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} PROCEEDINGS
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OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART XXVII.
1859.

[355624

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE,

AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

dete 7 =O Mie

LIST OF PLATES.

1859.
MAMMALIA.
Plate Page
LXVII. Notopteris macdonaldit ...... Je psag once udne eoonudde 36
LXVIII. Arctocephalus ursinus (skull) ........ cee ceeecseees 102
LXIX. delatandit(SKuM) i tyacs cro tercleyorle tyes ots one 107
LXX. — Qullespin (Skull) santa sve ceeraccse/eta stews slsteye 107
LXXI. Ornithorhynchus anatinus........ceccccreenvcecencs 213
LXXII. Arctocephalus monteriensis (skull) ............0.0005 358
1p OC0U, TaGUS ING a en podo nd cidobeb oun cONGOU OKO Ob 2 cOuG 353
AVES.
Cliss Dendrocincla anabatiunay. aids oes lec lee roe 50
CLI. Chloronerpes sanguinolentus ..........0.000. se ceceee 50
CUS Ol Ot UE OAG SON Masts ecicls ic)scans. Pics sessheloy eke ee «ae 101
CLIU. { ee gambensis se acter saa lala to aRoue pet hele Read seers } 131
mere FUP CLUAU Bert cre sau icra Sy atedeanea stone paene eae
CEE VAGCOTOSCDNE ah crssinca lar ior forciovetulwjieis) spore vcloke S spogec@s sme cedc 135
CEWE eC annophaga GOuath ec cln ci else fel oiler) Sei sife teers 160
CEVAC Montefringitlaadamsta ci. neice s ais) otalee oes a cioreley terol « 169
CWA “Laimodon: Glbwentrts; cco cise 6c 6 rictaisis Ai hus ieys oleate 393

CLVIII. Hybrid between Tadorna vulpanser and Casarca cana.. 442

REPTILIA.
Callophispintestunalisey atic cele teehee chu cresesie eevee :
XVI-{ -—— OUMACULQLUS tar scoerean ic eleporos: Nore) fensiens/o/ seals |
TUGHICTIS hoot ne co do60db0 O00 SOCCG05 66
Callopiisunivirgatus.. 2.0.0.5... 6+ 0. ccc+ eesti ease L 79
XVII. : exer a

Vermicella Occipitauts yo. acceler + ones es os |

IBGIS CEOORWIIS Senco soccg ob oonou He ooo de OCC Do |

ee URS Boscccecnees dhadredeuoaepunoouas 3
Cynops ChinenstS... ke ccc ves one + ae mre eo rine oinil 999

ADS { IPiethodon per SumuliSy Wenig oa vee aoe nd osetia }
(Ha ACOSMUE UGIMUIGR BoxoeoccdocooeDOdo se cavcod 402

mE tocenalusanidescensi ih ahs cw etias avs ialon iss! }

XXI. Geoclemmys macrocephala.... 0... cccvee cree ceecnnes 478

. PISCES.
Plate
VIL. Halichthys teniophora..... oo000000000 00008 Soa00Gd
WAS Rentsteiias: iepelt cic aetotels els aieyetetaces eter etet on tenacncnetenars
7 afGlyphisodon brocellaiusris stilts eioeiteres) le lelele ieee
IX. : ; &.
JNA GURS COSHOTO. noedaooncooDsoonueno ne basDnOoO
MOLLUSCA.
NUL, JRA FEEOI, GiGo cB ooodnd Gogo aOUdoS DO DOOD DODO OND ,
UMN, 1a M evn AUSGirOs SO So rao bucnobanetdunaouOouDC BECO
XIN aVoluta mamilla’ canine weten een recite ner siop seit sa
XLVL Scissurella mantella ailsliavade suaict sha Sia ene Done ePARsuema Ns ere SR enOteNS
Cyclostomaranticulatumyiwi se eee ee ie
XLVII. Shells collected by Capt. Speke in Central Africa ......
ROUND LS SANG) PORTION Sano ononos ononoepoadonvoenne 55
XLIX. New Shells in Mr. Cuming’s Collection ..............
ANNULOSA.

LVL. { Ascaris halichoris vile (eiceliscl aha ol ale tae oat in eastane avatars egeneesene
QUID SUICICODS <oe enc Se tee woe ccoie aietaln eae “one eS eGR
VI eAdiacussedwardstr ot ie Oo oan nang ae aan
ae } Australian Coleopterancncunlccctuss ooh ab cle cee
LX. Lepidopterous Insects belonging to the tribe Bombyces. .
JDDG 9 JERICHO MTD SERGI Sa SAGA Gob Sod oe old as abo0 66
IU JRaAg GLGUNIN- S56 po obG ono dosNIddbd6b096000 000006
LXIII. Recent Entomostraca from Nagpur................6.
ee \ New species of Silk-producing Moths from India ......

LXVI. Se ;
LXVII. } Papilio paradoxa and P. noctis.... 2.2.66. 1. seem se
eae } Papilio GRE a ao GRADO ROS Si oe Gah Cu mB on hh ob

RADIATA.
MV MacandnewianaZOricaiacns wane eg ieee erences

OG ADOT GUNIDGOAATs Son ob oc boon do Dg Dob USD Okan I0s6

LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Apams, Artuur, F.L.S., Surgeon H.M.S. ‘ Actzeon.’ page
Notes on the Scaly Ant-eater (Manis javanica), taken

cubes lite: amodcatter deathly ays asler s/c. 6) cola tclele capris) ~ citer ore 133
Description of a new Conchiferous Mollusk of the genus

DATING EEE BNO OE Sh CE EE ETS . 487

Apvams, A. Letra, A.M., M.B., 22nd Regiment.
The Birds of Cashmere and Ladakh ................ 169

Batrp, W., M.D., F.L.S., &c.

Description of a New Species of Tenia ..........05.. TRY
Description of a rare Entozoon from the Stomach of the
DUP ON errs tte a see tnet atta 2c Sacks sau earene 148
Description of some new recent Entomostraca from Nagpur,
collected bysthesKev. Si Hislop, 2. 43 hye ier cod
Description of a New Species of Entozoon (Sclerostoma
sipunculiforme) from the Intestines of the Elephant ...... 425

iv
page
Barruett, A. D.

Note on the Artificial Propagation of Salmon .......... 125

Indications of the existence of a second species of Kmeu
(Dromens) cas ies PS eels oi ee I oe yee

Remarks on the Habits of a Herring Gull(Larus argentatus) 467

On the most efficient means of preserving the Eggs of Birds
in order that they may be afterwards hatched............ 468

Bennett, Dr. Georee, of Sydney, F.Z.S8., &c.
Notes on the Mooruk (Casuarius bennettii)..........4 32

Notes on the Habits of the Mycteria australis or New Hol-
land Jabiru (Gigantic Crane of the Colonists)............ 47

Description of a New Species of Perga, or Saw-fly, found
feeding upon the Lucalyptus citriodora of Hooker, or Wide
Bay Lemon-scented.Gum-tree .. 40-0 5.22 oe oe sa i CUO

Notes on the Duck-bill (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) .... 213
On the Long-tailed Fiying Opossum (Belideus flaviventris)

in a state of nature and in captivity.................... 218
Notes on Australian Cuckoos ...................... 221
On the Fish called Glyphisodon biocellatus............ 222

Notes on Sharks, particularly on two enormous specimens
of Carcharias leucas captured in Port Jackson, Sydney, New
Out be Wales ire Nees crayons Aenea sno aton stl iyo

Notes on the range of some species of Nautilus, on the mode
of capture, and on the use made of them as an article of food 226

Exhibition of specimens of the Egg of the Mooruk (Casua-
POLIT OG LO HACD WOR RE SUR OCG AR HOM IC Se. Oo OOH a 351

Exhibition of a series of twelve coloured drawings of va-
rious species of Nudibranchiate Mollusks from the harbour
and vicinity of Port Jackson, New South Wales, made by Mr.

G. F. Angas, Secretary of the Australian Museum, Sydney.. 351

Cosson, T. Spencer, M.D.

Letter respecting the Cause of Death of a young Giraffe in
the Society’s;\Gardens (iti 000) ieee fon ae en eet

page

Crisp, Epwarps, M.D., F.Z.S., &c.
Exhibition of a Hen that had assumed the plumage of the
OBE King do Seb ouoteeoton. Conc eDHe SdouuE capo maaan

Occurrence of a Bantam Hen sitting upon the Eggs of a
Water Ouzel (Cinclus aquaticus), and hatching and rearing
D, CUE ln hoc auc bo oe eun Oo Coeume do em ome UEKcnD

Desuayes, Mons.

A General Review of the genus Terebra .. ..

Exvuiot, Danrex G., of New York, F.Z.S., &c.

Exhibition of three specimens of Hybrid Ducks from his
own collection, obtained on the South Shore of Long Island,

DIS: igs Wiieg tee eatery Sa RB Soe eget see REE Ae Ero :

Gou.p, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.
Extract from a Letter addressed to him by Dr. eee
Bennett of Sydney, respecting the Semipalmated Goose. .
Exhibition of Drawing of a Pheasant Se i fu
CLOLOEUS) eis te eae 1) « hen oes Slime ole

List of Birds from the Falkland Islands, with erie
of the Eggs of some of the species, from specimens collected
principally by Captain C. C. Abbott, of the Falkland Islands
Detachment ~.0 ss 2s ss SEAT Naonrape seat ste yeees See PR Nee

On a New Species of Gee Salsas. ie osu coerenerel ae

On the Members of the genus Rupicola, and whether there
ALEMLWOROL MMOLE ANPECIES toon. cer etee ea te be

On a New Species of Dendrochelidon, or Tree Swift. .

Exhibition of all the known species of the genus Hlanus,
with description of a New Species

Description of two New Species of Birds ; one belonging to
the family Cuculide, the other to Coturnicee ..

List of Birds collected at Tavoy, in the Tenasserim Pro-
vinces, by Capt. Briggs, Deputy Commissioner of Tavoy ..

List of Birds collected in Siam by Sir R. H. Schomburgk,
H. B. M. Consul at Bangkok ..........

200

270

437

page

On the Nidification of the Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida).... 152
Exhibition of some specimens of Birds of the genus Uro-

200

CUSSA (COTVIAE) ee Ng hie eee eR ee els one

Exhibition of specimens of the new Paradise Bird (Semi-
optera wallacii), and a Drawing of the Nest and Kgg of
SULLCWGICHTYSOPCCTO Tae fake oats) Sas sluice) Pete ae

Exhibition of a fine species of Pheasant from Siam, Diar-
digallus crawfurdi (D. fasciolatus of Blyth), and of a spe-
cimen of the Royal Spoonbill of Australia, Platalea regia. .

Onttwo News Species ofsCc7cliseriecuae see renee eee

Gray, GeorGE Rosert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.

On a New Genus of Goat-Sucker and on a New Species of
Enicurus, both from Darjeeling, from the Collection of Brian
Ei: Hodeson, Hisg:, Corr Mem. (ZnS oes ai. enn ee

Notes on the new Bird of Paradise discovered by Mr.
AW alla ce: (35.0) aaa are Shehauatts hire ceckatranstit} ASV Ci bylaibly rote ieee ke ee

Exhibition of a drawing of Tringa pectoralis ..........

List of the Birds lately sent by Mr. A. R. Wallace from
Dorey, or Dorery, New Guinea. . Her, OO be RRO RRE Sack Rs

List of New Caledonian Birds ..........
Description of a New Species of Diver ants
On a New Species of the family Papilionide from Batchian

Gray, Dr. Joun E., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., &c.
Description of the adult state of Voluta mamilla, Gray . .
Notice of Notopteris, a New Genus of Pteropine Bat from

thesHeejee islands cis eas eenorn eee clin Stier verre
Notice of a New Genus of Lophobranchiate Fishes from
WesterneAustralia evar cies ct) fete et tor elaine

On the Sea-Bear of Foster, the Ursus marinus of Steller,
Arctocephalus ursinus of Authors..............22.-00--

On the Hared-Seal of the a of Good ee ee
delalandii). . HEN manned aolati in hin Salon BHa

351

393
493

101

102

107

vii

page
Descriptions of New Species of Salamanders from China
ANE SIRT Neg. Sst a) wests ties a NMGee, ced) 2 en cpa erleg) 2 OG
Description of Scapha maria-emma, a New Species of
Nolte tree ees soc Saute sui cnet tales acheter pcre cecie se MUMBA yeu HOB ()
On the Sea-Lions, or Lobos marinos of the Spaniards, on
the: Coast om Calitormiave sn ere ein Ln ee vers 357

Description of Macandrewia and Myliusia, two new forms
Gle SPONSES nes iy cece toro elu tite et tei oe iy,

Description of a New Species of Squirrel (Seiurus siamensis)
from Siam, in the Collection of the British Museum ...... 478

Description of a New Species of Freshwater Tortoise from
STATIN gree er epe ce elfen Nee Dee i geu Natewan URUK stately nae AO

Description of some new genera of Lithophytes, or Stony
HOOPAS LES go cick wiser emer Sere 551 Gaetan ea aN aaa 479

GintuHer, Dr. ALBERT, Foreign Mem. Z.S.
On: the Genus Klaps-oto Waclery 5.3 oo. Ste 79

List of the Cold-blooded Vertebrata collected es Mr.
Eraser in the Andes of Western Ecuador... 2.4... - 44. 89

Second List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata collected by Mr.
Fraser in the Andes of Western Eucador ............... 402

TAGE ihe 5 eats es as I i ae RR eee ae Sea 42]

On the Reptiles and Fishes collected eS the Rev. H. B.
Tristram in Northern Africa .......... Seocppeo ne. 200)

Hamitton, Dr. E., F.Z.S., &e.
Exhibition of three curiously plumaged Pheasants ...... 437

Han Ley, Sytvanus, F.L.S., &c.

Descriptions of New Univalve Shells from the Collections
of H. Cuming, Esq., and S. Hanley, Esq. .............. 429

Systematic List of the Species of Dolium ............ 487

Hay, Major W. E., F.Z.S8., &c.
Notes on the Kiang of Thibet (Hquus kiang).......... 353

vill

page
Hewitson, W. C.
Descriptions of Butterflies from the Collection of Mr.
Weallacel is ae te Sehr eae ee SSR en geen eter Saar 422
HoupswortTy, E. W. H., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.
Some additional observations on Zoanthus couchii ...... 124
On the Development of Aurelia aurita in the Society’s
AGMEIID dobe eé Scones odac docx UD cab duOod separa oan a eee 201

Kavp, Dr.
Description of a New Species of Fish, Peristethus rieffeli 103

Moors, Freperic, Assist. Nat. Hist. Dep., Museum, India House.

Descriptions of some Asiatic oe Insects belong-
ing to the tribe Bombyces. . WG a cumeslo ik, aleenere ict uieie cama eONgA

Synopsis of the known Asiatic Species of Silk-producing
Moths, with descriptions of some New Species from India.. 237

Notice of a rare Asiatic Pigeon. 75-525. =. 22. 400
List of Malayan Birds collected by Theodore Cantor, M.D.,
with descriptions of imperfectly known Species .......... 443

Moore, Tuomas J., Keeper of the Derby Museum, Liverpool.

List of Mammals and Birds collected 2 Mr. ae
Mesanuen in Honduras, Belize, and Guatemala . appre 50

Owen, Professor, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.
On the Gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla, Sav.) ............ 1

Preirrer, Dr. Lovts.

Descriptions of Twenty-seven New Species of Land-Shells,
from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq................. 23

Descriptions of Two New Species of Melampus from the
same Collection) ve nmi ciel oie serer ee een ee eer 29

Descriptions of Eight New Species of Achatinella from
thesame: Collection) <0 otcca sorte once ter kee ee 30

page

Rappi, Professor. *

Exhibition of numerous Preparations illustrative of one of
the Processes of his New Method of Preserving Animal Sub-
stances

Reeve, Lovet, F.L.S., F.G.S. &c.

Description of Two New Species of Bulimus from the Col-
lection otevirs Dey Bure eee cs nse eyes an oc ay'o, cies

SanpwituH, Humpurey, C.B., Pres. of the Royal Society of
Arts and Sciences of the Mauritius.

Notice of the Habits of the ee of ee

(Chiromys madagascariensis) ...........-.+00::

SCHLAGINTWEIT, HERMANN.
Exhibition of specimens of Heads of a Sheep from
Thibet, showing a curious modification in the form of the
Horns. .

Scuater, Puintie Luruey, M.A., F.L.S., Secretary to the
Society.
Descriptions of New Species of the American family
Tyranude...
Description of a New Species of Owl of the genus Crecaba

Note on the Spurwinged Geese ( Plectropterus) now living
rin Ware orga (Cela! se a5 casndy oo sdecsodo docs Gace

List of the first Collection of Birds made by Mr. Louis
Fraser at Pallatanga, Ecuador, with Notes and Descriptions
OPIN OSI NEES 3 S68 oeit A oem wats cobbles do eb C0 nl

On some New Species of Synallaxis, and on the Geogra-
phical Distribution of the Genus .

Exhibition of two rare species of Arctic Birds—Colymbus
adamsi and Hurinorhynchus pygm@us .... 2... ee eee e es

A Record of the number of Days of Incubation of Birds
which breed in the Society’s Gardens ..................

Remarks on exhibiting specimens of Two Species of Divers
(Colymbus) from Mr. Gurney’s Collection ..............

On a Collection of Birds from Vancouver’s Island ......

200

123

111

350

40
131

x
page
A Synopsis of the Thrushes (Turdide) of the New World 321

Exhibition of an Egg laid by the Apteryx (4. mantelli)
which had been living in the Gardens since 1852 ........ 350

Exhibition of Eggs of Grus montignesia, G. virgo, and G.

cinerea, also of an Egg of Baleniceps rev .............. 353

On a series of Birds collected in the vicinity of bg in
Southern Mexicoics.hoGee. 020. fm ere eae ae Oe

List of Birds collected be M. A. Boucard in the.State of
Oaxaca in South-western Mexico, with descriptions of New
NPOCLES oki a) esters, exons ilenaunpencloe We elojcatice en ieee eerste ee 09,

On some new or little-known Birds from the Rio Napo.. 440
On some Hybrid Ducks bred in the Society’s Gardens .. 442

Scott, A.W., M.A., Member of the Legislative Assembly, New
South Wales.

On a New Lepidopterous Insect from Australia........ 207
Description of a species of Perga, or Sawfly .......,.. 209

Sowersy, G. B., F.L.S.
Description of Shells in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. 428

Speke, Capt. J. H., 46th B.N. I.
Notes on the Habits of Two Mammals observed in the
SomalitCountny, astern Attica ans wana itewsc) ee eee 234

STEVENS, SAMUEL.

Exhibition of two beautiful new Butterflies collected v
Mr. Wallace in the Island of Batchian. . Bail Dts C8 351

Srewart, THomas Howarp, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of specimens of Corystes cassivelaunus, and the
young of Comatula rosea .........----+++-----------. ADD

THompson, WILLIAM.
On a species of Holis, and also a species of Lomanotus new
to science ; with the description of a specimen of Holis
cerulea of Montagu. .)4. 96.45 cee cen. tee eel eOD

xl
page
Tomes, Rosert F.

Description of Six hitherto undescribed Species of Bats.. 68

Tristram, Rev. H. B., Corr. Mem. Z.S.
Exhibition of some Mammals, Reptiles, Batrachians, and
Fishes collected in the Algerian Sahara ................ 353

Notes on the Reptiles and Fishes of the Sahara ....... 475

VerreEAUX, M. Jutes, Corr. Mem. Z.S. .

Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Barbu de |’ Afrique
COOIMENUA CE onsite can terete laisse ceaecsane anya aka e cyarn sates a 393

Von vem Buscu, Dr.

On some new Freshwater Shells from Ecuador and New
Granada, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. .......... 167

Wawuace, A. R.

Extract from a letter received by Mr. 8. Stevens from Mr.
Wallace, dated Batchian, October 29, 1858, referring to a
Mew bind of Paradise yA. abt cate we ca ws as leper fa ee 29

Wuire, Ava, F.L.S., Assist. Zool. Dep. Brit. Mus.

Description of an Attacus from the East Indies. hitherto
appakenthyeunrecordedi ns teri Gs. se oe ao eeem lel o

Descriptions of unrecorded species of Australian Coleo-
ptera of the families Carabide, Buprestide, Lamellicornia,

Longicornia, &c. ........ 117
Woopwarp, S. P., F.G.S., &e.
On a New Species of Mollusk of the genus Scissurella,
1D} OR SRS Bike pis aie mss cca ice mma sart oec oines Aan panier tc 202
Note'on Cyclostoma articulatum.........-........-..- 204

On some New Freshwater Shells from Central Africa.... 348

THE

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

1859.

PART I. -
JANUARY—MARCH.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;

SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE,
AND BY
MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

[Price 2s. |

LIST

PAPERS CONTAINED IN PART L

On the Gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla, Sav.). By Prof. OVEN,
JG area all any NSE iru nue Mea MIN Ss Boome ado Oo

Descriptions of Twenty-seven New Species of Land-Shells from
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. By Dr. Lovts
BEURREIR YS chai y ea ielelelsle res ou eire raver etste rails cele) ate tele iarane

Descriptions of Two New Species of Melampus from Mr. Cu-
ming’s Collection. By Dr. L. Preirrer .....

Notes on the Mooruk Cs ius bennettii). By Gupace
ENING chs ceieiiel sitchen eke fa Mites flee he he Rate eee Siete teeta

oe of the alt State of Voluta mamilla, ay By
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &. .:.. ;

Notice of Notopéeris, a New Genus of Pteropine Bat feo ne
Feejee Islands. By Dr. J. H. Gray, F.B.S., V.P.ZS.,

Notice of a New Genus of Lophobranchiate Fishes from Western
Australia. By Dr. J. BH. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. ..

Descriptions of New Species of the American Family Tyran-
nide. By Puitie Luruey SCLATER..........-..---

Notes on the Habits of the Mycteria australis or New Holland
Jabiru (Gigantic Crane of the Colonists). By Grorer
LoS SG halls NB Smile cu oW bia Gubidec ous c

List of Mammals and Birds collected by Mr. Joseph Leyland
in Honduras, Belize, and Guatemala. By Tuomas J.
Moore, Keeper of the Derby Museum, Liverpool......

On a Species of Holis, and also a Species of Lomanoéus new to
science; with the Description of a specimen of Folis
cerulea of Montagu. By Witi1am THomrpson. Com-
municated by Dr. J. E. Gray oS UR ee ae

Page

[Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 11, 1859.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., im the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE GorILLA (TROGLODYTES GORILLA, Sav.)*
By Pror. Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.

Before referring to earlier indications of the truly extraordinary
animal of whichan entire specimen has now been obtained,—indications
scarcely more instructive or convincing to the naturalist than those
afloat on the Unicorn or Succatyro,—the author proceeded briefly to
recapitulate the steps which led to the determination and full know-
ledge of the great anthropoid Ape of Africa called Troglodytes
gorilla.

The first authentic information he had received of its existence
was by a letter from Dr. Savage, dated ‘Gaboon River, West Africa,’
April 24, 1847, inclosing a sketch of the cranium, and requesting
that the results of Prof. Owen’s comparison might be communicated
to him. That letter and those results are given in the ‘ Proceedings
of the Zoological Society’ for February 22, 1848; together with
the description of three skulls, two of male and one of a femaie,
which had been transmitted from the Gaboon to England, and
which established the distinction of the species (Troglodytes gorilla)
from the Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger) t.

The skulls obtained by Dr. Savage, at the Gaboon, were taken by
him to Boston, U. S., and were described by the Doctor and Prof.
Wyman, in the ‘ Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston,’

* This paper will be printed in the ‘ Transactions,’ illustrated with several

plates.
+ ‘Transactions of the Zool. Soc.’ vol. iii., p. 381, pls. 58-63.

No. 384.— PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

vol. v., 1847, and the name Troglodytes gorilla was proposed for the
species, the discovery of which is due to Dr. P. 8. Savage.

Translations of Dr. Wyman’s and Prof. Owen’s papers being pub-
lished in the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles’, the attention of
Continental Naturalists was strongly excited toward this unexpected
addition to the Mammalian class ; and the inducements held out for
the collection of specimens speedily led to the acquisition of the
requisite materials for completing the zoographical history of the
animal which it seems now agreed to call ‘ Gorilla.’ The additional
materials which reached London, enabled the author to communi-
cate to the Zoological Society (‘ Proceedings of the Zool. Soe.’ for
Nov. 11th, 1851.)* a description of the entire skeleton of the Tvog-
lodytes gorilla; of which, however, owing to the number and cost
of the illustrations, two parts only have yet appeared in the ‘Trans-
actions of the Society ’ (vol. iv., pt. i., p. 75, pls. 26-30 & pt. iv.,
p- 89, pls. 31-36.): but the main facts are recorded in the au-
thor’s Catalogue of the ‘ Osteological Collection in the Museum of
the Royal College of Surgeons,’ 4to, pp. 782-804. Entire skeletons
of the full-grown Troglodytes gorilla are now set up in the Museum
of the College, and in the British Museum ; and Dr. Gray has finally
acquired for the National Collection the stuffed specimen of a nearly
adult male Gorilla.

All the foregoing specimens were obtained from a part of the west
coast of tropical Africa traversed by the rivers ‘ Danger’ and ‘ Ga-
boon,’ in latitudes 1° to 15° S.

A corresponding series of illustrations, first crania, then the
skeleton, finally an entire specimen of the Troglodytes gorilla,
have successively reached the Museum of the Garden of Plants,
Paris, and have afforded materials for interesting and instructive
memoirs from the accomplished Professors in that noble establish-
ment for extending and diffusing the science of Natural History.

De Blainville had caused a lithograph to be prepared of the
skeleton of the Gorilla, shortly before his demise. His successor,
Prof. Duvernoy, communicated a description of this skeleton to the
Academy of Sciences in 1853, which is published, with some inter-
esting particulars of the anatomy of the soft parts, in the ‘ Archives
du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ tome vii. (1855). The Memoirs
and Observations by his accomplished colleague the Professor of
Mammalogy and Ornithology, Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, on the
Gorilla will be found in the ‘Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des
Sciences,’ January 19, 1852, and subsequent numbers ; in the ‘ Revue
de Zoologie,’ No. II., 1853; the whole being summed up in the
part of his excellent ‘ Description des Mammiféres nouveaux,’ &c.
4to, which appeared in vol. x. of the ‘ Archives du Muséum, 1858.’

The differences in the results of the observations by the American,
French, and English authors, relate chiefly to the interpretation of
the facts observed. Dr. Wyman agrees with Prof. Owen in referring
the Gorilla to the same genus as the Chimpanzee, but he differs

* See also ‘ Literary Gazette,’ Nov. 15, 1851.

from him in regarding the latter as being more nearly allied to the
Human kind. Professors I. Geoff. St. Hilaire and Duvernoy regard
the differences in the osteology, dentition, and external characters of
the Gorilla to be of generic importance, and enter it in the Zoolo-
gical Catalogue as Gorilla Gina, the nomen triviale being taken
from ‘Weggeena;’ ‘N. Gina’ and ‘D. jina,’ as the name of the
beast in the Gaboon tongue, has been diversely written by voyagers*.
The French naturalists also concur with the American in placing
the Gorilla below the Chimpanzee in the scale. The author returned
to the discussion of those questions at the conclusion of his paper,
when he also referred to the notion current in some works that the
long-armed apes (Hylodates), and not the Orangs or Chimpanzees,
were the most anthropoid of apes.

Entering upon the description of the exterior characters of the
adult male Gorilla, the stuffed skin of which is now in the British
Museum, Prof. Owen first called attention to the shortness, almost
absence, of the neck, due to the backward articulation of the head
to the trunk and the concomitant development of the spines of the
neck-vertebrze ; also to the chin which, im the usual pose of the
head, descends below the manubrium sterni; to the great size of the
seapulee, to the elevation of the acromion, and the oblique position
of the clavicles which rise from their sternal attachments obliquely
to above the level of the angles of the jaw. The brain-case, low and
narrow, passes in the old male in an almost straight line from the
occiput to the superorbital ridge, the prominence of which gives the
most forbidding feature to the physiognomy of the Gorilla. It is
a feature strongly marked on the skeleton, but is exaggerated im
the stuffed animal by the thick supraciliary roll of integument
which forms a scowling penthouse over the small deep-set eyes.
The nose is a more prominent feature than in the Chimpanzee or
Orang-utan ; there is a slight median rise along its upper half,
answering to the feeble prominence of the same part of the nose-
bones, but the lower or alar part of the nose offers two thick pro-
jections, arching, each across its own nostril, and becoming thicker
as it subsides in the upper lip. There is a median longitudinal
depression between these arched flaps; but their prominence brings
them into view in the profile of the face. The point of median
confluence of the alee projects a little beyond the fore part of the
‘septum narium.’ The resemblance to the lowest form of the negro
nose is much closer in the Gorilla than in the Chimpanzee. The
mouth is wide, the lips large and thick, but of uniform thickness,
the upper one terminating by a straight, almost as if incised, margin ;
but being relatively shorter than in the Chimpanzee. The dark
pigment is continued from the base of the lip to this margin, and

* The main discrepancy, in regard to matter of fact, is that the arms of the
Gorilla are stated by Isid. Geoffroy, to be much longer, whilst Prof. Owen
found them to be relatively shorter, than those of the Chimpanzee.

co Beas de proportions presque humaines ..........+. Genre I. Zroglodytes.
beaucoup plus longs que chez Vhomme_... Genre II. Gorilla.”

Isid. Geoffr., p. 15.

no part of the red inner lining would be visible when the lips were
naturally closed: a little of this lining, which forms what is com-
monly understood by ‘lip’ in man, might be shown by the under lip
of the Gorilla, but it is obscured by added pigment, as in most negro
races. The chin is short and receding, but the whole face is promi-
nent. The circumference of a front view of the head presents an
oval with the great end downward and the upper end very narrow,
owing to the parietal ridge, in the old male. The superorbital or
cranial part is confined to the upper fourth in this view, and the
bestial aspect of the visage is much increased when the huge promi-
nent tusks are exposed by opening the lips. The eyelids have eye-
lashes almost as in man; but the eyebrow is not defined, the hair of
the head extending to the supraciliary roll, which is almost devoid of
hair. In a direct front view the ears are rather above the level of
the eyes: they are as much smaller in proportion to the head, as in
the Chimpanzee they are larger, in comparison with man; but in
structure they resemble the human auricle more than does the ear of
any other ape.

The tragus and anti-tragus, the helix and anti-helix, the concha,
the fossa of the anti-helix and the lobulus are distinctly defined: the
chief difference is the large size of the concha compared with the
fossa of the anti-helix and the lobulus: but though the lobulus is
small it is distinctly marked and pendulous, while it is sessile in the
Chimpanzee and Orang. Both tragus and anti-tragus are nearly as
prominent asin man. The helix is reflected or folded centrally from
its origin to opposite the anti-tragus as in man, whereas, in the
Chimpanzee the fold subsides opposite the fossa of the anti-helix,
and the rest of the margin of the auricle is simple, not folded. The
upper part of the helix is more produced in the Gorilla than in man,
and the greatest breadth of the ear is above the concha, in which the
incisura intertragica is less deep than in man.

The skin of the face is naked and much wrinkled; a pretty deep
indent divides the nasal ala from the cheek, and becomes shallower
as it bends upward, inward, and downward to the median indent
between the ale. The hairy part of the scalp is continued to the
superorbital prominence, and thence the hair-clad skin is continued
outward and downward upon the sides of the deep cheeks, where
the hair is long. The chest is of great proportional capacity, and
the shoulders very wide across. The profile of the trunk behind
describes a slight convexity from the nape, which projects beyond
the occiput, downward to the sacrum: there is no inbending at
the loins, which seem wanting. The abdomen is prominent both
before and at the sides. The pectoral regions are slightly marked
and show the pair of nipples placed as in the Chimpanzee and Man.
In the male the penis is short and subconical, the prepuce is devoid
of fraenum; the scrotum is broader and more sessile than in man:
the perineum is longer, the anus being placed further back than in
man. There is no trace of ischial callosities. The glutzei are better
developed and give more of the appearance of nates than in any other
anthropoid ape, but they do not project so as to meet beyond the
anus and conceal it.

The chief deviations from the human structure are seen in the
limbs, which are of great power, the upper ones prodigiously strong,
ene by comparison the legs, through the want of ‘calves’, look

eeble.

The first characteristic is the almost uniform thickness of each
segment of the limb: this is seen in the arm, from below the short
deltoid prominence to the condyles, neither biceps nor triceps
making any definite swelling ; a like uniform thickness is seen in the
antibrachium from below the olecranon to the wrist : the leg a little
mereases in thickness from the knee to the ankle: the short thigh
shows some decrease as it descends: but there is a general absence
of those partial muscular enlargements which impart the graceful
varying curves to the outlines of the limbs in man. Yet this, upon
dissection, is found to depend rather on excess, than defect, of deve-
lopment of the carneous as compared with the tendinous parts of the
limb-muscles, which thus continue of almost the same size from their
origin to their imsertion, with a proportionate gain of strength to the
beast. The difference in the length of the upper limbs between the
Gorilla and Man is but little in comparison with the trunk ; it appears
greater through the arrest of development of the lower limbs. Very
significant of the closer anthropoid affinities of the Gorilla is the
superior length of the arm (humerus) to the fore-arm, as compared
with the proportions of those parts in the Chimpanzee. The hair of
the arm inclines downward, that of the fore-arm upward, as in the
Chimpanzee. The thumb extends a little beyond the base of the
proximal phalanx of the fore-finger ; it does not reach to the end of
the metacarpal bone of that finger in the Chimpanzee or any other
ape: the thumb of the Siamang (Hylobates syndactyla) is still
shorter in proportion to the length of the fingers of the same hand:
the philosophical zoologist will see great significance in this fact. In
man the thumb extends to, or beyond, the middle of the first pha-
lanx of the fore-finger.

The fore-arm in the Gorilla passes into the hand with very slight
evidence, by constriction, of the wrist, the circumference of which,
without the hair, was fourteen inches, that of a strong man averaging
eight inches. The hand is remarkable for its breadth and thickness,
and for the great length of the palm, occasioned both by the length
of the metacarpus and the greater extent of undivided integument
between the digits than in man; these only begin to be free opposite
the middle of the proximal or first phalanges in the Gorilla. The
digits are thus short, and appear as if swollen and gouty ; and are
conical in shape after the first joint, by tapering to nails, which, bemg
not larger or longer than those of man, are relatively to the fingers
much smaller. ‘The circumference of the middle digit at the first
joint in the Gorillais 54 inches ; in man, at the same part, it averages
23 inches. ‘The skin covering the middle phalanx is thick and cal-
lous on the back of the fingers, and there is little outward appear-
ance of the second joimt. ‘The habit of the animal to apply those
parts to the ground, in occasional progression, is manifested by these
eallosities. The back of the hand is hairy as far as the divisions of

the fingers ; the palm is naked and callous. The thumb, besides its
shortness, according to the standard of the human hand, is scarcely
half so thick as the fore-finger. The nail of the thumb did not ex-
tend to the end of that digit ; in the fingers the nail projected a little
beyond the end, but with a slightly convex worn margin, resembling
the human nails in shape, but relatively less.

In the hind limbs, chiefly noticeable was that first appearance in
the quadrumanous series of a muscular development of the gluteus,
causing a small buttock to project over each tuber ischii. This
structure, with the peculiar expanse, as compared with other Qua-
drumana, of the iliac bones, leads to an inference that the Gorilla
must naturally and with more ease resort occasionally to station and
progression on the lower limbs than any other ape.

The same cause as in the arm, viz. a continuance of a large pro-
portion of fleshy fibres to the lower end of the muscles, coextensive
with the thigh, gives a great circumference to that segment of the
limb above the knee-joint, and a more uniform size to it than in man.
The relative shortness of the thigh, its bone being only eight-ninths
the length of the humerus (in man the humerus averages five-sixths
the length of the femur), adds to the appearance of its superior rela-
tive thickness. Absolutely the thigh is not of greater cireumference
at its middle than is the same part in man.

The chief difference in the leg, after its relative shortness, is the
absence of a “calf,” due to the non-existence of the partial accumu-
lation of carneous fibres in the upper half of the gastrocnemii muscles,
causing that prominence in the type-races of mankind. In the Go-
rilla the tendo-achillis not only continues to receive the ‘penni-
form” fibres to the heel, but the fleshy parts of the muscles of the
foot receive accessions of fibres at the lower third of the leg, to which
the greater thickness of that part is due, the proportions in this
respect being the reverse of those in man. The leg expands at once
into the foot, which has a peculiar and characteristic form, owing to
the modifications favouring bipedal motion being superinduced upon
an essentially prehensile quadrumanous type. The heel makes a
more decided backward projection than in the Chimpanzee ; the heel-
bone is relatively thicker, deeper, more expanded vertically at its
hind end, besides being fully as long as in the Chimpanzee. This
bone, so characteristic of anthropoid affinities, is shaped and propor-
tioned more like the human caleaneum than in any other ape. The
malleoli do not make such well-marked projections as in man; they
are marked more by the thickness of the fleshy and tendimous parts
of the muscles that pass near them, on their way to be inserted into
parts of the foot. Although the foot be articulated to the leg with
a slight inversion of the sole, it is more nearly plantigrade than in
the Chimpanzee or any other ape. The hairy integument is con-
tinued along the dorsum of the foot to the clefts of the toes, and
upon the first phalanx of the hallux: the whole sole is bare.

The hallux (great toe, thumb of the foot), though not relatively
longer than in the Chimpanzee, is stronger; the bones are thicker in
proportion to their length, especially the last phalanx, which in

shape and breadth much resembles that in the human foot. The
hallux in its natural position diverges from the other toes at an
angle of 60 deg. from the axis of the foot ; its base is large, swelling
into a kind of ball below, upon which the thick callous epiderm of
the sole is continued. The transverse indents and wrinkles show the
frequency and freedom of the flexile movements of the two joints of
the hallux: the nail is small, flat, and short. The sole of the foot
gradually expands from the heel forward to the divergence of the
hallux, and seems to be here cleft, and almost equally, between the
base of the hallux and the common base of the other four digits.
These are small and slender in proportion, and their bases are en-
veloped in a common tegumentary sheath as far as the base of the
second phalanx. A longitudinal mdent at the middle of the sole,
bifurcating—one channel defining the ball of the hallux, the other
running towards the interspace between the second and third digit—
indicates the action of opposing the whole thumb (which seems rather
like an inner lobe or division of the sole), to the outer division ter-
minated by the four short toes. What is termed the “instep” in
man is very high in the Gorilla, owing to the thickness of the carneo-
tendinous parts of the muscles as they pass from the leg to the foot
over this region. The mid-toe (third) is a little longer than the
second and fourth; the fifth, as in man, is proportionally shorter
than the fourth, and is divided from it by a somewhat deeper cleft.
The whole sole is wider than in man—relatively to its length much
wider,—and in that respect, as well as by the offset of the hallux,
and the definition of its basal ball, more like a hand, but a hand of
huge dimensions and of portentous power of grasp.

In regard to the outward coloration of the Gorilla, only from the
examination of the living animal could the precise shades of colour
of the naked parts of the skin be truly described. Much of the
epiderm had peeled off the subject of the present description ; but
fortunately in large patches, and the texture of these had acquired a
certain firmness, apparently by the action of the alcohol upon the
albuminous basis. The able taxidermist, Mr. Bartlett, has availed
himself of this circumstance in the correct and satisfactory prepara-
tion of the specimen now mounted for the British Museum. The
parts of the epiderm remaining upon the face indicated the skin
there to be chiefly of a deep leaden hue; it is everywhere finely
wrinkled, and was somewhat less dark at the prominent parts of the
supraciliary roll and the prominent margins of the nasal “alee :”’ the
soles and palms were also of a lighter colour.

Although the general colour of the hair appears, at first sight,
and when moist, to be almost black, it is not so, but is rather of a
dusky grey : it is decidedly of a less deep tint than in the Chimpanzee
(Trogl. niger): this is due to an admixture of a few reddish, and of
more greyish hairs, with the dusky-coloured ones which chiefly con-
stitute the “pelage’’: and the above admixture varies at different
parts of the body. The reddish hairs are so numerous on the scalp,
especially along the upper middle region, as to make their tint rather
predominate there ; they blend in a less degree with the long hairs

upon the sides of the face. The greyish hairs are found mixed with
the dusky upon the dorsal, deltoidal and anterior femoral regions ;
but, on the limbs, not in such proportion as to affect the impres-
sion of the general dark colour, at first view. The hairs are wavy,
approaching to a woolly character. Near the margin of the vent
are a few short whitish hairs, as in the Chimpanzee. The epiderm
of the back showed the effects of habitual resting, with that part
against the trunk or branch of a tree, occasioning the hair to be more
or less rubbed off: the epiderm was here very thick and tough.

It is most probable, from the degree of admixture of different
coloured hairs above described, that a living Gorilla seen in bright
sunlight, would’ in some positions reflect from its surface a colour
much more different from that of the Chimpanzee than appears by a
comparison of the skin of a dead specimen sent home in spirits. It
can hardly be doubted, also, that age will make an appreciable differ-
ence in the general coloration of the Troglodytes gorilla.

The adult male Gorilla measures five feet six inches from the sole
to the top of the head, the breadth across the shoulders is nearly
three feet, the length of the upper limb is three feet four inches,
that of the lower limb is two feet four inches ; the length of the head
and trunk is three feet six inches, whilst the same dimension in man
does not average three feet.

In the foregoing remarks the author had given the results of direct
observations made on the first and only entire specimen of the Gorilla
which had reached England. At the period when they were made,
no other description of its external characters had reached him ; and
if the majority of them be found to agree with previously recorded
observations by naturalists enjoying earlier opportunities of studying
similarly preserved specimens, the rarity and importance of the species
might excuse, if it did not justify, a second-description from direct
scrutiny of a new specimen by an old observer of the anthropoid
Quadrumana. A much more important labour, however, remained.
The accurate record of facts in natural history was one and a good
aim; the deduction of their true consequences was a better. Pro-
fessor Owen proceeded, therefore, to reconsider the conclusions from
which his experienced French and American fellow-labourers in
natural history differed from him, and in which it seemed he stood
alone.

The first—it may be called the supreme—question in regard to the
Gorilla was, its place in the scale of nature, and its true and precise
affinities.

Is it or not the nearest of kin to human kind? Does it form, like
the Chimpanzee and Orang, a distinct genus in the anthropoid or
knuckle-walking group of apes ? Are these apes, or are the long-armed
Gibbons, more nearly related to the genus Homo? Of the broad-
breast-boned quadrumana, are the knuckle-walkers or the brachiators,
i.e. the long-armed Gibbons, most nearly and essentially related to
the human subject? The author proceeded to discuss the first as the
most important question.

At the first aspect, whether of the entire animal or of the skeleton,

he freely admitted that the Gorilla strikes the observer as being a
much more bestial and brutish animal than the Chimpanzee. All the
features that relate to the wielding of the strong jaws and large
canines are exaggerated ; the evidence of brain is less, its chamber is
more masked by the outgrowth of the strong occipital and other
cranial ridges. But the impression so made—that the Gorilla is
less like Man—is the same which is derived from comparing a young
with an adult Chimpanzee, or some small tailless monkey with a full-
grown male Orang or Chimpanzee. Taking the characters that cause
that impression at a first imspection of the Gorilla, most of the small
South American monkeys are more anthropoid than it; they have a
proportionally larger and more human-shaped cranium, much less
prominent jaws, with more equable teeth.

Referring to the skeletons of the adult males of the Gorilla, Chim-
panzee, Orang, and Gibbon, Professor Owen remarked that the glo-
bular cranium of the last, and its superior size compared with the
jaws and teeth, seemed to show the Gibbons to be more nearly akin
to man than are the larger tailless Apes. And this conclusion had
been adopted by a distinguished French paleontologist, M. Lartet,
and accepted by a high geological authority at home*. They cite the
experienced Professor of Human Anatomy at Amsterdam as support-
ing this view ; but Prof. Owen had failed to find any statement of
the grounds upon which it was sustained. In the art. Quadrumana
of Todd’s ‘‘ Cyclopedia of Anatomy,”’ cited by Lartet,+ Prof. Vrolik
briefly treats of the osteology of the Quadrumana according to their
natural families. In ‘‘a first genus, Siméa proper, or ape,” he in-
cludes the Chimpanzee or Orang, noticing some of the chief points
by which these apes approach the nearest to man. He next goes
to ‘‘the second genus, the Gibbons”’ (Hylodates) ; he notices their
ischial callosities, and the nearer approach of their molars, in their
rounded form, to the teeth of Carnivora than the molars of the
genus Sizmia. ‘Then, comparing the Siamang with other species of
Hylobates, Vrolik says, “‘its skeleton approaches most to that of
man ;”’ which may be true in comparison with other Gibbons, but
certainly is not so as respects the higher Simic. No details are
given to illustrate the proposition even in its more limited appli-
cation ; but the minor length of the arms in the Siamang, as com-
pared with Hylobates lar, was probably the character in point.

The appearance of superior cerebral development in the Siamang
and other long-armed apes is due to their small size and the con-
comitant feeble development of their jaws and teeth. The same
appearance makes the small platyrrhine Monkeys of South America
equally anthropoid in their facial physiognomy, and much more
human-like than are the great Orangs and Chimpanzees. It is an
appearance which depends upon the precocious growth of the brain
as dependent on the law of its development. In all Quadrumana the
brain has reached its full size before the second set of teeth is ac-
quired, almost before the first set is shed. If, however, a young

* Lyell, Sir C. ‘ Supplement to the Fifth Edition of a Manual of Elementary
Geology,” 1859, p. 15.
+ ‘“ Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Juillet 28, 1856.”

Gorilla, Chimpanzee, or Orang, be compared with a young Siamang
of corresponding age, the absolutely larger size and better shape of
brain, the deeper and more numerous convolutions of the cerebrum,
and the more completely covered cerebellum in the former, unequi-
vocally demonstrate the higher organization of the shorter-armed
Apes. ‘In the structure of the brain,” writes Vrolik,* in accord-
ance with all other comparative anatomists, ‘‘they *’ (Chimpanzee
and Orang-utan) ‘approach the nearest to man.” The degree to
which the Chimpanzee and Orang so resembled the human type
seemed much closer to Cuvier, who knew those great apes only in
their immaturity, with their small milk-teeth and precociously de-
veloped brain. Accordingly, the anthropoid characters of the Simia
satyrus and Simia troglodytes, as deduced from the facial angle and
dentition, are proportionally exaggerated in the “ Regne Animal.” >
As growth proceeds, the milk-teeth are shed, the jaws expand, the
great canines succeed their diminutive representatives, the temporal
muscles gain a proportional increase of carneous fibres, their bony
fulera respond to the call for increased surface of attachment, the
sagittal and occipital crests begin to rise: but the brain grows no
more; its cranial box retains the size it showed in immaturity ; it
finally becomes masked by the superinduced osseous developments
in those apes which attain the largest stature and wield the most
formidably armed jaws. Yet under this show of physical force, the
brain of both Orang and Chimpanzee is still the better and the larger,
than is that of the little long-armed ape, which retains throughout.
life so much more of the characters of immaturity, especially in the
structure of the skull.

The Siamang and other Gibbons have smaller, lower but longer
upper canines, relatively, than in the Orangs and Chimpanzees; the
permanent ones more quickly attain their full size, and are sooner in
their place in the jaws ; consequently the last molar teeth, m3, come
last into place as they do in the human species. But, if this be
interpreted as of importance in determining the relative affinity of
the longer-armed and shorter-armed apes to man, it is a character In
which, as in their seeming superior cerebral development, the Hylo-
bates agree with some much lower Quadrumana with still smaller
canines.

The systematic zoologist, pursuing this most interesting compa-
rison with clear knowledge of the true conditions and significance of
a globular cranium and small jaws within the quadrumanous order,
first determines and takes as his compass or guide-point the really
distinctive characters of the human organization.

In respect to the cerebral test, he looks not so much.for the rela-
tive size of the brain to the body, as for its relative size in the species
compared one with another in the same natural group. He inquires
what quadrumanous animal shows absolutely the biggest brain ? what
species shows the deepest and most numerous and winding convolu-
tions? in which is the cerebrum largest, as compared with the cere-
bellum? If he finds all these characters highest in the Gorilla, he

* Art. Quadrumana, “ Cyclopedia of Anatomy,’ vol. iv. p. 195.
+ Ed. 1829, pp. 87, 39.

does not permit himself to be diverted from the just inference because
the great size and surpassing physical power attained in that species
mask the true data from obvious view.

The comparative anatomist would look to the caecum and the
ischial integument: if he found in one subject of his comparisons
(Troglodyées) a long ‘‘ appendix vermiformis ceeci,” as in man, but
no ‘callosities,”’—in another subject (Hylobates) the ischial callosi-
ties, but only a short rudiment of the cecal appendix,—he would
know which of the two tailless Apes were to be placed next “the
Monkeys with ischial callosities and no vermiform appendix,” and
which of the two formed the closer lmk toward man. He would
find that the anthropoid intestinal and dermal characters were asso-
ciated with the absolutely larger and better developed brain in the
Gorilla, Chimpanzee, and Orang; whilst the lower quadrumanous
characters exhibited by the ceecum and nates were exhibited by the
smaller-brained and longer-armed but rounder-skulled and shorter-
jawed Gibbons.

Pursuing the comparison through the complexities of the bony
framework, he might first glance at the more obvious proportions ;
and such, indeed, as would be given by the entire animal. The
characteristics of the limbs in Man are their near equality of length,
but the lower limbs are the longest. The arms im Man reach to
below the middle of the thigh; in the Gorilla they nearly attain
the knee; in the Chimpanzee they reach below the knee; in the
Orang they reach the ankle; in the Siamang they reach the sole;
in most Gibbons the whole palm can be applied to the ground
without the trunk being bent forward beyond its naturally inclined
position on the legs. These gradational differences coincide with
other characters determining the relative proximity to Man of the
apes compared. In no Quadrumana does the humerus exceed the
ulna so much in length as in Man; only in the most anthropoid,
viz. the Gorilla and Chimpanzee, does it exceed the ulna at all in
length ; in the rest, as in the lower quadrupeds, the fore-arm is longer
than the arm.

The humerus, in the Gorilla, though less long, compared with the
ulna, than in Man, is longer than in the Chimpanzee ; in the Orang
it is shorter than the ulna; in the Siamang and other Gibbons it is
much shorter, the peculiar length of arm in those ‘‘long-armed”’ apes
is chiefly due to the excessive length of the antibrachial bones.

The difference in the length of the upper limbs, as compared with
the trunk, is but little between Man and the Gorilla. The elbow-
joint in the Gorilla, as the arm hangs down, is opposite the ‘ labrum
ili,” the wrist opposite the “tuber ischii;”’ it is rather lower down
in the Chimpanzee ; it is opposite the knee-joint in the Orang ; it is
opposite the ankle-joint in the Siamang.

Man’s perfect hand is one of his peculiar physical characters ;
that perfection is mainly due to the extreme differentiation of the
first from the other four digits, and its concomitant power of oppo-

sing them as a perfect thumb. An opposable thumb is present in
the hand of most Quadrumana, but is usually a small appendage com-

pared with that of Man. It is relatively largest in the Gorilla. In
this ape the thumb reaches to a little beyond the base of the first
phalanx of the fore-finger ; it does not reach to the end of the meta-
carpal bone of the fore-finger in the Chimpanzee, Orang, or Gibbon ;
it is relatively smallest in the last tailless ape. In Man the thumb
extends to or beyond the middle of the first phalanx of the fore-
finger. The philosophical zoologist will see great significance in the
results of this comparison. Only in the Gorilla and Chimpanzee are
the carpal bones eight in number, as in man; in the Orangs and
Gibbons they are nine in number, as in the tailed monkeys.

The scapulee are broader in the Gorilla than in the Chimpanzee,
Orang, or long-armed apes; they come nearer to the proportions of
that bone in Man. But a more decisive resemblance to the human
structure is presented by the iliac bones. In no other ape than the
Gorilla do they bend forward, so as to produce a pelvic concavity ;
nor are they so broad in proportion to their length in any ape as in
the Gorilla. In both the Chimpanzee and Orang the iliac bones are
flat, or present a concavity rather at the back than at the fore part.
In the Siamang they are not only flat, but are narrower and longer,
resembling the iliac bones of tailed monkeys and ordinary quadrupeds.

The lower limbs, though characteristically short im the Gorilla,
are longer in proportion to the upper limbs, and also to the entire
trunk, than in the Chimpanzee; they are much longer in both pro-
portions and more robust than in the Orangs or Gibbons. But the
guiding points of comparisons here are the heel and the hallux.

The heel in the Gorilla makes a more decided backward projection
than in the Chimpanzee; the heelbone is relatively thicker, deeper,
more expanded vertically at its hind end, beside being fully as long
as in the Chimpanzee: it is in the Gorilla shaped and proportioned
more like the human calcaneum than in any other ape. Among all
the tailless apes the caleaneum in the Siamang and other Gibbons
least resembles in its shape or proportional size that of Man.

Although the foot be articulated to the leg with a slight inversion
of the sole it is more nearly plantigrade in the Gorilla than in the
Chimpanzee. The Orang departs far, and the Gibbons farther, from
the human type in the inverted position of the foot.

The great toe which forms the fulcrum in standing or walking is,
perhaps, the most characteristic peculiarity in the buman structure ;
it is that modification which differentiates the foot from the hand,
and gives the character to the order Bimana. In the degree of its
approach to this development of the hallux the quadrumanous animal
makes a true step in affinity to Man.

The Orang-utan and the-Siamang, tried by this test, descend far
and abruptly below the Chimpanzee and Gorilla in the scale. In the
Orang the hallux does not reach to the end of the metacarpal of the
second toe ; in the Chimpanzee and Gorilla it reaches to the end of
the first phalanx of the second toe; but im the Gorilla the hallux is
thicker and stronger than in the Chimpanzee. In both, however,
it is a true thumb, by position, diverging from the other toes, in the
Gorilla, at an angle of 60° from the axis of the foot.

Man has twelve pairs of ribs, the Gorilla and Chimpanzee have
thirteen pairs, the Orangs have twelve pairs, the Gibbons have thir-
teen pairs. Were the naturalist to trust to this single character,
as some have trusted to the cranio-facial one, and in equal ignorance
of the real condition and value of both, he might think that the
Orangs (Pithecus) were nearer akin to man than the Chimpanzees
(Troglodytes) are. But man has sometimes a thirteenth pair of
ribs; and what we term “ribs”? are but vertebral elements or
appendages common to nearly all the true vertebree in man, and
only so called, when they become long and free. ‘The genera Homo,
Troglodytes, and Pithecus, have precisely the same number of ver-
tebree ; if Troglodytes, by the development and mobility of the pleur-
apophyses of the twentieth vertebra from the occiput, seem to have
an additional thoracic vertebra, it has one vertebra less in the lumbar
region. So, if there be, as has been observed, a difference in the
number of sacral vertebree, it is merely due to a last lumbar having
coalesced with what we reckon as the first sacral vertebra in Man.

The thirteen pairs of ribs, therefore, in the Gorilla and Chimpan-
zee, are of no weight, as against the really important characters sig-
nificative of affinity with the human type. But, supposing the fact
of any real value, how do the advocates of the superior resemblance
of the Siamang’s or Gibbon’s skeleton to that of man dispose of the
thirteenth pair of ribs?

In applying the characters of the skull to the determination of the
Important question at issue, those must first be ascertained by which
the genus Homo trenchantly differs from the genus Sima, of Lin-
neeus. To determine these osteal distinctions, the author stated
that he had compared the skulls of many individuals of different
varieties of the human race together with those of the male, female,
and young of species of Troglodytes, Pithecus, and Hylobates ;
Professor Owen referred to his ‘Catalogue of the Osteological Series
in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,’ 4to, 1853, for
the detailed results of these comparisons. On the present occasion
he would restrict himself to a few of these results.

The first and most obvious differential character is the globular
form of the brain-case, and its superior relative size to the face,
especially the jaws, in man. But this, for the reasons he had already
assigned, is not an instructive or decisive character, when comparing
quadrumanous species, in reference to the question at issue. It is
exaggerated in the human child, owing to the acquisition of its full,
or nearly full size, by the brain, before the jaws have expanded to
lodge the second set of teeth. It is an anthropoid character in
which the Quadrumana resemble man, in proportion to the dimi-
nution of their general bulk. If a Gorilla, with milk-teeth, have a
somewhat larger brain and brain-case than a Chimpanzee at the same
immature age, the acquisition of greater bulk by the Gorilla, and of a
more formidable physical development of the skull, in reference to the
great canines in the male, will give to the Chimpanzee the appearance
of amore anthropoid character, which really does not belong to it,—
which could be as little depended upon in a question of precise affi-

nity as the like more anthropoid characters of the female, as com-
pared with the male, Gorilla or Chimpanzee.

Much more important and significant were the following cha-
racters of the human skull :—the position and plane of the occipital
foramen ; the proportional size of the condyloid and petrous pro-
cesses ; the mastoid processes, which relate to balancing the head
upon the trunk in the erect attitude; the small premaxillaries and
concomitant small size of the incisor teeth, as compared with the
molar teeth. The latter character relates to the superiority of the
psychical over the physical powers in man: it governs the feature in
which man recedes from the brute; as does also the prominence of
the nasal bones in most, and in all the typical, races of man. The
somewhat angular form of the bony orbits, tending to a square,
with the corners rounded off, is a good human character of the
skull, which is difficult to comprehend as an adaptive one, and
therefore the better in the present inquiry. The same may be said
of the production of the floor of the tympanic or auditory tube into
the plate called ‘“ vaginal.”

Believing the foregoing to be sufficient to test the respective
degrees of affinity to man within the limited group of Quadrumana
to which it was proposed, in the present memoir, to apply them, the
author would not dilute his argument by citing minor characters.
The question at issue was the Tespective degrees of affinity as be-
tween the anthropoid apes and man. Cuvier deemed the Orang
( Pithecus) to be nearer akin to man than the Chimpanzee (Trog/o-
dytes) is. ‘That belief has long ceased to be entertamed. Professor
Owen proceeded, therefore, to compare the Gorilla, Chimpauzee, and
Gibbon, in reference to their human affinities.

Most naturalists entermg upon this question would first look to
the premaxillary bones, or, owing to the early confluence of those
bones with the maxillaries in the Gorilla and Chimpanzee, to the
part of the upper jaw containing the incisive teeth, on the size and
direction of which depends the prognathic or brutish character of a
skull. Now the extent of the premaxillaries below the nostril is not
only relatively but absolutely less in the Gorilla, and consequently
the profile of the skull is less convex at this part, or less ‘‘ progna-
thic’’? than in the Chimpanzee. Notwithstanding the degree in
which the skull of the Gorilla surpasses in size that of the Chimpan-
zee, especially when the two are compared on a front view, the
breadth of the premaxillaries and of the four incisive teeth is the
same in both. In the relative degree, therefore, in which these bones
are smaller than in the Chimpanzee, the Gorilla, in this most im-
portant character, comes nearer to Man. In the Gibbons the inci-
sors are relatively smaller than in the Gorilla, but the premaxillaries
bear the same proportional size in the adult male Siamang.

Next, as regards the nasal bones. In the Chimpanzee, as in the
Orangs and Gibbons, they are as flat to the face as in any of the
lower Simia. In the Gorilla, the median coalesced margins of the
upper half of the nasal bones are produced forward, in a slight
degree it is true, but affording a most significant evidence of nearer

resemblance to Man. In the same degree they impress that anthropic
feature upon the face of the living Gorilla. In some pig-faced
baboons there are ridges and prominences in the naso-facial part of
the skull, but they do not really affect the question as between the
Gorilla and Chimpanzee. All naturalists know that the Semno-
pitheques of Borneo have long noses, but the proboscidiform append-
age which gives so ludicrous a mask to those monkeys is unaccom-
panied by any such modification of the nose-bones as gives the true
anthropoid character to the human skull, and to which only the Go-
rilla, in the ape tribe, makes any approximation.

No Orang, Chimpanzee, or Gibbon shows any rudiment of mas-
toid processes ; but they are present in the Gorilla, smaller indeed
than in Man, but unmistakeable; they are, as in Man, cellular,
pneumatic, and with a thin outer plate of bone. This fact led the
author, in a former memoir, to express, when, in respect to the Go-
rilla, only the skull had reached him, the following inference, viz. :
“from the nearer approach which the Gorilla makes to Man in com-
parison with the Chimpanzee or Orang, in regard to the mastoid
processes, that it assumed more nearly and more habitually the
upright attitude than those inferior anthropoid apes do.”* This
inference has been fully borne out by the rest of the skeleton of the
Gorilla, subsequently acquired.

In the Chimpanzee, as in the Orangs, Gibbons, and inferior
Simie, the lower surface of the long tympanic or auditory process is
more or less flat and smooth, developing in the Chimpanzee only a
slight tubercle, anterior to the stylohyal pit. In the Gorilla the
auditory process is more or less convex below, and developes a ridge,
answering to the vaginal process, on the outer side of the carotid
canal. The processes posterior and internal to the glenoid articular
surface are better developed, especially the internal one, in the
Gorilla than in the Chimpanzee ; the ridge which extends from the
ectopterygoid along the inner border of the foramen ovale, terminates
in the Gorilla by an angle or process answering to that called “ sty- .
liform ’’ or ‘‘spinous”’ in Man, but of which there is no trace in the
Chimpanzee, Orang, or Gibbon.

The orbits have a full oval form in the Orang; they are almost
circular in the Chimpanzee and Siamang, more nearly circular, and
with a more prominent rim in the smaller Gibbons ; in the Gorilla
alone do they present the form which used to be deemed peculiar to
man. There is not much physiological significance in some of the
latter characters, but on that very account, the author deemed them
more instructive and guiding in the actual comparison. The occi-
pital foramen is nearer the back part of the cranium, and its plane
is more sloping, less horizontal in the Siamang than in the Chim-
panzee and Gorilla. Considering the less relative prominence of the
fore-part of the jaws in the Siamang, as compared with the Chim-
panzee, the occipital character of that Gibbon and of other species of
Hylobates marks well their inferior position in the quadrumanous
scale.

* Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. iii. p. 409.

In the greater relative size of the molars, compared with the inci-
sors, the Gorilla makes an important closer step towards Man than
does the Chimpanzee. The molar teeth are relatively so small in the
Siamang, that, notwithstanding the small size of the incisors, the
proportion of those teeth to the molars is only the same as in the
Gorilla: in other Gibbons (Hylobates lar), the four lower incisors
occupy an extent equal to that of the first four molars, in the Chim-
panzee equal to that of the first three molars, in the Siamang equal
to that of the first two molars and rather more than half of the third,
in Man equal to the first two molars and half of the third: in this
comparison the term molar is extended to the bicuspids.

The proportion of the ascending ramus to the length of the lower
jaw tests the relative affinity of the tailless apes to Man.

In a profile of the lower jaw, the author compares the line drawn
vertically from the top of the coronoid process to the horizontal length
along the alveoli. In Man and the Gorilla it is about ;[ths, in the
Chimpanzee ;%,ths, in the Siamang it is only ;4ths. The Siamang
further differs in the shape and production of the angle of the jaw,
and in the shape of the coronoid process, approaching the lower Simie
in both these characters. In the size of the post-glenoid process, in
the shape of the glenoid cavity which is almost flat, in the propor-
tional size of the petrous bone, and in the position of the foramen
caroticum, the Siamang departs further from the human type, and
approaches nearer that of the tailed Simie, than the Gorilla does,
and in a marked degree. —

Every legitimate deduction from a comparison of cranial charac-
ters makes the tailless Quadrumana recede from the human type in
the following order :—Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangs, Gibbons, and
the last named in a greater and more decided degree.

These comparisons have of late beeu invested with additional
interest from the discoveries of remains of quadrumanous species in
different members of the tertiary formations.

The first quadrumanous fossil, the discovery of which by Lieuts.
Baker and Durand is recorded in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal,’ for November, 1836, has proved to belong, like
subsequently discovered quadrumanous fossils in the Sewalik (pro-
bably miocene) tertiaries, to the Indian genus Semnopithecus. The
quadrumanous fossils discovered in 1839, in the eocene deposits of
Suffolk, belong to a genus (Hopithecus) having its nearest affinities
with Macacus. The monkey’s molar tooth from the pliocene beds
of Essex is most closely allied to the Macacus sinicus. The remains
of the large monkey, four feet in height, discovered in 1839 by
Dr. Lund ima limestone cavern in Brazil was shown by its molar

dentition (p a m =) to belong to the platyrrhine family now

peculiar to South America. The lower jaw and teeth of the small
quadrumane discovered by M. Lartet in a miocene bed of the South
of France, and described by him and De Blainville, are so closely allied
to the Gibbons, as scarcely to justify the generic separation which
has been made for it under the name Pliopithecus.

Finally, a portion of a lower jaw with teeth and the shaft of a
humerus of a quadrumanous animal (Dryopithecus), equalling the size
of those bones in Man, have been discovered by M. Fontan, of Saint-
Gaudens, in a marly bed of Upper Miocene age, forming the base of
the plateau on which that town is built. The molar teeth present
the type of grinding surface of those of the Gibbons (Hylobates),
and, as in that genus, the second true molar is larger than the first,
not of equal size, as in the human subject and Chimpanzee. The
premolars have a greater antero-posterior extent, relatively, than in
the Chimpanzee, and in this respect agree more with those in the
Siamang. The first premolar has the outer cusp raised to double
the height of that of the second; its inner lobe appears from
M. Lartet’s figure to be less developed than in the Gorilla, certainly
less than in the Chimpanzee. The posterior talon of the second
premolar is more developed, and consequently the fore and aft extent
of the tooth is greater than in the Chimpanzee; thereby the second
premolar of Dryopithecus more resembles that in Hylobates, and
departs further from the human type.

The canine, judging from the figures published by M. Lartet*,
seems to be less developed than in the male Chimpanzee, Gorilla, or
Orang ; in which character the fossil, if it belonged to a male, makes
a nearer approach to the human type: but it is one which many of
the inferior monkeys also exhibit, and is by no means to be trusted
as significant of true affinity, supposing even the sex of the fossil to
be known as being male.

The shaft of the humerus, found with the jaw, is peculiarly
rounded, as it is in the Gibbons and Sloths, and offers none of those
angularities and ridges which make the same bone in the Chimpanzee
and Orang come so much nearer in shape to the humerus of the
human subject. The fore part of the jaw, as inthe Siamang, is more
nearly vertical than in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee; but whether the
back part of the jaw may not have departed.in a greater degree from
the human type than the fore part approaches it, as is the case in
the Siamang, the state of the fossil does not allow of determining.
One significant character is, however, present,—the shape of the
fore part of the coronoid process. It is slightly convex forwards,
which causes the angle it forms with the alveolar border to be less open.
The same character is present in the Gibbons. The front margin
of the lower half of the coronoid process in Man is concave, as it is
likewise in the Gorilla and Chimpanzee. Prof. Owen was acquainted
with this interesting fossil, referred to a genus called Dryopithecus,
only by the figures published in the 43rd volume of the ‘Comptes
Rendus de Académie des Sciences.’ From these it appears that
the canine, two premolars, and first and second true molars, are in
place ; the socket of the third molar is empty, but widely open above ;
from which the author concludes that the third molar had also cut
the gum, the crown being completed, but not the fangs. If the last
molar had existed as a mere germ, it would more probably have been
preserved in the substance of the jaw.

* Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences.’ Paris, vol. xliii.

No. 385.—PRoOcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In a young Siamang, with the points of the permanent canines
just protruding from the socket, exhibited by Prof. Owen, the crown
of the last molar was complete, and on a level with the base of that of
the penultimate molar; whence he inferred that the last molar would
have cut the gum as soon as, if not before, the crown of the canine
had been completely extricated. This dental character, the confor-
mation and relative size of the grinding teeth, especially the fore
and aft extent of the premolars, all indicate the close affinity of the
Dryopithecus with the Pliopithecus and existing Gibbons ; and this,
the sole legitimate deduction from the maxillary and dental fossils,
is correborated by the fossil humerus, fig. 9, in the above-cited plate.

There is no law of correlation, by which, from the portion of jaw
with teeth of the Dryopithecus, can be deduced the shape of the
nasal bones and orbits, the position and plane of the occipital fora-
men, the presence of mastoid and vaginal processes, or other cranial
characters determinative of affinity to Man; much less any ground
for inferring the proportions of the upper to the lower limbs, of the
humerus to the ulna, of the pollex to the manus, or the shape and
development of the iliac bones. All those characters which do de-
termine the closer resemblance and affinity of the genus Froglodytes
to man, and of the genus Hylobates to the tailed monkeys, are at
present unknown in respect of the Dryopithecus. A glance at fig. 5
(Gorilla), and fig. 7 (Dryopithecus), of the plate of M. Lartet’s
memoir, would suffice to teach their difference of bulk, the Gorilla
being fully one-third larger. The statement that the parts of the
skeleton of the Dryopithecus as yet known, viz. the two branches
of the lower jaw and the humerus, “are sufficient to show that in
anatomical structure, as well as stature, it came nearer to man than
any quadrumanous species, living or fossil, before known to zoolo-
gists *,”? is without the support of any adequate fact, and in contra-
vention of most of those to be deduced from M. Lartet’s figures of
the fossils. Those parts of the Dryopithecus merely show—and the
humerus in a striking manner—its nearer approach to the Gibbons ;
the most probable conjecture being that it bore to them, in regard
to size, the like relations which Dr. Lund’s Protopithecus bore to
the existing Mycetes. Whether, therefore, strata of such high
antiquity as the miocene may reveal to us “forms in any degree
intermediate between the Chimpanzee and man”’ awaits an answer
from discoveries yet to be made ; and the anticipation that the fossil
world ‘may hereafter supply new osteological links between man
and the highest known Quadrumanay}’’ must be kept in abeyance
until that world has furnished us with the proofs that a species did
formerly exist which came as near to man as does the Orang, the
Chimpanzee, or the Gorilla.

Of the nature and habits of the last-named species, which really
offers the nearest approach to man of any known ape, recent or
fossil, the author had received many statements from imdividuals
resident at or visitors to the Gaboon, from which he selected the
following as most probable, or least questionable.

* Lyell (Sir Charles), ‘Supplement to the Fifth Edition of Manual of Ele-
mentary Geology,’ 8vo, 1859, p. 14. +t Ibid.

Gorilla-land is a richly-wooded extent of the western part of
Africa, traversed by the rivers Danger and Gaboon, and extending
from the equator to the 10th or 15th degree of south latitude. The
part where the Gorilla has been most frequently met with presents a
succession of hill and dale, the heights crowned with lofty trees, the
valleys covered by coarse grass, with partial scrub or scattered shrubs.
Fruit trees of various kinds abound both on the hills and in the
valleys; some that are crude and uncared for by the Negros are
sought out and greedily eaten by the Gorillas; and as different
kinds come to maturity at different seasons, they afford the great
denizen of the woods a successive and unfailing supply of indigenous
fruits. Of these Professor Owen specified the followimg sources :—

The palm-nut (Hlais guiniensis) of which the Gorillas greatly
affect the fruit and upper part of the stipe, called the ‘cabbage.”’
The Negros of the Gaboon have a tradition that their forefathers
first learnt to eat the “cabbage,” from seeing the Gorilla eat it,
concluding that what was good for him must be good for man.

The “ginger-bread tree’ (Parinartum excelsum), which bears a
plum-like fruit.

The papau tree (Carica papaya).

The banana (Musa sapientium), and another species (Musa para-
disiaca).

The Amomum afzelii and Am. grandiflorum.

A tree, with a shelled fruit, like a walnut, which the Gorilla
breaks open with the blow of a stone.

A tree, also botanically unknown, with a fruit like a cherry.

Such fruits and other rich and nutritious productions of the vege-
table kingdom, constitute the staple food of the Gorilla, as they do
of the Chimpanzee. The molar teeth, which alone truly indicate
the diet of an animal, accord with the statements as to the frugi-
vorous character of the Gorilla: but they also sufficiently answer to
an omnivorous habit to suggest that the eggs and callow brood of
nests discovered in the trees frequented by the Gorilla might not be
unacceptable.

The Gorilla makes a sleeping place like a hammock, connecting
the branches of a sheltered and thickly-leaved part of a tree by means
of the long tough slender stems of parasitic plants, and lining it with
the broad dried fronds of palms, or with long grass. This hammock-
like abode may be seen at different heights, from 10 to 40 feet from
the ground, but there is never more than one such nest in a tree.

They avoid the abodes of man, but are most commonly seen in the
months of September, October, and November, after the negroes
have gathered their outlying rice-crops, and have returned from the
“bush”? to the village. So observed, they are described to be
usually in pairs; or, if more, the addition consists of a few young
ones, of different ages, and apparently of one family. The Gorilla
is not gregarious. The parents may be seen sitting on a branch,
resting the back against the tree-trunk—the hair being generally
rubbed off the back of the old Gorilla from that habit—perhaps

munching fruit, whilst the young Gorillas are at play, leaping and
swinging from branch to branch, with hoots or harsh cries of bois-
terous mirth.

If the old male be seen alone, or when in quest of food, he is
usually armed with a stout stick, which the negroes aver to be the
weapon with which he attacks his chief enemy the elephant. Not
that the elephant directly or intentionally injures the Gorilla, but,
deriving its subsistence from the same source, the ape regards the
great proboscidian as a hostile intruder. When, therefore, he dis-
cerns the elephant pulling down and wrenching off the branches of
a favourite tree, the Gorilla, stealing along the bough, strikes the
sensitive proboscis of the elephant with a violent blow of his club, and
drives off the startled giant trumpeting shrilly with rage and pain.

In passing from one detached tree to another, the Gorilla is said
to walk semi-erect, with the aid of his club, but with a waddling
awkward gait; when without a stick, he has been seen to walk as a
biped, with his hands clasped across the back of his head, instinct-
ively so counterpoising its forward projection. If the Gorilla be
surprised and approached while on the ground, he drops his stick,
betakes himself to all-fours, applying the back part of the bent
knuckles of his fore-hands to the ground, and makes his way rapidly,
with an oblique swinging kind of gallop, to the nearest tree. There
he awaits his pursuer, especially if his family be near, and requiring
his defence. No negro willingly approaches the tree in which the
male Gorilla keeps guard. Even with a gun the experienced negro
does not make the attack, but reserves his fire in self-defence. ‘The
enmity of the Gorilla to the whole negro race, male and female, is ~
uniformly attested.

The young men of the Gaboon tribe make armed excursions into
the forests, in quest of ivory. The enemy they most dread on
these occasions is the Gorilla. If they have come unawares too near
him with his family, he does not, like the lion, sulkily retreat,
but comes rapidly to the attack, swinging down to the lower
branches, and clutching at the nearest foe. The hideous aspect of
the animal, with his green eyes flashing with rage, is heightened by
the skin over the prominent roof of the orbits being drawn rapidly
backward and forward, with the hair erected, causing a horrible and
fiendish scowl. If fired at and not mortally hit, the Gorilla closes
at once upon his assailant, and inflicts most dangerous, if not deadly
wounds, with his sharp and powerful tusks. 'The commander of a
Bristol trader told the author he had seen a negro at the Gaboon
frightfully mutilated by the bite of the Gorilla, from which he had
recovered. Another negro exhibited to the same voyager a gun-
barrel bent and partly flattened by the bite of a wounded Gorilla, in
its death-struggle. Negroes, when stealing through the gloomy
shades of the tropical forest, become sometimes aware of the proxi-
mity of one of these frightfully formidable apes by the sudden dis-
appearance of one of their companions, who is hoisted up into the
tree, uttering, perhaps, a short choking cry. In a few minutes he

falls to the ground a strangled corpse. The Gorilla, watching his
opportunity, has let down his huge hind-hand, seized the passing
negro by the neck, with vice-like grip, has drawn him up to higher
branches, and dropped him when his struggles had ceased.

The strength of the Gorilla is such as to make him a match for a
lion, whose tusks his own almost rival. Over the leopard, invading

‘the lower branches of the Gorilla’s dwelling-tree, he will gain an
easier victory; and the huge canines, with which only the male
Gorilla is furnished, doubtless have been assigned to him for defend-
ing his mate and offspring. ;

The skeleton of the old male Gorilla obtained for the British
Museum in 1857, shows an extensive fracture, badly united, of the
left arm-bone, which has been shortened, and gives evidence of long
suffering from abscess and partial exfoliation of bone. The upper
canines have been wrenched out or shed some time before death, for
their sockets have become absorbed.

The redeeming quality in this fragmentary history of the Gorilla is
the male’s care of his family, and the female’s devotion to her young.

It is reported that a French natural-history collector, accompanying
a party of the Gaboon negroes into the Gorilla woods, surprised a
female with two young ones on a large boabdad (Adansonia), which
stood some distance from the nearest clump. She descended the tree
with her youngest clinging to her neck, and made off rapidly on all
fours to the forest, and escaped. The deserted young one on seeing
the approach of the men began to utter piercing cries: the mother,
having disposed of her infant in safety, returned to rescue the older
offspring, but before she could descend with it her retreat was cut off.
Seeing one of the negroes level his musket at her, she, clasping her
young with one arm, waved the other, as if deprecating the shot :
the ball passed through her heart, and she fell with her young one
clinging to her. It was a male, and survived the voyage to Havre,

where it died on arriving. Professor Owen had examined the skeleton

of this young Gorilla in the museum of natural history at Caen, and
was indebted to Professor Deslongchamps, Dean of the Faculty of
Sciences in that town, for drawings of the skeleton of this rare spe-
cimen.

There might be more difficulty in obtaining a young Gorilla for
exhibition than a young Chimpanzee; but as no full-grown Chimpan-
zee has ever been captured, we cannot expect the larger and much
more powerful adult Gorilla to be ever taken alive.

A bold negro, the leader of an elephant-hunting expedition, being
offered a hundred dollars if he would bring back a live Gorilla, replied,
‘‘ If you gave me the weight of yonder hill in gold coins, I could not
do it!”

All the terms of the aborigines in reference to the Gorilla imply
their opinion of his close kinship to themselves. But they have a
low opinion of his intelligence. They say that during the rainy
season he builds a house without a roof. The natives on their hunt-
ing excursions light fires for their comfort and protection by night ;
when they have gone away, they affirm that the Gorilla will come

down and warm himself at the smouldering embers, but has not wit
enough to throw on more wood, out of the surrounding abundance,
to keep the fire burning,—‘“‘ the stupid old man!”

Every account of the habits of a wild animal obtained at second
hand from the reports of aborigines has, commonly, its proportion of
“apocrypha.”’ The author had restricted himself to the statements
that had most probability and were in accordance with the ascertained
structures and powers of the animal, and would only add the averment
and. belief of the Gaboon negroes, that when a Gorilla dies, his fellows
cover the corpse with a heap of leaves and loose earth collected and
scraped up for the purpose.

A most singular phenomenon in natural history, if one reflects on
the relations of things, is this Gorilla! Limited as it is in its numbers
and geographical range, one discerns that the very peculiar conditions
of its existence—abundance of wild fruit—needs must be restricted
in space ; but concurring in a certain part of Africa, there lives the
creature to enjoy them.

The like conditions exist in Bomeo and Sumatra, and there also a
correlative human-like ape, of similar nature, tooth-armour, and force,
exists at their expense. Neither Ourangs nor Gorillas however
minister to man’s use either directly or indirectly. Were they to
become extinct, no sign of the change or break in the links of life
would remain, What may be their real significance ?

Reverting finally to the ancient notices which might relate to
the great anthropoid ape of Africa, Prof. Owen referred to his first
Memoir, of February, 1848, in which was quoted (Trans. Zool. Soc.,
vol. iii. p.418) Dr. Falconer’s ‘ Translation of the Voyage of Hanno,’
(London, 1797) with his dissertation vindicating the authenticity
of the “ Periplus.”” Professor Owen had lately been favoured by

-the venerable Bishop Maltby, the first amongst our Greek scholars,
with the following translation of the passage supposed to allude to
the species in question :—‘‘ On the third day, having sailed from
thence, passing the streams of fire, we came to a bay called the Horn
of the Seuth. In the recess there was an island like the first, having
a lake, and in this there was another island full of wild men. But
much the greater part of them were women, with hairy bodies, whom
the interpreters called ‘Gorillas.’ But, pursuing them, we were not
able to take the men; they all escaped, being able to climb the
precipices, and defended themselves with pieces of rock. But three
women (females), who bit and scratched those who led them, were
not willing to follow. However, having killed them, we flayed them,
and conveyed the skins to Carthage ; for we did not sail any further,
as provisions began to fail.’’ This encounter indicates, therefore,
the southernmost point on the west coast of Africa reached by the
Carthaginian navigator.

'To the inquiry by Bishop Maltby, how far the newly-discovered
great ape of Africa bore upon the question of the authenticity of the
Periplus, Prof. Owen had replied :—‘“‘ The size and form of the great
ape, now called ‘Gorilla,’ would suggest to Hanno and his crew no
other idea of its nature than that of a kind of human being ; but

the climbing faculty, the hairy body, and skinning of the dead speci-
mens, strongly suggest that they were large anthropoid apes. The fact
that such apes, having the closest observed resemblance to the negro,
being of human stature and with hairy bodies, do still exist on the
west coast of Africa, renders it highly probable that such were the
ereatures which Hanno saw, captured, and called ‘ Gorullai.’ ”’

The brief observation made by Battell in west tropical Africa,
1590, recorded in Purchas’s “ Pilgrimages, or Relations of the
World,’ 1748, of the nature and habits of the large human-like
ape which he calls “‘ Pongo,” more decidedly refers to the Gorilla.
Other notices, as by Nieremberg and Bosman, applied by Buffon to
Battell’s Pongo, were deemed valueless by Cuvier, who altogether
rejected the conclusions of his great predecessor as to the existence of
any such ape. ‘This name of Pongo or Boggo, given in Africa to
the Chimpanzee or to the Mandril, has been applied,” writes Cuvier,
‘*by Buffon to a pretended great species of Ourang-utan, which was
nothing more than the imaginary product of his combinations.”
After the ‘publication of Cuvier’s ‘Régne Animal,’ the supposed
species was, by the high authority of its author, banished from
natural history ; it has only been authentically reintroduced since
the intelligent attention of Dr. Savage was directed to the skull
which he first saw at the Gaboon in 1847, and took Professor
Owen’s opinion upon.

2. Descriptions OF TWENTY-SEVEN New Species or LAnp-
SHELLS, FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cumine, Ese. By
Dr. Louis Preirrer.

(Mollusca, Pl. XLIII.-XLIV.)

1, Hewrx patricia, Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 4.) 7. emperforata’
subdepressa, solida, carinata, superne oblique striata et irre”
gulariter malleato-impressa, alba ; spira convexa, apice obtusa ;
sutura linearis; anfr. 43 regulariter acerescentes, convexius-
culi, ultimus superne convexior, antice deflexus, infra carinam
prominentem, acutam, antice funiformem minus convexus, liris
spiralibus et plicis radiantibus sculptus ; apertura diagonals,
rotundato-rhombea; perist. album, nitidum, expansum et bre-
viter reflecum, marginibus callo albo junectis, columellari in-
trante, declivi, dilatato planiusculo.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 55, alt. 35 mill.

Hab. Unknown.

2. Hecrx rarrist, Pfr. (Pl. LXIV. fig. 3.) 7. imperforata,
ovato-depressa, tenuiuscula, spiraliter striata et foveolis im-
pressis reticulata, fulva, faseus 4 ngricantibus et maculis
punctisque luteis variegata; spira brevis, conoidea, apice ob-
tusula; anfr. vix ultra 4 rapide accrescentes, ultimus ventrosus,
antice deflexus, medio impressus, castaneus ; apertura perob-

liqua, truncato-ovalis ; perist. albolabiatum, margine dextro
expanso, columellart dilatato, plano, adnato.

Diam. maj. 35, min. 27, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

3. Heurx patasensis, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 6.) TZ. late um-
bilicata, depressa, solidula, striata et foveolis minutis undique
sculpta, fulvida, castaneo-unifasciata ; spira vie elevata ; anfr.
54 convexiuscult, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus depresso-
rotundatus, antice deflecus ; apertura perobliqua, lunato-ellip-
tica ; perist. albidum, marginibus conniventibus, supero breviter
expanso, basali reflexo, versus insertionem sensim dilatato.

Diam. maj. 36, min. 29, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

4. Hexwix saspipea, Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 5.) TZ. late umbili-
cata, depressa, carinata, solidula, oblique costulato-striata,
carneo-albida, pallide corneo flammulata et subfasciata ; spira
vix elevata, apice cornea; sutura levis, marginata ; anfr. 5
planiuscul, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus utrinque convextor,
antice descendens ; umbilicus fere + diametri occupans ; aper-
tura perobliqua, transverse oblonga, intus carnea, albofas-
ciata ; perist. albidum, marginibus approximatis, supero recto,
basali reflexo, ad insertionem dilatato.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 26, alt. 10 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

5. Hetix enrovonta, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 2.) 7. umbilicata,
depressa, discoidea, solidula, dense striata, pellucida, albido-
hyalina ; spira plana, subimmersa; anfr. 73 convex, angus-
tissimi, ultimus irregularis, 4 mill. pone aperturam complanatus
et intus dentibus 3 perlucentibus munitus, antice dilatatus, vix
descendens ; umbilicus dimidium diametri occupens ; apertura -
diagonalis, obauriformis ; perist. breviter reflecum, marginibus
remotis, dextro flexuoso.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 54, alt. 2 mill.

Hab. Cuenca, republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser).

Nearly allied to Helix pollodonta, Orb.

6. Heiix virera, Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 6.) T. peranguste um-
bilicata, depressa, solidula, superne irregulariter striata et
dense granulata, pallide fulvida, fasciis 2 albidis rufo angu-
loso-maculatis (altera ad suturam, altera supra peripheriam)
et inter illas strigis rufulis ornata; spira convexa, obtusa ;
anfr. 5 convextusculi, ultimus subcarinatus, ad partem peri-
pherie aperture oppositam sulco 1 notatus, antice non descen-
dens, subtus irregulariter tumidus et impressus, radiato-striatus,
fasciis moniliformibus pictus ; apertura diagonalis, subtrian-
gulari-lunaris ; perist. album, marginibus remotis, supero ex-

panso, basali incrassato, subreflexo, umbilicum lamina dilatata
semioccultante.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 31, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. Brazils.

7. Hevrx monacna, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 7.) TT. imperforata,
globoso-conica, solida, rugoso-striata et sub lente minute gra-
nulata, castanea ; spira conotdeo-elevata, obtusula; anfr. 5%
modice convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus antice vix descendens,
medio obsolete subangulatus ; apertura fere diagonalis, rotun-
dato-lunaris, intus livida, nitida; perist. carneum, undique
breviter expansum, marginibus remotis, columellart ad inser-
tionem in laminam triangularem, adnatam dilatato.

Diam. maj. 27, min. 23, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. Australia.

8. Hentx uystriceia, Pfr. 7. umbilicata, discoidea, tenui-
uscula, subconferte costato-plicata, albido et rufo irregulariter
radiata ; spira plana vel medio immersa; anfr. 6 infra sutu-
ram turgidi, ultimus rotundatus, non descendens ; umbilicus 4
diametri occupans ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, la-
mellis 6 acutis coarctata,—2 equalibus in ventre anfr. penul-
timi, 4 in margine basali et dextro; perist. simplex, rectum.

Diam. maj. 6, min. 53, alt. 24 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

9, Hevix resect, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 1.) 7. umbilicata,
depressa, tenuis, striatula, nitida, fusco-cornea ; spira viz elata,
vertice subtili, prominulo ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. fere 5
vix convexiusculi, ultimus latus, depressus, circa umbilicum
angustissimum vix pallidior ; apertura obliqua, late lunaris ;
perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari superne in lami-

nam parvam triangularem refiexo.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 5 mill.

Hab. North of China (Mr. Fortune).

10. Hexrx cruiosa, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 8.) T. umbilicata,
depressa, tenuiuscula, carinata, striatula et pilis brevissimis
obsita, diaphana, fusca ; spira brevissime conoidea; anfr. fere
6 convextusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus carina distinctius
ciliata munitus, circa umbilicum latum (4. diametri equantem)
subcompresso-inflatus ; apertura fere diagonalis, rotundato-
lunaris ; perist. tenue, breviter expansum, marginibus conver-
gentibus, columellari superne subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. North of China (Mr. Fortune).

11. Hevrx Bpreviparsis, Pfr. (Pl. XLII. fig. 4.) 7. umbili-
cata, subtrochiformis, carinata, tenuiuscula, irregulariter striata
et lineis spiralibus confertis decussatula, diaphana, corneo-
albida, ad carinam acutam, breviter barbatam castaneo unifas-

ciata; spira convexoconica, acutiuscula; anfr. 63 fere plani,
ultimus non descendens, circa umbilicum mediocrem, pervium
convexior ; apertura diagonalis, angulato-lunaris ; perist. albi-
dum, marginibus vie convergentibus, supero expanso, bgsali
reflexo, ad insertionem dilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 13, alt. 17 mill.

Hab. North of China (Mr. Fortune).

12. Hexix piaciociossa, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 3.) 7. anguste
et pervie umbilicata, conoideo-semiglobosa, solida, arcuato-
striata, fulvo-cornea ; spira conoidea; anfr. 53 planiuscult,
ultimus antice descendens, subtus valde constrictus, basi con-
vexior ; apertura magna, diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris}; puries
aperturalis dente obliquo lingueformi munitus ; perist. albo-
callosum, margine supero expanso, basalt reflexo, bidentato —
dentibus approximatis, sinistro parvulo, nodiformi, altero ma-
jore, sursum producto.

Diam. maj. 124, min. 11, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. Near Oajaca, Mexico (M. Salle).

13. Hertix apuropitr, Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 2.) 7. imperfo-
rata, depressa, tenuis, striatula et sub_lente obsolete decussa-
tula, pellucida, nitida, pallide straminea; spira parum ele-
vata, vertice minuto, obtuso; sutura albo-marginata ; anfr. 33
rapide accrescentes, convexiusculi, ultimus acute albo-carina-
tus, antice vix descendens, constrictus, subtus convexus ; aper-
tura obliqua securiformi-lunaris ; columella plana, compressa,
arcuatim descendens ; perist. candidum, breviter reflecum, mar-
ginibus convergentibus, supero subjlecuoso, columellart dilatato,
adnato.

Diam. maj. 36, min. 273, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. New Caledonia.

14. Butimus canpipisstmus, Pfr. 7’. subperforata, oblongo-
turrita, solida, irregulariter striatula, nitida, candidissima ;
spira turrita, apice acutiuscula ; anfr. 7% convext, ultimus 2
longitudinis subequans, basi via attenuatus ; apertura vix ob-
liqua, oblonga, intus subcarnea ; perist. simplex, rectum, mar-
gine columellari verticali, sursum dilatato, sublibero.

Long. 163, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. Island of Socotora.

15. Butimus cuENcANUS, Pfr. TT. subperforata, oblongo-tur-
rita, solidula, cordato-costulata, pellucida, virenti-albida ;
spira regulariter turrita, apice obtusula ; anfr. 6 convexiuscult,
ultimus + longitudinis subequans, bast vie compressus ; colu-
mella verticalis ; apertura verticalis, truncato-ovalis ; perist.
simplex, rectum, margine columellari breviter reflexo, sub-
libero.

Long. 8, diam. 33 mill.

Hab. Cuenca, republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser).

16. AcHaTina LAyARDI, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 5.) T. subfusi-
formi-ovata, tenuis, longitudinaliter plicatula, strigis plum-
beo-fuscis et rufis necnon maculis crebris fuscis sepe pallide
_cinctis ornata; spira conica, obtusula ; sutura leviter margi-
nata, subcrenata; anfr. fere 8 convexiuscult, superi leviter
decussati, ultimus spiram superans, ventrosus, basi attenuatus ;
columella leviter arcuata, subtorta, late truncata, purpurea ;
apertura parum obliqua, angulato-ovalis, intus c@rulescenti-
margaritacea ; perist. simplex, marginibus callo purpurascente
junctis, dextro intus rubro-limbato.

Long. 139, diam. 66 mill.

Hab. Oibo, Kast Coast of Africa (Mr. Layard).

17. AcHATINA FULGENS, Pfr. 7. oblongo-ovata, solidula, levi-
gata, pellucida, nitida, corneo-fulva ; spira ovato-conica, apice
obtusula ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ad suturam anguste margina-
tam striatuli, ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, basi rotunda-
tus ; columella perarcuata, albo-callosa, oblique sublate trun-
cata; apertura verticalis, sinuato-elliptica ; perist. rectum,
obtusum.

Long. 124, diam. 52 mill.

Hab. Unknown.

18. OLEACINA BoUCARDI, Pfr. 7. ovato-oblonga, tenuis, levi-
gata, ntida, pellucida, fulvo-cornea, varicibus nonnullis leviter
impressis castaneis, antrorsum pallide marginatis, instructa ;
spira conica, obtusa ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ad suturam anguste
marginatam breviter plicati, ultimus spiram subequans ; colu-
mella subtorta, bast breviter truncata; apertura verticalis,
sinuato-semiovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro antrorsum
arcuato.

Long. 13, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. 8. Martin, Mexico (M. Boucard).

19, CycLostoma suBconicum (Lepropoma), Pfr. TJ. angus-
tissime umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuis, liris filiformibus sub-
confertis cincta et striis lamellaribus oblique decussata, vix ni-
tidula, castanea, ad suturam luteo-flammulata ; spira conica,
acutiuscula; anfr. 6 convex, ultimus spira brevior; apertura
parum obliqua, ovali-rotundata, intus cerulescenti-margari-
tacea ; perist. tenue, vix expansum, marginibus approximatis.
Opere.?

Diam. maj. 84, min. 74, alt. 7 mill.

20. CyCLOSTOMA PRINCTIPALIS (CycLostomus), Pfr. (Pl. XLIV.
fig.7.) TT. aperte et mediocriter umbilicata, globoso-turbinata,
solidula, liris subacutis, crebris cincta, albida, fasciis 2 vio-
laceo-fuscis infra medium ornata; spira gradato-conica, ver-
tice minuto, acutiusculo ; anfr. 5 convext, ultimus basi et in
umbilico liris equalibus subdistantibus munitus ; apertura pa-

rum obliqua, ovalirotundata, intus castaneo-bifasciata ; perist.
incrassatum et refleciusculum, marginibus approximatis, callo
lunari gunctis, columellari adnato. Operc.?

Diam. maj. 214, min. 17, alt. 16 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

21. FRASERI (Bourciera), Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 1.) 7.
obtecte umbilicata, depresse conoideo-globosa, solidula, sub lente
decussatula, fulvo-carnea ; spira mediocris, conoidea, acutius-
cula ; anfr. 44 convexi, ultimus rotundatus, non adscendens,
pone columellam profunde excavatus, callosus ; apertura parum
obliqua, angulato-ovalis, intus citrina ; columella brevissima,
retrorsum in dentem acutum terminata ; perist. subincrassatum,
albidum, equaliter patens et refleciusculum. Operc. tenue,
corneo-purpurascens, arcuato-plicatum.

Diam. maj. vix 11, min. 84, alt. 64 mill.

Hab. Province of Cuenca, republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser).

22. HeLicina InzZQUALIS (LuciDELLA), Pfr. T. conica, solida,
oblique striata et conferte lirata (liris 5in anfr. ultimo fortio-
ribus, acutis), pallide flavida; spira convexo-conica, mucro-
nata; sutura subcanaliculata, albo-marginata; anfr. 6, vie
convexiusculi, ultimus basi planiusculus, spiraliter dense stri-
atus, antice constrictus ; apertura perobliqua, bisinuato-trian-
gularis, angulo dextro rotundato; perist. album, callosum, late
expansum et reflexiusculum, margine supero et basali prope in-
sertionem unidentatis. Operc.?

Diam. maj. 63, min. 53, alt. 43 mill.

Hab. Jamaica.

23. HELICINA ELECTRINA, Pfr. TT. conico-globosa, tenuis, levi-
gata, oleoso-micans, pellucida, corneo-lutescens ; spira conoidea,
acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexiuscult, ultimus rotundatus, spira
paulo altior ; columella brevissima, callum emittens tenuem ;
apertura parum obliqua, semicircularis, ad columellam angu-
lata et plica levt munita ; perist. tenue, breviter expansum.
Operc.?

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. Aru Islands.

24. Henicina PARAENSIS, Pfr. TT. globoso-conica, tenuis, sub
lente plicatulo-striata, diaphana, albido-lutescens ; spira co-
noidea, obtusula; anfr. 5 vie convexiusculi, ultimus convexior,
spiram subequans; columella brevissima, callum emittens te-
nuem, diffusum ; apertura obliqua, integra, semiovalis ; perist.
tenue, breviter expansum, margine basalt prope columellam
leviter sinuato. Operc. tenue, albidum.

Diam. maj. 54, min. 5, alt. 44 mill.

Hab. Para, Brazil.

25. HELICINA BEHNIANA, Pfr. 7’. conoideo-depressu, tenuwius-
cula, sub lente leviter striatula, oleoso-micans, flavida ; spira
regulariter conoidea, acutiuscula; anfr. 44 viv convexiusculi,
ultimus peripheria subangulatus ; apertura obliqua, integra,
triangulari-semiovalis ; columella brevissima, subincrassata,
callum emittens tenuem, diffusum; perist. sublate expansum,
margine columellari leviter arcuato. Opere. solidulum, con-
color.

Diam. maj. 74, min. 52, alt. 45 mill.

_ Hab. Nicobar Islands.

26. Hericina arvana, Pfr. TZ. turbinato-depressa, solidula,
carinata, superne oblique striata et subregulariter lirata, lutea,
albido variegata ; spira conoidea, mucronulata ; anfr. 44 con-
ventusculi, ultimus infra carinam acutam rufo-fasciatus, subtus
sublevigatus ; columella subtriangularis, nitida, callum emit-
tens latiusculum; apertura diagonalis, triangularis ; perist.
tenue, vix expansiusculum. Operc.?

Diam. maj. 11, min. 93, alt. 6 mill.

_ Hab. Aru Islands.

27. HELICINA MINUSCULA (ScHASICHEILA), Pfr. 7. globoso-
conica, tenuis, sublevigata, nitida, pellucida, fulva; spira
conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr.4 convexi, ultimus ventrosus, pone
columellam excavatus, callosus ; apertura parum obliqua, semi-
ovalis ; perist. simplex, tenue, rectum, marginibus lamina cal-
losa junctis, dextro superne inciso, tum arcuatim procedente,
columellari libero substricto. Operc.?

Diam. maj. 44, min. 32, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. Unknown.

3. DEscripTIOoNs oF Two New Species or MELAMPUS, FROM
Mr. Cumine’s Coutxtection. By Dr. L. Pretrrer.

1. Mexampvus Frick, Pfr. T. subperforata, oblongo-fusiformis,
solida, longitudinaliter conferte plicata, rufa; spira convexro-
conica, mucronata ; sutura linearis, sublacera ; anfr. 10 planius-
culi, ultimus spiram paulo superans, basi compressus, medio plicis
evanidis sublevigaius ; apertura angusta, basi rotundata ; plica
parietalis 1 compressa ; plica columellaris dentiformis, extrorsum
prolongata ; perist. simplex, margine dextro intus plicis 5 subin-
trantibus munito, columellari calloso, sublibero.

Long. 12, diam. 52 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

2. Metampus scuuptus, Pfr. T. subperforata, fusiformi-ob-
longa, solidula, superne distincte costato-plicata, saturate cas-
tanea ; spira conica, mucronata; sutura distincta, subcrenata ;
anfr. 10-11 planiuscuh, ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, sub-

varicosus, infra suturam et ad basin attenuatam plicatus, medio
levigatus; apertura verticalis, angusta, basi rotundata; plica
parietalis unica, levis, profunda ; plica columellaris tenuis, obli-
qua, marginem attingens ; perist. simplex, acutum, margine dextro
intus obsoletissime transverse plicato.

Long. 10, diam. 5 mill.

Hab. Admiralty Islands.

. Descriptions or Ergut New Species oF ACHATINELLA,
rrom Mr. Cumine’s Cottection. By Dr. L. Preirrer.

1. ACHATINELLA concavosPirA (BuLimeL.a), Pfr. T. sub-
perforata, dextrorsa, ovato-turrita, solida, striatula, nitida, albida,
fasciis et strigis angustis coffeaceis ornata; spira concavo-tur-
rita, apice acutiuscula, alba ; sutura valde marginata ; anfr. 7,
primi 3 plani, sequentes convexi, ultimus rotundatus, > longitu-
dinis subequans ; plica columellaris supera, nodiformis, alba ;
apertura obliqua, obauriformis ; perist. hepaticum, margine deatro
expansiusculo, columellari perdilatato, reflexo, subadnato.

Long. 214, diam. 114 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

Allied to A. terebra, Newc.

2. A. MorBIDA (ButimEtta), Pfr. T. subperforata, sinistrorsa,
ovato-turrita, solidula, striata et striis confertis spiralibus sub
lente decussata, alba, fusco varie strigata et fasciata; spira elon=
gata, gracilis, apice acutiuscula ; sutura simplex ; anfr. 64 viv
convexiusculi, ultimus spira paulo brevior, convexus ; plica colu-
mellaris alba, brevis, obliqua; apertura obliqua, obauriformis ;
perist. incrassatum, breviter expansum, margine columellari per-
dilatato, late adnato.

Long. 19, diam. 9 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

Allied and similar to A. sordida, Newc.

3. A. FABA (BULIMELLA), Pfr. T. imperforata, dextrorsa, ovata,
solidula, irregulariter striata, nitida, alba ; spira convexo-conica,
apice acutiuscula ; sutura simplex ; anfr. 5 convexiuscult, ultimus
spira paulo longior, rotundatus ; plica columellaris supera, valida,
nodiformis ; apertura parum obliqua, obauriformis ; perist. intus
crasse labiatum, margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari re-
flexo, adnato.

Long. 16, diam. 103 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

Allied to A. ovata, Fricki, &c.

4. A. saccata (ACHATINELLASTRUM), Pfr. T. subperforata,
sinistrorsa, turrita, solidula, striatula, sub lente decussatula,
nitida, candida; spira regulariter attenuata, apice acuta; sutura

anguste marginata ; anfr. 64 planiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis
equans, parum convezus, basi subcompresso-saccatus ; plica colu-
mellaris alta, dentiformis, fusca vel carnea ; apertura perobliqua,
semiovalis, basi lateraliter producta, intus pallide rosea ; perist.
simplex, rectum, margine columellari dilatato, sublibero.

Long. 21, diam. 93 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Somewhat allied to 4. casta, Newe.

5. A. LILTACEA (ACHATINELLASTRUM), Pfr. TT. imperforata,
sinistrorsa, ovato-conica, solidula, leviter striata, nitida, alba ;
spira convexiusculo-conica, apice subacuta ; sutura anguste mar-
ginata ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, ultimus parum convexus, peri-
pheria interdum subangulatus, basi saccatus ; plica columellaris
pallide rosea, alta, torta ; apertura obliqua, obauriformi ; perist.
rectum, acutum, intus sublabiatum, margine columellari vix dila-
tato, adnato.

Long. 24, diam. 12 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

This species belongs to the group of A. fulgens, Newc.

6. A. sericea (LAMINELLA), Pfr. T. imperforata, devtrorsa,
ovato-conica, solida, subruditer striata, striis spiralibus minute
granulato-decussata, sericea, saturate brunnea ; spira convexo-
conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. fere 6 convext, ad suturam pallidiores,
ultimus 2 longitudinis equans, circa columellam albidus ; colu-
mella lamina compressa, brevi, obliqua munita ; apertura obliqua,
elliptica ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine dextro fere semicircu-
lari, cum columellari calloso angulatim juncto.

Long. 17, diam. 94 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

Allied to A. rudis, Pfr., &e.

7. A. SUBROSTRATA (LAMINELLA), Pfr. TJ. imperforata, dex-
trorsa, ovato-conica, solida, irregulariter striata, nitidula, fusca,
fulvo-nebulosa ; spira ventroso-conica, apice acutiuscula ; anfr. 6,
superi 4 vie convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, 2 longitudinis sub-
equans ; lamina columellaris fere basalis, acuta, obliqua; aper-
tura vie obliqua, irregulariter semielliptica, ad columellam angu-
lata, quasi in rostrum producta; perist. rectum, intus albolabia-
tum, margine dextro subrepando, columellari parum dilatato, ad-
nato. 5

Long. 15, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

Allied to A. albolabris, Newc.

8. A. micans (LamiIneLta), Pfr. T. subperforata, deaxtrorsa,
turrita, solidula, sub epidermide lutea, glutinoso-micante alba ;
spira regulariter attenuata, apice acutiuscula ; sutura subcrenata;
anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus 4 longitudinis vie superans, rotun-
datus ; lamina columellaris parvula, obliqua ; apertura vir obli-

qua, subovalis; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari
parum dilatato, sublibero.

Long. 16, diam. 72 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

Nearest allied to A. variegata, Pfr.

5. Notes on THE “ Moorvux”’ (Casuartus BENNETTI1).
By GrorGe BENNETT.

On the 26th of October 1858, the ‘Oberon’ cutter of forty-eight
tons arrived in Sydney, having two fine young specimens of the
“ Mooruk”’ on board, stated to be male and female. On going on
board I found them confined in a very small space, and the Captain
informed me he had had them eight months, that he procured
them soon after his arrival at New Britain for Sydney, and since
that time had been trading about the islands, having these birds on
board ; they were fed principally upon yams. I observed they were
in poor condition, but healthy in appearance, and plumage in good
order. They were about half the size of the specimen sent to En-
gland; but one, apparently the male bird, appeared a little larger
than the other. Captain Devlin informs me that the natives capture
them very young, soon after they are hatched, and rear them by
hand. The natives rarely or never can capture the adult bird, as
they are so very shy and difficult of approach,—the native weapons
being ineffectual against so rapid and wary a bird. These birds are
very swift of foot and possess great strength in the legs; on the
least alarm they elevate the head, and, seeing danger, dart among
the thick brush, and thread about in localities where no human
being could follow them, and disappear like magic. This bird, with
its strong legs and muscular thighs, has an extraordinary power of
leaping: it was from this circumstance the first bird brought from
New Britain was lost; from its habit of leaping, it one day made a
spring on the deck and went overboard ; as it was blowing a strong
breeze at the time, the bird perished. In warm weather, the Captain
informs me, they are fond of having a bucket of salt water thrown
over them, and seem to enjoy it very much. I succeeded in pur-
chasing these birds ; and Captain Slater (the present commander of
the ‘Oberon’) brought them to my house in a cab; and when
placed in the yard, they walked about as tame as turkeys. They ap-
proached any one that came into the yard, pecking the hand as if
desirous of being fed, and were very docile. They began by pecking
at a bone in the yard, probably not having tasted any meat for some
time, and would not, while engaged upon it, touch some boiled pota-
toes which were thrown to them; indeed we found afterwards they
fed better out of a dish than from the ground—no doubt, having been
accustomed early to be fed in that manner. They were as familiar
as if born and bred among us for years, and did not require time to
reconcile them to their new situation, but became sociable and quite
at home at once. We found them next day rather too tame, or, like

spoilt pets, too often in the way, One or both of them would walk
into the kitchen ; while one was dodging under the tables and chairs,
the other would leap upon the table, keeping the cook in a state of
excitement ; or they would be heard chirping in the hall, or walk into
the library in search of food or information, or walk up stairs, and
then be quickly seen descending again, making their peculiar chirping,
whistling noise; not a door could be left open, but in they walked,
familiar with all. They kept the servants constantly on the alert: if
the servant went to open the door, on turning round she found a
““Mooruk”’ behind her; for they seldom went together, generally
wandering apart from each other. If any attempt was made to
turn them out by force, they would dart rapidly round the room,
dodging about under the tables, chairs, and sofas, and then end by
squatting down under a sofa or in acorner ; and it was impossible to
remove the bird, except by carrying it away : on attempting this, the
long, powerful, muscular legs would begin kicking and struggling, and.
soon get released, when it would politely walk out of its own accord.
I found the best method was to entice them out, as if you had some-
thing eatable in the hand, when they would follow the direction in
which you wished to lead them. They sometimes also give a smart
kick to any person attempting to turn them out forcibly. The house-
maid attempting to turn the bird out of one of the rooms, it gave her
a kick and tore her dress whilst she was very politely driving him
before her. They walk into the stable among the horses, poking
their bills into the manger. When writing in my study, a chirping,
whistling noise is heard; the door, which was ajar, is pushed open ;
and in walk the “ Mooruks,” who quietly pace round the room, in-
specting everything, and then as peaceably go out again. If any
attempt is made to turn them out, they leap and dodge about, and
exhibit a wonderful rapidity of movement, which no one would sup-
pose possible from their quiet gait and manner at other times. Even
in the very tame state of these birds, I have seen sufficient of them
to know that, if they were loose in a wood, it would be impossible to
catch them, and almost as difficult to shoot them. One day, when
apparently frightened at something that occurred, I saw one of them
scour round the yard at a swift pace, and speedily disappear under
the archway so rapidly that the eye could hardly follow it, upsetting
all the poultry in its progress, as they could not get out of the way.
The lower half of the stable-door, about 4 feet high, was kept shut
to prevent them going in; but this proved no obstacle, as it was
easily leaped over by these birds. They never appeared to take any
notice of, or be frightened at, the Jabiru or Gigantic Crane, which
was in the same yard, although that sedate, stately bird was not
pleased at their intrusion. One day I remarked the Jabiru spread-
mg his long wings, and clattering his beak, opposite one of the
“‘Mooruks,”’ as if in ridicule of their wingless condition. ‘‘ Mooruk,”’
on the other hand, was pruning its feathers and spreading out its
funny little apology for wings, as if proud of displaying the stiff
horny shafts with which they were adorned. The “ Mooruks” often
throw up all their feathers, ruffling them; and then they suddenly

No. 386.—PrRocreEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

fall flat as before : they appear to have great power in raising all the
feathers ; and the wings are used to aid them in running, but never
seem used for defence. Captain Devlin says, the natives consider
them to a certain degree sacred, and rear them as pets; he is not
aware that they are used as food, but if so, not generally ; indeed
their shy disposition and power of rapid running, darting through
the brake and bush, would almost preclude their capture. It re-
minds me (from the description) of the habits of the Menura, or Lyre
bird of Australia ; only it is much larger and more powerful in its
actions. The natives carry them in their arms, and are very kind
to and have a great affection for them; this will account for their
domesticated state with us.

The noise of these birds, when in the yard, resembled that of the
female Turkey; at other times the peculiar chirping noise was ac-
companied by a whistling sound also. The contrast of these birds
with the Jabiru was very great. The “ Mooruks”’ were sometimes
moving about like the female Turkey in rapid motion or excite-
ment, or, when walking quietly, always inquisitive and poking their
beaks into everything and familiar with every person. The Jabiru,
on the other hand, was a perfect picture of sedate quietness, looking
upon all play as injurious to his constitution or derogatory to his
dignity, remaining stiff in his gait and serious in his demeanour.

Only one egg was brought, and that was partly broken; I have it
in my possession. The Captain informs me that they can be pro-
cured from the natives, and have generally a hole in them about the
size of a shilling, through which the contents have been extracted.

The height of the largest or male bird, to the top of the back, was
2 feet 2 inches, and of the female 2 feet. The height of the largest
or male bird, when erect, to the top of the head, was 3 feet 2 inches,
and of the female 3 feet.

6. DrescrirpTION OF THE ADULT STATE OF VOLUTA MAMILLA,
Gray. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc.

(Mollusea, Pl. XLV.)

We have had in the British Museum for years a young specimen
of a shell from Van Diemen’s Land, which I named Voluta ma-
milla. It is figured under that name in Sowerby’s ‘ Conchological
Thesaurus,’ t. 50. f. 57, 58; it is described by me in my ‘‘ Obser-
vations on the Species of Volutes,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 55,
under the name of Scapha mamilla ; and it is noticed under the genus
Cymbium by the Messrs. A. and H:-Adams, in their ‘Genera of
Mollusea.’

But many conchologists have been inclined to regard this specimen
as only a monstrosity of some other species,—an idea that could only
have been entertained by such as were ignorant of the general struc-
ture and physiology of molluscous animals.

We have lately received from Van Diemen’s Lan{ three fine spe-
cimens of this shell,—two of them fully grown, and the other inter-
mediate in size between the young specimen we formerly possessed
and the adult state of the species. It may be observed that these
shells were all taken while the animals were growing ; the shells have
consequently the thin edge incident to that state of the animal, and
not the rounded thickened edge to the outer lip which the shell as-
sumes while it is in a state of rest after its former growths: though
probably the full size of the species, they are none of them what
conchologists generally call adult shells. But this form of the outer
lip is no proof of the adult state of the shell; for the animal con-
stantly increases the size of the shell after such thickening and

periods of rest; thus the thickening of the edge of the lip is only
a proof that the shell was taken and the animal destroyed while the
animal and shell were not increasing its size.

The adult shell greatly resembles Scupha magnifica in form and
colouring ; but the apex is much larger, irregular, with the apex of
the whorl on one side of the tip; and the system of colouring is much
broader, and coarser in its character.

SCAPHA MAMILLA. (Mollusca, Pl. XLV.)

Shell ovate; nucleus very large, spire rather irregular, one-
coloured, orange, with the apex on one side; the last whorl irregu-
larly markled with dark purple-brown lines having triangular pale
spots, and with a subeentral and broad posterior sutural colourless
band. Pillar dark orange, with three oblique plaits. Throat
yellow.

This form of the nucleus is found in another species of the genus
Scapha, but not in such a highly developed state, viz. in Seapha
fSusiformis, also inhabiting Van Diemen’s Land ; and it is also found
in the genus Fulgoraia.

Several conchologists, for example the Messrs. Adams, have sup-
posed that this shell, on account of the size of the nucleus, ought to
be referred to the genus Cymdtum, which is characterized by having
an irregular callous tip to the nucleus ; but if the nucleus of /. ma-
milla is properly examined, it will be found that it is distinctly
spiral, but has the apex of the first whorl of the nucleus excentric
or bent on one side; and this is not very uncommon in several
species of Chrysostoma and Fusus, &e.

The species of Scapha may be thus divided, according to the form
and surface of the whole of the nucleus :—

I. Spire of nucleus regular, with a central apew.

a. Nucleus large; whorls crenulated near the suture.
S. vespertilio. S. rutila.

S. nivosa. S. magnifica.

S. sophia.

b. Nucleus large; whorls smooth.
S. aulica. 8. leucostoma.

S. deshayesii.

c. Nucleus moderate or small; spire often subcylindrical, generally
truncated or deciduous.

S. punctata. S. ferussacii.
S. colocyntha. S. pacifica.
S. magellanica. S. concinna.
S. javanica. i

Il. Spire of nucleus rather irregular; the apex excentric, lateral.

S. fusiformis, apex moderate. S. mamilla, apex very large.

7. Notice or Nororreris, A New Genus or Preropine Bat
FROM THE Ferjer Istanps. By Dr. Joun Epwarp GRAY,
F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ere.

(Mammalia, Pl. LX VII.)

Among a large collection of the skins of Mammalia, Birds, Fishes,
Crustacea, &c., sent to the British Museum by the Lords of the
Admiralty, which were collected by Mr. Rayner, Dr. Macdonald,
and the Medical Officers of H.M. Ship ‘ Herald,’ during the voyage
to the Feejee and other Pacific Islands, under the direction of Captain
Denman, R.N., there are two specimens of a small Pteropine Bat
from the island of Viti, which has the elongated face and the general
appearance of the Kiodote (Macroglossus), but is provided with an
elongated, free, slender, tapering tail, nearly as long as the hind legs,
which, like the tail of most Bats having this member enclosed in
the interfemoral membrane, is arched, the tip being bent ventrally
or downwards.

Considering that the best genera of Bats are those established on
the external conformation of the members, I am inclined to propose
for this animal a new generic designation ; and I have no doubt that,
when its habits and manners are known, they will be found to differ
considerably from those of Macroglossus and Cephalotes, to which it
is most nearly allied.

Noroprtreris.

Head elongate; muzzle produced, subcylindrical ; nose simple,
muffle narrow, bald between the nostrils, with a deep central notch.
Fars small, lateral. Body covered with rather crisp hair. Wings
broad, short, arising from the middle of the back, bald, only sepa-
rated by a very narrow line of hair down the vertebral line, and with
soft hair on the under side near the body. Thumb elongate ; lower

jomt half the length of the upper, and enclosed in a web. The
index-finger, of three bony joints; the last joint short, clawless.
Interfemoral membrane deeply cut out, fringing the hind legs to the
heel, hairy above and on the under side near the body, bald at other
parts. Tail elongate, slender, tapering, many-jeinted, arising from,
and with the base attached to, the under side of the narrow interfe-
moral membrane; as long as the hind legs. The skull elongate,
produced and slender in front.

Cutting teeth =; canines — ; grinders =.

The cutting teeth conical, far apart; the upper are very small,
rudimentary, on the middle of the intermaxillary bone between the
end of the nose and the canine teeth; the lower rather larger,
~ conical, blunt, separated from each other by a broad lunate space
near the front edge of the canine teeth; canine larger, grooved ;
grinders compressed, blunt.

The upper cutting teeth are conical, small, far apart, placed on the
middle of the slender produced intermaxillary bones, which have a
small depression near the anterior extremity, like a cavity, whence
a second chisel-shaped tooth might be developed ; but as there is
no appearance of the tooth in either of the skulls, perhaps it may be
where a tooth of this kind has been shed.

The lower teeth are small and blunt, placed near the front of the
base of the canine tooth. The edge of the front of the jaw between
these teeth is rather produced and sharp-edged, and is nicked near
the cutting tooth, giving the jaw somewhat the appearance of a se-
cond tooth, but it is not enamelled.

The canines elongate, conical, acute, curved.

The grinders are reniform, compressed, gradually diminishing in
size towards the back of the jaws; the front one on each side in each
jaw is largest, higher than the rest, and crenated on the crown; the
rest have a flat smooth crown.

The tongue was not preserved ; but, from the form of the muzzle
and of the cutting teeth, I think it is very probably elongate, like
that of the genus Macroglossus.

In the absence of the claw on the index-finger, this animal agrees
with the genus Cephalotes from Timor, as it also does with the ac-
count of the wings and the teeth given in the systematic works ;
but it differs from that genus very essentially when the specimens
of the two animals are compared. The head of Cephalotes is much
shorter and broader. The cutting teeth are exceedingly different ;
in Cephalotes the cutting teeth are-close together, the upper ones
chisel-shaped, the lower ones rather conical, entirely filling up the
very narrow space between the base of the large canines; while in
Notopteris they are only two far apart, small and isolated.

The wings of the two genera arise from the centre of the back ;
and the bases of the wings, which cover the back, are naked. But
in Cephalotes the nakedness extends over the shoulders to a line
even with the front edge of the wings; in Notopteris the naked

part only occupies the hinder half of the back or loins, the shoulders
being exposed and covered with hair like the rest of the body.

The tail in Cephalotes is short and rudimentary, flattened, and
formed of four or five very short joints, and not elongated and in-
curved as in the new genus.

I may observe that, though the index-finger of the Cephalotes
peronii from Celebes (in the British Museum, received from the
Leyden Collection) is not provided with any distinct, well-developed
claw, the end of the bone is curved upwards and rather produced
into a resemblance of a claw,—there being no indication of such an
appendage in the animal from Viti.

Pteropus amplexicaudatus, from Timor, has a rather elongated
head, a short free tail; and the wings arise from the sides of the back,
with a broad hairy space between their bases; but this differs from
Cephalotes in having a small distinct claw on the end of the index-
finger, and in having four chisel-shaped cutting teeth in the lower
jaw, occupying the whole of the rather wide space between the base
of the large canines; and it has four rather conical cutting teeth in
the upper jaw.

Nororreris MAcpoNALDIL. (Pl. LXVII.)

Pale-reddish brown above, rather greyer beneath; the hinder
half of the back, which is covered by the bases of the wings, bald,
with a very narrow line of short hair down the vertebral line. The
rump and upper surface of the base of the interfemoral membrane
covered with hair.

Hab. The Island of Viti Leon, Feejees. September 1857. Male
and female. Iris dark hazel. (John D. Macdonald.)

Male. Length of head and body 43, tail 2, fore-arm bone 23, leg
bone 1+ inch.

Female rather smaller: arm-bone 24 inches.

8. Notice oF A New Genus or LOPHOBRANCHIATE FISHES
FROM WESTERN AusTRALIA. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray,
F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ETc.

(Pisces, Pl. VIT.)

Among the collections made by the Medical Officers of H.M.S.
‘ Herald,’ above referred to, is a curious and apparently new species
of Syngnathide, of which I give a brief description.

HALiicuHtTHys.

Mouth elongate, quadrangular, with a spine on the middle of each
side of the upper edge. Body six-sided. ‘Tail quadrangular. The
shields of the head and body with a more or less elongated spine,
each ending in a very long slender filiform beard. Under side of

body and tail flat, with a very slightly raised central ridge. Pec-
toral and dorsal fin distinct. Caudal fin none, or very rudimentary.
Egg-pouch ?; none apparent in the specimen.

HALICcHTHYS TENIOPHORA.

The head compressed, spinose, with a high, arched, central ridge
armed with spines, each having an elongated slender filiform beard
in front of its base ; the eye-brows produced, crested, with two large
curved spines on the upper edge ; the front spine furnished with a
very long filiform beard on the front edge; the lower edge of the
orbit with two spines, the base of the operculum with one, and the
upper edge with a prominent ridge armed with two unequal spines,
the hinder one largest and compressed. The head at the back edge
of the operculum with an arched ridge armed with four large com-
pressed conical spines; and there is a compressed bifid one on the
nape between these two arched ridges. Body hexangular, or sub-
heptangular from the obscure ventral keel, formed of nineteen rings ;
the lower lateral angles are narrower than the rest, which are sub-
equal; each plate of the rings is armed witha subcentral spine ; and
the spines on the three or four darker rings of the body are furnished
with elongated filiform beards. The tail is quadrangular ; the under
side is rather the widest and flat, the others are concave; each
shield is furnished with a spine like those of the body, and the
greater part of the spines are furnished with a filiform elongated

-beard. Caudal rings about forty-five, the apical one obscure.
Dorsal fin over the vent 26-rayed. :

The dry fish is black above, pale beneath, with three distant black
spots on each side of the body, and distant black cross bands on the
under side of the base of the tail.

Hab. Freycinet harbour, Shark’s Bay, W. Australia.

Mr. Gould read the following extract from a Letter addressed to
him by George Bennett, Esq., of Sydney, dated October 15th,
isis) 6

“The semipalmated Goose, I have seen domesticated in Sydney in
a poultry-yard, having been hatched by a common hen. This bird
in its anatomy evidently approaches the Cranes, and in habits also.
Especially when you see it running about the poultry-yard, it re-
sembles one of the Grucde more than a Goose. The bird I allude
to was one of many hatched under a hen from eggs procured from
the blacks at a station on the Mooruya River, near Broulee, south
of Sydney. ‘Ten eggs were procured and placed under two hens,
five for each, and in three days less than a month produced seven
young Geese, which were reared by the foster-mother. The eggs
are said to be cream-coloured, not larger than a small-sized goose-
egg. The birds lay their eggs close to the water in the lagoons ;
they commence to lay about September. The bird was an adult, and
differed materially from your drawing, which I consider to represent

either a distinct species or, from the peculiarity of the bill and feet,
a bird of the first year. The bill, feet, and legs were of a flesh-
colour ; the plumage of the head, neck, wings, centre of the back,
tail, and thighs glossy-black ; remainder of the plumage white.
These birds are readily domesticated, and run about the poultry-
yard in the most amicable manner possible. The colour of the beak,
feet, and legs were of the same colour when hatched; and the bird,
dating from the time it was brought forth, would be one year and
eight months old.”

Mr. Gould exhibited a drawing of a Pheasant, said to come from
the Mountains of Siam, which he considered identical with that
lately described by Mr. Blyth under the name of Diardigallus
Fasciolatus, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxvii. p. 115.

January 25th, 1859.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions or New Species OF THE AMERICAN FAMILY
TyrRANNID&. By Puivtie Lurury Scuater.

1. ATTILA CITRINIVENTRIS.

Rufescens, capite obscuriore et cinereo tincto, dorso imo dilutiore,
uropygio citrino-flaro: alis nigricantibus, extus rufescente lim-
batis ; gulu cinerascente, pectore rufo, ventre cum crisso
citrino-flavo, hypochondriis et tectricibus subalaribus rufis :
cauda clare rufa unicolore, basin versus dilutiore: rostro ni-
gricante, pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tota 6°75, alee 3:2, caudee 2°6, rostri a rictu 1:0.

oe In valle Amazonum superiore ad ripas fl. Ucayali (Hauz-
well).

This species of Aéti/a comes nearest to Attila spadiceus of Cayenne
and Northern Brazil, and is of about the same size, but may be di-
stinguished by its darker and more cinereous head and yellow belly,
as well as minor differences. An example in my own collection was
received from MM. Verreaux of Paris. One belonging to Mr. Gould
was procured by Hauxwell on the Ucayali.

As to the position of this genus of birds and the synonymy of the
species, I agree with the views of M. de Lafresnaye, as given in his
article in the ‘ Revue Zoologique’ (1848, p. 39).

The species of the group, of which I possess specimens, may be
arranged as follows, beginning with those with the strongest bills :—

(1.) Artrua cINEREUS (Gm.).—Muscicapa cinerea, Gm., Max.
Beitr. ii. 853; Spix, Av. Bras. i. t. 26. f. 2.—Dasycephala cinerea,
Sw.; Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. 85.— Attila rufus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848,
p. 46.

Hab. In Brasil. merid.

(2.) Arrma crTREoPyGius* (Bp.).—Dasycephala citreopyga,
Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 657; Notes Orn. p. 86; Sclater, P.
eS. 18575 ps 227.

Hab. In Mexico merid., Guatemala, et Nicaragua.

(3.) ATTILA BRASILIENSIS, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 360; Lafr. Rev.
Zool. 1848, p. 45.—Muscicapa uropygiata, Max. Beitr. ili. 868.—
Myiarchus (!) uropygiatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 472.

fab. In Brasilia.

(4.) ATTILA THAMNOPHILOIDES (Spix).—Muscicapa thamnophi-
loides, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 26. fig. 1; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 86.
Hab. In Brasil. int.

(5.) ATTILA spaDICEUS (Gm.), Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 46.—
Muse. spadicea, Gm. — Tyrannus rufescens, Sw. Quart. Journ. Se.
xl. p. 278.—Dasycephala uropygialis, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii.
686.

Hab. In Cayenna.

(6.) ATTILA CITRINIVENTRIS, Sclater.
fab. Tn valle fl. Amazonum sup.

Tam not acquainted with dttila bolivianus, Lafr. (Tyrannus ru-
fescens, Lafr. et D’Orb. ; D’Orb. Voy. p. 308).

Next to Aétila, I think, must be placed the curious type Casiornis
of Bonaparte, of which the earliest specific name appears to be rubra
of Vieillot. Its synonymy is very much confused ; but I am inclined
to refer Suirivt roxa, Azar. sp. 188; Muscicapa rubra, Vieill. Dict.
xxl. 457, et Enc. p. 831; Muscicapa hematodes, Licht. ; Dasy-
cephala hematodes, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i. p. 222; Dasy-
cephala rubra, Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. 87; Tyrannula rufula, Harti.
Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 6, and, probably, Tyrannus thamnophiloides of
D’Orbigny (Voy. p. 309), to this bird. MM. de Castelnau and De-
ville obtained examples of it at Goyaz during their American travels,
and it has recently been described and figured by M. Des Murs in
the Ornithology of their Expedition under the name Casiornis
typus. Its general structure is very much that of Attila; but the
bill is quite short and much more feeble, and the feet are not nearly
so strong.

* Were it not that M. de Lafresnaye gives ‘“ Colombie”’ as the habitat of his
Attila flammulatus, 1 should be inclined to consider his species the same as this,

2. MyropyYNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS.

Tyrannus audax, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 297.

Myiodynastes luteiventris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 657, et
Notes Orn. p. 87 (sine descript.).

Similis M. audact ex Amer. merid., sed alis longioribus, collo an-
tico prorsus albo, et abdomine toto cum subalaribus citrino-flavis
diversus.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 4°5, caudze 3-4.

Hab. In Mexico merid., Guatemala, et America centrali.

Mus. P. L.S.

This is the representative of M. audax in the northern province
of the Neotropical region. Examples of it first came under my
notice in M. Sallé’s first collection from Vera Cruz, when, although
referring it to audaz, I noticed the probability of its being really
distinct. M. Botteri’s series from Orizaba likewise contained spe-
cimens, some of which are now in my possession ; and Mr. Skinner
has transmitted skins from Guatemala. Prince Bonaparte, in his
‘ Notes Ornithologiques,’ bestowed a couple of new names upon this
bird (at least we have no doubt it was this species), without assign-
ing any specific characters to it. The examples to which he alludes
were from Delattre’s Nicaraguan collection.

3. MyIoDYNASTES NOBILIS, sp. nov.

Supra ochracescenti-rufus, nigro variegatus ; plumis medialiter
nigris, ochracescenti-rufo undique marginatis : crista brevi ver-
ticali interne aurea: loris et macula post-oculari cum striga
rictali nigris: fronte et linea superciliari flavicantibus : alis
nigricantibus ; tectricibus ochracescenti-rufo, secundariis albo,
primaris rufo extus limbatis : cauda ferruginea, rectricum om-
nium parte mediali, scapam marginante, nigra: subtus albus,
abdomine et crisso citrino indutis, pectore et lateribus nigro
flammulatis: subalaribus citrino-flavis : rostro corneo, mandi-
bule inferioris basi alba ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 8°5, ale 4°5, caudee 3°7, rostri a rictu 12, tarsi 0°74.

Hab. In litt. reipublicee Nov. Grenadze in vicinitate urbis S.
Marthee.

This fine Myiodynastes is a close ally of M. audax and M. lutei-
ventris, but is readily distinguishable by its stronger bill, longer tail,
which is slightly forked, and the lighter surface of the body below ;
this is nearly pure white on the throat and middle of the belly,
being rather sparingly flammulated on the breast and sides, which
latter parts, along with the crissum, are tinged with yellow.

The example of this bird in my own collection was obtained from
MM. Verreaux of Paris, and was received from their collector at
Santa Martha.

The true type of the genus Myzodynastes, Bp. (a generic term
published by the Prince, like many others, without characters, or
even the indication of any exact type), was intended, I believe, to
have been the Tyrannus audax, Auct. The name first appeared in

print in the ‘ Comptes Rendus’ for April 3, 1854, in connexion
with M. luteiventris, which I have described above; but it also
occurs in the catalogue of birds collected in Cayenne by M. Des-
planches* (p. 11), where it is applied to 7. audaz. The division
seems a natural one, connecting Pitangus and Tyrannus. I possess
specimens of six species, namely—

1. Mytodynastes audax (Gm.): ex Cayenna, Brasil., Nov. Grenad.,
ins. Trinit., et Peruy. int.

2. Myiodynastes luteiventris.

3. Myiodynastes solitarius (Vieill.), Azara, sp. 1960: ex Brasil.
merid. et Paraguaya.

4, Myiodynastes nobilis.

5. Myiodynastes atrifrons (Tyrannus atrifrons, Sclater, P. Z.S8.
1857, p. 274): ex rep. Kquat.

6. Myiodynastes chrysocephalus (Tsch.).—Scaphorhynchus chry-
socephalus, Tsch. Faun. Per. pl. 8. fig. 1; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848,

eros
The last species has the bill rather more flattened, and leads off
towards Scaphorhynchus.

4, CONTOPUS MESOLEUCUS, sp. nov.

Obscure cineraceus, olivaceo vix tinctus, pileo alis et cauda nigri-
cantibus, secundariis dorso proximis albo extus marginatis :
subtus obscure cineraceus, vitta longitudinali a mento corpus
descendente cum ventre toto albo, flavicante tincto, hypochon-
driis et crisso cineraceo adumbratis : fasciculo plumarum utrin-
que ad latera uropygii, alis obtecto, albo : rostro nigro, mandi-
bule inferioris basi flavida: pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°75, alee 4:0, caudee 2°7.

Hab. In Mexico meridionali, et in rep. Guatemala (Skinner).

This bird is easily recognizable by the creamy-white medial line,

which passes from the chin to the crissum, expanding greatly on the
belly. My examples are from Orizaba, collected by Botteri. Mr.
Gould possesses a specimen from Guatemala of the same species.
The form is quite typical,—the wings being very long, and the second
primary, which is the longest, considerably (by 0°15 imch) exceed-
ing the first and third, which are equal. The curious white tufts
at the side of the uropygium, covered by the wings, are very notice-
able in this species—more so than in my examples of C. borealis.

5. CONTOPUS SORDIDULUS.

Obscure cineraceus, tectricum majorum et secundariorum margi-
nibus dilutioribus, fere albicantibus : loris albidis: subtus pal-

* This little tract is extracted, I believe, from the Mémoires of a learned Society,
published at Caen. The only copy I have ever seen was given to me by the
author himself in 1857, shortly before his death. In it is established a new genus
of Tyrannide—Planchesia—for Muscicapa fuliginosa, Gm. (Pl. Enl. 574. fig. 1) ;
and the generic term Syrichtha, the type of which appears to have been unknown
to Mr. Gray, is used for Tyrannus curtipes, Sw.

lide cinereus, gutture medio albescente, ventre medio et crisso
albis: rostri nigrt basi inferiore pallida : pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6:0, alze 3-2, caudze 2°5.

Hab. In Mexico meridionali et Guatemala.

This Contopus much resembles the preceding, but is considerably
smaller in its dimensions, of a rather purer cinereous above, and
much lighter cinereous below. ‘This colour passes into whitish on
the throat, and nearly pure white on the belly and crissum, without
showing the continuous white medial stripe, which renders Contopus
mesoleucus so noticeable. In structure it is identical with Contopus
virens ; but it has no trace of olive on its plumage.

I regard Contopus as a very natural division of the Tyrannida,
characterized by its long wings and short tarsi. My collection con-
tains examples of the following species, which I refer to it :—

1. Contopus borealis (Sw.), Baird, Rep. p. 188.— T. cooperi,
Nutt. : ex America bor., Mexico, et Guatemala.

2. Contopus mesoleucus.

3. Contopus sordidulus.

4. Contopus virens: ex Am. bor., Mex., et Guat.

5. Contopus bogotensis. — Tyrannula bogotensis, Bp. Consp.
p- 190: ex Nov. Grenada et rep. Equat.

6. Contopus ardesiacus (Lafr.).—Tyr. ardesiaca, Lafr. R. Z.
1841, p. 80: ex Nov. Grenad. et rep. Equat.

Besides these, I have one bad specimen of a S. American species
allied to C. mesoleucus, but which, I have no doubt, is distinct.

Near Contopus, must be placed, I think, Prince Bonaparte’s genus
Planchesia, referred to above.

6. MirTREPHORUS PH£ZOCERCUS.

?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 302.
?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 296.

Supra fuscescenti-olivaceus ; capitis plumis productis ; alis cauda-
que obscure nigricantibus, alarum tectricibus rufescente termi-
natis, fasciam duplicem alarem constituentibus, secundariis
olivaceo extus marginatis : capitis lateribus et corpore subtus
cum subalaribus ferrugineis: rostro inferiore flavo, superiore
cum pedibus nigris : remige tertia longissima, secunda quartam
aquante, prima sextam vix excedente.

Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°7, caudee 2:4, tarsi 0°52.

Hab. In Mexico merid. et in Guatemala.

This little Tyrant was one of several species of this difficult group
in M. Sallé’s first collection from Cordova, for which I failed in
finding descriptions *. Nor have I been more successful since that
time, although I have often had the species under my observation in

Empidonax
Tyrannula

* Although I have examined many specimens of Mexican Tyrannide, I have
never succeeded in reconciling any of them to the descriptions given by Mr.
Swainson of Platyrhynchus pusillus, Tyrannula affinis, T. obscura, and T. barbi-
rostris in his ‘ Synopsis of Mexican Birds.’ Is it possible the present species can
be 7. affinis—“ beneath pale fulvous”’ ?

collections received from Mexico and Guatemala, and particularly in
M. Sallé’s last collection from Oaxaca, where both sexes again oc-
curred ; and in M. Botteri’s series from Orizaba. Finally, I have de-
termined on giving a name to the bird, to serve at all events as a
temporary designation ; and (rather unwillingly, 1 must confess) I
have felt myself obliged to make a new generic appellation for it,
not knowing any recognized section to which it can be strictly re-
ferred. It differs in form from Myiobius (or Tyrannula) in its
shorter, flatter, and broader beak, with the rictal bristles but slightly
developed ; and from Hmpidonaz, to which I was afterwards inclined
to refer it, in its much shorter and more slender tarsi and longer
wings. J have chosen its name from its slightly-crested head, which
gives it rather a capped appearance. A second species of the genus,
and near ally, is Giraud’s Muscicapa fulvifrons (Empidonar fulvi-
JSrons, mihi, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 301), which will stand as Mitrephorus
fulvifrons.

7. PYROCEPHALUS MEXICANUS.

Pyrocephalus rubineus, Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 18. p. 127; Sclater,
P. Z.S. 1856, p. 296 ; Baird, Report, p. 201.

I believe the Mexican Pyrocephalus, which visits Texas and New
Mexico in the summer, and is now included in the ornithology of
the United States, is no exception to the general rule, that the species
of Tyrannide, as indeed of other families of Insessores, although
often closely allied to, and representatives of, southern forms, will,
upon strict comparison, be generally found to present essentially
distinct characters, sufficient to render it necessary to constitute of
them distinct species. Thus we have—

In Mexico and Central America, representing in S. America,
Muscivora mexicana, Muscivora regia.
Cyclorhynchus brevirostris, Cyclorhynchus olivaceus.
Myiobius sulphureipygius, Myiobius barbatus.
Mionectes assimilis, Mionectes oleagineus.
Myiozetetes texensis, Myiozetetes cayennensis.
Myiodynastes luteiventris, Myiodynastes audax.
Pitangus derbianus, Pitangus sulphuratus.
Scaphorhynchus mexicanus, Scaphorhynchus pitangua.

and, when the American Fauna is more completely worked out,
many other instances will ke found. Indeed, I am inclined to believe
that there are very few South American birds, except in the more
widely-diffused Accipitres, Gralla, and Anseres, which are really to
be met with in Mexico and Central America.

My specimens of Pyrocephalus mexicanus differ from the common
P. rubineus of Brazil, Cayenne, Guiana, and Trinidad in the lighter
shade of the brown colouring and less intense red colour, as well as
in the longer bill and generally larger dimensions. In the female of
the Mexican bird also the cclours are much paler, the fore part of
the body below more white, and the belly, instead of being of a full
red, is of a pale ochraceous yellow. According to Professor Baird,

however, the shade of colouring on the belly of the female varies
considerably.

The only other species of the genus of which I possess specimens,
are P. nanus of Gould, from the western coast of S. America, extend-
ing to the Galapagos (which may be recognized by its inferior size,
and the broad white edging of the outer rectrix and pale termination
of the others); and P. obseurus, Gould, which I cannot help think-
ing is a female of a red species.

8. ELAINIA PLACENS.
Elenia ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 297.

Supra olivacea, pileo cineraceo, crista interna flava: alis cauda-
que obscuris olivaceo extus limbatis : capitis lateribus cum gut-
ture albescenti-cinereis, cilits oculorum albis : abdomine et tec-
tricibus subalaribus flavis: rostro nigro, mandibule inferioris
basi albida: pedibus obscure carneis.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°7, caudee 2°6, tarsi 0°65.

Hab. Tn Mexico merid. et in Guatemala.

This is the only species of true Hlainia which I have yet met with
from Mexico, the Elenia texensis of my Mexican lists being strictly a
Myiozetetes*, and the Elenia variegata belonging to a section which
T intend to denominate Legatus (type, Legatus albicollis { Vieill. =
Muscicapa legatus, Licht.). M. Sallé has lately kindly sent me for
re-examination the specimen of this bird, which I noticed without
naming it, in his Cordovan collection ; and I have been thus enabled
to determine its identity with a Guatemalan specimen in the posses-
sion of Mr. Gould.

The Elainie are very abundant in 8. America ; and I have speci-
mens of at least twelve or fourteen species of the genus as restricted,
among which I may mention Hlainia pagana (Licht.), H. modesta
(Tsch.), &. albiceps (Lafr. et D’Orb.), L. olivacea (Lafr. et D’Orb.),
E. lutetventris, mihi, EL. agilis (Gm.), #. stictoptera, mihi, and L.
griseigularis, mihi.

9. MIONECTES ASSIMILIS, Sp. Nov.
Mionectes oleagineus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 296, nec Licht.

Olivacea, alis caudaque fusco-nigricantibus, pallido fulvescenti-
viridi extus limbatis: abdomine et tectricibus alarum inferio-
ribus fulvis: gutture et cervice cinerascenti-olivaceis : rostri
nigrt bast rufescente, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°7, caudze 2°1, rostri a rictu 0°7.

Hab. In Mexico merid., Cordova (Sallé), et Guatemala (Skinner).

Assimilis M. oleagineo, sed statura majore, rostro longiore, et gut-

ture et cervice antica cinerascenti-olivaceis distinguendus.

* T so correct this name from ‘“‘ Myiozeta, Bp.,” as given in Mr. G. R. Gray’s
List, p. 146. The name was published in Pr. Bonaparte’s ‘Conspectus Syste-
matis Ornithologiz ’ (Ann. des Sc. Nat. vol. iv. 1854) without indication of type ;
but from specimens in my own collection, marked in the Prince’s own hand-
writing, [am enabled to state that this was intended to be Elainia cayennensis,
Auct.

2. Nores on THE Hasrrs or THE MyYcCTERIA AUSTRALIS OR
New Howianp Jasiru (Gieantic CRANE OF THE CoLo-
nists). By Georce BENNETT.

A short time since, I purchased this rare bird, which was brought
alive to Sydney from Port Macquarie, and so little being known
respecting its habits, I considered the following notes might be in-
teresting to the Society. It appears to be a young male, and walks
about the yard of the house quite domesticated, making no attempt
to fly, nor showing any inclination to leave its domicile. These
birds have a wide range over the colony, more particularly about
the northern coasts of Australia, and are seen occasionally within
the heads and about the sand-banks of the Clarence and Macleay
Rivers; they are very difficult of approach, and consequently but
few have been obtained, this being the first specimen ever brought
alive toSydney. Among the principal residents in the interior, some
inform me that they have only seen four, others only one, during a
residence of from twenty-five to thirty years in different parts of the
colony. In Leichhardt’s Expedition (according to the account of
Mr. Murphy, now residing in Sydney) only two were seen ; and these
could not be approached sufficiently near to be shot. In 1839 a
specimen was shot on Hunter’s River, and another on the north
shore near Sydney about three years since, both of which were pre-
sented to the Australian Museum. The person who shot the last
bird had the greatest difficulty in procuring it, from its being so very
shy and watchful: he was obliged to follow it for several days in
its haunts about the salt-water creeks, until he could get sufficiently
near to shoot it, which, being a good marksman, he achieved as soon
as he could approach within range. Both these specimens were full-
grown males, and in fine and brilliant adult plumage. These birds
being so rarely seen, and difficult to procure when seen, are valuable
as specimens when dead, and much more so when alive. Many of the
residents of the northern districts had seen the bird, but rarely, and
at a distance, and were aware how difficult it was to procure them ;
but none had ever seen it in captivity before, and it was therefore
-regarded with great interest. The number of skins of this bird I
have seen during my residence of twenty-two years in the colony
only amounts to four. The bird is very graceful: its attitudes, and
bearing, whether in a state of repose, stalking rapidly, or walking
gently over a lawn or yard with its measured, noiseless steps, have a
combination of grace and elegance, and it displays an independence
of manner that might be expected in a bird so wild and roaming in
its habits. It is gentle and good-tempered, soon gets reconciled to
captivity, and seems to take pleasure in being noticed and admired,
remaining very quiet to be looked at—keeping a bright eye upon the
spectator, however, during the time. Although, when first seen, it
has an uncouth appearance, from the large size of the mandibles in
proportion to the body, yet on a closer acquaintance its manner
wins upon you, anda feeling of attachment arises towards it from
its placid, tame, domesticated manner, elegance of form, graceful

carriage, and beautiful metallic brilliancy of plumage, more espe-
cially over the head and neck.

This bird had been in captivity four months previous to its arrival
in Sydney, having been captured by the blacks. It permits any one
to.approach it, only timidly moving away when an attempt is made
to touch it. It sometimes stands quite erect, or on one leg, with the
other thrown out ; or rests upon the tarsi, like the Emeu and Mooruk,
and again upon one leg, with the bill inclined upon the breast. It
was very hungry on its arrival at my house, and with the greatest
facility devoured 14 lb. of beef cut into small pieces, placed in a
tub.of water, or caught the meat in the mandibles when thrown to
it. It also feeds on fish and reptiles. When the food is hard or
gristly, it is rejected from the mandibles after trying to masticate it,
and bruised with the point of the beak until it becomes sufficiently
soft to be swallowed. It feeds generally in the mornings and even-
ings ; and although the mandibles look so large, it picks up the
smallest object with great readiness, and clatters the mandibles with
a loud noise when catching flies. It preens its feathers, and removes
any dirt or insects from them very neatly with the bill, accompanying
the action with a degree of ease and grace pleasing to observe. When
a tub of water was placed near it, it placed one leg in it ; and after
drinking, filled its bill with water and threw it out again, as if washing
out the mandibles. The eye is very large and remarkably brilliant,
and yet imparts to the bird a great docility of expression, making it
appear—what it is—an amiable bird, familiar with all around it,
liking to court admiration, yet on the watch for any.act of aggres-
sion. It appears pleased to see any stranger, and evinces but little
fear. The horses coming into the yard even close to it, or any
noise, does not seem to annoy it ; it only moves gently out of the way.
When suddenly startled, it will flap its long and powerful wings as
if preparing for flight; and it may be regarded as a bird of flight,
the whole bulk of the body being so light in comparison with its
powerful organs of volition. This bird is partial to salt-water creeks
and lagoons. It is usually seen in such localities on the Hunter, Mac-
leay, and Clarence Rivers, which consist, near the entrance and for
some miles distant, of salt water with numerous sand-banks, where
these birds may be occasionally observed busily engaged in fishing.
The beak of this bird is large, broad, conical, and pointed ; the lower
mandible is slightly curved upwards; the colour is black. The head
is large, and neck thick; both the head and neck are of a rich
deep glossy green, changing when it reaches the occiput into beau-
tiful iridescent colours of violet and purple, which, when viewed
under a brilliant sunshine or in a changing light, display the irides-
cent tints in a most brilliant manner, shining with a metallic efful-
gence equal to that seen in the Peacock. The greater wing-coverts,
scapularies, lower part of the back and tail, dark brown mixed with
rich bluish green, which changes in the adult to a rich glossy green
tinged with a golden lustre. The smaller wing-coverts, lower part
of the neck and back, and upper part of the breast white speckled
with ashy brown, which becomes white in the adult; lower part of

——

the breast, thighs, and inner part of the wings white. Eyes brilliant,
and dark hazel in colour. ‘he legs are blackish with a dark tinge
of red, becoming in the adult of a bright red colour, which, as | have
been informed, when the bird flies with the legs stretched out, looks
like a long red tail. The legs are usually dirty with excremental
matter, imparting to them a white appearance, so that the natural
colour is seldom seen, except when they just emerge from the water.
It is a large feeder, and these birds must consume, in their native
haunts, a great quantity of fishes and reptiles. It measures 3 feet
10 inches to the top of the head, and is not yet full-grown ; they are
said to attain 4 to 5 feet in height. It is shy in disposition and diffi-
cult-of approach in its wild state; this can readily be supposed when
it is observed in captivity ; for although very docile and readily tamed,
still the keen, watchful eye appears always upon you, with a brilliant
and piercing look, which causes a feeling of the impossibility of
escaping its penetrating glance. Its feeding-grounds and places of
rest being about sand-pits, sand-banks, and exposed morasses near the
Sea-coasts, it is impossible to approach this wary bird without being
seen. The first evening it was at my house, seeking for a roosting
place, it walked into the hall, gazed at the gas-lamp which had just
been lighted, and then proceeded to walk up-stairs, but not liking
the ascent, quietly walked down again and returned into the yard,
and afterwards went to roost in the coach-house between the carriages,
to which place it now retires regularly every evening soon after
dark. It is always observed to face the sun, and moves about the
yard, following the course of that luminary ; it may always be found
in that part of the yard where the sun is shining, and with the
face invariably towards it. When hungry, it follows the cook about
(who usually feeds it); and if she has neglected its food, looks into
the kitchen as if to remind her of the neglect, and waits quietly, but
with a searching eye, during the time the meat is cutting up, until
it is fed. It is amusing to observe this bird catch flies: he remains
very quiet, as if asleep, and ona fly passing him, it is snapped up in
his beak im aninstant. The only time I observed any manifestation
of anger in him was when the “ Mooruks”’ were introduced into the
yard where he was parading about: these rapid, fussy, noisy birds
running about his range excited his indignation ; for on their coming
near him, he slightly elevated the brilliant feathers of the head, the
eyes became very brilliant, he ruffled his feathers, and clattered his
mandibles as if about to try their sword-like edge upon the intruding
* Mooruks ;”’ buthis anger subsided with these demonstrations, except
an occasional flapping of his powerful wings. One day, however, on
one of the *‘ Mooruks”’ approaching too near him, he seized it with
his mandibles by the neck, on which the ‘‘ Mooruk”’ ran away and
did not appear in any way injured.

No. 387.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

3. List or MamMALts AND Birps couiectep By Mr. Joseru
LeyLAND In Honpuras, Brenize, AND GuaTemMaLA. By
Tuomas J. Moorst, KEEPER or THE Derspy Muse,
LIVERPOOL.

(Aves, Pl. CL., CLI.) ‘

The collection, of which the following is a list, was made in 1855—
56 by Mr. Joseph Leyland, successor to Mr. Mather, a well-known
naturalist of this town. Mr. Leyland collected chiefly in the district
of Omoa, but occasionally visited Belize, and in one instance pro-
ceeded as far as Lake Peten in Guatemala, in order to obtain the
Meleagris ocellata. Yn addition to the free use of his collection, he
has kindly furnished me with observations on the habits of many of
the species.

I am much indebted to Mr. Sclater for naming the Dendrocolap-
tine, Formicarine, and others indicated by his initials (P. L. 8.)
placed after them.

MAMMALIA.

1. CycLoTHuRUS DiDAcTyLUs (Linn.). ‘ Night Walker.”

Chilomo River.

Not common, or at any rate, owing to their nocturnal habits, not
often seen, being principally met with in the early morning. The
Spanish residents say they feed on bananas, in search of which they
frequent the gardens. Mr. Leyland had a mother and young alive
for a short period; but being kept in a box, he had no opportunity
of noticing their habits, beyond the fact of the young one continu-
ally nestling under the belly of its parent ; but he did not observe
that it clung to her.

2. ScruruUs BOOTHI#, Gray, Voy. Sulph. pl. 13. f. 1.

Common about Omoa; leave the trees when hunted or shot at,
and take to their heels on the ground, where they are otherwise often
met with.

There is some variation in different examples of this species: of
three specimens in the Derby Museum, collected by Mr. Leyland,
one has a decided black longitudinal stripe on the sides, dividing the
mottled brown and black colour of the upper from the pure white of
the under part; in the second this is absent; and in the third a
broad rufous band extends across the chest, while the hairs of the

tail are much more sparingly tipped with white than in the other
two.—(T. J. M.)

3. ScIURUS MOLLIPILOSuUs, Aud. & Bachm. Quad. N. Amer.
pl. 19. p. 157.

Omoa.
Rare ; shy, frequenting the bush and smaller trees.

4. GALERA BARBARA (Linn.).

Pine Ridges of Belize.

Go in troops of fifteen or twenty ; frequenting trees, to which
they betake themselves when hunted by dogs, and are thus easily
shot.

5. Lurra ——?
From a river to the west of Comayagua.

6. Leoparpvus onca (Linn.).
Omoa and Belize, occasionally.

7. Leoparpus parpatts ! (Linn.).

Imperfect skins of one, if not two species of Ocelot, were obtained
from muleteers, who brought them from the interior of Honduras.
They were not observed near Omoa.

8. VuLpes ——.

An imperfect skin of a small Fox from Comayagua, closely allied
to the V. Azare.

In addition to the Mammals enumerated above from skins brought
home by Mr. Leyland, he mentions the following :—

LEOPARDUS CONCOLOR, met with occasionally near Comayagua.

DICOTYLES TORQUATUS, common in troops of sixteen or eighteen
near Omoa.

TAPIRUS AMERICANUS, called the Mountain Cow, frequents
swamps in the district of Omoa.

Cervus (Cariacus 2)
?

Cervus (Coassus?)

Lrerus

’ Met with occasionally at Omoa.

_Dasyrus peBa. One specimen seen near Comayagua; they are
spoken of by the natives as occasionally to be obtained, and are
esteemed by them as articles of food.

AvEs*.

1. Gyparcuus papa (Linn.).
Specimens were procured at Omoa and from the mountains of San

* CATHARTES AURA? (Linn.).
Frequent in the more secluded parts of the district of Omoa.

CATHARTES ATRATUS ? (Bartham).

Occurs in great numbers about Omoa.
Mr. Leyland did not bring home specimens of the above.

Pedro. Single adult birds often seen in flocks of the Black Vulture
(Cathartes atratus), more rarely two. They are not common about
Omoa; but are more frequently seen in the less inhabited districts
in the centre of Vera Paz frequenting the higher regions.

2. HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS (Linn.).

Omoa.

Tolerably abundant. They have a peculiarly shrill cry, which
may be heard for miles, beginning before daybreak, subsiding during
the day, but heard again in full force at evening, and continuing till
long after sunset.

3. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.).

Omoa.
Rare ; flies high, chasing smaller birds.

4. RosTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS (Vieillot).

Peten.
Rare ; only two seen, which were shot among the trees bordering
the Lake.

5. Sprzaitus ornatus (Daudin).

From Porto Caballos, near Omoa.

Rare; shot only two specimens: these were met with in a very
solitary place, and sat so quietly on the tree that it was necessary to
move back to shoot them. The crop of one was full, and contained
small reptiles.

6. URUBITINGA ANTHRACINA (Nitzsch).

Omoa.
Rare.

7. CYMINDIS CAYENNENSIS (Gm.).

Honduras.
Rare ; shot only one specimen, which was met with in the San
Pedro Mountains.

8. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Latham).

Omoa.
Common. Prey on mice.

9. PHAROMACRUS PARADISEUS, Bp.
(Calurus resplendens, Gould.)

The specimens in Mr. Leyland’s collection, and all seen by him,
were stated to be from Quezaltenango in the State of Guatemala.
He did not meet with them himself. A common method of pro-
curing these and other birds is by stunning them with clay pellets
blown from light tubes of 8 or 10 feet in length.

10. TrRoGon MASSENA, Gould.

Omoa and San Pedro.

These birds are met with in pairs; they are very active, making a
chattering noise, varied occasionally by a great outery.

11. TroGon caxicatus, Gould.

Omoa.

Rare ; saw only one, which was very shy.

12. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould.

Omoa.

Found in pairs ; not so noisy as the 7’. massena.

13. CERYLE TORQUATA.

Peten and Omoa.

14. CeRYLE aLcyon (L.).
Omoa.

15. CERYLE AMERICANA (Gm.).
Old River, Belize.

16. CeERYLE AMAZONA (Gm.).
Omoa.

17. CERYLE suPERCILIOSA (Linn.).

Lake Peten.
None of the above species appeared to be common.

18. GALBULA MELANOGENIA, Sclater.

An extremely solitary bird ; frequents the deep ravines overhung
with trees, on the road from Omoa to Comayagua, the only place
where the species was observed. They feed on insects, have a quick
darting flight, and utter no cry. When disturbed, they fly at once
to the bush, and not, like many other birds, to the open country.

19, CHREBA LUCIDA, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 14.
Omoa.

Common.

20. EUGENES FULGENS (Swains.).

Guatemala.

21. FLORISUGA MELLIVORA.
Belize.

22. CAMPYLOPTERUS DEULATTRI! (Less. ).
Guatemala.

23. CuRYSOLAMPIS MoscHiTUS (L.) ?
Omoa.

24. Momorvus uessont, Lesson.

Omoa.

Common; found always in solitary places, never coming very near
the towns. They frequent the low bushes in swampy places, in
which it is very difficult to discover them till they betray their pre-
sence by their call. Found sometimes in pairs, but generally singly.

Mr. Leyland, from frequent observation of the living birds, 1s
strongly of opinion that the denudation of the middle rectrices 1s
eaused by the birds themselves.

25. HyLOMANES MOMOTULA, Licht.

Omoa.
Very rare. Leyland saw only the one specimen, which he pro-
cured ; it was very shy.

26. EuMomMoTa suPERCILIARIS (dard. & Selby): Sclater, P.Z.S.
1858, p. 257.

Omoa.

Found chiefly in swampy places, about the Chilomo River, on a
kind of Sycamore tree very bare of leaves. They are there more
plentiful than in the neighbourhood of Omoa itself, where they are
rare. They are shy and difficult of approach; but have a very
peculiar cry or whistle, not so loud as piercing, by means of which
you may ultimately discover them hiding behind the foliage.

27. DENDROCOLAPTES SANCTI THOMA, Lafr. (P. L.S8.).
Dense forests in the district of Omoa; also found at Belize.

28. PICOLAPTES —— !
Omoa.

29. DENDROCINCLA ANABATINA, Sclater, sp. nov. (Pl. CL.)

Supra olivaceo-brunnea, nucha rufescente variegata: alis extus
lete rujis, tectricibus dorso concoloribus, sed harum marginibus
obscurtoribus : primariorum ef secundariorum vitta lata termi-
nali nigra: cauda rufa unicolore: subtus dilutior, gutture
flavicantiore et striolis indistinetis notata, crisso rufescentiore :
rostro albicanti-corneo, pedibus obscure corylinis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°4, caudze 2°7, rostri a fronte 0°85.

Omoa, 1 ex.

This curious species might be mistaken for an Anabates were it
not for its stiff spimy tail. In its bill it more resembles some birds
of the latter genus than any Dendrocolaptine. For the present Iam
content to place it in the genus Dendrocincla, to which it appears to
be more nearly allied than to any cther section of the group. (P.L.S.)

z
¢,
9
F
7

HY)

50. GYMNOCICHLA NUDICEPS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 274
LS»):

Omoa.

Rare ; saw only two or three, and those only at Omoa. They
frequent the thickets, and make a noise like the breaking of small
twigs. The head of this specimen is only partially bald, but it
otherwise agrees with G. nudiceps.

31. Formictvora Bovucarnt, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 27 2
(P. L.S.).

Omoa.

Solitary ; found in thickets. ‘‘ Above blackish cinereous ; large
concealed interscapular spot, small round spots at the tips of the
lesser wing-coverts, and larger spots at the tips of the greater wing-
coverts, and ends of tail-feathers white ; under-surface chestnut.”

32. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA, Sclater, P, Z. 8S. 1858, p. 245
(P. L. 8.).

Belize.

Solitary, and found as the preceding, in thickets. Does not seem
to differ from New Granadian specimens.

33. SIURUS AURICAPILLUS (Linn.).

Omoa.

Not common ; found on brambles in the flats and marshes, gene-
rally in pairs.

34, TuRDUS MUSTELINUS, Gmelin.

Omoa.

Not common; found solitary in the thickets.

35. Mimus eracttis, Cab. (P.L.8.).

Belize.
Common ; not found nearOmoa. Very shy ; its mocking powers,
if it have any, are not striking.

36. MELANOPTILA GLABRIROSTRIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857,
p- 279.
Omoa.
37. TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill.
Omoa.
38. TYRANNUS INTREPIDUS, Vieill.

Omoa.
Migratory ; arrives in flocks of two or three hundred, and stays

only a short time before departing south. Very wild, and flies high.

39. MinvuLus TyRANNUS (Linn.).
Frequents the Old River and pine ridges of Belize ; plentiful on the

flats near Peten ; and occasionally found at Comayagua and Omoa,
at which last place at least it is migratory.

40. MyiozeTerrs TExeENs!Is (Giraud.) (P. L.S.).
Omoa.

41. PrraNGuS DERBIANUS (Kaup).

Belize and Omoa.
Common ; always in motion, darting after insects.

42. MyiopYNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS, Sclater, antea, p. 42.

Peten.
Rather rare, frequenting high trees.

43, PyROCEPHALUS MEXICANUS, Sclater, anted, p. 4d.

Common on the flats near Peten, and found on the pine ridges
near Belize.

These birds have a singular habit of spinning round and round on
the wing, and then dropping suddenly with wings loose and flutter-
ing as though shot, apparently done for amusement. They lay three
or four light-coloured eggs in a small nest composed of light grass
and lined with cottony materials.

44, Musctvora Mexicana, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 295.

Mr. Leyland shot, but did not bring home, a single specimen of
a bird at Chilomo, which he believes to have belonged to this species.
He met with it sitting on a bough im a solitary ravine ; the crest was
so little elevated as, though the bird allowed him to approach closely,
not to be observed till after it was shot. Though he searched care-
fully, he did not succeed in meeting with another specimen.

45. Tiryra versonata (Jard. & Selby).
Pine ridges, Belize.
Common. These are quiet, inactive birds, sitting quietly perched

on the broken limbs of the pines; they are found in company with
the Provident Woodpeckers.

46. Tiryra ALBITORQUES, Du Bus.
Psaris Fraseri, Kaup.

Peten.
Rare.

47. PACHYRAMPHUS POLYCHROPTERUS (Vielill.).

Omoa, close to the town.
Much smaller than the Brazilian bird.

48. Manacus canna (Parzudaki) 9°.
Peten.

49. CYANOCITTA CRASSIROSTRIS, Bp.

Old River, Belize.
Migratory.

50. CyYANOCORAX GUATEMALENSIS (Bp.).

Omoa.

Not common, migratory, arriving in October and making only a
short stay. They are shy, noisy, and restless, going in flocks of
five or six.

51. PsttorHinus morio (Licht.).

Omoa and Belize.

Very common, in small flocks ; very noisy, and annoys the hunter
by quickly giving an alarm.
_ Mr. Leyland brought home no samples of this species, but iden-
tifies it from specimens in the Derby Collection.

52. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS ”, Linn.
Omoa.

53. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould ?

Omoa, in the thick bush.

Differs from the figure (P. Z. S. 1855, Aves, pl. 83) in having two
distinct white bars on the greater wing-coverts, and the tips of the
smaller coverts also white.

54. OcyaLus waGLeRi (G. R. Gray).
Chilomo.

55. CacICUS MONTEZUM&, Less.

Omoa.
Common; resorts to the mountains and high forest trees in com-
pany with the Toucans.

56. CASSICULUS PREVOSTI (Less.).
Omoa and Peten.

57. HypHANTES BALTIMORENSIS (Linn.).

A single specimen, adult, shot on one of the Keys or small islands
between Omoa and Belize.

58. CassiDIx ORYZIvoRA (Gm.).

Chilomo.
Frequents the corn fields in great numbers ; are very good eating.

59. CASsSIDIX CRASSIROSTRIS (Swains.) ?

Omoa.
Common.

