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Cate/4- ShOf.
L I B R. -A. K. IT
OF THE
Peabody Hnsenm of Amerioan AroluBology and Ethnology
IN CONNECTION WITH HARVARD UNIVERSITY
PBBBBNTUD BY
Beceioed ^hxu^ / 6. /f^O.
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PROCEEDINGS
OF TUB
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
SESSION
MDCCCLXXXVIL-LXXXVIII.
VOL. XXII.
EDINBURGH:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY NEILL AND COMPANY
MDOCCLXXXVUI.
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
^octets 0{ ^ntiqnnrit^ ot ^tatlntib
ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH SESSION
1887-88
VOL. X.— NEW SERIES
CUtnbttri
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY NEIM, AND COMPANY
MDCCCLXXXVni
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Notice of the Ceiling of the "Painted Gallery" at Pinkie House. By
Georob Seton, M.A., F.S.A. Scot, ..... 10
Kotes near St Fillans : Cup-Marked Stones, Old Burying Grounds at
Eindrochet and Drumnakill, Curing Stone or Charm, and Notice of a
Flint Enife found on the Farm of North Pet, Tarland, Aberdeenshire.
By James Mackintosh Gow, F.S.A. Scot, . . 28
Notes on the Trinitarian or Red Friars in Scotland, and on a recently dis-
covered Charter of Alexander III. confirming the Foundation of Hous-
toun by Cristiana Fraser, Widow of Sir Roger de Moubray. By Joseph
Bain, F.S.A. Scot, ....... 26
Notice of a Bronze Bucket-Shaped Vessel or Caldron, Exhibited by H. D.
Erskine, Esq. of Cardross. By Joseph Andebson, LLD., Assistant
Secretary and Eeeper of the Museum, .36
Notice of the Opening of a Sepulchral Cairn at Balnalick, Glen Urquhart,
Inyemess-shire ; with Notes on Cup-Marked Stones in Glen Urquhart.
By Angus Grant, Schoolmaster, Glen Urquhart, ... 42
Notice of a Particular Kind of Flint Knife common in the County of Antrim,
Ireland. By Rev. George Raphael Buiok, A.M., Fellow of the Royal
Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, ... 51
Additional Notes on Funereal Urns, from Glenluce, Wigtownshire. By Rev.
George Wilson, Free Church Manse, Glenluce, Corr. Mem. S.A. Scot, 66
The Crusie, or Ancient Oil Lamp of Scotland. By Gilbert Goudie,
Treasurer, S.A. Scot, ....... 70
The Archaeology of Lighting Appliances. By J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A.
Scot, 79
Notes on the ** Carles " or Wooden Candlesticks of Wigtownshire. By Sir
Herbert Eustace Maxwell, Bart, M.P., F.S.A. Scot, . 113
Notice of a Crannog discovered in Lochleven, Kinross-shire, on 7th Septem-
ber 1887. By R. Burns BEaG,F.S.A. Scot, .... 118
VOL. XXn. a
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VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Notes on Drochil Castle, Peeblesshire. By David Marshall, F.S.A. Scot, , 125
Notes on (1) Carib Incised Stones and (2) Shell Implements. By Professor
Duns, D.D., F.S.A. Scot, ...... 184
Notice of a Recumbent Hog-Backed Monument, and Portions of Sculptured
Slabs with Symbols, recently discovered at St Vigeans Church, Forfar-
shire. By the Rev. W. Duke, M.A., F.S.A. Scot, . . .148
Notes of the Recent Discovery of Pavement and Flooring Tiles at the Abbey
of Coupar- Angus and the Cathedral of St Andrews. By ALEXAin)EB
HuTCHESON, F.S.A. Scot, ...... 140
Notes (1) of the Discovery of a Glass Cup in a Stone Coffin at Peterborough
Cathedral, and (2) of Encaustic Tiles with Interlaced Patterns, from
Fordington, St George's Church, Dorchester, and Milton Abbey Church,
Dorset ByJ.T. Ibvinb, F.S.A. Scot, ..... 149
Notices of Two Scandinavian Powder-Homs, presented to the Museum. By
J. RoMiLLY Allen, F.S.A. Scot (Plate I.), .... 157
Notices (1) of Ecclesiastical Music discovered in the Burgh Charter-Room of
Dundee, (2) of Two Stone Coffins discovered at Invergowrie, (8) of a
Carious Pewter Casket from Dundee. By A. H. Millab, F.S.A. Scot, 164
Description of the Slabs and other Sepulchral Monuments in Seton Church,
East Lothian. By Geobob Seton, M.A., F.S.A. Scot, . . 174
Notes on the Old Earldoms of Dunbar, March, and Moray. By Archibald
Hamilton DuNBAB, Younger of Northfield, F.S.A. Scot, . 187
Notice of Ancient Remains in Manor Parish and other Districts of Peebles-
shire. ByDAViDCHBisTisoN, M.D., F.S.A. Scot, . .192
Notice of Trials for Witchcraft at Crook of Devon, Einross-shire, in 1662.
By R. Burns Begg, F.S.A. Scot, . . . .211
The Confessions of the Forfar Witches (1661), from the Original Documents
in the Society's Library. By Joseph Anderson, LL.D., Assistant
Secretary and Keeper of the Museum, ..... 241
Notice of a Lai^e Cruciform Fibula or Brooch of Bronze, overlaid with Gold,
found in Peterborough in 1878. By Dr Thomas J. Walker. Com-
municated by J. T. Irvine, F.S.A. Scot, . . .268
Notice of a Stone, apparently a Sinker, with Incised Figures of Animals,
from a Tumulus at Bridge of Brogar, Stennis, Orkney. By James
Noble, ........ 266
Notice of a Steel Pistol with the Dundee Mark, and of the Armourers of
Dundee. By A. H. Millar, F.S.A. Scot, Dundee, . . .276
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. VU
PAGE
Safe-Conduct for an Officer of a Scottish Kegiment serving in the Low Coun-
triea By Edward Peacock, Bottesford Manor, Brigg, . 281
Notice of the Discovery of a Stone Cup and Cup-Marked Stones at Lochearn-
head. By D. Hagqart, Killin, ...... 282
Notice of the Discovery of a Stone Cist, with an Iron Age Interment, at
SkaiU Bay. By W. G. T. Watt, SkaiU House, . .283
Additional Notices of Tetts, or Grated Iron Doors, of Scottish Castles and
Towers. By David Christison, M.D., F.S.A. Scot., . . . 286
Notice of Six Norwegian Powder-Homs in the Museum, Carved with Sub-
jects from the Romances of the Charlemagne Cycle. By George F.
Black, Assistant in the Museum. (Plate II.), .... 820
Beports on Local Museums in Scotland, obtained through Dr R. H. Gunning's
Jubilee Gift to the Society. By Joseph Anderson, LL.D., Assistant
Secretary, and George F. Black, Assistant in the Museum, . 831
Notice of a Finely Ornamented Chalice of Silver, Parcel-Gilt, the Property of
R. B. ^ Madeod, Esq. of Cadboll. By Norman Macpherson, LL.D.,
Sheriff of Galloway, Fta-iV^wfeTi^, S. A. Scot, .... 423
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LIST OF ILLDSTRATIONS.
Lion Ewer of Brass, from Nuremberg,
Whetstones found at Lismore and Gonpar- Angus,
Luckenbooth Brooch of Silver,
Flint Knife found at Tarland,
Bronze Caldron found at Cardross, and Bottom of same,
Urn found at Balnalick, Glen IJrquhart,
Bronze Blade found in the IJm at Balnalick, Glen Urquhart,
Flint Implements resembling Knives, found in Antrim,
Knife of Bronze in Handle, after Keller,
Fragment of Pottery found in Ireland,
Flint Knife, mounted in Handle,
Shoemaker's old Knife, for Comparison,
Small Cup Stones from Dunnichen and Monimail,
Whetstone found with IJm and Bronze Dagger-Blade at Glenluce,
Crusie from Bnrra Isle, Shetland,
Crusie Mould of Stone, from Shetland,
Cmsie, with Iron Stand, ....
Crusie of Iron, from Italy, ....
Stone Lamps, from the Brochs of Kettlebum and Okstrow,
Stone Lamp, from an Earthhouse at Tealing,
Open Lamp, Bronze (Roman), found at Bayford,
Esquimaux Lamp of Stone, ....
Tailor's Candlestick of Stone, front and back view, .
Hanging Lamps, three ways of suspension,
Hanging Lamp of Brass, ....
Roman Hanging Lamp or Crusie,
Modem Crusie of Iron, from Shetland,
Chinese Lamps, with Stands of Bamboo and Sheet-Iran,
Chinese Lamp, made of sections of Bamboo, .
Hanging Lamp of Tin in the Museum,
Tin Lamp, with five Spouts, from Auvergne,
Covered Lamp of Iron, from France, .
Brass Hanging Lamp, with Slot for adjustment.
PAO£
7
8
9
25
87
45
46
52, 58, 54, 57
56
JS9
60
60
62
67
73
74
76
77
82
82
88
88
86
87
88
89
89
90
91
98
98
94
96
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LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS.
PAGE
Roshholder and Candlestick combined, ..... 99
Rack Adjustment for Hanging Cooking-Pot, used in Brittany, 99
Candlestick, with Spring Fastener for adjustment, .... 100
Contrivance for Raising or Lowering a Cooking-Pot over a fire, used in Japan, 108
Hanging Candleholders, with Spring and with Rack Fastener for adjustment, 104
Pair of Candle-Snuffers of Brass, ...... 106
Stone Cup found at Needless, Perth, .111
Carles or Wooden Candlesticks, from Galloway, .114
Encaustic Tile, from Melrose Abbey, . . .188
Carib Incised Rock-Carvings, ..... 186, 187
Implements of Shell, from Barbadoes, 140, 141
Implement of Polished Stone, from Yunan, . . .141
Recumbent Hog-Backed Monument at St Yigeans, .148
Sculptured Stone at St Yigeans, .144
Portion of Sculptured Slab at St Yigeans, 145, 146
Glass Cup found in a Stone Coffin at Peterborough, . .150
Encaustic Tiles, from two Churches in Dorset, . . .152
Scandinavian Powder-Hom, carved with Scriptural Scenes (Plate I.), 158
Sepulchral Monuments in Seton C^hurch, . . . . 182, 188, 185
Sketch Map of Glenrath and part of Manor YaUey, Peeblesshire, . . 194
Circular Foundation at Glenrath, Peeblesshire, . . .195
Enclosure on the Slope of Horsehope Hill, ..... 198
Site of the Find of the Bronze Objects on Horsehope Hill, . . .199
Mound enclosing Circles above Posso, Manor, .... 200
Corse Knowe, Posso Craigs, ....... 201
Remains near Langhaugh, seen from above, ..... 202
Remains opposite Langhaugh Farm, ...... 208
Yiewof *'Rings"attheHeadof BroughtonBum, . .205
Yiew and Plan of Mound at Common Law, ..... 207
Cruciform Fibula found at Peterborough, ..... 264
Stone, with Incised Figures, found near the Bridge of Brogar, 267
Silver Brooch, one of three found at Tummel Bridge, . 269
Oval Wooden Dish full of Butter, found in a Bog at Yell, Shetland, . 270
Penannular Brooches of Silver, found at Rogart, . 272, 278
Steel Pistol by D. M*Kenzie, Dundee, ..... 280
Comb and Comb-Case found at SkaUl, Orkney, .... 284
Whetstone found in a Grave at Skaill, Orkney, .... 285
Spear-Head of Iron found at Skaill, Orkney, .... 285
Types of Hinges of Grated Iron Doors, ..... 288
Bolts and Padlocks of Grated Iron Doors, ..... 290
Grated Iron Door at Balveny, Banffshire, ..... 292
Bars and Bar-Holes of the Grated Iron Doors, .... 294
Grated Iron Door at Doune Castle, ...... 800
Grated Iron Door at Inverquharity, . . 802, 804
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XI
Grated Iron Door at Invermark, Forfarshire, .
Grated Iron Door at Cawdor Castle, Nairn, .
Grated Iron Door at Dunrobin, Golspie,
Grated Iron Door at Smailholm, Roxburghshire,
Grated Iron Doors at Dnntreath, Stirlingshire,
PAGE
804
300, 807
309
811
313, 815
Band of Floral Patterns round the Top of Carved Norwegian Powder-Horn
No. 1, 821
Three Panels of Carved Norwegian Powder-Horn No. 1, . .322
The other Eight Panels of Carved Norwegian Powder-Hom No. 1 , . 323
Upper Part of Carved Norwegian Powder-Hom No. 2, . . . 324
Second Row of Subjects on Carved Norwegian Powder-Hom No. 2, . . 824
Bottom Row of Subjects on Carved Norwegian Powder-Hom No. 2, . . 325
Three Carved Norwegian Powder-Homs (Plate II.), . . . 326
Bronze Mounting, one of five, in the Hoard at Horsehope, 385
Bronze Mounting, Obverse and Reverse, found at Horsehope, 836
Bronze Mounting, from the Hoard at Horsehope, .... 836
Bronze Mounting, one of two, from the Hoard at Horsehope, . 386
Bronze Sickle, found in the Tay, near Errol, .... 339
Massive Bronze Armlet, in Perth Museum, ..... 889
Bowl-Shaped Brooch of the Viking time, one of a pair in the Perth Museum, 840
Currach or Boat of Skin, now in the Elgin Museum, .... 844
Urn of Drinking-Cup Type, found at Tents Muir, .847
Two Jugs from an Old House in Dundee, now in the Dundee Museum, 848
Bowl of Samian Ware, found in Glasgow Green, .... 852
Bronze Swine*s Head, found at Leichestown, Banfishire, 870
Pieta in Stone, dug up in the Churchyard, Banff, .... 371
Terra-Cotta Flaak, from Alexandria, ...... 882
Stone Hammer found at Duns Castle, ..... 884
Celtic Bell in the Eelso Museum, ...... 391
Spear-Head of Obsidian, from Easter Island, ..... 896
Small Vessel with Pierced Sides, found in a Stone Coffin at Montrose, . 403
Axe of Greenstone in its handle of a bent withe, from Australia, . 405
Bronze Figure of an Ecclesiastic in the Maxwellton Museum, Dumfries, 414
Chalice of Silver, the property of R. B. M, Macleod, Esq. of Cadboll, . 423
Shield engraved in the bottom of the Cup, ..... 425
Shield of Maclean, from the MS. of Sir David Lindsay, . 425
Ornamented Panels on the exterior of the Bowl of the Cup, . 428, 429
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OFFICE-BE AREES, 1887-88.
patron.
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
Thb Most Hon. thb Marquess of Lothian, E.T., LL.D.
Professor Norman Macphbrson, LL.D., Sheriff of DnmMes, &c.
Right Hon. The Earl of Stair, K.T., LL.D.
Robert Herdman, R.S.A.
Conndllors.
^ V- T^T''^'"^^rf ' ) Represmting the Board
Francis Abbott, ;
Sir Arthur Mitchell, K.C.B., M.D., LL.D.
David Christison, M.D.
Sir R E. Maxwell, Bart., M.P.
Professor D. Masson, LL.D.
Thomas Graves Law.
Sir William Fettes Douglas, LL.D., P.RS.A.
Prof. Sir W. Turner, M.B., LL.D.
SittxtimtB.
John Ritchie Findlay.
R W. Cochran-Patrick, LL.D.
Joseph Anderson, LL.D., Asmtant Secretary,
William Forbes, \ Secretaries for Foreign
Thomas Dickson LL.D. V Correspondmce.
H.M. Register House, ) ^
VOL. XXIL
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XIV
CrtB0tnrtr.
Gilbert Goudie, 39 Northumberland Street
Corators of t^t pnatnm.
Robert Carfrab.
John J. Reid, RA.
S/tttviot of Coins.
Adam B. Richar&son.
John Taylor Brown.
THE RHIND LECTURESHIP.
(Instituted 1874, in terms of a Bequest for its endowment hy the late
Alexander Henry Rhind of Sibster, Hon, Mem, S,A, Scot.)
SESSION 1887-88.
Rhind Lecturer in ARCHiEOLOGY— Robert Munro, M.A., M.D., Author of
Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings,
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LAWS
OF THE
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
INSTITUTED NOVEMBER 1780.
{Revised and adopted December 1, 1873.)
The purpose of the Society shall be the promotion of AnoHiEOLOOT,
especially as connected with the Antiquities and Historical Litbbature
OP Scotland.
I. Members.
1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Fellows, and
of Corresponding and Lady Associates.
2. The number of the Ordinary Fellows shall be unlimited.
3. Candidates for admission as Ordinary Fellows must sign the Form
of Application prescribed by the Council, and must be recommended by
one Ordinary Fellow and two Members of the Council
4. The Secretary shall cause the names of the Candidates and of their
Proposers to be inserted in the billet calling the Meeting at which they
are to be balloted for. The Ballot may be taken for all the Candidates
named in the billet at once ; but if three or more black balls appear, the
Chairman shall cause the Candidates to be balloted for singly. No Can-
didate shall be admitted tmless by the votes of two-thirds of the Fellows
present.
5. The number of Honorary Fellows shall not exceed twenty-five ; and
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XVI LAWS OF THE SOCIETY.
shall consist of men eminent in Archseological Science or Historical
Literature, and they shall not be liable for any fees of admission or
annual contributions.
6. All recommendations of Honorary Fellows must be made through
the Council ; and they shall be balloted for in the same way as Ordinary
Fellows.
7. Corresponding Associates must be recommended and balloted for in
the same way as Ordinary Fellows, and they shall not be liable for any
fees of admission or annual contributions.
8. The number of Lady Associates shall not exceed twenty-five.
They shall be elected by the Council, and shall not be liable for any
fees of admission or annual contributions.
9. Before the name of any person can be recorded as an Ordinary
Fellow, he shall pay Two Guineas of entrance fees to the funds of the
Society, and One Guinea for the current year's subscription. Or he may
compound for all future contributions, including entrance fees, by the
payment of Twenty Guineas at the time of his admission ; or of Fifteen
Guineas after having paid five annual contributions; or of Ten Guineaa
after having paid ten annual contributions.
10. K any Ordinary Fellow who has not compounded shall fail to pay
his annual contribution of One Guinea for three successive years, due
application having been made for payment, the Treasurer shall report the
same to the Council, by whose authority the name of the defaulter may
be erased from the list of Fellows.
1 1. Every Fellow not being in arrears of his annual subscription shall
be entitled to receive the printed Proceedings of the Society from the
date of his election, together with such special issues of Chartularies, or
other occasional volumes, as may be provided for gratuitous distribution
from time to time under authority of the Council Associates shall have
the privilege of purchasing the Society's publications at the rates fixed
by the Council for supplying back numbers to the Fellowa
12. None but Ordinary Fellows shall hold any office or vote in the
business of the Society.
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LAWS OF THE SOCIETY. XVll
Offiob-Bbarebs and Council.
1. The Office-Bearers of the Society shall consist of a President, who
continues in office for three years 3 three Vice-Presidents, two Secretaries
for general purposes, and two Secretaries for Foreign Correspondence, a
Treasurer, two Curators of the Museum, a Curator of Coins, and a
librarian, who shall be elected for one year, all of whom may be re-
elected at the Annual General Meeting, except the first Vice-President,
who shall go out by rotation, and shall not be again eligible till he has
been one year out of office.
2. The Council shaU consist of the Office-Bearers and seven Ordinary
Fellows, besides two annually nominated from the Board of Manufactures.
Of these sev«n, two shall retire annually by rotation, and shall not be
again eligible till they have been one year out of office. Any two Office-
Bearers and three of the Ordinary Council shall be a quorum.
3. The Council shaU have the direction of the affairs and the custody
of the effects of the Society ; and shall report to the Annual General
Meeting the state of the Society's funds, and other matters which may
have come before them during the preceding year.
4. The Council may appoint committees or individuals to take charge
of particular departments of the Society's business.
5. The Office-Bearers shall be elected annually at the General Meeting.
6. The Secretaries for general purposes shall record all the proceedings
of meetings, whether of the Society or Council ; and conduct such corre-
spondence as may be authorised by the Society or Council, except the
Foreign Correspondence, which is to be carried on, under the same
authority, by the Secretaries appointed for that particular purpose.
7. The Treasurer shall receive and disburse all moneys due to or by the
Society, and shall lay a state of the funds before the Council previous to
the Annual General Meeting.
8. The duty of the Curators of the Museum shall be to exercise a
general supervision over it and the Society's Collections.
9. The Council shall meet during the session as often as is requisite
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XVlll LAWS OF THE SOCIETY.
for tlie due despatcli of business ; and the Secretaries shall have power to
call Meetings of the Council as often as they see cause.
III. Meetings op the Society.
1. One General Meeting shall take place every year on St Andrew's
day, the 30th of November, or on the following day if the 30th be a
Sunday.
2. The Council shall have power to call Extraordinary (Jeneral
Meetings when they see cause.
3. The Ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be held on the second
Monday of each month from December to March inclusive at Eight p.m.,
and in April and May at Four p.m.
The Council may give notice of a proposal to change the hour and
day of meeting if they see cause.
IV. Bye-Laws.
1. All Bye-Laws formerly made are hereby repealed.
2. Every proposal for altering the Laws as already established must be
made through the Council ; and if agreed to by the Council, the Secretary
shall cause intimation thereof to be made to all the Fellows at least three
months before the General Meeting at which it is to be determined on.
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LIST OF THE FELLOWS
OP TBK
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
NOYEMBEK 30, 1888.
PATRON.
HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA.
1853.* Abbott, Francis, 25 Moray Place.
1879. Abbrcbomby, Hon. John, 21 Chapel
Street, Belgrave Square, London.
1853.*Abebdbin, Fbancib, of Eeithock;
Keithock House, Brechin.
1858. ♦Adam, Robbbt, City Accountant,
Council Chambers.
1881. AONEW, R. Vans, of Bambarroch.
Stranraer Park, Wigtownahire.
1884. AoNEW, Staib, CB., M.A., 22 Buck-
ingham Terrace.
1887. Airman, Andrew, Banker, 27 Buck
ingham Terrace.
1877. Ainblib, David, Costerton House,
Blackshiels.
1884. AiTKEN, Gborob Shaw, Architect,
20 Wellington Street, Portobello.
1878. AiTKBN, Thomas, M.D., District
Asylum, Inverness.
1886. Alexander, W. Lindsay, 28 Rosary
Gardens, S. Kensington, London.
1879. Allen, J. Romilly, C.E., 6 Albert
Terrace, Regent's Park, London.
1864.*Andbrson, Archibald, Advocate, 44
Connaught Square, London.
1865.*Andbrson, Arthur, C.B., M.D.,
Sunnybrae, Pitlochry.
1884. Anderson, Charles M., Woodland
Villa, Heaton Moor, Stockport
1887. Anderson, James, Westside, Brechin.
1882. Anderson, John, M.D., LL.D.,
71 Harrington Gardens, London,
S.W.
1885. Anderson, P. J., M.A., LL.B., 2 East
Craibstone Street, Aberdeen.
1871. Anderson, Robert Rowand, LL.D.,
Architect, 19 St Andrew Square.
1865.*Anderson, Thomas S., Lingarth, New-
burgh, Fife.
1882. Annandale,Thomas,M.D., Professor
of Clinical Surgery, University of
Edinburgh, 84 Charlotte Square.
1868.*Appleton, John Reed, Western HiU,
Durham.
1850.*Argyll, His Grace the Duke of,
K.T.,D.C.L.
An asterisk (*) denotes Members who have compounded for their Annual Contributions.
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XX
1885. Arihtaob, Alexander Boasb, Ac-
countant, 14 Dick Place.
1878. Arhstbono, Robert Bruce, 6 Coates
Crescent
1886. ♦Atkinson, W. A., Knockfiurrie, Pit-
lochry.
1861.*Baikie, Robert, M.D., of Tankerness,
55 MelviUe Street
1877. Bailbt, J. Lambert, Solicitor, Ard-
roesan.
1868.*Bain, Joseph, 2 Landridge Road,
Fnlham, London.
1883. Balfour, Charles Barrington,
of Newton Don and Balgonie,
Scots Gnards, 21 Hans Place,
London.
1885. Balfour, Major Francis, Femie
Castle, Cupar-Fife.
1878. BALFOUR,JoHN,ofBalbimie,Markinch,
Fife.
1863.*BALFOXJR-MELvnxB, John BL, of Ben-
nochyand Strathkinnee, W.S., Mount
Melville, St Andrews.
1876. Ballantine, Alexander, 42 George
Street
1877.*Bannerman, Rev. D. Douglas,
M.A., Free St Leonard's Manse,
Perth.
1877.*Bannerman, H. Campbell, M.A.,
LL.D, M.P., 6 Grosvenor Place,
London.
1880. Barron, James, Editor of Inverness
Cowrier^ Inverness.
1883. Baxter, Jambs Currie, S.S.C., 45
Heriot Row.
1884. Beaton, Angus J., C.E., Engineer's
Office, Lu and N.-W. Railway, Bangor,
North Wales.
1877. Beaumont, Charles G., M.B., Shirley
Southampton.
1868.*Beck, Rev. James, A.M., Bildeston
Rectory, Ipswich, Suffolk.
1872. Beer, John T., Threapland House,
Fulneck, Leeds.
1877. Bego, Robert Burns, Solicitor, Kin-
ross.
1877. Bell, Robert Craioie, W.S., 4
Buckingham Terrace.
887. Bell> Rev. Walter, 8 Rosebery
Crescent
877. Bell, William, of Gribdae, Kirk-
cudbright.
887. Berry, David, M.B., CM., 117 Gold-
hawk Road, Shepherd's Bush, Lon-
don, W.
884. Bett, James, 20 St Bernard's Crescent.
886. Beveridge, Henrt, Pitreavie House,
Dunfermline.
873.*BEyERiDGE, James A., 9 Belgrave
Crescent
877. BiLTON, Lewis, W.S., 21 Hill Street
882. Black, Wiluam George, 1 Alfred
Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow.
847.*Blackie, Walter G., Ph.D., LL.D.,
17 Stanliope Street, Glasgow.
S85. Blaikie, Walter Biggar, 22 Heriot
Row.
879. Blanc, Hippoltte J., Architect, 73
George Street
886. Bltth, R. Henrt, Bank of Scotland,
Moffat
887. Bogie, Alex., Banker, 48 Lauder
Road.
885. Bompas, Charles a M., 121 West-
bourne Terrace, London.
880.*BONAR, Horatius, W.S., 15 Hill
Street.
876. BoNNAB, Thomas, 127 Geoi^ Street.
). Borland, John, Etruria Bank, Kil-
marnock.
873.*B0YD, William, M.A., Solicitor,
Peterhead.
884. BOTNTON, Thomas, Norman House,
Bridlington Quay, Hull.
\. Brand, David, Sheriff of Ayrshire, 9
Albany Street
884.*Breadalbane, The Most Hon. the
Marquess of, Taymouth Castle.
857.*Brodie, Thomas Dawson, W.S., 9
Ainslie Place.
887. Brooe, Alex. J. S., 5 Lauriston
Park.
877. Broun, Archibald, Principal Clerk of
Session, 8 i^lva Street
878. Broun-Morison, John Broun, of Fin-
derlie, The Old House, Harrow-on-
HilL
Digitized by
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XXI
849. •Brown, A. J. Dennistoxjn, Balloch
Castle, Dumbarton.
886. Brown, Kev. George, Bendochy Manse,
Coapar-Angos.
887. Brown, George, 2 Spottiswoode
Street.
884. Brown, G. Baldwin, M.A., Professor
of Fine Art, University of Edinbui^h,
8 Grosvenor Street.
871. Brown, John Tatlor, Gibraltar
House, St Leonards, — LUnunan,
882. Brown, Robert, Underwood Park,
Paisley.
884. Browne, Rev. G. F., B.D., Disney
Professor of Archaeology, Cam-
bridge.
882. Browne, George Washinoton,
Architect, 5 Queen Street.
885. Bruce, Charles, J.P., Mount Hooly
House, Wick.
L*Bruce, Hbnrt, of Bderline, Ford,
Lochgilphead.
882. Bruce, James, W.S., 23 St Bernard's
Crescent.
880. Bruce, Rev. William, B.D., Duni-
marie, Culross.
880. Brtden, Rodert, Waltham Lodge,
Murrayfield.
885.*BuoHANAN, Thomas Rtburn, M.A.,
M.P., 10 Moray Place.
882. BuiST, John B., M.D., Lecturer on
P&thology, 1 Clifton Terrace.
882. Burnet, John Jambs, Architect, 167
St Vincent Street, Glasgow.
887. Burgess, Peter, Banker, Glen
Urquhart, Inverness.
863. ♦Burnett, George, LL.D., Advocate,
Lyon King-of-Arms, 21 Walker
Street
887. Burns, Rev. Thomas, 18 Cumin
Place.
867.*BUTE, The Most Honourable the
Marquis of, K.T., LL.D.
880. Caldwell, James, Craigielea Place,
Paisley.
887. Cameron, J. A-, M.D., Firhall, Nairn.
886. Campbell, C. MIver, M.D., Perth
District Asylum, Murthly.
1886. Campbell, Donald, M.D., Craig-
rannoch, Ballachulish.
1886. Campbell, Sir Duncan Alexander
DuNDAS, Bart, of Barcaldine and
Glenure, Scottish Club, Dover Street,
London.
1865.*Campbell, Rev. James, D.D., The
Manse, Balmerino, Fifeshire.
1884. Campbell, James, Constitutional Club,
Regent Street, London, S.W,
1877.*Campbbll, James, of Tillichewan,
Alexandria, Dumbartonshire.
1874.*Campbell, James A., LL.D., M.P.,
of Stracathro, Brechin.
]850.*Campbell, Rev. John A. L., Helpston,
Northamptonshire.
1882. Campbell, Patrick W., W.S., 49
Melville Street
1884. ♦Campbell, Richard Vary, M.A.,
LL.B., Advocate, 37 Moray Place.
1888. Campbell, Walter J. Douglas, of
Innis Chonain, Loch Awe.
1878. Campbell, Wiluam, M.D., Dep.
Inspector-General of Hospitals, Bom-
bay Army, 2 Manor Road, Folk-
stone.
1862.^Carfrab, Robert, 77 Geoige Street,
—Owroior of Museum,
1867.^Carltle, Thomas J., Templehill,
Ecclefechan.
1888.^Carmichael, Thomas D. Gibson,
yr. of Skirling, Chiefswood, Melrose.
1869.^Carmichael, Sir W. Gibson, Bart.,
of Castlecraig, Dolphinton.
1871. Cartwright, Thomas Leslie Mel-
ville, Melville House, Ladybank,
Fife.
1874. ♦Chalmers, David, Redhall, Slateford.
1865.^Chalmbbs, James, Westbum, Aber-
deen.
1869.^Chalmers, Patrick Henderson, Ad-
vocate, 13 Union Terrace, Aberdeen.
1876. Chisholm, James, 16 Claremont Cres.
1881. Christie, John, of Cowden, 19
Buckingham Terrace.
1882. Christison, David, M.D., 20 Magdala
Crescent, Secretary,
1882. Clark, David Bennett, Northern
Club, George Ssreet
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xxu
1885. Clark, Gborob Bbnnbtt, W.S., 15
Dotiglas Crescent.
1871. Claek, Sir John Forbes, Bart, of
Tillypronie, Aberdeenshire.
1867.*Clark, Robert, 42 Hanover Street
1874. Clark b, Willl/lm Brucb, M. A. , M. B. ,
46 Harley Street, Cavendish Square,
London.
1887. Clark-Kkitnedt, Capt A. W. M., of
Enockgray, Carsphaim, Galloway.
1879. Cmsland, John, M.D., Professor of
Anatomy, University of Glasgow.
1880. Clouston, Thomas a, M.D., Tip-
perlinn House, Momingside Place.
1887. COATBS, John William, 4 Herbert
Road, Stockwell, London.
1870.»Coghill, J. G. Sinclair, M.D., St
Catherine's House, Ventnor, Isle of
Wight
1879. CoLBBROOKB, Sir Edward, Bart,
Abington, Lanarkshire.
1885. CoNNAL, William, yr., 27 Grange
Road, Ifiddlesbro'-on-Tees.
18e2.*CooK, John, W.a, 11 Great King
Street
1885. Cooper, John, Burgh Engineer, 25
Warrender Pwk Terrace.
1867.*C0PLAND, Jambs, Assistant Curator,
Historical Department, General
Register House.
1851.*Coulthart, John Ross, of Coulthart
and Collyn, Greenlaw Park, Castle-
Douglas.
1849. ♦Cowan, Charlbs, of Valleyfield,
Westerlea, Murrayfield.
1879. OowAN, Rev. Charles J., B.D.
Morebattle, Kelso.
1865.*C0WAN, Jambs, 85 Royal Terrace.
1887. Cowan, John, W.S., 7 Greenhill
Gardens.
1879. Cowan, Lachlan, 154 St Vincent
Street, Glasgow.
1888. Cowan, William, 2 Montpelier.
1876. Cox, Jambs C, The Cottage, Lochee,
Dundee.
1877. Cox, Robert, M.A., 34 Drumsheugh
Gardens.
1882. Crabbib, Gborob, 56 Palmerston
Place.
1879. Crabbib, John M., 33 Chester
Street
1879. Craik, Gborob Lillie, 29 Bedford
Street, Covent Garden, London.
1880. Cran, John, Kirkton, Inverness.
1861. ♦Crawford, Thomas Mackniqht, of
Cartsbum, Lauriston Castle.
1876. Crichton, Jambs, 16 Palmerston
Place.
1878. Croal, Thomas A., 16 London Street.
1882. CrolB, David, Solicitor for Inland
Revenue for Scotland, 1 Royal
Circus.
1882. Crombie, John, 74 Union Street,
Aberdeen.
1886. Cross, Robert, 10 Drumsheugh PI.
1867.^CuMiNO, H. Syer, 63 Kennington Park
Road, Surrey.
1883. Cunningham, Carus D., Oriental
Club, Hanover Square, London.
1867.^Curle, Alexander, of Morriston,
Priorwood, Melrose.
1886. CuRRiB, Jambs, jun., Trinity Cottage,
Ferry Road.
1884. Currib, Walter Thomson, S.S.C.,
Glendoick House, Glencarse, Perth-
shire.
1879. Cursiter, Jambs Walis, Albert St.,
KirkwalL
1879. Dalolbish, J, J., of Westgrange, 8
Atholl Crescent.
1857.^Dalrtmple, Charles E., Kinellar
Lodge, Blackburn, Aberdeenshire.
1883. Dalrtmflb, Hon. Hew Hamilton,
Oxenfoord Castle, Dalkeith.
1866. ♦Davidson, C. R, Advocate, Roundhay,
Fonthill Road, Aberdeen.
1872. ♦Davidson, Hugh, Procurator-Fiscal,
Braedale, Lanark.
1886. Davidson, Jambs, Solicitor, Ejrrie-
muir.
1879. Day, St John Vincent, C.R, 12
Rothesay Place.
1882. Deuchar, David, of Momingside,
Harelaw, Hope Terrace.
1881. Dewar, James, Balliliesk, Dollar.
1884. Dick, Major J. Proudfoot, Kilellan
House, Campbelton, Argyllshire.
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XXlll
1870. ♦Dickson, Thos., LL.D., Curator of
the Historical Department H.M.
General ReglBter House, — Foreign
Secretary,
1870. Dickson, Walter Georoe, M.D., 3
Royal Circus.
1887. Dickson, William, 38 York Place.
1882.*DicK80N, William Traquair, W.S.,
11 Hill Street
1871. DiSHiNaTON, Thomas, Lark Villa,
Laverock Bank, Trinity.
1886. •Dixon, John Henry, Inveran, Pool-
ewe.
1877. DoBiE, John Shedden, of Morishill,
Beitli.
1882. DoBiE, Capt W. A.,50 North Manor
Place.
1887. DoDDs, Bey. James, D.D.,Tbe Manse,
Corstorphine.
1880. Donald, Colin Dunlop, jun., 172 St
Vincent Street, Glasgow.
1886.*D0NALD, Robert, Provost of Dun-
fermline.
1867.*Donald80N, Jambs, LL.D., Prin-
cipal of the University of St
Andrews.
1888. Donaldson, James, Snnnyside,
Formby, near Liverpool
1879. Douglas, Archibald Sholto, Birk-
hill Cottage, Muckart by Dollar.
1861. ♦Douglas, David, 16 Castle Street.
1885. Douglas, Rev. Sholto D. C, Douglas
Support, Coatbridge.
1878. Douglas, Sir William Fettes,
LL.D., P.R.aA., 6 Lynedoch
Place.
1881. •Douglas, W. D. Robinson, Orchardton,
Castle-Douglas.
1874. Do^tbll, Alexander, 13 Palmerston
Pkce.
1878. Drummond, William, 4 Learmonth
Terrace.
1872. Dudgeon, Patrick, of Cargen, Dum-
fries.
1881. DoKF, Edward Gordon, Park Nook,
Princes Park, Liverpool.
1867.*DuiT, Right Hon. Sir Mountstbuart
Elphinston Grant, G.C.S.I., Ma-
dras, India.
1872. Duke, Rev. Wiluam, M. A. ,St Vigeans,
Arbroath.
1878. Dunbar, Archibald Hamilton,
of Northfield, Bournemouth.
1880. Duncan, James Dalrtmflb, 223 West
Georfije Street, Glasgow.
1887. Duncan, G. S., Accountant, Newton
Place, Blairgowrie.
1850. •Duncan, James Matthews, M.A.,
M.D., LL.D., 71 Brook Street, Gros-
venor Square, London.
1874. Duncan, Rev. John, Abdie, Newburgh,
Fife.
1877.»DuNDAS, Ralph, C.S., 16 St Andrew
Square.
1887. Dunlop, David, Solicitor, Ayr.
1874. Dunlop, Rev. Jambs Mercer, 13 Dean
Terrace, Edinburgh.
1876. Duns, John, D. D. , Professor of Natural
Science, New College, 14 Greenhill
Place.
1880. Dyson, Wiluam COLBECK, Rock House,
Batley.
1885. Elder, William Nicol, L.RC.P. and
S.K, 6 Torphichen Street.
