchantment Bay near mouth of Yukon
River to the vicinity of Juneau; Rogers Pass, Selkirk Mountains,
British Columbia; Cathlamet, Washington; Portland, Oregon;
Europe; Asia.

300

FRYE

Fig. 14. Pogonatum urnigerum.

1 = Dry antheridial plant; d = old antheridial disk through which young shoot has
grown, X I. 2 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 3 = Calyptra covering capsule,
immature, X i. 4 = Capsule, X S- 5 = Peristome, X 150. 6 and 7 = Leaves
showing lamellae on upper side, X 15. 8 = Leaf tip, X 65. 9 = Cross section of
leaf, X 65. 10 = Cross section of a few lamelke, showing rounded, thick-walled
papillose, marginal cells, X 250.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 301

4. Pogonatum alpinum (L.) Roehl., in Ann. Wett. Gesells. Ill, p.

226 (1812).
Polylrichum alpinum L., in Sp. pi. II, p. 1109, n. ? (1753).

Probably so named because it is found in mountain (alpine) regions
in Europe.

Plants loosely or densely tufted, tall, decumbent at base. Stems
much branched, rarely simple.

Leaves dull green, narrowly acuminate, not crisped when dry.
Margin serrate. Lamellae 30-40, 5-8 cells high; marginal cells
slightly larger than the others, ovate to ovate-conic, longer than
wide, thickened, papillose or rough, yellowish.

Calyptra shorter than the capsule.

Capsule incHned, arcuate, subglobose to elongate-cylindric and
curved, terete, narrower at mouth than below, smooth, with, stom-
ates, greenish-brown, black and rugose when old; hypophysis in-
distinct or wanting. Peristome present; teeth 64, or 32 double
ones, short, irregular. Beak of hd curved, long, subulate. Pedi-
cel long, flexuous. — On soil. — From Kotzebue Sound north of
Bering Strait in Alaska southward to Washington and Idaho;
White Mountains of New Hampshire; Europe; Asia; Australia.

COMPARISON OF VARIETIES WITH TYPE.

4a. p. alpinum var. simplex^^ Sch., in Coroll. p. 91, (1856).

I. Leaves about 5 mm. long. ''

2. Leaf-sheath to blade about as 1:2^.
3. Plant about 2 cm. tall or shorter.
4. Capsule 1 .8-2.3 mm. long.

5, Width of capsule to length as i : 1^-2 .^
6. Stems simple.

7. Pedicel 1^-2 cm. long.

On soil and rocks. — Port Clarence, Alaska; Colorado; Copper
Mountains and Gold range in British America.^*

'* So named on account of its unbranched stems.

" It should be borne in mind that varietal differences are not so constant as those
characterizing species; varieties grade into each other more. Therefore, while these
numbered statements constitute a description and comparison of the varieties, con-
siderable latitude must be permitted for variations.

1' An examination of Macoun's No. 427 leads to the conclusion that this is var.
simplex instead of var. seplentrionale.

302

FRYE

Fig. 15. Pogonatum alpinum.

1 = Plant dry, X i. 2 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 3 = Capsule, X 5
4 = Peristome, X 150. 5 = Leaf with sheathing base and lamelhc on upper side,
X 15. 6 = Leaf tip, X 65. 7 = Cross section of leaf showing lamelL-c and margin,
X 65. 8 = Cross section of a few lamellai showing thickened and papillose marginal
cells, X 250.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 303

4b. P. alpinum var. brevifolium '^ Brid., in Sch. Syn. I, ed. p.

441, (i860).
Polytrichum alpinum var. hrevifolium Muell., in Syn. I, p. 210, (1849).

I. Leaves about 7-8 mm. long.

2. Leaf-sheath to blade about as 1:3-3^.
3. Plant about 4 cm. tall or shorter.
4. Capsule 3-4 mm. long.

5. Width of capsule to length as i :i j-2^.
6. Stems with few and short branches.
7. Pedicel 2^-3^. cm. long,
a. Capsule with distinct neck.

On rocks. — Islands of Bering Sea; Mt. Dana, California; Hudson
Strait; Greenland; mountains of Europe; Siberia.

4c. P. alpinum var. septentrionale^" (Sw.) Brid., in Sch. Syn.,

I ed., p. 44i (i860).
P. alpinum var. microdontium-^ Kindb., in Mac. Cat. Vol. 6, p.

152, (1892).

I. Leaves about 7-8 mm. long.

2. Leaf-sheath to blade about as i :3-3^.
3. Plants about 5 cm. tall or shorter.
4. Capsule 3-4 mm. long.

5. Width of capsule to length as i :i^-2^.
6. Stems simple.

7. Pedicel 1^-2 cm. long.

a. Capsule without distinct neck.

On soil and rocks. — Islands of Bering Sea; Kodiak Island,
Alaska; mouth of Skeena River and Rocky Mountains, British
Columbia; Europe.

4d. P. alpinum var. arcticum^^ (Sw.) Brid., in Sch. Syn. i ed-

p. 44T (i860).
Polytrichum sylvaiicum Menz., in Trans. Linn. Soc. 4. p. 83, n.

19 (1798).
Polytrichum alpinum var. arcticum Wahl., in Fl. Lapp., p. 346
(1812).

1^ Breve = short, folium = leaf; because its leaves are shorter than those of nearly
all other varieties.

2" Septentrionale = pertaining to the north; referring to the northern habitat of
this variety.

21 Examination of Alaskan collections leads to the conclusion that Cardot and Theriot
are right in concluding that var. microdoiilium does not separate from var. septenlrionale-

^ So named on account of its arctic habitat.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., August, 1910.