60. QuiscALus Masor, Vieill.
Omoa.

61. IcrERUS MESOMELAS, Licht.
Omoa.

62. IctERUS MELANOPTERUS, Hartl.

Omoa.

Migratory.

63. IcrERUS PROSTHEMELAS, Strickland (P. L. 8.).

Comayagua.
Common.

64, SrURNELLA HIPPocREPIS, Wagl. ?

Rather common on the pine ridges near the town of Mexico, four-
teen or fifteen miles from Belize.

65. AGELZuS pH@Nicevs (Linn.)?

Peten, rather common; Belize, rarer.

During a month’s stay at Peten these birds were never seen in
larger flocks than three or four, and sometimes singly. They keep
to the neighbourhood of rivers and swamps, darting among the
rushes, in which they are difficult to discover till they rise again.

Somewhat smaller than the United States’ birds, as pointed out
(P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 205) ; the dimensions of the male specimen being
as follows :—Total length 8'-0"; wings 41/; tail 33'; the bill is
somewhat longer, measuring an inch from the tip to the termination
of the cuimen. .

66. Spiza crris (Linn.).

Omoa; Old River of Belize; Peten.
Nowhere common.

67. HepyMELES LuUDOVICIANUS (Linn.).
Omoa.

Rare.

68. SALTATOR GRANDIs (Licht.).

Omoa.

Common.

69. SALTATOR ATRICEPS, Less.

Omoa.
Not common.

70. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS RUBICOIDES (Lafr.).

Found on the high road from Omoa to Chilomo, in flocks of three
or four ; not common.

71. RAMPHOCELUS PASSERINI, Bp.

Omoa.

Common all through the year; occurs sparely at Duck Run, forty
or fifty miles up the Old River of Belize; but neither this nor the
following is met with in the intervening country.

72. RAMPHOCELUS SANGUINOLENTUs (Less.).

Omoa and Peten.
Restless and timid. Not common: migratory.

73. TANAGRA DIACONUS, Less.

Omoa, Peten, and Belize.
Common.

74. TANAGRA VICARIUS, Less.
Omoa, Peten, and Belize,
Common.

75. ARA ARACANGA (Gmel.).

Honduras, generally distributed.

Very common near Omoa, where six or eight pairs may be seen of
an evening flying from their feeding haunts to their roosting places.

76. CHRYSOTIS AUTUMNALIS, Linn.

Omoa.
Occasionally met with.

77. CHRYSOTIS
Omoa.

78. CONURUS ASTEC, Souancé.

Common near Belize River and the pine ridges, in small flocks of
sixteen or twenty. Not found near Omoa.

79. RAMPHASTOS CARINATUS, Sw.

Honduras.
Very common ; confine themselves generally to the tops of the

very highest trees, so as mostly to be beyond gun shot.

80. PrreRoGLossus TORQUATUS, Wagler.

Honduras.
Not common ; make a screeching whistle ; found in larger num-

bers and on lower branches than the preceding; restless and shy.
81. CROTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw.

Omoa.
Common in fiocks, feeding on ticks of cattle, sheep, and goats.

82. PrAyA MEXICANA (Sw.).

Peten and Omoa.
Rather common, but very shy.

83. DipLOPTERUS EXCELLENS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 228
(P21. S.):.

San Pedro, Honduras.
Rare.

84. CeENTURUS PUCHERANI, Malherbe (P. L. S8.).

Common near the town of Omoa. Very lively and restless ;
scarcely ever still, flying from tree to tree. Shy, secreting them-
selves behind the boughs when approached.

85. CENTURUS SANTACRUZI, Bp. (P. L. S.).

Omoa.
Rarer than the preceding.

86. Dryocorus scaputaris, Vigors (P. L. S.).

Omoa.

Common. May be heard for half a mile pecking at the trees, and
may readily be mistaken for a woodman felling timber ; their strokes
are slower and more deliberate than those of the smaller kinds ;
they frequent the large timber.

87. MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS (Swains.), Cassin, Ill. Birds
Californ. pl. 2.

Pine ridges of Belize and Chilomo; more plentiful at the former
than at the latter.

These interesting birds carry on their provident habit of picking
holes in the bark of the pines for the storing of acorns at the ex-
pense of the pines themselves, most of the trees dying after the
acorns are extracted.

88. CHLORONERPES YUCATANENSIS, Cabot.

The specimens from Honduras and Guatemala seem nearly inter-
mediate between the Mexican C. eruginosus and the more southern
C. rubiginosus.—(P. L. 8.)

89. CELEUS CASTANEUS (Wagl.).

Picus badioides, Less.

Omoa.

Not common ; frequent the smaller timber; appear to feed on
insects creeping on the surface of the trees; and not to chip the
bark for those beneath.

90. CHLORONERPES SANGUINOLENTUS, Scl., sp. n. (PI. CXLI.).

Olivascenti-brunneus: pileo coccineo: dorso toto aurescente,

colore sanguineo perfuso: alarum superficie inferiore nigri-
cante, albo tessellata : rostro et pedibus nigris.
Long. tota 5°8, alee 3°4, caudee 2°6.
Omoa.
Rare ; frequents smaller and denser bushes than the preceding.
mex:
This apparently unnamed Chloronerpes is closely allied to C. olea-
gineus of Mexico and C. fumigatus of S. America, but distinguished
by its blood-stained back and smaller size.—(P. L.S.)

91. CoLuMBA LEUCOCEPHALA, Linn. ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. ii.
p. 04.

This species was observed only on the islets or keys between Omoa
and Belize; they fly in flocks from island to island, but were not
met with on the mainland.

92. LepipoENAS SPECIOSA, Bp. Consp. Gen. Avy. il. p. 54.
Columba speciosa, Gmel.
Peten, where they are domesticated, becoming very tame.

93. MELOPELIA LEUCOPTERA, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 81.
Columba leucoptera, Linn.

Omoa.
Not common.

94. SCARDAFELLA INCA, Bp.

San Pedro (Honduras) and Peten.
Common, in flocks with Chamepelia rufipennis.

95, PERISTERA CINEREA (Temm.).

Omoa.
Rare.

96. CHAMHPELIA RUFIPENNIS (Gray).

San Pedro (Honduras) and Peten.
Common, in flocks.

97. Crax ALECTOR, Linn. ?

Common in Peten, and on the ridges of Chilomo; not so shy as
many birds, being apparently too bewildered, when it finds itself
discovered, to take to immediate flight.

98. PENELOPE PURPURASCENS, Wagler.
Gleanings from the Men. & Av. Knowsley, pl. 11.

Honduras.
Generally distributed.

99. ORTALIDA VETULA (Wagler) ?

Found plentifully near Omoa.

Very noisy and pugnacious. Being very good eating, they are
much sought after by the Spanish residents, and the eggs and young
taken and placed under hens. The home-reared ones remain do-
mesticated and are masters of the poultry, their lightness of wing
enabling them to buffet the cocks so effectually as to become masters
of the field.

100. MreLeaGris OCELLATA, Temm.

Formerly these birds descended the Old River towards Belize ; as
the country has become more occupied, they have retired further to
the interior, and are now only sparely met with about half-way from
Belize to Peten; beyond Peten they are more plentiful. Three
wild birds were observed in the summer of 1856 by Mr. Burns, ma-
hogany-cutter, residing at the Boom on the Old River, some thirty
miles from the town of Belize. They came to the river, near his
house, to drink, but took to flight before they could be secured ;
they had not previously been seen in the neighbourhood for many

ears.

: They are sxwenely shy, and keep to the thick woods, except
when they go to the outskirts to feed. When thus occupied, their
heads may just be discerned above the grass; but should they see
any one a mile off, they become alarmed and retreat to the woods.
The Spaniards shoot them by night during the pairing time in March,
when they betray themselves by their cries while at roost. Their
flesh is most delicious eating. The wild cocks tread the hen Tur-
keys of the residents at Peten, the produce being a very fine cross.
The wild race is called the Pavo del Monte by the Spanish residents,
and the domestic race the Pavo Real.

101. Ortyx LEYLANDI, Moore, sp. nov.

General colour wood-brown; crest short, brown, darker at the
tips; ear-coverts brown; chin black, each feather longitudinally
‘striped with white; stripe above and another below the eye cream
colour, bordered posteriorly with black ; nape chestnut ; an irregular
band of black feathers spotted on each web with white surrounds the
neck ; interscapulium minutely barred with black and brown; back
black, each feather having three narrow rufous bands ; rump and
upper tail-coverts mottled with black and wood-brown, and banded
and tipped with white. Breast, belly, sides, and under tail-coverts
rich brown, with prominent irregularly oval white spots bordered
with black. Tail ash-brown, with four or five irregular bands of
whitish. Primaries ash-brown ; secondaries the same, but freckled
on the outer webs; tertiaries rich chestnut-brown, largely blotched
with black, banded and tipped with white, with which colour the
inner webs are broadly edged. Bill small and black. Feet greyish
horn-colour.

Total length 63 inches, wings 33, tail 2, bill to end of gape ;%,
tarsi 1, middle toe and claw 14.

The specimen from which the above description is taken was the
only one seen. It was shot as it sprang from the long grass at
Flores on the road from Omoa to Comayagua.

The species is dedicated to its discoverer, Mr. Leyland. Its
nearest ally is O. parvicristata, Gould, of New Granada ; but it is
much darker below.

102. Ortyx NIGROGULARIS, Gould.

Found in the pine ridges of Belize in flocks of six or eight. Shy,
but do not take readily to the wing; on the contrary, they run
together and try to escape by running.

103. Trinamus masor (Gm.) ?
Ground Partridge of the English mahogany-cutters.

Omoa. Common throughout the district ; also met with, but
more rarely, at Belize.

They lay their eggs about eight or ten in number in a slight de-
pression scratched in the angles formed by the projecting buttress-
like roots of the mahogany trees. They are very shy, and when
they find themselves discovered, they try to hide by diving their
heads amongst the brambles.

[This is one of the large Tinamous allied to 7. major, remarkable
for the roughness of the plates on the back of the tarsus, whence
Cabanis has called them Trachypelmus. It is coloured very much
like 7. major of Brazil and T. subcristatus of Guiana, but will pro-
bably prove ultimately to be distinct.—P. L. S.]

104. CHARADRIUS VOCIFERUS, Linn.
Omoa.

Common ; arrive with the autumnal gales.
105. HorLorrerus cAyanus, Lath.
Aloor River, Honduras.

106. TiGRISOMA BRASILIENSE (Linn.),

Barking Garling of the mahogany-cutters.

Common in rivers and swamps at Aloor River and Omoa, at which
last place it remains throughout the year.

107. Nycricorax GARDEN?! (Gmel.).

Omoa, common; Peten.

A specimen collected by Mr. Dyson of Nyeticorax violaceus
(Linn.) is in the Derby Collection, and labeled “* Honduras.”

108. FLoripa c&RULEA (Linn.).

Common in the rivers near Omoa, and on the neighbouring beach;
also met with at Belize. ;

109. BuroripEs viRESCENS (Linn. ).

Swamps of Belize and Omoa.

110. GARZETTA CANDIDISsIMaA ? (Gm.).
Chilomo river.

In flocks of ten or twelve.

111. Limosa repoa (Linn.).

Belize.

Common.

112. GALLINAGO wILson!, Temm.
Omoa.

Common.

113. FunicaA AMERICANA, Gmel.

Chilomo.
Rare.

114. ARAMUS SCOLOPACEUS (Gmel.) ?
Clucking Hen of the mahogany-cutters.
Common at Belize River and the rivers about Omoa.

115. ARAMIDES CAYANENSIS (Gm.).

Omoa.
Not common. Make a peculiar noise more like that of a qua-
druped than a bird.

116. CoRETHRURA CAYENNENSIS (Gm.)?

Omoa.

Not common. Run like Quails; make a shrill whistle like that
of the Tinamoo, for which its cry may easily be mistaken ; keeps to
the bush.

117. PorpaHyrio MARTINICA (Linn.).

On the lagoons near Peten.

Continually on the move, running with their wings expanded to
lessen their pressure on the floating leaves, which they only lightly
touch, being generally insufficient to support even their slight weight.
The young when yet unfledged accompanying their parents on the
water, and are very expert.

118. Parra GyMNnostoma, Wagl.

Very common at Belize and Peten ; less so at Omoa, arriving there
about September.

Habits similar to those of the preceding species; the young fol-
lowing the old birds nearly as soon as hatched. The males assist
the females in rearing the young; they are very pugnacious and
bold in their defence, and will approach an intruder within a yard or
two, uttering loud cries.

119. PrerocyaNea piscors (Linn.).
Omoa, arriving with the periodical northerly winds in October, in

flocks of two or three hundreds, and remaining a month or so. As
the swamps dry up, they retire to the neighbouring rivers, where a
few remain to breed. They also occur at Belize.

120. Catrina mMoscHATA (Linn.).

Peten, rare ; Chimalacon and Aloor Rivers, Honduras, common,
and probably breed there.
Roost on trees and seldom seen on the water.

121. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS (Gmel.).
Aloor River, Honduras.

122. PopILyMBUS CAROLINENSIS (Lath.).

One shot at Lake Peten.
Dived on being alarmed, and continued to do so, giving some
trouble to secure it.

123. Puorus anuinGa, Linn.

Peten.
Found singly or in parties of two or three with the following,
perching on the same trees, but on higher branches ; very wild.

124. PHALACRACORAX MEXICANUS (Brandt.).

Peten.

In flocks of several hundreds ; stretched in long rows on the mar-
gin of the islands of the lake. On approaching in a canoe they dive
poe” rise again quickly, and retreat, spread out in a long line
abreast.

125. Larus 2
Belize.

Liverpool, Jan. 10th.

4, Ow a Species OF Kouis, AND ALSO A SPECIES OF LOMANOTUS
NEW TO SCIENCE ; WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIMEN
or Eouis CERULEA OF Monracu. By Wriii1Am THOMPSON.
CoMMUNICATED BY Dr. J. E. Gray.

My dredging labours in Weymouth Bay have again been rewarded
by the acquisition of two new species of the Nudibranchs, and by
the rediscovery of one of Montagu’s lost species. This last acquisi-
tion is very pleasing to me, believing, as I do, that all the species
described by Montagu still exist. On a former occasion I was for-
tunate enough to obtain his Thecacera pennigera.

The species described in this paper I was anxious should not rest
on my sole authority ; added to which, I was not sufficiently versed
in their anatomy to give an equally full description with those in the

No. 388.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

valuable work on the Nudibranchs published by the Ray Society.
After I had taken my notes, I accordingly despatched them to
Messrs. Alder and Hancock, who have kindly placed their deserip-
tions at my disposal, and, in the interest of zoological science, I use
their descriptions in preference to my own.

EoLis ADELAID#&, mihi, n. sp.

“« Body nearly half an inch long, slender, tapering to a fine point
behind, pellucid orange-red. Dorsal tentacles moderately long,
smooth, tapering, divergent, and set a little apart at the base ; orange-
red with yellow tips, and a pale lie down the back of each, termi-
nating in a clear oval spot on each side behind the tentacles, on
which the minute eyes are placed. Oral tentacles a little shorter than
the dorsal pair, and of the same colour, the pale line on their sur-
face also extending backward to the clear spot. Branchie elliptical,
inflated, of the same colour as the body, a little deeper towards the
top, apices white; the central gland is yellowish, rather wide, and
irregularly folliculated or lobated; they are arranged in twelve or
thirteen rather distant transverse rows of three or four papillee each,
commencing a little behind the tentacles, and divided by a narrow
space down the back; the papillee nearest the dorsal ridge are the
largest and the most inflated. Foot pellucid, slightly tinged with
orange-red, linear, narrow, tapering gradually to a point a little
beyond the branchize behind, truncated in front, with the angles
rounded off.

“This species most nearly approaches Holis farranni, Ald. & Han.,
from which it differs in colour, and in the number and form of its
papillee, which are broader towards the apex. The spawn also dif-
fers, forming a narrower coil, with the free margin undulated.”

Hab. I obtained two specimens by dredging in six fathoms water
in Weymouth Bay; the first, which was white in colour, I obtained
in September 1854, and the second specimen was obtained in the
following month. The colour of the last was orange-red ; and this
is described by Messrs. Alder and Hancock as the typical example.
In each case the Holis was feeding on Plumularia. ‘The difference
in the colour here shown is a further evidence of the puerility of
considering mere colour as a test of species in the lower animals. I
have named this lovely Nudibranch in memory of a little daughter,
whose love for zoology, and retentive memory on the subject, pro-
mised much.

EoLis C&RULEA, Mont. sp.
Doris caerulea, Mont. Linn. Trans. vii. 78. pl. 7. f. 4, 5.

“ Body half an inch long, slender, nearly linear, tapering to a fine
point behind, of a pale pellucid green. Head small, very short, and
rounded in front, with a dark mark in front of the dorsal tentacles,
caused by the buccal mass. Dorsal tentacles long, slightly tapering,
tinged with green and speckled with opake yellow; points rather
obtuse and spreading; bases closely approximating, with the eyes
close to their outer margins. Oral tentacles greenish, very short

and delicate. Branchize fusiform, almost linear, stoutish, moderately
long; central gland not quite so wide as the sheath, irregularly fol-
liculated and granulated, green below and dark blue above; outer
surface of the papillee above pale blue, below pale green; a few
yellow freckles in front; tips strongly capped with rich orange-red,
banded below with a rim of bright yellow: the extreme points are
colourless and pellucid; they are arranged in ten transverse, rather
distant rows of five or six papillee in each row; the four anterior
rows are rather closer together than the rest, and are divided from
them by a widish space; the front row contains only two papille,
placed as far forward as the dorsal tentacles. Foot tinged with
green, narrow, slightly lobated in front, with the lateral angles con-
siderably produced and rather obtuse.”’

This interesting individual was dredged by me in Weymouth Bay,
on a rough bottom in six fathoms water, and sent to Mr. Albany
Hancock in the latter part of September 1858. In the note accom-
panying this description, Messrs. Alder and Hancock remark, that
“as Montagu’s description of this very beautiful species is exceed-
ingly short and incomplete, and as no one appears to have captured
it since his time, it has been thought desirable to redescribe it. How-
ever, there can be no doubt that this is Montagu’s species, and its
rediscovery, which is due to Mr. Thompson, of Weymouth, is of
great interest.”

LOMANOTUS PORTLANDICUS, mihi, n. sp.

“ Body upwards of an inch and three-quarters long, depressed,
quadrilateral, tapering a little backwards, pellucid white, tinged
with brownish yellow on the back, in front pale orange-red. Head
rounded in front, covered with a distinct veil, bearing on each side
two rather long tentacular processes, the outer ones the longer.
Tentacles set well forward and placed apart, elliptical, tapering to a
pretty fine produced and truncated apex; closely laminated on the
upper portion, which is of a pale yellowish colour, with numerous
fine laminze much inclined backwards and downwards, and divided
in front by a narrow line; the lower portion, colourless and smooth,
is contained within a tall, narrow sheath, of an orange-red colour
above, with the margins divided into six finely-pointed filaments,
those in front shortest. The sides of the back are produced into
wide pallial margins, which, commencing in front of the bases of the
tentacular sheaths, are continuous behind the termination of the tail ;
these margins are deeply and symmetrically undulated, forming on
each side four loops, which meet along the medio-dorsal line, and are
fringed with numerous short, pointed, orange-red papillee tipped with
white ; the papillee die out towards the tail, and are reduced in
size on the part of the loop next the foot. Foot white, with the
margins nearly parallel, obtusely pomted behind, in front bilobed
and deeply grooved, with the anterior lamina notched in the centre ;
the lateral angles much produced and recurved.” i

I obtaimed this species on two occasions. The first specimen was
obtained by me whilst dredging in Weymouth Bay, on the 15th of

December 1855, and the second specimen in the same month of the
following year. Both these individuals, as soon as I had completed
my notes, I sent to Mr. Hancock, who received them in good con-
dition, and who, in conjunction with Mr. Alder, I am happy to say,
has made drawings of all the species described in this paper,—-I trust,
in order to enrich, at an early period, another number of their ad-
mirable work on the Nudibranchiate Mollusca. Mr. Hancock sug-
gests for this species the specific name of fimbriata; but, whilst
admitting the propriety of the name, I trust he will fall im with my
wish of identifying the district in which it was first taken.

I would here remark the irregular appearance of some of the Nudi-
branchs. Two species of Doris, formerly obtainable in Weymouth
Bay in moderate abundance, are now scarce; Holis papillosa, at one
time very abundant, is now represented by an occasional specimen :
these are all tidal species. Holis coronata and landsburgi were
never very plentiful, and are not less scarce than formerly ; but far
different is it with Polycera 4-lineata and Antiopa cristata. Some
three years since, we could obtain a dozen of each of these species any
day—I have seen three in one net (both these species appear to be
gregarious) ; whilst during the whole of the past summer my cap-
tures have not exceeded half a dozen of both species for the whole
year. The dearth was occasioned by the severe winter we had some
few years since, and which also destroyed many fish, and rendered
Adamsia palliata very rare.

5. DESCRIPTION OF SIX HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF
Bats. By Rosert F. Tomes.

1. SCOTOPHILUS MICRODON, N. 5.

The present species is one having the same subgeneric characters
as the common Pipistrelle of Europe and the Scot. greyi and S.
pumilus of Australia. ‘Po the latter species it is, by the form of its
head and ears, most nearly affine, but may at once be distinguished
from it by its greater size and by its smaller teeth.

The crown is but little elevated above the facial line; but the
muzzle, although short, is more pointed than is usual in the flat-
crowned species. The ears are very small, nearly as broad as high,
with the outer margin slightly hollowed out about the middle, below
which is a faintly developed lobe, and immediately above which is
the tip of the ear,—the latter being obtusely angular, and directed
outwards. ‘The inner margin is very much rounded, especially at
two-thirds of the distance from the base, where the convexity is so
prominent as to be quite as high as the tip itself, the portion be-
tween this prominence and the tip being nearly horizontal. Alto-
gether the ear bears some resemblance to that of Muiniopéeris.
Scot. pumilus is the only species which has ears of form similar to
those of the present species; but they are, although the species
is smaller, rather larger, relatively longer, and have their tips less

outwardly directed, and more rounded. The tragus, as in all others
of this group, is curved inwards, and rounded at the end ; but it
differs from that of some others, in being rather widest in the
middle.

In relation to the size of the animal, the wings are rather ample,
and rather broad for their length, the fourth finger (that which
determines the breadth of the wing) being longer than the two basal
phalanges of the longest finger*. All the wing-bones are somewhat
slender. The thumb is rather long, not quite half enveloped in the
membrane.

The legs are rather long and slender, the tibiee being quite as long
as in S. gouldii, a species of greater size than the present; they are
just twice the length of those of 8. pumilus. The feet are large,
about the length of those of S. leislert of Kurope, the toes taking up
half their entire length, and the wing-membranes extending to half
the distance between the extremity of the tibia and the base of the
toes. Tip of the tail enclosed in the membrane.

The fur of the head extends to rather near the end of the nose;
and the upper lips are furnished with moustaches ; so that the only
naked space is around and in front of the eye. The fur of the back
does not extend on to the interfemoral membrane, and only to a very
limited extent on those of the wings; but that of the under parts
encroaches on the membranes all round the body, especially beneath
the arms, where it reaches nearly to the elbow. A straight line
from that joint to the knee would pretty accurately define the hairy
portions of the wing-membranes.

In quality the fur is soft, and rather long, bicoloured above and
beneath. That of the back of a specimen from South Australia is
dark brown at the root, with the terminal half of the hairs reddish-

brown, uniformly of the latter colour around the rump and on the
flanks; beneath, dark brown at the root, with the terminal third
light cinnamon-brown, that on the membranes paler and unicoloured.
Membranes lightish brown.

Another specimen from Van Diemen’s Land differs only from the
last in being much darker in colour; the fur of the upper parts
black at the root, tipped with sepia-brown ; beneath, the same, but
the brown tips lighter and more tinged with rufous, especially that
on the membranes and around the pubal region, where it is uni-
coloured and reddish-brown.

In the following table, the dimensions in column | are those of

* In many species of this group the fourth finger is not more than equal in
length to the two basal phalanges of the longest; and in the more typical species
of the genus, such as the common Noctule, it does not extend much further than
the middle of the second phalange of the longest finger. In making use of the
relative lengths of the wing-bones, either as a generic or specific distinction, it is
absolutely necessary that perfectly adult examples be examined; for in those
which are not, they vary so much with the age of the individual, as not only to
be useless as a means of distinction, but to lead to absolute error-and consequent
confasion. Judging from the figure given by M. Temminck of V. brachypterus,
I should expect to find his specimen with the apophyses of the phalanges of the
fingers imperfectly ossified.

the South Australian specimen, those in column 2 of the one from
Van Diemen’s Land, whilst those in the 3rd have been taken from a
specimen of 8. greyit from Port Essington (one of the types in the
National Collection), and are added to show the difference in the
size of the two species,—S. greyit being the only Australian bat ap-
pertaining to this restricted group which approaches im size the
species here described.

1. Pe 3.

Length of the head and body.. 2 6 Za 2)
— Omthertalls ~ 46 a5sea ee 1 8 i) 3)
= Ofatheyneadas 50 see Onee 0 7 One;

Oftheyearsaaee. aot eaes On Ae Ores 0 4
EONS MEETS Soar ooo Ue 0 2 QO 21

of the fore-arm ...... Leo 1 64 1 41

of the longest finger 2248 2 10

of the fourth finger.... 2 0O 2

of the thumb ...... 0 4 0 4

Ofathetibianc seer 0 8 0 8} 0 6
— of the foot and claws.. 0 4 0 4 0 32
——--— Of the es caleis 0 7 Ones
Expanse of wings,........... PRS WW 8 6

The teeth of this species, although not sufficiently examined to
furnish a comparative description, are nevertheless seen at a glance
to be of very small size, not only in reference to the size of the ani-
mal, but also actually smaller than those of several other species of
much less size, such as S. ¢rilatitius, S. lobatus, and S. abramis.
Hence the specific name of microdon here bestowed upon it.

2. SCOTOPHILUS DARWINI.

The next species which I have to describe has been presented to
me by Mr. Darwin, with the information that it had been received
from the Canary Isles.

In a collection of Bats from Madeira, given to me also by Mr.
Darwin, I could only enumerate two species, both European, viz. 9.
leislert and S. marginatus; and I was somewhat surprised to find in
the present species one which I had not before met with. None of
the descriptions of African species in the works of Temminck,
Wagner, Peters, Smith, and others, apply to this species ; and I there-
fore regard it as new, and describe it as follows :—

It is one of the same group as the species just described, and as
the S. kuhlii and S. pipistrellus of Europe. It is characterized by
a somewhat more robust make than these species, and has rather
broader ears and tragi. .

The head is rather broad and flat, the crown being but little
raised above the facial line ; the glands of the lips are considerably
developed, and bulge sufficiently to occasion the nostrils to open
nearly straight forward, although the interruption in the outer mar-
gins of the latter sufficiently indicates that with a more pointed

ae ee ee ee

muzzle they would open sublaterally ; were the specimen taken
from the spirit in which it is preserved and dried, it is probable that
this would be the case. In the middle of the face is a kind of hol-
low, occasioned by the labial glands on each side being developed in
an upward direction, thus leaving a depression between them*.
Between the nostrils is a space of moderate extent, and but very
faintly emarginate. The ears are rather large, triangularly oval, as
broad at the base as they are long, and have their tips brought to a
rounded point; about the middle of their outer margin they have
a distinct but shallow notch, below which is a lobular portion, as
in many other species of this group, but differing from all others
which I have seen in having a small but very well-defined notch about
its middle. These organs altogether are more like those of S. Auhlii
than of any other species, but are larger, besides having the double
emargination just noticed+. The tragus is rather short and broad,
curved inwards, and with the end very much rounded ; on its outer
margin, near the base, is a projecting angular point, without any
accompanying notch.

The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes, and the latter
are half the length of the foot. The thumb is moderate, with the
basal phalange much the shortest. The terminal vertebra of the
tail is free.

The fur of the head extends forwards to between the eyes, and
thence in a narrow strip towards the nose. Over each eye is a wart
bearing a bundle of stiff hairs; and a similar tuft springs from the
top of the labial glands ; the upper lips are also slightly fringed with
similar hairs, most conspicuous about the corners of the mouth.
The remainder of the face, the ears, and the tragus are naked. The
fur of the back spreads on the upper surface of the interfemoral
membrane, sparingly, for nearly half its length, as in S. Auhliz, and
similarly to a small extent on the membranes near the sides of the
body. Beneath, the membrane immediately around the pubes is
dusted with very short hairs, more abundant on the vertebree of the
tail than elsewhere. On the membrane contiguous to the sides of
the body, fur of a much longer kind extends, to a much greater de-
gree than in S. kuhlii.

On both surfaces of the body the fur is bicoloured: above, very
dark brown at the base, tipped with lighter and more rufous brown,
that on the membranes wholly of the latter colour; beneath, it is
dark at the base, tipped with paler brown, with less of the rufous
tinge than that of the upper parts. On the under surface of the
membranes the fur is uniformly of the same colour as the tips of the
hairs on the belly, but on the pubes it is paler. Membranes dark
brown.

Such appear to be the colours of the fur, so far as can be gathered
from the examination of a specimen in spirit ; but it is necessary to

* In the Romicia calcarata of Dr. Gray the lip-glands are so much developed
as to leave a deep pit between them. It belongs to the présent group.

+ I am here comparing a specimen in spirit with others in skin,—a plan not
always attended with perfectly satisfactory results.

consult others in skin before this point can be determined with ac-
curacy.

Although in its external appearance S. darwini bears consider-
able resemblance to S. Auhlii, it differs, besides having a somewhat
differently shaped ear and broader tragus, in the form and arrange-
ment of the fore teeth. In S. kuAlii the upper incisors are rather
long and slender; the inner ones are deeply forked at their apices,
and longer than the outer ones, which are slender and pointed, some-
what like small canines; and there is a visible interval between the
points of the inner and outer ones. In S. darwini, on the contrary,
they are short and obtuse, of nearly equal length, the imner ones
faintly cleft at their points, and the outer ones so closely packed to
them as to leave no space even between their pots. Again in 8S.
kuhlii there is a space between the canine and the ‘‘ carnassier”’ or
sectorial tooth, in which is placed a small and conical premolar,
within the line of the teeth, but distinctly visible from the outside ;
whereas in S. darwint the canine and the “ carnassier”’ are conti-
guous, and there is a very small anomalous premolar placed in the
inner angle formed at their bases, visible only from inside.

These differences in the dentition are alone sufficient to distinguish
the species from S. kuAlit. From S. marginatus, S. ursula, and
S. nathusii it may be also recognized by the form of the upper in-
cisors; and these are the only European species with which it could
be confounded.

Length of the head and body ..........
OL Ne Call anges Cn a ache ae
of the head Nee Ae
ofstheveanseh oS ae Boas ae
Ol Chestrastsh we tee Sab 0.0
Breadthyot: thes trams 0s. e cc. es
enethvolithe forearms «sce see sie
Ofsthe longest timgerns. ee ee
ofthe tour thyfmcer aes
——ofthethumb ...... a ais SU
Of the wtibiay. wee. ee en gens
of the foot and claws .. ik
Olsthe osccalciss 5. ee eae
Expanse of wings ......

by|R

tole

ooocorneK OCC OY Ns
OUIWOANMWAAGTE HLS OS

Hab. Palma, Canary Isles.

Obs. The Madeiran species being European ones, and one of them
African also (i. e. S. marginatus), renders it not unlikely that the
species inhabiting the Canaries may also occur in Africa, and perhaps
in Europe. With a view to the chance of this, I have compared
this species with what now remains of the types of Vespertilio ari-
stippe, V. leucippe, A. aleythoe, V. vispistrellus, and V. savii, but
find nothing which leads me to regard it as referable to any of
them ; and I have therefore given such a detailed description as will

be amply sufficient to distinguish it from all recorded European
species.

3. VESPERTILIO CALIGINOSUS, 0. S.

This is one of the smallest species of the genus, being rather less
than the V. mystacinus of Europe, which in general appearance it
very much resembles. Vespertilio parvulus, Temm., is the only
species of this restricted group which IJ have yet seen, that is smaller
than the present one.

There are a few Asiatic species of Bats which possess the characters
of the group of which V. mystacinus is typical, but which have the
tragus much shorter and less acute, and not so much bent outwards.
Vesp. trilatitius, Temm. (not Horsfield), and V. tenuis of the same
zoologist, may be mentioned as examples; and the species I am about
to describe will constitute a third.

The top of the head is rather elevated, about as much so as in /.
mystacinus ; and the muzzle is pointed as in that species, but is con-
siderably shorter. The ears are rather small, and have narrow but
rounded tips, are notched at their outer margin near the base, below
which is a distinct rounded lobe, which is almost hidden in the long
fur of the neck. The tragus is rather short, not quite half the
length of the ear; its inner margin is straight ; its outer one curves
evenly from the base to the tip, in such a manner that it is of pretty
uniform breadth for about half its length, from which it narrows to
a subacute tip. The tragus of V. mystacinus is precisely of this
form for two-thirds of its length,—the outer margin being convex,
the acute tip being produced, or as it were added, and taking an
outward curvature in the dried specimens, but straight when fresh
or preserved in spirit. Near the base is a well-defined notch divi-
ding off an angular lobular portion, quite at the base. No such
notch appears in the tragus of either V. mystacinus or V. tenuis.

The wings are proportioned much as in /’. fenuis, excepting that
the thumb is much smaller, whilst the bones of the wings, although
this species is considerably less, are quite as stout as in that species.
The feet are small, with toes which are rather more than half their
entire length. Wing-membranes extending exactly to the base of
the outer toe, which is much shorter than the others.

All the membranes are more strongly marked with lines than
those of V. tenuis, and especially the interfemoral, on which may be
counted as many as fifteen or sixteen transverse dotted lines, each dot
bearing on the under side of the membrane one or more fine, short,
bristle-like hairs. In V. tenuis about a dozen such lines may be
observed.

Nearly the whole of the face is covered with thick soft hair, want-
ing only on the end of the snout, the front of the under lip, and im-
mediately around the eye. On the glands of the upper lip it takes
the form of two distinct tufts, projecting laterally, having the ap-
pearance of whiskers. In front of each eye is a single long hair,
and a few other similar but shorter ones project from the upper
lip and the chin. The fur of both surfaces of the body extends on
to the interfemoral membrane very slightly; but the wing-mem-
branes are free from hair.

On all parts of the body the fur is long and soft, and rather silky ;
and it is bicoloured above and heneath, That of all the upper parts
is black at the base, more or less tipped with shining yellowish-
chestnut, on the head and neck scarcely perceptible, but becoming
more marked towards the middle of the back and on the rump,
where it is much the brightest. Some of the darker examples of
V.. mystacinus bear some resemblance to the present species in this
respect, but are less bright. Beneath, the fur is dead black, with
the tips of the hairs greyish-brown, a little paler on the pubes.

Membranes and naked parts dark brown. The complete ossifica-
tion of the finger-joints indicates that the specimen is adult; but the
sex has not been ascertained.

Length of the head and body........ 1 6
= Olathe tall sabOUt iene aia eel
Gite Nead see aeir) ee 0 6
——— of the ears .......... 00.04. 0 4

OHPNGGENATS Sosa b ee ade oo O yee

Of thetore-arity eae. cae 1 22
——— of the longest finger ........ 14 NO
——— of the fourth finger.......... eb
——— ofthe thumb.............. 0 2
— Othe tibiae nec eo 0 6

—__— of the foot and claws........ 0 22
OS EINGE OWES g pad oo do66 done oe 3/0

Hab. I received this with a number of other Indian species from
Mr. Warwick, with the statement that they all formed a part of a
collection made by Capt. Boys. Amongst them were several speci-
mens of Scot. coromandelicus; and the present species was confounded
with them, until they were mounted for the cabinet, when the dif-
ferences became sufficiently obvious.

4, VESPERTILIO SERICEUS, Ni. S.

A species remarkable for the great beauty of its fur, which is
thick, very soft, and with all the gloss of unspun silk. ‘In size and
proportions somewhat similar to V. nattereri, and the crown of the
head elevated about as in that species; but the muzzle, although
pointed, relatively a little shorter. Unfortunately the ears and tragi
have been so much injured as to render it impossible to give an
exact description of them ; but it is evident that the ears were rather
narrow, and more or less emarginate at their outer margin ; and that
the tragus was long and narrow, may be seen from what remains of.
one of them, the end only being lost.

The organs of flight are of medium size and proportions; the
thumb is rather long, and has the basal phalange short, and the
claw long and slender, with but a slight degree of curvature. The
wing-membranes spring from the base of the toes. The feet are
rather large,—the toes taking up a little more than half their entire
length, and armed with claws, which, like those of the thumbs, are

rather long, slender, and but little curved. These parts have much
the size and proportions of those of V. nattereri.

Nearly the whole of the face is hairy ; but there is a naked space
around each eye. A thick moustache borders the upper lips, which,
extending from the angles of the mouth upwards and forwards,
joins the fur of the forehead, which extends nearly to the end of the
nose. The chin is destitute of hairs. The fur of the back encroaches
to a trifling degree on the interfemoral membrane ; and the same may
be said of that of the belly ; everywhere else the membranes are
naked.

On all parts of the body the fur is bicoloured: above dark brown
at the root, with the terminal third light reddish-brown ; beneath
similar, but the brown at the root darker and more extended, the
tips of the hairs for one-fourth only of their length being greyish-
brown, on the abdomen whitish-brown.

Everywhere the fur maintains its peculiar silky lustre, as much so
on the under as on the upper parts of the body. This quality of
fur will at once distinguish this species from every other which I
have ever seen.

The dentition, as far as it can be studied in a stuffed specimen, is
as follows :—Upper incisors in pairs, placed close together, with a
considerable interval in the centre between the pairs, and also an in-
terval on each side, between them and the canines. They are rather
short and obtusely conical, the inner ones indistinctly bifid at the
apex. The canines are rather small and short, and are followed by
two small premolars on each side, of a bluntly conical form, the first
being the larger of the two. To these succeed the two large pre-
molars, or carnassiers, in this species with the point only a little
raised above the crowns of the true molars. In the lower jaw the
incisors, six in number, are somewhat irregularly ranged and tri-
lobed, the canines short, and the two following premolars on each
side of equal size, small and conical. The next premolar is of
greater size and more acutely conical. The chief peculiarity in the
dentition of this species is the shortness of the teeth, whilst they
maintain throughout a medium degree of stoutness.

“ “

Length of the head and body, about .... 2 0
Ofsthentarle cir enero Nenana ee Io
Ofuthev head ee seis te cer ee ors 0 9
——— of the forearm ................ ed
of thevlongestsfinger. cn oo. 2 2 4
——-— of the fourth finger ....... Make fairl Oe
— of the thumb and claw.......... 0 33
— Ofte stibiay ee eas i eecenes We soe 0 8
— of the foot and claws .......... 0 42
EX Panse OlgWANS Sie) ange suse, weer ee 10 0

Hab. Not known.

5. PHYLLORHINA AURITA, 0. 8.

In size this species about equals Rhinolophus hippocrepis of
Europe.

It may be readily distinguished from all others of the genus by
the great size of its ears, and seems to hold the same position amongst
the species of Phyllorhina that Rhinolophus cornutus does in the
genus Rhinolophus.

So far as may be learned from the inspection of a specimen in
skin, the facial crests greatly resemble those of Ph. bicolor, and the
general form of the whole head, face, and ears is pretty much as in
that species, excepting that the muzzle is relatively a little more
compressed, and the ears much larger. These latter organs are one-
fourth longer than the head, and of a broadly ovoid form, are some-
what diaphanous, and thickly marked with glandular dots. They
have about sixteen transverse sulci, which do not quite extend to
the outer margin of the ear, but are bounded by a well-defined line
which runs parallel with the margin, and divides off a narrow por-
tion, having the appearance of a distinct border. The inner or
front margin of the ear has three such parallel lines, all running
from that part of the ear which is near to the face, to near the tip.
This peculiarity of having the ears margined as described, and the
central part sulcated, is not confined to this species ; but it is much
more strongly marked in this than in any other which I have seen.
Ph. cervina and Ph. caffra exhibit the same arrangement of lines
in the ear, but in a much less degree.

The wings are broad for their length,—the fourth finger, which
determines their breadth, being longer than the third*. They are
distinctly reticulated, especially near the side of the body. No
great peculiarities are exhibited by the posterior extremities.

The fur is strictly confined to the body, with the exception of
some on the hinder surface of the ears, at their base, and a narrow
fringe on one of the lines bordering their front margin inside the
ear.

On all the upper parts the fur is bicoloured, nearly white at the
base for three-fourths of its length, then of a medium brown colour,
with the extreme tips a little paler, giving a slightly hoary appearance.
Beneath, it is somewhat similar, but rather paler, especially on the
humeral region and down the sides of the body ; but the colours are
less clearly made out. On the throat and along the middle of the
belly to the pubes it is much lighter in colour, and almost uni-
coloured. ‘The membranes are of a medium brown colour.

The teeth have not been examined with care, but appear to be

* In Rhinolophus hippocrepis these two fingers are of equal length; and the
same is the case in Ph. caffra, Ph. speoris, Ph. labuanensis, and Ph. cervina:
in Ph. nobilis and Ph. insignis the third is a little longer than the fourth, whilst
in Ph. bicolor and the present species, the fourth is the longer of the two. Of
course this difference in the relative lengths of the fingers determines the compa-
rative breadth of the wings.

Meh

rather long, especially the canines. They are longer than those of
Ph. cervina, which is a slightly larger species.

Length of the head and we Reo ae
— of the tail ...... Bias are Cane
—— of the head..................
of the ears .....
Breadth of the ears, nearly . . os
ene thyolithestore-armiye sett se
7 Oltheslonzest tim sen) sn) cerde «si.
of the third finger ... ana
—__--— of the fourth finger... 17.5...
——of the) thumb eee wats ieses Wise sk
of the tibia . Feige a es
= — onthe 100b andl claws A CPM sas
[ of the os calcis avi sea
expanse Of wines. iscis ce Glens AP ue ese

-Hab. Unknown.

ote

bole

—
OBRWORHEOWMDO MOOS

bole bol

woocncoceekeNKH COCO Ke

6. EMBALLONURA FULIGINOSA, 0. 8S.

In general form this species somewhat resembles H. monticola,
but differs in several important particulars. It is larger; and it has
the fur of a uniform sooty brown, whilst in that species it is marked
bicoloured, being nearly white at the root.

In its general outline the head is very similar to that of the other
species of the genus; but the snout, although small and elongated,
is not so poited as in the American species, but is nevertheless
more so than in the African #. afra, judging from the figure given
by Dr. Peters. The nostrils are small and rather near together ;
the ears triangularly oval, longer than broad, with the outer margin
entire and produced at the base along the face in a line midway be-
tween the cleft of the mouth and the eye, and ending immediately
between the latter and the angle of the mouth, which are both in a
vertical line: all three are therefore in a vertical line. The tragus
has its two sides nearly parallel, but it is a little widest at the end ;
it curves slightly inwards, and has the end rounded as in the genus
Miniopteris, but is relatively broader. Thumb rather long, with
the two visible phalanges equal in length (the small terminal one,
bearing the claw, being excepted), the basal one wholly enclosed in
the interbrachial membrane. Wing-membranes extending to the
distal extremity of the tibiee ; hinder limbs rather long and “slender ;
toes half the length of the eave foot. Os calcis long ; ; ceatierdPareay al
membrane very ample, with three diverging lines from the tip of the
tail to its hinder margin; one on each side of these, from the root
of the femur to the point of the os calcis ; and two others, one from
the distal extremity of each femur to near the middle of the os calcis.
Transversely, this membrane has about twenty closely dotted lines.

The fur on the crown is long and thick, and approaches rather
nearly the end of the nose ; the sides of the face, from the auditory

openings through the eyes to the upper lip, naked, or nearly so;
but the upper lip is frmged with scattered short bristly hairs. The
extreme margin of the lips, both above and below, are naked and
smooth.

That part of the wing-membranes which is contiguous to the
under surface of the body is a little hairy ; and the fur of the ramp
extends, to avery trifling degree, on to the interfemoral ; but all other
parts of the membranes are perfectly naked.

On all parts of the body the fur is rather soft, thick, and long,
and perfectly devoid of lustre. It is also perfectly unicoloured
everywhere, being above of a deep sooty brown with a slight tinge
of rusty, and similar, though a little paler, beneath.

Upper incisors, 4, in pairs as in Vespertilio ; they are very small,
narrow near the alveolus, and blunt at the tips. Upper canes
furnished with a kind of lobe or talon behind, at the base; the
lower ones with a similar one in front. Lower incisors very small,
symmetrically ranged, and with their cutting edges lobated.

“l

~
>
=

Length of the head and body, about ...... 2 0
ofstheitailic ace ae elise a 0 7Zor8s?
ofsthe head) sss .4) Ac aeaeamaes 0 9
Ofstheveanss 2 ap cis cece reac: 0 5}
Ot UNGREIS Socguegcocunvcsoas 0 2
Ol ther fore-aninee seis eee ie @
Ofte loneestehMNken ac oan 29
Ota the; toumll AMGEN sas ce occa EAD
Ok thie: Gummy eee ee 0 4
Olvthestibia er esie ace tote = 0 8}
of the foot and claws ...... 0. 32
SS OUING OF QUIWS. Sok conca dco nsco OBR
—___—— from the end of the nose to the
hinder margin of the interfemoral mem-
DRAG eee aR Me eee nanan e tc B. )
ExpanseOfwines.2)\:. 25 Saeco)

Hab. “Island of Ovalee (Figi Islands), August 1856, H.M.S.
‘Herald,’ F. M. Rayner.” Such was the label attached to the spe-
cimen when it recently reached Dr. Gray, through whose kindness I
am enabled to give the above description.

Obs. Several species of Cheiroptera have fur of much the same
quality and appearance as this species. Nyctophilus unicolor, from
Van Diemen’s Land, Molossus norfolcensis, Norfolk Island, and
M. acetabulosus, Mauritius and Natal, are amongst these; and the
American species M. nasutus also has fur which approaches closely
in texture that of all these species.

The present species, although it differs materially from E. mon-
ticola, yet bears greater resemblance to it in the form of the head,
ears, &c. than to any other species. To the African species, L. afra,
Peters, it has some similarity in the form of the snout ; and all these
three are species which appertain to the genus Mmballonura as

restricted by M. Paul Gervais, who separates, under the name of
Proboscidea, those species which have a longer and more pointed
snout, such as LZ. sawatilis and EL. villosa.

6. On THE GENUS ExAps or WactER. By Dr. A. GUNTHER.
(Reptilia, Pl. XVI.-XVIII.)

One of the most happy generic combinations in Wagler’s ‘ System
der Amphibien’ is the genus Hlaps. He takes as the character of
Hlaps the grooved fangs in front, which are not followed by smaller
and smooth teeth (pp. 193, 283), and thus he not only excludes
those non-venomous snakes included by Schneider (Hist. Amphib.
ll. p. 289), the first founder of the genus, but by this admirably-
chosen character he removes also those species of the subsequently
discovered genera of Diemansia and Hoplocephalus which Schlegel
afterwards united with Hlaps. The diagnosis given by Wagler, p. 193,
and more fully detailed at pp. 282,283, is most accurate and definite :—
“ Body elongate, equally cylindrical ; head not distinct from body ;
tail short, conical ; eyes small ; scales smooth, equal, those of the ver-
tebral le not larger ; subcaudals two-rowed. Mandibulary and facial
bones only slightly expansible ; grooved fangs in front, without smaller
teeth behind.” Thus we see the genus Elaps, as given by Duméril and
Bibron in their ‘ Erpétologie Générale,’ already fully circumscribed
by Wagler ; and I am surprised that Duméril, when giving a histo-
rical sketch of the genus, does not mention that his predecessor was
the actual definer of the genus Hlaps. Besides, Wagler had already
shown that the species coming from the same part of the globe
exhibit common characters; and in enumerating the species he divides
them into the following sections :—

a. Corpore vittato (ex Asia) ;

{. Corpore annulato :—

* Ex Africa ; ** Ex America:

an arrangement which we see adopted in the “Tableau Synop-
tique des Espéces,”’ ‘ Erpét. Génér.’ vil. p. 1207, but without refer-
ence to the geographical distribution. Australian Hlapes were un-
known to Wagler, it being impossible, without specimens, to trace
the genus in the figure given by White, ‘Journ. N.S. Wales,’ App.
p- 259. Snake No. 2.

I need not enter on a detailed description of the mode of life of
these Snakes, as it has been already given by distinguished travellers,
who all agree in the fact that they belong to the slowest of the
tribe, with the most uniform and sedentary life, always living on dry
ground in shady places. No other Snakes exhibit such a similarity
to Elaps in its mode of life, and such a powerless muscular organi-
zation, as the Calamaritide; and this is why we so often find the former
destroying the latter: the venomous snake is able to overpower the
non-venomous, even if larger. Specimens dissected by me exhibited
ouly a small number of eggs. Notwithstanding this sedentary life,
and this diminished faculty of propagation, we find the genus Hlaps

spread over all the tropical regions ; but each species of one region
exhibits a certaim number of characters common to species of the
same region, and different from those of any second, so that we can
at once refer thém to their native country. From this circumstance
the naturalist, in my opinion, is justified in attributing a generic value
to such characters, although they may be subject to variation in
another genus, or even in one and the same species. A variation in
the number of the rows of scales in the genera Zamenis, Tropidono-
tus, &c., is of trifling value only, whilst in other genera the relative
number of scales is a constant character (e.g. Calamaria, Oxyrhopus).
The number of the ocular shields in species of Zamenis, Pituophis,
Tropidonotus, varies much; but in the species of Simotes, Liophis,
Dromicus, &c. the number of these same shields is part of the generic
character. Thus we see that in one group of animals a part of the
organization is constant, and forms a positive character, whilst in
another group the same part is liable to very considerable modifica-
tion: and this peculiarity (liability to modification) itself constitutes
a character of the group. In every instance where naturalists neglect
to make this distinction, and try either to allow modification of a
naturally fixed character, or to fix modifications of a naturally variable
character as positive ones, artificial groups of animals are established.
For instance, the East Indian Szmotes is a most natural genus, distin-
guished by the form of the rostral shield, by the peculiar system of
coloration, and by a single anterior ocular—three naturally fixed
characters. Now, if we attempt to force the African Snake (fHefe-
rodon diadema) into this genus, we must actually modify two of those
characters, and the result of this combination is the establishment of
an artificial group*. The same is the case if we try to combine this
type of a separate genus with Heterodon+. On the other hand, two
East Indian genera, Oligodon and Simotes, form together a most
natural group, having the same arrangement and shape of the shields
of the head, the same form of the body, and even the same system
of coloration—three naturally fixed characters ; but the dentition in
these two genera of snakes is liable to variation. Now, if we con-
sider the latter character a fixed one, so as to become that of fami-
lies, the result is the artificial distant separation of those closely-
allied genera from one another.

I have made these remarks to show, that to obtain a natural
system of genera, we cannot rigidly adhere to certain preconceived
constant characters, but we must apply them as they are made
obvious by nature itself. Let us apply these views to the illustration
of the genus Hlaps of Wagler. Here we sce that all the East Indian
species are distinguished from those of the other parts of the world
by a more slender, vermiform body, and by two longitudinal series
of scales fewer in number than in the others. As Wagler rightly ob-
served, the ornamental colourst on the upper parts of the body have
a tendency to form longitudinal bands (corpore vittato) ; on the

* Catal. Colubrine Snakes, p. 26. + Dum. et Bibr. vii. p. 26.
¢ In contradistinction to the grownd-colour.

beily they are arranged in cross-bars, sometimes reaching on to the
sides, and interfering with the bands on the back. But this latter
character of the coloration not being constant, as WL. calligaster
shows a tendency -to vary in coloration, I consider the difference in
the number of the scales as more important; and the presence of
thirteen rows of scales is, I believe, sufficient to determine any species
as being East Indian.

All the species of Elaps from other tropical parts have fifteen
rows; and the American and Australian species agree in another
point, that the ornamental colours of the upper and lower parts are not
separated into two systems of different direction, but are united,
forming rings round the whole body with regular interspaces. But
the nasal shield in the American species is constantly separated into
two with the nostril between them, the same shield being single in the
Australian species, and pierced by that opening. Lastly, the African
species deviates in more than one respect. With the same number
of scales, and with the same single nasal as in the Australian, it
exhibits only one posterior ocular shield, the head being generally
more depressed. ‘The ornamental colours, being in all other species
of Elaps arranged with a certain regularity, are here so irregularly
and so variably disposed, that distinct cross-bands seldom appear on
the belly and sides; the pure ground-colour often predominates
along the medial line of the back.

Thus I divide the genus Hlaps of Wagler into the following genera,
which correspond with the natural divisions of the earth’s surface.

A. With thirteen rows of scales.

1. Callophis. East Indies.

B. With fifteen rows of scales and—

a, with a double nasal shield :
2. Elaps. Tropical America.
6, with a single nasal shield and—
a, with two posterior oculars :
3. Vermicella. Australia.
(, with one posterior ocular :
4. Pecilophis. Africa.

A. CALLoPuis.

Elapide with very slender and cylindrical body, with short tail, and
with depressed head, not distinct from neck. No other tooth behind
the fang. Thirteen rows of scales. Anal entire. Two nasals, nostrils
placed between them; six (exceptionally seven) upper labials; one
anterior, two posterior oculars. Colours of the upper parts arranged
in longitudinal streaks.— East Indian region.

The following species are known :—

1. CALLOPHIS BIVIRGATUS (Schleg.).

laps bivirgatus, Schleg. Ess. p. 451, pl. 16. f.10, 11; and Abb.
taf. 47.

Elaps flaviceps, Cant. (Spicil.) Catal. p. 109.
Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Malayan peninsula, Pinang.
No. 389.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In this species the external band only is subject to variation, some-
times occupying two series of scales, sometimes being very narrow,
and nearly obsolete.

2. CALLOPHIS INTESTINALIS (Laur.).

Aspis intestinalis, Laur. Syn. Amph. p. 106.

Elaps furcatus, Schleg. Ess. p. 450, pl. 16. f. 12, 13; and Abb.
taf. 46. f. 1-8.

This species is subject to great variation.

a. Javanese variety (Pl. XVI. fig. B), figured by Schlegel, brown,
with three yellowish lines,—one occupying the vertebral series of
seales, and forked on the head, and each of the two others run-
ning along the meeting line of the two outer rows. There is some-
times, moreover, another reddish-brown line between the third and
fourth outer rows. The ground-colour of the belly is stated to be
pale green during life. The lower side of the tail is generally uni-
form, without black cross-bands. The tail appears to be shorter,
with a thicker conical tip.

Java.

There is in the British Museum a specimen, said to have been
procured at Hong Kong. It is nearest to this variety, but has two
black cross-bands on the tail.

6. The Malayan variety (Pl. XVI. fig. C) is well described by
Cantor, Catal. p. 107; but this naturalist confounds the ground-co-
lour with ornamental colour. In the ‘ Indian Zoology’ of Gray and
Hardwicke this variety is figured with the name of Maticora lineata.
The vertebral line is rather broader, not continued on the head, and
on the tail interrupted by two black rings, which entirely encircle
that part; the two outer lines, as in the preceding variety. The
reddish-brown line, which occurs in some Javanese individuals only,
is here constantly to be found, and is very broad, occupying the
whole of the fourth and fifth outer series. Cantor has mistaken it
for the ground-colour: but this appears in narrow brownish-black
lines only, viz. on the outer half of the first series of scales, on the
second and third, and on the sixth. The ground-colour of the belly
is stated to be pale citron. The tail is surrounded by two black
rings, which, however, are interrupted by the lateral reddish-brown
band ; it is short, slender at the tip, and gradually tapering.

Malayan peninsula.

A specimen, caught in Labuan, and described in ‘ Contributions to
the Nat. Hist. of Labuan, by Motley and Dillwyn,’ Lond. 1855, 8vo,
p. 45, appears to agree best with the above variety *.

ce. The variety of the Philippine Islands (Pl. XVI. figs. A & a)
(mentioned by myself, Catal. Col. Snakes, p. 230) perfectly agrees in
the form of the tail with that of the Malayan peninsula ; but the colo-

* In the work mentioned above, some species of Snakes are excellently repre-
sented, but not properly determined :—Plate (p. 46) with the name of Dendro-
phis picta represents D. caudolineata; Plate (p.48) with the name of Dipsas
Susca represents D. trigonata; Plate (p.49) with the name of Calamaria bra-
chyorrhos represents Simotes purpurascens.

ration is so modified, as, I think, to have caused Duméril to establish a
new species, Hlaps trilineatus (Erp. génér. vii. p. 1227). The black
abdominal bands of the other varieties here become rings, encircling
all the body, but interrupted by the two reddish-brown bands. The
yellowish vertebral line occupies one series of scales and two half
series, being broken up by those black rings ; this line is interrupted
on the head by the brown colour of the occiput and crown; but both
the ends of the fork into which that line terminates in the first va-
riety are visible, forming on each side a yellowish streak from above
the eye to the side of the muzzle. The two lateral brownish-red
streaks of the former variety are likewise present, and continue un-
interrupted from the occiput to the tip of the tail. The narrow yel-
lowish outer lines of the former varieties are scarcely visible. ‘The
tail is surrounded by two rings, and a third, incomplete, middle one.
Dumeéril mentions the specimen of the Paris Museum as coming
from the west coast of Sumatra; that of the British Museum was
brought by Mr. Cuming from the Philippine Islands.

3. CALLOPHIS GRACILIS, Gray.

Calliophis gracilis, Gray, Ind. Zool. f. 1-3.
Elaps nigromaculatus, Cant. Catal. p. 108.
Penang. ; Singapore.

4. CALLOPHIS UNIviRGATUS, Gthr. (Pl. XVII. figs. A & a.)

Hlaps univirgatus, Gthr. Catal. p. 232.

This new species from Nepal, the most northern known at pre-
sent, may be readily distinguished by the black head, with yellowish
cross-band behind the eyes, and by the black dorsal streak. The
descriptions of the two varieties given in my Catalogue I complete
now with the figures. Coming from the same part of the East
Indies, they are not climatic varieties; I rather think the difference
in the colour depends upon the sexes, although I have not been
able to make this out by dissection, on account of the condition of
the internal parts.

5. CALLOPHIS TRIMACULATUS (Daud.). (PI. XVI. fig. E.)

Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. 8.
Vipera trimaculata, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 25.
Hlaps trimaculatus, Merr. Tent. p. 143; Schleg. Hssai, p. 449.
Coluber melanurus, Shaw, Zool. ii. p. 552.
Tenasserim.

We are informed by Russell, who discovered this species, which he
founded on a single specimen (and a second has not occurred), that
he deposited it in the British Museum. TI have been fortunate
enough to find this original specimen, which, although the notice of
its origin has been lost, so completely agrees in all the details with
Russell’s description and figure, that any doubt of its individuality
appears to be removed. It proves to be different from the Snake
described by Cantor as Klaps melanurus (Shaw), and named by myself
Elaps maculiceps. Schlegel, to whom the species was known b
Russell’s work only, attributes to it a black vertebral line ; but Russell

only mentions some dots on the vertebral line, and several narrow
fillets on the sides. These markings, however, have now disappeared,
whilst the black coloration of the head and the spots on the tail
are still visible.

The diagnosis of this species will be—Belly uniform, without any
spots ; body above olive, uniform or with narrow lateral fillets ; head
above, occiput, and neck black, with some yellowish spots symme-
trically arranged ; tail beneath chequered with black ; vertical shield
six-sided, rather broad and short; six upper labial shields.

6. CaLttopnis macuticeps, Gthr. (PI. XVI. fig. D.)

Elaps melanurus, Cantor, Catal. p. 106, pl. 40. f. 6 (not Shaw).
Elaps maculiceps, Gthr. Catal. p. 232.
Penang.

This is the only East Indian species of H/aps with seven upper
labial shields; but this anomaly is of no great importance, as it is
effected by the posterior upper labial, which is generally elongated
in these Snakes, being here divided into two. Cantor’s description
of the colours is correct in every respect; but the vertical shield of
our specimen is elongate, and far from being equilateral.

The diagnosis of this species will be—Belly uniform, without any
spots ; body above light bay, on each side with a series of distant
black dots; head with symmetrical black markings ; a black collar ;
tail beneath chequered with black ; vertical shield six-sided, elon-
gate, much longer than broad ; seven upper labial shields.

7. CALLOPHIS CALLIGASTER, Wiegm.

laps calligaster, Wiegm. Nov. Act. 1835, p. 253, tab. 25. f. 2.
Elaps collaris, Schleg. Ess. p. 448, and Abbild. taf. 46. f. 10, 11.
Philippine Islands.

B. Ears.

Elapide with slender and cylindrical body, with short tail and with
depressed head, not distinct from neck. No other tooth behind the
fang ; fifteen rows of scales, anal entire (exceptionally bifid) ; two
nasals, nostril placed between them ; six or seven upper labials ; one
anterior, two posterior oculars (in one species one). Colours of the
upper and lower parts arranged in cross-bands.

Tropical America.

The following species are known :—

1. Exars coratuinus, L,
Coluber corallinus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. p. 33.
laps corallinus, Wied, Nov. Act. 1820, pl.4 ; Schleg. Ess. p.440.
pl. 16, f. 1-5.

Brazil,Surinam, New Granada, Guayaquil, Trinidad (West Indies ?).
I consider as varieties of this species—

a. Hlaps ecircinalis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1210.

b. Vipera psyche, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 320.

Laps psyche, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1212.

2. ELAPS ALTERNANS, Dum. & Bibr.
laps alternans, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1211.

3. ELAaps mipartitus, Dum. & Bibr.

Elaps mipartitus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1220.—New Granada.

Elaps decussatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1221, appears to belong to
the same species.

4, ELAPs SURINAMENSIS, Cuv.
Elaps surinamensis, Cuv. Régne Anim. ; Schleg. Ess. p. 445, and

Abbild. taf. 46. f. 9.
Surinam.

5. Exaprs temniscatus (L.).

Coluber lemniscatus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. p. 34; Schleg. Ess.
p. 444, pl. 14. f. 6, 7.

Brazil, Surinam, Caraccas, Columbia, Trinidad.

Varieties of this species are—

a. Elaps marcgravii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1209.

b. Hlaps frontalis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1223, figured by Guichenot in
Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares de ?Amér. du Sud, p. 71, pl. 14.
This is the Snake first described by Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras. vi.
p. 240.

6. Exars rutvus (L.).

Coluber fulvus, L. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 381.

Elaps fulvus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpetol. iii. p. 49, pl. 10; Dum.

Bibr. p. 1215.
Southern States of North America, through Central America, to

Venezuela.
Variety of this species is
Elaps tristis, Baird and Girard, Catal. p. 23.

7. ELAPS EPISTEMA, Dum. & Bibr.

Elaps epistema, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1222.
Mexico.

8. ELAPS BIPUNCTIGER, Dum. & Bibr.
Llaps bipunctiger, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1227.

9. Exaps pEcoRATUS, n.sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. A.)

Body encircled by black rings, always three together, the middle
one broadest. Muzzle and across-band between the eyes black. Ver-
tical shield broad, five-sided, with a front side broader than the
lateral ones, and behind with an obtuse or a right angle.

This species is allied to Elaps lemniscatus: it differs somewhat in
the arrangement of the black rings; but the reason why this species
must be separated, is the form of the vertical shield, which in
E. lemniscatus is much narrower, the front side being shorter than

the lateral ones, and the shield terminating in an acute angle. In
general habit the species is scarcely more slender than FE. lemniscatus.
I count in one of the specimens 196, and in the other 202 ventral
plates; in both 19 subcaudals. The shields of the head and the
scales do not offer any other peculiarity, except that the sixth upper
labial is in direct contact with the occipital, whilst in H. lemniscatus
an elongate temporal shield separates that labial from the occipital.
There are two nasals; one anterior, two posterior oculars ; and seven
upper labials ; fifteen rows of scales; the anal plate in the older
specimen entire, and in the younger one bifid. The muzzle in front,
the vertical, superciliaries, and the third, fourth, and fifth upper
labials are black; the remainder of the head is red. The neck is
surrounded by a broad black collar, in front yellow-edged, and be-
hind separated from a much narrower black ring by a yellow edge
also. Then follow, in regular interspaces, fifteen zones (in the younger
individual), or sixteen (in the older one). Each zone is composed
of three black rings, with two yellow ones between. One of the
zones surrounds the tail. The middle black ring is always broadest ;
but in the adult dividual it occupies three rows of scales only, in
the young one four; the outer black rings are as broad as the yellow
ones, and occupy each two, sometimes only one row of scales. The
red interspaces are nearly of the same extent as the zones; and each
scale exhibits a black tip. The extremity of the tail is very blunt,
rounded, and black. The total length of the large specimen is 19",
the head taking 43!’, the tail 14!’.

The above description is founded upon two specimens, one of
which has been for a long while in the collection of the British Mu-
seum ; but being only a young individual, and not in a good state of
preservation, it has not been introduced into the Catalogue. In the
meanwhile Professor Jan has recognized it as belonging to a species
for which he has intended the name given above; and finding the same
name mentioned in his ‘ Index of Reptiles of the Milan Museum,’ I
have accepted it. I am not aware that the species has been described.
The other specimen hag been purchased for the British Museum,
and is said to come from Brazil. The specimen in the Milan Mu-
seum is from Mexico.

10. Exars Tener, Baird & Gir.

Elaps tener, Baird and Girard, Catal. N. Amer. Rept. p. 22.
Texas.

11. Evaps rinirormis, n.sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. B.)

Laceedingly slender. Only one posterior ocular shield. Body
surrounded by black rings, always three together; muzzle, and a
cross-band between the eyes, black.

This species is as slender as any of the Kast Indian Elapide ; in
the number of the ventral plates it even surpasses them. I count
285 ventral, and 38 subcaudal plates. Compared with a specimen of
Hi. lemniscatus, which has a head of the same size, it is twice as long.
The tail is rather short, but tapering to a fine tip. From all the

other American species of Elaps it differs in having only one poste-
rior ocular, the eye being very small. The vertical shield is five-
sided, with the lateral and posterior sides equal, but with the anterior
rather longer ; the hinder angle is acute. The nasal appears to be
divided into two below the nostril only; the nostril itself is round,
open; seven upper labial shields, the sixth of which is separated
from the occipital by an intermediate temporal shield. Scales in
fifteen rows. Anal shield bifid. A strong fang in front of the upper
jaw, and no smaller tooth behind.

It is easy to be seen which parts have been red-coloured during life,
and which yellow, slight tinctures of both colours being preserved.
The front part of the muzzle and the chin are black ; a narrow yel-
low band crosses the posterior frontals ; the following black band
reaches to the front part of the occipitals ; the remainder of the head
is red. The body and tail are encircled by twenty-two zones, each
of which is composed of three black rings and two yellow ones
between. The anterior black ring of the first zone forms a collar ;
two of the zones encirele the tail, the tip of which is black. ‘The
black rings are nearly as broad on the belly as on the back; the
. middle one occupies five rows of scales, the outer ones four, the yel-
low rings mostly two. The red interspaces are as broad as the outer
black ones ; the scales in these interspaces are uniform, without any
spot. The specimen is 17" long; of which the head takes 34!", and
the tail 15'". Itis in the collection of the British Museum, and has
been procured in Para.

Doubtful American species of Hlaps are—
12. Exaps GastropEe vs, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1212.

13. Exaprs piastemaA, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1222.
Mexico.

14. Exars zonatvus, Hallow. Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1855,
ill. p. 35. :
Honduras.

15. Evaps pivaricatus, Hallow. /. c. p. 36.
Honduras.

C. VeRMICELLA, Gray.

Elapide with slender and cylindrical body, with very short tail,
and with depressed head, not distinct from neck. No other tooth
behind the fang; fifteen rows of scales; anal bifid; one nasal,
pierced by the nostril ; six upper labials ; one anterior, two posterior
oculars. Ornamental colours in cross-bands.

Australia.

Only one species is known :—
1. VERMICELLA occiPiTALis. (PI. XVII. fig. B.)

Elaps occipitalis, Dum. Bibr. vii. p. 1220.
Vermicella annulata (Gray), Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn. p. 236.

As I have already stated, this Snake was first figured by White in
the Appendix to his ‘ Journ. N.S. Wales; then we find it again
in the ‘ Erpétologie générale,’ p. 1220, as Elaps occipitalis*. The
description is short, and limited only to the coloration ; nothing is
said of the scales, shields, or plates, which are so remarkable ; the
native country is stated to be Rio de Janeiro; and one specimen is
doubtfully mentioned as having been procured in New Holland. From
this description I was led to consider F. occipitalis, D. & B., as a spe-
cies closely allied to Hlaps corallinus (Catal. p. 234), and to describe
the true L. occipitalis as a new form, for which I accepted the deno-
mination of Vermicella annulata, written by Dr. Gray on the bottle
containing the snakes.

Whether the ground-colour of this snake is red, as in the South
American species, or white, still remains a question. White, who
probably saw the animal alive, figures it as white, and does not
mention it as being red.

D. PacriLoruts.

Hlapide with slender and cylindrical body, with very short tail, and
with depressed head, not distinct from neck. No other tooth behind,
the fang; fifteen rows of scales; anal entire; one nasal, pierced by
the nostril; six upper labials ; one anterior, and one posterior ocular.
Ornamental colours distributed in irregular spots.

African region.

1. PacrtopHis ayo (Schleg.).

Coluber lacteus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. t. 18. f. 1.

Elaps hygie, Schleg. Ess. p. 446, pl. 16. f. 14,15 ; Dum. & Bibr.
p. 1213.

S. Africa.

2. PaciLopHis poRSALIs (Smith).

Elaps dorsalis, Smith, Ulustr. Zool. S. Afr. App. p. 21.
S. Africa.

Duméril, in the ‘ Erpétologie générale,’ continues to place that
unfortunate species of Merrem, Elaps lubricus, figured by Seba (ii.
34.4; 43.3; 62.4), with the South American species £. lemnis-
catus in front, and with the Australian Vermicella occipitalis be-
hind. It is placed in the genus Naja, first with the strange name of
NN. sommersetta, by Smith, and in more recent times as N. fula-fula,
by Bianconi. Merrem’s figure (Beitr. p. 9, pl. 2) is very easy to be
recognized ; but the description is incorrect in several points. Schlegel
properly separates it from Zaps, and replaces it in Naja, according
to his system. In the ‘ Illustrations of the Zoology of 8. Africa,’ by
A.Smith, it is mentioned under two names,—first as dspidelaps lubri-
cus, and then as Cyrtophis scutatus. After having been thus strongly
recommended as the type of a new genus, it is referred, after all, in

* JT am indebted, for the identification of this species with Vermicella annulata,
to Professor Jan, who has recently visited the British and Parisian collections.

the ‘ Erpétologie générale,’ to Hlaps, which is the least fit for it.
Finally, I have tried in my Catalogue to give a proper diagnosis for
the name Cyrtophis, given by Sundevall, and published by Smith ;

and if I add that the same Snake is the Coluber latonia of Daudin,
and the Natriz lubrica of Laurenti, the synonymy will be complete.

7. List oF THE COLD-BLOODED VERTEBRATA COLLECTED BY
Mr. FraseR IN THE ANDES OF WESTERN Ecuapbor. By
Dr. A. GUNTHER.

SAURIA.

1. Anolis eneus.

2. ? Anolis cristatellus, Da & Bibr.

3. Enyalius laticeps, Guichen. in Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares,
Rept. p. 20, pl. 5 a, 6

4. Lnocephalus ornatus.

5. Cercosaurus gaudichaudt.

6. Microphractus humeralis, n. g. & sp.

7. Proctoporus pachyurus, Tschudi, Faun. Per. p. 43, taf. 2. f. 2.
= Riama unicolor, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 446, pl. xv. fig. 2.

8. dmphisbena fuliginosa.

OpuHIDIA.

. Rhabdosoma elaps, un. sp., Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn. p. 241.
. Liophis teniurus.
. Erythrolamprus venustissimus, var. D, Gthr. . c. p. 48.
. Xenodon severus, var. C, Gthr. J. c. p. 54.
. Spilotes peecilostoma.
. Herpetodryas fuscus.
. Leptognathus catesbyi, var., Gthr. J. c. p. 251.
. Oxyrhopus petolarius, var. sebe.
. Leptodeira annulata, Fitz. Dipsas annulata, Schleg.
10. Cr aspedocephalus atrox, var. leucurus, Dum. & Bibr. vii.
p- 1508.

SONOS WD

BATRACHIA.

1. Cyclorhamphus marmoratus.
2. Bufo intermedius, nu. sp., Gthr. Catal. Batr. p. 140, pl.ix. f. A.
3. Bufo agua. The male exhibits all the warts covered with
spines. Some of the black markings are very conspicuous, as is
generally the case in young specimens from Brazil.
. Otilophus margaritifer.
. Hylodes conspicillatus, n.sp., Gthr. l. c. p. 92.
. Hylodes lineatus, Schneid., Gthr. J. ¢. p. 91.
Hyla fasciata, u. sp., Gthr. 1. c. p. 100, pl. 7. f. D.
- Hyla rhodopepla, un. sp., Gthr. 1. c. p. 112, pl. 7. f. E.
Nototrema marsupiatum, Dum. & Bibr., Gthr. J. c. p. 115,
pl. 10. f, B, B', BY".

ee eG

Pisces.

1. Arges brachycephalus, n. sp.

2. Pygidium (Trichomycterus, Val.) dispar, Tschudi. In the
figure, given in the ‘ Fauna Peruana,’ the ventral and dorsal fins are
too far advanced towards the head.

3. Tetragonopterus peruanus, Miller.

4. Leporinus miillert, n. sp.

Nearly all the specimens on which the above list is founded, have
been procured for the collection of the British Museum. Having
already described the new species of Snakes and Batrachians, I here
give an account of one Saurian and of the new Fishes.

MicropHRACctus, n. g. (Hopluride).

Fingers and toes slender, not dilated. Head above covered with
small irregular shields, without any distinct larger one. Body
above with very smali granular scales, those along the middle of the
back with a distinct keel; scales of the belly imbricate, smooth.
Tail rounded, of moderate length, tapering, with rings of oblong
scales, each with a strong keel in the diagonal line ; a very low crest
along the back of trunk and tail. No femoral nor przanal pores.
Tympanum distinct ; a fold on each side of the throat. No palatine
teeth.

MICROPHRACTUS HUMERALIS, Nl. Sp.

Diagnosis.—Above bluish green, marbled with dark brown ; round
the shoulder a black band, lighter-edged, interrupted on the verte-
bral line ; beneath greenish-yellow ; throat marbled with bluish.

Description.—The head is rather short and high, above spherical,
with the interspace between the eyes of moderate width and flat ; the
muzzle is rather short, blunt and rounded in front. The nostril is
directed upwards, round, situated near the outline of the upper sur-
face, rather prominent, and formed by a tubular opening of a single
small shield. The eyes are of moderate size, with round pupil, not
very prominent above the level of the crown. The ear is on the same
level with the cleft of the mouth, larger than the eye, irregularly
elliptic, and in front bordered by a fringed fold of the skin. All the
upper surface of the head is covered by many small shields, irregu-
larly arranged and smooth ; they are smallest on the posterior part of
the occiput, and on the outer and front edges of the upper eyelid.
Such shields occupy the loral region also, the cheeks being covered
with granular smooth scales, as the sides of the neck. The upper
jaw is bordered in front by a broad, low labial, with a short upper
prominence towards the forehead; the side of the upper jaw is
covered by only four narrow and elongate shields; above this series
is situated another one of still narrower and more irregular shields ;
between this series and the eye is a long sword-shaped shield, bor-
dering the orbit from beneath. The lower front labial is anteriorly
rounded, and has laterally two sides for the symphysis with two
shields or with two series of shields, which, somewhat divergent, are

separated from one another by a stripe of irregular elongate shields.
The outer of these series borders the side of the lower lip, and is
formed by five shields similar to the correspondent upper labials ;
the inner series is formed by six or seven shields, shorter, quadran-
gular, and becoming smaller behind. The triangular space between,
of the chin and of the front part of the throat, is covered by minute
granular scales.

The trunk is depressed, with rounded sides, twice and one half as
long as the head ; it is covered by minute, rhombic scales. Those of
the vertebral line are largest, not quite the size of those of the belly,
each with a medial keel, which, being prominent, form together a low
crest from the occiput to the middle of the tail; in several rows, nearest
to the vertebral Jine, and especially nearest to the tail, the scales are
apparently keeled ; on the neck, between the shoulders and on the
sides, the scales are smallest, and exhibit more the appearance of fine
granulations ; on the sides of the belly they assume again the ap-
pearance of scales, are rhombic on the belly, and arranged in transverse
rows, each with about twenty-eight scales. These rows are more
oblique on the breast, but they are all perfectly smooth. The tail is
not quite one and a half as long as head and trunk together ; it is
stout, round, and tapering ; it is surrounded by rings of oblong scales,
about the size of those of the belly; each is provided with a strong
keel, running in the diagonal line, and prominent behind. The
scales of the dorsal line are rather smaller, more of a pentangular
shape, and with a keel along the medial line.

The extremities are covered with rhombic scales, apparently im-
bricate ; the upper ones keeled, the lower ones smooth. The length
of the front extremity—from the humeral joint to the base of the
fourth toe—is as long as the head ; and the fourth toe is the longest,
and half that length. The third is scarcely shorter ; then comes the
second, the fifth, and finally the first, beg not quite one-half of the
third. They are all slightly compressed, above smooth, beneath
rough by the keels of scales, and provided with acute curved claws.
The posterior extremity (without the foot) is not quite half as long as
the trunk, and the hand one and one-third as long as the head; the
fifth toe is separated from the four imner ones, and about as long as
the third (from the point where they become free). The fourth toe
is far the longest ; then comes the third (and fifth), then the second,
and finally the first, the latter being not quite half the length of the
fifth.

The ground-colour of the upper parts is bluish-green, in one of the
specimens greenish-brown, which colour predominates on the head
and tail. All the upper parts, the head excepted, or at least the
middle of the back and tail, are marked with dark brown. On each
side of the shoulder, in front of the base of the fore extremity, is a
black eross-band, lighter edged ; it reaches from the fold on the side
of the throat, across the shoulder to near the vertebral crest. The
lower parts are greenish-yellow, the throat being marked with bluish-
green.

inch. lines
Length of the head (to the front-edge of the tympanum) 0 8%
Breadthiot, the heady ani hoe eerste tag tae ch renee
Length of the trunks(to the anus)! sapere 2 ce
Of tne. Cail Stig ee earn ata ely ona aca ve reeenoiene
Oigthe; MUMeT Sia sree eye
Ol the foresarmy .ceoise San enna ae eye
= Ole t Me ho Ut Li tI CT ol fey at a eee ek el
———— of the first finger sc. 25)5 .aanirde ca ee eee
——— of the entire fore extremity ................
= Of PNORTOMMUM R212 Gis Mase halt Sarelin eae A eyes
olathe lower lem ascii stccuscak tule ke :
Olgthe foots Ge ae, mga REET EA Goto
of the fourth toe ..
of the fifth toe .. CARE AT Bee GUE eIN CS
Ofithe first toe iim oe eugene se
of the entire hinder extremity, ...:..-...)--
Entire length

colton} 2o\bo

mle) BH

~ipoococoroooos NO
CSCOrKWONWONhNOhOOCH

ee eee 2 see e ee + te woes oe Oo ee he Coe eee oO

ARGES BRACHYCEPHALUS, n. sp. (Stlurid@).

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total length; the eyes
are situated nearly in the middle of the length of the head; the
nostrils are much nearer the extremity of the snout than to the orbit ;
ventral fins inserted just below the extremity of the pectoral, on the
same level with the dorsal. Brown, dotted with black. Length 7".

In other respects the specimens agree with the description given by
Valenciennes of Arges sabalo; but those differences in the form, as
stated above, are fully sufficient to distinguish the species. There
were four specimens, besides several young ones, in Mr. Fraser’s col-
lection, the acquisition of which appears the more desirable, as one
specimen only of the other species is known to exist in European
collections.

LEPORINUS MULLERI, n. sp. (Characini, Mill.).
B.4. D.11. A. 14. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 5/3.

The height of the body is contained 33 in the total length; the
length of the head 42; the diameter of the eye is rather longer than
one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to the length of the
snout. The pectoral fins are not quite as long as the head, and reach
to the root of the ventrals; these are inserted just below the front
end of the dorsal. Back brownish ; sides lighter; a blackish band
from a deep-black spot on the shoulder to the root of caudal-fin.

Teeth.—Those in the upper jaw are molar teeth, partly bluntly
conical, with a brown top; others have lost their point, and appear
rounded. They may be considered to be arranged in three series ; in
the front series are two teeth only, the strongest, one-on the left side,
and one on the right ; the second series is interrupted in the middle,
each half being composed of four teeth; one tooth (the second)
stands a little more out of the row, towards the front; the third
series is the most complete, is curved, extending on the maxillary,

and composed of sixteen teeth, the lateral ones being smallest. There
is one series only in the lower jaw: six are situated in front; they
are very powerful, slightly compressed; some exhibit a small point
on each side; besides these there are two or three small ones on the
side of the jaw.

Ceca pylorica 6; abdominal vertebre 18, caudal 21 ; no pseudo-
branchie. Total length 3inch. 10 lin. ; height of the body 1 inch ;
length of the head 9% lin.

February 8, 1859.
Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. List or Birps rrom THE FALKLAND IsLANpDs, wiTtH Dr-
SCRIPTIONS OF THE EGGS OF SOME OF THE SPECIES, FROM
SPECIMENS COLLECTED PRINCIPALLY BY CapTaIN C. C.
ABBOTT, OF THE FALKLAND IsLaAnps DETACHMENT. By
JoHN GOULD, Esa., F.R.S., ETC.

CaTHARTES AURA. Turkey Buzzard.

Captain Abbott mentions the Turkey Buzzard as inhabiting the
Falkland Islands ; and on reference to Mr. Darwin’s ‘ Zoology of the
Voyage of the Beagle,’ I find that the bird which he states is the Ca-
thartes aura had also been noticed there by him ; but as much inter-
est attaches to this group of birds, particularly as regards the range
of the species, it is desirable that Mr. Darwin’s opinion of its being
the true C. aura should be confirmed or refuted by the receipt of
more examples.

The egg of the Falkland Islands bird procured by Captain Abbott
is of a light stone-colour, sparingly blotched and streaked with red-
dish-brown, some of the blotches being larger and more distinct than
others. Length nearly 2 inches, by an inch and a half in breadth.

MILVAGO LEUCURUS.

Falco leucurus, Forster’s Drawings.
Falco nove-zelandie, Gmel.
Falco australis, Lath.

Burro ERYTHRONOTUS.

Halieetus erythronotus, King.
Buteo tricolor, D’Orb.

The ground-colour of the egg of this species is greyish-white, very

slightly atanted or washed in parts with light buff, largely blotched
with strongly contrasting umber-brown at the smaller end, and
dotted or freckled with the same colour at the larger end. Length
2,3; inches; breadth 12.

BuTeo varius, Gould.

This bird has been considered by some writers as identical with
the preceding species ; but in the opinion of J. H. Gurney, Esq.,
who has paid much attention to the subject, the two birds are distinct.
In a letter from Captain Abbott, that gentleman inquires what are
the names of the Hawks sent home by him, as he finds them so
different, —thus implying that there are more than one.

The following description applies to the egg of this bird, whores
it be or be not a distinct species. The general colour is a dull stony-
white, blotched all over with light alrectuatnt red, the blotches in-
creasing in size at the smaller end; the egg is also thickly sjpmulsies!
all over with dots and speckles of the same colour. Length 2,°;
inches ; breadth 12.

CIRCUS CINEREUS, Vieill.
Orus PaLustRis, Gould.

TURDUS FALKLANDICUS.

The egg, which somewhat resembles that of the English Black-
bird, is of a pale green, blotched all over, but pew arerilen fy at the
larger end, with reddish-brown. Length 12; breadth 42.

Darwin states that the bird “ chiefly inhabits the more rocky and
drier hills. It haunts also the neighbourhood of the settlement,
and very frequently may be seen within old sheds. In this respect,
and generally in its habits, it resembles the English Song Thrush
(Turdus musicus) ; its cry, however, is different. It is tame, silent,
and inquisitive.”

STURNELLA MILITARIS.

The egg is somewhat lengthened in form, of a greenish stone-
colour, suffused here and there with purplish-red, and blotched and
obliquely streaked with dark crooked marks of chestnut-red, parti-
cularly at the larger end: blotches and spots of a darker hue also
oe appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell. Length

1,3,; breadth 2.

The nest, which appears to have been placed on the ground, is of
large size, neat and cup-shaped in form, and entirely composed of
extremely fine grasses; externally it is 71 inches over, while the
internal cavity measures 31.

Mr. Darwin states that he ‘‘ met with specimens of this bird on
the east coast of the continent, from the Falkland Islands to 31° S.,
and on the western coast, from the Straits of Magellan to Lima, a
space of forty degrees of latitude.”

OPETIORHYNCHUS VULGARIS.
Upucerthia vulgaris, D’Orb. & Lafr.
Brought from the Falkland Islands by Mr. Darwin.

OPETIORHYNCHUS ANTARCTICUS.

Mr. Darwin states that the O. antarcticus has been long noticed
by voyagers to the Falkland Islands, from its extreme tameness. In
the year 1763, Pernety states, it was so tame, that it would almost
perch on his finger, and that in half an hour he killed ten with a
wand.

TROGLODYTES PLATENSIS.

MuscIsaAxXICOLA MACLOVIANA.
Darwin states that this species inhabits the east Falkland Islands.

ANTHUS CORRENDERA, Vieill.

The egg of this bird may be thus described :—General hue olive
stone-colour, very thickly blotched and sprinkled, particularly at
the larger end, with deep umber-brown. Length 13; breadth >.

The nest, which is of a cup-shaped form and very neatly made, is
entirely composed of the stalks and fibres of fine grasses, the lining,
although of the same material, being much finer than the exterior ;

its diameter externally is 5 inches, and of the opening 21.

MELANODERA TyPica, Bp.

Mr. Darwin states that this bird is extremely abundant, in large
scattered flocks, in the Falkland Islands. I believe this is the bird
which Capt. Abbott calls the Sparrow of those islands ; if so, the
following is a description of its eggs and nest :—

Ground-colour of the egg pale green, spotted and freckled all over
with deep chestnut-brown ; the spots so thickly deposited at the
larger end, as to all but exclude the ground-colour. Length 13;
breadth 2.

The nest is outwardly composed of strong grass-stalks, lined with
finer grasses and a few feathers ; it is 54 inches over, the interior
cavity being 25.

MELANODERA XANTHOGRAMMA, Bp.

‘This species,” says Mr. Darwin, “is common on the Falkland
Islands, and it often occurs mingled in the same flocks with the last
one: I suspect, however, it more commonly frequents the higher
parts of the hills.”

CHIONIS ALBA.

SQUATAROLA ? CINCTA.
As Mr. Darwin states that this bird is common in the upland

marshes of the Falklands, and as Captain Abbott has sent eggs of a
bird which he calls the Dottrel, I have little doubt that the follow-
ing description applies to the egg of this bird :—

Ground-colour pale greenish-olive, conspicuously and strongly
blotched and streaked all over with blackish brown; 14 inch long
by 1,3; broad.

LIMOSA HUDSONICA ?

Hamaropus unicoLor? Black Oyster-catcher.

A very large egg, the ground-colour of which is olive stone- colour,
blotched, spotted, and streaked with umber-brown, some of the
blotches being much larger than others, while some are of a more
olive hue, are obscure, and appear as if beneath the surface of the
shell,—the umber-brown hue prevailing at the larger end. Length
24 inches; breadth 14.

NyYCTOCORAX AMERICANA.

Egg uniform light greenish blue. Length 2 inches; breadth 14.

CuHLOEPHAGA MAGELLANICA (Gm.).

This bird lays a beautifully-formed egg, of a uniform light buffy
cream-colour, 3+ inches long by 2+ in breadth.

CHLOEPHAGA POLIOCEPHALA, Gray.

Bernicla inornata, Gray & Mitch. Gen. B. pl. 165 (nec King).

BERNICLA ANTARCTICA.

The egg of this bird is of a lengthened elegant form, and of a light
buffy cream-colour, 24 inches long by 14 broad.

QUERQUEDULA CRECCOIDES.

A lengthened oval egg, of a uniform buffy stone-colour. Length
2+ inches ; breadth 15%.

QUERQUEDULA CHRULEATA.

Anas rafiesi, King.

Fine specimens were sent by Capt. Abbott.

MARECA CHILOENSIS.

ANAS? CRISTATA.

A handsomely-shaped, somewhat pointed egg, of a uniform vina-
ceous buff-colour. Length 22 inches; breadth 2.

MICROPTERUS CINEREUS.

Anas brachyptera, Lath.

A rather long and elegantly-formed egg, of a uniform buffy stone-
colour. Length 34 inches ; breadth 21.

LARUS DOMINICANUS.
A young specimen sent by Captain Abbot.

GAVIA ROSEIVENTRIS, Gould, sp. nov.

I describe this Gull as new, with a degree of hesitation, since it is
hardly to be supposed that a bird of this magnitude, and doubtless,
like the other members of the group, of very wandering habits, should
not have been noticed and described. Still I can find no description
which answers to this somewhat anomalous bird ; neither does it ac-
cord with any of the numerous species contained in our national
Museum. I make use of the word anomalous, because, although I °
cannot separate it from the little group of Gulls, of which our well-
known species Gavia ridibunda forms a part, it differs from them in
several particulars. In the first place, the specimen, which is cer-
tainly fully adult, has a nearly white head, the hinder part only
being clouded with dusky, inducing the belief that a black hood was
its characteristic at another season; yet, strange to say, the bill,
legs, and feet are of the most intense coral-red ; moreover these
organs are very thick and fleshy, much more so than is ever seen in
G. ridibunda and its allies ; the gape, also, is wider than in the other
members of the group, while the bill and tarsi are shorter; the
hind toes of this, the only specimen I have seen, are well developed,
but are entirely destitute of nails (probably from accident or injury) ;
and, lastly, the neck and breast are suffused with a beautiful pinkish
rose-colour—a colour, which, in spite of every care, disappears after a
time, and which has sensibly diminished during the two months it
has been under my notice; the three first primaries have their ter-
minal portions entirely white, and the tail also is white, in which
respects it agrees with the Black-headed Gulls in the British Mu-
seum, said to be from the Falkland Islands and the Straits of Ma-
gellan.

The following is an accurate description of this Gull :—

Tail, head, neck, and all the under surface white, suffused on the
breast and abdomen with rich pinkish rose-colour ; back of the head
clouded with dusky ; back and wings silvery-grey ; primaries white,
the first narrowly edged on the base of the external web, and broadly
warked on the base of the internal web, with black, the remainder
broadly margined on the internal web with black nearly to the tip ;
tail white; bill, legs, and feet coral-red.

Total length 13 inches, bill 13, wing 114, tail 33, tarsi 12.

Ground-colour of the egg light olive, elegantly variegated with
irregularly-shaped markings of umber-brown, disposed in a zone .
near the larger end, and continued more sparingly over the whole
surface, some of them appearing as if beneath the surface of the
shell: these markings assume various V-shaped, arrow-headed, tail-
shaped, and other fantastic forms. A lengthened and very pretty egg.
Length 2 inches ; breadth 13.

No. 390.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

io 8)

MEGALESTRIS ANTARCTICA. (Skua Gull.)

A boldly-marked and handsome egg, of uniform greenish-buff,
blotched and speckled all over with deep umber-brown, interspersed
with large, obscure, clouded blotches appearing as if beneath the
surface of the shell. Length 3 inches; breadth 2.

PODICEPS ROLLANDI.
PODICEPS CALIPAREUS.
PELECANOIDES BERARDI.

EUDYPTES PAPUA.

Ege uniform bluish-white, largely stained im parts with buff.
Length 213 inches ; breadth 22.

APTENODYTES PENNANTI.
CYGNUS NIGRICOLLIS.

“MOLLY MAUK.”

Supposed to be either Diomedea fuliginosa or Diomedea melano-
phrys.

A very long, but rather elegant, oval-shaped egg, the ground-
colour of which is a stony-white, slightly washed with pink, and
with a zone of brownish-buff round the larger end. This buff zone
differs in form in different eggs, some having the entire end of this
hue, while in others it is merely a ring. Length 41; breadth 22,

THALASSIDROMA NEREIS.

2, ON A NEW SPECIES OF OponTOPHORUS. By JouHn GouLp,
Ksa., F.R.S., Etc.

Two specimens of a fine species of Odontophorus having been placed
in my hands by Mr. Sclater, for the purpose of comparing it with
the other known members of the group, I beg to state that, after
having done so with great care, I can come to no other conclusion
than that it differs from the whole of them. It is most nearly allied
to the O. speciosus of Tschudi, and the O. hyperythrus, Gould, but
differs from the former in the much darker colouring of its upper
surface, and in the rich rusty-red colouring of its forehead ; it is
also distinguished by having a broad band of the same colour sur-
mounting the eye and extending to the nape of the neck, where it is
met by a similar band, which commences at the base of the upper
mandible, extends under the eye, through the ear, which feature has
suggested the name of erythrops as its specific appellation. From the
O. hyperythrus it differs in having a shorter and more obtuse bill,
and in the well-defined black marking of the throat. The bird was
discovered at Pallatanga in Keuador, by Mr. Fraser.

ODONTOPHORUS ERYTHROPS.

Forehead, stripe over and another below the eye, extending beyond
the ear-coverts, deep rust-red ; crown of the head dark-brown; all
the upper surface dark chocolate-brown, blotched and freckled with
black; a small spot of buffy-white at the tip of each of the wing-
coverts ; throat and upper part of the neck jet-black : in the centre of
this black mark, near its lower margin, a few of the feathers are snowy-
white at the base, forming an indistinct lunar-shaped mark. Under
surface, rich deep chestnut; feathers of the short tail and the pri-
maries brownish black, the outer margins of the latter freckled with
buff; thighs and under tail-coverts rayed transversely with black
and lighter chestnut ; bill black; feet blackish horn-colour.

Total length 104 inches, bill 4, wing 53, tail 24, tarsi 12.

3. On THE MEMBERS OF THE GENUS RUPICOLA, AND WHETHER
THERE BE Two oR MORE Species. By JoHN Goucpn, Esa.,
F.R.S.

At present only two species of this splendid group of birds have
been characterized, namely the Rupicola crocea and R. peruviana.
It is true that several other specific names have been proposed by
various writers, such as aurantia, cayana, and elegans; but I believe
these terms all have reference to the first-mentioned species—the
Pipra rupicola of Linneeus, the Rupicola crocea of Bonnaterre—a
bird sent to Europe, and particularly to France, in the greatest abun-
dance from Cayenne. There can be no doubt that the second species,
the R. peruviana of Latham, is distinct from the R. crocea; but
there is much doubt as to whether the specimens sent from Bogota
be identical with the R. peruviana, since it is not to be found in the
intervening country of HKcuador, whence we have long received a
splendid bird, which I believe is not yet described, and to which I
propose to give the name of R. sanguinolenta. At all events I have
signally failed in my endeavours to see a male specimen of a Cock of
the Rock from Peru, by which means alone the question can be de-
termined ; on the other hand, I have a female or young male from
that country, which appears to differ from the females or young spe-
cimens from Bogota. In the present state of our knowledge of the -
subject, it will be advisable to leave the pomt undecided, and describe
the bird from Ecuador, which is at once distinguished from its con-
geners by the deep blood-red colouring of its plumage, as compared
with the bird from Bogota ; it also differs in its smaller size, and in
the relative lengths of its wings and tail. Before describing the R.
sanguinolenta, | may mention, that specimens of R. crocea from De-
merara, although very similar in colour to those sent from Cayenne,
differ considerably in the form and size of the crest,—that of the
Demerara specimens being much smaller and rounder, and having
the terminal crescent of brown much darker than in the more di-
lated crest of the Cayenne birds,

100

RupPpicoLaA SANGUINOLENTA.

Crest (which is destitute of the terminal crescentic brown mark
observable in the other species), the entire plumage of the body, the
lesser wing-coverts, the under wing-coverts, and the thighs rich
blood-red ; the greater wing-coverts, wings, tail, and the extremities
of the larger under wing-coverts velvety-black ; tertiaries very broad,
and of a fine silvery grey ; bill and feet yellow.

Total length 12 inches, bill 12, wing 7, tail 5, tarsi 14.

4, On a New Species oF DENDROCHELIDON, OR TREE Swirr.
By Joun Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., erc.

The highly interesting group of Tree Swifts forming the genus
Dendrochelidon has recently been augmented by the discovery of a
new species in Celebes by Mr. Wallace—the fifth of the form with
which we are now acquainted—the four previously known being the
splendid D. mystaceus of New Guinea and the Aru Islands, the D.
comatus of Manilla and Malasia, the old D. klecho of Java, and the
D. coronatus of India. The new species (which is the second in
size, being only exceeded in this respect by the D. mystaceus) 1s, as
already stated, from Macassar, Celebes ; it is most nearly allied to
the D. comatus and D. klecho, but differs from both those birds in
its much larger size, and in the deep-blue colouring of its shoulders
and wings. ‘This bird, which I have named wallacii in honour of
its discoverer, may be thus described :—

DENDROCHELIDON WALLACII.

Crown of the head deep green, with steel-blue reflexions ; lores
black ; over each eye an indistinct stripe of greyish-white ; sides and
back of the neck and the upper part of the back green, passing into
grey on the lower part of the back and rump, which colour again
passes into the bluish-green of the upper tail-coverts ; shoulders
blue, with reflexions of green; primaries bluish-black, with green
reflexions ; tertiaries greyish-white; tail bluish-black; throat and
under surface grey, passing into greyish-white on the vent and under
tail-coverts ; bill and feet olive.
oon aies length 10 inches; bill, from gape to tip, 5; wing 72,

Remark.—The usual chestnut-coloured mark immediately below
the ear, indicative of the male, occurs in this as in the other mem-
bers of the genus.

Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of Crithragra brasiliensis, a na-
tive of Brazil, forwarded to him by Mr. Stone of Brighthampton,
which was shot in October last at Bampton in Oxfordshire, whilst
in company with a flock of Sparrows. It had im all probability been
brought to this country caged, but had evidently moulted since ob-
taining its freedom.

101

5. On a New Genus or Goat-suCKER, AND ON A New SPECIES
or ENICURUS, BOTH FROM DARJEELING, FROM THE COL-
LECTION OF Brian H. Honeson, Esa. By Geo. R. Gray,
F.L.S.

(Aves, Pl. CLIT.)

OroTuRix, G. R. Gray, gen. nov.

This bird differs from the Indian Batrachostomi in the smallness
of its bill, and in the general markings of its plumage, which agree
in some measure with the species of true Podargus.

The feathers over the upper mandible in front of the head and
above the ears are much prolonged into fine hair-like bristles ; they
are composed of a long slender stem, having very slender branches,
springing from the sides at various distances, and thus agreeing
with those of the Australian genus Aigotheles The bill is strong,
with the nostrils situated like those of Batrachostomus, and of simi-
lar form.

These characters induce the proposal of a new division for this
remarkably curious species, under the appellation of Ofothriz.

OroTurRix HopGsONI. (PI. CLIT.)

Head black, each feather banded and slightly margined with ru-
fous-white; the back and wing-coverts ferruginous, mottled with
black, and varied with occasional blotches of white; the quills,
secondaries, and tertials brownish-black, marked on the outer and
inner margins with blotches of rufous-white ; tail ferruginous,
speckled with black, obliquely banded on each web with rufous-
white, which is irregularly margined and marked with black, and
tipped with black, slightly edged with white. Beneath the body
white, tinged in some parts with rufous, and each feather irregularly
marked at or near the tip with black.

Total length 103", wings 51.

Young bird.— Pale rufous, having each feather barred with black,
a band over the eyes crossing the forehead, and some spots on the
scapulars pure white. Under surface white, tinged with rufous, and
barred with brown.

This remarkable bird is named after Brian H. Hodgson, Esq., as
it forms part of the enormous collection of Birds made by that gen-
tleman in Northern India, especially Nepaul, Behar, &c., many of
which were new to science. Some of these have been described by
Mr. Hodgson in the ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ ‘ Journal of the Asiatic
Society,’ &c., while others have been recently described in Dr. Hors-
field’s ‘Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum of the East India
Company.’ Not content with forming such large collections of
skins, he, at the same time, had them represented in a series of in-
structive drawings, introducing the sterna and other anatomical illus-
trations of peculiarities in their organic structure; while many of
them also show the formation of the nests, &c., most of which par-
ticulars were hitherto unknown. ‘These collections together form a

102

series of materials for ornithologists that has been but rarely equalled
by the collection of any other naturalist of late years. We are
therefore well warranted in designating this singular bird in honour
of Mr. Hodgson, as showing our appreciation of his labours in the
cause of ornithological science.

Enicurus nicrirrons, Hodgs.

Black ; upper tail-coverts, a band across the middle of each wing,
the base of the middle feathers and the two outer feathers of tail,
and under surface white; the throat and breast mottled with black
and white ; bill black ; legs pale yellow.

Total length 6", wings 2" 11'", tarsi 1".

This species is easily distinguished from all the rest of the species
of Enicurus by the black forehead and mottled breast.

6. On tHE Sea Bear oF Foster, THE URSUS MARINUS OF
STELLER, ARCTOCEPHALUS URSINUS OF AuTHORS. By Dr.
Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P. Ent. Soc.

(Mammalia, Pl. LX VIII.)

Steller figures and describes a large Seal under the name of Ursus
marinus (Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 331, t. 15), which is the author-
ity for the Ursine Seal of Pennant (Quad. ii. 526) and Phoca ursina
of Schreber, Gmelin, and most succeeding authors.

Forster, in Cook’s ‘ Second Voyage’ (i. 203), appears to speak of
the same animal under the name of “Sea Bear.”

I had not been able to see a specimen of this species in any of
the Museums which I had examined on the Continent or in En-
gland, or to find a skull of the genus from the Northern Pacific
Ocean; yet I felt so assured, from Steller’s description and the geo-
graphical position, that it must be distinct from the Eared Fur-Seals
from the Antarctic Ocean and Australia, with which it has been
usually confounded, that in my ‘Catalogue of Seals in the Col-
lection of the British Museum,’ I regarded it as a distinct species
under the name of Arctocephalus ursinus, giving an abridgment of
Steller’s description as its specific character.

The British Museum has just received, under the name Otaria
leonina, from Amsterdam, a specimen of the Sea Bear from Behring’s
Straits, which was obtained from St. Petersburg. It is evidently
not an Otaria, but a true Arctocephalus, and agrees in all its cha-
racters with the Sea Bear, Ursus marinus of Steller, and not with
the Sea Lion or Leo marinus of that author, which is called Otaria
stelleri in my catalogues, and was confounded with Otaria leonina
of the Southern Pacific Ocean by Nilsson and most modern authors.
The latter animal is still a desideratum in the British Museum and
other European Collections.

The skin is 8 feet long, and agrees in all particulars with Steller’s

103

description of the adult male of the species, and is most distinct in
external character and colour from the Fur-Seal (4. falklandicus)
of the Falkland Islands and of A. lobatus from Australia.

The skull is equally distinct from the various skulls of all the
species of the genus Arctocephalus (both Fur- and Hair-Seals) which
are in the collection of the British Museum, and is easily known
from them by the shortness of the face and the height and convexity
of the nose. See Plate LX VIII.

The skull of this specimen is quite distinct from the skull of the
Arctocephalus gilliespii of California, recently described by Dr. Mac
Bain in the ‘ Proceedings of the Physical Society of Edinburgh,’
under the name of Otaria gilliespii, from a skull in the Edmburgh
Natural History Museum, of which we have a cast in the British
Museum: but we are not able to ascertain with certainty whether this
is aFur- or Hair-Seal, though, from the length of the palate, compared
with the width of the skull at the hinder grinders, I am induced to
believe that it may belong to an animal which has a soft under fur.
This proves that the Seals from the different parts of the West Coast
of America are distinct from each other, each specimen having a
specific geographical range.

ARCTOCEPHALUS URSINUS. Northern Fur-Seal.

Adult male grey-black ; hair of the back long, black, reddish, with
a subterminal band and a short grey tip ; under fur short, woolly,
red; the hair of the neck and front of the body longer, forming a
kind of mane; lips and nose reddish; whiskers very long, strong,
white, smooth, tapering to a fine point. Skull short, forehead very
convex and rounded.

Hab. Behring’s Straits.

T may state that the name Arctocephalus ursinus is usually applied
to the various species of Eared Fur-Seals found in the ditferent
English and Continental Museums.

7. DESCRIPTION oF A New Specirs oF Fisu, PrRIsTETHUS
RIEFFELI. By Pror. Dr. Kaur.

(Pisces, Pl. VIII.)

This new species is an inhabitant of the seas of China and perhaps
Japan, and shows, with a species of Japan and two of the Moluccas,
that the Mediterranean species is not so isolated as we have hitherto
believed.

The genus Peristethus (Peristedion) is to be placed in the middle
of the subfamily Trigline, and connects the similar forms of Dac-
tyloptera with those which are near to the genus T'rigla.

The highest genera, Cephalacanthus and Dactyloptera, have no
separated rays on the pectorals, a thorn-shaped prolongation of the
preopercle, and a normal covering of scales without a trace of lateral
line.

104

The lowest group shows also a high head, less obtuse, and three
free articulated rays on the pectorals, small scales, and a distinct
lateral line. To this section belong Prionotus and Trigla.

The genus Peristethus, which connects both groups, has only two
articulated rays before the pectorals ; and before the commencement
of the small fureated caudal are three carinated scales, of which
there are two only in Dactyloptera. The strongly-armed body is
without a lateral line.

From these characters, this genus is more allied to the last than
the first group. As in Trigla lyra, the snout is fureated, and along
the dorsal line is a series of elevated thorns, hy which the dorsals
are placed in a more or less deep furrow.

If we see marks enough to connect Peristethus with one or
the other group, there is also a series of characters by which this
genus differs from all the others. Peristethus shows no trace of
teeth in either jaw; and the symphysis of the lower jaw has fringed
skin-flaps, more or less moveable, hanging downwards. The head
is long and very compressed, with two fork-shaped prolongations on
the end of the snout. Every part of this fork is rough on the mar-
gins, and on its lower part ave four cavities covered with a thin
transparent skin. The long head is only three times the length of
the body ; and the body has a pyramidal form with eight sides. Al!
the scales are connected one with another, and have in the middle a
thorn directed backwards. The pectorals are of middle length, not
quite reaching the ventrals, and show only two free fingers. The
over-breast and belly are of two shields, with a serrated suture in the
middle, and elevated on the margins ; the first shield is larger and
longer than the second, which is rarely separated in two.

The dorsal commences on the second ring of the body and reaches
not quite to tie end of the body. The males are distinguished by
the first rays of the dorsal being thin, filiform, and elongated. This
is the case in the European species ; and the others are no exception.
The anal commences next the anal ring, and is as long as the second
dorsal.

The colour is red; but this colour changes after death to a dirty
ochreous-yellow.

The flesh of the smaller species is very dry and is not used. The
Mediterranean species is not rare, but the fishermen take it only as
a curiosity. The cavities in the two branches of the fork make
it very weak and fragile ; and most examples of these fishes have lost
one or both parts of their fork.

In quite perfect specimens we never find the fork longer than an
mch ; therefore the horned fish of Pliny must be distinct from the
Mediterranean fish. This horned fish of Pliny had horns of
18 inches in length, and is, according to the opinion of Cuvier and
Valenciennes, the Cephaloptera, which Rondelet has never seen or
described.

It is, in fact, curious, that the old authors never mention the
Cataphractus,—the reason probably being its rare appearance, its
smallness, and its bad flesh.

105

As I always place the smallest forms with the most rounded skull
at the head, and give the bird-types with the largest pectorals, which
enable these forms to fly, the second place, and as I see in the
Peristethus the bone- or reptile-fish, and in Prionotus the real fish-

type, my arrangement of the genera in this little subfamily is as
follows :—

I. CEPHALACANTHUS.
II. DacryLopTERa.
Ill. Peristetruus.

IV. Prionorus.

Vie DRiewa.

After this preface, we proceed to distinguish the different species of

Genus III. Peristetuus (PERISTEDION*).

PeRISTETHUS CATAPHRACTUS. (PI. VIII. fig. 1.)

Peristedion cataphractum, Lac.

P. cataphractum (3) et chabrontera (@), Risso, iti. p. 402.

Octonus holosteon, Raf.

Trigla hispanorum chabrontera, Osb.

Trigla hamata, Bl. Schn.

Malarmat, Rond. p. 237 (3), excellent fig. ; Cuvier & Val. iv.
p- 101 (od), excellent fig.

Peristedion malamart, Yarr. p. 67 (3 ), excellent fig.

This figure of Bloch, t. 49 (3), is bad, shows too many scales
and rays in the second dorsal.

Diagn.—Front with three thorns. Eye-covers with thorns. Pre-
opercle leaf-shaped, without prolongation. The length of the
head to the breadth under the middle of the eyes as 2,4: 1.
Breadth of the head nearly equal to its height, measured under the
eyes. The forks more or less divergent.

Not exceeding the length of a foot. Common in the Mediter-
ranean, more rare in the Channel.

PERISTETHUS ORIENTALIS. (Pl. VIII. fig. 2.)

Peristedion orientale, T. & Schleg. Fn. Jap. t. xiv. f. 5, 6; t. xv.
sian

Similar in length to P. cataphractus, but without thorns on the
front, and eye-covering. A female, besides the short rays of the first
dorsal, shows the ventral shield separated into two, which is abnor-
mal. On the symphysis are three small skin prolongations, and
behind it a longer one.

I find the true specific character in the form of the head, and
therefore doubt whether the number of the rays shows a great dif-
ference from the other species.

* The name Peristedion is wrongly formed.

106

PERISTETHUS RIEFFELI, Kaup. (Pl. VIII. fig. 3.)

Thorns on the front, not on the eye-margins ; parts of the fork
broader, and convergent towards the end. The breadth of the head
is to the length as 1:12. The height of the head not quite half
the breadth. The thorn-shaped prolongation of the preopercle not
comparable with those of P. cataphractus and P. orientalis. The
eyes are proportionately smaller, the front narrower and more con-
cave, than in P. cataphractus and P. orientalis.

When we compare its head with those of the other species, we
are led to believe that such a head belongs to a larger fish, which,
however, is not the case. Our fish is scarcely larger than a large
individual of P. cataphractus. In one cavity of the eye of a dry
example I found a piece of China paper with the written characters
of the country. From that, and the maceration and the varnish, I
believe that this example came in an insect-box from China; it is,
judging by the short rays of the first dorsal, a female.

I have named this very interesting species in honour of the me-
mory of my true and excellent friend De Rieffel, who has done so
much for our Museum and University.

Besides these smaller species of Peristethus, there appear to be
two mentioned by older authors, which attain an immense size. The
first I call

PERISTETHUS GIGAS.

Length 3 feet, of which the head is one-third.

In Valentyn, ‘Oud en nieuw Ostindien,’ tom. ni. p. 363, fig. 55,
is a fish mentioned and figured under the name Tkan Scythan Merah
(Red Devil Fish), which belongs, according to Cuvier, to this genus.

A bad plate of this is also given in Renard’s ‘ Poissons et Ecre-
visses,’ fig. 67. What makes me doubt whether Renard copied the
engraving of Valentyn, is that on the surface of the fork are cavities
covered with membranes, which we do not see in the figure of
Valentyn. Therefore I believe that both authors used one and the
same painting belonging to another collection, made at Amboyna,

These cavities on the upperside of the bifurcated snout, which we
find in the better known species on the underside, permit us to
hazard two conjectures. Either this species has these cavities on
both sides of the fork, or, by the mistake of the first drawer, the
cavities of the under side are erroneously placed on the upper side.

According to Renard, this fish reaches the length of 8 feet 7 inches ;
but this does not agree with the assertion of Valentyn. According
to the latter, the flesh of this fish is dry and without flavour ; Renard
says it is similar to that of the Sturgeon. The last opinion is cer-
tainly not founded on experience, but on the analogy of this fish with
the Sturgeon. I have more confidence in old Valentyn than Renard,
and consequently think that the size of 8 feet is an exaggeration,
and that the length given by Valentyn is the more exact.

Another species, not yet rediscovered,

107

PERISTETHUS BREVIFU RCATUS,

is figured, according to Cuvier and Valenciennes, in Cornelius v.
Vlaming’s Manuscript, nos. 165, 166. This fish is called Sturgeon of
Banda, and has the fork of the snout not more largely developed
than in Trigla lyra. Like P. gigas, it grows to a considerable size.

A third species is mentioned by Cuvier in few words: ‘ Ainsi l’on
doit croire qu’il y a dans la mer des Indes une espéce de ce genre
différente de la nétre.”’ This third species of Cuvier is perhaps P.
orientalis, or my new P. rieffelt.

February 22nd, 1859.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—

1. On tHe Earep Seat or THE Carve or Goop Hore (Oraria
DELALANDII). By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

(Mammalia, Pl. LXITX.-LXX.)

At the preceding meeting, I gave an account of the Eared Seal
from Behring’s Straits, showing that it was distinct from the species
found in other localities. I have since received from Paris a fine
specimen of an adult Hared Seal from the Cape of Good Hope, which
has been described in the Catalogue as Phoca, or Otaria delalandii.
Like the Seal from Behring’s Straits, it proves to be a species of Arec-
tocephalus, and, like it, is quite distinct from any of the species of that
genus in the British Museum, being well characterized by the form
and structure of the skull.

It is, like the Behring’s Straits Seal, a Fur-Seal ; that is to say, it
has a close coat of red under-fur at the roots of the rigid flattened
hair; but this under-fur is much shorter and less abundant in the
adult specimen now under examination than in the adult specimen
of the Eared Fur-Seal from Behring’s Straits, or in the Eared Fur-
Seal of the Falkland Islands. The adult is about the same size
as the Seal from the Arctic Circle, but is much paler in its general
colour. .

ARCTOCEPHALUS DELALANDII. (Pl. LXIX.)

Hair rigid, under-fur small in quantity, reddish-brown ; the hinder
part of the palate with a deep narrow cavity, acutely angular in
front.

Junior ?

Le petit phoque, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xii. 341, t. 53.

Little Seal, Penn. Quad. 243, from Buffon.

Phoca parva, Bodd. Elench. 78, from Buffon.

Phoca pusilla, Schreb. Saugeth. 314, t. 85, from Buffon.

108

Otaria pusilla, Desm. N. Dict. xxv. 600.

Otaria peronii, Desm. Mamm. 250, 382; Encye. Méthod. t. 111.
f. 2, from Buffon.

Loup-marin, Pagés, Voy. aut. du Monde, ii. 32.

Adult.

Otaria delalandi, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 423 ; Cuvier,
Oss. Foss. v. 220, t. 18. f. 15, skull.
Phoca pusilla, part, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 232.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 220) observes that Delalande brought from
the Cape a young specimen 3 feet 6 inches long, of a reddish-grey
colour, the ends of the hairs annulated with grey and blackish,
rather paler beneath—the whiskers strong, simple, and black—the
feet black—the under-fur soft, woolly,—and two skeletons of young,
and the skull of an adult specimen. This skull is figured (Cuvier,
Oss. Foss. v. t. 18. f. 5); but unfortunately, the palate, which is the
most characteristic part of the skull, is not figured nor described.
The palate of the skull of the younger specimen is described thus :—
“Le palais est plus ¢troit, se porte plus en arriére et est échancré.
par un angle plus aigu.”

Buffon notices a young Seal, which he calls the petit phoque
(vol. xiii. t. 53), on which the Phoca pusilla of Schreber and suc-
ceeding authors has been founded, which is probably the young of
this species.

Daubenton states (Hist. Nat. xii. 413) that the specimen figured
by Buffon came from India; but it is probable that it was brought
from the Cape of Good Hope in a ship coming from India. No
Seal has as yet been described as inhabiting the coast of India.

Fischer confounded with Phoca pusilla of Buffon a Seal from
Rottennest Island, on the eastern coast of Australia (Syn. Mamm.
232).

As the British Museum has a good series of skulls of this genus,
I am induced to add the following synopsis of the species, charac-
terized by the peculiarities of the skull alone.

I. Face of skull short. Forehead convex, regularly rounded from
the end of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex. Lower
jaw short, thick.

ARCTOCEPHALUS URSINUS.
Arctocephalus ursinus, Gray, Cat. Phocidee B.M. 41, et P.Z.S.
antea, p. 103.

Palate rather concave in front, narrowed and flattened behind, with
a deep narrow hinder aperture, which has a regular ovate front edge ;
outer upper cutting-teeth moderate ; orbit very large; zygoma very
strong ; grinders-small.

Hab. Behring’s Straits. :

A skull of the adult male specimen here described, and from which
the figure (Pl. LX VIII.) is taken.

109

II. Face ef skull moderately elongated. Forehead rather conver,
slightly rounded from nasal bone to vertex. Lower jaw elon-
gated, slender.

ARCTOCEPHALUS HOOKERI.

Arctocephalus hookeri, Gray, l.c.p.45; Voy. Erebus and Terror,
t. skull.

Palate deeply concave in front, narrow and rather concave behind,
with a deep hinder aperture, which has a transverse truncated front
edge with a slight central lobe directed backward; outer upper
cutting-teeth very large, conical, acute; orbit moderate; zygoma
slender ; angle of jaw bent inwards.

Hab. Falkland Islands (and Cape Horn 2).

‘The skull of four half-grown specimens. They are all very uni-
form in their characters.

We have also the skull of a very young Seal which appears to be-
long to the same species.

In three of the skulls the outer upper cutting-teeth are very large
and acute, more than half the size of the canines, and like them in
form. In one skull (perhaps of a female?) the upper outer canines
are much smaller and more slender, not half the size of the same teeth
in the other skulls of the same size, and the canines themselves are
also much more slender; the front of the palate is also more concave.

III. Face of skull moderately elongated ; forehead flattened from
nasal bone to the vertex. Lower jaw rather short, strong.

ARCTOCEPHALUS DELALANDII.
Otaria delalandii, F¥. Cuvier.

Face rather short; palate concave, hinder aperture narrow, with
ayrather acute ovate anterior edge; teeth large; lower jaw short,
strong. '

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

Two skulls of adults from the Cape (Pl. LXIX.); and one half-
grown, habitat unknown. These skulls agree in the form of the
hinder palatine opening, but vary in other respects a little from each
other: the two adult ones differ in the aperture of one being wider
and shorter than that of the other ; in the young skull the front edge
of the aperture is more acute in the centre than in either of the
others ; the outer cutting-teeth of the upper jaw are large, but much
smaller than the very large canines.

ARCTOCEPHALUS NIGRESCENS.
Arctocephalus mgrescens, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t.
f. , skull (inedit.).
Face rather elongate. Palate slightly concave, flat behind, hinder

aperture narrow, with a nearly straight front edge.
Hab. Falkland Islands?

110

A single skull from a half-grown specimen.

This skull is very like that of 4. delalandii, but differs consider-
ably in the form of the front edge of the hinder palatine aperture :
the outer cutting-teeth and the canines are moderately slender, and
similar in form ; but the latter are much the larger.

ARCTOCEPHALUS LOBATUS.

Arctocephalus lobatus, Gray, Cat. Phocide B.M. p. 44.

Face moderately elongate ; palate deeply concave, narrowed be-
hind, hinder aperture with a semicircular front edge ; lower jaw

rather short, strong.
Hab. Australia, Port Essington. Houtman’s Abrolhos.

The canines are very large and strong; the outer upper cutting-
teeth are large and compressed.

ARCTOCEPHALUS GILLIESPII.
Otaria gilliespti, Macbain, Rep. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1858.

The face much elongated; palate slithtly concave, front edge of
the hinder aperture ovate ; lower jaw elongate, strong.
Hab. California.

We have a cast of the original skull described by Dr. Macbam,
now in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, from
which the figure (Pl. LXX.) is taken.

The species is at once known by the length of the face: that is,
in all the skulls of the genus we have, a line drawn across the palate
at the front edge of the zygomatic arch leaves one-third of the
palate behind the line, and two-thirds in front of it; while in this
species it leaves only one-fourth behind, and very nearly three-fourths
in front of the line.

The skull has only four grinders on each side in the upper jaw,
but one has evidently fallen out in front of the series and one be-
hind ; but the fifth grinder of the complete series, which is usually
in a line with the front edge of the zygomatic opening, is in this
species rather in front of it.

The Eared Seals (Arctocephali) have been divided into Fur- and
Hair- (Kared) Seals by the sealers. 4. hookeri and A. lobatus are ~
called Hair Seals, because they are destitute of any under-fur: but
this appears to be the case only with the older specimens; for the
young of 4. lobatus is said to be covered with soft fur, which falls
off when the next ccat of hair is developed. ‘The under-fur is well
developed in the adult specimens of 4. ursinus and A. delalandii and
the half-grown specimen of A. nigrescens, and entirely absent in the
adult 4. hookert and half-grown dA. lobatus in the Museum Col-
lection.

111

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEw SPECIES OF TANIA.

By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S.
(Annulosa, Pl. LVI.)
TANIA SULCICEPS.

Caput tetragonum, magnum, acetabulis anticis lateralibus, orbi-
cularibus, longe segregatis, sulco interposito. Proboscis nulla.
Os terminale inerme. Collum longum, lave. Articuli supremi
breviores ; deinde longiores, infundibuliformes, angusti; late-
ribus undulatis, crenatis. Aperture genitales marginales, uni-
laterales.

Hab. In intestinis Diomedee exulantis.

Longitudo exemplorum in possessione nostra, quee sunt fragmenta

solum, unciz tredecim.
In Museo Britannico.

The colour of this Tape-worm is a straw-yellow. The head is
tetragonal in shape, large; and the neck is long, measuring nearly
two or three lines, and quite smooth. Upon minute inspection, I
could discover no trace of a proboscis ; and the mouth was destitute
of hooks of any kind. The joints of the body are small at first, be-
coming larger as they descend ; but even when full-grown are narrow,
somewhat undulated on the margin, and slightly but irregularly
crenated. The suckers on the head are of considerable size, round
in shape, and are separated from each other by a rather deep fur-
row. ‘The genital orifices are situated on the lower margin of each
joint, and are all on the same side. None of the specimens are quite
perfect ; but there are two or three fragments, each about 13 inches
in length.

This Tapeworm was taken by Mr. Edward Gerrard of the British
Museum from the intestines of the Albatros (Diomedea exulans),
and is now in the collection of Entozoa in the British Museum.

The Secretary read the following notice of the habits of the Aye-
Aye of Madagascar (Chiromys madagascariensis) by Humphrey
Sandwith, Esq., C.B., Colonial Secretary of the island of Mauritius,
being a communication made on the 28th of January last, by Dr.
Sandwith, to the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of that island,
of which he is President :-—

“Tl y a déja quelque temps que le grand naturaliste Owen m’a
écrit pour me prier de lui procurer un spécimen de cet animal, si
cela m’était possible, car le Musée Britannique n’en posséde ni les os
ni la peau. Tout petit et insigmifiant que soit le Musée du Port-
Louis par le nombre de ses spécimens, il est sous ce rapport plus
riche que Yimmense collection de curiosités du Musée Britannique,
puisqu ‘il posséde un AyE-Ave empaillé qui, par sa pose et le soin
qu on a pris pour le conserver, fait beaucoup @ honneur a Pempail-
leur qui l’a préparé.

112

** Maintenant, Messieurs, lorsque lon examine cette petite créa-
ture, on se demande naturellement dans quelle classe du régne animal
on doit la placer. Tout homme qui ne connait pas Vhistoire natu-
relle dira de suite: C’est un Maki, ou en d’autres termes un Lemur,
et certes, je ne pense pas qu'il soit bien éloigné de la vérite, quoique
Cuvier lait rangé, comme il doit l’étre, dans la famille des rongeurs,
et ait classé avec l’écureuil et le rat. Il y a sans doute de bonnes
raisons pour le ranger avec le Maki, autrement dit le Lemur, puis-
qu’en premier lieu, il nous vient du seul pays ott se trouve le Lemur,
ensuite aucun rongeur ne posséde la rotation des os de lavant-bras et
ne peut comme homme mouvoir ses membres séparément et s’en
servir comme dinstruments pour prendre les objets, particularité
que lon remarque chez les Quadrumanes ; et certes, aucun rongeur
n’a les quatre pouces, ceux des pieds de derriére meme, libres et op-
posables aux autres doigts; ce fait donne encore a cet animal du
rapport avec le singe et le Maki et prouve qu'il est destiné 4 grimper
sur les arbres.

“D’aprés ce que je viens de vous dire, il doit étre placé dans la
classe des Lemurs, surtout puisqu’il nous arrive de Madagascar ;
mais nous pourrions bien changer d’opinion aprés lui avoir examiné
la bouche.

“Or, je vous ferai observer qu'il ressemble au Lemur autant par
les mouvements et la forme du corps que par la queue et les pieds ;
cependant, si vous l’examinez attentivement, vous verrez qu'il existe
une bien grande différence entre ses pieds et ceux du Lemur: Les
doigts que lon pourrait appeler les index du Maki sont pourvus
dune griffe, tandis que les autres doigts ont les ongles plats comme
ceux d’un étre humain ou d’un singe. Vous voyez ici des griffes
trés bizarres qui ne peuvent étre comparées 4 celles d’aucun autre
animal: elles conviennent éminemment aux habitudes de PAvr Ayr
comme les griffes du Lemur sont appropriées 4 ses habitudes; mais
elles sont bien différentes. C’est une preuve de plus que la nature
se plait 4 tout varier méme lorsqu’elle a en vue les mémes résultats.
Le pelage de cet animal est aussi moins laineux que celui du Lemur ;
mais c’est en approchant de la téte que vous apercevez une grande
différence entre ces deux animaux.

“« D’abord, , permettez- moi d’appeler votre attention sur la forme
de la téte. A premiére vue, elle vous semble étre celle d’un animal
nocturne. Ses oreilles grandes et nues ressemblant beaucoup a celles
dune chauve-souris sont faites de maniére 4 pouvoir saisir le plus
léger bruit dans le silence de la nuit. Je dois avouer que je fus un
peu embarrassé sur ce point, cet animal n’étant point carnassier
comme le chat, qui est obligé d’écouter le bruit des pas des petits
animaux pour s’élancer sur eux; il est au contraire apparemment
frugivore, mais sans doute il ne lest pas exclusivement, autrement
ses dents ressembleraient a celles du singe, au moins il n’aurait pas
besoin de grandes incisives. Remarquez que ses dents sont formées
de maniére 4 pouvoir ronger le bois le plus dur; elles n’ont d’émail
que sur le devant, de sorte que la partie postérieure du bout des
dents suse beaucoup plus vite que la partie antérieure et leur donne

113

la forme incliné d’un ciseau. Les pulpes qui les forment sont pro-
bablement persistantes comme celles des autres rongeurs, de sorte
que les dents poussent aussi vite de la racine qu’elles s’usent 4 leurs
extrémités. La machoire inférieure comme celle des autres ron-
geurs se meut évidemment au moyen d’un condyle longitudinal, de
maniére 4 empécher tout mouvement horizontal, si ce n’est de lar-
ricre 4 l’avant et vice versa.

“Voici done un rongeur trés fort, ayant louie trés fine (combi-
naison qui me porte a ajouter foi au récit des habitants de Mada-
gascar qui prétendent que cet animal écoute le bruit que fait le ver
en mangeant un arbre intérieurement, qu’ensuite il ronge le bois
jusqu’ a ce qu'il ait atteint le ver et qu’au moyen de cette phalange
trés effilée, il le retire du bois); mais on peut en dire autant des
autres rongeurs. Ces animaux surtout: la souris, le leévre, le lapin
et un animal encore plus gros, le Chinchilla de ’ Amérique méridio-
nale, outre des dents trés fortes destinées 4 ronger, sont doués d’une
ouie trés fine, mais ces animaux vivent dans une crainte continuelle
des plus gros carnivores. I] leur faut donc une ouie trés fine pour
les avertir de Papproche du danger; tandis que le Cheiromys ou
Aye-Aye, vivant sur les arbres, dans un pays ow il n’y a pas
de Carnivores d’une grandeur dangereuse, n’a rien a craindre des
attaques de ses ennemis; louie de cet animal lui servirait donc a
attaquer plutét qu’a se défendre.

“Or, Messieurs, j’étais arrivé a ce point de mes observations, et
jugeant d’aprés la nourriture supposée de ? Avr-AvyE et sa confor-
mation générale, plutot que d’aprés ses habitudes et ses dents, je
Pavais nourri de bananes et de dattes, pensant avec raison que puis-
qwil est destiné 4 vivre sur les arbres et qwil n’a pas de dents
canines, loin d’étre carnivore, il doit étre frugivore et insectivore,
lorsqu’un soir je le lachai dans mon salon et j’observai tous ses
mouvements. I] était trés curieux a voir, grimpant sur les chaises
et les tables et regardant avec attention le bois de chaque meuble.
Pendant qu "il examinait la cloison, j’entendais constamment un bruit
léger qui se renouvelait trés rapidement et je fus quelque temps
avant d’en découvrir la cause. Enfin, je remarquai que de temps en
temps ce petit animal donnait rapidement de légers coups qui pro-
duisaient unt son vibrant avec le second doigt, ce membre effilé et
gréle qui ressemble 4 un fil de fer recourbé et au moyen duquel on
prétend qu’il retire les vers des arbres. Pendant quwil frappait ainsi
le bois, il semblait écouter attentivement. Une fois comme il tra-
versait ma chambre, apres avoir ainsi frappé le parquet, il se mit
tout- a-coup a déchirer la natte avec les dents. Comme je n’étais pas
disposé a le laisser rien détruire, je fus obligé de le chasser, mais je
demeurai convaincu qu il mange réellement, comme on le raconte,
les vers qwil retire du bois. De sorte que vous avez maintenant
chez les animaux ce qu’est le pic chez les oiseaux; car celui-ci,
quoique insectivore, strictement parlant, vit aussi de fruits et méme
d ceuts.

“Une autre particularité trés remarquable de cette petite eréature,
c’est sa maniére de boire. Ayant placé une cuvette d’eau devant lui,

No. 391.—PRocrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

114

j observai ses mouvements: I] s’approche du vase, étendit le bras et
y ayant plongé son doigt effild, il le passa ensuite obliquement dans
sa bouche. I] renouvelait ce mouvement avec une telle rapidité que
Veau semblait couler du vase 4 sa bouche. Il me semble que cette
singuliére maniére de boire est celle qui lui convient le mieux pour
puiser l’eau dans le creux des arbres, reservoirs naturels ot il va sans
doute étancher sa soif.

« J’ai suivi le systéme de Cuvier et placé cet animal dans l’ordre
des rongeurs, et cependant, Messieurs, cette classification-ci aussi
bien que toute autre que vous seriez disposés 4 adopter, ne semble-t-
elle pas inexacte? La nourriture joue sans doute un réle trés im-
portant, quelques personnes mémes disent le plus important dans la
vie; or, les dents étant des organes les plus nécessaires pour manger,
si nous les prenons comme mode de classification, 11 faut avouer que
nous rencontrerons d’étranges contrastes. Kn effet, est-il possible
un seul instant de comparer cet animal au rat par ses habitudes, par
sa forme ou son aspect ? Combien sa queue est différente du membre
écailleux du Castor et quel contraste frappant entre les habitudes
aquatiques de lun et les dispositions grimpantes de lautre! Et
cependant, parce que ces deux animaux rongent le bois et ont tous
deux des dents en forme de lime, on les range improprement dans
la méme classe. Loin de moi, Messieurs, Pidée de critiquer Cuvier
ou de trouver a redire 4 quelque chose qu’ait avancé ce géant de la
science naturelle, je ne fais ici que vous indiquer combien il est im-
possible d’arriver 4 une classification complete.

“Quant a moi, Messieurs, si je pouvais mettre de cdté les entraves
de la science et réussir a oublier tout ce que j’ai appris, je m’hésite-
rais pas un seul instant 4 appeler cet animal une nouvelle espéce de
Lemur, pour cette raison bien simple: que bien qu'il ressemble au
Rat ou au Castor sous un rapport, savoir, la forme des dents, il res-
semble au Lemur sous presque tous les autres rapports: d’abord
par son apparence en général, eusuite par son corps long et élancé,
par lhabitude de grimper sur les arbres, par la forme de ses griffes
et surtout par sa queue longue et touffue. I] a de plus des particu-
larités que lon ne rencontre pas chez le Lemur; elles ressemblent
sans doute 4 celles d’autres animaux, je vous les ai déja signalées.
Ses dents, par exemple, ressemblent a celles d’un rongeur, ses oreilles
et ses yeux 4 ceux d’une chauve-souris, car étant un animal noc-
turne, il faut que tous les rayons de lumiére se concentrent dans sa
prunelle qui est aussi grande que celle du chat, et son ouie l’aide
sans doute.

- Ayant entendu dire que les naturels de Madagascar affirment que
cet animal mange les moutouks et qu’il se sert de son doigt effilé
pour les retirer du bois, je ne crus pas implicitement cette histoire,
sachant du reste quels contes absurdes on débite sur les habitudes
des oiseaux et des bétes. Les paysans d’ Angleterre, par exemple,
croient fermement que le hérisson suce le lait des vaches, et l’en-
goule-vent, dit vulgairement ‘ crapaud volant’ ou tette-chévre, celui
des chévres, mais quoique lon doive accepter ces idées populaires
eum grano salis, il y a tout lieu de rechercher si les habitudes que

115

Yon attribue 2 ?Ayn-Aye sont en harmonie avec sa conformation,
Or je ne voyais pas pourquoi il ne mangerait pas les vers des arbres,
quoique je ne comprisse pas pourquoi il se servirait du second doigt
pour les retirer de leurs trous, ne pensant pas qu'il pit ou percer ou
retirer le ver. Cependant, j’eus bientdt occasion de vérifier la vérité
de cette assertion. Ayant trouvé des branches d’arbres mangées par
les vers, je les plagai dans sa cage et j’observai ses mouvements. Je
le vis bient6t grimper sur une des branches et P examiner attentive-
ment ; ensuite inclinant les oreilles en avant et appliquant le nez 4
Pécorce, il la frappa rapidement avec ce curieux deuxiéme doigt,
comme le pic frappe l’arbre, quoiqu’il fit bien moins de bruit. De
temps en temps il intreduisait le bout du doigt effilé dans les trous
des vers, comme ferait un chirurgien d’une sonde. II arriva enfin 4
une partie de la branche qui rendit évidemment un son intéressant,
car il se mit 4 la déchirer de ses fortes dents. 1 eut bientot enlevé
Pécorce, coupé le bois et mis 4 nu le trou d’un ver qu’il retira déli-
eatement avec son doigt effilé et le porta &4sa bouche. J’observai
ses mouvements avec beaucoup d’intérét et je fus frappé de la ma-
nicre merveilleuse dont cet animal est douéd par rapport 4 ses habi-
tudes. D’abord son ouie si fine qui le met 4 méme de bien distin-
guer les différents sons que font rendre au bois les légers coups qu’il
lui donne, ensuite son odorat trés subtil pour laider sans doute dans
ses recherches, sa marche assurée sur les branches flexibles aux-
quelles il se cramponnait 4 l'aide de ses membres de quadrumane, ses
fortes dents de rongeur qui lui permettent de déchirer le bois le plus
dur, enfin ce curieux petit doigt qui ne ressemble & celui d’aucun
autre animal et dont il se servit tour-a-tour comme d’un plessimétre,
d’une sonde et dune curette. a découverte des habitudes d’un
animal aussi rare est réellement une bonne aubaine pour le natura-
liste, bien que nos recherches, en apparence pudriles, puissent faire
sourire ’ homme d'affaires.

March 8, 1859.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—

1. Descrirprion oF an Arracus FROM THE East INpDixs,
HITHERTO APPARENTLY UNRECORDED. By ApAm WuiteE,
Assist. Zoou. Der. Brit. Mus.

(Annulosa, Pl. LVIT.)

ATTACUS EDWARDSII, n. s. (Pl. LVII.)
A. fusco-brunneus, colore saturatiore quam in ATTACO ATLANTR ;

116

fenestris ad basin rectis, syuamulis ochraceis cireumdatis, sepi-
mentis albis alarum latioribus: alis externe lineis duabus, rivu-
losis seu undatis, ochreis et nigro-fuscis.

Hab. In Indize mont. (Dhargeeling).

Bombyx heec distinctissima, Professori Milne-Edwards clarissimo,
a descriptore dedicatur, ‘in memoriam.”

This fine insect comes next to the well-known Attacus atlas, but
may at once be distinguished from it by its intensely dark colour,
especially on that band, bounded by angled and curved, white, defined
lines, in which the fenestree occur. This band is of a dark blackish-
brown, passing into a rich chestnut-brown above the fenestree of the
upper wings and on their posterior margin ; the inner margin of the
lower wings is of this red-brown also ; the fenestree are not bounded
by a margin of black scales as in Attacus atlas, but by ochreous
yellow squamulation; the part of the fenestra towards the base of
the wings, which in Attacus atlas is curved convexly, is in Attacus
_edwardsii straight ; the fenestra is longer, the white lines on the
wings, breaking up the brown so beautifully, are wider, and that
on the lower wing is less scolloped than in Attacus atlas ; the mar-
gin of the lower wing on the outside has two much-waved lines, the
imner is yellow, with thirteen or fourteen undulations, continued on
the upper wing till it leaves off where the wing is dilated into the
lobe, which gives the wing its hooked-like character ; the lower line
is brownish-black, and is straight, except in six places, where the
black runs up the nerves triangularly to a point, and meets two of
the yellow lobes, which are conjugate. The figure will show this
and the other markings better than any description.

This insect belongs to that largest group of Bombycide, the co-
coons of some of the species of which have been long used in India
for the production of coarseish kinds of silk. One of these has been
introduced into Algeria, Spain, Italy, and France, where the Ricinus
communis, its food-plant, grows readily. The numerous valuable
papers of M. Guérin-Méneville must be consulted, to show with what
success the experiments have been made. It is not from want of
energy, ability, and desire on the part of those who have tried to
introduce it, that their endeavours have not been more successful. No
silk is likely to supersede that of the old Bombyx morz, even al-
though Bombyx huttoni and Bombyx horsfieldii be congeneric. The
Silkworm seems, like the sheep, cow, and horse, to have been made
for man. All our attempts are, or seem to be, in the main, unsuc-
cessful to introduce new silk-producers—new domestic animals. They
were created domesticated.

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF UNRECORDED SPECIES oF AUSTRALIAN
COLEOPTERA OF THE FAmiLics CaRABIDe, BUPRESTIDS,
LAMELLICORNIA, Lonercornia, ETC. By ApAm Wuirts,
Assist. Zoou. Depart. Brit. Mus.

(Annulosa, Pl. LVIII., LIX.)
CaTApromus, Macl.

CaTADROMUS ELSEYI. (PI. LVIII. fig. 3.)

C. nitido-ater ; thorace elytrisque viridi marginatis; thorace
postice subquadrato; pectore ante propedes, lateraliter viso,
recto; elytrorum basi, ad suturam, et pone scutellum, utrinque

quadri-punctata.
Hab. In Australia boreali.

This fine Beetle was found on the Upper Victoria, Australia, in
lat. 17° 30'S.,in April 1856, by the lamented Mr. Elsey, the Surgeon
of Mr. Gregory’s famous Exploratory Expedition. It is as large as
Catadromus tenebrioides, Macleay (Ann. Jav. p. 18, Carabus t.,
Oliv.) ; the pectus, as in that species, is notched deeply in one sex, as
Mr. Ford’s admirable figure shows, less deeply in the other. It is
an insect with the same long elytra as in that Javan species and in
the Australian C. australis, differing from the C. caraboides from
Australia, in which the elytra are much shorter.

PLATYSMA.

PuatysMA sturTIH. (PI. LVIII. fig. 1.)

P. mgerrime levigatum; thorace antice latiore quam longo ;
elytrorum lateribus basi et ante apicem dilatatis ; dorso sul-
cato-striato, interstitis depresso-convexis.

Hab. In Australia interiore.

Mr. Bakewell kindly gave to the Museum this species: it was found
with the following, after a violent flood, and was washed from the
plains of the interior into the province of Victoria. I have given
to it the name of the great Australian explorer, Capt. Sturt.

PLaTysMA FLINDERSII. (PI. LVIII. fig. 2.)

P. thorace elongatulo, lateribus rectiusculis ; elytrorum basi ca-
yina abbreviata, lateraliter extensa.
- Hab. In Australia interiore.

Found at the same time as the last. Both seem to be females,
and nearly resemble each other: the thorax in this is much more
elongate, the shortish outstanding keel at the base is not extended

. so far down the elytron at the side as in the last; but the general
flattened character of the elytra and their dilated hind margin nearly
agrees with it. They may be sexes of the same species. The first joint
of the antennze is longer than the rest, somewhat as in Trigonotoma.
I have named it after Capt. Flinders, the great Australian navigator,
whose naturalist was “ Robertus Brown, Botanicorum facile prin-

118

ceps,”’ and one of whose midshipmen was the distinguished Arctic
explorer, Sir John Franklin.

These two insects should be placed ina new genus ; but shortness
of time and other reasons force me to refer them to Platysma, or
Percus. Mr. Ford’s admirable figures will make them known.

Avuxacorpris, White.
AvLacopris REicui. (Pl. LVIII. fig. 5.)

A. aterrimus ; thoracis dorso carinis decem elevatis longitudina-
libus, quatuor antice et sex postice positis; elytris muricatis,
singulis seriebus tribus longitudinalibus tuberculorum.

fab. Yn ripis fluvii Yarree (Australia).

Mr. Bakewell kindly gave the Museum this fine new species, which
I have named in compliment to my excellent friend Mr. Reiche of
Paris, who has studied the Lamellicorns so much and described
them so well. I remember seeing his fine collection in 1841. This
is one of the Minthophilides of Lacordaire’s third volume, in Sec-
tion 2, where the pygidium is covered by the elytra. It has a
broadly notched lobe on the front of the head, the surface of which
is punctured. The femora of the fore legs have a strong, ridged hook
on the under side. The deeply grooved thorax has its grooving
produced by four elevated ridges on the fore part and six shorter
ridges behind, the two portions separated by a transverse groove
extending from side to side. The edges of the thorax are crenulated ;
on each side of the Hyboma-shaped elytra are four rows of pointed
tubercles. The tarsi of the hind legs (the specimen is deficient of
the tarsi of the other legs) are nearly equal in width throughout.
The inside of the hind tibize is crenulate or tubereled. All the
femora are two-keeled below. ‘The pectus of the metathorax is
grooved on the hinder edge, and ends in a ridge.

We have only one specimen. It is a most remarkable Australian
form of the family Copride.

ORYCTEs.
OrycTes Mitueranvus. (PI. LVIII. fig. 4.)

O. levigatus, brunneo-niger ; thorace vatde dilatato, dorso valde
cavato, margine antico ad medium cornu apice subfurcato
armato, lateribus singulis cornu crasso angulato armatis.

Hab. In Australia sept. (Fitzmaurice River).

This remarkable Beetle, with its much dilated thorax hollowed
deeply out on the back, and with a somewhat recurved, slightly
forked, projecting horn in front, and a short, angled, strong upstand-
ing horn, like a truncated snag-front, was found by the distinguished
botanist Dr. Miller, on the Fitzmaurice River, N. Australia, during
Mr. Gregory’s exploration, on Oct. 18, 1855, as the late Mr. Elsey
told me. Dr. Miller’s able papers im the Linnean Society’s ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ must be valuable additions to Botanical science.

119

This species belongs to a new genus; but I prefer at present
referring it to the old genus, as I have not data from which to de-
scribe it.

SCHIZORHINA.
ScHIZORHINA (HEMIPHARIS) BAKEWELLII. (PI. LVIII. fig. 7.)
S. (.) bakewellit, White, Anu. & Mag. Nat. Hist.1859, ui. p.290.

S. rufescenti-flava; capite, corpore subtus, pedibus thoracisque
vitta lata mediana longitudinali nigris ; thorace supra levi-
gato, postice ante seutellum dilatato ; elytrorum scutello sutura-
que nigris ; marginibus corporis supra maculis sericeo-albis no-
tatis; pygidio transversim aciculato, apice emarginato.

Long. une. 1, lin. 54.

Hab. Australia (ad ripas fi. Yarre).

DIAPHONIA.

DIAPHONIA METALLESCENS, White. (Pl. LVIII. fig. 8.)

D. subrugosula, hirtula, viridi-enea, obscure purpureo lavata ;
thorace linea mediana levigata longitudinal.
Hab.

_ A species, cather hairy, which may be known from all the others
by its slightly metallic bronzy-green hue tinged with purple.

STIGMODERA, Solier.

Among the Australian Buprestide, and evidently belonging to
the genus Stzgmodera, we have in the Museum, through the great
liberality of Mr. Bakewell, a species of interesting form, which
at first sight resembles a Sternocera in form, or an Lulodis; unfor-
tunately I cannot test the character of the diffuse antennal pores,
or of these same pores being concentrated into one mass in a fossette
of each joimt,—characters, very slight, by which Lacordaire divides
important groups. The species ought to belong to his third tribe,
being somewhat like the Stigmodera goryi, but much longer and
cylindrical.

STIGMODERA BAKEWELLII. (PI. LIX. fig. 4.)

S. subcylindrica, Iulodiformis, seu Sternoceree speciet, primo visu,
subsimilis ; elytris elongatis simplicibus, luteis, punctato-
striatis ; thorace purpureo-flavo, coloribus cyaneis et viridibus
micante, rude et creberrime punctato; corpore subtus ceruleo
viridi fasciato ; pedibus ceruleo-viridibus.

Long. une. 1, lin. 10.

Had. Australia, in dumetis Lucalypti dumosi vulgo dictis “ Maillee
serub.”

In honorem Dom. Roberti Bakewell, qui in Australia detexit, et
specimen unicum Museo Britannico cum multis aliis insectis raris
munificenter in dono dedit.

STIGMODERA PARALLELA. (PI. LIX. fig. 3.)
S. elongata, parallela ; capite thoraceque fusco-purpurascentibus

120

crebre et regulariter punctatis, thorace unicolore; elytris
nigro-purpureis, sutura marginibusque letioribus, dorso longi-
tudinaliter sulcato-striato; singulis flavo sex-plagatis, plagis
duabus lateralibus, prima basali elongata, secunda ad medium ;
plagis quatuor dorsalibus longitudinaliter directis, tertia ob-
liqua, quarta subtriangulart ; elytris ad apicem integris, interne
oblique subtruncatis ; pedibus corporeque subtus obscure pur-
pureis.

Hab. In Australia (‘“‘ Moreton Bay’”’) (Mr. Diggles).

StigmMopEerRA GuLiELMI. (Pl. LIX. fig. 2.)

S, elongata, longo-elliptica, thoracis lateribus antice convexis,
postice fovers tribus profunde impressis.
Hab. Australia (Moreton Bay).

Dedicated to my kind friend William Jeakes, Esq., the possessor
of a large and ever-increasing collection of insects of the families
Buprestide, Longicornia, Carabide, &c.

TEMOGNATHA.

Among the Australian Buprestide we have a fine species from the
Swan River, which I have named imperatriz, from its rich, royal,
gold and green enamelled surface.

TEMOGNATHA IMPERATRIX, n. 8. (PI. LIX. fig. 5.)

T. fava; elytris ad apicem mucronatis, sutura etiam apiculata,
dorso aureo-flavo, suture marginibus lateralibus (spatio pone
basin excepto) purpureo-nigris ; ad medium dorsi maculis 3-4
parvis transversis purpureo-nigris ; pedibus viridibus ; corpore
subtus flavo, viridi decorato.

Long. unc. 1, lin. 6.

Hab. Australia (Swan River).

Buprestis.
Buprestis (CarysopEema) Louisa. (PI. LIX. fig. 1.)

B. lete viridis ; antennis, tarsorum articulis quatuor basalibus
et apice extremo pedum rufulo-flavis ; tarsorum articulo ultimo
lete cupreo-viridi ; elytris sulcato-lineatis, horum laterum dimi-
dio magjore apicali denticulato, dentibus purpureis, ad latera
vitta elongata depressa ; superficie metallica, cupreo-viridi, pilis
curtis rufulis obsita.

Hab. In “ Figi Islands, Ovalau ” (Mr. John Macgillivray).

Louise, conjugis carissimee Caroli Hyde, Eq., (in exercit. Brit.
capitani,) Lepidopterorum preesertim studiosissimee, insectum hoc
pedibus antennisque pallidis valde distinctum, nomen fert.

There is no figure in Gory and Laporte, nor in any of the recent
French or other voyages, which resembles this. The elegant species has
a depressed flattened thorax, with an impressed line down the centre ;
and the surface is rather thickly clothed with punctures, some of
which have a tendency to accumulate into four depressed spots ; the

121

somewhat grooved lines are deepest behind, and are punctured ;
the under side and legs are metallic green.

ZorPHEROsIsS, White.
_Zoruerosis Georeu. (PI. LIX. fig. 6.)

Z. subparallelus elongatus, carbonaceo-niger, subnitidulus ; ely-
tris rugosissime tuberculatis, dorso generali elytrorum deplanato,
lateribus tuberculatis, ad suturam tuberculis minoribus, apice
elytrorum subdeclivi, tuberculis ante apicem maximis ; thoracis
lateribus rectiusculis, paulo curvatis, antice posticeque extensis,
superficie dorsali valde irregulari, medio postice sulco profundo
impresso, medio antice levi, parte levi postice sulcis angustis
profundis sinuatis marginata.

Long. lin. 14; lat. max. elytror. pone medium lin. 44.

Hab. Australia (“‘ New South Wales”’) (Mr. John Macgillivray).

In general appearance this remarkable insect closely resembles the
species of the genus Nosodendron, particularly the N. morbillosum
from Chili; but it evidently (as Mr. Waterhouse, who kindly exa-
mined it, and after whose Christian name its specific name is derived,
remarks) is closely allied to Zopherus, G. R. Gray. Like that genus,
it has the deep groove on the under side of the thorax, for the re-
ception of the antennee. This groove is widest at the end, and must
effectually screen these organs from injury. The antenne have the
first eight joints with the inner edge straight, and forming a con-
tinuous line, while the outer edges of each of these joints are some-
what rounded, and give a moniliform appearance to the outer edge ;
the second joint is the smallest, it is very short, and widish compared
with its length ; the third joint is considerably longer than the joints
from the fourth to the eighth ; the three terminal joints form a short
club, the sides of which have two notches, caused by the middle part
of each joint across being the widest and the sides tapering to this
point. The thorax and elytra are very like those of some species of
Nosodendron ; the tarsi, on the under side, have a widish groove,
each of the sides of which have a keel; the prothorax below has a
deep curved sulcus close to the margin, and two faint grooves behind
it, and the sternal plate between the fore legs, which plate has on
each side of the trochanter a curved groove, neatly impinged on the
outer side.

The species of Zopherus are all from the New World; and as
there are several species which agree together, others from Australia
may be found agreeing with this: it may be called Zopherosis. The
last segment of the abdomen has on each side a deep transverse bi-
sinuated groove, This may possibly be sexual; but as the Museum
only possesses a single specimen, I cannot tell.

DisTICHOCERA.
In the Proceedings of this Society, Mr. Newman, two or three
years ago, described the species of this genus. I here add the de-
scription of a new species.

122

DisTICHOCERA THOMSONELLA, n. s. (Pl. LVIII. fig. 6.)
D. thomsonella, White, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. -

D. velutino-nigra ; capite, thorace elytrisque maculis albo-seri-
ceis notatis ; pedibus nigris ; femoribus, apice atro excepto,
rubris (3).

Long. lin. 64.

Hab. Australia.

Named in compliment to the well-known author and publisher of

the ‘ Archives Entomologiques’ and other finely illustrated ento-
mological works.

RHYTIPHORA.
RuytipHora amicuta. (Pl. LIX. fig. 7.)

R. pilis cinereis delicatule obsita, plagulis rufulo-flavis varie-
gata; elytrorum apice subtruncato, ad basin verrucis nigris
paucis exstantibus, dorso carinulis duabus (saltem) haud pro-
minentibus longitudinalibus.

Hab. In Australia septentrionali (Dom. Elsey).

The late Mr. Elsey found this species at the Victoria River depot,
on Mr. Gregory’s expedition ; it is of a most delicate ash-colour, and
slightly ornamented with dots of reddish-yellow hairs.

A species closely allied to Rhytiphora polymita of Mr. Pascoe.
The antenna-joints, after the second, are fringed with hair ; the head
and thorax are thickly punctured under the hairs, and varied with
tufous-yellow dots; the antennze are cinereous, the fringe blackish,
evanescent on the last joint.

SYMPHELETES.
SYMPHELETES (PLATYMOPSIS) ARMATULUS. (Pl. LIX. fig. 8.)

S. argenteo-cinereus, plagulis indistinctis rufescenti-flavulis, ma-
cula subobliqua subquadrata nigro-fusca in lateribus ely-
trorum ante medium, parte basali elytrorum colore subobfuscato,
spinis curtis conicis paucis lineatim directis subarmata, spinis
paucis in medio ad suturam, et paucis semiobsoletis in par-
tibus alteris elytrorum ; elytris ad apicem externum spinigerum
ad suturam truncatis ; thorace spinis (tuberculis potius) duabus
transverse in medio dorsi positis, tuberculo in lateribus sin-
gulis thoracis ad angulum anticum.

Hab. In Australia septentrionali.

Collected by the late lamented J. R. Elsey, Esq., Surgeon to Mr.
Gregory's Exploring Expedition. In this species the silvery grey
pubescence, blackened somewhat on the base and on the hinder
parts, and the squarish brownish-black spot on the sides before the
middle, with a very short white oblique band before it, directed back-
wards, and another light and longer band considerably behind it,
and directed forwards, and reaching almost to the suture, the conical
spines on the back of elytra at the base and along the suture, and

123

other characters, mark it out as distinct from any other. The Sa-
perda obliqua of Donovan is not unlike it. The hairs fringing the
inside of the antennze are whitish ; while the eyes are nearly divided
into two portions, the connecting part being very small. I must say
I do not see any very trenchant characters to separate Nyphona and
Saperdopsis or Sympheletes, Newm. In one Lamia (L. pedicornis),
the great spine proceeding from the trochanters is a sexual character,
possessed to a greater extent (and considerably curved) by a curious
Longicorn from the Aru Islands, which will doubtless be described
by my friend Mr. Pascoe, who studies the Longicorns so much, and
who has described so many. In this the tibiee of the fore legs are
curved and have a spine at right angles to the tibia and near its tip.
In the genus Platymopsis, established by Buquet in the ‘ Archives
Entomologiques,’ the head is flatter and broader than in Sympheletes.
As we have not the ‘Archives’ in the British Museum, I can only
quote it on Mr. Pascoe’s authority. The head in S. (Pl.) armatulus
is widish and hardly notched.

3. Description or Two New SpreEcizes oF BULIMUS FROM THE
CotuecTion oF Mrs. pE Burcu. By Loveuit Reeve,
F.L.S., F.G.S.

BuLimus DEBURGHI®. Bul. testa elongato-ovata, crassiuscula,
parum ventricosa, intense c@rulescenti-viridi, infra suturas
flavicanti-viridi abrupte interrupta, strigis flavidis longitudi-
nalibus oblique undatis subdistantibus ornata, linea nigra
sptraliter decurrente ; anfractibus sex, declivi-conveais, levibus,
apertura parviuscula alba; labro refiexo ; columella eburnea,
valide implicata.

Long. 22 in. Lat. 14 in.

Hab. Peruvian side of the Amazon.

A fine solid shell, encircled by a broad dark-green band, which
suddenly stops short within a quarter of an inch of the suture, where
the shell is yellowish-green, and it is crossed obliquely with yellow
lightning-marks, which on reaching a thin black spiral band become
narrower and more numerous. ‘The columella; which is strongly
plaited, and the aperture, are’of a shining porcelain white.

Buuimus PEELII. Bul. testa elongato-ovata, subfusiformi, bast
effusa, albida, maculis undatis ferrugineo-griseis albipunctatis
fasciatim marmorata ; anfractibus sex, levibus aut longitudt-
naliter plicato-striatis ; columella subappressa et oblique con-
torta vivide aurantiaca ; apertura parviuscula, depressa ; labro
tenuiter reflexo, intus vivide aurantiaco.

Long. 24 in. Lat. 2 in.

Hab. Peruvian side of the Amazon.

This very elegant species belongs to the Bolivian and New Gra-

nada type of the genus represented by B. fusoides, murinus, lino-

124

stoma, and spectatus. It is painted with white-dotted rust-grey
waved bands upon a white ground, the columella and border of the
aperture being tinged with bright orange. I have the pleasure of
naming it after Capt. John Peel.

4. Some ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON ZOANTHUS COUCHII.
By E. W. H. Houpsworts, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.

Some fine groups of Zoanthus couchii from Torbay having lately
come under my notice, I have been enabled to obtain a better know-
ledge of the species than I possessed when I recently laid before the
Society a description of its characters. I therefore venture to add
a few remarks on certain points, which before were considered as re-
lating to particular specimens, rather than to the species generally.

First, as to size. The dimensions given in my previous com-
munication were those of the largest Polypes that I had seen alive,
and which were described as being from 2 to 3% lines in height by
about 14 in breadth; such also is the size of many that I have
seen since; but among them have been several examples in which
these measurements have been nearly doubled, and with the increase
of size a power of varying the shape of the body has been exhibited,
almost equalling that of Corynactis, so well known for the remark-
able changes of form that it undergoes. This mutability of shape is
dependent in a great measure on the degree of density of the external
coating of sand, which does not increase in proportion to the growth
of the animal ; so that while the half-grown Polype is closely im-
prisoned in its hard covering, older and larger individuals are less
thickly clothed ; and when in a state of expansion, the grains of
sand are sufficiently separated to allow the integument to be seen
between them, and thus to permit that mobility of body which is so
characteristic of the Zoanthide. The rigid form in the first spe-
cimens that I examined, was one of the difficulties that I met with
in identifying them with Mr. Couch’s description of the species.

There are some other points of disagreement which I have little
hesitation in saying are due to a misconception on the part of Mr.
Couch when preparing the original description. I refer especially
to the statement that “the surface of the body is minutely glan-
dular,’”’ and that “radiating from the *mouth are numerous rows of
whitish glandular-looking bodies, which are the tentacula in a con-
tracted state ;’’ in both these cases it is evident that the character
of the sandy covering has been misunderstood. Secondly, as to the
growth of the basal membrane. I have previously referred to it
under the linear and expanded forms, which I then ventured to think
were only modifications in the development of one species: the re-
cently captured specimens throw some further light on the subject.
Among various groups on one large shell, I have found lines of Po-
lypes sometimes sending out lateral shoots from the basal membrane,
and these again dividing ; others expanding, so as to include two or
three Polypes in parallel series, and in one instance a single specimen

125

was observed with the basal expansion extending equally on every
side: again, the membrane leading from a group spreads at times
over the surface of the shell in an irregular manner for a consider-
able distance, without any bud arising from it; so that no special
form of growth can be considered as characteristic of the connecting”
membrane in this species. The rate of development in the members
of a group is also of the same uncertain character—a large Polype
being occasionally followed by a very small one, and that succeeded
by two or three of intermediate but varying size; in fact, except in
certain characters, the development of this Zoanthus is subject to
great irregularity ; and the cases above mentioned appear to me to
confirm the opinion that I have before expressed of the specific iden-
tity of the linear form of growth with that which has been found
in the Northern seas, overspreading the entire surface of small uni-
valves.

5. Nore oN THE ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF SALMON.
By A. D. Bartuertt.

The Committee of the Australian Association have been trying a
series of experiments with a view of ascertaining the possibility of
conveying Salmon to Australia, for the purpose of introducing this
noble fish into the rivers of that country. The difficulty is to convey
them across the tropics; and the object of these experiments, which
have been carried on in the Crystal Palace under my supervision, has
been—

1. To filter a sufficient quantity of water to supply a running
stream for the spawn or young fish.

2. To ascertain the highest amount of temperature in which they
would live.

3. To discover the best and most economical means of lowering
the temperature, that they may be kept alive while passing the
tropics.

In order to accomplish the first object, arrangements were made
with the Charcoal Filter Company to fix filters to supply a running
stream through long boxes, which were partly filled with gravel and
small stones, upon which the Salmon ova were to be placed.

Mr. Ramsbottom being engaged to obtain the ova and to ensure
their being perfectly impregnated, and to deposit them in the breed-
ing place in the Crystal Palace, proceeded to Wales, and on the 5th
of February obtained from two female fish at least 20,000 ova, which,
by the usual process adopted in the artificial propagation of fish, he
rendered fertile, and then starting immediately for the Crystal Palace,
arrived there February 7th, and deposited the ova in the breeding-
boxes, which had been duly prepared. Unfortunately, at this time
the filters had ceased to act, and the water supplied by the Lambeth
Water Company was obliged to be laid on in its usual state. Ina
few days the ova and the bottom of the breeding-boxes became co-

126

vered with a dark deposit, from the impure condition of the water,
and large numbers of the ova died daily in consequence. Another
batch of filters was then fixed, and a fresh supply of filtered water
obtained ; and no more sediment was deposited upon the ova. Not-
withstanding this, they continued to die for some days; but about
the 20th, the whole of the deposit, which had settled upon the bottom
of the boxes and upon the ova, began to rise towards the surface in
the form of Confervee ; the bottom of the boxes and the remaining
ova appeared quite fresh and clean; the surviving ova rapidly
assumed the perfect state of the young fish; and on March 7th the
young fry began to move about (the outer covering being thrown off),
endeavouring to hide themselves between the stones and gravel. The
temperature of the water during this experiment was 57°. In order
to ascertain if any advantage could be gained by placing some of
these in filtered water at a lower temperature, a number of them
were carefully removed to a glass tank, supplied with a fountain at
the temperature of 54°. In this they appeared to be doing well,
were evidently larger and more active, and exhibited great promise.
Unfortunately, on the morning of the 13th, the workmen having
been ordered to make some alteration in the water pipes in the build-
ing, turned off the water, leaving the young salmon, together with
the ova which had not yet been hatched, five or six hours without
fresh water, in the tropical end of the building: in consequence of
this, they were all destroyed, and this interesting experiment delayed
for a whole year, as it is impossible to obtain the ova until the next
breeding-season.

There are, however, some important facts learned from this expe-
riment, one of which is the early period of hatching. Previous ex-
periments have shown that 60 days usually expire before the young
come to life; sometimes 140 days have passed. This experiment
has proved that the young fish can be hatched in 30 days: it yet
remains to be tested whether this is an advantage. It is certain
that in the case of more highly organized and warm-blooded animals,
their production at an earlier period than the ordinary one is at-
tended, if not with death, at least with great debility ; while, on the
other hand, it is not possible to retard the operations of nature beyond
the ordinary period without destroying the mother or the offspring.
There are many circumstances that induce the belief that the young
fish would be stronger by the early development ; but no positive
conclusion can be arrived at without further experiments.