1880. Elliot, John, of Binks, 84 Mayfield
Terrace.
1884. Ellis, James, 15 Dowgate Hill,
London.
1856.»Farquharson, Robert F. 0., of
Haughton, Alford, Aberdeenshire.
1880. Faulds, a. Wilson, Knockbuckle
House, Beith.
1880. Ferguson, Richard S., M.A., LL,M.,
Lowther Street, Carlisle.
1875. Ferguson, Robert, M.P., Morton,
Carlisle.
1872. Ferguson, William, of Kinmundy,
Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire.
1883. Fergusson, Alexander A., 11 Gros-
venor Terrace, Glasgow.
1887. Fergusson, J. Grant, jun., of Bal-
edmund, Pitlochry.
1875. Fergusson, Sir James R., Bart of
Spitalhaugh, West Linton.
1873.»FiNDLAT, John RrroHiiJ, 3 Rothesay
Terrace, — Vice-President
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XXIV
1879. FiNDLAT, CoL the Hon. J. B., LL.D.,
D.C.L., Fmlayson Hoase, Kittann-
ing, PennsylvaDia.
1880. FiNLAT, John Hope, W.S., 19 Glen-
cairn Orescent.
1885. FiNLAY, Ktrkman, of Dunlossit,
Islay.
1875. Fisher, Edward, Abbotsbory, Newton
Abbot, Devonshire.
1886. Flbmino, D. Hat, 178 South Street,
St Andrews.
1888. FLBiaNG, James, Jan., Eilmory,
Skehnorlie, Ayrshire.
1875. FooTB, Alexander, Broomley, Mon-
trose.
1862.*FoRBE8, William, of Medwyn, 17
Ainslie Place, — Foreign Secretary,
1880. FoRLONO, Major-Gen. J. G. Roche, 11
DongUs Crescent
1887. Foster, John, M.A., Rector, The
Academy, Ayr.
1888.*F06TER, Walter Kidman, 45 Leinster
Gardens, Hyde Park, London.
1887. FouLis, John, M.D., 84 Heriot Row.
1888. Fox, Charles Henry, M.D., The
Beeches, Brislington, Bristol.
1862.*Frassr, Alexander, Canonroills
Lodge, Canonmills.
1886. Fraser, James L., 5 Castle Street,
Inverness.
1857.*Fraser, Patrick Allan, of Hospital
Field, Arbroath.
1864.*Fra8ER, The Hon. Lord, 8 Moray
Pkce.
1851.*Fraser, Sir Willlam, K.C.B., LL.D.,
Deputy Keeper of Records, 82 Castle
Street.
1888. Fraser, Rev. Wiluam Ruxton, MJL,
Minister of Maryton, Montrose.
1882. Freer, John, Solicitor, Melrose.
1884. Galbraith, Thomas L., Town-Oerk,
Stirling.
1887. Gallawat, Alexander, Diiigarve
House, Aberfeldy.
188d. Gebbie, Rev. Francis, 4 Clarendon
Crescent
1887. Geddbs, George Hutton, 8 Douglas
Crescent
1884. Gemmill, Dr Willum, Beith, Ayr-
shire.
877. GiBB, John S., 8 Bucdeuch Pkce.
886. Gill, A. J. Mitchell, of Savock,
Aberdeenshire.
867.*Gillespib, David, of Mountquhanie,
Cupar-Fife.
870. ♦Glasgow, Right Hon. The Earl of,
LL.D., Lord Clerk Register of Scot-
land.
885. Glen, Robert, 10 Dundonald Street.
885. Goldsmid, Edmund, 8 Fettes Row.
884. Gordon, Jambs, W.S., 8 East Castle
Road, Merchiston.
877. Gordon, Rev.' Robert, of Free Buc-
deuch Church, 11 Mayfield Gardens.
883. Gordon-Gilmour, R. B., Grenadier
Guards, London.
872. Gordon, William, BID., 11 Mayfield
Gardens.
I.*Goudie, Gilbert, 89 Northumberland
Street, — Treasurer.
885. GouDiE, James T., Oakleigh Park,
Nithsdale Drive, PoUokshields.
878. Gow, James M., Union Bank, 66
Geoige Street
882. Graham, James Maxtonb, of Culto-
quhey, CrieC
888. Grant, F. J.. W.S., 42 Ann Street
882. Gray, George, Clerk of the Peace,
County Buildings, Glasgow.
884. Gray, J. Miller, Curator, National
Portrait Gallery of Scothmd, 25 York
Place.
L*Greenshiblds, John B., Advocate,
of Kerse, Lesmahagow.
887. Greio, Andrew, C.E, Bellevue, Tay-
port
886. Greio, T. Watson, of Glencarse,
Perthshire.
872. Grieve, David, 19 Aberoom Terrace,
Portobello.
880. GRncYE, Symington, 1 Burgess Ter-
race, Queen's Crescent.
878. Grosart, Rev. Alexander Balloch,
D.D., LL.D., Brooklyn House, Black-
bum.
871. Grub, Rev. George, The Patrsonage,
Stonehaven.
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XXV
1880. Guild, J. Wtllib, 65 St Vincent St,
Glasgow.
1888. GuNNiNa, Robert Hallidat, M.D.,
LL.D., 12 Addiflon Crescent, Ken-
sington, London, W.
1884. GuTHRiB, Chablbs J., Advocate, 13
Royal Circus.
1878. GuTHBiB, Rev. D. E., F.C. Manse,
Liberton.
1884. GoTHRiB, Jambs, 11 Stafford Street.
1874. GuTHRiB, Rev. Rogbr R. Lingard,
Taybonk House, Dundee.
1861.*Haddinoton, Right Hon. The Earl of
Tynninghame, Prestonkirk.
1846.*Hail8TONB, Edward, of Walton Hall,
Wakefield.
1882. Halkbtt, Sir Arthur, Bart, of Pit-
firrane, Dunfermline.
1876. Hallen, Rev. Arthur W. Cornelius,
M.A., The Parsonage, Alloa.
1881. Hamilton, The Honourable Robert
Baillib, Langton, Duns.
1880. Hamilton, George, Sheriff-Clerk,
Ardendee, Kirkcudbright.
1876. Hamilton, John Alexander, New-
ington.
1875. Hamilton, Right Hon. Lord, Dalzell,
MotherweU.
1867.*Harri8, Alexander, City Chambers.
1887. Harrison, John, 7 Greenhill Place.
1886. Hart, George, Procurator-Fiscal of
Renfrewshire at Paisley.
1SS5, Hat, Andrew, Oriental Club, Hanoyer
Square, London.
1875. Hay, George, R.S.A., 7 Ravelston
Terrace.
1882. Hat, George, The Snuggery, Ar-
broath.
1880. ELlt, George H. B., Hayfield,
Lerwick.
1874. Hat, J. T., of Whitmuir, 18 North
Manor Place.
1865. ♦ELlt, Robert J. A., of Nunraw, Pres-
tonkirk.
1871. Hbiton, Andrew, Architect, Damick,
Perth.
1888.*Hendbrson, Major George, Bishop's
Cottage, Sundridge, Sevenoaks.
1880.*Hendbrson, John L., 8 Minard Ter-
race, Glasgow.
1872.*Hbnderson, John, 14 Athole Gardens,
Kelviuside, Glasgow.
1886. Henry, David, Architect, 2 Lockhart
Place, St Andrews.
1873.*Hbuoh, John, of Holmewood,
Kent.
1887. Hewison, Rev. J. KnxQ, The Itfanse,
Rothesay.
1881. Hill, Gborgb W., 6 Princes Terrace,
Dowanhill, Glasgow.
1886. HiSLOP, Robebt, RL., Solicitor,
Auchterarder.
1860. ♦Home, David Milne, LL.D., Miln-
graden, Coldstream.
1888. Hood, Thomas H. Cockburn, Walton
Hall, Kelso.
1874.»H0PE, Henrt W., of Luffness, Drem,
Haddingtonshira
1874.*Horniman, Frederick John, Surrey
Mount, Forest Hill, London.
1886. HowDEN, John M., C.A, 8 Dean Park
Crescent.
1861.*HowB, Alexander, W.S., 17 Moray
Place.
1880. HowoRTH, Daniel Fowleb, Stamford
Terrace, Ashton-under-Lyne.
1887.*HUNT, H. Edgell, 1 Hyde Park
Gate, London, S.W.
1872. HuKTEB, Major Charles, PiSs Coch,
Llanfair P.G., Anglesea.
1886. Hunter, Rev. Joseph, M.A, Cock-
bumspath.
1867.*HxraTER, William, Waverley Cottage,
Regent Street, Portobello.
1882. HiTTCHBSON, Alexander, Architect,
Herschel House, Broughty Ferry.
1871. Hutchison, John, R.S.A, 19 Manor
PUce.
1860.*HuTCHi8ON, Robebt, of Carlowrie, 29
Cheater Street
1872. Hyslop, James M'Adam, M.D., 22
Palmerston Place.
1887. INGUS, Rev. W. Mason, M.A.,
Auchterhouse.
1884. INGBAM, John, Mitchell Library,
Glasgow.
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xxv;
1882. Imnbs, Chables, Solicitor, Inveniess.
1866.*lBViNi, Jambs T., Architect, 167
Cromwell Road, Peterborough.
1884. IBVINE, R. W., M.A-, M.R, Pitlochry,
Perthshire.
1887. IBVINE, W. S., M.D., Craigatin, Pit-
lochry.
1884. ISLBS, Jambs, St Ninianft, BUdigowrie.
1879. Jackson, Magnus, Marshall Place,
Perth.
1888. Jackson, Major Randle, Swordale,
EvaDton, Ross-shire.
1867.* J AMES, Rev. John, 58 Grange Road
East, Middlesborongh-on-Tees.
1885. Jameson, Andbew, M.A., Sheriff of
6ei*wick8hlre, 3 St Coline Street
1880. Jamibson, Geobob, Ez-Lord Provost
of Aberdeen.
1859.*Jamieson, Geobob Auldjo, 37 Dram-
shengh Gardens.
1871. Jamibson, Jambs Auldjo, W.a, 14
Buckingham Terrace.
1884. Japp, William, S.S.C., Royal Bank,
Alyth.
1849.*JoHN8TON, Thomas R, 9 Claiemont
Crescent.
1877^ Jolly, Willlam, H.M. Inspector of
Schools, Ardgowan, Pollokshields.
1864.* Jones, Mobbis Chables, Gungrog
Hall, WebhpooL
1865.*Eate, Robbbt, Fountain Bank, Partick,
Glasgow.
1870. Kkltie, John a, 62 Cromwell Avenue,
Highgate, London.
1877. Kennedy, Hugh, Reddyffe, Partick
HUl, Glasgow.
1880. Kennedy, John, M.A., 38 Parliament
Street, Westminster.
1883. Kebb, Jambs R, Yarrow Cottage,
Inverleithen.
1878. Kino, Sir Jambs, Bart, LIi.D., Lord
Provost of Glasgow, 12 Claremont
Terrace, Glasgow.
1861. 'KiNa, CoL William Ross, of Tertowie,
Kinaldie, Aberdeenshire.
1884. Kinloch, Sir John G. S., Bart., Kin-
loch House, Meigle.
881. KiBKB, Robbbt, Greenmount, Burnt-
island.
887. KiBKWOOD, Hbnbt Bbuce, 8 Belfoid
Place.
856.»Laing, Albxandbb, LL.D., Newbuigh,
Fife.
882. Laing, Albxandbb, S.S.C., Glenoid,
Spylaw Road.
864.»Laino, Samuel, London.
878.»Lamb, Albxandbb Cbawfobd, 8 Gar-
land Place, Dundee.
884. Lamb, Jambs H., Viewbank, Brechin.
885. Law, Thomas Gbaves, Librarian,
Signet Library.
.882. Lbadbbttbb, Thomas, Architect, 122
George Street
871.»Lbi8Hman, Rev. Thomas, D.D., Linton,
Kelso.
I Letth, Rev. James Fobbbs, RJ., 35
Rue de Sevres, Paris.
883. Letth, Rev. William Fobbbs, Sel-
kirk.
884. Lennox, Jambs, Eden Bank,
Dumfries.
857.*Leslib, Chables Stephen, of Bal-
quhain, 11 Chanonry, Aberdeen.
873. Lindsay, Rev. Thomas M., D.D., Pro-
fessor of Divinity, Free Church Col-
lege, Glasgow.
881. Lfttle, Robbbt, 15 Shandwick
Place.
885. Ltttlbjohn, David S., Solicitor, Bal-
gillo Cotti^, Broughty Ferry.
881. Liyingston, R R, 22 Great St Helens,
London, £.a
.878. Liyingston, Josl^h, 4 Minto Street
1. LocKHABT, Rev. William, M.A.,
Minister of Colinton.
L LOBIMBB, Geobgb, 2 Abbotsford
Crescent
870. ♦Lothian, The Most Honourable the
Marquess of; K.T.,hh.D,,— President,
873. Lumsden, Lt-CoL Henby William,
34 Roland Gardens, London.
873.*Lumsdbn, Hugh Gobdon, of Clova,
Lumsden, Aberdeenshire.
880. Lumsden, James, Arden House, Alex-
andria.
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1875.*Maoadam, Stevenson, Ph.D., Lec-
turer on Chemistry, Surgeons* Hall.
1887. Maoadam, W. Ivison, Lecturer on
Chemistry, Surgeons' Hall.
1882. Maoandrbw, Sir Henbt Oookburn,
Provost of Inverness.
1884. Maobain, Alezandeb, M.A., Kector
of Baining's School, Inverness.
1886. M*Bain, Jambs M., Banker, Arbroath.
1877. Maobeath, James Mainland, Lynn-
field, KirkwalL
1886. M*Call, James, 6 St John's Terrace,
Hillhead, Glasgow.
1873. M'CoMBiB, William, of Easter Skene,
Aberdeenshire.
1873. M'DiABMiD, William R, 8 Palmerston
Place.
1884. Macdonald, Alexander, 9 Mont-
gomery Drive, Eelvinside, Glasgow.
1885. Macdonald, Coll Beginald, M.D.,
Boith, Ayrshire.
1874. Macdonald, James, LL.D., Bector of
Eelvinside Academy, 14 Ejngsbury
Gardens, Eelvinside, Glasgow.
1879. Macdonald, James, W.S., 21 Thistle
Street
1886. Macdonald, John, Solicitor, Buckie,
Ban£Eishire.
1882. Macdonald, Eennbth, Town Qerk of
Inverness.
1887. M*DouALL, James, of Logan, Stran-
raer.
1872. M'DowALL, Thomas W., M.D., North-
umberland Co. Asylum, Morpeth.
1882. Maoqborgb, B. B., 19 Woodside Cres-
cent, Glasgow.
18d2.*MACOiBBON, David, Architect, 93
George Street
1878. Macgillivbay, WnjjAH, W.S., 8 Bel-
ford Park.
1885. M*Gla8Han, Stbwabt, Sculptor, 6
Brandon Street.
1884. Maogregob, Gbobgb, 129 Albion St,
Govanhill, Glasgow.
1849.*Maogrigob, Alexander Bennbt,
LL.D., of Caimoch, 19 Woodside
Terrace, Glasgow.
1884. Macintyrb, Alexander C, 99 Ben-
field Street, Glasgow.
L877. Maokat, Alexander, Trowbridge,
Wilts.
876.*Mackay, ^neas J. G., LL.D., Sheriflf
of Fife and Einross, 7 Albyn Place.
.872. Mackay, P. A, 8 Buckingham Ter-
race.
.888. Mackay, J. P., W.S., Whitehouse,
Cramond.
.882. Mackay, William, Solicitor, Inver-
ness.
.882. Mackban, William, Ex-Provost of
Paisley, 8 Garthland Place, Paisley.
^862.*Mackenzib, Alexander Eincaid, 19
Grosvenor Crescent
I, Mackenzie, Bev. Alexander, M.A.,
6 Pettee Bow.
L877. •Mackenzie, Major Colin, 8 Upper
Phillimore Gardens, London.
L887. Mackenzie, David J., Sheriflf-Substi-
tute, Lerwick.
1872.*Mackenzib, Bev. Jambs B., Eenmore,
Aberfeldy.
.882. Mackenzie, R W. R, Stormontfield,
Perth.
870. Mackenzib, Thomas, Sheriff-Substi-
tute, Tain.
.878. M'EERLiE,P.H.,26PembridgeVilhis,
Bayswater, London.
1876. M'Eib,Thomas, Advocate, 1 Gloucester
Place.
L888.*Mackinlay, J. M., M. A., 4 Westboume
Gardens, Glasgow,
I. Mackinnon, L., jun.. Advocate, 261
Union Street, Aberdeen.
.864.*Mackinto8H, Charles Praskb, of
Drummond, M.P., 16 Union Street,
Inverness.
>.*Mackison, William, Architect, 8 Con-
stitution Terrace, Dundee.
.878. Maclagan, Bobert Craig, M.D., 5
Coates Crescent.
1877. Maclaren, John, 6 Chamberlain Boad,
886. Maclean, Boderick, Factor, Ardross,
Alness.
886. MacLbhosb, Jambs J., M.A., 61 St
Vincent Street, Gksgow.
L876. Macmath, William, 16 St Andrew
Square.
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1879. Maomillan, Albxandeb, M.A, Upper
Tooting, Surrey.
1884. Maomillan, Rev. Hugh, D.D.,LL.D.,
70 Union Street, Greenock.
1855.*Macnab, John Munbo, Killin House,
St Thomas Road, Grange.
187i. M'Nbill, Malcx)LM, 53 Manor
Place.
1882. Macfhail, Rev. J. C, Pilrig Manse,
Pilrig.
1886. Macphbbson, Abchibald, Architect,
87 George Street
1878. Macpubbson, Nobman, LL.D., Sheriff
of Dumfries and Galloway, 2 Ran-
dolph Cliff.
1882.*Maobitohib, David, C. A., 4 Archibald
Place.
1878.*Makellab, Rev. William, 8 Charlotte
Square.
1882. Mabjobibanks, Rev. Gbobob, B.D.,
Stenton, Prestonkirk.
1872. Mabshall, David, Loch Leven Place,
Kinross.
1885. Mabshall, William Huitteb, W.S.,
26 Heriot Row.
1886. Mabtin, Thomas Johnstonb, Advo-
cate, 16 Melville Street
1873. Mabtinb, W9JJAM, M.D., Hadding-
ton.
1861.*Mabwick, Sir James David, LL.D.,
City Clerk, City Chambers, Glas-
gow.
1886. Masson, David, M.A., LL.D., Pro-
fessor of Rhetoric, &c., University
of Edinburgh, 58 Great King Street.
1871. Maxwell, Albxandeb, 9 Viewforth
Street, Dundee.
1885. Maxwell, Fbancis, Gribton, Dum-
fries.
1884. Maxwell, Sir Hebbebt Eustace, Bart,
M.P., of Monreith, 28 Wilton Cres-
cent, London.
1887. Maxwell, William, of Donavourd,
Pitlochry.
1887. Mearns, Rev. D. G., yr. of Disblair,
RD., Manse of Oyne, Aberdeen-
shire.
1887. Mbldbum, Rev. A., M.A., Logierait,
Ballinluig.
1887. Melyillb, Viscount, Melville Castle,
Lasswade.
1878. Mblydt, James, 2 West Drumsheugh
Gardens.
1878. Mebceb, Wiluam Lindsat, of Hunt-
ingtower, Perth.
1885. Metcalfe, Rev. W. M., South Manse,
Paisley.
1882. MiLLAB, Alexandeb H., 2 Norman
Terrace, Downfield, Dundee.
1876. MiLLAB, William White, S.aC, 16
Regent Terrace.
1878. MiLLEBy Gbobgb Andebson, W.S.,
Knowehead, Perth.
1866.*MiLLEB, Peteb, Surgeon, 8 Bellevue
Terrace.
1851.*Millbb, Samuel Chbistie, of Craig-
entinuy, 21 St James's Place,
London.
1883. Millbb, William, aS.C, 59 George
Square.
1885. MiLLiDOE, Edwin, Jeweller, 28 Princes
Street
1867.*MiTCHELL, Sir Abthub, KCR, M.D.,
LL.D., Commissioner in Lunacy, 34
Drummond Place, — Vice-President.
1886. Mitchell, A. J., Advocate, Craigleith
House.
1880. Mitchell, Chables, Kintrockat,
Brechin.
1888. Mitchell, Chables, Architect, John
Finney Street, Kilmarnock.
1884. Mitchell, Hugh, Solicitor, Pit-
lochry.
1886. Mitchell, Riohabd Blunt, of Pol-
mood, 45 Albany Street
1887. Mitchell, Wiluam, S.S.C., 36
Buckingham Terrace.
1851.*M0NT00MEBT, Sir Gbaham G., Bart,
Stobo Castle, Peeblesshire.
1867.*M0BAT, Chables Home Dbummond,
of Abercaimy, Perthshire.
1877.*M0BAT, Henby R H. Dbummond, yr.
of Blair-Drnmmond, Doune.
1868.*Mobicb, Abthub D., Advocate, 34
Marischal Street, Aberdeen.
1882. MoBBis, James Abchibald, Architect,
16 Adamson Road, St John's Wood,
London.
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XXIX
1882. MORBIBON, Hbw, Librarian, Edinburgh
Public Library, 22 Hanover Street.
887.*MouBRAY, John J., Naemoor, Dollar.
877. MuDiB, Jambs, Craiggowan, Broughty
Ferry.
888. MuDiB, David Cowan, 10 Dalrymple
Crescent.
877. MnntHEAO, Andrew, 23 Northumber-
land Street
874. MuNRO, Charles, 18 Geoi^ Street.
879. MuNBO, KoBBRT, M.A., M.D.,— i&cre-
tary,
884. MuNBO, Rev. Robert, M.A., B.D.,
Old Eilpatrick, Glasgow.
886. Murdoch, Rev. A. D., All Saints' Par-
sonage, Brougham Street.
879. Murdoch, James Barclay, Hamilton
Place, Langside, Glasgow.
878. Murray, David, M.A., LL.D., 169
West George Street, Glasgow.
.887. Murray, John, Ph.D., LL.D., of the
"Challenger" Expedition, 82 Queen
Street.
884. Murray, Patrick, W.S., 12 Ann St.
863. ♦Murray, Thomas Graham, LL.D.,
W.a, 11 Randolph Crescent.
863.*Mylnb, Robert William, Architect,
7 Whitehall Place, London.
886. Naismith, Robert, Cross, Stonehouse.
864.*Neiu80n, John, W.S., 28 East Clare-
mont Street.
876.*Nepean, Sir Molyneaux, Bart, Loders
Court, Dorset
887. Newton, R. N. H., 36 Palmerston
Place.
861.»Nicol, Erskine, RS.A., Torduff House,
Colinton.
876. Nicol, George H., Tay Beach Cottage,
West Ferry, Dundee.
876. Nicolson, Alexander, LL.D., Sheriff-
Substitute, 3 Ardgowan Square,
Greenock.
886. NiooLSON, David, M.D., Broadmoor,
Crowthome, Berks.
877. NivEN, Alexander T., C.A., 8 Foun-
tainhall Road.
867.*Northesk, Right Hon. The Earl of,
76 St Geoi:ge*8 Square, London.
VOL. XXII.
1867.*Northumberland, His Grace The
Duke of, Alnwick Castle, Alnwick.
1877. OaiLViE, William M., Bank House,
Lochee, Dundee.
1882. Oliver, Rev. John, M.A., Manse of
Maryhill, Glasgow.
1832.*Omond, Rev. John Reid, D.D., Monzie,
Crieff.
1881. OuTRAM, David E., 16 Grosvenor Ter-
race, Glasgow.
1880. Panton, George A., 12 Osborne
Terrace.
1886. Parker, Charles Arundel, M.D.,
(Josforth, Cumberland.
1883. Parlane, James, Appleby Lodge,
Rusholme, Manchester.
1887. Parnell, Richard Alfred, 176
Clapham Road, London.
1880. Paterson, Alexander, M.D., Fem-
field. Bridge of Allan.
1862.*Paterson, George A., M.D., 4
Coates Crescent.
1859.*Paton, John, H.M. Gen. Register
House.
1859. •Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, R.S.A., Knt.,
LL.D., 33 George Square.
1869.*Paton, Waller Hugh, R.S.A., 14
George Square.
1870. ♦Patrick, R. W. Cochran, LL.D.,
Woodside, Beith, — Secretary,
1880. Patterson, James R., Ph.D., Presi-
dent of the Agricultural College,
Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. A.
1871. Paul, George M., W.S., 16 St
Andrew Square.
1879. Paxil, J. Balfour, Advocate, 82 Great
King Street
1882. Paul, Rev. Robert, F.C. Manse,
Dollar.
1874.*Paxton, William, 3 Fountainhall
Road.
1880. Peace, Maskell William, Ashfield,
Wigan.
1879. Pbddib, J. M. Dick, Architect, 3 South
Charlotte Street
1866.*Pender, Sir John, K.C.M.G., 18
Arlington Street, London.
C
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1878. Piters, Rev. W., M.A., The Manse,
Kinross.
1884. Pike, Albert, Councillol^at-Law,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1885.*PiRRiB, Robert, 9 Buckingham Ter-
race, Billhead, Glasgow.
1883. Prrr-RivERS, Major-General A- H. L.
Fox, D.C.L., Inspector of Ancient
Monuments, 4 Grosvenor Gardens,
London.
1878. Prevost, Colonel T. W., 26 Moray PI.
1881. Prichard, Rev. Hugh, M.A., Dinam,
Gaerwen, Anglesea.
1860. ♦Primrose, Hon. Bouverie F., C.B.,
22 Moray Place.
1878. Prinolb, John, M.D.,Dep.-Inspector-
General of Hospitals, 27 Rutland Sq.
1878. Pbtde, David, LL.D., 10 Fettes Row.
1886. PcTLLAR, Alfred, M.D., Leonard Bank,
Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood, S.E.
1865.*RArNT, Robert, D.D., Principal and
Professor of Theology and Church
History, New College, Edinburgh, 23
Douglas Crescent.
1873. Rampini, Charles, Sheriff-Substitute,
Springfield House, Elgin.
1864.*Ramsat, Major John, of Straloch and
Barra, Aberdeenshire.
1880. Ramsay, John, of Kildalton, Islay.
1879. Rankinb, John, Professor of Scots Law,
Univ. of Edinburgh, 23 Ainslie Place.
1874. Rattray, Jambs Clerk, M.D., 61
Grange Loan.
1882. Reid, Alexander George, Solicitor,
Anchterarder.
1888.*Reid, George, RS.A., 17 Carlton Ter.
1860. •Reid, James, 20 Royal Terrace.
1887. Reid, John C, Banker, Airlie Place,
Dundee.
1882. Reid, John J., Advocate, Queen's and
Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer in
Exchequer for Scotland, 16 Bel-
grave Place, — Curator of Museum.
1880. Richardson, Adam R, 16 Coates Cres-
cent, —CSirator of Coins,
1875. RiNTOUL, Lt.-Col. Robert, Kinross
House, 28 Carlyle Square, London.
1886. ♦Ritchie, Charles, S.S.C, 20 HUl St.
1888. Roberts, Andrew, 13 Millbrae Cres.
Langside, Glasgow.
1885. Robertson, Charles, Redfem, Colin-
ton Road.
1887. Robertson, D. Argyll, M.D., Presi-
dent of the Royal College of Suigeons,
18 Charlotte Square.
1879. Robertson, George, Keeper of the
Abbey, Dunfermline.
1884. Robertson, J. Stewart, Edradynate,
Ballinluig, Perth.shire.
1886. Robertson, Robert, Allt-na-ooille,
Dunfermline.
1879. Robertson, W. W., Architect, H.M.
Board of Works.
1865. ♦Robinson, John Rtley, LL.D.,
Westgate, Dewsbury.
1880. RoBsoN, William, .S.S.C., Marchholm,
Gillsland Road.
1854. ♦Roger, Jambs C, The Grange, Higham
Hill, Walthamstow, Essex.
1850.^RoGERS, Rev. Charles, D.D., LL.D.,
6 Bamton Terrace.
1871. ROLLO, Right Hon. Lord, Duncrub
House, Dunning.
1874. Romanes, Robert, Harrybum, Lauder.
1883. Rose, Rev. Donaldson, F.C. Manse,
Brechin.
1872.^RosEBERY, Right Hon. The Earl of,
LL.D., Dalmeny Park.
1876. Ross, Alexander, Architect, River-
field, Inverness.
1885. Ross, Andrew, S.S.C., 9 Castle Street.
1881. Ross, Joseph Carne, M.D., Shian
Lodge, Penzance, Cornwall
1867.*Ross, Rev. Wiluam, Cowcaddens Free
(Jhurch, Cliabhan House, Hill Street,
Gamethill, Glasgow.
1869.^RossLYN, Right Hon. The Earl of,
Dysart House, Dysart
1877. Sanderson, James, Dep. -Inspector-
General of Hospitals, Madras Army,
8 Manor Place.
1884. Sandison, Alex, St Fillans, by Crieff.
1887. Scotland, J. P., A.M.LC.E., Public
Works Department, Bengal, India.
1885. Scott, Alexander Malcolm, 156 St
Vincent Street, Glasgow.
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1881 Srxflb, Andrew, M.D., United
Service Clab, Queen Street.
1848.*Sbton, Qkobob, M.A., Advocate, St
Bennet's, Greenhill Gardens.
186d.*SHAin), Hon. Lord, 80 Heriot Row.
1864.*Shand, Robert, 1 Charlotte PI., Perth.
1873. SmsLDS, John, 11 Melville St, Perth.
1878. SmsLL, John, Solicitor^ 19 Windsor
Street, Dundee.
1880. 8HIBLLS, R. Thornton, Architect, 65
. George Street.
187d. SiBBALD, John, BlD.j'Comniwsioner
in Lunacy, 3 St Margaret's Roail.
1879. SiBBALD, John Edward, 8 Ettrick
Road.
1871.*SiiiP30N, AUKL R., M.D., Professor of
Midwifery, University of Edinburgh,
52 Queen Street.
1870. Simpson, Georgb Buchan, Earle
House, Broughty Ferry.
188a*SiMP80N, Robert R, W.a, 8 Brunts-
field Crescent.
1884. Simpson, Sir Walter G., Bart,
Advocate, 3 Bolgrave Crescent.
1883. Sinclair, James Auoustus, 20 Bon-
Accord Terrace, Aberdeen.
1887. Sinclair, William S. Thomson, yr. of
Dunbeath,I>nnbeath Castle,Caithness.
1878. Skebtb, Horace, Solicitor, Perth.
1833.»Skbnb, William Forbes, LL.D.,
D.C.L., W.S., 27 Inverleith Row.
1876. Skinner, William, W.S., City Clerk,
35 George Square.
1877. Skirving, Adam, of Croys, Dalbeattie
1879. Smail, James, Secretary, Commercial
Bank of Scotland, 7 Bruntsfield Cres.
1880. Small, J. W., Architect, 67 Wallace
Street, Stirling.
1887. ♦Small, Willlim J., Solicitor, EUen-
bank, Dundee.
1874. Smart, John, RS.A., 13 Brunswick
Street^ Hillside.
1882. Smith, J. Guthrib, Mugdoek Castle,
Milngavie.
1874. Smith, J. Irvine, 20 Great King St
1877. Smith, Jas. T., Duloch, Inverkeithing.
1886. Smith, Maj.-Genl Sir R. Murdoch
K.C.M.G., Director, Edinburgh
Museum of Science and Art
1888. Smith, Thomas, 18 Moray Place.
1 866. *Smtthb, William, of Methven,Methven
Castle, Perthshire.
1874. SouTAR, Thomas, Solicitor, Crieff.
1864.*SouTAR, WiLUAM Shaw, Banker,
Blairgowrie.
1882.*SouTHESK, Right Hon. The Earl of,
K.T., Kinnaird Castle, Brechin.
1882. Sfrague, Thomas B., M.A., 29
Buckingham Terrace.
1872.*Stair, Right Hon. The Earl of, K.T.,
Lochinch, Wigtownshire,— Ft'cc-Prf-
sident
1875. Starkb,Jamb8Gibson,M. A., Advocate,
Troqueer Holm, Dumfries.
1885. Steedman, Thomas, Clydesdale Bank,
Kinross.
1874.*Steel, Lt.-Col. G. Mure, Rothesay,
Bute.
1887. Stbuart, George, 3 Forbes Road.
1887. Stevens, Ven. C. Ellis, LL.D.,D.C.L.,
Archdeacon of Brooklyn, 286 Greene
Avenue, Brooklyn, New York.
1872. ♦Stevenson, Alexander Shannan,
Tynemouth.
1867.*Stevenson, John J., Architect, 8
Bayswater Hill, London.
1887. Stevenson, Rev. W., M.A., 9 Barossa
Phice, Perth.
1888. Stewart, Maj.-GenL Hon. A., Corsbie,
Newton Stewart.
1876. Stewart, Rev. Alexander, LL.D.,
Manse of Ballachnlish, Nether
Lochaber.
1883. Stewart, CHARLESjTigh'n Duin, Killin.
1874. Stewart, C*harles, Sweethope, Mussel-
burgh.
1879. Stewart, Charles Poyntz, Oxford
and Cambridge Club, Pall MaU.
1881. Stewart, James R, M.A., Exchequer
Chambers.
1871.*Stewart, Maj.-Genl. J. H. M. Shaw,
RE., 61 Lancaster Gate, London, W.
1876. Stewart, Robert Buchanan, 11
Crown Terrace, DowanhiU, Glas-
gow.
1885. Stewart, Robert King, Murdos-
toun Castle, Newmains, Lanark-
shire.
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1881. Stewart, T. Grainobr, M.D., Pro-
fessor of Practice of Physic and
Clinical Medicine, 19 Charlotte Sq.
1880.*Stiruno, Capt Patrick, Kippenross,
Dunblane.
1883. Stitt, John J., Blackford Brae,
Oswald Road.
1882. Story, Rev. R. Herbert, D.D. , Pro-
fessor of Ecclesiastical History, Uni-
versity of Glasgow.
1883. Straohan, John, M.D., Dollar.
1867.*Strathmorb, Right Hon. The Earl of,
Glamis Castle, Forfarshire.
1884. Strong, W. R., C.A., 138 St Vincent
Street, Ghisgow.
1883. Stuart, George Ballingal, M.6.,
Surgeon- Major Grenadier Guards, 71
Ebury Street, London.
1882. Sturrock, Peter, London Road, Kil-
marnock.
1867.*SuTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of,
K.G., Dunrobin Castle.
1876. Sutherland, Rev. George, The Par-
sonage, Portsoy.
1880. Sutherland, George Miller, Soli-
citor, Wick.
1887. Sutherland, J. B., S.S.C., 10 Windsoi
Street.
1884. Swallow, Rev. H. J., M.A., Haw-
thorne Rectory, Sutherland.
1851.*SwiNTON, Archibald Campbell, of
Eimmerghame, LL.D., Advocate.
1863.*SwiTHiifBANK, George E., LL.D.,
Rothesay, Purley, Surrey.
1884. Tait, George, 37 Lothian Road.
1873. Taylor, Rev. James, D.D., 7 Ettrick
Road.
1860. •Taylor, James, Starley HaU, Bnmt-
island.
1881. Taylor, Michael W.,M.D.,202Earrs
Court Road, S. Kensington, London.
1884. Temple, Rev. William, M.A., St Mar-
garet's, Forgue, Huntly.
1870.*Tbnnant, Sir Charles, Bart, The
Glen, Innerleithen.
1874. Thoms, George Hunter MacThomas,
A d vocate, Sheriff of Caithness, Orkney,
and Shetland, 13 Charlotte Square.
1888. Thomson, Rev. A., D.D., Bible House,
(Constantinople.
1885. Thomson, Alexander, Trinity Grove,
Trinity Road.
1886. Thomson, C. W. Wodrow, C.A., 16
Lennox Street
1867. •Thomson, Lockhart, S.S.C, 114
George Street.
1882. ♦Thomson, Mitchell, 7 Carlton Terrace.
1876.*Thomson, Rev. Robert, LL.D.,
Canada.
1878. Thomson, Wiluam, 23 Great King
Street.
1888. Tosh, Andrew, Solicitor, Selkirk.
1886. Tosh, John, Architect, 12 Whitehall
Place, London.
1865. ♦Troup, William, EastweU, Bridge of
1877. TuKE, John Batty, M.D., 20 Charlotte
Square.
1869.^TuRNBULL, John, of Abbey St Bathans,
W.S., 49 George Square.
1888. TuRNBULL, Rev. T. H., The Manse,
Lesmahagow.
1887.*TuRNBULL, William J., 26 Grange
Road.
1880. Turner, Frederick J., Mansfield
Woodhouse, Mansfield, Notts.
1865. ♦Turner, Sir William, M.B., LL.D.,
Professor of Anatomy, University of
Edinburgh, 6 Eton Terrace.
1881. TvTEEDDALE, The Most Honourable The
Marquess of, Yester House, Had-
dington.
1878. Urquhart, James, H.M. General
Register House.
1882. Usher, Rev. W. Neville, Stow
Rectory, Lincoln.
1862.^yEiTCH, George Seton, Bank of Scot-
land, Paisley.
1873. Veitoh, John, M. A., LL.D., Professor
of Logic, University of Glasgow, The
Loaning, Peebles.
1877. Vernon, John J., Hawick.
1874. Walker, Alexander, 25 Dee Street,
Aberdeen.
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1869.*Walkbr, Fountain, Ness Castle, In-
vemess-shire.
1879. Walker, James, 74 Batli Street,
Glasgow.
1881. Walkeb, J. Russell, Architect, 67
Hanover Street
1871.*Walkbb, Peter Geddes, 2 Airlie
Place, Dundee.
1884. Walker, R. C, S.S.C., Wingate Place,
Newport, Fife.
1861. ♦Walker, Sir Willloc Stuart, K.C.B. ,
of Rowland, 126 George Street.
1879. Wallace, Thomas D., Rector of High
School, Inverness.
1888. Wannop, Rev. Canon, M.A., Had-
dington.