304 FRYE

I. Leaves about 7-8 mm. long.

2. Leaf-sheath to blade about as 1:3-4.
3. Plants about 5 cm. tall or shorter.
4. Capsule 4-5 mm. long.

5. Width of capsule to length as i i^S-
6. Stems simple or with few branches.
7. Pedicel 2-3 cm. long.

On soil and rocks. — Egg Island, Disenchantment Bay, Alaska;
Stewart Island and Mt. Rainier, Washington; northern Europe.

4. P. alpinum, typical.

I. Leaves about 9-1 1 mm. long.
2. Leaf-sheath to blades about as 1:3-5.
3. Plants about 10 cm. tall or shorter.
4. Capsule 4-5 mm. long.

5. Width of capsule to length as 1:2-3.
6. Stem much branched.
7. Pedicel 2I-3I cm. long.

4e. P. alpinum var. macounii^^ (Kindb.) C. & Ther. in Proc. Wash.

Acad. Sci. 4, p. 328 (1902).
P. macounii Kindb., in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 16, p. 96 (1889).

I. Leaves about 12-14 i^i^^- long.
2. Leaf-sheath to blade about as i '.2,-S-
3. Plants about 15 cm. tall or shorter.
4. Capsule 5-6 mm. long.

5. Width of capsule to length as 1:3-4.
6. Stems simple, rarely branched,
7. Pedicel 4-7 cm. long.

On soil. — From the Alaska Peninsula southward along the coast
to Washington, and eastward across British Columbia to the Rocky
Mountains.

POLYTRICHUM Dill

Name derived from poly = many, and tricho = hair; referring
to the hairiness of the calyptra.

Plants dioicous, loosely to densely caespitose. Stems rigid, from
subterranean rhizomes, erect or nearly so, densely leafy, simple,
rarely forked or much branched at the tip.

Leaves erect when dry, from a sheath-like base, lanceolate to
awl-shaped, more than i cell thick except at margins, sheath i cell

" Named after John Macoun, naturalist of the Canadian Geological Survey.

THE POLYTRICHACE.E OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 305

macounii.

Fig. 16. Pogonatum alpinum, and variety.

1 = Plants moist, X i. 2 = Dry plants, X i. 3 = Capsules, X 5- 4 = Leaves,
X IS-

3o6

FRYE

arcticum.

brevifolium.

simplex.

septentrionale.

Fig. 17. Pogonatum alpinum, varieties.
1 = Plants moist, X i. 2 = Plants dry, X i. 3 = Capsules, X S- 4 = Leaves,
X IS-

THE POLYTRICHACE/E OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 307

thick; lamina smooth at back. Margin plane or broadly incurved,
not bordered, usually with large teeth. Lamellae on upper side only,
very numerous, erect, high, not wavy from side to side, entire or
nearly so. Vein often toothed at back near apex. Cells of sheath
without chlorophyll, elongated-rectangular to linear, toward the
edge longer than along the vein; cells of lamina small, thick
walled, quadratic or hexagonal, at base often broader than long,
often in rows at the margin.

Calyptra matted with very long white to brown hairs which cover
the whole capsule.

Capsule erect when young, later inclined, finally often horizon-
tal, 4-6 angled or terete, cubical to oblong; hypophysis hemispheric
and grading into capsule, or discoid and deeply constricted from
capsule, with large i-celled stomates. Peristome present; teeth 64.
Lid large, plane to conic, beaked. Pedicels single, long, rigid, yel-
lowish-red to purple, twisted to the right above when dry.

Number of species in western North America, 12; total number
species, about 104.

THE WEST NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES, — A COMPARISON AND KEY.

I. Leaf margin serrate to sheath or nearly so.
2. Margin plane or erect.
3. Leaves sharply pointed, the point composed mostly of the ex-
current vein.
4. Leaf point red, dentate, about i mm. long.

5. Marginal cells of lamellae like the rest, sometimes sHghtly
flattened or elongated, not thickened, width to height
about as 1:1.
6. Capsule about as i :i^, obscurely 5-6 angled.
7. Plants 2^-10 cm. long,
a. Cells near middle of sheath and 5 distance from
margin to vein about 3-4 times as long as wide;
leaf blade about middle i cell thick for 4-8 cells
from margin i. P. gracile.

6. Capsule about as i :if , sharply 4-6 angled.
7. Plants 7-20 cm. high.

a. Cells near middle of sheath and § distance from
margin to vein about 6-10 times as long as wide;
leaf blade about middle i cell thick for 2-3 cells
from margin 2. P.attenuatum.

5. Marginal cells of lamellae oval or flattened, thickened, width
to height about as 1^-2:1.
6. Capsule about as i : 2-2^, sharply 4-6 angled.

7. Plants 3-6 cm. high j. P. ohiocnse.

3o8 FRYE

5. Marginal cells of lamellae notched in cross section.
6. Capsule about as i:ii-i|, sharply 4-angled.

7. Plants 5-45 cm. high 5. P. commune.

4. Leaf point red, smooth, \ mm. or shorter.

5. Marginal cells of lamellae oval or flattened in cross section,
not thickened, width to height about as 2: i.
6. Capsule unknown.

7. Plants 4-8 cm. high 4. P. inconstans.

I. Leaf margin serrate from the middle up.

2. Margin plane below, erect or somewhat incurved above.
3. Leaves sharply pointed, the point composed mostly of the excur-
rent vein.
4. Leaf point red, dentate, i mm. long or shorter.
5. Marginal cells of lamellae notched in cross section.
6. Capsule unknown.