Mr. Gould took occasion to lay upon the table specimens of all
the known species of the genus H/anus, and made some observations
upon their habits and economy, and their distribution over the face
of the globe. With the exception of Hlanus leucurus, which is
confined to America, all the other species of the genus are inhabit-
ants of the Old World, the Hlanus melanopterus being found spa-
ringly in Southern Europe, Africa, the Indian Peninsula, and pro-

127

bably Java,—the Hlanus awillaris inhabiting Australia, and perhaps
extending its range to Java (he said perhaps, because a slight
difference is observable between the only Javan specimen he had seen
and those from Australia), and the fine Hlanus inscriptus having
been hitherto found only in Australia. To these he now added, to the
Old World a fourth species, and to the entire group a fifth, by cha-
racterizing a fine bird from Celebes as Elanus hypoleucus. This new
species is one of the largest members of the genus, and is rendered
conspicuous by the entire under surface being white, even the basal
half of all the primaries being of this hue,—in which respect, and in
its larger size, it materially differs from the HF. melanopterus, the
only bird with which it could be confounded.

ELANuS HYPOLEUCUS, Gould.

Adult.—Face, space over the eye, ear-coverts, all the under sur-
face of the body, under tail-coverts, under surface of the tail feathers,
and the thighs, pure white; the under surface of the wing is also
pure white ; basal half of the under side of the first six primaries
white, slightly speckled with grey, passing into blackish grey; on
their apical halves this grey hue also pervades the under surface
of the remaining primaries ; crown of the head, back of the neck,
back, and scapularies, deep grey; on the shoulders a large patch
of black ; secondaries and basal half of the primaries deep grey,
passing into blackish grey at their tips; two centre tail feathers
grey above, the next on each side grey on their outer margins, the
rest white ; cere and legs orange yellow; bill and nails black.

Total length, 14 inches; bill, 14; wing, 122; tail, 63; tarsi, 12.

Young.—At apparently about nine months old differs from the
adult in having the crown lineated with reddish brown, and a cres-
cent of white at the tip of the primaries, secondaries, scapularies, and
wing-coverts.

Hab. Vicinity of Macassar, Celebes.

Remark.—The above description of the adult is taken from a
fine example in the possession of J. H. Gurney, Esq., which, as well
as the young bird in the possession of Mr. Gould, was collected by
Mr. Wallace.

Dr. Crisp exhibited a hen, six years of age, that had taken on the
plumage of the cock ; the bird also had spurs an inch long. On
dissection, the ovary was found converted into a hard cartilaginous
mass of uniform consistence. He placed the specimen before the
Society, not because this abnormal state of the ovary, and consequent
change of external character, was of rare occurrence, but rather for
the purpose of ascertaining whether such changes of plumage oc-
curred in birds living in a state of nature. Dr. Crisp had seen them
in the Hen, tame Duck, and common Pheasant ; but the last-named
bird in this country could scarcely be called a wild bird.

There was one curious physiological deduction which he might
notice: viz. that when quadrupeds were castrated (young), they

128

assumed a feminine appearance ; but birds, on the contrary, when
the function of the ovary was destroyed, put on the male character.

March 22nd, 1859.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited and characterized two new species of birds,
one belonging to the family Cuculide, the other to the Coturnicee,
and remarkable as forming probably the smallest species of the
groups to which they respectively pertaimed.

For a small Shining Cuckoo, killed at Port Kssington, on the north
coast of Australia, and of the same form and very nearly allied to
the Chrysococcyx lucidus of New South Wales and the C. basalis of
Java, Mr. Gould proposed the name of Chrysococcyx minutillus ;
and for the Quail, which belonged to the genus Hxecalfactoria of
Bonaparte, that of Excalfactoria minima.

The following are the descriptions of these new species :-—

Curysococcyx MINUTILLUS, Gould.

Head, all the upper surface, and wings shining bronzy-green ; all
the under surface white, barred with bronzy-green, the bars being
most distinct on the flanks ; primaries and secondaries white on the
basal portion of their imner webs; two centre tail feathers bronzy-
green; the next on each side bronzy-green on the outer web, rufous
on the inner web, crossed by a broad band of black near the tip, and
with an oval spot of white across the tip of the inner web ; the two
next on each side bronzy-green on their outer webs, their inner webs
rufous, with large spots of black near the shaft, most conspicuous in
the outermost of the two feathers; their inner webs are also crossed
near the tip with a very broad band of black, and have an oval spot
of white at the tip; the outer feather on each side is barred alter-
nately on the outer web with dull bronzy-green and dull white, and
on the inner one with broad decided bars of black and white, and
tipped with white ; bill black ; feet olive.

Total length 53 inches, bill 2, wing 34, tail 23, tarsi 4.

Remark.—This bird is perhaps more nearly allied to the Java
species, C. basalis of Horsfield, than to the C. ducidus; but it is as
much smaller than the C. dasalis as that bird is less than C. lucidus.
The type of C. basalis, which is the only one I have seen, is not
a fully adult bird; and yet the measurement of its wing exceeds by
half an inch that of the C. minutzllus.

EXxcALFACTORIA MINIMA, Gould.

Forehead and sides of the head grey ; crown of the head, all the
upper surface, and wing-coverts reddish-brown, conspicuously spotted

Contents (continued).
i Page.
Exhibition of two rare species of Arctic Birds, Colymbus

-adamsi and Eurinorhynchus pygmeus, by Puitie Luriey

CTA ER COCCI. co oe samc s sagt ules Grails, alaneouihicalinnia te 201
On the Development of dur elia aurita in the Society's Aquaria.

By E. W. H. Houipsworrts, F.L.S. 201
On a New Species of Mollusk of the Genus Seissur ella, a’ Orb.

By 8. P. Woopwaprp, F.G.S.. 202
Note on Cyclostoma articulatum. By S.P. “Woopwarp, F.G.8. 204
Indications of the Existence of a Second Species of Emeu (Dro-

meus). By A. D. Barrett... 205
A Record of the Number of Days of Incubation of Birds which

breed in the Society’s Gardens. By Painie Lutiny

SOMATHIR CSCC. Zion k Seite bee Sone Maho eke eens Seo 2093
Remarks on exhibiting specimens of Two Species of Divers

(Colymbus), from Mr. Gurney’s Collection. By Puinip

Lo MEE S OLATHE, OCCU Liga.) dere cit sna borin ye ciid at elis 206
On a new Lepidopterous Insect from Australia. By A. W.

Scott, Member of the Legislative Assembly of New South

INV CS ere ace cre Mu ataraca Miley a: nlavata wintete aus sirisl® eneies 207
Description of a species of Perga, or Saw-fly, found feeding

upon the Eucalyptus citriodora of Hooker, or Wide Bay

Lemon-scented Gum-tree. By Dr. GrorGe Pee of

wUS., and A. W. Scott ...... 209
bill (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). By Dr.
_{Ere, ot Sydney, Pe AiSv a. Week Screw 213

SF 8 _ Flying-Opossum (Belideus flaviventris), in
a state oi ture and in ee By Dr. Grorce
ae IRE NA IN Aer an

Notes on Australian Cuckoos. ‘By ‘Dr. Gro. Bennett, F.Z.8. 221

On the Fish called Glyphisodon biocellatus. age Dr. GrorGE
BENNETT, F.Z.S.. 222

Notes on Sharks, more particularly o on two enormous 6 Guadnere
of Carcharias leucas. By Dr. George BENNETT, F.Z.S. 223

Notes on the Range of some Species of Nautilus, on the mode
of Capture, and on the use made of them as an article of
Food. _ By Dr.-Grorce Bennett, F.Z.8. .......--- 226

Descriptions of New Speciés of Salamanders from China and
Siam. By Dr. J. EH. Gray, V.P.Z.5., SU CR eRe Ree 229

Description of Scapha maria-emma, a New Species of Volute.

By Dr. J. BE. Gray, V.P.Z.8., &e........ 230.

Description of some new reeent Hntomostraca from ‘Nagpur,
collected by the Rev. S. Hislop. By W. Barron, M.D., &. 231

Notes on the Habits of Two Mammals observed in the Soméli
country, Eastern Africa. By Capt. J. H. Sprxe, 46th

On a Collection of Birds from Vancouver's Island. By Painip
AF UTEEY SCLATERS SECS Zi Seeue ioe ae.) oat ee eh hls iediol 235

Synopsis of the known Asiatic species of Silk-producmg Moths,
with descriptions of some New Species from India. By

BREDERIC MOORE Oeics ce ae ee ia stra eee 237
A General Review of the Genus Terebra, and a Description of
New Species. By Mons. DesHaves ...............-- 270

A Synopsis of the Thrushes (Turdide) of the New World.

By Puiip Lurury Scuarer, M.A., F.L.S., Sec. Z.S. 321
On some New Freshwater Shells ¢.5m Central Aiea: By 8.

P. Woopwarp, F.G.8, ..... Tees a ie 348

ee9e%9 © & @

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Secretary.
1] Hanover Square.

PROCEEDINGS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

1859.

PART II.
MARCH—JUNE.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;

SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE,
AND BY
MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS,

PATE RNOSTER ROW.

[Price 2s.|

LIST

CONTENTS OF PART IL.

Page
Extract from a Letter received by Mr. S. Stevens from Mr. A.

R. Wallace, dated Batchian, Moluccas, Oct. 29,1858 .. 129
Exhibition of Drawing of Tringa pectoralis, by G. R. GRay.. 130
Description of a New Species of Owl of the a) Ciccaba. By

Painie Lutuey ScuaTer, Sec. Z.S. 5 j 131
Note on the Spur-winged Geese (Plectr opterus) 1 now w living i in

the Society’s Gardens. By Puiure Lutuny Scuarur.. 131
Notes on the Scaly Ant-eater (Manis javanica), taken during life

and after death. By ArtHur Apams, F.L.S., Surgeon

OF MUS :35 Act aeon Gira cutee) reel shie als sieteteie rs ene, eters 133
List of the First Collection of Birds made by Mr. Louis Fraser

at Pallatanga, Ecuador, with Notes and Descriptions of

New Species. By Puinie Lutiry Scuater, Sec. Z.8... 135
Description of a rare ;Entozoon from the Stomach of the Du-

gong. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S., &. ...... . 148
List of Birds collected at Tavoy, in the Tenasserim Provinces,

by Capt. Briggs, Deputy Commissioner of Tavoy. By

JOHN GouLn, V.P.Z.S., F.R.S., &e. 0... ee we ee 149
List of Birds collected in Siam by Siv R. H. Schomburgk
(11.B.M. Consul at Bangkok). By Joun Goutn,V.P.Z.S.,

LDA Sey Oe Snr ep Soe NGrely Hera a yw onen GS uo aad 0 Tot
On the Nidification of the Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). By
JoHN GouLupy V-PZ:Ss EoRiSs. Ses oc oes ee 152

List of the Birds lately sent by Mr. A. R. Wallace from Dorey
or Dorery, New Guinea. By Grorce Rosert Gray,

BLS), Ca) iat ie AA a Sees le talents 153
List of New Caledonian Birds. By Grorcse Roperr Gray, _

LO DSP TUE MTA SOR A DOES A TO ca Pha AN RUE. Oia 4 160
Description ‘ofa New Species of Diver (Conn). By GrorGE

ROBERT, GRAVE ARES (cree ac ae ee ae 167

On some new Freshwater Shells from Ecuador and New Gra-
nada, in the Collection of Hugh ee Esq. By Dr.

VON ‘DEM BUSCH (iis Seem ssn cso ae one 167
The Birds of Cashmere and Ladakh. ‘By A. Leira Apams,
A: MUM. B., 22nd) Reciment 224. c. ne eee 169

On some New Species of Synallaxis, and on the Geographical
Distribution of the Genus. By Puitie Luriey Scuater,

SeeiZiS. vec use oes e aerae seas ie msn ears Cane nage 191
Descriptions of some Asiatic Lepidopterous Insects belonging
to the Tribe Bombyces. By Freperic Moore ...... 197

Exhibition of numerous Preparations illustrative of a new pro-
cess of preserving Animal Substances, by Professor Rapp1 200
Exhibition of some specimens of Birds of the ae Urocissa

(Corvide), by Joun Gourp, V.P.Z.S8., F.R.S. . 200
‘Instance of a Bantam Hen sitting ae the Eggs of a Water-
Ouzel, related by Dr. Crisp. 200

[ Contents aonrnneind) 8 on foe 3 of Wr oan

129

and minutely freckled with brownish-black, a line of buff down the
crown and nape, and a narrow line of brownish-white down the
centre of the feathers, changing to broad and conspicuous stripes of
buff on the lower part of the back and tail-coverts ; wings pale brown ;
chin and throat black, on each side of which is an oblong patch of
white encircled by a narrow line of black ; below the black a broad
crescent of white, fringed on the sides with black, and bounded
below by a narrow semi-crescent of deep black ; under surface grey,
mottled on the flanks like the upper surface ; line down the centre
of the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts chestnut-red ; bill
black ; feet yellowish.

Total length 3 inches, bill 1, wing 23, tarsi 2.

Hab. Vicinity of Macassar, Celebes.

Remark.—For this, the most diminutive species of the Gallinacee
ys discovered, we are indebted to the researches of A. R. Wallace,

sq. It is of precisely the same form and very nearly allied to, but
quite distinct from, the well-known Chinese Quail, Excalfactoria
chinensis (Coturnix chinensis of authors).

The following extract from a Letter received by Mr. S. Stevens
from Mr. Wallace, dated Batchian, Moluccas, Oct. 29, 1858, was
read :-—

** Here I have been as yet only five days ; but from the nature of
the country, and what I have already done, I am inclined to think
it may prove one of the best localities I have yet visited... Birds are
as yet very scarce; but I still hope to get a fine collection, though I
believe I have already the finest and most wonderful bird in the
island. I had a good mind to keep it a secret, but I cannot resist
tellmg you. I have a new Bird of Paradise! of a new genus!!
quite unlike anything yet known, very curious and very handsome!!!
When I can get a couple of pairs, I will send-them overland, to see
what a new Bird of Paradise will really fetch. Had I seen the bird in
Ternate, I should never have believed it came from here, so far out of
the hitherto supposed region of the Paradiseide. I consider it the
greatest discovery I have yet made ; and it gives me hopes of getting
other species in Gilolo and Ceram. There is also here a species of
Monkey—much further eastwards than in any other island; so you
see this is a most curious locality, combining forms of the East and
West of the Archipelago, yet with species peculiar to itself. It also
differs from all the other Moluccas in its geological formation, con-
taining iron, coal, copper, and gold, with a glorious forest vegetation
and fine large mountain streams: itis a continent in miniature. The
Dutch are working the coals ; and there is a good road to the mines,
which gives one easy access to the interior forests.

“TI can do nothing at drawing birds, but send you a horrible
sketch of my discovery, that you may not die of curiosity. I am
told the wet season here is terrible, and it begins in December ; so I
shall probably have to leave then.”’

No. 392.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

130

The sketch alluded to in the above extract having been placed
ia Mr. G. R. Gray’s hands for examination and comparison with the
other known species, the following notes of that gentleman, relative
to it, were read to the meeting :—

“This Paradise-Bird proves, as Mr. Wallace remarks in his lettre,
to be a new form, differing from all its congeners, approaching most
nearly to the King Bird of Paradise; but in place of the lengthened
caudal appendages, it has, springing from the lesser coverts of each
wing, two long shafts, both of which are webbed on each side at the
apex. It is the possession of these peculiar winged standards that
induces me to propose for it the subgeneric appellation of Semio-
ptera. :

“‘T have endeavoured to transform the rough sketch into the
probable appearance of the living bird ; and I further add the pro-
visional specific name of Paradisea wallacii, which appellation I
think is justly due to Mr. Wallace for the indefatigable energy he
has hitherto shown in the advancement of ornithological and ento-
mological knowledge, by visiting localities rarely if ever travelled by
naturalists.

“J wait for the arrival of the specimens before venturing to give
more detailed accounts of its subgeneric characters, or a full de-
scription of its coloration, &c., which I hope to have the pleasure
of laying before the members at some future meeting of the So-
ciety.”

Mr. G. R. Gray laid before the meeting a drawing of Tringa pec-
toralis, which was made by the late Mr. Adams, Surgeon of H.M.S.
‘Enterprise.’ It exhibited the bird in the act of having inflated its
throat and breast in the manner of the Pouter Pigeon. From the
correctness of the other drawings by the same gentleman, Mr. Gray
had little doubt that Mr. Adams observed this singular phenomenon
in the specimen from which the drawing was taken. The drawing
was more especially placed before the members, in the hopes of
learning whether such a singularity of habits had been noticed before
in this species or in any other of the Tringe.

The bird has peculiar feathers on its breast.

13]
April 12, 1859.
Professor Busk, F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :-—

1. Descrirtion or A New Species oF OWL OF THE GENUS
CiccasBa. By Partie Luruey ScuaTer.

Mr. Gurney has invited my attention to the example of an Owl of
the genus Ciccaba, which I now exhibit. It has already passed
through my hands once, having been submitted to my examination
by M. Verreaux, along with other birds from Southern Mexico, of
which I gave some account in these ‘ Proceedings’ for last year.
As will be seen by referring to my remarks given on that occasion *,
I then somewhat unwillingly referred it to Ciccaba huhula. My.
Gurney, however, having acquired the specimen for the Norwich
Museum, agrees with M. Jules Verreaux (whose opinion to that
effect I have already recorded) in insisting on its distinctness. And
having lately had an opportunity of examining a second specimen of
this bird in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, I am
now quite prepared to coincide with their views, and to characterize
this Mexican Ciccaba as an indépendent species, differing from,
though closely allied to, the S. American Ciccaba huhula. It may
be recognized at once by the more uniform colour above, there being
hardly a trace of white transverse markings, except on the elongated
feathers of the neck-collar; and by the ground-colour below being
pure white, crossed by frequent narrow bands of black, each feather
’ showing three or four of such cross-bands. I propose to call this
bird

CICCABA NIGROLINEATA.

Sehistacescenti-nigra, colli postict plumis elongatis et albo ter qua-
terve transfasciatis : maculis in regione superciliart eé auri-
culari quibusdam albis: subtus alba, lineis nigris crebro trans-
fasciata: mento nigro: subalaribus albis, nigro variegatis :
cauda nigra, albo quinquies transfasciata: rostro et pedibus
flavissimis : tibis nigris, albo sparsis.

Long. tota 15:0, alee 10°5, caudee 6°78, rostria rictu 1°35, tarsi 2°1,

Hab. In Mexico Meridionali.

Mus. Norfolciense et Parisiense.

2. Nore oN THE SPUR-WINGED GEESE (PLECTROPTERUS) NOW
LIVING IN THE SociEtTy’s GARDENS. By Puitie LuTLEY
SCLATER.

(Aves, Pl. CLIII.)

The Society have frequently possessed living examples of the Spur-
winged Goose of Western Africa (Plectropterus gambensis) ; and we

* See P.Z.S, 1858, p. 96,

132

have at present two male examples of this bird in the Gardens.
Last summer, along with the Secretary-birds (Serpentarius reptilt-
vorus), came two Spur-winged Geese from Eastern Africa. They
were placed in the Gardens along with the W. African pair, and
immediately attracted the notice of those who take an interest in such
matters, as being apparently of a different species. Comparing the
males of the eastern and western birds together, we observe that
the former is larger, stands considerably higher, and has longer
tarsi and larger feet. There is a large oblong naked space of bare
pink skin on the throat, which is wholly wanting in the West
African bird; the beak is longer, and the bony protuberance on the
front is much larger and more elevated. We have not, unfortu-
nately, the female of the eastern species ; but Ruppell tells us that
in her too there is a stripe of naked skin between the eve and the
base of the bill. Now in the western bird the whole sides of the
head in both sexes are closely feathered : the male has a frontal pro-
tuberance (much smaller, however, than in the eastern species) ; the
female has none. It appears therefore that two species have been
confounded together under the name gambensis. The West African
bird, originally brought from the Gambia (whence the name), and
which has been described and figured as such by Latham, Yarrell,
and other writers, is obviously the proper owner of the title Plec-
tropterus gambensis; while the East African bird, first accurately
figured and described by Dr. E. Rippell in the third volume of the
‘Museum Senckenbergianum,’ may very appropriately take the name
of Plectropterus riippellii.

On examining the stuffed specimens in the gallery of the British
Museum, as I have been enabled to do through Mr. G. R. Gray’s
kindness, I find examples of both species. Of the larger Plectro-
pterus riippellii there is a male bird procured during Clapperton’s
expedition in Central Africa, and a female which died in the Zoolo-
gical Gardens. Of the smaller Plectropterus gambensis there is one
from Western Africa, and one of which the locality is not marked.
An immature bird from the Cape is certainly referable to the smaller
species.

The separation of these two birds may not perhaps be entirely
satisfactory until we have had an opportunity of examining their
internal structure, several parts of which, particularly the trachea,
are well known to afford good characters for discriminating nearly
allied species among the Anatida, as has been so successfully shown
in Mr. Eyton’s Monograph.

In the accompanying plate (Pl. CLIII.) are represented the male
birds of Plectropterus gambensis aud Plectropterus riippellii.

133

_3. Norres on THE Scary ANvT-EATER (MANIS JAVANICA), TAKER
DURING LIFE AND AFTER DEATH. By ArtruurR ADAMS,
F.L.S., Surgeon H.M.S. ‘Acton.’

A. During Life.

Two living specimens of this smgular mammal having come under
my observation, I am induced to offer some account of their habits
as far as I was enabled to make them out.

Our first Ant-eater is a female, and rejoices in the sobriquet of
*Scales.”” She is crepuscular, and remains coiled up in a ball during
the day, secure in her scaly panoply ; but at the decline of day she
grows lively. Now a creature whose habits require to be studied by
the aid of a dark lantern must needs be interesting even to the most
incurious ; and a Lizard-like Mammal whose every movement and
attitude is probably a living illustration of those great extinct qua-
drupeds which once peopled the earth before man was created, must
certainly have the power of arresting the attention, if not of stimula-
ting the imagination. I doubt not Professor Owen would have lain
prone on his stomach all the livelong night to watch the evolutions
of this gnome-like mountaineer. And indeed there is something
old-world and weird in her aspect as she prowls about at night. The
Scotch would say she has an “uncanny” look ; and truly, if but ten
times bigger, she would unmistakeably remind one of the times before
the Deluge. When she walks she treads gingerly on the bent-
under claws of her fore feet, and more firmly on the palms of her
hind feet. A very favourite attitude with her is that assumed by
her gigantic extinct analogue the Mylodon, as seen in the wondrous
model of Waterhouse Hawkins in the Gardens of the Crystal Palace.
The fore feet in my ‘“ Madam Scales” are raised ; and the animal is
supported by the strong hind limbs, and firm, flattened, powerful mus-
cular tail, the head and body being at the same time moved from
side to side, and the little round prominent eyes peering curiously
about in every direction. In walking, the fourth toe of the hind
foot is also extended. The Chinese, in their sly manner, say that
she pretends to be very quiet ; but “‘s’pose no man lookee,’’ she
runs very fast. She is certainly of a very timid and retiring dispo-
sition, tucking in her head between her fore legs on the least alarm.
So apathetic a quadruped appeared our ‘“‘ Pangolin”’ (for such is she
called by the Malays), that, coiled up in a strong net, I considered
her properly secured, and carefully deposited her in my cabin. But
no sooner did the last gleam of light vanish from my little “scuttle ’’
than she knew the period of her lethargy had expired, and, bursting
the trammels of her hempen toil, she roamed abroad ; and the first
intimation I had of her escape was the ominous bark of Master
“‘ Wouif,” a clever little terrier we had on board. Dog, puzzled by
the queer scaly rat he had suddenly encountered, regarded with im-
potent rage the lizard-like intruder; while ‘‘ Scales,’ secure in her
coat of mail, bid defiance to the attacks of her canine assailant.

The Sealy Ant-eater is called by the Chinese of Quang-tung

134

“‘ Chun-shau-cap,’’ which literally means ‘‘Scaly Hill-borer.” They
also name it “ Ling-li”’ or ‘‘ Hill-Carp ;”’ and it seems to be regarded
by them as truly “a fish out of water.” They say it lives in the
sides of the great mountains, and that it lays a trap for insects by
erecting its scales, when, suddenly closing them, flies, ants, and other
intruders are secured, and, when dead, fall out and are eaten. They
also assert that it feeds upon fish; but both these stories appear to
be myths something similar to those told of our own familiar
«‘ Hedge-pig ”’ sucking the teats of cows, and impaling apples on her
quills in the orchards. The Manis javanica is sold in the markets
at Canton, and is often carried about the streets as a curiosity. The
scales are employed by the Chinese for medicinal purposes ; but the
flesh does not appear to be eaten, though it is very excellent food
when roasted, as I can testify from personal experience, having had
a portion of the defunct “Scales” nicely cooked. The Manis
climbs very well, and can suspend itself head downwards by means
of its strong flat tail. We fed our ‘“Scaly Hill-borers” on raw
eggs and chopped raw beef, on which they seemed to thrive. The
unfortunate “Scales ”’ fell a victim to female curiosity. Exploring
the hold of the ship in one of her midnight rambles, she was lost for
a time, and at length found her way back to her box, where she died
of starvation.

B. After Death.

Our specimen was an adult female, weighing 4 lbs. The length
from the end of the nose to the root of the tail was 144 inches, of
the head 3 inches, and of tail 102; extreme length 2 feet 13 inch.

Head.—The eye is protuberant, and the cornea remarkably convex;
the vision is lateral; the eye-lids are pyriform, the pomted end for-
ward, the upper lid well-rounded ; the iris is brown, with a tinge of
green. The nostrils and lips are fleshy, naked, and, when the animal
is alive, constantly moistened by a mucous secretion. The ears are
naked and open. The tongue (used as a feeler during life) is 9 inches
in length, and is enclosed in a membranous sheath; it is highly re-
tractile and muscular, subcylindrical at the base, flattened at the an-
terior half, grooved on the upper surface, and beset with prominent
papillae. At the hinder end of the groove, arranged in the form of
an equilateral triangle, are three pores which secrete a viscid fluid.
The epiglottis is broad and hood-like; the thyroid glands are
24 inches in length and 17 in width: they are very large, ovate, and
pointed at each end.

Thorax.—The mammary glands are large, pectoral, two in number,
and well developed. The lungs are composed of three lobes on the
right, and two on the left side; the middle lobe very small; the
lower lobe furnished with a process which embraces the base of the
heart. The heart is central, large, and oval; the auricles very di-
stinct ; the ventricles thick and fleshy ; the column carnez and
chorda tendinea very strong ; the vena cava very large. The liver
is large and five-lobed ; the upper lobe is large, the middle is notched
in front, irregular and trilobate; the left lateral is rounded, with a

135

thin edge; the right lateral is subcylindrical and truncate below.
The gall-bladder is large, and placed between the upper central and
right lateral lobes of the liver. The pancreas is of loose texture,
transversely elongated, flattened and pointed, obliquely truncate at
one end, angular and pointed at the other; coiled up imbedded in
a sac on the outer surface of the truncate extremity, was a small
slender worm.

The omentum is thin and membranous, with no fat; the mesen-
tery is membranous and transparent, the vessels conspicuous, and
the glands large, brown, and flattened.

The stomach is simple, 4 inches in length, the greatest breadth
3 inches ; coats muscular, especially at the pyloric extremity, where
the muscle is thickened so as almost to form a fleshy gizzard. The
mucous membrane is loosely corrugated at the cardiac end, and
densely covered with papillee at the pyloric extremity. There is a
central pyriform tubercle suspended from the lesser curvature, pro-
jecting into the cavity of the stomach.

Between the thickened parts of the stomach, imbedded in the
coats on the greater curvature, and midway between the cardia and
pyloris, is a small sac surrounded by a mass of glands, the use and
structure of which is to me unknown.

The small intestines are 10 feet 10 inches long, and half an inch in
circumference ; they are dark-coloured and vascular.

The caecum is 24 inches in length and | inch in circumference.
The large intestines are 10 inches long and 14 inch in circumference.

The kidneys are ovoid, large, and smooth; the pelvis ending in a
single follicle or sac; the ureters end near the neck of the smail
pear-shaped bladder.

The ovaries are } inch long, small, yellow, ovoid, and spotted, and
situated at the inner side of the horns of the uterus.

The uterus is divided above into two horns, which are curved in-
wards and downwards; each cornu is 1 inch in length; body of
uterus 14 inch long and subcylindrical. Fallopian tubes 2 inches in
length. Vagina long and muscular. Anus immediately behind
vulva at root of tail; there is a transverse linear opening leading
to a cul de sac 4 inch deep, studded with conical papillee, and which
is the seat of the peculiar odour of the Manis, which is alliaceous.

A second Entozoon was found in the muscles of the lumbar region.

4, List oF THE First CoLLecTION oF BIRDS MADE BY Mr.
Lovis Fraser at PatuaTaAnGa, Ecuapor, witH Notes
AND Descriptions oF New Srecies. By Painie LuTvey
ScCLATER.

(Aves, Pl. CLIV.)
Mr. Fraser passed part of the month of August, the whole of Sep-

tember and October, and part of November last year at Pallatanga,
a pueblo lying to the 8.K. of Riobamba on the Pacific slope of the

136

Western Cordillera of Ecuador in the tierra caliente. The branch
of the Rio Chimbo, which flows through the ravine on which this
place is situated, joins the main stream below, and enters the gulf
of Guayaquil. The place is marked in Dr. Villvicencio’s Map of
Ecuador, and described in his ‘ Geografia,’ p. 326. The following list
gives the species contained in Mr. Fraser’s first collection from this
locality, a second and larger collection not having been received by
reason of the blockade of Guayaquil by the forces of the neighbouring
republic of Peru. This is by far the best locality for birds that Mr.
Fraser has yet visited. The collection contains 290 skins, represent-
ing 102 species, among which are several interesting novelties. In
the first rank of these must be placed the new Umbrella-bird, Cepha-
lopterus penduliger, which I have already exhibited to the Society.
Other apparently new species are Vireo josephe, Nemosia ornata,
Anabates subalaris and A. temporalis, Dysithamnus unicolor, For-
micivora caloptera, and Pachyrhamphus homochrous, all of which I
have described below; and Odontophorus erythrops, which Mr. Gould
has already described in these ‘ Proceedings.’ Besides these, we have
some scarce Humming-birds—Panoplites mathewsu, Heliotrypha
viola, and Bourcieria fulgidigula,—and some rare and beautiful Tou-
cans—Andigena laminirostris and Aulacorhamphus erythropygius.
I forbear making remarks upon the general character of the orni-
thology of this locality until the arrival of Mr. Fraser’s second col-
lection, formed on the same spot, shall give us a further insight into
its peculiarities.

J. PASSERES.

1. Turpus GiGas, Fraser.
Irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet orange. 1 ex. 2, Sept.

2. Turpus ATROSERICEUS (Lafr.).—Merula atrosericea, Lafr.
R. Z. 1848, p. 3.

“ Bill, rim round the eyes, legs, and feet orange.” 1 ex. ¢.

3. TURDUS ALBIVENTRIS, Spix.
‘«$,irides light brown ; bill greenish-yellow.”

4. CATHARUS FUSCATER (Lafr.).—Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr.
R. Z. 1845, p. 341; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 64.

Several specimens, ¢ and 9. Sexes alike. Merlo. ‘Bill and
rim round the eyes red; legs and feet orange. Frequents swampy
places. Contents of stomach—fruit, seeds, and insects.”’

Comparing these specimens with examples of Catharus melpomene
I can see no ground for generic separation, and therefore propose to
unite the genus Malacocichla to Catharus, of which the six species
will then stand as follows :—

C. melpomene, ex Mexico (Cf. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 971).
. C. aurantiirostris, ex Venezuela.
C. mexicanus, Bp., ex Mexico.

137

4. C. fuscater, ex Noy. Granad. et rep. Equat.
5. C. dryas, ex Guatemala,
6. C. maculatus, ex ripis fl. Napo.

>. TROGLODYTES FURVUS (Gm.).

Two ex. agreeing with specimens from S. Martha, Trinidad, and
the Lower Amazon.

6. ParRULA BRASILIANA (Licht.).

Already noticed from New Granadian collections. See P. Z. 8.
1855, p. 143.

7. SETOPHAGA VERTICALIS ( Lafr. et D’Orb.).

“ Trides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.’ Seemingly a common
species. Mr. Fraser has sent many examples.

8. BASILEUTERUS CHRYSOGASTER, T'sch.—Setophaga chryso-
gastra, Tsch. F. P. p. 276.
One ex. Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet orange.

9. BasILEUTERUS CoRONATUS (Tsch.). — Setophaga coronata,
Uschi chs Rp.) 6:

Two ex. ‘“Irides hazel; bill brown, darker above; feet nearly
orange.”

10. BasiLeurERuS BiviTTatus (Lafr. et D’Orb.).—Muscicapa
bivittata, Lafr. et D’Orb. — Myiodioctes tristriatus, Tsch. Av.
Consp. p. 283.

Two ex. “Irides white; bill nearly black ; legs and feet flesh-
colour. <A pretty songster.”

11. VIREO JOSEPHA, sp. nov. (PI. CLIV.)

Fuscescenti-olivaceus, pileo nigricanti-fusco: alis caudaque intus
nigricantibus, extus olivaceo limbatis ; superciliis distinctis
albis ; lateribus capitis cinereis : subtus albus, abdomine toto
et tectricibus subalaribus flavo perfusis : rostro superiore
plumbeo, inferiore albicante, pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tota 4°75, alee 2°6, caudee 1°8.

Seven ex. dg and 2. The gs brighter below. ‘ Ivrides dark

hazel; contents of stomach insects.”

This is the only Vireo with a first spurious primary (in this bird
measuring 0°7 inch from its insertion) which I have yet seen from
Southern America. In form it is somewhat similar to V. novebora-
censis. I have named it at Mr. Fraser’s request after Senora Josefa
Borja y Davilos, who, with other members of the same family, ren-
dered every facility to Mr. Fraser in forming his collections on their
estates at Pallatanga. The only other species of this group of
which I have seen 8. American examples are Vireosylvia olivacea
of the U.S., which extends into New Granada, and V. agilis
(Lanius agilis, Licht.) from Brazil, and extending northwards to

138

New Granada. I do not know Vireosylvia frenata of DuBus (Bull.
Ac. Brux. xxii. p. 150), said to be from Ocajia in New Granada ;
but the description given agrees with Vireo altiloquus of the An-
tilles.

12. PETROCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA, Vieill.

One ex. juv.

13. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA, Vieill.
One ex.

14. CoNIROSTRUM ALBIFRONS, Lafr.
Two ex.

15. Diguossa PERSONATA, Fraser.
Four ex.

16. DIGLOSsA ALBILATERALIS, Lafr.
get Q. “TIrides dark hazel; bill black; legs and feet pale

brown.”
The female of this species is of a brownish-olive ; below pale
fulvous.

17. SALTATOR MAGNUS (Gm.).

One ex. Irides hazel ; bill black, with the base of the lower man-
dible bluish ; legs and feet brownish flesh-colour ; contents of sto-
mach pink fruit and black seeds.

18. SALTATOR ATRIPENNIS, Sclater, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. viii. 261.

Two ex. ¢ and Q alike. “Irides hazel; bill black, with a bluish
margin to lower mandible ; legs and feet black, in female blue. The
stomach contained fruit.””’ Iam much pleased at meeting with addi-
tional examples of this Saléator, which I originally described from
specimens in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, collected at Popayan.

19. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lair.).

Two ex. ‘* Gizzard contained insects and seeds.”

20. BUARREMON LEUCOPTERUS, Jardine.

Four ex. “ Irides hazel ; bill black, legs and feet nearly so. Found
in the bushes.”’
' 21. CHLOROSPINGUS CANIGULARIS, Lafr.

One ex. ¢. Irides hazel ; upper mandible black ; lower blue. Giz-
zard contained insects.

22. NEMOSIA ORNATA, sp. nov.

Fuscescenti-cinerea olivaceo tincta ; capite toto undique et cor-
pore subtus saturate cinnamomeo-rufis ; gula flavicantiore ;

139

ventre medio albo: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore cum pedi-
bus plumbers.
Long. tota 4°7, alee 2:4, caude 2°0.

Three ex. “ Bill black above, blue below ; feet and legs blue: sto-
mach contained insects.” This pretty new species of Nemosia is a
close ally of NV. sordida and N. ruficeps of my Synopsis, but is con-
Spicuously different in colouring.

23. TACHYPHONUS DELATTRII, Lafr.

One ex. 2. “‘Inides hazel; bill bluish-black ; legs and feet dark
flesh-colour.”’

This bird is of the uniform brown colour characteristic of the
females of Tachyphonus; and from its general appearance and locality,
I have little hesitation in referring it to Lafresnaye’s species.

24. PyYRANGA ARDENS (Tsch.).

gd et 29,4ex. ‘ Gallito. Indes hazel; bill black above, blue
beneath ; legs and feet blue: gizzard contained insects.”

25. RAMPHOCELUS ICTERONOTUS, Bp.

Five ex. “‘Irides red ; bill blue; legs and feet dark blue: stomachs
contained vegetable matter: Onza. Commonly seen in the orange
trees.” his

26. TANAGRA CANA, Sw. ?

Sexes alike, 4 ex. ‘‘Irides dark hazel; bill black above, blue
below; legs and feet light blue.”

27. TANAGRA CYANOCEPHALA (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

“* Sexes alike, 6 ex. Inrides hazel; bill black; base of lower man-
dible bluish; legs and feet bluish.” Stomachs contained “ fruits
and seeds.”

28. CompsocoMA suMPTUOSA, Less.

Six ex., sexes alike. ‘‘ Irides red-hazel ; bill black above, bluish
below ; legs and feet bluish.” The contents of the stomach are re-
corded as “‘ green vegetable matter, seeds, and small spiders.” Na-
tive name ‘ Curillo.’

29, CALLISTE RUFICERVIX (Prev.): Sclater, Mon. Call. pl. 32.

Three ex. “ Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet blue.” Gizzard
contained “‘ vegetable matter and insects ” in one specimen, in another
“insects and seeds.”

30. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES (Lafr.): Sclater, Mon. Call. pl. 26.

Two ex. “Irides hazel; bill blackish ; legs and feet bluish.” The
contents of stomach noted as ‘‘ vegetable matter” and “fruit with
small seeds.”’

140

31. CALLISTE AURULENTA (Lafr.) : Sclater, Mon. Call. pl. 14.
fig. 2.

Many examples, sexes alike. ‘Indes hazel ; bill black ; legs and
feet blue.’’ Contents of stomach, “vegetable matter,”’ ‘“seeds,”’
and “grubs.”

32. EUPHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund.

Four ex. “Irides hazel; bill black above, bluish below; legs
and feet bluish.”

33. PHrucricuS CHRYSOGASTER, Less.
Chugo. Stomach contained “small seeds.”

34. ZONOTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.).

35. VOLATINIA SPLENDENS (Vieill.).

One ex., marked male, but in the usual dress of the females of
this group, and therefore probably young. “In the bushes, in small
flocks.”

30. CoTURNICULUS ?

A single example of a curious little short-legged Fringillide,
marked ‘male,’ but of rather feminine appearance.

37. OsTINOPS ATROVIRENS (Lafr. et D’Orb.), D’Orb. Voy. pl. 51.
fig. 2.

One ex., agreeing with Tschudi’s Peruvian specimens. ‘“‘ Irides
hazel; bill orange; legs and feet brown, with a slight greenish
tinge: contents of gizzard, insects and vegetable matter. This spe-
cimen had a very strong, disagreeable smell, from the fatty gland
above the root of the tail.”’

38. Casstp1x oryzivora, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 194.
“‘ Garrapatero. Irides yellow: stomach contained Indian corn.”

39. XIPHOCOLAPTES PROMEROPIRHYNCHUS (Less. ).

One ex. “ Irides grey ; bill black above, blue below ; legs and feet
greenish.” This example agrees with New Granadian (Bogota)
specimens.

40. DENDRORNIS TRIANGULARIS (Lafr. ).

One ex. “ Irides grey ; bill blue, darker above ; legs and feet blue :
gizzard contained insects.”

41. PicoLAPTES LACRYMIGER (Lafr.).

Two ex. ‘‘ Irides hazel ; bill light brown above, blue below; legs
and feet blue: gizzard contained insects.”

14]

42. GLYPHORHYNCHUS CASTELNAUDI, Des Murs, Voy. Cast. et
Dey. Ois. pl. 15. fig. 2.

Irides hazel. Three ex. Seems hardly different from Brasilian ex-
amples of G. cuneatus, as far as I have hitherto been able to com-
pare it. Mr. Fraser has sent the nest and eggs of this species,
taken near San Jorge (Pallatanga), October 1858. It was placed in
a hole in a large tree only about 3 feet from the ground. The nest
is scanty, as is usually the case with birds which breed in such situa-
tions, consisting of a small quantity of moss and fine roots mixed
with dead wood. The eggs, two in number, are of a pure white,
and rather broad in comparison to their length. They measure 0°8
by 0°7 inch.

45. ANABATES SUBALARIS, Sp. Nov.

Fusco-brunneus : uropygio et cauda tota saturate ferruginers :
striis capitis et colli superioris, plumarum scapas occupantibus,
cum gula tota et striis pectoris latioribus pallide cervinis : tec-
tricibus subalaribus clare cinnamomeis : rostro superjore nigro,
inferiore plumbeo : pedibus virescentibus.

Long. tota 6°75, alee 3°5, caudze 3:0.

Five ex. ‘‘ Irides dark hazel.”’

44, ANABATES TEMPORALIS, Sp. nov.

Rufescenti-brunneus, cauda ferruginea ; capite olivascente, ocu-
lorum ambitu et superciliis ante oculum angustis cum gula tota
stramineis, striga superciliari post oculum, pectore toto et tec-
tricibus subalaribus clare cinnamomeis : ventre crissoque fusces-
centibus: rostro fuscescenti-viridi, apice pallidiore: pedibus
Suseis.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3:6, caudze 2°5.

Two ex. “ TIrides hazel.”

45. SYNALLAXIS ELEGANS, Sclater.

Five ex. “ Irides hazel; bill blackish above, horn-colour beneath ;
legs and feet green.”

46. DysITHAMNUS UNICOLOR, Sp. nov,

Obscure schistaceus unicolor: alis caudaque nigricantioribus :

subalaribus albo variegatis : rostro nigro, pedibus plumbers.

2. Obscure ferruginea, subtus dilutior : lateribus capitis cineras-

centioribus. ;

Long. tota 5°6, alee 2°8, caudee 2°3.

A pair of these birds, “from the lower trees and underwood :
irides grey.’’ The species must be placed next to D. schistaceus ot
my Synopsis. It differs in its shorter stouter bill, the white mark-
ings beneath the wings, and want of white termimations to the rec-
trices. The brown bird is marked by Mr. Fraser as ‘ male ;’ but I
have little doubt this is wrong.

. 142

47. Formictvora caupata, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 240.

Two ex. “ TIrides hazel ; bill black above, bluish beneath ; legs and
feet blue.”’

48. FoRMICIVORA CALOPTERA, Sp. nov.

Cinerascenti-olivacea, fronte et superciliis albis: loris et regione
oculari nigris: alis nigris, harum tectricibus minoribus et ma-
joribus albo late terminatis ; remigibus secunda, tertia, quarta
et quinta albo, ceteris castaneo-rufo extus anguste limbatis :
subtus alba; subalaribus, lateribus corporis et crisso flavicante
perfusis : cauda cinerea, rectricibus duabus utrinque extimis
omnino et duabus sequentibus partim albis: rostro nigro, man-
dibule inferioris basi albicante, pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tota 4°4, ale 2°1, caude 1°8.

Three ex. “ Irides hazel.’? Sexes, as marked, alike; but I should
be inclined to consider them all males. The general appearance of this
species is much the same as that of Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus ;
but the bill is much smaller and more feeble.

49, PACHYRHAMPHUS HOMOCHROUS, Sp. nov.

3. Nigricanti-cinereus, subtus dilutior: plaga in basi inter-
scapularium celata et macula ad basin primariorum interna
albis : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore cum pedibus plumbeis.

Q. Castanea, subtus dilute cinnamomea, remigum parte interna
nigricante.

Long. tota 6°7, ale 3°6, caude 2-7.

Three examples, one male and two females of this apparently un-
described species of Pachyrhamphus. It is closely allied to the rosy-
breasted Pachyrhamphus pectoralis and its allies, but has no trace of
colouring on the breast. The male has the usual second abnormal
short primary. Mr. Fraser says im his notes, of the male (No. 1310),
“‘Trides hazel; scaling of feet exactly like specimen No. 1307, of
which I believe it to be the male. It was not found in the same
tree, but close by. To me this is the most interesting bird I have
collected in America, particularly as I believe it will confirm Mr.
Sclater’s views.”’ ‘‘ Contents of stomach insects.”

50. CEPHALOPTERUS PENDULIGER™, sp. nov.

Niger, nitore nonnullo eaneo: subalaribus albis nigro variegatis :
appendiculo gutturali angusto, longissimo, ad mediam caudam
attingente, omnino plumis obtecto: rostro superiore nigro, infe-
riore plumbeo ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 14°5, alee 9°5, caudee 4:5, rostri a fronte 1-7, tarsi 1:8.

Two ex., both males. ‘“ Irides reddish.” This extraordinary bird

forms a third species of the peculiar genus Cephalopterus of Geoffroy
St.-Hilaire, of which the type C. ornatus is now well known in col-

* A figure of this Cephalopterus, from Mr. Wolf’s pencil, is given in the first
number of ‘ The Ibis,’ 1859 (pl. iii.).

143

lections, and commonly called the “‘ Umbrella-bird.” It is consider-
ably smaller than C. ornatus, as may be seen by comparing the
measurements given above with the following taken from a fine
example of the latter species in Mr. Gould’s collection. Whole
length 17:5, wing 11-0, tail 6-5, bill from the front 1-9, tarsus 2:1.
The peculiar characteristic of the present bird is, however, the length
of the throat-lappet, which measures in one specimen 10 inches in
length, in the other 8} inches. In Cephalopterus ornatus the throat-
lappet in the male measures about 4 inches. — Here also it is much
broader, and conceals a bare space on the neck, of which there is no
appearance in the present bird. In Cephalopterus glabricollis*, the
only other known species of this curious form, which was discovered
by Warscewicz in Veragua, described by Mr. Gould, and figured
in these ‘ Proceedings’ (See P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 92, pl. xx.), the fore-
chest and neck, as well as the base of the throat-lappet, are entirely
denuded.

Mr. Fraser’s notes on this bird are, ‘‘ Bocinero—found solitary in
the high trees in the deep forest. His name is taken from his note,
which resembles the noise made by the Indians when sounding their
large shells, or (as others compare it to) the bellowing of a bull. At
this time they are said to inflate the. neck-appendage to nearly
3 inches in diameter, and to spread the crest as much over the face
as possible. But a lady who once had one alive told me that when
it slept its crest was thrown forward, and that when it uttered its
note the feathers were thrown backward, showing the white stems.
The appendage to the throat had not any opening to view ; nor could
one be found by blowing into the mouth or nostrils. It is rather
contracted in drying than otherwise. The gizzard of one specimen
contained fruit and seeds.”
~ L have lately received from MM. Verreaux of Paris a skin of a
Cephalopterus out of a collection received from Bogota. The spe-
cimen is not in good order, having been much contracted in drying,
and deprived of its feet; but from its small size, white under wing-
coverts, and narrow throat-lappet (which, however, is only 2°5 inches
in length), it is apparently of this same species, being probably a fe-
male, or possibly a young male bird. It seems, therefore, probable
that Cephalopterus penduliger occupies the valleys on the western
side of the Andean range, as C. ornatus+ those on the eastern side,
and that C. glabricollis takes their place in Central America.

51. My1opyNASTES CHRYSOCEPHALUS (Tsch.): Sclater, P. Z.S.
antea, p. 43.

“‘ Solitario.” Bull black; legs and feet blue.”
52. TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill.

* The suggestion of a recent writer in the Zoology of Castelnau’s Expedition
(Oiseaux, p. 65), that this species is the adult stage of Cephalopterus ornatus, we
regard as simply ridiculous.

‘+ An interesting account of the habits of C. ornatus by Mr. A. R. Wallace will
be found in these ‘ Proceedings ’ for 1850, p. 206.

144

53. Conropus aRpesiacus (Lafr.). — Tyrannula ardestaca,
Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 80.

“Trides hazel; bill black above, horn-coloured beneath ; legs and
feet nearly black.”

54, EvAtniA, sp. ?
55. Evarnta, sp. ?

56. TyYRANNULUS CHRysopPs, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 458.
Several examples.

57. TyRANNULUS 2
Several examples.
58. TyYRANNULUS 2

As I hope shortly to finish a monographic account of the Tyran-
nide, 1 forbear to publish isolated descriptions of these obscure
species.

59. MIoNECTES STRIATICOLLIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Four ex. “Irides hazel; in the gizzard of one specimen a berry.”

60. TopIROSTRUM RUFICEPS, Kaup.

Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet bluish. Gizzard contained
insects.

61. TopIROSTRUM SQUAMICRISTATUM, Lafr.
Irides orange ; legs aud feet flesh-colour ; bill blackish.
62. SeRPOPHAGA CINEREA, Strickl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 458.

63. SERPOPHAGA 2

64. PyrocrPHaLus NANUS, Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Birds,
Dis Ho

One ex. 6. “ Brujo. Irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.”

65. Myt1opius orNATUS (Lafr.).—Tyrannula ornata, Lafr. R. Z.
1853, p. 56; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, pl. 66. fig. 1.

Two ex. ‘“‘Irides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black.”

66. My1ostius 2

67. PHAROMACRUS AURICEPS (Gould).

Four ex. A female is marked “ Trides red.’ Native name, Prleco
real.

68. Trogon —— ?
Pilco.

69. TroGon PERSONATUS, Gould, 9.

basil
> bt aaa

i45
70. PHaiitHornis Guy (Less.): Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. iy.

71. PHA#THORNIS SYRMATOPHORUS, Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. iv.

“ Quindi amarillo: irides hazel; upper mandible black; lower —
red, tipped with black; legs and feet dark flesh-colour. Stomach
contained yellow insects: all insects previously examined amongst
the Humming-birds have been black.”’ ;

72. PHmOLHZMA RUBINOIDES (Boure. et Muls.): Gould, Mon.
Troch. pt. xvi.
Irides dark hazel ; bill black; legs and feet dark flesh-colour.

73. BoURCIERIA FULGIDIGULA, Gould, Mon. pt. vil.

Three ex. ‘‘Irides dark hazel; bill black above, blue beneath ;
legs and feet light blue.’’

74, ADELOMYIA MELANOGENYS (Fraser): Gould, Mon. pt. ix.

Bill black ; base of lower mandible red ; legs and feet dark flesh-
colour.

75. METALLURA TyRIANTHINA (Lodd.): Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850,
pl. 55.

76. PerasopHora CyANorTis (Bourc.): Gould, Mon. pt. iv.

Three ex. “ Ivides dark hazel.”

77. PerasopHora rouata, Gould, Mon. pt. iv.

** Quindi real: a very common species.”

78. Ca@LicenaA witsont (Delattre et Bourc.): Gould, Mon.
pt. xi.

“ Trides dark hazel.”’

79. Panopuites MaTHEwsit (Boure.), Gould, Mon. pt. viii.

“Inside of mouth and bill black ; legs and feet reddish flesh-
colour.”

80. SPATHURA MELANANTHERA, Jardine, Contr. Orn. 1851,
Pel pl SO:

One example, a male. ‘‘ Feet white.”’

81. HetiorrypeHa vious, Gould.
Two examples of this beautiful species.

82. AMAZILIUS RIEFFERI, Boiss.
Many examples. “ Irides dark hazel.”’

83. CHLOROSTILBON ATALA (Less.).
Many examples.
No. 393.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

146

84. CALOTHORAX MULSANT! (Boure.): Gould, Mon. pt. ii.
Many examples. ‘“‘Irides hazel.”

II. ScaANsoREs.

85. PrayA MEHLERI, Bp.

Several specimens. “‘Irides red ; bare space round the eyes, and
base of mandible green ; bill yellow, with a greenish tinge ; legs and
feet blue.”

86. RHAMPHASTOS AMBIGUUS, Sw.; Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2.
pl. v.

Two ex. “Irides green; space round the eyes green, with a yellow-
ish finge; legs green; feet blue: gizzard containing fruit and large
orange-coloured seeds.”’

87. ANDIGENA LAMINIROsTRIS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 93;
Mon. Ramph. ed. 2. pl. xxxvii.

Three examples of this curious species, two males and a female.
Sexes alike; but the female smaller, and the bill shorter. ‘“‘ Irides
red; naked space before, behind, and over the eye bright blue,
beneath it yellow ; bill black; bases of both mandibles maroon; a
horn-coloured spot on each side of the upper mandible; legs and
feet green: gizzard contained a fruit called Guelicon. Native name,
Marra.”

88. AULACORHAMPHUS H&MATOPYGIUS, Gould, Mon. Ramph.
ed. 2. pl. 45.

Three ex. “‘Ivides and cerered ; white margin to both mandibles ;
bill black, with an indistinct reddish patch at the base of the upper
mandible ; legs and feet olive-green. Found on the high trees in the
mountains ; very noisy. Food, fruit and small seeds.”

89. Eusucco BouRCIER!I (Lafr.).

“Trides red; bill greenish-yellow; legs and feet green: gizzard
contained fruit and remnants of insects. Found solitary in the high
trees. Somewhat stupid.”

90. Dryocopus Grayit, Malh.
91. DRYOCOPUS ALBIROSTRIS, Spix.

92. CHLORONERPES FUMIGATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Several examples, ¢ and @. “Irides dark hazel ; lower mandible,
and base of upper, bluish ; tips of upper mandible black ; legs and
feet greenish.”

93. ConuRUS ERYTHROGENYS (Less.).— Psittacara erythro-
genys, Less.—Conurus rubrilarvatus, Mass. et de Souance.

A young bird, apparently of this species.

147

94. PrlonuUS CHALCOPTERUS, Fraser.

Irides hazel; bill reddish-yellow; legs and feet reddish flesh-
colour : gizzard contained small seeds.

95. Pronus coRALLINUS, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 148.

One ex. “Irides hazel ; bill red.’ This is the northern representa-
tive of Pionus maximiliani (Siy, Azara, no. 286) of Paraguay and
Bolivia, and a very close ally. The Pionus corallinus, spoken of by
Mr. Cassin in Page’s ‘ Narrative of the U.S. La Plata Expedition ’
(New York, 1859), p. 601, is doubtless Azara’s species.

Ill. Accrerrres.

96. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (L.).
One example.

97. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS.

“Gabilan.” Twoex. Specimen No. 874, “d, by dissection :
irides hazel, cere orange, bare space round the eye yellow; legs and
feet orange: gizzard contained insects and a lizard. This bird feeds
principally, if not entirely, on the ground.” Specimen No. 1122,
*« ©, by dissection: irides, cere, bare space round the eyes, legs, and
feet orange.”

98. URUBITINGA UNICINCTA, Temm.

One ex. “ Huarro. 2, by diss. Irides hazel; legs and feet yel-
low; cere and gape yellow; bill blue at the base, black at the tip :
gizzard empty. The toughest bird I ever had to skin.”

IV. CoLumBz.

99. COLUMBA RUFINA, Temm.
‘‘Trides pink ; rim round the eye, legs, and feet red.”

100. LepropTiLa VERREAUXII, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 73?

Two ex. “TIrides orange ; naked space round the eyes, legs, and
feet red.”

V. GALLINE.

101. ORTALIDA RUFIVENTRIS, Tsch.
Two ex. “Irides, legs, and feet red; bill black.”

102. OponToPHORUS ERYTHROPS, Gould, antea, p. 99.

Two ex. ‘ Cubalan. Irides red ; legs and feet blue: stomach con-
tained seeds and grit. Found on the ground. Flight like that of
Perdiz (Tinamus) ; but they build their nests high up in the trees.
@ irides hazel.’’

148

5, DESCRIPTION OF A RARE ENTOZOON FROM THE STOMACH OF
Tur Duconc. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S., &e.

(Annulosa, Pl. LVI.)

In the Museum of the College of Surgeons there is a preparation
of an Ascaris from the stomach of the Dugong. In dissecting this
animal, Professor Owen discovered several specimens of an intestinal
worm, which he named Ascaris halichoris. The preparation was
made in 1831, and the ‘Catalogue of the Physiological Series of
Comparative Anatomy’ was published by the College in 1833.
About the same period, but in a different part of the world, Riip-
pell found the same species of worm in the stomach of the same
species of animal. He very briefly notices them in describing a
Dugong which he found in the Red Sea, but merely mentions that
these Entozoa ‘were found in a clustered glandular apparatus in
the stomach, and were 5 inches long.’ His description of this
Dugong was sent in a letter to Dr. Sommering, and is dated from
the Island of Dahalac on the Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea, in
the month of January, 1832. This paper was published in the
first volume of the ‘Museum Senckenbergianum,’ m 1834. In the
‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ m 1838, there is an ela-
borate paper by Professor Owen, descriptive of the principal viscera
of the Dugong ; and in this paper he again notices these worms, and
there mentions that they were originally found in a remarkable
glandular apparatus situated near the cardiac extremity of the
stomach. In the article Hntozoa in Tod’s ‘ Cyclopzedia of Anatomy
and Physiology,’ the Professor again alludes to them in reference
to its peculiar digestive apparatus, showing the presence of a caecum,
which arises from the upper portion of the intestine. This organ he
considers a kind of accessory to the digestive apparatus, and of
rather a peculiar nature. ‘The second example,” he says, ‘of an
accessory digestive gland occurs in a species of Ascaris infesting the
stomach of a Dugong : here a single elongated caecum is developed
from the intestine at the distance of half an inch from the mouth ;
and is continued upwards, lying by the side of the beginning of the
intestine, with its blind extremity close to the mouth; from the
position where the secretion of this caecum enters the intestine, it
may be regarded as representing a rudimental liver.” The next
mention we find of this worm is in the ‘Mémoires de I’ Académie
Impériale de St. Peétersbourg.’ In the 7th volume of the Mémoires
(the 5th volume of the ‘ Sciences Naturelles’), Brandt has published
a paper entitled ‘Symbol Sirenologicee,’ illustrating the natural
history of the Rhytina borealis or stelleri, a specimen of a Cetacean
allied to the Dugong, in which he mentions the fact that Steller
had found a number of white worms in a gland attached to the
stomach of that animal; and in a note to his paper he says, ‘“ they
are similar to those found by Owen and Riippell in the Dugong.”’
Lastly, Diesing, in his valuable work, ‘Systema Helminthium,’
1851, apparently not aware of Professor Owen having named this
Ascaris, enumerates it, along with a number of others, amongst his

149

list of doubtful species, or “Species inquirende,’’ under the name
of Ascaris dugonis—a name which of course cannot stand, as that
of Professor Owen has the precedence of nearly twenty years. ‘The
species found in the RAytina by Steller appears to have been six
mches long, the same length as those observed by Riippell in the
Dugong ; but as this latter animal was found in the Red Sea, whilst
the former was taken in Behring’s Straits, they can scarcely be iden-
tical. Be that as it may, however, the Ascaris halichoris, though
named long ago, has never been fully described or figured, and I
now propose to fill up this blank.

ASCARIS HALICHORIS, Owen. (PI. LVI.)

Caput nudum, epidermide stricte adnata ; os labus rotundatzis,
porrectis ; corpus, in utroque sexu, extremitatibus magis at-
tenuatis ; extremitate caudali brevi, subulata, nuda.

Long. feminze, 31 unc. ; maris, 24 unc.

The body is of a whitish colour, thickest in the centre, gradually
tapering to each extremity. The body is strongly striated across ;
in the female, apparently all its length ; in the male, till nearly about
half an inch from its posterior extremity. This latter portion is
smooth or slightly striated lengthways. In the female, the vagina is
situated at about two-thirds of its length from the anterior ex-
tremity. The spicula of the male appear very short. The intes-
tine, as described by Professor Owen, has a cecum developed from
it at the distance of about half an inch from the mouth, and is con-
tinued upwards, lying by its side, and terminating in a blind extre-
mity near the mouth. The specimens, now in the British Museum,
are shorter than those noticed by Riippell.

(The figures will explain this structure. )

In the Collection of the British Museum.

May 10, 1859.
John Gould, Hsq., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. List or BIRDS COLLECTED AT TAvoy, IN THE TENASSERIM
Provinces, BY Caprain Briges, Deputy Commissioner
or Tavoy. By Joun Gouxp, V.P., F.R.S., etc.

To none is the naturalist more largely indebted for a knowledge
of the productions of distant countries than to the officers of our
military and civil services, since no inconsiderable number of them
devote the little leisure at their command to the acquisition of the
many interesting objects with which they are surrounded; and I

150

have much pleasure in adding the name of Captain Briggs, the De-
puty Commissioner of Tavoy, to the number of those who have so
creditably distinguished themselves,—that gentleman having lately
transmitted to me a most interesting series of birds procured by him
at Tavoy in the Tenasserim Provinces. These I have carefully iden-
tified, and, aware that the publication of a list of the birds from this
little-known locality will be regarded with interest, I have the plea-
sure of sending it for insertion in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings.’

Pandion halieetus.
Accipiter badius.
Ketupa ceylonensis.
Kphialtes lempiyt.
Athene cuculoides.
Crypsirhina varians.
Sturnopastor contra.
Acridotheres fuscus.
Ploceus manyar.
Copsychus saularis.
Jora typhia.
Orthotomus edela.
Garrulax albogularis.

Gampsorhinus ?

Pycnonotus nigripileus.
jocosus.
jinlaysoni.

Brachypodius melanocephalus.

Reguloides proregulus.
Motacilla luzoniensis.
Budytes viridis.
Petrocincla affinis.
Huspiza aureola.
Anthus malayensis.
richard.
Nectarinia fammazillaris.
Diceum trigonostigma.
cruentatum.
Lanius hypoleucus.
Oriolus melanocephalus.
Kdolius paradiseus.
Dicrurus macrocercus.
Irena puella.

Mirundo rustica.
Centropus philippinus.
Zanclostomus sirkee.
Hudynamys orientalis.
Cuculus sonnerati.
Paleornis cyanocephalus.
Tiga tridactyla.
Gecinus dimidiatus.
Megalaima virens.

Xantholema indica.
Rhyticeros subruficollis.
Hydrocissa albirostris.
Cymbirhynchus affinis.
Coracias affinis.
Merops viridis.
philippinus.
Haleyon atricapillus.
leucocephalus.
Ceryle varia.

Alcedo bengalensis.
Caprimulgus mahrattensis.
nipalensis ?
Treron bicincta.
Carpophaga enea.
Chalcophaps indicus.
Turtur suratensis.
humilis.

Gallus bankiva.
Genneus lineatus.
Turnx pugnax.
Mycteria australis.
Tantalus leucocephalus.
Herodias garzetta.
drdetta flavicollis.
cinnamomea.
scapularis.
Lobivanellus goensis.
Hoplopterus ventralis.
Charadrius virginicus.
Gallinago stenura.
Actitis hypoleuca.
Rallus gularis.
Gallinula ° pheenicura.
Hydrophasianus sinensis.
Micropterus rufonotus.
Dendrocygna arcuata.
Casarca leucoptera.
Nettapus coromandelicus.
Pelecanus philippinus.
Carbo cormoranus.

151

2. List or Birps COLLECTED IN Si1AM By Sir Roserr H.
ScuompureK (H.B.M. Consut ar Banexox). By Joun
Goutp, V.P., F.R.S., Etc.

I have lately received from Sir Robert Schomburgk, Her Majesty’s
Consul at Bangkok, a collection of Birds collected by him in Siam,
and which has been transmitted to me in furtherance of ornitholo-
gical science, and particularly of my work on the ‘ Birds of Asia ; ’
and being aware that a knowledge of the species inhabiting that little-
visited country will be of interest to all naturalists, I have carefully
identified and ascertained the names of the species with the view to
their publication im the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society. The collection
now received, which is to be followed by others, comprises sixty-four
species.

Halhastur indus.
Accipiter badius.

Strix flammea.

Urocissa magnirostris.
Garrulax albogularis.
Reguloides proregulus.
Acridotheres nigricollis.
javanicus.

Sturnia elegans.
Ploceus hypoxanthus.
Munia punctularia.
Estrelda amandava.
Copsychus saularis.
Petrocincla affinis.
Orthotomus edela.
Anthus pratensis.
richardt.

rufulus.
Anthreptes malaccensis.

Nectarinia flammazillaris.

Diceum cruentatum.
Edolius paradiseus.
Lanius longicaudatus.
Artamus fuscus.
Leucocerca javanica.
Oriolus chinensis.
Hemichelidon latirostris.
Mirundo rustica. .
Pycnonotus goiavier.
Eudynamys orventalis.
Centropus philippensis.
Zanclostomus sirkee.

Chalcites xanthorhynchus?
Paleornis cyanocephalus.
alexandri.
barbatus.
Tiga tridactyla.
Aantholema indica.
Coracias affinis.
Merops viridis.
sumatranus.
philippinus.
Upupa nigripennis.
Haleyon leucocephalus.
collaris.
atricapillus.
Alcedo bengalensis.
Columba intermedia.
Treron bicincta.
viridis.
Turtur suratensis.
humilis.
Turnix pugnax.
Francolinus sinensis ?
Ardetta scapularis.
fiavicollis.

Nycticorax europeus.
Lobwvanellus goensis.
Esacus recurvirostris.
Gallinula phenicura.
Glottis canescens.
Rhyncophilus glareola.
Actitis hypoleuca.

152

3. On THE NiprricaTION OF THE KINGFISHER (ALCEDO ISPIDA).
By Joun Goutp, V.P., F.R.S., ere.

Ornithologists are divided in opinion as to whether the fish-bones
found in the cavity in which the Kingfisher deposits its eggs are to
be considered in the light of a nest, or as merely the castings from
the bird during the period of incubation. Some are disposed to con-
sider these bones as entirely the castings and feces of the young
brood of the year before they quit the nest, and that, the same hole
being frequented for a succession of years, a great mass is at length
formed ; while others believe that they are deposited by the parents
as a platform for the eggs, constituting in fact-a nest,—in which
latter view I fully concur; and the following are my reasons for so
doing. r

On the 18th of the past month of April, during one of my fishing
excursions on the Thames, I saw a hole in a precipitous bank, which
I felt assured was a nesting-place of the Kingfisher ; and on passing
a spare top of my fly-rod to the extremity of the hole, a distance of
nearly three feet, I brought out some freshly-cast bones of fish, con-
vineing me that I was right in my surmise. The day following, the
9th of May, I again visited the spot with a spade, and, after removing
nearly 2 feet square of the turf, dug down toethe nest without dis-
turbing the entrance-hole or the passage which led to it. Here I
found four eggs placed on the usual layer of fish-bones ; all of these
I removed with care, and then filled up the hole, beating the earth
down as hard as the bank itself, and replacing the sod on the top in
order that barge-horses passing to and fro might not put a foot in
the hole. A fortnight afterwards the bird was seen to leave the hole
again, and my suspicion was awakened that she had taken to her old
breeding-quarters a second time. The first opportunity I had of
again visiting this place, which was exactly twenty-one days from
the date of my former exploration and taking the eggs, I agai passed
the top of my fly-rod up the hole, and found not only that the hole
was of the former length, but that the female was within. I then
took a large mass of cotton wool from my collecting-box, and stuffed
it to the extremity of the hole, in order to preserve the eggs and nest
from damage during my again laying it open from above. On re-
moving the sod and digging down as before, I came upon the cotton
wool, and beneath it a well-formed nest of fish-bones, the size of a
small saucer, the walls of which were fully half an inch thick,
together with eight beautiful eggs and the old female herself. This
nest and eggs I removed with the greatest,care ; and I now have the
pleasure of exhibiting it to the Society, before its transmission to the
British Museum, the proper resting-place of so interesting a bird’s
nest. This mass of bones then, weighing 700 grains, had been cast
up and deposited by the bird or the bird and its mate, besides the
unusual number of eight eggs, in the short space of twenty-one days.
To gain anything like an approximate idea of the number of fish that
had been taken to form this mass, the skeleton of a mimnow, their
usual food, must be carefully made and weighed; and this I may

153

probably do upon some future occasion. I think we may now con-
clude, from what I have adduced, that the bird purposely deposits
these bones as a nest ; and nothing can be better adapted, as a plat-
form, to defend the eggs from the damp earth.

4. List or THE BIRDS LATELY SENT BY Mr. A. R. WALLACE
FROM Dorey or Dorery, New Guinea. By GEORGE
Rosert Gray, F.L.S., etc.

[The * indicates those that are for the first time recorded from Dorery, New
Guinea. |

Amongst the series of New Guinea birds received from that inde-
fatigable naturalist and collector Mr. A. R. Wallace, are several
which prove of so great an interest, that I am induced to draw up
the following list of them, as an Appendix to my paper on Aru and
Ké Island-Birds, which I laid before the Society the 23rd of March,
1858. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 169.)*

FAaLCONID.
1. HaLiastuR LEUCOSTERNUS (Gm.).

2. *Baza stenozona, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 169.

3. AsTUR LONGICAUDA, Legs.

The collection contains a female specimen of this rare bird, which
has hitherto been supposed to belong to the subfamily Accipitrine ;
but the examination of this example proves that it would be more
correctly placed in that of Milvine, as it possesses all the characters
which are essential to that group. It forms part of the genus Pernis ;
but as it exhibits some slight differences in the wings, &c., from the
type of the genus, I have ventured to propose the subgeneric appel-
lation of Henicopernis, instead of adopting Dedalion (Dedalia), as
suggested by Prince C. L. Bonaparte, because the latter word was
long since given by Savigny as a more classical term for that of
Astur. It should therefore stand thus—

Pernis (HENICOPERNIS) LONGICAUDa, G. R. Gr.

fe) DG! Bill,

Beneath the body white, slightly tinged with rufous, and longi-
tudinally streaked with blackish-brown.

4, *ACCIPITER POLIOCEPHALUS, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1858, p.170.

g juv. Greyish brown, more or less margined with rufous ; tail
greyish-brown, with narrow bands of black; under surface white,
marked down the middle of each feather with rufous, enlarged in
some at the tip; thighs and under wing-coverts rufous ; bill black ;
feet yellow.

* See also Catalogue of Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea, in the British
Museum, 1859.

154

CAPRIMULGID&.

5. *PODARGUS MARMORATUS (juv. 2).
Podargus marmoratus, Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pt. i.

6. *ASGOTHELES WALLACII, G. R. Gr.

Black, reticulated and blotched with white, especially on the
wing-coverts; the front and crown of head blotched with rufous-white ;
tail black, with narrow and irregular reticulated bands of white; be-
neath the body rufous white, darker on the front of throat and
breast, reticulated and blotched with black ; mentum rufous white ;
upper mandible black, and lower mandible white.

Length 8", wings 4" 9!’,

7. *CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS, Gould.

HiruNDINID-.

8. Hirunbo FRONTALIS. Q. & G.

CoRACIAD.

9. *EURYSTOMUS PACIFICUS (Lath.).

ALCEDINID&.

10. *DacELo GAupIcHAUDI (Q. & G.).
11. DaceLo MACRORHINUS, Less.

12. *HALCYON ALBICILLA, Less.

13. *Haucyon sanctus, Vig. & Horsf.

14. TANYSIPTERA GALATEA, G. R. Gr.

Alcedo dea, Less. Voy. Coq. 1. 697 (juv.).
Tanysiptera dea, Vigors, Linn. Trans. xiv. 433; G. R. Gr. Cat.
Mamm. & Birds of N.G. p. 20.

3. Black, tinged with deep blue: front, crown of head, inner
border of shoulder, and lesser wing-coverts, verditer blue; beneath
the body and rump white, slightly tinged with rufous; lateral fea-
thers of tail white, margined outwards with cobalt blue ; middle tail-
feathers slightly narrowing towards the tips (which are of a broad
spatulate shape), and of a silvery blue, with the inner margin slightly
bordered with white ; bill red.

Length 15", wings 4" 3!"

This bird is at once distinguished from the type of Linnzus’s
Alcedo dea by the formation of the two middle tail-feathers. In
the type these feathers are broad at their bases for a short distance,
and then suddenly narrowed for a space towards the broad spatula-
shaped terminations, as 1s distinctly shown in all the old figures (Seba,
1. t. 46. f. 3; Briss. Orn. iv. t. 40.f.2; Pl. Enl. 116).

155

15. Ceyx souiTartra, Temm.

16. ALCYONE AZUREA, var. LESSONII (Cass.).

MeERopPID&.

17. *MEROPS ORNATUS.
Merops ornatus, Lath.

PROMEROPID.
18. Erpimacaus MAGNIFICUS, Cuv.

19. NECTARINIA ASPASIA (Less.).
20. NECTARINIA ZENOBIA (Less.).

21. *NEcTARINIA EQUES (Less.).

MELIPHAGID&.
22. *Myzomeva nieritA, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 173.

23. PTILOTIS CHRYSOTIS.

This bird is the same as Tropidorhynchus chrysotis (Less.), and
Ptilotis fiigera, Gould. See Cat. Mamm. and Birds of N. Guin.
pp. 23, 25.

24. *PriLoTis stmris, Homb. & Jacq.
25. *PTILOTIS MEGARHYNCHUS, G. R. Gr. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 174.
26. TROPIDORHYNCHUS NOv# GUINEA, Mill. & Schl.

27. *ENTOMOPHILA ’ SPILODERA, G. R. Gr.

Olivaceous-grey ; feathers of the crown margined with dull brown ;
quills and tail brown ; throat white, spotted with dull brown ;
breast and abdomen yellowish-white ; bill and feet pale.

Length 5", wings 2! 5!"

LUSCINIIDE.

28. *PerROIcA HYPOLEUCA, G. R. Gr.

Slaty-black ; cheeks, line from nostrils extending above the eyes,
bases of the tertials, secondaries, and primaries, and beneath the
body, pure white. The white on the cheeks extends up to the mar-
gin of the eyes, in a short and narrow band. The black colour
continues from the hind-head, and forms a narrow pointed band on
each side of the breast.

Length 5" 9'", wings 3" 3!"

TURDIDA.

29. *Prrra mackuotTt, Temm.

156

30. Pirra Nove GUINE&, Mull.
31. Or1ioLus srriatus, Q. & G.

32. PoMATORHINUS IsIDORI, Less.

MuscicaPiIp&.

33. *PrEZORHYNCHUS LUCIDUS.

3. Myiagra lucida, G. R. Gr. P. Z.8. 1858, p. 176.
2 ?. Piezorhynchus rufolateralis, ibid.

.34, *PIEZORHYNCHUS CHALYBEOCEPHALUS.
Muscicapa chalybeocephala, Garn. Voy. Coq. t. 15. f. 2.

35. 'Topopsis CYANOCEPHALA, &c. (Proc. Z. 8. 1858, p. 177),
is to be altered in the following manner :—

* g. Crown of head silvery blue, extending towards the nape ;
front and sides of the head deep silky black; upper part of back
and scapulars greenish-blue ; quills dull black ; secondaries mar-
gined with green; tail verditer blue, darker at the tip, which is
slightly margined with white ; beneath the body deep blue.

Length 5! 8", wings 2! 5!

2. Todus cyanocephalus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 5. f. 4.
Philentoma cyanocephala, Pucher. Voy. Pole Sud, t. 20. f. 2.
.Todopsis ceruleocephala, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1854.

Todopsis cyanocephala, G. R. Gr. P. Z.8. 1854, p. 177.

Topopsis BONAPARTII, G. R. Gr.

3. Todopsis cyanocephala, G. R. Gr. Proc. Z. 8. 1858, p. 177,
pl. 134. 3.

@. Deep rufous; crown and hind head blue; over the nostrils
and sides of the head black tinged with blue; quills fuscous-black,
margined with rufous ; tail dull blue, broadly tipped and the mar-
gins of the outer feathers white ; throat and sides of breast deep hlue ;
breast and abdomen white ; sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale
rufous.

Length 6", wings 22".

Hab. Aru Islands.

36. RurprpurA GULARIS, Mull. & Schl.

37. *MoNnARCHA DICHROA, G. R. Gr.

Shining glossy black; breast, abdomen, and under wing-coverts

pure white.
Length 6! 3’, wings 3! 3!,

38. MonarCHA TELESCOPHTHALMA (Garn.).

39. *Micr@ca CONSPICILLATA, G. R. Gr.
Olivaceous greyish-brown ; head, quills and tail greyish-brown,

margined with olive; spot over the nostrils, ring round the eyes, and
the under surface white, tinged on the breast with pale rufous.
Length 4", wings 2! 1'',

AMPELID&.

40. *Dicrurvs assrmiuis?, G. R. Gr. P.Z. 8. 1858, p. 179.
3S. Length 12", wings 6".

Laniip&.
41. Recrres kKIRROCEPHALUS (Less.).
42. *RECTES sTREPITANS, Pr. B.
43. MyIoLEesTES MEGARHYNCHUS (Q. & G.).

44, *CRACTICUS PERSONATUS, Temm.

CorvipD.

45. Corvus ORRU.

Corvus corone, pt., Wagl.

Corvus coronoides ?, G. R. Gr. Cat. Mamm. & Birds of N. Guin.
p. 35.

Corvus orru, Mull.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 385.

46. *Corvus FUSCICAPILLUS, G. R. Gr.

Corvus orru, pt., Cat. Mamm. & Birds of N. Guin. p. 35.

Corvus macrorhynchus, pt., Wagl.

Head and neck obscure brownish-black ; rest of the body black,
slightly tinged with purple. Bill very large, measuring 3! 2! from
the gape, culmen elevated and much arched ; that of the ¢ entirely
black, of the 2 white tipped with blue and black. “ Iris sky-blue.”’
—Wallace.

» Length 23”, wings 13! 3!".

47. GYMNOCORVUS SENEX (Less.).

PARADISEID.

48. PARADISEA PAPUANA (Less.).

Mr. Wallace has offered some remarks in reference to the sup-
posed variety of Paradisea apoda, which will be best explained by
quoting his own words :—“I cannot consider the Paradisea apoda
of Aru a new variety, because I believe al/ the specimens known
have come from there. You will find, I think, the same difference
of colour between my Paradisea papuana and the native skins, which
- arises from my care in covering up the plumes during the period of
drying, which preserves their colour, while the natives bleach them
by weeks of exposure to sunshine. The pale colour of the head also
is from my specimens not being shrunk and smoked, as all the na-

158

tive ones are.’”” Under these circumstances, I now propose that the
name of Var. Wallaciana (given Proc. Z. 8. 1858, p. 181) should be
erased from the list.

STURNIDA.
49. Manucopta aTrRA (Less.).

50. MANUCODIA KERAUDRENI * (Less.).

Juv. entirely purplish glossy black, without any trace of green re-
flexions.

51. *CaALoRNIs vIRESCENS, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 182.

Calornis metallica, Sclater, Proc. L. S. 1858, p. 164.

52. GRACULA DUMONTII (Less. ).

BuCEROTID.

53. BucEROS RUFICOLLIS, Vieill.

PsITTACIDA.

54. PLATYCERCUS AMBOINENSIS (Bodd.).
Psittacus dorsalis, Q. & G.
55. *CHARMOSYNA PULCHELLA, G. R. Gr. List of Psitt. p. 102.

56. Lorius TRICOLOR (Linn.).

57. Lorius CYANAUCHEN.

Psittacus (Lorius) cyanauchen, Mill. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch.
Nederl. Ind. p. 107.

Lorius superbus, Fr. Zool. Typ. pl. 55.

Hab. Mafor Islands.

58. Eos CYANOGENIA.

Eos cyanogenia, Pr. B. P. Z.S. 1850, p. 27, pl. 14.
Hab. Mafor Islands.

59. *Kos FUSCATA.

Eos fuscata, B). Journ. A. 8. B. 1858, xxvii. p. 279.
Eos (Chalcopsitéa) torrida, G. R. Gr. List of Psitt. p. 102.

60. ELectus Linn#&1, Wagl.

The Aru specimen differs from those of Dorey in the abdomen
being pure blue ; in those from the latter place it is purplish blue.

* The specimen figured by Mr. Gould, in his ‘ Birds of Australia,’ as from
Cape York, is of a uniform glossy golden green, with the feathers of the neck of
a less pointed form than those of the Dorey examples. It is certainly distinct
from the M. keraudreni of Dorey, and therefore will warrant a new specific name
being given to it; and I now propose that of Manucodia gouldiz.

159 .

61. TRICHOGLOSSUS NIGROGULARIS, var.,G. R. Gr. P.Z.S. 1858,
p. 183.

62. *Psrrracus PUCHERANI (Pr. B.).
Pionus fuscicapillus, Womb. & Jacq.

63. PsirracULA DESMARESTII (Garn.).
64. CacaTua TRITON, Temm.

65. MicRoGLOssUM ATERRIMUM (Gm.).

The Aru examples should more properly be placed under Miero-
glossum alecto, as they are of a smaller size than those found at
Dorey.

CucuLipD&.

66. CENTROPUS MENEBIKI, Garn.

67. EUDYNAMYS PUNCTATUS.

CoLUMBID&.

68. PriLoNopus suPERBUS (Temm.).

69. CarropHaca PUELLA (Less.).

70. CARPOPHAGA PINON (Q. & G.).

71. CARPOPHAGA ZOEH (Less.).

72. CARPOPHAGA RUFIGASTRA (Q. & G.).

73, MacropyGiA DOREYA, Pr. B.

74, *CHALCOPHAPS STEPHANI (Homb. & Jacq.).

75. *Goura coronata (Linn. ).

MEGAPODID.

76. TALEGALLUS CUVIERI, Less.

77. MEGAPODIUS REINWARDTI, Wagl.

ARDEID.

78. BoraurRus HELIOSYLUS (Less.).

RALLiID&.
79. *RALLINA TRICOLOR, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1358, p. 188.

160

5. List or New CaLepontiANn Birps. -By GrorGe ROBERT
Gray, Ese., F.L.S., erc.

(Aves, Pl. CLV.)

This list contains an enumeration of the Birds recorded by For-
ster as obtained by the naturalists who accompanied the great cir-
cumnavigator Cook, while the expedition lay off New Caledonia, with
the addition of those which have been lately received from the same
locality. It has been thought that these would together form the
nucleus of an Ornithological Fauna of that little-known island and
of the smaller islets dependent upon it.

1. PANDION HALIAETUS?

Falco haliaétus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 257.
Hab. Isle of Pines (Isle of Spruce-trees of Forster).

2. HALCYON SANCTUS.

Halcyon sanctus, Vig. & Horsf. Linn. Trans. xv. 266.

Hab. Loyalty Islands (B.M.); Island of Nu, Port de France,
New Caledonia (B.M.).

3. GLYCIPHILA MODESTA.

Upper surface obscure cinereous, darker on the head ; back varied
with olive; quills and tail fuscous-black, margined outwards with
olive ; throat, breast, and sides greyish-brown, varied with cinereous
white ; abdomen pale greyish-brown, tinged with yellow ; ear-coverts
shining grey.

Length 5! 6!', wings 3", bill 103".

Hab. Island of Nu (B.M.).

4, GLYCIPHILA POLIOTIS.

Fuscous, tinged with olive; beneath pale fuscous, tinged with
olive ; ear-coverts grey ; quils and tail fuscous-black, margined with
bright yellow.

Length 6", wings 2" 11'", bill 1.

Hab. Loyalty Islands (B.M.).

These two species are nearly allied to G. ocularis, but they are
without the yellow spot behind each eye.

5. ——? CHLOROPHAEA.

Certhia chlorophaea, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 264.
Hab. New Caledonia.

6. ? FASCIATA.

Certhia fasciata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 263.
Hab. New Caledonia.

The ? INCANA.

Certhia incana, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 296.
Hab. New Caledonia.

161
8. TROPIDORHYNCHUS LESSONI.

Tropidorhynchus diemenensis, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 401 ; Pucher.
Arch. du Mus. 1855, t. 21.

Hab. Port St. Vincent, New Caledonia (B.M.); Isle of Pines
(B.M.); Loyalty Islands (B.M.).

9. ACANTHIZA FLAVOLATERALIS.

Head and upper part of neck cinereous ; back olivaceous; quills
blackish-fuscous, margined with olive; throat, breast, middle of the
abdomen, and a line frem nostril to above the eye cinereous white ;
sides of abdomen bright yellow ; tail fuscous, lateral feathers black,
marked near the tip of each with white ; bill and feet black.

Length 3" 8!", wings 2! 1!’

Hab, Island of Nu. (B.M.)

10. ZosTEROPS XANTHOCHROA.

Yellowish-olive ; lore and beneath the eyes black, the latter sur-
rounded with white ; throat and under tail-coverts yellow ; sides of
abdomen rufous-grey ; middle of abdomen white, tinged with yellow ;
bill and feet plumbeous ; the former long and acutely pointed.

Length 4" 3!", wings 2! 4!"

Hab. Islandof Nu. (B.M.)

11. ZosTEROPS GRISEONOTA.

Head, lower part of back, margins of the wings, and tail olive-
yellow ; upper part of back cinereous; throat and under tail-coverts
yellow ; breast pale cinereous, tinged with rufous ; sides of abdomen
rufous-grey ; middle of abdomen white, tinged with yellow ; bill
short and conical.

Length 4" 6!", wings 2! 7!"'.

Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.)

12. TURDUS XANTHOPUS.

Turdus xanthopus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 266; G. Forst. Icon.

ined. 151.
Hab. New Caledonia. ‘“ Degbe”’ of the natives. Island of Nu.

(B.M.)
The Merula vinitincta of Mr. Gould (P. Z. S. 1855, p. 165) is

closely allied to this species.
(

13. Perroica

Turdus minutus, Forst. Descr. Anim. pp. 88 and 257.
Hab. Isle of Pines.

14. Mvy1iAGRA PERSPICILLATA.

Greyish slate-colour ; ring round eyes white ; throat and breast
rusty red ; abdomen and middle of breast rufous-white ; under tail-
coverts white; quills fuscous-black, very slightly margined with

No. 394.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

162

rufous-white ; tail fuscous, with the lateral feathers more or less
tipped and the outer web of the first feather white.

Length 5" 9'", wings 2" 9'"’, bill from gape 9!".

Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.)

Allied to M. oceanica, H. & J., but smaller, especially in the
size of the bill.

15. MyIAGRA VIRIDINITENS.

Black, with glossy green reflexions; breast, abdomen, under tail-
coverts, and margins of lateral tail-feathers white; quills black,
slightly margined with grey.

Length 6" 6", wings 3".

Hab. Loyalty Island. (B.M.)

Allied to t. 12*. f. 4, Voy. au Pole Sud.

16. EorpSALTRIA VARIEGATA.

3. Upper surface olivaceous-brown ; head cinereous ; throat
white, with the feathers slightly margined with black; breast and
sides of abdomen pale brownish-grey ; middle of abdomen yellowish-
white; under tail-coverts yellow; quills fuscous, margined with rufous-
olive.

Q. Upper surface obscure olivaceous-brown, rather darker on the
head ; quills fuscous, margined with olive; margins of greater wing-
coverts and tertials rufous; throat pale yellow, with the feathers
slightly margined with black ; breast and sides of abdomen rufous-
grey ; middle of abdomen rufous-white ; under tail-coverts yellow.

Length 6", wings 3! 6!”.

Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.)

17. EopsauTriA { CALEDONICA.

Muscicapa olivacea, G. Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 271.
Muscicapa caledonica, Gmel. 8. N.1. 944.
Hab. New Caledonia.

18. PacHYCEPHALA XANTHETRAEA.

Muscicapa xanthetraea, Forst. Deser. Anim. p. 268.
Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Magga”’ of the natives. Island of Nu.
(B.M.)

19. CAMPEPHAGA CALEDONICA.

Corvus cinereus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 260; G. Forst. Icon.
ined. 53.

Corvus caledonicus, Gmel. 8. N. i. 367.

Corvus cesius, Cuv., Pucher. Arch. du Mus. 1855, p. 323.

Pica cinerea, Wag). Syst. Av.

Gazzola caledonica, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 383.

Campephaga caledonica, G. R. Gr. Gen. of B. p. 283.

Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘Ghewa”’ of the natives. Isle of Pines.
(B.M.)

163

20. CampepHaGa (LALAGE) NEVIA.

Musicapa nevia, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 269; G. Forst. Icon.
ined. 159; Gmel. S. N. 1. 944.

Hah. New Caledonia; Island of Nu (B.M.).

21. ARTAMUS MELALEUCUS.
Loxia melaleuca, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 272; G. Forst. Icon.
ined. 40.

Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Keeuh”’ of the natives. Island of Nu.
(B.M.)

This species is quite distinct from 4. leucorhynchus, being of a
darker colour on the upper surface.

22. Corvus CORONE ?

Corvus, n. sp., Licht. Descr. Anim. p. 279.
Corvus corone, Wagl. Syst. Av. __
Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Maga” of the natives.

23. CORVUS MONEDULOIDES.

Corvus moneduloides, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 329.

Corvus inflatus, Temm. MSS.

Physocorax moneduloides, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1853.
Hab. New Caledonia.

24. APLONIS*® STRIATA.

Coracias pacifica, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 261 ; G. Forst. Icon.
ined. 54, upp. fig.

* The other species of this genus are

A. TABUENSIS, Friendly Islands.
Lanius tabuensis, Gmel.
Aplonis marginata, Gould.
Aplonis tabuensis, Hartl.

A. CASSINII. Fiji and Tongatabou.
Lamprotornis fusca, Peale.
Aplonis marginalis, Hartl.
Aplonis marginata, Cassin.

A. BREVIROSTRIS. Navigators’ Islands.

Lamprotornis brevirostris, Peale.
Aplonis brevirostris, Hart.

A. FUSCA. Australia.
Aplonis fusca, Gould.
A. ZEALANDICA. New Zealand.

Lamprotornis zealandicus, Quoy & Gaim.
Aplonis zealandica, G. R. Gr.

A. OBSCURA. New Zealand.
Lamprotornis obscurus, Dubus.
Aplonis obscura, G. R. Gr.
? A. NIGROVIRIDIS. —?
= Lamprotornis nigroviridis, Less.

164

Coracias striata, Gmel. S. N. i. 381.
Lanius striatus, Wagl. Syst. Av.
Hab. New Caledonia; Island of Nu (B.M.)?

25. APLONIS VIRIDIGRISEA.

Slaty-grey, with glossy green reflexions ; top of head and cheeks
glossy purplish-black ; quills and tail black ; tertials and secondaries
bordered with slaty-grey; beneath the body greyish slate-colour,
tinged with olivaceous-yellow ; under tail-coverts greyish-white.

Coracias striata 2, Gmel. S. N. i. 3812; G. Forst. Icon. ined.
54, low. fig.

Length 7", wings 4", bill from gape 11

Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.)

26. APLONIS ATRONITENS.

Sooty black ; feathers on the back margined with green reflexions,
and those beneath the body are broadly margined with grey; quills
and tail deep fuscous-black ; bill and feet black. 5

Length 8" 3'", wings 4" 3!", bill from gape 1".

Hab. Loyalty Islands. (B.M.)

27. ESTRELDA PSITTACEA.

Fringilla pulchella, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 273; G. Forst. Icon.
ined. 153.

Fringilla psittacea, Gmel. 8. N.i. 903 ; Lath. Syn. pl. 48; Vieill.
Ois. Chant. t. 32.

Estrelda psittacea, G. R. Gr. Gen. of B. 11. 369.

Erythrura psittacea, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 457.

Poephila pandoni, M‘Gill. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858.

Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Durubeea,”’ “ Gherubeea”’ of the na-
tives. Island of Nu. (B.M.)

28. Puatycercus (NYMPHICUS) CORNUTUS.

Psittacus bisetis, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 258; G. Forst. Icon.
ined. 43; Lath. Syn. pl. 8.

Psittacus cornutus, Gmel. 8. N. 1. 327.

Platycercus cornutus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. 1. 528.

Nymphicus bisetis, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 522.

Nymphicus cornutus, G. R. Gr. List of Gen. of B. 1855, p. 86.

Hab. New Caledonia (B.M.). ‘‘Kere,” “ Keghe”’ of the na-
tives. South Harbour, south end of N. C. (B.M.).

29. PLATYCERCUS CALEDONICUS.

Psittacus caledonicus, Gmel. 8. N. 1. 328.

Psittacus bisetis 2, Shaw.

Platycercus caledonicus, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 532.
Hab. New Caledonia.

30. CucuLus (CACOMANTIS) BRONZINUS. |
Allied to C. cineraceus, Vig. & Horsf. ; but the bill is larger, and

165

the bird is altogether of a deeper colour, especially beneath the body,
which is of a rusty colour; the white spots on the sides of the tail-
feathers are very small, and unconnected with one another.

Length 10" 9", wings 5! 6!"

Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.)

31. PTILONOPUS GREYI.
Ptilonopus greyi, G. R. Gr. List. of Col. p. 4.

Ptilopus purpuratus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. 19?
Hab. Loyalty Island (B.M.) ; Isle of Pines (B.M.).

32. PrILONOPUS HOLOSERICEUS.

Columba holosericea, Temm. Pig, t. 32.

Ptilonopus sericeus, G. R. Gr. Gen. of B. 11. 467.
Lamprotreron holosericea, Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. 18.
Hab. Isle of Pines. (B.M.)

33. CARPOPHAGA (PHZNORHINA) GOLIATH. (PI. CLV.)

3. Greyish slate-colour on the head, neck, breast and back ; wings
slaty-black, with slight green reflexions, and the middle feathers of
the wing-coverts of an obscure purplish-red ; outer webs at the base
of the primaries greyish-white, hardly appearing on that of the first
quill ; tail slaty-black, with green reflexions ; inner web of the first,
and both webs of the second to the fifth feathers, more or less of a
deep brownish-red, two middle feathers with only a space in the
middle of each web of an obscure brownish-red ; abdomen deep
brownish-red ; thighs and under tail-coverts rufous-white ; bill red,
with the tip black ; feet red. ,

Length 19" 9", wings 13! 3!

Hab. Isle of Pines. (B.M.)

The specimen exhibits the nostrils only partly covered at the base,
and the openings entirely exposed ; which has not been observed in
any other species of the family Columbide, therefore might be sup-
posed to form a subgeneric division, with the name of Phenorhina.

34. CarpopHaGa (IANTH@NAS) HYPQ@NOCHROA.

Tanthenas hypenochroa, Gould, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 136.

Carpophaga (Janthenas) hypoinochroa, G. R.Gr., List of Columb.
B.M. p. 24.

Hab. Isle of Pines. (B.M.)

35. CHALCOPHAPS CHRYSOCHLORA, var.

Chalcophaps chrysochlora, Gould ?
Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.)

36. CHARADRIUS —— ?

Charadrius glaucopus, var., Forst. Deser. Anim. p. 258 ; G. Forst.
Icon. ined. 124.
Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Poemanghee’’ of the natives.

166

37. STREPSILAS INTERPRES.
Tringa interpres, Linn.
Strepsilas interpres, G. R. Gr.
Hab. New Caledonia.

38. ArpEA (HERODIAS) ALBOLINEATA.

Closely allied to 4. sacra, Gm. (A. jugularis, Forst.); but the
white is wider and extends less down the throat, and the tarsi are
rather longer, being 3" 6! in length.

Hab. Isle of Pines. (B.M.)

39. NycTICORAX CALEDONICUS.

Ardea ferruginea, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 274; G. Forst. Icon.
ined. 111.

Ardea caledonica, Gmel. S. N. i. 626.

Ardea sparrmannii, Wagl. Syst. Av.

Nycticorax caledonicus, Steph.

Hab. New Caledonia.

40. ANAS SUPERCILIOSA.

Anas leucophrys, Forst. Deser. Anim. p. 93; G. Forst. Icon.
ined. 77

Anas superciliosa, Gmel. 8. N. i. 537.

Hab. New Caledonia.

41. ANAS PUNCTATA, var.

Anas punctata, Gould.
Hab. New Caledonia.

42. STERNA GRACILIS.
Sterna gracilis, Gould, B. of Austr.
HTab. New Caledonia.

43. STERNA MELANAUCHEN.

Sterna melanauchen, Temm. PI. Col.
Hab. Loyalty Islands (B.M.) ; New Caledonia.

44, STERNA (HALIPLANA) FULIGINOSA.

Sterna serrata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 476; G. Forst. Icon. ined.
110.

Onychoprion serrata, Wag).

Sterna fuliginosa, Gmel. 8. N. i. 605.

Haliplana fuliginosa, Wag).

Hab. New Caledonia.

. LARUS NOVZ HOLLANDIA.

i us scopulinus, Forst. Descr. AAD pp. 106 & 257 ; G. Forst.
Icon. ined. 109.

Larus nove hollandie, Steph.

Larus jamesoni, Wils. Ill. of Zool. +, 23.

Hab. Isle of Pines.

167

46. SuLA FUSCA.

Pelecanus plotus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 278.

** Pelecanus fiber, Linn.,”’ G. Forst. Icon. ined. 108.
Sula fusca, Briss. ?

Hab. New Caledonia.

6. Descrietion or A New Species oF Diver (Cotymsus).
By Greorce Rosert Gray, Esa., F.L.S., ere.

CotymBus ApaAmsil, G. R. Gr.

Closely allied to C. glacialis ; but the head and collar round the
neck shining bluish-black, except on the top of the head and neck,
which have a slight green reflexion ; the rows of spots of the tertials
and secondaries very much larger and more like those of C. arcticus,
while the spots on the sides of the abdomen and upper tail-coverts
are smaller than those of C. glacialis. This bird is easily distin-
guished from either of those species by its larger bill, by having the
gonys more strongly developed, and by its bill being of a yellowish-
white colour.

Length 31"; bill from gape 5", from the base of culmen 3! 9!" ;
wings 15".

Hab. Russian America.

This fine species is named after the late Mr. Adams, Surgeon of
H.M.S. Enterprise, commanded by Capt. Collinson, in the voyage
made by him through Behring’s Straits. Mr. Adams employed his
pencil in producing beautiful drawings of the remarkable birds ob-
tained during the voyage; but after his return to this country, he
undertook the appointment of surgeon to one of H. M.S. on the
West African Station, where he soon fell a victim to the unhealthy
climate.

7. On some New Fresuwater SHELLS FROM ECUADOR AND
New GRanaDa, IN THE CoLLEcTION oF Hugu Cumine,
Esa. By Dr. Von vem Buscu.

1. MrLanta Fusco-puncrata, V. d. Busch.

Testa ovato-turrita, tenuis, levis, nitida, lutea cum numerosis
punetis fuscis in seriebus transversis circumdata; anfractibus
4 parum convexis ; margine columellari albo ; apertura ovata,
alba, intus maculis fuscis nonnullis ornata.
Long. 8'", diam. 5!’ apertura 4!" alta, 3!’ lata.
Hab. Ecuador.
This fine Melania, found, according to the statement of Mr.
Cunnng, by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, is particularly distinguished by
numerous red-brown points, which are arranged in transverse lines

168

or bands from the apex of the shell to the base, but are only distinctly
visible by means of a lens, and are more distinct on the two inferior
than on the two upper whorls.

2. MeLANiaA FRASER], V. d. Busch.

Testa oe rito-subulata, tenuis,.nitida, apice decollato; anfracti-
bus 74 subconvexis ; sutura mediocris ; anfractus inferiores olt-
vacet et cum flammulis fuliginosis ornati, superiores autem so-
lummodo fuliginosi, basis striata ; apertura ovata, effusa.

Long. 14!", diam. 3'"; apertura longa 3!"’, lata 2!’.

Hab. Yicuador.

This Melania, which was also found by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador,
and which I dedicate to him, is distinguished by the coloration of
the shell; the inferior whorls are of olive-yellow colour, upon which
appear dark-brown flames; the upper whorls are, however, of a
uniform dark-brown colour.

3. AMPULLARIA souiDA, V. d. Busch.

Testa oblongo-conoidea, solida, levis, haud nitens, imperforata,
anfractibus 4 conveaxis, olivacea, fasciis fuscis obsoletis cir-
cumdata ; apertura ovato-oblonga, alba, intus cerulea ; labrum
crassum ; columella subcallosa, alba.

Altit. 18-19", latit. 13’; apertura 9'" longa, 6!” lata.

Hab. Ecuador. ;

This Ampullaria, found also by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, seems to be
in every respect like the 4. spencei, Reeve, figured under 124 of his
‘Monograph of the Genus Ampullaria, and is perhaps only a
variety of it.

4. AMPULLARIA MODESTA, V.d. Busch.

Testa globosa, solida, imperforata, haud nitida, apice ‘eroso ;
fusca sine fasciis, sed costulis levibus sparsim circumdata ;
anfractibus 4; spira brevis; apertura ovata, intus cesia ;
labrum solidum, luteum.

Altit. 16!, latit. 10!" ; apertura 9!"' longa, 6!" lata.

Hab. Ecuador.

A mean-looking species, somewhat solid, distinguished by some

dispersed fore ribs upon the last whorl, visible with the naked eye.

5. AMPULLARIA QUITENSIS, V. d. Busch.

Testa globoso-ventricosa, solida, profunde et anguste umbilicata,
spira exserta, anfractibus 5 convexis ad suturam impressis ;
virescens, obscure fasciata ; apertura ovata, intus cinereo
striata ; labrum vivide aurantio-rufum.

Altit. 17', latit. 14!" ; apertura 9!" longa, 7! lata.

Hab. Ecuador.

Distinguished by the fire-red lip. On the interior of the aperture

are visible the indistinct bands of the exterior of the shell, as more
or less distinct grey bands.

169

6. AMPULLARIA NOV&-GRANAD&, V. d. Busch.

Testa globosa, tenuis, nitida, perforata; spira exserta, ovata ;
anfractibus 5-6 convexis ad suturam planis ; ultimus anfractus
valde globosus, + totius altitudinis equans ; virescenti-olivacea
fasciitis obscuris circumdata ; apertura ampla, semicircularis,
nitida, intus plus minusve cerulea ; lubrum tenue, subreflecum,
acutum ; margo columellaris luteus.

Altit. 24!, latit. 19’; apertura longa 18!", lata 13!"

Hab. New Granada.

The obscure bands of this fine olive-green Ampullaria, which

comes, according to the statement of Mr. Cuming, from New Gra-
nada, are distinctly visible in the interior of the aperture.

8. Tar Biros or CASHMERE AND Lapaxkn. By A. Lerra
Apams, A.M., M.B., 22npn RecGImMeENrT.

(Aves, Pl. CLVL)

The indefatigable naturalist, Mr. Hodgson, has made us well
acquainted with the ornithology of Nepal and the Eastern Himalayan
ranges ; but towards the west, including Cashmere and the neigh-
bouring districts, there is yet much to be discovered. The follow-
ing list, I fear, falls short of its object, inasmuch as it is very defi-
cient in water-birds. This is owing to the circumstance that my
visits were made durmg the summer months, when the migratory
species had left the lakes and fens of Cashmere for the cooler regions
of Chinese Tartary. Rapid movements through an extensive tract
of mountainous country are not calculated to secure comprehensive
or even very correct information of its natural history. I was for-
tunate, however, in being enabled to make a large collection, inclu-
ding several new species ; among the latter may be mentioned the
Pyrrhula aurantia (Gould’s Birds of Asia, Part X.), Chelidon
cashmeriensis (P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 356), and Montifringilla adamsi
(Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 482).

For the information of those desirous of pursuing this delightful
study in the countries visited by me, I may state that among the vast
mountain chains of the Hindoo Coosh and Kaftfiristan a great
field lies unexplored, and, as far as I am aware, as yet untrodden by
a single naturalist. Great is the variety as regards the climate, ap-
pearance, and vegetation of the Himalayas ; and in the same manner
does its fauna vary : indeed nothing can be more illustrative of this
fact than a comparison of the birds of Nipal and those of the districts
through which I travelled. This dissimilarity is even apparent in
the birds of adjoining districts ; so that I have found it requisite to
include in this list only the species I observed during my travels in
Cashmere and Ladakh. Notices of other species frequenting the
ranges towards the east will be found in my papers on the ‘ Birds of
India,’ published in these ‘ Proceedings’ for last year.

170

1. GypaiTus BARBATUS (Linn.).

Common on the lesser ranges near the Punjab, Vale of Cashmere,
and northwards in Ladakh and Chinese Tartary. The measure-
ments of several adult males were, from tip of bill to extremity of
tail 3 feet 10 inches; between tips of wings 9 feet. Weight 12 lbs.
Iris of adult, red ; in young, hazel. ;

2. Gyps 1npicus (Scop.).
Common on the Cashmere mountains.

3. GyPs BENGALENSIS (Gmel.).
Same distribution as the last ; not so common.

4. NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS (Linn.).

Not common in the Vale of Cashmere, but often seen on the
ranges near the plains of the Punjab. It does not proceed any
distance towards the interior of the Himalayan Mountains.

5. AQUILA ?

On one occasion, on the mountains near Leh, Ladakh, and at an
elevation of about 17,000 feet, I saw a fine Kagle: “‘ Head and neck
were white; rest of plumage black ; tail long and wedge-shaped.”
I was struck subsequently with its similarity to the Aquila malay-

ensis (Gray).

6. Hatraitus macer (Temm.).

Abundant on the lakes and Jhelum river in the Valley of Cash-
mere. This noble-looking bird is an interesting object in the
Cashmere landscape.

7. Fatco TINNUNCULUS, Linn. ;
Common on all wooded mountains around the valley and cultivated
districts in Ladakh.

8. Fatco cencurRis, Naum.
Not so common as the last ; has the same distribution.

9. ACCIPITER BADIUS (Gmel.).

Valley of Cashmere and surrounding ranges ; pretty common.

The inner wing-coverts of certain specimens were ochrey-white,
while others were barred and spotted. Some were more rufous on
the back than others; and the spots and bars on the lower parts
were more distinct in the specimens, with barred under wing-coverts.
These may be only sexual differences.

10. Mitvus Govinpa, Sykes.

Cashmere, common. Builds in the walnut and chunar trees in
the valley. Not seen in Ladakh or northwards of the Valley of
Cashmere.

171

. Corvus corax, Linn.

ae common in the Valley of Cashmere ; abundant all over
Ladakh, found at very high elevations in the latter mountains; ex-
tends northwards to Chinese Tartary. (Vide Thomson’s ‘ Travels in
Tibet and Nobra,’ p. 430.)

The species is common in the Northern Punjab, Upper Scinde,
and Afghanistan. I have compared specimens with Corvus tibe-
tanus (Hodgson), and consider them identical.

12. Corvus cutminatus, Sykes.
Common on the ranges southward of the Valley of Cashmere.

13. Corvus coroneE, Linn.

- Valley and mountains of Cashmere; common. I have not been
able to find this species in any list of birds from the Western Hima-
layas, and unfortunately the specimens I killed in Cashmere were
lost; but I have no doubt as to their identity. It is a native of
Afghanistan.

Note. — Corvus frugilegus is a winter visitor to the districts
forming the north-western boundary of the Punjab. Certainly not
a summer resident in the Valley of Cashmere, but may be found
there in winter.

14. Corvus ?

Intermediate between the European Jackdaw and the last species,
there is a crow which I consider distinct from any yet described, and
which at first sight might easily be confounded with the last*.
Generally seen in flocks on the lesser Himalayan ranges ; is abun-
dant on the mountains around the Valley of Cashmere, and eastward
on the ranges near the Kuropean stations at Dugshai and Simla.
The collection contaiming specimens of this bird was lost. I have,
however, preserved the following notes :—‘“‘ Nostrils covered with
incumbent bristles; uniform colour, metallic black. Tail wedge-
shaped. The tertials are mucronate at the tips. Its flight is rapid
and strong, habits familiar ; and is generally seen feeding in villages or
around the hill stations. I consider this species distinct from C.
corone on account of its smaller size. I propose the name Corvus
intermedius for this species.”

15. Corvus MONEDULA, Linn.

Very common in the Valley of Cashmere ; but does not proceed
northwards. Builds in all the old and ruined palaces, and migrates
to the Northern Punjab during the winter months.

16. Corvus SPLENDENS, Vieill.
Not common in Cashmere. Seldom seen any distance from the
towns or villages.

* See J. A. S. No. LXIX. 601. Indian Oology, by W. Theobald, Esq.—‘ A
small black Hill-crow which builds in chunar trees.”” Evidently this species.

172

17. FreGitus GRAcuLvs (Linn.).

On the mountains of Cashmere. Seen generally in flocks, feeding
around the margin of melting snow at high elevations. Its call is
rough and harsh. Migrates to the Punjab in winter.

18. PyrRRHOCORAX ALPINUS, Vieill.

Ladakh and Tibet ; pretty common; not seen on the Cashmere
ranges ; strictly alpine, and confined to the interior chains. Feeds
on the mulberry and other fruits; gregarious. Easily distinguished
from the last by the yellow colour of the bill and dark legs.

19. Pica TIBETANA, Hodgs.

Extends all over Ladakh and Tibet, but is not found on the Cash-
mere ranges or southwards. This peculiarity in the habits of the
Asiatic bird is striking ; it prefers the bleak and woodless wastes of
Ladakh to the highly-cultivated lands and forests of Cashmere. I
believe it is identical with P. dactriana, Bonap. ; and the distinc-
tions between it and the British bird are by no means well-marked.
I am inclined to consider the eastern bird only a local variety.

20. DENDROCITTA VAGABUNDA (Vieill.).

Pretty common in the woods and jungles of the lesser Himalayan
Ranges.

21. Urocissa occrPitatis (Blyth).

Is not uncommon in the jungles and woods of the lesser ranges
around Simla; replaced on the mountains of Cashmere by the Uro-
cissa flavirostris (Blyth), which was often met with on the banks
of the Jhelum in its mountain course from the Valley of Cashmere.
It was not seen but in this situation; and, until I saw Mr. Blyth’s
description in J. A. 8. xv. p. 28, I considered it an immature bird
of the U. occipitalis. It appears Mr. Blyth’s specimens are from
Cashmere. Its habits are similar to those of the other species.

22. NucirraGAa HEmISPILA, Vig.

Pine forests of Cashmere and surrounding mountains. Call loud
and discordant.

23. CoRACIAS INDICA, Linn.

Very common in the Valley of Cashmere, and frequently seen in
cultivated districts in Ladakh and Tibet.

Note.—Mr. Blyth, in the ‘Cat. As. Soc. Mus.’ p. 51, mentions
the C. garrula as found in N.W. India and Cashmere. I have not
seen it anywhere in the Punjab or Western Ranges, including Cash-
mere, and doubt if it frequents any part of N.W. India eastward of
the Khyber Pass.

24. GARRULUS GULARIS, Gray.

Not common on the Cashmere Mountains; often seen on the
lesser Himalayan Ranges, near Simla, to the eastward of Cashmere.

173

25. STuRNUS UNICOLOR, Marmora.

Very common in the Valley of Cashmere. Its nest is built of
dried grass, and placed in holes of decayed trees. Gregarious.

26. StuRNUS VULGARIS, Linn.
Valley of Cashmere ; common.

27. STURNIA PAGODARUM (Gmel.).
Pretty common on the lesser ranges southwards of the valley.

28. ACRIDOTHERES GINGINIANUS (Lath.).

Sometimes in the valley, but oftener seen on the ranges southward.
Gregarious.

29. AcRIDOTHERES TRISTIS (Linn.).

Very common in the valley and in the villages on the lesser
ranges.

30. PALHORNIS ALEXANDRI (Linn.).

On the wooded slopes of the lesser ranges southward of Cash-
mere; not common.

31. PALZORNIS TORQUATUS (Briss.).

Common in all wooded districts on the lesser ranges and in the
Valley of Cashmere.

32. PALZORNIS SCHISTICEPS (Hodgs.).

Never seen out of the mountains ; least common of all the species
named.

33. PALZORNIS CYANOCEPHALUS (Linn.).
Pretty common in and out of the valley southwards.

34. Bucco Granpis (Gmel.).

Seen frequently in the dense jungles on the lesser ranges and in
the Valley of Cashmere. Flight very rapid ; cry loud and harsh.

35. Picus squamatus, Gould.

Woods and forests of Cashmere, and the lesser ranges; pretty
common; solitary in its habits.

36. Picus HIMALAYANUS, Jardine and Selby.

Forests of Cashmere, and likewise occasionally in the jungles
southward ; common.

37. Picus 2

Seen on one occasion in a pine forest of the Northern Cashmere
Ranges. About the size of the lesser Woodpecker: head white ;
neck and breast bluish-black ; belly and vent red.

174

38. BRACHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS (Linn.).

Woods and forests of Cashmere, not seen in the valley ; by no
means common.

39. CERTHIA HIMALAYANA, Vig.

Woods and forests of the lesser ranges and Cashmere; pretty
common.

40. SITTA HIMALAYANA, Gould.

Generally distributed in wooded districts in the valley and sur-
rounding mountains.

41. Upupa epoprs, Linn.

Plentiful in the Valley of Cashmere and in Ladakh, but only
during the summer months. Migrates southwards to the Punjab
and India in winter.

42. TicHODROMA MURARIA (Linn.).

Its favourite haunts are rocky and precipitous, sides of rivers and
streams in and out of the valley ; generally seen single ; has no call
note.

43. CeRYLE RuDIS (Linn.).

Pretty common on the rivers and streams in the valley and ranges
southwards.

44. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS, Gmel.

A common tenant on all the streams and lakes in the Vailey of
Cashmere.

45. Merops viripis, Linn.

Not seen in the Valley of Cashmere or in Ladakh, but pretty
common on the lesser Himalayan Ranges.

46. MERops APIASTER, Linn.

Common in the valley and surrounding mountains ; generally seen
in flocks.

47. OxYLOPHUS MELANOLEUCUS, (Blyth).

Very common in the dense brushwood in the Valley of Cashmere.
A noisome bird, and more frequently heard than seen.

48. CucuLvus canorus, Linn.

Common in the valley and Ladakh. Continues its well-known
call until the end of June. I have seen the Cuckoo among the
stunted birch-trees on the high ranges at an elevation of 13,000 feet
above the level of the sea. It wanders all over the Western Hima-
layas wherever vegetation exists, and may be heard calling even in
July close to the confines of perpetual snow.

49. CENTROPUS ?

This bird is common in bushy places on the lesser ranges; gre-
garious ; call loud and harsh; flight feeble. In habits resembles
the bush Thrushes. The specimens were lost, but I have preserved
the following notes descriptive of the species :—Size, a little larger
than the Fieldfare ; bill much curved, hooked at the tip, and scarlet,
becoming fainter towards the tip ; upper parts brown; lower surface
of the body an ochrey-browa ; wings rounded ; tail long, broad, and
fan-like ; tarsus large and strong; feet small; versatile toe nearly
equal to the lateral: general caste of plumage lax ; points of feathers
spinous, particularly about the head and neck ; gizzard contained an
entire lizard of about 3 inches in length, and parts of locusts, beetles,
and large insects.

50. CypsELUS AFFINIS, Gray.

Common on the banks of the Dras River in Ladakh, and on the
lakes and streams of that country. Often seen in the city of Siri-
nuggur, Cashmere, during summer evenings, sporting around the
ruined walls of the palace.

51. CypsELUS MELBA (Linn.).

Frequently observed in the Valley of Cashmere and on the ranges
southwards.

52. Cypse.us apus (Linn.).

In the valley and surrounding mountains ; common during the
summer months.

53. HiruNDO FILIFERA, Steph.

Valley of Cashmere during the summer months; migrates with
others of the family to the Punjab and India in winter.

54. Hirunpo rustica, Linn.

Common on the ranges between the plains of the Punjab and
Cashmere. Very common in the valley. ‘‘ The Swallow twittering
from the straw-built shed,” is to me a pleasing remembrance of the
happy valley. Moore in his ‘ Lalla Rookh’ might have introduced
the Swallow in place of the Nightingale. “The Nightingale’s hymn
from the Isle of Chunars”’ is a creation of the poet’s imagination.
The Luscinia philomela is not found in the Western Himalayas.

55. Hirunpo paurica, Linn.
Mountains around Cashmere: common ; not seen in the valley.

56. CHELIDON CASHMERIENSIS, Gould, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 356.

This new species is plentiful in the Valley of Cashmere, and on
the banks of the Ladakh rivers. The distinctions between it and
Ch. urbica are well-marked : it is not so large as C. urbica; and the
axillary feathers are brown instead of greyish-white. The difference

176

between it and Delichon nipalensis, Hodgs., are likewise distinct.
The even tail and more robust bill will always distinguish the Nipal
from the Cashmere Martin, independent of the other distinctions
with respect to plumage. It migrates to the Punjab during the
winter months.

57. CoryLe RIpaRiA (Linn.).
Rivers and lakes of Cashmere and the lower ranges. Ladakh,
common: frequently seen on the banks of the Chimouraree lake.

58. Coryite sussoccata, Hodgs. ?

I found this bird abundant in July on the Chimouraree lake,
Ladakh, and during the cold months on lakes and pools among the
Salt ranges of the Punjab. It is distinct from the C. riparia;
neither is Hirundo minuta, Hodgs., no. 333, Cat. Brit. Mus., which
is equivalent to C. sinensis and Hirundo brevicaudata of M‘Clelland,
the same bird. C. subsoccata, Hodgs., no. 332, is the only species
which I have not been able to compare with my specimen, and which
is at all likely to prove identical.

Description :—Total length 4 inches. Upper parts greyish-umber.
Wings darker, length 3,2; inches, as long as the tail. Tail mode-
rate, and nearly even. Throat dirty white; an irregular band of
greyish umber across the breast. Belly, vent, and under tail-coverts
white. Tarsus almost naked, except a minute tuft above the inser-
tion of the hind toe.

58*. CoryLeE —— ?

The specimen was lost from which the following description was
taken :—A small striated Swallow: is common on the lakes and
streams in the Vale of Cashmere during the summer months, and
likewise in the Punjab at certain seasons. Total length 43 inches.
Bill small, robust ; crown of head rufous, speckled with narrow
black lines; back glossy-black ; wings bluish-black ; rump inclining
to white ; tail black, slightly forked; breadth between tips of wings
10 inches; throat and breast white, with numerous black lines ;
belly and vent white, with the black lines more sparingly dispersed ;
tarsus naked ; inner surface of wings brownish-black.

59. PARUS CINEREUS, Vieill.
Cashmere and the surrounding ranges, common.

60. ParuUs MELANOPHUS, Vig.

Generally seen in flocks in the forests and plantations in the
valley and lesser ranges towards the south. Sometimes associates
with Paroides flammiceps (Burton).

61. Parus ——?

I killed a specimen of this species, in company with the last, on
the oak-covered slopes of one of the lesser ranges nearsthe Valley of
Cashmere. The following is a description :—Crested ; total length

177

5 inches. Iris brick-red ; bill bluish-black ; forehead and between
ear-coverts a dirty white; all upper parts, wings and tail leaden ash ;
breast, belly, and vent ochrey white; tail moderate, slightly forked ;
legs and claws leaden blue. Specimen a male.—In vain I have
searched authors and journals for a description of this species, which
is probably new.

Note.—It agrees almost with the Parus rufonuchalis (Blyth).

62. PAROIDES FLAMMICEPS (Burton).

By no means common. I saw it only on one occasion, when the
Specimen was procured. Frequents the same localities with the Tits
—wooded mountain sides or dense jungles on the lesser Himalayan
ranges.

63. PsALTRIA ERYTHROCEPHALA, Gould.

Not common: seen occasionally in the oak woods of the lesser
ranges along with the Parus cinereus (Vieill.).

64. PyRRHULA AURANTIA, Gould, B. A. pt. x.; Proc. Zool. Soc.
pt. xxv. p. 222.

“The orange-coloured Bullfinch.”

The male has the crown of the head, neck, breast, back and belly
a rich orange. The female has the head and neck an ash colour,
like the female of P. vulgaris; back the same, rather fainter, and
tinged with orange ; lower parts like the male, but not so brilliant,
and approaching to olive.

This new and beautiful species I met with for the first time on the
wooded slopes of the lesser ranges in March 1852, and subsequently
in the woods and forests of Cashmere, where it is not uncommon.
The P. erythrocephala, Vig. was not seen during my visits to Cash-
mere, although frequently observed on the ranges near Simla.

65. PassER DOMESTICUS (Linn.).

Most abundant in the valley on the lesser ranges, and northwards
in Ladakh.

66. PasseR CINNAMOMEUS, Blyth.

Pretty common in the valley and surrounding mountains; gene-
rally seen in small flocks.

67. CaRPODACUS ROSEUS (Vieill.).

Pretty common in cultivated districts in Ladakh and Tibet. Its
favourite food is the seeds of a vetch cultivated by the natives of
these countries.

68. Carrpopacus —— ?

Similar in plumage to No. 67, but larger, with the red on the
throat and breast more brilliant. In flocks on the sides of the moun-
tains forming the northern barrier to the Valley of Cashmere, high

No. 395.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

178

up and close to the margin of melting snow,—strictly alpine in its
habits. A specimen was not procured. It is possible this may be
the Carp. rhodochrous (Gould).

69. HespERIPHONA ICTERIOIDES (Vig.).

In small flocks in the dense pine forests of the Cashmere moun-
tains. Its call-note is loud and plaintive, and can be heard at a
long distance.

70. MonTIFRINGILLA HZMATOPYGIA, Gould.

Common on the mountains surrounding the Chimouraree Lake in
Ladakh. Generally seen in small flocks along with Linota brevi-
rostris (Gould), feeding on the seeds of a wormwood.

71. MontTIFRINGILLA ADAmsiI, Moore, P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 482.
(Pl. CLVI.)

This new and, until lately, undescribed species, at first sight seems
closely allied to M. gebleri, but differs from that bird in several well-
marked appearances. It is a native of the barren wastes and moun-
tains of Ladakh, particularly near the Lamestry at Lamayeroo. Ge-
nerally observed in small flocks, it is strictly terrestrial im its habits ;
and in its call-note, and mode of progression when on the ground, is
very similar to the true Larks. The nest is composed of dried grass,
and usually placed in dykes and stony places by the wayside. Larger
than M. gebleri ; but with the bill of the same shape and appearance.
Tris hazel. Head and back greyish ash ; upper tail-coverts white ;
primaries black; tips and inner webs of the secondaries white,
the two last having both webs white. Wing-coverts white, with
black tips. Tertials greyish ash ; bastard wing white, tipped with
black ; two centre tail feathers black ; the other remiges white, with
a black band at the tip, which narrows on the external remiges. Au-
riculars grey. Chin and throat pale grey. Below white. Axillary
feathers pure white. My specimens were shot in July 1852. Iam
indebted to Sir William Jardine, Bart., for having directed my atten-
tion to the specific differences between the above and M. geblert; and
I take this opportunity of expressing the obligations which I owe
that distinguished naturalist for his valuable assistance on many
points connected with the natural history of India.

72. MEeTOPONIA PUSILLA (Pallas).

Very common in all the wastes and uncultivated districts in Ladakh.
Seen generally in flocks. Habits and call-note closely resemble the
European Redpole.

73. MOTACILLA BOARULA (Linn.).

A common tenant of all the Cashmere rivers and mountain streams ;
not so plentiful in Ladakh: seen at Leh and Iskardoh.

74. MorTactLLa LUZONIENSIS (Scop.).
Generally distributed over Cashmere and Ladakh.

179

75. BupyvTes viripis (Gmel.).

Cashmere and lesser ranges. Generally seen in flocks by the
sides of pools and damp situations.

76. BupyTES CITREOLA (Pallas).
Tn marshes and wet situations all over the valley, and in like places
in Ladakh: common.

77. ENICURUS MACULATUS, Vig.

Common on the mountain-streams southwards of the valley.
Among the tangled jungles by the sides of the mountain torrent this
beautiful creature sports from rock to rock: it flutters like a huge
butterfly, intently searching after its winged prey: now and then
uttering a harsh scream, as it runs along the water’s edge with its tail
expanded like a fan.— MS. Notes.

78. ENICURUS SCOULERI, Vig.

Frequently seen with the last species, but is not so common, and
prefers the mountain-streams of the higher ranges. Often seen on
the Chenab river near Kishtewar. Both this and the last species
were often observed with the Rutzcilla fuliginosa (Blyth), and Ruti-
cilla ?, No. 82.

79. RUTICILLA ERYTHROGASTRA (Guld.).

I first met with this bird at Ghia, a few marches north of the
Chimouraree Lake, Ladakh: it is common on the streams and sides
of the lakes, but was not observed in the Valley of Cashmere or its
mountains, where, probably, its place is taken by the next species.
The female has no white on the forehead, and the head and back
are a brownish ash. ‘This is the state likewise of the young.

80. RuTIcILLA LEUCOCEPHALA (Vig.).

Common on all the streams from the lesser ranges northwards to
Ladakh. It is partial to the lower Himalayan ranges and wooded
and cultivated mountain tracts.

81. RUTICILLA FULIGINOSA (Vig.).

With the last species, but not nearly so common. Secluded
mountain torrents on the high mountains are its favourite haunts.

82. Ruriciia ?

In like situations with the last, a species was often seen. It is
smaller: colour a leaden ash, with several whzte feathers in the tail.
Specimen not procured.

83. RuticiLua 1npica, Blyth.

Common in the valley and on the lesser ranges, very plentiful on
the wastes and mountains of Ladakh, Nobra, and northwards.

180

84. CALLIOPE PECTORALIS, Gould.

Frequents the high and rocky mountains around the Valley of
Cashmere; not common.

85. Pratincoua tnpica, Blyth.

Common on the lesser ranges, but not seen in the valley or ranges
northwards.

86. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (Linn.).

Plentiful between the plains of the Punjab and Cashmere; not
seen in Ladakh.

87. SAXICOLA ATROGULARIS, Blyth.

Common on waste lands in the valley, and generally all over La-
dakh and Tibet.

88. ? SAXICOLA.

At the Salt Lake in Ladakh, on one occasion a bird evidently of
this genus was observed, about the sise of the Whinchat ; upper
parts a bluish-black; breast black; belly and lower parts white.
This I consider a rare, if not an undescribed species. A specimen
was not procured.

89. CoLLuRIO LAHTORA (Sykes).
Valley of Cashmere ; common.

90. Lanrus caniceps, Blyth.
Pretty common in the valley and on the surrounding ranges.

91. TEPHRODORNIS PONDICERIANA (Hardw.).

A solitary bird, and seen in the villages and fields of the lesser
ranges ; not plentiful.

92. Dicrurus LoneicaupaATus, Hay.

On the lesser ranges and Valley of Cashmere: common. The nest
is built of lichens and bark, carefully interwoven and lined with hair ;
it is placed on the fork of a branch. The female lays from three to
five eggs, white, with dull or red spots ; scarcely two eggs are exactly
alike.

93. HypDRoBaTA ASIATICUS (Swains.).

Generally distributed on all rivers and streams from the lesser
ranges northwards even to Chinese Tartary.

94. Hypropata cincuus (Vieill.).

Not uncommon on the mountain-streams of the higher ranges
around the Valley of Cashmere; often seen in Ladakh, Mr. Gould

181

states that my specimen “more nearly resembles melanogaster than
cinclus ;”” but as many consider the former only a variety of cinelus,
I prefer the latter name. I am informed by Sir William Jardine
that a specimen from Russia in his collection, nearly quite black
below, has twelve feathers in the tail; H. melanogaster of Temminck
is said to have ten.

95. Turpbus unicoLor, Tickell.

This is the regular Song-thrush of the Valley of Cashmere, and is
heard in every garden and grove during the breeding-season; its
song resembles the Blackbird’s. Builds its nest in vineyards, and in
poplar trees around the villages. Seen on the ranges around the
valley, but not on the lesser ranges near the plains of the Punjab.

96. Turpvus viscivorvus, Linn.

In the forests and in sequestered valleys of the Cashmere ranges,
particularly pine or oak forests ; pretty common.

97. Orn1oLus kuUNDOO, Sykes.

Seen in flocks in the valley, and met with occasionally in the
woods and jungles of the lesser ranges.

98. My1opHONUS TEMMINCKH, Vig.

Generally distributed over the lesser ranges and Valley of Cash-
mere; frequents mountain-streams ; and builds a nest like that of
the Blackbird, to which in habits and general appearance it bears a
resemblance. Its note is soft, short, and little varied.

99. PETROCINCLA LONGIROSTRIS, Blyth.

Seen always single; pretty common on the barren wastes and
mountains of Ladakh in rocky and sequestered situations ; seldom
seen on the lesser ranges southward of Cashmere.

100. MontTicoLa CINCLORHYNCHA (Gould).
Forests and woods on the Cashmere ranges ; not common.

101. Pycnonotus LEuCoGENyYs (Gray & Hardw.).
All wooded situations in the valley and lesser ranges ; common.

102. PycNonorus BENGALENSIS, Blyth.

Never seen in the valley, although common on the ranges near the
plains of the Punjab.

103. HypstpeTes psARoives (Vig.).

Frequents the dense jungles of the lesser ranges; gregarious ;
flight strong and rapid; a noisy bird, and oftener heard than
seen ; secretes itself among the foliage ; imitates the songs of other
birds.

182

104. TROCHALOPTERON RUFIGULARE (Gould).

Common in the dense jungles of the lesser ranges; generally seen
in flocks. Call loud and harsh.

105. MALACOCERCUS LINEATUS (Vig.).

Bushy places on the lesser ranges near the plains of the Punjab ;
generally seen in small flocks ; flight feeble, flutters from bush to
bush, uttering a low chattering note.

106. Muscieetra pARADIsI (Gould).

Groves and wooded situations in the valley and lesser ranges ;
flies with great rapidity ; shy and wary: common.

107. Hyporuymis MELANopsS (Vig.).

Inhabits dense jungles and bushes on the lesser ranges ; generally -

single: its chirp resembles the Redbreast’s; and its habits are very
much like.

108. PERIcCROCOTUS FLAMMEUS (Swains.).

Seen generally in flocks from fifty to a hundred ; not unfrequently
the sexes separate, and flocks composed of males or females only
are observed.

“‘What more pleasing sight ¢an there be than, in a delightful
evening in July, to observe flocks of these beautiful creatures pursu-
ing their gambols around the tall walnut trees of a Cashmere hamlet !
Their soft twittering notes and graceful motions have often excited in
me feelings of admiration and pleasure, until the Govind Kite or some
unwelcome intruder has driven the gorgeous little fairies away.’’—
MS. Notes.

109. HemicHELIDON FULIGINOSA, Hodg.

Pretty common in woods and groves in the valley and on the
lesser ranges. Its habits closely resemble those of the true Fly-
catchers. The young bird is spotted until the first moult.

110. Syivia arrinis (Blyth).

In bushy places in the valley ; common.

111. PaHyxtioscorus Tristis, Blyth.

Pretty common on the lesser ranges in jungles and wooded situa-
tious.

112. PaHyLLoscorus LuGcuBRis, Blyth.

Same situations as the last ; pretty common.

113. ABRORNIS ?

Common in the woods and thickets of the lesser ranges. Ap-
proximates pretty closely to the Abrornis wanthoschistes, Hodgs., but

SS eae

183

differs in some respects. Size of Motacilla trochilus, Linn.; bill
long, slender, and slightly notched, with a few weak bristles at
the gape; head, neck, and back leaden-ash, a white line over the
eye; rump and sides tinged with yellow; wings brownish black,
with edges of quills tinged with yellow; tail pretty long, olive;
wings rounded, first quill very short, second not so long as third,
fourth, fifth, and sixth, which are about equal ; throat, neck, breast,
and lower parts lively yellow; tarsus long, slender, and light brown ;
lateral toes unequal. Call-note loud; often seen with the Parus
melanolophus, Vig.

114. ZosTEROPS PALPEBROSUS (Temi. ).
In all wooded districts on the lesser ranges.

115. ACROCEPHALUS BRUNNESCENS (Jerdon) ?

At certain times all the fens in the Valley of Cashmere swarm with
these birds; their harsh notes are heard all over the lakes. I have
not been able to confirm its identity with the above, but am inclined
to think it is the same. Total length 8 inches; bill long, slender,
and notched, light brown ; all the upper parts olive brown, wings
and tail inclusive—first quill minute, second not so long as the third,
and fourth the longest; lower parts dirty white; vent and sides of
the body have an ochrey tinge; legs long, tarsus lengthened, inner
toe shorter than outer, claws slender and slightly curved, legs a
leaden ash ; tail soft, and rounded at the tip.

116. Larvivora cyANngA (Hodg.).
In bushy places among the mountains around the valley. Habits
resemble the Robin’s. Call-note a feeble chirp.

117. LARVIVORA 2

Generally seen solitary in the thick jungles of the lower ranges.
Habits of the true Flycatchers. Total length 44 inches. Bill black,
triangular, with a prominent culmen, notched, bristles of gape di-
rected forwards ; a white line over the eye; all upper parts titmouse-
blue ; throat, neck, breast, and belly pure white ; first quill spinous,
second much shorter than third, and fourth the longest ; tail mode-
rate, slightly forked; legs black, tarsus long.

118. NrztTava sunDARA (Hodg.).

Solitary in its habits; frequents like situations with the last, and
resembles that species in its habits.

119. Prinia crinicERaA, Hodg.

Pretty common in the jungles and bushy hill-sides of the lesser
ranges. Call-note loud, harsh, and ringing.

120. Printa Graciuis, Franklin.

Pretty common on the lesser ranges around the valley in bushy
situations ; Punjab.

184

121. Sracuyris curys@a, Hodg.

Pretty common in bushy situations on the ranges southward of
the valley. Iris red.

122. FRINGALAUDA NEMORICOLA, Hodg.

Gregarious ; common on the lesser ranges during the winter
months, but moves towards the high ranges as spring advances ;
found in summer on the high mountains of Cashmere and Ladakh,
where large flocks may be observed feeding close to the snow. Its
- call-note is like the Linnet’s.

123. EMBERIZA CANICEPS, Gould.

Common on the grassy mountain-sides of the lesser ranges and
in various parts of Ladakh. There is a close resemblance between
this species and the next ; and they are frequently seen together.

124. EMBERIZA CIOIDES, Temm. ?

Pretty common on the lesser ranges southward of the Valley of
Cashmere. Its call-note resembles that of the Yellow Bunting.

125. Emperiza ALBipA, Blyth, J. A.S. xvii. 811.

On the ranges near Simla, and once northwards, on the mountains
of Cashmere ; not common in the latter situation.

126. CaRDUELIS CANICEPS, Vig.

Common on the ranges near the Punjab during the winter months,
at all seasons in the Valley of Cashmere. The song of this species
does not differ in any respect from that of the C. elegans (Linn.).
Occasionally observed in cultivated districts in Ladakh.

127. CHRYSOMITRIS SPINOIDES (Vig.).

Wooded districts in and out of the valley. Song closely resembles

that of the European bird.

128. MELANOCORYPHA TORQUATA, Blyth.

Although not seen in a wild state, it is a common cage-bird in
Cashmere, and, I was informed, is a native of that country. Its song
sweet and melodious.

129. Linora BREVIROSTRIS, Gould.

Plentiful in the plains and barren wastes of Ladakh. It may be
doubtful if this is other than a variety of LZ. montium. ‘The young
birds have the edges of the quills with more white, and in adult
specimens the pink of the rump is paler than in L. montium.

130. ALAUDA ARVENSIs, Linn.
Valley of Cashmere and cultivated districts in Ladakh ; ; common,

=F 4

185

131. ALAUDA RAYTAL, Blyth.
Wastes of Ladakh ; common.

132, HeTerura sytvana (Hodg.).

Common on the grassy hill-sides of the lesser ranges southwards
of the valley. Habits like the true Pipits.

133. ACCENTOR sTROPHIATUS, Hodg.

Pretty common among the furze and brushwood in Ladakh, near
the Great Chimouraree Lake. Its call-note is very like that of the
Siskin, Chrysomitris spinus, and its nest and eggs are almost exactly
similar to those of the Emberiza citrinella (Linn.).

134. REGULUS CRISTATUS (Ray).
Pretty common in the forests of Cashmere.

135. TROGLODYTES NIPALENSIS, Hodg.

Its favourite haunts are rocky mountain-sides on the high ranges
around the valley ; it is often seen at great elevations around the
sides of melting glaciers, in the secluded valleys of the Northern
Pinjal.

136. GALLUS FERRUGINEUS (Gmel.).

Now and then met with in dense jungles on the lesser ranges
southward of Cashmere.

137. CERIORNIS MELANOCEPHALA (Gray).

A few are found on the tops of the Southern Pinjal range, among
the dense forests and jungles on their southern slopes ; not common.
Tts call-note is usually heard at dusk or early morn, and is loud and
plaintive.

138. LopHorpHoRUS IMPEYANUS (Lath.).

At high elevations on the Cashmere Mountains ; nowhere abun-
dant, but pretty generally distributed over the northern ranges. On
the Chor Mountain near Simla it is very common.

139. PerpIx HopGsoni# (Gould), B. A. pt. ix.: Sacfa hodg-
sonie, Hodg. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxv. p. 165.

Science is indebted to Mr. Hodgson for the discovery of this
species; but my friend Capt. Smith, 75th Regiment, in the summer
of 1853 shot a male specimen in Nobra, north of Ladakh, from
which the beautiful delineation in Mr. Gould’s ‘ Birds of Asia’ was
taken. Probably Nobra is the southern limit of this species on that
part of the Himalayas.

140. CaccaBis CHUKAR (Gray).

Pretty common on the bare mountain-sides of the lesser ranges
and mountains of Cashmere. It was seen now and then in Ladakh,
but is not common there.

186

141. CorurN1x PENTAH (Sykes).

Often observed on the lesser ranges southwards, in small flocks
in bushy places.

142. TETRAOGALLUS HIMALAYENSIS (Gray).

Frequents the high ranges around the valley and mountains of
Ladakh, close to the confines of perpetual snow. Its peculiar, wail-
ing cry is very striking ; but from its tardy motions when on the
ground, and colour of the plumage, it is not easily discovereduntil
approached within a few yards.

143. Lerva nivicoxa, Hodg.

Frequents like situations with the last species. Seldom seen under
10,000 feet, on the high ranges of Cashmere and Ladakh ; generally
seen in flocks from sixteen to twenty. Call-note, a harsh whistle.

144, FRANCOLINUS VULGARIS, Stephens.

Common in cultivated localities on the lesser ranges; never in the
Valley of Cashmere or Ladakh. The bird of the hills differs in size
from that found in the plains of India; and its plumage is more bril-
liant. I have not compared the two. Many sportsmen consider
them distinct ; I think the differences are merely local.

145. FRANCOLINUS PONTICERIANUS (Gm.).

Is abundant on the low hills of the lesser ranges bordering the
Punjab, but not near the Valley or northwards.

146. Pucrasta MACROLOPHA (Lesson).

Common on the ranges near Simla eastward. There is a species
very common in the jungles and woods of Cashmere, which I have
not examined and am inclined to consider different from the above.
Its crow is like that of the domestic cock, but not so prolonged. The
Valley of the Duchinpara and surrounding ranges of the Northern
Pinjal are its favourite and particular localities.

147. GALLOPHASIS ALBOCRISTATUS (Gould).

Rare on the Cashmere ranges ; more plentiful on those near the
Punjab. This and P. macrolopha are not seen in the same localities.
Both are common on certain ranges around Simla,—the G. albocris-
tatus low down, while the P. macrolopha inhabits the oak and pine
forests at higher elevations on the same ranges.

148. SyRRHAPTES TIBETANUS (Gould).
Flocks of this species may be seen around the freshwater lakes of
Ladakh. In habits they resemble the other species of Sand-grouse,

and emit a similar cry when on the wing. Not found southward of
Ladakh.

149. PreROCLES FASCIATUS (Scop.).

Confined to the jungles of the lesser ranges near the Punjab.
Pretty common.

187

150. CoLUMBA PALUMBUS, Linn.

Pretty generally distributed over the lesser ranges. The clay-
colour of the nuchal patch seems peculiar to the Eastern species.

151. CotumBa tivia, Linn.

In the usual localities all over the Cashmere ranges ; frequently
seen associating with the next species. There is a variety of C. livia
which might easily be confounded with C. leuconota, if indeed it is
avariety, and not a distinct species. The back and wings are a light
blue, inner surfaces of wings white ; rump white ; tail-coverts leaden
black; a broad white band across the middle of the tail, its tip
black ; belly and lower parts bluish-white.

This variety I found abundant on the rocky banks of the Dras
river, Ladakh ; and my reasons for supposing it only a variety of C.
livia were the constant companionship of the two, and some variety
as regards the colouring of both; however, it is possible they may
be distinct species. I saw this bird nowhere else.

152. CotumBa LEvcoNoOTA, Vig.

Gregarious ; common in certain sequestered mountain-valleys on
the northern Cashmere ranges. Seen often with C. livia, feeding in
fields in the Wurdwun Valley ; it was met with in Ladakh on one
occasion. I have seen no variety of C. leuconota. The drawing in
Gould’s ‘ Century of Birds from the Himalayan Mountains’ is iden-
tical with my specimens ; the legs, however, are lobster-red, and not
yellow.

153. TurTUR ORIENTALIS (Lath.).
In fields and cultivated districts in Cashmere and Ladakh.

154. TurtuR HuMILIs (Temm.).
Valley and lesser ranges: common.

155. Turtur te

This species is common in certain localities on the Cashmere ranges
and Ladakh ; plentiful hkewise to the east towards Simla. Fre-
quents grassy mountain-sides or valieys in the lesser ranges. De-
scription from a young male—Total length 12 inches. Bill slender,
soft at its base, and of a beet-root colour, tip bluish ; nostrils slit-
like. Iris red; eyelids bare, and of the same colour as the bill.
Head bluish-ash, black semicircle on the back part of the neck ;
back and rump leaden-brown ; wings blackish, their coverts broadly
margined with rust-colour, giving the bird a spotted or mottled ap-
pearance. Tail pretty long, rather narrow, bluish-black, with a
broad white tip; lower parts brown, turning to white towards the
vent ; inner surface of wings leaden colour ; tarsus and toes beet-root
colour ; vent-feathers white. A specimen marked 7’. meena (Sykes),
in the Derby Museum, comes close to this bird.

156. There is a beautiful species with ronze wings on the lesser

188

ranges, not common, and most difficult of approach. A Columba
probably.

157. TRERON PH@NICOPTERA (Lath.).

Confined to the woods and dense jungly parts of the lesser ranges.
Not often seen. Wary and difficult to approach.

158. Boraurus sTELuARis (Linn.).
A resident in the lakes and fens of Cashmere.

159. ARDEA NIGRA, Linn.

I killed a young bird of this species on one of the branches of the
Jhelum, in the Valley of Cashmere. I have not observed it else-
where.

160. ARDEA CINEREA, Linn.

Common on all rivers and lakes of Cashmere and in the surround-
ing mountains. There is a large heronry on the Chunar trees in
the famous gardens of the Shalimar. The herons are preserved with
care by the present and former ruler. Their plumes adorn the heads
of the princes and nobility of Cashmere.

161. LoBpivANELLUS GoENsIS (Gmel.).

In all wet and damp situations, in and out of the Valley south-
wards, not Ladakh.

162. CHARADRIUS LESCHENAULTII (Blyth).

Common on the banks of the Chimouraree Lake, Ladakh, where
it breeds.

163. HraticuLa PHILIPPINA (Sonn.).
Pretty common in the valley.

164. PARRA sINENSIS (Gmel.).

On the Dul Lake, near Sirinugger ; sometimes strays into the
valleys among the northern mountains. Flight irregular and like
the Magpie’s. Builds its nest on the broad leaves of the lotus and
floating plants ; runs along the surface of the weedy parts with great
celerity. Call-note loud and harsh. Named “ Water Pheasant” by
Europeans.

165. GALLINULA CHLOROeUs (Linn.).
Common on all the Cashmere lakes, not seen in Ladakh.

166. Fuurca arra, Linn.
Lakes of Cashmere.

167. NumEntus arquata (Linn.).
At all seasons in the lakes and fens of Cashmere.

168. Is1poRHYNCHUS STRUTHERSII, Vig.

Seen on one occasion only on a mountain-stream near a glacier in
Ladakh.

189

169. ScoLopax RusTICOLA, Linn.

Generally distributed over the Cashmere mountains, in woods and
forests, where it breeds.

170. GALLINAGO SCOLOPAUINA, Bonap.

171. GALLINAGO GALLINULA (Linn.).

Winter visitor to the lakes and marshes; not observed during
the summer months. ;

172. GALLINAGO soLiTARIA (Hodg.).

I killed two specimens of this bird on the mountain-streams of the
lesser ranges. It is rare.

173.GLOTTIS CANESCENS (Gmel.).
Lakes and fens of Cashmere: common.

174. Toranus ocuRopvs (Linn.).

Lakes and rivers of Cashmere, and in the lesser ranges south-
wards: seldom more than a couple are seen together. A solitary
bird, and is often met with by the sides of pools in secluded moun-
tain-valleys. In Ladakh I frequently observed a Sandpiper, which
appeared to me only a variety of the above. Its peculiarities were,
the upper parts being jet black, rump, tail, and lower parts white.

175. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCA (Linn.).
On all the rivers and streams of Cashmere, and along the Indus

and its tributaries in Ladakh and Tibet.
176. GracuLus carso (Linn.).
Often seen on the lakes and Jhelum river in Cashmere.

177. GRACULUS SINENSIS (Shaw).
Frequents the same localities as the last.

178. Popiceps mrnor (Gmel.).

Lakes of Cashmere : common.
Another species was seen in the same situations, lighter in plu-
mage. A specimen was not procured.

179. ANSER FERUS, Stephens?

Abundant on the large lakes in Ladakh, where it breeds; migrates
southwards to Cashmere and India in winter.

180. Casarca RUTILA (Linn.).

In great numbers on the Ladakh lakes in summer, on the bare
hills around the pools, where it breeds. Migrates southwards in
winter.

190

181. Anas poscuas (Linn.).

A few remain in the valley all the summer; but the majority
migrate northwards to the lakes of Chinese Tartary.

182. SpaTuLA CLyPEATA (Linn.).
Common in Cashmere all the year.

183. Dariza acuta (Linn.).
Cashmere lakes in winter.

- 184, QuERQUEDULA CRECCA (Linn.).
Cashmere lakes all the year: pretty common.

185. NyrRoca LEUCOPHTHALMA, Bechst.
Common all the year in Cashmere ; abundant on the Dul Lake,
near the city of Sirinugger.

186. MARECA PENELOPE (Linn.).

I did not see this species during my travels in the Himalayas, but
on good authority was informed it arrives in autumn with the other
migratory species, and is common on the lakes of Cashmere during
the winter months.

187. STERNA HIRUNDO, Linn.

Rivers of Ladakh and the great Chimouraree Lake. Pretty
common.

188. LARUS BRUNNEICEPHALUS, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. xiii. 225.

This species I found common on the lakes of Ladakh during the
summer months. Not having seen the above bird, I merely apply
the name in consequence of the similarity in the colour of the head.
Total length 1 foot 5 inches; between tips of wings 3 feet 5 inches.
Bill and inside of mouth lobster-red, likewise the margins of the eye-
lids ; white circle around the eyes. Iris white; whole of the head,
throat, part of neck greyish-brown, turning to black on the neck ;
rest of neck, breast, belly, vent, and tail pure white; back wing-
coverts and secondary quills leaden ash ; first six primaries with the
proximal half white and the distal half black: near the points
of the two first quills there is a white spot ; this and the other
markings on the quills are very distinct when the bird is on the
wing. Legs lobster-red. Tail short, even.

189. SrERNA MELANOGASTRA, Temm.

Abundant all over the Valley of Cashmere. Seen often in flocks
hunting for insects in the fields. There is a variety worthy of notice :
some specimens wanted the black on the belly, and had scarcely
any markings on the head—I fancy, young birds ; they were killed
in July.

191

9. On some NEw SPECIES OF SYNALLAXIS, AND ON THE GEO-
GRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION OF THE GeENUs. By Putwrp
Luttey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., Secrerary To THE So-
CIETY.

1. SYNALLAXIS PUDICA, Sp. nov.

Murino-brunnea, alarum remigibus et cauda obscurioribus : pileo
cum fronte et alarum tectrictbus omnibus rufis: subtus cine-
rascens, ventre imo albicantiore, lateribus brunnescentibus :
rostro superiore nigricante, inferiore plumbeo ; pedibus validis,
nigris : cauda elongata, rectricibus decem.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 2°6, caudze 4:0, tarsi 0°95.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

. This species is allied to Synallaxis fuliginosa, and of the same
form, but easily distinguishable by its red head. From S. elegans
(also from New Granada) it differs in its earthy-brown tail and cine-
reous colour below. The single specimen in the British Museum is
a “Bogota” skin. I have likewise an example in my own collection,
received from MM. Verreaux of Paris.

2. SYNALLAXIS STICTOTHORAX, Sp. NOV.

Murino-brunnea, uropygio rufescente ; alis caudaque intus nigri-
canti-brunneis, extus rufo late limbatis : superciliis a fronte et
lateribus cervicis albidis, nigro obsolete punctatis : subtus
alba, lateribus et ventre imo rufescentibus ; pectore toto maculis
triangularibus nigricantibus asperso : rostro nigro, basi alba,
pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 4°75, alee 2:0, caudee 2°25, tarsi 0°75.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

I first noticed a specimen of this Synallaxis in Sir William Jar-
dine’s collection. The British Museum contains an example trans-
mitted from Guayaquil by Mr. Barclay. The species is not very like
any other Synallazis that I am acquainted with, and may be distin-
guished easily by the arrow-headed or triangular spots on the breast,
which are partly continued up the sides of the neck, and of which
there are also some faint indications on the superciliaries.

3. SYNALLAXIS SCUTATA, Sp. Nov.

Supra murino-brunnea ; dorso toto, alis extus et cauda rufis:
supercilis ante oculum albis, post oculum magis cinnamomeis ;
remigum parte interna ngricante: subtus alba, pectore cinna-
momeo lavato, plaga distincta quadrilaterali in cervice antica
nigra: rostro plumbeo, basi pallidiore ; pedibus pallide brun-
neis.

Long. tota 5°75, alee 2°25, caudee 2°75, tarsi 0°8.

Hab. In Brasilia.

I have as yet only seen one specimen of this distinct species, which

is in the British Museum.

192

I subjoin a list of the numerous species of this genus, as far as
Iam acquainted with them; and a table showing their geographical
distribution :—

1. S. RUFICAPILLA (Vieill.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p.97; Burm.
Syst. Ueb. ii. 38; Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1859, p. 116.
Brazil, prov. S. Paolo, Minas Geraes.

2. S. sprx1, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 98; Pelzeln, 7. ¢. p. 117.
—Synallaxis albescens, Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. 39.

Brazil, prov. S. Paolo.

3. S. eLuGANS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 25 ; Pelzeln, U. c. p. 21.
New Granada and Western Ecuador.

4, §, ALBIGULARIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 53.
Eastern Ecuador, Rio Napo.

5. 8. ANTISIENSIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 457.
Ecuador, Cuenca.

6. S. paturpa, Max. Beitr. i. p. 691.
S.E. Brazil.

7. S. ALBESCENS, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. fig. 2.
Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana and N. Brazil.

8. 8. pupica, Sclater, supra.
New Granada.
9. S. rutrernosa, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1543, p. 290.

New Granada.

10. S. BRUNNEICAUDIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 62.
Eastern Ecuador.

11. S. eryTHROTHORAX, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 75, pl. 86.
Southern Mexico and Guatemala.

12. S. eutaris, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 290.
New Granada and Ecuador.

13. S. tamosticTa, mihi. — S. cinnamomea, Lafr. R. Z. 1843,
p- 290 (nec Sw.).

New Granada.

14. 8S. rerresrris, Jardine, Ann. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 80.
Island of Tobago.

193

15. S. masta, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 26.
New Granada.

16. S. rutiians, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. fig. 1; Pelzeln, /. c.
p. 119.

_ Northern Brazil.
17. 8. casranra, Sclater, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1856, xvii. p. 466.
Venezuela.

18. S. rorquata, Max. Beitr. i. p. 697.
astern Brazil and Bolivia.

19. S. sorpipa, Less. —S. flavigularis, Gould ; S. modesia,
Eyton.

Chili and Patagonia.

20. S. anruoipes, King, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 30.— S. rufigularis,
Gould.

Chili.

21. S. numico.a, Kittlitz, Mém. Acad. Se. Petersb. 1830, t. 6.

Chili. .

22. S. porso-macuLaTa, Lafr. et d@Orb.: d’Orb. Voy. pl. 14.
fig. 1.

Paraguay.

23. S. maturoipEs. Lafr. et d’Orb.: d’Orb. Voy. pl. 14, fig. 2.

Paraguay.

24. S. srriaticers, Lafr. et d’Orb.: d’Orb. Voy. pl. 16. fig. 1.

Paraguay.

25. S. HGITHALOIDES, Kittlitz, Mém. Acad. Se. Petersb. 1830,
t. Wes

Chili.

26. S. pHRYGANOPHILA, Vieill.; Temm. Pl. Col. 311. fig. 1.

Bolivia and Paraguay.

27. S. RuFicaupDA, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxxii. p. 310.

Brazil.

28. S. ateitora, Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx. p. 16, et
xxiv. p. 120.

Interior of Brazil and Bolivia.
No. 396.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

194

29. S. 1vorNnaTA, Pelzeln, /. c. xx. p. 161, et xxiv. p. 120.
Northern Brazil.

30. 8. vutpina, Pelzeln, /. c. xx. p. 162, et xxiv. p. 122.

Interior of Brazil.

I possess examples of all these thirty species in my own collection.
For specimens of the last three I am indebted to the courtesy of
Herr August von Pelzeln of Vienna, who kindly sent them to me in
exchange for examples of other species which were deficient in the
Imperial Cabinet.

Of the next following eleven species, I have examined specimens,
namely :-—

31. 8. caniceps, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 98.

In Mr. Kyton’s collection. A specimen of this bird in the Leyden
Museum is from Brazil.

32. S. FLAMMULATA, Jardine, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 82, pl. 56.
Keuador. In Sir William Jardine’s collection.

33. 8. unrRuFA, Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1843, p. 290.
New Granada.

34. S. muLtosrriaTa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 273.

New Granada. Mus. Paris. :

35. S. canpz1, Lafr. et d’Orb. Rev.. Zool. 1838, p- 165.

Littoral of New Granada, Cartagena (Mus. Berol.), Rio Hacha
( Delattre, Mus. Derb.).

36. 8. serartra, Temm. Pl. Col. 311. fig. 3.

Brazil. Mus. Lugd.

37. 8. CINERASCENS, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. fig. 3.
Brazil. Mus. Lugd.

38. 8. aLBrceps (Laf. et d’Orb.): d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 241.
Corrientes in rep. Arg. Mus. Brit. supra.

39. S. crinnAMomEA, Sw. (S. ruficauda, Spix).

Brazil. Mus. Brit.

40. S. strcrorHorax, Sclater, supra.
Ecuador. Mus. Brit.

41. 8. scutara, Sclater, supra.
Brazil. Mus. Brit.

195

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197

i only know by name eighteen species which have been described
as members of this genus, namely, S. striaticollis, Lafr. Rev. Zool.
1843, p. 290; S. drachyura, Lafr. ibid. ; S. kollari, Pelz. Sitz. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, xx. p. 158, pl. 1. fig. 3; S. striolata, Pelz. ibid. p. 159 ;
S. propingua, Pelz. ibid. xxxiv. p. 101; S. alopecias, Pelz. ibid. ;
S. hyposticta, Pelz. ibid. p. 102; S. frontalis, Pelz. ibid. p. 117 ;
S. fitis, Pelz. ibid. p. 123; Leptoxwyura semicinerea et L. obsoleta,
Reichb. Nat. Syst. pp. 170, 171; Bathmidura @orbignyt, Reichb.
ibid. p. 163; Leptasthenura platensis, Reichb. ibid. p. 160 ; S. fuli-
giniceps, Lafr. et @Orb.; S. troglodytoides, Lafr. et dOrb.; S.
leucocephala, Lafr. et d@Orb.; S. patagonica, Lafr. et dOrb.; and
S. brunnea, Gould, Voy. Beagle, p. 78.

The table indicates the geographical distribution of the genus, as
far as it is at present known, the species of which I have not seen
specimens being printed in 7falics.

10. Descriprions oF soME Asiatic LEePipopTErROoUS INSECTS
BELONGING TO THE TRIBE BoMBYCES. By Freperic
Moore, Assist. Nat. Hist. Derr. Museum, Inpia House.

(Annulosa, Pl. LX.)

Genus TRypANoPHORA, Kollar.

Trypanophora, Kollar, in Higel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. ii. p. 457
(1844); Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 3.

TRYPANOPHORA SEMIHYALINA. (PI. LX. figs. 1, 2.¢ 9.)

2 Trypanophora semihyalina, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv.
pt. i. p. 457, pl. 19. f. 1 (1844); Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit.
Mus. pt. u. p. 434.

2 Syntomis humeralis, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. vii. f. 1593
(1856).

Hab. Kaschmir (Kollar); N. India (Col. Buckley).

The male of this very curious insect differs from the female in
having the antennee thickly bipectinated (these in the female being
minutely bipectinated and slightly clavate at the tip); the wings are
narrower, the hyaline spots on the fore-wing are less in size, and the
two spots near the posterior angle are covered with ochreous scales ;
the entire dise of the hind-wing is hyaline.

The larva is represented among the original drawings of General
Hardwicke, now in the British Museum (vide vol. 10999. fig. 181,
and vol. 11001. figs. 23, 26 & 90), and is also figured among the
drawings made in N. India by A. Grote, Esq. of Calcutta, who states
that it “feeds on Raphiolepis.”

Genus Syntomis, Ochs.
SYNTOMIS MARSDENI, n. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 3.)
Blackish-brown : fore-wing with five whitish transparent spots,

198

one within the discoidal cell, two on the posterior margin, and two
near the apex; hind-wing with yellowish base, and small, whitish,
transparent discal spot; front of head, collar, shoulders, and abdo-
minal bands ochreous-yellow ; antennee tipt with white.

Expanse ;°;ths of an inch.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

SYNTOMIS VIGORSI, n. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 4.)

Male, black, glossed with metallic green: fore-wing with five quite
transparent spots ; hind-wing with a rather large transparent discal
spot ; body dark metallic green; antennee filiform, tipt with yellow.
Female duller-coloured, and having larger spots.

iixpanse of male 1 inch, female 14 inch.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

SYNTOMIS PFEIFFERH, n.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 5.)

Male dark brown: fore-wing with five pale yellow spots, one dis-
posed at the base of posterior margin, inwardly oblique across the
disc, and two from near the apex; hind-wing with a discal spot and
along abdominal margin yellow; face, collar, spots on thorax, and
abdominal bands yellow. Female, ferruginous-brown, the spots larger
and ochreous-yellow. Antenne filiform in both sexes.

Expanse of male 14, of female 12 inch.

flab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

Remark.—This species is somewhat allied to Syntomis tenuis,
Walker, from Celebes.

SYNTOMIS WALLACIT, n. sp. (PI. LX. fig. 6.)

Purple-brown : fore-wing with five, and hind-wing with two, small,
rounded, semitransparent yellowish spots ; face, collar, and abdominal
bands bright yellow; tip of antennee and first joint of tarsi white.

Expanse 1+ inch.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

SYNTOMIS PENANG, n.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 7.)

Fuliginous-black : fore-wing with two narrow longitudinal yellowish
streaks from the base to one-third of its length, also with two upper
and one lower silvery transparent spots ; hind wing with a trans-
parent discal space, suffused anteriorly with yellowish; collar, lower
part of thorax, and narrow abdominal bands yellowish; antenne
bipectinated, margined with whitish to near the tip.

Expanse 1 inch.

fab. Penang (Dr. Cantor).

SYNTOMIS RAFFLESI, n. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 8.)

Male, fuliginous-black : fore-wing with two very narrow ochreous-
yellow streaks at the base, and. three transparent spots on the apical
half, two being disposed transversely to posterior angle, the other
near the apex ; hind- wing with a transparent spot on the abdominal
margin, also a small yellow discal spot ; front of head, collar, base

199

of thorax, and narrow abdominal bands ochreous-yellow. Female
paler, with the ochreous-yellow brighter, the transparent spots being
tinged with the same. Antennee bipectinated in both sexes..
Expanse of male +, of female 14 inch.
Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

SYNTOMIS WALKERI, n.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 9.)

Male, dark brown: fore-wing with seven yellow spots, two being
disposed along the costal margin and narrow, two along posterior
margin, the outer one of which has a minute spot above it, and two-
obliquely near the apex; hind-wing with the costal margim whitish,
and two spots from the base yellow; collar, shoulders, and abdo-
minal bands yellow. Female paler throughout, and the spots larger.
Antennee bipectinated in the male, filiform in the female.

Expanse of male 19, of female 1 inch.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

SYNTOMIS PRAVATA, h. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 10.)

Fuliginous-black : fore-wing with two transverse pairs of small
white spots; hind-wing with small white spots ; cilia at the apex of
each wing, and tip of antennz, white. Antennze bipectinated, filiform
at the tip.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

SYNTOMIS CRAWFURDI, n.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 11.)

Black: fore-wing with a narrow costal streak near the base, two
longitudinal spots in the middle of the wing, and five small spots
disposed in a semicircle near the apex, transparent ; hind-wing with
the anterior margin and two spots transparent ; base of both wings
coppery-red ; body black ; collar, shoulders, and abdominal bands
coppery-red. Antenne bipectinated, metallic-green.

Expanse nearly 1 inch.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

SYNTOMIS CANTORI,u.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 12.)

Fore-wing from the base to near one-third of its length, a small
disco-cellular spot, apex, and narrow space along exterior margin
black, which also extends slightly up the first median veinlet ; middle
portion of the wing transparent, where the veins and costal margin
are yellow; hind-wing black, with a minute transparent discal spot ;
cilia black ; body wholly black, glossed with green ; antennee broken
off. .

Expanse 1,5; inch.

Hab. Penang (Dr. Cantor).

Genus PHALANNA.

Euchromia (Phalanna), Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 1.
p. 218 (1854).
Kuchromia, pt., Hubner,

200

PHALANNA HORSFIELDI, n. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 13.)

Dark brown: fore-wing with a lengthened spot below the cell, in-
dented in the middle of its posterior margin, a shorter spot within
the cell, and a transverse oblique row of spots near the apex, deep
yellow ; a small spot at the base and another near the middle of the
wing indigo-blue; hind-wing with large yellow spot in its middle,
and a semi-transparent spot near the base, the upper half of the
latter being yellow; body black ; face, spot on each shoulder, and
underside white ; abdomen with two deep-yellow bands, one being
situated at the base, the other on the fourth segment ; top of head,
thorax, and margin of the other abdominal segments indigo-blue.
Antenne bipectinated.

Expanse 1,5 inch.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

Remark.—This species may be distinguished from P. polymena
by the two bands on the abdomen being yellow, whereas in P. poly-
mena there are three bands, and these of a crimson colour. P. hors-
fieldi is also without the crimson spot in front of the thorax.

Genus PHaupDa.

Euchromia (Phauda), Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 1.
p. 256 (1854).
Xenares, Herr.-Scheeffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. pp. 58, 81 (1858).

Puaupa? mAsisa,n.sp. (PI. LX. fig. 14.)

Wings pale fuliginous-black ; a band along entire length of costal
margin of fore-wing, and another along costal and abdominal mar-
gins of hind-wing, and body, pale red. Antenne slightly serrated.

Expanse 1,4, inch.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield).

Professor Raddi exhibited numerous preparations illustrative of
one of the processes of his new method of preserving animal sub-
stances, which were explained to the Meeting by Signor V. de Tivoli.

Mr. Gould exhibited some specimens of birds of the genus Uro-
cissa (Corvide), and remarked upon the distinctive characters and
geographical distribution of the four known species, namely, U.
sinensis of China, U. occipitalis of the Himalayas, U. magnirostris
of Aracan and Pegu, and U. flavirostris of Bhotan and Thibet.