1879. Warden, Major-Gen. Robert, CB., 4
Lennox Street
1849. ♦Ware, Trrus Hibbert, 1 Bell Place,
Bowdon, near Altrincham, Lanca-
shire.
1876. Waterston, George, jun., 66 Hanover
Street.
1873. Watson, John Kippen, 14 Blackford
Road.
1876. Watson, William, 6 Douglas Cres.
1884. Watson, W. L., 7 Wetherby Gardens,
South Kensington, London.
1886. Watt, Rev. J. B. A., The Manse,
Cadder.
1887. Watt, Jambb Crabb, 21 Heriot Row.
1866. ♦Webster, John, Advocate, 42 King
Street, Aberdeen.
1879. Wedderburn, J. R. M., M.A., W.S.,
82 Albany Street
1877. Weir, Hugh F., of Kirkhall, Ard-
rossan.
1877. Welsh, John, S.S.C., 1 Regent Terrace.
1872.^Wemys8 and March, Right Hon.
The Earl of, LL.D., Gosford, Long-
niddry.
1886. Wemtss, Randolph Erskine, of
Wemyss Castle, Fife.
1880. Wenlet, James Adams, 6 Drumsheugh
Gardens.
1884. White, Cecil, 23 Drummond Place.
1880. White, John Forbes, LL.D., 311 Union
Street, Aberdeen.
1869.*White, Lieut-Col. T. P., RE., 29
Laburnum Terrace, Antrim Road,
Belfast.
1886. Whitblaw, David, Eskhill, Inveresk.
186a^WHTTE, Robert, Procurator-Fiscal,
Forfar.
1884. Whyte, William, 4 Bruntsfield Place.
1888. Williams, E. A., Architect, 171 Queen
Victoria Street, London, E.C.
1887. Williams, Fbedbbio Williams, 3
Essex Grove, Upper Norwood, Surrey.
1871. Williams, Wiluam Edward, Archi-
tect, 46 Leicester Square, London.
1884. WiLUAMSON, Rev. Alexander, 32
Blacket Place.
1887. Williamson, George, 87 Newton
Street, Finnart, Greenock.
1872. Wilson, George, S.S.C, 16 Minto
Street
1876. Wilson, Wiujam, West Lodge, Pol-
lokshields.
1861. ♦Wilson, William, of Banknock, Stir-
lingshire.
1888. WnjsoN, Rev. W. H., Montrose Villa,
Kenneth Street, Inverness.
1888. WiNSLOW, Rev. W. C, D.D., LL.D.,
D.C.L., 626 Beacon Street, Boston,
U.S. A.
1862.^Wi8E, Thomas A., M.D., Thornton,
Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood, London.
1883. Wood, Thos. A. Douglas, Viewforth,
Brunstane Road, Joppa.
1875. WooDBURN, J., M.A., Drumgrange,
Patna, Ayr.
1878. WooDWAKD, Rev. John, Union Place,
Montrose.
1884. Wright, John P. , W.S., 44 Palmerston
Place.
1867.* Wright, Rev. Robert, D.D., Starley
Bum House, Burntisland.
1887. Yeats, William, Advocate, Aquhar-
ney, Beaconhill, Murtle by Aberdeen.
1881. Young, Alexander, 9 Lynedoch PI.,
Glasgow.
1881, Young, John William, W.S., 22
Royal Circus.
1878. ♦Younger, Robert, 15 Carlton Terrace.
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LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS
OF THE
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND,
JSOVEMBER 30, 1888.
[According to the Laws, the number is limited to twenty-five.]
1853.
Sir Daniel Wilson, K.C.M.G., LL.D., President of the University of
Toronto, Canada.
1855.
Major-General Sir Henry C. Kawlinson, K.C.B., D.C.L., 21 Charles
Street, Berkeley Square, London.
1857.
The Right Rev. William Reeves, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Down, Connor,
and Dromore, Convey House, Dunmurry, Co. Antrim.
1862.
His Royal Highness Albert Edward, Prince of Wales.
5 The Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte, 8 Norfolk Terrace, Notting Hill,
London.
1865.
Sir Henry Dryden, Bart, Canons Ashby, Byfield, Northamptonshire.
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XXXV
1871.
George Stephens, LL.D., Professor of the English Language and Literature,
University of Copenhagen.
1874.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart, LL.D., D.C.L., M.P., High Elms, Famborough,
Kent
John Evans, D.C.L., &c., Nashmills, Hemel-Hempstead.
1877.
10 Rev. James Raine, M.A., D.C.L., Hon. Canon of York.
1879.
Rev. Canon William Gbeenwell, M.A., D.C.L., Durham.
Augustus Wollaston Franks, M.A., British Museum.
1881.
Dr LuDwiG LiNDENSCHMiDT, Mayence.
Professor Olap Rygh, Christiania.
15 Professor Rudolf Virchow, M.D., LL.D., Berlin.
Colonel Henry Yule, LL.D., Royal Engineers.
1883.
Rev. J. Collingwood Bruce, LL.D., D.C.L., Newcastle-on-Tyne.
1885.
John O. Westwood, M.A., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Dr Hans Hildebrand, Royal Antiquary of Sweden.
20 Dr Ernest Chantre, The Museum, Lyons.
Commendatore Giovanni B. de Rossi, Rome.
Dr Henry Schliemann, Athens.
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LIST OF THE LADY ASSOCIATES
OF THE
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND,
NOVEMBER 30, 1888.
[According to the LawSf the ntmber is limited to twenty-five.]
1870.
The Lady A. A. John Scott of Spottiswoode, Berwickshire.
1871.
Miss C. Maglagan, Bayenscroft, Stirling.
1873.
The Baroness Burdett Coutts.
1874.
Lady Dunbar of DuflPos, Elginshire.
Lady Clark, Tillypronie, Aberdeenshire.
Miss Margaret M. Stores, Dublin.
1883.
Mrs Bamsat, Kildalton, Islay.
1888.
The Bight Hon. The Countess op Selkirk.
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PEOCEEDINGS
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
HXJNDRED AND EIGHTH SESSION, 1887-8.
Anniversart Mbbtino, 30th November 1887.
Professor DUNS, D.D., in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly
elected Fellows : —
The Right Hon. Viscount Mblvillb.
Pbter Bubgess, Banker, Glen Urquhart.
Gboroe Smith Duncan, Accountant, Blairgowrie.
David Dunlop, Solicitor, Ayr.
John Foster, M. A, Rector of the Academy, Beith.
James Foulis, M.D., 34 Heriot Row.
John C. Reid, Banker, Dundee.
John Parry Scotland, C.E., Calcutta.
William Yeats of Auquharney, Aberdeen.
VOL. XXII. A
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2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 30, 1887.
The Office-Bearers for the ensuing year were elected as follows : —
Patron,
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
President.
The Most Hon. the Marquis of Lothian, K.T., LL.D.
Vice-Prmdents.
Professor Norman Macpherson, LL.D., Sheriff of Dumfries, &c.
Right Hon. the Earl op Stair, K.T., LL.D.
Robert Herdman, R.S.A.
Sir J. Noel-Paton, Kt, -j Representing
LL.D., R.S.A., I the Board
Francis Abbott, J of Trustees,
Sir Arthur Mitchell, K.C.B., M.D.,
LL.D.
David Christison, M.D.
Councillors.
Sir H. E. Maxwell, Bart., M.P.
Professor D. Masson, LL.D.
Thomas Graves Law.
Sir W. Fettes Douglas, LL.D.,
P.RS.A.
Prof. Sir W. Turner, M.B., LL.D.
Secretaries,
John Ritchie Findlat.
R. W. Cochran-Patrick, LL.D.
Joseph Anderson, LL.D., Assistant Secretary.
William Forbes, ) Secretaries for Foreign
Thomas Dickson, LL.D., Register House, J Correspondence.
Treasurer.
Gilbert Goudie, 39 Northumherland Street
Curators of the Museum.
Robert Carfrae.
John J. Reid, B.A.
Ctirator of Coins,
Adam B. Richardson.
Librarian.
John Taylor Brown.
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ANNIVERSARY MEETING. 6
The following list of the names of Honorary Members and Fellows
deceased, since the date of the last Annual Meeting, was read by the
Secretary : —
HONORART Members. Elected
M. Francisqub Michel, 1869
A. J. Bbrespord Hope, D.C.L., LL.D., M.P., . . 1864
Fellows.
David Balfour of Balfour and Trenaby,
Rev. David Berry, late of Airdrie,
Dr William Brown, Dublin Street,
P. F. CoNNAL Rowan of Meiklewood, Stirling,
Sir Walter Eluot, K,C.S.I., of Wolfelee, .
Alexander Gibson, Advocate, ...
Robert Gray, Bank of Scotland, ...
Andrew Kerr, Architect, Findhom Place, .
Rev. Edward King, B.A., Werrington, Launceston,
George Sim, Curator of Coins, Lauriston Lane,
Thomas Stevenson, C.E., Heriot Row, .
Dr William Traill, St Andrews, .
Edward Wishart, Burntisland,
1838
1879
1866
1885
1862
1876
1877
1848
1874
1860
1865
1885
1863
David Balfour of Balfour and Trenaby, Orkney, a Fellow of the
Society for half a century, has always taken a deep interest in its
objects, especially in connection with the Antiquities of Orkney.
Eveiything of interest that was found on his estates was at once sent
to the Museum ; and when the Kirkwall Museum was dispersed by
public sale in 1862, he purchased the Archaeological portion, and pre-
sented it to the Museum of the Society. When the great Chambered
Tumulus of Maeshowe had been explored by Mr Farrer, with the
sanction and encouragement of the proprietor, Mr Balfour, he roofed it
over and placed a door upon it for its preservation, and appointed a
neighbouring crofter as its custodier, so that the public might have
access to it when desired. He edited and presented to the Maitland
and Abbotsford Clubs a volume of documents illustrative of the
Oppressions of Orkney and Shetland in the sixteenth century, which he
afterwards published separately, under the title of OdcU Rights and
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4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 80, 1887.
Feuded Wrongs. He also issued a collection of Orcadian Songs and
Ballads, with the music.
Eev. David Bbrrt, F. C. minister, Airdrie, retired from the ministry
in 1886, and died in London. In 1880 he published a translation
from the Danish of Professor Schiem's Li/e of Bothwdl,
Dr William Brown was a regular attender of the afternoon meetings,
and at one time took much interest in the subject of the Stone Circles
of Kincardineshire and Aberdeenshire, of which he obtained a series of
ground plans, which he communicated to the Society.
Sir Walter Elliot of Wolfelee had long taken an active interest
in the affairs and objects of the Society, contributing papers, and making
donations to the Museum. In 1875 he was elected one of the Vice-
Presidents of the Society, and was a member of the Council till 1881.
Even after he was stricken with blindness he took pleasure in attending
the meetings when he had opportunity.
Alexander Gibson, Advocate, Secretary to the Educational Com-
mission, was a diligent student of Old Northern Literature and
Antiquities; and although he never contributed papers, he was a
frequent attender of evening meetings of the Society.
Robert Gray, better known as a Naturalist than in connection with
ArchflBology, took much interest in the Society, and was a frequent
attender of the meetings.
Andrew Kerr, an old and valued member, contiibuted several
papers of lasting interest in connection with the Antiquities of Edinburgh
and its neighbourhood. He also wrote the descriptive notices for
Drummond*s Old Edinburgh^ published by Messrs Waterston & Sons.
Rev. Edward King, B.A., Vicar of Werrington, South Devonshire,
from his connection with an old Aberdeenshire family, took much
interest in the Society's Proceedings^ and possessed an extensive
knowledge of Scottish genealogy and heraldry.
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ANNIVERSABY MEETING. 5
George Sm, the Society's Curator of Coins since 1860, not only did
much good service in that capacity, hut frequently contrihuted papers to
the Proceedings^ in which are detailed many important results of his
examination of the hoards of coins discovered from time to time in
dififerent parts of Scotland, and submitted to his investigation by the
Exchequer. For some time previous to his death he had been engaged
in completing the printing of an important work on The Coinage of
Scotland, from materials left, partly in proof and partly in manuscript,
by the late Mr Edward Burns, F.S.A. Scot. The work has since
been published by Messrs A. and C. Black, for the late Mr Thomas
Coats of Ferguslie, Paisley.
Thomas Stevenson, C.K, at one time a frequent attender of the
Society's meetings, occasionally contributed donations of objects to the
Museum as opportunity occurred for obtaining them in his visits to the
remotest districts of the North and West coasts.
Dr William Traill of Woodwick, Orkney, long an active Correspond-
ing Member of the Society, and a Fellow since 1885, was a special
benefactor to the Museum. In 1868 he presented a collection of
prehistoric relics, over 100 in nimiber, from Skaill, Orkney, and con-
tributed a paper on " Prehistoric Dwellings." In 1870 and 1871 he
excavated the Broch of Burrian, on his own property, in the island of
North Eonaldsay, and in 1872 he communicated an account of it to
the Society, which was published in the Archceologia Scoiica, The
interesting collection of objects obtained during the excavation he gave
to the Museum, the Society paying from the Ehind Bequest the actual
cost of the excavations. In 1884 he excavated two other mounds in
North Ronaldsay, of which an account with plans was printed in the
Proceedings, and the objects found were similarly acquired for the
Museum.
The Treasurer submitted the Audited Accounts, with a general
Abstract of the Society's Funds, which was ordered to be printed and
circulated among the Fellows.
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6
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 30, 1887.
The Secretary read the Annual Report of the Society to the Board of
Trustees, approved by the Council, and ordered to be transmitted to the
Lords of H.M. Treasury, as follows : —
Annual Report of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, to the
Honourable the Board of Trustees for Manufactures in Scotland,
for the year ending 30th September 1887: —
During the year the Museum has been open as formerly, except
during the month of November, when it was closed as usual for cleaning
and rearrangement.
The following table shows the number of visitors for each month
during the year, distinguishing between day visitors and visitors on the
Saturday evenings, viz. : —
MOMTHS.
Day
Visitors.
Satuhdat
EVKNIUQS.
Total.
October, .
December,
January, .
February,
March, .
X' ■
June,
July, .
August, .
September,
11,647
8,446
6,764
2,468
2,592
8,186
4,868
4,268
8,847
9,507
6,777
416
234
280
240
216
822
222
288
421
869
438
12,063
8,680
6,994
2,708
2,808
8,508
4,590
4,551
9,268
9,876
7,215
Total,
68,865
8,896
67,261
Previous Year, .
97,918
5,280
108,198
Decrease, .
84,048
1,884
85,982
During the year there have been presented to the Museum 156
articles of antiquity, and the Donations to the Library amount to 97
volumes of books and pamphlets.
During the year 2089 articles of antiquity have also been added to
the Museum, and 64 volumes of books to the Library, by purchase.
J. R. FiNDLAY, Secretary,
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PURCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM. 7
Monday, I2th December 1887.
ROBERT HERDMAN, R.S.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly
elected Fellows : —
Rev. W. Mason Inglis, M. A., Minister of Anchterhonse.
R. N. H. Newton, Esq, of Castlandhill.
The following articles, acquired by the Purchase Committee for the
Museum and Library, during the recess from 13th June to 30th
November 1887, were exhibited : —
1. Lion-shaped Ewer of brass, 10 inches high and 10 inches in
length, from Nuremberg. It is No. 5 of the series of Lion-shaped
Fig. 1. Lion Ewer of Brass from Nuremberg (10 inches in height).
Ewers described in the Proceedings, vol. i., New Series, p. 56. The
woodcut there given is here reproduced.
2. Iron Axe in its handle, with ornaments of Copper Rings, from
West Coast of Africa.
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8
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
3. Axe-Head of iron, found in Berwickshire.
4. Collection of Stone Implements, chiefly hammer stones, and one
finely polished Celt of serpentine, 5f inches in length by 2f inches
across the cutting face, oval in the cross section, and having both ends
alike, found in Sanday.
5. Polished Celt of clay stone, 7^ inches in length by 2f inches
across the cutting face, oval in the cross section, and very light, found on
Convil Hill, near Dufftown, Banffshire.
6. Octagonal Brooch of brass, foxmd in Dunnaholla, North Uist.
7. Medal in Silver of George IV.'s Visit to Edin-
burgh 1822, bust of the King with wreath of
Thistles ; reverse, View of Holyrood,
8. Embroidered oval Box, and Knife with handle
of rock crystal
9. Old Purse of Leather, from New Machar*
Carved Powder Horn ; small Luckenbooth Brooch,
set with stones; three pairs of old Spectacles,
found under the floor of Chapelshade Church,
Dundee.
10. Stone Axe of Ceremony, from Mangaia;
Mere-Mere, from New Zealand; Obsidian Arrow-
Heads, Flakes, and Cores, from Mexico ; Collection
of Mexican Pottery, Whorls, &c. ; Four Scottish
Snuff Boxes; Stone Celt, from Roxburghshire;
Collection of Savage Weapons, Clubs, Spears, &c.,
from South Sea Islands.
1 1. Three Bone Pins, from North Uist.
12. Sun-Dial of marble, 2f inches diameter, from
Assynt, Sutherlandshire.
13. Small Whetstone of quartzite, found in
Fig. 2. Wh^toncs digging a grave at Coupar- Angus. This implement,
found at Lismore which is of prehistoric type, belongs to a series of
au upar- ngus. ^^^^^ whetstones which seem to be mostly of the
Bronze Age, and are usually perforated at one end for suspension, as in
the case of the one here shown from Lismore, Argyllshire (fig. 2) ; the
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PURCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM. 9
Coupar-Aogus one is broken at the butt end, and now measures only
2f inches in length.
14. Axe of claystone, 3 J by 2| inches, broken Axe, and Whorl, from
West Kilbride, Ayrshire.
15. Polished Celt of flint, 5f inches in length by 2| across the
cutting face, with sharp edges, both ends alike, and nowhere exceeding
half an inch in thickness, from Biggar; Spear-Head of bronze, 4^
inches in length, with loops, from Strathaven ; Mere-Mere, from New
Zealand ; and a polished Stone Adze, from the South Pacific.
16. Ollections of Flint Implements, &c., from Golspie, Sutherland-
shire, and Tannadice, Forfarshire.
17. Large Luckenbooth Brooch (hg. 3), 3 J by 2 J inches, engraved,
and set with stones.
Fig. 3. Luckenbooth Brooch.
18. Collection of Savage Weapons, chiefly from the Solomon Islands.
19. Two Collections of Flint Implements, from Glenluce.
20. Twelve Collections of Flint Implements, from Culbin Sands —
about 750 specimens.
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10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
21. D'Agincourt's History of Art by its Monuments. Lond. 1847.
Folio.
22. The Red Book of GrantuUy. By William Fraser. Edin. 1868.
2 vols. 4 to. — ^The Stirlings of Keir, and their Family Papers. By
William Fraser. Edin. 1858. 4to. — The Chiefs of Colqiihoun and
their Country. By William Fraser. 1869. 2 vols. 4to.
23. Lexicon totius Latinitatis, Facciolati et Forcellini. PatavisB,
1827-31. 4 vols. 4to.
24. Marmora Felsinea a Carolo Cfflsare Mulvasia, Bononi», 1690,
folio ; and Inscriptiones Begins Dissertationibus illustratee, Neapoli,
1770, 4to.
The following Communications were read : —
NOTICE OF THE CEILING OF THE " PAINTED GALLERY " AT PINKIE
HOUSE. By GEORGE SETON, M.A., F.S.A. Scot.
The following is the description of the Gallery in Billings' Baronial
and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland : — ** By far the most interest-
ing apartment is the Painted Gallery. It is an arched room, 120 feet
long, lighted at the end by an oriel window. The wooden roof is entirely
covered with paintings and inscriptions. The former is in part purely
decorative, but there are a number of groups, or scenes, round which
frames are painted, with cords and nails, so that they represent hanging
pictures. Many of them embody incidents to which a moral is attached,
and the subjects are usually classical ; they have a general analogy to the
scenes represented on old Dutch tiles. The drawing ia coarse, but
powerful and full of character, and the colours are remarkably fresh and
clean. The learned lawyer to whom Pinkie owes its glory seems to
have had a passion for Latin inscriptions. They occur in many parts of
the stone-work, and the Painted Gallery is thickly strewed with them.
They are moral apothegms, some of them inculcating a special modesty
in reference to the vanity of magnificent houses, which sounds rather
oddly in the midst of so much architectural magnificence, and seems to
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CEILING OF THE PAINTED GALLERY AT PINKIE HOUSE. 11
import that their author was conscious that his besetting weakness lay
in that direction. The painting of this chamber had evidently been
continued from the ceiling along the walls, and it is to be regretted that
these have been modernised The painted chamber is a very
suitable place for spectral horrors. A grim forbidding portrait of a female,
whose name is associated with a traditional crime, is said to come forth
in shadowy embodiment, and stalk through its gloomy length by night."
It is generally believed that the principal portion of Pinkie House,
including the " King's Room " and " Painted Gallery," owes its exist-
ence to Lord Dunfermline, who was also the builder of the still grander
structure of Fyvie Castle, in Aberdeenshire. The family chronicle
informs us that " he acquired the lands of Pinkie, where he built ane
noble house, brave stone dykes about the garden and orchard, with
other commendable policie about it";^ and the following inscription,
although unfortunately no longer visible, in consequence of modem
additions, is cut upon the front of the mansion : — ** Dominus Alexander
Setonius banc domum sedificavit, non ad animi, sed fortunarum et
agelli modum, 1613."
The length of the "Painted Gallery" given by Billings, on the
authority of the New Statistical Account of Scotland, is considerably
overstated, as it is only about 86 (instead of 120) feet in length ; the
breadth being not quite 20 feet; and the height 13 feet 7 inches.^
During a recent visit to Sir John Hope,* I spent several hours in
carefully copying the blazons, mottoes, and legends on the ceiling, in so
far as they are still decipherable, with the following result. The
ceiling may be conveniently described under three divisions : —
^ Lord Kingston's contiDoation of Sir Richard Maitland's House of SeyUntn, p. 64.
' The celebrated gallery at Hard wick, in the county of Nottingham, is 180 feet
long, and of a proportionate breadth.
• The following note occurs at the end of a MS. Copy of the Chronide and HistoHe
of the ffous and Swname of Setoun, bearing the initials of Sir Thomas Hope, Lord
Advocate, in the possession of Sir John Hope :— ''This Book was given by the old
Earle of Wintonn to Sir Thomas Hope of Craighall, the King's Advocate, and his
Mat^ Commissioner at that time, about the year of God 1628. The reason for
which the Earle gave it was, because the said Sir Thomas his Lady D. Elizabeth
Bennet was ane oye of the House of Wintoun, for hir mother, callit Grissell Seton,
was a brother's daughter of the House. Her father lived in Tranent.*'
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12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
First or Centred Compartment, embracing —
Nine coats of arms ;
Four symbolical devices, with relative mottoes ;
Four principal legends, of three lines each; and
Four border legends.
Second or Eritrance Compartment, embracing —
Six symbolical devices, with relative mottoes ;
Two principal legends ; and
Ten border legends, of which four are now illegible.
Third or Grid Window Compartment, also embracing —
Six symbolical devices with relative mottoes ;
Two principal legends ; and
Ten border legends, of which four are now illegible.
Accordingly, the total number of symbolical devices and legends are
sixteen and thirty-two respectively. All the mottoes and legends are
in Roman characters.
First or Central Compartment,
In this compartment the arms of the Eaii of Dunfermline ^ occupy
the middle of the central octagonal figure, between those of his chief,
the Earl of Winton on the one side, and the coat of the Earl of Angus
on the other ; while, in the two side borders, the shield of the Earl of
Bothwell occurs between the escutcheons of Lord Tester and Ferquhard
of Gilmulscroft, and that of the Earl of Cassilis between the coats of
^ Alexander Seton, third surviving eon of George, 7th Lord Seton ; bom 1555 ;
called to the Scottish Bar, c. 1577 ; Extraordinary Lord of Session (Prior of Plus-
cardine), 1586 ; Ordinary Lord (Lord Urquhart), 1588 ; Lord President, 1598; Lord
Fyvie, 1597 ; Chancellor of Scotland, 1604 ; Earl of Dunfermline, 1605. Died 1622.
Married, Ist, c. 1592, Lilias Dmmmond, second daughter of Patrick, 8rd Lord Drum-
mond, and sister of James, Ist Earl of Perth ; 2nd, c 1601, Orizel Leslie, fourth
daughter of James, Master of Rothes, and sister of John, 6th Earl of Rothes ; 3rd,
c. 1607, Margaret Hay, daughter of James, 7th Lord Yester, and sister of John, 1st
Earl of Tweeddale.
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CEILING OF THE PAINTED GALLERY AT PINKIE HOUSE. 13
Lord Borthwick and the Marquis of Hamilton, the latter of which is
now almost entirely effaced. The following are the blazons of these
nine armorial coats : —
1. ** The Earle of Dunfeinrdine!^ — Quarterly, 1st and 4th or, three
crescents within a double tressure, flowered and counterflowered gules,
for Seton. 2nd and 3rd argent, on a fess gules, three cinquefoils of the
first, for Hamilton. Suppoiiers, two horses at liberty argent. Crest,
over a coronet, a crescent gulea Motto^ Semper. Under the shield,
in a ribbon, " A. E. D." (Alexander, Earl of Dunfermline).
2. " Tlie Earle of Wintcmr — Quarterly, Ist and 4th as in No. 1. 2nd
and 3rd azure, three garbs or, for the Earldom of Buchan. Surtout^
azure, a blazing star of twelve points argent, within a double tressure
flowered and coxmter-flowered or, for the title of Winton. Supporters^
two foxes proper, collared or, with chains attached to the collars, passing
between the forelegs, and reflexing over the backs. Orest^ over a
coronet, a dragon vert, spouting fire proper, with wings elevated, and
charged with a star argent. MottOy Hazard yit fordward.
3. **The Lorde Tester.^' — Quarterly, 1st and 4th azure, three
cinquefoils argent, for Eraser. 2nd and 3rd gules, three bars ermine, for
Gifford of Yester. SurtmUy argent, three inescutcheons azure (usually
gtUes), the paternal coat of Hay. (The 1st and 2nd quarters, the upper
portion of the coat surtout, and the crest and motto are quite effaced.)
Supporters^ two stags.
4. '* The Earle of Cassilis" — ^Argent, a chevron gules between three
cross-crosslets fitched sable, all within a double tressure flowered and
counterflowered of the second. Suppo7ier8, two swans proper. Crest^
over a coronet, a dolphin azure. Motto, Avise la fine (sic).
5. " The Earle of ^o^AyeZZ."— Quarterly, 1st and 4 th or, a bend
azure, for Vass, Lord Dirleton. 2nd and 3rd gules, on a chevron aigent,
two lions pulling at a rose of the first, for Hepburn. Surtout, the arms
of Scotland. Supporters, two lions guardant gules. Grest, over a
coronet, and in front of a tree (1) vert, a horse aigent, caparisoned gules.
Motto, in ribbon over crest, illegible — (probably, " Keip traist ")•
In the admirable coloured plate of the arms of " the Lordis of Liddis-
" dail of auld," in Mr Armstrong's History of Idddesdale, ^c, two coats
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14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
are given for the Earl of Bothwell, of which the second corresponds
with the Pinkie blazon ; while in the first there is no shield surtout.
Patrick, first Earl of Bothwell, received a grant of the Lordship of
Liddesdale in 1491-2, and perhaps he carried the Royal arms on an
inescutcheon, on account of his official position as High Admiral of the
Kingdom.
6. '^ Ferqvhard of Oilmvl8croft"-^Q,\iaxt^lyf 1st or, a lion rampant
gules. 2nd, argent, three sinister hands couped paleways gules. 3rd,
aigent, a lymphad sable with flag of the second. 4th or, a chevron
chequ^ ai^nt and sable between three water-bougets of the second.
Orestf over a helmet, a dexter hand gules, couped as the former. Motto,
A tovt Nisbet {Heraldry^ i, 278) gives the following as the arms of
Robert Farquhar of CHllmyrs-croft : — Argent, a lion rampant sable,
armed and langued or, between three sinister hands, two and one, couped
paleways gules. Crest, as on the ceiling. Motto, Sto, cado, fide et
armis.
7. "2%e Lorde Borthvick" — Argent, three cinquefoils sable. Sup-
porters, two angels proper, winged or. Crest, on a wreath (no coronet),
a savage's head couped proper (1). Motto, Qui conducit.
8. "2%6 Earle of AngvsJ' — Quarterly, 1st azure, a lion rampant
argent, for the Earldom of Galloway. 2nd or, a lion rampant gules,
surmounted of a ribbon sable, for the Lordship of Abemethy. 3rd
argent, three piles azure, for Wiahart of Brechin. 4th or, a fess chequ6
aigent and azure, surmounted of a bend sable, charged with three
buckles of the second, for Stewart of Bonkill. SurtotU, argent, a man's
heart gules ensigned with an imperial crown proper, and on a chief
azure, three stars of the first, the paternal coat of Douglas. Supporters,
dexter, a savage proper holding a baton erected and wreathed about the
middle with laurel vert ; sinister, a stag proper (armed and unguled or ?).
Crest, over a coronet (chapeau gules, turned up ermine 1\ a salamander
vert, in the middle of flames of fire. Motto, Jamais arriere. The
achievement is placed within a pale of wood, wreathed and impaled, by
way of " compartment/'
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CEILING OF THE PAINTED GALLEKY AT PINKIE HOUSE.
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16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
This blazon corresponds with the seals of the eighth and ninth Earls
of Angus, as given in Laing's Catalogue, Nos. 253-4. In Mr Arm-
strong's plate {mjora, p. 13), on the other hand, the field of Galloway in the
first quarter is gules instead of azure ; while Soulis— ermine, three chev-
ronels gules — takes the place of Wishart of Brechin in the third quarter.
9. " The Marqveis of Hamilton," — With the exception of a coronet
below the remains of the crest (probably an oak tree and frame-saw)
and the horns of the supporters (two stags or antelopes), this achieve-
ment is entirely effaced. In the lower portion of the shield, there are
faint traces of cinquefoils, and probably the blazon embraced three of
these charges, which constitute the paternal coat of Hamilton. It seems
strange that the arms of the head of the family should have been intro-
duced in lieu of those of the Chancellor's maternal grandfather, Sir
William Hamilton of Som and Sanquhar, who bore gules, three cinque-
foils, ermine, within a double tressure, flowered and counterflowered or,
as illuminated, according to Nisbet, on the house of Seton. In a
marginal note, by the late Mr Stodart, on one of the volumes of
Paterson's Ayrshire Families in the Lyon Office, it is stated that Sir
William Hamilton was allowed the double tressure in 1539.
The following four symbolical devices and relative mottoes in the
central compartment are placed within oval figures : —
1. An old man surrounded by barrels. Dives . inops . ratio . Anti-
cyram destruit ( ? ).
The last word in this legend (of which the last letter is "m") is nearly
effaced, and, as it stands, the translation is somewhat doubtful Anticyra
was a town in Phocis celebrated for its hellebore, which was of great
medicinal value.
2. Two men holding goats in their arms. A . teneris . adsuesce .
labori (Accustom yourself to labour from your earliest years).
3. A white stag. Serviat . seternum . qui . parvo . nesciet . uti
(May he be ever dependent who knows not how to put up with limited
means).
4. A conical rock. Stat . cimctis . immota . minis (It stands
unmoved by every threat).
The four principal legends are placed within oblong panels : —
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CEILING OF THE PAINTED GALLERY AT PINKIE HOUSE. 17
5. Katura . necessaria . docuit . qusB . sunt . pauca . et . parabilia.
Stultitia . superflua , excogitavit , quae . sunt . innumera . et . difficilia
(Nature has taught us what things are necessary, which are both few
and easily attained. Folly has devised superfluities, which are countless,
and difficult to be acquired).
6. In . magna . fortuna . ut . admodum . difficile . sic . admodum .
pulchrum . est . seipsum . continere (In great prosperity as it is very
difficult, so it is very beautiful to exhibit moderation).
7. Ad . IsBta . et . aspera . pariter . nati . sumus . nisi . pari . utraque
animo sumus ( ? ).
8. Vis . PhyloclsBa . divitem . reddere . non . adjiciendum , pecxmisB .
sed . detrahendum . cupiditatibus ( ?
)•
Philocles was an admiral of the Athenian fleet during the Pelopon-
nesian war, who recommended his coxmtrymen to cut off the right hands
of their captured enemies, that they might be rendered unfit for service.
The four border legends, in small oblong panels, are as follows :t-
9. Virum . bonum . non . ordo . sed . mores . prsBstant (Not rank
but demeanour demonstrates the good man).
10. Hominem . se . esse . non , , , . . qui . injuriarum . non, oblivi-
scitur ( ? ).
11. Utile . est . ad . usum . secundorum . per . adversa . venisse (It
is useful to have reached good fortune through adversity).
12. .^uora . ventis . turbantur . Populum . oratores . movent (The
seas are agitated by the winds — Orators move the populace).
Second or Entrance Compartment,
The six symbolical devices and relative mottoes in this compartment
are placed within heater-shaped shields, and may be briefly described as
follows : —
13. A female figure with bandaged eyes, and a dark-complexioned
dwarf at her feet. Fortuna . non . mutat . genus (Fortuna does not change
our race).
14. Diogenes in his barrel addressing three individuals. Qui , sapit .
VOL. XXIL B
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18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
innumeris • moribus . aptus . erit (The wise man will adapt himself
to countless fashions).
15. A mailed figure carrying an old man on his back. Sat . patrisB.
Priamoque . datum (Enough has been rendered to our country and to
Priam).
16. Two individuals in affectionate embrace, and two others looking
on. Nil . ego . contulerim . jucundo . sanus . amico (When in sound
health, I would prefer nothing to a pleasant friend).
17. Two figures accompanied by a number of dogs. Firma . amicitia
(Friendship is firm).
18. A lion with neck encircled by a snake. Quam . bene . con-
veniunt (How well they agree).
The two principal legends are placed within smaller shields of a some-
what similar shape to those which embrace the symbolical devices, and
are as follows : —
1 9. Yir . bonus . patriam . amat . non . quia . dives . aut . opulenta . sed .
quia « sua. Sic . Ulysses . ad . IthacfiB . saxa . non . minori . studio .
contendit . quam. Agamemnon . ad . nobiles . Mycaenarum . muros (A
good man loves his country not because it is rich or opulent, but because
it is his own. Thus did Ulysses hasten to the rocks of Ithaca with
no less zeal than Agamemnon to the mighty walls of Mycaene).
20. Curandum . magis . ut . late . quam . ut . late . habitemus.
Soepe . in . palatiis . labor . et . dolor . in . tuguriis . quies . et . gaudium .
habitant (We should take care rather to have happy than extensive
abodes. In palaces, labour and sorrow, in cottages, peace and joy, often
dweU).
Of the ten border legends, two on each side (21, 22, 23, and 24) are
placed within small oblong panels, and are all effaced ; while the six
others occupy semicircular figures, and are as follows : —
25. Bona . mens . omnibus . patet Omnes . ad . hoc . nobiles . sumus
(A good mind is open to alL To this extent we are all noble).
26. Vita . nostra . temperanda . inter . bonos . mores . et . publicos
( » ).
27. Cuique . suimi . rependit . posteritas . decus (Posterity renders
to every man the honour that is his due).
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CEILING OF THE PAINTED GALLEKY AT PINKIB HOUSK 19
28. Kemo . regere . potest . nisi . qui . et . regi (No one can
govern unless he can also be governed).
29. Bene . ferre . magnam • disce , fortunam^ (Leam to bear great
prosperity with moderation).
30. Vis . expers . consilii . mole . ruit . sua (Power without guidance
falls by its own weight).
Third or Orid Window Compartment,
The devices and legends in this compartment are arranged in precisely
the same manner as those in the entrance compartment. The six
devices and relative mottoes are : —
31. A satyr and other figures dancing in front of a circular tower.
Nympharumque . leves . cum . satyris . chori . secemunt . me . populo
(The graceful gambols of nymphs and satyrs distinguish me from the
common herd).
32. Three individuals standing beside a king seated on his throne.
Pax . optima . rerum (Peace is the best of things).
33. A man drawing water from a fountain, and another figure floating
down a stream. Nihil . amplius . opto (I wish nothing more).
34. Two females in a small boat — one sitting in the stem, the other
(naked) standing and holding a saiL Sit . virtus . Tiphys (Let virtue
be the pilot).
Tiphys was the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts.
35. A gouty man on a couch, with an attendant standing beside him.
Semper avarus eget (The covetous man is always in need).
36. Two warriors in front of a figure, seated on a pedestal, and
holding a cornucopia. Nullum . numen . abest . si . sit . pnidentia
(No divine aid is awanting if prudence is displayed).
The two principal legends are —
37. Placeat . homini . quicquid . Deo , placuit . ratio . quam . qui .
amat . contra . durissima . armatus . est (Let whatever be the will of
^ Perhaps suggested by a favourite motto of the Chancellor's father (George, 7th
Lord Seton) :— **In adversitate patiens, in prosperitate benevolus — Hazard zet
ford ward."
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20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
God be tliat of man, a rule which he who loves is armed against the
hardest calamities).
38. BegisB . amplissimadque . opes . si . in . malum . et . improvidum .
inciderint . momento . dissipantur . at . quamvis . modica . bono .
custodi . traditsB . usu . ipso . crescunt . et « augentur (If princely and
extensive possessions fall to the lot of a wicked and improvident master,
they are straightway dissipated, but riches, however moderate, if
bestowed upon a good keeper, grow by their use and are increased).
As in the case of the entrance compartment, four of the ten border
legends, two on each side (39, 40, 41, and 42), are effaced, the six others
being as follows : —
43. Dignum . laude . virum . musa . vetat . mori (The muse forbids
that the man worthy of laudation should die).
44. Pax . una . triumphis . innumeris . potior ^ (One peace is better
than innumerable triumphs).
45. Bene . est . cui . Deus . obtulit . parca . quod . satis . est . manu
(Well is it for him on whom God with a frugal hand has conferred
enough).
46. Cuique . mores . fortunam . fingunt . sui (A man's character
determines his fortune).
47. Scilicet . improbsB . crescunt . tamen . curtae . nescio . quid .
semper . abest . rei^ (Ill-gotten riches forsooth increase, I yet know
not what it is that is ever awanting in a straitened fortune).