7. Plant 4-8 cm. high 6. P. jensenii.

I. Leaf margin entire.
2. Margin plane or erect.
3. Leaves sharply pointed, the vein excurrent as an arista.
4. Arista red, smooth, i mm. long or shorter.

5. Marginal cells of lamellae notched in cross section.
6. Capsule unknown.

7. Plants 5-8 cm. high 7. P. yukonense.

2. Margin plainly incurved.
3. Leaves blunt, cucullate.
4. Arista or sharp point none.

5. Marginal cells of lamellae ovate, thickened, width to height
about as I : 2.
6. Capsule about as i : i^, bluntly 6- angled.

7. Plants 2.5-10 cm. high 8. P. sexangulare.

3. Leaves sharply pointed, the vein excurrent as an arista.

4. Arista red, rarely somewhat colorless at tip, rough, ^-i^ mm.
long. _
5. Marginal cells of lamellae ovate or flask-shaped.

6. Capsule as i : i^-if , sharply 4- angled, 3-5 mm. long.
7. Plants 2-10 cm. high.

b. Stem without dense covering of rhizoids.

g. P. juniperinum.

6. Capsule about as i :ii, sharply 4-angled, 2-3mm. long.
7. Stems mostly with dense covering of rhizoids.

10. P. stricluvi.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 309

4. Arista hyaline, rough, i^ mm. or shorter.

5. Marginal cells of lamellae ovate or flask-shaped, thickened,
width to height about as i :i 0-2.
6. Capsule about as i:i-i:J, sharply 4-angled.
7. Plants 3-12 cm. high,
c. Stems mostly branched //. P. hyperboreum.

4. Arista hyaline, rough, 3 mm. or shorter.

5. Marginal cells of lamelhe ovate or flask-shaped, thickened,
width to height about as 1:12-2.
6. Capsule about as i:ii-i^, sharply 4-angled.
7. Plants 2 . 5-4 cm. high,
c. Stems simple 12. P. piliferum.

1. Polytrichum gracile Dicks., in MSS.

Name derived from gracilis = slender; probably referring to the
rather tall stem, naked below.

Plants tufted, dark green 2.5-10 cm. high. Stems matted to-
gether below with whitish tomentum, simple or slightly divided,
leafless below.

Leaves erecto-patent, somewhat flexuous or patent when dry, 8-10
mm. long, the limb lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a short acumen,
limb usually about 4-6 cells wide in the middle of the leaf. Margin
erect, sharply serrate, variable in width. Lamellae about 40, 4-6
cells high; marginal cells about equalling the others, not papillose,
rounded or a little higher than wide; vein toothed above at back,
excurrent; point short, red, dentate. Cells of limb .015-.018 mm.,
round-quadrate to transversely elliptical; cells of sheathing base
thin, rectangular, in middle of wing length to width about as i : 3-4.
Perichaitial leaves long-sheathing.

Calyptra hardly covering the capsule.

Capsule short, broadly ovate, inflated, erect, horizontal when
dry, with 5-6 obtuse and often obscure angles, smooth, narrowed
at mouth; h}^ophysis rather indistinct, hardly constricted above.
Teeth often confluent and unequal. Lid large with a rather long
beak. Snores .018-.022 mm. Pedicel 4-5 cm. long, thin, flexuous.
— On soil. — Kotzebue Sound north of Bering Strait, and Kodiak
Island, Alaska; below White Horse Rapids, Yukon region, western
British America; Rocky ]\fountain region of British Columbia;
Eastern United States and British America.

3IO

FRYE

Fig. 18. Polytrichum gracile.

1 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 2 = Dry plant, X i. 3 = Capsule, X 5.
4 = Peristome, X 150. 5 = Leaf showing lamella; on upper side, X 15. 6 = Leaf
tip, X 65. 7 = Cross section of leaf showing lamclhe, X 65. 8 = Cross section of
a few lamellae showing smooth marginal cells, X 250.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

311

2. Polytrichum attenuatum Menz., in Trans. Linn. Soc. (1798),

p. 72.
Polylrichum conorhyncJmm Kindb., in Mac. Cat., p. 164 (1892).
Polytrichum for mo sum Hedw., in Sp. M., p. 92 (1801).

Name derived from attenuatus = drawn out; referring to the
long narrow, simple form of the plant often found.

Plants loosely tufted, dark green, 7-20 cm. high. Stems erect or
ascending, tomentose at base, simple or forked.

Fig. 19. Polytrichum attenuatum.
1 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 2 = Dry plant, X i. 3 = Capsule, X 5.
4 = Peristome, X 150. 5 = Leaf showing lamellae on upper side, X 15. 6 = Leaf
tip, X 65. 7 = Cross section of leaf showing lamellae ,X 65. 8 and 9 = Cross sections
of a few lamellai showing height and the marginal cells, X 250.

312 FRYE

Upper leaves spreading, loosely incumbent when dry, similar to
those of P. gracile but larger, 10-15 mm. long. Margin erect,
sharply serrate, very narrow, of 2-3 rows of smaller cells (.010-
.012 mm.). Lamellae about 50-70, very low, 3-5 cells high; mar-
ginal ceils smooth, round, equal or slightly larger tnan tne otners ana
sometimes a little longer than broad. Vein excurrent; point red,
short, dentate. Cells of leaf-base longer and narrower than in P.
gracile, very narrow at margin, near middle toward vein width to
length about as i : 6-10. Perichaetial leaves with long sheaths,
longly acuminate.