Dr. Crisp related an instance which had occurred, to his knowledge,
in Scotland, of a Bantam hen sitting upon the eggs of a Water-Ouzel
(Cinclus aquaticus), and hatching and rearing one of the young
birds, which was fed principally upon porridge.

Mr. Sclater exhibited specimens of two rare species of Arctic birds
from the collection of John Barrow, Esq., of Hanover Terrace,
Regent’s Park. One of these was the new species of Diver with a
white bill, described by Mr. G. R. Gray as Colymbus adamsi ee
which had been also obtained in Capt. Collinson’s expedition, on the
N.W. Coast of America. The other was an example of the ex-
ceedingly scarce Wader with a spatulated bill, Hurinorhynchus pyg-
meus (Linn.) (Gray & Mitch. Gen. of B. pl. 152), in what was ap-
parently its summer dress, the head, neck, and breast being rufous.
This was believed to be the only specimen known in this state of
plumage, the bird having hitherto occurred as a straggler in Asia
and Europe in its winter dress. The locality of this specimen was
supposed to be the North-eastern Coast of Asia.

May 24, 1859.
G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE DEVELOPMENT OF AURELIA AURITA IN THE SOCIETY'S
Aquaria. By E. W. H. Hotpswortn, F.L.S.

Few persons can have paid any attention to marine aquaria with-
out noticing in them the frequent occurrence of the little white
polype, commonly known as Hydra tuba. The ova producing them
are doubtless introduced with the sea-water; and if the conditions
are suitable for their development, the rock-work and sides of the
tank are often studded with hundreds of their delicate transparent
bells. The changes they undergo before assuming the adult form
have been investigated by Sars, Siebold, and many other naturalists ;
and it is now well known that these little polypoid forms are only
early states of Aurelia aurita—the medusa seen thronging our coasts
in such countless thousands during the summer months. The per-
fect animal, however, is so rarely produced within the limits of an
aquarium, that a recent case of its occurrence in one of the Society’s
tanks appears to me worthy of record. Since the establishment of
the Fish-house in the Zoological Gardens, not a year has passed
without the abundant production of the polypes in several of the
tanks, and their transverse splitting and change to medusoids have
been frequently observed; but no further development has taken
place, and after a short period the young animals have gradually
disappeared. In the present year, however, greater success has been
attained ; and this is perhaps partly due to the water in the tank
having been kept at a nearly uniform temperature, from the absence
of any severe cold during the early part of the season. The polypes

* See p. 167.

202

made their usual appearance about the end of January ; and after
two or three weeks a considerable number of medusoids were de-
tached, of which a few only have survived ; but some of these now
exhibit all the specific characters of the perfect Medusa, the largest
specimen at the present time being 3 inches in breadth when dilated,
and the others of various intermediate sizes. It is unnecessary to
detail here the gradual changes undergone in the course of deve-
lopment to the perfect animal, as they have been fully and accurately
described by several authors: I will only mention that an instance
was observed of two medusoids having been thrown off together from
the parent stock, and remaining united for more than a week ; each
gave evidence of independent existence; and their course through
the water was marked by great irregularity, from the uncertain and
sometimes opposite action of the two disks.

The water containing these Medusze has remained for several
months unchanged, but its purity has not been endangered by the
presence of fish, or other animals requiring a large supply of oxygen.

2. On A New SPEctiEs oF MOLLUSK OF THE GENUS SCISSURELLA,
vp Ors. By S. P. Woopwarp, F.G.S. CoMMUNICATED BY
Pror. Owen.

(Mollusca, Pl. XLVI.)

The little shell for which I propose the name of Scissurella
-mantelli was found in a sample of ‘“ Menaccanite”’ sand, collected
in New Zealand by Mr. Walter Mantell. This sand also afforded a
minute species of Ringicula, and numerous examples of Calcarina,
Siderolites, and other Rhizopods. Scissurella mantelli resembles
the type of the genus, S. elegans, d’Orb., but is rather larger, more
depressed, more strongly ornamented, and has a longer sczssural
band. 'The specimen has been in my possession several years, but
I did not think it worth publishing untii I observed that it exhibited
a character hitherto omitted in all descriptions of the genus, viz.
that the shell when young has no slit. M.d’Orbigny’s figures of
Scissurella elegans, elaborate and highly magnified, represent the
scissural band winding round all the whorls and extending to the
extreme apex * ; but on referring to the specimens collected by Mr.
Jeffreys at Spezzia, I found that the band really terminated within
half a whorl of the aperture—a smaller proportional distance than in
S. mantelli, and that during the first part of its life the Scissurella
elegans also had a simple, entire lip, ike the ordinary T’rochide.

M. d’Orbigny’s figures and description are faulty in a still more im-
portant respect ; for Mr. G. Sowerby has observed that in the adult
shell the fissure became closed at the aperture, leaving only a small
foramen +: so that Scissurella presents three phases of growth—
having a simple aperture when young, a slit when half-grown, and a

* Mémoires de la Société d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1823, pl. 23, p. 340.
Y¥ Zool. Journ. 1824, p. 255, and ‘ Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ fase. 35.

203

foramen when adult. It is evident from the mode in which the slit
is finally closed by the lateral expansion and union of its edges,
that this change is final, and coincident with the termination of the
shell’s growth ; whereas in the extinct Tvrochotoma the foramen
must have been established at an early period, and continued to
travel onward with the growth of the shell, as in the genus Rimula.

Eleven species of Scissuredla are enumerated by Messrs. H. and A.
Adams, under the generic name ‘“‘ Anatomus”’ * :—

angulatus, Sow. @ orbignyt, Audouin.
asper, Phil. indicus, Montf.
bertheloti, Webb. levigatus, V Orb.
conicus, d’ Orb. striatulus, Phil.
costatus, @ Orb. reticulatus, Phil.

crispatus, Flem.

Of these, 4. costatus and A. levigatus are only varieties of A.
elegans ; “‘ reticulatus’’ appears to be a misprint for S. plicata, Phil.,
of which S. d’orbignyi, Scac. (not Audouin), isasynonym ; and both
this and S. striatula are only varieties of S. elegans, Orb. S.
angulata, Loven (not Sow.), appears to be the adult Norwegian form
of the British S. crispata; and S. aspera, Phil. (described as fossil
only), is the Mediterranean equivalent of the same species.

Instead of exght or nine European species of Scissurella, I can find
only two; and of these the typical species must be called S. elegans
(d’Orb.), that being the only appropriate name of the three first

iven.

3 S. bertheloti, Webb, from the Canaries, is closely allied to S. ele-
gans ; 8. conica, dOrb., from the Falkland Islands, is more like
S. crispata. The British species, S. crispata, differs considerably
from the typical Scissured/a in form ; and the slit is permanently open,
as in Pleurotomaria,—a character which may be considered of sub-
generic importance. Prof. King, in his otherwise excellent remarks
on this genus (Pleurotomaria), assumes its identity with Sczssu-
rella (crispata), and supposes it to be “essentially non-perla-
ceoust;”’ but since the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and recent species
of Pleurotomaria are all nacreous, it is reasonable to conclude that
those of the older rocks were likewise so, although now metamorphic
and destitute of any remains of pearly lustre. Scissurella of
d’Orbigny, typified by S. elegans, is distinct from every other genus,
recent or fossil, hitherto described.

The Messrs. Adams have substituted for Scissurella the name
“ Anatomus, Montf.,” which certainly was never intended for any
shell of the kind. Montfort’s figure was most hkely taken from a
specimen of Serpula spirorbis, which agrees with the description of
** dAnatomus indicus” in being gregarious upon sea-weed, and in
having, when detached, a slit in the dower margin of the lip.

If it should still be considered desirable to have a subgencric

* ‘Genera of Shells,’ p. 439 (June 1854).
+ Monograph of Permian Fossils, Trans. Pal. Soc. 1850, p. 215.

204

name for Scissurella crispata, 1 have no objection to the adoption of
Anatoma, provided it be spelled properly, and not attributed to
Montfort.

3. Notre on CYCLOSTOMA ARTICULATUM. By S. P. Woop-
WARD, F.G.S. ComMMUNICATED BY Pror. OwEN.

(Mollusca, Pl. XLVI.)

This land-snail is peculiar to the Island of Rodriguez, and belongs
to the subgenus Tropidophora (Troschel), characteristic of the
Mascarene Islands. Numerous examples were collected in February
1858 by the late Madame Ida Pfeiffer, who conveyed them to the
Mauritius, where they continued active, but took no food during a
stay of two months. Three individuals remained alive after the
voyage to England, which occupied ten weeks, and several others
were sufficiently preserved for examination. They were brought
over packed in paper and rags, in a tin pot with a lid, and were not
taken out until a fortnight after their arrival. One of these snails
lived for some months under a bell-glass with moss and ferns, and
afforded frequent opportunities for examination. The animal was
of a pale buff colour, with darker tentacles and muzzle ; the tentacles
were acute, rugose, and slightly annulated ; the muzzle annulated,
grooved beneath, and bilobed at the end, which was constantly used
in walking. The foot was ample, with a deep central groove dividing
it into two lateral elements moved alternately in walking. When.it
retired and closed its shell, it still adhered, and sometimes became
suspended, by a tenacious thread of mucus.

Madame Pfeiffer also brought home specimens of Cyclostoma ca-
rinatum and C. (Otopoma) listeri, from Mauritius, which were in a
tolerably fresh state. The lingual dentition of these species differs
slightly from that of C. articulatum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI.

Figs. 1-7. Scissurella elegans: several varieties at different periods of growth;
magnified 24 diameters.
1, 2. Young shells, exhibiting the commencement and successive filling
up of the slit.
3-6. Old examples, showing the extent to which the shell grows after
the establishment of the foramen.
7. Front view of a shell with the multispiral operculum.
Fig. 8. Scissurella mantelli, magnified 40 diameters.
Fig. 9. Scissurella (Anatoma) crispata, magnified six times. From the coast
of Norway. In the collection of Mr. MacAndrew.
Figs. 10,11. Cyclostoma articulatum, of the size of life—June 9, 1858.
Fig. 12. Its lingual ribbon, natural size.
Fig. 13. A portion of the same, magnified.

205

4. INDICATIONS OF THE EXISTENCE OF A SECOND SPECIES OF
Emev (Dromavus). By A. D. Bartuert.

The specimen of Dromeus now exhibited was obtained with others
far in the interior of South Australia, several hundred miles from
Port Philip.

It differs from Dromeus nove-hollandie in having the whole of
the feathers of the body distinctly marked with narrow transverse bars
of light grey and dark brownish black. The feathers of the back
and sides of the bird are broader and longer and less silky in texture
than those of the common species: that this is so, is quite evident
to the touch. The upper part of the neck and head is nearly black ;
and the feathers appear thicker than those on these parts in the com-
mon bird.

The specimen from which these remarks are taken was one of
three examined by me, two of which were adult, and one a young
bird about one-third grown. This young bird exhibited the trans-
verse bars on its plumage as distinctly as the adult bird; at the same
time the broad longitudinal stripes were clearly to be seen. Judging
from the skins, I am inclined to consider this bird to be smaller than
the common species. As I hope before long to obtain more in-
formation respecting these birds, together with other and more
perfect specimens, I beg to propose provisionally the name of
Dromeus irroratus for this supposed new species.

5. A Recorp or ture NumBer or Days or INCUBATION OF
BIRDS WHICH BREED IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. By
Paiute Lutiey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., SECRETARY TO THE
SOCIETY.

The subjoined table, furnished to me from the observations of our
intelligent Assistant Head-Keeper, Benjamin Misselbrook, gives the
period of incubation of eighteen species of birds which ordinarily
breed in our Gardens. The time of incubation appears to be as
constant in each species of bird as the period of gestation in each
species of mammal; and I think that every addition to our imperfect
knowledge of this subject must be of interest to the naturalist, and
is worthy of record in our ‘ Proceedings.’

Days
1. Emeu* (Dromeus nove-hollandia) ..........++ 56
2. American Rhea (Rhea americana) ............ 35
3. Impeyan Pheasant (Lophophorus impeyanus) .... 28
4. Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichit) ............ 28
5. Purple Pheasant (Gallophasis horsfieldii)........ 24
6. White-crested Kaleege (Gallophasis albocristatus) 26
7. Black-backed Kaleege (Gallophasis melanonotus). 24

* The eggs of the Emeu and Rhea were hatched in the Society’s incubator.

206

Days

8. Californian Quail (Callipepla californica)....... Soee4l
9. Crowned Pigeon (Goura coronata) ............ 28
10. Crested Pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes)............ 14
11. Black-necked Swan (Cygnus nigricollis) ........ 35
12. Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) ................ 35
13. Cereopsis Goose (Cereopsis nove-hollandia) .... 35

14. Sandwich-Island Goose (Bernicla sandvicensis) .. 31
15. Ashy-headed Goose (Chloéphaga poliocephala) .. 30
16. Ruddy Shieldrake (Casarca rutila) ............ 30
17. Summer Duck (Aig sponsa).................. 30
18. Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) ............ 30

6. REMARKS ON EXHIBITING SPECIMENS OF Two SPECIES OF
Divers (CotymsBus), rrom Mr. GurNry’s CoLuecTION.
By Puarure Luruey Scxuater, M.A., F.L.S., SecrETARY TO
THE SOCIETY.

On showing to Mr. J. H. Gurney the specimen of the supposed
new Diver (Colymbus adamsi, G. R. Gray), belonging to Mr. Bar-
row, and exhibited at the last meeting of the Society, that gentleman
informed me that he had a somewhat similar bird in his own collec-
tion, killed off the coast of Norfolk. Mr. Gurney has kindly ordered
this specimen to be sent up for the inspection of the Society. As it is
in winter plumage, no comparison can be made relative to the white
markings of the neck and scapularies ; but in respect of the thickened
and whitened bill, it entirely agrees with Colymbus adamsi. In the
British Gallery of the British Museum I have also noticed an ex-
ample of the Great Northern Diver in which the bill has become
partially white. Upon the whole, therefore, I am inclined to agree with
Mr. Gurney’s views that this is the effect of age, the bill becoming
thickened and whitened in the very adult birds, and that we cannot
use this character as a ground of difference to separate C. adamsi
from C. glacialis. It remains, however, yet to be proved that the
other characters assigned by Mr. G. R. Gray to his C. adamsi are
not of sufficient importance to maintain that species as distinct.

As there might be some doubt raised as to whether Mr. Gurney’s
specimen was really shot on the English coast, I subjoin the follow-
ing letter, which seems to set that question at rest :—

‘24 Kensington Park Gardens,
30th May, 1859.

‘* My pear Srr,—I have been endeavouring to verify the facts
respecting the White-billed Diver.

‘Tt was shot on the beach, or from the beach, at Pakefield, on the
coast of Suffolk, and was brought in the flesh to My. Scales, a gen-
tleman living in Pakefield, who sent it to Mr. Thirtle, a bird-stuffer
at Lowestoft, to preserve for him. I saw it at Thirtle’s, and wrote
to Mr. Scales to say that I should like to possess it, when he very
kindly gave it to me as a present.

207

“JT am sorry to find that I have no exact memorandum of the
date when it was procured, but believe it to have been in the early
spring, about seven years since.

*T am, yours faithfully,
«J. H. Gurney.”

* P. L. Sclater, Esq.”

Mr. Gurney has at the same time forwarded for examination a
specimen of the Black-throated Diver (Colymbus arcticus) from the
coast of California, in fully adult summer plumage. Mr. Lawrence,
in his portion of the ‘Report upon North American Ornithology,’
published in the ninth volume of the ‘ Pacific R. R. Report,’ has
separated this bird from the ordinary Colymbus arcticus as a distinct
species, observing that, though he had not met with it in summer
plumage, its smaller dimensions, and, in particular, more slender and
weaker bill, seem to warrant his so doing.

Comparing the Pacific example with a fine specimen of the ordi-
nary Black-throated Diver from these seas, kindly lent to me by
Mr. Leadbeater, we observe just these very differences. In plumage
there is none, or none worth mentioning. I am therefore hardly
inclined to think that the specific independence of Colymbus pacifi-
cus will ultimately be maintainable, knowing, as I do, that there is
considerable variation in size prevalent among European specimens
of the Black-throated Diver.

7. On A NEw LepipopTERous INsEcT From AvustrRALta. By A.
W. Scort, M.A., Memper or THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
oF New SoutH Wates. ComMuNICATED BY Dr. GEORGE
BENNETT, Corr. Meme.

(Annulosa, Pl. LXI.)

HYyPHANTIDIUM SERICARIUM,

The silken web, portions of which are herewith transmitted, formed
by these small gregarious larvee, is so remarkable for its vast super-
ficial extent, the extreme evenness of manufacture, and the fineness
and beauty of the texture, that I have been induced to submit these
homely Lepidoptera, with their transformations, for publication in
the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, deeming the subject
worthy of notice and interest to the European entomologist ;—the
more so, as, after a careful and patient investigation of the families
closely related (the European examples of which have been so beau-
tifully illustrated and correctly defined by Hubner), I am led to
believe that the insects now before me are, in all respects, nonde-
script. |

Acting in accordance with this impression, I have formed a new
genus under the name of Hyphantidium: it will however rest with
the scientific naturalist at home, with his numerous books of refer-
ence and cabinet specimens, to determine this question and to correct
the error which I may thus possibly have fallen into.

208

The larvee, together with fine specimens of the web, were originally
sent to me by Helenus Scott, Esq., Police Magistrate of the Wol-
lombi district, who had himself obtained them early in July of last
year from his neighbour Mrs. Thomas Wiseman of Laguna House,
the original discoverer. This gift was accompanied by the following
remarks :—

“Mrs. Thomas Wiseman of this district had placed a quantity of
shelled maize in a verandah room, 8 feet 6 inches long, 6 feet wide,
and 9 feet 3 inches high, the stone walls being plastered. Ata
subsequent’ period, this room being required for a bed-room, the
walls were found to be entirely and uniformly covered by a beautiful
white-coloured web, fastened at the ceiling, floor, and corners, by a
stouter and coarser fabric, and occasionally to portions of the wall
itself. So that in this instance an unbroken sheet of cloth contain-
ing some 72 square feet might with care have been obtained ; while
the whole of the web inside of the room would contain some 252
square feet.”

The specimens of this cloth sent to me were of the size of a large
handkerchief, having been rudely torn from the walls. In anticipa-
tion of obtaining other specimens, I gave mine to the Australian Mu-
seum in Sydney ; but now, unhappily, the whole of the remaining
portions of the original construction have been ruthlessly destroyed
by the servants.

The samples now sent will, however, be sufficient to enable the ad-
mirers of the curious and beautiful to form an opinion by ocular
demonstration of the extreme delicacy and uniformity of the fabric.

The Larva (fig. 1, natural size, fig. 2, magnified) is, when full-
grown, about ;2; inch in length, fleshy, with the head and first an-
nulation depressed, somewhat horny, and of a blackish brown. It
possesses sixteen feet. In colour pale yellowish white, with whorls
of six small black spots on each annulation, each emitting a tiny
hair. The caudal segment is spotted with brown.

In confinement these Caterpillars were found to be active, with
a dislike to the light, so that when exposed they immediately com-
menced spinning their web over, and connecting several grams of
the maize together, upon the mealy portions of which they subsisted.
They had likewise lined the top and sides of the box with their
silken tissue.

In their natural state I am of opinion that during the day they
conceal themselves between the wall and the web, and descend at
night to carry on their depredations ;—but this is mere supposition.

At the latter end of August they changed to the chrysalis, each
larva forming a separate cocoon for itself amongst the maize, con-
sisting of a flimsy web somewhat tightly envelopmg the chrysalis.
The chrysalis (fig. 3) is of a light yellowish-brown, with the wing-
cases largely developed, and of 4 inch in length.

The perfect insect (fig. 4) took wing in October, and is in expanse
8 inch, and active in its movements. The superior wings elongated,
the costal margin arched, and apices rounded. General colour
greyish-brown, of a silvery hue, with stigmata and strigze of a darker

209

colour. Inferior wings of a light semitransparent silvery hue, with
a deep marginal fringe. Thorax similar in colour to anterior wings
and not crested. Abdomen yellowish ; the entire of the under side
light silvery grey. The wings are slightly convoluted in repose.

Antenne (fig. 5, magnified portion) rather short, setaceous, and
scaly above.

Labial palpi (figs. 6 & 7, denuded), 3-jointed, covered with fea-
thery scales. Basal and terminal joints nearly equal, and each
about one half the length of the middle one. The whole cylindrical
and terminating in a point, and bending upwards and forwards to
about level with the top of the eye.

The legs.—Anuterior pair (fig. 8) small and spurless. Tibize half
the length of the femora. Second pair (fig. 9), two spurs at ends of
tibiee. Posterior pair (fig. 10), four spurs. The second and poste-
rior legs are long, and nearly equal to each other. The whole of
the legs are closely covered with feathery scales, thicker however,
and intermixed with some hairs on the tibiee of posterior pair. Tarsi
in all 5-jointed (first joint about equal to remaining four) terminating
in small claws.

8. DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIES OF PERGA, OR SAW-FLY, FOUND
FEEDING UPON THE EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA OF HOOKER,
or Wiper Bay LeMon-SCENTED GuM-TREE. By Dr. GEORGE
BENNETT, OF SypNEY, F.Z.S., ann A. W. Scort, Esa.,
MemMBerR oF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF New Soutu
WALES.

(Annulosa, Pl. LXII.)

Among numerous Hucalypti or Gum-trees growing in great pro-
fusion in New South Wales, a species, named Eucalyptus citriodora
‘by Sir William Hooker, is peculiar to the Wide Bay district at
the northern part of the Colony. It is a tree of graceful and elegant
growth, and assumes a picturesque character and appearance devoid
of stiffness ; and as the younger branches become elongated towards
the top, they gradually yield and become partially pendent. It bears
delicate white flowers in clusters, which attract by the honey secreted
within them numerous insects and honey-eating birds. The foliage
affords food to the larvee of many insects, which sometimes appear
in such myriads as to denude the tree ; and the flowers are the resort
of a great variety of Coleopterous and other insects. This tree has
a great claim to picturesque beauty, and proves an ornament to
any landscape when seen growing in its native soil. It does not
produce timber of any great size, nor am | aware of its being used for
any particular purpose. At Wide Bay it has been known to attain
the height of from 80 to 95 feet, with a circumference of from 8
to 10 feet. It has recently been introduced into the Botanic Garden
at Sydney, from the Wide Bay district, and has been found to be
of quick growth. My friend Mr. C. Moore, the Director of the

No. 397,—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLGGICAL SOCIETY.

210

Botanic Garden at Sydney, informs me that a tree now in that
garden was planted about six years since ; and I found it had in that
time attained the height of 35 feet ; but the top of the tree having
been cut off at an early period of its growth, it had divided into
several branches. This had retarded its growth*as far as regards
elevation, although (as was the intention) it had promoted the ex-
tension of its branches: and, but for this circumstance, it might
have been expected that by this time the tree would have attained
the elevation of about 60 or 65 feet. The leaves of this species of
Eucalyptus, on being bruised, yield a delightful citron-like odour,
compared by some to the smell of balm, and by others to the scent
called Citronella; and when the leaves are dried ‘and placed among
clothes or papers, they impart an agreeable scent to them. Consi-
dering that it might prove useful in an economical point of view, I
procured a quantity of the leaves, which were distilled by Mr.
Norie, a practical chemist in Sydney ; and it was found that three
pounds twelve ounces weight of the leaves yielded by distillation six
drachms and a half of a pure colourless oil. A very small number
of drops of the oil (about eight), to an ounce of spirit, produce a
very powerful and agreeable perfume, approximating to that known
as Citronella, which may be called ‘‘ Essence of Lemon-scented
Gum-tree.”’ I sent some of this oil in its pure state to Sir William
Hooker, through my friend Dr. F. Miller of Melbourne, to be
placed in the Museum of Economic Botany. When the outer bark
of the tree was hanging in strips upon the trunk and branches, as
is usual with the Hucalypti, the new bark underneath was of a deli-
cate greenish white colour. A red gum exudes from this tree. As
this tree may eventually prove of great utility in affording perfume,
every exertion will be made to propagate it in the neighbourhood
of Sydney, and being of rapid growth it will, no doubt, quickly suc-
ceed. About September I observed a gregarious Caterpillar feeding
upon the foliage of this tree and rapidly destroying it. On a closer.
inspection I found the larvee of a species of Perga or Saw-tly,
huddled together both on the upper and under sides of the leaves,
arranged for the most part in regular rows. When disturbed, they
simultaneously bent their bodies in the form of an arch, and emitted
a greenish fluid from their mouths, as if to intimidate the intruder,
forming, on a small scale, a representation of an angry cat when a
dog approaches her lair. When put into a box, the larvee emitted
so powerful an odour of the leaves on which they had been feeding,
as to scent the room in which they were placed. The larva of the
Perga is evidently an omnivorous feeder, as it has been observed
upon several species of the Eucalyptus as well as on the Callistemon.
On showing the larva to my friend A. W. Scott, Esq., of Ash Island,
he informed me that he had made drawings and magnified dissec-
tions of this and other species. In a few days I received the ac-
companying description of this species, together with the beautiful
and accurate drawing (copied in Pl. LXII.) by his daughter, Miss
H. Scott.

211
Family SECURIFERA.

Tribe 1. TenrHreDINET# (Saw-tflies).

Genus PercGa (Leach).

PERGA EUCALYPTI, sp. nov.’ (Pl. LXII.)

These larvee are gregarious, and live exposed on the leaves of the
Eucalyptus, on which they feed, and when full-grown attain a con-
siderable size, from 2 inches to 23. Of a uniform velvety black,
with numerous short stiff white hairs, they bear a general resem-
blance to Lepidopterous Caterpillars, easily discernible however by
the possession of only six squamous ‘feet, and these large, powerful
and reddish. ;

Living, as they do, in considerable numbers, huddled together and
even one upon another, on the upper as well as the under side of the
leaf, they present so striking an object, that the most unobservant
must easily recognize the group of larvee depicted in our plate.

We may also add, that during their repast these pseudo-caterpillars
keep slowly moving their abdominal portions, rapping their extre-
mities against the leaves, and, if disturbed, arching their bodies in a
menacing manner, and emitting from their mouths a viscid matter.

Our larvae buried themselves underground in October, forming
cocoons of a very strong, brownish texture. ‘The perfect insect ap-
peared in the following “Mar ch, and measured in expanse of wings 1,5
inch, the Henn of the body being 19, of which the head and Shore
constituted 54.

Fig. 1. The head magnified.

Fig.2. Antenne. T hese are short, 6-jointed, the last joint longest
and clubbed ; the whole of a yellow colour.

The legs: anterior pair two spurs on tibiee ; second and posterior
(fig. 3) have similar spurs, with an additional moveable spine on the
middle of their inferior side ; the tarsi are 5-jointed, the first four fur-
nished with pairs of blunted appendages, with large pulvilli between,
the ultimate one terminated by strong claws.

Fig. 4. Anterior wing. This has four cubital cells, the second and
third of which receive a recurrent nervure, the transverse nervures
of the disc ; but the radial cell is not appendiculated.

Fig. 5. Posterior wing.

The wings of the live insect are brownish inclining to bronze, but in
the cabinet these soon assume a shabby and ragged appearance. Head
and thorax have a metallic dark green-red lustre. Abdomen bright
shining green; three large orange-yellow patches on the upper sae
one at each base of wings, and one over junction of thorax and ab-
domen ; underneath similar patches immediately below and between
the legs.

We have other species of this genus in our possession, exhibiting
considerable variations in their larve, as to size, colouring, and
markings ; but they are all uniformly supplied with only six power-
ful squamous feet.

212

The Eucalyptus, Melaleuca and Callistemon appear to afford the
principal food for the Perge.

The habits of the Saw-flies are so well described by Latreille,
Leach, and others, that it is quite unnecessary for us to make fur-
ther comments; and it has been to the larvee of a species which
may be considered the type of the genus, that we have principally
devoted our attention in this short sketch.

The Tenthredinete are represented by numerous examples in this
colony, and are well deserving of a memoir devoted exclusively to
their family, as many others, in addition to the Perge, may be
found worthy of being formed into separate and distinct genera.

The following list of additions to the Society’s Menagerie by pre-
sentation and purchase during the month of May was read :—

1 Axis Deer

eoveoe lee eccace

UGannetintcmericcetcsccecce
1 Australian Thick-knee
2 Mooruks

4 Hippocampi

15 Green Lizards ......... |
1 African Civet

1 Kangaroo ..........0008-
2 Tachard Buzzards ...
1 Red-capped Parrakeet |
1 Love Parrakeet
5 Wax-Wings ......+0...
1 Grivet Monkey

eocccscce

1 Barred Ichneumon ...|

2 Chinese Pheasants ...

2 Pr. Albert’s Curassow
8 Water Tortoises ......|
4 Land Tortoises

1 Paradoxure

Cer ecsces

eecveccocrce

eocece

|Casuarius bennettiz

|Viverra civetta

'Petrogale penicillata

|Paradoxurus typus
Belideus flaviventris

Axis maculata ...coorsscoree-

Sula bassana

CEdicnemus australis.........

Hippocampus brevirostris...
Lacerta viridis

ee eeeeecooens:

eee cceeee

Buteo tachardus
Platycercus pileatus
Agapornis pullaria

Ampelis garrula

eo ccceseeees

ae ecccves

Cercopithecus engythithia...

Herpestes fasciatus ..

Boa constrictor

eee eee oes cenee-

Phasianus torquatus.........
Crax alberti
Emys —?
Testudo —— ? .ec..csse0ee

Co ee rence eeneeeses

ce eearves

eee

1 Capuchin Monkey

Cebus ——?

Presented by Richard Ans-
dell, Esq.

Presented by T. W. Foster,
Esq.

Purchased. ’

Presented by Dr. Bennett,
F.Z.S.

Presented by T. F. Pinto,
Tisq.

Presented.

Presented by Captain R.
Hughes.

Purchased.

Presented by B. J. Angell,
Esq.

Presented by R. F. Bur-
ton, Esq., F.R.G.S.

Presented by G. Furness,
Esq.

Presented by Geo. Moss,
Esq.

Purchased.

Presented by Rev. R. T.
Lowe, Corr. Memb.
Presented by Sir D. Baird.
Presented by Dr. Bennett,

Corr. Memb.

Presented.

Of these, the Hippocampus brevirostris, Buteo tachardus, and
Belideus flaviventris were stated to be exhibited for the first time.

June 28, 1859.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Norrs on THE Ducx-BILL (ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS).
By Dr. Greorce Bennett, F.Z.S. ‘

(Mammalia, Pl. LX XI.)

On the morning of the 14th of September, 1848, I received
through the kindness of Henry Brooks, Esq., of Penrith, six speci-
mens of the Ornithorhynchus—an unusually large number to be
captured and sent at one time—consisting of four full-grown males
and two full-grown females. As usual, the latter were much smaller
in size than the former. Some of these animals had been shot,
and others captured in nets at night, at a place named Robe’s Creek,
near the South Creek, Penrith, about thirty miles from Sydney.
They were all in good and fresh condition, excepting one of the fe-
males, in which some degree of decomposition had taken place, but
not sufficient to prevent examination. On dissection, I found the
uteri of the females (although it was the commencement of the
breeding season) unimpregnated ; but in the four males the testes were
all enlarged, resembling pigeons’ eggs in size, and of a pure white
colour. At other seasons of the year I have observed them in these
animals not larger than a small pea, and this being the commence-
ment of the breeding season could alone account for their size; so
that they show in this respect a great resemblance to what is observed
in most birds during the breeding season of the year. I am not
aware of this peculiarity existing in any other Mammalia. The testes
in all the specimens were of equal size, and measured 13 inch in length
and 1 inch in the diameter. I preserved one animal with the testes
in situ, and detached the testes from the others, placing them in
spirits for a further examination if required.

On examining the cartilaginous lips of these animals as they were
lying heaped upon the table, dripping wet as if just emerged from
the water, they were dark grey above, and mottled of a darker or
lighter colour underneath, as is shown in the drawing made from life
by G. F. Angas, Esq. (Pl. LXXI.), and which I have not yet seen
correctly represented in any coloured drawing or engraving of the
animal, in consequence of their not being taken from a living or
recently dead animal. Over the eye is a tawny brownish-yellow spot,
which marks distinctly the situation of that minute but brilliant
organ of vision. These animals have horny teeth on the tongue.
On the back part of this organ there is a bulb which serves to pre-
vent the passage of the food collected in the mouth together with

214

the water into the gullet, and to direct the former into the tempo-
rary receptacles—the cheek pouches, which have an opening on each
side at the back part of the mouth. In these I have found the food
well comminuted, mingled with fine gravel of a muddy consistence,
the food consisting of débris of insects and small shell-fish mingled
with mud and gravel to aid digestion, and I have also found the whole
length of the alimentary canal filled with mud or sand mingled with
.débris of food. I have observed the same in the Echidna or ‘ Por-
cupine Ant-eater’ of the colonists. In the stomach of that animal
I have found the sand which filled it exhibit under the microscope
the remains of ants alone. The sand appears to me to be neces-
sary for the proper digestion of the food in both animals.

On the morning of the 28th of December, 1858, I received a male
and female specimen of the Ornithorhynchus alive; the male very
large, and the female much smaller; they had been captured four
days before the opportunity occurred of sending them. They were
packed in a box with straw, carefully and securely fastened down ;
they had burrowed into the straw, and seemed warm and com-
fortable. When taken out and placed into a tub of water, they
were very lively, diving down and remaining out of sight ; and were
so timid, that, when reappearing, it was only to place the end of
the mandibles out of the water to inhale some fresh air, when they
would speedily disappear again, seeming to be perfectly aware they
were watched. The longest time this animal could remain under
water, without rising to the surface to breathe, was full 7 minutes
15 seconds, by the watch. I placed them in the evening in a tub of
water with turf and grass; they remained quite tranquil, bubbles of
air rising occasionally to the surface of the water alone indicating
their position, with a movement as if they were shifting their place
in the tub, but without showing the body. After some minutes had
elapsed, the tip of the black snout would appear on the side of the
tub, to the length of about an inch, or just sufficient for the nostrils
to be above the surface of the water, they being at the same time
dilated as if to imbibe a supply of atmospheric air. They would only
remain a few seconds, when they again speedily disappeared. When
watched at a distance, one was seen to crawl out from the tub and
escape upon the ground, but it was speedily captured and replaced.
After leaving them in the water for about an hour, I placed my hand
in the tub and took them out, and, on replacing them in the box,
they soon burrowed down in the straw.

They are, as may be expeeted, fond of darkness and concealment,
and dive under water or burrow under ground, coming to the surface
to feed and enjoy themselves, principally at the dusk of the evening
or at night.

I do not believe that the Duck-bill has ever been found in South
Australia, no specimen having yet been brought from that locality.

These animals are rather crepuscular in their habits, sleeping for
the most part of the day ; and, in captivity, I have always found them
very annoying at night, disturbing the rest of every one within
hearmg by the scratching and restless noises which they make in

219

their vigorous efforts to escape ; whereas in the morning they will be
found rolled up and fast asleep. Still I am now of opinion that all
the Australian crepuscular and night animals—judging from those I
have been able to observe in captivity—although very active, and
feeding principally at night, will leave their places of concealment
during the day for a short time for the purpose of feeding.

The male animal, as if to keep up its bird-like character, has a spur,
moveable, like that of the barn-door cocks. This is found also in
the Echidna or Porcupine Ant-eater, another of the Monotrematous®
family ; but, judging from experiments on both animals, cannot be
considered a weapon of offence or defence, and is for some purpose in
the economy of the animal at present unknown to us. From my
recent observations I consider the question of the spur in the male
being a poisonous weapon as now decided; for the living male spe-
cimen, though very shy and wild, can be handled with impunity.
Although making violent efforts to escape, and even giving me some
severe scratches with the hind claws in its attempts, still either in
or out of the water he has never attempted to use the spur asa
weapon of offence. Indeed the scratching I have before alluded
to has not been done by the animal intentionally, as it is to all in-
tents and purposes perfectly harmless ; but accidentally by the hind
claws, which alone are sharp, in the efforts made to extricate itself
from my grasp. The female will float feeding upon the water, and
is much tamer than the male. ‘The latter keeps swimming about
below, and it is a long time before he ventures to put more than the
snout above the water, and then rarely more than the head and a
little of the upper part of the body.

From the 29th to the 31st of December they were lively and well.
IT placed them for one or two hours in the water morning and evening,
to feed and wash themselves, which they appeared to enjoy exceed-
ingly. I placed some meat minced very fine in the water, to try to
feed them, so as to send them alive to Europe, as I considered the
manner of feeding them an important preliminary step to ascertain.
In their natural state they evidently feed in water. Just before I
took them out in the evening they had burrowed to the bottom of
the box, among the straw, very warm and comfortable, and they were
cuddled close together.

Ou the third morning I found them much tamer, and, instead of
diving down immediately they were placed in the water, they floated
upon the surface. The female would permit me to look close to her
little twinkling eyes; her ears were always much dilated, and she
would remain tranquil even when I touched or scratched her head
or back ; but the instant I touched the sensitive mandibles, she would
either dip down partially or disappear altogether under water for a
short time. The male is evidently much more timid. I have only
once seen his body on the surface of the water; and when taking
him out of the water and replacing him in his box, I found great
difficulty in capturing him. The female, being generally upon the
surface, is secured and placed in the box very easily, but the struggles
of the male are very great; and this makes it more difficult to take

216

him every time. The female paddles about upon the surface, and
occasionally performs somersaults in the water ; the male sometimes
comes up, but dives rapidly down again. The female floats upon
the water without any apparent paddling, and remains in a sort of
half-immersed position for a great length of time, with the beak
lying flat upon the water. If any dust comes near the sensitive
nostrils, a bubbling of water is seen to issue from them, as if to drive
away the irritating substance ; and, if this does not succeed, the beak
is washed in the water to remove it.

January Ist, 1859.—Both the animals this morning had a sleek,
healthy, and lively appearance ; they did not require to be taken
out of the box to be placed in the tub of water, but ran in themselves
as soon as the lid of the box was opened. On entering the water
they turned and gamboled about, and then reclined on one side,
scratching themselves with the hind claws. They would permit me
to touch them without being disturbed ; indeed they had become so
tame as to allow me to tickle and scratch them gently, and appeared
to enjoy it very much. They generally remained half-submerged in
the water ; itis only when touching the sensitive mandibles that they
would dive down; but even then they would not remain long under
water. Their favourite position was half-submerged, with the man-
dibles resting down upon the surface of the water.

The female is languid and weak, but the male continues vigorous,
diving and swimming about. When in the water they play toge-
ther, occasionally tumbling one over the other, and then remain on
the surface of the water, gently combing their fur. No attempt
was ever made (even when he growled at being disturbed) by the
male to injure or even scratch with the spur. When I took the male
out or disturbed him at night, he growled, and afterwards made a
peculiar shrill whistling noise, as if a signal call to his companion.
It is principally in the evening and at night that these animals are
in the habit of coming out of their burrows to sport and feed both
in the water and upon the banks. On retiring to their burrows to
repose, they roll themselves up like furred balls.

January 2nd.—The female appeared quite exhausted this evening.
On being placed in the water, it paddled feebly about, and then,
dropping its head, sank. On removing it, I found it was dead. It
appeared, on examination, to be in poor condition.

January 3rd.—The male does not appear to be thriving, but I
have now a large tub prepared for his reception, in which I have
made the following arrangements :—The tub is 3 feet 6 inches in
length by 1 foot 9 inches broad, and 2 feet deep. At one end I have
had a wooden enclosure made, which was partially filled with earth
and a sprinkling of straw; this attempt to imitate the burrow was
12 inches deep and 15 inches in length. I then placed sand from
a pond a few inches deep in the tub, in which I planted some fresh
plants of Damasonium ovatum and other river plants from a pond
in the Botanic Gardens. The tub was filled with water up to
an inclined plane, which was turfed like a bank; a level space was
also left, on which turf was placed, so that the animal might repose

217

and clean himself on emerging from the water. On placing the
male into it, he dived down and seemed to enjoy himself very much.
He was still lively, lying upon the surface of the water and scratch-
ing himself, and again diving and swimming among the weeds ; he
then went upon the level bank and again plunged into the water ;
after remaining there for nearly an hour, sometimes upon the surface
and often for a long time under water, he found his way into the
burrow, where he remained. I covered the whole of the cage with
zine wire, by which means he had light and air, and we could ob-
serve all his actions. This was to prevent his escape, as he could
readily have climbed up the surface of the tub. There are openings
at each end of the cask, by which means we could draw off: all the
dirty stagnant water, and replace it with clean, as often as was re-
quired. I fed the animal on meat minced very small, and then
thrown into the water.

Both of these animals were captured in a net. The man who took
them stated he had kept two alive for fourteen days, feeding them
upon river mussels, which he broke and gave them in the water:
that they seemed to thrive very well ; and that he supposed that they
fed upon these mussels, as they had been in good health, their death
having been occasioned by accident.

It surprises many why these animals, when captured in a net and
left all night, are feund drowned in the morning. It is my opinion
that when one of these animals is captured in a net (as was the case
with a male specimen taken in that way a short time since in the
Mulgoa Creek, and found dead in the morning), it is entangled in
the meshes, and, being unable to rise to the surface to breathe, is
drowned.

January 5th.—Last night I observed the animal emerge from the
water and enter the burrow: this was about 11 p.m. This morning
I did not see him in the water; he appeared yesterday evidently
drooping and sickly, and I fear we have not yet got into the method
of feeding them. Their food being minute and delicate, it requires
some experience to give it to these peculiar animals successfully. On
opening the burrow the animal was not there, and on drawing off
the water we found him dead and stiff at the bottom. Having, no
doubt, been too weak to regain the burrow, he perished when in
the water. Thus ends the first experiment of keeping Duck-bills
alive.

On dissection I found that they had been starved ; there was no
food or sand either in the intestines or pouches,—nothing but dirty
water. Should I procure other specimens, it is my intention to in-
troduce into my tank river-shrimps and insects of different kinds,
previous to placing them in it, so that they may obtain a sufficient
supply of their natural food. Still all this will increase the difficulty
of taking them to Europe, as the supply cannot be kept up at sea.
They evidently are very delicate animals, and life is soon destroyed
if nutriment is not rapidly kept up. These specimens were not
emaciated in body before they died.

The testes in this male were very small, being not larger than

218

peas. The animal was full-grown, and of the size of the largest spe-
cimens usually seen.

Sometimes I have seen the male with the spur so far thrown back
and concealed from view, as at a glance to be taken for the female,
and when opened for anatomical examination to be mistaken for one ;
so that it is not improbable that the large testes resembling pigeons’
eggs may have given rise to the notion of the animal laying eggs.

I have no doubt that the Duck-bills make their burrows high in
the banks, so as to be out of the reach of the floods which occasionally
prevail. Although amphibious in their habits, they require to repose
on the dry land, and also to breathe atmospheric air at short intervals
of time. Did they not adopt some plan of the kind, they would be
destroyed or drowned in their burrows by the floods.

Another very young specimen was kept for three weeks, and fed
upon worms ; it had a rudimentary spur ; it was very tame and easily
fed by hand; it died on the 7th of February, and was preserved in
spirits.

The plan I propose, besides introducing shell-fish, &c., is to feed
them in captivity upon worms, and, if we succeed: in keeping them
alive in Sydney by that method for three months, to send them in
the place of confinement, arranged as before described, to England,
keeping them upon the same diet. At all events it is worthy of a
trial; and, on quitting Sydney, I left the artificial burrow and other
preparations with a person interested in the subject, in order that
he might try the experiment.

I have remarked that, when healthy, these animals on emerging
from the water are in the habit of cleanmg and drying their fur, and
seem to pay great attention to their being in a clean and dry condi-
tion, and appear also to be fond of warmth. Not long previous to
the death of both these animals, I remarked that they did not dry or
clean their fur, and I have no doubt that the chilliness produced by
that circumstance accelerated their death, as the body—more espe-
cially in the male—-was not so emaciated as would have been the
case had death ensued from starvation.

2. On THE LONG-TAILED FiyinG-Opossum (BELIDEUS FLAVI-
VENTRIS)*, IN A STATE OF NATURE AND IN Captivity. By
Dr. Grorce BEenneETT, F.Z.S.

In November 1858 I received from the district near Broulee, south
of Sydney, from a station on the Mooruya River, a young female of
this comparatively rare species, and, although so young, found it of
a very savage and vicious disposition, spitting, screeching, and growl-
ing when handled, accompanying the noise by scratching and biting.
The claws were sharp, producing scratches as severe as those of a cat ;
but the teeth, being as yet only partially developed, were not sufficient
to produce much effect. It was evident that any animal displaying such

* See Gould, Mamm. of Austr., pt. 1. pl. 3.

219

Vicious propensities when in so young a state would be formidable
and savage when adult, which has been found to be the case. The
aborigines, who capture them for food, pull them by the tail from the
cavity of the tree, and kill them by dashing their brains out against
it before they are able to inflict any injury upon their capturers.
The animal, from the conformation of its feet, is evidently intended
to live in trees, and therefore when seen on the ground has a very
awkward, waddling gait. This is shown but seldom, and then only
when it is obliged to walk upon the level surface of the ground.
When climbing upon a tree it becomes more independent in cha-
racter, and it regards the spectator from the top of its perch in a
very different manner. It retires either between the forked branches
or in the hollow cavities during the day to sleep, and at night pass-
ing from one tree to another by flying leaps, aided by its para-
chute-like membrane, descends to the ground only from unavoidable
necessity, such as the trees being so far apart as to render it impos-
sible to traverse the space by leaping. When pursued it takes to the
highest branches, and springs from tree to tree with great rapidity,
reminding me of monkeys seen in the forests of Singapore, which,
when frightened, exhibit a similar degree of activity. It contrives
to elude its pursuers by leaps, which, giving an impetus to the body,
are very materially aided by the expanded membrane between the
fore and hind feet. This enables the animal to pass over a very
considerable distance in its leaps. It is surprising to see it passing
from branch to branch and tree to tree in the clear and delightful
atmosphere of a fine Australian moonlight night, with so extraor-
dinary a degree of skill and rapidity. But I remarked that the fly-
ing leaps were invariably downwards in an oblique direction; and
that, when desirous of ascending, the creature would climb rapidly,
and if overtaken would cling so tenaciously to the bark of the tree,
as, while living, to be very difficult of removal.

Having become tamer from confinement, the animal would suffer
itself to be handled without scratching and biting as at first, and
would lick the hand for sweets, of which it was very fond, and
permit its little nose to be touched and fur examined in any gentle
manner. But if any one attempted to take it up by the body, it
became most violent in temper, biting and scratching with savage
rage, at the same time uttering its snarling, wheezing, spitting kind
of guttural growl. If caught by the tail it would be more quiet
(excepting if held too long in one position), and would spread the
membranes as if to save itself from falling. Its beautiful fur above
and beneath could be well seen in that position, much better than
in the ordinary position of the animal when in action. Although
tamer in confinement, it appears devoid of any attachment to those
who feed it, for it evinces all the symptoms of dislike at being taken
up by the body, whether by a stranger or by the person by whom it
has been accustomed to be fed. It is a crepuscular and night animal,
sleeping most of the day, coiled up im a circle, with its bushy tail
thrown over it like a blanket ; but it occasionally wakes up and feeds
a little.

220

It was fed upon milk, raisins, and almonds ; and indeed sweets of
all kinds in the form of preserved fruits, as well as loaf-sugar, met
with its approbation. It appears to be a very small eater. In its wild
state it feeds upon the honey of the blossoms of the Hucalyptus or
gum-trees, as well as on the tender shoots and seeds. No doubt
insects would form a portion of its diet. The length of the animal
in its present young state, evidently not full-grown, is from the head
to the extremity of the tail 1 foot 10 inches, and the length of the
tail alone is 1 foot 2 inches. The upper part of the body is of a
greyish-black, with handsome deep black broad lines on the upper
part of the head, back, and the edges of the parachute-like membrane.
The tail is cylindrical, black, and bushy. The under surface of the
body is white, with yellowish-white under the throat and about the
centre of the abdomen ; feet deep black, nails white. The muzzle is
naked and of a delicate pinkish flesh-colour ; the naked palms of the
feet of a similar colour. The ears are naked, semitransparent, and
mottled with black. The under side of the membrane between the
feet is also of a dirty white colour; the fur is rather long, loose, and
of a soft silky texture, very delicate and fine to the touch. The head
is short and broad; the ears are also broad ; the eyes black, and dull
during the day, more brilliant and animated at night, which conveys
the idea that it has very imperfect vision during the daylight.

I have before observed that during the day it is sluggish, but at
night full of activity. The only time I saw it active durimg daylight
was on the day on which it was taken to the Zoological Gardens.
This may have been occasioned by the cage having been much shaken
on the road, or perhaps the gloomy atmosphere of London on that
day might have led the animal, so accustomed to the clear sky of
its native climate, to regard it, although barely noonday, as the
approach of night.

In Australia the blacks capture them for food, and having prepared
them by singeing the fur, cook them with the skins on, which
gives the meat a more delicate and juicy flavour ; but by the colonists
they are valued only for their fur, which, in many, for delicacy and
beauty, almost equals that of the Chinchilla. This animal traverses
the tops of the trees, and passes to the extremity of the outermost
branches with the greatest facility. When leaping, it is observed
always to ascend a little at the termination of the leap, by which the
shock received in coming from a great height is broken.

My captured specimen escaped one night from its place of con-
finement, and was seen in one of the uppermost branches of a lofty
weeping-willow tree, quietly reposing between one of the forks of the
larger branches. A boy was sent to climb up the tree to come upon
the animal when asleep. By creeping cautiously up he approached
the creature without being seen or heard, and, succeeding in seizing
it by the tail, threw it down a height of about 60 feet, when by the
assistance of its parachute-like membrane it alighted safely upon
the ground, and was then readily secured again. It holds a raisin
or almond in its fore-paws, licking and nibbling it. It is often seen
lying upon its back at the bottom of the cage when feeding, and when

221

drinking milk holds the small vessel containing it between its fore-
paws, lapping the milk as a kittea is observed to do. It is evident,
from the fondness of this animal for sweets, that, when the Huca-
lypti are in flower, it subsists upon the honey which the blossoms
yield in very large quantities (this honey is in such abundance as to
afford subsistence to honey-eating parrots and other birds, as well as
to these animals, and also to myriads of insects of various species).
When these have disappeared, it lives upon the nuts and young
foliage, and also upon insects. It drinks frequently, and will take
water, but evinces a decided preference for and thrives best upon
milk. I found that it would sometimes eat the young flower buds
of the Hucalyptus, and was also fond of succulent fruit, such as
apricots. Although the formation of its teeth would indicate a
mixed diet, yet it never, in a state of captivity, has as yet attempted
to eat animal food when given to it.

It left Sydney, N. 8. Wales, on the 14th of March 1859 by the
overland route, arrived at Southampton on the 27th of May, and
was safely deposited in the Gardens of the Society in Regent’s Park
on the 28th of May, in excellent health and condition, and much
grown since it left N. S. Wales.

3. Notes on AUSTRALIAN Cuckoos. By Dr. Grorce
Bennett, F.Z.S.

The Bronze-winged Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx lucidus) very frequently,
but it appears not invariably, deposits its egg in the nest of the Fan-
tailed Flycatcher (Rhipidura albiscapa). 1 bring before the Society
a sketch of a Fan-tailed Flycatcher feeding the young of that
species of Cuckoo, from specimens captured at Ryde, near Sydney,
and now preserved in the Australian Museum, from which the draw-
ing was made. This Fan-tailed Flycatcher was shot in the act of
feeding a young bird in its nest, which, when examined, was found
to be the young of the Shining Cuckoo (C. lucidus),—the Golden or
Bronze Cuckoo of the colonists. The nestling was full-fledged, brown
with black markings. It was ludicrous to observe this large bird
filling up the entire nest with its corpulent, well-fed body, and re-
ceiving the sustenance intended for several young Rhipidure. We
could imagine underneath the nest the skeletons of the former tenants
sacrificed to the rearing of this parasitical Cuckoo.

On the morning of the 25th of February, 1859, Mr. Alfred Deni-
son pointed out to me on the lawn in the garden of Government
House among the flower-beds a male Purple Warbler (Malurus
cyaneus) of glowing colours, perched upon a rose bush, and the
female in its pale-brown plumage. They were both actively en-
gaged, hopping about and wagging their tails (which they carry
generally in an elevated position), in attending to the wants of a
young bird much larger than themselves. This was found to be the

222

young of the Cuculus inornatus, having the speckled breast and
greyish-coloured back of the immature age of that species. It had
been brought up in fine condition by the old birds, which appeared,
judging by their actions, very proud, and apparently took the greatest
care, of their parasitical charge, doubtless regarding its size with great
satisfaction as an improved breed of Little Warblers.

4, On THE Fisy CALLED GLYPHISODON BIOCELLATUS.
By Dr. Grorce Bennett, F.Z.S.

(Pisces, Pl. EX.)

The following notes on the Glyphisodon biocellatus, together with
an accurate drawing from life, were given to me by Mr. G. F. Angas
for the purpose of being brought before the Zoological Society.
This interesting and elegant little fish we at first supposed to be a
new species; but on my arrival in England I found it was the G.
biocellatus of Cuvier. As, however, the description of that eminent
naturalist has evidently been made from specimens preserved in
spirits, his account, as far as regards colour, cannot be entirely de-
pended upon; and, as the drawing gives the accuracy of colour and
the brilliant hues of the fish when seen alive and swimming about
the aquarium, it will form an interesting addition to our more accu-
rate knowledge of Australian fishes. Although the fish itself is not
at present readily captured even at Sydney, yet I hope that before
long it may be brought to Europe, to adorn the aquaria of this

country.

GLYPHISODON BIOCELLATUS, Cuv. (Pl. IX. fig. 1.)

«This brilliant and elegant little fish is found in the pools amongst
rocks at low spring tides, both on the outer coast and in several locali-
ties inside the harbour of Port Jackson. ‘The first time I met with
it was amongst the rocks in a poo! at Coodgee Bay, about four miles
from Sydney. The extreme brilliancy of the colours, gold and azure,
as the little creatures dart in and out amongst the cavities of the
rocks, reminds one of jewels flashing in the sunlight. They are re-
markably shy, and on the slightest noise or the shadow of a person
approaching the pool, they dart in and conceal themselves under the
ledges and in the holes of the rocks ; hence they are very difficult to
catch. They generally make their appearance on the coast about
November, and remain till May ; during the winter months I have
looked for them in vain. The usual size varies from 1 to 2 inches in
length. The one figured is of the largest dimensions that has come
under my notice; so that it is probable that 4 inches is the largest
size they acquire.

“In the aquarium they are most exquisite objects. Last summer
I only succeeded with every care in keeping them alive in a well-
established tank for a week or ten days. At the present moment

223

I have a specimen in perfect health, which was captured at North
Harbour three weeks ago. They eat small worms and crumbs of
bread greedily when in confinement.
**T have sent a small specimen in spirits to accompany the draw-
ing.
“GEORGE FRENCH ANGAS.”

5. Notes ON SHARKS, MORE PARTICULARLY ON TWO ENORMOUS
SPECIMENS OF CARCHARIAS LEUCAS, CAPTURED IN PorT
JACKSON, SYDNEY, New SoutH Wates. By Dr. GrorGce
Bennett, F.Z.S.

Sharks are formidable for their strength and the numerous rows
of teeth with which their powerful jaws are armed ; these teeth, in-
clining backwards, prevent the prey, once swallowed, from readily
escaping without severe laceration, even if at all; the teeth are slightly
moveable, which mobility, being merely to an erect position, renders
the escape of prey still more difficult. The stomachs of these fish
are found to contain a very mixed diet, some holding small fishes,
or flying squids ; others, paper, cativas, even tin pots, and offal of
every description cast overboard from ships,—the stomachs being
of enormous capacity, and, to judge from the contents and quantity
found in them, these fishes having enormous powers of digestion.

As an article of food, a Shark is not considered good eating ; but
the flesh of a young one is preferable to that of many of the deep-
water fishes, and by some considered superior to that of Bonitos or
Albicores. The large Sharks are very coarse food: the liver in
every species yields a large quantity of oil.

I have observed that if several Sharks are together, it is very
seldom that a Pilot-fish (Naucrates) is seen to accompany them ;
but a solitary Shark is rarely or never seen without being accom-
panied by one or more of the latter. On capturing a Shark which
was accompanied by Pilot-fish, by keeping the Shark in the water
until it was exhausted, or, as the sailors termed it, ‘“‘ drowned,” the
Pilot-fish kept constantly about it; and, by aid of the towing net
at the end of a long stick, I succeeded in capturing it as it swam
on the surface of the water.

We find, as well in the Sharks as in all those kinds of fish which
have a prolonged snout, the mouth situated far underneath, and the
upper portion of the tail considerably lengthened, so that it may aid
them in turning readily round; for this purpose also the eye-ball
revolves on a cartilaginous pedicle with a ball and socket joint, so
that they are capable of turning that organ in every direction to cap-
ture their prey.

An enormous Shark (Carcharias leucas, Valenciennes) was lately
captured in Port Jackson by two boatmen, T. Mulhall and J. Rica,
who finding him ranging about the harbour, procured a harpoon and
went in chase of him. They succeeded in harpooning the monster,
who when struck ran away with a great length of line. Being tired,

224

and finding himself fast, he rushed back again and attacked the
boat, leaving five teeth broken in the wood. The boat fortunately
was strong enough to bear the shock. Hc then ran off again to some
distance, and, finding escape hopeless, rushed a second ‘time at the
boat. On this the men attacked and finally succeeded in disabling
him by violent and repeated blows upon the head with a large piece
of wood ; they then towed him the whole length of the line, so as
“to drown him,” as it is termed, and brought him to Sydney alive,
but helpless. He died some hours after beg landed on the wharf,
being very tenacious of life. ‘The huge monster was soon a great
object of curiosity, and, being enclosed, was duly advertised for ex-
hibition to the public ; whereby the capturers realized the very hand-
some sum of about £80. The animal was afterwards presented to
the Museum, in which institution it remains in an excellent state of
preservation. Its size, by actual measurement, is as follows :—

feet. inches.
The circumference of the body, about the centre 6 7
Height from the abdomen to the base of the
Corsa] shiny oes so teaser ence leva taiele tele Py AK)
Height from the base of the pectoral fin...... 2 0
Length from the end of the tail to the point of
fhe NOSE). e i.B chek chee ne ace seals 12
ene thyofdorsalstin ye essen risen ol
Breadthyolidittoatibase eee oe cmee enact ]
Length of pectoral fin ........... 2
Length of second pectoral fin ... Mele aieece MnO
Caudalifinsupperjparticscs act ese sae 2
Candall tin’ dlowerspattwes seein acer aL
see D)
0
0
1

tole

FA GTEN NU INS ee Peer gr Oa othe Th PARSE toa siehe
Second dorsal fin .... aa
Expansion of jaw, Recah

Perpendicular length of j jaw . Si

—
SCokBWHOKLOWAeE A

This is the expansion of the jaw in the dried state; when alive no
doubt it could have been expanded to a greater extent. The head ap-
ears to be small in comparison to the enormous bulk and length of
the body. There is a singular pectinated line running down on each
side near the back from the base of the head to the commencement
of the tail, as if situated just beneath the cuticle. The fish in its
recent state was of a uniform bluish-grey colour, excepting the dorsal,
caudal, and other fins, which were of a darker tint. Branchie 5.
No spiracles. I would not venture to send one alive to the Zoolo-
gical Gardens, as its keep would be ruinous; for the contents of the
stomach were as follows :—

Eight legs of mutton, half a ham, hind quarters of a pig, head
and fore legs of a bull dog with a rope round the neck, about 300 lbs.
- of horse-flesh, a ship’s scraper, and a piece of bagging.

From the liver of the fish 12 gallons of oil were obtained.

On the 29th of September, 1858, I examined a Shark harpooned
in the harbour of Port Jackson. It was similar in character to the

225

species of Carcharias previously described, and preserved in the
Australian Museum. It measured as follows:

: feet. inches.
Length from the extremity of the nose to the

male Sage MPR se aie vec taranianast eel 13 0
Cir senna ence pated) the neck . 5 6
Length from one end of the pectoral ail en ) that
Woniheithen NS eS Sea Ot 3 Hf) 2
Length of pectoral fins . : 2 4
Circumference of the body below the pectoral fins 7 0
tens throttdorsaljfimiene aor orta: arc crac aero d 10
Ofataillepn ga ene pry sd baie. aheaeen? Ory LU
oe (AVENETAL MUSH tia a eet i a et Dee 1
— of anal fins i cilia aie (ae 0 5
——— of second dorsal fin ................ 0 5

The contents of the stomach were large quantities of horse-flesh,
as it was feeding upon a dead horse when captured. In the upper
jaw there was apparently one row of large teeth, and at the angle
there were two teeth of a second row, the largest tooth measuring
1 inch in length. In the lower jaw there were two rows of teeth.
The teeth were inclined backwards and moveable. Ona further and
more minute examination it was discovered that five rows or more of
teeth, fully formed, and well-serrated at their edges, were lying down
under the loose thick skin or gum, inside the mouth, either to be
elevated if required, or to supply the place of the front rows, when
damaged or broken by accident.

I have observed the teeth in many Sharks disposed in five or
more rows, the first and second rows erect, the others recumbent and
concealed by a kind of gum.

In the early days of the settlement of New South Wales the oil of
the Shark was found to be of great use. Collins states that ‘‘ nothing
was lost ;”’ even the Shark was found to contain a certain supply : ;
the oil which was procured from its liver was sold at 1s, a quart; and
but very few houses in the colony were fortunate enough to enjoy
the pleasant light of a candle. Even now at the Custom House
station at Botany Bay Heads, Mr. Brett told me he captured the
Spotted Tiger Shark, which species is very numerous about that
locality, Watt’s Shark, and other kinds, for the sake only of the
oil to be produced from the livers, which he found very serviceable
for lamps.

In the stomach of a Shark, near the pyloric orifice, I found a large
quantity of Kntozoa, varying in length, of a white colour and flat-
tened form. These, being placed with a portion of the stomach in
sea-water, displayed great vitality, rapidly elongating and contract-
ing themselves ; but they soon died on being immersed in fresh water,
which was done previous to placing them in spirits.

A question may arise if any annoyance is produced to the Shark
by the multitudes of these parasites; they could hardly have suffi-
cient power to irritate the stomach of a fish that swallows, and, as it

No. 398.— PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

226

is asserted, digests, tin pots, cloth, canvas, &c. I remarked that the
inner surface of the stomach to which these parasites were attached
appeared inflamed.

On the afternoon of the same day, three small Sharks were taken,
the whole of which were also infested by similar parasites about the
pyloric orifice of the stomach.

It is not a little singular that four Sharks caught about the same
locality should have parasites. In one of the Sharks the worms
were not only about the pyloric orifice of the stomach, but extended
through the whole extent of the intestines, even penetrating the coats
of the intestines themselves; and on examination, irritation of the
coats of the bowels, and in some parts inflammation and ulcerated
portions, were observed in several situations.

Preparations of these structures are deposited in the Museum of
the College of Surgeons of England.

6. Notes oN THE RANGE OF SOME SPECIES OF NAUTILUS, ON
THE MODE OF CAPTURE, AND ON THE USE MADE OF THEM
AS AN ARTICLE OF Foop. By Dr. GrorGe BENNETT,
F.Z.S.

The three best known species of the genus Nautilus are N. pom-
pilius, N. macromphalus, and N. umbilicatus. The first species is
the most common and has the widest range; the second species is
more limited in its range, and rarer; the third, although found in
collections, is scarcer than the two preceding, and has a range pecu-
liar to itself. The range of NV. pompilius embraces the islands of
the Eastern Archipelago, Erromanga, Aneitum, and other islands of
the New Hebrides, and also the Feegee group. NN. macromphalus
is found about the Isle of Pines and New Caledonia; and the rare
N. umbilicatus in the Solomon Archipelago, New Georgia, New
Britain, New Ireland, and probably to the eastward of these groups
of islands. Two very fine and perfect shells of N. umbilicatus were
given to me in Sydney, which had been procured from the natives
of Denys Island, New Ireland, eastward of New Guinea. Dr. Mac-
donald, of H. M.S. “ Herald,’ informs me that on examination
and comparison, there is a marked difference between the tentacula
or feelers, in the first two species. ‘The sculpturing on N. wmbili-
catus is very distinctly marked on the external surface of the shell,
differently from what is observed either in N. pompilius or N. ma-
cromphalus, and forming one of its very distinctive characters. The
outer edge of the lip of the perfect shell in NV. wmbilicatus has a nar-
row, black rim, continuous from the anterior portion of the whorl ;
this obtains in perfect shells. I remark that in NV. pompilius and
NN. macromphalus the black rim is on the inner side of the edge of
the lip. The colour of the shells in the different species varies from
brick-red and orange (of brighter or paler tints) to nearly a dark
crimson colour, being as various as the colour observed among the
common Cowrie shells.

227

The natives of the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and the Feegee
group of islands capture this Nautilus, and use it as an article of
food.

When at Erromanga (one of the New Hebrides group), I observed
about the fires of the natives shells of a small species of Harpa,
and remains of Nautili shells and their horny mandibles, as if they
had been used at a recent meal. A lady residing at the Isle of
Pines, at my request, sent me a fine specimen of NV. macromphalus,
with the animal, which she informed me was readily procured for
her by the natives, who dive for them ; she soon after sent a second
specimen of the same species, but it was not in so perfect a state as
the first. They were both deposited in the Australian Museum.

In 1857 the same lady, then residing at the Island of Aneitum,
one of the New Hebrides group, having removed there from the Isle
of Pines, when I wrote to her for a specimen of the Nautilus in the
shell, and asked whether she had observed them used by the natives
as food, and also if they had any method of capturing them, sent
me the following reply, accompanied by a specimen of NV. pompilius
in the shell :—

“TI send you, as requested, a Nautilus containing the animal. I
was fortunate in procuring one so soon after I received your letter ;
it was cast on shore during a heavy gale, and found by one of our na-
tive servants. He was just in the act of putting it upon the fire for
a meal, when one of the native girls from the Isle of Pines, knowing
the value we set on them, stopped him. This will be an answer to
your inquiry. The natives sometimes take them in their fish-falls in
from three to five fathoms water; the bait they use is the Sea-ege
(Echinus). They are very fond of them. In some of the islands
they make a kind of soup of them. These animals are very plenti-
ful at Ware, an island about thirty miles from New Caledonia; and
I have noticed at that place some difference in the shell’? (V. ma-
cromphalus bemg found about that coast) “from the one we have at
this place. I am acquainted with a person who was wrecked at that
island, and used to have them curried frequently ; he says they taste
like whelks when roasted. I once saw one floating past our resi-
dence near the beach at the Isle of Pines.”

The mode of capturing this animal by the natives of the Feegee
Islands was kindly communicated to me by my friend Dr. J. W.
Macdonald of H. M.S. “ Herald,” to the natives of which group
of islands, as at the Isle of Pines and New Hebrides group, it fur-
nishes an article of food.

“The Feegeans esteem the Pearly Nautilus highly as an agreeable
viand, and their mode of capturing it, for the embers or for the pot, is
not a little interesting. When the water is smooth, so that the bot-
tom at several fathoms of depth, near the border of the reef, may be
distinctly seen, the fisherman in his little frail canoe scrutinizes the
sands and the coral masses below to discover the animal in its fa-
vourite haunts. The experienced eye of the native may probably
encounter it in its usual position clinging to some prominent ledge,
with the shell turned downwards, and preparations are accordingly

228

made for its capture, The tackle consists, first, of a large round
wicker-work basket, shaped very much like a cage rat-trap, having
an opening above, with a circlet of points directed inwards, so as to
permit of entry, but preclude escape ; secondly, a rough piece of
native rope of sufficient length to reach the bottom; and, thirdly,
a small piece of branched wood, with the branches sharpened to
form a sort of grapnel, to which a perforated stone is attached, an-
swering the purpose of asinker. The basket is now weighted with
stones, well baited with boiled ecray fish (Palinurus), suggested no
doubt by the large quantity of the fragments of Crustacea usually
to be found in the crop of the Nautilus, and then dropped gently
down near the victim. The trap is now either closely watched, or a
mark is placed upon the spot, and the fisherman pursues his avo-
cations on other parts of the reef, until a certain period has elapsed,
when he returns and in all probability finds the Nautilus in his
cage feeding upon the bait. The grapnel is now carefully let down,
and having entered the basket through the opening on top, a dex-
terous movement of the hand fixes one or more of the points or
hooks, and the prize is safely hoisted into the canoe. Thus we ob-
serve that, although it has been a matter of doubt if the animal
could be so silly as to run into the nets of the fishermen, as related
by Rumphius, whose account was supposed to be exaggerated, yet it
is now found that the Nauéili are in reality stupid enough to run
into the well-baited baskets of the Feegean and Aneitum fishermen.”

The Pearly Nautilus is not found at the Navigator group of islands
in the South Seas, and the shells form at that group of islands an
important article of exchange. ‘They are brought by European vessels
from New Caledonia and the Feegee Islands as articles of trade, and
are bartered with the natives at the rate of four for a dollar, or 1s.
each. I am told it is indifferent to the natives if the shells are old
or rather damaged, as they use the chambered portion for orna-
ment, rubbing them down to suit the various purposes to which they
apply them. They also make armlets and other ornaments from
the shell. A vessel arrived at Sydney from New Caledonia with
several tons of these shells, which were disposed of as an article of
trade to the Navigator and Friendly Islands; they were sold at
Sydney at the rate of about 13d. each.

I have seen a very elegant fillet formed of these shells (of very small
size, and brought from the Samoan Islands). The fillet, or band,
was composed of seventeen small shells, evidently principally of WV.
macromphalus, or Pearly Nautilus, each shell having the upper part
removed, and the chambered portion only of the shell remaining.
Part of the outer coloured coat was left on some of them near
and in and about the umbilicated part of the shell; the whole of
the shells were similar in size, being about one inch in diameter ; the
external coat was removed, so as to exhibit the beautiful pearly hue ;
and the brilliancy of the whole ornament was that of the most highly
burnished silver, | They are used by the natives in war, and are
highly valued. This fillet was valued at 20 dollars, at which price it
was purchased in barter. The shells are fixed to a small midrib of

229

cocoa-nut leaf, which supports them on a worked band of sinnet ;
upon this, under the row of seventeen shells, small oval pieces of the
same pearly shell were placed, to add to the ornamental effect. The
length of the band was 12 inches (not including the tying strings)
and the depth 3 inches.

7. DescripTions or New Species or SALAMANDERS FROM
Cui1na AND Stam. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., eve.

. (Reptilia, Pl. XIX.)

Mr. Fortune, on his late return from China, brought with him for
the British Museum a bottle containing a Salamander, some Fishes,
and a Leech, collected from a river on the north-east coast of China,
inland from Ningpo.

The Fishes are two varieties, olive and golden, of a very peculiar
monstrosity of the common gold fish of China, Cyprinus auratus,
which has long been known, and is figured in several of the Chinese
works.

It is peculiar for having a very short and thick body, entirely de-
stitute of any dorsal fin, with a regularly trifid or three-finned tail,
and more especially for having very large and swollen eyes, which
give a distorted appearance to the animal; the pupil of the eyes
being on the upper part of the swollen orbs, and on a level with the
upper surface of the back.

The Salamander or Newt was obtained from the same stream. It
is curious as being the first example of the family which has been
found in Continental Asia, though there are several species common
in Japan.

It is nearly allied and appears to belong to the same genus as one
of the Japanese specimens; but at the same time it is quite distinct,
as a species, from any yet received from that country. i

It may be indicated as—

CYNOPS CHINENSIS. (PI. XIX., fig. 1.)

Above uniform dark olive (in spirits) ; beneath bluish-black, with
small, unequal, irregular, yellow spots on the chin, neck, belly, and
underside of the legs ; the spots on the belly are the largest ; the
‘under edge of the tail reddish-yellow ; skin acutely granular.

Var. 1. Tail pale grey, brown on each side, with a blackish mar-
ginal band above and below, and with a yellow inferior edge.

Hab. River N.E. Coast of China, inland from Ningpo.

This species resembles in the form of the head, the parotoid glands,
and in the granular state of the skin, Cynops pyrrogaster of Japan ;
but it differs from it in its much larger size and in the style of its
colouring, especially on its under side. C. pyrrogaster is dark red,
with large black blotches or spots ; while this is dark lead-coloured,
with small yellow spots.

230

The Leech is one of the Land Leeches, with a lunate head, similar
to those received from Ceylon.

The British Museum has also received in a collection of reptiles
and fishes, obtained in Siam by Mr. Mouhot, two specimens of a
species of Newt, which is so exceedingly like the Plethodon gluti-
nosum of North America in external appearance, that is to say in
form, size, and colour, and also in the distribution of the palatine
teeth, that I was at first inclined to regard them as specimens of the
American animal which had been sent to Siam. But I cannot believe
this to be the case, as they were inclosed in a bottle containing several
kinds of reptiles, which are evidently all natives of Siam. I may
observe that this is the first time that any species of Newt ‘has been
received from Continental India.

I propose to designate the Siamese species

PLETHODON PERSIMILIS. (Pl. XIX., fig. 2.)

Black, white-speckled, the specks closer and more abundant on
the sides; the hind toes elongate, unequal. Tail compressed.

Hab. Siam.

The only character that I can find between the two specimens re-
ceived from Siam, and some twenty or more of P. glutinosum from
different parts of the United States in the Museum collection, is that
the toes of the hind, feet appeared rather longer, more slender, and
unequal in length, and the tail much more compressed.

8. DEscRIPTION OF SCAPHA MARIA-EMMA, A New SPECIES OF
VouuTe. By Dr.J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc.

(Mollusca, Pl. XLVIIT.)

Mr. Cuming kindly sent to me a specimen of Volute, which had
been sent to him by Mr. Jamrach, who received it from Singapore.
It is most probably from some of the Malayan Islands, Singapore
being merely the entrepot. The specimen is unfortunately not.in a
very good condition, being rather sponge-eaten on the hinder part of
the body whorl, and having a small hole on the spire; but it is
otherwise in a perfect state,.with its proper outer lip, so as to be ina
good state for description.

It combines the characters of several species. It has the large,
regular, smooth-whorled, spired nucleus, of Scapha aulica, S. des-
hayesii, S. luteostoma, &c., the fusiform shape of Scapha rutila,
and especially of the smooth variety of S. aulica ; but it is entirely
differently coloured from both of them and all the other large species
of the genus, the colouring resembling that of Amoria undulata.
Indeed some conchologists, to whom I have shown the specimen,
have regarded it as a very large specimen of the latter species, which
has lost its external polished coat, and with a larger nucleus than
usual. era
A careful examination of the shell at once shows the fallacy of such

231

an idea. The form and structure of the nucleus are entirely unlike
that of the genus Amoria. The shell is entirely destitute of any
polished coat, which is the character of that genus, as is proved by
the examination of the body whorl near the inner lip ; for, though the
very thin inner lip is almost entirely destroyed, yet the groove which
indicates its extent is well marked by a rather broad impressed line,
defining its limits and showing that it was not even extended over
the lower part of the body whorl of the shell, much less over the
extreme surface of it.

ScapHa MARIA-EMMA. (Pl. XLVIII.)

Shell ovate, fusiform, pale brown, with narrow, deeply-waved, lon-
gitudinal, dark brown lines, forming four more or less distinct, mter-
rupted, spiral bands, consisting of the broader and straighter portions
of the longitudinal lines; nucleus large, subcylindrical, with a re-
gular spiral, smooth and rounded apex, without any crenulation near
the suture ; spire conical ; whorls rather ventricose ; outer lip rather
arched.

Hab. g
_ I have named this fine species after my wife, Maria-Emma Gray,
whose work, entitled ‘ Figures of Molluscous Animals for the use of
Students,’ having brought the figure of the animals of a large number
of shells within the reach of students, has entirely changed the pre-
vious condition of the science of conchology (as is proved by the
works of Adams, Philippi, Weigmann, and other Malacologists) ; and
who was an industrious collector of shells and mollusca before our
marriage, now many years ago.

We have also received a Volute from Mr. Cuming which has been
lately described at Paris under the name of Voluta rossiniana. It
has a large nucleus, with a large rounded apex of regular smooth-
edged whorls. It will be called in the Museum Scapha rossiniana.

I have also seen a young Volute from New Zealand, which is very
like Volutella papillosa ; but the shell shows no sign of the expanded
mantle, which may only be expanded in the adult state of the animal.
It differs from the specimen of V. papillosa in the British Museum
in the nucleus being shorter and of fewer, only one and a half,
whorls, though it agrees with those shells in the apex being rather
excentric, and the outer edge of the upper or apical whorl being
blackish.

The shell is much more ventricose, and the spire shorter, than in
the usual form of V. papillosa. It may be only a variety of that
species, but other specimens are wanting to determine this point.

9. DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW RECENT ENTOMOSTRACA FROM
NaGPuR, COLLECTED BY THE Rev. S. Histor. By W.
Barro, M.D., F.L.S., ere.

(Annulosa, Pl. LXIII.)

The Entomostraca now about to be described were taken from
some freshwater pools at Nagpur, and placed in my hands by the

232

Rev. Mr. Hislop. It is interesting to find two species of Cypris in
a recent state, that had been already described as fossil. The three
species here figured are all true Cypris, the animal in all of them
having the pediform antennz provided with the bundle of long setz
which characterize the genus.

EsTHeriA HisLorPt, Baird. (Pl. LXIII. fig. 1.)

Animal.—Head large, prolonged anteriorly into a beak of consi-
derable size, which is rounded at the extremity, and toothed on its
upper edge. The first three or four teeth are very distinct, they
then become smaller and less distinct ; they are very numerous. Eye
large, compound. Superior antennz or rami thick, rather short,
composed of two branches, each of which consists of seven articula-
tions only ; each articulation, close to the joint, is armed with short
spines, and the last two or three possess longer setee. Antennules
long, nearly half the length of superior antennze, rather slender,
composed of four joints, the last jomt rather club-shaped ; all desti-
tute of setee. Tail large, armed with seven or eight pairs of strong,
slightly curved hooks ; the first pair are long, serrated on the edges ;
the second pair, near the root, armed with about ten rather stout
spines. Mandibles strong, fleshy.

Shell.—Carapace nearly orbicular; umbo prominent ; margins
quite round. Altogether the shell very closely resembles that of
the genus Artemis or Dosinia amongst the Mollusca. Shell sur-
rounded with six or seven concentric ridges; the surface between
them, when magnified, is seen to be pitted or marked with very
numerous, small, close-set dots or punctures. When dry, it is of a
clear, polished, shining appearance.

Hab. Freshwater pools at Nagpur (Rev. S. Hislop).

Mus. Brit.

Cypris susGLososa, Sow. (Pl. LXIII. fig. 2.)

The shell is of a green colour, and the surface is strongly punc-
tured, the pattern resembling the depressed punctures of a thimble.
The anterior extremity is somewhat broader than the posterior, and
when seen from the inside appears as it were double, the external edge
of the carapace being produced beyond the true margin of the shell.
The lateral portion of the carapace is very prominently swollen or
gibbous. The dorsal margin is convex ; the ventral is concave and
sinuated.

Hab. Freshwater pools at Nagpur (Rev. S. Hislop). -

Mus. Brit.

This species appears to be identical with C. subglobosa of Sowerby,
which was found by my old friend the late John Grant Malcolmson,
Esq., in the district of the Sichel Hills, the geology of which he
has described at length in the fifth volume of the Transactions of the
Geological Society, 2nd series. It was described shortly by Mr. J.
de C. Sowerby at the end of Malcolmson’s paper, in these words :—
«‘ Subglobose, triangular, inflated ; front concave; outer surface is
punctured.” It was found in grey chert, with a species of Unio (U.

233

deccanensis), &c., and in indurated clay with Gyrgonites, Paludine,
Physe, and Lymnei.

Cypris CyLINDRICA, Sow. (PI. LXIII. fig. 3.) -

The shell is of a green colour, somewhat mottled. It is cylindrical
in shape ;. the anterior margin rounded ; dorsal margin slightly con-
. vex till it approaches the posterior extremity, when it suddenly slopes
down, and is there bluntly pointed. The ventral margin is slightly
sinuated in the centre. The valves are somewhat gibbous on their
lateral portion. Internally, we see near the anterior margin a kind
of shelf, which extends across that portion of the shell, and is hol-
low underneath it—exactly resembling the shelf we see in the shells
of the genus Crepidula. The surface of the carapace is very minutely
and slightly punctate. The edge of the ventral margin of the cara-
pace, both inside and outside, appears thickened, which thickening,
as seen on the inside of the shell, extends to the commencement of
the dorsal margin at either extremity, and there the shell both in-
ternally and externally is strongly and regularly ridged.

Hab. Along with C. subglobosa in pools at Nagpur (Rev. S.
Hislop).

Mus. Brit.

This species appears to me to be identical with C. cylindrica, de-
scribed by Mr. Sowerby at the end of Mr. Malcolmson’s paper on
the “‘ Geology of the Sichel Hills,’ mentioned above. It was found
along with C. subglobosa in chert and indurated clay, along with
Unio deccanensis, Gyrgonites, Paludine, Physe, and Lymnei. The
chief difference consists in the recent shells being so slightly punc-
tured on the surface as to appear nearly quite smooth. Mr. Sowerby
thus describes it :—-‘‘Twice as wide as long, almost cylindrical ;
front very slightly concave; the outer surface, which is very rarely
obtained, is punctured.”

Cypris CYLINDRICA, Sow., var. mMasor, Baird. (Pl. LXIII.
fig. 4.) ;

The chief difference in this variety consists in its larger size, being
about double in all its dimensions. The typical or smaller variety
described above might at first sight appear to be merely the young ;
but an examination of a large series of that species shows them to
be completely adult shells. The internal shelf, the thickening of the
edges of the ventral margin, and the ridges on that margin, are all
indicative of a full-grown and adult shell.

The colour of the shell of this variety is almost exactly the same
as the typical variety ; the form is the same, but the shelf is rather
larger, and there is some slight indication of a shelf at the posterior
extremity also.

Hab. Along with the preceding (Rev. 8. Hislop).

Mus. Brit.

CyPRIS DENTATO-MARGINATA, Baird: (Pl. LXII. fig. 5.)
Shell rounded-oval, swollen, smooth, of a light greenish colour,

234

with a polished shining surface. Anterior extremity slightly nar-
rower than posterior; dorsal margin somewhat convex; ventral
margin nearly straight or slightly sinuated. Seen from the inside,
the shell near each extremity is toothed, or marked with a series of
small projections, like the teeth of a saw.

Hab. Pools at Nagpur (Rev. S. Hislop). °

Mus. Brit. .

[P.S. Since the above was written, I have had my attention called
by Mr. Hislop, through my friend Mr. T. Rupert Jones, to a paper
by Mr. H. I. Carter, in the ‘ Geological Papers on Western India,
1857,’ in which the author mentions some of the recent Hntomo-
straca found in the freshwater deposits of Bombay, and of which he
gives an outline sketch in the Atlas accompanying the volume. These
Mr. Carter considers as “ the corresponding forms ”’ of the fossil spe-
cies mentioned by Mr. Malcolmson and described by Mr. Sowerby ;
but he does not attach any name to them.

In plate ix. of that Atlas, the species figured No. 19 is, without
doubt, the same as what I consider to be the Cypris cylindrica,
var. major, of this paper ; and the species figured No. 18 is evidently
identical with the Cypris subglobosa described and figured in this
paper also. The third species, figured No. 20, differs from any of
those collected by Mr. Hislop.—W. B. |

10. Notes on THE Hasits oF TWO MAMMALS OBSERVED IN THE
SomAti countTRY, EasteERN Arrica. By Captain J. H.
Speke, 467TH B.N.I.

The curious Rat discovered by me during my expedition into the
Somali country, and named by Mr. Blyth Pectinator spekii (Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 294), inhabits the large cellular blocks of
lava on the sea-face side of the northern Somali sea-coast range
(lat. 9° N. and long. 47° E.). Several frequent one block, from
which they emerge on all sides at the same time, sit up like Squirrels,
and feed from their fore paws. From their general appearance and
size, with grey coating, bushy tails, and jerking hurried action, one
is much struck with their close resemblance to the Giléri, or common
Squirrel of India.

They run in and out of these cells much in the way that the
Marmot and other stony-mountain Rats quit and re-enter their abodes
on the approach of any suspicious looking object, more especially
if that be man.

Their habits are quite different from that of the Hyrax (Hyraz
habessinicus), which is also found in great quantities about those
hills. This animal climbs into and lies about in the branches of bushes
or small trees, but usually inhabits the rocky ledges and chinks as
described in the Journal As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 296. I have seen
it as far south as 5° south lat.

239

11. On a CoxuLEcTION oF Birps FROM VANCOUVER’S ISLAND.
By Paiuie Lutuey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., SecreTAaRy TO
THE SOCIETY.

Dr. Acland of Oxford has kindly placed in my hands for exami-
nation a small collection of birds made by Capt. Prevost, R.N., of
H. B. M. Ship ‘ Commissioner,’ in Vancouver’s Island. Though the
species are not numerous and are all known, as this is, I believe, the
first series of Birds that has been brought to England from a colony
which is now attracting so much attention, I have thought that their
names would be worthy of record. I accordingly subjoin a list of
them, adding a few notes on their previous history and geographical
distribution.

_1. Turpvus micrartorivs, Linn.
Several specimens, including the young bird just from the nest.
2. SIALIA MEXICANA, Sw.

Several specimens.

3. ReGutus saTRApa, Licht.
One example.

4, CERTHIA AMERICANA, Bp.
Seems to be rather shorter in the wings than eastern specimens.

5. VIREO ie

An imperfect specimen of the section with the first spurious pri-
mary, which I am unable to refer to any described species.

6. HirRUNDO THALASSINA, Sw.
One specimen, not quite in full plumage.

7. HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say); Baird, Rep. p. 257.
Two examples.

8. ZONOTRICHIA GAMBELLI (Nutt.) ; Baird, Rep. p. 460.

Two specimens seem to present the character of the continuous
superciliaries, which Professor Baird has noted as the only difference
between this species and Z. leucophrys.

9. SPIzELLA sociALts (Wils.).

10. MetospizA FALLAX, Baird, Rep. p. 481?
11. Pre1to orEGONUS, Bell.

12. XANTHOCEPHALUS ICTEROCEPHALUS (Bp.).

13. STURNELLA NEGLECTA, Aud., Baird, Rep. p. 537.

236

14. CyANURUS STELLERI (Gm.).

I have not yet met with specimens, which I can certainly refer to
Prof. Baird’s C. macrolophus, but I possess examples of two other
allies of the present species—C. diadematus from the Table-land of
Mexico, and C. coronatus from Southern Mexico and Guatemala.

15. CERYLE ALCYON (Linn.).
Several specimens.

16. NEPH@CETES BOREALIS (Kennerly ).—N. niger, Baird, Rep.
p. 142.—Cypselus borealis, Kennerly.

I am much pleased at being able to handle a specimen of this fine
Swift from Vancouver’s Island, and to compare it with examples of
Gosse’s Cypselus niger from Jamaica in my own collection. Prof.
Baird is right in saying that the difference between specimens of
these birds is small, yet I am not quite convinced of their specific iden-
tity. The bird of the Antilles is smaller in every part, there seems
to be a considerable difference in the breadth of the skull, and the
northern bird has much more of the fine white edging to the feathers
of the face than is found in the southern species, and is generally
browner and not so dark in colouring. I am inclined on the whole
to think that the birds may yet prove to be distinct.

17. HyLoromus piLeatus (Linn.); Baird, Rep. p. 107.
18. Picus GAIRDNERI, Aud.

19. SpHyROPICUS RUBER (Gm.) ; Baird, Rep. p. 104.
20. CoLAPTES MEXICANUS (Sw.).

21. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.).

22. CoLUMBA FASCIATA, Say.

23. TeTRAO OBSCURUS, Say.

This bird appears to be the Tetrao obscurus of Say, and the species
generally known and described under that name. The tail has a
broad terminal band of pale slate-colour, and I can hardly believe
that the bird figured in ‘ Northern Zoology’ (pl. 59), in which,
besides other differences, the tail is described and figured as uniform
black, can belong to this same species*.

24, Bonasa sABinil, Douglas; Baird, Rep. p. 631.
25. OrEoorTYX pictus (Douglas); Baird, Rep. p. 642.

26. APHRIZA VIRGATA (Gm.). .
I believe there can be no doubt about the occurrence of this bird

* Sir William Jardine has already expressed this opinion in letters to myself
and in a note in the ‘ Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine ’ for April 1859.

237

on the shores of the Northern Pacific. Besides the present example,
specimens are in the British Museum from the same country. Prof.
Baird, in his ‘General Report’ (p. 698), seems hardly satisfied on
this point.

27. MacRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS (Gm.).

28. GAMBETTA MELANOLEUCA (Gm.).

29. Trinca witsont, Nutt.; Baird, Rep. p. 721.
30. Taringa ——?

31. QUERQUEDULA CYANOFTERA (Vieill.).

32. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS (Gm.) 9°.
33. Mereus cucut.atus (Linn.).

34. Larus BELcHERI, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. 358.—Larus heer-
manni, Cassin ?

35. BRACHYRHAMPHUS MARMORATUS (Gm.); Baird, Rep. p. 915.
An adult and two younger specimens.

SYNOPSIS OF THE KNOWN ASIATIC SPECIES OF SILK-PRODUCING
MorTHS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NeEw SPECIES FROM
Inp1A. By Freperic Moors, Assist. Museum, Inpra
House.

(Annulosa, Pls. LXIV., LXV.)

In the following list we have endeavoured to give descriptions of
those species of silk-producing Moths that are known to inhabit
India, its adjacent countries and islands, and to bring together such
information (so far as our present materials will allow) relating to
each individual species, as may prove interesting, and, we trust,
useful, not only to the Oriental entomologist, but also to those
gentlemen, in India and elsewhere, who devote their attention to the
advancement of the productive resources of the silk trade.

Genus Bomsyx, Schrank.

Bombyz, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. pt. 2. p. 150 (1802).
Phalena-Bombyz, pt., Linneus.

Bombyz, pt., Fabricius.

Sericaria, pt., Latreille.

1. Bomsyx mort (Linneus).

Phalena-Bombyz mori, Linneus, 8. N.i. 2. p. 817(1767); Ameen.
Acad. iv. p. 563; Faun. Suec. p. 832; (Aldrovand, Ins. p. 280;
Albin, Ins. pl. 12. f. 16; Réaum. Ins. i. pl. 5. f. 2; Roésel, Ins. iii.
Pla 758):

238

Bombyx mori, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 180; Mant. Ins. ii.
p.114; Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 431; Godart, Lép. de France, iv. p. 153.
pl. 14.f.3,4; Helfer, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. vi. p. 40; Walker,
List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. p. 1505; Royle, Report on the
Paris Universal Exhib. pt. 3. p. 216; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. India
House, ii. p. 374.

Sericaria mori, Blanchard, Gay, Hist. de Chile, Zool. vii. p. 55.

The Common Domestic, or Chinese Silkworm Moth.

Pat of Benyal, Royle.

Hab. China (domesticated in China, Siam, India, Persia, France,
Italy, &c.).

In a ‘ Dissertation on the Silk Manufacture and the Cultivation of
the Mulberry,’ translated from the Chinese works of Tseu-kwang-
k’he, called also Paul Siu, a Colao, or Minister of State in China,
and recently published at Shanghee, and reprinted in 1858 at Madras,
it is stated, that ‘‘the earliest allusion to the mulberry and silk met
with in the ancient writings of the Chinese is in the Historical
Classic, a work which existed before the days of Confucius, because
it is quoted by him, and which embraces the history of China from
B.C. 2356 to B.c. 722, a period of 1634 years. In the former part
of that period, we have the allusions referred to, recorded in the sec-
tion called the tribute of Yai, who flourished 2200 years before
Christ. In his days the mulberry is spoken of as a well-known
production, and silk as obtained therefrom ; so that it must have
been discovered before his days. The usual tradition is, that it was
discovered during the reign of Hwangté (B.c. 2640) by his queen.”
The passages in the Historical Classic in which references to the
mulberry and silk are made are as follows:—In giving an account
of Yen-chow, the south-western part of the modern Shan-tung, the
writer says, ‘‘ The mulberry region having been supplied with silk-
worms, the people descended from the hills, and dwelt in the plains.”
On this the commentator remarks :—‘“ The nature of the silkworm
is to abhor dampness ; hence it was not till the waters were abated
that the silkworms could be reared. The nine regions of China
equally depended upon this source of wealth ; but the Yen province
alone is mentioned, because it was best adapted for the mulberry.”
The Classic goes on to say that the tribute of Yen-chow consisted
in varnish and silk, while their tribute-baskets were filled with wove
stuffs of various colours (see translation of the Shoo-king, pp. 91, 92).
In speaking of the production of Tsing-chow, the north-eastern part
of Shan-tung, the Classic says that ‘from the valley of the Taé
mountain they brought silk and hemp; while their tribute-baskets
were stored with the wild mulberry and silk.” The silk produced
from the mountain mulberry is said by the commentator to be so
tenacious, that it was peculiarly adapted for harps and guitars (see
translation of the Shoo-king, p. 93).

Black silk and chequered sarcenets are spoken of as the produc-
tion of Tseu-chow, the southern part of Shan-tung and the northern
part of Kéang-soo (see translation of the Shoo-king, p. 96).

The productions of King-chow, the modern Ho6k-wang, where silk

239

has since been cultivated to a great extent, are spoken of as consisting
of black and red silks, with silk fringes (see translation of the Shoo-

king, p. 101).

' The next Classic in which we find any reference to the silkworm
is the Chow-le, or Account of the Ceremonies of the Chow dynasty,
where it is said that “the officer who adjusted the price of horses
forbad the people to rear a second breed of silkworms in one season,”
because, in accordance with the views of astrologers, the horse be-
longed to the same constellation with the silkworms, and they were
therefore considered of the same origin. Conceiving that two things
of like nature could not prosper at the same time, the Chinese forbad
the rearing of the second breed of silkworms, lest it should be of some
disadvantage to the horses. However absurd this notion, it shows,
at the least, that the rearing of silkworms was a common practice
at that period.

After this we meet with frequent references to this subject in the
Le-ke Book of Ceremonies. This book was written partly in the
Tsin dynasty (s.c. 204) and partly in the Han dynasty (s.c. 135),
and gives an account of the ceremonies observed by the Chinese in
very early antiquity. In the 6th section of this work, entitled Yue-
ling, we meet with the following directions :—

‘Tn the first month of spring, orders were issued to the forester
not to cut down the mulberry-trees ; and when the cooing doves
were observed fluttering with their wings, and the crested jays alight-
ing upon the mulberry-trees, people were to prepare the trays and
frames, &c., for the purpose of rearing the silkworms.

“Tn the spring season, when the empress and her ladies had fasted,
they proceeded to the east, and personally engaged in picking the
mulberry leaves; on this occasion the married and single ladies were
forbidden to wear their ornaments, and the usual employments of fe-
males were lessened, in order to encourage attention to the silkworms.
When the rearing of the silkworms was completed, the cocoons were
divided (for reeling), and the silk weighed (for weaving), each person
being rewarded according to her labour, in order to provide dresses
for the celestial and ancestorial sacrifices: in all this none dared
indulge in indolence.”

From another passage of the same section we learn that in “ the
last month of summer the order was given to the female officers to
dye the silk of various colours, in order to weave chequered sarcenets,
comprising black and white, black and green, green and red, with
red and white checks! All which was to be done according to the -
ancient rule, without the least variation ; the black, yellow, azure,
and red tints were all to be correct and good, without the least fault ;
in order to provide dresses for the celestial and ancestorial sacrifices,
and standards for distinguishing the high and low degrees.”

In the 24th section of the same book, on sacrificial rites, we
read, that “in ancient times the emperor and his princes had a public
mulberry-garden, and a silkworm establishment, erected near some
river. On the morning of the first day of the third month of spring,
the sovereign, wearing a leather cap and a plain garment, ascertained

240

by lot the chief of his three queens, with the most honourable
amongst his concubines, and caused them to attend to the rearing
of the silkworms in the above-named establishment. They then
brought the eggs of the worms and washed them in the river above
alluded to, after which they picked the mulberry leaves in the public
garden, and aired and dried them, in order to feed the worms.

«© When the season was over, the royal concubines, having com-
pleted the business of rearing the silkworms, brought the cocoons to
show them to the prince, when he presented the cocoons again to his
consort ; whereupon his consort said, ‘This is the material of which
your highness’s robes are to be formed.’ Having said which, she
covered herself with her robe, and received the cocoons. On this
occasion the ladies of the court were honoured with the present of a
sheep. This was the mode in which the presentation of the cocoons
was anciently conducted.” .

Hawae-nan-tsze in the Silkworm Classic, says, that ‘‘Se-ling-she,
the principal queen of Hwang-te (8.c. 2640), was the first to rear
silkworms; and the Hwang-te was induced to invent robes and gar-
ments from this circumstance. Afterwards, when Yu regulated the
waters (B.c. 2200), mention is made in his work on the tribute, of
the land adapted for the mulberry-tree having been supplied with
‘silkworms,’ from which time the advantage thereof gradually in-
creased. In the Yue-ling section of the Le-ke, it is said that in the
last month of spring, the trays and frames, with the square and round
baskets, were to be got in readiness for the rearing of the worms,
&c. It appears, on examination, that the queens and wives of the
nobles, through successive generations, personally attended to the
rearing of the silkworms ; how much more, then, ought the wives of
the common people to busy themselves in the same! All this alludes
to what was done in the Chow dynasty, B.c. 1000. It is recorded
of WaAn-te, of the former Han dynasty (s.c. 150), that he com-
manded his empress personally to attend to the picking of the mul-
berry leaves in order to prepare the sacrificial garments. King-té
(s.c. 130) enjomed the same thimg on his queen, that she might
be an example to the empire. In the time of Yuén-té (B.c. 20) the
empress-dowager Wang visited the silkworm establishment, leading
on the empress and the different ladies of the court, to gather mul-
berry-leaves. In the time of Ming-té (a.p. 70) the empress with
the ladies of the princes attended to the rearing of the silkworms.
During the Wei dynasty, in the reign of Wan-té (a.p. 250), the
empress attended to the silkworms at the northern border, according
to the regulations of the Chow dynasty. During the Tsin dynasty,
in the reign of Wod-té (a.p. 280), the silkworm palace was built,
and the empress personally attended to the business of rearing the
silkworms, as had been the practice durmg the two preceding
dynasties. During the Sting dynasty, in the reign of Headu-woo
(a.p. 460), the silkworm monastery was built, and the empress
personally gathered the mulberry-leaves, as had been the practice in
the preceding dynasty.

‘Inthe northern Tsé dynasty (a.p. 490) a silkworm palace was

241

erected, and the empress went in person to gather the mulberry-
leaves. According to the regulations of the Stiy dynasty (4.p. 620),
the empress went to the appomted place to gather the mulberry-
leaves. During the Tang dynasty, in the reign of Chin-kwan (a.p.
650), the empress did the same; in the first year of the following
monarch Héén-k’hing (A.p. 655), and in the reign of Kéen-yuen
(a.D. 747), the empresses all attended to the silkworm ceremony.
At the same time a deeree was issued, requiring that the silkworms
should be fed in the palace, when the empress went in person to
inspect them. During the Sting dynasty, in the reign of K’hae-padu
(A.D. 960), on recording the ceremonies performed at the celestial
sacrifice, the prayer is given which was offered when the empress
went in person to rear the silkworms, From all which we perceive
that the empresses through successive dynasties attended in person
to the business of rearing the silkworms. By selecting these extracts
from the historical documents, we have set this matter in a very
clear light, and placed the whole at the head of our treatise.”

The Essay from whieh the preceding extract has been made con-
tains many other interesting details, showing the importance attached
in the earlier periods of Chinese history to the manufacture of silk
generally, and especially to the cultivation of the mulberry in its
various modifications.

“The culture of the mulberry silkworm” (Bombyx mort), re-
marks Dr. Royle *, ‘was early introduced into India from China,
where it flourishes chiefly about Nankin, or in 32° of north latitude ;
but in India none of the old silk filatures extend to beyond 26°
of north latitude. This can, I conceive, be ascribed only to the
excessive heat and dryness of the north-western provinces of India
being unsuitable to the animal, besides producing a dryer and harder
leaf than it likes for its food.”

The Rev. W. Fox, Curate of West Malling, Kent +, records the
fact of Bombyx mori having been found in a wild state in England,
and gives the following remarks :—

**On the 10th July 1858, a number of silkworms, estimated at from
80 to 100, were found under a hedge in a place called Banksfield, near
West Malling, not far from Maidstone, Kent. There was no appear-
ance of the insects having been scattered accidentally in the place,
but, on the contrary, every indication of their having been hatched
and sustained for some time in the spot where they were discovered.
The leaves of several plants in the immediate vicinity were much
eaten, showing plainly that the larvee had for some time been feeding
upon them. A bush of the common Bramble (Rubus fruticosus),
among others, had been partially despoiled of its leaves. When
discovered, about three-fourths of the whole number had spun their
cocoons, which were hanging in all directions upon the weeds and
the bramble referred to. Some were just commencing the spinning
process, while others were yet in the larva state, and were feeding

* Report cn the Paris Universal Exhibition, pt. 2. p. 216.
T See ‘Athenzeum’ for October 16th, 1855.

No. 399.—PROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

242

quietly or roving about in quest of suitable places in which to con-
struct their silken cells. Both the silk cocoons and the remaining
larvee were subjected to a close examination by the aid of a micro-
scope, and were compared with other silkworms and cocoons, which
had been bred or formed under the shelter of a house, but no per-
ceptible difference of species could be discovered.”

2. BomByx RELIGIOSA (Helfer).

Bombyx religiosa, Helfer, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 41.
pl. 6 (1837); Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. vi. p. 1506.

The Deo-mooga Silkworm, Hugon, J. A. 8. Beng. vi. pp. 32-41.

The Joree Silkworm, Helfer.

Hab. Assam (Capt. Jenkins) ; Cachar (Hugon).

Remark.—Upon examination of typical specimens of B. huttoni,
and comparing them with the description of Dr. Helfer’s B. religzosa,
I am rather inclined to believe them to be one species.

“The Deo-Mooga,”’ says Mr. Thomas Hugon*, “I accidentally
became acquainted with, and it is very little known to the natives,
and entirely in the wild state. ‘Three years ago, being employed in
Jumna-Mukh (Cachar), I had occasion to take some bearings, for
which puopose I had a white cloth put up on a large Bur-tree (fvcus
indica) ; the year after, being near the same spot, the ryots came
and told me that two months after I left (April) they observed that
the tree had lost all its foliage ; they went to it and found in the sur-
rounding grass and dry leaves a large number of small cocoons;
these they spun like the Hria out of curiosity, and used it with the
latter. They took no further notice of succeeding breeds, finding
the thing of little present use. I lost a few cocoons which I pro-
cured at the time, but have lately seen both the worm and the co-
coon. The former is quite different from any other ; it 1s more active,
its length is under 23 inches, the body very slender in proportion to
its length, the colour reddish and glazed. Icould not observe them
more particularly, as they were brought to me one evening at dusk :
I put them in a box with the intention of examining them the next
morning, but they disappeared in the night, although the box was
open very little to admit the air. The moth is very much like
that of the mulberry ; so is the cocoon also in appearance, colour,
and size. Ihave questioned many natives about this worm, but none
had ever seen it before.”

Capt. F. Jenkins discovered this species in Assam,which “is (says
Dr. Helfer) very interesting, as it yields a silk, if not superior, yet
certainly equal, to that of B. mori. The cocoon shows the finest
filament, and has very much silky lustre. It is exceedingly smooth
to the touch, and very different from the cocoon of the mulberry
moth. The worm lives upon the Pipul-tree (icus religiosa). Its
general introduction would be very easy, as the Pipul-tree grows
abundantly over all India.”

* J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 32 (1837).

243

3. BomByx HUTTONI (Westwood).

Bombyx Huttoni, Westwood, Cabinet, Orient. Ent. p. 26. pl. 12.
f. 4 (1847); Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. p. 1506 ;
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. India House, ii. p. 379.

Hab. Mussooree (Hutton).

“This species,’ says Capt. Hutton, ‘“‘is an inhabitant of these
hills (Mussooree), occurring abundantly from the Doon upwards to
at least 7000 feet ; and the caterpillar, like that of B. mord, feeds
on the leaves of the wild mulberry which grows here in our forests.
Unlike the larva of B. mori, however, the present species has the
caterpillar covered with long spines, although in colouring and shape
there is great similarity between the two. The cocoon is spun in the
leaf, which is drawn round it, and the silk is very fine and of a very
pale yellow tint. I discovered this species on the 7th May 1842,
on some mulberry trees growing at an elevation of about 6500 feet
above the sea, with asouthern aspect. Some of the caterpillars were
of a large size, and nearly full-grown at this time, whilst others were
in all their intermediate stages of growth. The caterpillar is of a
pale yellowish cream-colour, mottled or marbled down the back and
sides with a mixture of grey, yellow, and rufous or brownish lines ;
the anterior segments of the body are mottled above with livid grey,
and ornamented with four blackish oblong spots or ocelli placed ob-
liquely ; along the back are two rows of long black spimes curving
backwards, and on the anal segment is one long spine in the middle ;
the two anterior pair of spines spring from the ocelli, and the last
pair are curved forwards, instead of backwards, like the rest ; there is
also on each side a row of short spines springing from the base of
the true legs. The anterior segments swell up into a hump like
those of the larva of B. mori. As the caterpillar becomes mature,
the rufous colouring fades away and gives place to a mcettling of pale
livid grey ; the head is also motéled, It grows to about 24 inches
in length, and spins in the leaf early in May. They are double
brooded, for mine all hatched in June, and deposited their eggs, a
few of which produced caterpillars that year, but the greater number
remained until the following spring.”’ —Westwood’s ‘ Cabinet of
Oriental Entomology.’

Capt. Hutton, in reply to some inquiries by J. Bashford, Esq.,
relating to this species, states* that ‘‘ Bombyx huttont cannot be
treated like the domestic kinds, but must (at least for the present)
be reared upon the trees. The worms will not remain in the trays,
nor even upon twigs placed in water, when once the freshness of the
leaf is gone. On the tree it is perfectly free from restlessness, and
saves a vast expense in feeding, besides possessing the advantage of
always having perfectly fresh food at command, —an essential point
in forming good silk, as the quality of this substance must always
be greatly influenced by the healthy secretions of the animals pro-
ducing it.

* Journ. Agri-Horticult. Soc. India, ix. p. 391 (1857).

244

*«* Cocoons of B. huttoni, produced in the house from worms placed
upon small branches set in jars of water to keep them fresh, are
always inferior to those produced upon the trees, and I doubt not
you would find this to be the case with the domestic species in
Bengal.”

The Agri-Horticultural Society of India has lately reported most
favourably on the silk of this species, which has been brought into
notice by Capt. Hutton. The worm spins in all weathers, whereas
the common silkworm, B. mori, is apt to be thrown off work by a
passing cloud. It is thought that this new silkworm may prove
commercially important, and Government is solicited to mstitute ex-
periments regarding its productive powers (vide ‘Madras Journal,’
March 1857, p. 268).

4. Bompyx HORSFIELDI (Moore).

Bombyz horsfieldi, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. India House, 11. p.380.
pl. lla. fig. 5 (1858).

Hab. Java. In Museum, India House.

This species, of which a female only was collected in Java by Dr.
Horsfield, is of a brownish-grey colour. The fore-wings have two
transverse, slightly curved, brown bands, the first one-third from the
base, the other one-third from the apex, the latter having undulated
margins ; between the two bands is a grey-centred brown discal spot ;
a brown streak immediately below the apex, its inner margin being
pale. The hind-wing is pale ferruginous at the base, and has a nar-
row curved pale submarginal line, the veins being also pale ; and on
the abdominal margin are two blackish-brown spots, one being near
its base, the other about its middle. Expanse 22 inches.

5. BomByx SUBNOTATA, Walker.

Bombyx subnotata, Walker, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. ii.
Zool. p. 188 (1859).

“Male. Ferruginous, thick, pilose. Fore-wings rounded at the
tips, extremely oblique along the exterior border, which is slightly
angular in the middle and slightly excavated on each side ; under-
side with a yellow costal spot near the tip. Hind-wings with the
interior border densely fringed towards the tip. Antenne broadly
pectinated. Mouth obsolete. Abdomen much more slender than
the thorax, not extending beyond the hind-wings ; anal lateral appen-
dages fringed. Legs short, stout. Expanse of the wings 16 lines;
length of the body 7 lines.”

Hab. Singapore.

This species was collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace.

6. Bompyx LuGuBrRis (Drury), Exot. Ins. ii. p. 28. pl. 21. f.5
(1773).

Described as inhabiting Madras; requires further confirmation
before we can say that it belongs to the genus Bombyw (as now re-

245

stricted). To us it appears like a species belonging to a genus of
Drepanulide *

Genus Cricuna, Walker.

Cricula, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1186 (1855).
Euphranor, Herr.-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. p. 61 (1858).

Antennze in male deeply bipectinated, in female minutely so.
Palpi pilose, very short. Proboscis short, distinct. Legs stout,
pilose; tarsi short, thick; hind tibize with two minute apical spurs.
Abdomen short, thick. Wings broad ; fore-wing in the male slightly
convex along the costa, falcate at the tip, concave along the exterior -
margin, inner angle rounded ; hind-wing shorter, rounded at the
angles. Female with the tip of fore-wing less faleate, and the exte-
rior margin nearly straight.

1. CRICULA TRIFENESTRATA (Helfer),

Saturnia trifenestrata, Helfer, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 45
(1837); Herr.-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov.ser. 1. pl. 17. f. 809.

Cricula trifenestrata, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. pp. 1187,
1196; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. India House, ii. p. 384.

Huphranor Gl) CHeaE Rae Herr.-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov.
p- 61 (1858).

3 Saturnia zulerka, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 25. pl. 11.
f. 1 (1847).

Antherea zuleika, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1252.

* « Silk is entirely a gum or glutinous substance,” says Mr. F. Bashford. ‘1
have extracted it from many hundred worms in every stage. It is deposited in
both sides of the worm in two cylindrical shapes, doubled into three layers or
folds, thick in the middle, and tapering at both ends, but much more so at the
latter end, which accounts for the end of the cocoon giving a thread of a
finer and lighter colour. The gum, if instantly taken from the worm, may be
pressed and moulded into various shapes, and is very elastic: but very slight ex-
posure gives strength to it, and fixes the thread in the ratio of the cylinders, large
in the centre and tapering at the ends. If you expose it to a hot sun, the softer
and colouring gummy matter becomes brittle, and may be broken off or separated,
leaving the fixed gum in the shape of a thick white thread, strong (if not too
much exposed to the sun), and slightly elastic. At the time of spinning, the two
cylinders unite in one aperture, and the gummy matter is exuded by the worm
in one continued thread; the more sticky nature of the soluble portion fixes the
thread to the twigs at first, and ultimately to each other in the formation of the
cocoon; the motion of the head of the worm causes it.to be drawn out from the
cylinders ; the peculiar nature of the worm’s secretion and the motion of the
head enables it to elongate the silky gum, as it is drawn from the body in a soft
state, into a thread of considerable length ; exposure immediately hardens and
fixes it, but it can only be done by the aid of the outer stick (? sticky) and more
soluble gum. The two gums, or animal secretions, differ most materially : the
one must be boiled out with a solution of alkali, before the other will take a per-
fect dye; but this solution does not injure the fixed gum or silk thread; a more
powerful chemical is necessary to render that soluble; it zs soluble, and art may
make old silk dresses available some day for weaving and converting into a new
fabric, as our Yorkshire friends now do with old woollen cloth rags.”-—(Extracted
from the ‘ Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India,’ 1857,

ix. p. 269.) «

246

? Phalena-attacus fenestrata, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. 1. pt.11. p. 811
(1767) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. 372; Cilerck, Icon. pl. 55. f. 1.

? Phalena-attacus perspicua, Linneus, 8. N.i. 11. p. 811.

Var. 9. Huphranor multifenestrata, Herr.-Schaffer, Lep. Exot.
Spec. Nov. f. 551. p. 61 (1858).

Hab. N.E. and 8. India, Silhet, Assam, Burmah, Java.

The larva, chrysalis, and cocoon of C. trifenestrata are figured in
the ‘Catal. of Lepidoptera’ in the Museum, India House, vol. ii.
pl. 27. figs. 7, 7 a, 7 6, copied from the original drawings made under
Dr. Horsfield’s superintendence in Java. The larva (according to
Dr. Horsfield) “ feeds on the Teng-gulung (Protium javanum), the
Kettos (Canarium commune), and the Ingas (Mangifera ingas*).
Abundant during December and January ; scarce in March.”

The cocoon is of a beautiful yellow colour, and of a rich silky:
lustre, and constructed like network, the enclosed chrysalis being
visible.

Discovered in Assam by Capt. Jenkins, ‘‘ where it lives on the
Soon teee, but seems to be not much used” (J. A. S. Beng. 1837,
p- 46) ; and at Moulmein by Capt. J.C. Haughton, who states that
he “only observed it upon the Cashew-nut tree (Anacardium orien-
tale), which, though exotic, has thoroughly taken root both at Tavoy
and at Moulmein, and is now to be found in every native garden
(Journ. of the Agri-Horticultural Soc. of India, 1858, p. 101).”

Gen. nov. Sauassa, Moore.

Antherea (Group III. pt.), Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5.
p. 1250.

Antennz deeply bipectinated. Abdomen short, rather thick.
Wings broad; fore-wings without ocellz; fore-wing with costal margin
convex towards the tip, where the angle is faleated ; posterior angle
round, inner margin somewhat straight ; hind-wings with ocelli ; the
apex round, the anal angle less so.

Remark.—This genus, of which only one species is as yet known,
may be distinguished from Antherea by the absence of the ocellus
in the fore-wing,—all the known species of Antherea possessing a
distinct but varying ocellus in doth the fore and hind wings, whereas
in Salassa it is replaced by a small diamond-shaped vitreous spot.

1. SALASSA LOLA (Westw.).

Saturnia lola, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 25. pl. 12. f. 3
(1847).

Antherea lola, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 5. p. 1252.

Wings rich brownish-red ; fore-wing with an obscure transverse
line near the base, a small diamond-shaped vitreous discal spot, fol-
lowed by a transverse dark dentated line, beyond which is a greyish-
brown fascia bordered on each side by a dark dentated line, and ter-
minated at the apex in a grey patch; hind-wing paler at the base,
with a black-centred ocellus, which is encircled by a white and then

247

by a red ring; around this runs a broad incomplete circular line,
_ extending from above the ocellus and terminating on the abdominal
margin ; an exterior submarginal dark dentated line.

Expanse 43 inches.

Hab. Silhet.

Genus ANTHER#A, Hubner.

Antherea, Wibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152 (1816).
Antherea (part), Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5 (1855).
Phalena-attacus, pt., Linnzeus.

Antennz broadly bipectinated in male, less so in female. Pro-
boscis invisible or obsolete. Abdomen stout, very thick in female.
Wings ample, each with a rounded ocellus, whose disc is partly or
wholly vitreous, and is traversed by the discal veinlet ; fore-wing
convex along the costa; tip faleated in the male, more rounded in
the female. :

1. ANTHERZA PAPHIA (Linneus).

Phalena-attacus paphia, Linneeus, S. N. i. 2. p. 809 (1767) ;
Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 369; Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pp. 78, 81, 82.
pl. 146. f.aQ, pl. 147. f. a, 69, pl. 148. flac.

Bombyx paphia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 557; Spec. Ins. 11. p. 168;
Mant. Ins. ii. p. 108; Ent. Syst. i. 1. p.409; Sykes, Trans. Asiatic
Soc. London, iil. p. 541 (with a plate).

Phalena.paphia, Roxburgh, Trans. Linn. Soc. vu. p. 33 (1804).

Antherea paphia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152 (1816) ;
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 385.

Saturnia paphia, Helfer, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 42 (1837).

Phalena-attacus mylitta, Drury, Il. Exot. Ins. il. p. 8. pl. 5.f. 1,
App. p- (1773).

Bombyx mylitta, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 558.

Attacus mylitta, Blanchard, in Jacquemont’s Voy. dans |’Inde,
Zool. Ins. p. 24. pl. 3.

Antherea mylitta, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152; Walker,
List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1247.

Saturnia mylitta, Westwood, edit. Drury’s Ins. i. p. 10. pl. 5.
f. 1; Royle, Reports on the Paris Universal Exhibit. pt. 3. p. 216 ;
Guérin-Meneville, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (1855), p. 297. pl. 6. f. 2.

Tesser; Folliculus et Eruca bengalensis, vocatur Tesser, Rum-
phius, Herb. Amb. ii. p. 115 (1750).

Tusseh Silkworm Moth, Hind., Helfer.

Bughy Silkworm Moth of the Burbhoom Hills, Roxburgh.

Kolisurra Silkworm Moth of the Mahrattas, Col. Sykes.

Munga Silkworm Moth of the Meches, B. HW. Hodgson.

Kontkuri Mooga of the Assamese, Hugon*.

Hab. Difficult to determine; but specimens have been received
from N.E. India, Silhet, Assam, S. India, Ceylon, and Java.

The transformations of the Tusseh Silkworm Moth are figured in

* J. A.S. Beng. vi. p. 32.

248

vol. ii. Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, on plate 29, fig. 1, 1 a, copied
from the original drawings made by Lady Isabella Rose Gilbert.

Also figured among the drawings of the late Gen. Hardwicke.

One of the earliest notices of an insect, very nearly allied to this
species, is given by the venerable Rumphius in his ‘ Herbarium Am-
boinense,’ vol. iii. p. 113. pl. 75 (1750), who discovered the larva in
Amboyna feeding on the Mangium caseolare rubrum (Rhizophora ca-
seolaris, Linn.). The figures of the larva, cocoon, and imago, on
Rumphius’s plate, show its close affinity to the Anth. paphia.

Dr. Roxburgh states this to be the “ Bughy of the natives of the
Burbhoom Hills, where the silk, which the same people call Tusseh,
is manufactured. It isa native of Bengal, Bahar, Assam, &c. Feeds
upon the leaves of Rhamnus jujuba (Byer of the Hindoos) and of
Terminalia alata glabra, Roxb. (Asseen of the Hindoos).”’

They are found in such abundance, over many parts of Bengal and
the adjoining provinces, as to have afforded to the natives, from time
immemorial, an abundant supply of a most durable, coarse, dark-
coloured silk, commonly called Tusseh-silk, which is woven into a
kind of cloth called Tusseh-doot’hies, much worn by Brahmins and
other sects of Hindoos.

Eggs white, which hatch in from two to four weeks. The larvee
acquire their full size, which is about 4 inches in length, and 3 in
circumference, in about six weeks. When the larvee approach their
full size, they are too heavy to crawl in search of their food with the
back up, as is usual with most caterpillars, but traverse the branch
suspended by the feet. When the larvee are ready to spin the cocoon,
each of them connects, by means of the recent glutinous filament of
which the cocoon is made, two or three leaves into an exterior enve-
lope, which serves as a basis to spin the complete cocoon in ; besides,
the cocoon is suspended from a branch of the tree by a thick, strong,
consolidated cord. The cocoon is of an exact oval shape, and ex-
ceedingly firm texture. The chrysalis remains dormant for about
nine months, viz. from October until July, the perfect insect always
emerging during the night ; and does not exist more than from six to
twelve days when confined.

Michael Atkinson, Ksq., says, ‘“This species cannot be domesticated.
I am informed that the natives cannot even retain any of it for seed.
The hill people say that they go into the jungles, and under the
Byer and Asseen trees they find the excrement of the insect; on
which they examine the tree, and, on discovering the small worms,
they cut off branches of the tree sufficient for their purpose, with the
young brood upon them; these they carry to convenient situations
near their houses, and distribute the branches on the Asseen tree in
proportion to the size thereof, but they put none on the Byer tree.
The Parieahs, or hill people, guard the insects night and day while
in the worm state, to preserve them from crows and other birds by
day, and from bats by night.”—Dr. Roxburgh, Trans. Linn. Soc.
vil. p. 33 (1804).

According to Col. Sykes, this is the ‘‘ Kolisurra silk-worm of the
Deccan. It feeds indiscriminately on the Sagwan or Teak-tree

249

(Tectona grandis), the Bor (Zizyphus jujuba), the Asana (Terminalia

alata glabra), and the Mulberry Tut (Morus indica). The cocoons
are extensively used by matchlock-men, cut into thongs, as ligatures
for binding the matchlock barrel to the stock : the thongs are more
durable than those of leather.”’

From the Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of
India, 1848 (vi. p. 167, e¢ seg.), we extract the following notes by
Messrs. B. H. Hodgson and R. W. G. Frith. According to Mr.
Hodgson, “this is the Munga silkworm moth of the Meches, and is
found wild in the Saul forest. It feeds on the Saul tree (Shorea
robusta) ; the fibre yielded is very strong, and must surely be that
known to classic commerce, and used by the Romans for the manu-
facture of the awnings of their immense theatres.” Mr. Frith says :—

‘* As far as my acquaintance with this insect extends, I believe it to
be found throughout the whole of this side of India; that is to say,
from the north-western range of the Himalaya direct south as far as
Midnapore, and also through the north-eastern range to Assam and
southwards to Chittagong. I have no doubt but that it extends
further, but cannot state so from my ownexperience. Dr. Royle, in
his volume on the productive resources of India, states that it was
found by Colonel Sykes in the Bombay, and by Dr. Geddes in the
Madras Presidency. I have seen it from Mussooree, and have it in
my own collection from Kussowlee, Darjeeling, Assam, Cherra
Poonjee, Sylhet, Chittagong, from Chota Nagpore, and from several
of the districts of Bengal. In Bengal I have taken the larva at all
seasons of the year, except during the cold weather, when the trees
constituting its food are useless. It is most abundant, I am informed,
in the Bhangulpore district, where the cocoons in their proper season
are collected by cart-loads for the manufacture of the Bhaugulpore
or Tusseh silk, as it is called, and now so well known. It is not on
account of the great size of the larva that it is obliged to take to the
under side of the twigs to enable it to traverse them in search of
food (as is [above] stated by Dr. Roxburgh), for it can pass along
the twigs in any position when they are strong and thick enough for
its powerfully clenching feet to find sufficient to grip hold of. It is
clear that when the larva approaches the ends of the thinner branches
and twigs (which it frequently does, having taken it on some so
slight that it has been in a perfectly pendent position), it would be
impossible for it to travel with ease to itself in such a position as to
keep itself upwards ; it therefore prefers to take the under side of
the twig, and passes along it in a suspended position, with the aid
of its powerful feet,—for it takes some little trouble to make them
release their hold when once firmly fixed.

«‘T have known the perfect insect make its appearance out of the
cocoon in the rainy season in about twenty days. A great deal de-
pends, however, upon the temperature and the state of the atmo-
sphere as to the number of days that are required ere the moth
makes its exit from the pupa state. The food of the larva seems to
be confined to the leaves of but a few trees: I found it only upon

250

the Bair (Zizyphus jujuba), both wild and cultivated kinds, and on
the Badaam or country almond (Terminalia catappa). Mr. Hu-
gon (see Journ. Asiat, Soc. vi. p. 32) states that it feeds, in Assam,
not only on the Moonga trees, but also on the former of those men-
tioned above, and on the Semal (Bombaz heptaphyllum). Dr. Helfer
describes it as being taken upon and from other trees, and these are
transplanted on to the Assun tree (Terminalia alata), but that they
feed most commonly in the wild state on the Bair and Semal trees.
Mr. Hodgson again has discovered that its food is the Saul tree
(Shorea robusta), since writing which I have been informed by a friend
that in the Midnapore district the larva feeds upon the Saul tree
also.

“Dr. Helfer (J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 43) states that, ‘according to
Michael Atkinson of Jungypore, this species cannot be domesticated,
because the moths take flight before the females are fecundated.’
Dr. Helfer’s opinion does not bear out the truth of this remark ; and
I agree with him, as he further states, in continuation, that, having
kept them in a musquito curtain to prevent their escape, they were
readily impregnated by the males, and deposited thousands of eggs.
The moths no doubt, both male and female, will fly away if not con-
fined in any manner to prevent them, particularly the males, for the
sole purpose of seeking the females. I am of opinion that this
silkworm might be reared and domesticated with very little care and
attention. A female, for instance, produced from the cocoon, and
retained captive, can, as above stated, be readily impregnated by the
males, which are so eager for the intercourse, that I have at times
taken as many as from ten to fifteen individuals in the course of a
couple of hours, between the hours of two and four in the morning,
and that for three or four times in succession, with the aid of the
same decoy female. The moths, both male and female, live for
about ten days, if they are not allowed to approach each other for
the purpose of reproducing their species, and this without food of
any kind, seeing that they are not provided by nature with a mouth.

“Mr. Hugon states that the natives consider there are two varieties
of this species, the Bhugy and Jharoo. I do not think so; I be-
lieve them to be one and the same species. ‘The larva sometimes,
for instance, when feeding on the common Bair of the jungles, is of
a very dark green colour, precisely that of the leaf itself, and might
by some be considered as a different species, when compared with
one that has fed on the Badaam (Terminalia catappa), which is of
a much lighter and prettier green, with a degree of transparency at
the same time, and a slight tmge of yellow pervading it. The fact
of the perfect insect being devoid of any mouth has led me to infer
that the secretion which it emits for the purpose of softening the
substance of the very hard cocoon from which it has to make its escape
is voided from the abdomen ; and when effected, it has to turn itself
round in the cocoon to enable it to set to work, with its two fore-
feet, which are provided with extremely strong and curved claws,
and, thread by thread, works for itself an opening, through which,

251

while yet moist, its escape from the cocoon is effected, and that too
before its wings have in any way enlarged by expansion to impede
its exit. It is my intention to endeavour to ascertain this point
beyond any doubt, if possible*.”

Mr. Hodgson, again, says :—‘‘ With regard to the distribution of
the species, [ apprehend that Mr. Frith is mistaken in supposing it
does or can occur in climates like that of Darjeeling ; for I not only
never heard of the species here, but have failed in an experiment to
rear it, which was carefully conducted under favourable circum-
stances, from cocoons got in the Saul forest, by Mechis in my ser-
vice, who are habituated to rearing silkworms. Gentlemen who
make collections in this quarter are apt to blend whatever they pro-
cure from the Tarai forest, and lower hills, and from the mountains
above them; and I conjecture that Mr. Frith’s specimens of dn-
therea paphia, said to come from Darjeeling and Cherra Poonjee,
were really obtained in the lowlands beneath those places. I notice
this point because of the numerous and important mistakes rela-
tive to the geographic distribution of zoological and botanical species
which have thus been propagated. For example, Mr. Ogilby was
led in this manner to suppose an Otine bird (Hupodotis bengalensis)
an inhabitant of these vast and precipitous and heavily wooded
mountains, and to name the species Hamalayensis, though it is really
as little capable of dwelling in such a habitat as is, I apprehend,
the Anth. paphia, or, more generally, any species of silkworm what-
ever. Silkworms abound south and east upon or near the level of
the plains, but I doubt if they pass the limits of Bengal in a north-
westerly direction, even upon the plains ; and, so far as I know, the
Cosi river is their limit in that direction; nor do I believe they are
ever found, tame or wild, at elevations materially above the plain level
in Bengal or in Hindostan. In the Saul forest they may pass up
towards the north-west as far as that forest extends, or to Hurdwar.
But the Saul forest is hardly elevated at all above the level of the
adjacent plain ; and Cherra at 4000 and Darjeeling at 7000 differ
toto celo in characteristic productions, as in climate, from all places
situated on the low open level of the Gangetic plains. The Anth.
paphia avoids the open plain, as well as the mountainous heights ;

* Captain Thomas Hutton, in the Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of
India for 1856, p. 166, says, ‘‘ Z doubt this, because I have fully ascertained that
the species known as Actias selene, which is furnished on the shoulder of each
wing with a hard brown spine for the purpose of dividing the threads, likewise
discharges a moistening liquid ; and although, as in Saturnia” (i. e. Antherea),
‘(it is said to have no mouth, yet it is nevertheless from the mouth, or the place
where it should be, that the solvent is discharged. The mouth is an imperfect
mouth only, and is not organized for the reception of nourishment, although suf-
ficiently perfect, it would appear, to secrete the liquid with which the threads are
moistened. When the agglutinizing matter is thus dissolved, the threads are
easily separated by the wing spines, and an opening afforded for the egress of the
moth. I have this season watched this process in no fewer than 200 specimens
of Actias selene, and can answer for there being no mistake about the matter, a
drop of the clear colourless liquid often remaining upon the tuft of hair or down
on the forehead between the eyes, and which tuft appears to be used as a brush
for the application of the solvent to the threads of the cocoon.”

252

and, as it seems to me, is exclusively confined to primitive forests on
the level, or near it, of the plains. If, therefore, the species be
found wild in Bhaugulpore, Sylhet, Chittagong, or even Choto Nag-
pore, it is, I apprehend, confined in all those districts to the uncul-
tivated and forest tracts at the base of their respective hill ranges.
Further inquiry as to the food of the wild worm of the Saul forest
confirms my prior information, that this species feeds almost, if not
quite exclusively, on the leaves of Shorea robusta: and, as that
tree extends not westerly beyond Hurdwar, the habitat of Kussowlee
appears to me dubious, unless there be some mistake about the
species.

“The above remarks,” continues Mr. Hodgson, “ may seem tire-
some: but those who are aware of the stress now laid on the geo-
graphic distribution of species, and of the numerous errors of fact
that have crept into the subject, as relates to this quarter, from the
source above adverted to, will probably deem otherwise. My atten-
tion was drawn to the subject of the distribution of silkworms in
India, with reference to the notices which the classics have left us
of the ancient trade of India with the west, in the Roman times par-
ticularly.”

To the above Mr. Frith replies :—“ Regarding the geographical
distribution of the species, I am almost at a loss how to satisfy Mr.
Hodgson as to the circumstance of its being found at Darjeeling,
having received it from thence myself, from a party collecting for
me. Again, those from Cherra Poonjee were collected by persons
on the spot who are employed by me for the sole purpose of forming
entomological collections.”

Again, Mr. Hodgson writes :—‘ The wide diffusion of silkworms
throughout the continent of India in the plains seems clear, and is
a very interesting circumstance with reference to what we find in
the classics about the trade of India with Europe in the latter days
of Rome and thereafter. Mr. Taylor (Journal Asiatic Society of
Bengal) supposed that the chief ‘ things in commerce’ in those days
were products of Assam only. But I had long before traced most
of them as indigenous products of all India extra Gangem, from
Suddiah to Hurdwar, leaving silk only as an apparent exception. It
need be no longer ; fine wild worms of various kinds being, it now
appears, found north-west all the way to the débouche of the Ganges
into the plains. So far, then, I agree with Mr. Frith. But I con-
fess myself still quite a sceptic as to the alleged fact of the silkworms
tenanting these mountains at elevations like that of Darjeeling.”’

Tn answer to the above remarks by Messrs. Hodgson and Frith,
we quote the following by Captain Thomas Hutton :—

“The Tusseh Moth (Saturnia paphia), which Mr. Frith says he
has procured from Mussooree and Kussowlee,—a statement doubted
by Mr. Hodgson, who confines the insect to the plains and base of
the hills, pointing out that collectors are in the habit of jumbling
species from various localities into the same box, and calling them a
collection of Himalayan species—

“Mr. Frith afterwards appeals to my letter to Mr. Westwood as

253

showing, as he imagines, from the mention of Sat. paphia, that I
had procured it at Mussooree. This is rather a bold jump to a con-
clusion !

“In reply to this part of the discussion, I incline to the side of Mr.
Hodgson, whose remarks regarding the mode adopted by collectors
of specimens in general, no matter whether birds or insects, are most
correct. The practice here at Mussooree is this :—a person wishing
to make a collection either takes a native collector into service, or
purchases the specimens singly from independent collectors who hawk
about insects for sale. These native gentry, whether hired or other-
wise, not being over-fond of hard work, invariably go down from
Mussooree into the Doon at the foot of the mountains, and having
there filled their boxes, return to the hills to sell them.

“The collector, in most cases disdaining to know the difference
between a moth and a butterfly, stows them all away into his boxes.
These collections are then sent off, or carried off, as illustrative of
the entomology of Mussooree and Landour, to which the collection
bears about as close an affinity as the fauna of Southern India does
to that of the Northern Provinces,—species common to both being
intermingled with others that exclusively belong to the one locality
or the other. Thus the greater portion of species in these collec-
tions is exclusively lowland.

“Now among the lowlanders I am inclined to include the Tusseh
Moth! TI have collected at Simla and its neighbourhood, as well as
at Mussooree ; but during my long residence at the latter station, I
have only once in fifteen years seen the Tusseh Moth ; and that one
specimen was a female captured tn the Dehra Doon near Hurdwur ;
besides that, I am not altogether certain that the species is identical
with the true Bengal Tusseh. In fact I doubt the occurrence of that
species in the hills, whether at Mussooree or at Kussowlee.

“Thus far the statements of Mr. Hodgson are, I think, correct ;
but when he proceeds to assert that the Saul tree (Shorea robusta)
does not extend westward of Hurdwar, he falls into an error that
any traveller may correct, since there are splendid forests of Saul
throughout the Dehra Doon, and even away as far west as the Jumna,
if not farther.

‘*The Tusseh Moths to which I alluded in my letter to Mr. West-
wood were all sent to me in cocoon from Bhagulpore by the late
Capt. Don. We have here at Mussooree, and also at Simla, a spe-
cies of Saturnia | Antherea] feeding on the common Hill Oak (Quer-
cus incana), and bearing a resemblance to the Tusseh Moth, though
much smaller, and quite distinct : can this be Mr. Frith’s Kussowlee
species ?

“Mr. Frith mentions having ‘inspected a very fine collection made
by a gentleman at Mussooree, in which are no less than eleven spe-
cies of true Bombycide, viz. nine of the genus Saturnia, one of Actias,
and one of Saturnia [Antherea| mylitta, or the true Tusseh Moth,’
Now if this collection belonged to a son of the late Col. Buckley *,
I can easily clear up the mystery of the Tusseh Moth coming from

* This collection was presented to the East India Company’s Museum in 1849.

254

Mussooree, since it was one. of my Bhagulpore specimens given in
exchange for something else : and I may as well point out that the
collection to which J allude contained species from various parts
of India, I myself having contributed insects from Mirzapore, Nee-
much, and even from Afghanistan in exchanges, while there were also
a few from China! Besides which, Mr. Buckley’s object being to make
a collection without noting or caring for locality, the greater number
of his specimens came, as usual, from the Dehra Doon. This (if I am
right in my conjecture about the collection alluded to by Mr. Frith)
may serve to show with what degree of suspicion any collection, not
made by a naturalist, should be regarded by scientific men both at
home and abroad, since, by taking it for granted that the collection
contained only the species proper to the locality in which it is stated
to have been made, the closet naturalist may be led to form the most
erroneous conclusion in regard to the distribution of species. Nor
is this remark to be confined to insects only, since it will equally
apply to ornithological collections ; so that any modern Adam who
may underteke to form a system, founded rather upon the length and
breadth of an animals tail than upon the habits and manners of
the species in their native haunts, and who thunders forth his dogmas
from his artificial paradise of musty skins, may, and doubtless often
has, put forth a host of errors for the acceptance of other naturals
as little conversant with living species as himself !

“My own limited experience, therefore, leads me to coincide in
opinion with Mr. Hodgson, and I accordingly reject the Tusseh
Moth from the catalogue of Mussooree and mountain species, not
even granting it a place at Kussowlee.

‘* Of true mountaineers, we have, as far as my knowledge extends,
three species of Saturnia ; two others are found only in the depths
of the warmest valleys, such as S. atlas? and S. katinka (Westw.) ;
the former occurring likewise in the Doon along with the Tusseh
Moth ; thus making in all six species of Saturnia.”

In a foot-note Capt. Hutton further remarks :—‘“ In my enume-
ration of the species found here, I omitted one large Saturnia, which
I once found upon a quince tree in the Botanical Garden ; the larva
when first seen appeared to be a white cocoon on the back of a leaf,
but a closer view showed me the caterpillar densely covered with
long white hairs. I never procured a second specimen.

«To these we may add one species of Actias, which is, I believe,
confined to the hills from 5000 feet upwards to 7000 feet, and per-
haps higher; it occurs likewise apparently in Sylhet, as Major Jen-
kins long ago kindly sent me a drawing of what I take to be this
species. And lastly we have one species of true Bombyx (B. hut-
toni, Westw.), which occurs abundantly on the wild mulberry from
the Doon upwards to at least 7000 feet; thus showing a list of
known silk-spinners to the number of nine, viz. seven Saturnia, one
Actias, and one Bombyx: more there may doubtless be, although as
yet unknown to me; but I strongly suspect that some of those men-
tioned by Mr. Frith as coming from Mussooree and Kussowlee were
in reality natives of other localities.

295

*« Mr. Hodgson likewise notices the occurrence of what he and Mr.
Frith pronounce to be the Arrindy Moth (S. cynthia) ; and I have
it also from the Mussooree, where the caterpillar feeds on the shrub
Mussooree (Coriaria nipalensis), and from which this station de-
rives its name. Dr. Roxburgh’s figure of the caterpillar of S. cyn-
thia is, however, so thoroughly unlike those occurring here, that, not-
withstanding the identity (if I may so speak) of the imago, I am
unwilling to pronounce decisively as to the species until I have com-
pared our larvee with those of undoubted S. cynthia from Bengal.
Ours occurs from the foot of the hills up to 6000 feet of elevation.’’

Lady Isabella Rose Gilbert figures the transformations of Anth.
paphia, and in her MS. Notes says :—‘‘ Tusseh Moths are hatched
twice in the year, in May and August: the larve go into the chry-
salis state in September, remaining so till the May following; whilst
those that enter the chrysalis state in July come out in three weeks.
Many of the females lay eggs in eight or ten hours after quitting
the chrysalis ; others again do not tiil the following night, or longer.
In ten days the young larvee make their appearance, and feed on the
Assun tree and the Sal sakooa (Shorea robusta). In about three
weeks from the time of their exclusion from the egg, they attain their
full size, and in eight or ten days more prepare for their transforma-
tion into the chrysalis. The caterpillar commences its operations
by drawing a few leaves slightly together, as if to screen it from ob-
servation. It then spins a strong cord, composed of many threads,
altogether about the thickness of a crow-quill, at the end of which
it weaves the cocoon. The cocoon is so transparent for the first six
and thirty hours, that the larva may be distinctly perceived at work
in the interior ; after that time the cocoon gradually acquires con-
sistence by the continued industry of the caterpillar, and becomes
quite opaque from the addition of a glutinous liquid with which it
moistens the whole. When that dries, the cocoon appears as if
covered with white powder, and in the course of a couple of days
becomes perfectly hard.

«The moth generally deposits its eggs within a few yards of the
cocoon; these the villagers collect and keep in their houses till the
young caterpillars come forth, when they are placed on the Assun
trees in the jungles, the proprietors remaining to protect them from
the birds, and to bring home the cocoons when perfect. The people
who rear these silkworms are of the Sontal and Bhouree castes, and
practise many superstitious ceremonies while tending them in the

jungles.”
¢
2. ANTHER#HA PERNY!I (Guérin).

Saturnia pernyi, Guérin-Méneville, Revue et Mag. de Zool. (1855)
p- 297. pl. 6. f. 1.
Antherea mylitta, var., Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. vi.
. 1378.
2 Hab’. China (Guérin). In British Museum Collection.
M. Guérin-Méneville observes that 4. pernyi may be distinguished
from 4. paphia by the form and texture of its cocoon. In his figures

256

the male of 4. perny# differs from the same sex of A. mylitta by its
less faleate fore-wings, and by the exterior band, which is different
in colour, more straight ; and in the hind-wings is contiguous to the
ocellus. It is well figured in the above work.

3. ANTHERZA FRITHI, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXV. fig. 1.)

Antherea Frithi, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 396
(1858). wh

Male. Yellowish-ferruginous, the dise suffused with patches of
darker ferruginous ; the exferior margin and about the base greyish-
ferruginous. Fore-wing with the costal band grey ; the submarginal
dark line evenly undulated, and parallel with it and before the ocel-
lus are two deeply undulated lines, the mner spaces between which
are suffused with yellow; a large prominent apical patch and space
within the cell yellow. Hind-wing with the submarginal line deeply
undulated, with two parallel deeply undulated inner lines, the spaces
between which are suffused with yellow, the inner line extending
round the ocellus and joining the snb-basal line. Ocelli small, similar
to those in Anth. paphia. Antenne yellowish. Frontal band grey.
Body yellowish-ferruginous.

Expanse of wings 54 inches.

Hab. Neighbourhood of Darjeeling. In Museum, India House,
London.

4, ANTHER#HA ROYLIIT, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXIV. fig. 1.)

Antherea Roylu, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, i. p. 397
(1858).

Dull greenish-buff colour. Male.—Fore-wing with the costal band
brownish-grey ; the subbasal lines and the oblique submarginal line
indistinct, greyish. Hind-wing with the submarginal line indistinct.
Ocellus of both fore- and hind-wings ill-defined, greenish-buff colour
within, but with the inner half suffused with vinaceous ; vitreous
spot minute, the narrow outer ring black on its exterior half and red
on the inner half, with an inner yellow line on the former, and a
white line on the latter. Female with the wings somewhat brighter
coloured exteriorly ; the submarginal line of both wings more di-
stinct; ocelli more distinct. Frontal band brownish-grey. An-
tennze brownish. Body buff-colour.

Expanse of wings of male 53, female 64 inches.

Hab. Neighbourhood of Darjeeling. In Museum, India House,
London.

5. ANTHERHA JANA (Cramer).

Phalena-attacus jana, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 220. pl. 396.
f. A (1782):

Bombyx jana, Olivier, Ene. Méth. Ins. v. p. 28.

Antherea jana, Wibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152; Walker,
List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 5. p. 1250.

Hab. Java (Cramer).

257

Remark.—As yet we have no example of this species in England,
but its distinguishing character is its small size; the ocelli being
nearly opake ; and the hind- wing has, besidesthe usual submarginal
line, two additional undulated wider lines proceeding from the abdo-
minal margin, the first extending round the ocellus, and the other
only to the ocellus.

Expanse of wings 43 inches.

6. ANTHERZA PERROTTETI, Guérin.

Bombyx perrotéetii, Guérm-Meéneville, Mag. de Zool.1843, pl.123.
Antherea perrottetu, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6.
. 1379.

a Hab. Pondicherry (Guérin). Non vidi.

Deep yellow; base of costal margin of fore-wing grey, with indi-
stinct darker submarginal line; ocelli small, round, red, the exterior
ring black, the inner whitish, with a small medial yellow spot ;
thorax in front grey ; abdomen deep yellow.

7. ANTHERZA SIMLA (Westwood).

Saturnia simla, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 41. pl. 20. f. 1
(1847).

Antherea simla, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1249;
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, i. p. 399.

Hab. Simla (Capt. Boys); neighbourhood of Darjeeling. In
Museum, India House, London, and British Museum.

«Fore-wings very pale fulvous-brown, thickly irrorated with red
scales ; the costa and an oblique fascia, before the middle of the
wings, very much attenuated posteriorly, of a pale pinkish white ;
the basal portion of the wing reddish, terminated by a dark pink
line ; the pale fascia is succeeded by a very oblique streak of reddish-
brown, which rests on the anterior edge of the ocellus, which is rather
small and of a dusky colour, with a slender curved white line on its
inner side ; the succeeding space is thickly irrorated with red-brown
scales, followed by two rather indistinct slender and much waved
' strigee, which terminate at the apex of the wing in a white angulated
mark and a small black patch; the outer margin of the wing is
widely ashy-fulvous, followed by a narrow ashy-coloured edging ;
the hind-wings have the greater portion of a pink colour, traversed
basally by a dark pink fascia, which is recurved towards the inner
margin; the middle of the wing is occupied by a large black ocellus
bearing a dull yellow circle with a slender white curved line, and a
dark pink one at its base ; between the ocellus and the exterior mar-
gin of the wing are two waved red-brown lines, beyond which the
colour is of a fulvous red, with a dull pale greyish-buff edging.”

Expanse of wings nearly 6 inches.

8. ANTHER#ZA HELFERI, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXIV. fig. 2.)

Antherea helferi, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, 1. p. 897
(1858).

No. 400.—PROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

258

Male. —Yellowish-ferruginous, with a vinaceous tinge basally.
Fore-wing with the grey costal band ; three dark ferruginous pink-
margined lines: the first sub-basal, transverse, and curved: the
second within and near the base of the cell, oblique : the third above
and joining the ocellus; the ocellus without a vitreous spot, which
is replaced by a short yellow-margined line; a double submarginal
indistinct undulated line, its apical end with a blackish spot; an in-
distinct suffused inner line close to the ocellus ; and a dark marginal
line of undulated streaks. Hind-wing with a dark marginal lunulated
line; two darker submarginal deeply undulated lines, the mner line
extending round the ocellus to the sub-basal line; the ocellus with the
black outer line terminating at its upper end in an oval spot, without
a central vitreous spot, which is replaced by a narrow yellow line.
Antennze brown; frontal band grey ; body yellowish-ferruginous.

Expanse of wings 6 inches.

Hab. Neighbourhood of Darjeelmg. In Museum, India House,
London.

Remark. — Somewhat allied to 4. simla; but may be distin-
guished from that species by its more falcated fore-wings, and by the
absence of the obliquely transverse dark band, which ascends from
the middle of the posterior margin, touching the ocellus on its inner
side, and extends to the costa before the apex. The ocelli are also
different, those in A. helferi being of a pale colour within, while
those in 4. simla are quite black, and on the hind-wing are much
larger.

9. ANTHERHA ASSAMA (Helfer).

Saturnia assamensis, Helfer, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 43
(1837).

Saturnia assama, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 41. pl. 20.
f, 2.

Antherea assama, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 5.
p. 1249; Moore, Catal. Lep. Ind. House, 1. p. 398.

Mooga or Moonga of the Assamese, Hugon, J. A. S. Beng. vi.
pp. 26-32 ; Helfer.

Moonga, Royle, Report of Paris Exhib. pt. 3. p. 216.

Hab. Assam, Silhet, Ceylon. In British Museum Collection.

The larva and cocoon of the Moonga are figured by Mr. Hugon in
the Journal of the Asiatic Society above referred to, and he states
that “although the Mooga Moth can be reared in houses, it is fed
and thrives best in the open air and on the trees. The trees which
afford it food are known in Assam by the followimmg names, viz.
1. Addakoory ; 2. Champa (Michelia, sp.?); 3. Soom; 4. Kon-
tooloa; 5. Digluttee (Tetranthera diglottica, Hamilt.) ; 6. Pattee
Shoonda( Laurus obtusifolia, Roxb.) ; 7. Sonhalloo (Tetranthera ma-
crophylla, Roxb.). There are generally five broods of Moonga worms
in the year.”

10. ANTHERHA LARISSA (Westwood).

Saturnia larissa, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 49. pl. 24.
f. 1 (1847).

259

Antherea larissa, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1250 ;
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 398.

Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). In Museum, India House, London,
and M. Dalen, Rotterdam.

Remark.—This beautiful species may be at once distinguished
from all the preceding by the ocellus of the fore-wing, which has the
exterior black ling dentated towards the costa. It is also more fal-
cated in the male. The figure referred to above is a good repre-
sentation of the male.

Another species of Antherea inhabits Mantchouria, as appears
from the following :—

**Tt has long been known that in the land of the Mantchour Tar-
tars, in a climate at least as rigorous as our own (7. ec. England), a
kind of silk is obtained, of which very large quantities go into con-
sumption among the Chinese. This species is announced by M.
Guérin-Méneville as having lately been reared in France.

“Some years since Mr. Rutherford Alcock, Her Majesty’s Consul
at Shanghae, sent home samples of this material, both manufactured
and unmanufactured, along with live chrysalids (cocoons) ; but the
latter perished on the voyage, and the samples were accidentally
misplaced and lost in the Great Exhibition of 1851. The silk was
strong, with little lustre, and resembled some strong thin yellow
woollen linen. It now appears that the French have been more suc-
cessful, some males having already been hatched. Of the other
cocoons sent to Italy and Algiers, no account is given.

‘According to Guérin-Méneville, this Silkworm forms a new species
of Saturnia, and is nearly related to the S. mylitta, which produces
the Tusseh silk of India. But the peculiarities observable in the
form, texture, and mode of attachment of the cocoons forbid the
Mantchour Moth being regarded as merely a northern local form of
the Tusseh Silkworm. It is also one of the same group as the
Moonga Silkworm of Assam (Sat. assamensis, Helfer).

““Two circumstances give peculiar interest to the introduction of
this useful insect ; namely the coldness of the country it naturally
inhabits, and its feeding upon a species of oak, not on a mulberry.
The country called Mantchouria is described as mountainous, very
cold in winter, and producing furs among other articles of trade.
Oaks, pines, willows, birches, maples, and wild roses, said to consti-
tute the main feature of its woods, are all indications of a northern
climate. The oak on which this silkworm feeds is not clearly de-
scribed. According to M. Isidore St.-Hilaire, two sorts have been
raised in France from the acorns received with the cocoons, one re-
sembling the Quercus castaneefolia, which is well known to be a
native of Northern China, and one of a species apparently unde-
scribed. But it is by no means improbable that the common oaks
of this country would be taken to by the silkworms in question ; and
if so, the sole obstacle to the introduction of silk-growing among
our rural population would be removed.

260

“It is right to add, upon the authority of Mons. St.-Hilaire, that
the interesting acquisition is mainly owing to the assistance given by
Mons. Verrolles, Bishop of Colomby, and Vicar-Apostolic in Mant-
chouria, to M. de Montigny, the French Consul at Shanghae.” (From
Journ. Agri.-Hort. Soc. India, 1856, ix. p. 63, and extracted from
‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 30th June, 1855.)

Genus Lorra, Moore.

Antherea (Groups IT. and ITI., pt.), Walker, List Lep. Het.
B.M. pt. 5. p. 1250.
Loepa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ti. p. 399 (1858).

Antenne bipectinated. Palpi very short. Proboscis obsolete.
Abdomen not very stout. Wings moderately long and broad, each
with an ocellus, whose dise is thinly clothed with hairs ; fore-win
convex towards the tip, which, m the male, is somewhat falcated ;
hind-wing with the angles rounded.

1. Loepa KATINKA (Westwood).

Saturnia katinka, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 25. pl. 12.
f. 2 (1847). .

Antherea katinka, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1251.

Loepa katinka, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, 11. p. 399.

Hab. Assam; Silhet; Java.

Yellow; costa of fore-wings grey. Each wing with a fulvous-
brown ocellus, the middle of which is purplish, and has a curved
white streak which is bordered by a slender black line ; across the
middle of the wing is an indistinct, waved and bidentated line,
beyond which is a double blackish waved line terminating near the
apex in a black demi-oval spot, followed by a fulvous apical patch
containing two white lunules; near the exterior margin of the wings
is a submarginal row of slender white lunules, and near the base of
each wing is a Slender rosy zigzag streak.

Expanse 22 to 33 inches.

The larva and cocoon of Loepa katinka are figured in Catal.
Lep. Mus. India House, vol. ii., plate 20. fig. 1, copied from the ori-
ginal drawing made by Dr. Horsfield in Java, where the larva “feeds
on the Galing (Cissus, sp. ) and the Girang (Leea, sp. Ne
Abundant during December, January and February.”

2. LoEPA THIBETA (Westwood).

Saturnia thibeta, Westwood, P. Z.S. (1853) p. 166; Ann. Nat.
Hist. 2nd ser. xv. p. 302 (1855).

Antherea thibeta, Walker, List Lep.*Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 5.
p- 1250.

Fore-wings yellow, much varied with grey scales, especially at the
base and beyond the middle; near the base is a transverse oblique
slender red striga. In the middle of all the wings is a moderate-
sized oval ocellus, with a black central dot, marked on its inner edge

261

with a curved white line, the outer part being lhiver-coloured, edged
with a black ring. Outside the ocellus the wings bear a darker ful-
vous, ill-defined, very oblique fascia, followed by two slender very
strongly undulating dark lines ; the undulations being much stronger
towards the tip of the wing, where the outer one is connected with a
white curved line, like a U, which ends on the costa in an oval black
patch, and is bounded on its outside by a slender rich red-brown
lie ; parallel and near the apical margin is an interrupted slender
black striga, followed by a row of submarginal oblong fulvous spots.
The ocellus of the hind-wing is preceded by a curved dark brown
line, and is followed by three slender very much undulated lines, the
two next the ocellus being chestnut and the outer one black ; beyond
the last is a broad greyish fascia, edged outwardly with a slender
interrupted black line, followed by a row of oblong sublunulated
fulvous spots. Antennee, body, and legs fulvous-yellow ; front of
thorax with a grey band.
Hab. Thibet (Westwood).

Genus Actras, Leach.

Actias, Leach, Zool. Mise. ii. p. 25 (1815); Macleay.

Tropea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152 (1816).
Plectropteron, Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. v. p. 45 (1847).
Phalena-attacus, pt., Linneeus.

1, ACTIAS SELENE (Macleay).

Actias selene, Macleay, Leach’s Zool. Mise. ii. p. 26. pl. 70 (1815);
Hutton, P. Z. 8. Lond. (1856) p. 5; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind.
House, i. p. 400.

Tropea selene, Wtbner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 158; Walker,
List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 6. p. 1262.

Plectropteron selene, Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. vy. p. 85.

Plectropteron diane, Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. v. p. 45
(1847); Aun. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 60.

Phalena attacus luna, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 31. f. A, B (nec
Drury).

Hab. N. India; Darjeeling; Masuri.

The larva of this curious species is figured by Capt. Hutton in the
‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,’ vol. v. pl. 5.
He remarks, “A specimen of this splendid Moth was brought
to me on the 13th April 1842, by a boy who had captured it in a
_ deep and warmly sheltered glen at Mussooree. The specimen was
a female, and was found clinging to the branches of a tree, or rather
shrub, very similar to the Tartarian honeysuckle; it was accom-
panied by a male (én coztw), which effected its escape. As the spe-
cimen was much injured by her rough captor, I suffered her to live
and deposit her eggs, which she did on the evening of the same day,
to the number of thirty-two, each being of the size of a large mus-
tard seed, and of a mottled brownish colour. During the whole of
the succeeding day she remained perfectly stationary, but in the

262

evening deposited 84 eggs; and on the following evenings she again
deposited as follows :—-On the 15th, 38 eggs; on the 16th, 21; on
the 17th, 16; on the 18th, 21; on the 19th, 14; on the 20th, 14;
and on the 21st, 7; amounting in all to 246 eggs, and she then
died.

“On the 28th April I received a male and female from the same
place; and in the evening the female deposited 89 eggs, and con-
tinued each night to increase the number until she had deposited
300 eggs, when she died.

“On the 30th April, or eighteen days from the time of deposition,
the first batch of eggs began to hatch ; the newly born larva is about
3 lines in length, hairy, and of a pale rufous-red, with a single black
band across the middle of the body, and a small black transverse
mark on the anterior segment ; along the back are two rows of small
tubercles, and another along each side, from each of which spring a
few short hairs, the base of which forms a small black dot ; there is
also an anal tubercle, larger than the others, and placed between the
two last tubercles of the dorsal rows; the head is black. I was now
exceedingly puzzled to find out the proper food, and, having unsuc-
cessfully tried several kinds, at last gave them the leaves of our com-
mon hill oak (an Ilex), of which they ate sparingly arid without ap-
petite. This was evidently not the proper food ; and although they
continued to eat it they did not thrive, but died in such numbers, that
I had at last only five larvee left out of 546, and even these I was in
daily expectation of losing ; when, by a lucky chance, on the 30th of
June, I discovered a single larva in the forest feeding on a tree known
to the natives as the ‘ Munsooree’ (Coriaria nipalensis). Branches
of this tree were now substituted for the oak, and from thenceforward
the larvee ate greedily and increased rapidly in size. The first moult
commenced when six days old, and this occupied three days, so that
at the end of nine days the larva appeared in its second stage. The
black transverse band upon the body had disappeared, but the head
still remained of that colour, and the rest of the body was hairy and
rufous; the tubercles being black on the summit and more promi-
nent ; pro-legs brown.

‘‘The period between each change was about ten days in some
specimens, but varied in others between that and shorter periods.

“In the ¢hird stage the caterpillar appeared of a bright rufous
colour, the black dots or tubercles being larger and more prominent,
but there were no black bands. In the fourth stage the change was
still more remarkable, for the caterpillar now appeared of a beauti-
ful apple-green, each tubercle headed with bright orange, except the
four which spring from the second and third segments, which are
ringed with black, and crowned with pale yellow; and the anal and
two posterior tubercles, which are green throughout. From each
tubercle springs a small tuft of hair, the centre of each being longer
than the others; the head and prolegs brown; along each side is a
line which is red above and yellow below, and the spiracles are red ;
there is a line of very small yellow dots along each side, between the
rows of tubercles. In the fifth stage the colours are the same, as

263

they are also in the stwth and seventh stages ; but the caterpillar
increases rapidly in size, and is most beautiful and delicate in appear-
ance, with a semi-transparency of hue, which makes it look some-
thing like wax-work.

“One of these commenced spinning its cocoon on the 17th July,
being then about forty-six or forty-seven days old, and the remainder
after the interval of a day or two. ‘The cocoon is formed of coarse
brown silken threads, closely interwoven, and of an ovate form ; it is
inclosed among the leaves of the tree, which are in fact glued closely
round it. It is hard, and not furnished interiorly with a soft silken
bed, the chrysalis lying within a hard and hollow chamber. The
chrysalis remained thus until the 14th August, when the one which
had turned on the17th July produced a perfect female, after a period
of twenty-nine days. Another, which had turned on the 19th July,
came forth a male on the 16th August, showing the time to be pretty
uniform. A large caterpillar, however, which I found im the forest
on the 16th July, turned to a chrysalis on the 24th of that month ;
but, instead of coming forth in the autumn, it remained in the chry-
salis state throughout the winter, as did some others, coming out’ in
the following summer, namely on the 11th, 14th, and 18th of June.

“The caterpillar feeds upon several trees common on these hills.
The most common food appears to be the Munsooree, a shrub which
is So common, as to have given rise, I believe, to the name of this
settlement, viz. ‘Munsoory,’ or more commonly among Europeans
‘ Mussooree ’ (Coriaria nipalensis).””

“‘T have again reared specimens of 4. selene, and observed atten-
tively the method by which it cuts its way through the cocoon, by
means of the instrument which I have named ‘ the wing spur’ or
‘spine.’ Before proceeding to separate the threads of the cocoon
by means of the wing spines, I have ascertained that the Moth ejects
from the mouth a few drops of a clear colourless fluid, with which
the gum is dissolved ; and it appears to use the tuft of down on the
front, between the eyes, as a brush for the application of the solvent.”
—P.Z.S8. 1856, p. 5.

Capt. Hutton further remarks (Journal of the Agri-Horticultural
Society of India, ix. p. 167-9 (1856), “‘I have this season (1855)
watched the process of the escape of this Moth from the cocoon in
no fewer than 200 specimens, and can answer for there being no
mistake in the matter, a drop of the clear colourless liquid often re-
maining upon the tuft of hair or down on the forehead between the
eyes, and which tuft appears to be used as a brush for the applica-
tion of the solvent to the threads of the cocoon.

“J have this year (1855) reared a number of the caterpillars of
A. selene for the purpose of ascertaining the value of the silk, but
am sorry to say have failed in my attempts to unwind the silk from
the cocoons. With some difficulty I managed to procure a supply
of eggs from the moths, which came forth i October, and had in-
tended sending them to Europe, when to my regret and surprise they
began to hatch on the 4th of November, and are still coming forth

264

daily (10th). They are at present thriving on the shrub, Coriaria
nipalensis, growing in the open air; but whether they will be able
to spin up again before the frosts set in remains yet to be seen.
These caterpillars feed naturally on Cortaria nipalensis, Andromeda
ovalifolia, the walnut, and I think also upon Carpinus bimana. 'The
first-named shrub would probably grow well and rapidly in some
parts of Europe, and so furnish nourishment both for the larvee of
Act. selene, if found worth introducing, and also of S. cynthia, which
seems to be acclimated in Italy.

«‘This species, I believe, is confined to the hills from 5000 feet
upwards to 7000 feet, and perhaps higher ; it occurs also in Silhet,
as Major Jenkins kindly sent me a drawing of what I take to be this
species.” zi
_ The transformations of Act. selene were also observed by Lady
Isabella Rose Gilbert, and are figured among her Ladyship’s original
drawings, from which those given in the Catal. Lep. Mus. India
House (vol. ii. pl. 19.) were copied.

2. ActiAs M&Nas, Doubleday.

Actias menas, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 95; West
wood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 45. pl. 22.

Tropea menas, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. p. 1263.

Hab. Silhet. In British Museum Collection.

This species differs from 4. selene in the following characters :—
«The wings are yellow; the thorax is wholly purplish in front; the
wings are red along the exterior margin, and have no exterior band ;
the fore-wings have a band between the base and the ocellus, the
ocellus being large and sickle-shaped, and very different from that of
A. selene ; and the hind-wings have longer tails.”

3. AcCTIAS stnENsSIS, Walker.

Tropea sinensis, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. p. 1264
(1855).

ee North China. In British Museum Collection.

“‘ Male.—Yellow. Wings with a slender, deeply undulating, tawny
middle band; ocellus rose-coloured in the centre, luteous in front,
with a brown border, which is much darker and broader in front
than elsewhere. Fore-wings rose-coloured along the costa. Hind-
wings ferruginous along the exterior border and across the tails,
which are much shorter than the breadth of the wings. Thorax
rose-colour in front. Expanse about 4 inches.”

Genus SaturniA, Schrank.

Saturnia, Schrank, Faun. Boica, ii. pt. 11. f. 149 (1802).
Pavonia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 157 (1816).
Phalena-attacus, pt., Linnezeus.

Types Saturnia pyri, S. spini, and 8. carpini of Europe.

9 REE ge

265

1. SaTuRNIA PYRETORUM, Boisduval.

Saturnia pyretorum, Boisduval, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent.
p-49.'pl. 24.f.2(1847) ; Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p.1273;
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 404.

Hab. China. In Collection, India House; British Museum.

Milky-white ; costal and frontal band white, each wing with a
moderate-sized oval black ocellus, having a slender fulvous line sur-
mounted by pale blue lunule, and with a curved vitreous central
streak ; beyond the middle of the wings are two strongly dentated
slender dark lines, resting on a broad brownish submarginal band ;
a brown band also on the exterior margin, base of fore-wings, and a
sub-basal band on both fore- and hind-wings, dark brown. Head,
hind part of thorax, and large anal tuft dark brown.

Expanse 3 to 33 inches.

2. SATURNIA GROTEI, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXV. fig. 2.)
Saturnia grotei, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 404.

Fore-wing pale buff-colour, brownish along the costa and about
the apex, and thickly irrorated with black and brown seales to
beyond the middle; a large black-margined, maroon-coloured ocel-
lus, containing a narrow transverse white lunule; a submarginal
black band, bounded inwardly with a double zigzag pale margined
black line, which extends to near the apex, where the space contains
a maroon-coloured patch and a black spot, both of which are irro-
rated with white scales; exterior margin dull buff, with a row of
narrow oval maroon-brown spots. Hind-wing brownish at the base
and along the abdominal margin; the dise pink, containing a similar,
but smaller ocellus, as the fore-wing; a submarginal black band,
bounded inwardly by two undulated black lines, the inner line ex-
tending round the ocellus; exterior margin dull buff, with a row of
narrow oval maroon-brown spots. Thorax crossed by a pale buff
line.