48. Soepe . acri . potior . prudentia . dextra (Prudence is often
better than a strong right arm).
Since I copied the legends. Sir John Hope has kindly sent me a
" List of the Inscriptions," made by a friend of the family about thirty
years ago, and embracing 29 of the 48 legends and mottoes, besides two
others in Greek characters, on the ceiling of the oriel window, which I
had unaccountably overlooked. The Greek legends are as follows : —
^ Like No. 82, worthy of the Chancellor of James YL, whose motto was " Beati
pacificL"
' One of the prayers or prorerbs attributed to another Alexander Seton — the 6th
Earl of Eglinton, better known as "Greysteer* — was as follows:— "God send us
some money, for they are little thought of that want it." (Kelly's SeoUish Proverbs,
118.)
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CEILING OF THE PAINTED GALLERY AT PINKIE HOUSE. 21
49. MH . HANNYXTON (Not the whole night).
50. OY . XPH . HANNYXION . EYAEIN . BOYAH4>OPON . ANAPA
(A counsellor ought not to sleep the whole night).
In a few instances, the transcriber has misread some of the words ; but,
speaking generally,- the transcripts correspond with my own copies. The
centre of the oriel ceiling is occupied by a stork standing on one leg, sur-
mounted by a ribbon bearing the first of the two Greek inscriptions,
while the other is below, on another ribbon arranged in three divisions.
Besides two fleurs-de-lis and other ornaments, the panel exhibits a
cinquefoil within a red crescent (a favourite device of Chancellor Seton's),
and his initials, combined with those of his third wife, Margaret Hay,
under a coronet, as on more than one of the bedroom ceilings at Pinkie.
The following inscriptions, in Boman characters, appear on two slabs,
each about 3x4 feet, which lay detached at Pinkie for many years,
and were built into the garden wall, by Sir John Hope, in 1884,
under the coronet and monogram (A. S. and M. H.) of the Earl and
CJountess of Dunfermline : — Sibi . posteris . bonis , omnibus . humanis .
urbanisque . hominibus . urbanitatis . omnis . humanitatisque • aman-
tissimus . Alexander . Setonius . villam . hortos . et . hsdc • suburbana .
sedificia . fundavit . exstruxit . omavit . nihil . hie . hostile . ne . arcendis .
quidem . hostibus . non . fossa , non . vallum . verum . ad . hospites .
benigne . excipiendos . benevole • tractandos . fons . aquas . virginis .
viridaria . piscinsB . avaria . amoenitatem . omnia . ad . cordem .
animumque . honeste . oblectandum . composuit . quisquis
hflBC . furto . ferro , flamma quo hostiliter . se .
gesserit . esse . omn;s . caritatis . urbanitatisque . expertem . immo .
humanitatis . omnis . humanique • generis . hostem • profiteatur .
lapides . sancti . loquentur . et . promulgabunt.
Deo • optimo . Maximo . rerum . omnium . Authori . Lai^tori .
Conservatori . lehovae . Statori . cujus . nutu , beneficioque . stant .
bona . omnia . certa . Honor . Omnis . Gloria, EYAOFIA . KAI .
EYXAPISTIA.
At Earlshall, near Leuchars, long the property of the Bruce family,
and at Collaimie Castle, in the parish of Dunbog, both in the county of
Fife, are painted ceilings, but on a much smaller scale than that of
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22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
the Pinkie Grallery. The Earlshall ceiling is covered with the arms of
various monarchs and of several of the Scottish nobility, painted entirely
in Uack, and said to have been the work of a French artist; while a
number of quaint maxims appear on one of the walla A good many
years ago, I visited the ruinous castle of Collaimie, for centuries the
property of the Barclays, and made a few notes respecting the shields of
arms on one of the ceilings ; but these have unfortunately been mislaid.
I have reason to believe, however, that careful copies of the escutcheons
are in the possession of the representatives of the late Mr Thomas
Barclay, Sheriff Clerk of Fifeshire.
About twenty years ago, two very interesting painted ceilings,
exhibiting upwards of forty coats of Scottish noblemen (c. 1570), were
discovered behind coatings of plaster in an old house on the south side
of the High Street, Linlithgow. Unfortunately, they were allowed to
be broken up, and most of the escutcheons were acquired by the repre-
sentatives of the families to whom they pertained; but a detailed
account of the ceilings, with lithographed illustrations, will be found in
the seventh volume of the Society's Proceedings, As at Pinkie,
Earlshall, and CoUairnie, the designs were executed in water-colour
" t-empera," without any traces of gilding.
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NOTES NEAR ST FILLANS. 23
II.
NOTES NEAR ST FILLANS: CUP-MARKED STONES, OLD BURYING
GROUNDS AT KINDROCHET AND DRUMNAKILL, CURING STONE
OR CHARM, AND NOTICE OF A FLINT KNIFE FOUND ON THE
FARM OF NORTH PET, TARLAND, ABERDEENSHIRE. By JAMES
MACKINTOSH GOW, F.S.A. Scot.
I expected the district of St Fillans to be rich in cup-marked stones,
but was disappointed, as any which may have been on the low grounds
were no doubt utilised for building purposes, when the present village
was fonned about seventy years ago ; and, as I have usually found to be
the case elsewhere, the old people had never seen or heard of such
things as cup marks. Being in Comrie, however, for a day, a local
antiquary there directed me to a stone with cups, on the hill above the
mansion-house of Dunira, and on going to the spot, about a hundred
yards east from the shepherd's house at Dnimnakill, I came upon a group
of seven stones, none of them standing. They may at one time have
formed an enclosure of some kind, and, on the stone second from the
eastmost of the group, there are eleven beautifully formed cups, varying
from 2^ to 4 inches in diameter and from half an inch to an inch in
depth ; they are the deepest and best formed cups I have yet met on
one stone ; it is a large water- worn block of coai-se whinstone, 5 feet
9 inches long, 5 feet broad, and 3 feet above ground pointing eastwards.
The cups are grouped as in the sketch No. 2, the largest cup, 4 inches in
diameter, being in the centre ; and the extreme length of the group of
cups is 2 feet 4 inches.
West from this group of stones, and nearer to the cottage, there is a
raised enclosure 25 to 30 feet in diameter, with a turf-covered wall or
rampart 3 or 4 feet high surrounding it, which in former times was
used as a burying ground for unbaptised infants, and no doubt gave the
name of " Druim na Cille " (the ridge of the burying ground) to the place.
It is within living memory that a burial took place here, and the tradition
is that people came to bury the " wee unchristened bairns " from long
distances, such as Loch Tayside, Glendochart, Balquhidder, and Strathyre.
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24 PR0C5EED1NGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
These burial places are common in the south-west of Ireland, and are
called Kill and Killeens ; but in Scotland we have been in the habit of
associating the word Kil or Cille with a cell or chapel. There is no
evidence to mark that there had been any such near this spot, so that
the conclusion is, that the term Kil in Scotland may also have been
applied to a burying ground, as it is in Ireland.
About a mile south horn the bridge over the Earn at Comrie, on the
moor of Dalginross, and on the left hand side of the road going to Glen-
artney and Braco, there is a well-known standing stone, popularly named
after Samson. It is one of a group of three ; the other two are lying
to the east, and on the upper side of the eastmost one there are twenty-
six cup marks. The stone is partly buried, and slants upwards from
west to east, where it reaches 18 inches above ground. It is of a coarse
granitic rock, with masses of quartz at the east end, and has a thin vein
of quartz running across it from north to south. The stone is a travelled
boulder, 5 feet 3 inches long by 4 feet broad, and by exposure to the
weather and passers-by, the cups are very shallow, but perfectly distinguish-
able as artificial; they vary in size from about 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
About 500 yards south-west from the farm-house of Kindrochet, on
the south side of the Earn, and about 2 miles from St Fillans, there is a
disused burying ground of an oblong form, enclosed in a rough way,
with several large trees standing in it. This is duly marked on the
Ordnance map, but without any name. It is simply known as *' The old
burying ground at Kindrochet." There are a few rude head-stones still
remaining upright. The enclosure is 65 paces in length by 30 paces
broad, and more than one tomb or cist is exposed, bearing evidence
of having been opened— one especially, formed of two large flags of un-
hewn stones for the sides, and two for the ends. It measures 5 feet
long inside, by 2 feet 3 inches broad, and the large stone, 6 feet long,
which formed the cover, lies at the side. This grave is of the same
construction as those noticed in the paper by Mr Beveridge, in the last
-volume of the Society's Proceedings, relating to two ancient burying
grounds of the Pagan period, at Pitreavie.
I regret to say that this ancient burying place has been for a long
time a receptacle for the stones and rubbish gathered from the adjoining
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NOTES NEAR ST FILLANS.
25
fields, and unless steps are taken to prevent the vandalism and desecration,
all trace of the place, and that at no distant date, will be obliterated.
A chapel might have stood at one time within the enclosure, but it is
difficult in its present condition to trace any foundations, and tradition
as well as " place names " are equally
silent on the subject.
An oval water-worn stone of white
quartz (now exhibited and presented
to the Museum) was used as a charm
to resist the evil eye. It was kept
over the lintel of the byre door at
the small croft of Cachladhu, a mile
east from St Fillans, on the south
side of the Earn. The croft was
merged in the adjoining farm some
twenty years ago, and the builtlings
were cleared away. The charm stone
had been in the family for generations
to protect cattle from all kinds of
trouble; other appliances, however,
had to be resorted to. When the
cow was ill, she had to be supplied
with water from a stream that was
commonly crossed by the living and
the dead, and two or three pieces of
silver money were put in the coggie,
and the water was taken from the
bum or river, usually under a bridge,
" in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost," repeated
in Graelic, and then given to the cow, which sometimes got better and
sometimes it did not, but faith in the stone was never lost. I was told
that it is still a custom in the district to place a branch of the mountain
ash or rowan tree over the byre doors, to keep the cattle free of disease.
The flint knife (fig. 1) now exhibited and presented to the Museum,
was found in June 1887 on the farm of North Pet, Tarland, Aberdeen-
Fig. 1. Flint Knife from Tarland
(actaal size).
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26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
shire, where a great number of stone and flint implements have been
picked up from time to time.
This is an interesting example, as being one of the largest and most
characteristic specimens of the knife made from a leaf-shaped flake,
hitherto found in Scotland, where the flints are usually small in size,
and, as a rule, were only used for making arrow-heads. The concave
side of the knife is the natural smooth side of the fracture of the flake
from which it is made, but the outside or convex part is nicely chipped
and worked.
III.
NOTES ON THE TRINITARIAN OR RED FRIARS IN SCOTLAND. AND
ON A RECENTLY DISCOVERED CHARTER OF ALEXANDER IIL
CONFIRMING THE FOUNDATION OF HOUSTOUN BY CRISTIANA
ERASER, WIDOW OF SIR ROGER DE MOUBRAY. By JOSEPH BAIN,
F.S.A. Scot.
The Trinitarian Order of Friars for the Redemption of Christian Cap-
tives^ sometimes called Mathurins or Red Friars, had various houses in
Scotland. Lists of these have been given by Spottiswoode, and more
recently by the Rev. J. F. S. Gordon, D.D., in his Monasticon^ vol. iii
(1867), and the late Rev. Mackenzie Walcott, in his Scoti-Monasticon
(1874). As no chartularies seem to have been preserved, these lists
are probably not very correct. There appear to have been in all ten or
eleven houses, scattered over the country from Dornoch in the north-east,
to Failfurd in the south-west. One of these, Houstoun, in the county
of Edinburgh, seems to have baffled the inquiries of historians from
Chalmers ^WAwards. About a year ago Mr St John Hope, Assistant
Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, sent me a transcript of a charter
which Mr Edward Peacock, F.S.A., had made from the original in the
Berkeley charter-room, asking if I could identify some of the names, as
it appeared to relate to Scotland. I replied, saying who the foundress
was, and I thought that the subject of her grant was Houstoun, in
Linlithgowshire.
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NOTES ON THE TRINITARIAN OR RED FRIARS IN SCOTLAND. 27
My note being written somewhat hastily, I thought little more about
it, nor did I see it till six months after it was printed.^ This made me
look a little more closely into the subject, and I now beg to submit the
results of my inquiry. Only four of the heads of these Trinitarian
houses appear on the Bagman Rolls, as doing homage to Edward I. at
Berwick-on-Tweed on 28th August 1296. These were Friar Adam,
minister of the Order of the Trinity of Berwick ; Friar Thomas, master of
the Trinity of Soltre " del Counte de Edneburk " ; Friar Thomas, master
of the House of the Holy Rood of Peebles ; and Friar John, master of
the Hospital of the Holy Trinity of Howeston "del Counte de
Edneburk." Of this last Chalmers remarks:' — "At Houseton, East
Lothian, there was of old a hospital, though the piety of its founder
and the site of the foundation, be now equally unknown ; as folly has
changed the name of the place which was once devoted by wisdom."
In a note he gives the master's name as it stands on the Reigman Roll,
and quotes from Rymer (it 726), the fact that a writ was soon after
issued to the Sheriff of Haddington directing the restoration of the pro-
perty of the house, adding that in Bagimont's Roll the **magistratus de
Howston," in the deanery of Haddington, is rated at £8, and that it sub-
sequently appears as a provostry in the books of the Privy Seal. This
is all for which this learned and laborious writer found authority, and
he adds no more. He took no notice of Spottiswoode's suggestion that
the place was Houstoun in Renfrewshire, said by him to have been
founded in 1226. Both Dr Gordon and Mr Walcott repeat this
erroneous statement ; though the former seems to have suspected some
error (Monasticon, iii p. 292), which he could not explain. And so the
matter would have rested but for the interesting discovery of the
Berkeley charter.
This charter (as printed from Mr Peacock's transcript) ^ is as follows: —
Alexander Dei gracia Rex Scottorum omnibus probis hominibus tocius terre
sue salatem. Sciatis nos ctmcessisse et hoc present! carta nostra coniirniasAe
donacionem illam quam Cristiana de Mubray sponsa quondam Roger! de Mubray
' Proceedings, vol. xi. p. 98 (11th March 1886).
* Caledonia, ii. p. 608.
^ I have not seen the original.
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28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
militis filia et heres quondam Beraardi Fraser militia, in legittima vidoitate
et libera potestate sua constituta, fecit fratribus Ordinis Sancti Triuitatis et
Captivorum de domo que dicitur Gracia Dei, quam eadem Cristiana fundavit
in Teritorio manerii sui de Huwystun, et de toto eodem manerio et de tota
terra que vocatur Lyneryngbam, in tenemento de Huwystun, et de tota terra
que fuit Hospitalis de Fortun, et de tota terra que fuit quondam Tbome de
Lessedwyn, in villa et in Teritorio de Fortun, et de tota terra de Crauchot
Tenendas et babendas fratribus predicti ordinis et eorum successoribus in per-
petuum de dicta Cristiana et beredibus suis in puram et perpetuam elemo-
sinam cum omnibus libertatibus et aisiamentis ad dictas terras pertinentibus
adeo libere quiete plenarie et bonorifice sicut carta predicte Cristiane eisdem
fratribus exinde confecta plenius inde testatur. Salvo servicio nostro. Testibus
Jobanne Cumjm, Reginaldo le Cben, Symone Fraser, Ricardo Fraser, et David
Brun. Apud Hadyngtun vicesimo sexto die Januarii, anno regni nostri vice-
simo tercio [1271-72].
A fragment of tbe Great Seal in wbite wax is appended by a parch-
ment slip.
This is an extremely interesting document in several respects. For it
unables us to fix with appi'oximate certainty the date of the foundation
of the Trinitarian house of Houstoun, in the county of Edinburgh
(which then included the constabulary of Haddington), the site of which
is yet unknown, though perhaps it may now be discovered. It also
gives the names of some of its possessions there, with the name of its
forgotten foundress, the eldest representative of the Erasers. She
gives it her whole manor of Houstoun, with the houses of her
previous foundation there, called "the Grace of God,** and land
called Lyneryngham, also lands belonging to the hospital of Fortun,
Thomas of Lessedwyn s land in the vill of Fortun, and the land of
Crauchot
When the late Lord Saltoun compiled the valuable account of his
family — The Fraaers of PhUorth — ho could only say regarding Cris-
tiana's father, Sir Bernard Fraser of Fortun and Linton, although he
ranked among the magnates of Scotland in the reign of Alexander IL,
that he was probably also first of Touch Fraser, and sheriff of Stirling
in 1233, and that he died about 1249 toithotU descendants. That he
held considerable possessions and superiorities as a vassal of the Earls
of Dunbar, which lay in Athebtaneford and Linton in East Lothian.
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NOTES ON THE TRINITARIAN OR RED FRIARS IN SCOTLAND. 29
This charter supplies some more information. Sir Eoger de Moubray,
Cristiana's husband, seems to have been dead before 23rd January
1268-69,1 and therefore her foundation charter must have been made
within two years afterwards. She probably had no son, for Sir Geoffry
de Moubray, the next head of the Scottish Moubrays, seems to have had
none of these Fraser lands which Cristiana held, derived from her
father. So he was probably a collateral relative of Sir Roger, if not a
son by a previous marriage. Now, with the aid of Lord Saltoun's book,
and the names given in the charter, I have consulted Blackwood's
County Atlas of Scotland, with some success. The lands of East and
West Fortune are in the parish of Athelstaneford. To the east, in the
parish of Prestonkirk, East and West Crawha [Crauchot] are found.
Houston Mill is marked on the right bank of Tyne water, in the same
parish ; and nearly opposite, on the left bank, is Linton, which seems a
considerable hamlet. There or thereabouts must the lost site of Houston
hospital be looked for.
Having thus, by this lucky discovery of Mr Peacock's, settled the
true neighbourhood of Houstoun, where it may be hoped that efforts will
be made to ascertain if no remains of buildings or local place names
can be traced to fix the exact spot, some remarks may be made on one
or two of the other Scotch houses of the Order. The head of Faile
or Failfurd in Ayrshire, which seems to have been for some reason the
leading house in Scotland, does not appear in the Kagman Roll. Spot-
tiswoode, according to Chalmers {Caledonia, iii. 491), subdivided Failfurd
into three, one a Cluniac cell of Paisley, the other two Trinitarians,
being misled by the variations of its name, Faile, Failfurd, and Loch
FaiL Dr Gordon says (Mon., iii. p. 294) :— " Failford founded 1252, by
whom imknown. The principal of the house was styled ' minister,' and
as head of the Order had a seat in Parliament." Mackenzie Walcott
says the founder was Andrew Brace. He also gives the names of five
of the "ministers." I have not seen the reason why these were so
styled, but the fact is imdoubted. Readers of Blind Harry's Wallace
may remember the curious story told there (Book ii. L 288) about
Thomas Rimour being at the Faile, and his intimacy with the " mynystir,
* CcUendar of Documents (Scotland), vol. I No. 2521.
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30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEBiBEE 12, 1887.
quhilk was a worthie man," &c. It is likely most of the ordinary readers
of the Minstrel in Scotland, if they remark this expression, conclude
that it means the parish minister in the modem sense. Dr Jamieson
does not notice this technical use of the word " minister," probably not
knowing much about the Trinitarians. In his note on the passage he
says, citing Spottiswoode — "This was a cell or priory of the Cluniacenses
in Kyle, Ayrshire, depending on Paisley. The only notice of it in our
history is that the prior in 1544 was one of those who hindered Dum-
barton from being surrendered to the English when the Earl of Lennox
was governor." There is a notice of a minister not named in Walcott's
list, in the Register of Panmure (Appendix to Preface, p. clxiii). On
11th August 1413, William Wallace of Cragie grants leave to his
cousin Aleicander Ochterlony of Kelly, to dam the water of Kelly bum
for his mill. The first witness is *' Freir Andro of Cargil, minister of
Fale." In the Diocesan Registers of Glasgow ^ there are several notices
both of Faile and Houstoun. In 1504 the minister of Failefurd was
provincial-general of the Order in Scotland. His name was Friar
William Houson or Houston, the minister of Houstoun at the same date
being Friar Thomas Dickson. The latter died before 7 th April 1513,
on which day the minister of Failefurd collated Friar Christopher Houson,
a brother of his own house, to the ministry of the house of Houston.*
The minister of Failefurd was also rector and vicar of the church of the
Holy Rood of Bemewill near Ayr.^ This was part of their endowment.
There are some other notices in the above Registers, which seem to be
all that at present are known to exist. Mr Peacock, the discoverer of
the charter which has suggested these remarks, says, " that it has long
been preserved among the records in the evidence-room at Berkeley,
and he can but guess how it foimd its way from Scotland to Gloucester-
shire."
The following information which I have collected may possibly help
such an inquiry. In the printed volume of the Register of the Great
Seal for 1513-46, there is a charter (No. 2569) 8th January 1541-42,
by which James V., from his devotion to the Holy Rood of Peebles,
^ Grampian Club (1875), vol. ii
«7W(f., p. 484. ^Ibid.,1^. 60.
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NOTES ON THE TRINITARIAN OR RED FRIARS IN SCOTLAND. 31
confirms the donation made by quondam Lady Cristiana Mowbray, con-
firmed by quondam Patrick Earl of Dunbar, to the house of Houstoun,
of three carucates of land in their own territory, also the lands of Lyn
geam,i those of the hospital of FortoTin, with lands in the vill and terri-
tory of Fortoun which were Thomas de Lessiddoun's, and the lands of
Cragach,^ vie. Edinburgh, within the constabulary of Hadingtoun, with
the annual rents and lands within the burgh of Hadingtoun — ^like-
wise the resignation of said house, which Master John Cantly, arch-
deacon of St Andrews, procurator for David Kinloch, minister of
Houstoun, made, as also of the ministry of Houstoun, in the hands of
Friar Nicholas, doctor of decretals, chief minister of the Order of the
Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives, who accepted the same,
to be perpetually united with the ministry of Peebles, and the donci-
tion by said minister of Houstoun thereof to Friar James Patersoun,
minister of Peebles, his convent, and successors — all to be ratified by
the Pope.
Thus Houstoun, with the lands granted by Christiana Fraser, and
some additional property in the burgh of Haddington, merged at the
above date in the Trinitarian House of the Holy Rood of Peebles, to
which its charters would therefore be transferred.
The next volume of the Great Seal (1546-80) contains an entry (No.
3037) which shows that on 1st June 1558, Friar Gilbert Broun,
minister of the church of the Holy Rood of Peebles, and his convent,
in consideration of 600 marks paid towards the repair of their hovse
which had been burned by the English during the last war^ grants in feu
farm to James Home in Dunbar, and his heirs, lands in and around
Dunbar extending to 52 acres [minutely described]. There can be little
doubt that the " Haly Rud " of Peebles suffered severely in the devas-
tating raids miade by the orders of the savage tyrant Henry VIII. on
the Eastern and Border counties between the years 1542-47. If one
of the Berkeleys was in the expedition which destroyed the Peebles
house, he may have thus become possessed of the charter, with possibly
other deeds. Thus, from whatever cause, the house of Houstoun was
^ Evidently meant for the Lynyngham of the old foundation charter.
« The '* Crauchot" of the charter.
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32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 12, 1887.
blotted out of the list, by incorporation with that of Peebles, some time
before the Reformation.^
The estate of Houstoun in Linlithgowshire, where I was inclined at
first to look for the site of the above religious house, from its close
proximity to the shire of Edinburgh, seems from the Oreai Seal
Register to have been lay property from an early period. At any
rate, in 1626 it was the property of Sir James Hamilton of Fynnart,
who was taken bound to build a mansion on it^ From him it passed
to the King's familiar servitor George Steyll, in 1630.* From his widow
Christina Wilson, it passed to his son and heir John Steill,* who sold
it in 1546 to a John Hamilton.^ The next owner was Matthew
Hamilton, captain of Blackness Castle in 1548,^ whose brother Robert
seems to have transferred it before 1569 ''^ to a James Robertson, burgess
of Linlithgow. His son, on 4th September of that year,® sold it to
Master John Scharpe, advocate and bui^ess of Edinbuigh, the ancestor,
I presume, of the family who now possess it — the Shairps of Houstoun —
a member of which was the late well-known Principal John Campbell
Shairp of St Andrews University.
^ Since this was in type, I see in the new volome of the Oreai Seal Register
(1680-1598) a charter by James VI. on 17th Aognst 1692 (No. 2166), granting to
his familiar servitor Sir James Sandilandis of Slamannane and his heirs to the lands
of Houstonn, with manor place and fishings, in the constabulary of Hadington and
shire of Edinburgh, which had been forfeited by Andrew Wachope, junior, of Nudrie-
Mersehall, and were held of the minister of the Corskirk of Peblis. These are
clearly the Trinity friars' lands in question.
» Reg. Mag, Sig. (1513-46), No. 381. » Ibid,, No. 967.
* /Mrf., Nos. 1224, 2628. » Ihid. (1546-80), No. 133.
« Ibid., No. 180. . 7 7j^.^ i^To. 1861.
8 Ibid., No. 1883.
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 33
Monday, 9^^ January 1888.
ROBEET HEKDMAN, R.S.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
A Ballot haying been taken, M. Emmanuel Delormb, Secretary of
the Chamber of Commerce, Toulouse, was elected a Corresponding
Member, and the following Gentlemen were duly elected Fellows : —
T. D. Gibson-Carmichael, yr. of Skirling.
William Cowan, 2 Montpellier.
James Donaldson, Merchant, Formby.
Major George Henderson, Sonridge, Kent
J. M. Mackinlat, 4 Westboume Gardens, Glasgow.
Rev. John Maokinnon, Free Church Manse, Nigg.
Rev. T. H. Turnbull, Minister of Lesmahagow.
The following Donations were laid on the table, and thanks voted to
the Donors : —
(1) By James Mackintosh Gow, F.S.A. Scot.
Flint Knife, found on the Farm of North Pet, Tarland, Aberdeenshire.
[See the previous communication by Mr Gow.]
(2) By Thomas Bonner, F.S.A. Scot
Water Jar of black ware, with long narrow neck, probably from
South America.
(3) By Master Clivb Walker, East Merchiston, through Captain
Gordon, 5 Clarendon Crescent.
Bronze socketed Celt or Axe-Head, 3J inches in length by 2 J inches
across the cutting face, the socket nearly round, \\ inches by 1 J inches
in diameter. A raised line surrounds the neck of the celt, half an inch
below the rim of the socket, and there is a loop on one side just below
the raised line. The whole surface is covered with a beautiful green
patina.
VOL. XXIL C
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34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
(4) By Egbert Carfrab, F.S.A. Scot.
Small Celt of Lydian stone, somewhat triangular in shape, 1§ inches
in length, 1 inch across the cutting face, and | inch in greatest thick-
ness, the side edges flattened, and the butt slightly rounded, from
Athens.
Small Celt of porphyritic stone, and of similar triangular shape, 1 J
inches in length by 1 1 inches in width across the cutting face, and J
inch in greatest thickness, from Athens.
Celt of veined slate, 2f inches in length by IJ inches in width
across the cutting face, and f inch in greatest thickness, the butt and
sides rounded and rough, the flat faces polished, from Athens.
Celt of greenstone, 1| inches in length by 1^ inches in width across
the cutting face, and f inch in greatest thickness, the butt and sides
slightly rounded, from the island of Melos.
Two Javanese Swords and Scabbards.
(5) By William Stevenson, Prestwick.
ELnocking-Stone or Mortar, for husking barley, from the farm of Nolt
Mire, near Ayr. Its last use was that of a drinking trough for poultry.
It measures 16 inches in height and 18 inches in diameter, the cavity
being 12 inches diameter and 9 inches in depth in the centre, the
bottom slightly concave, and the sides nearly perpendicular.
(6) By Charles Browning, Arran View, Prestwick, through
WiLUAif Stevenson, Prestwick,
Lower Stone of a Pot-Quern of sandstone, 6 inches in height and
1 3 inches in diameter, the basin on its upper surface being 9 J inches in
diameter and 1^ inches in depth. It is peculiar in having a raised
circular projection of the stone in the centre of the basin, as a pivot for
the upper stone. The stone on the under side is roughly fashioned as
having three feet. A small hole on one side discharges the contents of
the basin.
(7) By Jambs Chisholm, F.S.A. Scot.
Casts in plaster of two halves of a Stone Mould for casting bronze
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 35
socketed celts, found at Rosskeen, Ross-shire. There is a mould for a
small chisel-like implement at one side of the principal mould.
(8) By A. W. Franks, Hon, Mem. S.A. Scot.
Silver Soup Ladle, 16 inches in length, with the stamps I^S
(Inverness), C. J. and R. A., the terminal portion of the handle engraved
with the initials Mr G. W., A. M.
(9) By Dr David R. Pbarson, 23 Upper Phillimore Place, London.
Autotype Copy of the National Covenant of 1638; Perthshire
Signatures, as noticed in the Proceedings (First Series), vol. xii. p. 216.
(10) By George Hamilton, F.S.A. Scot
Valuation Rolls of Kirkcudbrightshire for 1871-72 and 1881-82.
(11) By Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart, M.P., F.S.A. Scot, the
Author.
Studies in the Topography of Galloway. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1887.
(12) By the Council op the Stirling Natural History and
ARCttfiOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Transactions of the Natural History and Archaeological Society of
Stirling.
(13) By James Macdonald, The Farm, Huntly, the Author.
Local Place-Names, with Topographical and Historical Notes. With
Notes on the Vitrified Fort of the Tap-o'-Noth. Huntly Field Club,
12mo, pp. 48, with Ground Plan of Tap-o'-Noth.
There were also Exhibited : —
(1) By H. D. Erskine of Cardross.
Bronze Caldron, found in a so-called Roman Camp on the estate of
Cardross. [See the subsequent communication by Dr Joseph Anderson.]
Tobacco Pipe made of iron, found at Ballibeg, on the same estate.
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36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
(2) By Mr Charles Browning, Merchant, Ayr, through Mr
William Stevenson, Prestwick.
Bronze Spear-Head, 3f inches in length, the loops broken off.
Small Phial of glass, of antique shape, found in Ayr.
The following Communications were read : —
I.
NOTICE OF A BRONZE BUCKET-SHAPED VESSEL OR CALDRON,
exhibited by H. D. ERSKINE, ESQ. OF CARDROSS. By JOSEPH
ANDERSON, LL.D., Assistaut Secretary akd Keeper of the Museum.
The bronze vessel, now exhibited by Mr H. D. Erskine of Cardross, is
the only one of its kind known to me in Scotland, although it belongs to
a well-known class of bronze vessels, of which there are a number of
examples recorded in England and Ireland. An allied class of bronze
vessels closely similar in character, though differing in certain features, is
pretty widely distributed on the Continent.
The caldron now exhibited (fig. 1) is a deep conical or bucket-shaped
vessel, measuring 19 inches in height, 10 inches in diameter across the
bottom, and 14 inches across the mouth, widening to 16 inches at the
shoulder, which is about 2 inches below the brim. The brim, which is
about an inch in depth, is slightly everted. The vessel is made of throe
plates or sheets of bronze hammered very thin, almost as thin as a stout
sheet of packing paper. One plate or sheet forms the bottom, and part
of the lower circumference to a height of 6 inches above the bottom,
the other two, each of which forms one-half of the upper part of the
vessel, are joined to each other and to the bottom part by rivets.
Round the brim is a stout rod or wire of bronze, over which the upper
margin of the sheets forming the sides of the vessel are folded. The
rivets which hold the plates together are placed about an inch apart
from centre to centre, and have " washers " under their heads on the
outside. A number of fractures in the sides of the vessel have been
patched up by bringing the edges together, and driving a row of closely-
set rivets along the line of the fracture. The remarkable thinness of the
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NOTICE OF BROZNE BUCKET-SHAPED VESSEL OR CALDKON. 37
plates makes this method of patching easy and effective. The hamnered
angle or bend of the lower plate to form the bottom of the vessel is
Fig. 1. Bronze Caldron found at Cardross, and bottom of same
(19 inches in height).
strengthened by a flat ring and cross-spokes of bronze cast in one piece,
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38 PUOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
and fastened to the exterior of the bottom by one rivet through the centre
and four in the circumference, one being driven through each extremity
of the cross-spokes. On the circumference of the ring, which is 1^ inches
in width, a flange rises 1 inch in height to protect the weak part of the
plate at the angle formed by the bottom with the side. The cross-
spokes on the bottom are 1 inch in width. They are ornamented with
a pattern of four raised parallel lines meeting a square in the centre of
intersection, while the ring is ornamented by a pattern of four depressed
Hues parallel to the circumference, meeting a group of short incised lines
placed radially to the circumference at the junctions of the four spokes.
The two rings for suspension are peculiarly placed on the inside of the
lip, passing through ornamental flattened loops, the broad ends of which
are clamped over the outside and inside of the lip. The rings, which
are 3f inches in diameter, are four-sided in section, and when lying free
in their loops hang towards the inside of the vessel.
Mr Erskine informs me that this interesting caldron was found in his
grandfather's time in what had always been considered to be a Roman
Camp on the north-west comer of the Flanders Moss, on the estate of
Cardross. This so-called Roman Camp is noticed by Rev. W. Macgregor
Stirling, in his Notes on the Priory of Inchmahome, published in
1815 : — " On the north side of Moss Flanders, on the estate of Cardross,
is the remains, very entire, of a Roman castellum, about 50 paces in
diameter, and irregularly square." From the sketch-plan of it, a rough
copy of which has been sent me by Mr Erskine, it is apparently a
military work, of irregularly rhomboidal form, with unequal sides,
composed of a double rampart, with a ditch between the ramparts, and
a small outwork at one comer. The longest side of the exterior is but
56 paces, and the next longest 49 paces. The space enclosed within
the inner rampart is only 29 paces by 25 paces. It is therefore quite
a small fortalice, and its Roman attribution remains to be investigated.
Formerly all these riveted caldrons of bronze, which we now know to
be of much earlier origin and of native manufacture, were assigned as
camp-kettles to the Roman legions. They are of two varieties of shape,
one large and spheroidal and the other bucket-shaped or conical. The
large spheroidal shape has been found only in the British Isles, and
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KOnCE OF BRONZE BUCKET-SHAPED VESSEL OR CALDRON. 39
most abundantly in Ireland, where the Romans never were. The
conical shape is found not only in the British Isles, but extending over
the Continent to Italy, and in circumstances which assign it to a stage
of civilisation considerably earlier than the Boman Empire.
We have in the Museum a splendid specimen of the spheroidal
caldron from the Moss of Kincardine, in the same valley of the Forth,
and another from the west of Scotland, the workmanship of which is
surprisingly fine, and even beautiful.^ It was in a similar caldron that
the great hoard of bronze weapons dredged up in Duddingstone Loch had
been deposited. The body of the caldron is gone, but its massive ring-
handles remain to bear witness to its presence with the hoard. It was
in one such also that the hoard of bronze weapons found at Kilkerran,
in Ayrshire, had been deposited, as similarly testified by the handles. In
the great Dowris hoard of bronze implements found near Parsonstown,
King's county, Ireland, before 1830, there were several spheroidal
caldrons, and one of the conical form 16 inches high. A summary of the
contents of the hoard, which was probably stowed in the caldrons, is
given by Mr Evans as follows : — " It comprised, besides trumpets and
socketed celts, a casting for a hammer-head, a socketed knife, tanged
knives, razors, a broad rapier-shaped dagger-blade, broken swords, a
dagger formed from part of a sword, spear-heads leaf-shaped and with
openings in the blade, vessels of thin bronze, rough metal, some rattles
or crotals, and rubbing stones for grinding and polishing." ^
This hoard discloses the fact (which we might have inferred from the
similarity of the workmanship) that the spheroidal and the conical
caldrons with these peculiar ring-handles are contemporary forms, and
of native workmanship. Though the conical shape appears on the
Continent it differs in outline, in ornament, and specially in this, that
the handles are never like those of the British and Irish caldrons
— rings affixed to the brim by flat ornamented loops.
I only know of one French example of the conical bronze vesseL
^ See ** Notice of a Bronze Caldron, found with several small Kegs of Butter, in a
Moss near Kyleakin, Skye; with Notes of other Caldrons of Bronze found in
Scotland," in the Prooeedinga (Second Series), voL vii. pp. 309, 815, for figures
of these caldrons.
^ Evans, Brcmzt ImpUmerUs qf Qreai Britain^ p. 861 and p. 412.
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40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
It is much smaller than our caldrons, and is in fact a cinerary urn,
found in a tumulus in Brittany,^ filled with burnt bones, and covered by a
shallow round-bottomed vessel, also of bronze. It has a simple bucket
shape without neck or shoulder, and a pair of outside ears or loops for a
bow-handle.
Conical vessels of bronze, also of smaller size than our caldrons, though,
like them, formed of thin plates riveted together, have been occasionally
found in the grave-mounds of Switzerland. One such from a grave-
mound at Russikon in Canton, Zurich,^ is 9 J inches in height by 7^
inches across the mouth, and has two pairs of rivet-holes on opposite
sides near the brim, but the attachments of the handle no longer exist.
Two, measuring respectively 1 If inches high by 1 If inches diameter at
the mouth, and lOf inches high by llf across the mouth, having fixed
projecting side handles, attached by rivets beneath the shoulder, and
ornamented on the side by an incised wheel pattern flanked by birds*
heads, were found in a moss at Siem, in Oalberg, Jylland, and are in
the Copenhagen Museum.* A third, which is more of a doubly conical
shape, with the shoulder near the middle of its height, and tapering
both to the top and bottom, was found in 1862 in a peat-moss at Lavinds-
gaard, Ronninge, Denmark. It stands 13 inches high, and is 8 J inches
diameter at the mouth, but widens to 12 inches at the middle, and has
a couple of fixed projecting side handles at the shoulder. When found
there were in it eleven vases of fine gold, all of one size and form,
but differently ornamented with patterns of concentric rings in repousse
work. They measured 4f inches diameter and 2^ inches deep, and were
shaped like the bowl of a ladle, having long handles ending in birds*
heads.* The core of the handles was of bronze, bound round with gold
wire. The gold was almost pure, and the aggregate weight was 74
ounces. The find, which is now in the Copenhagen Museum, was made
* Bevue Archasologiqttef 1878, p. 826.