Calyptra covering capsule.

Capsule erect or inclined, cernuous when dry, oblong, with 5-6
(rarely 4) acute angles, yellow-green, fawn-colored when ripe, wide-
mouthed, cells of surface turgidly mamillose, smooth; hypophysis
small, distinct, constricted above. Lid large, with rather long
beak. Spores .010 - .014 mm. Pedicel 5-6 cm. long, stout, rigid,
orange below and paler above. — On soil and rocks. — From Alaska
Peninsula southward along the coast, Ravelstoke and Selkirk
Mountains in British Columbia; Oregon; Pelee Point on Lake Erie
in eastern Canada; Miquelon Island; Europe; Japan.

3. Polytrichum ohioense R. & C, in Rev. Bryol., 1885,
p. II.

Name derived from Ohio in which state it was first found.
Plants erect, 3-6 cm. high. Stems simple or bipartite.

Leaves spreading when moist, erect-flexuous when dry, cuspidate^
linear-acuminate from a sheathing base. Margin plane or erect'
serrate. Lam.ellas about 50, 5-7 cells high; luarginai ceiis mucn
larger than the others, broader than long as i|-2 : i, slightly con-
vex or plane. Vein excurrent in a red dentate point. Perichaetial
leaves longer, with a longer hyaline base.

Capsule erect, finally horizontal, acutely 4-5 angled, rarely 6
angled, smooth, rather narrow towards the base, 2-2^ mm. wide,
5-7 mm. long; hypophysis very small or indistinct. Lid conic-
acuminate, red at margin. Pedicel 4-6 cm. long, reddish below,
pale above. -^ — On soil. — Ravelstoke, British Columbia; eastern
British Columbia; northeastern United States.

^ Examination of material from Alaska, eastern United States and Europe shows
that P. ohioense cannot be distinguished from P. attenuatum by the form of the capsule

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 313

Fig. 20. Poljrtrichum ohioense.

1 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 2 = Dry plant, X i. 3 = Capsule, X 5- 4 =
Immature capsule with calyptra, X 5. 5 = Peristome, X 150. 6 = Leaf showing
lamellas on upper side, X 15. 7 = Leaf tip, X 65. 8 = Cross section of leaf showing
lamellae, X 65. 9 = Cross section of a few lamellae showing usual form of marginal
cells, X 250. 10 = Cross section of a few lamellae just above sheath, X 250.

and distinctness of the hj-pophysis. However, all the specimens examined could at
once be distinguished by the marginal cells of the lamelke. Occassionally in P. ohioense
they are somewhat depressed in the center approaching forms of P. Commune but the
elongated capsule clearly separates it from the last. P. ohioense tends to have fewer
lamellae than P. allennalum; of the specimens examined none of the former had over
45, while none of the latter had less than 45.

314

FRYE

4. Polytrichum inconstans Hagen, in Nyt. Mag. Naturvid.

IQOO, p. 339.

Inconstans = inconstant; just how this applies to this species the
writer does not know.

Plants 8 cm. or less. Stems rather uniformly leaved above, with
a felt of dark red rhizoids below.

Leaves somewhat distant, irregularly spreading, 6 mm. long or
less, lanceolate; lamina under lamellae 2 cells thick, between lamellae

it.

?'.

Fig. 21. Polytrichum inconstans.

1 = Moist antheridial plant; d = antheridial disk, X i. 2 = Dry plant, X i.
3 = Leaf showing lamellae on upper side, X 15. 4 = Leaf tip, X 65. 5 = Cross
section of part of leaf showing margin, height of lamellae, and form of marginal cells.
(No. 5 after Williams).

and margin i cell thick. Margins plane below, erect or somewhat
incurved above, minutely serrulate. Lamellae 24 or less, the median
ones 5-9 cells high; marginal cells sometimes 2 side by side, not
papillose, oblong, wider than long (about as 2 : i), scarcely or not

THE POLYTRICHACEiE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 315

grooved. Vein scarcely or shortly excurrent, the point smooth.
Cells in limb between lamellae and margin mostly .012 by .016 mm.
to .016 by .020 mm.; cell walls on back of leaf not thickened.
Otherwise unknown. — Lake Lindeman, Yukon region of British
America; Norway; Iceland.

5. Polytrichum commune L., in Sp. PI. II, p. 1109, (1753)-

Commune = common. It is quite common in Europe where
LinnjEus found it.

Plants very tall, 5-45 cm. high, in large loose cushions, deep green
tomentose at base; male plants shorter, with longer leaves, repeat-
edly prohferous from the center of the antheridial disk or cup.
Stems simple, rarely forked, flexuose, wiry.

Upper leaves very long, squarrose or recurved when moist, erect
and appressed when dry, with the apex flexuose, rather laxly ar-
ranged, very long, suddenly narrowed from an oblong sheathing
base; limb lanceolate, gradually narrowing from its base upward
to a sharp dentate acumen. Margin densely and sharply serrate
to the base of the limb, very narrow, of about i row of small cells.
Lamellae about 60, low, thickened at the upper border and chan-
nelled, 4-6 cells high; marginal cells broader than the others, de-
pressed in the center and bicuspidate in section. Cells of leaf-
base and of margin similar to those of P. attenualum. Perichaetial
leaves more distinct than in P. a//ewwa/wm, long-sheathing membran-
eous, without lamellae, ending in an arista formed by the excur-
rent vein.

Cal>'ptra large, golden-brown, descending below the capsule.