Expanse nearly 3 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling. In Museum, India House, London.

Genus Arracus, Linnzeus.

Phalena-attacus, Linnzeus, 8. N. i. pt. 2. p. 808 (1767).
Attacus, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 155 (1816).
Hyolophora, pt., Duncan, Nat. Libr. vii.

1. Arracus aTuas (Linneeus).

Phalena-attacus atlas, Linneus, 8. N.1. pt. 2. p. 808 (1767) ;
Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 366; Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pp. 180, 183, pl.
381 .£.€) pl. 382. fk.

Bombyx atlas, Fabricius, Syst Ent. p. 566 ; Spec. Ins. ii. p. 167 ;
Mant. Ins. ii. p. 108; Ent. Syst. mi. 1. p. 407; Olivier, Enc. Méth.
Ins. v. p. 24. pl. 69. f. 1.

Attacus atlas, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 156; Walker, List

266

Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p.1218; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House,
ii, p. 405.

tae Phalena-attacus atlas,Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p.13. pl. 9.f. A.

Var. Saturnia silhetica, Helfer, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 41
(1837).

Hab. China; N.&S. India; Ceylon; Burmah; Java.

The larva and cocoon of this (the largest of all known Lepido-
pterous insects) are figured on plate 20. of vol. ii. of the Catal. of Lep.
Mus. India House, from the collection made by Dr. Horsfield in
Java. “The larva feeds on the Molokka (Phyllanthus emblica),
Kupu-gaja, &c., where it was abundant during December and
January.”

From the MS. Notes made by Lady Isabella Rose Gilbert in 1825,
we extract the following :—“ A specimen (female) of this magnificent
moth was brought to me on the 4th September. On the following
morning she laid several pink-and-white eggs. On the 15th the
young caterpillars were hatched. Being uncertain what plant they
fed on, I placed them upon slips of different trees, viz. apple, peach,
plum, &c. The young caterpillars were black, with numerous white
spines ; as they grew larger and changed their skins, the spines be-
came covered with a kind of white powder, giving them a very de-
licate appearance, added to which the ground colour of the body,
since the first few days after they were hatched, had become a light
green. They always ate their skins after casting them. Those on the
apple tree grew to an enormous size, and on the 12th October one
of them began to prepare for its transformation, by bending back a
large leaf and enclosing itself in a web, which it completed on the
13th. On the 22nd June following the moth came out.”

It is said that the Chinese Tusseh silk is obtained from the cocoon

of this species.

2. ATTACUS EDWARDsI, White.

Attacus edwardsii, White, P.Z.S. (1859) p. 115. pl. 57; Moore,
Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 406.
Hab. Darjeeling. In Collection British Museum and India House.

This species is distinguished from Attacus atlas “by its intensely
dark colour, especially on that band, bounded by angled and curved
white, defined lines, in which the fenestrae occur. This band is of a
dark blackish-brown, passing into a rich chestnut-brown above the
fenestrze of the upper wings and on their posterior margin ; the inner
margin of the lower wings is of this red-brown also; the fenestrae
are not bounded by a margin of black scales as in Att. atlas, but by
ochreous-yellow squamulation ; the part of the fenestra towards the
base of the wings, which in 4é¢. atlas is curved convexly, is in Aét.
edwardsivi straight; the fenestra is longer, the white lines on the
wings, breaking up the brown so beautifully, are wider, and that
on the lower wing is less scalloped than in 4ét. atlas; the margin
of the lower wing on the outside has two much-waved lines ; the inner
is yellow, with thirteen or fourteen undulations, continued on the

267

upper wing till it leaves off where the wing is dilated into the lobe,
which gives the wing its hooked-like character; the lower line is
brownish-black, and is straight, except in six places, where the black
runs up the nerves triangularly to a point, and meets two of the
yellow lobes, which are conjugate.”

3. Arracus cynTHIA (Drury).

Phalena-attacus cynthia, Drury, Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 6. f. 2; App.
p- ii. (1773) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1. p. 62, pl. 39. f. A.

Phalena cynthia, Roxburgh, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. p. 42. pl. 3;
Buchanan, Descr. Dinajpur, p. 214; Helfer, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
vi. p. 45.

Bee cynthia, Olivier, Enc. Meth. Ins. v. p. 30.

Samia cynthia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 156.

Saturnia cynthia, Westwood’s ed. Drury’s Ins. ii. p. 12, pl. 6. f. 2.

Attacus cynthia, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1220.

Saturnia arrundi, Royle, Reports on the Paris Universal Exhib.
pt. 3. p. 216 (1856).

Arrindy or Arrundi Silkworm Moth, Roxburgh, Helfer.

Eria of Assam, Wugon, J. A. 8. Beng. vi. p. 21.

Eri or Evia of Assam, Royle.

Hab. Specimens in Museum, India House, from China, Assam,
N. E. India, Thibet, Java.

4, ATTACUS RICINI (Boisduval).

? Phalena ricini, Sir W. Jones.

Saturnia ricini, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 3rd ser. ii.
p- 755 (1854).

Attacus lunula, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p.1221(1855).

Attacus ricini, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, i. p. 407.

Hab. Specimens in the Museum, India House, from N. KE. India,
Assam ; and others in the British Museum from Ceylon.

The specimens from Assam, under examination, are identical with
those named A. dunula by Mr. Walker, and with others sent from
Paris as A. ricini. Some of the references to the preceding species
doubtless belong to this.

Domesticated in Malta, Piedmont, Tripoli, France, and in the Island
of Granada.

The insect known to the Hindoos by the name of Arrindy in some
parts, in others Arrundi, appears to be peculiar to the interior parts
of Bengal ; and, so far as I can learn, to two districts only, viz. Di-
nagepore and Rungpore, where the natives breed and rear it in a
domestic state, as they do the common silkworm. The food of the
caterpillar consists entirely of the common Ricinus, or Palma Christi,
which the natives of these districts call Arrindy (hence the name of
the insect), and is abundantly reared over every part of India, on
account of the oil obtaimed from the seed.

The late Sir William Jones mentions this insect in a letter to Dr.
Anderson, dated 17 May, 1791, under the name of Phalena ricini :—

268

“‘ Eges pure white, which hatch in from ten to fifteen days. The
larvee arrive at their full size, which is from 24 to 3 inches, in about
one month, during which they cast their skins three or four times.
They are very voracious. The cocoon, or covering thereof, is white
or yellowish, of a very soft, delicate texture ; in general about 2 inches
long and 3 in circumference, pointed at each end ; the perfect insect
comes out after a period of from ten to twenty days.”

Mr. Atkinson remarks, that ‘‘they are reared in a domestic state,
and entirely feed on the Palma Christi plant. The cocoons are re-
markably soft and white, or yellowish ; the filament so exceedingly
delicate, as to render it impracticable to wind off the silk ; it is there-
fore spun like cotton. The yarn, thus manufactured, is woven into
a coarse kind of white cloth, of a seemingly loose texture, but of
incredible durability, the life of one person being seldom sufficient to
wear out a garment made of it.’’—(Dr. Roxburgh, Trans. Linn. Soc.
vil. p. 42, 1804.)

According to Mr. Hugon, the caterpillar of the Eria (see Journ.
A. 8. Beng. vi. pp. 23, 24), in a domesticated state at Assam, “is,
when young, about 1 inch in length, and nearly black; as it in-
creases in size it becomes of an orange colour, with six black spots
on each of the segments; the head and legs are black ; after the
second moult they change to an orange colour; that of the body
becomes lighter, in some approaching to white, in others to green,
and the black spots gradually become the colour of the body ; after
the fourth and last moult, the colour is a dirty white or a dark
green: the white caterpillars invariably spin red silk, the green ones
white. On attaining its full size, the worm is about 33 inches long;
its colours are uniform and dull; the breathing holes denoted by a
black mark,—the moles have become the colour of the body, and
have increased to long fleshy points, without the sharp prickles the
Moonga worm has; the body has a few short hairs, hardly percep-
tible. In four days the cocoon is completed. The hill tribes settled
in the plains are very fond of eating the chrysalis.

“The Arrindy, Arria, or Eria silkworm is reared over a great
part of Hindostan, but more especially in the districts of Dinajpur
and Ranjpur, in houses, in a domesticated state, and feeds chiefly on
the leaves of Ricinus communis. The silk of this species has hitherto
never been wound off, but people spun it like cotton. It is so pro-
ductive as to give sometimes twelve broods of spun silk in the year.
The worm grows rapidly, and offers no difficulty whatever for an
extensive speculation.”’ (Dr. Helfer, J. A.S. Beng. 1837, p. 45.)

In the Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of
India (vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 61) is an accouut of the successful experiment
of winding off the silk from the cocoon of the Eria worm. Some
further accounts also appear in the Transactions of the Entomolo-
gical Society of London for December 1854, and reprinted in the
above Agricult. and Horticult. Soc. Journal, vol. ix. pt. 2. p. 29.

‘One of the most active and distinguished of the members of the
Society of Acclimation, M. Guérin-Méneville, who has been especially
interested in the introduction of new silkworms, has recently succeeded

oe es so ae

269

in acclimatizing in France a new silkworm from China, where it lives
on the varnish-tree (dilanthus glandulosus). The species is the
true B. cynthia of Drury (1773), figured for the first time by Dau-
benton, jun., in his coloured plates, which were published between
1760 and 1765, and raised for some centuries in China, where its
silk clothes the people. Roxburgh, in 1804, supposed the Hria
which is raised in British India to be the same; and this confusion
has continued till recently : so that the Hrza (or ‘ Arrindy-arria,’ as
it is called in Hindostan) has gone by the name of Saturnia cynthia.
The Lria is a different species, living on the Ricinus.

«The study of the species by Guérin-Méneville has brought to
light differences between the two in the cocoons and the habits of
the worms. ‘The cocoons carded give an excellent flock of silk,
which is used in China and Bengal for very firm tissues. The colour
of the silk isa fine flax-grey ; and clothes made of it are not injured
by the rain, or oil, and wear long.’’—(From ‘ Silliman’s Journal,’
Noy. 1858 ; vide Ann. N. H. Jan. 1859.)

5. ATTACUS GUERINI, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXV. fig. 3.)

dttacus guerini, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 409
(1858). on

May be distinguished from 4. cynthia and -d. ricini by its smaller
size and darker colour, the fore-wings having the two transverse
white lines jomed together about the middle, the junction forming
a somewhat rounded spot ; and by its being without the lunate
vitreous streak, which is replaced by a small yellowish spot, which
spot, in some specimens, is nearly obsolete. Hind-wing with a small
rounded, yellowish, slightly vitreous spot.

Expanse from 33 to 33 inches.

Hab. Bengal. In Museum, India House.

The following remarks by M. Guérin-Méneville appeared in the
Annals of Nat. Hist. June 1859, entitled “ Fertile Hybrids of two
species of Saturnia” :—

«‘ Last year I succeeded in getting some females of Bombyx cyn-
thia fecundated by males of Bombyx arrindia*, and vice versd; and
the eggs laid by them produced caterpillars. These caterpillars,
reared last autumn, have shown nearly all the characters of B.
cynthia, which is the wider and more vigorous of the two species.
Their cocoons, although resembling a little those of B. arrindia by
their deeper colour, conducted themselves in the same manner as
those of B. cynthia ; that is to say, being kept in a similar tempera-
ture, the moths did not come out in the winter, as those of B. arrin-
dia constantly do. However, the influence of this latter species
has been felt from this first generation; for, having placed some
hybrid cocoons in the reptile-room of the Museum, where the tem-
perature is never below 13° Centigrade, the moths came out at the
end of March, whilst those of B. cynthia proper, which I had placed
by their side for comparison, have not stirred yet. The moths pro-

* T am in doubt as to what species is here indicated.

270

duced by this hybridation show on the whole, as their caterpillars
have done, more of the character of B. cynthia than of B. arrindia.
They are larger; their abdomen is brown, with white tufts,—not
white, as in B. arrindia ; the band across their wings is edged with
rosy atoms instead of whitish-grey, as in B. arrindia: however, they
resemble this species inasmuch as their wings are of a browner and
deeper colour than those of B. cynthia. The species which pre-
dominates physically is B. cynthia; but morally, so to speak, the
influence of the other species has been more strongly felt; for the
hybrids of the two categories give caterpillars which, although re-
sembling those of B. cynthia, are less wild, or more domestic, which
assimilates them to the caterpillars of B. arrindia. These hybrids
take from B. arrindia the faculty of leaving their cocoons earlier,
without, however, continually coming out during winter; and it is
worthy of note that hybrids obtained from the female B. cynthia and
male B. arrindia have come out a few days earlier than the opposite
hybrids.

“TI may add that the hybrids are polyphagous, as nearly all the
Bombyces are ; for they may be fed with teazel-leaves, as wellas the
ordinary silkworms, which have been fed at all times with lettuce,
Scorzonera, goat’s-beard, bind-weed, elm, rose-tree, and privet-leaves,
&c.”’—(Comptes Rendus, April 11, 1859 ; Reprinted in ‘ Annals of
Nat. Hist.’ June 1859.)

In conclusion, I beg to add a few references where additional re-
marks on silk-producing moths, more interesting to the general reader,
will be found, viz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1837, pp. 21, 38; Trans.
Linn. Soe. London, vol. vii. p. 33 ; Journal of the Agri-Horticultural
Society of India, vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 88; vol. ix. pt. 3. pp. 259, 391;
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 68; Proc. Entom. Soc. Lond. for Dec.
1854; Journal of the Society of Arts for Feb. 6th, 1857 ; the trans- ,
lation from the Chinese of the works of Tseu-kwang-k’he, Shanghae,
1849; and the Report on the Raw Products of Southern India in
Madras Exhibition, 1858; Dr. Balfour’s Cyclopeedia of India; No-
land’s History of the British Empire in India, pp: 211, 403.

13. A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE GENUS TEREBRA, AND A DrE-
SCRIPTION OF New Species. By Mons. DresHayes.

Mr. Hinds, in 1844, published in the ‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum ’
a very complete Monograph of the genus Terebra. When, ten years
afterwards, we studied this beautiful group of Molluscs in the magnifi-
cent collection of Mr. Cuming, we did not suppose that the number
of species would be considerably augmented; but the actual fact
disabused us of this notion, for it was not without surprise we saw
the number of species had nearly doubled itself.

Mr. Cuming proposed to put at our disposal all these valuable
materials, if we would undertake to publish them ; and we recognized

271

in this generous offer that exalted love of science which has always
guided him. For we must say that Mr. Cuming is not only the zealous
collector who has had the merit of bringing together the most ex-
tensive collection of recent shells in existence, but that, whilst adhering
faithfully to the rule he has imposed upon himself, to write nothing
himself on Conchology, he has exercised notwithstanding for the last
five and thirty years the most favourable influence upon that science.

Whilst on his long and arduous travels, Mr. Cuming has often
gathered precious observations on the habits of the Molluscous ani-
mals, their localities, the various depths of the sea they live in, and
the nature of the bottoms they prefer. These observations, commu-
nicated without reserve to authors, have become part and parcel of
science, and have shown to other investigators that such an example
should be followed, in order to obtain in time competent notions of
the geographical distribution of molluscous animals.

This knowledge, in its infancy and still imperfect, will become of the
last importance to Geology and Paleontology, when the distribution
of beings existing during past geological periods comes to be com- -
pared with that of those we now witness ; for already the first attempt
of Forbes shows the interest attached to these questions, to illustrate
which the observations of Mr. Cuming have been of such great
value.

‘Adanson, in 1757, in his ‘Voyage to Senegal,’ instituted the
genus Terebra, to include those species which Linnzeus afterwards
included in his genus Buccinum. It is true that Adanson’s genus
brought together two very distinct forms of mollusks; one group
belonging to true Buccinum, and to be comprehended within that
genus ; whilst the other contains species which have been considered
by Brugiére and Lamarck as typical of the genus Terebra, and this
genus, so reconstituted, has been recognized by all naturalists.

Notwithstanding this unanimity with respect to the genus, an
attempt has been made by Schumacher and supported by Blainville,
to make an alteration in its constitution. Schumacher, in fact, pro-
poses to give the name Tereéra to the bucciniform species, and to call
the others by a new generic name re-formed by Brugic¢re and Lamarck.
This change might have been brought about if, during the time of
Adanson, the genus Buccinum had not been established by Linnzeus,
since which period it has only been necessary to embrace under it
the two species erroneously referred to Bueermwmn-by Adanson, and
in this way the genus becomes naturally constituted.

The nomenclature of Brugicre and Lamarck ought therefore to be
retained. The inutility of the genus Subula of Schumacher is in
this manner demonstrated.

Heeding but little the nomenclature established before his time,
Humphrey, a man remarkable for the sagacity he has shown in an
Essay on the classification of shells, called(Zerebrax. Turritella,’,and
proposed the name of Acus for the true Terebra of Adanson ‘ind
Brugiére.

No one had dreamt of this genus till the Messrs. Adams recently
attempted to establish it in their work intituled ‘The Genera of

272

Recent Mollusca.’ These naturalists support their views by a fact
mentioned first by Blainville, and confirmed by Souleyet, that the
animal of T. maculata has the tentacles very thin and short, carrying
the eyes at their summits. Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard on the con-
trary prove that in 7. dimidiata, referred notwithstanding to the
genus Acus of Humphrey by the Messrs. Adams, the eyes are placed
at the middle of the tentacles.

These are the very words of these naturalists (‘Zoology of the Voyage
of the Astrolabe,’ vol. it. p. 462):—“ The animal has a tolerably large
head; the distant tentacles are excessively thin and short, and one
can hardly perceive the eyes about the middle of their length.”

On the subject of the Terebra, the same naturalists add some
interesting details. ‘This species (Terebra subulata) is figured,”
they say, “at page 465, to show that the animal does not differ from
the preceding (7. dimidiata) ; its head is prolonged into the form of
a little muzzle, which disappears when the siphon expands and is
put out ; the tentacles are bigger and less distinct. We believe that
in that one which we saw the eyes were placed altogether at their
extremities ; this arose probably from the contraction of the points
which surmount them.”

Hence, according to the facts established by Blainville, Souleyet,
and Quoy and Gaimard, there would be in the group of Acus, as re-
employed by the Messrs. Adams, some species having the eyes at the
tip of the tentacles, and others bearing them at the middle of those
organs. It also follows that in the Terebra proper of the Messrs.
Adams, to which T. subulata belongs, the eyes appeared situated at
the extremity of the tentacles, if we admit the doubt expressed by
M. Quoy on the subject of the contraction of the upper ends of the
tentacles. ,

What has just been said will tend to weaken much this division
into two genera of the species belonging to the old genus Terebra of
Lamarck. Before we admit the genus deus, we think it more pru-
dent and wise to await the result of further observations. This
seems the more necessary, as in the shells we do not notice any con-
stant character by the help of which we could distimctly and easily
separate the genera. There are found a great number of links
between the different forms of the aperture of the columella, of the
notch, and of the short terminal canal. The external form and the
diversity of ornamentation, are repeated from one group to the other.
Also, in examining the characters given by the Messrs. Adams, we
find that the most important, and that to which these authors attri-
bute the most value, is borrowed from the animal; that is to say,
the position of the eyes on the tentacles.

It might, perhaps, be interesting to put forth the various opinions
of naturalists upon the relative position to be assigned to the genus
which occupies us at present, in a natural arrangement of molluscous
animals; but, to show with certainty the opinions successively ad-
vanced, it would be necessary to enumerate in detail all the facts
already known respecting the organization of the animal, to deduce
from these facts the whole of the differences and resemblances with

273

other known genera, and so by these means to ascertain which is the
best of these classifications.

Had it been our task to publish a complete monograph of the
genus, we should have prosecuted all the researches necessary for
thoroughly illustrating this subject ; but, as we are confined to a gene-
ral review for the sake of placing in the genus a description of a great
number of new species, we feel bound to abstain from all which does
not immediately concern the task we have undertaken, as the reader
may supply what is wanting by consulting the works of the naturalists
quoted above.

When we enumerate the species of Terebra, published by natural-
ists of the last century, we are astonished at the small number.

In the 12th edition of the ‘Systema Naturee,’ Linnzeus had put
together only ten in the 7th section of his genus Buccinum, which
includes only Terebra. .

Martini and Chemnitz in their great work added a few species.
Schroeter, having observed in the old plates a considerable number of
figures that had been overlooked, separated them carefully from each
other, and placed them in the genus after the Linnzean species, but
only distinguished them by numbers, so preparing the way for Gmelin,
who unscrupulously and without quoting him, contented himself
with putting a specific name to each of Schreeter’s numbers, and bor-
rowing his synonyms, good and bad. 7

A deep study of the two works enabled me some years ago to dis-
cover the unscrupulous plagiarism of Gmelin.

In the work of Gmelin, the 13th edition of the ‘Systema Naturee,’
the number of species was considerably increased, for we find as
many as forty-three. But this number would be greatly diminished
if we submitted all the species to a strict examination, and we shall
find that, besides a number of species absolutely unascertainable, we
have turreted shells of Melampus, Melania, Fusus or Pleurotoma,
Ireton, Buccinum, Cerithium, Pyrula, Achatina, Pyramidella, and
Turritella.

If from this miserable list we suppress duplicates, we shall find
the number of true Terebre (whose synonymy Gmelin had talent
enough to make most incorrect) will exceed but little that of the
12th edition of the ‘ Systema Nature.’

Lamarck has doubled the number of the species of Linnzeus in his
‘ Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres ;’? but at the end of
the genus he places two which do not possess the generic characters,
and should be taken from the Tereére@ and put with Buccinum, where
we have already placed them.

Our travelling naturalists, from the great scientific expeditions they
have undertaken, have been enabled to enrich the public collections
with a great number of new species. Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard con-
tributed a few of them collected during the voyage of the ‘Astrolabe.’
M. Kiener added some others in his ‘Species générales et Icono-
graphie des Coquilles vivantes,’ and carried up to thirty-five only
the number figured and described. Shortly afterwards Dr. Gray
described summarily in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society

No. 401.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

274

of London,’ in 1834, twenty new species, among which some remained
doubtful ; and lastly Mr. Hinds, in 1843, in the work we have pre-
viously cited, after having described fifty new species, coming almost
all from the Cumingian Collection, gave a prodromus of a complete
monograph of the genus, and raised the number of the species known
to one hundred and eight. This Monograph, accompanied by very
good figures, was published by the author the followmg year im the
‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum’ of Mr. Sowerby. This very considerable
number was still farther augmented by Messrs. Adams and Reeve,
who described ten species.

Since the publication of these two works, Mr. Cuming has con-
tinually added to his collection all the new species he could obtain
possession of. We remark amongst his recent acquisitions some
objects most worthy of attention, on account of their elegant orna-
mentation and colours, as also the novelty of their forms. To these
precious materials put at our disposal, we have joined those we had
collected ourselves, and M. Edouard Verreaux has permitted us to
add some other species in order to render our task more complete.

Thanks to so favourable a combination, we are able now to add
seventy-five species to those already known, which has raised the
number to nearly two hundred, if we exclude duplicates and doubt-
ful species; for, had we enumerated indiscriminately all the names
given, they would have amounted to more than two hundred.

We are happy to do justice to the sagacity displayed by the
Messrs. Adams in bringing together and grouping the species of the
genus Terebra according to their natural affinities. Before we had
consulted their work we had arrived at nearly similar conclusions.
It is useful and even necessary to multiply, as much as the characters
permit, the subdivisions, when so great a number of species have to
be arranged. By means of this artifice it becomes more easy to
naturalists to determine the characters of the species they possess,
—an ungrateful and repulsive task, when they are obliged in every
case to wade through nearly two hundred descriptions.

If we had had at our disposal all the species known we should
have essayed to divide them by means of the dichotomic method so
admirably made use of by Lamarck in the study of plants, for fizures
can never supply the place of natural objects. Those published by
Mr. Sowerby in the ‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum’ to accompany Mr.
Hind’s Monograph, have the inconvenience of showing the large
species reduced in size and making the smaller of their natural size,
whilst, to show their characters well, they should have been consider-
ably enlarged.

In the general catalogue of the species of the genus we shall not
repeat the observations already published by us in the 2nd edition of
the work of Lamarck, the ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertébres,’ vol. x. p. 236 and following. We applied ourselves in
that work to rectify and complete the synonymy of the known species.
An attentive comparison of our synonymy with that of Linneus,
Gmelin, and others, will show that we have not spared pains to obtain
more favourable results than our predecessors. We shall not therefore

279

have to repeat here the same labour, but merely to refer to the syn-
onymy only where it is absolutely necessary to guide the reader in his
search after species.

Thirty-seven new species have been described and figured in the
‘ Zeitschrift fir Malacologie’ for 1846; they were named and placed
where they should stand in the completed series. Other species equally
new will be described according to natural characters which link
them with their congeners: thus will be found completed the series
of species that can be at this day admitted into the genus.

Besides the admissible species, there will remain sixty or more
names introduced from different motives into the genus, and which
we ought to reject. Of these we shall make an alphabetical list, and
introduce a few brief observations to show why we have rejected them.
Some are names repeated, others are uncertain species insufficiently
described or badly figured, and the rest have been given to species
not belonging to the genus.

The Terebre have the closest relation to Buccinum, as Concho-
logists well know, and it fell to Lamarck to introduce two species of
true Buccinum amongst the Terebre. And the reverse has also
taken place, for some true Terebre have been ranged with Buecinum.
These facts show how nearly these two genera are related; and so
it seems natural to place first the species most nearly allied to
Buccinum, and lastly those which are farthest removed from them.

Genus TEREBRA.
PREMIERE Division (Acus, Humphrey).
A. Coquille buccinoide (Sous-genre Zuryta, A. Adams).

1. TeREBRA AciIcuLATA, Lamk.

Buccinum aciculatum, Lamk. An. s. vert. 2° ed. t. 10. p. 175.
no. 41.

Terebra aciculata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 183, pl. 45. f. 104.

Hab. Acapulco ; Xipixapi.

2. TEREBRA COSENTINI, Phil.

Terebra cosentini, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil. t. 1. p. 227. pl. 11. |
f. 29; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 184. pl. 45. f. 107.
Hab. Tarento (Philippi).

Aprés avoir donné ce nom a cette espéce dans le premier volume
de ses Mollusques de Sicile, M. Philippi la réunit 4 la 7. aciculata
dans le second volume du méme ouvrage. Nous aurions suivi cet ex-
emple si déja plusieurs fois on ne nous avait mentionné cette forme
dans le Méditerranée. Avant de supprimer l’espéce il est convenable
d’attendre de nouvelles observations.

276

3. TEREBRA NODOSOPLICATA, Dunker.
Terebra nodosoplicata, Dunker, Zeits. fir Malac. 1853, p. 110.

no. 37.

Hab. Q

4, TEREBRA FULGURATA, Phil.

Terebra fulgurata, Phil. Zeits. fiir Malac. 1846, p. 53. 1847,

p- 181, no. 14.
Terebra arguta, Gould, Mex. et Calif. Shells, p. 7. pl. 14. f. 19.
Hab. California; Mazatlan ; Guatemala.
5. TEREBRA TIARELLA, Desh. /*% 7 Jde Conchy 614!

T. testa elongata, turrita, angusta, acuminata, fulva, anfrac-
tibus latis, primis longitudinaliter tenue plicatis, alteris ad
suturam nodoso-crenatis, transversim obsolete rare striatis,
striis exilibus incisis ; ultimo anfractu elongato, cylindraceo ;
apertura intus fulva, elongata, angusta, canali brevi terminata;
columella recta, cylindracea, contortula, intus uniplicata.

Var. 3. Testa castaneo fuscescente, tuberculis pallidioribus.

Var. y. Testa omnino candida.

Long. 32 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. Cape Natal.

Collection Cuming.

B. Coquille alongée subulée.

6. TEREBRA CRENULATA, Lamk.

Buceinum crenulatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1205.
Var. 2. Buccinum varicosum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 165 ; Seba, Mus.

t.3. pl.56, f. 1:7.
Hab. Madagascar ; Ocean de l’Inde, &c.

6. TBREBRA FIMBRIATA, Desh. /£9/. ~ de Conch C17!

T. testa elongato-conica, basi lata, apice acuminata, castaneo-
Suscescente alboque marmorata, ad marginem superiorem lineis
brevibus, castaneis fimbriata, punctulis castaneis, biseriatim
distantibus, in ultimo anfractu triseriatim ornata ; anfractibus
latis, planis, sulco impresso divisis; primis tenue plicatis,
alteris levigatis ; margine suturali convexiusculo, obsolete
noduloso ; nodulis sepius albis; apertura elongato-angusta,
subquadrata, intus fusca, basi late emarginata ; columella alba
cylindracea.

Long. 88 mill., larg. 19.

Hab. 2

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

Chord

277

8. TEREBRA INTERLINEATA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, conica, valde acuminata, alba pallide
fravicante, maculis rufis irregularibus nubeculata et punctulis
saturatioribus biseriatim et in ultimo anfractu triseriatim dis-
positis; anfractibus octodecim planis sulco inequaliter divisis,
primis plicatis, ultimis obsolete plicatis ; margine suturali albo,
plicato, linea rufa plicis interposita ; ultimo anfractu basi con-
vexo, levigato, canali brevi profunde emarginato terminato ;
apertura elongato-subquadrata, albida ; columella albida, cy-
lindracea, uniplicata.

Long. 60 mill., larg. 13.

Hab. Les Iles Sandwich.

Collection Cuming.

Elle a des rapports avec le T. fimbriata, avec des caractéres spé-

cifiques qui lui sont propres.

9. TEREBRA PATAGONICA, d’Orb.
Terebra patagonica, d Orb. Voy. en Amér. Moll. p. 442. pl. 62.
1.

Up ga Ue
10. TEREBRA TROCHLEA, Desh. Ide Conchy

T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, apice acutissimo, fulvo-
Suscescente, albo maculata et flammulata, maculis albis multo
minoribus ; anfractibus latis, longitudinaliter plicatis, sulco
lato profundeque in duas areas bipartitis ; area angustiore,
depressa, minus elevata, nodulosa, in anfractibus ultimis no-
dulis evanescentibus ; apertura ovato-angusta, basi dilatata,
late emarginata ; columella alba, uniplicata.

Long. 69 mill., larg. 13.

fMab. Zanzibar.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

11. TEREBRA SOWERBYANA, Desh. (f°7 Jo @ Che ie

T. testa conico-elongata, albida vel pallide rufescente ; anfrac-
tibus latis, planis, sulco impresso divisis, longitudinaliter un-
dato-plicatis, plicis distantibus, angulatis, interstitis obsole-
tissime bi- vel tri-striatis ; ultimo anfractu elongato, basi de-
pressiusculo, strus transversalibus distantibus notato; aper-
tura parum obliqua, elongato-angusta, subquadrangulari, antice
canali breve terminata; columella valde contorta, profunde
biplicata.

Long. 56 mill., larg. 12.

Hab. La mer de Gambie.

Collection Cuming.

! ] Ce Ce fi eny se fs Of

12. TEREBRA REEVEI, Desh. // 7 /

T. testa elongato-subulata, omnino pallide albo-flavidula ; an-
fractibus numerosis, latis, sulco profundo angusto divisis,
suturis profundis, crenulatis, longitudinaliter tenue et regula-

278

riter plicatis ; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata, late
profundeque emarginata ; columella candida, cylindracea, unt-
plicata, angulo oblique descendente basi circumdata.

Long. 92 mill., larg. 11.

Hab. Les les Moluques.

Collection Cuming.

Belle espéce voisine de la T. duplicata, mais plus courte et plus
sombre; elle rappelle un nom cher a la science Conchyliologique.

13. TEREBRA GOULDI, Desh. /%5 7 d.de bonchq ©: cat

T'. testa elongato-subulata, crassiuscula, albo-lutescente; anfrac-
tibus planulatis, latis, transversim sulco inequaliter bipartitis ;
area suturali nodoso-plicata, nodulis albis, interstitis fuscescen-
tibus ; altera latiore tenue plicata, zonula fuscescente superne
distincta ; ‘ultimo anfractu elongato, zonulis duabus fuscis
ornato ; apertura elongato-subquadrata ; columella alba, erecta,
margine dextro parallela, cylindracea, extus angulo acuto
separata.

Long. 70 mill., larg. 18.

Hab. Les Les Sandwich.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

14. TEREBRA SENEGALENSIS, Lamk.

Terebra senegalensis, le Faval, Adanson, Voy. au Senegal, p. 54,
pl. 4. f. 5; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 160. no. 27. pl. 41. f. 11-14.
Hab. Sénégal.

15. TEREBRA CINGULA, Kien.

Terebra cingula, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 30. no. 25. pl. 9.
f. 19.
Hab. Sénégal.

16. TEREBRA FATUA, Hinds.

Terebra fatua, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 58. no. 20. pl. 42. f. 28.
Hab. St. Christophe (Indes occidentales).

17. TerEpRA Festiva, Desh. /£27 ‘ce Conch 6/74

T. testa elongato-conica, angusta, acuminata, fulva ; anfractibus
latis, suleo impresso divisis ; margine suturali lato, plicis no-
dulosis, crassiusculis, albicantibus notato, interstitits castaneis ;
altera parte anfractuum tenue et regulariter plicata, inter-
stitus stmplicibus, obsolete maculis pallide castaneis, biseriatim,
in ultimo anfractu triseriatim picta ; ultimo anfractu elongato;
apertura oblonga, angusta, late emarginata.

Long. 39 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. Sénégal.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

279

18. 'TEREBRA SPECIOSA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, apice acuminato, flava, in margine an-
Sractuum castaneo regulariter maculata ; longitudinaliter tenue
plicata, anfractibus latis, planiusculis, sulco impresso, inequa-
liter bipartitis; margine suturali, late plicato, albescente ;
apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata, basi profunde mar-
ginata ; columella acuta, conoidea, extus angulo angusto, cir-
cumdata.

Hab. ?

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

Par sa forme et sa coloration cette coquille se rapproche de la Te-
rebra festiva: elle s’en distingue par plusieurs bons caractéres ; les
tours sont élargis, peu convexes ; le bourelet de la suture est assez
large, peu proéminent, et il présente avec le reste de la surface un
contraste assez remarquable : on y remarque en effet des plis larges,
réguliers, blanchatres, entre chacun desquels se dessine une tache
d’un beau brun. Ces plis, au lieu d’étre en méme nombre que ceux
du reste de la surface, occupent un espace beaucoup plus large, de
telle sorte que chacun d’eux regoit deux ou trois des plis qui par-
courent la surface supérieure des tours.

Long. 39 mill., larg. 7.

19. TEREBRA DILLWyNII, Desh.

T. testa elongato-conica, subulata, in medio ventricosiuscula,
pallide fulva ; anfractibus quindecim, planulatis, sulco impresso
divisis, regulariter costellatis, levigatis ; margine suturali lato,
plicis albulis maculisque castaneis interstitialibus notato ;
ultimo anfractu breviusculo, obtuso; apertura quadrata, bre-
viuscula, antice late profundeque emarginata ; columella brevi,
Susea, cylindracea, extus angulo acutissimo circumdata.

Long. 40 mill., larg. 9.

Hab. Les mers du Japon.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

20. TEREBRA RAPHANULA, Lamk.

Terebra raphanula, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 21, no.16, pl.10.
f. 20; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 159. no. 23. pl. 44. f. 94.
Hab. Amboine.

En rapprochant les figures que nous citons, on remarque entre elles
des differences assez considérables pour faire supposer qu elles appar-
tiennent 4 deux espéces distinctes.

21. TEREBRA MARMORATA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acuto, fusco alboque
alternatim et irregulariter maculata, marmorata, ad suturam
maculis intensioribus seriatim dispositis ; anfractibus primis
violaceo-lividis, ultimo ad peripheriam albo cincto; anfractibus
angustis, longitudinaliter et regulariter costatis in ultimis cos-

280

tulis evanescentibus, transversim striato-punctatis, linea punc-
tata profundiore marginatis, margine plicato ; ultimo anfractu
brevi, basi quinque-sulcato, convexo ; apertura ovato-angusta,
utringue attenuato, antice canal angusto, profundo, brevi ter-
minato.

Long. 41 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. Moreton Bay.

Collection Cuming.

22. TeEREBRA CHLORATA, Lamk.

Buecinum maculatum, var. 3, Gmel. p. 3499. no. 130.
Terebra chlorata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 24. pl. 6. f. 2.
Hab. Iles Seychelles.

23. TEREBRA EBURNEA, Hinds.

Terebra eburnea, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p.166. no. 45. pl. 45. f. 123.
Hab. Wes Seychelles.

24. TereBRA PUNCTICULATA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-conica, crassiuscula, acuminata, omnino candida,
longitudinaliter plicata, interstitis plicarum profunde puncti-
culatis ; plicis regularibus, depressis, latis, obtusis ; anfracti-
bus circiter quindecim angustis, convextusculis, linea transversalt
puncticulata subequaliter divisis ; ultimo bast convexo, tenue
sulcato; apertura minima, ovato-acuminata, basi angustata ;
columella conica, uniplicata, basi extus angulo circumdata.

Long. 25 mill., long. 6.

Hab. ?

Ma Collection.

Espéce facile 4 distinguer par les profondes fourbisations situées

entre les plis longitudineaux.

25. TEREBRA MACULATA, Lamk.

Buccinum maculatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1205.

Acus columna trajana, Humphrey, Mus. Calonn. p. 31. no. 865.

Subula maculata, Blainv. Malac. pl. 16. f. 2.

Terebra maculata, Kiener, Icon. des Cog. Viv. p.4. no. 1. pl. 1.
fale

Hab. Tes Moluques.

26. TEREBRA STRIGATA, Sow.

Terebra strigata, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 23.

Buccinum elongatum, Gray, Wood, Ind. Test. Sup. pl. 4, f. 25.
Terebra cebra, Kieuw, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 5. no. 2. pl. 3. f. 5.
Terebra flammea, Lesson, Illus. Zool. pl. 18.

Hab. Panama, Realejo.

27. TEREBRA ALBIDA, Gray.

Terebra albida, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 158. no. 21. pl. 43. f. 96.
Hab. Nouvelle Hollande.

281

28. TEREBRA MUSCARIA, Lamk.

Terebra muscaria, Lamk. Anim. s. Vert. 2 ed. t. 10. p. 241;
Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 151. no. 11. pl. 41. f. 17-20, pl. 42. f. 41.
Hab. Mles de la Société, ete.

29. TEREBRA TIGRINA, Desh.

Terebra tigrina, Desh. dans Lamk. au. s. Vert. 2 ed. t. 10. p. 253.
Buccinum tigrinum, Gmel. p. 2602.

Buccinum felinum, Dillw. Cat. t. 2. p. 644. no. 135.

Terebra muscaria, var. (3, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 3. f. 4.
Hab. Ocean indien.

30. TEREBRA DIMIDIATA, Lamk.

Buccinum dimidiatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206.

Subula dimidiata, Schumacher, Nouv. Syst. p. 233.

Terebra dimidiata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 6. no. 3. pl. 2.
fe 25

Hab. Ocean indien, Moluques, Nicobar.

ae -

31. TEREBRA SPLENDENS, Desh. /£°7 J o2@ Covch 6) 7-

T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, angusta, apice acutissimo, ni-
tente, levigata; anfractibus latis, convexiusculis, sulco im-
presso bipartita, primis tenue plicatis; area marginali paulo

depressiore, unicolore, flavido-rubente ; area altera latiore, ma-
culis flammulatis alternatim albis et flavido-rubescentibus or-
nata ; apertura obliqua, semi-ovata, angusta ; basi late emar-
ginata; columella parumper obliqua, intus plana, basi extus
angulo acuto circumdata.

Long. 79 mill., larg. 12.

Hab. Les mers de la Chine.

Ma Collection.

32. TreREBRA PURA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, candida, nitente, eburnea ;
anfractibus latis, vix convexiusculis, sulco impresso, obsoleto,
divisis, primis tenue plicatis, alteris levigatis vel substriatis,
ultimo elongato, attenuato; apertura elongato-angusta, antice
late emarginata, columella subcylindracea, extus angulo crasso,
decurrente soluta.

Long. 69 mill., larg. 11.

Hab. Zanzibar.

Collection Cuming.

roan TER ar Lb ep ng yao)
33. TEREBRA GLABRA, Desh. /f47 Sede CoOoncny, ¢:70!%

T. testa turrito-subulata, acuminata, albida, polita, nitida, em-
3 >

maculata, aliquantisper flavicante ; anfractibus numerosis, an-

gustis, planulatis, sulco impresso divisis, ultimo brevi, primis

282

tenue plicatis, alteris levigatis; margine suturali paululum
prominulo et convexo, ad suturam crenato, in sulco punctato-
crenato; apertura elongato-angusta, antice canali brevi termi-
nata, columella contortula, brevi, cylindracea.

Long. 70 mill., larg. 13.

Hab. Les mers de la Chine.

Ma Collection.

34. TerEBRA Buccinutum, Desh. /f°7 J oe Covey ©

T. testa elongato-turrita, brevicula, acuminata, albo-griseola ;
anfractibus convexiusculis, latis, integris, ad suturas tenue
longitudinaliter plicatis, transversim sub lente minutissime
striatis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, ad extremitates attenuata,
antice profunde emarginata ; columella concava, brevi, unipli-
cata, extus tristriata, bast margine angusto obtuso circumdata.

Long. 37 mill., larg. 10.

Hab. La cote orientale de l Australie.

Collection Cuming.

35. TEREBRA HASTATA, Kiener.

Buccinum hastatum, Gmel. p. 3502. no. 144.
Terebra hastata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 22. no. 17. pl. 10.

f. 23.

Terebra costata, Menke, Synops. p. 84.
Hab. ?

36. TEREBRA SOLIDA, Desh. /**

T. testa elongata, oblonga, solida, obesula, in medio ventricosa,
apice acuto, albo-eburnea ; anfractibus planis, contiguis, longi-
tudinaliter plicatis, in primis plicts profundioribus, in ultimis
obsoletis, linea pallida translucida in medio bipartitis ; ultimo
anfractu elongato, attenuato, transversim trifasciato ; aper-
tura elongato-angusta, basi late profundeque emarginata ; co-
lumella crassa, superne uniplicata.

Long. 30 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. Le Japon.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

37. TEREBRA CRASSULA, Desh.

T. testa elongata, subfusiformi, crassa, solida, alba, ad apicem
flavida, longitudinaliter plicata, plicis regularibus, obliquatis,
undulosis ; sutura regulariter crenulata ; ultimo anfractu elon-
gato, cylindraceo; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata,
basi late profundeque emarginata; columella crassa, conica,
superne uniplicata, extus sulco impresso marginata.

Long. 27 mill., larg. 7.

Hab. 2

Ma Collection.

9 Hy oe Co NC h y 6 i TG

283

38. TEREBRA OBESA, Hinds.

Terebra obesa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 182. no. 94. pl. 45. f. 106.
Hab.

54° 4 ale ~f
39. TEREBRA CIRCUMCINCTA, Desh. /*? 7. Ide Conchy. ©.

T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, solida, alba, strigis nonnul-
lis raris flavidulis irregulariter sparsa; anfractibus vix con-
veaiusculis, transversim quadrisulcatis, sulcis impressis, multi-
punctatis ; in ultimo anfractu sulcis novem ; apertura elon-
gata, angusta, subquadrata, antice anguste emarginata ; colu-
mella crassa, brevi, uniplicata.

Long. 40 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. La Mer Rouge.

Collection Cuming.

C. Coquille subulée, tours aplatis, conjoints, le plus souvent striés
sur la suture.

(a.) Ouverture étroite.

1. Stries fines sur la suture.
40. TEREBRA LANCEATA, Lamk.

Buccinum lanceatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206.

Terebra lanceata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 178. no. 82. pl. 43.
f. 52.

Hab. Taiti, Ile de France, Moluques.

41. TEREBRA PENICILLATA, Hinds.

Terebra lanceata, var., Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 10. f. 22 a.
Hab. Iles Seychelles.

42. TEREBRA VENOSA, Hinds.

Terebra Ce var., Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 10. f. 22 6.
Hab.

43. TEREBRA ALBULA, Menke.

Terebra albula, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec. p. 30. no. 163 ;
Uae Thes. Conch. p. 182. no. 93. pl. 45. f. 126.
Hab. Nouvelle Hollande.

44, TeEREBRA INCOLOR, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, subfusiformi, paulo ventricosa, crassa,
solida, candidissima ; anfractibus planulatis, primis longitudi-
naliter plicatis, alteris plicis breviusculis ornatis, in suturam
crenulatis ; apertura prelonga, ovato-attenuata ; columella

brevi, crassa, subcylindracea, late profundeque emarginata.
Long. 34 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. Mes Philippines.
Collection Cuming.

284

Par sa forme générale cette coquille se rapproche de la Terebra
hastata de Lamk. ; elle avoisine également notre Terebra crassula.
Atténude au sommet elle est légérement ventral dans le milieu; ses
tours sont trés-nettement s¢parés, ils sont aplatis ou trés-mediocrement
convexes. Sur les premiers s’étendent d’une suture 4 l’autre des
plis longitudinaux simples et droits; bientot ces plis n’atteignent
plus que la partie inférieure des tours ; le reste de la surface est lisse ;
la suture est crenelée avec beaucoup de régularité. Le dernier tour
est allongé, cylindracé ; l’ouverture, trés-longue et trés-étroite, est
largement échancrée 41a base. La columelle est plus courte que le
bord droit.

45. TEREBRA CasTA, Hinds.

Terebra casta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 163. no. 42. pl. 44. f. 84.
Hab. Philippines.

46. TEREBRA DISPAR, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, albo-flavidula, aliquantisper
griseo-fasciata, longitudinaliter tenue plicata, transversim acu-
tissime striata; anfractibus numerosis, planulatis, continuis,
plicis in medio evanescentibus ; apertura elongato-angusta ; co-
lumella brevi, acuta, late profundeque basi emarginata.

Long. 29 mill., larg. 6.

Hab. t

Ma Collection.

47. TEREBRA BIPARTITA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-acuminata, subfusiformi, crassa, solida, albo
griseoque transversim bipartita; anfractibus convexiusculis,
longitudinaliter plicatis, ad suturam crenulatis, plicis superne
evanescentibus ; ultimo anfractu elongato-attenuato, basi late
profundeque emarginato ; apertura elongato-angusta, superne
attenuata, intus flavidula.

Long. 22 mill., larg. 5.

Hab. les Sandwich.

Collection Cuming.

48. TEREBRA APICINA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-angusta, apice acutissimo, alba vel flavidula, ad
suturam fasciola fuscula, castaneo-punctata; anfractibus nume-
rosis, planis, primis violaceo-lividis, longitudinaliter. plicatis,
plicis obliquis superne evanescentibus ; ultimo anfractu apice
attenuato, canali brevissimo terminato, basi late profundeque
emarginato; apertura alba, ovato-angusta, utrinque attenuata;
labro tenui, convexo ; columella brevi, angulo acuto basi circum-
data.

Long. 22 mill., larg. 5.

Hab. Singapore.

Collection Cuming.

285

49. TrEREBRA BACILLUS, Desh.

T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, albo-cornea vel atrata, lon-
gitudinaliter tenue plicata, plicis superne evanescentibus ; an-
fractibus numerosis, angustis, planis, continuis, sutura vix di-
stinctis, ultimo brevi, attenuato ; apertura minima, superne acute
angulata, basi dilatata ; columella nigrescente, brevi, late pro-
Sundeque emarginata.

Long. 23 mill., larg. 5.

Hab. Yes Sandwich.

Collection Cuming.

50. TEREBRA DUNKERI, Desh.

Terebra eburnea, Desh. 1853 (nec Hinds, 1844), Zeits. fir Malac
1853, p. 96. no. 35.
Go =n

51. TEREBRA CUSPIDATA, Hinds.

Terebra cuspidata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 181. no. 90. pl. 45.
f. 128.
Hab. Cote d'Afrique.

52. TEREBRA LACTEA, Desh.

T. testa minima, elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acutissimo, can-
dida, ad suturam lactea, opaca, longitudinaliter tenue plicata ;
anfractibus planis, ad suturam anguste et obsolete marginatis,
margine simplict, primis nigris; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi
attenuato, levigato ; apertura minima, brevissima, ad angulum
superiorem valde angustata, paullo callosa, basi dilatata, pro-
Sunde lateque emarginata.

Long. 21 mill., larg. 4.

Hab. Tes Sandwich.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

53. TEREBRA TRAILLII.

T. testa minima, elongato-acuminata, subulata, apice acutissimo,
Sulva eleganter transversim griseo-fasciata, in ultimo anfractu
fasciis duabus ; anfractibus planis, continuis, longitudinaliter

_ tenue semiplicatis ; apertura minima, triangulari, inferne
attenuata, superne dilatata, late profundeque emarginata ;
columella conoidea, macula fusca notata, callo albo angusto
extus circumdata.

Long. 23 mill., larg. 43.

Hab. Vasigapatam, Océan Indien.

Collection Cuming.

Charmante petite coquille appartenant au méme groupe que les
semiplicata, bipartita, apicina, &e., mais trés-distincte de toutes
ses congénéres ; allongée, étroite, trés-aigiie au sommet ; ses tours
sont plans et conjoints ; ils sont ornés de nombreux plis longitudi-
naux qui naissent 4 la suture et disparaissent vers le milieu des tours.

286

La coloration est remarquable: sur un fond d’un beau jaune fauve,
tirant un peu a lorangé, se dessine au-dessus de lasuture une large
fascie blanche partagée en deux parties presque-égales par un ruban
étroit d’un gris ferrugineux sombre: une fascie de la méme couleur
occupe la base du dernier tour.

54, TeREBRA MERA, Hinds.

Terebra mera, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 184. no. 102. pl. 45. f. 108,
114.
Hab. Détroit de Malacca.

2. Plis continus dun tour aU autre.

55. TEREBRA VERREAUXI, Desh. /f° 7 Jide Eonchy. 6/98

T. testa elongato-subulata, nitidissima ; anfractibus latis, planis,
continuts, indivisis, plicis appressis, parum obliquis, eleganter
regularibus, utrinque sutura sculptis; apertura elongato-an-
gusta, utrinque attenuata; labro tenui, in medio productiore ;
columella alba, cylindracea, obsolete uniplicata, basi extus
marginata ; colore pallide flavescente, ad suturam fasciola alba,
punctis castaneo-rubris ornata; ultimo anfractu fasciola alba
altera circumdato.

Long. 38 mill., larg. 9.

An eadem ac Terebra striatula, Kiener (non Lamk.), Icon. des

Coq. Viv. pl. 9. f.18?
Hab. 2
Ma Collection, communiquée par M. Verreaux.

56. TEREBRA ARGENVILLII, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, pallide rubro-violascente, ad suturam
albo fasciata, rubro eleganter punctata ; anfractibus numerosis,
planis, longitudinaliter costulatis,ad suluram crenulatis; ultimo
anfractu elongato, fasciola pallida in medio partito; aper-
tura elongato-angusta, utrinque attenuata, castaneo-rubescente;
labro tenui, recto; columella cylindracea, extus marginata,
apice acuminata. .

Long. 35 mill., larg. 63.

Hab. ig

Ma Collection.

57, TEREBRA CONTINUA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-acuminata, nitida, albo-flavida vel carneola,
longitudinaliter regulariterque plicata ; anfractibus latis,
planis, continuis, sutura impressa viz separatis ; ultimo an-
fractu elongato, basi attenuato ; columella alba, brevi, conoidea;
apertura elongato-angusta, utraque extremitate attenuata ;
labro tenwi, recto.

Long. 31 mill., larg. 7.

Hab. 2

Collection Cuming et la mienne. _

287

58. TeREBRA ACUMEN, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, angustissima, apice acutissimo, castaneo-
cinnamomea ; anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter plicatis,
plicis appressis, simplicibus, suturis undulatis, fasciola alba,
rubro-punctata ornatis ; ultimo anfractu fasciola alba in medio
bipartito; apertura elongato-angusta, intus pallide castanea,
utrinque attenuata ; columella cylindracea, simplici, bast an-
guste profundeque emarginata.

Long. 22 mill., larg. 3.

Hab. a

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

Petite espéce remarquable avoisinant le T'erebra argenvillei ainsi
que le matheroniana, mais différente de l'une et de l’autre par la
taille, la coloration et les autres caractéres spécifiques.

59. TEREBRA CONCINNA, Desh.

Terebra concinna, Desh. dans Lamk. An. s.Vert. ed. 2. x. p. 259 ;
D’Argenville, Conch. pl. 11. f. R.

Buccinum strigilatum, var. (3. ex parte Gmel. p. 3501.

Buccinum concinnum, Dillw. Cat. t. ii. p. 647. no. 144.

Hab. 2

60. TEREBRA MATHERONIANA, Desh.

T. testa minima, elongato-angusta, acuminata, nitidissima, cas-
tanea, ad suturam fasciola angusta alba atro-punctata ornata ;
anfractibus planiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis crassis
rectis, in ultimo anfractu evanescentibus ; ultimo anfractu
elongato, ad aperturam coarctato, in medio fasciola alba bi-
partito; apertura minima, angusta, basi dilatata, intus cas-
tanea.

Long. 18 mill., larg. 3.

Hab. Taiti.

Ma Collection.

61. TEREBRA SALLZANA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, apice acuminato, fusco-
fuliginosa ; anfractibus subplanis, ad suturam semiplicatis,
plicis albicantibus, interstitis fusco-castaneis exilissimis, sub
lente transversim striato-punctatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, ad
peripheriam fasciola albicante cincto; apertura brevi, subtri-
gona, castanea ; columella cylindracea, extus alba, basi late pro-
fundeque emarginata.

Long. 24 mill., larg. 5.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé).

Collection Cuming.

62. TEREBRA CALIGINOSA, Desh.
T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, castaneo-grisea, livida, lon-

288

gitudinaliter regulariterque acute costata ; anfractibus planis,
conjunctis, linea impressa via perspicua, inequaliter divisis,
interstitiis costularum obsoletissime transversim striatis ; ultimo
anfractu. elongato ; apertura minima, ovato-attenuata, fusca,
canali brevi latoque terminata; columella cylindracea, extus
angulo acuto marginata.

Long. 30 mill., larg. 6.

Hab. Wes Philippines.

Collection Cuming.

63. TEREBRA NITIDA, Hinds.

Terebra nitida, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 164. no. 40. pl. 45. f. 103.
Hab. Iles Marquises.

64. TeEREBRA MODESTA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, nitida, micante griseo-fuscescente, pal-
lide unifasciata, longitudinaliter plicata, transversim obsolete
striata ; anfractibus planis, sutura crenulata junctis ; apertura
minima, intus castanea, ovato-angusta, utraque extremitate
attenuata, zonula alba intus bipartita ; columella acuta, fusco
maculata, superne obliquissime uniplicata.

Long. 22 mill., larg. 4.

Hab. L’embouchure de } Indus.

Collection Cuming.

Malgré son analogie avec le matheroniana, le caliginosa et quelques
autres espéces du méme groupe celle-ci se distingue facilement, non-
seulement par sa coloration, mais encore par les cotes nombreuses,
droites et réguliéres, que portent les tours. Ses cdtes sont peu pro-
éminentes, parfaitement réguliéres ; elles disparaissent a la circon-
férence du dernier tour; la coloration est d’un gris brunatre, uni-
forme, si ce n’est a la suture, ou elle devient plus blanchatre.

65. TEREBRA LEPIDA, Hinds.

Terebra lepida, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 182. no. 92. pl. 45. f. 102.
Hab. Guinée.

66. TEREBRA BOURGUIGNATI, Desh.

T. testa minima, elongato-turrita, angusta, atro-fuscescente, ad .
suturam zonula alba cincta, longitudinaliter costata, costis
rectis, angulatis, simplicibus ; anfractibus convexiusculis, linea
punctata via impressa marginatis, ultimo brevi, attenuato, canal
brevi, angusto terminato ; apertura minima, ovata, profunde
fusca; columella brevi, cylindracea, biplicata, extus angulo
marginata.

Long. 19 mill., larg. 4.

Hab. Les mers de la Chine.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

289

67. TEREBRA CRossiI, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acuminata, longitudina-
liter plicata, nitida, cerulescente, zona alba maculis rubro-fuscis
interrupta ad basin anfractuum ornata, venulis ramosis sangui-
neis in parte superiore anfractuum dispersis ; anfractibus pla-
nulatis, linea vix impressa subequaliter divisis, ultimo brevi,
attenuato ; columella alba, extus basi angulo acuto circumdata.

Long. 23 mill., larg. 5.

Hab. L’océan de V Inde.

Collection de M. Crosse.

Espéce remarquable par sa coloration d’un bleu peu fonce, inter-
rompu & la base des tours par une large zone blanche interrompue
par des taches d’un beau brun rougedatre ; de ces taches partent des
lignes rameuses qui occupent tout la largeur des tours; ces linéoles
sont d’un brun rouge foneé et ressemblent 4 de petites veines san-
guinolentes. La surface est brillante, couverte de gros plis ; une strie
transverse A peine apparente divise les tours en deux parties presque
égales.

68. TEREBRA PHILIPPIANA, Desh.

T. testa minima, elongato-turrita, angusta, acuminata, zonula
fusco-rubescente et zonula alba equaliter bipartita; anfrac-
tibus viz convexis, longitudinaliter tenue plicatis, interstitis
levigatis ; ultimo anfractu basi levigato et candido, attenuato ;
apertura minima, candida, ovato-attenuata, profunde lateque
emarginata ; columella conica, simplici, alba.

Long. 8 mill., larg. 23.

Hab. Iles Marquises ?

Collection Cuming.

Elle est l’une des plus petites espéces du genre; elle se distingue
facilement par sa coloration, qui consiste en deux zones d’égale largeur,
Yune blanche A la base des tours, l’autre brune qui montent en spi-
rale de la base au sommet.

69. TEREBRA PYGMA, Hinds.
Terebra pygmea, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 184. no. 103, pl. 45.
112

Hab. Chine ; détroit de Malacca.

70. TEREBRA TENERA, Hinds.

Terebra tenera, Winds, Thes. Conch. p.184. no. 104, pl. 45. f. 111.
Hab. Chine ; détroit de Malacca.

(b.) Ouverture dilatée a la base.

1. Tours lisses ou finement striés.
71. TEREBRA NiIMBOSA, Hinds.

Terebra nimbosa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 159. no. 26, pl. 42. f. 21.
Hab. Nouvelle Hollande.

No. 402.—ProcrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

290

72. TEREBRA CHRULESCENS, Lamk.

Buccinum niveum, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 154 (nee niveum, p. 3495).

Buccinum edentulum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 162?

Buccinum bifasciatum, Dillw. Cat. t. 1. p. 651. no. 155; Kiener,
Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 17. no. 17, pl. 6 et 7. f. 12.

Hab. Nouvelle Hollande; Iles de la Société, &e.

73, TEREBRA JAMAICENSIS, C. B. Adams.

Terebra jamaicensis, Lister, Conch. pl. 979. f. 37; C. B. Aaaee
Contr. to Conch. 1850, no. 4. p. 58.
Buccinum strigatum, var. y, Gmel. p. 3501.

T. testa elongato-acuta, griseo-fuscescente vel nigrescente ; an-
fractibus latis, contiguis, sutura lineari junctis, fasciola albi-

~ dula aliquantisper irregulariter punctata ad suturam notatis,
tenue plicatis, plicis in medio anfractuum evanescentibus, un-
dique sub lente minutissime punctulatis ; apertura angusta,
superne alternata, basi dilatata, late emarginata; columella
obliqua, atro-fuscescente, callo albo-flavescente, angulo acuto
extus separata. Colore variabilt,

Long. 60 mill., larg. 13.

Hab. La Jamaique ; toutes les Antilles.

74, TeEREBRA STYLATA, Hinds.
Terebra stylata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 161. no. 30, pl. 44. f. 79.
Hab. Philippines; Japon.

75. TEREBRA LucTUuoSA, Hinds.

Terebra luctuosa, Hinds,Thes. Conch. p. 181. no. 89, pl.45. f.121.
Hab. Golfe de Nicoya ; Porto Portrero ; céte ouest de P Amérique.

76. TEREBRA LAURINA, Hinds.

Terebralaurina, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 161. no. 29, pl. 42. f. 27.

Hab. Cote occidentale de l Afrique.

Si les échantillons que nous a communiqués M. Cuming, des trois
especes précédentes (stylata, luctuosa, laurina) sont bien identiques
a ceux décrits par M. Hinds, il en résulterait quils en different en
rien d’essentiel du 7. jamaicensis et devront lui étre réunis; mais
avant de prendre une décision définitive 4 ce sujet il serait néces-
saire d’examiner de nouveau les types eux-mémes figurés et deécrits
par Hinds.

77. TEREBRA CASTANEA, Kiener.

Terebra castanea, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 19. no. 14, pl. Vee
fealAle

Hab. Ve de France ; Océan Indien.

Cette espéce comme les précédentes a les plus grands rapports avec
le pamaicensis.

291

78. TEREBRA MICANS, Hinds.
Terebra micans, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 181. no. 91, plestontl2o,
Hab. 2

79. TEREBRA ADANSONI, Desh.

T’. testa elongato-acuminata, nitida, albo-luteola, aliquantisper
griseo vel fusco fasciata ; anfractibus latis, contiguis, sutura
lineart vix separatis, tenuiter longitudinaliter semistriatis ; ul-
timo anfractu magno, subventricoso ; apertura elongato-acuta,
superne attenuata, busi dilatata, profunde lateque emarginata ;
columeila brevi, conoidea, apice acuminata, extus callo albo
induta.

Long. 39 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. Sénégal.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

80. TEREBRA INCONSTANS, Hinds.

Terebra inconstans, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 179. no. 85, pl. 44.
f. 83.

Hab. Wes Sandwich.

2. Plis continus dun tour & Ul autre.

81. TEREBRA ANOMALA.

Terebra anomala, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 62; Hinds.Thes.
Conch. p. 180. no. 86, pl. 44. f. 97.

Hab. Singapore.

82. TEREBRA STRIGILATA, Lamk.

Buccinum strigilatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206; Hinds,
Thes. Conch. p. 180. no. 88, pl. 45. f. 101, 102.

Hab. Nouvelle Guinge; Macassar ; Philippines.

83. TEREBRA CINEREA, Born.

Buccinum cinereum, Born, Mus. p. 267, pl. 10. f. 11, 12.
Hab. Philippines.

En comparant au cinerea de Born la coquille figurée sous le méme
nom par M. Hinds nous remarquons des différences qui nous font
- goupconner une erreur dans la détermination spécifique de ce dernier
naturaliste.

Le T. cinerea de Basterot (Foss. de Bord. p. 52, pl. 3. f. 14) est
une espéce trés-distincte de celle-ci.

84. TEREBRA NANA, Desh.

T. testa minima, elongato-acuminata, subfusiform, pallide flava,
bifariam maculis pallidis fulvis ornata ; anfractibus angustis,
view convextusculis, primis costatis, ultimis simplicibus ; aper-

292

tura minima, basi dilatata ; columella brevi, conica, extus an-
gulo acuto angustissimo marginata.

Long. 10 mill., larg. 23.

Hab. L’embouchure de !’ Indus.

Collection Cuming.

D. Coquille ayant Vouverture oblongue, étroite, les tours nombreux,
sillonnés, plissés ou treillissés (Myurella, Hinds).

a. Un sillon transverse partageant presque également la surface
des tours.

85. TEREBRA DUPLICATA, Lamk.

Buccinum duplicatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206; Kiener,
Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 32. no. 27, pl. 12. f. 26.
Hab. Madagascar ; Océan Indien, &e.

Nous avons séparé comme espéce distincte (7. kieneri) la variété
junior de M. Kiener.

86. TEREBRA LAMARCKII, Kiener.

Terebra Lamarckii, Kiener, Icon. des Cog. Viv. p. 30. no. 25,
pl. 9. f. 19.

Terebra duplicata, var., Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 155, pl. 41. f. 2.

Hab. Moluques.

M. Hinds n’a point accepté cette espéce ; elle nous parait distincte
aprés examen d’un grand nombre d’individus.

87. TEREBRA DUSSUMIERI, Kiener.

Terebra dussumieri, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 31. no. 26,
pl. 8. f. 16.
Hab. Chine.

88. TEREBRA EVOLUTA, Desh. ys

T. testa elongato-turrita, apice acuto, fusco-fuliginosa ; anfracti-
bus latis, rapide evolutis, ad suturam marginatis, depresso-ca-
naliculatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis albicantibus, inter-
stitiis levigatis ; margine suturali depresso, crenulato; ultimo
anfractu elongato, basi convexiusculo ; apertura ovato-oblonga,
Susca, antice profunde lateque emarginata ; columella obliqua.

Long. 50 mill., larg. 11.

Hab. Japon.

Collection Cuming.

Belle et remarquable espéce voisin du Dussumieri, mais bien
distincte par le canal profond qui sépare le bourrelet de la suture.
Sur un fond d’un brun enfoncé se détachent des cdtes droites et
blanchatres.

91. TEREBRA JuUKESI, Desh. /977:- J ve Conpechy 6, 7%

93. TEREBRA PLICATELLA, Desh. /*°7

293

89. TEREBRA ARMILLATA, Hinds.

Terebra armillata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 173. no. 66, pl. 43.
49.

Hab. Panama; Californie ; baie de la Madeleine.

90. TEREBRA BERNARDII, Desh.
T. testa elongato-subulata, acuminata, grisea, albo superne uni-

Sasciata, in ultimo anfractu fasciola alba, mediana ; anfracti-
bus latis, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis con-
vexis, regularibus, transversim sulco inequaliter bipartitis,
ultimo anfractu ad basin attenuato ; apertura intus castanea,
labro intus fasciola alba diviso ; columella labro breviore, fla-
vicante, angusta, extus basi angulo carinato circumscripta.

Long. 58 mill., larg. 14.
Hab. Les cotes orientales de I’ Australie.
Ma Collection, communiquée par M. Bernardi.

T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, omnino griseo-plumbea, ultimo

anfractu fasciola alba in medio cincto; anfractibus latiusculis,
sulco profundo bipartitis, longitudinaliter tenue et regularite:
plicatis ; margine suturali angusto, convexo, plicis apice albis
notato ; apertura minima, angusta, obliqua, intus castanea,
basi late emarginata; columella cylindraceo-conica, extus an-
gulo acuto circumdata.

Long. 33 mill., larg. 8.
Hab. Le Port Essington.
Collection Cuming.

92. TEREBRA ADDITA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, subfusiformi, apice acuminata, griseo-

fSuscescente, transversim albo-fasciata ; anfractibus latis, lon-
gitudinaliter plicato-costulatis, linea impressa inequaliter
transversim partitis, ad suturam subcrenulatis, ultimo anfractu
cylindraceo, antice attenuato, costulis ad basin evanescentibus ;
apertura elongato-subquadrata, intus castanea; labro fasciolato,
albo bipartito; columella elongato-cylindracea, extus angulo
acuto marginata, bast profunde emarginata.

Long. 33 mill., larg. 7.
Hab. La Terre de Van Diemen.
Collection Cuming.

T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, acuta, omnino pallide grisec-

fravidula; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, longitrorsum regu-
lariter costulato-plicatis, punctatis, interstitialibus unica serie
notatis, ultimo anfractu brevi coarctato, basi levigato; aper-
tura parvula, intus flavida, utraque extremitate attenuata, un-

{ “a } ie ee
Sek Cone Mh uf 6, 7

294

tice canali brevi et angusto terminata, margine sinistro proemt-
nente.
Long. 37 mill., larg. 6.
Hab. “a Terre de Van Diemen.
Collection Cuming.

94. TEREBRA LONGISCATA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, livide fusco-grisea, longitu-
dinaliter costulata, transversim obsolete striata; anfractibus
numerosis, sulco impresso subequaliter divisis, planis, subcon-
tinuis, ultimo brevi, apice attenuato; apertura intus castanea,
minima, ovato-angusta, utraque extrenitate attenuata.

Long. 29 mill., larg. 9.

Hab. Les Iles Philippines.

Collection Cuming.

95. TEREBRA SPECTABILIS, Hinds.

Terebra spectabilis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 157. no. 17, pl. 44.
_f. 88, 89.
Hab. Guinée ; Sumatra.

96. TEREBRA usTULATA, Desh. /%*%7: Jde Gopchy ©:97

T. testa elongato-conica, apice acuminata, basi lata, breviuscula,
castanea, ultimo anfractu superne castaneo nitentiore picto ;
anfractibus numerosis, angustis, subaqualiter sulco bipartitis ;
area inferiore paulo angustiore, multo depressiore, altera lon-
gitudinaliter plicata; plicis regularibus crassiusculis ; inter-
stitiis simplicibus, in margine suturali minus proeminentibus ;
apertura brevi, angusta, fusca, canali brevissimo terminata.

Var. 8. Testa albido-fuscescente, ultimo anfractu basi fusco.

Long. 35 mill., larg. 10.

Hab. La Terre de Van Diemen.

Collection Cuming.

97. TEREBRA KIENERI, Desh.

Terebra duplicata, var. junior, Kien. Spec. Gen. pl. 12. f. 26 A.

T. testa elongato-turrita, pallide castanea, tenuissime longitudi-
naliter plicata ; anfractibus latis, convexiusculis, sulco impresso
inequaliter bipartitis ; margine suturali depressiusculo, ultimo
anfractu brevi, basi obtuso ; apertura minima, ovata, basi an-
guste emarginata.

Long. 22 mill., larg. 6.

Hab. La Terre de Van Diemen.

Collection Cuming et celle du Mus. de Paris.

b. Bourrelet de la suture €troit.

98. TEREBRA GEMMULATA, Kiener.
Terebra gemmulata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 15. no. 11,
Plo taalle

Hab. ?

295

99. TeREBRA DIsLocaTA, De Kay.

Terebra dislocata, De Kay, Zool. of New York, pt. 5. p. 152,
ple fat. 58:

Cerithium dislocatum, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat.Sc. Philad. t. ii. p. 235,

Terebra petiti, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 37, pl. 13. f. 32.

Hab. Maryland.

Le Terebra petiti n’appartient pas au rudis de Gray, ainsi que
Daffirme M. Hinds, mais bien. au, dislocata de Say, ainsi que nous
avons pu nous en assurer autrefois dans la collection de M. Petit.
La description et la figure de M. Kiener, et la localité qu'il indique ne
laissent aucun doute ace sujet. M. Hinds n’a point connu l’espgce.

100. TEREBRA suBNoDosA, Carpenter.

Terebra subnodosa, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatl. Moll. p. 386. no. 452.
Hab. Mazatlan.

101. TEREBRA HINDsI, Carpenter.

Terebra hindsi, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatl. Moll. p. 385. no. 451.
Hab. Mazatlan.

102. TEREBRA RUFOCINEREA, Carpenter.

Terebra rufocinerea, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatl. Moll. p. 386. no. 453.
Hab. Mazatlan.

103. TEREBRA ALBOCINCTA, Carpenter.

Terebra albocincta, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatl. Moll. p. 384. no. 450.
Hab. Mazatlan.

104. TEREBRA CHILENSIS, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, castaneo-fusca, longitudinaliter tenue
plicata ; unfractibus numerosis, convexiusculis, sulco lato im-
presso inequaliter bipartitis ; sutura marginata ; margine an-
gusto crenulato ; ultimo anfractu elongato, attenuato, fasciola
albidula, transversim bipartito ; apertura ovato-angusta, utrin-
que attenuata; columelia angusta, eylindracea, apice atte-
nuata, canali angusto-emarginata ; extus contorta.

Long. 42 mill., larg. 8.

HTab. Les mers du Chili.

Ma Collection.

105. TEREBRA BICINCTA, Hinds.

Terebra bicincta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 175. no. 71, pl. 44. f. 72.
Hab. ? :

106. TEREBRA NODULARIS, Desh.

T’. testa elongato-angusta, acuminata, albida, luteo pallidissime
tincta ; anfractibus numerosis, circiter septemdecim, angustis,
involutis, late bimarginatis, crenato-nodosis, plicatis, superne

296

transversim bistriatis ; margime suturali crassiore, altero an-
gustiore, paulo depressiore, aequaliter noduloso ; ultimo an-
Sractu brevissimo, obtuso, transversim bast striato ; apertura
minima, subquadrangulari, canali brevi et angusto terminata ;
columella cylindracea, biplicata.

Long. 35 mill., larg. 6.

Hab. Les Iles ‘Sandwich.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

Coquille remarquable par le double bourrelet noueux qui accom-
pagne la suture ; le premier est trés-épais, le second est un peu moins
saillant et un peu plus étroit ; ils envahissent la presque totalité de la
surface; le peu d’espace qui reste est occupé par deux, quelquefois
trois stries transverses.

107. TEREBRA VARIEGATA, Gray.

Terebra variegata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds,
Thes. Conch. p. 173. no. 64, pl. 43. f. 53.

Terebra africana, Gray dans Griff. An. Kingd. pl. 23. f. 5.

Hab. Golfe de Californie.

108. TeEREBRA GEMINATA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, subulata, fusco alboque transversim
fasciata ; anfractibus planulatis, suleo lato profundo bipar-
titis, utroque latere serie granularum geminatis, superne cos-
tellatis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, angusta, intus castanea ;
columella cylindracea, extus angulo albo lato acuto circumdata.

Long. 30 mill., larg. 7.

Hab. Cap Natal.

Collection Cuming.

109. TEREBRA MARGINATA, Desh, /¢°

T. testa conica, turrita, acuminata, griseo-plumbea, basi anfrac-
tuum albo marginata, fusco irregulariter maculata ; anfractibus
latis, sulco divisis, longitudinaliter costellatis, transversim tenue
striatis ; margine suturali crasso, convexo, albo, nodulis crassis
acutis asperato; ultimo anfractu basi obtuso, transversim sul-
cato, zonula alba notato; apertura elongato-angusta, intus
castanea, labro linea alba bipartito ; columella contorta, sub-
plicata.

Long. 34 mill.; larg. 8.

Hab. L’embouchure de la Gambie.

Collection Cuming.

110. TEREBRA BREVICULA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, griseo-fusca, longitudinaliter plicata, plicis
lutis, planis, undulatis ; anfractibus planis, latis, albo marginatis,
margine conveaiusculo, fusco irregulariter punctato, ultimo an-
Fractu basi dilatato, fasciola alba in medio bipartito, flammulis
castaneis numerosis se@pius ornato ; apertura elongato-subquadrata,

2. J de Concha. G.

297

intus castanea ; columella cylindracea, sub-uniplicata, extus angulo
acuto marginata.

Long. 37 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. La Terre de Van Diemen.

Collection Cuming.

111. TEREBRA BIFRONS, Hinds.

Terebra bifrons, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 174, pl. 43. f. 57.
Hab. Japon.

112. TEREBRA BRUGUIERI, Desh.

T. testa elongata, turri‘a, angusta, apice acuminato, candida, rubro-
purpurascente, pallido maculata et strigata ; ultimo anfractu ad
basin flavo-rubente ; anfractibus angustis numerosis, sulco viv
impresso divisis, supra marginem suturalem transversim striatis ;
costulis minutis, longitudinalibus, numerosis, regularibus, decus-
satis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, retuso ; apertura parva, ovata, utrin-
que attenuata, intus rosea; columella brevi, cylindracea, unipli-
cata, angulo minuto extus vix distincta.

Long. 42 mill., larg. 9.

Terebra hindsi, Desh., non Carpenter, Journ. de Conch. 1857.
Hab. La Chine.

Collection Cuming.

113. TeEREBRA AMa@NA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acuminato, flava, ad suturas
albo rubroque alternatim maculata; anfractibus numerosis, an-
gustis, planulatis, linea punctato-impressa inequaliter divisis, lon-
gitudinaliter tenue regulariterque lirato-costulatis, interstitis trans-
versim tenue striatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi depressiusculo ;
apertura ovato-angusta, intus rufescente ; columella cylindracea,

subplicata, basi late profundeque emarginata, angulo acuto extus
circumscripta.

Long. 24 mill., larg. 6.
Hab. Les mers de la Chine.
Collection Cuming.

114. TEREBRA PULCHELLA, Desh. /£2 ' See Cenchy ¢: 944

T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, flavida, basi albo cincia; an-
Fractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter arcuatim tenue plicatis, sulco
impresso divisis, sulco utroque latere crenato, margine prominulo,
convexo, regulariter plicato; apertura intus flava, elongato-an-
gusta, canali brevi terminata ; columella cylindracea, parum obli-
qua, alba, angulo acuto perobliquo extus circumdata.

Long. 40 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. Les mers de la Chine.

Collection Cuming et celle de M. Crosse.

298

115. TEREBRA CRENIFERA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, albo-flavida ; anfractibus nume-
rosis, longitudinaliter tenue costellatis, sulco subimpresso divisis,
ad suturam regulariter crenulatis, transversim tenue striatis, cre-
nulis albis, punctulis rubris interjectis; ultimo anfractu brevi,
canali elongato terminato ; apertura elongato-angusta, flavida ; co-
lumella tylindracea, apice contorta.

Long. 30 mill., larg. 6.

Hab. Les mers de la Chine.

Collection Cuming.

116. TEREBRA BLANDA, Desh.

’'T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, obsolete longitudinaliter plicata,
alba, ad suturam fusco punctata, flammulis pallidioribus ornata ;
anfractibus numerosis, ungustis, sulco impresso inequaliter bi-
partitis, marginatis, ultimo breviusculo, attenuato ; apertura elon-
gato-angusta, utrinque attenuata, alba, basi anguste emarginata ;
columella elongata, apice acuminata.

Long. 30 mill., larg. 8.
Hab. Les mers du Japon.
Collection Cuming.

117. TEREBRA NEBULOSA, Sow.
Terebra nebulosa, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 25; Hinds, Thes.

Conch. p. 162. no. 33, pl. 43. f. ol.
Hab. 2

118. TEREBRA PERTUSA, Kiener.

Buccinum pertusum, Born, Mus. p. 267, pl. 10. f. 13.

Buccinum duplicatum, var. 3, Gmel. p. 3501.

Terebra pertusa, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 34. no. 20, pl. 11.
f. 24, exclus. variat.

Hab. 2

M. Kiener confond sous ce nom plusieurs espéces ; il faut en ex-
clure toutes les variétés. La premiére (24 a) nous est inconnue ; la

seconde (24 d) représente le Terebra affinis, Gray ; la troisieme (24 c)
est notre Terebra approximata.

119. TeREBRA ALVEOLATA, Hinds.

Terebra alveolata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 162. no. 34. pl. 45.
f. 120.
Hab. Détroit de Malacca.

120. TEREBRA UNDULATA, Gray.

Terebra undulata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60 ; Hinds, Thes.
Conch. p. 172. pl. 43. f. 55.
Hab. Nouvelle Guinée; détroit de Malacca.

299

121. TEREBRA COLUMELLARIS, Hinds.

Terebra columellaris, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 172. no. 61, pl. 44.
nevide

Hab. 2

122. TEREBRA FLAVESCENS, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acuminato, omnino flava ;
anfractibus latiusculis, convexiusculis, subinvolutis, sulco impresso
marginatis, sutura profunde separatis, longitudinaliter et arcuatim
multicostatis, primis transversim striatis, alteris obsolete striatis ;
‘margine suturalt crasso, regulariter crenato; ultimo anfractu
basi convexo, canali brevi profunde emarginato terminato ; aper-
tura angusia, elongato-quadrata; columella cylindracea, obsolete
biplicata.

Long. 45 mill., larg. 9. ‘

Hab. Les Wes Sandwich.

Collection Cuming.

123, TEREBRA AFFINIS, Gray.

Terebra affinis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60.

Terebra striata, Quoy & Gaim. (non Basterot) Voy. de l’Astr. t. 1.
. 468, pl. 36. f. 23, 24.

Terebra pertusa, var. C, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 11. f. 24 C.
Hab. Madagascar ; Océan Indien, &c.

124. TEREBRA CERITHINA, Lamk.

Terebra cerithina, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 33. no. 25, pl. 11.
. 20.

Buccinum aciculatum, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 145?

Hab. Philippines ; Océan Austral.

125. TEREBRA APPROXIMATA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-acuminata, turrita, angusta, longitudinaliter costata,
costulis apice albis interstitiis flavicantibus ; anfractibus nume-
rosis planis, linea vix impressa, inequaliter bipartitis ; interstitis
costularum densissime transversim striatis ; ultimo anfractu cylin-
draceo, basi depressiusculo, costulis evanescentibus ; apertura
elongato-subquadrata, intus albo-flavicante ; columella arcuata,
cylindracea, basi canaliculata, late profundeque emarginata.

Var. Testa paulo angustiore, flavo-ferruginea.

Long. 42 mill., larg. 8.

Terebra pertusa, var. c, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 11. f. 24 C.
Hab. 2
Ma Collection.

126. TEREBRA SWAINSONI, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, solida, angusta, apice acuto, omnino colore
mali armeniaci ; anfractibus viginti, angustis, longitudinaliter

300

costatis, convexiusculis, primis transversim striatis, alteris levi-
gatis, sulco impresso, inequaliter bipartitis ; costis numerosis,
acutis, regularibus, rectis ; ultimo anfraciu brevi, bast convexo ;
apertura minima, candidula, ovato-angusta, utrinque attenuata,
canali brevi, angusto terminata; columella obliqua, uniplicata.

Long. 30 mill., larg. 5.

Hab. Les Iles Sandwich.

Collection Cuming.

127. TEREBRA SUBANGULATA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, flavida, longitudinaliter costata, trans-
versim striata; anfractibus convexiusculis, inferne subangulaiis,
sulco vie impresso bipartitis, costulis latis, obtusis ; ultimo an-
fractu elongato, superne attenuato, canali brevi, lato, terminato ;
apertura flava, elongato-angusta, subquadrata ; columella angusta,
apice acuta, basi cylindracea.

Long. 34 mill., larg. 7.

Hab. 2

Ma Collection.

128. TEREBRA COPULA, Hinds.

Terebra copula, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 157. no. 19, pl. 44. f. 76.
Hab. Guinée.

129. TEREBRA UNDATELLA, Desh.

Terebra cancellata, Hinds (nec Quoy), Thes. Conch. p. 178. no. 80,
pl. 44. f. 80.
Hab. 2

Ce Terebra cancellata de Hinds constitue une espéce bien distincte

de celle de MM. Quoy et Gaimard. II suffit pour s’en convaincre
de rapprocher les figures publiées par ces deux auteurs.

130. TEREBRA BERMONTI, Lorois.
Terebra bermonti, Lorois, Journ. de Conch. 1857, p. 389, pl. 12.

{505
Hab. Taiti.

131. TeREBRA ROSEATA, A. Adams et Reeve.
Terebra roseata, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30,

pl. 10. f. 24.
Hab. Lies Sooloo.

132. TeREBRA BADIA, Desh.

Terebra castanea, Hinds (nec Kiener), Thes. Conch. p. 161. no. 31,
pl. 43. f. 59.

Hab. Guinée.

Nous avons du changer le nom de l’espéce de M. Hinds parce
qu'elle est trés-distincte de celle de méme nom publice par M. Kiener ;

301

cette derniére est lisse, l’autre est fortement plissée ; elle a les tours
simples, la seconde les a partagés par un sillon transverse, Xc.

133. TeREBRA ALBICOsSTA, A. Adams et Reeve.

Terebra albicosta, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30,
jobs NO) Se OA
Hab. Mers de la Chine.

134. TEREBRA PULCHRA, Hinds.

Terebra pulchra, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 178. no. 81, pl. 45.
f. 129.

Hab. Iles Marquises.

135. TEREBRA TEXTILIS, Hinds.

Terebra textilis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 177. no. 79, pl. 44. f. 73.
Hab. Baie de Manille; détroit de Macassar.

136. TEREBRA FLAVA, Gray.

Terebra flava, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 60; Hinds, Thes.
Conch. p. 177. no. 77, pl. 44. f. 75.
Hab. g

137. TeEREBRA ExIGUA, Desh.

T. testa minima, elongato-angusta, castaneo-livida ; costellis longitu-
dinalibus sulcisque transversis clathratis ; anfractibus numerosis,
angustis, sulco impresso transversali inequaliter bipartitis ; mar-
gine suturali oblique crenulato, transversim tenue striato ; aper-
tura elongato-angusta, intus castaneo-rubescente ; columella cylin-
dracea, brevi, extus angulo acutissimo angusto basi circumdata.

Long. 19 mill., larg. 33.

Hab. La céte orientale d’ Australie.

Collection Cuming.

138. TEREBRA POLYGYRATA, Desh.

T. testa minima, elongato-angusta, subulata, pallide rufescente, fascia
alba ad suturam ornata, longitudinaliter plicata, transversim
minutissime striata, striis profundis, regularibus ; anfractibus
numerosis, angustis, convexiusculis, ultimo basi obtuso, canali
brevi, contorto terminato ; apertura minima, angusta, subquadran-
gulari, superne anguste et profunde emarginata ; columella cylin-
dracea, contorta.

Long. 13 mill., larg. 3.

Hab. Les es Philippines.

Collection Cuming.

Petite espéce remarquable par son élégance. Les tours nombreux
et étroits sont partagés en deux zones inégales par un sillen légére-
ment déprimé: elle se sépare plus facilement encore par la différence
de coloration ; car la zone marginale est d’un beau blanc, tandis que
le reste est d’un fauve pale. La surface des tours est ornée d’un

302

grand nombre de petites cotes légérement courbées, dans lintervalle
desquelles existent un grand nombre de fines stries, transverses, régu-
ligres, que l’on voit aussi bien sur le bourrelet marginal que sur le
reste de la surface.

139. TEREBRA RADULA, Hinds.

Terebra radula, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 174. no. 68, pl. 44. f. 95.
Hab. Porto Portrero ; céte ouest de ? Amérique.

140. TEREBRA ASPERA, Hinds.

Terebra aspera, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 174. no. 67, pl. 43. f. 44.
Hab. Panama; Monte Christi; S* Elena.

141. TEREBRA PETIVERIANA, Desh.
Terebra petiveriana, Petiver, Gazoph. pl. 75. f. 5.

T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, fusco-nigrescente, fasciola albi-
cante basi notata; anfractibus planiusculis, sulco profundo im-
presso divisis, longitudinaliter costellatis, transversim striato-
sulcatis, profunde decussatis, subgranulosis ; margine suturali
regulariter crenato-plicato; apertura intus nigrescente, ovato-
oblonga, antice angusta, canali brevi terminata ; columella atrata,
contorta, extus angulo prominente acutissimo circumdata.

Long. 42 mill., larg. 10.

Hab. Panama.

Collection Cuming.

Cette intéressante et belle espéce a été trés bien figurée autrefois

dans le remarquable ouvrage de Petiver.

142. TEREBRA GLAUCA, Hinds.

Terebra glauca, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 175. no. 70, pl. 44. f. 85.
Hab. ?

143. TEREBRA RUDIS, Gray.

Terebra rudis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60; Hinds, Thes.
Conch. p. 165. no. 43, pl. 43. f. 60 (exclusa T. petiti, Kiener).
Hab. (

144. TerREBRA PEAsII, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, crassa, solida, apice acuta, albo flavidoque
pallido alternatim picta ; anfractibus circiter seadecim, lutis, lon-
gitudinaliter tenue plicatis, striis transversis puncticulatis, decus-
satis, sulco impresso, profundo, inequaliter divisis ; margine su-
turali regulariter plicato, plicis albis ; apertura alba, elongato-
angusta, subquadrata, canali brevi, angusto, profundo terminata ;
columella conica, uniplicata, angulo acuto extus basi marginata.

Long. 45 mill., larg. 9.

fab. Les Iles Sandwich.

Collection Cuming.

Les stries transverses se voient sur toute la surface, méme entre

les plis du bourrelet marginal.

303

145. TEREBRA TUBEROSA, Hinds.

Terebra gabenCsa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 183. no. 97, pl. 45. f. 99.

ffab.

A la juger par la figure, cette coquille semblerait un Cérite dont
Vouverture aurait été mutilée ou serait restée imparfaite.

146. TEREBRA vARIcosA, Hinds.

Terebra varicosa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. ‘p. 163. no. 37, figuré dans
le texte.

Hab. Golfe de Papagayo, cdte ouest de l’ Amérique.

147. TEREBRA TUBERCULOSA, Hinds.

Terebra tuberculosa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 175. no. 73, pl. 43.
f. 48. .
Hab. Panama ; Golfe de Papagayo; San Blas.

148. TEREBRA INTERTINCTA, Hinds.

Terebra intertincta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. P- 173. no. 6a, pl. 44.
f. 81.
Hab. Gambie.

149. TeEREBRA PLICATA, Gray.

Terebra plicata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds, Thes.
Conch. p. 165. no. 44, pl. 43. f. 61.
Hab. Guayaquil.

150. TerREBRA SPECILLATA, Hinds.

Terebra specillata, Winds, Thes. Conch. p. 163. no. 35, pl. 44.
f. 96, et pl. 45. f. 116.
Hab. San Blas, Mexico.

Lorsque lon rapproche les deux figures qui, dans Pouvrage de M.
Hinds, doivent représenter la méme espéce, on est étonné des diffé-
rences que lon y remarque; elles se montrent non-seulement dans
la forme générale et la coloration, mais encore dans les caractéres
plus essentiels de l’ouverture et de lacolumelle. Il est probable que
deux espéces sont ici confondues.

151. TEREBRA LARVIFORMIs, Hinds.

Terebra larveformis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 176. no. 73, pl. 43.
f. 46, 47.

Hab. Santa Elena, Monte Christi, cdte ouest de J Amérique.

Nous: avons a présenter sur cette espéce la méme observation que
sur la précédente. Les deux figures citées par l’auteur semblent_re-
présenter deux ssi Deeas distinctes ; lune ayant l’ouverture plus courte,
le bord droit, plus long que la columelle, &e.

152. TEREBRA SOULEYETI, Desh.
T. testa elongato-acuminata, longitudinaliter dense plicata, trans-

304

versim tenuiter striata, griseo-rufescente ; anfractibus nume-
rosis, angustis, vix convexiusculis, sulco impresso, profundeque
punctato inequaliter bipartitis ; margine suturalt angusto, cre-
nato, plicato; ultimo anfractu brevi, bast obtuso; apertura
minima, brevi, angusta ; columella cylindracea, contorta, canalt
brevi terminata.

Long. 49 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. Golfe de Mexique.

Ma Collection.

Le Terebra larviformis est Vespéce qui se rapproche le plus de
celle-ci; elle en est différente par plusieurs caractéres qui nous
semblent suffisamment exprimée aussi bien dans la phrase caracté-
ristique de M. Hinds que dans landétre. Les tours sont nombreux,
étroits, 4 peine cqnvexes ; nous en comptons 24; ils sont chargés de
petites cdtes un peu obliques, rapprochées, un peu onduleuses sur le
dernier tour, vers la base duqnel elles disparaissent pour étre rem-
placées par de fines stries transverses : ces stries se continuent sur le
reste de la surface dans les interstices des cétes seulement. Le
bourrelet marginal est étroit ; mais il est nettement séparé par un
sillon assez profond dans lequel s’enfonce une ponctuation plus pro-
fonde encore. Dans Vintervalle de chaque céte, des plis formant
crenelure sur la suture terminent les cétes longitudinales.

153. TEREBRA DIFFICILIS, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, albo-flavicante, longitudinaliter densis-
sume costellata ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, sulco impresso
inequaliter bipartitis, transversim superne substriatis ; ultimo
anfractu brev, basi obtuso; apertura minima, elongato-angusta;
columella cylindracea, contorta, subplicata, basi profunde emar-

ginata.
Long. 33 mill., larg. 8.
Hab. ——?

Ma Collection.

154. TEREBRA C&LATA, A. Adams et Reeve.

Terebra celata, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30.
no. 3, pl. 10. f. 22.

Hab. Philippines.

155. TEREBRA TORQUATA, A. Adams et Reeve.

Terebra torquata, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samar. p. 30. no. 6,
pl. 10. f. 13.
Hab. Mers de la Chine.

156. TeEREBRA ELATA, Hinds.

Terebra elata, Hinds,Thes. Conch. p.177. no. 78, pl. 44. f. 68, 69.
Hab. Baie de Montijo.

305

157. TEREBRA CANCELLATA, Quoy et Gaimard.

Terebra cancellata, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de |’Astr. t. ii. p. 471,
pl. 36. f. 27, 28.

Cette espéce est celle 4 laquelle le nom de cancellata doit rester.
La coquille nommée cancellata par M. Hinds est trés-distincte ;
nous lui avons donné le nem de 7". undatella.

158. TEREBRA CINCTELLA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, longitudinaliter costellata,
griseo-fusca, livida, nitida; anfractibus convexiusculis, sulco
lato inequaliter bipartitis, transversim striatis, striis quatuor
vel quinque impressis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, fasciola pallida
cincto ; apertura minima, ovato-angusta, extremitatibus at-
tenuata, intus fusca ; columella brevi, cylindracea, basi canalt
brevi terminata.

Long. 29 mill., larg. 6.

Hab. L’embouchure de |’Indus.

Collection Cuming.

159. TereBRa AREOLATA, A. Adams et Reeve.

Terebra areolata, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30.
no. 4, pl. 10. f. 23.

Hab. Mers de la Chine.

160. TEREBRA PLUMBEA, Quoy et Gaim.

Terebra plumbea, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. t. i. p. 470,
pl. 36. f. 29, 30.

Hab. Tes Moluques.

A juger d’aprés les figures il y aurait trois espéces réunies sous ce
nom—celle de M. Quoy, qui reste le type spécifique, celle de M.
Kiener, et celle de M. Hinds. De deux choses, l'une ou les espéces
sont fidelement représentées, et alors elles different entre elles, ou les
figures sont mauvaises et les coquilles reproduites ont besoin d’une
nouvelle étude comparative.

16]. TEREBRA VIOLASCENS, Hinds.

Terebra violascens, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 177. no. 76, pl. 44.
f. 98.
Hab. Nouvelle Guinée ; Philippines.

162. TeEREBRA PicTaA, Hinds.
Terebra picta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 176. no. 75, Be 45. f. 105.
Hab. Philippines. ~

163. TEREBRA DECUSSATA, Phil.

Terebra decussata, Philippi, Zeits. fiir Malak.1851, p.124. no. 48.
Hab. 2

No. 403.—PROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

306

164. TeREBRA BELCHER], Phil.

Terebra belcheri, Philippi, Zeits. fiir Malak. 1851, p. 123. no. 47.
Hab. ? (Du Voyage du Belcher.)

165. TEREBRA FRIGATA, Hinds.
Terebra gracilis, Gray, 1834 (nec Lea, 1833), Proc. Zool. Soc.

p- 61; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 163. no. 38, pl. 44. f. 71.
Hab. Afrique (Gray) ; Iles Galapagos (Cuming).

166. TEREBRA CONSPERSA, Hinds.

Terebra conspersa, Hinds,Thes. Conch. p.163. no. 36, pl. 44.£.74,
Hab. Tle Samao, Philippines.

167. TeREBRA RUSTICA, Hinds.
Terebra rustica, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p.183. no. 98, pl. 45. f. 113.

Hab. ?

168. TeREBRA suBDIVvISA, Phil.

Terebra subdivisa, Phil. Zeits. fiir Malak. 1851, p. 96. no. 46.

Hab. 2

169. TerEBRA Nassorpes, Hinds.

Terebra nassoides, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 182. no. 95, pl. 45.
f. 115.
18, ——=-

170. TerREeBRA FicTILIs, Hinds.

Terebra fictilis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 183. no. 96, pl. 45. f. 109,
110.
Hab. Australie.

171. TeREBRA TRISTIS, Desh.

T.. testa elongato-turrita, conoidea, albo-grisea, longitudinaliter
fusco flammulata ; costulis crassis, regularibus, in ultimo an-
fractu evanescentibus ornata ; anfractibus convexiusculis, ultimo
bast obtuso, canali lato, brevi, contorto, terminato; apertura
ovato-angusta, utrinque attenuata; columella brevi, cylindracea,
contorta.

Long. 19 mill., larg. 9.

Hab. Les mers du Japon.

Collection Cuming.

Petite coquille assez singuliére qui devra se placer sur la limite du
genre, comme un intermédiaire avec les Buccins: elle est turriculée,
mais assez large & la base ; ses tours assez larges sont convexes; ils
portent de grosses cétes longitudinales un peu obliques, larges, ob-
tuses et peu saillantes ; il n’existe aucune trace de bourrelet marginal,
et l’on n'y trouve aucune strie transverse. Sur un fond d'un blanc
grisAtre se dessinent des flammules inégales, d’un brun fausse, inter-
rompues 4 la circonférence du dernier tour par une large zone blanch-

307

atre, au dessus de laquelle est nettement circonscrite une autre zone
également large, d’un brun livide, qui occupe toute la base de ce
dernier tour.

Deuxiime Dtviston (Terebra, A. Adams).

172. TEREBRA ROBUSTA, Hinds.

Terebra robusta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 155. no. 5, pl. 42. f. 35.
Hab. Panama; Golfe de Nicoya; Golfe de Papayo; San Blas.

173. TEREBRA OCULATA, Lamk.

Terebra oculata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 11. no. 7, pl. 4. f. 7.
Hab. Moluques ; Iles de la Société, Océan Pacifique.

174. TEREBRA ORNAFA.

Terebra ornata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.1834, p. 62; Reeve, Conch.
Syst. t. ii. p. 245, pl. 274.f. 1.

Hab. Galapagos.

175. TEREBRA rorMmosA, Desh. LG at JS Aan 6 Mee

T. testa turrita, conico-subulata, solida, alba, maculis rufis qua-
dratis inequaliter biseriatim ornata ; anfractibus planulatis,
indivisis, in margine crenulatis, biseriatim granulosis, crenulis
granulisque in ultimis anfractibus evanidis, ultimo brevi tri-
seriatim maculato; apertura brevi, angusta, superne canalr
lato, elongato, contorto terminata; columella brevi, crassa,
cylindracea.

Long. 72 mill., larg. 13.

Hab. Panama.

Collection Cuming.

176. TEREBRA SUBULATA, Lamk.

Buccinum subulatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1205; Kiener,
Icon. des Cog. Viv. p. 10. no. 6, pl. 4. f. 6.
_ Hab. Madagascar ; Océan Indien ; Iles de la Socicte.

177. TEREBRA INCOMPARABILIS, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, pallide albo-lutescente ma-
culis magnis castaneis, quadratis, approximatis, biserratim
picta ; ultimo anfractu seriebus tribus ornato ; anfractibus an-
gustis, convexiusculis, subinvolutis, late binarginatis, trans-
versim striato-punctatis ; margine suturali latiore, in anfrac-
tibus primis crenulato, in alteris plicato ; ultimo anfractu basi
convexo, levigato, canali brevi terminato ; apertura alba, elon-
gato-angusta, subquadrata ; columella alba, cylindracea, unt-
plicata.

Long. 85 mill., larg. 13.

Hab. Panama.

Collection Cuming.

308

Cette belle espéce a beaucoup de rapports avec le Terebra maculata
de Lamarck: la coloration est la méme, seulement les taches sont plus
nombreuses et plus serrées; les tours de spire sont en proportion
plus étroits, plus enveloppants, et leur surface présente une struc-
ture particuliére.

178. TEREBRA LIGATA, Hinds.

Terebra ligata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 166. no. 48, pl. 45. f. 117,
118.
Hab. Mes Marquises.

179. TEREBRA CONSOBRINA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, alba ; anfractibus planulatis,
sulco vie perspicuo transversim divisis, maculis quadratis fuscis,
biseriatim cinctis ; ultimo tricincto ; primis in margine suturala
nodoso-crenatis, transversim striatis, alteris levigatis ; aper-
tura vix obliqua, elongato-angusta, subquadrata, intus alba,
canali brevissimo, lato, terminata; columella brevi, alba, su-
perne uniplicata, extus angulo minimo circumdata.

Long. 93 mill., larg. 12.

Hab. La Mer Rouge.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

180. TEREBRA INSIGNIS, Desh. /%° 7 de Conch ¥«t

T. testa elongato-conica, acuminata, solida, alba, in medio an-
fractuum maculis magnis castaneis quadrato-oblongis irregula-
ribus ornata; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, convexiusculis,
sulco impresso divisis, primis regularibus, plicato-arcuatis,
alteris plicis distantioribus, crassis, ultimis levigatis, ultimo
brevi, biseriatim picto, basi coarctato ; apertura angusta, brevit,
recta, canali brevi, lato profundoque terminata; columella brevi,
cylindracea, superne uniplicata, extus angulo prominentt, acuto,
circumdata.

Long. 78 mill., larg. 15.

Hab. Panama.

Collection Cuming.

181. TEREBRA LINGUALIS, Hinds.

Terebra lingualis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p.167. no. 49. pl. 43. f. 50.
Hab. Golfe de Papagayo; Baie de Montijo.

182. TeREBRA HISTRIO, Desh. //% / de Conch. 6. 76

T. testa elongato-subulata, crassiuscula, pallide albo-lutescente,
maculis longitudinalibus fusco-castaneis subundatis picta, ad
suturas lineis rufo-rubescentibus fimbriata, maculis in ultimo
anfractu ad peripheriam interruptis ; anfractibus numerosis,
angustis, planis, sulco divisis ; margine suturali plano, in primis
anfractibus granuloso, in alteris plicato ; ultimo anfractu basi
depressiusculo ; apertura angusta, parum obliqua, subquadrata,

309 :

canali brevi, contorto terminata ; columella alba, brevi, valde
contorta.

Long. 48 mill., larg. 11.

Hab. ?

Ma Collection.

183. TEREBRA HOPEI, Lorois.

Terebra eee Lorois, Journ. de Conch. 1857, p. 388, pl. 12. f.1.
Hab.

184. TEREBRA FLAMMEA, Lamk.

Terebra flammea, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 12. no, 8, pl. 2.
flO:
Hab. Madagascar ; Océan de |’Inde.

185. TEREBRA MyuROs, Lamk.

Buccinum strigilatum (pro parte), Gmel. p. 3501.

Buccinum commaculatum, Gmel. p. 3502. no. 143.

Terebra commaculata (ex parte), Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 170.
no. 58 (exclusa Lamarckii).

Terebra scabrella (vide Lamk. An. s. Vert. 2 ed. t. x. p- 248. note).

Hab. Océan de I'Inde ; les Moluques.

186. TEREBRA SCABRELLA, Lamk.

Terebra scabrella, Lamk. An. s. Vert. 2 ed. t. x. p. 247. no. 19.

Terebra myuros, var., Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 14. f. 34 a.

Terebra commaculata (ex parte), Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 170.
no. 58, pl. 42. f. 37.

Hab. Nouvelle Guinée.

187. TeREBRA Consors, Hinds.

Terebra consors, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 154. no. 9, pl. 42. f. 26.
Hab. Iles de la Société.

188. TEREBRA ARGUS, Hinds.

Terebra argus, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 154. no. 10, pl. 43. f. 64.
Hab. Iles de la Société.

189. TEREBRA CHINENSIS, Desh.

TL. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, subulata, albo-flavidula ; anfracti-
bus numerosis, angustis, tenuiter transversim striatis, sulco im-
presso inequaliter bipartitis, ultimo anfractu cylindraceo, basi at-
tenuato ; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata, margine acuto
concavo ; columella cylindracea, lata, contorta.

Long. 49 mill., larg. 7.

Hab. Les mers de la Chine.

Ma Collection.

310

190. TEREBRA TRICOLOR, Sow.

Terebra tricolor, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 24.

Terebra teniolata, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de |’Astr. p. 446, pl. 36.
f. 25, 26.

Hab. Tongatabou ; Tle St. Thomas.

i91. TeREBRA L&VIGATA, Gray.

Terebra levigata, Gray, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds,
Thes. Conch. p. 171. no. 60, pl. 44. f. 93.
Hab. Ceylon.

192. TrEREBRA VIRGINEA, Desh. /*%7 7 toe Conchy 6: €5

T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, levigata, nitida, omnino candi-
dissima ; anfractibus latis, planis, sulco divisis, sutura subcrenu-
lata separatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi obtuso ; apertura brevi,
obliqua, ad basin dilatata, profunde emarginata ; columella conica,
simplici, bast extus angulo circumdata.

Long. 52 mill., larg. 11.

Hab. Zanzibar.

Collection Cuming.

193. TEREBRA OBSOLETA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, angusta, pallide flavida; an-
fractibus numerosis, angustis, stria impressa subequaliter bipar-
titis ; margine suturali lato, obsolete plicato, levigato, candido ;
altera parte anfractuum transversim tenuiter striata, strits sub-
equalibus, minutis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi obtuso ; apertura
minima, alba, subquadrata, basi anguste profundeque emarginata ;
columella brevi, contorta, cylindracea.

Long. 40 mil. larg. 7 mill.

Hab.

Ma Ae

194, TeEREBRA BABYLONIA, Lamk.

Terebra striata, Gray (fide Hinds), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60;
Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 38, pl. 14. f. 35.

Hab. Mers de la Chine ; Iles de la Société, &c.

Il faut exclure de lespéce la Var. 35 a. de M. Kiener ; elle constitue
une espéce distincte nommeée Terebra straminea par M. Gray.

195. TeREBRA CoLuMNARIS, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, alba; anfractibus numerosis,
primis conveaiusculis, marginatis, ultimis convexiusculis, simpli-
cibus, transversim minutissime striatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi
obtuso, canali brevi latoque terminato ; apertura minima, ovato-
subquadrata ; columella contorta, cylindracea, angulo acuto extus
marginata.

Long. 47 mls larg. 8.

ae.

Ma ce

196. TEREBRA STRAMINEA, Gray.

Terebra straminea, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 62.
Terebra babylonia, var., Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 14. f. 35 a.
Hab. Tranquebar ; mer de la Chine.

-/)

ie | 7)
197. TEREBRA PALLIDA, Desh. eid J de Conchy. 6! £7

T. testa elongato-angusta, acuminata, subulata, omnino flavo-au-
rantia ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, primis planis, ultimis
convexiusculis, sulco divisis, transversim tenue striatis, striis in-
cists, inequaliter distantibus ; margine suturali simplici, viz di-
stincto ; ultimo anfractu elongato, basi attenuato, tenuiter et obso-
lete striato ; apertura elongata, angusta, canali longo, recto ter-
minata, late profundeque emarginata ; columella cylindraceo-
conica.

Long. 72 mill., larg. 11.

Hab. Les Iles Marquises.

Collection Cuming.

gay, /

198. TEREBRA CUMINGHI, Desh. /8°7. J de Conchy “©

T. testa pulcherrima, elongato-angusta, turrita, alba pallide lutes-
cente ; anfractibus triginta, angustis, sulco impresso divisis ; mar-
gine suturali duplicato ; altero convexiusculo, eleganter crenulato-
plicato, transversim tenuiter striato ; altero unica serie granulo-
rum formato ; anfractibus in medio parum excavatis, elegantis-
sime costulis longitudinalibus striisque transversalibus clathratis,
siriis mediis superisque majoribus ; ultimo anfractu brevi, superne
obtuso, striato; apertura minima, quadrata, canali brevi angusto
terminata ; columella cylindracea, contorta, simplict.

Long. 95 mill., larg. 12.

Hab. Chine.

Collection Cuming.

La plus belle et la plus remarquable espéce du genre.

199. TeEREBRA PRETIOSA, Reeve.

Terebra pretiosa, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 200; Conch.
Syst. t. ii. p. 245, pl. 274. f. 2.
Hab. Chine.

200. TEREBRA FENESTRATA, Hinds.

Terebra fenestrata, Hinds,Thes. Conch. p.176. no. 74, pl. 44. f. 86.
Hab. 2

ae / Le Conchy ZOE
201. TrEREBRA REGINA, Desh. /¥% 7; de Conchy. 676)

T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, multispirata, alba, triseriatim
maculis fuscis vel castaneis parvulis picta; anfractibus angustis,
sulco impresso transversaliter divisis, levigatis ; margine tenuiter
et eleganter crenulato, crenulis albis, interstitiis macula pallide
fusca notatis ; ultimo anfractu quadrifariam maculato, superne

312

coarctato, canali longo terminato ; apertura elongato-angusta,
subquadrata; columella brevi, uniplicata, valde contorta, extus
angulo acuto proeminente oblique circumdata.

Long. 89 mill., larg. 13.

Hab. Le Sénégal.

Collection Cuming.

| (heay Desi 7a & GY

| ae Le i &

202. TEREBRA LIMA, Desh. /f/5/

T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, turrita, pallide flavicante, flam-
mulis flavo-rufescentibus pallidis picta ; ultimo anfractu basi fulvo
tincto ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, sulco utroque latere mar-
ginato bipartitis, transversim striatis ; longitudinaliter plicis un-
dulatis, decussatis, in intersectionibus subgranulatis, asperatis ;
ultimo anfractu brevi, basi plano; apertura brevi, angusta, sub-
quadrangulari, canali longo, angusto, contorto terminata ; colu-
mella alba, contorta, in medio extus angulata.

Long. 78 mill., larg. 11.

Hab. Les mers de la Chine.

Collection Cuming.

203. TEREBRA SUCCINEA, Hinds.

Terebra succinea, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 151. no. 4. pl. 42. f. 40.
Hab.

er) hoop Gre LHe

904, TeREBRA FORTUNII, Desh. _’?*'2 © 9 b™ 4

T. testa elongato-angustissima, subulata, subscalaroides, omnino can-
dida ; anfractibus numerosis, latis, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter
costatis, transversim tenue sulcatis, decussatis ; ultimo elongato,
basi attenuato ; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrangulart,
antice canali prelongo, angusto terminata.

Long. 69 mill., larg. 9.

Hab. Les mers de la Chine.

Collection Cuming.

205. TEREBRA MONILIS, Quoy et Gaim.

Terebra monilis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astr. t. ii. p. 467, pl. 36.
ify Ally IE,
Hab. Ves Marquises; Iles de la Société, Tahiti.

206. TEREBRA SEROTINA, A. Adams et Reeve.

Terebra serotina, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30.
no. 1, plato. 20,
Hab. Japon.

207. TEREBRA FUNICULATA, Hinds.

Terebra funiculata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 168. no, 51, pl. 43.
f. 63.

Hab. ?

313

208. TeREBRA CORRUGATA, Lamk.

Terebra punctata, Gray (teste Hinds), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61.

Terebra corrugata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 35. no. 20, pl. 13.
f. 31 (exclusa varietate).

Hab. ? ~

M. Kiener confond évidemment deux espéces sous ce nom. Sa
varieté junior constitue pour nous l’espéce suivante. Nous sommes
redevable 4 M. Crosse de connaitre en nature cette belle et rare
espéce.

209. TEREBRA BITORQUATA, Desh.

Terebra corrugata, var. junior, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 25.
note, pl. 13. f. 31 a.

T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, acuminata, multispirata, pallide
flava, flammulis longitudinalibus castaneis picta, punctulis conco-
loribus, interstitialibus in margine suturali regulariter dispositis ;
anfractibus angustis, superne ad suturam inflato-bimarginatis,
marginibus inequalibus, regulariter granulosis ; margine inferiore
majore ; ultimo anfractu brevi, flammulis ad peripheriam inter-
ruptis ; apertura brevi, subquadrata, margine dextro paulo exca-
vato ; columella brevi, cylindracea, contorta, bast anguste et pro-
Sunde emarginata.

Long. 75 mill., largeur & la base 15.

Hab. ?

Collection de M. Crosse.

Nous soupconnions depuis longtems que la variété junior du Te-
rebra corrugata de M. Kiener devait constituer une espéce distincte,
mais n’ayant sous les yeux ni le type de Lamarck ni la varicté de
M. Kiener, nous avons hésité de les séparer jusqu’au moment ot M.
Crosse voulut bien nous communiquer un bel individu adulte de la
variété de M. Kiener. Dés lors les doutes disparurent, car cette co-
quille est en effet parfaitement distincte du corrugata. LElle est par-
ticulitrement remarquable par la double collier de perles qui accom-
pagne la suture, la rangée supérieure est la plus grosse et la plus
épaisse, et interval des granulations est occupée par une linéole d’un
beau brun.

210. TEREBRA CINGULIFERA, Lamk.

Terebra cingulifera, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 39. no. 34,
pl. 13. f. 30.

Hab. Nouvelle Hollande.

En comparant 4 celle de M. Kiener la figure du cingulifera de
M. Hinds, on y remarque des différences telles que lon pourrait
séparer cette derniére sous un nom spécifique particulier.

211. TeREBRA LoroisI, Desh.

Terebra ncbulosa, Lorois (nec Sow. nec Kiener), Journ. de Conch.
1858, p. 90, pl. 1. f. 4.

Hab. ——?*

314

Nous avons substitué au nom de nebulosa, qui ne pouvait lui rester,
celui de amateur plein de zéle auquel est di la connaissance de
cette espéce.

212. TEREBRA ALBOMARGINATA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, acuminata, aurantiaca, albo-
marginata ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, planis, sulco im-
presso inequaliter divisis, transversim striato-punctatis, striis
quatuor ; ultimo anfractu brevi, obtuso, canali brevi, contorto,
angusto terminato ; apertura minima, pallide lutea, ovato-subqua-
drata, angusta, extremitatibus attenuata ; columella cylindracea,

_ contorta, uniplicata.

Long. 44 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. L’ Australie.

Collection Cuming.

Trés-belle espéce rapprochée du cingulifera de Lamk., mais par-
faitement distincte de ses congénéres par sa coloration remarquable
et les autres accidents de sa surface ; le bourrelet blanc qui suit la
suture est plissé et finement crénelé.

213. TEREBRA EXIMIA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, candida, ad suturam rufo regu-
lariter punctata; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, subequaliter
sulco impresso divisis ; margine suturali convexiusculo, crenulato ;
in altera parte anfractuum striis tribus granulosis, profunde
punctatis ; columella brevi, cylindracea, biplicata.

Long. 92 mill., larg. 8.

Hab. ig

Ma Coilection.

i / iy { + rea?
pe5°9. soe Conch. 6178

a aes

214. TEREBRA DECORATA, Desh.

T. testa minima, elongato-angusta, acuminata, alba, fusco-castanea,
biseriatim punctata, ultimo anfractu punctulis triserialibus ; an-
fractibus numerosis, angustis, levigatis, sulco impresso divisis ;
murgine suturali candido, convexo, noduloso ; apertura brevissima,
subquadrangulari ; columella brevi, cylindracea, subuniplicata,
extus angulo vix prominente circumdata.

Long. 28 mill., larg. 6.

Hab. Pidang (Ile Sumatra).

Collection Cuming.

215. TEREBRA TESSELLATA, Gray.

Terebra tessellata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds,
Thes. Conch. p. 166. no. 47, pl. 45. f. 124.
Hab. ——?

216. TEREBRA ARCHIMEDIS, Desh.

T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, albo-eburnea ; anfractibus nume-
rosis, angustis, transversim inequaliter tricostatis, costula suturali

315

proeminentiore interstitiis profundis, minutissime punctulatis ; ulti-
mo anfractu brevissimo, basi depresso, transversim tenuiter sul-
cato ; apertura minima, brevi, ovato-subquadrata, alba; columella
cylindracea, brevi, ad apicem contorta, canali brevi, latoque ter-

minata.
Long. 31 mill., larg. 6.
Hab. ’

Ma Collection.

217. TEREBRA AMANDA, Hinds.

Terebra amanda, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 166. no. 46, pl. 45. f. 100.
Hab. Détroit de Macassar.

218. TEREBRA CIRCINATA, Desh. /*% 7 Ide Conchy 6/49

T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, fusca; anfractibus numerosis,
angustis, in medio excavatis, ad suturam biseriatim plicato-cre-
natis, bimarginatis, in medio transversim quadristriatis ; ultimis
anfractibus plicis longitudinalibus decussatis, ultimo ad periphe-
riam sulco majore crenulato circumdato ; apertura minima, elon-
gato-angusta, canali contorto, brevi latoque terminata; labro
sinistro proeminente.

Var. 6. Testa minore margine, suturali latiore.

Long. 42 mill., larg. 6.

Hab. Mers de la Chine.

Collection Cuming et la mienne.

‘

os / PRY /

219. Terepra acuta, Desh. /*° “ tide Conchy.. 6, /00

T. testa turrito-subulata, angusta, polygyrata, omnino fusco-fulti-
ginea ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, plano-concaviusculis, sulco
inequaliter divisis, transversim tenue striatis ; margine suturali
convexo, in anfractibus primis granuloso, in sequentibus plicato,
crenato ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi striato; apertura minima,
intus fusca, canali brevi lato terminata ; columella brevi, cylin-
dracea, marginata. .

Long. 97 mill., larg. 7.

Hab. Mers de la Chine.

Collection de M. Cuming.

220. TEREBRA TRISERIATA, Gray.

Terebra triseriata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds,
Thes. Conch. p. 171. no. 59, pl. 45. f. 119.
Hab. Philippines.

221. TeREBRA PRELONGA, Desh.

T. testa elongato-angustissima, acuta, prelonga, polygyrata, omnino
fulva ; anfractibus triginta, angustis, planis, transversim quinque-
striatis, ad suturam inequaliter bimarginatis, marginibus in an-
fractibus primis simplicibus, in ultimis granulosis ; ultimo anfractu
brevi, ad peripheriam angulo granuloso circumdato, basi depresso,
striato, canali contorto, brevi, ambitu dilatato, terminato ; aper-

316

tura brevi, minima, quadrangulari; margine sinistro paulo expanso ;
columella cylindracea, brevi, contorta, paulo excavata.

Long. 93 mill., larg. 9.

Hab. Port Curtis.

Collection Cuming.

La pointe de la coquille est casscée ; entiére elle devait avoir au moins
dix centimétres de longueur. II existe peu d’espéces dans le genre
Terebra qui soient aussi longues et aussi étroites en proportion que
celle-ci; aussi c’est avec le Terebra triseriata quelle a le plus de rap-
ports.

Notre travail sur le genre Terebra resterait incomplet et défec-
tueux, si, a la suite du catalogue général des espéces qui peuvent
rester, nous ne donnions la liste de celles qui sont douteuses, ou qui
forment de facheux doubles emplois dans la nomenclature. Dans ~
cette liste se trouvent comprises celles des espéces de Gmelin réunies
dans le groupe du genre Buccinum, qui 4 V instar de celui de Linné

, 9 .
représente le genre Terebra d’Adanson et des conchyliologues mo-
dernes.

Buccinum acicuta, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 152.

Pour une figure de Lister, pl. 1055. f. 7, représentant le Pyrena
terebralis, Lamk., Strombus ater, Linn.

TEREBRA ACICULINA, Lamk.

Espéce douteuse dont il faut retrancher le Buccinum cinereum de
Born. M. Kiener la rend plus difficile encore 4 déterminer parce qu'il
range sous ce nom trois espéces bien distinctes. Laquelle représente
le type de Lamarck ? nous l’ignorons.

Buccrnum acvus, Gmel. p. 3502. no. 141.

Acus sartoria, Martini, t. 4. f. 1451. Espéce indéterminable par
la défectuosité de la figure ; il n’est pas bien certain pour nous qu'elle
appartienne au genre Terebra. .

TEREBRA AFRICANA, Gray, Griff. Anim. Kingd. pl. 23. f. 5.-
Double emploi du Terebra variegata, Gray.

TEREBRA ALBA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60.
Esptce douteuse incomplétement décrite et non figurée.

Buccinum AspERUM, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 148.

Deux espéces figurées trés-incorrectement dans Lister, des Fusz
ou des Pleurotome indéterminables.

TEREBRA BUCCINOIDEA, Blainv.
Nom donné par Blainville au Miran @’ Adanson, Buccinum politum.

BuccINUM CANALICULATUM, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 164.

Espéce faite sur une mauvaise figure de d’Argenville répresentant
probablement un trongon de Turrite/la indéterminable.

317

TEREBRA CARNEA, Perry.
Double emploi du 7. dimidiata.

TEREBRA CANCELLATA, Gray (nec Quoy et Gaimard), Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1834, p. 61.

Esptce douteuse non figurée et trés-incomplétement deécrite.

BuccinuM CHALYBEUM, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 158.

Pour une figure indéterminable de Rumphius appartenant cepen-
dant au genre Teredra.

BuCCINUM COMMACULATUM, Gmel.

Nous renvoyons aux observations que nous avons faite 4 son aryl
a larticle du Terebra myuros.

TEREBRA CosTaTA, Menke, Synops. Moll. p. 84.

Double emploi du Buccinum hastatum, Terebra hastata, Kien.

TEREBRA COSTATA, Kiister.

Ce nom avait déja été employé trois fois avant M. Kuster; par
Borson en 1823 pour une espéce fossile, par Menke en 1831 comme
nous venons de le dire, enfin par Lea en 1833 pour une espice fossile
d’Amérique. Ce costata de M. Kiister n’est point figuré ; il reste
pour nous parmi les espéces douteuses.

Buccinum cuspPipaTum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 166.
Pour une figure de Seba représentant une Melania.

BucctnuM DIGITELLUvS, Gmel. p.3504. no. 156.
Un Triton, trés-jeune, indéterminable, figuré par Rumphius.

BuccinuM EDENTULUM, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 162.

C’est avec doute le Terebra cerulescens, d’aprés une trés-mauvaise
figure de d’ Argenville.

TEREBRA ELEGANS, Kister, Chemn. 2° ed. p. 31.

Espéce douteuse non figurée, quoique ‘Vauteur renvoie & une
planche 6 qui n’a point encore paru.

TEREBRA ELONGATA, Gray, dans Wood, Ind. Test. Supp. pl. 4.
f. 25.

Double emploi du T. strigata de Sowerby.

BuccinumM FascroLatum, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 153.

Absolument indéterminable, méme le genre. La figure de Bo-
nanni, 4 la quelle Gmelin renvoie, représente une coquille travaillée et
méconnaissable.

TEREBRA FELINA, Sow. Tank. Cat. p. 76.
Double emploi du Terebra tigrina.

318

TEREBRA FLAMMEA, Lesson, Ilustr. Zool. pl. 48.
Double emploi de la Terebra strigata, Sow.

BuccinUM FLUMINEUM, Gmel. p. 3903.
La fig. 13 de la pl. 118 de Lister, 4 laquelle Gmelin renvoie, re-
présente une Melania.

BucciInuM FLUVIATILE, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 159.
Pour une Melania mal figurée dans Rumphius, Mus. pl. 30. f. P.

TEREBRA FUSCA, Perry.
Double emploi de la Terebra subulata.

TEREBRA FUSCOMACULATA, Sow. Tank. Cat. p. 23.
D’aprés M. Hinds ce serait un double emploi de la 7. senegalensis.

Buccinum GEMINUM, Linn. Mant. p. 550.

Description malheureusement trop courte ; elle ne permet pas la
détermination de l’espéce.

TEREBRA GRACILIS, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, nec Lea, 1833.
M. Hinds a donné a lespéce le nom de frigata.

TEREBRA GRANULOSA, Lamk.
C’est un Buccinum du groupe des Bullia.

BuccinuM HECTICUM, Linn.

Espéce incertaine, diversement interprétée par les auteurs. Sous
ce nom Chemnitz représente une variété du dimidiata, mais en réalité
cette opinion n’a rien qui la justifie dans la description et la syn-
onymie de Linné. Voyez nos observations sur cette espéce dans le
seconde édition de Lamarck et celles de M. Hanley dans son savant
ouvrage, ‘Ipsa Linnei Conchylia,’ p. 260.

TreREBRA KNORII, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61.
Double emploi du Terebra chlorata, Lamk.

TEREBRA L&vis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61.
M. Hinds affirme qu’aprés l’avoir examinée il a trouvé cette espéce
faite avec un misérable specimen de la 7’. muscaria ou de loculata.

TEREBRA LINEOLATA, Sow. Tank. Cat. p. 76.
Buccinum voisin du B. vittatum.

BuccinuM LivipuLUM, Gmel. p. 3505.

Espéce faite sur une mauvaise figure de Gualtieri (pl. 56. f. F) re-
présentant un Cerithium.

TEREBRA MACULATA, Perry.
Double emploi de la 7. crenulata, Lamk.

319

Buccinum MONILE, Linn. Mant. p. 550.
Malheureusement la description trop courte de cette espéce la
laisse parmi les indéterminables.

Buccinum mucronatvum, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 155.
La figure de Bonanni 4 laquelle renvoie Gmelin représente I’ dcha-
tina columna, Miller.

BuccinumM murRicinuM, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 149.
La figure de Lister citée représente un Triton alongé.

BuccinuM MURINUM, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206.

Espeéce Linnéenne douteuse fondée sur une figure trés-incorrecte de
Gualtieri (pl. 57. f. P.). La description est tellement bréve qu’elle ne
peut suppléer a l’insuffisance de la figure. M. Hanley n’ayant pas
trouvé l’espéce dans la propre collection de Linné n’a pu faire cesser
le doute 4 son égard.

TEREBRA NEBULOSA, Kiener.

Ce nom de nebulosa avait été appliqué dés 1825 (Tank. Cat. par
Sowerby) 4 une espéce que M. Kiener ne connut pas sans doute, car
il Pattribua plus tard 4 une espéce trés-différente a laquelle M. Hinds
donna le nom de Terebra argus. '

Buccitnum Niveum, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 154.
Probablement une varicté de la Terebra cerulescens.

TEREBRA NUBECULATA, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 25.

Espéce restée incertaine depuis la publication, et que M. Hinds n’a
pu retrouver.

BuccinuM osBLiquuM, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 157.

La figure de Rumphius citée par Gmelin représente 4 la vérité une
Terebra rapproché de notre 7. chinensis, mais néanmoins indétermi-
nable.

TEREBRA PETITII, Kiener.

Rapportée a tort par M. Hinds 4 la T. rudis de Gray, cette espéce
est simplement un double emploi de la 7. dislocata, Say.

BuccinuM PHALLUS, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 146.

M. Pfeiffer dans son Index de Martini et Chemnitz rapporte au
Pleurotoma buccinoides de Lamarck la figure de Martini dont
Gmelin s’est servi pour le B. phallus.

TeREBRA POLITA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 63.
C’est le Buccinum politum de Lamk., le Miran d’ Adanson.

Buccinum puato, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 163.
Figure de d’Argenville, qui représente probablement une jeune
individu de la 7’. senegalensis.

320

TEREBRA PUNCTATA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61.

D’aprés M. Hinds cette espéce serait un double emploi de la 7.
corrugata de Lamarck.

TEREBRA PUNCTATO-STRIATA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61.

TEREBRA PUNCTULATA, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 24.

Ces deux espéces selon M. Hinds sont des doubles emplois de la
T. cingulifera de Lamarck.

BuccrnuM PUNCTULATUM, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 151.
Lister, Conch. pl. 979. f. 38, Cerithium indéterminable.

Buccinum RApIATUM, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 160.

La figure citée de Gualtieri (pl. 52. f. D.) représente un Cerithiwm
indéterminable.

TEREBRA SANDWIZENSIS.
Nous ne connaisssons ni l’origine ni application de ce nom men-
tionné par M. Hinds 4 la fin de sa Monographie.

TEREBRA STRIATA, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de |’ Astr.

Les auteurs ignoraient que le nom de striata avait été donné par
Basterot en 1825 & une espéce fossile de Bordeaux ; ils Pont appliqué
& une espéce vivante a laquelle le nom d’afinis a été donné par M.
Gray. Ce qui n’a pas empéché ce dernier naturaliste d’attribuer ce
nom de striata 4 une coquille depuis longtems connue sous le nom
de babylonia de Lamk.

TEREBRA STRIATULA, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. (non Lamk.).

L’auteur confond deux espéces sous ce nom, qui ne sont mi l’une
ni Pautre le striatula de Lamk. L’une nous parait étre le Terebra
verreauai, et autre le strigilata de Linné.

Buccinum succinctum, Gmel. p. 3502. no. 142.

Espéce trés-douteuse faite sur une trés-imparfaite figure de Mar-
tini (t. 4. f. 1451) ; nous doutons quelle soit du genre Terebra. Ce-
pendant M. Pfeiffer dans son Index la considére comme bonne espéce
et dit l’avoir dans sa collection ; il serait bien utile que le savant con-
chyliologue en donnat une description et une bonne figure.

TEREBRA TENIOLATA, Quoy et Gaim.
Double emploi de la Terebra tricolor de Sowerby.

TEREBRA TAHITENSIS, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61.
C’est un Buccin, Buecinum tahitense, Gmel.

BuccINUM TUBERCULATUM, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 150.

Gmelin renvoie 4 une figure de Lister (pl. 958. f. 11 6) qui repré-
sente un véritable Buccin.

321

Buccinum varicosum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 165.
Variété de la Terebra crenulata.

Buccinum vireineum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 168.

C’est encore une Melania d’aprés la figure citée de Lister, pl. 113.
feeZe

TEREBRA vViTTATA, Lamk.

C’est un Buccin (B. vittatum, Linn.) du groupe de Bullia de M.
Gray.

TEREBRA ZEBRA, Kiener.
Double emploi de la 7. strigata, Sow.

Pour compléter notre travail sur le genre Teredra, il faudrait
ajouter ici la liste des espéces fossiles. Déja nous avons rassemblé de
nombreux matériaux, nous comptons plus de 80 noms inscrits ; mais
nous n’avons pu nous procurer un grand nombre d’espéces qu'il fau-
drait comparer pour en assurer la synonymie. Nous sommes done
foreé d’ajourner 4 un moment plus propice cet appendix intéressant
d’une monographie du genre Terebra.

14. A Synopsis oF THE THRUSHES (TURDIDZ) OF THE NEW
Worup. By Puixtie Lutury Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., Secre-
TARY TO THE SOCIETY.

The true Thrushes, of the Linnean genus Turdus as now re-
stricted, almost perfectly cosmopolitan in their range, since they
occur in every part of the world, tropical and temperate, with the
exception of Australia, are found in great abundance in America.
Counting the Merule of some authors amongst their number, for I
believe that their structural differences from Turdus are unappre-
ciable, we find nearly forty species of this genus already known to
occur in the New World; and, from the number of species which
have escaped detection until quite recently, we may reasonably pre-
sume that we are not yet acquainted with all the American members
of this group. It is useless to enlarge here upon the characteristics
of these well-known birds. Suffice it to say, that, as far as we
know, their general habits and manners are the same in the New
World as in the Old, and that in the few cases in which we are ac-
quainted with the mode of nesting and peculiarities of the eggs, these
also are similar. Connected with the typical Thrushes of America
is a small group of birds forming the genus Catharus of Prince Bo-
naparte. This section, until lately known to have but one representa-
tive, is now extended to embrace seven species,—Mr. Gould’s type
Malacocichla, founded upon one of them, being inseparable generi-
cally from Catharus. The differences indeed between these birds
and the true Thrushes are but slight—consisting in rather longer

No. 404.—PROcCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

322

tarsi and shorter wings and tail, which render the group more fit
for terrestrial and less adapted to arboreal life. Commencing our
subfamily of Thrushes with the six Cathari, we enter Turdus by the
typical small Thrushes of N. America, already alluded to, of which
there seem to be eight species, difficult to be distinguished énter se.
The second group of the genus—a section denominated by Prince
Bonaparte Planesticus—in which the sexes are similar, and the
throat is either spotted or striated,—is composed of twenty species,
amongst which is the well-known Robin of the Americans, Turdus
migratorius. A third group, in which the plumage is dusky: and
uniform, but the sexes are still alike, may be called Semimerula.
It is composed of five species. There remain the Black-birds—of
the section Merula—in which the sexes are different. Of these in
the New World there appear, according to the present state of our
knowledge, to be at least six, which make up the large number of
thirty-nine species of American Turdi.

The genera Cichlerminia and Margarops, which in the greater de-
velopment of the first spurious primary (always small among the true
Thrushes) show an abnormal tendency, contain three or four species
peculiar to the Antilles. They may, perhaps, be arranged most
naturally next to Turdus—and serve to lead off towards the Mock-
birds, the several genera of which follow next in my arrangement.
The typical Mock-birds show in many respects striking differences,
when compared with the true Thrushes. Being adapted for a life
inside the thick bushes and near the ground, they are distinguished
by their low crown, their short and graduated wings—the first (spu-
rious) primary being much lengthened and generally half as long as
the second,—and their longer and more graduated tail.

These characters and the strongly-developed scutella on the front
of the tarsi, which are wanting in Turdus, have induced recent authors
to disconnect them entirely from the Thrushes and arrange them
with the Wrens. But there are some forms (such as Galeoscoptes,
Cichlerminia, and Melanotis) so clearly intermediate in one or other
of these respects, that Iam unable to draw the line of demarcation
between the two groups, and for the present am inclined to consider
the affinities of the Mock-birds as closer with the Thrushes than
with the Wrens. _ In their mode of nesting and in the colour of the
eggs (points by no means to be neglected in considering natural rela-
tionships), the Mock-birds also exhibit Thrush-like characters.

The series of Mock-birds may be best commenced with Galeo-
scoptes—embracing a well-known North American type—and two
Antillean species nearly allied to each other, the strong Thrush-lke
appearance (and habits) of which have induced me to call them sub-
generically Mimocichla. Next comes the singular type Melanoptila,
of which the nearest ally is perhaps Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Me-
lanotis with its two species is also nearly affine to Galeoscoptes, and
perhaps hardly separable generically therefrom. Rhamphocinclus
and Cinclocerthia, on the other hand, are so aberrant in form that
they have been ranged by some authors in a different group altogether;
but there can be no doubt that their right place is here. In the

323

elongated and incurved bill, some species of Harporhynchus, which
next follows, shows much resemblance to them. These latter birds
are clearly connected by Oreoscoptes with the typical Mock-thrushes
of the genus Méimus, in which group an accurate comparison of
specimens and a careful attention to geographical distribution are
requisite to enable the student to distinguish the numerous closely-
allied and similarly-clad species.

Genus I. CaTHARUS.

Catharus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850).
Malacocichla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 285. -

a. Catharus.

1. CATHARUS MELPOMENE.

Turdus melpomene, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 5.—Catharus aurantiiros-
tris, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294; 1858, p. 97; Ibis, 1859, p. 6.

Cinnamomeo-brunneus, uropygio, alis extus et cauda rufescentioribus :
subtus pallide cineraceus, gula et ventre medio crisoque dilutiori-
bus, albis: periophthalmiis, rostri basi et pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°!, caudee.2°6, tarsi 1°25.

Hab. Southern Mexico, near Cordova (Sallé) ; Orizaba (Bott.) ;

Guatemala (Skinner).

Mus. P..S8.

2. CATHARUS AURANTIIROSTRIS.

Turdus aurantiirostris, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 158; Contr.
Orn. 1851, pl. 72.—Catharus immaculatus, Bp. Consp. p. 278.

Supra dilute olivaceus: subtus albidus ; pectore, hypochondriis col-
lique lateribus cinerascentibus : subcaudalibus albis: gula cine-
rascente paulum variegata: rostro, pedibus et periophthalmiis flavis.

Hab. Venezuela.

Mus. Lugd.

I have not had an opportunity of comparing specimens of these

two nearly allied species ; but Dr. Hartlaub considers the present bird
as distinct.

3. CATHARUS OCCIDENTALIS, Sp. nov.

Cinnamomeo-brunneus, vertice saturatiore : subtus cineraceus, gula
albicante, cervice et pectore fusco subobsolete flammulatis : ventre
medio et crisso albis: rostro fusco-nigricante, hujus basi et pedi-
bus pallide corylinis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudee 2°9, tarsi 1°15.

Hab. Western Mexico, Oaxaca, Totontepec (Boucard).

Mus, P.L.S.

M. Sallé’s recent collections from M. Boucard contain four ex-

amples of this Catharus. It seems clearly distinct from C. melpo-
mene of Eastern Mexico, in its rather larger size, shorter tarsi, and

324

spotted neck and breast ; these parts in C. melpomene bemg imma-
culate.

{. Malacocichla.

4, CATHARUS DRYAS.
Malacocichla dryas, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 285, pl. 75; Ibis,
1859, p. 7.

Supra saturate olivaceus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigerrimis ; subtus
pallide ochraceus, pectore olivaceo variegato : rostro et pedibus
flavis.

Long. tota 7:0, ale 3°75, caudze 2°8.

Hab. Guatemala (Skinner).

Mus. Brit.

5. CATHARUS MACULATUS.
Malacocichla maculata, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 64.

Supra nigricanti-schistaceus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigerrimis :
subtus ochracescenti-albidus, lateraliter schistaceus : gula, pectore
et ventris lateribus nigro maculatis : rostro et pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 7:0, ale 3°6, caude 2°8.

Hab. Ecuador, banks of the Napo.

Mus. Brit.

6. CATHARUS MEXICANUS.

Malacocichla mexicana, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 998, et Orn.
Foss. p. 35.

Cinereo-olivaceus, subtus albido-fuscescens ; abdomine medio albo ;

pileo nigro : rostro flavo-aurantiaco, pedibus flavo-corneis.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3°5, caudze 2°4.

Hab. Southern Mexico, near Jalapa (Sallé) ; Guatemala, prov.
Vera-Paz (Delatire).

Mus. Derbiano, P. L. 8.

7. CATHARUS FUSCATER.

Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 341. — Catharus
fuscater, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 136.

Schistacescenti-niger ; subtus cinerascentior, abdomine medio albo,
gutture fuscescente : rostro aurantiaco, pedibus flavo-corneis.
Long. tota 6°5, ale 3°5, caudze 3:0.
Hab. Interior of New Granada; Ecuador, near Pallatanga
(Fraser).
Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S.

Genus II. Turpvs.

Turdus, Linn. S. N. (1766).
Merula, Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. (1816).
Planesticus, Bp. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1854, p. 118.

329

a. Turdus.
Minores : subtus plus minusve guttulati : sexus inter se similes.

“7, TuRDUS MUSTELINUS.

Turdus mustelinus, Gmel. 8S. N.i. p. 817; Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept.
pl. 62; Aud. B. Am. iii. pl. 144; Bp. Consp. p. 270; Baird, Rep.
p. 212; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294; Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855,
p. 470; Ibis, 1859, p. 6.—Turdus melodus, Wils. Am. Orn. i. pl. 2.

Supra clare cinnamomeo-brunneus, pileo intensiore ; subtus pure al-
bus, in lateribus cervicis, pectore et ventre maculis subtriangulari-
bus nigricantibus distincte notatus: rostro corneo, basi flavida :
pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 7:5, alee 4:1, caudze 2°75.

Hab. Eastern United States to the Missouri; Mexico ; Cordova

(Sallé); Guatemala; Cuba, and Jamaica (in winter).

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

I have not seen Turdus densus, Bp. (Compt. Rend. xxviii. p. 2;
Notes Orn. p. 26), from Tabasco in Mexico, said to be nearly allied
to T. mustelinus. The type is in the Museum at Brussels. I doubt
its distinctness.

2. TuRDUS PALLASI.

Turdus pallasi, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, 1. p. 205; Mus. Hein.
p. 5; Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470; Baird, Rep. p. 212.—Turdus
solitarius, Wils. Am. Orn. v. p. 95; Bp. Consp. p. 270; Sclater,
P. Z.S. 1857, p. 212.—Turdus minor, Bp. Obs. Wils. Orn. no. 72.
—Turdus guttatus, Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 187.

Supra pallide olivaceo-brunneus, uropygio et cauda rufis: subtus
albus, pectore ochracescente: gutturis lateribus et pectore nigro
triangulariter maculatis : hypochondriis subolivaceis.

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3:5, caudze 2°5.

Hab. Eastern N. America to the Mississippi and southwards to

Mexico ; Orizaba (Botteri) ; Cuba (Gundlach).

Mus. P.L.S.

3. TURDUS NANUS.
Turdus nanus, Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 201; %. Amer. iu. pl. 147;
Baird, Rep. p. 213.

Similis Turdo pallasi, sed minor: subtus purius albus: lateribus
magis cinerascentibus nec cinnamomescentibus : colore caude sa-
turatiore.

Long. tota 6:5, alee 3°3, caudee 2°9.

Hab. Pacific slope of N. America, replacing T. pallasi: California

and Oregon.

Mus. P.L.S.

4. TURDUS SILENS.
Merula silens, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369; North. Zool. 1.
p. 186; Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 300.

326

Similis Turdo pallasi, sed colore corporis superi pallidiore, cine-
rascentiore et multo minus cinnamomeo : cauda flavicanti-brunnea
et pallidiore.

Hab. Southern Mexico; Oaxaca (Boucard).

Mus. P.L.S.

Further specimens are requisite to confirm the validity of this
species of Thrush. Having now examples of Turdus nanus, I should
be inclined to refer it to that species, were it not of rather larger
proportions.

5. TurRDUS FUSCESCENS.

Turdus fuscescens, Steph. G. Z. x. p. 182; Baird, Rep. p. 214.—
Turdus mustelinus, Wils. Am. Orn. v. pl. 43.—Turdus wilsoni, Bp. ;
Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 188; Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470.

Supra rufescenti-brunneus, subtus albus ; gutture et pectore antico
flavido-rufescentibus, maculis parvis triangularibus brunnescenti-
olivaceis parce aspersis.

Long. tota 6°5, ale 3°8, caudee 2°8.

Hab. Eastern North America to the Missouri.

Mus. P.L.S.

6. TuRDUS USTULATUS.

Turdus ustulatus, Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 400 (1840); Baird, Rep.
p. 215.

Hab. Coast region of Oregon and Washington Territory.

I have not seen examples of this Thrush, and can only refer to
Prof. Baird’s description.

V 7. TURDUS SWAINSONI.

Turdus swainsoni, Cab. in Tseh. F. P. p. 188; Mus. Hein. p. 5;
Baird, Rep. p. 216; Ibis, 1859, p. 6.—Turdus minor, Gm. (part.)
et Bp. Consp. p. 271; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 212.—Turdus oli-
vaceus, Giraud.—Turdus minimus, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 5; Sclater,
P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 111; 1855, p. 145.

Supra pallide olivaceus unicolor: subtus albus ; gula et pectore di-
lute flavescenti-brunneis, gule lateribus et pectore toto maculis
triangularibus fusco-nigris crebro sparsis.

Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°7, caudz 2°8.

Hab. Eastern North America to Greenland, and southwards to
Mexico, Orizaba (Bolt.) ; Guatemala; New Granada, Heuador, and
Peru; Cuba (Gundlach) ; Gualaquiza, Ecuador (Fraser).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

8. TURDUS ALICI&.

Turdus alicia, Baird, Rep. p. 217.
Hab. Interior of N. America—Illinois and Upper Missouri.
¥ have not seen this bird.

327
}B. Planesticus.

Majores: subtus unicolores, gula nigro striata aut punctata: seus
inter se similes.

9. TURDUS PHHOPYGUS.

Turdus pheopygus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. 666, et Mus. Hein.
p- 4; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 64.—Turdus jamaicensis, Jard. Ann.
Nat. Hist. xx. p. 329 (1847), nec Gm.

Supra saturate olivaceo-brunneus, uropygio cinereo: subtus pallide
cinereus, gula alba nigro striata; collo antico et crisso albis :
rostro et pedibus nigricanti-fuscis.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°9, caudze 3:0.

Hab. Guiana (Schomb.); Northern Brazil; Venezuela; Trinidad ;

Tobago (Kirk); New Granada; Hastern Ecuador, Rio Napo.

Mus. P.L.S.

Kasily known by its small size, and grey rump in contradistinction

to the cinnamomeous back.

10. TuRDUS JAMAICENSIS.

Turdus jamaicensis, Gm. 8S. N. 1. p. 809; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 142,
et Ill. pl. 24. — Turdus capucinus, Hartl.; Bp. Consp. p. 271. —
Turdus lereboulleti, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 3, et Notes Orn.
p- 27.

Saturate ardesiacus, capite undique et striis in gula alba obscure
cinnamomeis : subtus pallide cinereus, collo antico et ventre medio
albis : rostro nigro ; pedibus clare fusco-nigris.

Long. tota 8°7, alee 4°6, caudee 3°6.

Hab. Jamaica (Gosse).

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.

11. TurRDUS CROTOPEZUS.

Turdus leucomelas, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. 226, et Ene. Méth.
p- 644, ex Azara, no. 80?—Turdus crotopezus, Licht. Doubl. p. 38 ;
Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 3; Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. p. 122; Bp. Consp.
p. 272.—Turdus albicollis, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 71, pl. 70.

Saturate cinnamomeo-brunneus, subéus pallide cinereus, gula alba
nigro striata: ventre medio et crisso pure albis ; lateribus fulvis :
tectricibus subalaribus pallide cinnamomeis: rostro corneo, man-
dibule inferioris basi flava : pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 4:4, caudze 3°3.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil.

12. TuRDUS ASSIMILIS.

Turdus assimilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 4; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857,
p. 202.

Supra olivascenti-brunneus, cauda concolore ; subtus pallide cine-

328

rascenti-olivaceus ; gula alba, nigro striata ; collo antico et ventre
medio cum crisso albis : rostro omnino corneo: pedibus fuscis.

Long tota 9°5, alee 5:0, caudee 4:0.

Hab. Southern Mexico, Vera Cruz (Saillé) ; Orizaba (Botteri) ;
Puente Nacional (Pease) ; Oaxaca (Boucard).

Mus. P. L. S8., Acad. Philadelph.

The under surface of this species much resembles that of T. cro-
topezus, showing only a larger white patch on the neck and a deeper
cinereous on the breast. Above, the present bird is wholly of a
paler and more cimereous brown.

13. TurDUS LEUCAUCHEN.
Turdus leucauchen, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 447; Ibis, 1859, p. 6.

Supra nigricanti-cinereus alis et cauda saturatioribus: capite toto
et gula nigris, hac albo striata: collo antico pure albo ; abdomine
toto pallide cinereo, ventre medio crissoque albis : tectricibus sub-
alaribus pallide ochracescentibus: rostro flavo, pedibus pallide
brunneis.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 4°6, caudze 2°8.

Hab. Guatemala (Skinner).

This Guatemalan species is nearly allied to the two latter, but

distinguishable by its dark cinereous colour above, more conspicuous
white neck-patch and yellow bill.

14. TuRDUS ALBIVENTRIS.

Turdus albiventris, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, pl. 69 ; Cab. in Schomb.
Reisen, iii. p. 666, et Mus. Hein. p. 4; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 124;
Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 451.

Brunnescenti-olivaceus, subtus pallide cinereus ; gula albida nigro
striata ; ventre medio et crisso pure albis : tectricibus subalaribus
pallide cinnamomeis : rostro corneo: pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 8°5, ale 4:5, caudee 3°8. :

Hab. Guiana (Schomb.) and valley of the Amazon up to Rio Napo
and Eastern Ecuador; Zamora (Fraser); Brazil, Bahia, and coast-
region generally ; Bolivia ?

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

I am unable at present to decide that specimens collected by Mr.
Fraser at Pallatanga, on the western slope of the Andes, are really
referable to this species ; but they appear to be very closely allied
to it.

15. TURDUS IGNOBILIS.
Turdus ignobilis, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 273.

Cinerascenti-fuscus, subtus dilutior ; gula albicante, fusco striata ;
abdomine albo: tectricibus subalaribus fusco-cinereis, rufo viz
tinctis : rostro corneo, pedibus fusco-nigris.

Long. tota 9-0, alee 4°5, caudze 3°9.

Hab. Ynterior of New Granada.

Mus. P. L. 8. et Acad. Philadelph.

329

Apparently a larger bird than the preceding, and of more uniform
colouring. The colour above is darker, browner, and without any
cinereous tinge ; the breast is much more brown, and the throat more
obsoletely streaked ; the tarsi are stouter and thicker.

16. TuRDUS ALBICOLLIS.

Turdus albicollis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p.226,et Enc. Méth. p.640;
Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 5; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 125.

Cinnamomeo-brunneus, subtus pallide cinereus, gula alba nigro
striata: collo antico, ventre imo et crisso albis : hypochondriis et
lateribus ventris saturate cinnamomeo-rufis: rostro superiore
nigro, inferiore flavo : pedibus clare fuscis.

Long. tota 9°4, alee 4°8, caudz 4:0.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil; Paraguay and La Plata; Monte Video

(Mus. Berol.).

Mus. P.L.S.

17. TURDUS AMAUROCHALINUS.
Turdus amaurochalinus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 5.

Supra olivaceo-viridis, preecipue in capite brunnescens : loris nigri-
canti-brunneis : subtus brunnescenti-griseus ;. gula albida fusco
striata, plaga medialt immaculata: tectricibus subalaribus dilute
ferrugineis : ventre medio et crisso albis: rostro adulti flavo,
juvenis fusco (Cab.).

Hab. Brazil.

I have not yet met with specimens of this species.

18. TuRDUS GYMNOPHTHALMUS.

Turdus gymnophthalmus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 665.—Tur-
dus nudigenys, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 4.—Turdus gymnopsis, Temm.
Mus. Lugd., et Bp. Consp. p. 272.

Brunnescenti-olivaceus, orbitis late nudis: subtus cinerascens, gut-
ture fusco striato, ventre medio et crisso albis: subalaribus cin-
namomeis.

Long. tota 9-0, ale 4°5, caudze 4-0.

Hab. Guiana; Venezuela; Trinidad; Tobago (Kirk); Surinam

(Hering in Mus. Acad. Philadelph.).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

19. TuRDUS FUMIGATUS.

Turdus fumigatus, Licht. Doubl. p. 38.—T. ferrugineus, Wied,
Beitr. iii. 649 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. in. 122; Bp. Consp. p. 272; Cab.
in Schomb. Guian. iti. 665 ; Hartlaub, Journ. f. Orn. 1854, p. 260.
—Turdus olivaceus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. 1. p. 16, juv. ?

Rufescenti-brunneus, subtus dilutior, gula striata, subalaribus satu-
rate cinnamomeis: rostro et pedibus fuscis. Juv. Fuscescenti-
olivaceus, subtus dilutior.

Long. tota 9-0, alze 4°6, caudze 3°7.

Hab. Kastern Brazil and northwards to Guiana; Para (Wallace).

Mus. P.L.S.

330

20. TuRDUS GRAYII.

Merula tristis, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369 ?—Turdus grayi, Bp.
P.Z.S. 1837, p. 118; Bp. Consp. p. 272 ; Ibis, 1859, p. 5.—Turdus
tristis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294.—Turdus helvolus, Licht. Bp.
C. R. xxxviii. p. 4; Notes Orn. p. 28.

Supra olivascenti-fuscus : subtus flavicanti-cinnamomeus, gutture
vie fusco striolato: tectricibus alarum inferioribus pallide cer-
vinis : rostro plumbeo, apice flavo ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 5:0, caudee 4°3.

Hab. Southern Mexico ; Cordova (Sallé); Orizaba (Botteri).

21. TuRDUS CASsIUS.
Planesticus casius, Bp. Compt. Rend. xli. p. 657.
Cinnamomeo-ferrugineus ; subtus pallidior, gula obsolete striata

(Bp:)-7 7
Hab. In isthmo Panama (Mus. Brit.).
Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

I doubt much the real distinctness of this bird from Turdus grayit.
I have a specimen, believed to be from Guatemala, which agrees
nearly with Prince Bonaparte’s type in the British Museum. It only
differs from the preceding in having rather smaller dimensions and
paler colouring, particularly beneath. I am not acquainted with
Planesticus luridus, Bp. (Compt. Rend. xxxviil. p. 4; Notes Orn.
p. 28), said to be from New Granada; but from the characters*
assigned to it, I should imagine it to be the same as the present.

22. TURDUS SERRANUS.

Turdus serranus, 'Tsch. Av.Consp. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 1. p. 280,
et Faun. Per. p. 186; Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1854, p. 260.
Supra obscure fuscus, pilei plumarum scapis ferrugineis : remigibus
rectricibusque nigricantibus : subtus ex olivaceo fuscus, pectore
Fferrugineo-fusco ; crisso saturatiore: rostro nigro ; pedibus
faavis (Tschudi).
Hab. Andes of Western Peru, Sierra-region, alt. 9000 to 14,000 ft.
(Tsch.).

Mus. Novo-Castellano.

I have once had the type of this species in my hand. My im-
pression was that it was nearly allied to Turdus ferrugineus ; but I had
no means of comparison.

23. TuRDUS FALKLANDICUS.

Turdus falklandicus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de |’Uranie, p. 104;
D’Orb. Voy. p. 202; Darwin, Voy. p. 59.— Turdus magellanicus,
King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 14; Bp. Consp. p. 272; Bridges, P. Z. S.
1843, p. 111.—Merula falklandica, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped. Birds,
pe loz.

* Plus pale et moins roussatre en dessous (se. compared with Turdus grayi?).

331

Brunneo-olivaceus, pileo nigricante: subtus dilute ochraceus, latera-
hter cinerascens ; gutture albo, nigro striolato: rostro et pedibus
avis.
ee tota 10°5, ale 5°4, caudee 4°3.
Hab. Falkland Islands, Southern Patagonia, and Chili: Valdivia
(Philippi).
Mus. Brit., P. L. S., Derb.
Specimens of this bird vary a little. Those in the Derby Museum
from the Falklands are of a deeper rufous tinge below than conti-
nental specimens.

W24. TuRDUS MIGRATORIUS.

Turdus migratorius, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 292; Wils. Am. Orn. i. pl. 2;
Aud. B. Am. in. pl. 142; Bp. Consp. p. 272; Cassin, U.S. Expl.
Exp. Birds, p. 157; Baird, Rep. p. 218; Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827,
p: 368; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294.

Cineraceus vix olivacescens: capite nigro, regione oculari alba:
gula alba nigro striata : abdomine toto et tectricibus subalaribus
castaneis : tibiis et crisso albis: rostro flavo, apice obscuro ;
pedibus cornets.

Long. tota 8°25, alee 5:0, caudee 4:0.

Hab. Whole continent of North America, Eastern and Western

States, and down to 8. Mexico in winter; Cordova (Sallé) ; acci-
dental in Antilles, Tobago (Kirk).

25. TuRDUS NEVIUS.

Turdus nevius, Gm.8. N.i. p. 817; Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. ii. pl. 66;
Aud. B. Am. ii. pl. 143; Bp. Consp. p. 271; Baird, Rep. p. 219.
Cineraceus : lateribus capitis et torque pectorali nigris : superciliis
elongatis, fasctis alarum et corpore subtus ferrugineo-rufis : ventre
medio et crisso albis rufo perfusis : caude@ rectricibus albo ter-
minatis: rostro nigro: pedibus flavidis.

Long. tota 9-0, alee 5:0, caudze 3°5.

Hab. Pacific Coast of N. America; Oregon and California ; Mon-
terey (Gambel).

The true type of Prince Bonaparte’s subgeneric term [xoreus, used
by Professor Baird for this bird, is, as I know from its having been
pointed out to me by the founder in the Jardin de Plantes’ collection,
the S. American Tenioptera rufiventris (Tyrannus rufiventris, Vieill. ;
Tenioptera variegata, G. R. Gray; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. t. 39. fig. 2;
gen. Myiotheretes, Reichb.). It was from confounding this bird with
the present, that the strange remark was made, which I have already
alluded to (P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 4), concerning the natural position of
this bird, in Compt. Rendus, xxxvill. p. 3 (Notes Orn. p. 26).

26. TuURDUS FULVIVENTRIS.
Turdus fulviventris, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 273.

Nigricanti-cinereus : capite toto cum gutture nigris : cervice antica

332

cinerascente : abdomine et subalaribus saturate cinnamomeo-rujis :
rostro flavo : pedibus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 10°5, alze 4:8, caudee 4:0.

Hab. Interior of New Granada.

Mus. P. L.S. et Bruxelliano.

27. TuRDUS RUFIVENTRIS.

Turdus rufiventris, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 226, et Enc. Méth.
p- 639; Azara, no.79; unde Turdus chochi, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx.
p- 226, et Ene. p. 639; Max. Beitr. ii. 639; D’Orb. Voy. p. 203;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. iu. p. 122; Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, pl. 68; Bp.
Consp. p. 272; Darw. Zool. p. 59.

Brunnescenti-olivaceus ; gutture albo fusco striato: abdomine cum

crisso saturate ferrugineis.

Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:6, caudee 4:0.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil; Paraguay (4zar.) ; interior of Bo-
livia and Argentine republic down to Rio Negro (D’Ord.).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S., &c.

28. TURDUS FLAVIROSTRIS.

Turdus flavirostris, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369.—Turdus rufo-
palliatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 259.— Turdus palliatus, Bp.
Consp. p. 272.

Cinereo-olivaceus, dorso et abdomine rufo-cinnamomeis ; ventre medio
et crisso albis: gula alba, nigro striata: rostro et pedibus flavis.
© dorso dilutiore.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 4°9, caudee 3°75.

Hab, Western Mexico and Lower California; Monterey (La/r.).

Mus. Brit.

y. Semimerula.

Majores : ptilosis unicolor, fusca aut fusco-nigra: sexus similes.
29. TuRDUS GIGAS.

Turdus gigas, Fraser, P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 59; Bp. Consp. p. 275 ;
Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 144; 1858, pp. 451 & 550.

Nigricanti-fuscus, subtus dilutior : rostro et pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 13:0, alee 6:0, caudee 6:0, tarsi 1°7.

Hab. Interior of New Granada and Ecuador; Cuenca, and plateau
of Riobamba (Fraser).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

Easily distinguishable from the next-following species by its larger
dimensions. The colouring is also lighter and more greyish below.

30. TuRDUS FUSCATER.
Turdus fuscater, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 16; D’Orb. Voy.

p- 200, pl. 9. f. 1; Bp. Consp. p. 275; Gay, Hist. de Chili, Zool.
p. 331; Fraser in P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 120; Tschudi, Faun. Per. p. 186.

333

Fuliginoso-nigricans : rostro et pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 10°5, alee 5:9, caudee 4°5, tarsi 1°45.

Hab. Andes of Peru and Bolivia ; Cochabamba and Chuquisaca
(D’Orb.) ; Mendoza in Argentine republic (Bridges and Burmeister).

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

31. TuRDUS CHIGUANCO.

Turdus chiguanco, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. p. 16; D’Orb. Voy.
p- 201, pl. 9. fig. 2; Bp. Consp. p. 275; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,
pp. 450 & 540.

Fuliginoso-cinereus, subtus dilutior ; gula albicante: tectricibus sub-
alaribus rufis: rostro et pedibus flavis.
Long. tota 10:0, alee 5°3, caudze 4:4.
Hab. Andes of Peru and Ecuador—Tacna (D’Orb.) ; Cuenca and
plateau of Rio Bamba (Fraser).
Mus. Paris., P. L.S.

32. TuRDUS AURANTIUS.

Turdus aurantius,Gm.8.N. i. p. 832; Bp. Consp. p. 275.—Turdus
leucogenys, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 341.—Merula leucogenys, Gosse, B.
Jam. p. 136, et Ill. no. 23.

Nigricanti-cinereus, subtus dilutior ; mento, abdomine medio et macula
alari albis: rostro aurantiaco, pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 4:6, caudze 3°6.

Hab. Jamaica.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

33. TURDUS OLIVATER.

Merula olivatra, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 2.

Olwvascenti-brunneus, subtus dilutior ; ventre medio precipue palli-
diore: alis caudaque intus nigricantibus: capite et collo toto
undique ad medium pectus nigerrimis : tectricibus subalaribus ventre
concoloribus ; rostro et pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 4:6, caudze 3°7.

Hab. Venezuela, between La Guayra and Caraccas (Salle).

Mus. Derbiano, Bremensi.

0. Merula.

Sexus inter se dissimilis: mares nigri aut nigro vari: fomine
Susce aut fuscescentes.

34. TuRDUS ATROSERICEUS.

Merula atrosericea, Lafr. Ri. Z. 1848, p. 3.

Turdus atrosericeus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 136.

Atrosericeus, rostro et pedibus flavis: 2 brunnescenti-olivacea,
rostro et pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 4°7, caudze 4:0.

Hab. Venezuela, New Granada, and Eeuador ; Pallatanga (Fraser).

Mus. P.L.8.

334

35. TuRDUS INFUSCATUS.

Merula infuscata, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 41.—Turdus infus-
catus, Sclater et Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 6; Bp. Consp. p. 275.

Obscure niger : rostro et pedibus flavis. 2 brunnescenti-olwacea,
subtus dilutior, gutture striato ; tectricibus subalaribus rufis :
rostro fusceo : pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 9°5, alze 5:0, caudee 3°75.

Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala; Jalapa (de Oca) ; Oaxaca

(Boucard).

Mus. P.L.S. -

This Blackbird seems truly different from the preceding, as I
judge from the examination of several specimens. It is not of so
deep a black; the bill is much shorter (0°9 inch from the gape
instead of 1°3) ; the wings are longer and more pointed, and the
tarsi are shorter.

36. TuURDUS XANTHOSCELES.

Turdus xanthosceles, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1847, p. 14, pl. 1, et
Ann. N. H. xx. p. 329 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. p. 275.

Niger : rostro et pedibus flavis. Q fusco-olivacea.
Long. tota 8:0, alee 4°3, caudee 3°5.

Hab. Tobago (Kirk).

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Bart., et P. L.S.

37. TURDUS FLAVIPES.

Turdus flavipes, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. 277; Ene. Méth. p. 670 ;
Spix, Av. Bras. i. pl. 67. f. 2, p. 69.—Turdus carbonarius, Licht.
Doubl. p. 37; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 643 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 125.

Niger: dorso toto et ventre imo et laterali schistaceis : rostro et

pedibus flavis. @ olivaceo-brunnea, subtus dilutior, rostro et
pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 9:0, ale 4:5, caudee 3:5.

Hab. 8. E. Brazil.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

38. TURDUS RUFITORQUES.

Turdus rufitorques, Hartl. R. Z. 1844, p- 214; DuBus, Esq. Orn.
pl. 19 & 20; Bp. Consp. p. 275; Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1849, p. 6.

Nigro-fuliginosus, mento albo; cervice undique et pectore rufo-
cinnamomeis : rostro flavo. @ fusco-brunnea, gula striata,
pectore et collo postico rufo tinctis.

Long. tota 9:5, ale 5-0, caudee 4:0.

Hab. Guatemala (Salvin).

Mus. Derbiano, Brit., P. L. S.

39. TURDUS PINICOLA, Sp. nov.

Fusco-niger, capitis et dorsi plumarum scapis brunneis: alarum
tectricibus majoribus fumido-albo extus late limbatis : prima-

335

riorum parte basali extus et intus macula magna alba occupata :
secundariorum apicibus grisescenti-albo late terminatis: cauda
nigra, hujus tectricibus superioribus et rectricum apicibus albis :
abdomine cum crisso et tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis :
rostro nigro, pedibus flavis. 2 brunnescentior : coloribus
dilutioribus ; gutture et pectore toto brunneis, colore pallidiore
marmoratis.

Long. tota 8°28, ale 5:0, caudee 3°28, tarsi 1-0.

Hab. Southern Mexico, Pine-forests of the tableland above Jalapa

(de Oca).
Mus. Bremensi et P.L.S.

Genus IIT. CicHitermintia.
Cichlerminia, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 3 (1854).

1. CICHLERMINIA BONAPARTII.
Turdus herminiert, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 167.

Saturate brunnea, plumis abdominis albis brunneo marginatis,
tanquam squamatis : oculorum ambitu denudato.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 5:0, caudee 3°5, tarsi 1°65.

Hab. Island of Guadeloupe (L’ Herminier).

Mus. Brit.

This is a singular bird, and must be separated from the three
following species, differing as it does in its much stronger bill and
longer tarsi, which give it somewhat the semblance of an Ant-thrush
(Grallaria).