' MiUheilungen der AfUiquarishen Qeaselschaft, Zurich, vol. il Taf. 2, fig. 7, and
p. 84.
' Madsen's Jfbildninger, vol. ii. pi. xxiv., and Lindenwjhmidt's AUerthumer,
vol. iii. p. 9.
* Madsen's JjbUdningery vol. ii. pis. xxv.-xxvii.
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NOTICE OF BRONZE BUCKET-SHAPED VESSEL OR CALDRON. 41
by a man who had obtained leave from a neighbouring proprietor to dig
some peats for himself as a favour.
A number of these conical vessels were found in the great cemetery of
Hallstadt, in Austria.^ Some had covers, and were used as cinerary urns.
Some had single or double bow-handles of brass and sometimes of iron,
swung in ears or loops attached to the outside of the brim. Others had
two or sometimes three broad loop-handles fixed from the shoulder to
the brim, and others had no handles of any kind. They ranged from
about 9 inches in height by 7^ inches in diameter at the mouth, to
about 20 inches in height by 15 inches in diameter at the mouth.
But, as I have said, all these foreign examples differ from the Scottish
and Irish caldrons, in having fixed side handles like the terra-cotta vases
implanted on the sides, often at a considerable distance beneath the brim,
whereas the native method of handling is by rings loosely held in a
broad ornamental loop, projecting on the inner side of the brim over the
concavity of the vessel.
As to the uses of these great caldrons, there is no doubt that the
legendary literature is right when it assigns to them a culinary purpose.
They are often referred to as heir-looms in families, and as forming part
of the royal property of the early kings. For instance, in the ancient
historical tale called the Banquet of Dun Na-n-Gedh and the causes of
the Battle of Magh Rath, events assigned to the seventh century, there
is an account of the regal caldron which belonged to Eoghan Buidhe,
king of Dalriada in Scotland, and was kept in his palace at Dan
Monaidh. It is described as " the cauldron which used to give his
proper share to each, and no party went away from it unsatisfied, for
whatever quantity was put into it, there was never boiled of it but what
was sufl&cient for the company according to their grade and rank"; and
it is added that it was a similar caldron to six others which are
separately enumerated as historical caldrons kept in the royal palaces of
Ireland, the fame of which is supposed to have been familiar to the
reader of the story. In the account of the Boromean tribute preserved
in the Book of Leinster, we read of bronze caldrons for brewing the ale
of the various chiefs, of which some were so large that a couple of sheep
1 Von Sacken, Das Ordbfeldt von EalUtadt^ Taf. xx.
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42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
could be boiled in them at once. It must be remembered that the
sheep were smaller then than now. Caldrons are also mentioned
in the Book of Eights as part of the tribute due by one king to
another.
Of course, these literary references are long after the time to which
both forms of these thin bronze caldrons properly belong. The objects
found with them at Dowris and in the Heathery Bum Cave show clearly
that they must be referred to the latter part of the Bronze Age — that is,
to a period before the introduction of iron into Britain, or probably to
some centuries before the Christian era. But such serviceable utensils
as these, having once become fashionable and historical, would not go
readily out of use. We have examples of them, found with hoards of
iron objects — tools and weapons of the Iron Age — just as we had the
earlier examples found with hoards of the Bronze Age.
II.
NOTICE OF THE OPENING OF A SEPULCHRAL CAIRN AT BALNALICK,
GLEN URQUHART, INVERNESS-SHIRE; WITH NOTES ON CUP-
MARKED STONES IN GLEN URQUHART. By ANGUS GRANT,
SCHOOLMASTKE, GlEN UeQUHART.
The cairn occupies the whole width of the top of a low, birch-clad
ridge, about 200 yards S.W. of the farm-house, and is 800 feet above
sea-leveL It is almost a perfect circle; the diameter N.E. and S.W.
and the diameter N.W. and S.E. being respectively 54 feet and 53
feet; and the height of its centre above the natural surface is 4 feet
The stones, of which it is exclusively composed, are small, with the
exception of a row of large irregular blocks, 3 and 4 feet in length,
round the circumference. These have successfully served as a retaining
wall for the lighter material enclosed; but they were neither carefully
set nor placed in the order of their size, as in the rings of stone in the
so-called Druidical circles. The field on the N.W. comes up close
to the cairn; and, between it and the field on the S.E. side, there is a
narrow space which is used as a cart track Careful examination of the
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OPENING OF A SEPULCHRAL CAIRN AT BALNALICK. 43
undisturbed ground on the other two sides, and inquiry made in the
district, failed to find any trace of an outer circle of standing stones.
Towards the end of July last, the farmer, in an idle moment, began
removing the stones at the centre of the cairn; and soon came
upon a flag, which covered a laige urn containing bits of bone mixed
with something which he supposed to be earth. In trying to remove
the urn, it came away piecemeal, and appeared to him to be " perfectly
rotten. ** The contents having been turned over, a bronze blade was
discovered. When the urn and its contents were disposed of, digging
was resumed and a cist exposed. Nothing was found in it save ^ bits
of bone and eartL" The lid, which was broken in the lifting, was
then carefully replaced; the fragments of the shattered urn and the
bones, all but a few bits kept as specimens, were thrown into the hole ;
and the mass of removed stones hurled in after them.
On the 6th of August an Oxford gentleman, then resident here, and
I re-opened the cairn, at the farmer's invitation, and carefully examined
it in his presence. We dug down the centre, and found that the urn
had been placed just in the middle, and rested on stones, about a foot
above the natural surface. About 2 feet N. W. of it was the near edge
of the cist It is 2 feet long, 15 inches broad, and 7 inches deep,
inside measurementa Its greatest length lies N.K and S.W. The sides
and ends are composed of six flags on edge, and the bottom flag was
placed inside, and not under, the sides. On the bottom there was a
depth of about an inch of earthy matter mixed with chips of bone.
After carefully examining this deposit, and retaining the larger pieces of
bone, we raised the lower flag, and found a similar layer of earthy
matter and bone fragments, 2 inches deep, with a few angular pieces of
clear quartz of diflbrent sizes, scattered over it. Below this, and lying
upon the natural surface, there was a layer of about 2 inches of ashes and
charcoal On removing one of the side flags, it was seen that the same
layers extended beyond the cist on all sides ; and that the side flags
themselves, although sunk almost to the natural surface, had the same
materials under their edges. These appearances suggested the idea that
the cist was built upon the top of the ashes and other debris ; and that
the sides of it, which were about 14 inches long, were pushed down by
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44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
the superincumbent weight, thus making the cist shallower. We carried
away all the pieces of bone which were considered large enough to be of
use for indicating or establishing the species. I submitted them to Dr
M*Kenzie, Morpeth, who pronounces two of the species to be human,
one small long bone to be that of some small quadruped, as a dog, and
the rest doubtful. The small long bone was found underneath the cist,
and so was also the fragment of charcoal. As the contents of the urn
were scattered, and probably got mixed up with the contents of the cist,
I regret it cannot now be said, with any certainty, which of the other
specimens of bone belong to the one, and which to the other. The
fanner says that some pieces in the um were easily recognisable as parts
of a skull.
The Um. — ^The flag which covered the urn is 18 inches by 15 inches,
and 4 inches thick. The farmer reports that the width of the flag was
almost " flush " with the width of the um, thus indicating the diameter
of the latter to be about 15 inches; and that the brim of it, when
exposed, appeared to be quite circular. We carried away all the pieces
that could be found, with a view to reconstruction ; but the greater part
seems to have been quite pulverised. The pottery is coarse, brown
outside and light slate-colour inside. The clay was mixed with crushed
hornblende rock for sand. Numerous boulders of this rock are met
with in the district, and even in the cairn, and when sufficiently
weathered are easily converted into a sharp sand. The fragments of the
um recovered are from ^ inch to a little less than f inch thick. It was
hand made, the marks made by the papillary ridges of the finger tips
being wonderfully distinct on the inside; and so are also the marks of
the nails, where some parts of the interior were moulded backhanded by
the operator. These fragments show no attempt whatever at decoration}
with the exception of a mde collar about an inch from the top, which
seems to have been made by pressing two shallow parallel grooves into
the soft clay with the points of the fingers, and leaving an irregular
ridge between.
About 6 inches of the brim has been reconstructed by cementing
together parts whose fractures coincide ; and, assuming it to be circular,
the diameter must have been very nearly 14^ inches. Two small
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OPENING OF A SEPULCHRAX CAIRN AT BALNAUCK.
45
segments of the base have also been found, one 1 J inch, and the other
1 J inch long, which indicate a basal diameter of some 6 inches. From
these fragments of top and bottom, and a careful examination of the
contour of the other pieces in my possession, I have attempted the
restoration shown in fig. 1, at one-fifth of the natural size. If my
Fig. 1. Urn found ut Balnalick, Glen Ui-quhart
(13i inches in height).
restoration is correct, the dimensions of the urn would have been as
follows : —
Outside diameter of mouth, 14J inches.
„ „ bottom, . 6 »
height, 13i „
The Bronze Blade, — This is in a state of excellent preservation, except
the point and edges, the former of which is broken off, and the latter
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46
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
corroded and broken into a serrated outline. The sides are beautifully
polished, and free from rust. Following out the curves of the edges, it
would appear that about half an inch of the point is amissing. As
it is, the length of the blade to the shoulder of the tang is 2f inches ;
the tang is 1 J inch more, or a total of 3i^ inches ; the breadth is 1 inch,
and the greatest thickness ^ inch.
Both sides (as may be seen in fig. 2) are neatly ornamented with
geometrical designs, similar to those on the Rogart blade. That on one
Fig. 2. Bronze Blade found in the Urn at Balnalick, Glen Urqnhart
(actual size).
side consists of an oblong panel nearly f inch wide at the point end of
the blade, and tapering slightly towards the other. Within the fillet of
the panel, other fillets, crossing each other, form a lattice enclosing a row
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OPENING OF A SEPULCHRAL CAIRN AT BALNALICK. 47
of 3^ lozenges of yarjing size. Both the lozenges and the vacant spaces
between them and the sides of the panel are neatly and minutely
** cross-hatched." The fillets, or frame of the panel, have a dotted line
running along their middle, while those of the lattice are similarly re-
lieved, not, however, by dotted, but by continuous lines. The design on
the reverse, though similar, is neither so elaborate nor so well executed.
It also consists of a panel, which is unequally divided into five com-
partments by transverse straight lines. Each of these lines is the base
of an isosceles triangle, whose vertex extends to the next transverse
line towards the point of the blade. There is thus a row of five
triangles, with their vertices towards the point. The empty spaces,
between them and the sides of the panel, are filled up with " cross-
hatched " lines. The slightly curved fillets of this panel are ornamented
with a row of short lines instead of points. The fillets of both panels
next the tang, if ever there, are now quite obliterated. The sketches
are, after careful drawings to scale, by Mr Burgess, banker here, who
takes a keen and intelligent interest in the antiquities of the district.
Cup-Marked Stones in Glen Urquhart.
The following cup-marked surfaces in Glen Urquhart are not included
in the paper read by Mr Jolly, 9th May 1881: —
1. A stone, built into the dike along the road between Drumcore and
Upper Drumbuie, shows two markings — one 2 inches in diameter and J
inch deep ; and the other, which has been fractured, was about 3 inches
diameter, and somewhat deeper than the former. The stone is a fragment
of a carried boulder of gneiss, which lay upon the great conglomerate in
the adjoining field until it was broken up a few years ago and cleared
off.
2. Between Easter and Wester Achtuie, and in the moor just beyond
the dike, there is a long ridge of compact close-grained sandstone,
running E.N.E., and covered with stunted heather. The strata dip
down the western slope of the ridge at a steep angle, and their tilted-
up edges form the eastern slope. The whole surface has been glaciated,
and the stone has preserved the marks so well that it is by far the best
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48
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUAEY 9, 1888.
example of glaciation in the district. The bevelled edges of the strata
on the eastern slope have been extensively cup-marked ; but to what
extent it is impossible to say, as the most of the cups discovered were
hidden under the matted turf. A few patches of the underlying rock
are exposed ; and, while admiring the ice-marks upon one of these, three
years ago, I observed the first cup. I visited the spot frequently since,
and succeeded in finding, up till now, a total of 88 cups varying in size,
from 3 inches diameter and 1 J in depth, to surfaces an inch in diameter
simply ** roughened " over with a pointed tooL Fortunately, the mark-
ings are not on the "bed" or surface of the strata (where the presence
of the ripple marks would make it difficult sometimes to distinguish the
natural from the artificial), but on the polished edges where the least
artificial marking is detected.
The sculptured surfaces arrange themselves roughly about an imagin-
ary line drawn obliquely N.E. and S.W. along the slope, and measuring
40 yards in length.
On surface No. 1 there is one cup 2 J inches diameter and f inch
deep.
No. 2 has 5 cups — the first 4 smoothed and rounded more than any
of the others on the ridge.
The following are the dimensions : —
No.
Diameter.
Depth.
1
3 inches
1 inch
2
3 „
1 .,
3
H „
1 ..
4
2i „
1 .,
5
2 „
No. 3.
1 .,
1
2^ inches
^ inch
2
2 „
s ..
3
1 „
pitted surface
4
1 „
pitted surface
No. 4.
The four markings are all about 1 inch diameter, and quite shallow.
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CUP-MARKED STONES IN GLEN CBQUHART.
49
No. 5.
No.
Diameter.
Depth.
1
IJ inches
J inch
2
H ,,
i »
3 and 7
1 „
h .,
4, 5, 6, 8, .
)
9, 11, 12,
1 ,.
very shallow
13 and 14,
)
Two others, not numbered,
are pitted surfaces,
1 inch diameter.
No. 6.
The 15 marks on this surface vary from a little over an inch to f
inch in diameter, and are all shallow pitted surfaces.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 a banning.
18
19
20
No.
1
2
No. 7.
Diameter.
Depth.
2 inches
i inch
2
»
i .,
n
»
~ >»
1
>»
~ »
3
»
i ..
2i
'»
h „
2
>»
i ,.
3x2
»
i .
1
?»
i ..
H
»i
i -,
2
»>
t »
li
»»
i .,
2i X 2
»
i .,
3 X 2^
»
1 »
1
»
" »>
2J X 2
>»
1 ,,
2i
»
i «
2
»
i ..
H
J?
} ,,
No. 8.
Diameter.
Depth.
2 X li
inches
i inch
2
»
i „
VOL. XXII.
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60
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
No.
Diametei
Depth.
3
li
inches
^inch
4
2
>»
i ,.
6
2
»
i »
6
li
»
i »
7
1
))
~ »
8
3 X
3i
i>
li «
9
2i X
2
»
i ..
10
2ix
2
99
i »
11
2i x
2
»
i ,.
12
. 2i
»»
* .,
13
2ix
2i
»»
i »
14
2ix
2
»
i »
16
16
|l
>»
pitted surface
17
3
>»
1 inch
18
2
>1
i ,.
19
2i
»»
If .,
20
2
>»
pitted surface
21
22
}'
V
pitted surface
No. 9.
Only one cup, 3 inches diameter and ^ inch deep.
With the exception of those on surface No. 2, referred to above,
almost all the other cups and markings are irregular in outline and
rough of surface. The pitted nature of the surface shows clearly
that they were punched out by a pointed, but not very sharp, tool.
The strokes must have been delivered with a firmness and precision
attainable only by the use of a mallet.
I examined a number of markings to find whether the workman left the
mark of his tool beyond the bounds of the cup, as even the most careful
workman would be liable to do by a slip ; but I am not satisfied that
there is any such mark.
A number of them were under turf 6 inches thick. In No. 7, almost
all the cups are made on a crack or other fault ; while in No. 8 they
are placed on the more solid parts of the edge, and keep clear of the faults.
The latter surface is also remarkable for the great number of dots all
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CUP-MARKED STONES IN GLEN URQUHART. . 51
over the surface, which seem to have been made by striking with the
workman's tool, aimlessly, as a child might do to amuse itself.
No other kind of sculpture has been found yet. This is the only
instance, in this district, of cup-markings on the rock in situ, or even
on sandstone.
III.
ON A PARTICULAR KIND OF FLINT KNIFE COMMON IN THE COUNTY
OF ANTRIM, IRELAND. By Rev. GEO. RAPHAEL BUICK, A.M.,
Fellow op the Royal Historical and Archjeological Association op
IllBLAND.
Some time ago, when reading Dr Anderson's Scotland in Pagan
Times (Bronze and Stone Ages), I was struck with the close resem-
blance between a little flint object described and figured by him, and a
series of small implements fashioned out of the same material which I
happen to have in my collection of Irish antiquities. The object in
question was found in the chambered cairn of Ormiegill, in Caithness.
It is represented by figure 246 on page 246 of the work referred to, and
is described as " an arrow-head of flint, triangular in form, but lop-sided
and hollowed at the base." Evans, in his Ancient Stone Implements of
Great Britain, gives the same woodcut, and speaks of the object itself
in similar terms. I have not had an opportunity of seeing it, but I am
so familiar with objects like it in make and shape that, assuming the
representation in the books not to be misleading, I feel inclined to
question the application to it of the term " arrow-head."
I may be wrong, I admit, in so doing ; but, at any rate, a description
of the small implements resembling it in my possession, and which have
suggested the possibility of a mistake as to its real character, may not
be without interest to the members of the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland. They are very common here in Mid-Antrim. They have
also been met with in the counties of Deny and Donegal; and I dare-
say in other parts of the country as well. Locally, they are known as
knives, and there can be no doubt but the name is in accordance with
the uses to which they were once put. Their average length is from
about an inch and a half to two and a half inches. Some are as much
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52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
as 4 incHes long, others do not measure an inch ; but these extreme
sizes are comparatively rare. They have been formed from thin leaf-
shaped flakes by chipping away one side as far as the ridge or midrib,
Fig. 1.
and then working a tang at the butt by means of which the blade
might be inserted in a handle. As the result, we have a knife the edge
of which is formed by the natural fracture of the flint — a part, in fact,
of the sharp margin of the flake operated upon — and with a back thick
and strong like that of an ordinary razor (fig. 1).
A blade of this kind mounted securely in a handle of wood or horn
would be almost identical in shape and size with the knife at present in
general use by shoemakers, — especially when it has been somewhat
worn through use, — and would answer admirably for cutting the skins
Fig. 2. Fig. 8.
of which, it is just possible, the garments of the original owners were
made. Nor would its use in all likelihood be confined to tailoring of
this description. It would serve a variety of useful purposes, and when
worn out and useless could easily be replaced.
The particular shape, which the blade so made assumed, depended as
a matter of course to a considerable extent on that of the flake operated
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A PARTICULAR KIND OF FLINT KNIFE.
53
upon. If the flake was long and narrow, the manufactured implement
was of the same length, but only about half the breadtL If the flake
was short and broad, the resulting blade was also short and comparat
tively broad. Compare fig. 1 with figs. 2 and 3.
When it so happened that the length was less than the breadth, the
completed knife had its edge almost at right angles to the tang. One
of this description, set after the same fashion as the ordinary stone
hatchet in a handle of wood or horn — that is, with the cutting edge
parallel to the handle and protruding from it but a little — would make
Fig. 4.
a capital fleam. I fancy many of them were thus set, and afterwards
used for bleeding cattle.
The shape of the knife also depended upon the particular part of the
flake which was chipped away. Suppose we take a thin triangular
flake, and place it with the butt directed toward us and the ridged
surface uppermost. If we chip away the half to the right hand (I
Fig. 5.
refer to a flake the ridge of which is central or nearly so), and then
work a tang at the butt, the blade so formed will be what is called
" a right-handed " one, i.e., it will be one best fitted for cutting towards
the person. But if we chip away the half to the left hand, the result
will be a left-handed blade, or one specially fitted for cutting away
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54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888^
from the person. Figs. 1 and 2 represent left-handed knives: fig. 5
represents a right-handed knife.
The one kind of knife is about as plentiful as the other. Out of a
hundred specimens taken at random, 57 were right-handed and 43 left-
handed.
As to the tangs themselves, they are
■^T^?^^^"SE^7^'^'^%fl^r^-V|^ sometimes round, but generally flat.
> '*1- V J When flat they are often worked so as
\, "if" y' to present a concave appearance on the
"^'•jj^-: ^. edge away from the back (see fig. 5).
"**^ When there is no such hollow, the
Fig- 6. tang is of a neat triangular form (see
figs. 2 and 6).
Sometimes the flat or broad tang b worked on both sides ; sometimes
only on one. K the original flake was thin enough very little work
was expended upon it, and this, as a rule, was confined to one side.
If the flake was rather thick, the tang was dressed on both sides until
it was reduced to a size suitable for insertion. Comparatively few
blades are found broken across the tang, a proof that when the knife
was fairly treated it answered thoroughly the end for which it was
designed.
Like the tang, the back of the blade was sometimes worked, or chipped,
on one side, sometimes on both. Those which are worked on both sides
have it usually very sharp. But this sharp back was certainly not used.
Fig. 7.
as some have supposed, for cutting. It never shows any signs of wear
and tear. These evidences of use are always found on the part formed
by what remains of the unchipped margin of the original flake. This,
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A PABTICULAR KIND OF FLIKT KNIFE. 65
and this alone, deserves the name of edge. It is always fonned hy the
natural fracture of the flint. In many instances this edge is greatly
worn and deeply indented, as though the owners had used them much
and roughly. A few specimens have been met with (one or two out
of every hundred), the edges of which have been dressed or chipped by
way of resharpening them. I have tried the cutting powers of both
kinds on pieces of leather, and find that the undressed blade is the
superior of the two ; doing the work more neatly, and with greater ease
to the operator, than the other.
The point of the blade, as a rule, is sharp, but there are many
exceptions. Not a few have it truncated or rounded oflF by chipping.
Some, after being chipped, have been ground to make the rounded end
perfectly smootL At first I was inclined to believe that specimens
of this kind had been tampered with, but I soon found* reasons to
discard the supposition. Blades with the point chipped or ground off
are met with under circumstances which preclude the possibility of
any such tampering. Besides, tanged and untanged flakes with the
points chipped off are common enough in the neighbourhood of the
localities in which the knives I am describing abound. They are to
be met with all along the banks of the river Bann, which separates the
county of Antrim from that of Derry. At Toome, where the river leaves
Lough Neagh, they are fairly abundant. Many are dug out of the
diatomaceous clays which line the banks, especially in the neighbourhood
of Portglenone. These flakes are of a good size — from 3 to 5
inches being the usual lengths. Evans, who was the first to describe
them, r^ards them as having been spear-heads or javelins. It is much
more likely, however, that they were knives. If they were intended
to be used as spears why touch the point at alii Why destroy the
symmetry of the flake or interfere with the keen sharpness of the
original point? And more, many of these flakes never had a sharp
point, as is evident from the remains of the outer crust of the core from
which they were struck still adhering at the spot where the point
should have been. And yet these pointless flakes are tanged, and show
signs of wear and tear on the edges, so that evidently they were used
for cutting rather than for piercing.
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56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
In my opinion, they were used principally for scaling and cutting-up
fish.
The Bann has always abounded in trout and salmon, and flakes of
this description are more abundant in its immediate neighbourhood than
anywhere else.
Flakeaf of the same kind, i,e., with truncated point, but untanged,
are also common. These were used in the hand immediately, and with-
out a handle of any kind. The tanged ones had handles attached to
them, or were wrapped round at the butt with fibre or skin. One with
the wrapping of fibre still upon it was found a few years ago, and was
exhibited at the Paris Exhibition in 1876. But whether handled or
not it would be a great advantage in either case to be able to apply the
forefinger to the point of the blade without risk of being wounded,
since in this way an amount of pressure otherwise unattainable could
easily be applied to it. Here, then, is the reason why the particular
knives under consideration have their points rounded oflF or removed
altogether. The part so rounded off, either by chipping or grinding,
formed a convenient rest for the forefinger of the hand in which the
knife was held. The additional force thus applied enabled the operator
to do work with the knife which, without such a contrivance, would
have been practically impossible.
ii'
Fig. 8. Brouze Knife, after Keller.
It is worth while to note, in passing, that certain bronze knives from
the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland exhibit a similar contrivance. They
have a peculiar hollow or indentation on the back. Keller figures
several, and asserts that the hollow was intended to receive the point
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A PABTICULAR KIND OF FLINT KNIFE. 57
of the forefinger, and thus to facilitate the management of the implement.
The correctness of this opinion is borne out by the fact that in those
instances in which the knife was handled the hollow or indentation is
nearer the tang than in those specimens which were used in the hand
immediately and without a handle.
If I am correct in thb interpretation of the truncated point (and I
don't see what other probable reason can be assigned), then it is clear
the objects under consideration cannot be arrow-heads. Here, as else-
where, the more specialised form explains the use and design of the less
specialised. And yet they have often been
described as such. In not a few museums they
are labelled " single-winged arrow-heads."
One enthusiastic antiquarian in the north of
Ireland has recently figured them in a pro- pj^ ^ j.^.^^ ^^.j^^ ^^^
minent archaeological journal as " borers. " rounded Point.
These descriptions are wide of the mark. An odd specimen, here and
there, might indeed serve at a pinch as an arrow-point, but the majority
are altogether unsuited to do anything of the kind. Instead of helping
to make an arrow, if attached to it, an effective weapon, almost any one
of them would in reality render it worse than useless. Sir William
Wilde saw this clearly, and accordingly, when arranging the Museum
of the Royal Irish Academy, he put the nine specimens which were
there into the department, not of the arrow-heads, but of the knives.
And now, accepting them as knives, are we to regard them as the
prototypes of the metal knife? Or, are we to look upon them as
copies in stone of bronze and iron blades with which their makers were
already familiar, and which, from the principle of economy or a scarcity
of metal, they set themselves to imitate ? These questions are fidl of
interest, and they are not altogether unimportant.
The evidence available for their solution is partly negative and partly
positive. Taking the negative evidence first, it just amounts to this,
that no knife of this particular class has been found in any cairn, barrow,
or cist, associated with the interment of bodies burned or unburned.
(I am taking it for granted that the somewhat similar object figured by
Dr Anderson, and to which I referred at the beginning of this paper, is
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58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1888.
really an arrow-point, or at any rate that it does not belong to the class
of implements with which I am dealing.) There is nothing like them
from the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland. Kor have they been found
in any Scotch or Irish crannog. In Canon Grainger's fine collection of
Irish antiquities at Broughshane, near Ballymona, county Antrim, there
is, I find, a single specimen labelled as coming from the Lisnacroghera
crannog, and associated with the magificent sword sheaths of bronze and
other objects of rare interest from this particular spot. But it is not at
all certain that it came from the crannog, or even belongs to it. The
neighbourhood of Lisnacroghera is one of the localities in which objects
of this kind abound, and I understand that the person who sold it to Dr
Grainger merely stated that it came from Lisnacroghera, a rather vague
description, since this is the name of a large townland as well as of the
crannog which is situated within its bounds.
So far then as the negative evidence is concerned, it is against the
supposition that these knives have come down to us from the Stone
Age.
But what of the positive evidence? This in itself is somewhat
meagre. Such as it is, however, it throws a little additional light upon
the subject It amounts to this. A few specimens have been found at
the so-called prehistoric sites among the sand dunes along the sea coast
of Antrim, Derry, and Donegal, at Castlerock, Portstewart, White Park
Bay near Ballintoy, and Bundoran. Here they were associated with
arrow-heads, scrapers, hammer-stones, flint-flakes, cores, unglazed pottery,
and other objects of a primitive kind. There is no reason, however, to
believe that these objects belong to a very ancient civilisation.
Certainly they do not deserve to be classed as neolithic in the proper
sense of the term. I have worked among them diligently for years, and
can perceive many indications pointing in the direction of the conclusion
that they are comparatively recent. For example, bronze in small
quantities is met with at Castlerock and Portstewart. And at least two
bronze pins have lately been found at White Park Bay, Ballintoy, lying
on the surface amongst the scrapers, flakes, hammer-stones, and other
stock in trade of the former residents. No bronze, indeed, has been met
with as yet in *'the black layer*'; that is, the hitherto undisturbed
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A PAKTICULAB KIND OF FLINT KNIFE.
59
surface upon which the people who occupied the spot lived and worked,
and which has been coloured, in a way to justify the name given to it,
through the decay of vegetable and animal matter. But there is no
good reason for denying the possible connection of what little has been
found with the other remains.
Again, at all the places just mentioned the pottery which is abundant
is identical in make and ornamentation with that which belongs to, and
is characteristic of, the Bronze Age. It is hand-made ; for the most part
Fig. 10.
imperfectly burnt ; unglazed ; and much of it is ornamented with in-
cised lines arranged in rectilinear patterns. In no respect does it differ
from the burial urns which have been recovered from cists, and barrows,
and megalithic structures all over the north of Ireland, the majority of
which are referable to the latter part of the Age of Bronze. Here,
however, there is this peculiarity. It is not associated with burial at all.
The remarkable thing about it is that at the places mentioned, and at
other spots along the north-east coast, it occurs in kitchen-middens. It
must have formed part and parcel of the domestic possessions of the
so-called prehistoric occupants. Now, according to Canon Greenwell
(see British Barrows), pottery of this description is only found in
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60
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUABY 9, 1888.
England in connection with interments. It is never met with at
the spots where the original possessors lived, hut solely at the places
where they were huried. Domestic pottery is never ornamented.
That employed for burial purposes usually ia But here we
find ornamented pottery of precisely the same character as that almost
universally associated with other grave goods amongst the usual
kitchen-midden finds. How is this to be accounted for ? What is the
explanation 1 It seems to me to indicate for the occupation of the sites
a period subsequent not only to the introduction into this country of
bronze, but subsequent also to the introduction of Christianity. The
spread of the Christian religion would put an end both to cremation and
to the feeling of sacredness associated with a species of earthenware
which for ages had been reserved for the tombs of the dead. Hence-
forth, there would be nothing to prevent the use of this ornamented
pottery for domestic purposes, and we might therefore expect to see
Fig. 11. Flint Knife, mounted in handle.
Fig. 12. Shoemaker's old Knife, for comparison ; blade of iron,
handle of wood.
traces of its employment in this very way during the period intervening
between the general establishment of Christianity on the one hand, and
the introduction of the potter's wheel and the art of glazing fictile ware
on the other.
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A PARTICULAR KIND OF FLINT KNIFE. 61
Reasoning thus, I would refer to this period those small communities
which have left behind them along the shores of Antrim, Deny, and
Donegal the many traces of their poor and somewhat archaic culture.
If I am correct in so doing, it would necessarily follow that the knives
found at Castlerock, Portstewart, Ballintoy, and Bundoran, and indeed
the entire class to which they belong, cannot be the prototypes of the metal
knife. And if they are not the prototypes, what can they be but copies ;
imitations in flint of implements much needed, but which must have
been for a long time rather rare, and in consequence very costly ?
In the Catalogue of the Royal Irish Academy, there is a sketch taken
from an illuminated copy of the Topographia Hibemim of Giraldus
Cambrensis, page 312, fig. 197. It represents " the Scribe writing the
marvellous Kildare Grospels." He is seated in what is called a bird-
cage chair. Before him is a desk which supports the work he is
engaged on. The person is probably an ecclesiastic, as the top of his
head is shaved- In his right hand he holds a pen, and in the left a
knife with which he keeps the page in its place. This knife corre-
sponds in shape to those under consideration. One of the latter set in
a handle would match it exactly. Could it have been that they were
used by the monks of the Early Celtic Church in preparing the skins
for their illuminated manuscripts, and for making erasures when these
became necessary as they proceeded with their work ?
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62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
Monday, 2Srd January 1888.
Sheriff NOEMAN MACPHERSON, LL.D., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly
elected Fellows : —
Major-Gen. The Hon. Alexander Stewart, Corebie, Newton Stewart
Andrew Tosh, Solicitor, Selkirk.
Rev. William Hat Wilson, Inverness.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By Alexander Macdonald, Schoolmaster, Monimail, Fife.
Stone Implement, found at Monimail, being a flattened circular
pebble of greenstone, 2 J inches diameter by 1 inch in thickness, on the
flattened upper surface of which is hollowed a circular concavity IJ
inches diameter and half an inch in depth in the centre. Such pebbles,
with circular or oval concavities hollowed on both of their flattened faces
Small Cup Stones from Dunnichen and Monimail
(3^ and 24 inches diameter).
are more common than those with a single cavity on one face only.
There is in the Museum a rare variety of the latter form from Dunnichen,
Forfarshire, which presents the peculiarity of having on the face opposite
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 63
the concavity one of those oblique longitudinal hollows which are sup-
posed to have resulted from use of the stone as a point-sharpener. This
specimen, which was presented by Dr Kobert Dickson, Carnoustie, is of
quartzite, and measures 3^ inches in length by 2| inches in breadth, and
If inches in thickness. The hollow on its upper surface is 2 inches by
If inches in diameter and f inch in depth in the centre. The oblique
hollow in the other face is 1 ^ inches in length. This is the larger of
the two stones here figured, for comparison, the smaller one being that
presented by Mr Macdonald.
(2) By Rev. J. 0. Haldanb.
Urn, 5f inches in height by 6 J inches in diameter, rudely ornamented
with ziz-zag lines, and slightly broken at the lip, found in a gravel
mound on the farm of Meikle Kenny, Kingoldrum.
(3) By Gborgb Lowe, Kirkpark, Musselburgh.
Cinerary Urn, 11 inches high and 8f inches diameter across the
mouth, and ornamented with ziz-zags within a border of horizontal lines
underneath the rim.
(4) By James Mackintosh Gow, F.S.A. Scot.
Charm-Stone, being a naturally-shaped water-worn pebble of quartz of
ovoid form, measuring 4^ by 3 J inches, which was kept in the byre at
Cachladhu, St Fillans, as a charm to protect the cattle. [See the
previous communication by Mr Gow.]
(5) By James CmsHOLM, F.S.A. Scot.
Set of " Napier's Bones," in ivory, in a gilt leather case. These were
invented by John Napier, Laird of Merchiston, for the purpose of per-
forming mechanically the arithmetical operations of multiplication and
division. The process is explained in a work which he published,
entitled Rahdologice seu numerationis per Vtrgtilaa lihri duo (16 mo.,
Edin., 1617). See also Chambers's ETicyclopcedia, sub voce,
(6) By Jambs Sharp, 5 Spittal Street.
Contract between Michael Linning, Honorary Secretary to the Royal
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64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
Association of Contributors to the National Monument of Scotland,
incorporated by Act of Parliament, as specially and duly authorised by
minute of a meeting of the Committee of Management or Directors held
at Edinburgh, on the second day of September 1826, the Right Hon.
William Trotter, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, in the chair, &c., on the
one part, and William Wallace and Lewis Alexander Wallace, builders
in Edinburgh, as principals, and George Chalmers, plumber in Edin-
burgh, and Richard Clark, chair manufacturer in Leith Walk, as sureties
and cautioners, on the other part, in manner following : that is to say.
Whereas the said Royal Association, having some time ago resolved to
raise a Monument in commemoration of the glorious naval and military
achievements of the late war, or as the inscription bears — " To the
Glory of Goil, In Honour of the King, For the Good of the People,
The Tribute of a Grateful Country to Her Gallant and Illustrious Sons,
A Memorial of the Past and Incentive to the Future Heroism of the
Men of Scotland," — which monument was founded on the 27 th day of
August 1822, and in the third year of the glorious reign of George the
Fourth, under his immediate auspices — and having resolved to adopt
the Temple of Minerva or Parthenon of Athens, as the model of the
Monument, and to restore to the civilised world that celebrated and
justly admired edifice, without any deviation whatever, excepting the
adaptation of the sculpture to the events and achievements of the Scottish
Heroes, whose prowess and glory it is destined to commemorate and
perpetuate, and part of which monument or building must, in terms of
the said Act, be appropriated as a church or place of Divine worship, to
be maintained in all time coming by the said Association ; and having,
moreover, resolved to place this structure on the summit of the Calton
Hill, being of all other sites the most appropriate and best adapted for
it, the Lord Provost and Magistrates having presented the ground
necessary for the purpose, and the Directors having accepted of the
tender of the said Messrs William Wallace & Son, and authorised this
Contract to be entered into with them, for completing that portion of
the building resolved to be erected at present as delineated on the
drawings, and described in the specifications after mentioned — Therefore
the said persons bind and oblige themselves, to build certain parts of the
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DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. 65
said monument as delineated on the plans of William Heniy Playfair,
architect, agreeably to a relative specification hereto annexed
The rest of the document is wanting. The above is written on the
two sides of a sheet of parchment 20 inches by 12^, bearing a stamp of
£1, 158. Each page is signed by the contracting parties.
(7) By C. Dack, Honorary Secretary.
Catalogue of the Ter-Centenary of the Mary Queen of Scots Exhibition
at Peterborough.
(8) By R. Burns Bbgg, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Lochleven Castle, and its Association with Mary Queen of Scots.
8vo. Kinross, 1887.
(9) By J. EoMiLLT Allbn, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Early Christian Symbolism in Great Britain and Ireland, before the
Thirteenth Century. The Rhind Lectures in Archaeology for 1885.
(10) By J. W. Young, W.S., F.S.A. Scot.
Translations of the Names and Places contained in the Deeds of Entail
of the Breadalbane Estates. By Rev. J. McLean, minister of GrantuUy ;
with Preface by J. W. Young, W.S., and Introduction by Alexander
Laing, LL.D., Newburgh, containing historical references to many of
the names. 4to. Edinburgh, 1887. Printed for private circulation.
(11) By William Forbbs of Medwyn, Foreign Secretary.
Dialoghi di D. Antonio Agostini Arcivesco di Tarragona intomo alle
Medagli, Inscrittioni et altre Antichita, tradotti di lingua Spagnuola in
Italiana du Divinji Ottaviano Sada. Illustrated. Folio. Rome, 1650.
There were also Exhibited : —
(1) By J. R Haio of Blairhill.
A large collection of Antiquities, consisting chiefly of stone and
bronze axes and other implements, principally from Ireland and the
Continent.
The following Communications were read: —
VOL. XXII. E
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66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON FUNEREAL URNS, FROM GLENLUCE, WIG-
TOWNSHIRE. By the Rev. GEORGE WILSON, Free Church, Glenluce,
Core. Mem. S.A. Soot.