Capsule at first erect, when ripe reddish-brown and horizontal,
4-angled, with the two lateral angles usually larger and more prom-
inent than the upper and lower, slightly flattened, shortly rectangu-
lar or almost cubic; hypophysis discoid, very distinct, narrowly con-
stricted above; surface cells each with a high conical papilla bear-
ing a small narrowly-elliptical or slit-shaped pore at the apex. Lid
with short rostellate beak. Pedicel 6-10 cm. long, stout. — On soil.
— Between Cook Inlet and Xanana River, Kodiak Island, and Sitka,
Alaska; Dawson and Lake Lindeman in Yukon region of British
America; Washington; Oregon; Eastern United States and British
America; Europe; Asia; Australia; South America.

ffe

'jli'i 'if

! 1''

:ss: -

Fig. 22. Polytrichum commune.
1 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 2 = Antheridial plant dry; d = antheridial
disk, X I. 3 = Immature capsule with calyptra, X S- 4 = Capsule, X 5- 5 =
Peristome, X 150. 6 = Leaf showing lamell:e on upper side, X 15. 7 = Leaf tip, X
65. 8 = Cross section of leaf, X 65. 9 = Cross section of a few lamellae showing
notched marginal cells, X 250.

THE POLYTRICHACE/E OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 317

COMPARISON OF VARIETIES WITH TYPE.

5. P. commune, typical.

I. Lamellae 4-6 cells high.

2. Leaves appressed when dry.
3. Inner pericha?tial Icav'es not exceeding the foliage leaves.
4. Width of capsule to length about as i :ii-i^.
5. Beak of lid slightly curved.
6. Pores of papillae of capsule wall from elliptical to sht-like.

5a. P, commune var. uliginosum Hueb., in IMuscol. Germ. p. 535

(1833)-
I. Lamellae 4-6 cells high.

2. Leaves sp reading-recurved when dry.
3. Inner perichastial leaves not exceeding the foliage leaves.
4. Width of ca))sule to length about as i :i l—if .
5. Beak of lid slightly curved.
6. Pores of papillae of capsule wall from almost rounded to
slit-like.

On soil. — White Mountains, New Hampshire; Washington.

5b. P. commune var. perigoniale-^ (Michx.) B. & S., in Bryol.
Eur. fasc. 2i-24; iv, i844.

I. Lamellae 6-9 cells high.

2. Leaves appressed when dry.
3. Inner perichaetial leaves very long, exceeding the foliage leaves.
4. Width of capsule to length about as i :ii-i^.
5. Beak of lid straight.
6. Pores of papillae of capsule from rounded to slit-like.

On soil. — McLeod Lake, British Columbia; Pass Creek, near
Sproat, British Columbia; Ontario; Europe; Australia.

5c. P. commune var. minus-^ Weis, in PI. Crypt. Goett. p. 171

(1770).
P. commune var. canadense-'' Kindb., in Mac. Cat. p. 156 (1892).

I. Leaves 6-9 cells high.

2. Leaves appressed when dry.
3. Inner perichaetial leaves not exceeding the foliage leaves.
4. Width of capsule to length about as i :i-ii.
5. Beak of lid sHghtly curved.

6. Pores of papillae of capsule wall from elliptical to slit-like.

^ Peri = around, gone = female plant organ; referring to the perichaetial leaves
which are very long in this species.

^ Minus = small. This is one of the smaller varieties of the species.

^^ The var. minus does not seem to differ from the var. canadense by any well
defined characteristics.

typical. uliginosum. perigoniale. minus.

Fig. 23. Polytrichum commune and varieties.

1 = Dry plants, X i. (The typical plant often has more erect leaves.) 2 = Tip

of plant showing perichatial leaves and capsule, X i. 3 = Capsules, X 5. 4 = Pores

from surface of capsule; the arrows point up in capsule, X 365. 5 = Cross sections

of a few lamellcc showing their height, and depth of notching of apical cell, X 250.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

319

On soil. — Unalaska, Alaska; Lake Lindeman and Dawson, Yukon;
Albert Caiion, Selkirk Mountain, British Columbia; eastern British
America; England.

6. Polytrichum jensenii Hag., in Saretryk Middel. om Groenl.

i5> P- 444, (1898).
Polytrichum fragili/olium Lindh. fil., in Proc. Soc. pro Fauna et
Fl. Fenn., Oct. 1900.

Fig. 24. Polytrichum jensenii.

1 = Moist plant, X i. 2 = Dry plant, X i. 3 = Leaf showing lamellae and
margin, X 15. 4 = Leaf tip, X 65. 5 = Cross section of leaf showing lamellas, X
65. 6 = Cross section of a few lamellae, X 250.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., August, 1910.

320

FRYE

Named after Jensen.**

Plants lighter in color than P. commune. Stem 3-5 cm. high.'

Leaves about 8 mm. long, somewhat spreading when moist, but
erect when dry, sheath to blade about as i : 2 ; apex blunter than in
P. commune, dentate; a brown spot where sheath joins blade near
vein. Margin plane below, erect or shghtly incurved above, en-
tire below, somewhat serrate in the upper half. Lamellae 30-35,
6-8 cells high; marginal cells notched in cross section, smooth,
thickened.

Capsule 4-angled, width to length about as i : li, smooth, porose.
Teeth 64. Lid conic, with a short slightly crooked beak.^^ — In
Sphagnum bogs and on soil.— Nome, Alaska; Yellowstone National
Park, Wyoming; Greenland; northern Europe.