Genus [V. MarGarops.

Cichlalopia, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1857, p. 205, nee Bp. Compt. Rend.
XXxviil. p. 6 (1854).

1. MARGAROPS FUSCATUS.

Turdus fuscatus, Vieill. Ois. de PAm. Sept. ii. p. 1, pl. 57 bis;
Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 226, et Enc. Méth. p. 639; Bp. Consp. p: 276 ;
Cichlerminia fuscata, A. & K. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 141. —Collu-
ricincla fusca, Gould, P. Z.S. 1836, p. 6.

Fusco-brunneus, plumis colore dilutiore marginatis : subtus albo
variegatus: ventre crissoque albis fusco striatis : caude rectri-
cibus lateralibus albo terminatis: rostro et pedibus corneis.

Long. tota 10°5, alee 5°0, caudze 4°25, tarsi 1°3.

Hab. Islands 8. Domingo and Porto Rico (Vieill.); St. Croix et

St. Thomas (Newéon).

Messrs. Newton have described the nest and eggs of this bird in
the ‘Ibis’ (1859, p. 142).

Not being able to concur in Prince Bonaparte’s transfer of his
name Cichlalopia to this genus, I have used the term Margarops
(papyapos et wp)—se. “ Pearly-eyed Thrush,” as Messrs. Newton
call it.

336

2, MARGAROPS DENSIROSTRIS.

Turdus densirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 233, et Enc. Méth.
p. 642; Bp. Consp. p. 271; Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 167.
Similis precedenti, sed paulo minor ; rostro breviore, et magis
crasso: tarsis brevioribus, validioribus : pectore magis striato.
Hab. Island of Guadeloupe (Z’ Herminier) ; Martinique ( Vierll.).
Mus. Brit.

3. MARGAROPS MONTANUS.
Turdus montanus, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 167.

Precedentibus minor, supra unicolor fuscus ; secundaris, tectrici-
bus alarum majoribus et cauda albo terminatis : gutturis totius
et pectoris plumis nigro-brunnescentibus, albo vix marginatis :
ventre imo albido.

Long. tota 9:0, ale 4°9, caudze 3°8.

Hab. Island of Guadeloupe (L’ Herm.).

Mus. Brit.

Genus V. GALEOSCOPTES.

Galeoscoptes, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 82 (1851).
Felivoz, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxvii. p. 56 (1854).

/ a. Galeoscoptes.
4

1. GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS.

Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 328.—Turdus felivoa,
Vieill.—Turdus lividus, Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 14. f. 3.—Mimus caro-
linensis, Baird, Report, p. 346 ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 294; Cab.

Mus. Hein. 1855, p. 470; Ibis, 1859, p. 6.

Plumbeus, subtus dilutior, pileo nigro ; crisso ferrugineo: rostro

nigro, pedibus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 8-0, ale 3-5, caudee 3°5. -

Hab. Eastern N. America down to Mexico, Guatemala, and Hon-
duras (in winter) ; Cordova (Sallé) ; Belize (Salvin) ; Cuba (Gund-
lach).

Mus. Brit., P..S.

B. Mimocichla.

“2, GALEOSCOPTES RUBRIPES.

Turdus rubripes, Temm. Pl. Col. 409 ; La Sagra, Cuba Ois. pl. 4.
—Mimus rubripes, Bp. Consp. p. 276.—Galeoscoptes rubripes, Cab.
Mus. Hein. p. 82, et Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470.

Dilute plumbeus, mento et crisso albis : gutture toto nigro : ventre

rubro: rostro nigricante, pedibus aurantiacis.

Long. tota 10:0, alee 4°6, caudee 3:3.

Hab. Cuba.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

337

3. GALEOSCOPTES PLUMBEUS.

Turdus plumbeus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 294; Pl. Enl. 560. f. 1;
Vieill. Ois. de ’Am. Sept. ii. pl. 58, p. 2.— Turdus ardosiaceus,
Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 646. — Galeoscoptes plumbeus, Cab. Mus.
Hein. p. 82; Sallé, P.Z. S. 1857, p. 231.

Cinereus: lateribus capitis nigris: gula alba nigro striata:

ventre imo et crisso albis : cauda nigra, albo terminata.

Long. tota 10:5, alee 5:1, caudee 4°5.

Hab. S. Domingo (Sallé) ; Porto Rico (Maugé in Mus. Par.).
Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

Genus VI. MELANOoPpTILA.
Melanoptila, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 275.

1. MELANOPTILA GLABRIROSTRIS.

Melanoptila glabrirostris, Sclater, P. Z.S8. 1857, p. 275.

Nigra unicolor, ceruleo-nitens: alis caudaque eneo magis splen-
dentibus : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 7°8, alee 3:5, caudee 4°3.

Hab. Honduras, vicinity of Omoa.

Mus. Derbiano, Brit., P. L. 8.

Genus VII. Mzzanoris.
Melanotis, Bp. Consp. 1. p. 276 (1850).

1. MELANOTIS CHRULESCENS.

Orpheus cerulescens, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369.-—Turdus me-
lanotis, Temm. Pl. Col. 498; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294; Bp.
Consp. p. 276.

Schistaceo-cerulescens, facie nigra, rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 10:0, alee 4°5, caudze 4:7.

Hab. Southern Mexico; Cordova (Salle).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

2. MELANOTIS HYPOLEUCUS.

Melanotis hypoleucus, Wartl. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 460; Scl. et
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 7.

Schistaceo-cerulescens, lateribus capitis nigris: subtus candidus,
crisso obscure ceruleo: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 10-0, alee 4:3, caude 5:0.

Hab. Guatemala, central region (Salvin).

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

Genus VIII. RuaAmpuocinc.wus.

Ramphocinelus, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 66.
Legriocinclus, Less. Ann. Sc. Nat.ix. p. 168 (1838).
Cinclops, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 1.

No. 405.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

338

1. RHAMPHOCINCLUS BRACHYURUS.

Turdus brachyurus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 255, et Enc. Méth.
p- 655; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1143, p. 66; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 213.
—Zoothera cinclops, Bp. Consp. p. 259.—Cinclops melanoleueus,
Bp.

Nigricanti-fuscus : lateribus capitis nigris : subtus albus, hypo-
chondriis et crisso dorso concoloribus: rostro nigro, pedibus
Susco-nigris.

Long. tota 8:0, alee 3:9, caudee 3°0.

Hab. Islands of St. Lucia and Guadeloupe (Mus. Paris.) ; Mar-

tinique (Vierll.).

Mus. Paris., P. L. 8S.

Genus IX. CincLocEerRTHIA.

Stenorhynchus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 186.
Cinclocerthia, G. R. Gray, List. of Gen. 1840, p. 22.
Herminierus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 325.

1. CINCLOCERTHIA RUFICAUDA.

Stenorhynchus ruficaudus, Gould, P. Z.S. 1835, p. 186.—Cinclo-
certhia ruficauda, G. R. Gray.—Ramphocinclus tremulus, Lafr. Rev.
Zool. 1833, p. 67; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 214.

Fumoso-brunnea unicolor, paulum rufescens: subtus paulo dilu-
tior magis cinerascens : rostro nigro, basi brunnescente; pedibus
Suscis.

Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:0, caudze 3:4, rostri a rictu 1°7.

Hab. {sland of Guadeloupe (Lajr.), Nevis (Gould).

Mus. Brit., P. 1.8.

2. CINCLOCERTHIA GUTTURALIS.

Ramphocincelus gutturalis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 67; Sclater,
P. Z.S. 1855, p. 214.

Nigricanti-fuscocinerea, subtus valde dilutior: gutture et ventre
medio albis: tectricibus. subalaribus pallide fusco-cinerascen-
tibus.

Long. tota 9°5, alee 4°4, caudee 3:2, tarsi 1:2, rostri a rictu 1:5.

Hab. Island of Martinique (Mus. Brit.).

Mus. Brit.

Genus X. HARPORHYNCHUS.

Harpes, Gamb. Pr. Ac. Phil. ii. p. 264.
Harporhynchus, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1848, i. p. 98.
Toxostoma, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 528.
Methriopterus, Reichb. Av.S. N. pl. 55.

339

a. Harporhynchus.
1. HARPORHYNCHUS REDIVIVUS.

Harpes redivivus, Gamb. Pr. Ac. Phil. i. p. 264. — Towxostoma
rediviva, Gamb. Journ. Ac. Phil. i. p. 42 (1847) ; Bp.Consp. p. 277 ;
Cassin, B. Californ. pl. 43.—Harporhynchus redivivus, Cab. Wiegm.
Arch. 1848, p. 98 ; Baird, Rep. p. 349.

Supra brunnescenti-olivaceus: infra pallide cinnamomeus, gula
pallidiore, ventre imo et crisso saturatioribus ; pectore antico
et lateribus brunnescenti-olivaceis, dorso pallidioribus : super-
cilis et linea infra-oculari, hac obsoletiore, obscure cineraceis :
regione auriculari et striga maxillari indistincta obscure fuscis ;
caude apice pallidiore.

Long. tota 11°5, alee 4:2, caudee 5°75.

Hab, California.

Mus. Brit.

“G HARPORHYNCHUS LECONTII.

Toxostoma lecontit, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 109. — Harpo-
rhynchus lecontii, Bp.Compt. Rend. xxviii. p. 57 ; Notes Orn. p. 39 ;
Baird, Rep. p. 350.

Assimilis precedenti, sed crassitie inferiore et coloribus dilutio-

ribus.

Hab. Vicinity of Fort Yuma, Gila River, California.

Mus. Institut. Smithsonian.

3. HARPORHYNCHUS CRISSALIS.

Toxostoma crissalis, Henry, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1858, p.117 ; Baird,
Rep. p. 351.

Supra olivaceo-brunneus, grisescente tinctus: infra pallidior,

brunnescenti-griseus, gula albicantiore : crisso ferrugineo.

Long. tota 11:0, alee 4°0, caudze 5:8.

Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains.

Mus. Institut. Smithsonian.

4. HARPORHYNCHUS CURVIROSTRIS.

Orpheus curvirostris, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369. — Pomato-
rhinus turdinus, Temm. Pl. Col. 441.—Towostoma vetula, Wagler,
Isis, 1831, p.528; Baird, Report, p. 351.—Toxostoma curvirostre,
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 212.

Cinereus, alarum tectricibus anguste albo terminatis ; subtus
alous, pectore cinereo variegato : caude rectricibus extimis in
pogonto interiore albo terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:3, caudze 4°4.

Hab. Southern Mexico ; Orizaba (Botter?).

Mus. P. U.S.

f. Methriopterus.
5. HaRPORHYNCHUS LONGIROSTRIS.
Orpheus longirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 55, et Mag. de

340

Zool. 1839, Ois. pl. 1; Baird, Rep. p. 352. —Mimus longirostris,
Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294.

Sordide castaneus: alarum tectricum apicibus albis, macula sub-
apicali nigricante : subtus albus, ngrolongitudinaliter striatus,
gula et abdomine medio immaculatis.

Long. tota 11-0, alee 4:0, caudze 5:3.

Hab. Eastern Mexico ; Rio Grande (Couch) ; Cordova (Salle).

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.

6. HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS.

Turdus rufus, Linn. 8. N.1. p. 293; Wils. Am. Orn. ii. pl. 14.—
Orpheus rufus, Sw.—Har Joe hynchus rufus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 82 ;
Baird, Report, p. 353.

Supra lete castaneus, alarum tectricum apicibus albis, macula
subapicali nigricante: subtus albus brunnescenti-nigro trian-
gulariter notatus : gula et abdomine medio immaculatis : rostro
breviore et mandibula inferiore recta: rostro nigricanti-fusco,
pedibus corneis.

Long. tota 11:0, alee 4:0, caudze 5:0.

Tab. Eastern N. America.

Genus XI. OrnEoscopTes.
Oroscoptes, Baird, Report N. A. Orn. p. 346.

1. OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS.

Oroscoptes montanus, Baird, Rep. p. 347.—Orpheus montanus,
Townsh. Journ. Ac. Philad. vii. 2. p. 192; Aud. B. Am. pl. 139.—
Mimus montanus, Bp. Consp. p. 276.

Supra fusco-cineraceus, subtus albus, maculis parvis triangularibus,
nisi in gula et ventre medio notatus: alarum tectricibus et
remigibus albo anguste marginatis : rectricibus later Bley albo
terminatis: rostro nigro, pedibus corneis.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 3°8, caudee 3:5.

Hab. Rocky Mountains southwards to Mexico, and Gila Valiey

to California.

Mus. Bremensi et P. L. 8.

Genus XII. Mimus.

Mimus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972.
Orpheus, Sw. Zool. Journ. (1827) i. p. 167.

a. Species rectrice extima omnino alba.
v

¥ 1. Mimus POLYGLOTTUS.

Turdus polyglottus, Linn. 8. N.1i. p. 293; Wils. Am.Orn. ui. pl.10.
f. 1.—Mimus polyglottus, Bp.Consp. p. 276; Baird, Report, p. 344 ;

341

Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 212; Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470.—
Orpheus polyglottus, Sw.

Nigricanti-cinereus, subtus albus: alis nigris, cinerascente lim-
batis, tectricum et secundariorum apicibus cum speculo magno
alart, primariorum basin et alulam spuriam occupante, albis :
cauda nigra albo terminata: rectrice extima tota, secunde
pogonio interno, et tertie parte mediali albis.

Long. tota 9-5, alee 4°7, caudee 5:0.

Hab. North America, eastern and western (?); southwards to

Mexico, Cordova (Saillé) ; Orizaba (Bottert) ; Cuba (Gundlach).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

2. MIMUS ORPHEUS.

Mimus, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 263.—Turdus orpheus, Linn. ; Edwards,
Birds, pl. 28; Vieill. Ois. de Am. Sept. u. p. 12, pl. 68; Gosse,
B. Jamaica, p. 144.

Albicanti-cinereus, subtus albus : alis nigris cinerascente limbatis,
tectricum et secundariorum apicibus cum speculo magno alart
albis : cauda nigra albo terminata : rectricibus duabus extimis
Sere omnino et sequentibus duabus ex majore parte albis.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 4:0, caudee 4'3.

Hab. Jamaica.

Mus. P.L.S8.

Distinguishable from M. polyglottus by its smaller size, and the
greater extension of the white on the outer tail-feathers.

3. Mimus DOMINICUS.

Merula dominicensis, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 284.—Turdus dominicus,
Linn. i. p. 295; Sallé, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 232.

Similis precedenti et forsan ab illo vix distinctus.
Hab. 8S. Domingo.

4. Mimus TriurRws.

Calandria tres colas, Azara, no. 224, unde Turdus triurus, Vieill.
Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 276, et Enc. p. 668.—Orpheus tricaudatus, Latr.
et d’Orb. Syn. i. p. 18; @Orb. Voy. p. 208; Bridges, P. Z. 8.1843,
p. 120; Bp. Consp. p. 277.

Fusco-cinereus, uropygio rufescente, subtus albus: alis nigris,

tectricibus majoribus et secundartis (nisi tribus dorso proximis)
omnino albis: cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus extimis omnino
albis, sequentibus duabus albo variegatis.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 3:9, caudee 4:0.

Hab. Paraguay (Az.); Bolivia, Chiquitos (d’ Ord.) ; rep. Argen-
tin., Mendoza (Bridges).

Mus. Brit., Derbiano, P. L.S8.

5. MIMUS DORSALIS.

* Orpheus dorsalis, Lafr. et @ Orb. Syn. Av.i. p. 18; d’Orb. Voy.
p- 211, pl. 11. f. 2; Bp. Consp. p. 277.

342

Saturate fuscescenti-rufus, supercilis albis: subtus albus: alis
nigris, speculo alari magno et tectricum secundariorumque mar-
ginibus angustis albis : caude rectricibus tribus extimis omnino
albis, duabus sequentibus albo variis, ceteris nigris.

Long. tota 10:0, alee 4:9, caudee 4°9.

Hab. Interior of Bolivia ; prov. Cochabamba (d’ O70.).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

B. Species rectricis extime parte basali nigra.
a. Supra unicolores.

6. Mimus LIvipvus.

Turdus lividus, Licht. Doubl. p. 39.—Turdus orpheus, Spix, Av.
Bras. 1. p. 71, pl. 71.—Mimus lividus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 653 ; Burm.
Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 128.

Supra pallide cinereus, superciliis et corpore subtus albis; hypo-
chondriis nigricante striatis : regione auriculari obscura: alis
nigricantibus, albo anguste marginatis: rectricibus nigris, api-
cibus angustis albis.

Long. tota 10°5, alee 4°5, caudee 5:1.

Hab. S.E. Brasil.

Mus. P.L.S.

7. MimMUS GUNDLACHII.
Mimus gundlachii, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470.

Similis Mimo livido, sed caude rectricum apicibus albis angusti-
oribus, rostro longiore, et corpore subtus magis puro.

Hab. In ins. Cuba (Gundlach). (Non vidi.)

8. MImUS GILVUS.

Turdus gilvus, Vieill.Ois. de? Am. Sept. ii. p.15. pl. 68 dts ; Nouv.
Dict. xx. p. 296; Enc. Méth. p. 678.

Supra fuscescenti-cinereus, superciliis et corpore subtus albis : re-
gione auriculart paulo obscuriore : alis nigricantibus, tectricibus
albo terminatis, remigibus cinereo stricte marginatis : cauda
nigricante, rectricum apicibus latis albis.

Long. tota 10, alee 4°5, caudze 4°5.

Hab. British Guiana (Schomd.).

Mus. Brit., P.L.8.

Obs. Affinis Mimo livtdo, sed supra fuscescentius cinereus et rec-

tricum apicibus albis latioribus.

9. MIMUS MELANOPTERUS.

Mimus melanopterus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1845, p. 35. pl. 2.—
Mimus colombianus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 82.—Mimus 2, Sclater,
P.Z.8. 1855, p. 145.—Mimus gilvus, Jard. Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xx.
p. 329.

Cano-cinereus : subtus albus: superciliis albis, regione oculare
nigricante : alts ngricantibus, tectricibus albo terminatis, re-

343

migibus cinereo stricte limbatis: cauda nigricante, rectricum
apicibus latis albis.
Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:4, caudee 5:0.
Hab. New Granada; Venezuela; Trinidad ; Tobago (Kir).
Mus. P.L.S.
Obs. A Mimo gilvo, crassitie inferiore, rostro paulo longiore et
rectricum apicibus albis minus latis vix distinguendus.

10. MIMUS GRACILIS.

Mimus gracilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 83; Sclater et Salv. Ibis,
1859, p. 5.

Cano-cinereus ; subtus albus, alis et cauda nigerrimis : tectricum
apicibus angustis albis; remigibus strictissime cinereo margt-
natis ; rectricum apicibus latioribus et une utrinque extime
pogonio interiore a basi albis.

Long. tota 9-3, alee 4:2, caudee 5:0.

Hab. Guatemala and Honduras (Salvin).

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Alis et cauda coracino-nigris primo visu distinctus.

b. Supra nigro variegate.

11. Mimus MODULATOR.
Mimus modulator, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 6.

Supra cinerascenti-brunneus nigro flammulatus, uropygio rufes-
cente : superciliis latis et longis albis: alis nigricantibus,
albo et rufescenti-griseo extus marginatis: cauda nigra, rec-
tricum lateralium tertia parte apicali alba: subtus albus, ventre
et lateribus rufescente perfusis.

Long. tota 11:0, alee 4:5, caudee 5:0, rostri a rictu 1:1.

Hab. Southern Brazil, Rio Grande (Plant) ; Maldonado (Darw.).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

Obs. Species crassitie majore et rostro brevi insignis, et facile

distinguenda.

12. Mimvus CALANDRIA.

Calandria, Azara, no. 223.—Orpheus calandria, Lafr. et d’Orb.
Syn. Av. i. p. 17; d’Orb. Voy. p. 206. pl. 10. f. 2.— Mimus orpheus,
Darwin, Zool. Beagle, p. 60; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iil. p. 126?

Supra fusco-fuliginosus, plumis in disco obscurioribus, alarum tec- —
tricum et secundariorum apicibus sordide albescentibus ; pri-
mariis angustissime albo marginatis : flecura alba : superciliis
latis et corpore subtus sordide albescentibus : cauda fusco-nigra,
rectricibus quatuor extimis late albo terminatis (d’Orb.).

Hab. Paraguay; La Plata, near Monte Video, and Buenos Ayres

@ Orb.).
: Obs. Minor quam M. thenca (teste d’Orbigny), itaque cum Mimo
modulatore, Gouldii, majore minime confundendus!

Burmeister and other writers unite this species to M. modulator,

which is certainly wrong. I have a Bolivian bird (agreeing with two
specimens in the British Museum from the same country, collected

344

by Bridges) which I am inclined to refer to it. My example is
very like M. modulator, but much smaller (Long. tota 9°5, alee 4-0,
caudze 4°2), though the bill is of the same size.

13. Mimus PATAGONICUS.

Orpheus patagonicus, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 16; d’Orb.
Voy. p. 210, pl. 11. f. 2; Darwin, Voy. Beagle, p. 60.

Fusco-cinereus superciliis angustis albicantibus ; tergo parum
rufescente : alis nigris, primariis anguste, secundarws et tec-
tricibus late albo marginatis : rectricibus nigris, harum latera-
libus macula cuneiformi alba terminatis: subtus cinerascens,
gula et abdomine medio albis : hypochondriis rufescentibus fusco
striolatis: gutture albo, maeulis minutis fuscis utrinque mar-
ginato.

Hab. Patagonia; Rio Negro (@ Ord. and Darwin).

Mus. Brit.

14. Mimus THENCA.

Turdus thenca, Molina, Saggio 8. N. Chili, p. 213.— Orpheus
thenca, d’ Orb.Voy. p. 209.—Mimus thenca, Darw. Zool. Beagle, p.61.

Supra fuscus, nigro paulum variegatus, pileo obscuriore: superciltis
latis albis : alis nigris albo limbatis: subtus sordide cinereus,
striga gulari utrinque nigricante : hypochondrus nigro flam-
mulatis: cauda nigra: rectricum lateralium apicibus albis.

Long. tota 10, alze 4:5, caudee 4°8.

Hab. Chile, near Valparaiso (d’Oré.) ; sea-coast of Central and

Northern Chile (Darwin).
Mus. Brit., P. L. S.
Obs. Gula utrinque striata conspicuus.

15. Mimvus LEUCOSPILUS.

Mimus leucospilus, v. Pelzeln, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxi. p. 323.—
Mimus peruvianus, Peale, B. of U. 8. Expl. Exp. ed. 1. p. 877.

Sordide cinereus, plumis medialiter nigricantioribus, cimereo
circumeinctis : lateribus capitis cervice et corpore subtus albis ;
pectore cinereo lavato ; lateribus nigro striatis : alis nigricanti-
brunneis extus albo limbatis : teetricibus dorso concoloribus sed
albo limbatis, tectricum primariorum apicibus omnino albis
maculam alarem conspicuam constituentibus : cauda supra
nigricanti-cinerea, subtus pallidiore, rectricibus omnibus nise
duabus intermediis albo late terminatis; rectricibus duabus
eatimis item in utroque pogonio anguste albo marginatis :
tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 10°5, alze 4°8, caude 5°5.

Hab. Coast of Ecuador, Bay of 8. Elena (Kellett).

Mus. Brit., Vindobiensi.

16. Mimus SATURNINUS=s

Mimus saturninus, Licht. Doubl. p. 39; Max. Beitr. mi. 658 ;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. ui. 127.

345

Fusco-cinereus, plumis medialiter nigricantioribus ; subtus sordide
albido-cinerascens, hypochondriis rufescentibus fusco striolatis :
vitta lata superciliart albicante, regione auriculari nigra : re-
migibus totis fuscis, albido marginatis: rectricibus fusco-nigrt-
cantibus, albo late terminatis.

Long. tota 9°5, ale 4:1, caudee 4°7, rostri a rictu 1°05.

Hab. Coast-region of Brazil; Para (Licht.).

Mus. Brit., P..S.

17. Mimvus LONGICAUDATUS.

Mimus longicaudatus, Tsch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 1. p. 280;
ERaun. Per. p> 190; pl. 15. £. 2:

Supra cinereo-fuscus, alis saturatioribus albo-vittatis ; cauda
longa, fusca, apice alba: subtus albicans, pectore dorso con-
colore: rostro nigro: pedibus fuscis. (Tsch.)

Hab. Wood-region of BK. Peru (7Tsch.).

I have not seen this species. Tschudi says it resembles M. thenca

in colouring, but differs in its longer, more compressed, and more
incurved bill.

18. Mimus TRIFASCIATUS.

Orpheus trifasciatus, Gould, P. Z.S. 1837, p. 27; Darwin, Voy.
Beagle, Zool. p. 62, pl. 16.

Sordide fusco-nigricans, plumis medialiter obscurioribus, uropygio
rufescente ; alis albo trifasciatis : supercilits, regione auricu-
lari et corpore subtus albis, vitta lata pectorali ex maculis
“confluentibus nigra: cauda nigricante, rectricibus lateralibus
albo terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 10°6, alee 5:0, caudee 5°95.

Hab. Galapagos, Charles Island.

Mus. Brit.

19. Mimus MELANOTIS.

Orpheus melanotis, Gould, P. Z.S. 1837, p. 27 ; Darwin, Zool.
Beagle, p. 62, pl. 17.

Sordide fusco-nigricans, plumis medialiter obscurioribus : alarum
tectricibus et secundariis albo terminatis: loris et regione au-
riculari nigris: supercilus albis: subtus sordide albus, hypo-
chondriis nigricante striatis : cauda nigricante, rectricibus
lateralibus omnibus albo terminatis: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:5, caudee 4°5.

Hab. Galapagos, Chatham and James Islands.

Mus. Brit.

20. Mimus PARVULUS.

Orpheus parvulus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 27; Darwin, Zool.
Beagle, p. 63, pl. 18.

Precedenti similis, sed paulo minor: forsan vie distinctus.

Hab. Galapagos, Albemarle Island.

Mus. Brit.

346

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348

15. On some New Fresuwater SHELLS FROM CENTRAL
~ Arrica. By S. P. Woopwarp, F.G.S. ComMuNiIcATED
By Pror. OwEN.

(Mollusca, Pl. XLVII.)

The four sheils which form the subject of the present note were
collected by Captain Speke in the great freshwater Lake Tanganyika
in Central Africa.

The large bivalve belongs to the genus Iridina, Lamarck,—a group
of river-mussels, of which there are nine reputed species, all belong-
ing to the African Continent. This little group has been divided
into several subgenera. ‘That to which the new shell belongs is di-
stinguished by its broad and deeply-wrinkled hinge-line, and is
called Pletodon by Conrad. The posterior slope of this shell is en-
crusted with tufa, as if there were limestone rocks in the vicinity of
its habitat.

The small bivalve is a normal Unio, with finely sculptured valves.

The smaller univalve is concave beneath, and so much resembles
a Nerita or Calyptrea that it would be taken for a sea-shell if its
history were not well authenticated. It agrees essentially with Lv-
thoglyphus,—a genus peculiar to the Danube; for the American shells
referred to it are probably, or, I may say, certainly distinct. It
agrees with the Danubian shells in the extreme obliquity of the
aperture, and differs in the width of the umbilicus, which in the
European species is nearly concealed by the callous columellar tip.

In the Upper Hocene Tertiaries of the Isle of Wight there are
several estuary shells, forming the genus Globulus, Sow., whose affi-
nities are uncertain, but which resemble Lithoglyphus.

The Lake Tanganyika (situated in lat. 3° to 8° S. and long. 30° E.),
which is several hundred miles in length and 30 to 40 in breadth,
seems entirely disconnected with the region of the Danube: but the
separation may not always have been so complete, for there is another
great lake, Nyanza, to the northward of Tanganyika, which is be-
lieved by Speke to be the principal source of the Nile.

The other univalve is a Melania, of the subgenus Melanella
(Swainson), similar in shape to M. hollandi of S. Europe, and similar
to several Eocene species of the Isle of Wight. Its colour, solidity,
and tuberculated ribs give it much the appearance of a small marine
whelk (Massa) ; and it is found in more boisterous waters, on the
shores of this great Inland Sea, than most of its congeners inhabit.

1. IRtpINA (PLEIODON) sPEKII, n. sp. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 2.)

Shell oblong, ventricose, somewhat attenuated at each end; base
slightly concave; epidermis chestnut-brown, deepening to black at
the margin; anterior slope obscurely radiated ; hinge-line com-
pressed in front and tuberculated, wider behind and deeply wrinkled.

Length 4%, breadth 2, thickness 13 inches.

Testa oblonga, tumida, extremitatibus fere atlenuata, basi subar-
cuata ; epidermide castaneo-fusca, marginem versus nigricante ;

349

linea cardinali antice compressa tuberculata, postice latiore,
paucis rugis arata.

2. Unto surRTOoNI, n. sp. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 1.)

Shell small, oval, rather thin, somewhat pointed behind ; umbones
small, not eroded ; pale olive, concentrically furrowed, and sculptured
more or less with fine divaricating lines ; anterior teeth narrow, not
prominent ; posterior teeth laminar ; pedal scar confluent with ante-
rior adductor.

Length 12, breadth 83, thickness 5} lines.

Testa parva, ovalis, tenuiuscula, postice subattenuata ; umbonibus
parvis, acuminatis ; epidermide pailide olivacea ; valvis lineolis
divaricatis, decussatim exaratis ; dentibus cardinalibus angustis,
haud prominentibus.

3. LirHoGLYPHUS ZONATUS, n. sp. (PI. XLVII. fig. 3.)
Shell orbicular, hemispherical ; spire very small; aperture large,
very oblique; umbilicus wide and shallow, with an open fissure in
the young shell; lip continuous in front with the umbilical ridge ;
columella callous, ultimately covermg the fissure; body-whirl flat-
tened, pale olivaceous, with two brown bands, darker at the apex ;
lines of growth crossed by numerous oblique, interrupted strize.
Diameter 5-6, height 3 lines.

Testa orbicularis, hemispherica, late umbilicata(apud juniores rimata),
spira minuta; apertura magna, valde obliqua ; labio calloso (in
testa adulta rimam tegente): pallide olivacea, fasciis duabus fuscis
zonata ; lineis incrementi striolis interruptis oblique decussatis.

4. Mevanta (MELANELLA) NASSA, n. sp. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 4.)

Shell ovate, strong, pale brown, with (sometimes) two dark
bands; spire shorter than the aperture; whirls flattened, orna-
mented with six brown spiral ridges crossed by a variable number
of white, tuberculated, transverse ribs; base of body-whirl with eight
tuberculated spiral ridges variegated with white and brown ; aper-
ture sinuated in front ; outer lip simple; inner lip callous.

Length 83, breadth 53 lines.

Testa ovata, solida, pallide fusca, zonis 2 nigricantibus aliquando
notata; spira apertura breviore; anfractibus planulatis, lineis 6
fuscis spiralibus et costis tuberculatis ornatis ; apertura antice
sinuata ; labro simplici ; labio calloso.

P.S. July 27th.—In addition to the foregoing shells, several others
were collected by Capt. Speke, when employed, under the command
of Capt. Burton, in exploring Central Africa in the years 1856-9 ;
these were deposited in the first instance with the Geographical
Society, and are now transferred to the British Museum.

A specimen of Ampullaria (Lanistes) sinistrorsa, Lea, and odd
valves of two species of Unio, both smooth and olive-coloured, were
picked up in the Ugogo district, an elevated plateau in lat. 6° to
7° S., long. 34° to 35° E.

350

A large Achatina, most nearly related to 4. glutinosa, Pfr., is the
“common snail” of the region between Lake Tanganyika and the
East coast. Fossil specimens were obtained in the Usagara district,
at a place called Maroro, 3050 feet above the sea, overlooking the
Lufiji River, where it intersects the coast range (lat. 7° to 8° S.,
long. 36° to 37° E.).

Another common land snail of the same district is the well-known
‘« Bulimus caillaudi, Pfr.,” a shell more nearly related to Achatina
than Bulimus.

Captain Speke also found a solitary example of Bulimus ovoideus,
Brug., in a musjid on the island of Kiloa (lat. 9° S., long. 39° to
40° E.). This species is identical with B. grandis, Desh., from the
island of Nosse Bé, Madagascar, and very closely allied to B. libe-
rianus, Lea, from Guinea.

Mr. Hermann Schlagintweit exhibited specimens of heads of a
Sheep from Thibet, which showed a curious modification in the
form of the horns. He referred them to the sheep described as
Ovis hunia by Mr. Hodgson (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1. p. 348, xvi.
p- 1005 ; and Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1834, p. 99) : but the specimens
exhibited were remarkable on account of a curious malformation
—the horny part of the two horns being entirely grown together
so as to form apparently but one single horn. This might, it was
stated, not. improbably have given rise to one of the various mo-
difications of the fabulous Unicorn of Thibet. This peculiar for-
mation was only met with in tame animals; and in the three spe-
cimens laid before the Society (one of which was presented some
time ago by Mr. Hodgson to the India House, the two others being
from Messrs. Schlagintweit’s collections) the upper part of the horns,
which perhaps would have touched the animal’s neck, had been artifi-
cially cut off.

It was considered to be well worthy of notice, that this peculiar
malformation seemed to be limited to the Ovis hunia, none of the ~
members being aware that a similar malformation was ever met with
among either wild or domesticated sheep.

On searching the rich collections of London for similar objects,
Messrs. Schlagintweit found one example in the College of Surgeons,
where, by an evident mistake, it is called in the Catalogue a malfor-
mation of Ovis ammon. Another specimen was stated to exist in
the British Museum.

The Secretary exhibited an egg laid by the Apteryx (Apteryx
mantelli) which had been living in the Gardens since 1852. The
ege when deposited (June 9th) weighed 143 ozs., the contents
thereof weighing 133 ozs. The shell was smooth, and of a dirty
white colour; the form an elongated oval, slightly tapermg towards
the small end, 4°75 inches in long, and 2:9 inches in short diameter.
The weight of the living bird was ascertained to be 60 ozs. ; so that
the egg was nearly equal to one-fourth of the weight of the bird.

351

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited two beautiful new Butterflies collected by
Mr. Wallace in the Island of Batchian. One of these was an Orni-
thoptera of the group containing O. priamus and its allies ; the other
a Papilio allied to P. ulysses.

Dr. George Bennett exhibited specimens of the egg of the Mooruk
(Casuarius bennettii).

Mr. Gould exhibited specimens of the new Paradise-bird (Semi-
optera wallacii) discovered by Mr. A.R. Wallace in the Island of Bat-
chian, Moluccas, as mentioned at the meeting held on March 22nd
(see antea, p. 129), and pointed out its peculiarities and supposed
affinities, which, as he stated, seemed to be rather with Ptilorhis and
its allies, than with the true Paradisee. Mr. Gould also exhibited
a drawing, by Mr. G. F. Angas of Sydney, of the nest and egg of
Sittella chrysoptera. (See the accompanying woodcut.)

A series of twelve coloured drawings of various species of Nudi-
branchiate Molluses from the harbour and vicinity of Port Jackson,
New South Wales, made by Mr. George French Angas, Secretary
of the Australian Museum, Sydney, were exhibited to the Society.
The drawings were all taken from living specimens, and afforded

392

indications of thirty-four new species, and probably of two new genera
of this class of animals.

The following list of additions to the Society’s Menagerie by pre-
sentation and purchase during the month of June was read :—

2 Spring-boks .......e0. Gazella euchore .+...+0
2) (OSM NES ‘Soosaccscocose. Struthio camelus ......
BYU MVRASISS condacegoaoodcocee Crenilabrus cornubicus
6 BlennieS .........-..00. Blennius pholis .,......-
4 COttl ......000..2ceceeoe: Cottus GObio ....0..000.
1 Paradoxure .......+.... Paradoxurus B cco
I Cobrapecrcccaccesscecrc Naia haje .....s...e00r+.
2 Green Tree-Snakes ...|Philodryas viridissima
1 Cirl Bunting............ Emberiza cirlus......---
1 Capybara ..........0000 Hydrocherus capybara
1 Shieldrake ............ Tadorna vulpanser ...
1 Capuchin Monkey ...|Cedus B podonsooooac
1 Water Lizard ......... Hydrosaurus salvator

1 Vervet Monkey

1 Macaque Monkey

1 Goat (Chinese variety)

18 Wrasse ......000.00. Go000
1 Crested Blenny
3 Green Tree-Frogs......

eccscceetoes

2 Trumpeters
2 Opossum Squirrels ...

6 Wonga Pigeons

3 Bronze-winged Pigeons

1 Bush Bronze-winged
Pigeon.

2 Turquoisine Parrakeets

2 Ichneumons ............

1 Black-tailed Parrakeet

1 Spotted Cavy

ecceooectece

8 Guinea-Pigs

4 Spotted Gunnels ......
3 Eels
20 Viviparous Blennies...

we eee ccccvcsecencscce

.|Blennius galerita

-.|Ceelogenys paca

Macacus cynomolgus...

Labrus maculatus

Tyla viridis ......+00000
Psophia crepitans
Belideus breviceps

eeeccs

Leucosarcia picata......
Phaps chaleoptera......
Phaps eleqgans...+e
Euphema pulchella

Herpestes griseus ?......

Polyteles melanurus 2

eoceesocvcce

Cavia aperea

Gunnellus guitatus
Anguilla 3
Zoarces viviparus

eeeecceee

eeccee

eooeee

eeccoe

...| Cercopithecus pygerythrus ..

eecocee

Capra hircus, Var....+0.......

eeecccecrcee

Presented by Sir George
Grey, K.C.B.

Purchased.

Presented by Mrs. Carew.

Purchased.

Presented by Comm. Be-
-dingfield, R.N.

Presented by S. Graham,
Esq.

Presented by J. Bowman,
Esq.

Purchased.

Presented by Adam Duff,
Esq.

Purchased.

Presented by Charles Hut-
ton, Esq.

.|Presented by Geo. Mac-

leay, Esq., Corr. Memb.

Presented by Geo. Mac-
leay, Esq., Corr. Memb.

Presented by H. Grant,
Esq.

Purchased,

Presented by D. A. Mel-
ville, Esq.

Presented by Master Ab-
bott.

Purchased.

Of these, the Philodryas viridissima, Hydrosaurus salvator, Be-
lideus breviceps, and Zoarces viviparus were stated to be exhibited

for the first time.

VWUNLIEINID ere Ld OY | e

Page

On a New Snake from the Galapagos Islands. By Dr. ALBERT
GON DEUS fee iyie ls co 8k wha e ofete nen etateyl tapeh yn ioteutcn shercitti 97

Contributions to the Anatomy of the Giraffe. ee T. SPENCER
Cosson, M.D., F.L.S. .... 99

On the Occurrence of Aenean Birds | in A Hurgnee oe Hine
EP) Garin) of Helizolamd (geiyen cts .)a ac welaedy arate a enue 105

On some Birds collected in Angola. ie Dr. G. eee of
Bremen, and J. J. MontTerRo.. 109

Notes on the Habits of Menura best By i i Lecce:
Esq. (In a Letter addressed to John Gould, Hsq., F.R.S.,
SE Ae A OS RIMMER GCA RIA) 113

On the Reptiles of Siam. By Dr. ALBert GUNTHER ...... 113

. Description of New Species of the Genera Dosinia and Cyclina
from the collection of H. a anes vel Dr. E.
R6meER of Cassel ....... MOTEL,

Note on the Punjab steed eine in the ‘Society's Guide
By Puintie Luttey Scuater, M.A., Secretary to the

OLICLY (ons arse cieneat ciclo Nauci ora ar Mey Mata uca eae 2 126
Notes on some Young Hybrid Bears bred in the Gardens of the
Zoological Society. By A. D. Bartiert . : aloo

Note on the supposed occurrence of the Hir Te oe of
North America in isin By ALFRED nee M.A.,

ZZ ec Gan) whaysiie 131
Description of a New Gene of Boide idineovre ne Mr. ae
on the Upper Amazon. By Dr. J. E.Gray .......... 132

Descriptions of Thirty-six New Species of Land-shells from Mr.
H. Cuming’s Collection. By Dr. L. Preirrer........ 133

Descriptions of New Species of Mollusca from the Sandwich
Islands. By W. Harper Pease. (Communicated by

Dr DE GRAY) ae he Pane pc Maal eR EP UENEL che PL 14]
Contributions to a Knowledge of the Reptiles of the Himalaya
Mountains. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER ............ 148

On the Causes of Death of the Animals in the Society’s Gar-
dens, from 1851 to the present ane 1860. By Epwarps

Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., &c. ..... ca Mealnptanmach sl Wiss ACG)
Additions to the ee ve the onthe of J ae and

February ..... 183
Exhibition of the Fea ie we Fr. pecwuae Neeru 184

Exhibition of Oreophasis derbianus ; and announcement of the
arrival of Steboldia maxima and Baleniceps rex im the
Society’s yore a P. L. Scuater, ee to the
Society ..::. AVE atatlai eae Pg to

Extract from letter reed Up Mr. P.L. Sinimenda: ee
the capture of a young female Gorilla ......... .. 184
Exhibition of specimens and drawings of Conurus ee
from the brains of the Common Sheep, by Dr. Crisp.... 185

Extract from the Bermuda ‘ Royal Gazette,’ relating to chen re-
cent capture of a large ee of ae by J J. Mat-

THEW JONES, F.L.S. . ae BRT abo dl lee
Description of a New Species of Peieua fon Noe eee Cen-
tral India. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. ....... . 188

Descriptions of Three Species of Marine Shells fro om ithe Prone
Oceans) By We HARPER: PEASE Ao ieee cae alias 189

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

TERMS FOR THE ADMISSION OF FELLOWS.

FeLtows pay an Admission Fee of £5, and an Annual Contri-
bution of £3, or a Composition of £30 in lieu thereof; the whole
payment, including the Admission Fee, beng £35.

Honorary, Foreren, and CorrEsPONDING MEMBERS pay no
contribution.

PRIVILEGES OF FELLOWS.

FELLows have personal admission to the Gardens with Two Com-
‘panions daily. On Saturday they have the power of admitting Two
Friends to the Gardens, by written Order, instead of by their per-
sonal introduction ; on Sunday they have the power of admitting
Two Friends by written Order, in addition to Two by their personal
introduction. They receive also Twenty Tickets on payment of their
Annual Subscription, for the admission of Friends to the Gardens
at any time.

The Wire of a FeLLow can exercise all these privileges in his
absence.

Honorary, ForeiGn, and CorresrponpiInc Memeers have
personal admission to the Gardens on all occasions when they are
open tg,the. Fellows.

Fretiows, Honorary, Foreign, and CorresponpinG Mem-
BERS are entitled to one copy of the Scientific Proceedings of the
Society on application at the Office, and are entitled to purchase the
Transactions, and other publications of the Society at 25 per cent.
less than the price charged to the Public.

They may obtain, on the payment of One Guinea annually, an
Ivory Ticket, which will admit a named person of their immediate
family to the Gardens, with One Companion, daily.

They may obtain a TRANSFERABLE Ivory Ticket admitting Two
Persons, available throughout the whole period of Fellowship, on
payment of Ten Pounds-in one sum.

They may also obtain any number of Tickets, in packets of
Twenty each for Adults or of Forty for Children, in addition to those .
to which they are ordinarily entitled, for the Free Admission of the
Bearer to the Gardens at any time without personal introduction, by
an increase of the Subscription, in the proportion of One Pound for
each packet.

Fellows are expected to give their names on entering the Gardens.

The Gardens are open from Nine o’clock a.m. till Sunset ; and
the Office, where all communications should be addressed, from Ten
till Five, and on Saturday from Ten till Two o'clock.

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A.,

Secretary,
il Hanover Square, W.

PROCEEDINGS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

QF-

LONDON.

PART III.
JUNE—DECEMBER.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;

SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE,
AND BY

MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

[ Price 2s. |

LIST
OF

CONTENTS OF PART MTL

Exhibition of Diardigallus crawfurdi and Platalea regia, _
Joun Gounp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. . LES Ss

Exhibition of the Eggs of Grus ee, G. virgo, and G.
cinerea; and also of Baleniceps rex, by the SECRETARY

Exhibition of a Collection from the oasis of vo by the
Rev. H. B. Tristram, F.L.S..

Notes on the Kiang of Thibet Eins fing). By Major W.
EK. Hay, F.Z.S.. ae

On the Sea Lions, or ae marinos of ile Sea on the
Coast of California. By Dr. J. EK. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

On a series of Birds collected in the vicinity of Jalapa, in
Southern Mexico. By Puitie Luttey Scuatrer, M.A.,
Necretanyac ce cio arG err eters ger ert perenne ana Sect ey"

List of Birds collected by M. A. Boucard in the State of Oaxaca,
in South-western Mexico, with Descriptions of New Species.
By Puiure Lutvey Scuater, M.A., Secretary........

Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Barbu de I’ Afrique occi-
dentale. Par Jutes Verreaux, Membre a ee
de la Société Zoologique de Londres. .

Notice of a Rare Asiatic Pigeon. By Paenene Moone.
Second list of Cold-blooded Vertebrata, collected by Mr. faba

in the Andes of Western Ecuador. By Dr. A. aug:
Foreign Member Z.S. ae 5

Description of a New Species of ve ae Baie ele,
By Dr. A. Ginruer, Foreign Member Z.S.

Descriptions of Butterflies from the Collection of Mr, Walle
By W. C. Hewitson ....

On a New Species of the Family Pepiiondef ae ie
By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. & F.Z.S.

Page
353

393

369

.. 422

424

[Contents continued on puge 3 a Wrapper.

353

November 8th, 1859.
John Gould, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of a fine species of Pheasant from
Siam, transmitted to him by Sir Robert Schomburgk. He ‘stated
that the oldest specific appellation for this bird, which had been
called Diardigallus prelatus by the late Prince Bonaparte, and Di-
ardigallus fasciolatus by Mr. Blyth, appeared to him to be crawfurdi.
This name was established by Dr. J. E. Gray in Griffith’s edition of
Cuvier’s ‘Animal Kingdom’ upon a drawing of a bird obtained by
Mr. Crawfurd in Siam many years ago, which Mr. Gould regarded
as representing the female of this species. He proposed therefore to
call this bird Diardigallus crawfurdi.

Mr. Gould also exhibited a specimen of the Royal Spoonbill of
Australia, Platalea regia.

The Secretary exhibited eggs of Montigny’s Crane (Grus montz-
gnesia), the Demoiselle Crane (Grus virgo), and the Common Crane
(Grus cinerea), laid by birds in the Society’s Gardens ; and an ege
of the Baleniceps rex, obtained by Mr. Petherick on the White Nile.

The Rev. H. B. Tristram, F.L.S., exhibited some Mammals, Rep-
tiles, Batrachians, and Fishes, collected by himself in the Algerian
Sahara. Among the former were particularly noticed a Genet
(Genetta bonapartii) and a small species of Hare (Lepus) from the
oasis of Waregla.

Dr. A. Giinther made some observations on the Reptiles, Batra-
chians, and Fishes exhibited by Mr. Tristram, some of which he
considered as undescribed, and promised a full account of them at a
future meeting.

The following papers were read :—

1. Norres on THE KiAneG or TurBet (Equus KIANG).
By Masor W. E. Hay, F.Z.S.

(Mammalia, Pl. LX XIII.)

In presenting a “ Kiang” to the Zoological Society, I am only
trying to merit a further continuance of the approbation so kindly
and generously marked by the presentation to me of the Silver Medal
in 1857, for the part I took in sending to England the Pheasants of
the Himalaya. ‘Together with the animal, the Society may probably
expect some remarks from myself, as it has been in my possession
for nearly two years.

The animal I now make over to the Society was an exchange pre-
sent with the Zong-piin, or Chinese Governor of Ridék, a Hill-fort

No. 406.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

354

situated beyond the Pang-Kong Lake in Little Thibet. I had sent
up from Kalli to procure two dogs of enormous size, evidently of
the same breed as was described by Marco Polo as being of the size
of donkeys. One of these, however, had died, and the person de-
puted, thinking I should prefer a wild horse to a single dog, secured
it forme. At that time it had never been haltered or handled. It
was said to have been caught in a pit, and was much attached to a white
Chimirti ghoont, which alone it would follow. In December 1857
it was delivered to me in Kill, but, the white ghoont being claimed
by a Tibetan Lama, I purchased a Tibetan mule to keep it company.
With this it did not agree, and the mule led anything but a happy
life. The Kiang would, however, follow it, and was always restless
unless it had some horse in company: of colours its preference was
for white. It always showed the greatest aversion to pass over any
of our vile wooden bridges ; and when its companion passed over the
bridge, waited until it saw that the latter had gained the opposite
bank, and then in a fearless manner it would plunge into the most
rapid stream and usually make a uearly straight course across. In
leaving Kalli to take it to Simla, it had to cross the river Biass,
which was at that season a foaming torrent, It plunged in, but was
carried down the stream several hundred yards, and landed upon
an island. Here it remained quietly all night until the following
morning, when I had to send the mule across to the island to tempt
it to follow to the shore, which it did. It afterwards crossed a broad
part of the river with great ease, where it was less rapid. The Sutlej
was at this season so full and running at such a frightful pace, that
I deemed it advisable to throw the animal and secure it upon a raft,
which was with great difficulty got across. I then brought it imto
Simla, where it gradually became accustomed to see more people and
(to it) strange sights. I kept it there during the whole of one rainy
season, although rather doubtful of the result, since Adolph Schla-
gintweit had given it as his decided opinion that the animal could
not live under an elevation of 10,000 feet above the level of the sea.
At Simla it was never a day sick. I thence had it marched to
Ferozepore. On reaching the plains it seemed rather inclined to
enjoy freedom, and I was obliged to have as many as four men to
hold and lead it ; and even then on several occasions it got away, but
was not very difficult to secure again.

At Ferozepore I determined to get rid of the mule, which had
thitherto accompanied it, and to take it down to Kurrachi by water
im a boat purposely fitted up. When first I succeeded with much
difficulty in getting it on board, the hollow sound of the boards
beneath its feet so alarmed it that it cleared the side of the boat at
one spring, carrying hatch and all withit. I then turfed the bottom,
and by main force of many men pulled it again on board. It got
on well to Kothree, when I again disembarked it, to its great delight.
I then marched it across the country to Kurrachi; but, as I sent
a strange horse with it, it was very uneasy, and, but for its old ser-
vant having accompanied it, would have run back to Kothree.

After keeping it a month at Kurrachi, I took a passage in the

355

barque ‘ Sumner,’ laying in a large quantity of hay, kirbee, and dried
lucern, also grain. The latter was worm-eaten, and it was long
before the animal could be induced to touch it. Our passage was
very long, and, the captain’s people having unceremoniously used my
provisions to feed their own stock, the Kiang was twice reduced to
eat the straw with which the sailors’ beddings had been stuffed.

This proves the hardiness of the animal. At first it refused to
drink any tainted water; but before reaching St. Helena, where I
had to lay in fresh supplies, it would eat or drink almost anything.

The putting it on board the ship at Kurrachi was very diflicult,
and the poor thing struggled so much, that it was painful to watch it
as it was lowered into the boat to be conveyed to the ship. So
anxious were my friends concerning its safety, that a lady and gentle-
man who had allowed it to stand in their stables, and had given it
many a tid bit of lucern, carrots, &c., came off in the boat with it.
The sea was rough, and we had some miles to go to the ship; the
shaking of the sails frightened it much. However, at last it was
hoisted into the ship and placed in a house which had been built for
it, and in which it continued until it reached England.

It became exceedingly knowing, and balanced itself so beautifully
that I never had to sling it unless the weather was very rough. In
an actual gale the poor creature laboured dreadfully, and seemed
grateful for attention. It became latterly extremely docile, and
always knew me by my voice. In crossing the line the first time the
weather was very trying, and for three or four days the Kiang suf-
fered greatly from the extreme heat. Its urinary organs became
disordered ; all the medicine I administered was a little sweet spirits
of nitre. It recovered, and never afterwards during the whole
voyage showed a symptom of sickness ; and with the exception of
about three days it always had a voracious appetite, and consumed.
in four as much as | had laid in for six months.

During the voyage the Kiang became twice in season for sexual
intercourse. I may add that I never have allowed her to be placed
with any stallion. That they do breed with the horse I was assured
in Tibet, and that their produce was highly valued. It was also
stated that the produce bred again, which is an interesting fact, and
proves that the Kiang is more nearly allied to the horse than to
the ass. Cunningham, in his ‘ Ladak and Surrounding Countries,’
describes its dentition, &c.; but I cannot agree with him that its
neigh resembles that of a horse. I have often heard this one attempt
a neigh, but it is a sad failure; at the same time it as little resem-
bles the bray of an ass ; indeed its mode of calling to its companions
is, like itself, quite unique. I feel confident that this female Kiang
may be got to breed with a horse, and perhaps she would give the
preference to one of a white colour.

I always found the Kiang very susceptible of kindness, its satis-
faction being usually expressed by throwing its ears forwards ; it
generally shows a sort of pettish displeasure when any one is leaving
it after giving it bread, &c. I twice placed a native of India on its
back, but this was after it had gone a march, when it was slightly

356

distressed by the heat of the weather: it took no notice whatever of
its rider. I have been accustomed to have the animal groomed with
acurry-comb. I should recommend this to be continued; it will
keep the animal docile and improve its appearance.

I was convinced of the Kiang’s specific difference from the wild
Ass of Scinde, when I saw one of the latter at Delhi, intended for
conveyance to England, and this made me persevere the more to get
it home.

I have often watched the herds of this animal on the plains or
slopes of hills in Tibet ; one invariably stands sentry at from 100 to
200 yards from the flock, and when danger is at hand he commences
walking leisurely towards his companions. They take the alarm, and
as soon as he comes up, off all go together in a trot or canter as the
case may require.

I don’t know to what space to limit the range of the Kiang. Mareo
Polo speaks of Asses, but evidently alludes to those of Persia.
Hue and Gabet evidently saw them towards Lassa; and I have
been told that they are to be met with on all the level country between
Ladak and Lassa, or in the valleys between the various ranges. I
have seen them only north of the great Himalayan ranges, first upon
the Rupcher plains and in the neighbourhood of the Salt Lakes, often
in company with the Ovis ammon or “‘Nyan.” I have also seen
them north of the Pang-Kong lake. The passes from Hindustan
into Tibet are never open before June, when I have seen flocks of
the Kiang feeding almost entirely on the roots of a species of Arte-
misia, or Worm-wood.

Their natural enemies besides man seemed to be a white panther,
which lurks amongst the rocks; and a large species of wolf. I have
found their skeletons on the melting of the snow.

Beyond the Pang-Kong lake I was informed that in winter many
of them were to be seen in the Shap-Yok valley, in company with
wild Yaks or Dong, also the “‘ Nyan” (Ovis ammon), and the “ Sis
or Tibetan Antelope (Panthalops hodgsoni). A few tamarisk bushes
seem then to support them, and at the end of winter all these animals
are spoken of as being like walking skeletons. I have sometimes
approached flocks of Kiang quite close, at other times could not get
within a mile of them. On one occasion two Kiangs followed a pony
on which I had a servant mounted,—in fact, kept so close that my
servant feared they were going to attack him.

I never could ascertain satisfactorily when the Kiang breeds ; but
I think it must bring forth in winter, for I have seen a mare shot
with a young one in the womb, nearly mature, in August ; and in the
many flocks I have met with running wild I never perceived a foal
that I should have taken to be of less than six months old. When
very young, the hair of the foal has the appearance of wool. The
winter coat of the adult is also very thick and curly, and is of darker
colour than its summer coat. It appears to shed its winter coat in
May.

The Kiang may be said to inhabit plains and undulating hills, at
from 15,000 to 16,500 feet above the sea; if found in the steeper

307

hills, they have been driven there. It is most wonderful to see the
rapidity with which they can ascend mountains, and although they
descend quickly I never saw one lose its footing. After they have
been pursued for some time on the hills and driven on to the plains,
they will frequently make a charge past you at about 100 yards
distance in preference to ascending the steep parts again, thus show-
ing their preference for level ground. They are almost always seen
in the neighbourhood of lakes or ponds im the unfrequented spots
which are usually beyond the sportsman’s beat.

2. On THE Sea-Lions, on LOBOS MARINOS OF THE SPANIARDS,
ON THE Coast oF CatirorNiA. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,
V.P.Z.S., P.E.S. &e.

(Mammalia, Pl. LX XII.)

Mr. John H. Gurney has kindly presented to the British Museum,
along with a very interesting series of Crustacea, and the skins of
some birds and animals from California, two skulls of Seals from that
coast. One is the skull of a young 4rctocephalus, belonging to a
skin which Mr. Gurney gave to the Museum a year or more ago ;
and the other is a very fine adult skull of that genus, which is la-
belled—

‘Skull and tongue bones of the Californian Sea-Lion (Spanish
Lobo marino) taken near Monterey.—A. S. Taylor, July 1858.”’

This skull is as large as, and very like in external appearance to,
the skull of the adult Otaria leonina, or Southern Sea-bear of the
southern part of the west coast of America, which we have in the
British Museum from the coast of Chili.

These two large skulls are easily distinguished, and, when they
are more closely examined, prove to belong to two different genera.
The Californian skull has the short flat palate, contracted behind, of
the genus Arctocephalus, and the other the very long deeply concave
palate, nearly as wide behind as in front, of the genus O¢aria. It
also has the high nose, with a nearly horizontal facial line over the
nose, of the former genus, instead of the low nose shelving towards
the edge of the upper jaw of the O¢aria or Sea-lion of Chill.

The adult skull is more than double the size of the adult skulls of
the other species of Arctocephali which we have in the Museum Col-
lection, and shows the existence of a Seal of a very large size in these
seas,—as large as the Sea-lion of Chili.

It is not improbable that the skin sent some time ago, and the skull
belonging to it now sent, may be the young of this species; though
the skin is so like that of Arctocephalus nigrescens, that we were in-
duced to regard it, before we received the skull, as a second specimen
of that species. But the skull of the original specimen of that Seal
shows that the adult animal and skull are not nearly half the size
of the animal and skull of the Lobo marino of Monterey.

358

I may mention that we have well-developed adult skulls of the
following species, which have been compared with the one here de-
seribed :—

Arctocephalus delalandii, from the Cape, figured Proc. Zool. Soc-
1858, t. 69.

Arctocephalus lobatus, from Australia.

Arctocephalus gillespit, from California, /. c. t. 70.

Arctocephalus ursinus, from Behring’s Straits, J. c. t. 68.

Arctocephalus nigrescens, from Falkland Islands ?

The only one that nearly approaches it in size is that of the very
old Arctocephalus lobatus from Australia; but this skull is at once
known from that of the Monterey Sea-lion by having a rather deeply
concave palate, much narrowed behind, and with a semicircular edge
to the hinder palatine opening ; while in the Monterey Sea-lion the
palate is nearly flat, slightly concave in front, and not so contracted
behind, and with a transverse hinder margin to the posterior opening.

The Monterey species is very distinct from A. gillespii, also from
California, which, beside being very much smaller, not more than one-
third of the size, has a much narrower skull with a longer face, and
a very different form to the hinder palatine opening.

I refer the species to the third section, as defined in my previous
paper in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1859, p. 109, and
propose to designate it by the name of

ARCTOCEPHALUS MONTERIENSIS. (PI. LXXII., skull.)

Face rather short; palate rather concave in front, nearly flat
behind, the hinder aperture rather contracted, with a nearly straight
transverse hinder edge. Teeth large ; the lower jaw rather elon-
rate.

Hab. California (Monterey). Called Lobo marino by the Spa-
niards.

If the skin sent last year by Mr. Taylor to Mr. Cue and by
that gentleman presented to the Museum, is the young of this
species, the young animal is blackish, silvered by the short white tips
to the short black hairs ; those on the nape and sides of the hinder
part of the body having longer white tips, making those parts whiter
and more silvery. The under fur is very abundant, reaching nearly
to the end of the hair. The end of the nose and sides of the face
are whitish. The whiskers are elongate, rigid, smooth and white.
The hind feet are elongate, with rather long fiaps to the toes. The
skull is very small for the size of the skin, and I should have doubted
its belonging to the skin if it were not accompanied by the following
label :

“ Skull of the Fur- Seal I sent last year. It is very imperfect,
from my forgetting where I had put it; but it must do until acci-
dent throws another in the way ; the other bones were lost.—
AaSmele 4

It is the skull of quite a young animal, with what I am induced
to believe are its milk teeth, and, like the young skulls of most of
the species of this genus, is very unlike the adult form. It also

359

differs from the adult one in the form of the hinder opening of the
palate, which is very large and gradually contracted to an angle
in front of the mouth. I am not aware that the form of this
part is changed by the age of the specimen. It may be the case in
this species, but it is not so in the only species with which I have
the opportunity of comparing it, that is to say, in a series of skulls of
different ages from the young to the adult, of a Seal of the allied genus
Otaria (O. leonina).

The Monterey Seal may be the “ Lion Marin de la Californie” of
Choris, ‘ Voy. Pittoresque,’ t. 11, from which Phoca californiana of
Fischer’s ‘ Synopsis Mammaliun,’ p. 231, the Otaria californiana of
Lesson, have been derived ; but the accounts of the species are so very
slight, that there is nothing but the habitat and the name to lead
one ; and we already have two very distinct species of Sea Lions—
Arctocephalus monteriensis and A. gillespiifrom California.

The skull of the Behring Straits Sea-Bear is so distinct from that
of the other species, that 1 am induced to suggest that it should be
regarded as a distinct genus from the drctocephalt of F. Cuvier.
The three genera may be thus defined.

I. CALLORHINUS.

The face short, forehead convex, regularly rounded from the end
of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex ; the nasal opening is
small; the palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, nearly
reaching the middle of the zygomatic arch. Lower jaw short, thick,
flattened, expanded beneath just in front of the condyle.

1. CALLORHINUS URSINUS.
Arctocephalus ursinus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, pl. 68. p. 108.

II. ArcTrocEPHALUS.

The face rather elongate; the forehead flattened and nearly
horizontal from the nasal bone to the vertex ; the palate rather con-
cave, contracted behind, short, not reaching beyond the middle of
the zygomatic arch ; the nose aperture large, high; the lower jaws
moderate, with a crest-like ridge behind beneath just in front of the
condyle. :

The crest-like process on the hinder part of the under edge of the
large jaw differs rather in shape and development in the different spe-
cies ; but it nowhere resembles the flat expanded disk found in a
similar situation in the lower jaw of the preceding genus.

In my former paper I divided this subgenus into two sections,
separating A. hookert from the other species ; but I had only young
or half-grown specimens of the skulls of this species ; and, since I
have obtained the young skull from California, I am induced to be-
lieve the slight convexity of the forehead and the slenderness of the
lower jaw to be dependent on the age of the specimen, and that most
probably the forehead of the adult animal becomes flatter, and the
lower jaw stronger, as the animal increases in age.

360

The skulls which we have may be divided, according to the form
of the hinder edge of the palate, thus :—

* The hinder edge of the palate, transversely truncated.

1. Arctocephalus monteriensis, pl. 72.

Skull broad.
California.

2. Arctocephalus hookerv.

Skull narrow, elongate.
Falkland Islands and Cape Horn.

** The hinder edge of the palate slightly arched, hemispherical.

3. Arctocephalus lobatus. 2

Skull broad.
Australia (Port Essington).

4. Arctocephalus nigrescens.

Skull broad.
Falkland Islands ?

**k* The hinder edge of the palate contracted, ovate.

5. Arctocephalus gillespu, antea p. 110, pl. 70.
The skull elongate, narrow.
California.

6. Arctocephalus delalandii, antea p. 107, pl. 69.

Skull short and broad.
Cape of Good Hope.

#kk* The palate very short, hind edge contracted, acute, angular.

7. The young skull from California above noticed.

The skull of 4. hookeri, in the concavity and comparative greater
width of the palate behind, and in the form of the hinder palatine
opening, most resembles that of the genus Otaria; but it is very
distinct from the skulls of that genus, which may be thus defined.

III. Orarta.

Face short, shelving; the nose aperture large, oblong ; the fore-
head flat, shelving from the edge of the nose-bone to the middle of
the vertex; the palate very concave, decurved deeper with age,
scarcely contracted behind; ear elongated, extending nearly to the
articulation of the lower jaw; the lower jaw with a crest-like ridge
on the inner side of the hinder part, just in front of the condyle.

There is doubtless a great difference in the development of the
skull in the male and female Seals, but unfortunately the sex of
the specimens from which the skulls have been derived is not marked.
In the only species where I have been able to observe this fact,

361

almost the only difference was in the size and in the strength of the
marking on the skull, and in the size of the canine teeth. The full
number of the teeth of these animals is developed early in life; and
the canines of the second set are gradually developed, the roots being
far in the socket, and protruded as the jaw enlarges.

The changes in the form of the palate and of the distance between
the teeth of the same set in the younger and older skull of the same
species after they have obtained their full set of teeth is very great,
quite as much as the difference in the external form of the skull pro-
duced by the development of the occipital ridges, &c.

The following are the measurements of the different skulls in
inches and eighths :

les} ee) es} tee tel dep
5 = e To) oO 4
8 S$ S a am F
Sf & & & £
SP z 5
eo)
ie) 2 i=) ar) Lary —
> oo Ro og io)
is) N eh is} 2 =
Sg & 2S =| — 09
i=} lo) i oO 2 fu
faye AS) 4 oS a
bes} B 2 tue 2
=— et Fc) —
) = ° (=)
oe Be fa el op =
ASE a) ae on
° <<) °
er SR fap
Sie ais Manne ats
er iS p ro)
O wa . ~)
: Biles
° nm
Bik ae ae
cuentas Bei Shells,
Siingvallase ada rs
oo tS | Callorhinus ursinus,
Se SiS is adult.
= _
oo oc = “SN * | Arctocephalus monte-
RON eS Nene east oh tes riensis, adult.
=) .
oF Fe fo & S | Arctocephalus hooker,
ES RS RENAN half-grown.
= i
ao fo Oo KH SD 6 «| Arctocephalus lobatus,
a 7) very old.
oy OS || Arctocephalus) nigres-
Ba) BD So Se S EOS:
—
ou ot iy
Arctocephalus gillespii.
a = © Ss © SS
—
SOIC ers tne SHA) | Arctocephalus dela-
a 2 o & to & | landit.
ee Ca SN So aN Aretocephalus, young:
ASICS ASU ea SUN IRS from California.
= =
GS es Sa) BE : :
Otaria leonina, aged.
o orf F&F SC ft
a =_ & oO eR | 6 Ofaria leonina, half-
no cs » OD & grown.

362

3. On a Suries OF BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF
JALAPA, IN SouTHERN Mexico. By Puiuie Luriey
ScuaTeRr, M.A., F.L.S., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

Mr. J. H. Gurney has kindly placed in my hands for examina-
tion a series of about 850 skins of birds collected by Senor Raphael
Montes de Oca in the vicinity of Jalapa in the State of Vera Cruz.
The greater number of the species have already occurred in M. Sallé’s
and other collections formed in the same country, which I have from
time to time brought before the notice of the Society *; but there
are several amongst them which have not been obtained by former
collectors, and others of rare occurrence.

The following is a list of all the species, with remarks upon such
as are new or rare in each family.

Fam. TurpIpD&.

1. Turdus infuscatus, Lafr. 7. Catharus melpomene (Cab.).
Lo migratorius, Linn. 8. Melanotis cerulescens (Sw.).
3. —— grayu, Bp. 9. Galeoscoptes carolinensis

4, assimilis, Cab. (Linn.).

D. pinicola, Sclater. 10. Harporhynchus longirostris,
6 mustelinus, Gm. Sw.

These birds have all occurred in previous collections from this
State, with the exception of Turdus pinicola and Turdus infuscatus.
The former of these I described in my “Synopsis of American
Thrushes,” read before the Society in June last (see antea, p. 33-4),
from M. de Oca’s specimens, which are now. in my collection. M.
de Oca informed me that he met with but a single pair of this species
on the high land among the pines, whence I named it pinicola.
The Mexican representative of our Blackbird (Turdus infuscatus),
I have until lately only seen in collections from Guatemala. The
present series contained five males and a single female—so that bird
would appear not to be rare in these parts. M. Boucard has re-
cently obtained specimens, as noted below, in the State of Oaxaca.

Fam. Cincuip&.
11. Cinclus mexicanus, Sw.
A single specimen of this Dipper was in the collection.

Fam. Syiviip&.

12. Stalia wilsoni, Sw. 14. Regulus calendula.
13. Sialia mexicana, Sw.

Fam. CerTHIID®.
15. Certhia mexicana, Reichb.

* See P. Z, 8. 1856, p. 283; 1857, pp. 81, 201, 210, 226; and 1858, p. 294.

363

Fam. TRoGLODYTID&.

16. Troglodytes aédon,Vieill.? 19. Campylorhynchus megalo-
17. Thryothorus maculipec- pterus (Lafr.).
tus, Lafr. 20. zonatus (Less. ).
18. Cyphorinus prostheleu- 21. capistratus (Less.).
cus, Sclater.

Fam. Parip&.

22. Sitta carolinensis, Lath. 25. Polioptila cerulea (Linn.).
pygmea, Vig. 26. mexicana (Bp.).
24. Parus meridionalis, Scl.

The occurrence of Sitta pygmea, a Californian species, now noticed
for the first time on this side of Mexico, is curious. I have no
northern specimens of Sitta carolinensis ; but there is considerable
difference in the dimensions of these skins from Jalapa and one from
Oaxaca, collected by M. Boucard :— |

ex Jalapa. ex Oaxaca.
Long. tota...... dose cocoa 4:9 4°6
aleecrtneys Ao ae hs erne.e 3°6 3°35
CAUGCEEE seeieccuers. Aes 1°85 1:70
TOStIa MICH 4.40 us 0°75 0°70
Arsh eis Geen (2710) 0°65

Fam. MnioTiILTipz&.
27. Sturus noveboracensis (Gm.). 37. Dendreca superciliosa.

28. ludovicianus, Bp. 38. olivacea.

29. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). 39. icterocephala.
30. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). 40. estiva.

31 macgillivrait (Aud.). 41. maculosa.

32. Helmitheros vermivorus. 42. Myiodioctes pusillus.
33. Helminthophaga rubrica- 43. Cardellina rubra (Sw.).

pilla. 44. Basileuterus rubrifrons.
34. Dendreca virens (Gm.). 45. Huthlypis lacrymosa, Cab.
39. coronata (Linn.). 46. Setophaga miniata (Sw.).
36. blackburnie (Gm.).

Of these Wood-warblers, Geothlypis macgillivrai, Helmitheros
vermivorus, Dendreca icterocephala, and D. maculosa have not
hitherto been noticed as occurring in collections from Vera Cruz.

Fam. VIREONIDE.

47. Vireosylvia olivacea(Linn.). 50. Cyclorhis flaviventris, Lafr.
48. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). 51. Icteria velasquezi, Bp.
49. Vireolanius melitophrys, Bp.

The bill of the Mexican Icteri@ is always thicker than in N. Ame-
rican birds, and white at the base of the lower mandible. I have
never yet seen specimens of the true N. American Icteria viridis
from Mexico.

364

Fam. HiruNDINID#.

52. Progne dominicensis(Gm.). 54. Cotyle fulvipennis, sp. nov.
53. Petrochelidon bicolor (Vieill.).

CoTYLE FULVIPENNIS, Sp. nov.

Murino-brunnea, alis caudaque obscurioribus, alarum tectricibus

omnibus et secundariis fulvescenti-rufo extus late marginatis,
dorso imo eodem colore vix tincto: subtus sordide alba, la-
teraliter obscurior, ventre medio crissoque pure albis: gutture
et pectore toto et campterio alarum colore fulvescenti-rufo per-

fusis : rostro nigro : pedibus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 4°2, alee 3°7, caudse 1°7.

This pretty little Cotyle is most nearly allied to C. flavigastra of
S. America, though considerably smaller in size. The edgings of
the wings, which in the latter species are white, are here of a pale
tawny rufous, whence I have called it fulvipennis; and the same
colour pervades the neck, breast, and bend of the wings below. The
belly is also white instead of being yellow.

The only other Cotyfe I consider as undoubtedly Mexican is
Cotyle serripennis ; for 1 cannot help thinking that the single ex-
ample of C. flavigastra, which occurred in M. Botteri’s collection
(mentioned in P. Z. 8.1857, p. 211), must have been a South Ame-
rican skin introduced by accident.

25.
56.

Fam. AMPELID.

Ptilogonys cinereus (Sw.). 57. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.).
Myiadestes obscurus (Lafr.).

Fam. Ca@reBip&.

58. Certhiola mexicana, Scl. 59. Diglossa baritula, Wag).
Fam. TANAGRID&. :

60. Chlorophonia occipitalis. 70. Phenicothraupis rubi-

61. EHuphonia elegantissima. coides (Lafr.).

62. hirundinacea, Bp. 71. Buarremon albinuchus

63. Tanagra abbas, Less. (d’Orb. & Latr.).

64. diaconus, Less. 72. brunneinuchus(Lafr.).

65. Ramphocelus sanguino- 73. Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
lentus, Less. (Du Bus).

66. Pyranga estiva (Livn.). 74. Saltator atriceps, Less.

67. hepatica, Sw. 75. magnoides, Lafr.

68. erythromelena, Licht. 76. —— grandis (Licht.).

. Pyranga bidentata (Sw.).

All these Tanagers have already been noticed as either in M.
Sallé’s or M. Botteri’s collections from Vera Cruz. A curious variety
of Buarremon albinuchus has the throat nearly of a crimson colour.

Fam, FRINGILLID.

. Cardinalis virginianus, Bp.
. Hedymeles ludovicianus.

79 melanocephalus (Sw.).

80. Coccothraustes abeillii,
Less.

81. Guiraca cerulea (Linn.).

82 parellina (Bp.).

. Sprza versicolor, Bp.
. Volatinia jacarina (Linn.).
85. Phonipara pusilla (Sw.).

86. Chameospiza torquata
(Du Bus).
87. Passerculus lincolni, Aud.

. Spizella socialis (Wils.).

. Junco cinereus (Sw.).

. Hemophila rufescens, Sw.
. Chrysomitris mexicana, Sw.
notata, Du Bus.

. Spermophila moreleti, Bp.
. Loxia mexicana, Strickl.

Two Finches occur in this list which I have not myself previously

observed in Mexican collections.

The beautiful Mexican Grosbeak

(Coccothraustes abeillit), a close ally of the North American Cocco-
thraustes vespertinus, was only known to me from Guatemalan spe-
cimens transmitted by Mr. Skinner*. The Cross-bill I refer to
Loxia mexicana, described by Strickland from examples collected
near the city of Mexico (Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 43 (mote)). I have
not the means of comparing it with other American species.

Fam. IcTERID.

95. Hyphantes baltimorensis. 101. Cassiculus prevosti(Less.).
96. Bananivorusafinis(Lawr.). 102. Sturnella hippocrepis?
97. Icterus gularis (Wagl.). 103. Molothrus pecoris ?

98. —-~— melanocephalus. 104. eneus (Wagl.).

99. Cacicus montezume (Less.). 105. Quiscalus sumichrasti, de
100. Ageleus gubernator. Sauss.

M. de Oca’s collection contained one example of Quiscalus sumi-
chrasti, lately described by M. H. de Saussure (Rev. Zool. 1859,
p-19). The same bird was in M. Sallé’s first collection (Quiscalus,
sp. 137, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 300), and I have also examples collected
by Botteri.

Fam. Corvip&.

106. Psilorhinus morio(Wagl.). 110. Cyanocorax unicolor,

107. Cyanocorax luxuosus. Du Bus.

108. -—— ultramarinus. 111. ——- nanus, Du Bus.

109. ornatus. WN coronatus, Sw.
Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID.

113. Picolaptes affinis (Sw.). 115. Sittasomus sylvioides, Lat.

114. Dendrornis erythropygia, 116. Sclerurus mexicanus, Scl.

Sp. Nov. 117. Anabates rubiginosus, Scl.

The Dendrornis erythropygia has occurred in several previous
collections, but I have hitherto confounded it with D. triangularis
of New Granada, from which it appears truly distinct.

sesee “Tbiss7 18595. p: LO:

366

DENDRORNIS ERYTHROPYGIA, Sp. Ov.
Dendrornis triangularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 289, nec Lafr.

Supra obscure olivacea, secundariis extus, uropygio toto et cauda
rubiginoso-rufis ; capite stris, dorso medio maculis ovalibus
ochracescenti-albidis distincte notato: subtus obscure olivacea,
guttis subtriangularibus pallide ochracescenti-albidis, in gula
crebrioribus, et totas fere plumas occupantibus notata: rostri
albicantis parte culminali nigricanti-cornea : pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 9-0, alze 4-6, caudze 4:0, rostri a rictu 1°45.

Hab. In Stat. Veree Crucis et Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanze (Sallé

et Boucard).

Mus. P.L. 8.

Obs. Affinis Dendrornithi triangulari ex Nova Granada, sed se-

cundariis extus et uropygio omnino rufis, guttis interscapulii ova-
libus et gutture fere toto ochracescente facile distinguenda.

Fam. ForMIcariip&.

118. Thamnophilus doliatus 119. Grallaria guatemalensis,
(Linn.). Prévost.

Fam. TYRANNID&.

120. Scaphorhynchus mexicanus, Lafr.
121. Prtangus derbianus, Kp.

122. Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieill.).
123. Contopus borealis (Sw.).

124. Myiozetetes tewensis (Giraud).
125. Myzodynastes lutewentris, Sclater.
126. Pyrocephalus mexicanus, Sclater.
127. Sayornis pallida (Sw.).

128. Mitrephorus pheocercus, Sclater.
129. Mionectes assimilis, Sclater.
130. Legatus variegatus, Sclater.

131. Myiarchus lawrencii (Cass.).
fuscus (Gm.).

133. Empidonax flaviventris, Baird.
134. Attila citreopygius, Bp.

Fam. CoTINGID&.

135. Tityra personata (Jard. & Selb.).
136. Platypsaris affinis, Elliot.
137. Pachyrhamphus major, Cab.

Numerous specimens of a rosy-breasted Becard are in the collec-
tion, which seem all referable to the light-backed bird lately distin-
guished by Mr. Elliot as Platypsaris affinis (Ibis, 1859, p. 394.
pl. 13). On the other hand, specimens from Oaxaca and Central
America belong to the dark-backed variety, which he considers to
be the true P. aglaie. There is certainly no difference in size between

367

some individuals of the two supposed species, for I have examined
skins of P. affinis quite as large as those of P. aglaie.

138.

139.

141.
142.

145.

147.
148.
149.

150.
151.

152.
153.

The

known

Fam. Momortip.

Momotus ceruleiceps, Gould.

Fam. CAPRIMULGIDE,
Nyctidromus americanus? 140. Antrostomus vociferus?

Fam. TROGONID&.

Trogon caligatus, Gould. 143. Trogon mexicanus, Sw.
melanocephalus,Gld. 144. puella, Gould.

Fam. ALCEDINID&.

Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). 146. Ceryle americana (Gm.).

Fam. TRocHILID.

Phaéthornis adolphi, 154. Delattria rhami (Less.).
Gould. 155. clemencie (Less.).
Lampornis prevosti 156. Cyanomyia cyanocephala.

(Boure. & Muls.). 157. Amazilius arsinoé(Less.).
Campylopterus pampa 158. ocat, Gould.
(Less.). 159. Sporadinus caniveti
delattrii (Less.). (Less.).
Petasophora thalassina 160. Circe latirostris (Sw.).
(Sw.). 161. Trochilus colubris, Linn.
Ceeligena fulgens (Sw.). 162. Tryphena heloise (Less.
Delattria henrici (Less.). et Del.).

only Humming-bird in this collection not previously well
as an inhabitant of Mexico was Amazilius ocai, described

from M. de Oca’s specimens by Mr. Gould in the ‘ Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History’ for August last (ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 96).

Fam. Picip&.

163. Dryocopus scapularis (Vig.). 168. Chloronerpes oleagineus

164.
165.

166.

167.

guatemalensis (Licht.).
(Hartl.). . 169. Centurus santacruzi(Bp.).
Colaptes mexicanus (Sw.). 170. Picus scalaris, Wag}.
Melanerpes formicivorus 171. varius, Linn.
(Sw.). 7 q jardini, Malh.
Chloronerpes yucata- Wise stricklandii, Malh.
nensis (Cabot).

Picus stricklandi is the same bird as in Sallé’s first collection I
called P. cancellatus upon Prince Bonaparte’s authority. It is de-
scribed by M. Malherbe in the ‘ Revue Zoologique’ for 1845 (p. 375).
There was but one specimen in M. de Oca’s collection.

368
Fam. RHAMPHASTID.

175. Aulacorhamphus prasinus,

174. Rhamphastos carinatus,
Gould.

Sw.

Fam. Psirracip&.
176. Ara pachyrhyncha (Sw.). 177. Conurus holochlorus, Scl.

Neither of these Parrots have occurred in previous collections
from Vera Cruz. The Conurus I described from M. de Oca’s spe-
cimens in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for July last
(ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 224).

Fam. CucuLip&.

178. Piaya thermophila, sp.nov. 180. Dromococcyx mexicanus,
179. Crotophaga sulcirostris, Bp.
Sw. 181. Geococcyx affinis, Hartl.

Piaya thermophila is the common species of the tierra caliente,
which I have hitherto referred to Swainson’s Cuculus mexicanus.
Having now received the true P. mexicana (with the tail-feathers
red, as described by Swainson: see below, p. 388), I propose to call
this bird

PIAYA THERMOPHILA.

Saturate castanea, subtus cinerea, gutture pallide cinnamomeo-
rufescente, ventre imo crissoque nigricantibus : caude rectri-
cibus subtus unicolori-nigricantibus, lateralibus in pogonio ex-
teriore et mediis duabus in utroque pogonio rufescentibus,
omnibus albo late terminatis : rostri plumber culmine et apice
toto flavo-virentibus : pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 17:0, alee 6-2, caudee 10°8.

Hab. In terra calida reipublicee Mexicanze et in Guatemala.

Mus. P.L.S.

Fam. FALcCONIDz.

182. Polyborus tharus (Mol.). 187. Asturina nitida.

183. Herpetotheres cachinnans 188. magnirostris.
(Linn.). 189. Micrastur wanthothorax

184. Buteo borealis (Gm.). (Temm.) ?

185. erythronotus (Lafr. 190. Tinnunculus sparverius.
et d’Orb.). « 191. Ictinia plumbea.

186. Asturina albifrons. 192. Hypotriorchis femoralis.

Fam. STRIGIDZ.
193. Syrnium virgatum. 194. Pholeoptynx hypogea.
Fam. COLUMBID.
195. Geotrygon montana. 197. Zenada leucoptera.
196. albifacies, G.R. Gr. 198. Leptoptila albifrons.

369

199. Zenaidura carolinensis. 202. Columba fasciata.
200. Chamepelia passerina. 203. flavirostris.
201. rufipennis.

Fam. CRACID.

204. Penelope purpurascens. 205. Ortalida vetula.

Fam. PERDICID.
206. Dendrortyx barbatus. 208. Odontophorus thoracicus.
207. Ortyx pectoralis.

Fam. TinamMiIp&#.

209. Tinamus saller, Bp.

GRALLE.
210. Gallinago wilsoni. 216. Butorides virescens.
211. Charadrius virginicus. 217. Garzetta candidissima.
212. Mgialites vociferus. 218. Herodias eyretta.
213. Calidris arenaria. 219. Nycticorax gardent.
214. Cancroma cochlearia. 220. ulica americana.

215. Botaurus lentiginosus.

NATATORES.
221. dnas maxima, Gosse. 224. Lophodytes cucullatus.
222. Querquedula carolinensis. 225. Podiceps dominicus.
223. Fuligula affinis. 226. Plotus anhinga.

Anas maxima of Gosse is, no doubt, the bird referred to in Prof.
Baird’s Report on N. American Ornithology (p. 774) as the large
variety of the Mallard. Fuligula affinis has already been noticed
as far south as Guatemala (Salvin, in ‘ Ibis,’ 1859, p. 231), though
not hitherto brought from Mexico.

4. List or Brrps coLLEcTED By M. A. BoucaARD IN THE STATE
oF Oaxaca IN SOUTH-WESTERN Mexico, witu Derscrip-
TIONS OF New Species. By Paitie Lutriry Scrater, M.A.,
SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

M. Sallé having kindly submitted to my examination several col-
lections of birds formed by his correspondent M. Adolphe Boucard
im various parts of the State of Oaxaca in Southern Mexico during
the past eighteen months, I am induced to bring before the Society
a list of the species included in them, together with the localities in
which they were obtained, at the same time giving characters of no
less than twelve amongst them, which, as far as I have been able to
ascertain, are hitherto undescribed. Science is greatly indebted to

No. 407.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

370

M. Boucard for the energetic way in which he has worked out the
ornithology of Southern Mexico ; and, taking his discoveries in con-
nexion with those of M. Sallé himself, Signor Botteri, and Sefor R.
M. de Oca, we may soon hope to attain a tolerably perfect know-
ledge of the aspect of the Avi-fauna of this region.

Totontepec, Teotalcingo, Choapam, &c., are villages of more or
less importance, as M. Sallé informs me, situated in the mountains of
Oaxaca, in the district of Villa Alta. Playa Vicente is a rancheria
consisting of a group of cabins of bamboo, situated on the confines
of the three States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Tehuantepec on the
borders of the Rio Tesechoacan at the foot of the mountains of
Oaxaca in the hot country (terra caliente). Here the river first
becomes navigable; and at this point, during the war of Indepen-
dence, the cochineals of Oaxaca destined for Kurope were embarked
for transportation to Alvarado, the port on the Gulf of Mexico.

Fam. Turpip2&.

1. CATHARUS MELPOMENE, Cab.
Totontepec (Jan.).

2. CaATHARUS OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 323.

Totontepec (Jan.). Described, from the specimens contained in
this collection, in my Review of the Turdide (antea, p. 321), where
the synonymy and characters of all the species of this family are
given.

3. Turpvus 1nruscatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 41.

Totontepec (Jan.).

4, Turpus Grayi, Bp.
Choapam and Villa Alta.

5. Turpus asstminis, Cab.

Juquila and Teotalcingo. Rather darker m plumage than speci-
mens from Jalapa, and so resembling somewhat the Guatemalan 7’.
leucauchen. Eggs of this bird from Oaxaca are lke pale varieties of
those of our Blackbird (Turdus merula), bemg of a pale-greenish
white, spotted and freckled with two shades of rufous. ‘They mea-
sure 1'1 by 0°75.

6. CALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS (Linn.).

Totontepec and Playa Vicente.

7. MELANOTIS CHRULESCENS (Sw.); anted, p. 337.

Talea, Juquila, Villa Alta (Jan.), and Totontepec (Feb.).

8. HARPORHYNCHUS CURVIROSTRIS (Sw.) ; P.Z.8.1859, p. 339.

Oaxaca. Females are not so much variegated on the breast. The
bird seems to agree with Kastern Mexican specimens.

371

Fam. SyLviip&.
9. SIALIA WILSON], Sw.
Juquila.

10. REGULUS CALENDULA (Linn.).
Talea.
Fam. TROGLODYTIDZ.

11. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS MEGALOPTERUS (Lafr.) ; P.Z.S. 1857,
p. 298.

Llano verde. Sexes alike.

12. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS CAPISTRATUS (Less. ).
Juquila and Playa Vicente. <¢ et Q similes.

13. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS JOCOSUS, Sp. nov.

Sordide brunneus, capite colloque nigricantioribus, superciliis
latis et maculis interscapulu tectricumque alarium triangulart-
bus albis ; alis caudaque nigricanti-fuscis, remigum rectricumque
pogoniis externis maculis quadrangularibus sordide albis regu-
lariter transvittatis ; cauda fusco terminata, et nisi in rectri-
cibus mediis fascia subapical lata alba: subtus albus, maculis
rotundis nigris frequenter aspersus, gula immaculata : rostro
et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°6, alze 2°8, caudze 2:4, rostri a rictu 1-1, tarsi 0-9.

Hab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanee.

Mus. P.L.S.

Two specimens of this apparently new species of Campylorhynchus
were procured by M. Boucard at Oaxaca ia March 1858. They are
of different sexes, but present no outward distinctions. The bird is
most nearly allied to C. drunneicapillus of Northern Mexico, but
differs in its smaller size, shorter wings, and the shape of the spots
below, which are rounded instead of being elongated. The upper
surfaces of the two species are not dissimilar.

14, SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS (Say): Baird, Report, p. 3.
Oaxaca (May). <¢ et 2.

15. THRYOTHORUS FELIX, Sp. nov.

Murino-fuscus, pileo frontem versus rufo: loris eé capitis latert-
bus albo nigroque striatis : subtus cinnamomeo-rufescens, ventre
medio pallidiore, gutture albo ; crisso nigro transvittato :
cauda pallide murina, nigricante regulariter transfasciata :
rostro nigricanti-plumbeo, tomiis et apice pallidis: pedibus
plumbeis.

Long. tota 5:0, alze 2°2, caudze 2°1.

Hab. In statu Oaxaca, reipubl. Mexicanee.

A specimen of this Thryothorus was obtained by M. Boucard at

Juquila in May last. It is something hke 7. rufalbus (Lafr.), but

372

is smaller in size, and has no bars on the wings (these being edged
outwardly like the back, only slightly more rufescent in tinge), and
is pale rufous below instead of white. It seems to be distinct from
any described species.

16. THRYOTHORUS MACULIPECTUS, Lafr.
Teotalcingo (March).

17. THRYOTHORUS BEWICKII (Aud.): Baird, Rep. p. 363.
Oaxaca.

18. TROGLODYTES BRUNNEICOLLIS, Sclater, P.Z.S.1858, p. 297.
Cinco Seftores, ¢ (Feb.).

19. TrRoGLopyTES ——-?

Four specimens of a species of Wren which I have hitherto re-
ferred to T. aédon of N. America. The recurrence of examples in
the same plumage, differing from that of 7. aédon in being of a pale
rufous tinge below, inclines me to think that it is really a distinct
species.

20. CyPHORINUS PROSTHELEUCUS, Sclater.
Llano Verde and Playa Vicente.

21. CyPHORINUS PUSILLUS, Sp. nov.

Murino-brunneus, loris et superciliis posticis albis: secundariis
extus et cauda nigro obsolete transfasciatis: regione auriculari
albo variegata: subtus albus, lateraliter cinerascente tinctus,
hypochondriis, ventre imo et crisso pallide brunneis: rostro
superiore plumbeo, inferiore albido : pedibus pallide corylinis :
cauda brevissima : tarsis elongatis.

Long. tota 3°5, alee 1°75, caudee 1°1, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0°75.

Hab. In statu Oaxaca, reipubl. Mexicanze.

Mus. P.L.S8.

Four examples of this Wren were procured at Playa Vicente in
May last. The sexes are similarly coloured. The bird belongs to
a smaller and weaker form of Cyphorinus, as distinguished by its
compressed lengthened and incurved bill, short tail, and long tarsi,
and is congeneric with the preceding species, though perhaps both
are strictly divisible from C. thoracicus and C. cantans.

Fam. CeRTHIID.
22. CERTHIA MEXICANA, Reichenb.
Cinco Senores.

Fam. ALAUDIDA.
23. OTOCORYS CHRYSOLAZMA (Wagler).

Oaxaca: several specimens. A male, killed in March in full sum-
mer plumage, does not seem different from Californian examples of

373

O. occidentalis. Perhaps Prof. Baird may be right im uniting all
the N. American birds under O. cornuta; but there is great differ-
ence in size between Eastern and Western birds.

Fam. Parip.

24, LOPHOPHANES WOLLWEBERI (Bp.): P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 299.
Talea.

25. SITTA CAROLINENSIS, Linn.

Cinco Sefiores. Smaller than examples from Vera Cruz : see anted,
p. 363, and P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 300.

26. PoLiopTILA MEXICANA, Bp.?

Four examples: Oaxaca (March). Iam still doubtful about this
species, whether it is anything more than P. cerulea in winter plu-

mage. One example, marked male, shows traces of the black front-
band.

Fam. MNioTILTID.
27. Srurus tupovicrianus, Bp.; Baird, Rep. p. 262.
Totontepec (Jan.).

28. Mniorittra varia (Linn.).
Juquila and Totontepec.

29. ParuLA suPERCILIOSA (Hartl.): P. Z.S. 1857, p. 299.
Talea.

30. GroTHLyPis TRICHAS (Linn.): Baird, Rep. p. 241.
Totontepec and Oaxaca.

31. GEOTHLYPIS MACGILLIVRAII (Aud.): Baird, Rep. p. 244.

Choapam (Feb. 1859); Cinco Sefores (Feb.). Males in full
plumage, and females.

32. HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA ( Wils. ): Baird, Rep. p. 256.

$ adult et juv. Oaxaca (Feb.).

33. HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say): Baird, Rep. p. 257.

2 Oaxaca and Cinco Sefiores. One specimen is curiously clouded
with dark colour. The other shows traces of the vertical spot.

34. HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA (Wils.): Baird, Rep. p. 258.

In a state of plumage which I believe to be the winter dress of
this species.

35. DENDROICA VIRENS (Gm.).

Talea and Playa Vicente (April).

374

36. DENDROICA TOWNSEND! (Aud.).
Totontepec (Jan.).

37. DeNDROICA NIGRESCENS (Towns.).

Oaxaca (March), ¢. A male in winter plumage, with the throat
white, the black just beginning to appear.

38. DENDROICA ICTEROCEPHALA (Linn.).

Playa Vicente (April). ¢, in fine plumage.

39. DENDROICA MACULOSA (Gm.).
Playa Vicente. 6, in fine plumage.

40. Denproica supERcrItiosa (Bodd.): Baird, Rep. p. 259.
Oaxaca. <,in good plumage.

41. MyroprocteEs pusitius (Wils.).
Totontepec and Villa Alta.
42. BASILEUTERUS BELLI (Giraud).—Muscicapa belli, Giraud,

B. Texas, pl. 7.—B. chrysophrys, Bp. Consp. p. 314; P. Z. 8. 1857,
p. 202.

Llano Verde and Totontepec.

43. BaSILEUTERUS BRASIERI (Giraud).— Muscicapa brasieri,
Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 12.—B. culicivorus, Bp. Consp. p. 313.

Teotalcingo.

44, SETOPHAGA PICTA, Sw.
Cinco Senores.

45. SETOPHAGA MINIATA, Sw.
Cinco Senores and Totontepec.

46. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA.
Playa Vicente (March and April).

47. CARDELLINA RUBRA (Sw.): P.Z.S. 1856, p. 292.
Llano Verde and Totontepec.

48, CARDELLINA RUBRIFRONS, Giraud; P.Z.8. 1857, p. 299.
Cinco Senores.

49. GRANATELLUS SALLA&1, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1856, p. 292, pl. 120.

3. Cerulescenti-plumbeus, litura post-oculari alba, abdomine
medio cum crisso rosaceo-rubris, lateribus albis.

2. Fuscescenti-plumbea, fronte et litura post-oculart rufis : sub-
tus cinnamomeo-rufescens, gutture et ventre medio dilutioribus,
albescentibus : pedibus pallidis.

375

I have repeated the characters of the male of this interesting species
in order to add those of the female, which M. Boucard has now for-
warded with another male specimen from Playa Vicente. Grana-
tellus venustus (Bp. Consp. p. 312), of which M. DuBus has kindly
sent me a figure, is a closely-allied species, but easily known by its
white throat and narrow black breast-band, and white terminations
to the external tail-feathers. There is an imperfect specimen of the
latter bird in the British Museum.

Fam. LANIID.

00. Lanius mexicanus, Brehm, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. ii. p. 145.
—L. excubitoroides, Baird, Rep. p. 327?

Four examples, ¢ and 2: Oaxaca (Feb. and March 1858).

Tn the absence of specimens for comparison, I think it best to refer
this species to Brehm’s LZ. mevicanus, though my impression is that
it does not differ from L. excubitoroides, as described by Baird.
This is the most southern point in the New World at which Lanius
has yet been noticed.

Fam. VirEONID&.

51. Icrerta veLasquezi, Bp.
Playa Vicente.

52. VIREO SOLITARIUS, Vieill.
Talea.

_ 53. ViIREOSYLVIA FLAVOVIRIDIS, Cassin.
Playa Vicente (April).

54. HyLopHILUS OCHRACEICEPS, Sp. nov.

Olivacescenti-fuscus, pileo rufescenti-ochraceo, alis nigricantibus
pallido brunneo extus limbatis ; cauda pallide brunnea: subtus
pallide fiavicans, guiture grisescenti-albo, pectore et lateribus
ochracescenti-fuscis: rostro pallide corneo, pedibus pallide cory-
linis.

Long. tota 4°3, alee 2°2, caudee 1°5, tarsi 0°65.

Hab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanee.

Mus. P.L.S.

This is the only species of the little genus Hylophilus I have yet
seen from the country north of Panama. It is tolerably typical in
form, the bill beg rather longer and more slender than in fH. peci-
lotis, and the tail longer. The first primary is short (0°8 inch from
the insertion) ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth nearly equal and longest.
‘Two examples, obtained at Playa Vicente in April 1859, of different
sexes, are coloured alike.

376
Fam. HiruNDINID&.

55. PETROCHELIDON SWAINSONI, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 296.

Oaxaca: ¢ et Q similes. Two pairs of this very beautiful Swal-
low quite confirm the validity of this species as distinct from P.
lunifrons and P. fulva.

Fam. AMPELID&.
56. PriLOoGONYS CINEREUS (Sw.).

Totontepec (Jan.). The eggs of this bird, sent by M. Boucard
from Oaxaca (May 1858), are minutely freckled and striated with
brownish ash-colour on a white ground, the markings being denser
and forming a ring round the large end. They measure °875 by
‘61 inch. They somewhat resemble some varieties of those of An-
thus pratensis.

57. Myiapestes osscurus (Lafr.).

Totontepec (Jan. ).

M. Boucard has forwarded five eggs belonging to this bird, taken
at Yoletepec in May 1858. They are very Robin-like in appearance,
being white, minutely spotted and freckled with reddish brown, par-
ticularly at the larger end, where the spots cover nearly the entire
surface. They measure 0°95 by 0°75 inch.

Fam. C“/REBIDA.
58. CERTHIOLA MEXICANA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 286.
Playa Vicente.

59, C@REBA CARNEIPES, sp. nov. ?
Cereba cyanea, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 286.

Assimilis C. cyaneee, ex Cayenna, et rostro breviore, tenuiore,
puler colore turcoso magis restricto, nucha cum lateribus capitis
concolore, et pedibus vivide carneis specifice vix distinguenda.

Hab. In rep. Mexicana.

There seem to be minute differences which always distinguish this

bird from its 8S. American representative, though it is questionable
whether they are sufficient for specific separation. The present
examples were obtained at Playa Vicente. M. Sallé procured others
at Cordova. I have not yet seen examples of this bird from Guate-
mala.

60. DigLossa BARITULA, Wagl.
Juquila and Totontepec.

Fam. TANAGRID.
61. PrryLus POLIOGASTER, DuBus.

Choapam (Feb.); Teotaleingo (March); Playa Vicente (April
and May ).

377

62. SALTATOR ATRICEPS, Less.
Playa Vicente.

63. SALTATOR MAGNOIDES, Lafr.
Playa Vicente (May).

64. SALTATOR GRANDIs (Licht.).
Playa Vicente (May).

65. ARREMON AURANTIIROSTRIS, Lafr.: P. Z.S. 1856, p. 83.

Playa Vicente. Two males and a female of this beautiful species.
The vertical band in the male is cinereous, and bend of the wing
orange. ‘The female is less decidedly coloured,—the vertical band
being olivaceous like the back, sides and flanks more greenish, and
belly not pure white. I had supposed this Arremon to be from
Panama, much further south; but, besides these examples, I have
also lately met with specimens from Guatemala, in the collections

forwarded by Mr. Salvin.

66. BuARREMON ALBINUCHUS (d’Orb. and Lafr.).

Totontepec.

67. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafr.).

Teotalcmgo (March). Mexican and New Granadian specimens
seem to be really identical.

68. CHLOROSPINGUS OPHTHALMICUS, DuBus.
Totontepec (Jan.).

69. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS RUBICOIDES (Lafr.).
Playa Vicente (May).

70. PyYRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA (Sw.): Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
p. 125.

Juquila; Totontepec.

71. PyRANGA LUDOVICIANA (Wils.).
Oaxaca (March).

72. PYRANGA HEPATICA, Sw.
Talea (g et 9), Villa Alta, and Choapam.

73. PyRaNGa astIva (Gm.).
Playa Vicente.

74, RAMPHOCELUS SANGUINOLENTUs (Less. ).
Playa Vicente (March and April).

378

75. TANAGRA ABBAS, Licht.
Teotalcingo and Villa Alta.

76. EuPHONIA HIRUNDINACEA, Bp.
Playa Vicente (March).

76*. EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Bp.).

Eggs of this bird, taken at Juquila in Oaxaca in May, are rounded
in shape, and of a creamy white with a few scattered spots and
blotches, principally at the larger end, of two shades of brown.
They measure ‘65 by *5 inch. They are the first authentic speci-
mens of the eggs of any Huphonia that I have seen.

Fam. FRINGILLID.

77. CARDINALIS VIRGINIANUS, Bp.
Playa Vicente (May) ¢. In fine plumage.

78. GutIRACA CHRULEA (Linn.).
Oaxaca (Sept. 1858).

79. Gurraca concreta (DuBus).
Playa Vicente (April), ¢ et @.
Q@ Saturate cafeo-brunnea, unicolor, subtus vix dilutior: alarum
et caude plumis intus nigricantibus, rostro et pedibus nigris.
Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caudee 2°2.
I am not aware that the female of this bird has been hitherto
noticed.

80. GUIRACA PARELLINA, Bp. Consp. p. 502.
Totontepec (Jan. and March), ¢ et 9.

81. OrRYZOBORUS FUNEREUS, Sp. Nov.

Coracino-niger unicolor, subalaribus, campterio et speculo alara,
alula spuria obtecta, albis: rostro nigro, pedibus fuscescenti-
nigris.

Long. tota 8°8, alee 2°2, caudze 2°1, rostri a fronte 45, rostri al-

titudo °45.

Hab. In statu Oaxaca, reipubl. Mexicanz.

Mus. P.L.S.

This little black Finch agrees in the structure of the bill with
Oryzoborus crassirostris, and I have therefore referred it to that
venus. M. Boucard’s example was collected at Suchapam in April
1859. I have never seen it before, and cannot make it agree with any
described species.

82. SPERMOPHILA MORELETI, Puch.: Bp. Consp. p. 497.
Playa Vicente (May 1859).

379
83. SPERMOPHILA CORVINA, Sp. NOV.

Coracino-nigra, speculo alari parvo et tectricibus subalaribus albis,

rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 4°4, alee 2°2, caudee 2:0; rostri altitudo °3.

Hab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicane (Boucard), et in rep.
Honduras.

Mus. P.L.S8.

I have had a specimen of this bird in my collection for some time,
purchased along with other birds from Honduras, but I never felt
certain about the locality. Two examples were obtained by M.
Boucard at Playa Vicente in April 1859. The beak is much smaller
than in the previous species, and has the culmen incurved as in
Spermophila.

84. Cyanospiza ciris (Linn.).

Playa Vicente, ¢ (April 1859).

85. CYANOSPIZA CYANEA (Linn.).
Playa Vicente, Totontepec, and Oaxaca.

86. CYANOSPIZA VERSICOLOR (Bp.).
Oaxaca.

87. PHONIPARA PUSILLA (Sw.).
Totontepec (Jan.).

88. Pomcreres GRAMINEUS (Gm.): Baird, Rep. p. 447.

Four examples: Oaxaca (March).

I cannot distinguish between these and specimens from the U.5S.,
except that the present are rather purer in colouring, and in parti-
cular more white below.

89. CoTURNICULUS PASSERINUS, Bp.
Oaxaca (March), ¢.

90. CHONDESTES GRAMMACA (Say).
Oaxaca, ¢ et Q.

91. ZONOTRICHIA MYSTACALIS, Hartl.

Four examples, ¢ et 9, Oaxaca (March). Sexes nearly alike ;
female rather less strongly coloured.

92. SPIZELLA PALLIDA (Sw.): Baird, Rep. p. 474.

Oaxaca (March), ¢ et 9.

These examples seem to agree with my specimens of S. pallida.
I do not possess examples of S. brewer.

93. MELosPiIzA LINCOLN! (Aud.): Baird, Rep. p. 82.

Totontepec, Teotaleingo, and Oaxaca.

. 380

94. Peucwa ruricers, Baird? ; Baird, Rep. p. 486.—Ammodra-
mus ruficeps, Cassin.

Three examples, Oaxaca (March 1858). I have no examples of
Peucea ruficeps of California, and am consequently unable to say
positively that this is the same bird, the species in this group of
Finches requiring a close comparison. In my own collection are
three specimens of this same species of Peucea obtained by Botteri
at Orizaba.

95. ATLAPETES PILEATUS, Wagler: Sclater, P. Z. 8.1857, p. 304.

State of Oaxaca.

96. EMBERNAGRA RUFIVIRGATA, Lawr.
Playa Vicente (April 1859).

97. Ha&MOPHILA RUFESCENS, Sw.?
Juquila and Villa Alta (Jan.).

98. PrrILo MACULATUS, Sw.
Cinco Senores.

99. Prp1Lo ALBICOLLIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 304.
Totontepec (Jan.) and Oaxaca.

100. CHRYSOMITRIS MEXICANA, Sw.
Totontepec (Jan.).

101. CurysomiTris NOTATA, DuBus.
Totontepec (Jan. and Feb.).

102. CaRPODACUS H&MORRHOUS (Wagl.).
Oaxaca, many examples, ¢ et 2.

Fam. IcTeRID&.

103. OsTINOPS MONTEZUM& (Less.).
Playa Vicente.

104. CassICULUS MELANICTERUS, Bp. Consp. p. 428.—Zct. me-
lanicterus, Bp. Pr. Ac. Phil. iv. 389.

so et 2, Rio Grande.

105. CassicuLus PREVOsTI (Less.).
Teotalcingo and Playa Vicente.

106. IcreRus spuRrus, Bp. ?

Playa Vicente (Mareh). T find much difference in the size of
Mexican specimens of these birds, and am inclined to agree with
Prof. Baird that I. afinis is not a really distinct species.

381

107. IcrERus auDuBONT, Baird, Rep. p. 542.
Juquila. *

108. IcrERUS wWAGLERI, Sclater: Baird, Rep. p. 945.
Villa Alta (Jan.) ; Oaxaca (March).

109. AGEL&ZUS PH@NIcEvs (Linn.).
Oaxaca. Called ‘el Collegial.’

110. MoLoTHRUS &ZNEUS.
Yetla (Feb.).

111. SruRNELLA HiprocrReris, Wagl. ?
Oaxaca.

112. QuiscaLus sumicHRASTI, de Sauss., antea, p. 365.
Playa Vicente (May).

Fam. Corvipb&.

113. Cyanura coronata (Sw.): P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 302.
Juquila.

114. CyanociTTa CALIFORNICA (Vig.) : Baird, Rep. p. 584.

Cinco Sefores. Seems to agree with a specimen from San Fran-
cisco: female smaller.

115, CyaNociTTa oRNATA (Less.).

Teotalcingo.

116. Cyanocrrra NANA, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 25; P.Z.S. 1857,
p-. 204.

Llano Verde.

117. Catocirra Formosa (Sw.).—Pica formosa, Sw. Phil. Mag.
1827, p. 437.—Pica bullockii, Wag}.

The front of this example is white, and the pectoral band rather
broader than in Guatemalan specimens, and the nape has rather
more black.

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID&.
118. Prcovaptes arrinis, Lafr. R. Z. 1850, p. 275.
Totontepec (Jan.).
119. DENDRORNIS FLAVIGASTRA (Sw.): P. Z.S. 1856, p. 289.
Playa Vicente (April).

120. DENDRORNIS ERYTHROPYGIA, Sclater, antea, p. 360.
Oaxaca.

382

121. D&ENDROMANES ANABATINUS.

Dendrocincla anabatina, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 54, pl. 150 ;
Ibis, 1859, p. 118.

Playa Vicente (April).

The peculiar form of the beak in this and the following species
seems to necessitate the formation of a new generic name for them,
which I accordingly propose shall be Dendromanes. This organ is
short, straight, and much compressed, though somewhat broad at
the base, but not sufficiently to enable us to arrange it with Den-
drocincla or Dendrocops, as I have previously done. In fact it more
resembles that of some species of Dendrornis, though so much shorter,
smaller, and with the tip more incurved. The stiff spiny tail shows
at once that its natural situation is in the subfamily Dendrocolaptine.
The following is an outline of the characters of this new form of
Dendrocolaptine :—

Rostrum capite vix longius, rectum, subulatum, compressum, ad
basin paulum dilatatum, mandibule superioris apice uncinato:
ale subbreves, dimidium caude superantes, remigibus tertio
quarto et quinto longissimis: cauda spinosa, plumarum rachi-
bus denudatis et acutis : pedes scansoru, unguibus acutis.

122. DENDROMANES HOMOCHROUS, Sp. Nov.

Fusco-rubiginosus, unicolor, gula dilutiore, alis caudaque vegetio-
ribus ; loris grisescenti-rujis ; remigum sex externorum pogoniis
internis nigricante terminatis : rostro fuscescenti-corneo, pedi-
bus pallide corylinis.

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3°8, caudee 3:2, rostri a rictu 1:0, tarsi 10.

Hab. In statu Oaxacensi reipubl. Mexicanee.

Mus. P.L.S.

Only one example of the present bird was in M. Sallé’s collections—

a male obtained by M. Boucard at Teotalcingo in March 1859. In
form it precisely resembles the last species, having only the tail a
trifle longer, but just as much rounded, and with the shafts spiny
and projecting. The fourth and fifth primaries are equal and rather
longer than the third. The sixth is longer than the second.

122*. XENOPS MEXICANUS, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 289.
Playa Vicente (April).

123. SYNALLAXIS ERYTHROTHORAX, Sclater.

Playa Vicente (March and April).

124. ANABATES CERVINIGULARIS, Sclater.

Playa Vicente (April).

125. ANABAZENOPS VARIEGATICEPS, Sclater, P.Z.S.1856, p. 289.
Choapam and Totontepec.

383

Fam. ForMICARIIDS.
126. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS (Linn.).
Choapam and Playa Vicente.

127. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould?
Playa Vicente (May 1859), 2.

128. ForMictvorA BOUCARDI, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 301.

Playa Vicente (March), ¢ et 2.

I have already described the female of this species, now sent along
with the male by M. Boucard, among the birds collected m Hon-
duras by Mr. Leyland (P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 55).

129. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 245,
et 1859, p. 5).

Playa Vicente (May), two pairs. I have again compared these
with New Granadian specimens without finding any material differ-
ence.

130. RAMPHOCANUS RUFIVENTRIS (Bp.).

Playa Vicente (April).

Rather more rufous below than in specimens from New Granada
(S. Martha).

3 Roane nnns MONILIGER, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294.
Playa Vicente (March).

132. GRALLARIA GUATEMALENSIS, Prévost.

Playa Vicente. More darkly coloured below than examples from
Vera Cruz, but not so intense as in a Guatemalan specimen in my
possession.

Fam. TyRANNID&.

133. ATTILA CITREOPYGIUS, Bp.
Two examples, ¢, Playa Vicente.

134. SAvYORNIS NIGRICANS, Sw.
Oaxaca (March) ; Cinco Senores (Feb.).

135. MyiopyNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS, Sclater, P. Z.8.1859, p.42.
Juquila.
136. TyRANNUS INTREPIDUS, Vieill.

Playa Vicente (May).

137. TYRANNUS VOCIFERANS, Sw.
Oaxaca (Feb.).

384

138. Mitvutus monacuus, Hartl.
Playa Vicente.

139. MyiarcHus LAWRENCII (Giraud).

Talea. Eggs of this bird from this locality are of a pure white,
with spots of two shades of brown principally towards the larger end,
where they form a ring. They seem small for the size of the bird,
measuring only 0°7 by °525 inch.

140. Myiarcuus coorert, Baird, Rep. p. 180.

Oaxaca, S$ (March 1858).

141. My1ARCHUS CINERASCENS (Lawr.).
Oaxaca, ¢ (March 1858).

142. ConTOPUS BOREALIS (Sw.).
Cinco Sefnores (Feb.), 2.

143. Emprponax MINIMUS, Baird.

Playa Vicente (April).

144. MirrepHoRvus PHZOCERCUS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 44.
Talea.

145. Mylonius SULPHUREIPYGIUS, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1856, p. 296.
Playa Vicente (May).

146. CycLORHYNCHUS CINEREICEPS, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 443.
Playa Vicente (March 1859).

147. PuatyruyNncHus cANcRomMaA (Licht,): Sclater, P. Z. S.
1856, p. 295.
Playa Vicente (May).

148. Top1IROSTRUM SCHISTACEICEPS, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 444.
Playa Vicente.

149. TopIROSTRUM CINEREIGULARE, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
p- 295.

Teotalcingo and Playa Vicente.

150. LEprorpoGoON AMAUROCEPHALUS, Cab.

Playa Vicente.

Fam. CoTiInGID&.

151. Tiryra ALBITORQUES, DuBus; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 71.

Playa Vicente, one example, 9. I am surprised at finding this
Becard so far north, and should like to examine more specimens of

3895

both sexes, as it may prove to be distinct from the New Granadian
species.

152. TiryrRA PERSONATA, Jard.
Playa Vicente.

153. PLatypsaris AGLAtE (Lafr.): Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 74.

This specimen belongs to the dark variety (?), considered by MM.
Elliot and Verreaux to be the true P. aglaie in contradistinction
to the P. affinis of the former. See ‘Ibis,’ 1859, p. 394 ; and above,
p. 366.

154. LiIPAUGUS UNIRUFUS, Sp. Nov.

Fuscescenti-rufus unicolor, subtus paulo dilutior, precipue in gut-
ture et ventre medio: remigibus alarum intus obscurtoribus :
rostro pallescente corneo, mandibule inferioris basi albicante ;
pedibus fusco-cinereis.

Long. tota 9°75, alee 5:4, caudze 4:3.

Hab. In statu Oaxacensi Mex. Merid. (Boucard) ; in rep. Gua-

temalensi (Skinner).

Mus. Brit. et P.L.S.

This fine large Lipaugus is readily distinguishable from every other
species of the genus by its size and colour. Besides the present
example (a male, obtained by M. Boucard at Playa Vicente in March
1859), I have noticed a specimen in the British Museum, which was
received in Mr. Skinner’s collections from the province of Vera Paz
in Guatemala. Mr. Salvin has also lately forwarded a specimen col-
lected at Coban.

155. Manacus CAND! (Parzud.).
Playa Vicente, 5 et 2.

156. Pipra MENTALIS, Sclater.
Playa Vicente, ¢ et 2.

Fam. TROCHILID.

157. PuattHornis ADoLpa#t, Gould.
Teotalcingo (March 1859) ; Playa Vicente (April).

158. Lamvornis prevosti (Boure. & Muls.).
Choapam (March 1859).

159. CAMPYLOPTERUS PAMPA (Less.).

Teotalcingo. Found breeding in March, and nest and eggs re-
ceived by M. Sallé.

160. CAMPYLOPTERUS DELATTRII (Less.).

Teotalcingo.
No. 408.—ProcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

386

161. C@LIGENA FULGENS (Sw.).
Totontepec (Jan. 1859).

162. DELATTRIA HENRICI (Less.).
Totontepec.

163. PETASOPHORA THALASSINA (Sw.).
Totontepec (Jan. 1859).

164. SAPPHIRONIA LUCIDA (Shaw).
Totontepec (Feb.).

165. THAUMANTIAS CANDIDUS (Bourc.).
Playa Vicente (May).

166. Cyanomyia vioticers, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3 ser.
iv. p. 97. .
Described from M. Boucard’s specimens.

167. CyANOMYIA QUADRICOLOR (Vieill.).
Found breeding at Choapam in the month of March, and nest and
eges transmitted to M. Sallé by M. Boucard.

168. CyaNomyiA sorpD1DA, Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser.
iv. p. 97.
Oaxaca.

169. AmAziLIus CORALLIROSTRIS (Bourc.).
State of Oaxaca.

170. AMAZILIUS ARSINOE (Less.).

Playa Vicente (April).

171. Amazinius puBust, Bourc. & Muls. Ann. Soe. Lyons, 1852.

Choapam (March) ; Playa Vicente (April). Is-this distinct from
A. riefferi?

172. TrRocuiLus couusRis, Linn.

Oaxaca.

173. SELASPHORUS HELOIsH (Less. & Del.).
Totontepec (Jan. 1859).
174. CaLoTHoRAX PULCHRA, Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

3 ser. iv. p. 97.
Oaxaca.

387

Fam. GALBULID#.

175. GALBULA MELANOGENIA, Sclater.

Playa Vicente (April).

This is the most northern locality I have yet become acquainted
with for Galbula. The specimen is marked male, but is in female
plumage, being perhaps immature.

Fam. ALCEDINID.

176. CERYLE SUPERCILIOSA (Linn.).
Playa Vicente (April), 3 et @.

Fam. Momorip.

177. Momotus mexicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 442;
Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 253.

Rio Grande.
178. Momortvs tessont, Less.

Playa Vicente and Teotalcingo.

179. HyLoMANES MomorTULA, Licht.
Playa Vicente (April 1859).

Fam. TROGONID2.
180. TRoGoN Mexicanus, Sw.: Gould, Mon. pl. 1.
Cinco Senores.
181. TRoGON amBiGuus, Gould, Mon. pl. 4.
Talea.
182. TRoGon caLicatus, Gould, Mon. pl. 7.
Playa Vicente.
183. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould, Mon. pl. 12.
Playa Vicente, g et 9.
184, TRoGoNn MAssENA, Gould, Mon. pl. 16.
Playa Vicente, d et 9.
185. TRoGON PUELLA, Gould.
Playa Vicente.
Fam. CucuLip&.

186. Grococcyx arrinis, Hartl.
Juquila.

388

187, PrayA MEXICANA (Sw.).—Cuculus mezxicanus, Sw. Phil.
Mag. 1827, p. 440.

3 Juquila (May 1858). This is a different species of Piaya from
that which inhabits the tierra caliente of Vera Cruz and Guatemala.
The plumage is of a much brighter chestnut-red ; the lower belly is
hardly darker than the breast; and the tail-feathers are bright ru-
fous, with a well-defined broad subapical band of black, tipped with
white. In the common bird of Vera Cruz, which I have until lately
supposed to be Swainson’s Cuculus mexicanus, the tail-feathers,
looking at them from below, are nearly black, and have no defined
patch towards their termination as in the present bird, and the lower
belly is altogether black. See anted, p. 368, for description of Piaya
thermophila.

188. CroTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw.

Oaxaca.
Fam. RHAMPHASTID.

189. RHAMPHASTOS CARINATUS, Sw.

Playa Vicente (March).

190. PreRoGLossus TORQUATUS (Wagl.).
Playa Vicente (March).

191. AULACORHAMPHUS WAGLERI.
Xacatepec, ¢ (March 1858).

Fam. Picip#.
192. Dryocopus GUATEMALENSIS.
Llano Verde and Playa Vicente. Rather small in dimensions.

193. Picus varius, Linn.
Llano Verde ; Totontepec (Jan.).

194. Prcus sARDINII, Malh.
Oaxaca, 3.

195. CHLORONERPES ZRUGINOSUS (Licht.).
Teotalcingo (March).
196. CHLORONERPES OLEAGINEUS.

Playa Vicente (March).

197. CrELEUS CASTANEUS (Wagl.).
Playa Vicente (March).

Fam. Psirracip2.

198. Conurus Astec, Souaneé, Rey. Zool. 1857, p. 97.
Playa Vicente (April 1859).

389 .

199. Curysoris ocHROPTERA (Gm.): Gray, List of Psittacide,
p- 79.
Rio Grande ; Playa Vicente.

200. CHRYSOTIS AUTUMNALIS (Linn.).

Playa Vicente. I now doubt much whether Bonaparte’s C. esti-
valis is really distinct from this species. The only difference between
the representatives of the two species in the British Museum is the
presence of rather more red on the lores of the supposed true C. aw-
tumnalis, im which respect it agrees better with Edwards’s plate, upon
which the name was founded.

Fam. Farconip#.
201. HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS (Linn.).
Playa Vicente.

202. SpizaAETUS ORNATUS (Daud.).
Teotalcingo (March 1859).

203. Burro BorEALIs (Gm.).

In adult and immature plumage.
Talea and Oaxaca.

204. Burro HARLANI, Aud.
The variety of B. borealis alluded to in P. Z. S. 1857, p. 211.
Oaxaca.

205. Burro EryYTHRONOTUS (Lafr. et d’Orb.).
Talea.

206. ASTURINA NITIDA.
Talea and Playa Vicente.

207. ACCIPITER PILEATUS (Max.): Temm. Pl. Col. 205.

Adult male: Playa Vicente. This is the first specimen of Accipiter
pileatus that Mr. Gurney has seen from the northern portion of the
American continent, as he informs me.

208. AccrPITER CooPER!I, Bp.: Baird, Rep. p. 16.

Totontepec (Jan. 1859) and Oaxaca.

Decidedly distinct from the preceding (with which it is united by
many authors—Strickland, Gray, &c.), in Mr. Gurney’s opinion :—
Accipiter pileatus is distinguishable from 4. cooperi, (1) by its
smaller size; (2) by the whole-coloured hood with which its head is
covered in all ages; (3) by the plumbeous colour of the breast and
belly in the adult, the corresponding parts in 4. cooperi, when adult,
being rufous, mottled with white. The adult 4. pileatus has the
curious peculiarity of exactly resembling zz colour the adult of Har-

390

pagus bidentatus. In the Norwich Museum are specimens of 4.
pileatus from Brazil; Ecuador, Pallatanga (fraser) ; Chili, and Straits
of Magellan,—and of A. cooperi from California, Monterey ; Texas
and Mexico, Orizava. The adult specimens of the present bird
from Oaxaca show a whole-coloured hood nearly as dark as in 4.
pileatus, which younger specimens never do, whereas, as stated above,
A. pileatus does so in all ages.” —J. H. G. in epist.

209. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.).
Villa Alta (Jan. 1859).

210. Hyporriorcuis RuFIGULARIS (Daud.): Strickl. Orn. Syn.
p. 88.

Playa Vicente.

211. IcTtrnra PLUMBEA (Gm.).
Playa Vicente (March), ¢ adult.

212. Circus Hupsonicus (Linn.).
Oaxaca.

Fam. STRIGIDE.

213. Srrix PRATINCOLA, Bp.
Oaxaca.

214. Bracuyorus Cassini, Brewer.
Oaxaca.

215. Buso vireGinianus (Gm.).
Oaxaca.

Fam. COLUMBID.

216. CoLUMBA NIGRIROSTRIS, Sp. Nov.

Obscure olivascenti-fusca eneo vix tincta, capite et collo supero
cum corpore subtus et tectricibus subalaribus vinaceis, gula
albescentiore, ventre plumbescentiore: remigibus et rectricibus
Susco-nigricantibus unicoloribus : rostro nigro: pedibus coral-
lino-rubris.

Long. tota 10°5, alee 6°5, caudee 4°6.

Hab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanee.

In spite of the number of new species that have lately been de-
scribed among the Pigeons, this bird appears to have remained un-
noticed. There is no specimen of it in the British Museum ; and it
is not included in Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ which contains such an
elaborate account of the family. I therefore consider it to be pro-
bably new. Its nearest allies are Columba flavirostris, which has
the bill yellow, and C. rufina, which has a cinnamomeous-brown tail,

391

besides other differences. Its proper place is intermediate between
these species.

217. CotumBA FLAvtROsTRIS, Wagl.

Teotalcingo (March).

218. Leproprina aALBIFRONS, Bp. Consp. i. p. 74.

Playa Vicente.

219. GEOTRYGON ALBIFACIES, G. R. Gray : Sclater, P. Z. 8.1858,
p- 98.

Latani (Feb. 1859).

220. PERISTERA CINEREA (Temm.).
Playa Vicente.

221. ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS (Linn. ).
Talea and Oaxaca.

222. CHAMZPELIA PASSERINA, Linn.
Oaxaca ; several specimens.

223. SCARDAFELLA INCA (Legs.).

Oaxaca. The egg of this species, forwarded by M. Sallé, mea-
sures 0°9 by 0°6 inch, and is of the usual uniform white.

Fam. CRACID&.

224. PENELOPE PURPURASCENS, Wagler.
Rio Grande ; called < Faisano.’

225. ORTALIDA VETULA (Wagl.).

Playa Vicente. I have never seen but two Ortalide from Mexico
—the two here mentioned. I can hardly believe that Baird’s O.
maccallit is different from the present bird.

226. ORTALIDA LEUCOGASTRA, Gould.

Rio Grande. The female like the male, but smaller. I have
now little doubt that this is really the true O. poliocephala of
Wagler. It seems to be the representative of O. vetula in the Pacific
coast-region.

Fam. Perpicip.

227, ODONTOPHORUS GUTTATUS, Gould.
Teotaleingo (March 1859).

Fam. TINAMIDZ&.

228. TINAMUS BOUCARDI, Sallé, MS.
Obscure cinereus ; dorso toto et alis extus brunneis, nigro minutis-

392

sime vermiculatis: remigibus alarum fusco-nigris, scapis plu-
marum atris: subtus dilutior, gula pallescentiore : ventre toto
fulvescenti-brunneo lavato : crisso et tectricibus subeaudalibus
nigro variegatis : rostrt mandibula superiore plumbea, inferiore
albida : pedibus clare corylinis.
Long. tota 10-0, alee 6:5, caudee 2:0, tarsi 2°0, rostri a rictu 1:3.
fab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanee.

Two examples of this fine Tinamou are in M. Boucard’s collections,
both males, one from Playa Vicente (May), and the other from Teo-
taleingo (March). The nearest allied species is the 8S. American
1’. cinereus.

229. Trnamus SALL&1 (Bp.).—WNothocercus sallai, Bp. C. RB.
xli. p. 955.

Nigricans, rufo undulatus: alarum vittis latioribus et flavescen-
tioribus : cervice postica et dorso superiore fere puris ; pileo
nigricante ; nucha rufescente, nigro undulata : lateribus capitis
rufis: subtus cinnamomeo-rufus, cervice obscure cinerea, gula
nivea, lateribus et crisso nigro variegatis : rostro corneo : man-
dibula inferiore et pedibus flavis.

2. Cervice antica rufescente : pileo, sicut nucha, vittato.

Long. tota 10-0, alze 6:2, caudee 1-5, tarsi 1°8.

This is the only Mexican species of Tinamou which is at all like
the South American Tinamus variegatus, and I believe that it is the
“same to which Prince Bonaparte applied the name 7’. delattrii in
C. R. xlviii. p. 955. I know, from the Prince’s own mouth, that he
was in doubt upon this point. The examples described above were
obtained at Playa Vicente in May 1850. M. Sallé suggests that
this bird may be Lesson’s Nothura cinnamomea (Rev. Zool. 1842,
p- 210). Though I know from experience the vileness of Lesson’s
descriptions, I think this hardly possible.

230. TINAMUS MESERYTHRUS, Sp. Nov.

Ez olivaceo rufescens ; alis ngricantibus, extus rufo marginatis ;
. pileo toto nigricanti-cinereo : subtus saturate ferrugineo-rufus,
medialiter clarior ; crisso pallide cinnamomeo ; hypochondrits et
pectore antico obscurioribus, nigricante adumbratis : remigibus
subtus pallide schistaceis: tectricibus caude elongatis, satu-
rate castaneis: rostri mandibula superiore plumbea, inferiore
albicante: pedibus clare corylinis.
Long. tota 9°5, alee 5°2, caudze 1°5, tarsi 1°7, rostri a rictu 1°15.
Had. In statu Oaxaca reipublicee Mexicanee.

This Tinamou is nearly allied to 7. sovt of South America and 7.
castaneus of New Granada. It is easily distinguished by the deep-
chestnut medial line below, contrasting with the darker sides of the
body. There are but very faint traces of spots on the crissum.
The male and female, procured by M. Boucard at Playa Vicente in
May, are coloured alike.

393
Fam. CHARADRIID.

231. AXGIALITES VOCIFERUS (Linn.).
Oaxaca.

Fam. ScoLopAcip&.
232. GAMBETTA FLAVIPES (Gm.): Baird, Rep. p. 732.
Playa Vicente (April 1859).

Fam. RALLID&.

233. ARAMIDES CAYENNENSIS (Gm.).
Oaxaca.

234. PARRA GYMNOSTOMA, Wagl.
Oaxaca. ‘Two examples in young plumage.

Fam. ANATIDE.
235. QUERQUEDULA bDiscors (Linn.).
State of Oaxaca.

236. ERISMATURA RUBIDA (Wils.).
Oaxaca.

5. DrESCRIPFTION D'UNE NOUVELLE ESPECE DE BarsBu DE
L AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE. Par Jutes VeERREAUX, Mem-
BRE CORRESPONDANT DE LA SOcIETE ZOOLOGIQUE DE
LONDRES.

(Aves, Pl. CLVIL.)

LAIMODON ALBIVENTRIS, sp. nov.

Téte et cou rouges ; la base des plumes noire a partir du vertex
jusque sur le haut du dos; ce dernier ainsi que le reste des parties
supérieures, le devant du cou et du thorax d’un brun terreux plus
foncé au centre de ce dernier, presque toutes les plumes de ces par-
ties ayant le rachis d’un blanc plus ou moins pur; une tache ob-
longue de cette couleur au centre du croupion; ventre, bas ventre et
couvertures sous-caudales d’un blane pur; les plumes des flancs
assez longues et délicates ; cuisses brunes, 4 plumes bordées de plus
clair; ailes et queue noires. Les mémes lignes blanches du rachis
sont trés distinctes sur les couvertures alaires ainsi que sur les ré-
miges secondaires les plus rapprochées du corps.

Bec plus haut que large, 4 mandibule supérieure bidentée, bleudtre
a sa base qui est garnie de soies noires dirigées en avant, jaunatre
sale sur le reste ; tarses fortement scutellés, bleuatres ainsi que
les doigts ; ongles assez crochus et bruns; aile 4 penne batarde trés
courte, les 4, 5 et 6™°* rémiges les plus longues, et les secondaires de

394

la méme longueur ; leurs couvertures inférieures blanches ainsi que
la partie interne des rémiges; queue arrondie.

cent. mill

JOB Boesgaookn soos 005s nooo 60 o000 IG. 7
del ailesferméem cau eee. emanate
SCO GUSTO Co sbssSs ants bo eebbooss on Fw
——— dui beca, pant denangle). 52: sii... Sita en Rd
CAaTSES eigen) sors cs sre teeeenee Darcy, Za)

Cette description a été prise sur un sujet male trés adulte, pro-
venant de l’ Afrique occidentale, mais sans désignation de localité
exacte.

Nous devons a l’obligeance de M. Emile Parzudaki, de la faire
connaitre au monde savant, ainsi que quelqu’autres nouveautés que
nous ne tarderons pas a publier. Nous saisissons avec empressement
loccasion de le remercier de l’intérét qwil porte a cette belle science
en nous offrant toutes les facilités de visiter et d’étudier les nom-
breux objets qui passent chaque jour dans ses magasins.

Nous saisissons avec empressement l’occasion qui se présente par
Vespéce nouvelle que nous décrivons, pour indiquer toutes les espéces
africaines que nous connaissons sur cette famille, en ajoutant leur
synonymie telle que nous nous proposons de la reproduire dans le
‘Conspectus Generum <Avium’ auquel nous travaillons depuis lon-
gues années, et que nous espérons livrer au public un jour.

Genre 1. Pocontas, Illig.

1. POGONTAS DUBIUS.

Pogonias dubius, Bp. Consp. Av. t. 1. p. 145. sp. 1; id. Consp.
Volucr. Zygodactyl. (1854) p. 12. sp. 1; Hartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr.
p- 169. no. 506.

Bucco dubius, Gm. Syst. Nat. (1796) t.i. p. 414.

Pogonias sulcirostris, Leach, Zool. Misc. 1. p. 76; Sw. B. West
Afr. 1. p. 166.

Pogonias erythromelas, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 32 ; Wagl. Syst. Av.

. 164.
7 Pogonias major, Wess. Trait. d’Orn. p. 159.
Barbican, Levaill. Barb. pl. 18.
Pogonorhamphus, DesMurs et Chenu, Encyel. Ois. 11. p. 14.

Afr. oce. ; Sénégal; Casamanze ; Bissao.

2. POGONIAS ROLLETI.

Pogonias rolleti, De Filippi, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (1853) p. 290 ;
Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygodactyl. (1854) p. 12. sp. 1; Hartl. Syst.
Orn. Westafr. p. 169, note.

Afr. orient. ; Nubie; Nil blanc.

3. POGONIAS BIDENTATUS.

Pogonias bidentatus, Bp. Consp. Av. t. 1. p. 145. sp. 2; Hartl.
Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 170. no. 507.

Bucco dubius, var. 3, Lath.

395

Pogonias levirostris, Leach, Zool. Mise. t. 77.

Bucco leuconotus, Vieill. Encycl. Méth. ; Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 164.
sp. 2; Shaw, Nat. Mise. t. 393.

Pogonias levaillantii, Leach, |. ¢. t. 117.

Bucco levaillantii, Vieill. Encyel. Méth. p. 1422.

Laimodon bidentatus, Gray.

Barbican unibec, Levaill. Barb. Supp. p. 48. t. K. ad.

Barbican a ventre rose, Levaill. Barb. t. A. juv.

Laimodon levirostris, Heugl. Uebers. p. 47. no. 480.

Afr. oce.; Sénégal ; Guinée; Gabon.

Genre 2. Laimopon, Gray.

4, LAIMODON ALBIVENTRIS.

Laimodon albiventris, J.Verr. supra.

Afr. oce.

5. LAIMODON LEUCOCEPHALUS.

Laimodon leucocephalus, De Filippi, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (1555)
p. 291.
Afr. orient.; Nubie; Nil blanc.

6. LarmoDON NIGRITHORAX.

Laimodon nigrithorax, Gray; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygodactyl.
(1854) p. 12. sp. 3.

Pogonias nigrithorax, Cuv. Rég. An. (1817) t. i. App. p. 428.

Bueco personatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 201 ; Wagl. Syst. re sp. 3;
Levaill. Barb. pl. 28.

Pogonias nigrithorax, Bp. Song, Ay. t. 1. p. 1452 sp. (3.

Pogonias personatus, Less. Trait. d’ Orn. p. 160. sp. 1

Afr. mér.; Caffrérie.

7. LAIMODON UNIDENTATUS.

Laimodon unidentatus, Gray ; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Ziel
(1854) p. 12. sp. 8.

Pogonias unidentatus, Licht. Verz. Sudafric. Th. p. 17. sp. 179.

Bucco niger, Gm. Syst. Nat. (1796) t. 1. p. 411.

Bucco rufifrons, Steph.

Trogon luzoniensis, Scopoli.

Pogonias stephensi, Leach, Zool. Misc.t.116; Vieill. Gal. Ois.
1. 33.
: Pogonias niger, Less. Trait. d Orn. p. 160. sp. 2.

Laimodon leucomelas, Gray ; Buff. Pl. Enl. 688.1; Sonner. Voy.
t. 34; Levaill. Barb. t. 29, 30, 31.

Pogonias unidentatus, Bp. Consp. Av. t.i. p. 146. sp. 9.

Pogonias niger, Bp. |. c. p. 145. sp. 6.

ge leucotis, Sundev. Ofvers. (1850) p. 109.

Afr. mér. et occid. ; Caffrérie.

396

8. LAIMODON BIFRENATUS.

Laimodon bifrenatus, Gray ; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. (1854)
[0s UAB Ss 7s

Pogonias bifrenatus, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 8. f. 2; Bp. Consp.
Ay. t. i. p. 145. sp. 8; Hartl. Caban. Journ. Om. (1854) p. 197.
sp. 418; id. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 171. no. 510.

Pogonias melanocephalus, Riipp. Atl. t. 28 A. p. 41.

Afr. orient.

9. LAIMODON SALTI.

Laimodon salti, Gray ; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. (1854) p. 12.
sp. 4.

Bucco salti, Stanley, Salt’s Trav. Abyss. App.; Lath. Gen. Hist.
i. p. 258. t. 53.

Phytotoma tridactyla, Daud.

Ploceus abyssinicus, Steph.

Pogonias hematops, Wag). Syst. sp. 4.

Pogontas rubrifrons, Sw. B. of West Afr. ii. p. 170; id. Zool. Ml.
pl. 68.

Pogonias brucii, Riipp. Wirb., Av. t. 20. 1.

Pogonias salti, Bp. Consp. Av. t. i. p. 145. sp. 4.

Laimodon undatus, Riipp. Faun. Abyss. t. 20. f. 2.

Pogonias undatus, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Bp. Consp. Av. t. i.
p- 146. sp. 10.

Pogonias salti, Hartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 170. no. 508.

Afr. orient. et occid. ; Abyssinie ; Nubie; Sierra Leone?

10. LAIMODON VIEILLOTI.

Laimodon vieilloti, Gray ; Bp. Consp.Voluer. Zygod. (1854) p.12.
sp. 9.

Pogonias vieilloti, Leach, Zool. Misc. t. 97 ; Less. Trait. d’Orn.
p. 160.sp.3; Bp. Consp. Av. t.i. p. 145. sp. 5.

Barbu rubicans, Levaill. Barb. Suppl. f. D.

Pogonias fuscescens, Vieill. Encycl. Méth. p. 1421.

Pogonias rubescens, Temm.

Pogonias senegalensis, Licht. Doubl. p. 9.

Pogonias rufifrons, Sw. B. of West. Afr. ii. p. 168.

Pogonias hematops, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 5.

Pogonias vieilloti, Hartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p..170. no. 509.

Afr. oce. et orient.; Sénégal; Bissao; Casamanze ; Guinée ; Nubie.

Genre 3. TricHoLama, Verr.
11. TRICHOLEMA HIRSUTA.
Tricholema hirsuta, Wartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 172. no. 512.
Pogonias hirsutus, Sw. Zool. Ul. pl. 72; id. B. of West Afr. i.
p- 172; id. Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 7; id. Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 149 ;
Bp. Consp. Av. t.i. p. 145. sp. 7; Hartl. Caban. Journ. Orn. (1854)
no. 417.

397

Laimodon hirsutus, Gray; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. (1854)
p- 12. sp. 9.

Tricholema flavipunctata, J. Very. Caban. JournaOrn. ii. p. 103 ;
id, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (1855) p. 555. pl. 14, juv.; Bp. Consp. Vol.
Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 20.

Afr. occid. ; Sierra Leone; Dabocrom ; Gabon; Calabar.

Genre 4. GymNnosucco, Bp.
12. GYMNOBUCCO CALVUS.
Gymnobucco calvus, Hartl. Caban. Journ. Orn. (1854) p. 195.
no. 405; id. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 174. no. 519.
_ Bucco calvus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. (1841) p. 241; Bp. Consp. Vol.
Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 10.
Afr. occid.

13. GYMNOBUCCO PELI.

Gymnobucco peli, Hartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 175. no. 520.
Bucco calvus, Temm. Mus. Lugd.

Gymnobucco calvus, Bp. Consp. Av. t. i. p. 141.

Afr. occid. ; Dabocrom ; Gabon.

14. GYMNOBUCCO BONAPARTII.

Gymnobucco bonapartei, J. Verr. Caban. Journ. Orn. (1855)
p-102.no.3; Hartl. ib. p. 410; id. Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod.(1854)
p- 12. sp.11; Hartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 175. no. 521.

Barbatula fuliginosa, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. (1855)
p- 324; Bp. Compt. Rend. Acad. des Sci. (1856) p. 17.

Afr. occid. ; Gabon ; Moonda.

Genre 5. XyLosucco, Bp.

15. XyLOBUCCO SCOLOPACEUS.

Xylobucco scolopaceus, Bp. Consp. Av. t.i. p.141 ; id. Consp. Vol.
Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 12; Hartl. Caban. Journ. Orn. (1854)
p- 195. no. 406; id. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 174. no. 518.

Bucco scolopaceus, Temm. Mus. Lugd.

Barbatula stellata, Fras. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1843) p. 4; Jard.
Contr. Orn. (1851) p. 155.

Barbatula flavisquamata, J.Verr.Caban. Journ. Orn. (1855) p.101;
Bp. l. c. p. 12. sp. 13. ne

Afr. occid. ; Dabocrom; Fernando Po; Gabon; Moonda; Ca-
labar.

Genre 6. Buccanopon, J. Verr.
16. BuCCANODON DUCHAILLUI.

Buccanodon duchaillui, Hartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 171. no.511.
Barbatula duchaillui, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. (1855)
p. 324.

398

Barbatula formosa, Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. (1855) p. 213. sp. 2.
pl. 5.
Afr. oecid. ; Mfoonda; Gabon.

Genre 7. Barsatuta, Less.

17. BARBATULA ATROFLAVA.

Barbatula atroflava, Bp. Consp. Av. t.i. p. 145. sp. 3; id. Consp.
Volucr. Zygodactyl. (1854) p. 12. sp.17; Hartl. Journ. Orn. (1854)
p. 196. no. 409; id. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 172. no. 514.

Bucco atroflavus, Blumenb. Abb. Naturh. Gegenst. t. 65 ; Sparrm.
Act. Suec. xvii. t. 9.

Bucco erythronotus, Cuy. Rég. An. (1817) t. i. App. p. 428;
Less. Trait. d’Orn. p. 164. sp. 18.

Barbatula erythronotus, Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. (1851) p. 262;
Strick]. Jard. Contr. Orn. (1851) p. 135. sp. 25; Levaill. Barb.
plot.

Afr. occid.; Liberia; Aguapim ; Galam; Gabon; Moonda.

18. BARBATULA SUBSULFUREA.

Barbatula subsulfurea, Wartl. Cab. Journ. Orn. (1854) p. 195.
no. 408; id. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 172. no. 513.

Bucco subsulfureus, Fras. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1843) p. 3; Allen
Thoms. Nig. Exped. 11. p. 404 ; Fras. Zool. Typ. pl. 52.

Capito subsulfureus, Gray.

Trachyphonus subsulfureus, Bp. Consp. Av. t.1. p. 142. sp. 2 ;
id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 23; Des Murs et Chenu,
Encyel. 11. p. 19.

Barbatula flavimentum, Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. (1851) p. 262 ;
Strickl. Jard. Contr. Orn. (1851) p. 135.

Afr. occid.; Fernando Po; Gabon; Moonda; Aguapim.

19. BARBATULA LEUCOLAIMA.

Barbatula leucolaima, Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. (1851) p. 263 ;
Strickl. Jard. Contr. Orn. (1851) p. 135. sp. 27; Bp. Consp. Vol.
Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 16; Hartl. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 173.
no. 015.

Megalema bilineata, Sundev. Ofvers. K. Vet. Ac. Férh. (1850)
p- 109.

Afr. occid.; Sénégal; Gabon ; Aguapim ; Casamanze.

20. BARBATULA CHRYSOCOMA.

Barbatula chrysocoma, Bp. Consp. Av. t. i. p.145. sp. 4; id.Consp.
Volucr. Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 14; Hartl. Journ. Orn. (1854)
p- 196. no. 411; id. Syst. Orn. Westafr. p. 173. no. 516; Heugl.
Uebers. p. 47. no. 481.

399

Bucco chrysocomus, Temm. Pl. Col. 536. f. 2; Heugl. Uebers.
p. 47; Herz. v. Wurtenb. Icon. ined. t. 55 C.
Bucco parvus, Less. Trait. Orn. p. 165; Compl. a Buff. ix. p. 292.

Afr. occid. et orient. ; Sénégal ; Gambia; Casamanze; Sennaar ;
Fazoglo.

21. BARBATULA PUSILLA.

Barbatula pusilla, Bp. Consp. Av. t. i. p. 144. sp. 1; id. Consp.
Volucr. Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 19.

Bucco pusillus, Dum.

Bucco barbatula, Temm. Pl. Col. sp. 18, 19.

Bucco chrysopterus, Sw.

Bucco chrysozonicus, Riipp.

Bucco nanus, Vig.

Capito rubrifrons, Vieill. Encycl. Méth. p. 1423.

Barbatula nana, Gray.

Megalaima barbatula, Gray.

Bucco parvus, Cuv.; Less. Trait. Orn. p. 164. sp. 19; Buff. Pl.
Enl. 742. f. 2; Levaill. Barb. pl. 32.

Barbatula minuta, Bp. Consp. Av. t.i. p. 144. sp. 2; Hartl. Syst.
Orn. Westafr. p.173.no. 517; Bp. Consp. Vol. Zygod. (1854) p. 12.
sp. 18.

Afr. mér., orient. et occid.? ; Caffrérie; Nubie; Sénégal?

Genre 8. TRACHYPHONUs, Ranzani.

22. TRACHYPHONUS CAFER.

Trachyphonus cafer, Bp. Consp. Av. t.i. p. 142. sp. 1; id. Consp.
Volucr. Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 21.

Picus cafer, Gm. Syst. Nat. (1796) t.i. p. 368. sp. 25.

Trachyphonus vaillanti, Ranz.

Trachyphonus cafer, Gray.

Polysticte quopopa, A. Smith, Rep. Exp. 8. Afr. Expl. (1856).

Micropogon sulphuratus, Lafr. Mag. Zool. (1836) pl. 60.

Trachyphonus squamiceps, Heugl. Beitr. t. 28. 2; id. Uebers.
p- 47. no. 482.

Afr. mérid.; Kurrichaine.

23. TRACHYPHONUS MARGARITATUS.
Trachyphonus margaritatus, Bp. Consp. Av. t. i. p. 142. sp. 3;
id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. (1854) p. 12. sp. 22.

Bucco margaritatus, Rupp. Atl. pl. 20; Heugl. Uebers. p. 47.
no. 483.

Micropogon margaritatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 490.

Tamatia erythropygius, Ehrenb, Icones Av. t. 7.

Capito margaritatus, Gray.

Afr. orient.; Abyssinie; Nubie.

24. TRACHYPHONUS PURPURATUS.
Trachyphonus purpuratus, Verr. Rey. et Mag. Zool. (1851) p. 260;

400

Strick]. Jard. Contr. Orn. (1851) p. 135. sp. 24; Hartl. Cab. Journ.
Orn. (1854) p. 195. no. 407 ; id. Syst. Orn. p. 175. no. 522; Chenu
et Des Murs. Encyel. Orn. ii. p. 22; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod.
(1854) p. 12. sp. 24.

Afr. occid. ; Gabon ; Moonda.

P.S. Nous ne connaissons pas le Lazimodon diadematus, Heugl.
Beitr. t. 28. 1, et Uebers. p. 47. no. 479, de l Afr. orient.

Paris, le 1% Octobre, 1859.

6. NorTicre oF A RARE AstAtTic Pigeon. By Frepertc Moore.

The bird which I beg leave to bring before the Meeting belongs to
that group of Pigeons typified by the common Rockdove (Columba
livia, L.), being an intermediate species between it and the C. leu-
conota, Vigors, and has hitherto been known only as an inhabitant
of the mountainous and rocky parts of Dauria and Songaria, in Cen-
tral Asia. The specimen under examination was procured in Ladakh
by Captain Richard Strachey, and is the

CoLUMBA RUPESTRIS.

Columba enas, var. rupestris, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 560,
1. 35.
Hab. Mountainous regions of Central Asia.

Description of Specimen from Ladakh.—¥ead, throat, and ear-
coverts darkish ash-colour ; the feathers round the neck glossed
with changeable dark green and reddish-purple ; middle of breast
vinous-brown ; upper part of the back, fore part of the wing, the
base of the secondaries, the tertiaries, and the lower part of the
breast pale ashy-grey; primaries and speculars ashy-brown ; ter-
tiaries and the greater coverts with a subterminal black band ; lower
part of the back, rump, fore part of wings beneath, and sides of
body white; abdomen and under tail-coverts ashy-white ; upper
tail-coverts and base of tail for three inches, ash-colour, the tail with
a black terminal band and a broad subterminal white band: the
latter band does not lessen in width, or curve to the éip of the outer-
most feather, as in C. lewconota, but is almost even, curving slightly
only towards the base of the outer feather; the base of the outer
web of the outermost tail-feather is also white. Bill and legs smaller
than in C. leuconota, livia, or intermedia.

Length of unmounted Specimen 113 inches ; of wing 9 inches ; tail
54 inches, with its outer feather 4 inch less ; tarsus 1 inch; mid toe
and claw ola Linch ; hind luge and claw ;6,ths of an inch ; bill to frontal
plumes ;% Psths, to gape ;§,ths of an inch.

This species was also recently observed in Ladakh by Dr. A.
Leith Adams, as appears from the following note in his “List of
the Birds of Cashmere and Ladakh,” published in the ‘ Proceed-
ings’ of the Society for the present year (wide anted p. 187), wherein
it is stated that “flocks of a pied variety of C. livia (if indeed

401

it is a variety and not a distinct species, and which might easily be
confounded with C. /ewconota) were seen on the rocky banks of the
Dras river, Ladakh, having the back and wings of a light blue ; rump
white ; tail-coverts leaden-black ; a broad white band across the
middle of the tail, its tip black ; mner surface of wings white ; belly
and lower parts bluish-white. They were mixed up with flocks of
C. livia; and my reasons for supposing it only a variety were the
constant companionship of the two, and some variety as regards the
colouring of both ; however, it is possible they may be distinct species.
I saw this bird nowhere eise *.”

The late Major Boys, of the Bengal Cavalry, a most experienced
collector of Indian birds, also distinguished a ‘Blue Rock Pigeon,’
which he procured at Hawulbagh in Kemaon, and which is evidently
this species. ‘‘This pigeon,” he remarks +, “ differs considerably
from the common Blue Pigeon, particularly in its weight and size.
Length of a male 12? inches by 25 inches; weight 7 ozs. Sdrs. Bill
black, the cere grey; iris red; legs pink. Top of head, chin, and
sides of face ashy-grey ; back of neck and upper part of breast glazed
metallic green ; bottom of neck metallic purple, blending into ashy
light grey on the belly; flanks and vent light grey ; wing-coverts
and upper part of the back of the same colour ; middie of back white ;
upper tail-coverts dark ashy-grey. Quills grey (the shafts black),
darker near their tips; second quill longest ; outer webs darker than
the inner. Some of the larger wing-coverts (those covering the
tectrices), together with the last six or seven tertiaries, bear a patch of
greyish-black, which, when the wing is extended, forms two indistinct
and somewhat curved bands. ‘Tail dark grey at the base, broadly
tipped with black, and having between these two colours a broad
stripe of white. Inferior coverts white, blending with grey towards
the anterior margin of the wing. Length of tail 5 inches, the quills
(when the wings are closed) reaching to its tip. The exterior tail-
feathers are pure white from their bases on the external web, finished
off at the tip with black, the inner webs being grey at base, as ob-
taining in the intermediate feathers.”

From the above notes it appears that the range of the C. rupestris
extends southward as far as Kemaon, on the southern side of the

Himalayas.

* Dr. Leith Adams since writes me that he killed several specimens of this
bird, which was common on rocky places around the Ladakh Lakes. In his Note-
book is the following memorandum :—“ Salt Lakes, Ladakh, July 24th, 1852.
There is a pigeon in the rocky parts around the Lakes, called by sportsmen the
‘Imperial Rock Pigeon.’ I fancy they think it is the C. leuconota; but from
three specimens I have shot to-day, I can make out a decided distinction.”

+ Vide J. A. S. Beng. 1857, p. 224.

No. 409.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

402

7. Seconp List or COLD-BLOODED VERTEBRATA COLLECTED BY
Mr. FRASER IN THE ANDES OF WESTERN Ecuapor. By
Dr. A. GintruHerR, ForE1gN MemBer Zoot. Soc.

(Reptilia, Pl. XX.)

The second collection of Reptiles and Fishes sent by Mr. Fraser
is richer than the first, in specimens as well as in species. Many
have retained their natural colours. There are thirteen species of
Saurians, six of which are new to science. Three species formerly
sent are not in this collection, viz. Anolis eneus, Microphractus
humeralis, and Amphisbena fuliginosa. The species formerly men-
tioned as Anolis cristatellus’? (p. 89) has proved to be a new one,
of which better specimens are contained in the present collection.

The Snakes belong to twenty-one species, several of which have
been known for a short period only, and two of which are new. Some
are particularly interesting on account of their variation from speci-
mens of the same species collected in other parts of South America.
Three species formerly sent are not in this collection, viz. Erythro-
lamprus venustissimus, Xenodon severus, and Spilotes pecilostoma.

There are nine species of Batrachians, two of which are new.
Nototrema marsupiatum has been procured of a size not seen before ;
four of the species formerly sent are not in this collection ; and it is
very strange that Mr. Fraser does not appear to have met with a
single Hyla in the country he has just examined.

Three species of Cecilia were found, one being new. They are
the first specimens met with by Mr. Fraser.

Eleven species of Fishes, characteristic of the fresh waters of South
America, and different from those sent before, conclude the series
of this splendid collection : six of them are new to science.

Typical specimens of the new and interesting species will be re-
tained for the Collection of the British Museun.

SAURIA.
1. CROCODILUS AMERICANUS, Schneid.

2. AMEIVA SEX-SCUTATA, N. Sp.

Diagnosis.—Abdominal shields in six longitudinal series. The
upper surface of the head covered by a pair of anterior nasals, a
single anterior frontal, a pair of posterior frontals with a small
single shield between, three pairs of parietals, and many small occi-
pitals. Greenish-olive, speckled with brownish: a whitish dorsal
streak from the muzzle to the middle of the tail; on each side of the
back from the eye to the loin a black band, edged with whitish.

Description.—The muzzle is rather elongate, pyramidal; the
nostril is situated laterally immediately behind the rostral, between
four shields, viz. rostral, anterior and posterior nasal, and the first
upper labial. The successive series of the shields covering the upper
surface of the head is as follows :—1. The rostral shield is obtusely

403

rounded, as high as wide, with the posterior extremity rectangular
and slightly produced backwards on the upper side of the head.
2. A pair of anterior nasals, irregularly quadrangular, united by a
suture, and forming the upper margin of the nostril. 3. A single
anterior frontal, pentagonal, with the lateral angle in contact with
the posterior nasal ; its posterior side is very short. 4. A pair of
posterior frontals with a single shield between ; the former are irregu-
larly elliptical, and form a suture with the loreal ; the latter is narrow,
oblong. 5. Three pairs of parietals, one behind the other, and
occupying the space between the orbits. 6. The occipital region is
covered by many small irregular shields. 7. The upper eyelid has
two semi-elliptical shields, surrounded by granulations.

Of the lateral shields of the head the posterior nasal is mentioned
above ; it is in contact posteriorly with the very large loreal, which
reaches to the orbit, occupying nearly the whole loreal region ; four
smaller shields form the lower margin of the orbit. There are five
rather narrow upper labiai shields with several small ones behind.

The lower jaw has a slightly convex anterior labial, and four lateral
ones, the third of which is as long as the others together. There is
a single pentagonal chin-shield between the first two labials, forming
a straight transverse suture with the front labial. Two series of
shields arise from its two posterior sides, parallel to, and broader than,
the series of the lower labials ; each is formed by five shields. The
throat, before the folds, is covered with granular scales. There are
the two folds, characteristic of the genus, with the series of shields
between.

The back and the sides of the body are covered with minute
granular scales, arranged in regular cross series. The ventral shields
- form six longitudinal and twenty-four transverse rows. A triangular
space before the vent also is shielded. The scales of the tail are
oblong, strongly keeled, arranged in regular rings.

The fore-leg reaches to the extremity of the snout, if laid for-
wards. The third and fourth fingers are equal in length, then follow
the second, the fifth, and the first ; its anterior side and the fingers
are covered with one-rowed imbricate shields, those of the fore-arm
being the largest. The posterior extremity reaches to the posterior
margin of the orbit, if laid forwards. The relative length of the toes
does not differ from other species of the genus. The interior side
of the limb and the upper parts of the foot are shielded, the re-
mainder being granular. The shields of the upper leg form three
rows, those of the lower are larger and form two only ; all are imbri-
cate. The series of femoral pores is composed of twenty foramina.

The ground colour of the upper parts is greenish-olive, irregularly
and indistinctly speckled with darker. A greenish-white stripe runs.
from the muzzle along the vertebral line towards the middle of the
tail, where it is gradually lost. A little before the eye, and distinctly
from the eye begins a black lateral band, edged with greenish-white
to the hip, and is lost soon after it has reached the side of the tail.
The lower parts are uniformly greenish-white.

A single specimen is in the collection.

404

inches. lines.
Distance between the extremity of the snout and

the tympanum. . Acie ihe)
Distance between ihe tympanum Sra be eit 2 7
Length of the tail helen
Distance between the extremity of the Srna antl
the anterior margin of the orbit...........- ) »- -&)
Distance between the anterior angles of the orbits 0 33
Lengthvorthevantentonextremity (even eS
Otithemthindshnser | sae ieee 0 5
of the posterior extremity -........... Pb Fp
Of thestOot ee gee eee Sue ee ett 1 4
of the fourthitoem acer, semen te 0 ill

3. CUSTA BICARINATA, L.
The exact habitat of this species was not known before.

4. Monortocus, n. g. (Teide.)

Tongue elongate, free, not sheathed, terminating in two very fine
points. Palatine teeth none; the posterior teeth in the jaws bi- or
tricuspid. Tympanum distinct. Throat with a single fold. Scales
of the back exceedingly small, those of the sides granular ; gular and
- ventral shields keeled. ‘Tail rounded, covered with keeled and verti-
cillated scales of moderate size. Femoral pores none.

MONOPLOCUS DORSALIS, 0. sp.

Diagnosis.—A greenish-white longitudinal streak from the extre-
mity of the snout to the middle of the back, where it is gradually lost.

Description.—The general habit is slender. The snout is of mode-
rate length, pyramidal; the nostril is laterally situated between the
two nasals. ‘The successive series of shields covermg the upper
surface of the head is as follows :—1. The rostral shield is obtusely
conical, as high as wide, with the posterior angle acute and produced
backwards on the upper surface of the head. 2. A pair of anterior
nasals, quadrangular, touching each other behind the rostral, and
enclosing the greater part of the nostril. 3. A single anterior
frontal, hexagonal, with the anterior and posterior angles obtuse,
and with the outer sides shortest and in contact with the posterior
nasal and the loreal. 4. A pair of posterior frontals, irregularly
pentangular. 5. A single anterior parietal, the largest of the shields
of the head, pentagonal, with the anterior side rather curved, and
with the two hinder ones shortest. 6. A pair of posterior parietals,
irregularly quadrangular. 7. Five occipital shields, one forming the
centre, the others being symmetrically arranged. 8. The wu
eyelid is covered by two larger and two or three smaller shields.

The lateral shields of the head are the posterior nasal, the loreal,
which is larger than the former, and three oculars, forming the an-
terior and lower margin of the orbit. There are six very narrow
upper labial shields and several smaller ones behind.

405

The single anterior labial of the lower jaw is slightly convex, as
long as wide; there are five narrow shields along the side of the lip,
the third being the longest. There is a single pentagonal chin-shield
between the first two labials, forming a straight transverse suture
with the front labial. Two series of shields arise from its two pos-
terior sides, parallel to, and broader than, the series of the lower
labials ; each is formed by four shields. The throat, before the col-
lar, is covered with granular scales; the collar itself is formed by a
fold, before which are some keeled scales of moderate size.

The tympanum is round, of moderate extent, and not surrounded
by any particular scales.

The scales of the back are exceedingly small, smooth, imbricate,
those of the sides finely granular ; the ventral shields are quadran-
gular, keeled, and form eleven longitudinal and thirty-one transverse
series. The space before the vent also is shielded. The scales of the
tail, which is rounded, are of moderate size, oblong, keeled, verti-
cillated, each verticillus being formed by a single ring of scales.

The fore-leg reaches to the extremity of the snout, if laid forwards.
The third and fourth fingers are equal in length, then follow the
fifth, the second, and the first ; its anterior side and the fingers are
covered with imbricate scales, those of the upper and fore-arm being
keeled. The hind-leg reaches to the anterior margin of the orbit,
if laid forwards. ‘The toes have the usual relative length of this
family. The interior side of the limb and the upper parts of the
foot are similarly scaled as the fore-leg. There are no femoral pores.

The ground colour is greenish-blue ; a greenish-white streak runs
from the tip of the snout to the middle of the back, where it is gra-
dually lost. A black serrated band on each side of the vertebral
streak extends from the nostril to the loin, emitting cross-streaks to
its fellow ; the anterior part of the tail also exhibits several irregular
black cross-streaks.

A single specimen is in the collection.

inches. lines.
Distance between the extremity of the snout and

OO LT EMUNNGS La Gor gen be GanedcMuboon sc Ong
Distance between the tympanum and the vent .. 1 7
Wenethgotet he tatleere ge. ert eee ot-enta tate ad ol 4 0
Distance between the extremity of the snout and

the anterior margin of the orbit ............ O03
Distance between the anterior angles of the orbits 0 2
Length of the anterior extremity ............ O20

of the third finger........ atest aioe 0 =
——--— Of the posterior/extremity............ ll 7
= OL EME FOO byte. iusre ste anc ater tie olerlen rr OM el)

ofctheifourth: toe weir sees oieeye eerste 0 4

5. CERCOSAURUS GAUDICHAUDI (Lepleopus gaudichaudi, Dum.
and Bibr.), Gray, Catal. p. 60.

6. CERCOSAURUS RHOMBIFER, n. sp. (PI. XX. fig. A.)
Diagnosis.—Scales smooth, in fifty cross series between the occi-

406

put and the origin of the tail. Brownish-grey, with a vertebral
band, composed of rhombic brown spots, beginning on the middle
of the trunk and distinct from the origin of the tail; a black band
on each side of the neck.

Description.—The head is slightly depressed, with the muzzle
rather produced ; the body is cylindrical, and continued in a very
long and strong rounded tail ; the extremities are rather short. The
successive series of shields covermg the upper surface of the head
is as follows:—1. The rostral shield is broader than high, semi-
circular, without posterior angle. 2. A single anterior frontal, pent-
agonal, forming a straight transverse suture with the rostral ; its
posterior angle is aright one. 3. A pair of posterior frontals, forming
a short suture together, each being hexagonal, with three short and
three longer sides. 4. A single anterior parietal, hexagonal, broadest
anteriorly, with an obtuse angle in front and with the posterior sides
shortest. 5. A pair of rather small posterior parietals. 6. Two
series of occipital shields, the anterior bemg formed by three, the
- posterior by five; those of the anterior series are the largest, and the
middle one is hexagonal, elongate. 7. The roof of the orbit is
covered by three larger and several smaller shields.

The lateral shields of the head are, a single nasal, pierced in the
centre by the nostril, a loreal of moderate size, and two anteorbitals.
There are seven upper labials, longer than high. The front labial
of the lower jaw is very much like the rostral; there are six rather
narrow lower labials. A single pentagonal anterior chin-shield forms
a straight transverse suture with the front labial ; then follow three
pairs of shields, the posterior ones the largest, forming sutures to-
gether, and not leaving a free space between them for smaller scales.
The temples are scaly. The tympanum is placed immediately be-
hind the cleft of the mouth; it is small, rounded, and rather deeply
situated.

All the body and the tail are covered with square smooth scales,
arranged in rings, completely surrounding the body; the scales of
one ring always alternate with those of the following. There are
fifty rmgs between the occiput and the origin of the tail, thirty on
the belly. The scales on the sides are rather smaller. The space
before the vent is covered with larger shields, the extremities with
hexagonal seales. A trace of a collar fold is just visible.