In January 1887 I described eleven clay urns of the Bronze Age,
five of them being from Glenluce. I now describe a few more from
Glenluce, which have been placed in the Museum.
The great storms of wind in 1884 broke up many new places in the
sand-hills, and since that time several urns have come to light.
On November 11, 1887, 1 received the fragments of two urns, with
various contents, found that day. On the 15th, I visited the site of the
interment, on a flat marshy moor, near Knockencrunge, Mid Torrs.
The heather and herbage has been gradually killed by the blown sand,
and the thin mossy soil blown away, leaving the relics of an ancient
interment exposed, where a slight knoll had been, 3 or 4 four feet above
the level of the marsh. They were enclosed by a belt of gravel about
3 feet broad and 27 feet in diameter. The gravel consists of water-
worn pebbles of grey Silurian sandstone, such as one finds on the raised
sea beaches among the sand-hills. But mixed with these are very
many white and some reddish quartz pebbles, which seem to have been
gathered intentionally, for there are more of them in this belt of gravel
than one could see in a whole day's walk among the sands. The gravel
lies lower at the north-east and south-east, being still partly buried
in the sand, as if the surface had not been quite level when it was laid
down.
No. 1 was only represented by some fragments, which were very
brittle, owing to the wetness of the site. It has been thick, with a flat
base and rounded brim, and bears no trace of ornament It was interred
upright, near the south-east, about 3 feet inside the ring, and contained
unctuous black ashes, many small fragments of calcined bones, and
about two handfuls of small water-worn pebbles of white quartz lying in
a heap. I have reported the finding of three small pebbles under an
inverted urn near Glenluce (vol ix., New Series, page 187).
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ADDITIONAL NOTES ON FUNEREAL URNS.
67
If
No. 2 was about 6 feet from No. 1, and a little farther in from the
gravel ring. It contains fragments of stone covered at the surface.
Diameter 13 inches, height unknown, only the rim and most of the collar
remaining. Inside the rim are a few incised lines and a strengthening
ridge. The collar has an ornament of several V-shaped corded patterns,
one within another, opening to the brim, and enclosed by two corded
lines, one close to the brim, and the other 4^ inches lower. This urn
was inverted over a mass of fine black ashes and sand
with fragments of calcined bone. It also covered a fine
whetstone and a small bronze implement. The whet-
stone is finely polished all over, and measures 3^ by J
by ^ inches. At one end is a string hole bored from
both faces, of which the diameter at the surface is \ inch,
and at the centre rather less. It seems to have passed
through the fire. One face is stained by the bronze
which has lain across it The bronze implement is very
much corroded and broken; but the heads of two rivets
and a hole remain, and it seems to be a knife dagger, like
that from the same farm figured in my paper in vol. ii.
(New Series) page 136.
This find is very interesting, because such accessories
are seldom found with Bronze Age urns. Has such a
gravel belt been observed elsewhere?
Purchased for the Museum. Locality, Mid Torrs,
Glenluce.
No. 3. A large urn of brownish clay mixed with a few
stones. The dimensions cannot be given, as it is broken
into many fragments. About 24 inches of the brim
remain, and one fragment is 8 inches deep. It is ornamented by two
encircling ridges, the first 3^ to 3f inches below the brim, the second
2^ inches lower. Under the brim is a collar 3 inches broad, of two
encircling lines with the space between filled with parallel lines
disposed in sets which are alternately horizontal and perpendicular.
AH these lines are corded. The space between the two ridges is filled
with a kind of finger-nail indentation in irregular rows slanting dow^n-
Fig. 1. Whet-
stone found
with Um and
thin Bronze
DaggerBlade.
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68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
wards from right to left The lower part is without ornament. The
brim is bevelled on the inside f of an inch, and bears a corded line
waved in arcs about 2 inches long. The base flat. This urn seems to
have been blown bare, broken, buried again by the sand, and more
recently exposed a second time by the wind. It was found among black
ashes and many fragments of calcined bone and charred wood. A frag-
ment of human skull is sent, measuring 2 1 by If inche&
Locality, Mid Torrs, Glenluce.
Ko. 4. On the 23rd of April I received a fragment of a fine urn of
brown clay mixed with stones, measuring 2 by ^ inches, and f inch in
thickness, with three rows of indented ornament, and another row on the
flat brim. The rest was entirely reduced to powder. I send it, because
of its accessories. It lay among black ashes and comminuted calcined
bones. Beside it lay three stone implements, over which it had prob-
ably been inverted. One is a small ovoid hammer-stone of granite,
2 by 1 J by If inches, worn at both ends, and cracked as if by the action
of fire. The other two, which were touching each other, are Tilhugger-
steen of a peculiar form. No. 16 is a pebble of grey Silurian sandstone,
1 J by 3 J inches, with a circular worked hollow 1^ inches in diameter
on each end. Instead of being cylindrical, it has five irregular sides,
each with a circular worked hollow. It is hammer-marked. No. 17
is of the same kind, but more irregular in form. It measures 3^ by 4^
inches, with the circular worked hollows on the ends If and 1 J inches
in diameter, and the surface round one of them is a little polished. On
three of the five sides there are circular-worked hollows, and it is much
hammer-marked. It is interesting to find these implements associated
with an urn of the Bronze Age type. Small fragments of many Bronze
Age urns are near this spot, and the remains of a small circular floor of
flat water- worn stones.
Locality, the Sand Minnicks, Mid Torrs, Glenluce.
No. 5. CineredL Urn from Dairy ^ Kirkcvdbrightahire, — The Rev. Neil
Buchanan of the Free Church, Dairy, New Galloway, has kindly
borrowed for me this interesting urn. It is of light yellowish-brown
clay, unmixed with stones. It is cup-shaped, and perforated with four
holes. Height 3 inches, diameter 5 J, at brim 4J, inside brim 3J, and
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ADDITIONAL NOTES ON FUNEREAL URNS. 69
at base 2 J inches, depth inside 2|. The surface is divided by encircling
furrows into eight bands, which are alternately plain and ornamented.
The brim is bevelled ^ inch inside, and bears an incised chevron. The
collar under the brim is | i^ch broad, with a zig-zag line, the lower
triangles being filled with four to six parallel lines slanting downwards
from left to right. A plain ^ inch band is followed by one i to f broad,
with two zig-zag lines regularly intersecting, the lozenges being filled by
two or three parallel lines slanting upwards and downwards alternately.
The fifth band, i inch broad, has the same pattern as the third; and the
greatest diameter of the urn is at its upper edge or middle. In it there
are four holes, about J of an inch in diameter, which pass through the
urn. They are in pairs, 2 J inches apart on one side, and If on the
other. Above one of them there is an incised hollow across the plain
band under the collar, as if for a cord, passed through the hole and
carried over the mouth of the urn. On the lower part, which slopes
rapidly inwards to the base, a plain band, f to ^ inch broad, is followed
by the seventh, f of an inch broad, vrith a chevron, of which the lines
are ^ to -j^^ apart and do not meet in the middle. The flat base is
ornamented all over by three deeply-incised lines, not quite parallel,
crossing it each way. The intersected spaces are alternately plain, and
filled by three to five parallel lines, which in the two outside bands
alternate in opposite directions.
It was found about 2 feet deep in gravel, on the top of a knoll
where a cairn of stones had been, about half a mile south-east from
Caimdhu or Corriedhu.
Locality, Knockneen, Dairy, Kircudbrightshire.
No. 6. James M'Douall, Esq. of Logan, has kindly sent me a sketch
and exact measurements of a large cinerary urn found on the Torrs on
his estate of Gennoch, Glenluce, and now in his possession. It is of
a flower-pot shape, slightly convex in its lower outline. Height 13f
inches, diameter at brim 12^ inches one way and 11^ another, and at
the flat base 4f inches. The collar is 3f inches broad, with an orna-
ment of the usual impressed corded lines. There are two encircling lines
on each side, and the space, 2^ inches broad, between the inner ones is
filled with an irregular pattern made by parallel slanting lines, which
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70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
cross each other from less than ^ inch to 1 inch apart The next band
is plain, 3^ inches broad, with a contraction of the urn both above and
below it, and a ridge at the lower side. The brim has ''a flange all
round the inside." It is ^ inch broad, with an ornamented band in the
middle of two encircling lines, -^ of an inch apart, united by slanting
parallel lines from f to ^ inch apart. All these lines are corded. Mr
M*Douall remarks that the urn is in perfect preservation, "with the
exception of being a little weather-worn where the bottom has evidently
been more exposed to the air." From this I infer that it was buried in
tlie sand in an inverted position. I believe it covered ashes and
fragments of bone.
Locality, High Torrs, Glenluce.
II.
THE CRUSIE, OR ANCIENT OIL LAMP OF SCOTLAND. By GILBERT
GOUDIE, Treasueer, S.A. Soot.
The crusie, like many articles indispensable at one time in domestic
use, has passed quietly out of view, superseded by more modem appli-
ances. Too common, too trivial for the notice of the historian, it has
left in -its demise scarcely so much as an epitaph. The name, and a
vague impression of what it may have been, is perhaps all that is known
of it to the younger grade of the present generation.
Turning to the Encyclopoedia Briianntca, 9th edition, we find the
following description of the primitive lamp of this country: —
The simple form which was used down to the end of the eighteenth century,
and which as a " cruisie " continued in common use in Scotland till the middle of
this century, illustrates the most elementary and meet imperfect arrangement
of a lamp. Here, as in the lamps of antiqtiity, the oil vessel lies immediately
behind the burning point of the wick, with which the oil is about level when
the reservoir is full. The wick is a round soft cord or fibrous mass. Such a
lamp has no merit but simplicity. The light is thrown only forward and to
the sides, the back being entirely in shadow. The wick, being a round solid
mass, takes up the oil equally at the centre and circumference ; but to the outer
edges of the flame only is there any access of air ; consequently combustion in
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THE CRUSIK, OR ANCIENT OIL LAMP OF SCOTLAND. 71
the centre is imperfect, resoltiiig in a smoky unsteady flame, and a discharge
into the atmosphere of the acrid products of destructive distillation. Further,
as the level of the oil sinks in the reservoir, the wick has to feed the flame from
a greater distance by mere capillary force, and, the supply thus diminishing, the
light decreases in proportion.
Such is the latest, and probably the fullest and most authentic, descrip-
tion of the old Scottish lamp available for general readers ; and, though
imperfect, and with some slight misunderstandings, it is fairly accurate.
But no drawing is given, and the precise form and dimensions are left
to conjecture.
In the Rhind "Lectures in Archaeology," 1876, bir Arthur Mitchell
alludes to the rapid extinction of the crusie, and two examples are
figured.^ Since then attention has twice been directed to it before
English societies ; ^ but though vast numbers of these lamps were, at no
great distance of time, in use in Scotland, and several stray samples have
found their way into the Museum, no account of them has ever appeared
in the Proceedings of this Society. I desire therefore to put a descrip-
tion on record here, based upon personal acquaintance with them, and
illustrated by examples in the Museum and in my own possession,^ now
exhibited.
The examples in the Museum are the following, viz. : —
Crimes of Iron, tcith Hooka for Suspension.
1-7. Crusies (one with iron stand), localities unknown.
8. Crusie, Idndores, Fifeshire. 1876.
9. Do. Burraland, Sandwick, Shetland.
10. Do. Shetland, probably Fair Isle. 1883.
* The Past in the PreaetU : What U Cimlization t Edinburgh : D. Douglas, 1880.
' Paper by Mr J. Romilly Allen, Journal of the British Ardueologieal Associatum,
vol. xxxvi. 1880 ; paper by Dr J. G. Garson, Journal of the Anthropological Tnstittite,
vol. xiii. 1884.
' With a view to test the general information on the subject, I inserted an inquiry
in Northern Notes and Qiteries^ soliciting particulars from any one acquainted with
the use of the crusie, or possessing a knowledge of the time of its disappearance in
their district The editor referred, in reply, to a specimen recently presented to the
Alloa Museum, which he accurately described. No other correspondent volunteered
to confess acquaintance with the extinct illuminator.
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11.
Crnsie
12.
Do.
13.
Do.
U.
Do.
15.
Do.
16.
Do.
17.
Do.
18.
Do.
19.
Do.
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
Crosie, Sumburgh, Shetland. 1883.
Stonybrake, Fair Isle, Shetland. 1883.
Upper shell, locality unknown.
North Uist
Burra Isle, Shetland. 1887.
Aboyne. 1883.
Brass, with initials, Dundee. 1883.
Square shaped, locality unknown. 1883.
Iron, with wooden pin, locality unknown. 1884.
Of these nineteen the localities of nine are known, five of them being
from Shetland, and the rest from different parts in Scotland, viz., Lindores,
Dundee, North Uist, Aboyne. Not a single example comes from the
south of the Forth, though it is as nearly as possible certain that the
lamp in this form was common from one end of the country to the
other.^ In the Shetland Islands, as may be inferred from the pre-
dominance of preserved examples, it was in constant if not universal use,
under the local name of the kollie, until within a quarter of a century
past, when a tin lamp, in form resembling a coffee-pot, was introduced,
supplanted in turn by a cheap form of the ordinary paraffin lamp.
In every case of the examples shown, it will be observed that the
crusie consists of an upper and under shell, the upper acting as the oil
reservoir, and the under one serving the purpose of catching any dripping
or overflow from it. The under shell and the upright hack were usually
made in one piece. The upper shell was a separate and somewhat
smaller vessel, suspended on the toothed or notched bar which projected
forwards from the back, at right angles, or on an upward incline. The
back was always bent forwards at the top, and terminated with an
attached hook, so as to adjust itself to the centre of gravity when in
suspension. The kollie in Shetland was always the manufacture of the
village or district blacksmith, and never, so far as known, imported. Its
successor, the tin lamp, was the work of the tinker.
Attention is directed to the simple but ingenious contrivance for
^ Since this was written about twenty more specimens have been added to the
Museum, chiefly from Aberdeenshire and Banffshire. A fine specimen from Shetland
is figured in Mr J. Romilly Allen's paper, p. 89.
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THE CRUSIE, OR ANCIENT OIL LAMP OF SCOTLAND.
73
keeping the oil for consumption at a nearly uniform level while the
waste by burning of the wick goes on. This is accomplished by the
mere movement from notch to notch on the projecting bar of the upper
shell which contains the oil supply. The effect is to elevate the back,
and, by consequence, to depress the front of the shell, thus equalising
the level of the oil at the front of the nozzle from which the burning
wick protrudes, so long as the oil lasts. The writer of the article in the
Enyclopcedia Britanntca^ before referred to, seems unaware of this con-
trivance, and represents the wick, when the oil is low, as being fed by
mere capillary attraction. The wick was usually of cotton, or native
worsted yam,^ and, as it gradually burnt down, was trimmed and pushed
to the front of the nozzle by a slight
wooden pin, which, for the purpose,
lay in reserve in the upper shelL
When not carried in the hand, the
kollie was usually hung upon a nail,
or suspended on a cord, by the small
iron hook which formed the upper
portion of the back, as shown in
the figure. In many specimens this
hook has now perished.
In the course of last Session of
the Society, I placed in the Museum
a decayed and wasted specimen of
the Shetland kollie, but one possessed
of some special interest. It is now
produced, ^g, 1.
This specimen was picked up in
the island of Houss (Burra Isle),
Shetland, in 1877, cast out of doors,
discarded, useless. The owner, Mr
John Inkster, now deceased, informed
me that it had been made about fifty years previously, by a smith
* I am assured that, in the Scottish Highlands and elsewhere, the pith of growing
rashes was commonly used for wick.
Fig. 1. Crusie from Burra Isle,
Shetland.
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74
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
in the parish of Diinrossness, well known to myself; from whom,
curiously enough, I had secured the veritable stone mould in which,
injhis early days, he had played the village Vulcan, in the manufacture
of hollies as occasion required. In this mould then, which is also now
before us, and added to the Museum, I have therefore confidence in
Fig. 2. Crasie Moald of Stone, from Shetland.
believing that the lamp in my hands was made more than half a century
ago.
Some friends, whose opinion was entitled to respect, were for a time
sceptical regarding the claims of this stone to be a crusie mould, A
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THE CRUSIK, OR ANCIENT OIL LABfP OF SCOTLAND. 75
similar stone from Orkney, which had been long in the Museum, had
been regarded, in the absence of more definite proof, as a moiild for
metal mirrors of primeval type. The subsequent arrival of a similar
moiild, in 1884, from the island of North Uist, and of another, since
then, from Orkney, coupled with my own personal testimony, put the
matter beyond a doubt.
Separate moulds are recessed in either side of the stone. The larger
is obviously for the first rough shaping of the sheet of iron; the
smaller, which is more distinctly formed to the outline of, especially,
the upper shell, is for completing the later stages of manufacture.
After all this lapse of years, it will be observed that the lamp, expanded
and battered by use and exposure, still coincides pretty closely with the
matrix in which it was originally hammered out.
The measurement of this crusie is as follows, viz. : — Total length
or height of back, 7 J inches ; length of upper shell, 5 J inches ; depth of
cavity of upper shell, 1 inch ; width of upper shell, 4 J inches. The under
shell is very slightly larger than the upper.
It may be stated, without entering into further details of measurement,
that most other crusies known are of the same general type and dimen-
sions, though it will be understood that the taste of the maker, the
quantity of metal at command, and the requirements of the purchaser,
would have a varying effect in every individual case. Usually the
crusies were of thin iron, but an article of a higher class was occa-
sionally produced of copper. The specimen No. 17, of brass, is very
fine.
I now exhibit (1) a crusie of copper, long in the family of Mr Spence
of Pow, West Mainland of Orkney ; (2) another, also of copper, which
I procured from a tinker in Shetland ; and (3) one of iron, for nearly
a couple of centuries in my own family in Shetland. No specialty of
character is claimed for these. They are simply average specimens of
the class, as will be apparent on comparison with the other examples in
the Society's collection.
One ^of the examples in the Museum is fitted to an iron stand
(see fig. 3).
Another variety is that in which the upper shell is covered by a
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76
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY, 28, 1888.
metal lid attached to the upright back by hinges, of which several
examples are in the Museum.
In the Shetland Islands, up to a recent period, imported oil was
almost unknown. Oil, of home manufacture, from fish livers, was the
article in almost universal use. Until recent times, oil measured in
" cans " formed, apart from domestic use by the owner, an important
Fig. 8. Crusie, ^itli Iron Stand.
element in the payment of rents and duties, which were formerly
collected in kind, and also entered largely into local economics as a
commodity of exchange or barter.
In the Rental of Zetland, MS. 1628, preserved in the General
Register House, the measures of oil are thus described : —
Ane can oyllie is the measure of a Scottis quart pryce thairof in the
country is 12 i.
4 canis makes ane bull, and 9 bullis makis ane barrell oyllie.
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THB CRUSIE, OR ANCIENT OIL LAMP OF SCOTLAND. 77
According to Balfour, the measurement by capacity was —
48 cans of oil or 15 lispunds of butter = 1 barrel.
12 barrels, 180 lispunds, or 576 cans = 1 last
In the Earl of Morton's Kental of the Lordship of Shetland, 1716-
1717, the proportions of the payments for landmails, scat, wattle,
umboth duty, and ox penny for the whole parish of Dunrossness,
exclusive of the Fair Isle, were (estimated in Scots money) —
253 lispunds 18 merks of butter® 30 sh. p. lispund, = ^^380 11 0
205 cans oil, at 6 sh. p. can, is . . . . = 61 10 0
Money, 1002 13 0
So late as the year 1812, Lord Dundas
derived for the same duties, from the same
parish, 24 cans of oil, valued at Is. 2d. per
can, the greater portion of the payments having
by this time been converted into sterling money.
In the foregoing remarks I have used in-
difTerently the better known Scottish word
erusie, and the peculiarly Shetland term for
the 'same thing, kollie. The latter may seem
somewhat barbarous, but its origin is pure.
It is the simple Icelandic kola; and here
etymological science comes in to the aid of
arch»ology, for the occurrence of this primi-
tive unadulterated root word in such early
writings as the Sturlunga SagOy Vilkins mcUdagi,
and the Giala Saga, proves the enormous
antiquity of our humble kollie, even if there
were no other evidence; and indicates besides
that in Orkney and Shetland its introduction
is due to Northman influence rather than to the
Scottish sida „. . ^ . ^
Fig. 4. Cnisie from Italy.
In the old laws of Norway (Norges Gamle
Love^ iL 247), it is prescribed that men should be provided with lights,
either in lanterns or in '* koUies," of stone or brass {edr i kdum of
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78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUABY 23, 1888.
stemi edr eirt). Hans Egede, the Danish missionary, whose account
of Greenland was published in 1741, observes that the natives there
called ** kolleky a lamp, which in Nors is called a kolle,'* ^
It is scarcely necessary, in conclusion, to allude to the Greek and
Roman lamp, which both in metal and in the graceful forms of
pottery, is essentially of the same type, though less complete. I have
confined myself to the old oil lamp as it was known in Shetland in my
own early days. In the paper by Mr Romilly Allen submitted to the
present meeting, the evolution of lighting appliances has been ex-
haustively treated ; and he has shown that lamps similar to those under
consideration were known from the earliest times in Italy and other
countries ; and in recent times in Iceland, the Scilly Isles, in France,
Algiers, and elsewhere. It ought to be observed, however, that the
Continental form, like the ancient Roman, has only a single shell,
whereas the special characteristic of the modem Scottish form is that it
is double-shelled.
[At the meeting Sir Arthur Mitchell and Mr J. R Findlay produced,
by way of further illustration of the subject, a variety of specimens of
oil lamps brought by them from France, Italy, and the Netherlands.
The resiilts of the comparison were interesting, exhibiting a tendency
in Scotland and abroad to uniformity of pattern, but at the same time,
the absence of certain distinctive features, especially the notched bar,
for the regulated suspension of the upper shell, which marks the
uniqueness, so far as known, of the Scottish crusie.]
^ Dd Oamle Ordnlands nye PerlvutraJtUm dler XcUurel-HisUnre, Copenhagen,
1741.
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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLLAJJCES. 79
III.
THE ARCHEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLIANCES. By J. ROMILLY
ALLEN, F.S.A. Scot.
The rapid advances made in science by the present generation have
been the means of effecting improvements in every kind of appliance
that ministers to the wants of man, and amongst the various new inven-
tions which have been introduced none are of more importance than
those connected with artificial methods of illumination.
At the beginning of this century gas was taking the place of animal oil
for lighting purposes, and now towards its close gas itself seems destined
to be superseded by petroleum or electricity. The tallow candle and rush-
light, with which our forefathers were familiar, are already things of
the past The old Scotch crusie is becoming so rare as to be prized by
collectors of antiquities, and is hardly to be found except in museums.
Development and evolution seem to go on amongst human inventions
very much as in the animal or vegetable world. Although development
and evolution go on amongst human inventions, the conditions are in
many ways different from those existing in the animal and vegetable world,
and the same laws do not apply in both cases, so that the analogy must
not be pushed too far. Of course, all theories founded on facts connected
with the reproduction of species, limited supply of food, &c., only hold
good with regard to living creatures or plants ; but the invention, like the
animal, which is best suited to its environment, will survive the longest,
and extinguish forms which are not so well adapted to circumstances.
In the same way that the old English grey rat existed for hundreds
or perhaps thousands of years in this country, but became suddenly
extinct when the brown Norwegian rat appeared upon the scene, the
tools and appliances used by man sometimes remain unchanged for
centuries, until an improvement is suggested by accident, or invented by
an individual of exceptional brain power. The force of habit is, how-
ever, so great, and man is so naturally conservative in his instincts, that
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80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
he often continues to employ the same weapons of defence which his
ancestors did until better forms are introduced by a conquering race.
At a period like the present, when changes seem to be taking place
with unusual rapidity, it is the duty of the archaeologist to preserve a
record of every human invention as it becomes extinct, so that future
generations may be able to trace the progress of its development, and in
order to reduce the objects in our museums labelled " of unknown use "
to the smallest possible number.
In tracing out the history of the various appliances used by man, as
is done to a certain extent in Tylor's Anthropology , each invention should
be taken in the order in which ^ it becomes absolutely necessary to our
existence, as we pass from the lower forms of civilisation to the higher.
First of all come the appliances required for obtaining food, for striking
fire, for cooking, for the manufacture of clothes, for making dwellings,
and after these, especiaUy in a northern climate, would come the appli-
ances for producing an artificial light, by means of which the portion of
the night not required for rest could be utilised for work or amusement.
Artificial illumination is usually efifected by burning some solid, liquid,
or gaseous substance, so as to cause a flame; but light can also be
obtained from a solid in a state of incandescence — that is to say, not
actually burning, but sufficiently heated to become visible in the dark.
Lastly, certain insects and decaying matter, in a particular condition,
possess the property of emitting light known as phosphorescence.
We shall now proceed to describe the different kinds of lighting
appliances used from the earliest times.
Lamps.
A lamp is an apparatus for giving light by burning a fibrous wick
saturated with an inflammable fluid, a continual supply of which is
kept up from a reservoir provided for the purpose.
Li its more perfect form a lamp consists of the following essential
parts : — the receptacle for the oil ; the tube for the wick ; th^ stand or
hook for suspension ; the handle for carrying.
Contrivances are also required for bringing the oil to the wick ;
raising or lowering the wick ; catching the superfluous oil ; facilitating
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THE ARCHiEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLIANCES. 81
combustion by a draughtof air ; protecting the flame from currents of
air.
The above are either attached to the lamp or form part of it, but
separate instruments are used for trimming the wick ; extinguishing
the flame ; replenishing the supply of oiL
In some lamps adjustments are introduced for altering the position of
the flame in relation to the object on which the light is required to be
thrown, bringing the point of suspension over the centre of gravity of
the oil vessel
The different varieties of lamps will now be described in the order
of their development, showing how the more complicated forms were
arrived at by a gradual process of improvement.
Open Cup Lamps, — ^The simplest kind of lamp consists of a shallow
cup, about 3 inches in diameter, filled with oil The light is obtained
from a cotton wick dipped in the oil, and hanging over the edge of the
cup.
The earliest specimens are made of stone or rude pottery, and date
back to the neolithic period, but the same primitive type is still used at
the present day in China and other Eastern countries. Chalk cups,
which most probably served the purpose of lamps, were discovered in
the ancient flint mines called " Grimes Graves " at Brandon, in Suffolk,^
and in similar excavations at the camp of Cissbury, near Worthing,
in Sussex,*
In the York Museum there is a rude clay lamp of cup shape on a
stem and provided with a handle, found at Danes Graves, near Pockling-
ton, in Yorkshire.^
The first step in the improvement of the cup lamp was to provide a
separate hollow for the wick to lie in. This stage of development was
reached in the stone lamps of the Iron Age, found in the brochs and
weems in Scotland, of which there are numerous examples in the
Museum of National Antiquities in Edinburgh. The stone lamps from
the brochs of Kettlebum and Okstrow,* in Orkney (figs. 1, 2), are oval
1 Boyd Dawkins, Early Mem in Britain, p. 277.
• Jour. BriL Archceol. Inst., vol. xxxi. p. 64.
' Catalogiie of York Museum, p. 152.
* Dr J. Anderson's Scotland in Pagan Times, p. 241.
VOL. XXII. F
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82 PROCEBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
lumps of sandstone, with two circular depressions running into each
other, the larger one being intended to hold the oil, and the smaller one
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Storm Lamps, from the Brochs of Kettlebam and Okatrow.
for the wick. A more finished specimen (fig. 3) was found in an under-
gix)und house at Tealing, in Forfarshire, which has the outline of the
stone neatly cut to suit the shape of the hollows.
Fig. 3. Stoue Lamp, from an Earthhouse at Tealing.
In the British Museum there are several Roman lamps of the same
pattern, made of lead, bronze, and pottery,^ some with handles (as ^g, 4),
and others with hooks for suspension.
Open cup lamps of stone are employed by the Eskimo tribes at the
present day, but they are of different shape from those just described,
and much longer, being intended for giving heat as well as light
^ Found in London, Colchester, Lincoln, and elsewhere.
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THE ARCafflOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLIANCES.
83
Specimens may be seen in the Christy Collection in the British Museum,
and an accurate account of their use is given by Baron I^ordenskiold
in the Voyage of the Vega} The form of these lamps is pecidiar,
and difficult to realise without a drawing. It consists of a bowl
Fig. 4. Open Lamp, Bronze (Roman), found at Bayford, now in British Museum.
(as seen in fig. 5), shallow in front and deep behind. In plan
the front is straight and the back semicircular. I^ear the front
edge is a raised ridge, running
parallel to it, and dividing the lamp
into two parts. The shallow trough
thus separated off from the rest is
for the wick to lie in, along the
straight edge in front. The oil is
contained in the back part, and is
admitted to the front by three or
four notches cut in the dividing
ridge. The wick is of dried moss,
and the fuel consists of train oil.
A stick of wood or bone, with a
curved end, is used for trimming
the wick. The oil bowl of the lamp rests on two other stones, the
upper one forming a stand on which the bowl can be tipped up so as
1 Vol. ii. p. 22.
Fig. 5. Esquimaux Lamp of Stone
(Brit. Mus.).
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84 PROCBBDINGS OF THB SOCIETy, JANUARY 28, 1888.
to bring the oil towards the front when it gets low^ and the lower one
being a tray to catch the superfluous oiL
Baron Nordenskiold ^ says that amongst the Chukches of north-
eastern Asia, ''the interior of the sleeping chamber is lighted and
vrarmed by lamps, whose number varies according to the size of the
room. A moderately large chamber has three lamps, the largest right
opposite the entrance, and the two others on the cross walls.'' Also ^
that '' in the tent the women have always a watchful eye over the
trimming of the lamp and the keeping up of the fire. The wooden pins
she uses to trim the wick, and being naturally drenched with train oil,
are used when required as a light or torch in the outer tent, to light
pipes, &c In the same way other pins dipped in train oil are used. I
have also seen such pins, also oblong stones, sooty at one end, which
after having been dipped in train oil, have been used as torches, laid by
the side of corpses in old Eskimos graves in north-western Greenland.
Glay lamps are made by the Chukches themselves, the clay being well
kneaded and moistened with urine. The burning is incomplete, and is
indeed often wholly omitted."
The picture here given of the domestic life of the Eskimos at the
present time enables us to form a tolerably correct idea of the way in
which the inhabitants of the Scottish brochs lighted their dwellings
during the long winter nights two thousand years ago. The practice of
placing lights on graves also suggests the possibility that some of the
cup^aped hollows found on the sepulchral monuments of the Stone
and Bronze Ages may have been used as lamps. In Syria, lights are
placed on graves to frighten away the jackala Before leaving the sub-
ject of open cup lamps, the curious cresset stones still found in some
churches in England and Sweden ^ should be mentioned.
Cresset Stones, — In many churches, both in this country and in
Sweden, certain stoneswith cup-shaped hollows in the top have been found.
Their use was for a long time a matter of speculation amongst archsBO-
logists, but the Bev. J. Lees has, in a paper read before the British
^ Foyage of the Fega, vol. ii. p. 28.
« /Wrf., vol. a p. 118.
' At Lewaimiokin, Cornwall ; Llanthony ; Furaess Abbey.
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THB AKCH^OLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLIANCES. 85
ArchfiBological Institute,^ conclusively proved that these curious objects
are nothing more than ecclesiastical lamps. Prof. Skeat, in his Concise
Etymological Didionary of the English Language, tells us that " Cresset
is the Middle English word for a cup or vessel containing light fixed on
the top of a pole, and comes to us through the Old French crasset, a
cresset ; croiset, creuseiy a cruet, pot, crucible (with which last word it
seems most reasonable to ally it), from the Old Dutch hniyse, a cup or
pot." Cresset may also be compared with the Scotch word crusie, a
lamp. The Bev. J. Lees, in the paper already alluded to, makes the
following quotations from the Rites of Durham, published by the Surtees
Society,* describing the three cresset stones used in the church and
monastery of Durham : — "Also there is standinge on the south pillar of
the Quire doore of the Lanthome, in the comer of the same pillar, a foure-
squared stoun, which hath been finely wrought, in every square a large
fine image, whereon did stand a foure-squared stone above that, which
had twelve cressets wrought in that stone, which was filled with tallow,
and every night one of them was lighted, when the day was gone, and
did bume to give light to the monks at midnight, when they came to
matins.'' Other cresset stones are specified as being used in the monk's
dormitory.
Cresset stones exist at the following places : — Calder Abbey, York-
shire ; Fumess Abbey, Lancashire ; Dearham, Cumberland ; Lewannick,
Cornwall; Wool, Dorset; St Mary's, Monmouth; St Mary's Abbey,
York; Llanthony Abbey, Monmouthshire; Carlisle Cathedral
There are four specimens in the Stockholm Museum from churches
in Sweden. The cresset stone at Lewannick is circular, but the others
are rectangular, varying in diameter from 1 foot to 1 foot 9 inches, and
in thickness from 5 to 7 inches. The number of holes vary from one
to sixteen.
Li the Edinburgh Museum of Antiquities there are some tailors'
candlesticks of stone, one dated 1634 (shown in fig. 6), which resemble
the cresset stones in appearance, having four hollows in the top for
candles, and a large central hollow for the snuff.
^ Journal, vol. xxxiz. p. 892.
* Vol. zv. This book was written in 1598.
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86
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
Closed Lamps. — The well-known classical type of lamp is an improve-
ment on the open kind just described, in having the cup and the spout
for the wick covered over, so as to prevent the oil from spilling. Thou-
sands of these objects are to be found in British and foreign museums.
Fig. 6. Tailor's Candlestick of Stone, front and
back view.
owing their preservation partly to the durability of the terra-cotta of
which they are made, and partly to the artistic character of their decora-
tion. The body of the lamp is a shallow circular vessel for containing
the oiL At one side a spout projects for the wick, and at the other is a
small handle for carrying. Sometimes this class of lamp is provided with
two or more wick spouts. The top of the oil vessel is slightly concave,
and has a small hole for filling. The ornamentation is generally concen-
trated upon the circular top of the oil vessel, and consisted in pagan
times gf mythological subjects, but in the early centuries of the Christian
era scenes from Scripture were substituted.
There is in the Guildhall Museum, in London, a clay mould used in
the manufacture of the Roman terra-cotta lamps for impressing the
ornamental pattern.^
Hanging Lamps. — For many purposes a hanging lamp is more con-
venient than one provided with a foot or stand. In order that a hanging
lamp may remain horizontal, it is absolutely essential that the point of
suspension shall lie directly over the centre of gravity of the oil vessel.
This may be effected in three different ways (as shown in fig. 7) : —
^ For farther information on this subject, see Birch's History of Ancimt Pottery,
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THE ARCHEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLLiNCES.
87
(1) The suspending rod or chain may be straight, passing vertically
through the centre of gravity of the oil vessel, and be attached to the
top or bottom of the lamp.
(2) The suspending rod may be attached to one side of the oil vessel,
and be bent at right angles, so as to bring the end over the centre of gravity.
(3) The suspending rod may be semicircular, and attached to two
opposite sides of the oil vessel, like the handle of a bucket.
Fig. 7. Hanging Lamps, three ways of suspension.
The first method is objectionable, as it generally involves making a
hole through the oil vessel, which may leak. The third method is some-
times used, as in the annexed example (fig. 8). The second method is by
far the commonest, and is that employed in the Scotch crusie. This form
of hanging lamp can be traced back to the time of the Eomans, there
being several specimens in the Guildhall, London (one of which is shown
in fig. 9), and British Museums.^
In a painting of the third or fourth century, in the catacomb of
St Callistus at Rome, Diogenes Fossor is represented carrying a lamp
of this description.^ The bent bar is usually made in one piece with the
oil vessel, and has a hole in the top for attaching the swivel and hook
for suspension. Hanging lamps exactly resembling the Roman ones are,
or were until quite recently, used in Italy and some parts of France,
The Scotch crusie (fig. 10) probably owes its origin to the Roman lamp
just described. The only difference between the two is that the crusie
is provided with a second open vessel to catch the drippings of the
^ Found at Whittenham Hills, Berkshire; Bartlow JSills, Essex; Bay ford, London.
' Northcote and BrownloVs Soma SoUerranea,
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88
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
oil The crusie type of lamp is used in many other places besides
Scotland, being found in Iceland,^ the Scilly Isles,* Auvergne® in France,
Fig. 8. Brass Hanging Lamp.
Algiers, and doubtless elsewhere. The method of manufacture of the
Scotch crusie is a matter of some interest The wrought-iron oil cup is
shaped by being hammered into a mould, Mr Gilbert Goudie, Honorary
Treasurer to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, possesses a stone
^ Specimen from Rekjavik, in the Edinburgh Industrial Museum.
* Jofwr, Brit, Archceol. Assoc,, voL xxxili. p. 192.
• Specimen in Pitt Rivers Collection, at Oxford (see fig. 15).
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THE ARCHEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLIANCES. 89
mould which was used for this purpose in Shetland, and there are other
specimens in the Edinhnrgh Museum of Antiquities.^ In France lamps
of this kind are made of tin.
Fig. 9.
Roman Hanging Lamp or Crusie.
^ See the previous paper of Mr Gondie, pp. 70-78.
Fig. 10.
Modem CruBie, from Shetland .
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90
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
In lamps which are arranged to hang against a wall, it is not neces-
sary that the point of suspension should he vertically over the centre of
gravity of the oil vessel.
Fig. 11. Fig. 12.
Chinese Lamps, with stands of bamboo and sheet-iron.
In the British Museum there is an Abyssinian lamp supported on a
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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF UGHTING APPLIANCES.
91
wooden bracket hung against the walL The wooden part consists of an
upright bar hung to a nail, and it has two wings projecting from the
lower end, on which a pottery oil cup is placed.
Fig. 18. Chinese Lamp, made of sections of bamboo.
Lamps on Stands, — The ordinary kind of lamp stand consists of a
solid stem supported on a foot immediately under the centre of the oil
vessel, and forming part of the lamp.
In the Guildhall Museum, in London, there are some triangular
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92 PROCBEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUAKY 28, 1888.
potteiy stands^ for placing under the Boman terra-cotta lamps. The
Chinese make some ingenious lamp stands out of bamboo or thin sheet-
iron (see figs. 11 and 12). In the Edinburgh Museum of Antiquities
there is a stand for a crusie lamp.