DUOOOD

Fig. 25. Polytrichum yukonense.
1 = Plant, X I. 2 and 3 = Leaves, showing lamellae on upper side, X 13- 4 =
Cross section of leaf, X 34. 5 = Cross section of a lamella, showing notched marginal
cell, X 135. 6 = Portion of a lamella as seen from side showing irregularity of cell
form and arrangement, X 270. (After Cardot & Th6riot.)

"* C. O. E. Jensen is a Danish apothecary at Kirke Hvalsd, Denmark.

^^ This is not a description of the plant, but a noting of some of the characters from
specimens and verification of points from Asa Gray Bulletin and from Bryologist,
4; p. 26. Literature containing Hagen's description was inaccessible to the writer.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

321

7. Polytrichum yukonense C. & Ther. in Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.

4: 329 (1902).

Named after its locality, the Yukon river in Alaska.

Plants 5-8 cm. high. Stems simple or nearly so, rather naked
below, base covered with white tomentum.

Leaves rigid, when dry suberect, when damp erecto-patent, 4-6
mm. long, i mm. broad, shortly linear-acuminate from an appressed
yellowish sheath. Margin erect, entire. Lamellae about 30, mar-
gins crenulate, 8-12 cells high. Vein excurrent as an opaque red
entire arista; marginal cells higher than the others, deeply grooved.
Otherwise unknown. — Yukon River, Alaska.

Fig. 26. Polytrichum sexangulare.

1 = Moist plant, X i. 2 = Dry plant, X i. 3 = Capsule with calyptra, immature,
X 5. 4= Capsule, X 5. 5 = Peristome, X 150. 6 = Leaf showing lamellae on upper
surface, X 15. 7 = Leaf tip, showing teeth at back, and involute margins making it
cucullate, X 65. 8 = Cross section of leaf showing lamellae, X 65. 9 = Cross section
of a few lamellae, X 250. (Nos. 6 and 7 after Dixon and Jameson.)

8. Polytrichum sexangulare Floerke, in Hoppe Bot. Taschenb.

1799. p. 126.

Name derived from sex = six, and angularis = angled; referring
to the 6-angled capsule.

Plants 2.5-10 cm. high, in tufts or loose patches. Stems erect or
decumbent, simple or slightly divided, rigid, not tomentose at base.

322 FRYE

Leaves short, rather obtuse, linear-lanceolate from a broad sheath-
ing base, patent when moist, lower ones glossy and dark colored;
dry leaves closely imbricate, rigid, curved at apex. Margin entire,
incurved from near base of limb, at apex cucullate, blunt. Lam-
ellae 30-50, 4-6 cells high; marginal cells larger than the others,
ovate-conical, smooth.

Calyptra not covering the whole of the capsule.

Capsule erect or inclined, oval, with 6 obtuse angles, reddish
brown; length to width about as i : i^; h)^ophysis obconic, not
constricted above. Teeth short, unequal. Lid with rather thick
beak. Pedicel 1.3-4 cm. long, short, rather thick. — On soil and
rocks. — Rocky Mountain region of British Columbia; Mt. Rainier,
Washington; Mt. Hood, Oregon; Greenland; Europe; Kamchatka
Peninsula; Herald Island, northwest of Bering Strait.

9. Polytrichum juniperinum Willd., in Fl. Berol. Prodr. p. 305.

(1787).

So named because its leaves resemble those of the juniper.

Plants scattered, 2-10 cm. high, glaucous green; male plants more
slender, with short leaves. Stems rarely branched, sometimes
slightly tomentose at base.

Leaves less crowded at top of stem than in P. piliferum, spreading
when moist, erect when dry, long, lanceolate from an oblong base.
Margin incurved but not so nearly meeting as in P. piliferum, en-
tire. Lamellae 35-40, 4-7 cells high; marginal cells longer than
wide, ovate or flask-shaped, smooth. Vein excurrent in a red den-
tate sometimes slightly hyaline arista which is |-i| mm. long,
strongly toothed at back of apex, and often half way down. Peri-
chaetial leaves longer than foliage leaves, with longer arista, white
and membraneous at edges.

Calyptra covering capsules.

Capsule larger than in P. piliferum, sharply 4-angled, oblong;
hypophysis short, less distinct than in P. piliferum. Lid deep
red, beak short. Pedicel 4-6 cm. long, shining, bright red. — On
soil. — From Kotzebue Sound north of Bering Sea along the coast
to CaHfornia; Rocky Mountains; eastern North America; Green-
land. Our most common moss in this family.

THE POLYTRICHACE^ OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

323

bocon

Fig. 27. Polytrichum juniperinum.

1 = Dry plant with capsule, X i. 2 = Moist antheridial plant; d = antheridial
disk, X I. 3 = Immature capsule with calyptra, X 5- 4 = Capsule, X 5. 5 =
Peristome, X 150. 6 = Leaf showing incurved margin and lamellae on upper side,
X 15. 7 = Leaf tip, X 65. 8 = Cross section of leaf, X 65. 9 = Cross section of
a few lamelhe showing smooth flask-shaped marginal cells, X 250.

f. «

Fig. 28. Polytrichum strictum.
1 and 2 = Moist plants with capsules, X i. 3 = Dry antheridial plant, X i. 4
= Dry archegonial plant, X i. 5 = Immature capsule with calyptra, X 5. 6 and
7 = Capsules, X 5- 8 = Peristome, X 150. 9 and 10 = Leaves showing lamella: on
upper side, X 15- H and 12 = Leaf tips, X 65. 13 = Cross section of leaf, X 65.
14 = Cross section of a few lamellae showing flask-shaped marginal cells, X 250.