The extremities are rather short: the fore-leg reaches to the mid-
dle of the eye, if laid forwards. The third and fourth fingers are
equal in length, then follow the second, the fifth, and the first. The
hind-leg reaches a little before the middle of the trunk, if laid for-
wards ; the fourth toe is the longest, the third and fifth are nearly
equal in length, then follow the second and the first.

There are no palatine teeth ; the posterior maxillary teeth are
indistinctly tricuspid.

The ground colour of the upper parts is brownish-grey from the
middle of the trunk ; the dorsal line appears spotted with darker, the
spots assuming the regular form of rhombs at the origin of the
tail, and forming a continuous band to its tip; there is a similar

407

though paler band on each side of the tail. A dark stripe passes
the eye and is continued as a black band to the axil. The lower
parts are whitish, the tail dotted with greyish.
A single adult female is in the collection.
inches. lines.
Distance between the extremity of the snout and

ENS Tym DAIS S45 soo Os Hone sap Gow ss aoe 5 no a
Distance between the tympanum and the vent .. 1 8
Wenothyotethre tall aap rary seis a ss oiee ke eters 5 #0
Distance between the extremity of the snout and

thevanterion marciniot the orbit)... <0). cea 10 anes
Distance between the anterior angles of the orbits 0 2
Hength of the anterior extremity) ........-..- On)

Off the: thindatin gene teeny ato Oe
Of the postemor extremity 7.54) als oct) OS
-——— of the fourth toe.................... QO 22

7. PROCTOPORUS PACHYURUS, Tschudi.

8. ENYALrIuS LATICEPS, Guichen.

A large adult specimen, probably a male; differs from the other
smaller ones by having a series of larger scales along the side of the
back, by having a distinct black collar, and a yellowish longitudinal
band from the tympanum to the shoulder.

9. ANOLIS FRASERI, 01. Sp.

Diagnosis.—Snout moderately elongate and depressed, with a
distinct canthus rostralis, and with a pair of obtuse ridges arising
from the bony superciliary margins ; a slight groove between those
two ridges; the upper surface of the snout and the space between
the orbits are covered with innumerable very small shields. Loreal
region nearly flat, with five series of small shields. Occipital shield
none, or scarcely distinguishable from the others. All the scales
exceedingly small, those of the abdomen rather larger and keeled.
Neck without any crest; trunk with a very slight serrated ridge,
perceptible in large individuals only; tail not crested. Pouch of
the throat well developed. Tail not compressed, not verticillated,
with the scales keeled and small. Greyish- or brownish-olive ; back
and tail with indistinct broad brown cross-bands.

Description.—The snout is moderately depressed and _ slightly
elongate, the distance between the anterior angles of the orbits being
three-quarters of the distance between the orbit and the extremity
of the snout ; anteriorly it is rounded. The canthus rostralis is dis-
tinct, but not very sharp, and there is another pair of low convergent
ridges, arising from the superciliary margin of the bony orbit and
extending a little beyond the middle of the snout ; there is a shallow
groove between those ridges, but the space between the ridges and
the canthus rostralis is rather flat.

The species is distinguished (especially from 4. sagre and nebu-
losus) by the exceedingly small shields of the upper parts of its head ;

408

it is quite impossible to state their number; there is no occipital
shield, or it is very small; in the middle of the upper eyelid is a
group of somewhat larger shields, like those along the superciliary
margin and the canthus rostralis, but they also are very small, com-
pared with other species. The nostril opens laterally, and is situated
immediately behind the extremity of the snout. The labial shields
are exceedingly narrow; there are three or four series of smaller
shields running parallel to that of the lower labials, the remainder
of the throat being covered with granular scales.

The tympanum is a small cleft, without any particular scales
round its margin; the scales on the temple and on the neck are
exceedingly small, granular. The pouch of the throat is well
developed.

There is a very low serrated ridge along the back of the largest
of the specimens; the other dorsal scales are minute, those on the
sides yet smaller, and those of the belly the largest, ovate and keeled.
The scales on the side of the pouch are rather smaller than the
others, and those on the pelvis and round the vent are uniformly
granular. ‘The tail is rounded, not verticillated or crested, but very
slightly compressed in the upper part of the middle of its length.
All the scales are sexangular, of moderate size, strongly keeled, the
keels forming longitudinal ridges.

The fore-leg does not, or scarcely, reach to the loin, if laid back-
wards; it is covered with minute keeled scales, with granulations
inferiorly. The inner finger is not dilated ; the fourth is the longest ;
then follow, in the order of their length, the third, fifth, second, and
finally the first. The total length of the hind-leg appears to vary
according to age or sex; it reaches to the humeral jomt only in the
largest of the specimens, and to the anterior margin of the orbit in
the smaller ones. It is covered with minute scales, the anterior
ones being keeled.

Nothing can be said of the coloration during life. The ground
colour of the upper parts is now a greyish- or brownish-olive, with
several indistinct broad bands across the back, and rings of the same
colour round the tail; the lower parts are whitish, speckled with
brown between the hind-legs; in the largest specimen the throat
(not the pouch) and the lower side of the tail are brown.

This is one of the largest species of the genus, as will appear
from the following measurements :—

inches. lines.
Distance between tympanum and the extremity

Ofithe snout. dees year CUR ee cae yes kena le 4
Distance between tympanum and vent........ a8
Lengthyof thestail stan ynsisiiat. bin seicteseysing alee)
Total lenethwiee eye eich ieee tr ae 16 O

10. LiocepHaLus ornatus, Gray, Catal. p. 219.

The specimens sent by Mr. Fraser belong to a variety of this
species, without spots before the shoulder, and with a broad black
gular band in very old individuals.

409

11. LiocEPHALUS IRIDESCENS, n. sp. (PI. XX. fig. B.)

The upper surface of the head covered with scales, without distinct
shield; shoulder and throat without any fold. Scales of the upper
parts distinctly keeled, of the belly nearly smooth. Above greenish-
brown, with a dorsal series of black angular transverse streaks; a
black collar.

Description.—The head is rather short and high, above slightly
convex, with the interspace between the bony orbits very narrow,
and with the muzzle rather short, blunt, and rounded in front; the
distance between the extremity of the snout and the anterior margin
of the eye is equal to the distance between the anterior angles of the
orbits. The nostril is directed upwards, round, situated more on
the upper surface of the head than on the side, and formed by a
tubular opening at the posterior extremity of a single small shield.
The eye is of moderate size, with round pupil and an upper and a
lower eyelid. The cleft of the ear is subelliptical, a little behind
the cleft of the mouth and in front bordered by some small promi-
nent scales. All the upper surface of the head is covered by scale-
like imbricate shields, the two hindmost of which (on the sides of
the occiput) are the largest; two series of these shields cover the
space between the bony orbits, the roof of the orbit itself being
formed by a series of five shields, and by small scales anteriorly and
externally. Some of these head-shields exhibit feeble keels. The
rostral shield is very low, but broad, covering all the anterior margin
of the jaw; four very narrow upper labials, above which is situated
another series of similar shields, the loreal region being irregularly
shielded. The temples are covered with scales similar to those on
the neck. The lower front labial is higher, but shorter, than the
rostral; five narrow lower labial shields, internally to which are two
other series of small oblong shields; there are two diverging series
of broad shields arising from the posterior part of the front labial,
passing posteriorly into the ordinary scales of the throat; all the
throat is covered with smooth imbricate scales, similar in size and
form to those of the belly.

The trunk is subquadrangular, slightly depressed, and covered
with rhombic scales of moderate size, keeled, and arranged in series
which converge towards the vertebral line. There is a serrated and
rather low crest from the neck along the back, which is lost near the
middle of the tail. The scales on the belly form oblique series, and
are smooth or very indistinctly keeled. No preeanal pores, the
space before the vent being scaly like the belly. The tail is slightly
compressed and covered with scales, arranged and shaped like those
of the back, but rather more strongly keeled. ‘The scales of the
extremities also do not differ from the others. The fore-leg reaches
to the loin, if laid backwards: the fourth finger is very little longer
than the third; the second and fifth are considerably shorter, and
nearly equal in length to each other ; the first is the shortest. They
are smooth above, rough beneath, and provided with claws of mo-
derate strength. The hind-leg reaches rather beyond the anterior

410

margin of the eye, if laid forwards ; the toes have the usual relative
length of the species of this genus. No femoral pores.

The ground colour of the upper parts is shining brownish-green,
darker on the sides; a series of black cross-stripes, angularly bent,
and with the angle pointing backwards along the middle of the back ;
they are more distinct in young than in old individuals ; the extre-
mities have some indistinct irregular brown spots : there i is, in some
of the old specimens, a lichter stripe from above the tympanum
along the side of the back to the origin of the tail. A black gular
band, with some black dots besides, is “complete i in mature specimens,
indicated by two black lateral spots only in young ones; the throat
before the collar is beautifully iridescent, the chest behind it intensely
yellow, and the belly and the anterior lower portion of the tail rose-
coloured. The latter colours are merely indicated in very young

specimens.
inches. lines.

Distance between the extremity of the snout and

thes ty mpamumnegs or uiehcericusterese elaine 0 8
Distance between the tympanum and the vent .. 2 4
Length of the tail 6 0
Distance between the extremity ‘of the snout and

the anterior margin of the orbit . 0 3
Distance between the anterior angles of the orbits 0 33
Length) of the entire: fore-leai hee oe 1.4

Olethe fourthyimeen esas 0 5
of the entireshind-leg oy) oes 2 eck
Olsthe footy vcr vest) woes pele eke Wes
of the fourth toe...... Os.)

12. IGUANA TUBERCULATA, Laur.

13. GYMNODACTYLUS CAUDISCUTATUS, Ni. Sp.

Diagnosis.—Scales of the back and of the sides granular, of the
belly rhombic and imbricate. The lower part of the tail with broad
shields, extending from one side to the other: five upper labials.
Snout rather depressed, nearly twice as long as the distance between
the eyes. Head white, reticulated with black.

Hab. Andes of Ecuador.

Description.—This species is allied to Homonota gaudichaudi and
Gymnodactylus @ orbignyi, from which it may be distinguished by
the caudal shields. The head and snout, the latter especially, are
much more depressed than in H. gaudichaudi, and appear also more
produced. The rostral shield is large, rounded, extending on to the
upper surface of the head ; the upper lip is bordered by five plates,
all the upper surface of the head and the sides being granular. The
lower median labial shield is oblong, far produced backwards, and
has a pair of small shields behind: there are three lower labials.
The ear-opening is small, situated horizontally on the same level with
the cleft of the mouth. All the upper and lateral parts are granu-

411

lar, the granulations of the posterior part of the back being a little
more scale-like. The belly and the inner side of the extremities
have rhombic, imbricate scales. The shields of the lower side of
the tail are narrow, broad, extending from one side to the other. No
preanal or femoral pores.

The fore-leg, if laid forwards, reaches beyond the anterior margin
of the orbit. The fingers are slender, of moderate length: the first
is the shortest, then comes the second, the third, and finally the
fourth and fifth, which are nearly equal. The hind-leg, if laid for-
wards, reaches to the humeral joint. The toes are similar to the
fingers: the first is the shortest, then comes the second, then the
third and fifth, which are equal in length, and finally the fourth,
which, although the longest, does not extend beyond the tip of the
third.

The teeth are small: the palate is toothless.

The ground colour is greyish or brown. Some of the specimens
(the light-coloured ones) have a lighter dorsal streak, with pairs of
brown spots ; the brown specimens have the dorsal streak and spots
indistinct, but are irregularly spotted with bluish, each spot being
edged with darker colouring. The head of all is whitish, with sym-
metrical, reticulated black lines, one from the eye towards the snout
being very constant. Chin, throat, and breast white, the throat
sometimes speckled with black ; the belly greyish ; the lower parts
of the tail grey.

inches. lines.
Distance between the extremity of the snout and

thestympanum prs ai) se eels ce oes oes 0475
Distance between the tympanum and the vent .. 1 4
Wengthyotthe tanec weiss ec nslac oases oe be
sRotallenethy tt ecco cre mie i ee Oa,

OPHIDIA.

1. RHaBDOSOMA CRassIcAupaTum, Dum. and Bibr. p. 103.

A single specimen, with the back uniform lead-coloured, which
colour extends on the sides of the belly; the middle of the belly
uniform yellowish.

2. RuasposomMa MAcuLatTum, Gthr. Colubr. Snakes, p. 241.

There are some beautiful specimens of this species in the collec-
tion, one of which is twenty-three inches long. The light ground
colour becomes darker with age, and is changed into light brown;
consequently the brown spots become less distinct, are more dilated,
and the white edges nearly lost. Brownish spots appear sometimes
on the belly.

3. Ruasposoma Exaps, Gthr. Colubr. Snakes, p. 241.

412

4, SrREPTOPHORUS DROZzII, Dum. and Bibr. p. 518.

A single specimen, which belongs to a very distinct variety ; the
collar is absent ; the body uniform black above, and brownish below.

5. HoMALOCRANIUM MELANOCEPHALUM, L.

6. CoroneELLA DEecorRATA, Gthr. Colubr. Snakes, p. 35.

A single specimen, which somewhat differs in colour from those
described before,—the back and the sides of the belly being greyish-
black, and the yellow lateral band on the anterior part of the trunk
being reduced to three spots on each side of the head and neck.

7. LioPHIS COBELLA, L.
A single small specimen.

8. Liopuis TaniuRvs, Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. Herpetol. p. 51.
tab. 5 (not good).

9. Herretopryas Fuscus, L., young, = Dendrophis viridis,
Dum. and Bibr. p. 202. pl. 79; cfr. Gthr. Colubr. Snakes, p. 114.

10. HerretoprRyYAS BRUNNEUS, Gthr. Colubr. Snakes, p. 116.

11. Herpreropryas rAppPit, Gthr. Colubr. Snakes, p. 116.

Three examples, which differ from the typical specimens in having
one upper labial shield less, the anterior two being united into one;
they all have the dark streak through the eye distinct. In one of
the specimens, thirty-one inches long, the three series of quadran-
gular spots continue to be distinct, whilst they have nearly disap-
peared in another of forty-one inches length; this specimen has,
however, a pair of lighter indistinct longitudinal streaks, like some
specimens of Herpetodryas boddertii, running along the line where
the dorsal series of spots meets the lateral one. The throat in these
two specimens is spotted with black—not entirely black. The third
specimen, of thirteen inches length, is beautifully preserved ; the
ground colour of the back is white, and all the spots are of a deep
black ; the belly is black, with scattered white spots.

12. AHZTULLA OCCIDENTALIS, 0. sp.

Diagnosis.—Loreal shield none; eight upper labials, the fourth
and fifth coming into the orbit ; the length of the snout equals the
distance between the eyes. Scales in fifteen rows, those of the back
keeled. Uniform green, rather darker on the back; an indistinct
blackish temporal streak.

Hab. The western parts of tropical South America (Ecuador,
Guayaquil, New Granada, Peru, Chile).

This species has been confounded with the most common tree-
snake of eastern South America, Ahetulla liocercus. Schlegel men-
tions a uniformly greenish variety of the latter from Chile (Essai, il.
p: 226), undoubtedly identical with the present one. On a former

413

occasion I did not venture to separate a single specimen from Guaya-
quil, in the collection of the British Museum, and in a bad state of
preservation, from the common species (Catal. Col. Snakes, p. 153,
spec. #) ; but now, having found a very fine individual in Mr. Fraser’s
collection, I can no longer doubt its specific difference. The most
striking character is the number of the upper labials, which in 4.
liocercus is nine, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. It is
true that there occur scarce specimens of 4. liocercus which have
one upper labial less, so far agreeing with 4. occidentalis ; but the
relative length of the snout, nevertheless, remains the same. As the
snout and the head are considerably shorter in 4. occidentalis, so
are the trunk and the tail; it is altogether a stouter snake. Corre-
sponding to this, the scales are less elongate, especially those of the
outer rows, which are nearly rhombic. Further, the coloration is
nearly uniform, as in Philodryas viridissimus, the belly not being
white—merely of a lighter greenish than the back. The lips and the
chin, which are white in A. liocercus, are greenish; and the black
streak through the eye in A. liocercus is here indicated only by a
blackish temporal streak. These differences together induce me to
separate the two species, which in the dentition agree with each other,
although the teeth of A. occidentalis appear to be rather stronger
and more widely set.
The numbers of the plates are as follows :—

. Ventrals. Caudals.
In A. liocercus from New Granada* ...... 166 158

In 4. liocercus from Demerara .......... 166 163
In A. occidentalis from Guayaquil........ 172 =133
In A. occidentalis from Keuador.......... 160 130

This similarity in the number of the ventral shields appears to
contradict my statement of 4. occidentalis having a stouter trunk
than A. liocercus ; but there is a remarkable difference in the form
of those shields: their length is one-half only of their width in A.
liocercus, whilst it is nearly one-fourth in A. occidentalis.

Therefore the diagnosis of dhetulla liocercus will now be: —

Loreal shield none ; nine upper labials, the fifth and fourth coming
into the orbit (exceptionally, the second and third united); the
length of the snout is more than the distance between the eyes.
Scales in fifteen rows, those of the back keeled. Green above, white
beneath. A black streak through the eye; the upper lip white.

Berthold, Z. c., describes Dendrophis liocercus from New Granada,
and it appears to me as if that specimen also ought to be referred to
A. occidentalis. He describes the body as slender, though rather
stout. ‘One would take it for a Herpetodryas, the body being at
least twice as thick as in D. liocercus; the head also is much
broader. The colour is uniform leek-green ; belly and margins of the
ribs yellowish-green.”’

13. Leproperra (Dipsas) ANNULATA, Schleg.

* Berthold, Ueber Reptilien aus Neu Granada, p. 11.

414

14. LEPTOGNATHUS MIKANII, Mus. Vienn.

The specimens in the collection are darker-coloured than usually ;
some have additional preeoculars, some not ; and all have three pairs
of chin-shields, which do not differ in form from those of the Brazil
specimens. The lateral blotches extend on the belly, which is densely
marbled with black, and posteriorly entirely black. The white edge
of the dorsal spots is scarcely visible.

15. LerroGNaTHus CATESBYI, Weigel.

16. OxyrHOPUS PLUMBEUS, Wied.

Scales in seventeen series, those of the dorsal series being distinctly
larger. In two of the specimens the loreal shield is united with the
posterior frontal.

17. OxyRHOPUS PETOLARIUS, L.

A single specimen of a variety, apparently not yet recorded, has
been sent by Mr. Fraser. The scales of the dorsal series are a little
larger. The muzzle and crown are black, the neck red. The body
and tail are surrounded by thirty-three black bands, a little broader
than the red interspaces between.

18. Exaps semipartitus, Dum. and Bibr. p. 1220.

A single beautiful specimen with the colours preserved, thirty-
one inches long. The occipital region is light vermilion. The
ground colour of the trunk is yellowish-white and appears in very
narrow rings, which occupy two scales superiorly and two plates
inferiorly ; the ground colour of the tail is dark vermilion and forms
rather broad bands. The trunk is encircled by seventy-six black
rings, the tail by four.

19. CRASPEDOCEPHALUS ATROX, L.

_ One of the young specimens has a whitish tail (Cr. leucurus,
Dum. and Bibr. p. 1508). :

20. CRASPEDOCEPHALUS BILINEATUS, Wied.
A single adult specimen of this scarce snake is in the collection.

21. Lacuests NitT1pus, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. C.)

Diagnosis.—Nasal single ; eight upper labials, the second forming
the anterior margin of the loreal pit ; a series of rough scales between
the superciliary and the orbital margin; all the caudal plates simple.
Twenty-two series of scales. Greenish-brown, speckled with black ;
pairs of darker spots along all the back, the spots of each pair con-
fluent on the vertebral line, laterally including a red, superiorly yel-
low spot; the yellow parts alternating with those of the other side.
A yellow longitudinal band along the two outer series of scales.
Belly yellow along the middle, brownish-green on the sides, the
latter parts being spotted with red and speckled with black.

Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador,

415

Description.—Little can be added to the diagnosis of this beau-
tiful species, the colours of which are exceedingly well preserved.
The upper part of the head is entirely covered with keeled scales,
those on the canthus rostralis being rather larger. The eyebrow is
covered with an elliptical shield, separated from the orbital margin
by a series of rough scales, as in T’rigonocephalus schlegelii. The
scales of the trunk and tail are strongly keeled. One hundred and
fifty-four abdominal, one entire anal, and sixty-five undivided caudal
plates. The yellow median line on the belly disappears on the tail,
where the lateral streak also is interrupted by the red spots.

inches. lines.

Menethwor the) Wendey cen voces ace cre 9

Ofte trunke eae one ph eerste yay LON nO

Olathe tail’ Ait ase eco ne ats arash ioe enctcauhy Ont

PRotali leriectinesivenc tte crt eweleropetiepe telat v otis oto ona Lie, 9.
BATRACHIA.

1. CyCLORHAMPHUS MARMORATUS, Dum. and Bibr. p. 455.
2. Buro aaeua, Latr.

3. Buro INTERMEDIvS, Gthr.

4. Buro CZRULEOSTICTUS, n. sp.

Diagnosis.—Crown of the head without bony enlargement, broad,
flat. Parotids narrow, oblong, parallel to the vertebral line; tym-
panum not visible externally. Toes half-webbed; the third finger
longer than the fourth. Tarsus with a cutaneous fold. Uniform
brownish-black ; the posterior part of the sides and the extremities
with small, smooth, bluish tubercles.

Description.—The skin of this species is comparatively smooth,
there being small and smooth tubercles on the sides of the body only
and on the extremities, a few also on the upper eyelids. The head
is large and broad, with the sides nearly vertical, with the canthus
rostralis angular, and with the upper surface quite flat. The snout
is rather short and truncated. The tympanum is not visible; the
interior nostrils and the eustachian tubes are small. The tongue is
ovate, with the posterior half free. ‘The parotid is narrow, elongate,
nearly as long as the head, and situated in a line parallel to the ver-
tebral column. The extremities are more slender than usually in
this genus; the total length of the anterior extremity equals the
distance between the vent and the ear. The first (interior) finger
is the thickest, longer than the second, but rather shorter than the
fourth ; the third and fourth are united at the base, the third being
the longest ; the metacarpus with two tubercles, the interior of which
at the root of the thumb is elongate, the exterior broad, rounded.
The length of the posterior extremity, from the hip to the carpal
joint, equals the length of the animal from the snout to the vent ;

416

the tarsus has a cutaneous fold, the metatarsus two tubercles. The
toes are half-webbed, the third and fifth bemg equal in length.

The colour of the upper parts is a uniform brownish-black, of the
lower parts a dirty greyish-brown ; the upper eyelids, the sides
of the trunk, and the extremities exhibit small, smooth, bluish
tubercles.

Two specimens are in the collection.
; inches. lines.

Length from the snout to the vent............ 3. 6
Mensthyofithesbead ta. yee) ces Suidvooucsoo Wo iil
Breadthroftheshead 2ione sens ce earls Wee Glee

Ihengthyof the panotidw eg. sees eerie nett nea nso

of thevantenonjextremitys ee aes 20

of the: third Minger years ieeiels Us)

— of the posterior extremity .......,.... 4 9

Ofsthestourtoytoeeee eee ce ieee

5. OTILOPHUS MARGARITIFER, Laur.

6. HyLODES UNISTRIGATUS, N. sp.

Diagnosis.—Habit as in Hyla arborea. Skin smooth above, gra-
nular on the sides and on the belly ; a fold across the chest. Vomer-
ine teeth in two oblique series ; tongue ovate, with an exceedingly
slight nick behind. Olive (in spirits), marbled with darker ; a fine
white dorsal line from the snout to the vent.

Description.—This species would be taken for a Hyla at the first
glance : the snout is rather short and rounded anteriorly and over
the canthus rostralis ; the tongue is ovate, with the posterior two-
thirds free, and with a scarcely visible nick. The vomerine teeth
are arranged apparently in two oblique series, but can scarcely be
distinguished on account of the small size of the species. The width
of the tympanum is one-third of that of the eye. There is a distinct
fold across the chest, as in many species of Hyla. The extremities
are short, the disks of the fingers and toes of moderate size; the
fifth toe is rather longer than the fourth. The upper parts are dark
olive, marbled with brown ; a fine white dorsal line reaches from the
tip of the snout to the vent ; the lower parts are whitish, the throat
marbled with brown.

There are several specimens in the collection, among which is an
adult female, with the eggs comparatively as large as in Hylodes

conspicillatus.
inches. lines.

ength from the snout tothe wentery..ae) een el
ofthe antenoriextreniibye) a0) O 3
of the posterior extremity ............ rege!

7. HyLopes consriciLuatus, Gthr. Batrach. p. 92.

There are many specimens of this species in the collection, and
among them two varieties: the one with a white margin on the
upper lip, the other with a white lateral stripe from the tip of the
muzzle above the eye to the loin.

417

8. NororreMA MARSUPIATUM (Hyla marsupiata, Dum. and
Bibr.), Gthr. Batrach. p. 115.

This species grows to a larger size than was hitherto known, there
being specimens in the collection the body of which measures three
inches, and the posterior extremity four inches and a half. In such
very large specimens the crown of the head becomes rough, as in
Trachycephalus, although without ridges, and with the skin not
firmly adherent.

9. Paryniscus La&vis, Gthr. Batrach. p. 43.

This species is subject to such variation of colour, that it may
prove to be identical with Phryniscus varius, which perhaps has been
established from specimens which had lost the prickles on the sides.
Among-the numerous specimens sent by Mr. Fraser are several of
a dark bluish-green ground-colour, and with green spots on the back.
Others are greenish-grey, with the back spotted with black and yellow ;
each phalanx with a green spot. Others are intermediate between
these and the black variety.

CeciILiz.

1. Ca@ciuia rostRATA, Cuv.

The habitat of this scarce species has not been hitherto known with
certainty.

2. Ca@cILIA GRACILIs, Shaw.

The circular folds are more distinct than is stated by Duméril,
but become very inconspicuous towards the anterior part of the body.
The length is to the diameter of the body as 115: 1.

3. C@CILIA PACHYNEMA, N. sp.

Diagnosis.—The length of the body is to its greatest diameter as
92:1; body with 168 folds ; muzzle depressed, rather truncated
anteriorly ; posterior extremity of the body obtusely rounded, very
short behind the vent.

Description.—This species, which is based on a single specimen in
the collection, belongs to those with the body elongate, and is distin-
guished from C. gracilis by having the folds very distinct from behind
the head. The folds do not reach entirely round the body, being
smoothed down on the dorsal and ventral side. The body is covered
‘all over with rudimentary scales, which have more the appearance of
minute granulations. The folds on the posterior portion of the body
are not deeper than the others, nor do they contain any scales, as in
C. gracilis. The head is depressed, with the muzzle obtusely rounded
or rather truncated anteriorly, although overlapping the anterior
portion of the cleft of the mouth. The latter is wide, reaching as
far backwards as the head. The upper and the lower jaws are armed
with five hook-like teeth, directed backwards on each side, the anterior
of which (and, among these, those of the mandibula) are the strongest.
The palate has three similar teeth on each side. I cannot find any

No. 410.—PRGCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

418

prominences on the tongue, nor distinguish the eyes. The vent is
close to the posterior extremity of the body, which is bent down-
wards over it.

The colour is a blackish-ash; there is a whitish blotch between
every pair of folds all along the side of the body.
inches. lines.

Total length ...

Greatest diameter of the body LE SR Un) ang 4z
Length of the head es sian erie pees teh nny a ul Uae gaye
Width of the headin pe seh Bae pious ees 0 5
Length of the cleft of the mouth ............ OQ
PISCES. "

1. Lemspus macu.atus, Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, i. p. 505.

2. CHROMIS RIVULATA, 0. Sp.
D.;. A.> L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/9.

Nape of the neck convex ; the upper profile of the head is straight,
abruptly descending. The total length is three times the height
of the body, and 32 times the length of the head. The width be-
tween the orbits equals 14 diameters of the eye. The posterior
dorsal and anal rays reach to the middle of the caudal, if laid back-
wards, and the ventral to the second anal spine. Greyish-green, with
broad dark vertical bars, less distinct with age. A black blotch
below the lateral line, corresponding to the last four dorsal spines ;
preeorbital and cheeks with oblique, waving, bluish, shining silvery
streaks ; the scales of the operculum and of the anterior part of the
body with spots of the same colour. Dorsal fin with dark longi-
tudinal streaks ; ventral and anal greyish ; pectoral and caudal colour-
less.—Several specimens of different ages ; the largest 4 inches long.

3. LEBIASINA BIMACULATA, Cuv. et Val.
4. Macropon TAREIRA, Cuv. et Val.
5. LEPORINUS FREDERICI, Bloch.

6. ANODUS TROSCHELII, n. sp.
D.12. A.10. V.9. L.lat.46. LL. transv. 7/8.

The total length is four times the height of the body, and 42 times
the length of the head. The width of the space between the eyes is
not quite one-half the length of the head; the diameter of the eye
is one-fourth of it. The height of the dorsal is much less than the
length of the head, and its origin corresponds to the fourteenth scale
of the lateral lme; the base of the ventrals falls vertically below the
middle of the dorsal. Silvery, back greenish; a black spot on the
~ root of the caudal.

Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador.

419

inches. lines.
Total length.

Height of the body .. SISSIES) site tla lo a NST en age
Fenathyoftherhead 9 i -/58 o2iek oie 1 2
Width between the orbits .............. 0 54
Diameter, ofstheteyes 75. ety tole ate A 0 33
Eleieht of the dorsal = ee. dee aes 0 11
Height of the anal . Jae eee arate Rent oD) 18.77!

There can be no doubt that this i is auite a different species from
Anodus alburnus, described and figured by Miller and Troschel in
the ‘ Hore Ichthyologicee.’ The difference from Ourimatus gilberti,
figured by Quoy and Gaimard, and insufficiently described by Valen-
ciennes, must be rather maierred: by help of the figure of Anodus
alburnus. Valenciennes describes it as a fish of entirely the same
form as A. alburnus ; therefore it is very improbable that our spe-
cies is identical with it, as it has the back very little elevated (as in
Leuciscus vulgaris), the dorsal fin much lower and situated far more
backwards, so that its end falls vertically as much behind the ventral
as its origin before it. The somewhat greater number of the scales
of the lateral line corresponds with these differences.

7. PROCHILODUS HUMERALIS, 0. sp.
D2 AL. WV On alate 33.) 1G. transv., 5) 7.

The total length is 34 times the height of the body, and nearly
five times that of the head. The width between the eyes is one-half
the length of the head, or nearly twice the diameter of the eye; the
end of the dorsal falls vertically above the end of the base of the
ventral. Back greenish, sides and belly yellowish ; each longitudinal
series of scales with a shining streak. A black spot behind the
shoulder on the fourth, fifth, and sixth scales of the lateral line. No
spot on the root of the tail ; dorsal dotted with blackish posteriorly ;
the other fins immaculate.

Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador.

Total length. .

Height of the body ..

Length of the head .. PE ie a sae
Width between the Orbits. Be. See eg
Diameter of the eye.... Bers
Length of the third oral ray

Length of the third anal ray ..

inches. lines.

Sore OCR e D
SOoekN WN O
ble

—

8. CHALCEUS ALBURNUS, 0. sp.
PD. iL. A’. 35.) VW. 8 Li. lat. 60. LL. transv. 13/5".

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The width between the orbits is rather
more than that of the eye, and one-fourth the length of the head.
The snout is produced, and equals 13 diameters of the eye. Anterior
teeth rather small ; several of the lateral teeth of the mandibula much

420

stronger than those of the upper jaw. The ventral fin reaches to
the origin of the anal, the pectoral somewhat beyond the base of the
ventral. Scales very thin ; the lateral line descends abruptly above
the pectoral towards the belly, and runs much nearer to the abdo-
men than to the back. Silvery, with a light blackish spot behind
the shoulder, above the lateral line; caudal red.

Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador.

inches. lines.

Total length ie cn: alee eid e cme 5 93
Heishtof theibodyyes se ercen caer: Teel
Tene thyoictheshendy is eer scree Lad
Wardthwbetweenmstheteves tact iiieeee rie 0 4
Diameter,otthevever ance oe eee.
Height ofsthe dorsalis sae ener ec 0 9F
Heightjofathevanall peers ttn ene eiers te Oe ei

One of the specimens has blackish vertical lines all along the side,
and the fins broadly margined with blackish. Another has the ven-
tral fins very short, only half the usual length, though with the full
number of rays.

9. CHALCEUS BREVIROSTRIS, N. Sp.
D.11. A. 37. V.8. U.lat. 46. 1. transv. 6/7.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. (The width between the orbits equals the
diameter of the eye, and is rather more than the extent of the snout*. |
The snout is shortand obtuse, the upper maxillary slightly overreach-
ing the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The anterior
teeth are the strongest, those of the lower jaw much stronger than
the upper ones. The ventral fin reaches to the origin of the anal, the
pectoral somewhat beyond the base of the ventral. Scales very thin.
The laterai line descends in a gentle curve from its origin, and runs
a little nearer to the ventral margin than to the dorsal. Shining
silvery, with an indistinct lateral band, contimued to the middle of
the caudal margin, where it is black.

Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador.

inches. lines.

otal lengthy A ey ici s ote ce rately ere aeee Diy.
Heightiof theibody, oh. ea. even sees OR eie.
Tueneth of the headwear ee ROO
Diameter of theveye a e-2 as. eee 0 2

10. PimeLopuvs, sp. ?
A single mutilated specimen.

11. Hyrosromus ERINACEUS, Cuv. & Val.=Ohetostoma lobo-
rhynchus, Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. Ichth. p. 29. tab. 4.

1 onal
Dyas ea

* These statements may require modification upon examination of mature spe-
cimens, as those collected by Mr. Fraser are perhaps young ones.

421

8. Description oF A New Species OF ANOLIS FROM CENTRAL
America. By Dr. A. Ginrner, ForerGn Mems. Zoou.
Soc.

The following new species of Anolis was discovered by M. Sallé
in Central America, and is now in the Collection of the British
Museum.

ANOLIS SALLI, n. sp.

Diagnosis.—Snout moderately elongate and rather depressed, with
the canthus rostralis sharp, and with a pair of obtuse ridges, arising
from the bony superciliary margins and divergent anteriorly ; a
slight groove between these two ridges; the upper surface of the
head is covered with small shields ; occipital shield present. Loreal
region slightly concave, with four series of small shields. Scales of
the back, belly, and tail distinct, imbricate, strongly keeled; those
of the sides very small; no trace of a crest ; tail rounded, not verti-
cillated ; gular pouch small. Greyish or brownish, with a more or
less distinct yellowish vertebral band ; sides and belly sometimes
with fine blackish longitudinal lines.

Description.—The snout is moderately depressed and slightly
elongate, the distance between the anterior angles of the orbits being
a little less only than that between the orbit and the extremity of
the snout. The canthus rostralis is distinct and, near the orbit,
rather sharp. There is another pair of low ridges, arising from the
bony superciliary margin and divergent anteriorly, with a slight
groove between; they extend to the middle of the length of the
snout. The shields of the upper surface of the head are small,
arranged in irregular transverse series, about seven in the series
between the angles of the orbit ; the shields along the bony super-
ciliary margin are rather larger, but both series are separated from each
other by smaller shields. An occipital shield is distinct. The nostril
opens laterally, and is situated immediately behind the extremity
of the snout. The labial shields are exceedingly narrow, eight or
ten in number; three or four series of smaller shields run parallel
to that of the lower labials, the remainder of the throat being covered
with very small polygonal scales. The pouch of the throat is very
little developed. The tympanum is very small. The temple and
the neck are granular.

No crest whatever is visible, but the scales of the back are very
distinct, imbricate, keeled ; those of the sides are one-half smaller
and smooth ; those of the belly rhombic and distinctly keeled, rather
larger than the dorsal ones. The tail is rounded, not verticillated
or crested, covered with rhombic, imbricate, strongly keeled scales,
the keels forming longitudinal ridges. The fore-leg does not reach
to the loin, if laid backwards; it is covered with rhombic keeled
scales, and with minute smooth ones inferiorly ; the fingers are
slightly dilated ; the fourth is very little longer than the third, then
follow the fifth, the second, and the first. The hind-leg reaches
beyond the tympanum, if laid forwards ; it is covered with keeled

422

scales, except the inferior and posterior sides of the humerus, which
are granular.

The ground colour of the upper parts is greyish or brownish,
darkest along the margins of the vertebral band ; a broad yellowish
or yellow dorsal band reaches from the occipital shield to the tail,
where it is gradually lost. The lower parts are whitish. In one of
the two specimens, the sides, the belly, and the lower part of the tail
are longitudinally lined with blackish.

inches. lines.
Distance between the tympanum and the extre-

Miby ole ysnout syracuse ope eey cet eae 0 5%
Distance between the tympanum and the vent .. 1 4
Lengthy ofthe tath 925.8 to be ca Raney) pana
Distance between the extremity of the snout and

the anterior margin of the orbit............ On 25
Distance between the anterior angles of the orbit 0 24
Length of the fore-leg......... Biers She ara 08

Of the hhimd-leg. cites len newer. wa lege

9. DrscRIPTIONS OF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE COLLECTION OF
Mr. Watuace. By W. C. Hewirtson.

(Annulosa, Pls. LX VI. LXVII.)

PAPILIONID&.

1. Paprutio parApoxa, var. (Pl. LXVII. figs. 1, 2, 3, and
Pl. LXVI. fig. 4.)

Zelima paradoxa, Zinken Sommer, pl. 15.
Papilio paradozus, Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 9.
Papilio telearchus, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soe. ti. n.s. pl. 6.

Upper side of male (fig. 1) dark brown; both wings with a sub-
marginal band of white spots; anterior wing with its outer half glossed
with blue ; two spots within the cell, one near the costal margin
and one near the costal margin beyond the middle, light blue.

Under side of a uniform rufous-brown, with the submarginal spots
as above. he

Female (fig. 2) rufous-brown ; both wings with a submarginal
band of white spots as in the male. Anterior wing with its outer half
dark brown glossed with blue; a longitudinal ray and two spots of
white within the cell ; a transverse curved band of hastate white spots
tinted with blue beyond the middle ; two rays of dirty white forming
a triangle near the inner margin; the margin itself of the same
colour. Posterior wing with a loop-ray of white within the cell, and
similar rays between the nervures, each ray having at its termination
a lunular spot also white; the outer margin spotted with white ;
under side as above, except that there is no blue.

423

Variety A, female (fig. 3).

Dark brown; both wings with a submarginal band of white spots ;
anterior wing with two white spots within the cell, and five large white
hastate spots near the apex; posterior wing with the outer margin
spotted with white.

Variety B, female (fig. 4).

Anterior wing dark brown ; posterior wing rufous-brown, with a
ray of lighter brown within the cell and between each of the nervures ;
a ene band of rufous lunules ; the outer margin spotted with
white.

Expanse, ¢ 4 inches, @ 4,5 inches.

Hab. Borneo.

- Widely as the four Butterflies figured in the two plates differ
from each other, I have little doubt that they are of the same species,
—varieties of paradowxa of Zinken Sommer, and also of telearchus of
Hewitson.

The typical paradora is from Java. The insects now described
mee taken in Borneo by Mr. Wallace. Telearchus is a native of

ylhet.

2. Parinio Noctis, Hewitson. (Pl. LXVI. figs. 5, 6.)

Upper side of female dark brown; all the nervures, except those
which enclose the cell, margined with lighter colour, with white near
the apex of the anterior wing and the outer margin of the posterior
wing ; posterior wing with a band of dirty white near the outer mar-
gin; outer margin of both wings light yellow.

Under side as above, except that the margins of the nervures of
the anterior wing are whiter, and that the outer margin of the poste-
rior wing is broadly cream-colour, marked with a double row of black
spots.

Expanse 4,°, inches.

Hab. Borneo.

I had at first named this Butterfly Papilio nox, believing it only
a variety of that species. Having since seen several females of now,
none of which have either the light margin or black spots of the pos-
terior wing of this insect, I have thought it better to consider it at
present as a distinct species; I have not, however, done so to follow
in the steps of those who give names to varieties, because I think that
custom entirely indefensible.

The Butterflies of the East seem to be subject to vary more than
those of other countries.

It is usual amongst entomologists to argue, that if two insects,
however closely resembling each other, come from distant localities,
they must be distinct species. I would reverse the argument and
say, that two insects, differing but slightly, are most likely distinct
species if they come from the same locality ; but if they come from
a distance, they are most likely the same species changed by the

424

difference of locality. Those localities need not be far distant from
each other to produce the variety, if the sea divides them.

10. Ox a New Species or THE Famity PAPILIONIDZ FROM
Batcutan. By Georce Ropert Gray, F.L. & Z.S., erc.

(Annulosa, Pls. LX VIII. LXIX.)

In the Catalogue of the family of Papilionide, which I formed on
the specimens contained in the Collection of the British Museum, I
enumerated several species that belong to the subdivision Ornitho-
ptera, which had previously been considered as only varieties of
Papilio priamus. It now falls to my lot to add another splendid
species (also supposed by some entomologists to form only a further
variety of that insect), sent by the indefatigable collector and natu-
ralist, Mr. A. R. Wallace, from the Island of Batchian, one of the
Moluccas.

The beautiful golden colour of the insect about to be described,
has induced the discoverer to propose for it the name of Ornitho-
ptera cresus, which I have adopted. I should otherwise have called
it after Mr. Wallace himself, as a slight record of the valuable ser-
vices he has rendered to entomology during his sojourn amongst the
Eastern Isles. I am further led to describe this insect as distinct
from any hitherto recorded, as, after a careful comparison with all
the others, many peculiarities can be pointed out, which will be in-
corporated in the following account.

Parinio (ORNITHOPTERA) CRGSUS.

Primary wings deep black, with the anterior band widening to-
wards the middle, and this is of a golden orange-colour ; this colour
is also represented by an abbreviated band at the base of the inner
margin, and by a few scattered specks on the inner and outer margins.

Secondary wings of a dull orange-colour, with some spots of kings-
yellow ; this difference of colour is occasioned by the semitrans-
parency of the more decided spots of the under surface of the wings
when the insect is held against the light; the base, subcostal and
medial nervures, first subcostal nervules, and the narrow edge on the
outer margin are deep black. A black spot is sometimes found
between the second and the first discoidal nervules.

The under surface of the primary wings is most like that of
Ornithoptera richmondia in the form of the markings, but they
are of a rich golden-green.

The under surface of the secondary wings also closely approaches
that of Ornithoptera richmondia ; but it is of a golden-green, with
a lengthened spot of rich kings-yellow above the black spot be-
tween the costal nervure and the first nervule, and a small spot
below the black spot ; the same kind of yellow spot above and below
the black spot in each space between the first and second nervules

425

and the second and first discoidal nervules ; the next two black spots
with a yellow spot beneath each: in the discoidal cell is placed a
lengthened spot of kings-yellow. The anal angle kings-yellow, with-
out any black spot such as is. found in the other species. The
base, nervures, and narrow margin deep black.

Length across the primary wings 63 inches.

Mr. Westwood has remarked, that he was not sure whether the
present insect ‘“‘might not be a local variety of Ornithoptera priamus.”’
I will, however, point out some dissimilarities, which mduce me to
differ from so high an authority. The form of the primary wings
appears rather shorter and thereby broader than in O. priamus, while
the band that runs near the anterior margin is much broader; the
middle and these wings are without the band that borders the poste-
rior and exterior margins, except at the base of the former, where
there is an abbreviated band, and but slight indication of spots
(formed by a series of minute specks) on the latter. The dull
black hirsute space is formed of a single large spot, which in O.
priamus is composed of two, a large one and small one.

The under surface of the primary wings has the golden-green spots
that occupy the spaces between the nervures divided by a wider
irregular band than is found in O. priamus.

The secondary wings are without the black spots at the anal angle ;
and the marginal border is much narrower, while the edge is less
dentated than in O. priamus.

The under surface of the secondary wings has various gold marks
not found in O. priamus : one in the discoidal cell ; and a spot above
each of the black spots between the second and third discoidal ner-
vules is very small, while the marginal black spots are further
removed from the outer margin: the discoidal cell is more broadly
surrounded with black.

Many of these peculiarities cause Mr. Wallace’s insect to approach
nearer the species I have named Papilio (Ornithoptera) rich-
mondia, than any of the others recorded in my Catalogue of the
family Papilionide ; viz. the want of the posterior and exterior band,
the single form ‘of the dull black space on the primary wings, the
* increased number of the golden spots on the under surface of the
secondary wings, and the breadth of the black margin within the
discoidal cell.

It may also be remarked that the female is decidedly more like
that of P. richmondia in its colour and markings than the same sex
of P. priamus.

11. Description or A New Species or ENTOzOON, SCLERO-
STOMA SIPUNCULIFORME, FROM THE INTESTINES OF THE
Evepuant. By W. Batirp, M.D., F.L.S.

The genus Sclerostoma, which forms only a section of the genus
Strongylus of Rudolphi, but which has been adopted by De Blain-
ville, Dujardin, and Diesing, is not numerous in species. Removing

426

the genus Syngamus of Siebold from it (which, however, is not ad-
mitted by Diesing), there would remain only four, or perhaps five
species. Two of these have been observed in the Horse (Zquus ca-
ballus), the Ass (#. asinus), and in the Mule; a third in the Pig (Sus
scrofa) and in the Pecearies (Dicotyles torquatus and albirostris);
a fourth in the American Tapir (Tapirus americanus) ; and perhaps
a fifth in the Puma (felis concolor). An addition to this small
number may not be uninteresting.

The Sclerostome which I am now about to describe is a small
Nematoid worm, of from 10 lines to l°inch in length; of a light
flesh-colour when alive, but nearly white in spirits. The body is
cylindrical in shape, thicker in the middle, tapering towards each
extremity, aud finely striated across, though the strive are rather
distant from each other. The head is rather large, cylindrical, about
1 line in length, truncated at the apex, thicker than the neck, and
separated from it by a distinct line or groove. The mouth is orbi-
cular, placed in the centre of the truncated part of the head, and
surrounded with two horny capsules or bullze, the limb or margins of
which are each armed with a row of numerous teeth. The limb of
the external capsule is the larger of the two ; and the teeth, though
numerous, are less so than in the internal limb, and are stronger and
pointed outwards. The limb of the inner capsule is much smaller,
the teeth very minute and exceedingly numerous. This portion of
the body does not differ in the two sexes.

The tail of the male is in the form of a membranous expansion or
pouch surrounding this extremity of the body, and is divided into
three lobes. The central lobe is the largest, and is supported by
seven ribs or rays, three in the middle and two at each side. The
three central ribs are dichotomous, and the middle one of these has
its two branches sending off two or three short processes, like buds ;
the two others are simple. Of the lateral ribs (two on each side),
the innermost one is dichotomous, the two branches into which it is
divided sending off short processes or buds; the outer rib is simple.
The two lateral lobes of this caudal expansion are smaller than the
central one, and are each supported by four simple ribs.

The tail of the female terminates in arather long and sharp point,
which is oblique in position to the body, owing to a sort of tubercle,
about half a line from its extremity, under which is situated the
anus. This aperture is very distinctly seen immediately underneath
the tubercle ; and the vulva, which is not very conspicuous, and is
in the form of a narrow slit across the body, is situated immediately
above the tubercle.

The cesophagus is rather long, and terminates in a lobed stomach,
which extends for a short distance and then terminates in a straight
intestinal canal running through the whole length of the animal.
The uterus is peculiar in form, and presents a very pretty appearance
under the microscope ; it is two-branched, and has during its length
several expansions or swellings followed by contractions ; and the
ovaries are very long and twisted round the intestine.

This species of Sclerostome differs in many characters from any

427

other that I have seen. From the common Sclerostome of the
Horse, Sel. armatum, it differs in the position of the vulva in the
female, in the sharp pointed tail, and the cylindrical head ; from the
male it differs in the structure of the caudal pouch and the form of the
head. From the other species found in the Horse, Sel. tetracanthum,
it differs in the form of the head and the circle of teeth round the
limb of the external capsule of the mouth, and in the structure of
the caudal pouch of the male. They differ also in the relative sizes
of the two sexes: in both of these species the female is longer than
the male, whereas in the species now described the male is longer
. than the female ; and it is rather curious that there is amongst the
specimens collected a much greater proportional number of males
than of females. From the two other species of Sclerostome found
in the Pig and in the Tapir, this one differs in the structure of the
caudal pouch of the male, the shape of the head, &c.

Very few opportunities, apparently, have occurred to helmintho-
logists of examining the bodies of Elephants. In Diesing’s enume-
ration of Entozoa found in the Mammalia, only one species is men-
tioned by him as having been observed and described as a parasite
of this Pachyderm. This is an Ascaris, first mentioned by the cele-
brated Rudolphi as infesting the liver. The same parasitic worm
has since then been found in the biliary ducts of a young Indian
Elephant m America by Dr. Jackson of Boston. In his mention
of this Ascaris (Ascaris lonchoptera, Diesing), Dr. Jackson states
that it occurred along with numerous specimens of a Distoma, which
he refers to the species D. hepaticum. The poor animal from which
these worms were taken died of disease of the liver with ascites, and
there was found also a large, deep, chronic ulcer in the stomach.
The species here described will now make a third parasite recorded
as belonging to the Elephant. L,am indebted for it to Mr. Edward
Gerard of the British Museum, who found it in the large intestines
of a young Indian Elephant which recently died in London, after
having been only a very short time in England. This animal, from
Mr. Gerard’s account of it, had suffered also from dropsy, as a large
quantity of water escaped upon opening the abdomen.

SCLEROSTOMA SIPUNCULIFORME, Baird.

Caput cylindricum, magnum, truncatum ; oris limbo interno den-
ticulis densis, externo aculeis majoribus numerosis, armato.
Corpus rectum, utrinque attenuatum, sipunculiforme, bursa
maris triloba, lobo intermedio producto, radius septem (quorum
quinque bifurcati sunt) instructo ; lobis lateralibus radiis
quatuor instructis ; extremitate caudali femine oblique trun-
cata, subulata, apertura genital supra caude apicem.

Long. feminze 10 linez, long. maris 1 uncia.

Hab. In intestinis crassis Elephantici indici.

Mus. Brit.

428

2. DEescrIPTIONs or New SHELLS IN THE COLLECTION OF
H. Cumine. By G. B. Sowersy, F.L.S.

(Mollusea, Pl. XLIX.)

1. SponpyLus victTori# (fig. 8). S. testa subregulari, depressa,
ovali, alba, ad umbones roseo variegata, costis quatuor magnis,
paululum elevatis, intermediis alternatis angustioribus ; spinis
majoribus elongatis, arcuatis, ad terminos palmatis, depressis,
ad latera undulatim fimbriatis ; spinis minoribus aculeatis, ar-
cuatis, spinis valve inferioris elongatis, arcuatis, concavis.

Hab. Gulf of California.

This beautiful Spondylus resembles S. imperialis in some respects,

but the large spines are depressed and fringed at the sides almost
like those of S. cumingit.

2. Murex ocroconus (fig. 7). M. testa turbinata, subventri-
cosa, spiraliter costata, pallide cinerea, ad costas medio fusco
maculata; apertura ovali, cauda recta, laminata ; costis octo
crassis, nodulosis, imbricatis, superne aculeatim recurvis, medio,
frondis extantibus, sulcatis ornatis, ad caudam continuiter
frondosis ; spira obtusa, sutura subexcavata.

Hab. New Caledonia.

In M. humilis, which this species most nearly resembles, there is

a space without fronds on the ribs between the swollen part of the
body-whorl and the caudal projection, while the ribs of this species
are continuously frondose.

3. Murex EXPANSUS (fig. 5). MM. testa fusiformi, carneola, tri-
costata, spiraliter striata, inter costas unituberculata ; costis
jfimbria lata, elevata, superne angulata, infra ad caudam ter-
minali expansis ; cauda brevi » spira elevata, acuta.

Hab. China.

In Mr. Reeve’s M. eurypteron the expanded fringe on the ribs

terminates at the commencement of the caudal process, instead of
being continued to the end, as in this species.

4. Murex nusiwus (fig. 4). M. testa fusiformi, fusca, scabra,
punctata, spiraliter striata, obscure trifasciata, longitudina-
liter tricostata, inter costas unituberculata; costis crassiusculis,
scabrosis, superne spina fimbriata recta, medio fimbria paulu-
lum extanti, ad caudam spinis palmiferis tribus parvis armatis ;
spira elongate, acuta; cauda recta, mediocri.

Hab.

A dusky, cake y-looking shell; and yet there is no other species

which exactly corresponds with it.

5. Murex Taniatus (fig. 3). M. testa fusiformi, fusco bifas-
ciata, spiraliter costata, costis longitudinalibus octo crassis,
imbricatis, frondosis ; spinis brevibus, acutis, recurvis armatis ;
apertura parva, dentata; cauda acuta, obliqua, angusta, ew-
tanti ; spira acuta, anfractibus quatuor subangulatis.

Hab, Gulf of California.

429

6. Murex ROSEO-TINCTUS (fig. 6). M. testa oblongo-fusiform,
pallide rosea, maculis roseis ornata, oblique tricostata, inter
costas medio crenulatim nodulosa ; costis elevatis, superne in-
ermibus striatis, ad caudam spinis subfimbriatis tribus parvis
armatis ; cauda lata, costata ; spira elongata.

Hab. Philippines.

Resembling M. trigonulus, but wanting the expanded fringe at

the lower part of the fronds of that species.

7. Conus PROxiMuUs (fig. 1). C. testa oblonga, subpyriformi,
inferne subcoarctata, spiraliter liners subelevatis castaneis albo
interruptis cincta, medio maculis magnis nigrescentibus in se-
riebus duabus picta; spira nodulis acutis coronata inter nodis
castaneo lineata.

Hab.

More neatly marked and much more smooth than C. moluccensis,

which in form it resembles.

8. CONUS NIGRESCENS (fig.2). C. testa ob onga, tubercutis
parvis, acutis, distantibus coronata, medio et Ynfra alternatim
striata, prope angulum subrotunda, fusco-nigrescente, maculis
cordiformibus rubescentibus, et alteris albis ad angulum, prope
medium, et infra medium fasciatim dispositis ornata.

Hab.

There is a semitransparent appearance about this Cone which, with

the smallness of its cordiform white spots, distinguishes it from C.
nocturnus and others of the same group.

13. Descriptions or New UNIVALVE SHELLS FROM THE CoL-
LECTIONS oF H. CumInG anp SyLvanus Hanuey. By Syt-
vVANuS HANLEY.

1. PskuDOLIVA ANCILLA. Testa oblongo-conica, nitida, solida,
imperforata, sublevigata, fulvo-rufescens. Ultimus anfractus
in medio pallescens et ventricosus ; superne late, haud autem
profunde, concavus ; inferne lente declivis, et sulco lato, qui
partem fere quartam superficier segregat, ievsus : cingulum
siphonale planum cum cingulo basalt vie convextusculo confluens.
Spira producta tertiam partem longitudinis teste implet ; an-
fractus ejus 4 haud humiles infra suturam conspicuam et pro-
fundam retusi sunt, supra eam conveat: apex obtusus. Apertura
elliptico-acuminata (duos trientes longitudinis teste fere equat),
postice callo columellari albo magno prominente et angulato
angustata. Labium columellare leve, album, convexum, falca-
tum, latiusculum.

Long. 12, lat. 7 poll.

Hab. Caffrariam.

Mus. Hanley.

I have never seen but a single individual of this remarkable-looking

shell, which reminds one alike of Buliia and Ancillaria. The whorls

430

of the spire are not twice as broad as high. The basal distinctive
groove is nearly square-cut ; its bottom is closely traversed by
wrinkles of increase, and is flat, not concave.

2. PsruDOLIVA NassoipES. Testa parva, solida, imperfo-
rata, ovali-conica, fulvo-rufescens, levigata. Ultimi anfractus
antice satis dechivis fere quartam partem segregat sulcus latus
profundus. Cingulum siphonale pallidum retusione cinguli basalis
fit prominentior. Spira satis producta tertiam partem longi-
tudinis teste implet ; sutura simplex anfractus ejus 4 convexos
profunde dividit : apex obtusiusculus. Apertura parva, sub-
elliptica, antice posticeque angustata, dimidiam longitudinem
teste haud multum superat. Labium columellare crassum,
album, leve, callo pliciformi nullo postice munitum, sed ad ex-
tremitatem anticam subuniplicatum.

Long. 3, lat. 5; poll.

Hab. Malabaricum littus.

Mus. Hanley.

The only specimen known to me bears the aspect of being fully

adult. Its outer lip seems thickened externally, and the tooth-like
projection over the characteristic groove is rather conspicuous.

3. Dotium FavANNuU. Testa subglobosa, magis minusve va-
lida, longitudinaliter arcte corrugata, fulvo-rufescens, costis
(quarum circiter 16 anfractum ultimum, et 4 penultimum cin-
gunt) a maculis brunneis pallidisque remote tessellatis, latius-
culis, rotundatis, et valde prominentibus, conspicue ornata.
Sulcorum interstitialium (qui costarum magnitudinem emulan-
tur) pauci in anfractu ultimo superiores, omnesque in gyris spire
brevissime humilibus linea elevata divisi. Sutura excavata.
Labium exterius repandum : labii interioris lamella haud (ut
in D. fimbriato) lidera extans. Laitus umbilici satis magni
latus et levis. Extremitas cinguli siphonalis rotundati emi-
nentis et inconspicue porcati haud caudata.

Long. 2;4,, lat. 258; poll.

Hab. ——?

Mus. Cuming.

This very rare shell is intermediate in aspect between D. chinense
and D. fimbriatum : from the former it may be distinguished by
the pattern of its colouring, and the coarseness and fewness of its
ribs ; from the latter by its very dissimilar shape, its umbilicus, Xc.
The whorls, which rise concavely from the profound suture, do not
gradually taper above, but seem, as it were, truncated. The rounded
body is about as broad as it is long ; its anterior declination is
sudden. The spots with which all the ribs, but not their intervals,
are painted, are often cloudy.

Having as yet seen only two specimens (on one of which the last-
formed portion of the ribs was roughened by a few irregular raised
spiral lines), I cannot say that the outer lip may not, in perfect and
adult individuals, become reflected and dentated.

431

4. Dotium DUNKERI. Testa magis minusve solida, ovato-
globosa, fulva aut livido-carnea, maculis parvis brunneis re-
motis, maculisque majoribus albidis (super costas fere omnes)
subtessellatim picta : macule sepissime in seriebus longitudina-
libus undulatim ordinate. Coste multe, conferte, plano-con-
vere, suleis perangustis subbiangulatis divise. Spire anfractus
breves inflati: corpus ventricosum, antrorsum lente declive.
Sutura simplex. Apertura haud valde lata, fauce brunnea.
Labium exterius haud refiecum haud dentatum ; intus, autem,
lyratum. Cingulum siphonale haud prominens, haud caudatum.

Long. 155, lat. 14 poll.

Hab. Portum Natal.

Mus. Cuming.

The sculpture of this rare shell, of which no example is known
in fine condition, reminds one of cumingii ; upon the whole, however,
D. variegatum is its nearest congener. As the largest specimen
examined by me, although solid, and copiously spread with parietal
enamel, had only attaied to two volutions and a half (the first of a
pinkish cast) beyond its smooth yellow nucleus, I am not sure that
it was adult. Its body was encircled by eighteen ribs, in the narrow
intervals of the few superior ones of which might be discerned the
commencement of a raised stria. Its spire was remarkably short
in comparison with the elongated and rather narrow aperture : its
contracted umbilicus was almost concealed by the pillar-lip.

432

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437

November 22, 1859.

Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Daniel G. Elliot of New York exhibited three specimens of
hybrid Ducks from his own collection, which had been obtained on
the south shore of Long Island, U.S. A. One of these was consi-
dered to have been produced by a cross between the Wild Duck
(Anas boschas) and Pintail (Dajila acuta), the second by the Wild
Duck and Muscovy Duck (Catrina moschata), and the third pro-
bably by the American Scaup (Fuligula afinis) and the Canvas-
back (F. valisneria) or the American Pochard (f. americana).

Dr. Hamilton exhibited three curiously plumaged Pheasants shot
in Norfolk, which had the appearance of males on the lower surface.
and females on the upper. ‘They were birds of the year. Upon
careful dissection, no traces of sexual organs, either male or female,
were discernible.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descrirprion oF MacANDREWIA AND MyuiusiA, TWO NEW
FORMS OF SponGes. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.,
P.E.S., ETc.

(Radiata, Pl. XV. XVI.)

In 1841 Mr. Stutchbury described in our Proceedings a Sponge
brought from Barbadoes, in the Museum at Bristol, which was pecu-
liar for being entirely formed of agglutinate silicious spicula, forming
a tough semitransparent glass-like spongy mass. By exchange I
have obtained half the specimen of this most curious and interesting
sponge, so that I have the means of comparing those I have described
with the one then made known.

In July 1851 Mr. R. MacAndrew kindly presented to the British
Museum a Coral from St. Michael’s, one of the Azores, which then
attracted my attention, but I put it aside in hopes that I might ob-
tain a specimen of it in spirits, which would enable me to under-
stand more completely its history and character. No other specimen
having, however, come under my examination, the subject dropped
out of my mind.

It was accidentally placed with the Stony Corals, and its hardness
and resemblance to the genus Gemmipora are some excuse for this
mistake. Some time ago Mr. Holdsworth, when studying the corals
in the Museum, observed that it evidently did not belong to that
group: and a very superficial inspection, indeed its mere lightness,
was enough to show that such was the case.

I again placed it aside, thinking that I had seen a figure of the
animal as an Alcyonium in Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard’s ‘ Voyage,’
and in Dana’s ‘ Zoophytes,’ and that I would study it when I had

438

that family under my hands, or leave it for some other person to
examine who might take up the group.

Having lately had occasion to consult Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard’s
work, and the essay of Mr. Dana, I became satisfied that the sub-
stance from the Azores could not be the Aleyonium glaucum or Al-
cyonium latum (Dana, Zooph. 623. t. 58. f. 6), which I had before
thought from recollection might be the case; for these authors de-
scribe 4. glaucum as soft and fleshy, and d. latum as ‘‘more rigid
in its texture than 4. glaueum.”’ As Mr. MacAndrew’s specimen is
hard, inflexible, and brittle, though very light, this induced me to
examine the specimen more carefully ; and I then found that the
supposed coral was a silicious sponge, covered below with a thin
fleshy envelope without any apparent apertures, and above with a
thicker fleshy coat, studded with large-sized, regularly-disposed, cir-
cular cells, which look like the cells of the Polypes in the two Al-
cyonia above referred to. The apertures are destitute of a radiating
_lamina, and appear in their dry state to be subdivided into six or eight
small circular tubes, and have all the appearance of being the cells of
a pinnated tentacled zoophyte. The small part of the lower surface
of the spongy axis, which is exposed, is pierced with minute perfo-
rations, and the upper surface is furnished with groups of larger
pores, which, as far as I can judge without injuring the specimen,
are placed under the cells above described. There are grooves di-
verging from the small cylindrical perforations in one of the groups
to the perforations in the other groups.

I have thought proper to call the genus after the gentleman who
discovered it, and who has been very liberal in doing all in his power
to extend our knowledge of zoology and geology, and has several
times placed his yacht at the command of scientific men, to assist
them in their researches.

The genus may be thus defined :—

MacANnNDREWIA.

Cup-shaped, expanded, more or less sinuated or lobed, atiixed by
a more solid dilated base, covered with a fleshy bark, which is fur-
nished with cells on the upper surface, supported by a very light
porous silicious spongy cup-shaped axis, the upper surface of which
is furnished with groups of small cylindrical pores placed in roses,
and with grooves radiating between each group of pores; the lower
surface uniformly porous.

MacAnpReEwIA Azorica. (Pl. XV.)

Hab. St. Michael’s, Azores, 1851 (Robert MacAndrew, Esq.,
F.R.S., &c.).

This sponge? has so much the general appearance and habit of a
zoophyte with pinnated tentacles like the Aleyonium to which I
have referred above, that Iam as yet by no means certain that it may
not be the product of such animals; but I have not been able to
find any traces of the remains of them, and therefore must wait the

439

arrival of some other specimen preserved in spirit to determine the
fact. At the same time the bark is unlike that of any sponge that
I am acquainted with, the existence of such a bark on any true
sponge being as yet unknown to me. On the other hand, the ex-
istence of an axis of the spongy texture and the silicious composi-
tions found in this marine body are novelties in the order of zoophytes
in which its general appearance would lead one to place it. But
that 1s no reason why it may not prove to be a zoophyte, as the
same may be said to be the case with regard to the genus Hyalonema,
the axis of which is so anomalous that several of the French zoolo-
gists— Valenciennes, Milne-Edwards, and others—considered the bark
of it as a parasite on some unknown substance, overlooking the fact
that the bark is strengthened by fibres exactly like those of which
the axis is composed. Such an idea would require a belief in the
existence of two bodies always found together, and unknown in any
other form, instead of their being regarded as parts of the same
animal.

The axis of this body has many characters in common with the
body which is called a Sponge described by Mr. Stutchbury in our
Proceedings for 1841, p. 87, as mentioned above under the name
of Dactylocalyx pumiceus, and which has been more lately described
under another name by M. Valenciennes, a very fine specimen of
which is in my collection ; but in this sponge it is the outer surface
which is marked ‘with deep sinuosities radiating from the root to
the outer circumference.”

We have lately received from Dr. William MacGee of Belfast a
very curious specimen of a silicious sponge?, which is also allied to
the Dactylocalyx and MacAndrewia, but so distinct in its form and
structure that I am inclined to regard it as a type of a new genus,
which may be called

Myutvusta.

Sponge? silicious, funnel-shaped, fixed by the base; the upper
surface smooth, marked with numerous minute perforations placed
in nearly parallel grooves radiating from the centre to the circum-
ference, and with numerous large, oblong, rather unequal-sized per-
forations, which are fringed on the lower side with a high wall of
a similar structure to the rest of the sponge; these edges of the
cavities causing the under surface to be covered with unequal irre-
gular shaped tubes of nearly the same length, and more or less con-
fiuent together: some of these tubes are simple and subcylindrical,
others are expanded out and more or less crumpled on the edge
around the cavity, so as to end in two, three, or even four, more or
less circular mouths.

Myuiusia CALLocYATHES. (Pl. XVI.)

Hab. West Indies (Dr. MacGee).

Dr. Bowerbank informs me that the silicious spicula of this sponge
are very different from those of Dactylocalyx pumiceus. As he
is working on that subject, I leave the peculiarities for him to de-

440

scribe ; but I should not bein the least surprised if the genera Mac-
Andrewia, Myliusia, and Dactylocalyx should all prove to be a
peculiar family of zoophytes rather than sponges. If these bodies
are sponges, they will form a family in that group, which may be
named MacAndrewiade, characterized by the peculiar form and
structure of the axis, the distinctness of the bark, and the position
of the oscules or cells.

The structure of the base of Dactylocalyx and of the spicula which
are found in the interspaces of the network are figured by Mr.
Quekett in his ‘ Lecture on Histology.’

I have named this genus after Christlob Mylius, who first de-
scribed the curious zoophyte since called Umbellularia grenlandica ;
and I think that any one who reads his simple and plain account
of the animal in his letter to Haller, and the account of the same
animal given by John Ellis in his work on Corallines, will be satisfied
that the latter was not very liberal in his praise towards his contem-
porary. There might have been reasons why he did not mention
the name of Mylius, but I cannot conceive why those of Coliimson
and Dunze should have been omitted.

It is much to be regretted that nothing is known as to what became
of the two specimens of this animal described by Mylius and Ellis,
and that no other specimen has been found since that period, now
more than a century ago.

2. ON SOME NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN Brirbs FROM THE Rio NApo.
By Puiure Luruey Scuarer, M.A., SrcrReETARY TO THE
SOCIETY.

Among some birds lately received from the Rio Napo, and kindly
submitted to my inspection by M. Verreaux of Paris, are several spe-
cies not included in the series from the same locality which I had
the pleasure of bringing before the notice of the Society last year *.
To these I now beg leave to call the Society’s attention, some of
them appearing to be new to science, and others, although already
described, to be of rare occurrence.

1. BASILEUTERUS NIGRI-CRISTATUS (Lafr.).—Myiothiolypis ni-
gri-crisiata, Bp. Consp. p. 311.

2. Dicuossa ATERRIMA, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846. p. 319.

3. CALLISTE RUFIGULARIS, Sclater, Mon. Call. pl. 13.

The occurrence of this species on the eastern side of the Andes is
certainly singular, as M. Bourcier obtained his specimens at Calacali,
on the western side of the great range.

4, CALLISTE CHRyYsOTIS, DuBus; Sclater, Mon. Call. pl. 43.

* See P. Z. 8, 1858, p. 59.

441

5. CALLISTE CYANOTIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 294.

A specimen in more perfect plumage than the bird which I ori-
ginally described from, but unmistakeably recognizable as belonging
to the same rare species. Its nearest ally is certainly Calliste labra-
dorides (Mon. of Calliste, pl. __), from which, however, it is easily
distinguishable by the black sides of the head and well-defined su-
perciliary stripe.

6. BUARREMON CASTANEICEPS, Sp. Nov.

Saturate oleagineus, subtus via dilutior : remigibus et rectricibus
nigricanti-fuscis: ipileo castaneo, lateribus capitis cum gula
mgricanti-cinereis : rostri ngricanti-plumbet basi pallida ;
pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3-1, caudee 2°6.

But one example of this Buarremon was in the collection. It
may be arranged next to B. rufinuchus and B. latinuchus, from
which, however, it is easily distinguished by its general deep olive
colouring.

7. BUARREMON ASSIMILIS (Lafr.).

* Agrees with New Granadian specimens.

8. GRALLARIA ‘NUCHALIS. sp. nov.

Saturate brunnescenti-oleaginea, pileo rufescentiore, nucha et re-
gione post-ocularit clare castanets: subtus nigricanti-schistacea :
rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 7°5, alee 4:5, caudee 2:1, rostri a rictu 1°2 ; tarsi 2:15.

This bird is a long-legged Grallaria in structure, though in

plumage it rather resembles the different species of the allied genus
Formicarius. I have never seen but this one example, now in my
collection.

9. PIpREOLA CHLOROLEPIDOTA, Sw. An. in Men. p. 357.

This bird agrees so well with Swainson’s description, that I have
no hesitation in recognizing it as belonging to his species. It is a
female of one of the beautiful green Cotingas of the genus Huch/ornis
or Pyrrhorhynchus, as 1 had always supposed was likely to be the
case*, It is probably the female of Huchlornis sclateri, Cornalia
(Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 133. pl. 4), which is from this same country ;
but I am not yet clear upon this point. Its identification is of im-
portance, as it proves that the generic name Pipreola should be used
for this group, in place of Luchlornis or Pyrrhorhynchus, established
many years subsequently.

* Annals of Natural History, June 1856.

442

3. On somE Hysrip DUCKS BRED IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS.
By Puitiep Lutitey Sciuatrer, M.A., SrcreTARY TO THE
SOCIETY.

(Aves, Pl. CLVIII.)

I have the pleasure of exhibiting Mr. Wolf’s drawing of both sexes
of a Hybrid Duck bred this season in the Society’s Gardens, between
a male of the Common Shieldrake (Tadorna vulpanser) and a female
of the White-fronted Shieldrake or Mountain Goose of Southern
Africa (Casarca cana). The old female Casarca was acquired by
the Society at the sale of the late Lord Derby’s collection in 1851.
She has on three previous occasions bred in the Gardens: in the
first instance with an Indian male of the Ruddy Shieldrake (Casarca
rutila), and subsequently twice with one of the male hybrids pro-
duced by her union with the Ruddy Shieldrake.

Upon being placed this spring in a small pond in company with
a pair of the Common Shieldrake, she so persecuted the male with
her attentions that she succeeded in persuading him to tread her,
though in the society of his proper mate. The result was that she
laid fertile eggs, and hatched and successfully reared three strong
hybrid birds (Pl. CLVIII.), two of which appear to be males, and one
a female. They present a curious combination of the colours of the
two parents, though the dusky-grey flanks seem scarcely deducible
from either. The female has the bill black ; in the male it is flesh-
coloured at the base, as in the male parent. The female also takes
rather after her mother’s likeness, in possessing white round the beak
and round the eye. The black hood in both sexes is derived from
the male parent.

In the Gardens this year we have also bred two other broods of
Hybrid Ducks. One of these was the produce of a male Dusky
Duck (Anas obscura), and a cross-bred female between the Dusky
Duck and the Wild Duck. The other was the issue, as we believe,
of parents themselves both cross-bred, and both originating from
hybridism between the Tufted Duck (Fuligula cristata) and the
White-eyed (Nyroca leucophthalma). But, as there is a male pure-
bred White-eyed Duck in the same pond, we cannot be quite certain
on this point.

During the next season we hope to take such measures as will put
to test in the case of the Anatide, a favourite dictum of naturalists,
and one which has recently met the approval of a high authority *
upon such matters, that ‘it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to bring
forward one case of the hybrid offspring of two animals clearly
distinct being themselves perfectly fertile.”’

* Darwin, “ On the Origin of Species,” p. 26.

443

4. List or MALAyaAn Brrpos COLLECTED BY THEODORE CANTOR,
Ksa., M.D., wir DescripTiIONS OF IMPERFECTLY-KNOWN
Srecies. By Freperic Moore.

Part II.*
113. PaAssER MONTANUS,

Fringilla montana, Linn. 8. N. 1. p. 324.

Passer montanus, Stephens, Shaw’s Zool. xiv. p.40; G. R. Gray,
Gen. of B. ii. p.372; Blyth, J. A.S. Beng. xiii. p. 947; xiv. p. 553;
Catal. B. Mus. A. 8. Beng. p. 120; Moore, Catal. B. Mus. BE. I. C.
i. p. 500.

Specimens obtained at Singapore.

‘This is the common sparrow of Java, and is the more common
species in Arracan generally ; about sixty of this species occuring to
one of Passer indicus. It is also common in China and Japan, also
in the Himalaya, and in Afghanistan, extending westward to the
British Islands.” — Blyth.

114. PApDA ORIZIVORA.

Lowa orizivora, Linn. 8. N. 1. p. 302 (Vieillot, Cis. Chant. t. 61).

Fringilla orizivora, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161 ;
Swainson, Zool. Ill. lst ser. t. 156.

Munia orizivora, Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 451.

Padda orizivora, Reichenbach (1854); Moore, Catal. Birds Mus.
East Ind. Comp. ii. p. 504.

Oryzornis orizivora, Cabanis, Catal. Birds Mus. Heine, p. 174.

Loxia javensis, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. t. 89.

Orizivora leucotis, Blyth, Indian Ornithology, MSS.

Guate, Java (Horsfield).

GELATIK, Sumatra (Raffles).

115. MuNIA PUNCTULARIA.
Loxia punctularia, Linn. 8. N.1i. p. 302.
Munia punctularia, Blyth, Catal. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 117;

Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 452; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii.

. 505.

‘ Fringilla punctularia, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 161.
Amadina punctularia, Hay, J. A. 8. Beng. xiv. p. 554.
Uroloncha punctularia, Cabanis, Catal. Birds Mus. Heine, p. 174.
Fringilla msoria, Temm. Pl. Col. 500. f. 2.

Coccothraustes javensis nevia, Briss. Orn. il. p. 239. t. 39. f. 2.

The Cowry Grosbeak, Latham.

PEKKING, Javanese (Horsfield).

From Pimang.

Distinguished from M. undulatus, Lath., by the whitish-grey on
the rump, upper tail-coverts and tail, which is represented by glis-
tening fulvous in M. undulatus.

* Continued from Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 285.

444

116. Munia MAJA.

Loxia maja, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 301 (Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 56).

Munia maja, Blyth, Catal. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 116; Moore,
Catal. B. Mus. E. I. C. iv. p. 505.

Fringilla maja, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 162.

Dermophrys maja, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 174.

Lowia leucocephala, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 314.

Bonpotu, Java (Horsfield).

Pirrr, Sumatra (Raffles).

Petar WuHopun, Malays (Blyth).

From Pinang.

117. MunNIA SINENSIS.

Coccothraustes sinensis, Brisson, Orn. ii. p. 238.

Munia sinensis, Blyth, Catal. Birds, Mus. A. 8. Beng. App. p. 337;
Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. East Ind. Comp. i. p. 508.

Loxia malacca, var. 3, Linn. 8.N. i. p. 302.

Munia malacca (part.), Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 432.

Lowxia atricapilla, Vieillot, Ois. Chant. t. 53.

Chinese Sparrow, Edwards, Birds, t. 43.

Malacca Grosbeak, var. A, Lath. Hist. of B. v. p. 244.

Obtained at Pinang.

118. MuNIA ACUTICAUDA.

Munia acuticauda, Hodgson, As. Res. 1836, p. 153; Moore,
Catal. Birds Mus. East Ind. Comp. i. p. 510.

Amadina acuticauda, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 949 ; Strick-
land, P. Z. 8.-1846, p. 103.

Amadina molucca, apud G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. 11. p. 370.

Uroloncha molucca, apud Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 173.

? Lowia molucca, Linn. S. N. 1. p. 302; Lath. Hist. v. p. 246.

Sparp-tailed Munia, Hodgson.

Perap, Pinang (Blyth).

From Malacca and Pinang.

This bird has the chin and throat only blackish, the breast being
dark brown, with whitish shafts and borders to the feathers, and the
belly dull white, with dusky pencillings; whereas in M. striata (Linn.)
the throat, to breast inclusive, is uniform blackish, and the belly,
vent, and flanks, white. The upper parts of both are nearly similar,
but in M. acuticauda the brown colour is paler, and the upper tail-
coverts are brown ; in M. striata these being black.

Also inhabits Nepal, Assam, and Tenasserim.

119. PLocrvus BAYA.

Ploceus baya, Blyth, J. A.S. Beng. xiii. p. 945 (1844).
Pinang and Malacca.

120. EULABES JAVANENSIS.

Corvus javanensis, Osbeck, It. p. 102 (1757); Edw. B. t. 17,
lower fig.

445

Eulabes javanus, Cuvier, Reg. Anim.

Pastor musicus, Wagler, Syst. Av. Past. sp. 2.

Gracula religiosa, apud Horsfield et Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii.
pp. 162, 303.

The Malayan Grackle.

Bro seu Mrencuo, Java (Horsf.).

TionG, Sumatra (Raffles).

Malacca.

Inhabits the Malayan peninsula and archipelago; also the Nicobar
Islands.

121. ACRIDOTHERES FUSCUS.

Pastor fuscus, Wagler, Syst. Av. Past. sp. 6 (1827).

Acridotheres fuscus, Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 420; Moore, Catal.
Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 537.

Pastor mahrattensis, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 95.

Maina cristatelloides, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836).

Acridotheres griseus, apud Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xv. p. 335 id.
Catal. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 108.

From Pinang and Malacca.

Identical with specimens from Tenasserim, China, and Nepal ; and
differs from South Indian examples ouly in being greyer.

122. CALORNIS DAURICUS.

Sturnus dauricus, Pallas, Acta Stockh. ui. p.198. pl. 7. f. 1 (1778).

Turdus striga, Raftles.

Pastor malayensis, Kyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 103.

Brass-prass, Malays.

Malacca.

«« Kyes black ; legs greenish-brown. Sleeps with the body down-
wards, suspended by the claws. Common at Malacca.’’—Dr.
Cantor's MS.

123. CALORNIS CHALYBEUS.

Turdus chalybeus $ et T. strigatus 2, Horsfield, Trans. Linn.
Soe. xiii. p. 148 (1820). :

Lanius insidiator, Raffles, id. p. 307 3.

Lamprotornis cantor, apud Temm. Pl. Col. 149.

TERLING seu PaRLIoNG, Malays.

From Malacca.

124. Corvus CULMINATUS,

Corvus culminatus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 96; Blyth, J. A.S.
Beng. xv. p. 24, xvi. p. 727; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii.
953.
: Corvus corax, apud Rafiles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 300?
BuronG GAGA-GAGA, Malays.
An adult and young specimen from Pinang, agreeing with Tenas-
serim and Indian examples.

446

Remark.—-C. macrorhynchus is distinct from this, and occurs also
at Malacca, and, according to Mr. Blyth (J. A.S. xv. p. 24), “is
a much slyer bird, with a different caw, and a longer beak.”

125. PLarySMURUS LEUCOPTERUS.

Glaucopis leucopterus, Temm. Pl. Col. 265.

Glenargus leucopterus, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 216.
TALONG-GAGA or KoLone-Gaca, Malays.

Inhabits Malacca.

126. PLATYLOPHUS GALERICULATUS.

Corvus galericulatus, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. i. p. 399 (1817) ; Le-
vaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 42.

Platylophus galericulatus, Swainson, Classif. of B. p. 263 ; Moore,
Catal. Birds Mus. EH. 1. C. ii. p. 574.

Lophocitta galericulata, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 305; Blyth,
Catal. B. Mus. A.S. Beng. p. 94; Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 374; P.Z.S8.
1850, p. 79; Cabanis, Cat. B. Mus. Heine, p. 218.

Lanius scapulatus, Lichtenstein, Doubl. p. 49.

Lanius coronatus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1822, p. 306 (female).

Vauga cristata, Griffith’s An. Kingd. p. 486 (male).

Lophocitta histrionica, Miller, Bonap. C. G. Av. p.374; P.Z.S.
1850, p. 79 (female).

Garrula rufula, Temminck, Mus. Lugdens. (female).

Lophocitta ardesiaca, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 219;
Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 374 (young male).

Burone JERI, Sumatra (Rafiles).

“*Common at Malacca.’’—Dr. Cantor's MS.

127. RHINOPLAX SCUTATUS.

Buceros scutatus, Boddart, Tabl. des Pl. Enl. d’Aubent. (1783).

Buceros galeatus, Gmel.

Tisspane Muntovan, Malays (Farquhar).

From Keddah, Malay Peninsula.

“Iris, eyelids, pouch, legs, and feet, Indian red.””—Dr. Cantor’s
MS.

128. BUCEROS RHINOCEROS.

Buceros rhinoceros, Linn. (PI. Enl. 934; Levaill. Ois. d’ Amer. et
Ind. t. 1, 2; Edw. B. t. 281. f. B); Bontius, Java, t. 64; Raffles,
Trans. Linn. xiii. p. 291; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 993; xiv.
p. 188; xvi. p. 993; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C, ii. p. 582.

Buceros africanus, Gmelin, 8. N. i. p. 359.

Buceros niger, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 7 (Levaill. t. 13).

Buceros lunatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 546.

Buceros sylvestris, Vieillot.

Buceros diadematus, Dumont.

Ineeane Danto, Malays (Raffles).

Burone Taun, Sumatra (Marsden).

447

RanGKoxk or YONGRANG, Java (Horsfield).

Male and female obtained at Malacca.

“The sexes of this Hornbill are distinguished by the posterior
surface of the horn, above the forehead, being black in the male,
and concolorous with the rest of the horn in the female; besides
which the male has a black line dividing the bill and casque, and
continued forward and upward upon the latter, parallel with its
anterior margin. It may be remarked further, that this species
seems to wear away the cutting edges of its mandibles more than any
other ; so that, when the tips meet, a wide hollow occurs along the
medial portion of its bill.””— Blyth.

129. HomRratvus BICORNIS.

Buceros bicornis, Linn. (Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 7, 8).

Homraius bicornis, Bonap. Ateneo Ital. (1854); Moore, Catal.
Birds Mus. E.I.C. ii. p. 583.

Buceros cavatus, Shaw (Levaill. t. 3, 4,5); Raffles, Trans. Linn.
Soe. xii. p. 291 ; Gould, Cent. of B. tab. 44; Jerdon, Madras Journ.
x1. p. 37; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 986; xiv. ps 187 5:xvi- p.993;
Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 279.

Buceros homrai, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. p. 251 (1832); Asiatic
Res. 1833, p. 169, tab.

Bifid-casqued Hornbill, Shaw.

Concave-casqued Hornbill, Shaw.

Ban Rao (7. e. Jungle King), Masuri (Hutton).

Homrat, Nepal (Hodgson).

GaruDA, natives of Forests of 8. India (Jerdon).

Maan-MorAYKEY, Malyalum (Elliot).

Youny-yenG, Arracan (Phayre).

Burone-Oonpan, Malays (Raffles).

InccGane Papan, Sumatra (Raffles).

Adult male from Malacca, and adult and young female from
Penang.

“This bird inhabits the extensive hill forests of all India, Assam,
Arracan, Tenasserim, Malayan Peninsula, and Sumatra. It does
not appear to be subject to any variation of plumage, either sexual
or according to age ; but there are some differences in the colouring
of the bill and casque of the sexes, and also of the irides.””—Blyth.

Mr. Hodgson in his description states that “the casque and upper
mandible are deep waxen-yellow, passing to rich red on the top of the
casque, and towards the tip of upper mandible; the tip itself and
the lower mandible ivory white; base of both mandibles, anterior
and posterior surface of the casque, a line along the ridge of the bill,
its cutting edges, and the whole inner surface of the bill, and naked
skin round the eyes, black ; iris intense crimson. The female, and
young of a year old, has the iris pure hoary, the naked skin of the
ophthalmic region pale purpurescent dusky ; and the black colour
which distinguishes the casque, and ridge, cutting edges, and interior
surface of the bill in the male, being red.

448

«« From a comparison of many specimens, showing both sexes in
maturity, and the young in various stages of progression towards it,
I am led to conclude that the body does not reach its full size under
two or three years, and that the bill and casque, especially the latter,
are not perfectly developed in less than four or five years.”

Mr. Hodgson also gives an elaborate description of the growth of
the young, and also a description of the skeleton by Dr. M. J.
Bramley. An account of its anatomy is given by Prof. Owen in the
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 102.

The Rev. J. Mason, in his work on Burmah, states of the Concave
Hornbill, ‘‘ Their nests are constructed in a superior manner of clay
in the stumps or hollows of old trees. After the female has laid
five or six eggs, the male bird shuts her entirely in with mud, except
a small hole where she can only peep out her head. Here she must
sit during her incubation, for if she breaks through the enclosure,
her life pays the forfeit ; but, to compensate for the loss of freedom,
her spirited mate is ever on the alert to gratify his dainty mistress,
who compels him to bring all her viands unbroken, for if a fig or any
fruit be injured, she will not touch it.”

Capt. Tickell, writing from the Tenasserim provinces, remarks :
“T obtained the egg of B. cavatus, and have seen with my own eyes
that the male builds the female in, by covering the hole in the tree
where she incubates with mud, leaving only room for her bill to
protrude and receive food from his! I thought that this was a fable.”
—J.A.S. Beng. 1855, p. 279.

130. HyprocissA CONVEXA.

Buceros convexus, Temm. Pl. Col. 530 (@ ).

Hydrocissa convexa, Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. EB. I. C. i. p. 591.

Buceros intermedius, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. 1847, p. 994; xvii.
p- 803; Catal. Birds Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 43.

Buceros albirostris, apud Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 175.

Buceros malabaricus, apud Raffles, id. p. 291; Vigors, App. Mem.
Raffles, p. 666.

Buceros violaceus, apud Hay, Madras Journ. xii. pt. 2. p. 148.

KuINnGLINGAN, Java (Horsfield).

AneKa ANGKA, Sumatra (Raffles).

Marrer Sre-cawan, Malays (Cantor).

Adult males from Malacca, and adult and young of both sexes
from Pinang.

In plumage this species is like H. albirostris (Shaw), but with
the four lateral pairs of tail feathers wholly white in adults (in
the young these are black at base), and the middle pair tipped with
white.

Bill and casque vellowish-white, the latter with a black patch,
as in HZ. albirostris. ‘‘ Naked space round the eyes and sides of
throat bluish-white.”’— Dr. Cantor.

131. HypRrocisSA MALAYANA.
Buceros malayanus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 292 (1822);

449

Temminck, Text de Pl. Col.; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 995;
xviii. p. 803; Catal. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 43.

Hydrocissa malayana, Bonap. C. G. Ay. p. 90; Moore, Catal.
Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 592.

Buceros anthracinus, Temm. Text. de Pl. Col. 529.

Buceros bicolor, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 104; Blyth, J. A. S.
Beng. xi. p. 995.

Buceros elliotti, Hay, Madras Journ. xiii. pt. 2. p. 152.

Quay Quay, Malays (Eyton).

Martree SEE-Cawan, Malays (Cantor).

Two female specimens from Province Wellesley, Malacca.

In the presumed immature male the plumage is wholly glossy-
black, excepting a superciliary coronal circle and tips of the four
outer tail-feathers, which are white ; the bill and casque are spotless
yellowish-white, excepting the base of the former and hindmost part
of the latter, which are black ; the casque sloping gradually in front
to the curvature of the bill. Length of wing 10} inches ; of tail 125
inches, its outer feather 3 inches less ; bill from gape 4? inches, from
hindmost part of casque to point of bill, im a straight line, 6 inches,
height from chin to top of casque 3 inches.

Presumed adult female has the superciliary coronal circle repre-
sented by obscure silvery-greyish. Length of wing 133 inches; of
tail 16 inches; outermost feather 4 mches less; bill from gape 5}
to 6 inches ; length of casque 5 to 53 inches ; height from chin to
top of casque 3 to 3} inches.

The casque in this species is allied in shape to that of H. albi-
rostris and H. convexa, and is of a totally different form to that of
HI, nigrirostris.

The female, according to Dr. Cantor’s notes, has the “ Iris greyish-
brown. Bill yellowish-white or buff. Naked space round the eyes
livid. Feet black.”

132. HypROCISSA NIGRIROSTRIS.

Buceros nigrirostris, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xvi. p. 995 (1847) ;

xviii. p. 803; Catal. B. Mus. A. 8. Beng. p. 44.
_Hydrocissa nigrirostris, Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. EK. I. C. u.
p. 593.
Buceros malayanus, apud Lord A. Hay, Madras Jotrn, xiii. pt. 2.
5 NGike
: Quay Quay, Malays (Cantor).

Male and female obtained at Malacca.

Plumage in the presumed male glossy-greenish black, including
the chin and throat, which, and the underparts, are less glossy ; head
adorned with a broad yellowish-white superciliary coronal circle ;
tips of the four outer tail-feathers yellowish-white ; space round the
eyes and basal angle of lower mandible naked, and in the dry speci-
men yellowish. Presumed female as in male, excepting that the
superciliary circle is represented by obscure silvery-greyish. Bill
and casque blackish, “‘and in the young,” says Mr. Blyth, “ white,

No. 412.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

450

the form of the casque is low, thinly compressed towards the front,
and abruptly truncate anteriorly, with a longitudinal ridge on each
side in old birds, occasioning a broad shallow groove above and
another below it. Length about 29 inches; of wing 114 inches ;
tail to tip of middle feathers 13 inches ; to tip of outer feather 103
inches ; bill from gape 43 inches ; length of casque 3 inches; height
from chin to top of casque 24 inches. _

Mr. A. R. Wallace states, in a letter from Smgapore (Ann. Nat.
Hist. Feb. 1855), that “ B. nigrirostris is the female of B. malay-
anus, Rattles ; I satisfied myself of this fact from the dissection of
about a dozen specimens shot off the same tree.”

The bill and casque of B. malayanus are allied in form to the
corresponding parts of H. albirostris and H. convexus, Temm ; and
that of H. nigrirostris to that of the next species.

We have described these birds as male and female on the authority
of Dr. Cantor.

133. ANORRHINUS GALERITUS.

Buceros galeritus, Temm. Pl. Col. 520.

Hydrocissa galerita, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 90.

Anorrhinus galeritus, Reichenbach, Syst. Av. (1849); Moore,
Catal. Birds Mus. HK. 1. C. i. p. 594.

Buceros carinatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 187 (1845), xvi.

. 996.
Quay Quay, Malays (Cantor).

Colour green-glossed black, with the basal two-thirds of the tail
drab-coloured, the wing-feathers slightly margined paler : head fully
crested, composed of broad longish feathers. Throat naked, or
merely showing two single rows of ill-developed feathers along the
middle. Bill and casque black in the one sex, which seems always
to have the abdominal region pale; in the other yellowish-white,
with black along the summit of the casque nearly to the end, and
also occupying the basal two-thirds of the lower mandible, and the
tomiee of the upper one, and, according to Dr. Cantor’s MS. notes,
the ‘‘iris vandyke-brown ; naked space round the eyes, and pouch
black. Feet greenish-grey.”’ The casque is low, and with a keel-
shaped ridge, sloping off to the front.

“In a young specimen,” remarks Mr. Blyth, “the plumage is
quite similar to that of the adult, but has no trace of casque, and the
bill is nigrescent with a whitish ridge and tip.”

Several specimens obtained at Malacca.

134. BERENICORNIS COMATUS.

Buceros comatus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 339 (1822) ;
Schlegel et Miller, Verh. Naturl. Gesch. Aves, p. 29. t. 4; Temm.
Text. de Pl. Col. ; Hay, Madras Journ. xiii. pt. 2. p. 149; Blyth,
J. A. 8. Beng. xvi. p. 996. t. 44. f. 2 2.

Berenicornis comatus, Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 91; Moore, Catal.
Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 594.

Buceros lugubris, Begbie, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 405.

451

A single specimen of the female obtained at Malacca.

In this species the adult males have the finely plumed head, neck,
breast, abdomen, tail, and tips of the wings pure white ; the remainder
being black, a little tinged with brown upon the back: whereas the
females have the neck, breast, and abdomen, also black. MRafties
described the young male only with “back, wings, and tail, of a
dark brown ; the belly of the same colour, mixed with white ; and
the wing- and tail-feathers all tipped with white at their points.”
Colour of the beak and casque dusky, the former laterally whitish
towards its base. ‘Throat moderately well feathered.

Size rather large, intermediate to B. pica and B. rhinoceros, with
proportionally long and broad cuneated tail.

Inhabits the Malayan Peninsula and Sumatra.

135. RHYTICEROS PLICATUS.

Buceros plicatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 146 (Levaillant, Ois. d’ Afr.
t. 239 3).

Rhyticeros plicatus, Reichenbach, Syst. Av. (1849); Moore,
Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 598.

Calao plicatus, Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 90.

Buceros obscurus, Gmelin.

Buceros undulatus, Shaw (Levaill. Ois. d’ Am. et Ind. t. 20, 21 2);
Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 175.

Buceros javanicus, Shaw (Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 22, jun.).

Buceros javanus et niger, Vieillot.

Buceros annulatus, Drapiez.

Buceros pusaran, Raffies, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 293; Blyth,
J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 990;. xvi. p. 998.

Wreathed Hornbill, Lath. Syn. i. p. 358.

Adult and young male and female obtained at Pinang.

“Male with the medial part of the crown and the whole occiput
and nape dark rufous bay, or deep marronne, and the sides of the
head and neck, with the front of the latter glistening yellowish-
white ; all the other parts are greenish-glossed black, except the tail,
which is buffy-white. Bill yellowish-white, the basal portion of
both mandibles dark reddish-brown laterally, with a series of narrow
transverse, whitish ridges, nearly similar to those of Rhyticeros
cassidix ; the casque is scarcely elevated above the outline of the
rest of the upper mandible, but is broad and flat above, having a
series of narrow transverse plaits, the intervals between which are
nearly filled up with a brownish substance, so that the profile is
almost even, and towards the front is quiteso. Length above 3 feet ;
of wing 19 inches ; tail 103 inches ; bill to gape 7% inches, and with
casque 3 inches high, the latter nearly 2 inches broad.”’

<The female has the head and neck also black, and is smaller in
size. In the full-grown young, the lateral ridges of the bill do not
appear,’ remarks Mr. Blyth, ‘till after three or four corrugations
are exhibited on the casque, prior to which the bill much resembles
that of B. nipalensis Hodgs., of corresponding age, except that the
bulge in place of the casque is more decided.”

452

Dr. Cantor states that “the male has the bill [yellowish] white.
Iris pale crimson. Gular pouch rich gamboge yellow. Feet blackish,
and the female has the iris narrow, golden round the pupil, the rest
golden vandyke. LEyelids brick-colour. Pouch dirty azure, with
two transverse black lines. Feet blackish-grey. The young male
has the iris mother o’pearl colour. Bill yellow at the point, and
bluish-green at the base. Space round the eyes and pouch yellow,
with the transverse black bars indistinct. Feet bluish-black.”’

Inhabits Sylhet, Arracan, Tenasserim Provinces, Malayan Penin-
sula, and Sumatra. The Rev. J. Barbe states (J. A. S. Beng. x.
p- 922) that “both this species and Rk. subruficollis, Blyth, are very
common in the Tenasserim provinces, associating in flocks of a dozen
or twenty birds, but the two species do not mingle in the same
flock.”

R. subruficollis Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 1843, p. 177, may be di-
stinguished from R. plicatus by its much inferior size, though, the
wings and tail being proportionally longer, the difference in actual
admeasurements is not great, though that of the weight would be
considerable; the casque is also much more elevate and highly convex,
instead of being flattened above ; there are also no lateral transverse
ridges at the basal part of the mandibles. ‘In the living bird,”
says the Rev. J. Barbe, ‘the naked skin of the throat and around
the eyes is of a beautiful blue, instead of yellow, as in R. plicatus.”
Length about 32 inches ; of wing 163 inches ; tail 93 inches ; bill to
gape 64 inches, and with its casque nearly 3 inches high, of which
the latter occupies a full inch; it is also broad behind, becoming
gradually narrower to the point, whereas that of R. plicatus is much
more uniform in its breadth throughout.

156. Psirrinus MALACCENSIS.

Psittacus malaccensis, Lath.* Ind. Orn. i. p. 130 (1790) ; Swains.
Zool. Ill. t. 154.

Psittinus malaccensis, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xi. p. 789 (1842) ;
Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 608.

Psittacus incertus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. t. 769.

Agapornis azureus (Temm.), Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 6.

Psittacula reticulata, Lesson.

Tana, Malays.

Male : crown, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright purplish smalt-
blue, passing into greyish on the nape, and then to greyish-dusky
on the back; under-parts yellowish-olivaceous, the medial portion
being tinged with brownish-ruddy, and edged with bluish ; lower
tail-coverts yellowish-green, tipt with blue; tibial plumes mingled
blue and green; uropygials deep green; and the rest of the tail-:
feathers yellow, more or less green-edged ; wing-feathers deep green,
margined with yellowish on the coverts, except those of the primaries,
secondaries, tertiaries, speculars, and shoulder, which are bluish or

* But not of Gmelin.

453

purple; extreme edge of shoulder yellowish-green; wing-spot marrone,
and the coverts underneath the wing and axillaries crimson.

Female: crown greenish-marrone, on the forehead lighter and
bluish, passing on the nape to the deep green of the back ; the blue
of the rump and upper tail-coverts is tinged with bright green ; sides
of face intermixed yellowish-marrone ; throat greenish-yellow; under-
parts light-green ; wing, wing-spot, under wing-coverts, and axillaries
as in male.

Young : lighter green, yellowish beneath, and more broadly mar-
gined with yellow on the wings ; forehead and rump bluish ; upper
tail-coverts bright green; wing-spot, under wing-coverts, and axillaries
as in adults.

The upper mandible in the male is bright coral-red, paler at the
tip ; the under mandible dusky, in female lighter ; in the young
yellowish-white ; and, according to Dr. Cantor’s notes, ‘‘ has the
inner ring of the iris greenish, outer ring pale yellow ; feet dark
green.”

From Pinang.

137. PALZORNIS TORQUATUS.

Psittaca torquata, Brisson (Lear, Psitt. t. 33).
From Pinang.

138. PALHZORNIS LONGICAUDA.

Psittacus longicaudus, Boddeert, Tabl. des Pi. Enl. d’Aub. p. 53
(1783); Gould, Birds of Asia, 1853, plate.

Psittacus malaccensis, Gmelin.

Pal. erythrogenys, Lesson (nec Blyth, nec Fraser).

Adult and young from Pinang and Malacca.

The young has the plumage yellowish-green, darkest on the
crown, and palest beneath ; a still darker green moustachial streak ;
space before the eye, slightly above, broadly beneath, and on lower
part of ear-covert ferruginous, intermixed with greenish-yellow ;
upper part of ear-covert green, slightly tinged with verditer ; wings
above yellowish-green, and having the primaries, secondaries, portion
of tertiaries, and speculars indigo-blue on their outer webs, and the
three former narrowly edged with yellow ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries green ; rump bluish-green, upper tail-coverts yellowish-
green ; tail above green, tinged with indigo-blue, and edged with
yellowish-green, beneath dusky golden-yellowish ; upper mandible
red, pale at tip ; under mandible also pale.

Length 8 inches, of wing 52 inches; tail 3 inches, its outermost
feather 1 inch less; tarsus ;5 inch; outer fore-toe ;,; inch; ditto
with claw 14 inch.

139. PAL#ORNIS CANICEPS.

Paleornis caniceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. pp. 23, 51, 368 (1846) ;
id. xix. p. 233; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ui. p. 621;
Gould, Birds of Asia, 1857, plate.

454

Male: general colour vivid yellowish-green, with the winglet and
base of the secondaries indigo-blue, and the medial portion of the
secondaries inclining to emerald-green ; primaries black, the longest
tinged with indigo towards the base ; cap grey ; a broad black frontal
band, continued to the eyes, and a broad black moustache, with some
black feathers also on the throat; above the moustache, between it
and the frontal band, the feathers are of the same grey colour as
those of the crown ; tail green above, with some blue on its middle
feathers, and dull golden-yellowish below ; upper mandible coral-red,
tip white ; lower mandible black. The female differs in having the
head less pure grey, and the bill is wholly black, and the primaries
dull black, margined with dark grass-green. Length of female
about 20 inches, of which the middle tail-feathers occupy 93; of
wing 7 inches. -

The female has the ‘‘iris golden-yellow ; bill black ; feet blackish-
grey.’—Cantor’s Notes.

A single female from Pinang, being the only example that has
as yet been brought to Europe. Inhabits also the Nicobar Islands.

140. LoricuLUS GALGULUS.

Psittacus galgulus, Linn. (Pl. Enl. 190; Edw. B. t. 293. f. 2).
SEREN-DAK, Sindada, Malacca.

From Malacca.

141. Eos rusBRA.

Psittacus rubra, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 335 (Pl. Enl. 519; Edw. B.
t. 173; Le Vaill. Perr. t. 93, 94).

Locality not stated.

142. MrGALAIMA CHRYSOPOGON.
Bueco chrysopogon, Temm. Pl. Col. 285.
Malacca.

143. MrGALAIMA VERSICOLOR.

Bucco versicolor, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 284 (1822).
Bucco rafflesi, Lesson, Rev. Zool. (1839) p. 137.

Taxoor, Malays.

From Pinang and Malacca.

144. MrGALAIMA MYSTACOPHANOS.

Bucco mystacophanos, 'Temm. Pl. Col. 315.
Bueco quadricolor, Kyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 105.
Taxoor Capata Cuntne, Malays.

From Malacca.

145. MrGaLaAIMA INDICA.

Bucco indicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. p. 205 (1790).
Megalaima philippensis auctorum.

Bucco raffiesius, Boie (nec Lesson).

Cuanpa, Malays of Sumatra (Raffles).

From Keddah and Province Wellesley, Malacca.

459

146. MrGALAIMA DUVAUCELLI.

Bucco duvaucelli, Lesson, Tr. d’Orn. p. 164 (1831).

Bucco trimaculatus, Gray, Zool. Mise. (1832) p. 3. t. 3.

Bucco frontalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 536. f. 1; Guérin, Icon. Reg.
Anim. Aves, t. 34.

Bucco australis apud Raffles.

Bucco cyanotis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. (1847) p. 465, variety.

Tanpa or Tanuax, Malays.

Adult and young from Malacca.

Inhabits the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, with a variety in
Arracan, and Tenasserim, having the ear-coverts of the same ver-
diter-blue as the throat, and the crimson spots much weaker.

147. MeGALORHYNCHUS HAYI.

Bucco hayii, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 33 (1832).
Micropogon fuliginosus, Temm. Text. de Pl. Col.
Megalorhynchus spinosus, Eyton, P. Z.S. 1839, p. 106.
Bucco lathami apud Raffles.

Arr1ko Bering, Malays (Hyton).

Unxor Besga, Pinang (Dr. Cantor).

Malacca.

148. HemicerRcus CONCRETUS.

Picus concretus, Reinwardt, Temm. Pl. Col. 90, f. 1, 2.
Dendrocopus sordidus, Kyton, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 229.
Picus hartlaubii, Malherbe, MS. Mus. Ind. House.

Malacca.

149, ReEINWARDTIPICUS VALIDUS.

Picus validus, (Reimwardt) Wagler, Syst. Av. Pic. sp. 13 (1827);
Temm. Pl. Col. 378 ¢, 402 @.

Adult and young from Malacca.

150. MuLLERIPICUS PULVERULENTUS.

S Picus pulverulentus, Temm. Pl. Col. 389; Less. Tr. d’Orn.
p: 222.

@ Picus mackloti, Wagler, Syst. Av. Pict. sp. 4 @is27)):

¢ Picus javensis (2, nec ¢), Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.
p- 176.

S Picus horsfieldii (2, nec 3), Wagler, Syst. Av. Pic. sp. 5.

Pinang.

‘‘ Bill, iris, and feet blackish.” —Cantor’s Notes.

151. MuLLERIPICUS JAVENSIS.

Picus javensis ( d, nec @ ), Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 175
(1821).

Picus leucogaster, Reinwardt, Temm. Pl. Col. 501.
Picus horsfieldii (3, nec 2), Wagler.

456

Picus crawfurdii, J.B. Gray, Griff. An. Kingd. Aves, i. p. 513, fig.
Guuatou, Malays.
Malacca.

152. CHRYSOCOLAPTES SULTANEUS.

Picus sultaneus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 105 (1837).

Picus strenuus (Gould), McClelland, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 165.

Picus strictus apud Jerdon et Blyth.

From Pinang.

Also inhabits India generally, chiefly the hill-forests, being rare
in the plains ; also Assam, Bootan, Sylhet, Arracan, Tenasserim, and -
Malayan peninsula southward as far as Malacca.

153. CHRYSONOTUS INTERMEDIUS.

Tiga intermedia, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xiv. p. 193 (1845).

Picus Tiga apud J. BE. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. t. 30. f. 2.

From Pinang.

Intermediate in size between C. shorei, Vig., and C. tiga, Horsf.
Common also in Nepal, Assam, Sylhet, Tipperah, Arracan, Tenas-
serim, and Southern India.

154. Curysonotus (?) RAFFLESI.

Picus rafflesii, Vigors, App. Memoir, Raffles, p. 669 (1829);
Strickl. P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 103.

Picus labarum, Lesson.

Tiga amictus, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 441.

Malacca. Also inhabits Sumatra.

155. VENILIA PUNICEA.

Picus puniceus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 170 (1827) ;
Temm. Pl. Col. 423.

Malacca.

The figure in Temminck’s Pl. Col. is that of the male bird, the
female differing only in the absence of the crimson whiskers. Inhabits
the Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Java.

156. VENILIA MINIATA.

Picus miniatus, Forster, Ind. Zool. p. 14. t.4; J. E. Gray, III.
Ind. Zool. i. t. 30. f. 1.

Picus malaccensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 241.

Guato Merra, Malays.

Malacca.

157. VENILIA MENTALIS.

Picus mentalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 384.

Picus gularis, Wagler, Syst. Ay. Pict. sp. 89 (1827).
Malacca.

457

158. VENILIA MELANOGASTRA.

Picus melanogaster, Hay, Madras Journ. Lit. & Sci. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 153 (1844).

Pieus rubiginosus, Eyton, Ann. N. H. 1845, p. 229.

Guato Gapine, Malays (Cantor).

Malacca.

159. MicRopTERNUS BADIUS.

Picus badius, Rattles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 289 (1821).
Pieus brachyurus, Vieill. Nat. Dict. xxvi. p. 103.

Picus pheopus, Malherbe, MS. Mus. Ind. House.

Guato Auszos, Malays.

Malacca.

“Tris, bill, and feet black.’’>—Cantor’s Notes.

160. MErIGLYPTES TRISTIS.

Picus tristis, Horsf. Trans, Linn. Soe. xii. p. 177 (1821).
_ Picus poicilophus, Temm. Pl. Col. 197. f. 1.

Guato Bawan, Malays.

Pinang and Malacca.

161. MEIGLYPTES BRUNNEUS.

Hemicercus brunneus, Kyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 106.
Guiato Eram, Malays.
Malacca.

162. Prcus MOLUCCENSIS.

Picus moluccensis, Gmel. 8S. N. i. p. 439 (Pl. Enl. 748. f. 2).

Tripsurus auritus, Kyton, Ann. N. H. 1845, p. 229.

Malacca. Inhabits the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Java.

As compared with the Indian species (P. variegatus, Wag].
figured in Gray’s Ul. Ind. Zool.), this has rather larger bill and feet ;
the crown is darker coloured, passing to blackish, or deeply infus-
cated, on the occiput and median line of nape ; the wings are shorter,
and there is a difference in the barring of the tail-feathers, and in
the form of the tips of the more outer ones, which in the Indian
bird are more rounded, or somewhat truncated, with a slight emargi-
nation at the tip of the shaft ; while in the Malayan bird they atte-
nuate, and are obtusely pointed ; the white bars also assume more the
appearance of transverse bands in the Malayan species, and of
separated round spots in the Indian, while the outermost feather is
in the former tipped with white, and the penultimate has an all but
terminal white bar, both these feathers in the Indian bird being
broadly black-tipped, with a more interrupted white bar above.

163. CENTROPUS VIRIDIS.
Cuculus viridis, Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub. (1786),
Cuculus bengalensis, Gmel. 8S. N. 1. p. 412 (1788).

458

Centropus affinis 3 et C.lepidus 2, Worsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xin.
p- 180.
Pinang and Malacca.

164. PH@NICOPHAUS CURVIROSTRIS.
Cuculus curvirostris, Shaw, Nat. Misc. t. 905.
Kapo Besar, Malays.

Malacca. A common species at Malacca.

165. ZANCLOSTOMUS JAVANICUS.

Phenicophaus javanicus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 178 ;
id. Zool. Res. in Java, t. 57.

Kaka Arte, Malays.

Malacca.

166. ZANCLOSTOMUS SUMATRANUS.

Cuculus sumatranus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 287
Phenicophaus crawfurdii, J.E.Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 3. t. 2
Malacca.

1821).
1832).

167. ZANCLOSTOMUS DIARDi.

Melias diardi, Lesson, Tr. d’ Orn. (1831) p. 132.
Capvow Kacuie, Malays.

Malacca.

168. RHINORTHA CHLOROPHAA. |

2 Cuculus chloropheus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 288
(1821).

3 Rhinortha caniceps, Vigors.

2 Coccyzus badius, J. E. Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 3. t. 1 (1832).

@ Phenicophaus viridirostris, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 105.

SLAyA, SEE-Saya, Malays.

Pinang and Malacca.

169. PoLYPHASIA MERULINA.
Cuculus merulinus, Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub. (1786) ;

Sonnerat’s Voy. t. 81.
Cuculus flavus, Gmel. (Pl. Enl. 814).

Pinang.

“ Tris pale lake-colour ; legs pale orange.”—Cantor’s Notes.
170. PoLyPHASIA TENUIROSTRIS.

Cuculus tenuirostris, J. E. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 34. f. 1 (1833).
Pinang.

171. PoLYPpHASIA SONNERATI.

Cuculus sonneratii, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 215 (1790).

Cuculus pravata, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 179.
Cuculus venustus, Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. et Sc. xi. pt. 2.

p. 140.
Malacca.

459

172. CoccysTES COROMANDUS.

Cuculus coromandus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 171 (Pl. Enl. 274. f. 1).
Cuculus collaris, Vieillot (Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afr. t. 213).
Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.

Pinang.

173. SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS.

Cuculus lugubris, Horsfield (Zool. Res. in Java, t. 58).
Cuculus albopunctatus, Drapiez.

Malayan Drongo-Cuckoo.

Malacca.

174. Hirrococcyx VARIUS.

Cuculus varius, Vahl (Strickland, Ann. N. H. xviii. p. 399).
Cuculus fugax, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 178 (1821).
Cuculus lathami, J. KE. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 34. f. 2.

C. nisicolor, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 943.

Malacca.

175. ? CucULUS STRIATUS.

Cuculus striatus, Drapiez, Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat.
Cuculus micropterus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 137.
Young specimens, Malacca.

176. CHryYsOcoccyYyxX MALAYANUS.

Cuculus malayanus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 286 (1821).
Cuculus lucidus apud Temm. PI. Col. t. 102. f. 1.
Malacca.

177. EUDYNAMYS ORIENTALIS (Linn.).
Adult and young, Malacca.

178. HARPACTES DUVAUCELI.

Trogon duvaucelii, Temm. Pl. Col. 291 ; Gould, Monogr. Trog.
oe
: Trogon rutilus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. 2ud ed. viii. p.313;
Le Vaill. Hist, Nat. des Cour. t. 14.

Harpactes duvauceli, Gould, Birds of Asia, 1859.

Trogon kasumba (jun.), Raffles.

Rameusa, Malays.

Malacca (Cantor).

Male: head and throat jet black ; breast, under-surface, rump,
and upper tail-coverts fine scarlet ; back reddish cinnamon brown ;
wings black, coverts and secondaries crossed by numerous white
lines ; primaries margined basally externally with white ; two medial
rectrices dark cinnamon brown, tipt with black; the two next blackish-
brown ; the three outer being blackish-brown at the base, and largely
tipt. with white. Female differs in having the head dark-brown ;
back dark cinnamon-brown, lighter and suffused with scarlet on the

460

rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts crossed with ochreous
lines ; under surface orange-brown, washed with scarlet on the
abdomen and under tail-coverts.

179. HARPACTES KASUMBA.

Trogon kasumba (adult), Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 282
1821).
ee fasciatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 321.
Trogon temminckii, Gould, Monogr. Trog. t. 29.
Harpactes kasumba, Gould, Birds of Asia, 1856.
Burone Kasumsa, Malays.
Malacca.

180. HARPACTES DIARDI.

Trogon diardi. Temm. Pl. Col. 541.
Harpactes diardi, Gould, Monogr. Trog. t. 30.
Malacca.

181. ARACHNOTHERA FLAVIGASTRA.

Anthreptes flavigaster, Kyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 105.

Arachnothera flavigastra, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 981; xiv.
p- 997; xv. p. 43.

Arachnoraphis flavigaster, Reichenbach (1854).

Curicuap Rimsa, Malays (Eyton).

CoLreecuap PancGone, Malays (Blyth).

Curecuurp Basar, Malacca.

From Malacca.

Length about 8 inches; of wing 4 ; tail 2; bill to forehead 13;
and tarse 4 ths.

182. ARACHNOTHERA CHRYSOGENYS.

Arachnothera chrysogenys, Temm. Pl. Col. 388. f. 1 (1826).
Arachnothera flavigenis, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 329 (1837).
Certhia longirostra, apud Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 167.
Prit-Anpun, Java (Horsf.).

Srap JANTUNG, Sumatra (Raffles).

Remark.—A. chrysogenys and A. flavigastra are allied, but the
former is much less in size, and the latter has a broad circle of yel-
low feathers surrounding the eye, in addition to the ear-tuft ; whereas
A. chrysogenys is naked under the eye, and has a semicircle of yei-
low feathers above it.

183. ARACHNOTHERA MODESTA.

Anthreptes modesta, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 105.

Arachnothera modesta, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 981.

Arachnothera latirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 982 (1843).

Cuicuar Niro, Malays (Eyton).

Upper-parts bright yellowish olive-green, the lower pale ashy-
green, and obscurely striated ; lower tail-coverts tipped with whitish ;

461

tail with a subterminal dusky band, all but the medial two pairs
having a well-defined pure white spot near the extremity of the
outer web, successively larger to the outermost. Bull dusky-brown,
pale below. Feet yellowish. Length 6 inches ; of wing 27; middle
rectrices 13 inch, the outermost feore 3 less; bill to forehead 12
inch ; tarse 5 inch.

Malacca.

184. AXTHOPYGA SIPARAJA.

3 Certhia siparqa, Raftles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 299 (1822);
Vigors, Mem. Rafiles, p. 673.

Nectarinia siparqja, Jardine, Nat. Libr. Nect. pp. 235, 273.

Nectarinia mystacalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 126. f.3 6; Miiller, Verh.
Naturl. Gesch. Ned. Ind. Zool. Aves, p. 54. pl. 9. f. 192.

3 Nectarinia lathami, Jardine, Nat. Libr. Nect. pp. 233, 268

1842).
Sipa-Rajsa, Sumatra (Rafiles).

Sir Stamford Raffles in his description of this species evidently
omitted describing the rump as yellow. This I find is the case upon
examining a typical drawing from his collection, and also specimens
before me from Pinang.

Jardine’s description of N. lathami certainly agrees with this spe-
cies, both in the colour of the crown, and deep yellow of the rump,
and in the gradation of the tail-feathers ; but I have still some doubt
about Temminck’s N. mystacalis.

Pinang.

185. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS.

Certhia malaccensis, Scopoli, Del. Flore et Faune Insub. (1786) ;
Sonn. Voy. pl. 116. f. 1.

Anthothreptes malaccensis, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 104.

Certhia lepida, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. pl. 35 (1787).

Nectarinia lepida, Temm. Pl. Col. 126. f. 1, 2.

Nectarinia javanica, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 167 (1820).

Cinnyricincla gavanica, Reichenbach (1854).

PrIT-GANTIL, Java (Horsf.).

From Malacca and Pinang.

Inhabits the Burmese and Malay countries, Java, Sumatra, Borneo,
and Macassar (Wallace).

186. ANTHREPTES HYPOGRAMMICA.

3 Nectarinia hypogrammica, Miller, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Ind.
Zool. Aves, p. 63. pl. 8. f. 3 (1839-44).

2 Anthreptes macularia, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 107 (1842).

3 Anthreptes nuchalis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 980 (1843).

Hypogramma nuchalis, Reichenbach (1854).

Upper parts rich dark olive-green; the tail dusky, its outer
feathers successively more broadly margined with whitish, chiefly
on their inner webs; base of hind-neck and the upper tail-coverts
(of the male only) brilliant steel-blue ; under-parts streaky, each

462

feather being broadly marked with dark olive-green along the middle,
and laterally margined with pale sulphur-yellow, brightest on the
belly. Bull dedse brown. Legs leaden-colour. Leng about 53
inches ; of wing 22; tail 12; bill to forehead above £; and but little
curved ; and tarse 2 2 cack

From Pinang.

Inhabits the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

187. CyRTOSTOMUS FLAMMAXILLARIS.

Nectarinia fammacillaris, Blyth, J.A.S. Beng. xiv. p. 557 (1845);
xv. p. 370.

Nectarinia jugularis apud Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 979.

Male. Colour of the upper-parts dull olive-green, brightening a
little on the rump; beneath moderately bright chrome-yellow ; and
the axillary tuft intense yellow, with flame-colour anteriorly ; throat
and front of neck very dark glossy purple, margined laterally and
at the gorget with bright steel-purple, below which is a narrow cross-
band of dark red.

Female. Colours similar, except in wanting the axillary tuft, and
having the throat and fore-neck yellow, like the rest of the lower-
parts. ‘Tail blackish, its outermost feathers tipped with pure white,
this SHOE decreasing in quantity on the two or three next.

Length 41; wing 24; tail 12; bill to forehead 3; tarse 4 inch.

A presumed young male has the chin and middle of neck to breast
dark glossy purple, with a few steel-blue feathers laterally from the
chin, the sides of the neck from base of bill being yellow ; no flame-
coloured axillary tuft.

From Pinang. Also inhabits Arracan and Tenasserim.

188. LeEPTOCOMA HASSELTI.

Nectarinia hasseltii, Temminck, Pl. Col. 376. f.3; Jardine, Nat.
Libr. Nect. pp. 218, 262. pl. 22; Miller et Schlegel, Verh. Nat.
Gesch. Zool. Aves, p. 59. pl. 10. f.59.

Leptocoma hasselti, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 104.

Certhia brasiliana, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 257.

Certhia sperata apud Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 298.

Nectarinia phayrei, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xi. p. 1008 (1843).

CuIRICHIT, CHECHAP seu SiAp, Sumatra (Raffles).

Male. Crown brilliant golden-green ; cheeks, sides and back of
neck, interscapularies, and wings, deep black; tail also black, but
richly glossed with purple ; scapularies, rump, and upper tail-coverts
brilliant steel-blue ; throat and fore-neck splendid amethystine-
purple ; breast and “flanks anteriorly rich dark red, posteriorly with
the vent and under tail-coverts dull greyish-black.

Female. Upper-parts including the shoulder and upper tail-
eoverts dull olive-green ; crown tinged with grey ; wings dusky-
black, the larger range of wing-coverts margined with grey, the
primaries with cimnamon-yellow ; tail blue-black ; cheeks, throat,

463

and breast, dull greenish-yellow ; abdomen and under tail-coverts
pale yellow, the abdomen more or less tinged with dark chrome-
yellow. Length 32 inches; wing 14 inch; tail 11 inch; bill to
forehead 4 inch.

Obtained plentifully at Pinang and Malacca. Also inhabits
Borneo, Sumatra, Tenasserim, and Arracan.

189. CHALCOPARIA PH@NICOTIS.

ee phenicotis, Temm. Pl. Col. 108. f.1 3. 388; f. 29
RS 2p):

Anthreptes phenicotis, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 979 (1843) ;
RAV O07

Nectarinia cingalensis, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 99.

Chaleoparia cingalensis, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 103.

? Motacilla cingalensis, Gmel. S, N. i. p. 964 (Brown’s Ill. pl. 32).

Male. Upper-parts glossy bronzed-green, including the crown
and wing-coverts ; upper tail coverts glossy-green, without the
bronzing ; rest of the wings and tail dusky, the latter margined
exteriorly with shining-green, and the secondaries and tertiaries
with faint purple ; throat, fore-neck, and breast, light-ferruginous ;
the rest of the under-parts bright yellow ; ear-coverts amethystine,
passing into ruby-red on the sides of the neck, and separated from
the hue of the throat by a stripe of glossy purple; bill dull black ;
legs greenish.

Female. Upper-parts glossless olive-green, tinged with grey ;
throat and breast as in male, but paler; under-parts dull greenish-
yellow ; wings and tail margined with aureous-green. The young
resemble the female, except in the more downy texture of their
feathers, and the chestnut colour of the throat and breast is reduced
to a slight tinge.

Male, female, and young from Malacca.

Inhabits the Burmese and Malay countries.

190. PRIONOCHILUS PERCUSSUS.

Pipra percussa, Temminck, Pl. Col. 394. f. 2.
Prionochilus percussus, Strickl. P. Z.S. 1841, p. 29.
Diceum ignicapillum, Eyton, P. Z.S8. 1839, p. 105.
Natow, Malays (Eyton).

Adult male. Upper parts dull lavender-blue, the lower parts
bright yellow, passing to whitish on the lower tail-coverts ; a large
igneous-red spot on the vertex, and another along the centre of the
breast ; a white streak from the side of lower mandible, divided from
the yellow of the throat by another of lavender-blue. Primaries
narrowly margined with pale lavender-blue, secondaries with olive-
green, and the tertiaries with dull lavender-blue. Bull black above,
more or less whitish beneath, legs lead-coloured.

Young male. Upper-parts as in adult, but intermixed throughout
with olive-green, igneous spot on vertex smaller and less bright ;

464

wings margined with olive-green ; white streak from lower mandible
and under-parts paler and duller coloured, the igneous spot smaller.

Female. Olive-green above, paler and more yellowish below, with

ale yellow along the throat, and darker yellow along the breast ;

streak from bill whitish. Coronal spot igneous-yellow. In both
sexes the axillaries and under wing-coverts are pure white.

Length about 34 inches; wing 2 to 2% inches; tail 14 inch;
bill to gape ;2;; and tarse 3 inch.

Pinang and Malacca. Common.

19]. PRIONOCHILUS MACULATUS.

Pardalotus maculatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 600. f. 3.
Prionochilus maculatus, Strickl. P. Z. 8. 1841, p. 29.

Adult. Upper-parts olive-green, the igneous coronal spot pale ;
lores dull whitish ; a whitish streak from base of lower mandible
separating another of olive-green from the yellowish-white of the
middle of the throat ; under-parts yellow, brightest along the middle,
and streaked laterally with olive-green. Avxillaries and under wing-
coverts pure white. Size of P. percussus.

From Pinang and Malacca. Also inhabits Borneo.

192. BuTRERON CAPELLII.
Columba capellei, Temm. Pl. Col. 143; Knip. et Prev. Pig. t. 38.
Vinago capellei, Cuv. Rég. Anim. i. p. 492 (1829).

Toria capellei, Blyth, J. A.S. Beng. xiv. p. 848.

Vinago giganteus, Vigors, Zool. App. Mem. Raffles, p. 674.

Treron magnirostris, Strickland, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, p. 115.

Butreron capellii, Bonap. C. G. Av. il. p. 9.

From Pinang. :

In this species the beak is lengthened by the prolongation of its
soft and tumid basal portion, becoming, as remarked by Mr. Strick~
land, “‘ almost vulturine in form.”’

Iris blackish-brown ; bill pale yellow ; feet pale orange.—Cantor,

MS. Note.

193. TRERON NIPALENSIS.

Toria nipalensis, Hodgson, Asiat. Res. xix. p. 164. t. 9, fig. (1836) ;
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 847.

THorta (i. e. beaked), Nepal (Hodgson).

Krocna, Malays (Blyth).

Poonat Canto-ara, Malacca (Cantor).

Green, yellowish beneath and towards the tail ; crown ash-coloured ;
mantle of the male, deep marrone-red, and a faint tinge of fulvous
on the breast ; primaries and their larger coverts black, the latter
margined with yellow; middle tail-feathers green, the rest with a
blackish medial band, and broad grey tips ; lower tail-coverts cinna-
mon-coloured (more or less deep) in the male ; subdued white,
marked with green in the female. Bill greenish-white, with a large
vermilion spot occupying the membrane at the lateral base of the

465

mandibles ; legs also vermilion ; irides deep red-brown, with a blue
inner circle ; orbital skin bright green.

Length 102 by 17 inches; closed wing 53 inches.

Inhabits the central and lower hilly regions of Nepal, and more
abundantly those of Assam, and Arracan, spreading southwards to
the Tenasserim Provinces and Malayan Peninsula. It also occurs,
says Mr. Blyth, in the hilly districts of Bengal, but rarely strays
into the plains, though specimens are occasionally met with even
near Calcutta.

194. OsmMOTRERON VIRIDIS.

Columba viridis, Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub. p. 94 (1786);
Pl. Enl. 138; Sonn. Voy. t. 64, 65.

Columba vernans, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 789 (1788); Horsfield,
Raffles.

Treron vernans, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 851; Mosley et
Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 30.

Osmotreron vernans, Bonap. C. G. Av. ii. p. 12.

Col. purpurea, Gmel. (Brown’s Ill. pl. 18).

Kate ¢, Jowan 9, Java (Horsf.).

Poonat Crocut, Malays (HKyton).

Povye, Malays (Blyth).

Malacea and Pinang. Common.

195. OSMOTRERON OLAX.

3 Columba olax, Temm. Pl. Col. 241; Knip, et Prev. Pig. t. 12.
Osmotreron olax, Bonap. C. G. Av. i. p. 15.

SemBoan, Malays.

Malacca.

Male. The whole head, nape, throat, flanks, rump, and upper
tail-coverts ash-colour, palest on the forehead and throat; mantle
very dark marroon ; wings black, the larger coverts margined with
yellow ; tail ashy-black, each feather, except the two medial, with a
pale tip ; breast with a buff-orange patch, passing to green along the
middle of the abdomen; tarsal plumes, vent, and under tail-coverts
dark cinnamon, mingled on the former with ashy.

Female. Differs in having the forehead and crown only ash
coloured ; the upper parts being dark green, and the medial rectrices
above wholly green, with the two next also greenish basally along
the outer web ; throat pale ashy, passing to yellowish-green on the
breast and middle of abdomen, the sides of the latter, below the
ashy flanks, being dark green; tarsal plumes, vent, and under tail-
coverts cinnamon-white, mingled on the two former with dark green,
the latter dusky along the shafts.

Length about 8 inches, of wing 5 inches, tail 3 inches.

196. RAMPHICULUS JAMBU.

Columba jambu, Gmel.S. N. i. p. 784 (1788) ; Temm. Pig. t. 27,
28; Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 316.

No. 413.—PRoOcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

466

Poonat JAmBoo, Sumatra (Marsden; Raffles).
Poonar Gapine@, Malays (Eyton; Cantor).
From Pinang and Malacca.

Adult male. Head deep crimson, this “oloue extending fon the
front to the middle of the crown, behind the eyes, and across the ear-
coverts to lower part of the throat; a cinnamon-black stripe down
the throat ; hind part of the head, nape, and whole upper parts dark
green, but with a buffy caste of plumage; primaries black, their
outer webs dark greenish; secondaries and tips of primaries nar-
rowly margined exteriorly with buffy-white; tail green, exterior
feathers with the inner webs black, the whole with a broad pale ter-
minal band; hind part of ear-coverts, sides, and front of neck pure
white, passing to buffy-white along the sides of the breast and whole
of abdomen, the middle of the breast being of a beautiful suffused-
pink colour ; flanks and axillaries greyish-green ; under tail-coverts
deep cinnamon.

Female. Wholly green, with the crimson of the head and gular
stripe very dull and pale; abdomen mingled green and buff; under
tail-coverts paler.

Young male. Head and sides of throat greyish-green, gular stripe
dark cinnamon ; breast mingled green and pink ; abdomen and under
tail-coverts buff-white.

A still younger specimen is like the female, but has no trace of
crimson about the head; the throat being pale cinnamon-brown,

Length of adult about ¥ inches ; of wing 53; tail 33 inches.

197. CARPOPHAGA SYLVATICA.

Columba sylvatica, Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1. p.581 (1833).

Carpophaga sylvatica, Blyth, Journ. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 856;
Ann. N. H. xix. p. 52; Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 33; G. R. Gray, List
of Columb. Brit. Mus. p. 17.

Carpophaga enea of India, Auctorum.

Pinang.

“Tris and tarsus palpebrarum and feet crimson ; bill pale crimson,
apex light grey.”

198. MyRrisTICIVORA BICOLOR.

Columba bicolor, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Ins. p. 94 (1786); Sonn.
Voy. t. 103.

Myristicivora bicolor, Reichenbach, Bonap. C. G. Av. ii. p. 36.

Carpophaga myristicivora (Scop.), G. R. Gray.

Oolumba alba, Gmelin.

Columba litoralis, Temm. Pig. t. 7.

“Tris blackish-brown. Tarsus palpebrarum cobalt. Bill cobalt,
apex of mandibles black. Feet cobalt.”

Province of Wellesley.

199. GEOPELIA STRIATA.

Columba striata, Linn.S. N.i. p. 282 (1767); Edw. Birds, pl. 16.
Columba malaccensis, Gmelin.

467

Columba bantamensis, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. iii. t. 67 ; Horsfield
et Raffles.

Katitrran, Sumatrans (Raffles).

Pinang.

200. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA.

Columba indica, Linn. S. N.i. p. 284 (1767); Edw. B. pl. 14.

Columba javanica, Gmel. 8. N. 1. p. 781; Horsfield, Trans. Linn.
Soc. xiii. p. 183; Raffles, id. p. 317.

Columba ceruleocephala, Gmel.

Columba superciliaris, Wagler, Syst. Av. Col. sp. 80.

Monornis perpulchra, Hodgson.

Chalcophaps augusta, Bonap. C. G. Av. ii. p. 92.

Taxoat et Poonar TAnna, Malays.

From Pinang and Malacca. Identical with Indian and Javanese
specimens.

“Tris dark brown; bill light scarlet; feet pale lake.’’—Cantor’s
Notes.

201. TuRTUR TIGRINUS.

Columba tigrina, Temm. Pig. t. 43 (1808) ; Horsf. Trans. Linn.
Soe. xii. p. 183.

Turtur tigrinus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. pp. 263, 480.

Turtur chinensis (pt.), Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. 1. p. 63; G. R.
Gray, List of Columbee, Brit. Mus. p. 42.

Dero seu Derxuxu, Java (Horsfield).

Adult and young.

Specimens procured at Pinang and Malacca.

“This species resembles 7’. suratensis,’ says Mr. Blyth, ‘but
wants the pale vinaceous spots on the scapularies and wings, whilst
it retains the black mesial streaks, which are wanting in 7’. chinensis,
Scop. (Sonn. Voy. t. 102): there is also much less ash-colour on the
wings than in 7’. suratensis, but it is of the same size as the latter,
or much smaller than 7. chinensis (which last has also deep ash-
coloured lower tail-coverts).”’

5. REMARKS ON THE Hasirs or A HerrinG Guu (Larus
ARGENTATUS). By A. D. Bartuerr.

In calling attention to the singular and remarkable habits of a bird
of this species, permit me to give an extract from the ‘ Garden Guide’
of 1852, in order that the origin of this individual specimen may be
perfectly known.

“In the beginning of June 1850, a Herrmg Gull (Larus argen-
tatus) hatched out her young ones in the enclosure (No. 17), which
is overshadowed by two weeping ash trees. The male bird had
assisted her so constantly in incubation, that his strength gave way,

465

and he died just as the young birds were chipping out of the shell.
The female then became restless, left the eggs, and was only induced
to resume her place for the few hours which were necessary to com-
plete the hatch by the keeper having arranged the dead body of her
mate in counterfeit presentment of the position he generally took up
near her when not himself upon the eggs.””—Hztract from ‘ Garden
Guide,’ 1852

It will, I hope, be understood that the birds so hatched in 1850
were the parents of the individual whose habits I now wish to record.

This bird was one of two hatched about the latter end of May
1857, and was reared by its parents in the gardens, where it remained
during the summer and autumn of that year. At the commence-
ment of the winter he was in the habit of flying about (not having
been pinioned), and occasionally staying away a day or two, then
for a week or more, returning again generally about feeding-time,
and alighting among the other gulls and feeding with them. This
continued till the end of March 1858, at which time he disappeared.
Nothing more was seen or heard of him until the middle of November
1858, when, to the delight and astonishment of all who knew him,
he returned one afternoon at the usual time. Meeting the keeper with
the box of food, he followed him to the enclosure where he was
hatched, and settling down among the other gulls, took his dinner as
though he had never been away, not appearing the /east shy or wild.
Here he remained with his parents and the other gulls, occasionally
flying off for a day or two, until the beginnmg of February 1859.

He again departed and by many was given up for lost; others,
however, thought he might again return. And on the morning of
Saturday last, between eight and nine o'clock, we were gratified to
behold the long-lost Gull making his way to his old quarters much
improved in his appearance, having nearly completed his adult plu-
mage. He immediately came down and was greeted by his old friends,
who evidently recognized him. He appeared fatigued and hungry : I
sent for some food, and he came boldly towards us, and fed almost
from the hand. As soon as his appetite was satisfied, he walked about,
quite at home among the other gulls. Since Saturday I have seen
him flying now and then over the Gardens and Park, but returning
after a short flight.

In conclusion, I beg to say I am indebted to one of the Society’s
most careful and very intelligent keepers (B. Misselbrook) for some
of the facts which have enabled me to bring before you these very
interesting particulars.

6. ON THE MOST EFFICIENT MEANS OF PRESERVING THE EGes
or BIRDS IN ORDER THAT THEY MAY BE AFTERWARDS
HATCHED. By A. D. BAartuertt.

I believe there are but few persons who are quite satisfied by
seeing and examining the dried skins and feathers of birds.
The great desire, therefore, to see, or to possess, in a living state,

469

these wonderful and generally beautiful creatures, has led me to
consider the possibility of preserving their eggs for a sufficiently long
period to allow of their being brought from distant places and after-
wards hatched. We might thus be able to obtain some of the more
delicate species, and many perhaps that a long sea voyage would
prevent our obtaining by any other means.

The mere keeping fresh and sweet the eggs of birds has been ac-
complished in many ways: for instance, they will keep for a long
period imbedded in lime and water, or in fat or salt; but by these
means the vitality is destroyed. It appears to me, therefore, to be
essentially necessary, not only to prevent evaporation, but also to
keep the texture and surface of the shell in its pure and perfect con-
dition. To accomplish this object the eggs must be newly laid, or
nearly so, and the following is the best method of preserving them.

Obtam the gut of any animal whose intestine is large enough to
admit the egg intended to be preserved, and, having carefully cleaned
the gut and rendered it free from fat, dry it as much as possible in
powdered chalk or other earthy matter. Pass the egg into the gut,
tying it close to the shell at both ends of the egg, and hang it up in
a cool, dry place until it is quite dry. Two, three, or more eggs can
be tied in the same gut like a string of beads, or they can be tied
separately. When thoroughly dry, they may be packed up in a box
with oats, wheat, or any other dry grain or seeds, until the box is
quite full. The object in having the box full is for the great con-
venience of turning the eggs. This is accomplished by turning the
box bottom upwards, which should be done occasionally. Thus the
whole of the eggs may be effectually turned with very little trouble.
The eggs thus packed must be kept in a dry, cool place, and ought
not to be taken out or unpacked before the means are at hand for
hatching them. Upon wishing to place them under a hen, or other-
wise, if the dry gut be cut with a sharp knife, it will peel off without
in any way injuring the shell of the egg.

I was successful in hatching and rearing the young from some
eges kept three months in this manner, and I have no doubt that
under favourable cireumstances they may be kept for a longer period.

7, ON THE REPTILES AND FIsHES COLLECTED BY THE Rev. H.
B. Tristram 1n NortHernN Arrica. By Dr. A. GUNTHER,
For. Memes. Zoou. Soc.

(Pisces, Pl. IX.)

A small collection of Reptiles and Fishes, made by the Rev. H.
B. Tristram in the Desert, southwards of Algeria and Tunis, and
kindly forwarded by him for my examination, has served to give va-
luable information on the southward extent of several known species,
and proves to contain two others new to science. The collection is
composed of twelve Reptiles and two Fishes, most of the species
being represented by several specimens.

470

REPTILIA.
1. Chameleo vulgaris. 7. Scincus officinalis.
2. Tarentola mauritanica. 8. Gongylus ocellatus.
3. Uromastix spinipes. 9. Seps tridactylus.
4. Agama colonorum. 10. Coronella cucullata.
5. Lacerta ocellata. 11. Rana esculenta.
6. Zootoca deserti, n. sp. 12. Bufo viridis.

Pisczs.

1. Haligenes tristrami, n.sp. 2. Cyprinodon dispar.
I first proceed to give descriptions of the new species.

ZOoTOCA DESERTI, Gthr.

Diagnosis.—The posterior portion of the vertical shield very nar-
row, the width of the interorbital space being one-third only of that
of the superciliary plate. Twelve longitudinal series of rhombic
ventral shields. Above greenish-blue, reticulated with black.

Hab. N’Goussa, oasis between Waregla and the M’zab Country,
Southern Sahara.

Description.—This species may be readily distinguished from all
the other Lacerte and Zootoce by its very narrow interorbital space.
1. The rostral is obtusely conical. 2. The nostril is formed by three
plates: the superior nasal, which forms a suture with its fellow
behind the rostral, the first upper labial, and a single small posterior
nasal. 3. There are three frontal plates, a single anterior one, six-
sided, broader than long, with a longitudinal impression, and a pair
of posterior ones. 4. The vertical is cuneiform, its anterior portion
being broadest, with a longitudinal impression ; it tapers posteriorly,
and is very narrow between the orbits. 5. The occipital region is
covered by two pairs of plates, one pair behind the other ; there is
a small plate in the centre of their meeting angles ; the plates of the
anterior pair are triangular, those of the posterior quadrangular.
6. The roof of the orbit is formed by a pair of semi-elliptical super-
ciliaries, in front of which is a small triangular plate ; the orbital
margin itself is bordered by two series of very small scales. 7. One
loreal and one ante-orbital, the latter being bent on the upper surface
of the head, but not reaching to the vertical. The lower eyelid is
opaque and covered by very minute scales. ‘There is a long, low,
triangular plate below the eye (suborbital), interrupting the series of
the upper labials. 8. Four upper labials before, and four much
smaller ones behind the sub-orbital. 9. Six lower labials ; the chin-
shields are arranged as usually in the species of this genus, without
showing any peculiarity. 10. The upper portion of the cheeks is
granular, like the back ; the lower is covered with small plates.

The collar-fold is shallow, and formed by scales of moderate size ;
a very indistinct groove reaches from one ear to the other across the
throat. The upper and lateral parts of the extremities and of the
body are granular; the ventral shields are nearly regular rhombs-
and arranged in twelve longitudinal series. The space between the

471

symphysis and the vent is covered by rhombic scales, the medial
series of which contains the largest, the posterior being as large as
one of the ventral shields. The series of femoral pores meet at a
right angle.

The fore-leg reaches to the extremity of the snout, if laid forwards,
—the hind-leg nearly to the ear.

The ground-colour is bluish-green, the upper parts being reticu-
lated with black ; whitish spots appear on the hind-legs ; the lower
side white.

inches. lines.

Distalmengting 526 Wee ht otk Go cemsecthaeee ata oS
Distance between the extremity of the snout and
the tympanuii oon Sete este, elec sin OF 25
Distance between the tympanum and the vent .. 1 3
Weng thy of te ptailiy. .<nealsp ete oa wembas etiodelee Phas
Ofte: fone-leo acess HM /s iden lt O Rea
~ ofthemindlee ais afausital a: oe wile Baie ole Os

Hauicenss, Gthr.

Body compressed, rather elevated, covered with cycloid scales of
moderate size ; cheeks and opercles scaly ; lateral line interrupted.
One dorsal with fourteen spines; the anal with three. Each jaw
with a series of teeth, compressed and notched at the top ; a second
series of smaller ones in the upper jaw, separated from the anterior
by a groove; no teeth on the palate. The lower pharyngeal bone
triangular, with cardiform teeth. Branchiostegals five ; air-bladder
present.

This form belongs to the family Chromide, and may be distin-
guished from Chromis and Hemichromis, Peters, by the teeth, from
Sarotherodon, Riipp., by the scaliness of the opercles and by the
teeth, from Glyphisodon by the lateral line, &e.

HALIGENES TRISTRAMI, Gthr. (PI. IX. fig. B.)

Diagnosis.—B.5. WD. = A. =. V.1/5. Li. lat. 28. L. trans.

3/11. Body greenish, with seven or eight dark vertical bars; an
ovate black spot behind the last dorsal spine.
Hab. Salt Lake and ditches of Tuggurt, Eastern Sahara.

Description.—The body is compressed, of semielliptical form, its
greatest height, above the root of the ventral, being 34 in the total
length. The profile of the nape of the neck is curved, that of the
head straight, obliquely descending downwards. The profile of the
back is a slight curve, that of the belly nearly straight. The length
of the head is 32 in the total. It is covered with scales, except on
the snout, and on the preorbital, and on the preeopercular margin.
The snout is rather short, somewhat longer than the diameter of the
eye. The mouth is slightly oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly,
and with the upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. There is one nostril only on each side, situated
midway between the eye and the extremity of the snout. The eye
is placed high up the side, but it does not interfere with the upper

472

profile ; the length of its diameter is 4} in that of the head, and less
than the width of the infraorbital space, which is flat. The pre-
operculum is much higher than wide, with the posterior margin
vertical and with the inferior and the angle rounded. The margins
are entirely smooth, and there are no scales between them and the
fleshy portion of the cheeks. The operculum and suboperculum are
covered with large scales; the former is rounded posteriorly, the
latter has a shallow notch before the root of the pectoral.

The dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the base of the pectoral
and terminates in that from the twenty-second scale of the lateral
line. The upper margin is nearly straight, the soft portion, however,
being elevated ; it is entirely scaleless. The spines are of moderate
strength ; they increase in length from the first to the last, the length
of which is one-half that of the head. The membrane between them
emits a short filament behind every one. The anterior rays continue
to increase in length to the sixth, which forms the highest portion
of the fin, its length being four-fifths that of the head. The following
rays become rapidly shorter. The caudal is subtruncated and covered
with small scales at the base; its length is one fifth of the total. The
anal begins in the vertical from the second dorsal ray, and terminates
very little before the dorsal ; the margin of its soft portion is rounded ;
it is, like the dorsal, entirely scaleless ; the spines are stronger than
those of the dorsal; the third is the longest, its length being 2} in
that of the head. Of the rays, the third and fourth are the longest,
two-thirds the length of the head. The pectoral is composed of
fifteen rays, pointed, rather elongate, and reaching to the second anal
spine. The ventrals are inserted somewhat behind the pectorals,
and reach to the vent ; their spine is of moderate length and strength.

The scales are cycloid, rather higher than wide; one of the largest
covers two-thirds of the orbit. The lateral line originates in the
scapulary region, and runs from hence parallel to the dorsal lme ; it
approaches the end of the dorsal, where it ends. The posterior
part of the lateral line commences in the vertical from the third
dorsal ray, there being four longitudinal series above it, and runs
straight along the middle of the tail.

Both the jaws are armed with a series of teeth, slightly compressed
at the tip, and distinctly notched ; the tips are of brown colour. A
second series is separated from the first by a groove, in which the
mandibulary series is received. This second series is formed by very
small teeth, similar to the others. The palate and the tongue are
toothless. The lower pharyngeal bone is single, triangular, and
armed with small cardiform teeth.

There are four gills, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchize
none.

The ground-colour is greenish, shining silvery on the sides, and on
the belly. The body is crossed by four, the tail by three darker
bands ; there is another band across the neck, and a narrower one
between the orbits ; a dark streak between the eye and the posterior
extremity of the operculum. The vertical fins are transparent, with
indistinct, dark, oblique streaks ; an ovate black spot behind the base

473

of the last spine. The pectorals are colourless, with blackish root ;
ventrals blackish.
inches. lines.
Motalglen goths cra nr wat sail svlnt sho teomets sy merece an
1ESEING OU Oh Geaece Sead meceows cote co
Wencthyotstie, Neate amigo crete cies tral ie aters
Diameter othe eye reer icreir sts.
Length of the last dorsal spin

of the sixth dorsal ray Piet aoe
Om theyeartdaliy weet Senos Ho

]
l
0
0
1
1
== OF Che thindvanales.. isc «ci «a cose sy ausece ane 0
0
1
0
0
0

— of the fourth anal ray................
——— of the pectoral.............:.....4..
ofgienvembtal iif seh aster or lode cele
——-— ofa large scale ............2-+...--
Height of a large scale

—

—
WN wee OR ON bt

Blo

eose ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Ow

The intestines are not in a good state of preservation ; they make
many convolutions ; if there is a pyloric appendage, it must be a
single one. ‘The air-bladder is bifurcate anteriorly, each lobe being
continued to the skull. The development of the organs of repro-
duction shows the maturity of the specimens.

The ‘belief’? has been expressed that “the Algerian mammals
and reptiles are entirely distinct from those of the opposite coast*.”
Now, in the first place, naturalists never ought to ‘ believe,’ espe-
cially when it is easy to find the necessary information by per-
sonal examination or by consulting authorities on the subject. A
single glance at any of the herpetological accounts of Algeria would
have awakened considerable doubts in the mind of the reviewer of
Mr. Bree’s ‘Birds of Europe;’ for, as far as I am aware, every
Herpetologist’s opinion on the matter, gained from facts, has been,
and is, that the main body of the reptiles all round the shores of the
Mediterranean is entirely the same. So, for the information of those
who are not well acquainted with the geographical distribution of
reptiles, I add the following notes, which show that even of the spe-
cies collected by Mr. Tristram in more southern parts of the Sahara
than those which were visited by previous naturalists, not less than
seven are found on the European side, namely :—

Chameleo vulgaris, in Sicily and Spain, to 38° lat. N.

Tarentola mauritanica, Lacerta ocellata, Seps tridactylus, in
the islands and peninsulas of the Mediterranean and in the South
of France, to 43° lat. N.

Gongylus ocellatus, islands of the Mediterranean (Spain ?), to 42°
lat. N.

Rana esculenta, Europe ; Northern Asia to 60° lat. N.

Bufo viridis, Europe to Denmark and Sweden, to 60° lat. N.

Thus, by means of Mr. Tristram’s collection, our knowledge has
advanced one step further, as it is proved that the European Amphi-
bio-fauna extends beyond the Atlas towards the heart of the Desert.

* Tn the ‘ Ibis,’ a Magazine of General Ornithology, vol. i. pp. 93, 156, 157.

474

I, at least, am not able to point out any difference of the slightest
importance between European, Cis-Atlantean, and Trans-Atlantean
specimens in any single species. But, supposing there were persons
who had the hardiness to distinguish specifically these animals, what
other result would be gained for science than that of the existence
of two series of species (one north, the other south of the Medi-
terranean), so extremely similar, that, except from knowing the locality,
nobody could make them out? No peculiarity in the feature of the
North African fauna would be expressed by it, and North Africa
would continue to belong zoologically, and not merely ornithologically,
to the Palearctic Region. No other fact proves this so well as that
of the presence. of Tailed Batrachians in these countries.

If we ask for the boundary between the Faunas of the Palearctic and
Athiopian Regions, it is like the water-shed between the systems of two
rivers: tributaries of the one extend far within the reach of the other.
Nevertheless, we must draw such a line, and, the reptiles collected by
Mr. Tristram being identical with those north of the Atlas, it cannot
be found in the tract of those mountains, but it must be transferred
into the Desert itself*. Probably the Aithiopian fauna penetrates
into the Desert from the South, similarly as the European from the
North ; and some future attempt at a general account of the fauna
of the Sahara may be drawn up according to the three categories :—

1. Animals generically and specifically belonging to the Pale-
arctic Fauna.

2. Animals generically and specifically belonging to the Authiopian
Fauna.

3. Animals generically peculiar to the desert.

The new genus of fishes described above appears to belong to the
latter category. It is remarkable from its habitat in ditches the
water of which is impregnated with the salt of the desert. The
fishes most closely allied to it live in the seas round the coasts of
Africa, viz. Chromis in the Mediterranean, Sarotherodon and Hemi-
chromis on the coast of Guinea, Glyphisodon in the tropical seas of
the west and east. To judge from the description, we find a similar
fish, though certainly different, perhaps a Chromis, indicated by
Lacépeéde (Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv. p. 161), with the name of Sparus des-
fontaintt. It is said to be found in the warm springs of Cafsa near
Tunis, the water of which has a temperature of 30° R., and does not
contain mineral ingredients. He states further that the same species
is found in ordinary fresh water also at Tozzer. This would be not
improbable. The other fish, Cyprinodon dispar, found by Mr.
Tristram in the hot springs of Sidi Ohkbar, with a temperature of
80° F., and by Dr. Riippell+ in those of Tor (27° R.), lives also
in ordinary fresh waters of the oases of Egypt, of Abyssinia, and
Syriat. This is a viviparous fish.

* Cfr. Wallace in ‘ Ibis,’ 1859, p. 449.
t+ Ruppell, Atlas Fische, p. 66 (Ledias dispar).
{ Cuy. et Val. xvili. p. 161 (Cyprinedon lunatus and moseas).

475

8. Nores ON THE REPTILES AND FISHES OF THE SAHARA.
By THE Rev. H. B. Trisrram, F.L.S.

Uromastix spinieeEs, “ Hd D’ Abb,” Arab.

Long since described by Freytag, “‘ Lacerta Libyea seu Arabica,
genus distinctiore corpore et cauda, eademque esculenta, et ob carnem
delicatiorem expetita.”

It also attracted the notice of Leo Africanus, who gives a long
and somewhat tedious account of its habits (vol. i. p. 307), mingling
some Arab fables with his own observations.

It is found throughout the whole of the Algerian and Tunisian
Sahara, but is most common in the south, living either in holes of
the rocks, or in burrows of its own in the sand. I have seen speci-
mens measuring 2 feet in length. Its colour during life is grass-
green (of a darker hue in the young, but very bright in the adult),
spotted with brown, and paler under the belly. When provoked and
irritated the adult’s bright hue becomes rapidly darker. It is a very
inoffensive creature, and moves very slowly and awkwardly, with the
gait attributed to the crocodile, and turns its head from side to side
with great caution as it walks. Its tail forms its weapon of defence,
and it uses it with effect on any pursuer. It seldom bites, but when
it does, nothing will induce it to relinquish its grasp. It is almost
impossible to force its mouth open. It never drinks. The Arabs
believe that water is certain death to it.

It is frequently kept in confinement for fattening among the Beni
M’zab, who consider it very good eating. I found it really verv
palatable when stewed, not unlike tender chicken. I kept several
for some time, and one in particular, which became familiar and
showed attachment to those whom it recognized. I also saw one
kept in an artillery barrack in Algiers, who recognized his owner’s
voice, and would come to him, climb up his body, and nestle on his
shoulder. It appears to be neither strictly nocturnal nor diurnal in
its habits, but mine always basked in the morning sun, and retired
to sleep in the shade about noon. I have often watched my special
pet asleep both by day and night, with his nose and fore feet resting
against the wall, his hind-feet hanging down, and the tail stiffened,
supporting the body, which was nearly perpendicular to the floor.

The D’Abb has no cry, and, as far as [ could observe, lives on
friendly terms with individuals of the same species. The Arabs
declare that it is a match for the Horned Viper (Cerastes), which
often enters its holes, but soon has its vertebree dislocated by the
vigorous blows of the D’Abb’s prickly tail.

My specimen fed generally on insects, and was an adept at catching
flies, but it would also eat several plants, and among these Peganum
harmala, and Tragopogon crocifolius, which seemed its favourite
vegetable.

ScINCUS OFFICINALIS, ‘ H’out el ber,’ ‘‘ Land-fish,” Arab.
“¢ Cherchiman,” “ Choromcham,’ Berber, are the collective names.
The male is distinguished in Arabia as ‘ Zanarout,” the female as

476

“ Zelgaga.’ The male is decidedly larger than the female, and has
its shoulders and sides covered with blackish spots, while the female
is of a uniform sand colour. I never observed it among rocks or
elsewhere than in the sands of the Sahara, in some parts of which it
literally swarms. It hybernates under ground through the winter,
when it can easily be dug out of its holes. In summer it may con-
stantly be seen basking in the sun, and attracting attention by the
glittering of its bright scales. I have also frequently observed it
by moonlight. When alarmed, it wriggles for a moment and dis-
appears beneath the sand with a magical rapidity.

Its food appears to consist exclusively of beetles, ants, and other
insects, and the Arabs state that it often devours even scorpions.

It is a very favourite article both of diet and medicine, and in
many of the oases, as Waregla and Touat, its capture is the occupa-
tion of a considerable portion of the population. Fried fresh with
ghee, it is by no means an unsavoury dish, as I can vouch from ex-
perience, but I cannot say as much for the paste into which it is
usually made up. The Arabs skin and dry it in large quantities,
then pound it very fine in a mortar, after which it is mixed with a
mass of stoned dates, and compressed very tightly in skin-bags, when
it keeps fresh for months, and is a not unimportant article of com-
merce with the Touat Caravans, and with the Chambaa of Metlili.

CHAMAZLEO VULGARIS.

Occurs generally among the Tamarisk trees of the Weds, and is
more abundant in the north than in the south of the Sahara. It
may often be observed hanging motionless by its tail from a topmost
bough. I frequently kept them alive for some time, when they fed
themselves on mosquitoes; but the cold of the Tell proved fatal, sooner
or later, to all my specimens.

Lacerta OCELLATA, “ H’ drdoun and Boulién,” Arabic.

In habits and resorts like our common Lizard. I have watched
it climb trees and attack the nest of dédon galactodes.

SEPS TRIDACTYLUS.

Does not occur in the sand, but only among vegetation. I never
observed it take refuge in holes or under ground, but only among the
roots of grass or rushes. It moves with great rapidity, twisting
itself more after the fashion of a serpent than a lizard. Its bite is
perfectly harmless.

TARENTOLA MAURITANICA.

Resorts chiefly to the base of the cliffs in the weds and gorges of
the M’zab. Though not uncommon, it is not easy to detect, covered
as it usually is with the sand and débris of the limestone.

HALIGENES TRISTRAMI, Gunther.

This fish is found in great abundance in the salt lake near

477

Tuggurt, and in the deep ditch which surrounds the city. The lake
and ditch abound in small weeds, round the stems of which great
numbers of a species of Melania and Paludina nana (?) cluster.
This lake is the only one with which I am acquainted in the Eastern
Sahara (except that near Waregla) that is never dry in summer. It
is intensely saline, and the whole surface of the sand, for some miles
round, is covered with a delicate incrustation of salt, and glitters like
a vast sheet of water in the distance. As it is considerably lower
than the Mediterranean, and probably the lowest depression in the
whole Sahara, may not this fish be the last lingering living relic of
those forms which must have swarmed in these seas during the Ter-
tiary epoch, and before the great and gradual elevation of Northern
Africa drained this ocean into the Mediterranean by the Gulf of
Cabes? It seems probable that this gulf between Tunis and Tripoli
formed the outlet, since on this coast, for a space of near 200 miles,
there is no high land between the Mediterranean and the Desert,—
merely long ranges of drifting sandholes about 300 or 400 feet high,
—while between Tuggurt and Souf the level of the land is calculated
to be 70 feet below that of the sea.

As Lacépéde has mentioned a fish of the same family, ‘ Sparus
desfontaini,” in the springs of Cafsa, or Gafsa, not 200 miles from
Tuggurt, we may reasonably anticipate that a more persevering
search than I had time to make will reveal some similar inhabitant
of the Wareglan lake.

The following list of additions to the Society’s Menagerie by pre-
sentation and purchase during the month of November was read :—

1 Entellus Monkey .......... Presbytes entellus ....ceccereccseoevees India.
30 Roach......scec---seeceeeeees Leuciscus rutilus ....ccecrcoercecservcees England.
5 Perch ......sseseeseserseecees Perea fluviatilis .ic..scscocecscoecvecees England.
BuBleak ssc cccessiicnsesecssaes Leuciscus Alburnus 00 ..cceesssecveeese. England.
2 Pike ......cecseccseseessseee ES0% WUCIUS ..c0e.seecsecscesscececceees England.
1 Egyptian Goose............ Chenalopex @gyPtiacus.........sceseeess S. Africa.
NO Cel Ot mercsmeccirciececteticic: Felis pardalis? ......c0.sccescseeseceeeees Guiana.
1 Malbrook Monkey......... Cercopithecus CYNOSULUS ......0..00600 W. Africa.
ME Coralesnake i acseccisis sec: Oxyrrhopus trigeminus ........0c0000 Pernambuco.
RECtENS Mdaessessscsse sass: IPEGHED GLDUIS: | coascosbecbansseqocceoedadd Tenby.
Lucernaric...........ss0eee Lucernaria auricula......ccc.ccscecceees Tenby.
1 Striped Hyena ............ TY @NG SEVIALA 6.0 .ccocoere.cocereeerneass Egypt.
1 Roe Deer .................. Cervus CAPVEOLUS vovesercecerserscecceeee England.
2 Bean Geese ........+.2+006 ANSEL SCGELUM vorsercescorsececevensavoes England.
2 Barnacle Geese .........+2- |Bernicla leucopsis ........ss0eceeceseereee England.
15 Carolina Ducks ............ VALDES ONSO ME actineessiiaccneeniceceaenee N. America.
1 American Bear ..........0. UPSUS AMETICANUS 20 2000c0reeresecceserere N. America.

478

December 13th.
Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Description oF A New SPECIES OF SQUIRREL (SCIURUS sIA-
MENSIS) FROM SIAM, IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BritisuH
Museum. By Dr.J.E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Env.

Soc., ETC.

Among the animals lately sent by M. Mouhot from Siam are two
small Squirrels, which differ from any that we have hitherto received
from India or the neighbouring countries.

I am aware that the Indian Squirrels, and indeed Squirrels gene-
rally, are very apt to vary ; and probably many more species are de-
scribed than exist in nature ; but I do not know any species of which
the one now described can with reason be considered as a variety ;
the two specimens in the Museum are very uniform in their general
appearance.

It may be observed that some species, both of Mammalia and
Birds, are so much alike in external appearance, that, judging from
their skins alone, we might be inclined to doubt whether they were
more than slight varieties; yet when their habits, modes of life,
food, and manners are known, they are far more distinct, as species,
than animals which are very different in their external appearance,
and marked with what might a priori be considered very striking
characters.

ScIURUS SIAMENSIS, sp. nov.

Bright red-brown, grizzled with elongate black tips to the longer
hairs, each of which is marked with a broad subterminal yellow band.
These black hairs are more abundant, and have broad pale rings on
the rump outside of the thighs, and especially on the lower part of
the tail, where they nearly hide the general red colour. The terminal
half of the tail bright chestnut-brown, without any black hairs or
pale rings. The throat, breast, belly, lower part of sides, inner side
and edge of the legs, uniform bright red-brown. Ears rounded.
Whiskers black. Feet covered with short close-pressed hairs.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

2, Description or A New SPECIES OF FRESHWATER TORTOISE
FROM S1AM._ By Dr. J. Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.,
Pres. Ent. Soc., ETC.

(Reptilia, Pl. X XI.)

The British Museum has received from M. Mouhot, with some
other Reptiles, two specimens of a Freshwater Tortoise, which are

479

decidedly different from any I have before seen. They have some-
what the external appearance, both in shape and markings of the
head, of some specimens of Cistudo amboinensis, but belong to the
genus Hmys, or rather Geoclemys, and not to Cistudo.

They are referable to the first division of genus which has the back
of the shell three-keeled, and, like the other species of that section,
come from Asia.

1. GEOCLEMYS MACROCEPHALA.

The shell oblong, rather depressed, entire, three-keeled, olive-
brown ; the keels subcontinued, nearly parallel, the middle one higher
and more distinct behind ; the lateral ones, near the upper edge of the
shields, continued, ending abruptly on the hinder edge of’ the third
lateral discal shield ; the hinder lateral and central shield only
marked with a slight convexity ; the margin entire, yellow-edged.
The under side yellow, with black triangular spots ; the sternum flat,
very indistinctly keeled on the side.

Animal blackish-olive. Head large; crown flat, covered with
single smooth plate, purplish-brown, with two streaks from middle
of the nose, the upper edging the crown, the other the upper part of
the beak, and with two streaks from the hinder edge of the orbit,
the lower short and interrupted, extended on the temple, the upper
broader and continued over the ear along the side of the neck ; two
close streaks under the nostrils to the middle of the upper jaw, and
two broad streaks, dilated behind, down the front of the lower jaw,
and continued on the edge of the lower jaw behind; the nape and
hinder part of the side of the lower jaw covered with large flat scales ;
the rest of the neck and legs covered with minute granular scales ;
the front of the fore-legs covered with broad band-like scales ; the
toes of the fore- and hind-feet rather short and thick, covered above
with broad band-like scales.

Hab. Siam.

The front vertebral plate is quadrangular, the front edge wider,
rounded; second, third, and fourth ventral shields six-sided, the
second longer than broad, the fourth broader than long; the three
hinder sides are longest, the fifth vertebral shield subquadrangular,
the front sides being very narrrow, and the hinder side very broad and
slightly truncated.

3. DESCRIPTION OF SOME New GENERA OF LITHOPHYTES, OR
Stony ZooruytTes. By Dr. Joun Enwarp Gray, F.R.S.,
F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., evc.

The Corals were formerly divided into three genera, according to
the nature of their axes ; viz. Corallium with continuous stony, Iszs
with jointed stony, and Gorgonia with horny axes ; but many of the
corals which had stony axes were referred to the last genus.