Contrivances for Catching the Superfluous CU, — It is almost impossible
to regulate the supply of oil to the wick so exactly that the whole of it
may be burnt, and therefore some contriyance is necessary for preventing
what runs over from being wasted. The contrivances are of two kinds —
(1) where the oil is caught in a separate vessel, and (2) where the oil is
conducted back into the reservoir from whence it came. As instances of
the first kind, there is the primitive Chinese lamp (fig. 13), made out of
sections of bamboo, as shown on the accompanying drawing, the oil which
drips over being caught in the cup which forms the stand, and the Cornish
" chiL"* The same method is adopted in the Scotch crusie, which re-
sembles the Boman lamp already described, except that it is provided
with two vessels of similar shape, one below the other, the oil being burnt
in the upper one and the drippings caught in the lower one. Both
vessels are provided with spouts, in one case for the wick to lie in, and
in the other to facilitate the pouring back of the superfluous oil when a
sufficient quantity has collected. The lower vessel is made in one piece
with the bent bar for suspension ; and the upper vessel is hung over it
upon a projecting hook, so that it can be removed when it is neces-
sary to pour back the oiL A similar contrivance survives in the tin
lamp (fig. 14) used in engine rooms and by fishermen. It consists of
two cylindrical vessels fitting one above the other by means of a socket,
the upper one having a closed spout like that of a cofiee-pot for the
wick, and the lower one having an open spout immediately under it to
receive the drippings. Sometimes these lamps have two spouts for wicks,
on opposite sides. This lamp affords a remarkable instance of the way in
which archaic contrivances are preserved in consequence of their special
fitness to be used under certain circumstances where the surroundings
are unsuitable for more highly developed appliances.
^ FooDd ia Tokenhonse Yard in 1866.
* " Desoription of an Ancient Lamp, called in the Meneage district a GhU," by
B. Blight {Jowr, R. InsL qfComtoaU, vol for 1875, p. 150).
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THE ARCHEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPUANOBS.
93
Another way of catching the superfluous oil in a separate vessel, is
to be seen in a bronze lamp found in the Steel Yard, Lower Thames
Street, London, and now in the Guildhall Museum. This lamp is
suspended from the centre, and has six open spouts for wicks all round.
A small cup hangs from a hook beneath, so that as the oil trickles
Fig. 14.
Tin Lamp in the Museam.
Fig. 15.
Tin Lamp, with five spouts, from
Auvergne (Pitt Rivers Coll.).
down along the under side of the spouts it is prevented from falling
on the ground. The same contrivance will be noticed in a lamp
(fig. 15) from Caen, in Normandy, in the Pitt Rivers Collection at
Oxford, in a bronze lamp dug up at Lincoln;^ and is also used in
Mohammedan countries.
There are two common methods of catching the superfluous oil with-
out having recourse to a second oil vessel. One is employed in the iron
and tin lamps from France (fig. 16), resembling the Scotch crusies in
^ Illnstrated in J(mr, Brit, Archasol, Asaoc, vol. x. p. 83.
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94 PROCEEDINOS OF THE SOCIETT, JANUAB7 28, 1888.
shape, but covered over at the top. Here the wick, instead of hanging
Fig. 16. Covered Lamp of iron, from France,
over the edge of the spout, is kept slightly back from it by a little
piece of metal like the nib of a pen fastened to the bottom of the lamp,
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THE ARCHEOLOGY OF UGHTINa APPLIANCES. 95
and inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees to the horizontal The
object of this double lip is to make the oil fall back into the lamp
instead of over the edge.
The other contrivance is applied to lamps with closed spouts, and
consists of a projecting lip forming a ring round the wick to catch the
oil, there being a hole to allow it to run back (as in fig. 8). There is an
example of this method of economising oil in the terrarcotta lamps used
in Treves at the present day.^
Contrivances for bringing theOUtothe Wick. — ^The oil is raised from
the vessel in which it is contained to the level of the flame partly by
the capillary attraction of the fibrous wick, but as the oil is consumed
this is insufficient, and it becomes necessary to counteract the force of
gravity in some other way. The Scotch crusie is provided with an
exceedingly ingenious contrivance for bringing the oil to the flame. The
shallow vessel containing the oil is hung up on a hook having a series of
notches, so that it can be tipped forward gradually as the oil bums down.
The same thing may be efi'ected by placing the oU vessel upon a stand,
the friction against which is sufficient to keep the vessel in any position.
It may then be tipped up by degrees. In lamps suspended from one
point at the side, the inclination of the oil vessel may be altered (as in
fig. 17) by having a slot or a series of perforations in the top of the
bent bar by which it is hung (as in fig. 14), so that the position of the
point of suspension above the centre of gravity of the oil vessel may be
changed. In lamps suspended from two points on opposite sides the
iiyjlination of the oil vessel may be made self-adjusting, as the oil bums
down, by carefully weighting one side with metal, and making the capa-
city of the oil vessel correspondingly greater on the other (as in ^g. 8).
The result of this is, that although the oil vessel remains level when full
it gradually becomes inclined as the oil gets low. The other methods of
bringing the oil to the flame, which have been applied in more modem
lamps, are by placing the oil reservoir above the level of the flame, as in
the ordinary I'eading lamp, or by pumping up the oil by clockwork, as in
the lighthouse lamps, or by an oil pump worked directly by a spring,
as in the moderator lamp.
^ Roach Smith's Collectanea Antiqua, vol. IL p. 152.
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96 PKOCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
In recent times the difficulty of raising the oil has been avoided by
using paraffin and other more volatile fluids.
Fig. 17. Brass Hanging Lamp, with Slot for adjustment.
Contrivances for Raising and Lowering the Wick, — In the commoner
kind of lamps the wick is raised, when it has burnt down, by means of
the same instrument which is used for removing the charred portion.
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THE AECttffiOLOGY OF UGHTING APPLIANCES. 97
In the more highly developed kinds, however, the two operations of
trimming and raising the wick are performed separately. The latter is
generally effected hy means of a small toothed wheel pressed hard
against the wick, and turned hy a milled head held hetween the first
finger and thumh.
Contrivancea for facilitating Combustion. — In modem lamps circular
wicks, douhle wicks, glass chimneys, and other improvements have been
introduced, with a view to increasing the supply of oxygen to the flame,
and thus increasing the brilliancy of the light.
The most recent inventions in connection with artificial illumination
are founded on the new principle of using the flame, not to give light
directly, but to heat some other incandescent substance.
Miners* Lamps, — Sir Humphry Davy and George Stephenson, inde-
pendently, invented a form of safety lamp for avoiding explosions in coal
mines, the flame being protected by a cylindrical gauze case through
which the gas is unable to pass.
Special kinds of small oil lamps, which can be attached by a hook to
the hat of the miner, are used in many places in this country and
abroad.
Rush Candles. — The use of rush candles was common in many
parts of England, especially in Sussex, up to the end of the last
century, and Gilbert White gives an admirable account of this " very
simple piece of domestic economy " in his Natural History of Selhome}
The common soft rush {Juncvs effusus) is most suitable for the
purpose, although the bulrush (Scirpus lacustris) is sometimes employed.
The rushes should be gathered in the height of summer, taking care to
select the longest and largest specimens. The method of preparation
is as follows :— vThe rushes must be thrown into water as soon as they
are cut, so that the peel may be more easily stripped oflEl The whole
of the peel is removed with the exception of a narrow rib running
from top to bottom, which is left to support the pith. The cores thus
obtained are laid out on the grass for a few days to bleach and dry in
' Letter xxri. Other descriptioDS will be found in the Sussex Archosological
CoUteUonSy vol. vii. p. 188 ; OtnUeman's Magazine, Sept. 1852, p. 278 ; and J.
Lncas, Studies in Nidderdale, p. 27.
VOL. XXII. G
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98 FROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
the sun. Finally, they are dipped in scalding grease until thoroughly
saturated, and after being allowed to cool are ready for use.
The rush candle is too long and not sufficiently rigid to stand in a
socket, and has therefore to be supported by a special contrivance whilst
burning.
The simplest kind of rush-holder is made by splitting a stick and
placing the rush diagonally within the cleft. Mr J. Lucas ^ states
that this primitive apparatus was employed in the north of England
not long ago. The split stick probably suggested the rush-holder on
the same principle made of iron, of which there is a specimen from
Brittany in the Pitt Bivers Collection at Oxford.
The most common kind of rush-holder, however, consists of a pair
of nippers supported on a stand. The rush is placed in the jaws of the
nippers, and the necessary pressure given either by a spring or a bent
lever and a weight. Sometimes the whole is made of iron, but often
the upper part only, the nippers being inserted in a block of wood.
The Sussex rush-holders (fig. 18) generally have a socket at the end of
the bent lever of the nippers, which serves a double purpose, acting
both as a candlestick, and abo by its weight keeping the jaws pressed
tight together upon the rush. Sometimes the rush-holder is arranged
to hang from a nail (fig. 23) instead of to stand on a table, and in
this case there is a rack to adjust the height.^
Gilbert White* states that it takes 6 lbs. of grease to dip 1 lb.
of rushes, or 1600 individuals, and that a good rush about 2 feet 6
inches long bums an hour.
Rush Lights. — A rush light is a tallow candle with a rush in the
middle of it instead of a cotton wick. The rushes are prepared in the
same way as in the case of rush candles, but instead of being dipped
into molten grease so as to absorb it, they are coated with tallow by
several successive dippings. The rush wick has also two ribs of the
peel left on each to support the pith instead of one, the object being to
^ Studies in NidderdaUj p. 27.
' Specimens of rush-holders may be seeu at the Guildhall Museum, Loudon ; at
Lewes, Chichester, Ipswich, Derby, and other museums.
' Natural History of Selbame, Letter xxvi.
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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLIANCES.
99
Fig. 18.
Rush-Holder and Candlestick
combined.
Fig. 19.
Rack Adjustment for Hanging
Cooking-Pot, used in Brittany
(Pitt Rivers Coll.).
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100
PROCEBDINGS OF THB SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
retard combustion. Gilbert White ^ says that the rush coated with
tallow sheds a dismal light — "darkness visible," and is not near so
economical as the rush soaked in melted fat. Possibly, however, the
rush light had the advantage over the rush candle in being more easily
carried about (fig. 20).
Fig. 20. Candlestick with Spring Fastener for adjustment
Tapers, — A taper is a kind of small candle, with a very thin coating
of wax round the wick.
Taper-holders are made on the same principle as the rush-holders
* Natural History cfSelhome, Letter xxvi.
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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPUANCES. 101
already described, but the pincers which clip the taper are placed horizon-
tally instead of vertically.
There is a good specimen of an iron taper-holder in the Museum of
National Antiquities in Edinburgh. The holders for the thicker sort
of taper are generally made of brass, and have a circular hole in the
jaws of the pincers to allow the taper to pass through. The jaws are
kept together by a spring.
Candles, — A candle is a cylinder of solid grease with a wick running
longitudinally from end to end through the middle of it.
The materials formerly used were for the better kind of bleached bees*
wax, and for the commoner kind animal fats. Tallow has now been
almost entirely abandoned in favour of stearine,^ which is produced from
it by removing the glycerine. Other substances, such as spermaceti,
paraffin, ozokerit, &c., are also used.
Tallow candles were made by dipping a twisted cotton wick into
melted fat, and allowing it to cool. The process was repeated several
times until the candle was of sufficient thickness. Candles are now
made in moulds by special machinery. The chief improvement which
has been made in the present century is the substitution of plaited wick
for a twisted one. When first introduced under Palmer's patent, the
turning over at the end was caused by saturation with pulverised metallic
bismuth. The same result is now obtained more simply by tightening the
plait on one side, and thus making the tension unequal. The invention of
the plaited wick has rendered instruments for trimming it quite unneces-
sary; and snuifers, which were once indispensable to every household,
are being relegated ta museums. The origin of the candle is lost in the
mists of the past. The word occurs in numerous instances in our version
of the Scriptures, but it is probably a mistranslation for lamp. The
so-called seven branched candlesticks of the Jews, of which there are
representations on Hebrew coins and on the gilded glass vesseh of the
third or fourth centuries in the catacombs at Bome, are evidently lamp
stands.^ In the text in Leviticus xxiv. 4, " He shall order lamps upon
the pure candlestick,'' the two are confused together.
^ Discovered by Cbevereail in 1811.
' ilttrtigiiy'B Did. de9. Ant. ChrU., p 113.
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102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
In China lampstands of the same shape as a candlestick are used
at the present day. The late Mr Thomas Wright describes in his
Uriconium the discovery of Koman candles in old lead workings at
Shelve Hill, Shropshire, which are now preserved at Linley Hall.
He says that they were made, not by the process of dipping, but that a
flat sheet of wax was rolled round the wick. In the same book an
illustration is given of a Roman socket candlestick found in a villa at
Petit Fresin, in Belgium, and of an iron one from Wroxeter. Candles
are referred to by Juvenal (/Sorf., iii. 286) and Pliny {Nat. Hist, lib. xvL
c. 70).
The oldest post-Roman candlesticks of which specimens are to be
found in museums in this country, are those used for ecclesiastical pur-
poses, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. They belong to the class
of " pricket " candlesticks (i.e., ones where the candle is held in position
by a vertical spike), and are generally very beautifully decorated with
chasing and enamel.
Socket candlesticks of the Commonwealth period are not uncommon,
there being a fine example made of glazed pottery in the British Museum,
dated a.d. 1651. There are also in the same collection some fourteenth
century socket candlesticks of metal, ornamented with arabesques and
heiuldic shields of Venetian workmanship.
In mediaeval times candles were used for lighting churches, as well
as for ceremonial purposes. An example of a wrought-iron bracket
with prickets for candles exists in the Church of St Peter at Rowlston,
in Herefordshire.^ In many cases the chandelier consisted of a circular
corona round which the lights were placed, hung by chains from the
roof of the building.
Candlesticks with AdJvMtnents for raising or lowering the Level of the
lAght, — In most machines adjustments are required by means of which
the relative position of certain points may be altered by lengthening or
shortening the rigid connection between them. The origin of the
adjustments used in machinery at the present time may be traced back
to those domestic appliances in which a contrivance of this kind first
^ ArchiUdural AssodcUion Sketch Book, voL iii See also specimen in Ck>penhagen
Museum, illustrated iu J. A Woraaae's Catalogue, p. IBS.
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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLIANCES.
103
became necessary, as for example that for tighteniDg the cords of a tent,
that for raising or lowering a cooking-pot over a fire (figs. 1 9 and 21), and
that for raising a candle in its socket as it bums down. The Japanese
use the same device for altering the height of their cooking-pots above
the fire which is seen in England for tightening tent-cords. The tension
of the cord is applied in a very ingenious manner to prevent the little
perforated rocking lever, by which the length is altered, from slipping.
An adjustment, or contrivance
for increasing or decreasing the dis-
tance between two points of a
machine, is not complete without a
locking apparatus for fixing the
length of the rigid connection
between the points after it has been
changed.
A common adjustment for cooking-
pots and also for rush-holders con-
sists of a rod sliding parallel to a
rack, and having a loop of metal at
the end, which catches on the teeth of
the rack as soon as the rod is allowed
to fall by its own weight (figs. 19
and 23).
Another adjustment for candle-
sticks is founded on the screw
principle. The socket in which the
candle is placed has a projecting
stud, which works between the
threads of a screw formed of thin bar
iron twisted spirally round the candle.
Some kinds of candlesticks have cylindrical sockets in which the
candle can slide up and down, being kept in any required position by the
friction against the sides produced by a spring (fig. 20), or by a notch.
The necessary friction may also be obtained by thin metal rods pressing
against the socket which slides between them.
Fig. 21. Contrivance for raifliDg or lower-
ing a Cooking- Pot over a fire, osed
in Japan.
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104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 23, 1888.
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THE ARCBLEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPUAKCES. 105
Instruments for extinguishing Lamps and Candles. — Lights are usually
put out by means of a conical cap, called an extinguisher, \yhich excludes
the air when placed over the flame. Extinguishers appear to be of
modem origin, as they are not found associated with ancient remains.
Laige iron extinguishers of the eighteenth century, for putting out
torches, are to be seen on each side of the doorways of some of the older
houses in London and Edinburgh. A pair of pincers with a circular end
about the size of a shilling, called a pair of ** dampers,** are sometimes
used for extinguishing candles.
Instruments for trimming the Wicks of Lamps and Candles. — ^Although
the number of ancient lamps discovered from time to time is very
great, the instruments used for trimming the wick are seldom foimd
along with them. One of the few examples which has come under my
notice is in the Guildhall Museum in London, and was dug up in
Tokenhouse Yard in 1865. It is a bronze pin 3 inches long, pointed
at one end, and attached to a chain at the other. At each side are
projecting hooks, one near the point and the other near the head.^
The .rarity of wick trimmers is probably due partly to the small size
of such objects, which would cause them to be lost or overlooked by
discoverers, and also to the fact that pointed instruments originally
intended for other purposes may have been used. The wick trimmer
of the Eskimo stone lamp, consisting of a bent piece of stick with a
curved end, has been already described. For the more primitive kinds
of metal lamps such as the Scotch crusie, a small bit of wire is
employed for the purpose.
Before the invention of the plaited wick for candles, pairs of snuffers
were to be f oimd in every household, but they are now becoming
rapidly obsolete. A pair of snuffers (fig. 24) consists of a pair of
scissors provided with a small box on the top to receive the snuff of the
candle when cut off. The oldest specimens which now exist date back
to perhaps the sixteenth century,^ and have a box of heart-shape at the
1 Pins of similar shape have been found in France (see Mhnoirea de la SocUU des
Aidiquairea du Midi de la France, vol. viii) and at Pompeii (see E. Trollope's
Pompeii).
' See pair with arms of Cardinal Bainbridge, cirea A.D. 1510, illustrated in Jour.
BriL Arehaol. Inst., vol. x. p. 72, now in the British Museam.
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106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
end, sometimes of brass ornamented with Scripture subjects.^ The
modem kind is very ngly, having a rectangular box, and a point at the
end for separating the strands of the wick or removing pieces of charred
cotton from the melted grease at the top of the candle. The snuffers
Fig. 24. Pair of Brass Snuffers,
are placed either on a tray by themselves or on the candlestick.
There is in the South Kensington Museum an elegant stand for a pair
of snuffers, made of wrought iron.
Lanterns, — A lantern is a contrivance for protecting the flame of a
lamp or a candle from being blown out by the wind when carried in
the open air. It consists of a cylinder, either entirely or partly made of
some transparent substance, surrounding the flame and having the top
and bottom closed with metal plates, perforated so as to admit the
amount of air required for combustion.
In this country the windows of lanterns are made either of horn or
glass, but in the East, paper and oiled canvas have been used from
time immemorial. Very few specimens of lanterns are preserved in
museums, and none of great age. Probably the oldest now existing
is that used by Guy Fawkes, in his unsuccessful attempt to blow up
the Houses of Parliament, which is now in the Bodleian Museum at
Oxford. Lanterns were known in Saxon times, ^ there is a picture
of one in iElfric's Heptateuch in the British Museum (Claud B. iv. foL
27), illustrating Abraham's Dream of the Lamp (Genesis xv. 17).
' Specimen with Adam and Eve in the British Museum.
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THE ARCHiEOLOGY OF LIGHTING APPLIANCES. 107
Lanterns occur amongst the accessories of the scene of the Betrayal of
Christ (John xviii. 3). " Judas then having received a band of men,
and officers of the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh thither with
lanterns and torches* and weapons," as in the twelfth century Life of
Christ in the MS. in the British Museum (Nero, c iv, foL 21), and in
the Saxon Benedictional of iEthelwold.^ Dark lanterns provided with
a shutter for rendering the light invisible are used by the criminal
classes, such as burglars, poachers, and smugglers.
Some curious specimens of salmon poachers' lanterns were to be seen
at the late International Fisheries Exhibition in London. At the same
Exhibition was shown a lantern made out of an ordinary spirit
glass, which was used for beach work at Polpero, in Cornwall, a hun-
dred years ago.
Torches, — ^The torch is probably the most primitive of all lighting
appliances. The flame is produced by burning a piece of wood or other
dry vegetable substance, impregnated with resin or coated with pitch
to make it more combustible. In a savage state of society a brand
plucked from the fire used for cooking or heating purposes would
naturally suggest itself as the simplest kind of portable light.
Torches are often made of pine wood, taken from a tree which has had
an incision made in it so as to cause the resin to flow and form a
coating over the lower part of the trunk.
Torches were known in classical times, the Greek word for one
being Xvx*'^' ^^^ ^^® Latin ** tseda." Representations occur of torches
held by the personifications of the Sun and Moon, and in other
instances. Before the streets of our large towns were lighted by gas,
link boys carried torches in front of persons going out after dark,
and the iron * extinguishers with which the light was put out are still to
be seen at each side of the doorways of the older houses in London.
Even at the present day the dense London fogs necessitate the occasional
revival of this extinct method of illumination. Processions are also still
held by torchlight in some instances.
Mr Bruce Peebles lately delivered an address before the Boyal Scottish
' ArchcBologia^ vol. xxiv.
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108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 28, 1888.
Society of Arts on the progress of artificial methods of lighting, in which
he described the use of torches made of fir wood in Scotland as follows:
— ^** Another and more primitive device for giving light in a dwelling was
shown in a few specimens of * peer men,* an article at no very remote
period in common use in Scottish country households. Its purpose was
to hold the * fir cannel ' or split of resinous fir, by the flame of which
the family had supper and the head of the house * took the books.' The
rudest form of the 'peer man' was that of a stout staff of about three
feet long, placed in a hole bored into a large stone, and having a piece
of slit iron fixed at the upper end for holding the * cannel wood.* The
split of fir, taken from a stock on a frame kept within the * ingle * that
they might be thoroughly dry, would of course be fixed in the slit in a
horizontal position, and the light could in a degree be regulated by
raising or lowering the burning end. The name 'peer man,* or poor
man, is supposed to have originated in the custom of assigning the duty
of holding the light to a beggar man who might be within the gates in
the day before the contrivance referred to had been devised. Other
forms of * peer men,* made of iron, and having several hinges after the
manner of a gas bracket, were also shown, and are known to have been
in use in Mid-Lothian and Lanarkshire within living memory. They
were constructed for fixing on the upper bar of a grate, but the illuminant
in this instance was not * cannel wood * but ' cannel coal* This, as is
well known, takes fire easily and gives a good light; the splinter of coal
was laid upon the 'peer man'; it was kept ablaze by being held near to
the fire, and the fumes would escape by the chimney.**
In British Columbia a species of smelt called the candle fish is
sufficiently rich in oil to be used as a torch or candle. The dried fish
is stuck, tail upwards, in a lump of clay or a cleft stick and a light
applied to it. Sometimes a piece of rush pith or a strip from the inner
bark of the cypress tree is drawn through the fish by means of a wooden
needle.
At the Indian and Colonial Exhibition, held in London in 1886, a
sort of vegetable torch called a ''damar,*' fixed in a wooden stand, from
the Straits Settlements, was shown.
Ths Invention of Oas, — Although it is not proposed to describe the
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THE ARCHEOLOGY OF UGHTING APPUANCBS. 109
appliances used for gas lighting in the present paper, the name of the
inventor of this improved system of illumination, and the time when
it was introduced, deserves to be recorded. Coal gas as an illuminant
was invented by William Murdoch, partner in the firm of Bolton and
Watt, Soho Works, Birmingham, and he first exhibited it in public
on the occasion of the Peace of Amiens in the year 1 802.^ William
Murdoch was born at Bellow Mill, near Auchinleck, Ayrshire,
August 21, 1754. He lighted his own house and offices at Redruth,
in Cornwall, with gas in 1793.
Electricity and paraffin, for purposes of illumination, are of too recent
origin to be treated of in the present paper.
Monday, 13^ FeJmiary 1888.
Propessor duns, D.D., in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following (Gentlemen were duly
elected Fellows : —
James Fleming, jun., Kilmory, Skelmorlie.
Qeorob Reid, R.S.A, 17 Carlton Terrace.
Rev. Alexander Thomson, D.D., Constantinople.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By Miss Frasbr, 60 Hogarth Road, London.
Gk)ld filigree Watch-Case, said to have belonged to King James VI.
Gk)ld filigree Tablet-Cover, said to have belonged to Queen Anne.
Small Pin-Cushion, said to have belonged to Queen Mary, but not of
the time of Mary Queen of Scots.
Sleeve-Link, with hair inserted in a square, with gold border, on
^ See letter by Mr S. Adams, an eye-witness, in the Standard, July 8, 1883.
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110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 13, 1888.
which is a crown and the letters J.E., and round it God Save The
King.
Miniature in oils of the Prince James, son of James VII., as a child.
Small Miniature of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, forming a locket,
with some of his hair gummed down on the hack.
In a letter announcing the donation, Miss Fraser gives the follow-
ing particulars of the history so far as known of these objects : —
60 Hogarth Road, London, Oct, 13, 1887.
Sir, — I am sending some Stuart relics which I have decided to present to
the Edinburgh Museum of Antiquities. These treasures were bequeathed to me
by my aunt, Mary Bagot, who received them from Mrs Bowdler, then a widow,
the survivor of all her children. My aunt wrote down what Mrs Bowdler told
her about the treasures, but there is no clue to their history from the time of
the Stuarts to our own times. I find in my aunt's journal that her maternal
grandfather " the Rev. William Ward, was a Non-juring minister, and as such
officiated for many years as chaplain in the family of Thomas Bowdler, Esq.,
and Elizabeth Stuarta, his wife, both families being amongst the most devoted
adherents of the ejected royal race. Mrs Bowdler was the daughter of R.
Cotton of Conington, Huntingdonshire. Her husband's stock was one of the
most ancient in Salop, of Hope Bowdler, near Church Stretton.**
Mary, the only daughter of the above mentioned Rev. William Ward, was
left an orphan, and brought up by Mr Bowdler. She became the second wife of
the Rev. Walter Bagot of Bathfield, my maternal grandfather, and her family
and the Bowdlers remained on terms of intimacy as long as any of the latter
survived.
The miniatures and the watch-case and tablet-cover were exhibited at a loan"
exhibition at the South Kensington Museum, I think in 1866.
(2) By Sir Herbert Eustace Maxwell, Bart., M.P., F.S.A, Scot.
Carle, or wooden Candlestick, formerly used with the big spinning
wheel, from Glenkens, Galloway. [See the subsequent communication
by Sir Herbert MaxweU.]
(3) By Dr Robert de Brus Trotter, Tayview House, Perth.
Stone Cup, of micaceous sandstone, 5 inches diameter, with flat
handle 2 J inches wide, projecting IJ inches from the side, pierced
verticaUy with a hole | inch in diameter. The cavity of the cup
measures 3f inches in diameter and 2^ inches in depth. The brim is
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Ill
slightly rounded, and the exterior is ornamented with a band of herring-
bone work 1 inch in width, extending horizontally round the circum-
ference immediately under the brim. It was found near Needless, on
the west side of Perth, in making an extension of Queen Street.
Stone Cup found at Needless (5 inches diameter).
Bronze Pin, 4 J inches in length, with cylindrical head placed at right
angles to the stem, found in digging the foundation of a house in High
Street, Perth.
(4) By Joseph Bissbtt, 67 Hanover Street.
Three Arrow-Heads of flint, from the Culbin Sands, Morayshire.
(5) By W. IvisoN Macadam, F.S.A. Scot.
Bead of a bluish-black vitreous paste, from Strathlachlan. Its shape
is oval, 1 inch by f inch and ^ inch in thickness, the central hole J inch
diameter, and the exterior ornamented with a plait of two strands in
yellow, with greenish spots in the openings of the plait.
(6) By Edwin Millidge, F.S.A. Scot., Jeweller, Princes Street.
Jewel-Box or Coflfer of wrought iron, 9 inches in length by 4f inches
in height and 4^ inches in width. The lid hinged on three straps
riveted down the back, and ornamented on the top with raised quatre-
foils, the lock on the inside of the lid, and the key-hole in the middle
strap, with a guard turning on a pivot over it.
(7) By Arthuk Anderson, C.B., M.D., F.S.A. Scot., Pitlochry.
Stone Axe of greenstone, 4 inches in length by 2i inches across
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112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 18, 1888.
the cutting face, the upper part roughly chipped, the cutting face
rubbed smooth, from Northern Australia.
(8) By the Secretary of State in Council, of India.
The Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati and Jaggayapata, Archsdological
Survey of Southern India. Vol. I.
(9) By Major William Bruce Armstrong, the Author, through
R. B. Armstrong, F.S.A. Scot.
Notes on the Baronial House of Bruce of Airth, By Mcgor William
Bruce Armstrong. Privately printed.
(10) By Edwin Brocholst Livingston, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
The Livingstons of Callendar and their principal Cadets ; a Family
History. Part 1. 4to. Privately printed.
(11) By Patrick Dudgeon, F.S.A. Scot.
" Macs " in Galloway. 8vo, pp. 15. Dumfries, 1887.
There were also Exhibited : —
(1) By Lady Maxwell.
Carle, or wooden Candlestick, with round base supported on three
short feet. [See the subsequent communication by Sir Herbert Max-
weU.]
(2) By Major-General The Hon. A. Stewart, F.S.A. Scot.
Carle, or wooden Candlestick, with round base supported on three
long feet. [See the subsequent communication by Sir Herbert Max-
well]
(3) By Sir Herbert Eustace Maxwell, Bart., M.P., F.S.A. Scot.
Portion of a large collection of Antiquities in stone and bronze, from
Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire, now presented to the Museum ;
to be described along with the remaining portion to be subsequently sent
for presentation to the Museum,
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 113
(4) By David Marshall, F.S-A. Scot., Kinross.
Old Curling Stone, or Channel Stane, a natural boulder, with indented
hollows instead of a handle, found in Lochleven, Kinross-shire.
The following Communications were read : —
L
NOTES ON THE "CARLES" OR WOODEN CANDLESTICKS OF WIG-
TOWNSHIRE. By Sib HERBERT EUSTACE MAXWELL, Baet., M.P.,
F.S.A. Soot.
The three objects shown in the engraving belong to a class of
domestic utensils which must have been a familiar article in Scottish
households, but which, since the invention of improved illuminants, have
completely disappeared from use, and have never yet received notice in
the Proceedings of the Society.
They are veritable candlesticks, sticks to hold tallow dips, and were
used, as the old people tell me, with the big spinning wheeL^ They are
known in Galloway as " carles," and in Aberdeenshire and BanfDshire it
is said that somewhat similar articles for holding fir-candles, or splinters
of bog-fir, are known as ** peer men," i.e., " poor men." These synonymous
terms may have been applied to the tall candlesticks, from the habit of
making vagrants and gaberlunzies of some use, in return for alms or
food, in holding the light for the spinning-wheel.
1. The first specimen (fig. 3) is from a farm-house in the Glenkens.
It is formed by two cross pieces of wood forming a cruciform base, to
which is attached an upright stick 21 inches in length, of which 3 inches
is inserted into the socket. The two pieces of wood forming the socket
each measure 12 inches long by 2f inches wide and 1| inches thick,
and are dovetailed into each other where they cross in the centre. At
each end the socket pieces are bevelled away at the ends on the top,
and on the under side they are cut away in the centre, so as to leave a
^ These large wheels have well-nigh fallen into disuse in Galloway. I only know
of one house (in Mochmm parish) where one is still regularly employed, though
doubtless there are others.
VOL. xxn. H
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114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 18, 1888.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 8.
Carles or Wooden Candlesticks, from Qalloway (scale one- eighth).
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"carles" or wooden candlesticks of WIGTOWNSHIRE. 115
rude resemblance to four feet At a distance of 3| inches from the
top of the upright stick there is attached a piece of iron f of an inch
broad, and in the shape of the letter U. This piece of iron is fastened
by a nail driven through each end, and through the wooden upright in
such a manner as to allow the iron to describe an arc of half a circle on
one side of the upright. The upright itself is attached to the two
bottom cross-pieces by being whittled off to a cylindrical shape and
inserted into two circular holes in the cross-pieces, and held there by a
nail driven through it to prevent its slipping out. At the top of the
upright there are three small nails inserted for the purpose of holding a
candle-end after it has burned too low for the socket, and also for
suspending therefrom a bunch of dips. Clasped to the fixed upright is
what may be termed a free-moving upright. This free-moving upright
consists of a piece of wood 21^ inches in length, one side of which is
cut into a series of eight deep notches at intervals of about 2^ inches,
with the exception of the fifth {i.e., from the bottom), which is at a
distance of only 1 inch from the preceding one, and 1 J inches from the
following one. The notches commence at a distance of 4 inches from
the bottom, and terminate at a distance of 3 inches from the top.
Inserted into the top of this upright is an inverted conical-shaped ferrule
of thick tin or thin sheet-iron, and which projects to a height of 2^
inches, and measures ■}-§ inch diameter at the open end, and narrowing
to I inch at inserted end. This second and free-moving upright is held
in its place at the top by the U-shaped iron before mentioned, which is
also for the purpose of catching into the notches, and so allowing the
upright to be raised by successive stages to a height of 32^ inches, an
increase of about 9 from its normal height of 23f inches. At the
bottom this upright is held in position by another U-shaped piece of
sheet-iron f inch broad, which permits the upright to be freely raised
from notch to notch. Owing to the fixed upright having been shortened
in repairing at its insertion into the base, the three upper notches are
now useless from the iron catch being too low down.
This specimen is the one presented to the Museum.
2. The second specimen (fig. 1) came from Glennither, in Penning-
hame. It is constructed on the same general principle as the first, but
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116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 18, 1888.
differs in the following particulars : — ^The foundation of this carl consists
of a base resembling a cutty-stool, being formed of three legs inserted
into a circular flat top. The legs project to a distance of 7 inches from
the flat top, but owing to their great slope they only elevate the stand
to a height of 5 J inches. The flat top measures 6 J by 5 j inches diameter
by 2 inches in thickness, and into this is inserted an upright similar to
the one described above, and measuring 22 inches in length. In this
case, however, the upright is oblong in section, whereas the other is
rudely circular. At a distance of 2 inches from the top there is a round
bar of iron \ inch in diameter, bent so as to form three sides of a
square [J. The two free ends have been expanded into small eyeholes,
through which an iron pin passes, thus securing the catch to the upright.
The upright itself is secured to the base in the same manner as the
former, with the exception that it preserves its oblong shape in the
socket hole. The free-moving upright consists of a bar of wood of the
same shape as the fixed upright, and measures 22 inches in length.
This second upright is held in its place at the bottom by an iron band
1 inch broad, which encircles the fixed upright It is cut into a series
of eight regularly made notches at a distance of 2 inches from each
other. Attached to the top of the free upright is a plate of sheet-iron
in the form of three discs attached to each other in a direct line, and
each 2f inches diameter. The two outer discs have attached to their
upper surfaces two candle sockets of sheet-iron— one on each disc — each
f of an inch in diameter, and 1^ and If inch in height respectively.
The centre disc has a small three-pronged projection for holding the
candle end, one of the prongs of which is broken off*. This specimen
is much more carefully finished than the first.
Exhibited by Lady Maxwell
3. The third example (fig. 2), which is exhibited by Major-General the
Hon. A. Stewart of Corsbie, is constructed on an entirely diflerent plan
from the first two. The base is formed in the same manner as Ko. 2,
being formed of three long legs, each 17 inches in length, inserted into
a circular disc of wood 6f inches diameter by 2 J inches in thickness.
At a height of 1 1 inches from the top of the circular base is a triangular
piece of wood 5^ by 6^ inches diameter by 1 inch in thickness. This
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"CARLES "-OR WOODEN CANDLESTICKS OF WIGTOWNSfflRK 117
triangular block of wood is held in its place by three upright sticks
inserted into the under side at each comer, the other ends of which are
inserted into the circular disc before mentioned. These upright sticks
are each 13^ inches long and half an inch in diameter, of which one inch
of each is inserted into the triangular block ; and an inch and a half of
the other end of each is inserted into the circular block, thus holding
the two blocks at a distance of 1 1 inches from each other. Through
the centre of the triangular block, and through the centre of the circular
block, a round hole has been cut so as to allow a stick 27 inches long to
pass freely up and down. This stick, which is circular, and 1 inch in
diameter, can be raised to a height of 12 J inches, and held there by a
wooden pin which passes through the side of the circular block and
presses against the elevated stick. This elevating stick corresponds to
the free-moving uprights of the previous examples. At the top of the
elevating stick a piece of wood has been attached of the same shape as
the triple-disc iron plate in No. 2. On top of this again has been
fastened a horizontal bar of iron, 6| inches long by 1| inch broad and
•^ inch thick, the two ends of which have been expanded into saucer-
shaped cups 3 inches diameter. To the same bar, and extending over to
the centre of the cups, are, on one side a candle socket 1| inch high
and 1 inch diameter, and on the other three upright prongs 1^ inch in
height.
It is difficult to assign a date to these archaic candlesticks. John of
Trevisa may have had in his mind a " candelstikke " of this description
when he wrote towards the close of the fourteenth century, and the type
may have persisted, like querns and spindle-whorls, down to relatively
recent days. The material of which they are made is ash and pine ;
the latter appears to be Memel, or possibly Scots fir. They are such as
may have been made at home, with the aid of the blacksmith, to supply
the metal parts. I have been told by Sergeant M*Millan of the Wigtown-
shire Constabulary (who collected the three specimens exhibited), that
carles made entirely of iron still exist, but I have not seen them.
Wooden articles, when disused, so readily disappear as firewood, that we
owe thanks to Sergeant M^illan for having preserved these.
Dr Jamieson, in his Scottish Dictionary, does not notice the specific
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118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 13, 1888.
meaning of a tall candlestick either under carle or puir-man. The
earliest use of the word candlestick in English literature occurs in
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 1102. The chronicler, in
describing how " there came thieves, some from Auvergne, some from
France, and some from Flanders, and broke into the monastery of
Peterborough," states that they " }?8Brinne naman mycel to gode, on golde
and on seolfre, J>et wseron roden, and calicen, and candelsticcan," In the
Anglo-Saxon GospeU (ed. Thrope) the word candlestick, in Matt. v. 15,
is rendered candelstaf; but in the Rushworth MS. of Matt, this
word is changed into candel-treaw = " branching candlestick," lit., a
" candle-tree." In Middle English it first occurs in John of Trevisa's
translation of Higden's Polychronicon (a.d. 1387), where it is given as
the equivalent of the Latin candelabrum,
11.