THE POLYTRICHACEiE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 325

10. Polytrichum strictum Banks, in MSS.

Polytrichum behringianum Kindb.,"'in Rev. Bryol. 1894, p. 39.

Strictum = drawn tightly; probably referring to the closely ap-
pressed leaves in the dry plant.

Plants 6-20 cm. tall, densely tufted, rigid, almost terete when dry
with its closely appressed leaves. Stems more slender than in P.
juniperinufn, usually covered for the greater part of its length
with dirty-white tomentum, slightly branched.

Leaves erect-patent, shorter and narrower than in P.juniperintim,
straight, closely and regularly imbricated when dry. Margin in-
curved, entire. Lamellae 25-35, 4~7 cells high; marginal cells longer
than wide, ovate or flask-shaped, smooth. Vein excurrent in a red
dentate arista.

Calyptra covering the capsule.

Capsule sharply 4-angled, cubic or very little longer than wide;
hypophysis short. Pedicel 4-6 cm. long. — On soil. — From Kotzebue
Sound north of Bering Strait southward along the coast to British
Columbia; Cascade and Rocky Mountains of British Columbia;
northeastern North America; Greenland; Europe; Asia; Argen-
tine Republic.

11. Polytrichum hyperboreumR. Br., in Parry, Voy. Suppl. p.

294, (1824).
Polytrichum boreale Kindb., in Laubm. Schwed. U. Norw. (1883).

Name derived from hyper = beyond, and boreas = the north
wind; referring to its arctic habitat.

Plants dioicous, 3-12 cm. high. Stems simple or branched,
branches in tufts.

Leaves spreading when moist, appressed when dry. Margin
broad, incurved, entire. Lamellae more or less crenulate, 5-7 cells
high, 25-35; marginal cells ovate or flask-shaped, higher than wide,
smooth, larger than the others. Vein excurrent in a very thick,
short, hyaline, slightly serrate arista.

Capsule erect or inclined, sharply 4-angled, papillose, about i^
times as long as wide; hypophysis flattened, deeply constricted from

'" A comparison of authentic Polytrichum behringianum with Polytrichum strictum
shows them to be the same.

326

FRYE

the capsule. Lid hemispheric, with short beak. Pedicel 8-12 cm.
long.— St. Paul Island, Bering Sea; Lake Lindeman, Yukon, Brit-
ish America; Labrador; Greenland; northern Europe and the Alps;
Siberia.

tH,l\

Fig. 29. Polytrichum hyperboreiim.

1 = Moist plant, X i. 2 = Dry plant, X i. 3 = Capsule, X 5- 4 = Peristome,
X ISO. 5 - Leaf showing lamella; and involute margin, X 15. 6 = Leaf tip X 65
7 = Cross section of leaf, X 65. 8 = Cross section of a few lamelte.

THE POLYTRICHACEiE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

327

Fig. 30. Polytrichum piliferum.

1 = Moist plant with capsule, X i. 2, 3 and 4 = Dry plants, X i. 5, 6 and 7 =
Capsules, X 5. 8 = Capsule with calj^itra, immature, X 5- 9 = Peristome, X
150. 10 and 11 = Leaves showing involute margin and lamellie on upper side, X 15.
12 and 13 = Leaf tips, X 65. 14 = Cross section of leaf, X 65. 15 = Cross section
of a few lamella; showing flask-shaped, somewhat thickened cells, X 250.

328 FRYE

12. Polytrichiim pilifenim Schreb., in Spic. fl. Lips. p. 74, (1771).
Polytrichum pilosum Neck., in Meth, M. p. 123, (1771).
Polytrichum laevipilwn Hampe, in Linn. 1859. p, 459.
Polytrichum pilijerum var. hoppei Rab.'^ in Deutsch. Kryptfl. II, P.
Ill, p. 238 (1848).

Name derived from pilus = hair, and ferre = to bear; referring
to the long hyaline arista at the tip of the leaf.

Plants in loose tufts, glaucous green, 2.5-4 cm. high. Stems
erect, simple, rarely forked, naked at base.

Leaves when dry closely appressed and straight forming a narrow
ovoid or clavate head, leaf-base longer and narrower than in P.
sexangulare, limb narrowly lanceolate, apex below arista minutely
scabrous; leaves of antheridial plants shorter and more shortly
aristate. Margins broadly inflexed and almost meeting, entire,
of very narrow transversely elliptical cells. Lamellae about 30, 4-7
cells high; marginal cell larger than the others, ovate or flask-shaped,
not papillose. Vein reddish, at apex suddenly becoming hyaline,
excurrent as a long denticulate hyaline arista, smooth at back.
Perichaetial leaves longer than the foliage leaves; inner ones thin,
whitish, without lamellae, longly aristate.

Calyptra covering the capsule.

Capsule erect, small, inclined when dry, shortly oblong, with 4
sharp angles and occasionally a fainter intermediate one ; hypophy-
sis indistinct, short, constricWd above where it joins the capsule.
Lid red or orange, shortly and stoutly beaked. Pedicel 2.5-4 cm.
long. — On rocks and soil. — Lake Lindeman, Yukon, British America;
Vancouver Island and eastward in British Columbia to the Rocky
Mountains; Washington; California; Uinta Mountains, Utah;
eastern British America; Greenland; Europe; Asia; South America.