Lamouroux, in his work on ‘ Flexible Corals,’ divided the genus

480

Gorgonia into three, according to the form and disposition of the cells;
and, in his edition of Solander and Ellis, added a fourth under the
name of Muricea; but still the genus Gorgonia was a magazine of
most heterogeneous species, some closely allied to the genera which
Lamouroux had established ; and it is to be observed that Lamarck
did not adopt the Lamourouxian genera.

Ehrenberg added another genus to the group, under the name of
Pterogorgia; but this is synonymous with Gorgonia of Lamouroux,
when the other genera which he describes are separated from it ;
and Dana seems to have felt this to be the case when he referred so
many additional species to that genus.

I have in various papers added several genera to the list ; and in
the ‘ Annals and Magazine’ for this month I have given an arrange-
ment of the various published genera in a connected series.

M. Valenciennes, in his outline of the arrangement of Gorgonie in
- the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ xli. p. 14. f. 18, proposed two genera :—
1. Gorgonella for Gorgonia sarmentosa, and Verrucella for Gorgonia
violacea, G. flecuosa and G. furcata of Lamarck. The specimens
which I have named as G. sarmentosa and G. violacea have a horny
and not a calcareous axis, and in other respects do not agree with the
characters that M. Valenciennes assigns to them.

Esper’s figure of G. violacea (Gorg. t. 12) has flat, and not pro-
duced cells, which is the essential character of the genus Verrucella,
of which it is regarded and quoted as the type. These genera must
be left for further examination. M. M.-KEdwards adopts them in his
‘ Coralliaires,’ i. p. 184.

The Lithophytes which have a stony axis may be divided into four
groups, according to the nature of the axis and the structure of the
bark, these groups being subdivided into families :—

I. Axis continuous, not jointed ; bark granular.

Fam. 1. CORALLIADA.
The axis solid, calcareous, not jointed. Bark granular. Cells
scattered on all sides.

1. CoRALLIUM.

1. C. RuBRuUM, Carolini.
Hab. Mediterranean.

2. C. sEcuNpDuM, Dana.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.

2. HeELIANIA.

Coral fan-like, dichotomously branched ; branchlets subacute, as-
cending, divaricate ; lower branches sometimes inosculating. Bark
granular, hard, even. Cells produced, subcylindrical, short, rather
incurved, placed in two, three, or four alternating series on the sides
of the branchlets. Axis hard, continued, calcareous, greyish-brown.

481

1. HELIANIA SPINESCENS.

Coral rather fan-like, more or less twisted ; branches, especially
the lower one, conical, acute, spine-like, sometimes inosculating ;
upper branchlet subsecund.

Hab. Philippines (Cuming).

Fam. 2. ELLIseELLADS.

The axis solid, calcareous, not jointed. Bark granular. Cells on
the sides of the stem and branches separated by a lateral grove.

a. Cell more or less elongate.

1, ELLISELLA.
Coral tree-like, subcylindrical ; branches free. Cells numerous,
small, crowded.
1, E. JUNCEA.
2, E. ELONGATA.
3. E. COCCINEA.
4, E. PECTINATA.
2. ScrRPEARIA.

Coral simple or forked; cells subcylindrical, in two alternating
series.
* Coral simple.
S. MIRABILIS. B.M.
S. mirabilis, Cuvier, Schweig. Beob. t. 2. f. 13.
Polypus mirabilis, Linn. Mus. Adolph. t. 19. f. 4.

Funiculina cylindrica, Lamk.
Hab. West Indies.

** Coral branched, forked.

S. DICHOTOMA. B.M.

Coral fan-like, in a single plane, irregularly dichotomous; cells
cylindrical, elongate, truncated, in a row on each side of the branches,

subalternate.
Jab, Mauritius.

b. Cells convex or sunken.

3. UMBRACELLA.

Coral fan-shaped; branches and branchlets inosculating, netted.
Cells numerous, small, lateral.
No. 414.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

482

1. U. umBracutvum, Solander, Zooph. t. 10.

2. U. GRANULATA, Esper, Pflanzenth. t. 4.

4, PHENILIA.

Coral tree-like ; branches short, subquadrangular, divaricating,
sometimes coalescing, forming an irregular netted frond ; branchlet
subclavate. Bark granular ; lateral groove distinct, scarcely sunken.
Cells large, sunken, in’two or three irregular rows on each side of the
branches. Axis solid, hard, caleareous, horn-coloured.

1. PHENILIA SANGUINOLENTA.

Coral yellowish ; branches flexuose, intertwined ; branchlets short,
clavate, diverging ; cells large, dark brick-red, making the coral look
as if spotted with blood.

Hab. 2

Fam. 3. SUBERGORGIADA,

Coral branched; branches compressed, dichotomous. Cells on
the sides of the branches, with a sunken groove on each side of the
stem ; bark granular. Axis continuous, cork-like, soft, calcareous.

1. SUBERGORGIA.
Subergorgia, Gray, P. Z.8. 1857, pp. 159, 288.

1. S. susrrosa, Esper, t. 49. B.M.

2. S. compressa, Gray, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 288. B.M.
(See Gorgonia Richardi, Lamx. Pol. Flex. 407.)

2. SOLANDERIA.

Solanderia, Duchassaing, Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 218.

‘«‘ Axis continuous, of a suberose texture, resembling the non-calci-
fied joints of Melitella.”—M.-Kdw.

S. eraciyis, Duch. loc. cit.

* Very much branched ; branchlet rounded, irregular, striated ;
bark tomentose or granulose.

Hab. Guadaloupe.

I have not seen this coral. The Gorgonia suberosa of Hllis’s ‘ Co-
rallines,’ t. 29. f. Q & R, which has been called Plexaura suberosa by
Lamouroux, Briareum suberosum by Dana, and which Hllis described
as having a pale red axis ‘“‘of the substance of cork,” striated ex-
ternally and subcylindrical, ‘a fleshy spongy bark, with the cells
on all sides disposed in a quincunx order,” would appear to be allied
to the family Annellade: but I have not been able to discover this
coral in any collection. It would indeed appear to be intermediate

483

between the two families, having the corky axis of Subergorgia and
the regularly disposed cells of the Annellade. M. Milne-Edwards
(Coralliaires, i. 190) thinks that it may perhaps be a Solanderia.

Fam. 4. ANNELLADA.

Coral branched ; branches cylindrical, of equal diameter. Cells
equally scattered on all sides of the branches; bark granular. Axis
solid, calcareous, continuous.

1. ANNELLA.

Coral netted; branchlet inosculating.

Annella reticulata, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 287.

Fam. 5. PRimMNOADA.
Primnoade, Gray, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 285.

* Cell campanulate ; scales large.

1. PRimnoa.
Coral tree-like, forked.

¥ Coral tree-like, branched.

1. P. LEPADIFERA.
Hab, Mediterranean.

+t Coral simple, with simple spreading branches.

2. P. anrarctica, Valenc. Voy. Venus, t. 12. f. 2.
Hab. Falkland Islands.

** Cells tubular, incurved ; scales small.

2. PRIMNOELLA.

Primnoella, Gray, P. Z.S8. 1857, p. 286.
Coral simple. Cells numerous, in close whorls, closely pressed to
the stem. :

- P. austRALAsiI@, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 146. t. 2. f. 8, 9.

The calcareous axis, described as Virgularia australis by Lamarck,
Hist. A. S. V. ii. 648, is, I believe, the axis of this coral, or of a
very nearly allied species. Seba, Thes. ii. t. 111. f. 2, to whom
Lamarck refers, properly represents these axes as attached.

Hab. Australasian Sea, Bass Strait : on oyster-shells and stones.

484

3. CALLOGORGIA.
Coral fan-like, pinnate. Cells in whorls.

C. VERTICILLATA. B.M.

Gorgonia verticillata, Pallas.
Gorgonia verticillans, Linn.
Primnoa verticillans, Ehrenb.
Muricea verticillans, Dana.

Cells in close whorls of three or six.
fab. Mediterranean.

CALLOGORGIA FLABELLA.

Gorgonia verticillans, Esper, Pflanzenth., t. 42. f. 1, 2, 3.
Primnoa flabellum, Ehrenb.

Cells in close whorls of eight or ten.
Tab. Red Sea.
CALLOGORGIA PLUMATILIS, Edw. Coralliaires, 141.

Cells small, seldom more than two in a whorl.
Hab. Isle of Bourbon.

Is this Gorgonia pluma, Lamk. ?
CALLOGORGIA GRACILIS, Edw. Coralliaires, 141.
Cells very small; whorls far apart, and generally of four cells.
Hab. West Indies.
4, Myura.

Coral elongate, simple. Cells elongate, incurved in two rows on
each side of the stem; medial groove distinct.

Myvura SIMPLEX. Mus. Paris.
Gorgonia myura, Lamk.

Muricea myura, Dana.

Primnoa myura, Kdw. Coralliaires, i. 142. t. 132, f. 3.

Coral elongate, simple, slender.
Hab. ?

II. Avis jointed, joints swollen, porous.
Fam. 6. MELITHADE,
Branches from the swollen joints of the stem.
* Cells in a series on each side of the branchlets, elongate, sub-
cylindrical, rather tapering.
1. ACABARIA.

Coral fan-like, dichotomous; branches diverging. Axis solid,
calcareous,

485

A. DIVARICATA.

Coral fan-like; branches dichotomous, diverging, very slender ;
the lateral branches diverging at right angles from the stem and
branches ; bark thin, yellow, granular. Cells produced, subcylin-
drical on each side of the branches, in alternating series. Avxis cal-
le red, se longitudinally grooved; internodes swollen, spongy.

ab. ?

¥*® Cells slightly prominent, in two or more series on the sides of
the branches ; branches and branchlets compressed, tapering.

2. MELITmA,

Coral fan-like, forked ; branches subparallel. Cells in two or
three series on the sides of the branchlets. Axis calcareous, spongy,
with numerous sinuous tubes.

MELITHA OCHRACEA, Esper, Pflanzenth. t. 4 a. t.11. f. 1, 2.
Hab. i

Var. 1. Bright yellow, with red cells on side of branchlets.

Var. 2. Red, with yellow cells on sides of branchlets.

The branches very rarely inosculate. The cells are small, not pro-
minent, in two series on each side of the branchlets, leaving the inner
and outer surface nearly bare and smooth. The axes of the branch-
lets are rather solid and calcareous, that of the stem is porous, pierced
with numerous tortuous cylindrical tubes; the branchlets are mode-
rately short.

3. MELITELLA.

Coral fan-like, forked ; branches subparallel, more or less coales-
cing. Cells rather produced, numerous, crowded on the two sides
and one surface of the branchlets. Axis solid, calcareous.

+ Branches virgate, subparallel, rarely inosculating.

1. MELITELLA ELONGATA. B.M.

Orange, branches virgate, subparallel, much divided ; branchlets
slender, elongated, compressed, sometimes inosculating ; articulation
of the branchlets very long, slender, compressed.

Isis ochracea, var., Esper, Pflanzenth. t. 4 a, f. 2, 4, 5 (not 3).

Melitea ochracea, var. lutea, Lamk.

Hab. 2

This coral is very like Melitea ochracea, and has most probably
been hitherto confounded with it; but it is easily distinguished
from it by the cells bemg much more numerous and crowded, and
by the solidity of the axis.

Esper’s figures somewhat represent the species, but the cells are
not sufficiently crowded nor numerous in figs, 4 and 5 ; yet some of

486

them are represented in the middle of the branchlet, as well as on
the side, where I have never observed them in Melitea ochracea.

+ Branchlets divaricated, reticulating, inosculating.

2. MELITELLA RETIFERA. B.M.

Melitea retifera, Lamk.
Isis coccinea, Ksper, Pflantz. t. 10.
Isis aurantia, Esper, t. 9? Cells too prominent and conical ;

branches diverging.
Var. ? Melitea textiformis, Lam. Pol. Flex. 465. t. 19.f. 1; Esper,

t. 71. f. 5.

3. MELITELLA COCCINEA, Lamk. B.M.
Isis coccinea, Ellis, Zooph. t. 12. f. 5.

M. Rissoi, Lamk.

4, MELITELLA ? TENELLA.

Melitea tenella, Dana, Zooph. 683.

4. MopseLuLa.

Coral tree-like, forked; branches diverging. Cells on the sides
and one surface of the branches ; other surface smooth. Axis cal-
careous, solid, longitudinally grooved.

1. MorseLLA DICHOTOMA. B.M.
Mopsea dichotoma, Lamx.

Isis dichotoma, Esper, Pflantz. p. 5. t. 11. f. 4, 5.

Joint short, thick, striated.

2. MopsELLA GRACILIS. B.M.
Coral very slender, thread-like ; jomt elongate, slender, pale red ;
articulations only slightly swolien; branches divaricating, the first
rather rounded at their base.
Hab. 2

*** Cells not prominent, scattered equally on all sides of the
branches ; branches cylindrical, of a nearly uniform thickness.
Axis solid.

5. CLATHRARIA.

Coral tree-like, erect ; branches few, inosculating, tortuous ;
branchlets, some free, blunt; bark thin, granular. Cells numerous.
Axis solid; joints elongate, white, longitudinal, striated; internode
red, spongy.

1. CLATHRARIA RUBRINODIS. B.M.
Hab. 2

487

4, DrescrIPTION oF A New Concuirerovus MOLuvusc OF THE
Genus PAnporA. By ArtHur ADAMS.

PANDORA WARDIANA, A. Adams.

P. testa maxima, solida, transversim ovata, valde inequilateral,
postice rotundata, antice subangulata : valvula dextra concava,
lineis concentricis regularibus interruptis et sulcis fuscis radian-
tibus subdistantibus decussata: valvula sinistra convexa, sor-
dide alba, lineis concentricis irregularibus instructa, et sulco
obliquo ab umbone usque ad sinum in marginem ventralem pro-
ducto.

Hab. Tn littoribus Mantchurie.

Shell large, solid, transversely oval, very inequilateral, rounded
posteriorly, somewhat angulated anteriorly. Right flat valve with
regular concentric fine interrupted lines, and marked with brown,
radiated, rather distant grooves. Left convex valve chalky white,
with irregular concentric lines of growth, and with an oblique furrow
proceeding from the beak and ending in the sinuosity at the fore
part of the ventral margin.

Hab. Coast of Mantchuria, 20 fathoms ; Sunday Island.

I have dedicated this fine species to Commander J. Ward, of
H.M.S. ‘ Actzon,’ to whose assistance and encouragement science
will be indebted for any results that may be obtained during our
cruises along the coasts of Korea, Mantchuria, and Japan.

5. Systematic List oF THE SPECIES OF DOLIUM RESTRICTED.
By SytvAnus HANtey.

The magnitude to which the Dolia attain has discouraged private
collectors from their acquisition, so that the amount of variation
permitted to each species, and the differences of aspect between
young, mature, and aged individuals, have not been so satisfactorily
determined as the writer could have wished. Judging, however,
from D. variegatum, of which fine series are present in the National
and Cumingian Museums, shape would seem of less importance than
colouring ; yet in D. cepa, the colouring appears diversified, and the
shape comparatively invariable. It is hoped that the following list
of species may clear up the somewhat confused synonymy, and
attract attention to a genus which has scarcely experienced the ordi-
nary amount of critical investigation. D. pomum and D. ringens,
which constitute the subgenus Ma/ea, have not been included in our
list.

Dotium GALEA (Linneus).

Buccinum galea, Linn. Syst. Nat.; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3469 ;
Bruguiére, Hist. Vers, p. 244 (? vars.) ; Bose, Coquilles ; Dillw. Desc.
Cat. p. 582, probably.

Dolium costatum magnum, Martini, ii. f. 1070.

488

Dolium galea, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert.; Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat. ;
Kiener, Coq. Viv. Dol. pl. 2. f. 2; Phil. Mol. Sic. i. (mot var.) ;
Hanley, Young, Conch.; Reeve, Conc. Icon. Dol. f. 1. Not of Mont-
fort.

Dolium tenue, Menke, Synopsis, p. 143 (Young).

The typical galea (that indicated by the synonymy) is thin in
proportion to its magnitude, of a pale russet colour, with indistinct
lighter and darker zones, a whitish posterior margin to its whorls, a
tawny nucleus, a pale aperture, and rounded ribs, which, although
alternately larger and smaller, are not, at least in the almost mature
stage, so very disproportionate.

Two other forms (perchance species) require to be noticed. The
one which I designate var. tenebrosa is stronger, and peculiarly
globose, has a dark chocolate-coloured nucleus, the smaller turns of
a brownish chocolate hue, and the body-whorl livid brown ; the
throat dark chestnut, and the internal thickened edge of its outer
lip pure white. Its ribs, moreover, are more abruptly elevated ;
their intervals rather broader, more square-cut, and not intersected
by an interstitial costella (or raised stria) upon the lower or anterior
half of the body. Mr. Cuming possesses a small but exquisite
example of this shell: I have elsewhere seen an adult specimen stated
to have been found in the Red Sea.

The other form alluded to (possibly the D. tenue of Menke) is of
a smaller size (that now before me is only 3+ inches long), has the
body more elongated, and combines the broad sulci and the abruptly
prominent ribs and costellee of the last variety (?) with the pale tints
of the typical galea; its nucleus is chestnut or fulvous, its aperture
whitish, its expanded outer lip thickened internally, and toothed as
in an adult galea. Mr. Cuming has received it as from China! It
reminds one much of Martini’s ‘ Braune geribte Tonne’ (iii. f. 1071),
said to come from Guinea; its colouring, however, is less intense.

DoLiuM MELANOsTOMA, Jay.

_ Dolium melanostoma, Jay, Catalogue, p. 124. pls. 8, 9; Philippi,
Neue Conch. iii. p. 11; Reeve, Conch. Icon.-Dol. f. 2.

The shell figured in Reeve’s beautiful work was not perfect, but
is essentially the same species as that delineated by Jay. Mr.
Cuming possesses a superb example, and two specimens are said to
be preserved in the Guernsey Museum.

Doxium ZoNATuM, Green.

Buccinum olearium, Linn. Syst. Nat. probably ; Wood, Index
Testac. pl. 22. f. 1, possibly.

Dolium olearium, Crouch, Ilust. Lam. pl. 19. f. 2 (1827).

Dolium zonatum, Green, Albany Instit. i. p. 131. pl. 4 (June
1830); Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 12.

Dolium crenulatum, Philippi, Zeitschr. Malak. 1845. p. 148 ; Neue
Conch. i. Dol. pl. 1. f. 1.

Although Crouch may have rightly divmed the Linnean species,
the Linnean definition was too obscure to ensure certainty.

489

DoLiIuM FASCIATUM, Martini.

Dolium fasciatum, Martini, ui. p. 406. f. 1081 ; Lamarck, An. s.
Vert.; Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat. liv. ; Kiener, Coq. Viv. Dol. pl. 3.
f. 5 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 11.

Buccinum fasciatum, Bruguiére, Hist. Vers, p.247; Bose., Coquilles.

Buccinum sulcosum, Dillwyn (not Born), Desc. Cat. ii. p. 584 ;
Wood, Ind. Testac. pl. 22. f. 5.

DoxiuM LATESULCATUM, Martini.

Dolium latesuleatum, Martini, Conch. Cab. iii. p. 396. f. 1072,
1082.

Dolium lactescens, Schréter, Index to Martini (1788), abridged
from D. lactescens latesulcatum, Mart. iii. p. 590.

Buccinum dolium, in part, Bruguicre, Hist. Vers, p. 246.

Buccinum dolium, var. B (as B. alliwm of Solander), Dillw. Desc.
Cat. ii. p. 585.

Dolium galea, Montfort, probably.

Dolium fasciatum, var., Kiener, Coq. Viv. Dol. pl. 4. f. 6.

Dolium costatum, Menke, Synopsis ; Deshayes ed. Lam.; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 8.

The more characteristic examples (Martini, f. 1072) are oval and
of a pearly white; the ribs in the young are, for the most part,
obsoletely tessellated ; in a rare variety (Mus. Cuming) the shape is
more round than usual, the ribs subarticulately painted with fulvous
brown, and their intervals, which are adorned with a single spiral
tawny line, concentrically and broadly streaked with greyish purple.
The suture in this variety, which I designate picta, is more canali-
culated, and between the first two or three of the thirteen ribs which
encircle the body-whorl is (as occasionally in the form Jactescens)
an additional costella.

Doutum CEPA, Martini.

Bulla canaliculata, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, from types ; Mus.
Ulric. (Young).

Dolium cepa, Martini, Conch. Cab. i. p. 401. pl. 117. f. 1076,
1077.

Dolium marmoreum, Schroter, Index to Mart. and Chemn.

Cadus cepa, Bolten, for Martini, f. 1076.,

Buccinum olearium, Bruguitre (not Linn.), Hist. Vers, p. 243;
Bosc, Coquilles.

Dolium olearium, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. ; Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat.
liv.; Hanley, Yourg, Conch. ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dol. f.14. Not
of Crouch, Sowerby’s Gen. or Reeve’s Conch. Syst.

Buccinum galea, Wood, Index Testac. pl. 22. f. 2, probably.

Dolium plumatum, Green, Albany Instit. i. p. 132, probably.

The fry of this well-known species proves to be the long-lost
Bulla canaliculata of Linnzeus, but, as the identity could not possibly
have been discovered without an examination of the author’s cabinet,
the next earliest binomial appellation has been adopted. The epithet

490

canaliculata would, however, have been peculiarly appropriate, as it
specifies an essential and distinctive feature of the species. Although
generally accepted, of late, as the olearium of Linnzeus, it was
deficient, as Bruguicre remarked, in the very important character of
an interstitial costella between the belts. The Buccinwm olearium
of Dillwyn seems an attempt to unite the delineated features of this
shell with the Linnean definition. Kiener’s figures, if designed for
this species, ace by no means characteristic. ‘The engraving of D.
olearium in the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique’ (pl. 403, f. 1) does not
sufficiently exhibit the canaliculated sutures; yet can scarcely be
intended for the allied deshayesit.

Reeve has figured in his ‘ Iconica’ a very beautiful, but unusual
variety, which I take to be the D. plumatum of Green,—a species
which has indeed been referred to perdiz, but whose described suture
harmonises far better with that of the present Doliwm ; his reference
to Seba (pl. 65. f. 18, instead of pl. 68. f. 16) was clearly a misprint.
Green’s description of D. olearium reminds us more of galea than
of cepa.

DoutumM pDESHAYESII, Reeve.

Dolium perdiz, in part, Martini, Conch. Cab. tii. f. 1080, probably.

Dolium olearium, Sowerby, Genera Shells; Reeve, Conch. System.
pl. 264, f. 1.

Dolium Deshayesti, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 15.

There is a painting in Knorr (Del. pt. 5. pl. 12. f. 1) which may
perhaps have been intended for this scarce shell. A rather irregular
malleation aids us in distinguishing it from D. cepa.

Dotium FAVANNEI, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859.
Douium puNKERI, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859.

Dotium VARIEGATUM, Lamarck.

Dolium variegatum, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. ; Kiener, Coq. Viv.
Dol. pl. 2. f. 3 (not 3 a) ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 7 a. Not of
Philippi.

Dolium Kieneri, Philippi, Neue Conch. ui. p. 36, for Kiener, as
cited.

Lamarck appears to have described the species from a young or
dwarf example of the short-spired form. In fine characteristic
specimens the shape is subglobose, and the basal or anterior decli-
nation abrupt; the suture is channelled ; the spire not much raised,
and the throat orange. A spiral riblet runs between the ribs upon
the spire, and between the posterior ones of the eighteen or twenty
which encircle the body.

In the younger specimens the suture is not so deeply channelled,
the belts are rounder and narrower in proportion, and more of them
are spotted.

In the variety tankervillii (the D. variegatum of the Tankerville
collection, now in my own possession) the spire is peculiarly depressed,

491

the suture deeply channelled, and the peculiarly narrow intervals of
the seventeen very prominent body ribs (almost every alternate one
of which is spotted) are alike devoid of costellee ; the throat is rather
pale. The variety angusta (Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 7 6) is more
oval, its spire is more produced, and its suture less conspicuously
channelled.

DouiuM CHINENSE, Chemnitz.

Dolium Australe, seu Chinense, Chemn.Conch.Cab. x1. f.1804,1805.

Buceinum Chinense, Dillw. Desc. Cat. i. p. 585; Wood, Index
Testac. pl. 22. f. 7.

Dolium variegatum, Philippi (not Lam.), Neuer Conch. iii. p. 36.
Dole plese ti Vy 2:

Dolium Chinense, Deshayes, ed. Lam. x. p. 146; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. Dol. f. 10.

Dolium Australe, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, for the species of Chemnitz.

Dillwyn appears to have preferred the second appellation of Chem-
nitz, to prevent confusion with the Buccinum australe of Gmelin.

Doxium cumineit, Hanley.
Dolium Cumingii, Hanley, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 13.

Dox1uM AMPULLACEUM, Philippi.

Dolium ampullaceum, Philippi, Zeitschr. Malak. 1845, p. 147;
Neue Conch. ii. p. 11. pl. 2.

The only specimen known to me of this rare shell in England is
the one I acquired from the late M. Vernéde’s collection.

Doxium mMAcuLATUM, Lamarck.

Buccinum dolium, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, chiefly (not Mus. Ulric).
Not of Bruguiére or Mawe.

Dolium in costis maculatum, Martini, Conch. Cab. iii. p. 397.
f. 1073, 1074.

Buccinum dolium, var. B, Born, Index Mus. Cees.

Buccinum dolium, var. A in part, Dillw. Desc. Cat. i. p. 584.

Cadus dolium, Bolten.

Dolium maculatum, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert.; Blainv. Dict. Sc.
Nat.; Kiener, Cog. Viv. Dol. pl. 3. f.4 ; Hanley, Young, Conch. ;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 4. i

The D. maculatum (an abbreviation of the D. m. papyraceum of
Martini, f. 1075), indicated in Schroter’s index to Martini and
Chemnitz, is the fry of some other species.

From the especial notice in the ‘Systema’ of the remoteness of
the ribs in B. dolium, 1 regard the present shell as more peculiarly
the one intended by Linnzeus in his earlier publication.

DouiuM FIMBRIATUM, Sowerby.

Buecinum dolium, Linn. Mus. Ulric. (not Syst.) ; Mawe, Conch-
pl. 24. f. 3.
Cadus cassis, Bolten, teste Mérch (wholly undefined).

492

Bucecinum tessellatum, Bory St.Vincent (as=maculatum) in Encycl.
Méthod. Vers, pl. 403. f. 3.

Dolium fimbriatum, Sowerby, Genera Shells ; Reeve, Conch. Syst.
pl. 264. f. 2; Conch. Icon. Dol. f. 3 6 (not 3 a).

Dolium Minjac, Deshayes, ed. Lam. (possibly).

Although the Minjac of Adanson (Seneg. pl. 7. f. 6) has been
usually identified with this easily distinguished species, the account
(p. 109) of its colouring, suture, &c., scarcely harmonizes with its
peculiarities. The D. Minjac of Deshayes is said to be at least five
inches long, to have a channelled suture, and fifteen ribs upon its
body-whorl.

DouiuM PERDIX, Linneus.

Tesan, Adanson, Seneg. p. 107. pl. 7. f. 5, probably.

Buccinum perdiz, Linn. Syst. Nat. chiefly ; Gmel. Brug. and Dillw.
in part; Mont. Test. Brit. p. 244. pl. 8. f.5; Wood, Ind. Test.
pl. 22. f. 3.

Dolium perdix, Martini, Conch. iii. f. 1079 (not 1080); Green,
Alb. Instit. p. 132, probably ; Kiener, Coq. Viv. Dol. pl. 5. f. 9.

Perdix reticulatus, Montfort, ii. p. 447 (execrably).

Variety. Dolium rufiugn, Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat. liv. p. 503.

Fry. Helix sulphurea, Adams, Contrib. Conch.

The variety rufa is rufous within and without, is of a peaked
oblong shape, with the turns of the spire, which is more than half
the length of the aperture, more than half as high as their breadth ;
the suture is very oblique.

The more solid American examples, in which the ribs are narrow
(Knorr, Vergn. i. pl. 8, f. 1), pale, prominent, and irregularly
tessellated by small concave-fronted brown spots (the sulci being
decidedly broad), are easily distinguished from the oriental specimens
which alike bear the name of Partridge Tuns.

Cochlea pennata, Rumphins, Thes. Cochl. pl. 27. f. C.

Buccinum perdix, Linn. Syst. Nat. in part only: Mus. Ulric. ;
Brug. and Dillw. in part.

Dolium perdiz, Hanley, Young, Conch.; Reeve,Conch. Icon. Dol.f.9.

I am not prepared to assert the specific distinctness of the Indian
shell, however much the idea may be favoured by the surmised laws
of geographical distribution ; nevertheless matured individuals of the
two forms can, for the most part, be easily distinguished. The
latter seems more intensely rufous, with more sharply defined (and
usually lunate) linear white markings, the ribs always flattened, and
generally fewer, their intervals pallid, extremely shallow, and never
half so broad as the ribs ; the spire, which is rarely, if ever, even one
third the length of the aperture, occupies a much smaller propor-
tional area; its volutions, which are less rounded, are rarely encircled
by more than six belts. The shape, moreover, is more produced
than in the variegated West Indian specimens, and the body is more
contracted posteriorly. The outer lip more conspicuously ascends
the penult whorl ; and the pillar enamel is, apparently, more copious.

493

Besides the Dolia which I have been enabled to determine, I find
the following indicated in our catalogues :—

Douium ampnora, Philippi, Neue Conch. iii. Dolium, p. 12 (no
figure).

Dottum PENNATUM, Morch, fr. Martini, Conch. f. 1078 (as a
young W. Indian perdiw).
This may prove one of the many forms of the typical perdiv.

Douium MArRGINATUM, Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal. 1845, p. 147.

Dolium variegatum,var., Kiener, Viv. Dol. pl. 2. f. 3a, teste Philippi.

I know not whether to regard as the matured state of this shell
(said to be only 27 lines long, and to have twelve ribs upon the body),
some very beautiful specimens, which I shall proceed to describe,
and for which, if not identical, as I much doubt, I would suggest
the name of D. reeviz, in honour of an indefatigable conchologist,
who has delineated as an adult D. fimbriatum (Conch. Icon. Dol.
f. 3, not 3a) a shell which reminds one greatly of my examples ; his
type, unfortunately, is no longer to be descried in Mr. Cuming’s
collection.

Testa subglobosa, antice satis abrupte declivis, vie crassiuscula,
vie umbilicata (potius rimata) purpurascenti-alba, costis
castaneo albidoque tessellatim pictis cireumeincta. Anfractus
7 seu 8 (quorum 4 superiores superne sunt pallidi et inferne
lividi) ad suturam vie minime canaliculatam subscalariformes.
Coste anguste, distantes (quarum circiter 15 satis elevate et
superne remotiores ultimum anfractum, et 3 seu 4 gyras duas
precedentes, cingunt), costella divise quum latitudinem earum
interstitie prope duplicant. Cingulum siphonale latum neque
caudatum, nec rotundatum, sed subangulatum, remotius porcatum,
inferne album. Apertura haud unice lata, longitudinem spire
acute exserte bis certe superans. Faux livido-castanea. Labii
exterioris margo intus incrassatus (simplex ?). Lamella colu-
mellaris eminens nulla. Hwitus umbilict angustus.

Long. 43, lat. 3} poll.

Hab. [ee ieee

Mus. Cuming.

The painting of D. maculatum is here combined with the general
sculpture of D. latesulcatum ; the spots appear to be rather nume-
rous on the body-whorl. ‘There are as many as nine or ten raised
strize on the turns which immediately succeed the smooth nucleus.

6. On Two New SPECIES OF CINCLUS.
By Joun Gov tp, F.R.S., etc.

I have the pleasure of bringing before the notice of the meeting
two new species of Cinclus, for the knowledge of which science is
indebted to the researches of Dr. A. Leith Adams, who collected

494.

them in Cashmere. The first of these, which is very nearly allied
to our well-known Ctinclus aquaticus, I propose to characterize as
C. cashmeriensis ; the other, which is more nearly allied to C. pal-
lasi, as C. sordidus.

The following are descriptions of these two birds :—

CiNCLUS CASHMERIENSIS.

Crown of the head, ear-coverts, and mantle brown, passing into
deeper brown on the upper part of the back and wing-coverts ; lower
part of the back and tail-coverts grey, with a darker central mark on
each feather ; tail blackish grey ; wings the same colour as the tail ;
throat and breast white ; upper part of the abdomen brown, passing
into dark greyish-brown on the flanks and vent ; under tail-coverts
uniform dark grey ; tarsi brown, lighter on the front and on the
upper part of the toes.

Total length 7 inches; bill 7; wing 34; tail 21; tarsi 14.

Hab. Cashmere.

Remark.—As compared with adult males of the C. aquaticus, this
bird differs in being considerably larger in size, and im wanting the
rich chestnut colouring of the upper part of the abdomen ; the wings
exceeding in length those of its Kuropean ally by more than half an
inch.

CINCLUS SORDIDUS.

Crown of the head, back of the neck, throat, and chest chocolate-
brown, the throat and breast being lighter than the back of the head;
back, abdomen, and tail deep brownish-black, the abdomen some-
what the darkest ; wings nearly the same colour as the back ; tarsi
brown, lighter on the front and on the upper part of the toes.

Total length 64 inches ; bill 2; wing 34; tail 2 ; tarsi 1}.

fab. Cashmere.

Remark.—If it were possible to conceive a cross between C. aqua-
ticus, or C. cashmeriensis, and C. pallasi, the produce would, I
should say, be a bird like the one under consideration. I do not,
however, believe that any such occurrence has taken place, but that
the bird characterized as C. sordidus is a good species. In size it is
smaller than C. aquaticus ; at least the measurements of the only
example I have seen induce me to believe so.

Mr. Stewart exhibited specimens of Corystes cassivelaunus, and
the young of Comatula rosea, from the Devonshire coast. The latter
were attached to the coenecium of Salicornaria farciminoides.

A Letter was read from Dr. Cobbold concerning the causes of the
death of a young Giraffe belonging to the Society.

INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in
Roman Characters ; those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel
information is given, in /talics; those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob-

servations are made, in’ CAPITALS.

Abrornis, 182

Acabaria, Gray, n. 2., 484

—— divaricata, Gray, n.sp., 485

Acanthiza flayolateralis, G. R. Gray,
n.sp., 161

Accipiter badius, 150,151, 170.

cooper?, Bp., 389

pileatus, Max., 389

poliocephalus, Gray, 153

Accentor strophiatus, Hodgs., 185

Achatina fulgens, Pfr., n. sp., 27

glutinosa, Pfr., 350

layardi, P/r., n. sp., 27

Achatinella concavospira, Pfr., n. sp., 30

faba, Pfr., n. sp., 30

—— liliacea, P/r., n. sp., 30

— micans, Pfr., n. sp., 31

—— morbida, Pfr., n. sp., 30

saccata, Pfr., n. sp., 30

sericea, Pfr., n.sp., 31

subrostrata, Pfr., n. sp., 31

Achatinellastrum liliaceum, P/r., n. sp.,
31

saccatum, Pfr., n. sp., 30
Acridotheres cristatellus, 433

Juscus, Wagl., 150, 445

—— ginginianus, Lath., 173
griseus, Blyth, 445

gavanicus, 151

—— nigricollis, 151

tristis, Linn., 173
Acrocephalus brunnescens, Jerd., 183
Actias, Leach, 261

menas, Doubleday, 264:

selene, Macleay, 261 \
sinensis, Walker, 264

Actinia crassicornis, 435

troglodytes, 434.

Actitis hypoleuca, 150, 151 NY

Acus, Humph., 275
sartoria, Mart., 316
Adamsia palliata, 68, 452

Adelomyia melanogenys, Eraser, 145
Aigialites vociferus, Linn., 369, 393
AKgotheles wallacii, Gray, n.sp., 154
Aithopyga siparaja, Moore, 461
Agama colonorum, 470
Agapornis azureus, Temm., 452
pullaria, 212
Ageleus gubernator, 365
pheniceus, Linn., 58, 381
Ahetulla liocercus, 412, 418
occidentalis, Ginther, n. sp., 4123
Aix galericulata, 206
—— sponsa, 206, 477
Alauda arvensis, Linn., 184.
raytal, Blyth, 185
Alcedo bengalensis, Gm., 150, 151, 174
dea, Less., 154
ispida, 152, 435
Alcyone azurea, 155
lessonit, Cass., 155
Alcyonium glaucwm, Dana, 438
latum, Dana, 438
Amadina acuticauda, Blyth, 444
punctularia, Hay, 443
Amazilius arsinoé, Less., 867, 386
corallirostris, Boure., 386
—— dubust, Boure., 386
ocat, Gould, 367

rieffert, Boiss., 145

Ameiva sexscutata, Giinther, n. sp., 402
Ammodromus ruficeps, Cass., 380
Ampelis cedrorum, Vieill., 364
garrula, 212, 432

Amphisbena fuliginosa, 89, 402
Ampullaria modesta, 7. dem Busch, n.sp.
168

nove granade, V.dem Busch, n.sp.,
9

quitensis, V. dem Busch, n.sp., 168
solida, V. dem Busch, un. sp., 168
—— (Lanistes) sinistrorsa, Lea, 349
Anabates cerviniqularis, Scl., 382

496 INDEX.

Anabates rubiginosus, Scl., 865
subalaris, Scl., n. sp., 141
temporalis, Scl., n. sp., 141
Anabazenops variegaticeps, Scl., 882
Anas boschas, Linn., 190, 437
brachyptera, Lath., 96
cristata, 96

leucophrys, Forst., 166
maxima, Gosse, 369
obscura, 442

—— punctata, Gould, 166
rafiest, King, 96
superciliosa, Gm., 166
Anatoma, Woodward, 204
Anatomus, Adams, 203
angulatus, Sow., 203

asper, Phil., 203

bertheloti, Webb, 203
conicus, D’Orb., 203
costatus, D’Orb., 203
crispatus, Flem., 203
dorbignyt, Aud., 203
indicus, Montf., 203

— levigatus, D’Orb., 203
reticulatus, Phil., 203

—— striatulus, Phil., 203
Andigena laminirostris, Gould, 146
Annellade, Gray, 483

Annella, Gray, 483
reticulata, Gray, 483
Anodus alburnus, Mill. et Trosch., 419
Troschelii, Giinther, n.sp., 418
Anolis eneus, 89, 402

cristatellus, D. et B., 89, 402
—— fraseri, Giinther, n. sp., 407
salleei, Giinther, n. sp. 421
Anorrhinus galeritus, Hetch., 450
Anser cyanoides, 435

ferus, Steph., 189

segetum, 477

Anthea cereus, 434

Antherzea, Hiibn., 247

—— assama, Helfer, 258

—— frithi, Moore, n. sp., 256
helferi, Moore, n. sp., 257
jana, Cramer, 256

: katinka, Walker, 260

——- larissa, Westw., 258

lola, Walk., 246

—— mylitta, Haibn., 247

paphia, Linn., 247

pernyi, Gwérin, 255
perrotteti, Guérin, 257
—— roylii, Moore, n. sp., 256
—— simla, Westw., 257

—— thibeta, Walker, 260
zuleika, Walk., 245
Anthothreptes malaccensis, Cab., 461
Anthreptes flavigaster, Eyton, 460
hypogrammica, Miller, 461
— macularia, Blyth, 461

Anthreptes malaccensis, Seop., 151, 461

modesta, Kyton, 460

nuchalis, Blyth, 461

phenicotis, Blyth, 463

Anthropotdes virgo, 436

Anthus correndera, Vieill., 95

—— malayensis, 150

pratensis, 151

richardi, 150, 151

rufulus, 151

Antiopa cristata, 68

Antrostomus vociferus, 367

Aphriza virgata, Gm., 236

Aplonis atronitens, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
164

brevirostris, Hartl., 163
—— cassini, Gray, 163

—— fusca, Gould, 163

—— marginatus, Gould, 163
—— nigroviridis, Less., 163
obscura, Dubus, 163
striata, Gm., 163
tabuensis, Gm., 163
viridigrisea, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 164
zealandica, Q. & G., 168
Aptenodytes pennanti, 98
Apteryx mantelli, 350
Aquila bonellit, 435

Aquila malayensis, Hay, 170

. Ara aracanga, Gm., 59, 435

araraund, 433

—— chloroptera, 433

pachyrhyncha, Sw., 568
Arachnoraphis flavigaster, Reichb., 460
Arachnothera chrysogenys, Temm., 460
flavigastra, Blyth, 460

flavigenys, Sw., 460

latirostris, Blyth, 460

modesta, Blyth, 460

Aramides cayennensis, Gm., 64, 393
Aramus scolopaceus, Gin., 64
Arctocephalus, Gray, 359

delalandii, Gray, 107, 109, 358, 360
gilliespii, Gray, 103, 110, 358
hookeri, Gray, 109, 360

— lobatus, Gray, 110, 358, 360

— monteriensis, Gray, n.sp., 358
nigrescens, Gray, 109, 358, 360
ursinus, Gray, 103, 108, 358, 3859. -
Ardea albolineata, G.R. Gray, n. sp., 166
caledonica, Gm., 166

cinerea, Linn., 188, 435
ferruginea, Forst., 166

—— jugularis, Forst., 166

—— nigra, Linn., 188

sparrmannt, Wagl., 166

Ardetta cinnamomea, 150

flavicollis, 150, 151

—— scapularis, 150, 151

Arges brachycephalus, Giinth., n.sp., 92
Arremon aurantiirostris, Lafr., 377

INDEX.

Artamus fuscus, 151
melaleucus, Forst., 163
Ascaris dugonis, Diesing, 149
halichoris, Owen, 149
lonchoptera, Diesing, 427
Aspidelaps lubricus, Smith, 88
Aspis intestinalis, Laur., 82
Astur longicauda, Less., 153
nove hollandie, 432
Asturina albifrons, 368
—— magnirostris, Lath., 52, 147, 368
nitida, 368, 389
Athene cuculoides, 150
Atherura africana, 432
Atlapetes pileatus, Wagl., 380
Attacus, Linn., 265
atlas, Zinn., 265
edwardsu, White, n. sp., 115, 266
—— eguérini, Moore, nu. sp., 269
lunula, Walker, 267
—— mylitta, Blanch., 247
ricini, Moore, 267
Attila bolivianus, Lafr., 41
brasiliensis, Less., 41
cinereus, Gm., 41 -
citreopygtus, Bp., 41, 366, 383
citriniventris, Sc/., n.sp., 43
flammulatus, Lafr., +1
rufus, Lafr., 41

spadiceus, Gm., 41
thamnophiloides, Spix, 41
Aulacopris, White, 118
reichii, White, n. sp., 118
Aulacorhamphus hematopygius, Gid., 146
prasinus, Gould, 368
—— wagleri, 388
Aurelia aurita, 201
Axis maculata, 212, 432
Baleniceps rex, 353
Balearica pavonina, 433
Bananivorus affinis, Lawr., 365
Barbatula, Less., 398
atroflava, Bp., 398
chrysocoma, Bp., 398
—— duchaillui, Cass., 397
erythronotus, Verr., 398
flavimentum, Verr., 398
flavisquamata, Verr., 397
formosa, Verr., 398
fuliginosa, Cass., 397
leucolaima, Verr., 398
—— minuta, Bp., 399
nana, Gray, 399

—— pusilla, Bp., 399
stellata, Fraser, 397
subsulfurea, Hartl., 398
Basileuterus belli, Giraud, 374
bivittatus, Lafr., 137
—— brasieri, Giraud, 374
chrysogaster, Tsch., 137
chrysophrys, Bp., 374

497

Basileuterus coronatus, Tsch., 137
cultcivorus, Bp., 374
nigricristatus, Lafr., 440
rubrifrons, 363

Bathmidura @ orbigny?, Reichb., 197
Baza stenozona, Gray, 153

Belideus flaviventris, 212, 218
Berenicornis comatus, Bp., 450
Bernicla antaretica, 96

—— inornata, Gray, 96

leucopsis, 477

sandvicensis, 206

Blennius palmicornis, 432, 433

—— viviparus, 432

Boa constrictor, 212

Bombyx, Schrank, 237

atlas, Fabr., 265

cynthia, Oliv., 267

horsfieldi, Moore, n. sp.

—— huttoni, Westw., 243

jana, Oliv., 256

—— lugubris, Drury, 244

—— mori, Linn., 237

—— mylitta, Fabr., 247

paphia, Fabr., 247

perrotteti, Guérin, 257
religiosa, He/fer, 242
subnotata, Walk., 244

Bonasa sabinii, Dougl., 236

Bos zebu, 486

Botaurus heliosylus, Less., 159
lentiginosus, 369

——— stellaris, Linn,, 188

Bourciera fraseri, Pfr., n. sp., 28
Bourcieria fulgidigula, Gould, 145
Brachyotus cassinit, Brewer, 390
Brachypodius melanocephalus, 150
Brachypternus aurantius, Linn., 174
Brachyrhamphus marmoratus, Gm., 237
Briareum suberosum, Dana. 482
Buarremon albinuchus, D Ovb., 364, 377
assimilis, Lafr., 441
brunneinuchus, Lafr., 138, 364, 377
castaneiceps, Sc/., n. sp., 441
leucopterus, Jard., 138

Bubo maculosus, 435

virginianus, Cuy., 390

Buceros africanus, Gan., 446
albirostris, Horsf., 448
annulatus, Drap., 451
anthracinus, Temm., 449
bicolor, Eyton, 449

bicornis, Linn., 447

carinatus, Blyth, 450

—— cavatus, Shaw, 447

—— comatus, Rafiles, 450

convexus, Temm., 448
diadematus, Dumont, 446
ellioti, Hay, 449

galeatus, Gm., 446

—— galeritus, Temm., 450

No. 415.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

498

Buceros homrai, Hodegs., 447
intermedius, Blyth, 448
javanicus, Shaw, 451
Jjavanus, 451

lugubris, Begb., 450
lunatus, Temm., 446
malabaricus, Raffles, 448
malayanus, Rafiles, 448
niger, Shaw, 446, Vieill., 451
—— nigrirostris, Blyth, 449
—— obscurus, Gm., 451
—— plicatus, Lath., 451
—— pasuran, Raffles, 451
rhinoceros, Linn., 446
ruficollis, Vieill., 158
scutatus, Bodd., 446
sylvestris, Vieull., 446
—— undulatus, Shaw, 451
violaceus, Hay, 448
Buecanodon, J. Verr., 397
duchaillut, Hartl., 397
Buccinum acicula, G@m., 316
aciculatum, Gm., 275, 299
acus, Gin., 316
asperum, Gm., 316
—— allium, Sol., 489
bifasciatum, Dillw., 290
canaliculatum, Gm., 316
chalybeum, Gra., 317
chinense, Dillw., 491
cinereum, Born., 291
——— commaculatum, Gm., 309, 317
concinnum, Dillw., 287
—— crenulatum, Linn., 276
—— cuspidatum, Gm., 317
digitellum, Gm., 317
—— dimidiatum, Linn., 281
—— dolium, Linn., 491
—— duplicatum, Linn., 292
edentulum. Gmel., 290
elongatum, Gray, 280
—— fasciolatum, Gm., 317
—— felinum, Dillw., 281
—— flumineum, Gm., 318
—— fluviatile, Gm., 318
galea, Linn., 487 |
geninum, Linn., 318
hastatum, Gin., 282
hecticum, Linn., 318
-—— lanceatum, Linn., 283
lividulum, Gm., 318
—— maculatum, Linn., 280
monile, Linn., 319
—— mucronotum, Gm., 319
muricinum, Gm., 319
—— murinum, Linn., 319
—— niveum, Gmel., 290, 319
— obliquum, Gm., 319
olearium, Tinn., 488
pertusum, Born, 298
—— perdix, Linn., 492

INDEX.

Buceinum phallus, Gan., 319

pugio, Gm., 319

punctulatum, Gm., 320
radiatum, Gim., 320
strigilatum, Gm., 287, 291
subulatwn, Linn., 307
succinctum, Gm., 320
sulcosum, Dillw., 489
tessellatum, Bory St.-Vine., 492
—— tigrinum, Gm., 281
tuberculatum, Gin., 320
varicosum, Gin., 276, 321
virgineum, Gm., 321

Bucco atroflavus, Blam., 398
australis, Raffles, 455

—— barbatula, Temm., 399

— calvus, Lafr., 397

—— chrysopogon, Temm., 454

—— chrysopterus, Sw., 399

chrysozonicus, Rupp., 399
cyanotis, Blyth, 455
dubius, Gm., 394

—— duvaucelli, Less., 455
—— erythronotus, Cuy., 398
frontalis, Temm., 455
grandis, Gm., 173

hayti, J. KH. Gray, 455
indicus, Lath., 464
leuconotus, Vieill., 395
levaillantii, Vieill., 395
— margaritatus, Ripp., 399
—— mystacophanes, Temm., 454
—— nanus, Vig., 399

niger, Gm., 3895

—— parvus, Cuv., 399
personatus, Temm., 395
pusillus, Dum., 399

—— quadricolor, Hyton, 454

— rafilesi, Less., 454
rufifrons, Steph., 395
scolopaceus, Temm., 397
subsulfurcus, Fraser, 398
—— trimaculatus, Gray, 455
versicolor, Raffles, 454
Budytes citreola, Pallas, 179
viridis, Gm., 150, 179
Bufo agua, Latr., 89,415

—— ceruleostictus, Giinther, n. sp., 415

intermedius, Gunther, 89, 415
viridis, 470, 473

Bulimella concavospira, Pfr., n.sp., 30
—— faba, Pfr., n. sp., 50
morbida, Pfr., n. sp., 30
Bulimus caillaudi, Pfr., 3850

—— candidissimus, P/r., n. sp., 26
—— cuencanus, Pfr., n. sp., 26
—— deburghie, Reeve, n. sp., 125
grandis, Desh., 350

—— liberianus, Lea, 350

—— ovoideus, Brog., 350

—— peelii, Reeve, n. sp.. 123

INDEX.

Bulla canaliculata, Linn., 489

Buprestis louisa, White, n.sp., 120

Buteo borealis, Gm., 368, 389

erythronotus, Lafr., 93, 368, 339

harlant, Aud., 389

—— tachardus, 2\2

—— tricolor, D’Orb., 93

varius, Gould, 94

Butorides virescens, Linn., 63, 369

Butreron capellit, Bp., 464

Cacatua ducorpsit, 436

moluceensis, 436

triton, Temm., 159

Caccabis barbara, 436

chukar, Gray, 185

Cacicus montezume, Less., 57, 365

Cacomantis bronzinus, G. R. Gray,n. sp.,
164

Cadus cassius, Bolten, 491

dolium, Bolten, 491

sepa, Bolten, 489

Ceereba carneipes, Sc/., n.sp., 376

cyanea, Scl., 876

lucida, Sel., 55

Cairina moschata, Linn., 65, 437

Calamaria, 80

Calamophilus biarmicus, 436

Calao plicatus, Bp., 451

Calcarina, 202

Calidris arenaria, 369

Calliope pectoralis, Gould, 180

Cailipepla californica, 206, 432, 436

Calliste aurulenta, Lafr., 140

—— cyanotis, Scl., 441

gyroloides, Lafr., 139

rupficervia, Prev., 159

—— rufigularis, Scl., 440

Callocephaton galeatwm, 453

Callogorgia, Gray, 484

flabella, Gray, 484

-—— gracilis, Kdw., 484

-—— plumatilis, Kdw., 484

verticillata, Pall., 484

Callophis, Giinther, 81

bivirgatus, Sch/eq., 81

calligaster, Wiegm., 84

gracilis, Gray, 83

intestinalis, Laz«#., 82

—— maculiceps, Giinther, 84

trimaculatus, Dawd., 83

univirgatus, Giimther, 83

Ca‘lorhinus, Gray, n. g., 359

ursinus, Gray, 359

Calocitta formosa, Sw., 381

Calornis chalybeus, Horsf., 445

—— dauricus, Pall., 445

metallica, Scl., 158

virescens, G. R. Gray, 158

Calothorax mulsanti, Boure., 146

pulchra, Gould, 386

Calurus resplendens, Gould, 52

|
|

499

Campephaga caledonica, Gm., 162

—— neévia, Forst., 163

Campylopterus delattrit, Less., 538, 367,
385

—— pampa, Less., 367, 385
Campylorhynchus capistratus, Less., 363,
37

jocosus, Sc/., n.sp., 371
—— megalopterus, Latr., 363, 371
—— zonatus, Less., 363
Cancroma cochlearia, 369
Capito margaritatus, Gray, 399
—— rubrifrons, Vieill., 399
subsulfureus, Gray, 398
Caprimulqus macrurus, Gould, 154
Carbo cormoranus, 150
Carcharias leucas, Va/., 223
Cardellina rubra, Sw., 363, 374
rubrifrons, Giraud, 374
Cardinalis virginianus, Bp., 365, 578
Carduelis caniceps, Vig., 184
Carpodacus hemorrhous, Wagl., 380
rhodochrous, Gould, 178
roseus, Vieill., 177
Carpophaga enea, 150
goliath, G. R. Gray, u.sp., 165
— hypenochrod, G. R. Gray, 165
myristicivora, Scop., 466
pinon, Q. et G., 159
puella, Less., 159
rufigastra, Q. et G., 159
sylvatica, Tickell, 466
zoee@, Less., 159
Casarca cana, 442.
leucoptera, 150
rutila, Linn., 189, 206, 442
Casiornis, Bp., 41
typus, Des Murs, 41
Cassiculus melanicterus, Bp., 380
prevosti, Less., 57, 365, 580
Cassidix crassirostris, Sw., 57
oryztvora, Gm., 57, 140
Casuarius bennettii, Gould, 32, 212
Catadromus elseyi, Wize, n. sp., 117
Cathartes atratus, Barth., 51
aura, Linn., 51, 93
Catharus, Bp., 325
aurantiirostris, Harz/., 186, 323
dryas, Gould, 137, 324

— fuscater, Lajr., 136-7, 324
—— melpomene, Caé., 136, 325, 362,

FT|

maculatus, Sc/., 137, 324
Catharus mexicanus, Bp., 156
occidentalis, Sc/., n. sp., 323,

370
Catreus wallichii, 205
Celeus castaneus, Wagl., 60, 388
Centropus, 175
affinis, Horsf. 458
lepidus, Horsf., 458

500

Centropus menebiki, Garn., 159
philippensis, 150, 151

viridis, Scop., 457

Centurus pucherant, Malh., 60
santacruzt, Bp., 60, 367
Cephalacanthus, 103, 105
Cephalophus maxwellit, 435
Cephalopterus glabricollis, Gould, 143
ornatus, 143

penduliger, Sc/., n. sp., 142
Cephalotes, 36-7-8.

peronit, 38

Ceratophrys cornutus, 434
Cercocebus fuliginosus, 433
Cercomacra tyrannina, Sel., 55, 883
Cercopithecus, 477

engythithia, 212

Cercosaurus gaudichaudi, Gray, 89, 405
rhombifer, Giinther, n.sp., 405
Cereopsis nove hollandie, 206
Certhia americana, Bp., 235
brasiliana, Shaw, 462
chlorophea, Forst., 160

—— fasciata, Forst., 160
himalayana, Vig., 174

incana, Lath., 160

lepida, Sparm., 461

—— longirostra, Horsf., 460
mataccensis, Scop., 461

—— mexicana, Reich., 362, 372
sperata, Raftles, 462

stparaja, Raffles, 461

Certhiola mexicana, Scl., 364, 376
Ceriornis melanocephala, Gray, 185
Cerithium dislocatum, Say, 295
Cervulus vaginalis, 435

Cervus capreolus, 477

Ceryle aicyon, Linn., 53, 236, 367
amazona, Gm., 53

americana, Gm., 53, 367

—— rudis, Linn., 174

superciliosa, Linn., 53, 387
—— torquata, 53

—— varia, 150

Ceyx solitaria, Temm., 155
Chetostoma loborhynchus, Tsch., 420
Chalceus alburnus, Giinther, n.sp., 419
brevirostris, Giinther, n. sp., 420
Chalcites xanthorhynchus, 151
Chaleoparia cingalensis, Cab., 463
pheenicotis, Moore, 463
Chalcophaps angusta, Bp., 467.
chrysochlora, Gould, 165
indica, Linn., 150, 467
stephani, H. et I., 159
Chameleo africanus, 434, 435, 486
vulgaris, 470, 473, 475
Chameospiza torquata, DuBus, 365
Chamepelia passerina, Linn., 369, 391
rufipennis, Gray, 61, 369
Charadrius glaucopus, Forst., 165

INDEX.

Charadrius leschenaultii, Blyth, 188
virginicus, 150, 369

vociferus, Linn., 63
Charmosyna pulchella, G. R. Gray, 158
Chelidon cashmeriensis, Gould, 175
Chelonia imbricata, 432

Chenalopex egyptiacus, 477

Chionis alba, 95

Chiromys madagascariensis, 111
Chloéphaga magellanica, Grn., 96
poliocephala, Gray, 96, 206
Chloronerpes eruginosus, Licht., 388
fumigatus, Lafr., 146

—— oleagineus, Licht., 367, 388
sanguinolentus, Sc/., n.sp., 60
yucatanensis, Cabot, 60, 367
Chlorophanes atricapilla, Vieill., 138
Chlorophonia occipitalis, 364
Chlorospingus canigularis, Lafr., 138
ophthalmicus, DuBus, 364, 377
Chlorostilbon atala, Less., 145
Chondestes grammica, Say, 379
Chromis, 4°74

rivulata, Giinther, n.sp., 418
Chrysococcyx basalis, Horsf., 128
—— lucidus, 128, 221

minutillus, Gould, n. sp., 128
Chrysocolaptes sultaneus, Hodgs., 456
Chrysodema louisa, White, n.sp., 120
Chrysolampis moschitus, Linn., 54.
Chrysomitris mexicana, Sw., 365, 380
—— notata, DuBus, 365, 380

—— spinoides, Vig., 184
Chrysonotus intermedius, Blyth, 456
rafflesi, Vig., 456

Chrysotis autumnalis, Linn., 59, 389
ochropterus, Gm., 389, 433
Ciccaba nigrolineata, Scl., n. sp., 131
Cichlalopia, Bp., 335

| Cichlerminia, Bp., 335

bonapartii, Sce/., 335

— fuscata, Newton, 335
Cinclops, Bp., 337
melanoleucus, Bp., 338
Cinclocerthia, G. R. Gray, 338
gutturalis, Lafr., 338

: ruficauda, Gould, 338

| Cinclus aquaticus, 200

cashmeriensis, Gould, n. sp., 494
—— mexicanus, Sw., 362

sordidus, Gould, n. sp., 494
Cinnyricinela javanica, Reichb., 461
Circe latirostris, Sw., 367

Circus cinereus, Vieill., 94
hudsonicus, Linn., 390

| Clathraria, Gray, n. g., 486

rubrinodis, Gray, n. sp., 486
Cobitis barbatula, 485
Coccothraustes abeillii, Less., 365
sinensis, Briss., 444
Coccystes coromandus, Linn., 459

INDEX.

Coccyzus badius, J. EH. Gray, 458

Cecilia gracilis, Shaw., 417

pachynema, Giinther, n.sp., 417

rostrata, Cuv., 417

Celigena fulgens, Sw., 367, 386

wilsont, Delatt., 145

Colaptes mexicanus, Sw., 236, 367

Colluricinela fusca, Gould, 335

Collurio lahtora, Sykes, 180

Coluber corallinus, Linn., 84

Sulvus, Linn., 85

—— lacteus, Linn., 88

—— latonia, Daud., 89

lemniscatus, Linn., 85

melanurus, Shaw, 83

Columba alba, Gmel., 466

bantamensis, Sparrm., 467

bicolor, Scop., 466

ceruleocephala, Gmel., 467

capellei, Temm., 464

—— fasciata, Say, 236, 369

flavirostris, Wagl., 369, 391

holosericea, Temm., 165

indica, Linn., 467

-— intermedia, 151

— jambu, Gmel., 465

javanica, Gmel., 467

leucocephala, Linn., 61, 432

leuconota, Vig., 187

leucoptera, Linn., 61

—— litoralis, Temm., 466

livia, Linn., 187

—— malaccensis, Gmel., 466

nigrirostris, Sc/., n. sp., 390

olax, Temm., 465

palumbus, Linn., 187

—— purpurea Gmel., 465

rupfina, Temm., 147

rupestris, Pallas, 400

speciosa, Gmn., 61

striata, Linn., 466

superciliaris, Wagl., 467

sylvatica, Tickell, 466

—— tigrina, Temm., 467

- vernans, Gmel., 465

viridis, Scop., 465

Colymbus adamsii, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
167, 201, 206

arcticus, 207

—— glacialis, 206

pacificus, 207

Comatula rosea, 494

Compsocoma sumptuosa, Less., 139

Conirostrum albifrons, Lafr., 138

Contopus ardesiacus, Lafr., 44, 144

bogotensis, Bp., 44

borealis, Sw., 43, 44, 366, 384

— mesoleucos, Scl., n. sp., 43, 44

sordidulus, Sc/., n. sp., 43, 44

virens, 44

Conurus astec, Souancé, 59, 388

Conurus erythrogenys, Less., 146
murinus, 434

holochlorus, Scl., 368
rubrilarvatus, Mass., 146
Conus nigrescens, Sowerby, n.sp., 429
proximus, Sowerby, n.sp., 429
Copsychus saularis, 150, 151
Coracias affinis, 150, 151

—— garrula, 172

éndica, Linn., 172

pacifica, Forst., 163

striata, Gm., 164

Coralliade, Gray, 480

Corallium, 479, 480

rubrum, Carol., 480
secundum, Dana, 480
Corethrura cayennensis, Gm., 64
Coronella cucullata, 470

decorata, Gimther, 412
Corvus cesius, Cuv., 162 _
“caledonicus, Gm., 162 ~
cinereus, Forst., 162

corax, Linn., 171, 486

corone, Linn., 163, 171
coronotdes, G. R. Gray, 157
culminatus, Sykes, 171, 445
galericulatus, Cuy., 446
Srugilegus, 171

—— fuscicapillus, G. R. Gray, 157
inflatus, Temm., 163
intermedius, Adams, n. sp., 171
—— javanensis, Osb., 444
macrorhynchus, 446

—— monedula, Linn., 171
moneduloides, Less., 163
orru, Mill., 157

splendens, Vieill., 171
tibetanus, Hodgs., 171
Corynactis allmanni, 434

Corystes cassivelaunus, 494
Coturniculus, 140

Coturnicinelus passerinus, Bp., 379
Coturnix pentah, Sykes, 186
Cotyle flavigastra, 364

—— fulvipennis, Sc/., n. sp., 364
riparia, Linn., 176
serripennis, 364

subsoccata, Hodgs., 176
Cracticus personatus, Temm., 157
Craspedocephalus atrox, Linn., 89, 414
bilineatus, Wied., 414
leucurus, D. et B., 89, 414
Crax alector, Linn., 61, 212
Cricula, Walker, 245

trifenestrata, Helfer, 245
Crithragra brasiliensis, 100
Crocodilus americanus, 402, 434
Crotophaga sulcirostris, Sw., 59, 368, 388

| Crypsirhina varians, 150
_ Cuculus albopunctatus, Drap., 459

—— bengalensis, Gmel., 457

902

Cuculus bronzinus, G. R.Gray, n.sp., 164
—— canorus, Linn., 174
chloropheus, Vig., 458
—— collaris, Vieul., 459
coromandus, Linn., 459
curvirostris, Shaw, 458
flavus, Gm., 458

—— fugax, Horsf., 459
inornatus, 222

lathamt, J. E. Gray, 459
lucidus, Temm., 459

—— lugubris, Horsf., 459

—— malayanus, Raffles, 459
—— merulinus, Scop., 458
mexicanus, Sw., 388

—— micropterus, Gould, 459
— nisicolor, Hodgs., 459
pravata, Horst., 458

—— sonneratii, Latt., 150, 458
striatus, Drap., 459
sumatranus, Raffles, 458
tenuirostris, J. H. Gray, 458
varius, Vahl., 459
venustus, Jerdon, 458
—— viridis, Scop., 457
Curimatus gilberti, Q. et G., 419
Custa bicarinata, Linn., 404
Cyanocitta californica, Vig., 381
crassirostris, Bp., 57
nana, DuBus, 381

ornata, Less., 381
Cyanocorax coronatus, Sw., 865
guatemalensis, Bp., 57
luxuosus, 865

nanus, DuBus, 365
ornatus, 365

ultramarinus, 365
unicolor, DuBus, 365
Cyanomyia cyanocephala, 367
quadricolor, Vieill., 386
sordida, Gould, 386
violiceps, Gould, 386
Cyanospiza ciris, Linn., 379
cyanea, Linn., 379
versicolor, Bp., 379
Cyanura coronata, Sw., 381
Cyanurus coronatus, 236
dimidiatus, 236
macrolophus, 256

stelleri, G@m., 236
Cyclorhamphus marmoratus, 89, 415
Cyclorhis flaviventris, Lafr., 363
Cyclorhynchus brevirostris, 45
cinereiceps, Scl., 884
olivaceus, 45

Cyclostoma articulatum, 204:
carinatum, 204
principalis, Pfr., n. sp., 27
subconicum, Pfr., n.sp., 27
( Otopoma) listert, 204
Cyclothurus didactylus, Linn., 450

INDEX. |

Cygnus atratus, 206

nigricollis, 98, 206

Cymbirhynchus affinis, 150

Cymindis cayennensis, Gmn., 52

Cynocephalus sphinx, 454

Cynops chinensis, Gray, n.sp., 229

pyrrogaster, 229

Cyphorinus prostheleucus, Sel., 363, 372

pusillus, Sc/., n.sp., 372

Cyprinodon dispar, 470, 474

lunatus, Cuy., 474

moseas, Cuv., 474

Cyprinus auratus, 229

Cypris cylindrica, Sow., 233

var. major, Baird, 233

dentato-marginata, Baird, n. sp.,
233

——— subglobosa, Sow., 252

Cypselus affinis, Gray, 175

apus, Linn., 175

melba, Linn., 175

—— niger, 236

Cyrtophis scutatus, Smith, 88

Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris, Blyth, 462

Dacelo gaudichaudi, Q. et G., 104

macrorhinus, Less., 154

Dactylocalyx pumiceus, 459

Dactyloptera, 103, 105

Dafila acuta, Linn., 190, 437

Dasycephala cinerea, Sw., 41

citreopyga, Bp., 41

— hematodes, Cab., 41

—— rubra, Burm., 41

uropygialis, Cab., 41

Dasyprocta aurea, 436

Dasypus peba, 51

Delattria clemencie, Less., 367

—— henrici, Less., 367, 386

rhami, Less., 867

Dendrochelidon wallacti, Gould, nu. sp.,
100

Dendrocinela anabatina, Sc/., n. sp., 54,
382

Dendrocitta vagabunda, Vieill., 172

Dendrocolaptes sancti thome, Lafr., 54

Dendrocopus sordidus, Kyton, 455

Dendrocygna arcuata, 150

Dendreca estiva, 363

blackburnie, Gin., 363

coronata, Linn., 3863

icterocephala, Linn., 363, 374

—. maculosa, Gin., 368, 374

—— nigrescens, 'Towns., 374

—_— olivacea, 363

— superciliosa, Bodd., 363, 374

townsendi, Aud., 3574

virens, Gm., 363, 373

Dendromanes, Sc/., n. g., 382

anabatinus, Sc/., 382

homochrous, Se/., n.sp., 882

Dendrophis liocercus, Berth., 413

INDEX.

Dendrophis viridis, D. et B., 412
pe edrors erythropygia, Sc/., n. sp., 366,
1
flavigastra, Sw., 381
triangularis, Lafy., 140
Dendrortyx barbatus, 369
Dermophrys maja, Cab., 444
Diaphonia metallescens, White, n. sp.,
119
Diardigallus crawfurdi, J. EH. Gray,
353
fasciolatus, Blyth, 40, 353
prelatus, Bp., 353
Diceum cruentatum, 150, 151
ignicapillum, Kyton, 463
trigonostigma, 150
Dicotyles torquatus, 51
Dicrurus assimilis, G. R. Gray, 157
longicaudatus, Hay, 180
—— macrocercus, 150
Diemansia, 79
Diglossa albilateralis, Lafr., 138
— aterrima, Lafr., 440
—— baritula, Wagl., 364, 376
personata, Fraser, 138
Diomedea fuliginosa, 98
melanophrys, 98
Diplopterus excellens, Scl., 60
Dipus egyptius, 432
Dipsas annulata, Schleg., 89
Distichocera thomsonella, White, n. sp.,
2
Distoma hepaticum, 427
Dolium, 487
amphora, Phil., 493
—— ampullaceum, Phil., 491
—— australe, Morch, 491
— cepa, Mart., 489
—— chinense, Chemn., 491
— costatum, Menke, 489
—— crenulatum, Phil., 488
—— cumingit, Hanley, 491
— deshayesti, Reeve, 490
— dunkeri, Hanley, n.sp., 431, 490
fasciatum, Mart., 489
favannii, Hanley, n. sp., 430, 490
—_— fimbriatum, Sowerby, 491
= caleay binn: 40
—— kieneri, Phil., 490 .
latescens, Schroter, 489
—— latesulcatum, Mart., 489
—— maculatum, Lamk., 491
—— marginatum, Phil., 493
—— marmoreum, Schroter, 489
—— melanostoma, Say, 488
minjac, Desh., 492
olearium, Crouch, 488
pennatum, Morch., 4938
perdix,Linn., 492
plumatwm, Green, 489
—— reevei, Hanley, 493

Dolium rufuin, Blainy., 492

tenue, Menke, 488
variegatum, Lamk., 490
—— zonatum, Green, 488

Doris cerulea, Mont., 66
Dromeus irroratus, Burtl., n. sp., 205
nove hollandie, 205
Dromicus, 80

Dromococcyx mexicanus, Bp., 368
Dryocopus albirostris, Spix, 146
grayti, Malh., 146
guatemalensis, Hartl., 367, 3888
scapularis, Vigors, 60, 367
Dryopithecus, 17, 18
Dysithamnus unicolor, Se/., n.sp., L41
Echidna, 215

Ecpleopus gaudichaudi, Dum., 405
Edolius paradiseus, 150, 151
Hlainia, 144

Hlainia agilis, Gm., 46

—— albiceps, Latr., 46
cayennensis, 46

—— griseigularis, Scl., 46

—— luteiventris, Scl., 46
modesta, Tsch., 46

olivacea, Latr., 46

pagana, Licht., 46

-—— placens, Sc/., n.sp., 46
stictoptera, Scl., 46

texensis, 46

variegata, 46

Klanus axillaris, 127

hypoleucus, Gould, n.sp., 127
—— inscriptus, 127

leucurus, 126

melanopterus, 126

Elaps, Giinther, 84

alternans, D. et B., 85

—— bipunctiger, D. et B., 85
bivirgatus, Schleg., 81
calligaster, Wiegm., 81, 84
circinalis, D. et B., 84

—— collaris, Schleg., 84
corallinus, Linn., 84
decoratus, Giinther, n. sp., 85
decussatus, D. et B., 85
diastema, D. et B., 87
divaricatus, Hallow., 87
dorsalis, Smith, 88

epistema, D. et B., 85

—— filiformis, Giinther, n.sp., 86
—— flaviceps, Cantor, 81
frontalis, D. et B., 85
fulvus, Linn., 85

furcatus, Schleg., 82
gastrodelus, D. et B,, 87
—— hygie, Schleg., 88

—— lemniscatus, Linn., 85
lubricus, Seba, 88

—— maculiceps, Ginther, 83, 84
—— maregravii, D, et B., 85

903

504

Elaps melanurus, Shaw, 83, 84

mipartitus, D. et B., 85

nigromaculatus, Cantor, 83

—— occipitalis, Dum. et Bibr., 87

psyche, D. et B., 84

semipartitus, D. et B., 414

surinamensis, Cuv., 85

tener, Baird et Gir., 86

trimaculatus, Merr., 83

tristis, Baird, 85

univirgatus, Giinther, 83

zonatus, Hallow., 87

Eclectus linnei, Wagl., 158

Hllisella, Gray, 481

coccinea, 481

-—— elongata, 481

—— juncea, 481

pectinata, 481

Ellisellade, Gray, 481

Emballonura fuliginosa, Tomes, n. sp., 77

monticola, 77

saxatilis, '79

villosa, 79

Emberiza albida, Blyth, 184

caniceps, Gould, 184

ctoides, Temm., 148

Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr., 380

Empidonax flaviventris, Baird, 366

—— fulvifrons, Scel., 45

minimus, Baird, 384

Emys hamiltoni, 433

tectum, 433

Enicurus maculatus, Vig., 179

nigrifrons, Hodgs., n.sp., 102

—— scouleri, Vig., 179

Entomophila spilodera, G. R. Gray, 155

Enyalius laticeps, Guichen, 89, 409

Holis adelaide, Thompson, n. sp., 66

cerulea, Mont., 66

coronata, 68

landsburgit, 68

papillosa, 68

Eopithecus, 16

Eopsaltria caledonica, Gm., 162

—— variegata, G. R. Gray, nu. sp., 162

Eos cyanogenia, Bp., 155

fuscata, Blyth, 155

rubra, Linn., 450

—— (Chalcopsitta) torrida, G. R. Gray,
158.

Ephialtes lempiji, 150

Epimachus magnificus, Cuv., 155

Equus kiang, Hodgs., 353, 435

Erethizon dorsatum, 436

Erismatura rubida, Wils., 393

Erythrolamprus venustissinus, 89, 402

Erythrura psittacea, Bp., 164

Esacus recurvirostris, 151

Esox lucius, 477

Estheria hislopi, Bazrd, n.sp., 232

Estrelda amandava, 151

INDEX.

Kstrelda lateralis, 432

psittacea, Gm., 164

Eubucco bourciert, Lafr., 146
Euchloris sclateri, Cornalia, 441
Huchromia, Walk., 199
EHudynamys orientalis, 150, 151, 459
punctatus, 159

Eudyptes papua, 98

Eugenes fulgens, Sw., 53

Eulabes gavanus, Cuv., 445
Eumomota superciliaris, Jard., 54
Euphema elegans, 434.

Euphonia xanthogastra, Sund., 140
elegantissima, Bp., 364, 378
hirundinacea, Bp., 364, 378
Euphranor, H. Scheeff., 245
multifenestrata, H.Sch., 246
trifenestrata, H. Sch., 245
Eurinorhynchus pygmeus, Linn., 201
Eurystomus pacificus, Lath., 154
Euryta, Adams, 275

, Huspiza aureola, 150

Euthlypis lacrymosa, Cab., 363
Excalfactoria minima, Gould, n.sp., 128
Falco australis, Lath., 93

cenchris, Naum., 170
haliaetus, Forst., 160
leucurus, 93

nove zelandie, Gmel., 93
tinnunculus, Linn., 170

Felis mitis, 433

pardalis, 477

serval, 435

Felivox, Bp., 336

Florida cerulea, Linn., 63
Florisuga mellivora, 53
Formicarius moniliger, Scl., 383
Formicivora boucardi, Scl., 55, 883
caloptera, Sc/., n.sp., 142
caudata, Scl., 142
Francolinus ponticerianus, Gm., 186
sinensis, 151

vulgaris, Steph., 186
Fregilus graculus, Linn., 172
Fringalauda nemoricola, Hodgs., 184
Fringilla oryzivora, Horsf., 443
maja, Horsf., 444

montana, Linn., 443

nisoria, Temm., 443

—— pulchella, Forst., 164
psittacea, Gm., 164
punctularia, Horsf., 443
Fulica americana, Gm., 64, 369
atra, Linn., 188

Fuligula affinis, 369, 437
americana, 437

cristata, 442

valisneria, 437

Funiculina cylindrica, Lamk., 481
Galbula melanogenia, Scl., 53, 387
Galeoscoptes, Cab., 336

INDEX.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Linn., 336,
362, 370

—— plumbeus, Linn., 337

rubripes, Zemm., 336

Galera barbara, Linn., 51

Gallinago gallinula, Linn., 189

scolopacina, Bp., 189

solitaria, Hodgs., 189

stenura, 150

wilsont, Temm., 64, 369

Gallinula chloropus, Linn., 188

Gallinura phenicura, 150, 151

Gallophasis albocristatus, Gould, 186, 205

horsfieldit, 205

melanonotus, 205

Gallus bankiva, 150

ferrugineus, Ginel., 185

Gambetta flavipes, Gm., 393

—— melanoleuca, Gm., 237

Gampsorhinus, 150

Garrula rufula, Temm., 446

Garrulax albogularis, 150, 151

Garrulus cristatus, 433

—— gularis, Gray, 172

Garzetta candidissima, Gm., 64, 369

Gavia roseiventris, Gould, n. sp., 97

Gazzola caledonica, Bp., 162

Gecinus dimidiatus, 150

Genetta bonapartii, 353

Genneus lineatus, 150

Geoclemys macrocephala, Gray, n. sp.,
479

Geococcyx affinis, Hartl., 868, 387

Geopelia striata, Linn., 466

Geothlypis macgillivrati, Aud., 363, 373

trichas, Linn., 363, 373

Geotrygon montana, 368, 433

albifacies, G. R. Gray, 368, 391

Gerbillus, 436

Geronticus calvus, 435

Glaucopis leucopterus, Temm., 446

Glenargus leucopterus, Cab., 446

Glottis canescens, Gmel., 151, 189

Glyciphila modesta, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
160

—— poliotis, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 160

Glyphidodon, 474

Glyphisodon biocellatus, Cuv., 222

Glyphorhynchus castelnaudi, Des Murs,
141

Gongylus ocellatus, 470, 473
Gorgonella, Valenc., 480
Gorgonia, 479

flexuosa, 480

furcata, Lamk., 480
myura, Lamk., 484
—— richardi, Lamk., 482
—— sarmentosa, 480
suberosa, Hllis, 482
—— verticillans, Esper, 484
—— vertivillata, Pallas, 484

Gorgonia violacea, 480
Gorilla gina, 3
Goura coronata, Linn., 159, 206
Gracula dumontii, Less., 158
intermedia, 436
religiosa, Horsf., 445
Graculus carbo, Linn., 189
sinensis, Shaw, 189
Grallaria guatemalensis. Prév., 366, 383
nuchalis, Sc/., n.sp., 441
Granatellus sallzei, Sc/., 374
venustus, Bp., 375
Grus cinerea, 358
montignesia, 353
virgo, 353
Gubernatrix cristatellus, 434
Guiraca cerulea, Linn., 365, 378
concerta, DuBus, 378
parellina, Bp., 365, 378
Gymnobucco, Bp., 3897
bonapartit, Verr., 397 -
calvus, Hartl., 397
—— peli, Hartl., 397
Gymnocichla nudiceps, Scl., 55
Gymnocorvus senex, Less., 157
Gymnodactylus caudiscutatus, Giinther,
n. sp., 410
Gypaétus barbatus, Linn., 170
Gyparchus papa, Linn., 51
Gyps indicus, Scop., 170
bengalensis, Gm., 170
Hematopus unicolor, 96
Hemophila rufescens, Sw., 365, 380
Halcyon albicilla, Less., 154
atricapillus, 150, 151
collaris, 151
leucocephalus, 150, 151
sanctus, Vig. et Horsf., 154, 160
Haliaétus albicillus, 435
erythronotus, King, 93
macei, Temm., 170
Haliastur indus, 151
leucosternus, Gm., 153
Haligenes, Giinther, n. g., 471
tristrami, Ginther, n.sp., 471, 476
Haliichthys, Gray, n. g., 38
teniophora, Gray, n. sp., 39
Haliplana fuliginosa, Wagl., 166
Halmaturus billardieri, 433
Harpa, 227
Harpactes diardi, Gould, 460
duvaucelli, Gould, 459
kasumba, Gould, 460
Harpes, Gamb., 338
redivivus, Gamb., 339
Harporhynchus, Cad., 338
crissalis, Henry, 339
curvirostris, Sw., 339, 370
lecontii, Lawr., 339
—— longirostris, Lafr., 339, 362
redivivus, Gamb., 339

506

Harporhynchus rufus, Linn., 840
Hedymeles ludovicianus, Linn., 58, 3865
melanocephalus, Sw., 365
Helarctos tibetanus, 435 :
Heliania, Gray, n. g., 480
spinescens, Gray, n.sp., 481
Helicina aruana, Pfr., n.sp., 29
—-- behniana, Pfr., n.sp., 29
electrina, Pfr., n.sp., 28
—— inequalis, Pfr., n.sp., 28
—— minuscula, Pfr., n.sp., 29
paraensis, Pf, n. sp., 28
Heliotrypha viola, Gould, 145
Helix aphrodite, Pfr., n.sp., 26
brevibarbis, Pfr., n.sp., 25
—— ciliosa, Pfr., n.sp., 25
entodonta, Pfr., n.sp., 24
farrisi, Pfr., n. sp., 23
hystricella, Pfr., n.sp., 25
jaspidea, Pfr., n.sp., 24
—— monacha, Pfr., n.sp., 20
patasensis, Pfr., n.sp., 24
patricia, Pfr., n.sp., 23
plagioglossa, Pfr., n. sp., 26
rejecta, Pfr., n.sp., 25
—_— sulphurea, Adams, 492
vipera, Pfr., n.sp., 24
Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Wils., 363,
373
celata, Say, 235, 373
peregrina, Wils., 373
Helmitheros vermivorus, 363
Hemicercus brunneus, Kyton, 457
—— concretus, Reinw., 455
Hemichelidon latirostris, 151
fuliginosa, Hodgs., 182
Hemichromis, 474.
Hemipharis bakewellu, White, n. sp.,119
Henicopernis, G. Rk. Gray, n. g., 153
longicauda, G. R. Gray, 153
Herminierus, Less., 338
Herodias albolineata, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
166
egretta, 369
garzetta, 150
Herpedodryas brunneus, Gimther, 412
fuscus, Linn., 89, 412
rappi, Giinther, 412
Herpestes fasciatus, 212
griseus, 436
Herpetotheres cachinnans, Linn., 52, 368,
389
Hesperiphona icteriotdes, Vig., 178
Heterodon diadema, 80
Heterura sylvana, Hodgs., 185
Hiaticula philippina, Soun., 188
Hierococcyx varius, Vahl., 459
Hippocampus brevirostris, 212
Hirundo daurica, Linn., 175
Jjilifera, Steph., 175
frontalis, Q. & G., 154

INDEX.

Hirundo rustica, Linn., 150, 151, 175
—— thalassina, Sw., 235

| Homalocranium melanocephalum, Linn.,
412

Homarus vulgaris, 433
Homo, 8

| Homraius bicornis, Bp., 447
| Hoplocephalus, 79

Hoplopterus cayanus, Lath., 63
ventralis, 150

| Hyena striata, 477

Hyalonema, 439

Hydra tuba, 201

Hydrobata asiatica, Sw., 180

cinclus, Vieill., 180
melanogaster, Temm., 181
Hydrocissa albirostris, 150

convexa, Moore, 448

—— galerita, Bp., 450

malayana, Bp., 448

nigrirostris, Moore, 449
Hydrophasianus sinensis, 150

Hyla fasciata, Ginther, 89
rhodopepla, Ginther, 89
viridis, 433

Hylobates, 3, 9

lar, 8, 16

syndactyla, 5

Hylodes conspicillatus, Giimther, 89, 416
lineatus, Schneid., 89
unistrigatus, Giinther, n.sp., 416
Hylomanes momotula, Licht., 54, 387
Hylophilus ochraceiceps, Sc/., n. sp., 375
Hylotomus pileatus, Linn., 236
Hyphantes baltimorensis, Linn., 57, 365
Hyphantidium, Sco7t, n. g., 207
sericarlum, Scott, n. sp., 207
Hyphantornis castaneofusca, 433
textor, 433

Hypogrammica nuchalis, Reichb., 461
Hypostomus erinaceus, Cuy., 420
Hypothymis melanops, Vig., 182
Hypotriorchis femoralis, 368

—— rufigularis, Daud., 390
Hypsipetes psaroides, Vig., 181!
Hyrax habessinicus, 254
Ibidorhynchus struthersti, Vig., 188
Ictinia plumbea, Gm., 360, 390
Icteria velasquezi, Bp., 863, 375
viridis, 363

Icterus affinis, 380

auduboni, Baird, 381
baltimorensis, 433

— gularis, Wagl., 365

—— melanicterus, Bp., 380
melanocephalus, 365
melanopterus, Hartl., 58

—— mesomelas, Licht., 58

—— prosthemelas, Strickl., 58

—— spurius, Bp., 380

waglert, Scl., 381

INDEX. 507

Iguana, 432

—— tuberculata, Laur., 410

Lora typhia, 150

Lrena puella, 150

Tridina (Pleiodon) spekii, Woodw.,n. sp.,
348

Isis, 479

aurantia, Esper, 486
coccinea, Esper, 486
dichotoma, Hsper, 486
ochracea, Esper, 485
Txoreus, Bp., 331

Janthenas hypenochroa, Gould, 165
Junco cinereus, Sw., 365

Ketupa ceylonensis, 150

Labrus maculatus, 433

Lacerta ocellata, 470, 473

viridis, 212, 454

Lachesis nitidus, Giinther, n. sp., 414
Laimodon, Gray, 395

albiventris, Verr., nu. sp., 393, 395
bifrenatus, Gray, 396
hirsutus, Gray, 3897
leucocephalus, De Fil., 395
leucomelas, Gray, 395
nigrithorax, Gray, 395
saltti, Gray, 396

undatus, Riipp., 896
unidentatus, Gray, 395
vieilloti, Gray, 396

Lalage nevia, Forst., 163

Lamia pedicornis, 123

Laminella micans, Pfr., n. sp., 31
sericea, Pfr., n. sp., 31

— subrostrata, Pfr., n.sp., 51
Lampornis prévosti, Bourc., 367, 385
Lamprotornis cantor, Temm., 445
Lamprotreron holosericea, Bp., 165
Lanius caniceps, Blyth, 180
coronatus, Rafiles, 446

—— excubitorides, 375

—— hypoleucus, 150

—— insidiator, Raffles, 445
longicaudatus, 151
mexicanus, Brehm., 375
scapulatus, Licht., 446
striatus, Wagl., 164

Larus, 65, 433

argentatus, 467

—— belcheri, Vig., 237
brunneicephalus, Jerd., 190
dominicanus, 97

heermanni, Cass., 237

—— jamesoni, Wilson, 166

nove hollandie, Steph., 166
scopulinus, Forst., 166
Larvivora cyanea, Hodgs., 183
Lebias dispar, Riypp., 474
Lebiasina bimaculata, Cuyv., 418
Legatus, Scl., n. g., 46

—— albicollis, Vieill., 46

Legatus variegatus, Scl., 366

Legriocinclus, Less., 337

Lembus maculatus, Ginther, 418

Leopardus concolor, 51

onca, Linn., 51

pardatis, Linn., 51

Lepidoenas speciosa, Bp., 61

Lepidosiren annectens, 436

Leporinus frederict, Bloch, 418

milleri, Giinther, n. sp., 92

Leptasthenura platensis, Reichb., 197

Leptocoma hasselti, Cab., 462

Leptodeira annulata, Fitz., 89

Leptognathus catesbyi, Wiegel, 89, 414

mikant, 414

Leptopogon amaurocephalus, Cab., 384

Leptopoma subconicum, Pfr., n. sp., 27

Leptoptila albifrons, Bp., 368, 391

verreauxit, Bp., 147

Leptoxyura obsoleta, Reichb., 197

semicinerea, Reichb., 197

Lepus, 353

Lerva nivicola, Hodgs., 186

Leucernaria auricula, 477

Leuciscus alburnus, 477

cephalus, 435

rutilus, 439, 477

Leucocerca javanica, 151

Limosa hudsonica, 96

fedoa, Linn. 64

Linota brevirostris, Gould, 178, 184

montium, 184

Liocephalus ornatus, Gray, 89, 408

iridescens, Guthr., n.sp., 409

Liophis, 80

—— cobella, Linn., 412

teniurus, Tsch., 89, 412

Lipaugus unirufus, Sc/., n.sp., 385

Lithoglyphus zonatus, Woodw., n.sp.,
349

Lobivanellus goensis, 150, 151, 188

Loepa, Moore, n. g., 260

katinka, Westw., 260

thibeta, Westw., 260

Lomanotus portlandicus, Thompson,
n.sp., 67

Lophocitta ardesiaca, Cab., 446

galericulata, G. R. Gray, 446

histrionica, Muller, 446

Lophodytes cucullatus, 369

Lophophanes wollweberi, Bp., 373

Lophophorus impeyanus, Lath, 185, 205

Loriculus galgulus, Linn., 454

Lorius domicella, 433

cyanauchen, Mill. 158

superbus, Frazer, 158

tricolor, Linn., 158

Loxia atricapilla, Vieill., 444

javensis, Sparm., 443

—— leucocephala, Rafiles, 444

—— maja, Linn. 444

508

Loxia malacca, Lath., 444
melaleuca, Forst., 163
mexicana, Strickl., 365,
molucca, Linn., 444
oryztvora, Linn., 443
punctularia, Linn., 443
Lucidella inzequalis, Pfr., n. sp., 28
Lutra, 51

vulgaris, 434

Macacus cynomolgus, 434

pileatus, 434

rhesus, 434, 4386

sinicus, 16

MacAndrewia, Gray, n. g., 438
azorica, Gray, n, sp., 438
Macrodon tareira, Cuy., 418
Macroglossus, 36, 37

Macropus bennettit, 433
Macropygia doreya, Bp., 159
Macrorhamphus griseus, Gm., 237
Maina cristatelloides, Hodgs., 445
Malacocercus lineatus, Vig., 182
Malacocichla, Gould, 136, 323
dryas, Gould, 324

Malurus cyaneus, 221

Manacus candei, Parzud., 56, 385
Manis javanica, 133

Manucodia atra, Less., 158
gouldii, G. R. Gray, 158
keraudreni, Less., 158
Mareca chiloensis, 96

Margarops, Scl., n. g., 335
densirostris, V2ez//., 336
—— fuscatus, V2eill., 336
montanus, Lafr., 336
Maticora lineata, 82

Megalema leucotis, Sundev., 395
barbatula, Gray, 399
bilineata, Sundey., 398
Megalaima chrysopogon, Temm., 454
duvaucelli, Less., 455

indica, Lath., 454

—— mystacophanos, Temyn., 454
versicolor, Raftles, 454

virens, 150

Megalestris antarctica, 98
Megalorhynchus hayi, Gray, 455
sptnosus, Eyton, 455
Megapodius reinwardtii, Wagl., 159
Meiglyptes brunneus, Wyton, 457
tristis, Horsf., 457
Melampus fricki, Pfr., n. sp., 29
sculptus, Pfr., n. sp., 29
Melanerpes formicivorus, Sw., 60, 367
Melania fraseri, V. de Busch, nu. sp., 168
fuscopunctata, V. de Busch, n.sp.,

(Melanella) nasa, Woodw., n.sp.,349
Melanocorypha torquata, Blyth, 184
Melanodera typica, Bp., 95
xanthogramma, Bp., 95

INDEX.

Melanoptila, Sc/., 337
glabirostris, Sc/., 55, 337
Melanotis, Bp., 337

—— cerulescens, Sw., 337, 362, 370
hypoleucus, Hartil., 337
Meleagris ocellata, Temm., 62
Melias diardi, Less., 458

Melierax polyzonus, 435

Meliteea, Gray, 485

— lutea, Lamk., 485

— ochracea, Esp., 485

retifera, Lamk., 486

—— tenella, Dana, 486
textiformis, Lamk., 486
Meliteade, Gray, 484

Melitella, Gray, 485

coccinea, Lamk., 486
elongata, Gray, n. sp., 485
retifera, Lamk., 486

tenella, Dana, 486

Melopelia leucoptera, Bp., 61
Melospiza fallax, Baird, 235
lincolni, Aud., 379

Mergus cucullatus, Linn., 237
Merops apiaster, Linn., 174
ornatus, Lath., 155

—— philippinus, 150, 151
sumatranus, 151

viridis, 150, 151, 174
Merula, Leach, 324, 333
atrosericea, Lafr., 136, 333
dominicensis, Briss., 341
falklandica, Cass., 330
infuscata, Lafy., 334
leucogenys, Gosse, 333
silens, Sw., 339

tristis, Sw., 3380

vinitincta, Gould, 161
Metallura tyrianthina, Lodd., 145
Metoponia pusilla, Pallas, 178
Micrzeca conspicillata, G. R. Gray, 156
Micrastur xanthothorax, Temm., 368
Microglossum aterrimum, Gm., 159
Microphractus, Giinther, un. g., 90
humeralis, Gthr., n. sp., 90, 402
Micropogon fuliginosus, Temm., 455
margaritatus, Temm., 399
sulphuratus, Lafr., 399
Micropternus badius, Raffles, 457
Micropterus cinereus, 96
rufonotus, 150

Milvago leucurus, 93

Miluulus monachus, Hartl., 384
tyrannus, Linn., 55

Milvus govinda, Sykes, 170
Mimocichla, Scl., 336

Mimus, Boze, 340

ealandria, Lafr., 343
carolinensis, Baird, 336
columbianus, Cab., 842

— dominicus, Briss., 341

INDEX.

Mimus dorsalis, Zafr., 341
—— gilvus, Vierll., 342
gracilis, Cab., 55, 343
— gundlachii, Cabd., 342
leucospilus, Pelz., 344
—— lividus, Licht., 342.
— longicaudatus, Tsch., 545
—— melanopterus, Lawr., 342
melanotis, Gould, 345
modulator, Gould, 343
—— montanus, Bp., 340
orpheus, Linn., 341
parvulus, Gould, 345
patagonicus, Lafr., 344
peruvianus, Peale, 344
polyglottus, Linn., 340, 433
rubripes, Bp., 336
saturninus, Licht., 344
thenea, Molina, 344
trifasciatus, Gould, 345
triurus, Vezll., 341
Miniopteris, 77.
Mionectes assimilis, Sc/., n. sp., 45, 46,
366
-— oleagineus, Scl., 45, 46
striaticollis, Lafr., 144
Mitrephorus fulvifrons, Scl., 45
pheocercus, Sc/.,n. sp., 44, 366
Mniotilta varia, Linn., 363, 373
Molossus acetabulosus, 78
nasutus, 78
norfolcensis, 78
Molothrus eneus, Wagl., 365, 381
pecoris, 365
Momotus ceruleiceps, Gould, 367
lessoni, Less., 54, 387
—. mexicanus, Sw., 387
Monarcha dichroa, G. R. Gray, 156
telescophthalma, Garn., 156
Monoplocus, Gnthr., n. g., 404
— dorsalis, Gnthr., n.sp., 404
Monornis perpulchra, Hodgs., 467
Monticola cinclorhyncha, Gould, 181
Montifringilla adamsi, Moore, 178
hematopygia, Gould, 178
Mopsea dichotoma, Lamx., 486
Mopsella, Gray, n. g., 486
dichotoma, Lamx., 486
gracilis, Gray, n. sp., 486
Motacilla boarula, Linn., 178
cingalensis, Gmnel., 463
luzoniensis, Scop., 150, 178
Mulleripicus jgavensis, Bp., 455
— pulverulentus, Bp., 455
Munia acuticauda, Hodgs., 444
—— maja, Blyth, 444
— punctularia, Blyth, 151, 443
sinensis, Blyth, 444
Murex expansus, Sow., n. sp., 428
nubilus, Sow., n. sp., 428
octogonus, Sow., n. sp., 428

509

Murex roseotinctus, Sow., n. sp., 429
teniatus, Sow., n. sp., 428
Muricea, 480

Muricea myura, Dana, 484
Muscicapa belli, Giraud, 374
bivittata, Lafr., 137

— brasieri, Giraud, 374

— caledonica, Gm., 162

—— carolinensis, Linn., 336

— chalybeocephala, Garn., 156
cinerea, Gin., 41

— fuliginosa, Gm., 43

Ffulvifrons, 45

—— hematodes, Licht., 41

— legatus, Licht., 46

— nevia, Forst., 163

—— olivacea, Forst., 162

—— rubra, Vieill., 41

thamnophiloides, Spix, 41
uropygrata, Max., 41
canthetrea, Forst., 162
Muscipeta paradist, Gould, 182
Muscisaxicola macloviana, 95
Muscivora mexicana, Scel., 45, 56
regia, 45

Mycetes, 18

Mycteria australis, 47, 150
Myiadestes obscurus, Lafr., 364, 376
Myiagra lucida, G. R. Gray, 156
perspicillata, G.R. Gray, n.sp., 161
viridinitens, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,162
Myiarchus cinerascens, Lawr., 384
cooper?, Baird, 384

fuscus, Gm., 366

lawrencii, Cass., 366, 384
uropygiatus, Burm., 41
Myiobius, 45

barbatus, 45

—— ornatus, Lafr., 144
sulphureipygius, Scl., 45, 384
Myiodioctes pusillus, Wils., 363, 374
tristriatus, Tsch., 137
Myiodynastes atrifrons, Scl., 43
audax, Gm., 43, 45

—— chrysocephalus, Tsch., 43, 148
luteiventris, Bp., 42, 43, 45, 56, 366,
383

nobilis, Sc/., n. sp., 42, 43
solitarius, Vieill., 43

Myiolestes megarhynchus, Q. et G., 157
Myiophonus Temminckii, Vig., 181
Myiotheretes, Reichb., 331
Myiothiolypis nigricristata, Bp., 440
Myiozeta, Bp., 46

Mytozetetes, Scl., 46

cayennensis, 45

texensis, Giraud, 45, 56, 366
Myliusia, Gray, n. g., 439
callocyathes, Gray, n. sp., 439
Mylodon, 133

Myristicivora bicolor, Scop., 466

510

Mitrephorus pheocercus, Scl., 384

Myura, Gray, n. g., 484

simplex, Gray, 484

Myzomela nigrita, G. R. Gray, 155

Naja fula-fula, Bianconi, 88

sommersetta, Smith, 88

Nasua fusca, 435

Natrix lubrica, Laur., 89

Naucrates, 223

Nautilus macromphilus, 226

ponpilius, 226

umbilicatus, 226

Nectarinia aspasia, Less., 155

cingalensis, Gray, 463

eques, Less., 155

— flammaxillaris, Blyth, 150, 151,
462

hasseltii, Temm., 462

—— hypogranmica, Miller, 461

javanica, Horsf., 461

Jjugularis, Blyth, 462

—— lathami, Jardine, 461

lepida, Temm., 461

mystacalis, Terom., 461

— phayret, Blyth, 462

phenicotis, Temm., 463

stparaja, Jardine, 461

zenobia, Less., 155

Nemosia ornata, Sce/., n.sp., 138

Neophron percnopterus, Linn., 170

Nephecetes borealis, Kenn., 236

—- niger, Baird, 236

Nettapus coromandelicus, 150

Niltava sundara, Hodgs., 183

Nothocercus sallei, Bp., 392

Notopteris, Gray, n. g., 36

macdonaldii, Gray, n. sp., 38

Nototrema marsupiatum, D. et B., 89,
402

Nucifraga hemispila, Vig., 172

Numenius arcuata, Linn., 188

Nyctidromus americanus, 307

* Nyctocorax americana, 96

—-~ caledonicus, Gim., 166

ewropeus, 151

gardent, Gm., 63, 369

violaceus, Linn., 63

Nyctophilus unicolor, 78 .

Nymphicus bisetis, Wagl., 164.

cornutus, Gray, 164

Nyphona, Newm., 123

Nyroca leucophthalma, Bechst., 190, 442

Octonus holosteon, Raf., 105

Ocyalus wagleri, G.R. Gray, 57

Ocyphaps lophotes, 206

Odontophorus erythrops, Gould, n. sp.,
99, 147 |

Odontophorus guttatus, Gould, 391

thoracinus, 869

(Edicnemus australis, 212 |

crepitans, 435 |

INDEX.

Oleacina boucardi, Pfr., n.sp., 27
Oligodon, 80
Onychoprion serrata, Wagl., 166
Opetiorhynchus antarcticus, 95
vulgaris, 95
Orcortyx pictus, Dougl., 236.
Oreoscoptes, Baird, 340
montanus, Baird, 340
Oriolus chinensis, 151
Kundoo, Sykes, 181
melanocephalus, 150
striatus, Q. et G., 156
Ornithoptera cresus, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
424
priamus, 425
richmondia, G. R. Gray, 425
Ornithorhynchus anatinus, 213
Orpheus, Sw., 340
—— cerulescens, Sw., 337
calandria, Lafr., 348
curvirostris, Sw., 839
-— dorsalis, Lafr., 341
longirostris, Lafr., 339
melanotis, Gould, 345
montanus, Towns., 340
parvulus, Gould, 345
patagonicus, Lafr., 344
polyglottus, Sw., 341
rufus, Sw., d40
—— thenca, D’Orb., 344
tricaudatus, Lafr., 341
trifasciatus, Gould, 345
Ortalida leucogastra, Gould, 391
rufiwentris, Tsch., 147
vetula, Wagl., 62, 369, 391
Orthotomus edela, 150, 151
Ortyx leylandi, 7. J. Moore, n.sp., 62
nigrogularis, Gould, 63
—— pectoralis, 369
Oryctes Milleranus, White, n. sp., 118
Oryzivora leucotis, Blyth, 443
Oryzoborus funereus, Sc/., n. sp., 378
Oryzornis oryzivora, Cab., 443
Osmotreron olax, Zemi., 465
—— viridis, Scop., 465
Ostinops atrovirens, Lafr., 140
montezume, Less., 380
Otaria, Gray, 360
-_— californiana, 859
delalandiz, F. Cuv., 108, 109

a gilliespti, Macb., 110

——- leonina, 102, 359

peronit, Desm., 108

pusilla, Desm , 108

Otilophus margaritifer, Lauy., 89, 416
Otocorys chrysolema, Wagl., 372

—— cornuta, 373

Otothrix, G. Rk. Gray, n. g., 101
hodgsoni, Gray, n. sp., 101

Otus palustris, Gould, 94

Ovis anvnon, 850

INDEX. 51]

Ovis hunia, Hodgs., 350

- Oxylophus melanoleucus, Blyth, 174

Oxyrhopus, 80

petolarius, Linn., 89, 414

plumbeus, Wied., 414

Oxyrrhopus trigeminus, 477

Pachycephala xanthetrea, Forst., 162

Pachyrhamphus homochrous, Sc/., n. sp.,
142

major, Cab., 336

polychropterus, Vieill., 56

Padda oryzivora, Reich., 445

Pagurus bernhardi, 433

prideauxtt, 452

Palemon serratus, 433

Paleornis alexandri, Linn., 151, 173

barbatus, 151

—— caniceps, Blyth, 453

— cyanocephalus, Linn., 150, 151, 173

—— erythrogenys Less., 453

—— javanica, 436

longicauda, Bodd., 453

schisticeps, Hodgs., 175

torquatus, Briss., 173, 453

Palinurus, 228

Pandion haliaétus, 150, 160, 435

Pandora wardiana, A. Adams, n. sp., 487

Panoplites mathewsti, Boure., 145

Papilio noctis, Hewitson, n. sp., 423

paradoxa, Westw., 422

telearchus, Hewitson, 422

—— (Ornithoptera) creesus, G. Rh. Gray,
n. sp., 424

Paradisea apoda, 157

papuana, Less., 157

wallacei, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 150,
158

Paradiseide, 129

Paradoxurus typus, 212

Pardalotus maculatus, Temm., 464

Paroaria cucullata, 434

Paroides flammiceps, Burton, 177

Parra gymnostoma, Wagl., 64, 393

sinensis, Gmel., 188

Parula brasiliana, Licht., 137

—— superciliosa, Hartl., 373

Parus cinereus, Vieill., 176

melanolophus, Vig., 176

meridionalis, Scl., 363

rufonuchalis, Blyth, 177

Passer cinnamomeus, Blyth, 177 |

domesticus, Linn., 177

montanus, Steph., 445

Passerculus lincolni, Aud., 365

Pastor fuscus, Wagl., 445

mahrattensis, Sykes, 445

—— malayensis, Hyton, 445

—— musicus, Wagl., 445

Pecten varius, 477

Pectinator spekii, Blyth, 234 .

Pelecanoides berardi, 98

Pelecanus fiber, Linn., 167

——- philippinus, 150

plotus, Forst., 167

Penelope purpurascens, Wagl., 61, 369,
391

Perca fluviatilis, 485, 477

Perdix hodgsonie, Gould, 185
reticulata, Montf., 492
Perga eucalypti, Scoz¢, n. sp., 211
Pericrocotus flammeus, Sw., 182
Peristedion, 108

cataphractum, Lac., 105
chabrontera, Risso, 105
malamart, Yarrell, 105
orientale, T. et Schl., 105
Peristera cinerea, Temm., 61, 391
Peristethus, Kaup, 105
brevifurcatus, Kaup, 107
cataphractus, Lac., 105

—— gigas, Kaup, 106

orientalis, Zemm. et Schl., 105
rieffeli, Kaup, nu. sp., 106
Petasophora cyanotis, Boure., 145
dolata, Gould, 145
thalassina, Sw., 867, 386
Petrochelidon bicolor, Vieill., 364
cyanoleuca, Vieill., 138
swainsoni, Scel., 376
Petrocincla affinis, 150, 151
longirostris, Blyth, 181
Petrogale penicillata, 212

Petroica hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, 155
Petromyzon fluviatilis, 435
Peucea ruficeps, Baird, 380
Pheolema rubinoides, Boure., 145
Phaéthornis adolphi, Gould, 367, 385
guy, Less., 145
syrmatophorus, Gould, 145
Phalacrocorax mexicanus, Brandt, 65
Phalena cynthia, Roxb., 267
paphia, Roxb., 247

ricint, Jones, 267

(Attacus), Linn., 265

atlas, Linn., 265
cynthia, Drury, 267
fenestrata, Linn., 246
jana, Cram., 256

luna, Cramer, 261
—— —— mylitta, Drury, 247
paphia, Linn., 247
perspicua, Linn., 246
—— (Bombyx) mori, Linn., 237
Phalangista fuliginosa, 432

—— vulpina, 433

Phallanna, Walk., 199

—— horsfieldi, Moore, n. sp., 200
—— polymena, Linn., 200
Pharomacrus auriceps, Gould, 144
paradiseus, Bp., 52
Phasianus torquatus, 212
Phauda, Walk., 200

512

Phauda mahisa, Moore, n. sp., 200

Phenilia, Gray, n. g., 482

sanguinolenta, Gray, n. sp., 482

Phoca californiana, 359

parva, Bodd., 107

—— pusilla, Schreb., 107

ursina, Schreb., 102

Phenicophaus crawfurdii, J. H. Gray,
458

curvirostris, Shaw, 458

javanicus, Horsf., 458

viridirostris, Hyton, 458

Phenicopterus erythreus, 436

Phenicothraupis rubicoides, Lafr., 58,
364, 377

Pholeoptynx hypogea, 368

Phonipara pusilla, Sw., 365, 379

Phygidium (Trichomycterus) dispar,
Tsch., 90

Phyllorhina aurita, Tomes, n. sp., 76

bicolor, 76

caffra, 76

— cervina, 76, 77

—— insignis, 76

— labuanensis, 76

—— nobilis, 76

speoris, 76

Phylloscopus lugubris, Blyth, 182

tristis, Blyth, 182

Physocorax moneduloides, Bp., 163

Phytotoma tridactyla, Daud., 396

Piaya mehleri, Bp., 146

mexicana, Sw., 60, 388

thermophila, Scl., n. sp., 368

Pica bactriana, Bp., 172

bullockit, Wagl., 381

cinerea, Wagl., 162

formosa, Sw., 381

tibetana, Hodgs., 172

Picolaptes, 54

affinis, Swains., 365, 381

lacrymiger, Lafr., 140

Picus badioides, Less., 60

badius, Raffles, 457

— brachyurus, Vieill., 457

cafer, Gmel., 399

concretus, Reinw., 455

crawfurdit, J. E. Gray, 456

guirdneri, Aud., 236

~— gularis, Wagl., 456

—— hartlaubii, Malh., 445

himalayanus, J. et 8., 173

—— horsfieldii, Wagl., 455

jardini, Malh., 367, 388

Javensis, Horsf., 455

labarum, Less., 456

leucogaster, Reinw., 455

mackloti, Wagl., 455

matlaccensis, Lath., 456

melanogaster, Hay, 457

mentalis, Temm., 456

INDEX.

Picus miniatus, Forster, 456
moluccensis, Gmel., 457
—— pheopus, Malh., 457
poicilophus, Temm., 457
—— pulverulentus, Temm., 455
—— puniceus, Horsf., 456
rafflest?, Vigors, 456
rubiginosus, Hyton, 457

squamatus, Gould, 173
strenuus, Gould, 456
—— stricklandii, Malh., 367
— sultaneus, Hodgs., 456
tristis, Horsf., 457
validus, Reinw., 455
varius, Linn., 367, 388
Piezorhynchus chalybeocephalus, Garn.,
156
lucidus, G. R. Gray, 156
rufolateralis, Gray, 156
Pimelodus, 420
Pionus chalcopterus, Fraser, 147
corallinus, Bp., 147
- fuscicapillus, H. et Jacq., 159
Pipilo albicollis, Scl., 380
maculatus, Sw., 380
oregonus, Bell, 235
Pipra mentalis, Sel., 385
percussa, Temm., 463
rupicola, Linn., 99
Pipreola chlorolepidota, Sw., 441
Pitangus, 43
derbianus, Kaup, 45, 56, 366
sulphuratus, 45
Pithecus, 13
Pitta macklotii, Temm., 155
nove guinee, Mill., 156
Pituophis, 80
Pitylus poliogaster, DuBus, 376
Planchesia, Bp., 43, 44
Planesticus, Bp., 334, 337
casius, Bp., 330
Platalea regia, 353
Platycercus amboinensis, Bodd., 158
caledonicus, Gm., 164
cornutus, Gm., 164
pileatus, 212
Platylophus galericulatus, Cuv., 446

| —— scalaris, Wagl., 367

| Platymopsis, Buquet, 123

—-— armatulus, White, n.sp., 122

_ Platypsaris affinis, Elliott, 366

aglai@, Lafr., 366, 385

| Platyrhynchus eancroma, Licht., 384

pusillus, Sw., 44

Platysma flindersii, White, n.sp., 117
sturtii, White, n.sp., 117
Platysmurus leucopterus, Temm., 446
Plectropteron, Hutton, 261

-—— diane, Hutton, 261

selene, Hutton, 261
Plectropterus gambensis, 131

INDEX. 513

Plectropterus riippellii, Sc/., n. sp., 132
Pleiodon spekii, Woodw., n. sp., 348
Plethodon glutinosum, 230
persimilis, Gray, n. sp., 230
Pleurotomaria, 203

Plexaura suberosa, Lamour., 482
Pliopithecus, 16, 18

Ploceus abyssinicus, Steph., 396
baya, Biyth, 444
hypoxanthus, 151

manyar, 150

Plotus anhinga, Linn., 65, 369
Podargus marmoratus, Gould, 154
Podiceps calipareus, 98
dominicus, 369

minor, Gmel., 189
rollandi, 98

Podilymbus carolinensis, Lath., 65
Peecilophis, Giinther, n.g., 88
dorsalis, Smith, 88

hygie, Schleg., 88
Poephila paddoni, M‘Gill., 164
Pogonias bidentatus, Bp., 394
bifrenatus, Khrenb., 396
brucit, Ripp., 396

dubius, Bp., 394
erythromelas, Vieill., 394
—— fuscescens, Vieill., 396
—— hematops, Wagl., 396
hirsutus, Sw., 396

— levirostris, Leach, 395
levaillantit, Leach, 395
major, Less., 394

—— melanocephalus, Riipp., 396
_— niger, Less., 395

—-- nigrithorax, Cuy., 395
personatus, Less., 395
rolleti, De Fil., 394
rubescens, Temm., 396
—— rufifrons, Sw., 396

—— saltii, Bp., 396

— senegalensis, Licht., 396
—— stephani, Leach, 395
sulctrostris, Leach, 394
undatus, Temm., 396
unidentatus, Licht., 395
vieilloti, Leach, 396
Pogonorhamphus, Des Murs, 394
Polioptila cerulea, Linn., 363
mexicana, Bp., 363, 373
Polyborus tharus, Mol., 368
Polycera quadrilineata, 68

- Polyphasia merulina, Scop., 458
sonneratiz, Lath., 458
tenuirostris, Gray, 458
Polypus mirabilis, Linn., 481
Polysticte quopopa, Smith, 399
Polyteles melanurus, 433
Pomatorhinus isidort, Less., 156
turdinus, Temm., 339
Poecetes gramineus, Gm., 379

Porphyrio martinica, Linn., 64
melanotus, 434.
Pratincola caprata, Linn., 180
indica, Blyth, 180
Preshytes entellus, 477
Primnoa, Gray, 483
antarctica, Valenc., 483
lepadifera, Gray, 483
—— myura, Edw., 484
Primnoade, Gray, 483
Primnoella, Gray, 483
australasie, Gray, 483
Prinia crinigera, Hodgs., 183
gracilis, Frankl., 183
Prionochilus maculatus, Strickl., 464
percussus, S¢rickl., 463
Prionotus, 104, 105
Proboscidea, Gerv., 79
Prochilodus humeralis, Giinther, n. sp.,
419
Proctoporus pachyurus, Tsch., 89, 407
Procyon cancrivorus, 432
Progne dominicensis, Gm., 364
Protopithecus, 18
Psaltria erythrocephala, Gould, 177
Psaris frasert, Kaup, 56
Psephotus multicolor, 433
Pseudoliva ancilla, Hanley, n. sp., 429
nassoides, Hanley, nu. sp., 430
Psilorhinus morio, Licht., 57, 365
Psittacara erythrogenys, Less., 146_
Psittacula reticulata, Less., 452
Psittacus bisetis, Forst., 164
cornutus, Gin., 164
cyanauchen, Miull., 158
dorsalis, Q. et G., 158
galgulus, Linn., 454
incertus, Shaw., 452
longicaudus, Bodd., 453
malaccensis, Gin., 452, 453
pucherant, Bp., 159
rubra, Gm., 454
torquatus, Briss., 453
Psittinus malaccensis, Blyth, 452
Pterocles fasciatus, Scop., 186
Pterocyanea discors, Linn., 64
Péeroglossus torquatus, Wagl., 59, 388
Pterogorgia, Ehrenb., 480
Pteropus amplexicaudatus, 38
Ptilogonys cinereus, Sw., 364, 376
Ptilonopus greyi, G. R. Gray, 165
holosericeus, Temm., 165
superbus, Temm., 159
Ptilopus purpuratus, Bp., 165
Ptilotis chrysotis, Less., 155
jiligera, Gould, 155
megarhynchus, G. R. Gray, 155
similis, Homb. et Jacq., 155
Pucrasia macrolopha, Less., 186
Pycnonotus bengalensis, Blyth, 181
Jinlaysont, 150

No. 416.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

O14

Pycnonotus gotavier, 151

jocosus, 150

leucogenys, Gray, 181

—— nigripileus, 150

Pyranga estiva, Linn., 364, 377

ardens, Tsch., 139

—— hidentata, Sw., 364

erythrocephala, Sw., 377

erythromelena, Licht., 364

hepatica, Sw., 364, 377

—— ludoviciana, Wils., 377

Pyrena terebralis, Lamk., 316

Pyrocephalus mexicanus, Sc/., 45, 56,
366

nanus, Gould, 46, 144

obscurus, Gould, 46

rubineus, Cass., 45

Pyrrhocorax alpinus, Vieill., 172

Pyrrhorhynchus, 441

Pyrrhula aurantia, Gould, 177

erythrocephala, Vig., 177

Python regius, 432

Querquedula carolinensis, Gin., 65, 237,
369

ceruleata, 96

erecca, Linn., 190

creccoides, 96

—— cyanoptera, Vieill., 237

discors, Linn., 393

Quiscalus major, Vieill., 58

sumichrasti, De Sauss., 365, 381

Rallina tricolor, G. R. Gray, 159

Rallus aquaticus, 436

—— gularis, 150 .

Ramphiculus jambu, Gmel., 465

Ramphocenus rufiventris, Bp., 383

Ramphocelus icteronotus, Bp., 139

passerintt, Bp., 59

—— sanguinolentus, Less., 59, 364, 377

Rana esculenta, 470, 473

Rectes kirrocephalus, Less., 157

strepitans, Bp., 157

Reguloides proregulus, 150, 151

Regulus calendula, Linn., 362, 371

cristatus, Ray, 185

satrapa, Licht., 235

Reinwardtipicus validus, Bp., 455

Rhabdosoma crassicaudatum, D. et B.,
411

elaps, Gimther, 89, 411

maculatum, Ginther, 411

Rhamphastos ambiguus, Sw., 146

ariel, 432

carinatus, Sw., 59, 368, 388

— erythrorhynchus, 432

Rhamphocinclus, Lafr., 337

—— brachyurus, Vierll., 338

-— gutturalis, Lafr., 338

—— tremulus, Lafr., 338

Rhea americana, 205

Rhinolophus cornutus, 76

INDEX.

Rhinolophus hippocrepis, 76
Rhinoplax scutatus, Bodd., 446
Rhinortha caniceps, Vigors, 458
chlorophea, Rafiles, 458
Rhipidura albiscapa, 221
gularis, Miull., 156
Rhyncophilus glareola, 151
Rhyticeros plicatus, Reich., 451
subruficollis, Blyth, 150, 452
Rhytina borealis, 148

—— stelleri, 148

Rhytiphora amicula, White, n. sp., 122
Riama unicolor, Gray, 89
Rimula, 203

Ringicula, 202

Romicia calcarata, Gray, 71
Rostrhamus sociabilis, Daud., 52
Rupicapra, 436

Rupicola aurantia, 99

—— cayana, 99

erocea, 99

—— elegans, 99

peruviana, 99
sanguinolenta, 99, 100
Ruticilla erythrogastra, Gild., 179
—— fuliginosa, Vig., 179
indica, Blyth, 179
leucocephala, Vig., 179
Sacfa hodgsonie, Hodgs., 185
Salamandra vulgaris, 432, 433
Salassa, Moore, n. g., 246

lola, Moore, 246

Salmo, 125

Salpinctes obsoletus, Say, 371
Saltator atriceps, Less., 58, 364, 377
atripennis, Sel., 138
grandis, Licht., 58, 364, 3877
magnoides, Lafr., 364, 377
magnus, Gm., 138

Samia cynthia, Hubn., 267
Saperdopsis, Newm., 123
Sapphironia lucida, Shaw, 386
Sarotherodon, 474

Saturnia, Schrank, 264
arrundt, Royle, 267

—— assamensis, Helfer, 258
-—— cynthia, Westw., 267
erotei, Moore, n. sp., 265
katinka, Westw., 260
larissa, Westw., 258

lola, Westw., 246 g
mylitta, Westw., 247
paphia, Helfer, 247

—— perny?i, Guérin, 255
pyretorum, Botsd., 265
ricint, Boisd., 267

simla, Westw., 257 *
—— thibeta, Westw., 260
‘trifenestrata, Helfer, 245
—— zuleika, Westw., 245
Saxicola atrogularis, Blyth, 180

INDEX. 51:

Sayornis nigricans, Sw., 388
pallida, Sw., 366
Scapha aulica, 36
colocyntha, 36
concinna, 36
deshayesti, 36
Ferrussacit, 36

—— fusiformis, 35, 36
. —— javanica, 36
leucostoma, 36
magellanica, 36
magnifica, 35
—— mamilla, Gray, 35, 36
—— maria-emma, Gray, n. sp., 231
nivosa, 35
—— pacifica, 36
—— punctata, 36
rossiniand, 231
rutila, 3D
sophia, 35
vespertilio, 35
Scaphorhynchus chrysocephalus, Tsch.,

—— mexicanus, Lafr., 45, 366
pitangua, 45
Scardafella inca, Less., 61, 391
Schasicheila minuscula, Pfr., n.sp., 29
Schizorhina (Hemipharis) bakewellii,

White, n. sp., 119
Seincus officinalis, 470, 475
Scirpearia, Gray, 481
dichotoma, Gray, n. sp., 481
mirabilis, Cuv., 481
Scissurella angulata, Sow., 203
aspera, Phil., 203
bertheloti, Webb., 203
conica, D’Orb., 203
costata, D’Orb., 203
ertspata, Flem., 203
—— dorbignyi, Aud., 203
elegans, D’Orb., 202
—— indica, Montf., 203
—— levigata, D’Orb., 203

—— mantelli, Woodw, n. sp., 202

—— plicata, Phil., 203
reticulata, Phil., 203
striatula, Phil, 203
Sciurus boothie, Gray, 50
mollipilosus, Aud., 50
siamensis, Gray, n. sp., 478
Sclerostoma, De Blainv., 425

Sclerurus mexicanus, Sel., 365
Scolopax rusticola, Linn., 189
Scotophilus abramis, 70
coromandelicus, 74.
darwini, Tomes, n. sp., 70

gouldit, 69
greyti, 68, 70
kuhlii, 70, 71, 72
leisler?, 69, 70

sipunculiforme, Baird, n. sp., 427

|
|

Scotophilus lobatus, 70

—— marginatus, 70, 72

—— microdon, Tomes, n. sp., 68
—— nathusii, 72

—— pipistrellus, 70

—— pumilus, 68

—— trilatitius, 70

—— ursula, 72

Selasphorus heloise, Less., 886
Semimerula, Se/., 332
Semioptera wallace, 130, 351
Semnopithecus, 16

Seps tridactytus, 470, 473, £76
Sericaria mor?, Blanch., 258
Serpophaga cinerea, Strickl., 144
Serpula spirorbis, 203

Setophaga chrysogastra, Usch., 137
coronata, Tsch., 187
miniata, Sw., 3638, 874
picta, Sw., 874

ruticilla, 374

—— verticalis, Lafr., 137

Sialia mexicana, Sw., 235, 362
wilsont, Sw., 362, 371
Siderolites, 202

Silenus vetus, 434

Simia, 9

satyrus, 10

troglodytes, 10

Simotes, 80

Sitta carolinensis, Linn., 363, 373
himalayana, Gould, 174
pygned, Vig., 363
Sittasomus sylvioides, Lafr., 365
Sittella chrysoptera, 351

Siurus auricapillus, Linn., 55
ludovicianus, Bp., 363, 373
noveboracensis, Gin., 3863
Solanderia, Duch., 482

gracilis, Duch., 482

Sparus desfontainti, Lacep., 474, 477
Spathura melananthera, Jard., 145
Spatula clypeata, Linn., 190
Spermophila corvina, Se/., n.sp., 379
moreleti, Bp., 365, 378
Spermophilus guttatus, 432
Sphyropicus ruber, Gra., 236
Spilotes pecilostoma, 89, 402
Spiza ciris, Linn., 58, 454
versicolor, Bp., 365
Spizaétus ornatus, Daud., 52, 389
Spizella pallida, Sw., 379
socials, Wils., 235, 365
Spondylus victoriz, Sowerby, nu. sp., 428
Sporadinus caniveti, Less., 367
Squatarola cincta, 95

Stachyris chrysea, Hodgs., 184
Stenorhynchus, Gould, 338
ruficaudus, Gould, 338
Sterna fuliginosa, Gm., 166
gracilis, Gould, 166

516 INDEX.

Sterna hirundo, Linn., 190
melanauchen, Temm., 166
melanogastra, Temm., 190
serrata, Forst., 166
Stigmodera, Solder, 119
bakewellii, White, n.sp., 119
eulielmi, White, n.sp., 120
parallela, White, u.sp., 119
Strepsilas interpres, Linn., 166
Streptophorus drozit, D. et B., 412
Strix flammea, 151
pratincola, Bp., 390
Strombus ater, Linn., 316
Strongylus, Rudolphi, 425
Sturnella hippocrepis, Wagl. 58, 365,
381
militaris, 94-
neglecta, Aud., 235
Sturnia elegans, 151
pagodarum, Gm., 173
Sturnopastor contra, 150
Sturnus dauricus, Pallas, 445
unicolor, Marm., 173
vulgaris, Linn., 173
Subergorgia, Gray, 482
compressa, Gray, 482
suberosa, Esper, 482
Subergorgiadee, Gray, 482
Subula dimidiata, Schum., 281
maculata, Blainy., 280
Sula bassana, 212, 435
fusca, Gray, 167
Suricata zenik, 436
Surniculus lugubris, Horsf., 459
Sylvia affinis, Blyth, 182
Sympheletes (Platymopsis) armatulus,
White, n.sp., 122
Synallaxis egithaloides, Kittl., 193
albescens, Temm., 192
albiceps, Lafr., 194
albigularis, Scl., 192
albilora, Pelz., 193
alopecias, Pelz., 197
—— anthoides, King, 193
antisiensis, Scl., 192
brachyura, Lafr., 197
—— brunnea, Gould, 197
brunneicaudis, Scl., 192
cand@i, Lafr., 194
caniceps, Scl., 194
castanea, Sel., 193
cinerascens, Temm., 194
cinnamomea, Sw., 194
dorsomaculata, Lafr., 193
elegans, Scl., 141, 192
erythrothorax, Sel., 192, 882
flammula, Jard., 194
—— flavigularis, Gould, 193
— frontalis, Pelz., 197
Suliginiceps, Lafr., 197
Suliginosa, Lafr., 192

Synallaxis gularis, Lafr., 192
huméicola, Kittlitz, 193
hyposticta, Pelz., 197
tnornata, Pelz., 194

kollari, Pelz., 197

— lemosticta, Sel., 192

—— leucocephala, Latr., 197
—— maluroides, Lafr., 193
modesta, Kyton, 193
meesta, Scl., 193
multostriata, Sel., 194
pallida, Max., 192

—— patagonica, Lafr., 197
phryganophita, Vieill., 193
—— propingua, Pelz., 197

—— pudica, Sc/., n.sp., 191
rujicapilla, Vieill., 192

—— rujicauda, Vieill., 193
rufigularis, Gould, 193
rutilans, Temm., 193
scutata, Sc/., n.sp., 191
setaria, Temm., 194
sordida, Less., 193

spixz, Scl., 192

stictothorax, Sc/.,n.sp., 191
striaticeps, Lafr., 193
striaticollis, Lafr., 197
striolata, Pelz., 197
terrestris, Jard., 192
torquata, Max., 193
troglodytoides, Lafr., 197
— unirufa, Lafr., 194
vulpina, Pelz., 194
Syntomis cantori, Moore, n. sp., 199
crawfurdi, Moore, n.sp., 199
—— humeralis, Walker, 197
marsdeni, Moore, n.sp., 197
penanga, Moore, n.sp., 198
pfeitferse, Moore, n. sp., 198
pravata, Moore, n.sp., 199
rafllesi, Moore, n. sp., 198
—— vigorsi, Moore, n. sp., 198
walkeri, Moore, n. sp., 199
wallacei, Moore, nu. sp., 198
Syrichtha, Bp., 43, 44

Syrnium virgatum, 368
Syrrhaptes tibetanus, Gould, 186
Tachyphonus delattrit, Lafr., 139
Tadorna vulpanser, 436, 442
Teenia sulciceps, Baird, n.sp., 111
Tenioptera rufiventris, 331
vartegata, Gray, 331
Talegallus cuviert, Less., 159
Tamatia erythropygia, Ehrenb., 399
Tanagra abbas, Less., 364, 378
cana, Sw., 1389
cyanocephala, Lafr., 139
diaconus, Less., 59, 864
vicarius, Less., 59

Tantalus leucocephalus, 150
Tanysiptera dea, Vig. et Horsf., 154

INDEX. 517

Tanysiptera galatea, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,
154

Tapirus americanus, 51

Tarentola mauritanica, 470, 473, 476

Temognatha imperatrix, White, n. sp.,
120

Tephrodornis pondicertanus, Hardw.,180

Terebra, Adanson, 275

aciculata, Lamk., 275

aciculina, Lamk., 316

acumen, Desh., n.sp., 287

acuta, Desh., n.sp., 315

adansoni, Desh., n. sp., 291

— adita, Desh., n. sp., 293

affinis, Gray, 299

—— africana, Gray, 296, 316

—— alba, Gray, 316

—— albicosta, Adams et Reeve, 301

—— albida, Gray, 280

—— albocincta, Carp., 295

—— albomarginata, Desh., n. sp., 314

albula, Menke, 283

—— alveolata, Hinds, 298

—— amanda, Hinds, 315

—— ameena, Desh., n. sp., 297

anomala, Gray, 291

—— apicina, Desh., n. sp., 284

approximata, Desh., n. sp., 299

archimedis, Desh., 314

areolata, Adams et Reeve, 305

argenvillii, Desh., n. sp., 286

argus, Hinds, 309

arguta, Gould, 276

arnillata, Hinds, 293

aspera, Hinds, 802

babylonia, Lamk., 310

bacillus, Desh., n. sp., 285

badia, Desh., 300

belcherz, Phil., 306

bermonti, Lorois, 300

bernardii, Desh., n. sp., 293

bicincta, Hinds, 295

—— lifrons, Hinds, 297

bipartita, Desh., n. sp., 284

bitorquata, Desh., u. sp., 313

—— hlanda, Desh., n. sp., 298

bourguignati, Desh., n. sp., 288

—— brevicula, Desh., n. sp., 296

bruguieri, Desh., n. sp., 297

— buccinoidea, Blainy., 316

—— buccinulum, Desh., n. sp., 282

c@lata, Adams et Reeve, 304

cerulescens, Lamk., 290

caliginosa, Desh., n. sp., 287

cancellata, Hinds, 300, 305, 317

carnea, Perry, 317

—— casta, Hinds, 284

castanea, Kien., 290, 300

-—— cerithina, Lamk., 299

chilensis, Desh., n. sp., 295

chinensis, Desh., n. sp., 309.

Terebra chlorata, Lamk., 280
cinctella, Desh., 305
cinerea, Born, 291

cingula, Kien., 278
cingulifera, Lamk., 318
circinata, Desh., n. sp., 315
cireumcincta, Desh., n.sp., 283
columellaris, Hinds, 299
columnaris, Desh., n. sp., 310
commaculata, Hinds, 309
concinna, Desh., 287

—— consobrina, Desh., n. sp., 808
—— consors, Hinds, 309

—— conspersa, Hinds, 306
—— continua, Desh., n. sp., 286
copula, Hinds, 300

— corrugata, Lamk., 318
cosentint, Phil., 275
costata, Menke, 282, 317
crassidula, Desh., n. sp., 282
crenifera, Desh., n.sp., 298
erenulata, Lamk., 276
crossil, Desh., n. sp., 289
cumingii, Desh., n. sp., 311
cuspidata, Hinds, 285
decorata, Desh., n. sp., 314
decussata, Phil., 305

—— difficilis, Desh., n.sp., 304
—— dillwynii, Desh., n.sp., 279
dimidiata, Lamk., 281
dislocata, DeKay, 295
—— dispar, Desh., n.sp., 284
— dunkeri, Desh., 285
duplicata, Lamk., 292
dussumitert, Kien., 292
eburnea, Hinds, 280, 285
elata, Hinds, 304

elegans, Kiister, 317
elongata, Gray, 317
evoluta, Desh., n. sp., 292
exigua, Desh., n. sp., 3801
eximia, Desh., n. sp., 314
——~ fatua, Hinds, 278

Selina, Sow., 317
fenestrata, Hinds, 311
festiva, Desh., n. sp., 278
jictilis, Hinds, 306

—— fimbriata, Desh., n. sp., 276
jlammea, Less., 280, 309, 318
flava, Gray, 301

jlavescens, Desh., 299

—— formosa, Desh., n. sp., 307
fortunil, Desh., n. sp., 312
—— fulgurata, Phil., 276
funiculata, Hinds, 312
fusca, Perry, 318
fuscomaculata, Sow., 318
—— geminata, Desh., n.sp., 296
gemmulata, Kien., 294.
—— glabra, Desh., n.sp., 281
—— glauca, Hinds, 302

MITT

HTT

518

Terebra gouldi, Desh., n. sp., 278
gracilis, Gray, 306, 318
granulosa, Lamk., 318
hastata, Kien., 282

—— hindsi, Carp., 295

—— histrio, Desh., n. sp., 308
hopei, Lorois, 309

—— incomparabilis,-307

—— incolor, Desh., n.sp., 283
——— inconstans, Hinds, 291
—— insignis, Desh., n. sp., 308

interlineata, Desh., n. sp., 277
intertincta, Hinds, 303
jamaicensis, Adams, 290
jukesi, Desh., n.sp., 293
kieneri, Desh., n. sp., 294
—— knorti, Gray, 318

lactea, Desh., n. sp., 285
—— levigata, Gray, 310

—— levis, Gray, 318

—— lamarckii, Kien., 292
lanceata, Lamk., 283
larviformis, Hinds, 303
laurina, Hinds, 290

lepida, Hinds, 288

ligata, Hinds, 308

lima, Desh., n.sp., 312
lineolata, Sow., 318
lingualis, Hinds, 308

—.— longiscata, Desh., n.sp., 294
loroisi, Desh., 313

—— luctuosa, Hinds, 290
maculata, Lamk., 280, 318
marginata, Desh., n. sp., 296
——— marmorata, Desh., n. sp., 279
matheroniana, Desh., n. sp., 287
mera, Hinds, 286

—— micans, Hinds, 291
modesta, Desh., n. sp., 288
monilis, Q. et G., 312
muscaria, Lamk., 281
myuros, Lamk., 309

nana, Desh., n.sp., 291
nassoides, Hinds, 306

-—_— nebulosa, Sow., 298, 313, 319
nimbosa, Hinds, 289

nitida, Hinds, 288

—— nodosoplicata, Dunker, 276
nodularis, Desh., n. sp., 295
nubeculata, Sow., 319
obesa, Hinds, 283

obsoleta, Desh., n.sp., 310
oculata, Lamk., 307
ornata, Gray, 307

pallida, Desh., n. sp., 311
patagonica, D’Orb., 277
peasti, Desh., n.sp., 802
penicillata, Hinds, 283
pertusa, Kien., 298

petitii, Kien., 295, 319
petiveriana, Desh., 302

INDEX.

Terebra philippiana, Desh., n. sp., 289
—— picta, Hinds, 305

| —— plicata, Gray, 303

—— plicatella, Desh., n.sp., 293
—— plumbea, Q. et G., 805

polita, Gray, 319

—— polygyrata, Desh., n. sp., 801
prelonga, Desh., n.sp., 315
pretiosa, Reeve, 311

—— pulchella, Desh., n. sp., 297
pulchra, Hinds, 301
punctata, Gray, 313, 320
— punctatostriata, Gray, 320
puncticulata, Desh., n. sp., 280
— punctulata, Sow., 320

—— pura, Desh., n.sp., 281

— pygmea, Hinds, 289

— radula, Hinds, 302,
raphanula, Kien., 279

reevei, Desh., n. sp., 277
regina, Desh., n. sp., 311
robusta, Hinds, 307

roseata, Adams et Reeve, 300
rudis, Gray, 302

rufocinerea, Carp., 295
rustica, Hinds, 306

salleana, Desh., n. sp., 287
scabrella, Lamk., 309
senegalensis, Lamk., 278, 319
serotina, Adams et Reeve, 312
solida, Desh., n.sp., 282
souleyeti, Desh., n. sp., 803
sowerbyana, Desh., n. sp., 277
specillata, Hinds, 3803
speciosa, Desh., n. sp., 279
spectabilis, Hinds, 294
splendens, Desh., n.sp., 281
— straminea, Gray, 311

__— striata, Q. et G., 299, 310, 320
—— striatula, Kien., 320
strigata, Sow., 280

—_— strigilata, Lamk., 291

_— stylata, Hinds, 290

—_— subangulata, Desh., n.sp., 800
__— subdivisa, Phil., 306
subnodosa, Carp., 295
subulata, Lamk., 307
succinea, Hinds, 312
swainsoni, Desh., n. sp., 299
—— teniolata, Q. et G., 310, 320
—— tahitensis, Gray, 320

tenera, Hinds, 289

tessellata, Gray, 314

teatilis, Hinds, 301

tiarella, Desh., n. sp., 276
—— tigrina, Desh., 281

torquata, Adams et Reeve, 304
—— traillii, Desh., n. sp., 285
—— tricolor, Sow., 310

triseriata, Gray, 315

—_— tristis, Desh., n.sp., 306

TTTITTELE EEE EEE

INDEX.

Terebra trochlea, Desh., n. sp., 277

tuberculosa, Hinds, 303

tuberosa, Hinds, 303

undatella, Desh., 300

— undulata, Gray, 298

ustulata, Desh., n. sp., 294

—— varicosa, Hinds, 303

variegata, Gray, 296

—— venosa, Hinds, 283

verreauxi, Desh., n. sp., 286

violascens, Hinds, 305

—— virginea, Desh., nu. sp., 310

vittata, Lamk., 321

zebra, Kien., 280, 321

Tetragonopterus peruanus, Miller, 90

Tetrao obscurus, Say, 236

Tetraogallus himalayensis, Gray, 186

Thalassidroma nereis, 98

Thamnophilus doliatus, Linn., 57, 366,
383

melanurus, Gould, 57, 383

Thaumantias candidus, Bourc., 386

Thecacera pennigera, 65

Thryothorus bewickti, Aud., 872

felix, Scl., n.sp., 371

maculipectus, Lafr., 563, 372

Tichodroma muraria, Linn., 174

Tiga amicta, G. R. Gray, 456

intermedia, Blyth, 456

tridactyla, 150, 151

Tigrisoma brasiliense, Linn., 63

Tinawus boucardi, Sa//é, n. sp., 391

major, Gm., 63

meserythrus, Sc/., n. sp., 392

sallei, Bp., 369, 392

Tinnunculus sparverius, Linn., 52, 147,
236, 368, 390

Tityra albitorques, DuBus, 56, 384

personata, Jard. et Selb., 56, 366,

385

Todirostrum cinereigulare, Scl., 384

ruficeps, Kaup., 144

schistaceiceps, Scl., 384

squamicristatum, Lafr., 144

Todopsis bonaparti, G. R. Gray, un. sp..
156

ceruleocephala, Bp., 156
eyanocephala, Gray, 156
Todus cyanocephalus, Q. et G., 156
Toria capellet, Blyth, 464
nipalensis, Hodgs., 464
Totanus ochropus, Linn., 189
Toxostoma, Wael., 338
crissalis, Henry, 339
curvirostre, Scl., 339
lecontii, Lawr., 339
rediviva, Gamb., 339
vetula, Wagl., 339
Trachypelmus, Cabanis, 63
Trachyphonus cafer, Bp., 399
margaritatus, Bp., 399

o19

Trachyphonus purpuratus, Verr., 399

squamiceps, Heugl., 399

subsulfureus, Bp., 398

vaillanti, Ranz., 399

Tragulus javanicus, 432

Treron bicincta, 150, 151

magnirostris, Strickl., 464

nipalensis, Hodqs., 464

—— phenicoptera, Lath., 188

vernans, Blyth, 465

viridis, 151

See nigrogularis, G. R. Gray,
15

Tricholema flavipunctata, Verr., 397

hirsuta, Hartl., 396

Trigla, 104, 105

hamata, Bl., 105

interpres, Linn., 166

—— lyra, 104

pectoralis, 130

wilsoni, Nutt., 237

Tringoides hypoleuca, Linn., 189

Tripsurus auritus, Byton, 457

Trochalopteron rufogulare, Gould, 182

Trochilus colubris, Linn., 367, 386

Trochotoma, 203

TROGLODYTES GORILLA, Sav., 1

Troglodytes aédon, Vieill., 363, 372

brunnetcollis, Scl., 372

furvus, Gin., 137

nipalensis, Hodgs., 185

platensis, 95

Trogon ambiguus, Gould, 387

caligatus, Gould, 367, 387

diardii, Temm., 460

— duvaucellii, Temm., 459

-— fasciatus, Temm., 460

—— kasumba, Raffles, 460

luzoniensis, Scop., 395

— massena, Gould, 53, 387

melanocephalus, Gould, 53, 367

387

meaxicanus, Sw., 367, 387
—— personatus, Gould, 144
puella, Gould, 367, 387
rutilus, Vieill., 459
temminckti, Gould, 460
Tropea, Hubner, 261

mena, Walk., 264

selene, Hubner, 261
sinensis, Walk., 264
Tropidonotus, 80
Tropidophora, Trosch., 204
Tropidorhynchus chrysotis, Less., 155
diemenensis, Less., 161
lessoni, Gray, 161

nove guinee, Miull., 155
Trypanophora, Kollar, 197
semihyalina, Kollar, 197
Tryphena heloise, Less., 367
Turdus, Linn., 324

520

Turdus albicollis, Véedl?., 329
albiventris, Spzx, 136, 328
alicie, Baird, 326
amaurochalinus, Cad., 329
ardostaceus, Vieill., 337
assimilis, Cab., 327, 362, 370
atrosericeus, Lafr., 1386, 333
aurantius, Gm., 333
brachyurus, Vieill., 338
capucinus, Aud., 327
carbonarius, Licht., 334
casius, Bp., 330

chalybeus, Horsf., 445
chiguanco, Lafr., 333

chochi, Vieill., 352

—— crotopezus, Licht., 327

—— densirostris, Vieill., 336
—— dénsus, Bp., 825

dominicus, Linn., 341
falklandicus, Q. e¢ G., 94, 330
felivox, Vieill., 336
ferrugineus, Wied., 329
‘flavipes, Vie7ll., 334

—— flavirostris, Sw., 332
fulviventris, Sc/., 331
fumigatus, Lich?., 329
fuscatus, Lafr., 332, 335
—-— fuscescens, Steph., 326
gigas, Fraser, 136, 332
gilvus, Vieill., 342

erayii, Bp., 380, 362, 370
guttatus, Cab., 325

—— gymnophthalmus, Cab., 329
gymnopus, Temm., 329
helvolus, Licht., 330
herminieri, Lafr., 335

—— ignobilis, Se/., 328 :
infuseatus, Lafr., 334, 362, 370
jamaicensis, Gm., 327

—— lereboulleti, Bp., 327

— leucauchen, Sc/., 328
leucogenys, Lath., 333
leucomelas, Vieill., 327

—— lividus, Wils., 336, 342
magellanicus, King, 330
melanotis, Temm., 337
melodus, Wils., 325

—— mieratorius, Linn., 235, 331, 362
—— minimus, Lafr., 326

—— minor, Bp., 325

— minutus, Forst., 161

—— montanus, Lafr., 336

—— mustellinus, Gmel., 55, 325, 362
—— nevius, Gmel., 331

—— nanus, Awd., 325

—— nudigenys, Lafr., 329

olivaceus, Lafr., 329

oliyater, Lafr., 333
—— orpheus, Linn., 341
—— pallasi, Cab., 525
— palliatus, Bp., 332

INDEX.

Turdus pheopyeus, Cab., 327
Pinicola, Sc/., n. sp., 334, 362
— plumbeus, Linn., 337
polyglottus, Linu., 340
rubripes, Temm., 336
rufitorques, Hartl., 334
rufiventris, Vedll., 332
—— rufopalliatus, Lafr., 332
—— serranus, Tsch., 330

—— silens, Sw., 325

—— solitarius, Wils., 325
striga, Raffles, 445
strigatus, Horsf., 445
swainsoni, Cab., 326

— thenca, Mol., 344.

tristis, Sw., 330

—-— triurus, Vieill., 341
unicolor, Vickell, 181
ustulatus, Nazz., 326
visctvorus, Linn., 181
wilsont, Bp., 826
xanthopus, Forst., 161
xanthosceles, Jard., 334
Turnix pugnax, 150, 151
Turtur chinensis, 467

humilis, Temm., 150, 151, 187
meena, Sykes, 187
ortentalis, Lath., 187
suratensis, 150, 151
tigrinus, Temi., 467
Tyrannula affinis, Sw., 44
ardesiaca, Lafr., 144:
barbirostris, Sw., 44

—— obscura, Sw., 44

ornata, Lafr., 144

rufula, Hartl., 41
Tyrannulus chrysops, Scl., 144
Tyrannus, 43

atrifrons, Scl., 43

audax, 42

curtipes, Sw., 43
intrepidus, Vieill., 55, 383
melancholicus, Vieill., 55, 143, 366
rufescens, Sw., 41
rufiventris, Vieill., 331
—— thamnophiloides, D’Orb., 41
vociferans, Sw., 383
Umbellularia grenlandica, 440
Umbracella, Ga, 48]
granulata, Esper., 482
umbraculum, Sol., 482
Unio burtoni, Woodw.,n. sp., 349
Upucerthia vulgaris, D’Orb., 95
Upupa epops, Linn., 174
nigripennis, Gould, 151
Urocissa flavirostris, Blyth, 172, 200
magnirostris, 151, 200
occipitalis, Blyth, 172, 200
sinensis, 200

Uroloncha molucea, Cab., 444:
punctularia, Cab., 443

Uromastix spinipes, 470, 475
Ursus americanus, 477
marinus, Steller, 102
Urubitinga anthracina, Nitz., 52
—— unicincta, Temm., 147
Vanga cristata, Gray, 446
Venilia melanogastra, Hay, 457
mentalis, Temm., 456
miniata, Forst., 456
punicea, Horsf., 456
Vermicella, Gray, 87

annulata, Gray, 87
occipitalis, D. e¢ B., 87
Verrucella, Valenc., 480
Vespertilio alcythoé, 72
aristippe, 72

brachypterus, 69
caliginosus, Tomes, n. sp., 73
—— lucippe, 72

mystacinus, 73, 'T4
natterert, 74.

parvulus, 73

—— savit, 72

sericeus, Tomes, n.sp., 74
tenuis, Temm., 73
trilatitius, Temm., 73
vispistrellus, 72

Vinago capellei, Cuy., 464
giganteus, Vigors, 464
Vipera psyche, Daud., 84
trimaculata, Daud., 83
Vireo, 235

— altiloquus, 138

josephe, Sc/., n. sp., 137
noveboracensis, 137
solitarius, Vieill., 363, 375
Vireolanius melitophrys, Bp., 363
Vireosylvia agilis, 137
flavoviridis, Cass., 375
frenata, DuBus, 138

INDEX. 521

Vireosylvia olivacea, Linn., 137, 363

Virgularia australis, Lamk., 483

Viverra civetta, 212

Volatinia jacarina, Linn., 365

splendens, Vieill., 140

Voluta mamilla, Gray, 34

rosiniana, 231

Volutella papillosa, 231

Vulpes azare, 51

AXanthocephalus icterocephalus, Bp., 235

AXantholema indica, 150, 151

Xenares, H. Scheeff., 200

Xenodon severus, 89, 402

Xenops mexicanus, Sel., 382

Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus, Less.,
140

AXylobucco, Bp., 397

—— scolopaceus, Bp., 397

Zamenis, 80

Zanclostomus diardi, Less., 458

javanicus, Horsf., 458

sirkee, 150, 151

—— sumatranus, Rafiles, 458

Zelima paradoxa, Zink. Som., 422

Zenaida leucoptera, 368

Zenaidura carolinensis, 369, 391

Zoanthus couchit, 124.

Zonotrichia gambelli, Nutt., 235

mystacalis, Hartl., 379

pileata, Bodd., 140

Zoothera cinclops, Bp., 338

Zootoca deserti, Gnthr., n. sp., 470

Zopherosis, White, 121

georgil, White, n.sp., 121

Zosterops griseonota, G. fh. Gray, n. sp.,
161

palpebrosus, Temm., 183
—— xanthochroa, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
161

ERRATA.

Page 110, lines 14 and 15, for gilliespit read gillespit.
Page 164, line 26, for pandoni read paddont.
Page 236, line 35, for Oreoortyx read Oreortyx.

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. On the M’Horr Antelope. By E. T. Bennett, Esq.
. On the Nervous System of Beroé Pileus, Lam.; and on the Structure

of its Cilia. By Robert E. Grant, M.D. ;

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new form among the Viverridous Carnivora. By EH. T. Bennett,
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. Descriptions of some new Species of Calyptreide. By W. J. Brode-

rip, Esq.
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By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S.

. On the Young of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Blum. By Richard

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IN,

. Notes on the Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus

paradoxus, Blum. By Dr. G. Bennett.

. Description d’un nouveau Genre de Mollusques de la Classe des

Gastéropodes Pectinibranches. Par E. Riippell, M.D., Memb. Ext.
L.S. & Z.8.

3. On Clavagella. By W. J. Broderip, Esq.
. On the Anatomy of Clavagella, Lam. By Richard Owen, Ksq.,

F.R.S. & Z.S.

. On Nycteribia, a Genus of Wingless Insects. By J. O. Westwood,

Esq., F.L.S.

. Some Account of Macropus Parryi, a hitherto undescribed species of

Kangaroo from New South Wales. By EK. T. Bennett, Esq.

. On the Genus Chama, Brug., with Descriptions of some Species ap-

parently not hitherto characterized. By W. J. Broderip, Esq.

3. Characters and Description of a new Genus of the Family Melolon-

thide. By John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S. &e.

. On a Species of Moth found inhabiting the Galls of a Plant near to

Monte Video. By John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S. &e.

. Description of a Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the

Human Body. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.S.

. On the Anatomy of Linguatula Tenioides, Cuv. By Richard Owen,

Esq., F.R.S. & ZS.

. Additional Remarks on the Genus Lagotis, with some Account of a

second Species referable to it. By EK. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.,
See. Z.S.

. Observations on the Genus Cancer of Dr. Leach (Platycarcinus, Latr.),

with Descriptions of three new Species. By T. Bell, Esq., F.R.S.

. On the Osteology of the Chimpanzee and Orang-Utan. By Richard

Owen, Esq., F.R.S.

. On the Anatomy of Distoma clavatum, Rud. By Richard Owen, Esq.,

F.R.S. & ZS.

. Description of a new Species of Tapeworm, Tenia lamelligera, Owen

By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.8.

. Remarks on the Entozoa, and on the Structural Differences existing

among them, including Suggestions for their Distribution imtc
other Classes. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.S.

3. Additional Observations on Alepisaurus feroz. By the Rev. R. T.

Lowe, M.A., Corr. Memb. Z.8.
Vou. II. 1841.

. On the Quails and Hemipodi of India. By Lieut.-Colonel William

Henry Sykes.

. Descriptions of a few Invertebrated Animals obtained at the Isle of

France. By Robert Templeton, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.8.

. On a remarkable Species of Pteropine Bat. By E. T. Bennett, Esq.,

F.L.S

. Some Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of South America, with

Descriptions of new Genera and Species; founded principally on
the Collections obtained by Mr. Cuming and Mr. Miller. By Thos.
Bell, Esq., F.R.S.

. Some Observations on the Economy of an Insect destructive to

Turnips. By William Yarrell, Esq.
Mémoire sur une nouvelle Espéce de Poisson du Genre Histiophore,
de la Mer Rouge. Par M. KE. Riippell, M.D.

. On the Genus Octodon, and on its relations with Ctenomys, Blainv.,

and Poéphagomys, F. Cuv., including a Description of a new Spe-
cies of Ctenomys. By KE. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.

. On the Anatomy of the Lamellibranchiate Conchifera. By Robert

Garner, Esq., F.L.S.

. Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda. By Richard Owen,

Esq., F.R.S.

. Mémoire sur Ies Gerboises et les Gerbilles. Par M. Fred. Cuvier.
. Description of a new Genus of Mammiferous Animals from Australia,

belonging probably to the Order Marsupialia. By George R.
Waterhouse, Esq.

. Descriptions of several new Species of Insects belonging to the Family

of the Sacred Beetles. By J. O. Westwood, Ksq., F.L.S, &c.

. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Orang-Utans

(Simia, Erxleben). By Richard Owen, Ksq., F.R.S. &c.

. A Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira; with the principal Synonyms,

Portuguese Names, and Characters of the new Genera and Species.
By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A.

. Observations on the Genus Galictis (Bell), with the Description of a

new Species. By Thomas Bell, Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.R.S. &c.

. On a new Subgenus of Fishes, allied to Ophidium. By William

Thompson, Esq.

. Description of a new Species of Antelope. By Capt. W. C. Harris.
18.

Notes on the Anatomy of the Nubian Giraffe. By Richard Owen,
Esq., F.R.S. &c.

. On a new Genus of Insectivorous Mammalia. By W. C. L. Martin,

Ksq., F.L.S.

. On the Anatomy of the Southern Apteryx (Apteryx Australis, Shaw).

By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &c.

. Observations upon Pelagic Serpents. By Dr. Theodore Cantor.
. Outlines of a Classification of the Marsupialia. By Richard Owen,

Esq., F.R.S. &e.

3. On the Genus Galeopithecus. By G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
. On the Skull of the North American Badger, Meles Labradoria of

Authors. By George R. Waterhouse, Esq.

. On the Fishes of the Dukhun. By Lieut.-Col. W. H. Sykes, F.R.S.
. On the Osteology of the Marsupialia. By Richard Owen, Esq.,

F.R.S. &c.
Vou. Ill. 1849.

. Supplement to “ A Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira.” By the Rev.

R. T. Lowe, M.A.

. Notes on the Birth of the Giraffe at the Zoological Society’s Gardens,

and Description of the Foetal Membranes and of some of the natural
and morbid appearances observed in the Dissection of the Young
Animal. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &c.

. Notice of a fragment of the Femur ofa Gigantic Bird of New Zealand.

By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &e.

. Monograph of the Hollow-horned Ruminants. Part I. By William

Ogilby, Esq., M.A.

. Description of Australian Fish. Part I. By J. Richardson, M.D., F.R.S.

Description of Australian Fish. Part II. By John Richardson, M.D.,
F.R.S. &e., Inspector of Naval Hospitals, Haslar.

. Observations on the Stenochoride of New Holland, with Descriptions

of new Genera and Species of that family. By the Rev. F. W.
Hope, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &e.

. Description of a new Genus and Species of Sponge (Huplectella Asper-

gillum, O.). By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S., F.Z.8. &e.

. Description of some Coleopterous Insects from Tropical Africa, belong-

ing to the section Heteromera. By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S.

10.

11.

13.

14.
15.

16.

17.
18.

. Mémoire sur la Famille des Touracos, et Description de deux Espéces

nouvelles. Par le Dr. Edouard Riippell.

On Dinornis, an extinct genus of Tridactyle Struthious Birds, with
Descriptions of portions of the Skeleton of five species which for-
merly existed in New Zealand. By Professor Owen, M.D., F.R.S.,
F.Z.8. &e.

On the Anatomy ofthe Apteryx Australis, Shaw. Part II. (Myology.)
By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

. On the Osteology of the Marsupialia. (Part II.) Comparison of the

Skulls of the Wombats of Continental Australia and of Van Diemen’s
Land, whereby their specific distinction is established. By Pro-
fessor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

On Dinornis (Part II.) : containing Descriptions of portions of the Skull,
the Sternum, and other parts of the Skeleton of the species previously
determined, with osteological evidences of three additional Species,
and of a new Genus, Palapteryx. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

Observations on the Dodo (Didus ineptus, Linn.): an Appendix to the
foregoing Memoir on the Dinornis. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

On a new Genus of the Family Lophide (les Pectorales Pédiculées,
Cuv.) discovered in Madeira. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A.,
Corr. Memb. of the Zool. Soc. &e.

On Dinornis (Part IIL.): containing a Description of the Skull and
Beak of that Genus, and of the same characteristic parts of Pal-
apteryx, and of two other Genera of Birds, Notornis and Nestor:
forming part of an extensive series of: Ornithic remains discovered
by Mr. Walter Mantell, at. Wamgongoro, North Island of New
Zealand. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.8. &c.

On a new Species of the Genus Apteryx. By John Gould, F.R.S.,
F.L.S. &e.

Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees
{Troglodytes, Geoffroy), including the Description of the Skull of a
large Species (Troglodytes Gorilla, Savage) discovered by Thomas
S. Savage, M.D., in the Gaboon country, West Africa. By Professor
Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

Vou. IV. Part 1. 1850.

. On Dinornis (Part IV.): contaiming the restoration of the Feet of that

Genus and of Palapteryx, with a Description of the Sternum in
Palapteryx and Aptornis. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

. Contributions to the knowledge of the Animal of Nautilus Pompilius.

By J. Van der Hoeven.
Vou. IV. Parr 2. 1852.

. On the Anatomy of the Indian Rhinoceros (Rh. wnicornis, L.). By

Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

On Dinornis (Part V.): contaming a Description of the Skull and
Beak of a large Species of Dinornis, of the Cranium of an immature
specimen of Dinornis giganteus (?), and of Crania of Species of
Palapteryx. By Professor Owen, F'.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

. Notice of the Discovery by Mr. Walter Mantell in the Middle Island

of New Zealand, of a living specimen of the Notornis, a Bird of the
Rail family, allied to Brachypteryx, and hitherto unknown to Natu-
ralists, except im a Fossil state. By Gideon Algernon Mantell,
Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. &e.

. Remarks on Notornis Mantellu. By J. Gould, F.R.S.

ies)

PH.

12:

13.

14.

4
Vou. LV. Part 3. 1853.

. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees

(Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. IV. Description of the
Cranium of an Adult Male Gorilla from the River Danger, West
Coast of Africa, indicative of a variety of the Great Chimpanzee
(Troglodytes Gorilla), with Remarks on the Capacity of the Cranium
and other characters shown by sections of the Skull, in the Orangs
(Pithecus), Chimpanzees (Troglodytes), and in different varieties
of the Human Race. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

Vou. IV. Part 4. 1857.

. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees

(Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. V. Comparison of the
Lower Jaw and Vertebral Column of the Troglodytes Gorilla, Tro-
glodytes niger, Pithecus Satyrus, and different varieties of the Hu-
man Race. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

. Onthe Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.).
10. |

By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

On Dinornis (Part VI.): containing a Description of the Bones of the
Leg of Dinornis (Palapteryx) struthioides and of Dinornis gracilis,
Owen. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

Vou. IV. Part 5. 1858.

On Dinornis (Part VII.) : contaming a Description of the Bones of the
Leg and Foot of Dinornis elephantopus, Owen. By Professor
Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c.

On Dinornis (Part VIII.) : contaiing a Description of the Skeleton of
the Dinornis elephantopus, Owen. By Professor Owen, F.R.S.,
V.P.Z.S. &e.

Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees
(Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. III. Characters of the
Skull of the Male Pithecus Morio, with Remarks on the Varieties
of the Male Pithecus Satyrus. By Professor Owen, F.R.S.,
V.P.Z.S. &c.

On the Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.).
Part II. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &e.

Vou. IV. Partré6. 1859.

. Additional Evidence relative to the Dodo. By W. J. Broderip, Esq.,

F.R.S., L.S., G.S., V.P.Z.8.

. On some Bones of Birds allied to the Dodo, in the Collection of the

Zoological Society of London. By H. E. Strickland, F.G.S.

17. Notice of an original Painting, including a Figure of the Dodo, in the
Collection of His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, at Sion House.
By W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.

18. Monograph of the Strigide. By Dr. J. J. Kaup, Director of the
Museum at Darmstadt ; Correspondmg Member.

19. On some New or little-known Species of Accipitres, in the Collection
of the Norwich Museum. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S. &e.

20. Description of a New Species of the Genus Buteo from Mexico. By
Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S., &e.

21. Description of a New Species of Owl of the Genus Ciccaba. By
Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER,
11, Hanover Square, Secretary.

Dee. 1859.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

NEW ORNITHOLOGICAL PERIODICAL.

Now ready (price 6s.: Annual Subscription £1: 1s.),
Nos. I. 11. Il]. & IV., completing Vol. 1., of

THE IBIS,
A MAGAZINE OF GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY.

EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A.,

FELLOW OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD,
SECRETARY OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, F.L.S., ETC.

London: N. Trisner ann Co., 60, Paternoster Row. Paris: Fr. Kninckstecr,
11, Rue de Lille. Leipzig: F. A. Brocxuaus. New York: Winry anp
Haustep, 351, Broadway. :

To be completed in 12 Folio Parts, price £1: 1s. each, of which
6 are now ready,

ZOOLOGICAL SKETCHES

By JOSEPH WOLF.
MADE FOR
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
FROM ANIMALS IN THEIR VIVARIUM.

EDITED, WITH NOTES,

By THE LATE D. W. MITCHELL, B.A., F.L.S. &e. &c.,

LATE SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

London: GRaveES AND Co., Pall Mall.

Price 6d., Sewn,

A GUIDE TO THE GARDENS
OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
By tHe Late D. W. MITCHELL, B.A., F.L.S. &c. &c.,

LATE SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

Third Edition, corrected according to the present Arrangement
of the Gardens,

By PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A.,

SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

London: Brappury Anp Evans, 11, Bouverie Street; and at the Society’s
Gardens in the Regent’s Park.

ConTENTs (continued).

Page

Description of a New Species of Entozoon, from the intestines

of the Elephant. By W. Barro, M.D.. CEN ean Ano.
Descriptions of New Shells in the Guiecion, of tL. Cuming.

By G. B. Sowrrsy, F.L.S.. a . 428
Descriptions of New Univalve Shells fro om the Collections of i.

Cuming and 8. Hanley. By Sytvanus HAaNuey...... 429
Exhibition of three specimens of Hybrid Ducks, obtained on the

south shore of Long Island, by Daniex G. Exuior, Esq.,

le New Wor Ki 20a ers ci Nsie ie as)ctel tke ebitaeh ats teres olaiiets 437
Exhibition of curiously plumaged Pheasants, by Dr. Haminron,

LDR /Do lies Bead Pan een ene Ma bia slbjel as aaunya.a yh 437
Description of Macandrewia and Myliusia, two new forms of

Sponges), ‘By, Dr Jo by Gray, VB e7S sane 6 to 6 don,
On some new or little-known Birds from the Rio Napo. By

Puitip Lutiey Scuater, M.A., Secretary .......... 440)
On some Hybrid Ducks bred in the Society's Gardens. By _

Puitie Luruey Sciater, M.A., Secretary ......... nn AAD

List of Malayan Birds collected by Dr. Cantor, with Descrip-
tions of imperfectly-known Species. By Freperic Moore 443

Remarks on the Habits of a Herring Gull (Larus argentatus).
VIA DMB ARIEL DIG cr yeni) yok ceeng eee jvete Cieieiaiu 467

On the most efficient Means of preserving the Eggs of Birds
in order that they may be afterwards hatched. By A. D.

BAR EER ets as cies Weeds sida he oe ple ayia ee 468
On the Reptiles and Fishes collected by the Rev. H. B. Tris-

tram in Northern Africa. By Dr. A. GUNTHER ...... 469
Notes on the Reptiles and Fishes of the Sahara. By Rev. H.

B. Tristram, F.L.S. aS a Ayo
Description of a New Species of Seniel (scan Us es

from Siam, in the Collection of the British Museum. By

Dr Joh Grav Ve PAS ii oe ui ae 47.8
Description of a New Species of Freshwater Tortoise fon Sad

By Dr. J. EK. Gray, V-P.Z.S Peat . 478
Description of some New Genera of Lithophytes, or Stony oo!

phytes. By Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P.Z.S. 479
Description of a new Conchiferous Mollusk of a genus Dae

dora: By ARoaUR ADAMS, WoNe eo. S one ere 487
Systematic List of the oe of ie restricted. ey SYL-

vANUS HANLEY .... 487

On Two New Species of Cae ay Joan Gouy v. P. ZL. s. 493

Exhibition of specimens of Corystes cassivelaunus, and the
young of Comatula rosea, by T. H. Stewart............ 494

Vielen tie eee Oey ere sine A i Ua ad sia ananno Be

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

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Fellows are expected to give their names on entering the Gardens.

The Gardens are open from Nine o'clock a.m. till Sunset; and
the Office, where all communicatious should be addressed, from Ten
till Five, and on Saturday from Ten till Two o'clock.

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A.,

Secretary.
i1 Hanover Square, W.

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