*^ The distinctions between P. pilifenim and its variety hoppei do not seem to war-
rant a variety. For example, in Fig. 30, Nos. i, 2, 5, and 12, from the same plant, are
variety hoppei in leaf tips, plant form and capsule; but the nodding capsule does not
agree. Nos. 4, 6, and 13, from another package are variety hoppei in form of capsule
and possibly in leaf arrangement, but hardly in leaf tips; also disagreeing in that many
of the capsules in this material not shown are nodding. No. 7 is not variety hoppei
in form, but the leaves in this plant were very long awned. The length of the awn does
not vary constantly with the form of the capsule nor with the length of the leaf. It is
believed therefore that variety hoppei is P. piliferum prematurely dried or growing
under very adverse conditions, and varying sometimes in capsule, som Jtimes in leaf.

INDEX

Note. — New names in black-face type. Synonyms in Italics. For index to Dr.
Herre's paper on the Lichen Flora of the Santa Cruz Peninsula, California, see
pages 265-269.

aligerum, Oligotrichum 274, 284
alpinum, Pogonatum 301, 304
angustata, Cantharinea 276
angustatum, Atrichum 276
anguslidens, Polytrichadelphus 292
arcticum, Pogonatum alpinum 303
Atrichum angustatum 276

crispum 276

leiophyllmn 282

lescurii 290

undulatum 277
atrovirens, Pogonatum 295
attenuatum, Polytrichum 307, 311
Bartramiopsis 273, 274, 289

lescurii 290

sitkana 290
behringianum, Polytrichum 325
Bolander, H. N. 31
boreale, Polytrichum 325
brevifolium, Pogonatum alpinum 303
Britton, Mrs. Elizabeth G. 271
capillare, Pogonatum 297
Catharinea 272, 274, 275

angustata 276

crispa 276

rosulata 280

selwyni 280

undulata 276
commune, Polytrichum 308, 315, 317
conorhyncimm, Polytrichum 311
contortum, Pogonatum 295
crispa, Cantharinea 276
crispum, Atrichum 276
Dendroligortichum 273
dentatum, Polytrichum 297
Diplodocus I

Dudley, Prof. William Russell 32
erythrodontium, Pogonatum 295
Farlow, Dr. W. G. 31

Fink, Prof. Bruce 31
formosum, Polytrichum 311
fragilifolium, Polytrichum 319
Frye, T. C, 271
glabratum, Oligotrichum 288

Psilopilum, 288
gracile, Polytrichum 307, 309
Hasse, Dr. H. E., 31
Hay, Oliver P., i
hercynicum, Oligotrichum 285
Herre, Albert W. C. T., 27
hoppei, Polytrichum piliferum 328
hyperboreum, Polytrichum 309, 325
inconstans, Polytrichum 308, 314
incurvum, Oligotrichum 274, 285, 286
integrifolium, Oligotrichum 286
jensenii, Polytrichum 308, 319
juniperinum, Polytrichum 308, 322
Icevipiluni, Polytrichum, 328
latifolium, Oligotrichum incurvum 286
leiophyllum, Atrichum 282

Oligotrichum 282
lescurii, Atrichum 290

Bartramiopsis 290
Lichen flora of the Santa Cruz Peninsula

27
Locomotion of the Dinosaurs i
lyallii, Polytrichadelphus 292
Lyellia 273

macounii, Pogonatum alpinum 304
Manner of locomotion of the Dinosaurs i
minus, Polytrichum commune 317
ohioense, Polytrichum 307, 312
Oligotrichum 272, 274, 281

aligerum 274, 284

glabratum 288

hercynicum 285

incurvum latifolium 286

leiopliyllunt 282

329

330

INDEX

integrifolium 286
incurvum 274, 285, 286
parallelum 274, 282
parallelum, Oligotrichum 274, 282
perigoniale, Polytrichum commune 317
piliferum, Polytrichum 309, 328
Pogonatum 273, 274, 275, 294
alpinum 301, 304
arcticum 303
brevifolium 303
macounii 304
septentrionale 303
i» simplex 301

atrovirens 295
capillare 297
contortum 295
erythrodontiiim 295
urnigerum 299
Polytrichaceae of Western North America

271
Polytrichadelphus 273, 275, 291
angustidens 292
lyallii 292
Polytrichum 273, 274, 304
attenuatum 307, 311
behringianum 325
boreale, 325

commune 308, 315, 317
minus 317
perigoniale 317
uliginosum 317
Conor hynchum 311
dentalum 297
formosum 311
fragilifoHum 319
gracile 307, 309

hyperboreum 309, 325

inconstans 308, 314

jensenii 308, 319

juniperinum 308, 322

IcBvipiliim 328

ohioense 307, 312

piliferum 309, 328

hoppei 328

sexangulare 308, 321

strictum 308, 325

sylvaticum 303

yukonense 308, 321
Psilopilum 272, 274, 288

glabratum 288

tschutschictim 288
Racelopus 273
Rattan, Volney 31
rosulala, Cantharinea 280
selwyni, Cantharinea 280
septentrionale, Pogonatum alpinum 303
sexangulare, Polytrichum 308, 321
Seymour, A. B. 31
simplex, Pogonatum alpinum 301
sitkana, Bartramiopsis 290
strictum, Polytrichum 308, 325
sylvaticum, Polytrichum 303
Trelease, Dr. William 31
Ischutschiciwi, Psilopilum 288
uliginosum, Polytrichum commune 317
undulata, Cantharinea 276
undulatum, Atrichum 277
urnigerum, Pogonatum 299
Waddingham, Elsie K., 271
yukonense, Polytrichum 308, 321
Zahlbruchner, Dr. Alexander 31

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