NOTICE OF A CRANNOG DISCOVERED IN LOCHLEVEN, KINROSS-
SHIRE, ON 7th SEPTEMBER 1887. By R. BURNS BEGG, F.S.A.
Scot.
The recent discovery of the remains of a crannog in the bed of
Lochleven, verified a belief which I had long entertained, that traces of
prehistoric occupancy were to be found within the circuit of the loch.
This belief arose not solely from the fact that the loch occupies a
central situation in a district abounding in relics of prehistoric times,
but also, and indeed chiefly, from the fact, that several years ago the
remains of an ancient canoe had been found embedded in the loch, clearly
showing that it had at some remote period formed the " habitat " of a
primitive race. For several years my efforts to discover tangible proof
in support of my conviction were unsuccessful, and I had nearly
abandoned all hope of ultimate success, when in the course of last
spring I fortunately alluded to the subject in course of conversation
with a boatman (Richard Kilgour), who for upwards of half a century
had been thoroughly familiar with Lochleven and ite surroundings.
On my describing to him as nearly as I could the appearance which
the remains of which I was in search would probably present, he
steted, that he had since his boyhood known of the existence at the
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A CRANNOG DISCOVERED IN LOCHLEYEN, KINROSS-SHIRE. 119
bottom of the loch of a peculiar mound conaistmg of an accumulation of
stones and timber which he had often puzzled his brains to account
for, and which he volunteered to show me. This offer I gladly availed
myself of as soon as the waters of the loch had subsided to their
summer level, and we at once embarked, and under his intelligent and
interesting guidance we had no difficulty in finding the object of our
search. It consisted of a mound entirely under water, clearly artificial
in its formation, and rising to a height of about 1 1 or 2 feet from
the bottom of the loch, and covering a superficial area of from 30 to
35 yards in length and about 20 yards in breadth. At its highest
point the mound was upwards of a foot under the surface of the water,
so that the depth of the water all around must have been fully 3 feet.
The mound was situated about 60 yards from the land, at a point near
to, and directly south from, the west entrance to the public burial
ground of Kinross.
It is right that I should here state that about half a century ago the
depth of Lochleven was reduced to an extent of about 9 feet by the
artificial lowering of its outlet, so that the depth of water all around
the deposit which I have indicated above (3 feet) represents a depth of
about 12 feet in days of old.
The day (7th September last) on which we first inspected the
mound was not at all favourable for such a purpose, as the water had
been rendered "drumly" by heavy rain which had fallen the day
before, and besides there was a very decided ripple on the surface of
the loch. Our investigation, therefore, was anything but complete or
satisfactory, indeed we had to glean our information more by groping
under the water than by actual perception, but still unsatisfactory and
incomplete as it was, it fully convinced me that I had at length
discovered the object of my prolonged search.
The mound consisted of an immense deposit of timber and brush-
wood covered with stones, and we succeeded in recovering from the
bottom of the loch several pieces of the larger timbers of which the
structure had been composed. These we found consisted of undressed
trunks or trees, elm, beech, and birch, and a considerable part of the
brushwood we ascertained to be hazel branches. The larger timbers,
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120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 18, 1888.
which were fully 9 inches in diameter and 12 feet or upwards in
length, were found at the bottom of the deposit, and above these was
found a transverse layer of smaller timber of 3 inches and upwards in
diameter, which was surmounted by a thick layer of brushwood, the
whole being covered over with stones evidently gathered from the
loch, and apparently selected, as the stones were somewhat larger and
far more nearly uniform in size than those which are generally found
scattered along the margin of the loch. The pieces of timber which
we secured were quite natural and fresh in appearance, in most instances
even retaining the bark still with its tints as vivid and natural as when
it grew on the tree, but when handled the fibre of the wood was found
to be quite gone, and they were so pulpy that they could in most cases
be squeezed with the hand almost like a sponge. The only trace of
workmanship which we discovered was at the termination of the logs,
many of which were cut in a slanting direction, as if for the purpose of
being joined or fitted to the end of the log next in position. There
were no traces, whatever, of mortising or pegging, nothing in fact but
the hatchet-cuts, which appeared to have been made with a very blunt
instrument. Outside the mound, and at a distance of only a foot
or two from it, could be distinctly traced all round the south or
lochward side a rude crescent-shaped breakwater of about 2 feet in
height, consisting of stones laid one above the other, and presenting a
sloping face towards the loch. This breakwater at either end curved
slightly inwards towards the shore, and it was thus calculated, and no
doubt intended, to protect the inner structure at its most exposed points,
by breaking the force of the waves before they reached the piles
supporting the platform.
Having fully examined the deposit under water so far as it was
possible for us to do so, I next directed my scrutiny towards the
shore of the loch immediately opposite to the apparent site of the
structure, and here I was fortunate enough to discover embedded in
the sand above the present water-mark, the pointed end of a strong
wooden pile, evidently of the same age as the timber we had already
recovered. This pile was about 9 inches square, and as its position was
nearly opposite to the centre of the deposit in the loch, I conjectured
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A CRANNOa DISCOVERED IN LOCHLEVBN, KINROSS-SHIRE. 121
that it had formed one of the supports of the gangway connecting the
crannog with the shore.
From the position of this pile, and from the general character of
the deposit in the bed of the loch, as well as from the other information
we gathered in course of our examination, I conjectured that the
structure had consisted of an oblong wooden platform raised above the
level of the water on piles, 12 feet or upwards in height, driven into
the bed of the loch, and extending along the shore, from which it was
about 75 yards distant, and that this platform had been connected with
the shore by a gangway similarly supported. I was also of opinion
that the platform had consisted of the larger timbers already described
laid on the tops of the piles, and that on the top of these there had
been a transverse layer of smaller timber laid closely together, and
covered over with a thick layer of brushwood, the whole being sur-
mounted by a layer of stones in order to give the structure a solidity
and weight sufficient to resist the action of the wind and the waves of
the loch.
I at once communicated to Dr Anderson the discovery which I had
made, and I forwarded to him the pointed end of the pile to which 1
have referred, as well as one or two pieces of the timber showing the
hatchet marks. He, however, with that cautious circumspection which
has characterised every Scotch antiquaiy from the days of Jonathan
Oldbuck downwards, very naturally declined to recognise the structure
as a crannog in the absence of any actual proof of human habitation.
This seemed to me rather a disappointing requisition, especially as I saw
no prospect of the waters of the loch subsiding to such an extent as
to admit of my investigating the deposit more minutely than I had
already done. Fortunately, however, the past autumn proved to be an
exceptionally diy season, and the waters of the loch subsided several
inches below the lowest level of many previous years, and on the 14th
of October last, 1 was glad to find that the extreme edge of the deposit
next to the shore was actually projecting a few inches beyond the
water-mark. I at once employed intelligent and careful labourers to
lay bare as much of the structure as the water enabled them to reach.
There were no stones at this part, probably owing to these having at
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122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 18, 1888.
8ome time been gathered and removed for building purposes, and the
brushwood too had either decayed or been washed away. On removing
the slight deposit of sand which covered the timbers, we found the
structure to be exactly of the character I had conjectured, but we
could find nothing to indicate how it had been fastened or held
together. We, however, found from the position in which the timbers
were lying embedded in the sand, that the whole fabric had evidently
collapsed en nuiasey and not piecemeal, for the logs were lying in a solid
mass and in regular order side by side. The deposit of timber and
decayed vegetable matter was about a foot and a half in thickness, and
the lower ends of the supporting piles were still found in their original
position, most of them being perpendicular, while not a few of them were
driven in a sloping direction, evidently for the purpose of resisting
lateral pressure. In course of turning over the exposed parts of the
deposits, small as the extent of these was, we succeeded in recovering
undoubted traces of human habitation. These consisted of animal
remains, bones and teeth, chiefly of the ox, the swine, and the deer ; part
of a rude clay hearth, with the ashes adhering firmly to the upper
surface of it ; some pieces of charred wood ; and several fragments of
coarse, thick hand-made pottery, which had evidently formed part of
a vessel of unusually large dimensions. The only trace of handicraft
which we discovered was a small piece of wood with rude carving
upon it, which was conjectured to be the handle of a wooden scoop or
ladle. These formed the whole of the relics which we were able to
recover from the water, and considering the extremely limited portion
of the structure which we had to operate upon, it is. perhaps a matter
for surprise as well as congratulation that the proofe of human habita-
tion were so numerous and conclusive. Taking advantage of the lowness
of the water, I on the same occasion made a further exploration all
along the supposed site of the gangway connecting the crannog with
the shore. We had no difficulty in finding the remains of the piles by
which it had been supported. These stood in two straight parallel
rows 12 feet apart, the piles in each row occurring at regular inter-
vals, with a space of from 4 to 5 feet between each. This continued
with wonderful regularity from the edge of the mound where we had
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A CBANNOG DISCOVERED IN LOCHLEVEN, KINEOSS-SHIRK 123
been operating directly towards the shore, which must have been fully
75 yards distant before the level of loch was reduced, but at about
mid distance the piles became somewhat less regular, and at this point we
also came upon traces of a transverse row of piles, smaller in size, and
placed much more closely together, which had gone straight across the
site of the gangway. This transverse row of piles led me to conjecture
that the permanent platform may have terminated at this point and
been continued for the remainder of the distance shorewards in a
lighter and more movable form, in order to admit of its being easily
withdrawn when necessary for more perfect isolation and security.
From the situation of the structure, at barely a stone's throw from the
shore, as well as from its general character, it presented to our ideas
nothing indicative of an ancient ** stronghold," but rather of a secure
" domestic retreat," where a peaceful and industrious community may
have found security from the ravages of the feres nahtrm which at that
remote period probably infested the widespread wooded plains then
encircling Lochleven on the north and west.
The crannog has been characterised by Sir Herbert Maxwell, a very
competent authority, as unique in so far as regards Scotland, but the
reason why no Scotch crannog of the same description has hitherto been
found, is I think to be attributed not to their having been uncommon
in olden times, but owing simply to the nature of such structures
having rendered them peculiarly liable to speedy and entire annihila-
tion through gradual decay. In this particular case the preservation of
the debris has arisen solely, I think, from the exceptional and accidental
circtmistance of the platform having collapsed suddenly and entire to
the bottom of the loch, where it has lain submerged for centuries,
protected by its superincumbent mass of stones from the action alike
of the waves and the air. Had it fallen by degrees, the brushwood
and timbers would undoubtedly have at once drifted ashore, and would
in a very short space of time have decayed from exposure.
It is exceedingly unfortunate that, owing to the mound being so
entirely submerged, it was impossible for us to make a more thorough
investigation last season before the waters began to rise to their winter
level, but next summer I hope we may be able to devise means for
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124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 13, 1888.
doing 80 more thoroughly while the waters are low. It will, however,
be difficult to devise satisfactory means for such further investigation,
owing to its being utterly impossible by any avaOable appliances to
lay the deposit dry, and of course groping for antiquarian relics in a
heap of debris lying fully 2 feet under water can never prove to be a
satisfactory proceeding. The only plan that has yet suggested itself to
me is to scoop out the whole deposit carefully, and wheel it to the
shore, and examine it minutely there. If this were done, I am very
sanguine that the crannog will, as predicted by Dr Anderson in his
letter to me, yield a rich field for future antiquarian research, by bringing
to light many articles of common domestic use which may now be
lying buried among the ruins of the structure. I also think that
there is reasonable ground for supposing that this crannog may have
formed one of many similar erections in and around the secluded and
picturesque waters of Lochleven, and further investigation may yet
disclose other remains of the same kind, and reveal to us much of the
prehistoric character of the secluded, interesting, and picturesque plain
which now forms the little county of Kinross.
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DROCHIL CASTLE, PEEBLESSHIRE. 125
HL
NOTES ON DROCHIL CASTLE, PEEBLESSHIRE. By DAVID MARSHALL,
F.S.A. Soot.
The melancholy interest which attaches itself to this monument of
fallen greatness will, it is hoped, be a sufficient apology for the follow-
ing notes, which are submitted to the Society at the recommendation of
two of the Fellows.
Sir William Douglas " of liddesdale " had a charter from the Crown
of the lands and barony of Kybechoch (Kilbothok) and Kewlands, on
the latter of which stands Drochil, proceeding upon the resignation of
John Graham of Dalkeith, in the thirteenth year of King David IL
(1342). He bestowed these lands, together with Dalkeith and Aber-
dour, in 1351, upon his nephew. Sir James Douglas, afterwards designed
*' of Dalkeith," son of John of Douglas, one of the keepers of Lochleyeu
Castle, in the minority of David II.
James Douglas, Lord of Dalkeith, great-grandson of the last named,
was created Earl of Morton in the Parliament of 1457.
James, third Earl of Morton, having no sons, obtained a new charter
of the Earldom from the Crown, with remainder (1) to James Douglas,
brother of the Earl of Angus, husband of his daughter Elizabeth, and
afterwards Regent, (2) to Archibald, Earl of Angus, (3) to William
Douglas of Lochleven, descended from a younger brother of Sir James
Douglas of Dalkeith, and the heirs mede of their bodies respectively.
Agreeably to this settlement, the Earldom came to the future Eegent in
1553.
James, fourth Earl of Morton, became Regent of Scotland in 1572.
According to the author of CcUedonia, the Regent began to build Drochil
Castle, on the Lyne Water, in the parish of Newlands, in 1578. "He
fell under the axe,*' says he, "in Jime 1581; but this large edifice was
designed," saith Pennycuick, " more for a palace than a castle, and now
exhibits in its mighty ruins the disgrace of its ambitious founder."
After the ex-Regenfs death, the Crown bestowed the Earldom of
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126 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 18, 1888.
Morton upon John, Lord Maxwell, grandson of the third Earl of
Morton; but on the reversal of the attainder, in 1585, that nobleman
was obliged to denude in favour of the Earl of Angus, receiving the
Earldom of Nithsdale in lieu of that of Morton ; and on the death of
Angus, without sons, in 1588, the succession came to William Douglas
of Lochleven, who thus became seventh Earl of Morton.
All the authorities we have consulted agree in saying th&% Drochil
Castle was left unfinished at the death of Morton. The late Dr William
Chambers, in his History of Peeblesshire^ states that **the year 1581
was signalized by the execution of the ex-Begent Morton, who was
condemned as having been actively concerned in the murder of Damley.
The abrupt termination of his career left Drochil in the unfinished state
in which it is represented in this engraving. Its remains, which occupy
the brow of the rising ground between the Lyne and the Tarth, parish
of Newlands, constitute the grandest of the ruined castles in the
county."
'* This is a massive rain (say Messrs Macgibbon and Boss in their
splendid work, the Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland),
situated on a height in a retired spot at the junction of the Tarth and
Lyne Waters, and commanding a fine view of the valleys of these rivers
and that of the Tweed. This edifice is believed to have been built by
the Regent Morton shortly before his execution in 1581, but never to
have been finished. It is described as being intended for a palace
rather than a castle, and its arrangements justify this view — the
defences consisting almost exclusively of shot-holes in the round towers
at the north-east and south-west angles, so placed as to command the
various sides of the building. These towers are round, and are placed
in the usual position at two of the diagonally opposite angles ; but they
are very diminutive in proportion to the size of the castle, as compared
with most other similar buildings.
'^ The plan of the main building is quite unique. The castles and
houses in the sixteenth century, and for long after, were almost invari-
ably built as single tenements, the rooms having windows on both sides,
and entering through one another. But Drochil Castle is designed as a
double tenement, with a great corridor or gallery 12 feet 6 inches
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DROCHIL CASTLE, PSEBLSSSHIBE. 127
uride on each storey rumiiiig thiough the building from east to west, and
dividing it completely into two blocks, each containing rooms entering
from the gallery and lighted by windows on one side only."
Although it may be ^ unfinished," we think it has been too hastily
assumed that Drochil was never inhabited, or could not boast of
" chambers of luxurious state." Under the head of Morton! 8 Freinda
Troubled, Calderwood, the Historian of the Kirk, informs us that in
1581, " Dalkeith was randered upon Moonday, the twentieth of Marche
to the Laird of Minto ; the Drochels to Sir John Seton ; Aberdour to
the Lord Sanct Colme ; Morton to the Lord Maxwell," which seems to
prove "the Drochels" to have been equally tenable with the other
castellated mansions of the Earldom.
William, Earl of Morton, first of the House ci Lochleven, died in
1606, and was succeeded by his grandson, William Master of Morton,
afterwards Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, whose splendid style of
living, from his minority, no less than his zeal for the cause of his
royal master Chc^les I., contributed to reduce the family fortunes. He
alienated many lands of his vast estates, and among them the " Mains
of Nadar Drochhoillis," with the manor place, fortalice, &c., which were
wadset to Andro Howbume, portioner of Tulliebole, and Elizabeth
Sinclair, his spouse, for 4000 merks Scots. Andro Howbume died in
Drochil, 9th June 1608, leaving his relict in possession of the lands,
and Cicill and Jane, his daughters, minors.
In addition to the wadset, Howbume held an obligation from Lord
Morton for 500 merks Scots. Andro Howbume or Hopbume, portioner
of Tulliebole, was the eldest son of Patrick Hopbume of Tulliebole, and
brother of James Hopbume of Common of Fossoway, Perthshire, and
Cockaimey, Eanross-shire, who was father of Major-General Holbume or
Hepbume of Menstrie.
In the charter-room of Kinross House, the property of Sir G.
Graham Montgomery, Baronet, who owns the estate of Lochleven, once
a possession of this potent branch of the Douglas family, there is
preserved a registered contract betwixt William, Earl of Morton, second
of the Lochleven family, and James Douglas, Commendator of Melrose,
his uncle, of date at Edinburgh, 9th September, and at Dalkeith and
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128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 18, 1888.
Dysart 10th and 16th days of September and October 1608, wherein for
^' certane greit sowms of money," and as an equivalent for an annual rent
of 800 merks Scots, which the Earl was bound to pay to the Commen-
dator and his spouse, and the '' langest leiware of thame twa dureing all
the dayes of thair lyftymes," his Lordship set in tack to the Commen-
dator during his lifetime, and after his decease to Dame Jean Anstruther,
his wife, during her widowhood only, ^ All and haiU the landis and
Maynes of Owir and Nadir Drochhoillis, with the castell, tour, fortalice,
maner place, housis, biggingis, zairdis, outsettis, mosis, mures, medis,
fischeingis, comounties, partis, pendiclis, and pertinentis of the samyn
quhatsumeuir," lying in the barony of Newlands, regality of Dalkeith
and sheriffdom of Peebles. The lands were estimated to be worth
yearly 800 merks, for which an annual payment of 40 shillings Scots,
required to be made by the lessees, but this the Earl at the same time
discharges. The Earl and his cautioners were bound to redeem the
lands of " Nader Drochhoillis," with the manor place, fortalice, &c., from
Elizabeth Sinclair, relict of Andro Howbume, at the first term of Whit-
sunday next after the date of this contract, and to grant entry to the .
Commendator and his spouse " to the said castell, tour, fortalice, maner
place, &C. at the feist and terme of Whitsounday nixtocum or at the
farrest within the space of thrie dayes nixt thairefter," and to the lands
upon the separation of the crop of 1 609 from the ground.
That Drochil Castle was not left in the unfinished state generally
understood at the execution of its founder, Regent Morton, is evident
from the whole tenor of this contract, and particularly from such clauses
as the following : —
" Resyrwand alwayes to the said noble erle, his airis maill and suc-
cessoures to him in the erledome of Mortoun, and lordship of Dalkeith,
the foirsaid castell, tour, fortalice, and maner place of Drochhoillis, at sic
tymes as [they] pleis to remane and mak their residence thairintilL"
And again, '' Lykeas the said comendator and his said spous bindis and
obliss thame and thair foirsaidis. That dureing thair richt and posses-
sioun of the saidis landis of Drochhoillis with the pertinentis, They sail
vphold the said castell, tour, fortalice, and maner place of Drochhoillis
with the pertinentis, housis and biggings thairof And Icve the saim at
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DROCHIL CASTLE, PEEBLESSHIRE. 129
the tyme of thair removing thairfra, In als guid estaitt and integritie
in all respectis as the saim salbe the tyme of thair entrie thairto.'*
" And siclike In case at the plesyr of Grod it sal happin the said Dame
Jeane Anstruther To survive the said comendator and eftir his deceis
it sal happin hir to be cled with ane vther husband In that cais imme-
diatlie eftir hir said manage the tak and assedatioun aboue written sail
expyre. Lykeas sho salbe haldm and be the tennour heirof with con-
sent of hir said spous bindis and obliss hir to remove hirselff, hir familie,
guidis, and geir, furth and fra the foirsaid landis, houses, biggings, and
pertinentis thairof." The Earl and his cautioners being bound to pay
to her yearly, after her removal and during her life, the above named
annuity of 800 merks Scots.
We have not been able to ascertain when the Commendator of Mel-
rose died, but according to Sir Robert Douglas, his relict married, 2ndly,
before July 1630, Sir John Riddel of Riddle, by whom she had a
daughter, who married David Barclay of CoUaimie in Fife. In 1631 >
Lyntoun and Newlands were purchased from the Earl of Morton by
John, first Earl of Traquair, Treasurer Depute of Scotland, for the sum
of 126,000 merks Scots (Letter of J. Lawson to the Earl of Traquair,
" concerning the pryce of Lyntoun and Newlands," dated Traquair,
16th April 1642, Morton Papers, Bundle 48, in Kinross Charter-Room).
In June 1642, Dame Jean Anstnither had her life interest in Drochil
transferred to the lands of Annacroich, Kinross-shire, with the manor
place, — which then included Easter Annacroich (now Hatchbank) and
Gaimeybank, — from which neither she, her heirs or successors, were to
be removed, until payment was made to her or them of 6000 merks
Scots, with interest, being arrears of her annuity remaining unpaid
(Registered Contract in Kinross Chxirter-Room). Lady Melrose was
alive in 1656, and so late as 1697 (twenty-two years after Sir William
Bruce, Surveyor-General of His Majesty's Works, had purchased the
estate of Lochleven) the wadset of Annacroich remained still unre-
deemed from her representatives.
James Douglas, Commendator of Melrose, second son of William,
first Earl of Morton, of the House of Lochleven, married (1) Marie
Ker, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Ker of Femihirst, and had Archi-
VOL. XXII. I
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130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBEUAKY 18, 1888.
bald, his eldest son ; (2) Helen Scot, by whom he had Bobert, Annas,
Euphame and Marie; (3) Jean Anstruther, daughter of Sir James
Anstruther of that Uk, by whom he had William and Isabel His
second son Robert is said by Mylne, the antiquary, who seems to
have perused " Marton^s Charter Chid^** to have been also Commendator
of Melrose, and to have been 21 years of age in 1624. The Peerages
give only the third marriage of the Commendator, and mention no
issue. According to Spotiswood, through the care and industry of
James Douglas, who was Commendator of the Cistertian Abbey of
Melrose about the time of the Reformation, all the original evidences
were preserved.
Views of Drochil Castle are included, among other works, in Cardonnel's
Picturesque Antiquities of Scotland y published in 1793 ; in the History
of Peeblesshire, by Dr William Chambers, published in 1864 ; and in the
Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland, by Messrs Macgibbon
and Ross, published in 1887. For an extract of the whole of their
notices of Drochil Castle, we were indebted, while preparing this paper,
to Dr Thomas Dickson, of H.M. Ceneral Register House, an Office-
bearer of this Society. Drochil is now the property of the Earl of
Wemyss.
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND UBRARY. 131
Monday, 27th February 1888.
GILBERT GOUDIE, Treasurer, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the Rev. Thomas Nicholson Wannop,
M.A., Canon of St Mar3r's, and Incumbent of Holy Trinity, Haddington,
was duly elected a FeUow of the Society.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By Professor A. H. Wright, Codrington College, through
Professor Duns, D.D., F.S.A. Scot.
Eight Implements, Hatchet-Heads or Chisels of sheU, from Barbadoes.
[See the subsequent communication by Professor Duns.]
(2) By James Chisholm, F.S.A. Scot.
Arrow-Head of chert and two Stone Axes, from North America.
(3) By J. W. Small, F.S.A. Scot, Stirling.
Old Scottish Crusie of triangular form, and with a hole in the upper
part of the upright back, for hanging on a nail or pin in the wall, from
Alyth.
(4) By William Pbnntoook, Dalmeny, through Robert Robert-
son, F.S.A. Scot.
Old Hammer for foiging horse shoes.
(5) By Sir Hbnby Dbydbn, Bart., Hon. Mem. S.A. Scot.
Langford, Oxfordshire; Notes on the Parish, the Church, and the
Sculptures.
(6) By the Deputy Clerk Register.
Register of the Privy Council of Scotland. Edited and abridged by
Prof. Masson, LL.D. Vol VIII.
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132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, preserved in Her
Majesty's Public Record Office, London. Edited by Joseph Bain,
F.S.A. Scot. Vol. III.
(7) By the Museum at Bergen.
Bergen's Museum's Aarsberetning for 1886.
(8) By the President and Council of thb Botal Scottish
Academy.
Annual Report of the Royal Scottish Academy.
(9) By T. J. Martin, F.S.A. Scot.
Robert Ferguson the Plotter, or the Secret of the Rye House Con-
spiracy; and the Story of a Strange Career. By James Ferguson,
Advocate. Edinburgh, 1887. 8vo.
(10) By the Rbprksbntativbs of thb latb Thomas Coats of
Ferguslie.
The Coinage of Scotland. Illustrated from the Cabinet of Thomas
Coats, Esq. of Ferguslie, and other Collections. By Edward Bums,
F.S.A. Scot. In three Volumes. Edinburgh: A. & C. Black. 4to,
1887.
There were also Exhibited : —
(1) By Jambs T. Irvinb, F.S.A. Scot., Peterborough.
Tracings of interlaced patterns from Flooring Tiles, found at tbe
Churches of Abbey Milton and Fordington, Dorsetshire. [See the
subsequent Communication by Mr Irvine.]
(2) By Alexander Curlb, F.S.A. Scot., Melrose.
Flooring Tile with Fleur-de-lis pattern, and portions of others, found
at Melrose Abbey.
Mr Curie sends the following account of the circumstances in which
the tiles were found : —
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRAKY.
133
The encaustic tile (fig. 1) with a fleur-de-lis, yellow upon a light olive
ground, was found by my gardener when planting a tree in the lower park of
my grounds (formerly part of the Abbey grounds), about 60 yards from the
churchyard and 2 feet from the surface. Along with it were found several
parts of other tiles, a part of a red deer's horn, and a small part of a mediaeval
brass cooking-pot ' I send for your inspection three pieces of the tile with a
brown glaze and two pieces with a black, and one much thicker than the others,
with remains of brown glaze upon it ; also the part of the deer's horn and of
the brass pot. The part of the ground in which these were found seems to
have been used for depositing rubbish upon, and is very full of stones and tiles
of different kinds, and at one place of bones, principally I believe of domestic
animals, and I think also of deer and other game. I am not aware of any
other encaustic tiles having been found there, and I think it not at all im-
probable that those now found may have been taken from the Abbey after one
or other of the occasions on which it was partially destroyed.
Fig. 1. Encaustic Tile, from Melrose Abbey (length of side, 4} inches).
(3) By GiLBBRT GouDiB, Treasurer S.A. Scot.
Long stone Implement, cylindrical, club-shaped, with handle, found
in Shetland. [See List of Purchases at Meeting of April 23.]
(4) By KiRKMAN FiNLAT, F.S.A. Scot.
Stone Ball, with six projecting discs, found on the farm of Keills,
island of Islay.
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134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
(5) By Adam Skirving of Croys, F.S.A. Scot.
Brass three-legged Pot, Stone Hammer, two large Whorls of stone,
and a Whorl of green glass, found on the farm of Walton Park, on the
banks of the Urr, 9 miles from Dalbeattie.
The following Communications were read : —
I.
NOTES ON (1) CARIB INCISED STONES AND (2) SHELL IMPLEMENTa
By Professor DUNS, D.D., F.S.A. Scot.
1. Incised Stones, — Early in 1885, the Society received from Dr
Gunning of Bio de Janeiro, photographs of fourteen sets of Indian
Bock Inscriptions. They occur in Amazonas, Brazil, chiefly on the
banks of the Bio Negro, in positions known to be under water for six
or seven months in the year. I had the honour to exhibit and describe
these at a meeting of the Society on the 8th June of that year. After
the publication of the Proceedings^ several interesting communications
on the subject reached me. Perhaps the most valuable of these were
letters from the Bev. Professor Alban H. Wright, Codrington College,
Barbadoes, an accomplished observer, who is giving much attention to
some of the points raised in my paper. The illustrative drawings
which accompany Professor Wright's letters add much to their value,
by enabling us to compare the Bio Kegro inscriptions with those met
with in the West Indian Islands, St Vincents especially. No doubt
the area within which they occur lies far a-field from that in which
the Society's work is mainly done. But in the department of archaic-
ethnology information is welcome from any quarter which helps to
shed light on the history of tribes, for ages far removed from centres
of civilisation, and before they have learned to copy the customs and
imitate the arts of immigrants from such centres. There are few
competent records of recent travel, in lands hitherto unvisited and
among tribes hitherto unknown, that are not most suggestive from this
point of view, for amidst much that is strange, novel, unexpected
habits prevail, traces of mechanical and industrial art are met with,
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CAKIB INCISED STONES AND SHELL IMPLEMENTS. 135
and fragments of beliefs survive, which seem like the stray notes of an
old melody, which both the civilised voyagers and the uncivilised tribes
have lost in its entirety, but which all feel must at one time have been
common to both. My own interest in this aspect of work — a work
subject to the recognised principles of historical criticism — is of long
standing. But it received a fresh impulse in 1865, when, with Sir
J. Y. Simpson, Dr Joseph Robertson, and Dr Paterson, enjoying an
archflBological ** outing," the sculptures on the Fife caves were discovered.
Simpson's exclamation, "The cave men are going to speak at last,"
showed how strong his hope was that the history of the tribes, alleged
to be contemporary with the post-Pliocene great extinct mammals,
might yet be found written by the men themselves in symbols on the
rocks. We know a good deal more of the so-called cave men than
we did even so recently as 1865, but for this we are not as yet much
indebted, if at all, to the rock inscriptions.
Since writing the notes on the Gunning photographs, the subject
has been kept in mind with the view of ascertaining the extent of the
area within which similar and, in many cases, identical figures occur.
And as to this Professor Wright's communications may be taken as a
good illustrative starting point. I need hardly remind the Society
that the great groups of islands which lie in a semicircle on the edge
of the Caribbean Sea, namely, the Greater Antilles, including Porto
Rico, San Domingo, Cuba, and Jamaica, and the Lesser Antilles,
including Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St Vincent, Barbadoes,
and above seven hundred more, were found by the early voyagers
peopled by several Indian tribes, which, though differing much both in
appearance and habits, yet all spoke kindred dialects. The Caribs were
the most widespread and most interesting of these, and were found to
be expert seaman, brave warriors, and noted for intelligence above the
rest. Greologically, the Greater Antilles may be described as " an axis
of granite running east and west, overlaid on the northern and southern
coast with recent limestone." The Lesser may be regarded **as a
continuation of the volcanic chain of the Andes." These islands are
now peopled by Europeans, Negroes, and Creoles, with here and there
traces of the aboriginal inhabitants, as at St Vincent, in the locality
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136
PROCBBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
marked " Carib Country " in the sketch map on the table. But
even these aborigines are gradually diminishing. The incised characters
Fig. 1.
on the stones now under notice are generally traced to the Caribs,
and are known as " Carib stones," " Carib sacrificial stones," and " Carib
Fig. 2. Fig. 8.
rock inscriptions." "Enormous stones," says 0. T. Mason, in the
8mit?i8oman Report for 1884, *^ covered with strange designs are found,
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CARIB INCISED STONES AND SHELL IMPLEMENTS.
137
specially in a single quarter of Guadeloupe proper (Pointe-A-Pitre).
In some the designs are so high that it is difficult to reach them, in
others they are near the ground or buried under the surface. They
are scattered without order about the country and in the beds of rivers.
At St Vincent, also, the last refuge of the Caribs, stones and inscrip-
Fig.4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 7.
tions on them are found in the beds of rivers." In a letter dated
"Codrington College, Nov. 11, 1887," Professor Wright says— "lam
sending you drawings I have made of the two Indian-Carib Stones,
which I saw last April in St Vincent. I find, from inquiries made,
that some of the other islands possess similar stones, and I shall make
it my business during my next long vacation to visit Dominica and
Martinique, where I am told such incisions are to be found. On the
sketch map of St Vincent I have marked the place& The stone at Layon
(figs. 5, 6, 7) is very large, and must weigh some 20 tons. It has fallen from
its original position, owing to the undermining of the bank on which it
stood. The stone at Barouallie (fig. 4) is not above a cubic yard in con-
tent) and has not I think been moved for centuries. .... I have sent
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138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
with my sketches the original paper on which I endeavoured to get
rubbings, but the stone is so weather-worn that a proper rubbing was
impracticable. However, I send the papers, as they may give some
idea of the depths of the incisions." In another letter, Professor
Wright says — " I am told of two Indian inscriptions in Barbadoes, but
have failed to find any trace of them yet." " The Layon sacrificial stone
has fallen on its side, and now slants south-west. The part marked with
an asterisk (fig. 5) is like an oval basin, with a groove or channel
running out to the side of the stone as if to carry off an overflow. The
surface is much worn, but the figures are distinct from thirty yards
distance on the opposite side of the mountain stream. The incisions
are quite half an inch deep, and nearly an inch across." This reference to
the depth of the incisions is important, because it is clear proof that
the figures wore not merely the result of slight effort in idle hours, but
a laborious work implying serious and persistent purpose. The number
of stones on which incisions occur, similar to or identical with those
figured in the Proceedings of the Society for 1885, and which are now
shown, is far greater than I was aware when the Gunning photographs
were described, and the area far more extensive. In Schoolcraft's
History of the Indian Tribes are instances of their occurrence, not only
in North America, but he endeavours to illustrate the New World
forms by references to instances in the Old, as in Tartary^ for
example. As has already been noticed, they are met with in
Guadeloupe, where Mason has pointed out they resemble the figures in
the cover of The Timehri^^ a journal published in Demerara. A copy
of this is now shown for the purpose of comparison with the Brazilian
forms (fig. 1). But perhaps the most important contribution to the
literature of " The Incised Bocks " is the description of them, as they
occur in Guiana, by K F. im Thurm, in his work Among the Indians
of British Guiana, The copies now on the table supply a good
illustration of their resemblance both in feeling and fact to Kio Negro
forms. The Guiana examples are of two kinds — deep, as shown in
the figures on the loft hand (fig. 3), and shallow, as shown in those on
the right hand (fig. 2). Some idea of the time and labour that must have
^ A Carib word meaning ''painted " or " marked," or ''the writing."
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CARIB INCISED STONES AND SHELL IMPLEMENTS. 139
been expended on them may be formed when it is known that one figure
which occurs on a rock near the Corentjm river, is 13 feet high and
above 5 feet wide. "The deep form occurs at several spots on the
Mazeruni, Essequibo, Ireng, Cotinga, Potara, and Berbice rivers. The
shallow form has as yet been reported only from the Corentyn river and
its tributaries, where, however, examples occur in considerable abundance."
It is noteworthy that these incised stones occur for the most part in
river courses, or river banks, or in localities near rivers.
The question naturally arises. What are they 1 What is their meaning 1
Are they symbols of thought ? Have they a linguistic value ? Such
questions were early and eagerly put, touching the pictographs of the
Bushmen, the sculptured stones and pictographs of the North American
Indians, the glyphs of Mexico, and even the hieroglyphs of Egypt, and
to all these the answer has been affirmative. It seems to me that there
is good hope of an equally intelligent kindred answer to questions
regarding the forms now under notice, and that travellers knowing the
language, and in sympathy with the feelings of the Indians themselves
inhabiting the localities where the inscriptions occur, may learn from
them the meaning of the symbols. It may, no doubt, be that to the
present tribes these figures may have no significance, and be the work
of families of men long since passed away. In this case our only chance
of knowing much more of them than we now do would be the discovery
of a key, which would be to them what the Bosetta Stone was to the
Egyptian sculptures.
2. SkeU Implefments, — The term " implements " is a convenient one
to apply to the specimens that form the subject of this notice, as it may
be used for weapons, tools, and indeed articles of almost any sort that
can be pressed into use.
(1) I notice the cutting implements first. "You may expect,"
wrote Professor Wright, on October 17, 1887, "in a week or two a
small parcel of Carib implements, which I am sending to your address.
The tools are mainly 'chisels,' turned up in digging the plantations.
The jade stone article is remarkable. It was picked up in Barbadoes,
where no such mineral exists, or indeed in no West Indian Island.
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140
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
The limestone tools are common enough in certain spots, generally
near springs, are always the same shape, and generally are found
many together. Those I send are from three places in Barbadoes
— Indian Pond, Three Houses, and Consett's Bay. See the sketch
map." Ten specimens of shell implements, mostly of the form here
figured (fig. 8), were sent to me, eight of which, selected by Dr
Anderson, are now presented to the Society. The shapes vary more
Fig. 8. Implement of Shell, from Barbadoes.
than was to be looked for after Professor Wright's remarks. This comes
well out when we place the smallest beside the largest on the table.
The smallest implement (fig. 9) is very pretty. Much time has been
spent in shaping and polishing it. The resemblance it bears to some of
the forms in polished stone in the Museum is worthy of notice (see fig.
10). All these implements have been made from the shell of a large
mollusc, common in the Caribbean Sea, the giant top-shell {Strombus
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CARIB INCISED STONES AND SHELL IMPLEMENTS.
141
gigas), a form which I have placed on the table. If the largest imple-
ment be laid alongside of this shell, and the hand be passed in below
the rounded edge, it will be seen how little work would be required to
shape it into its present form. These shell celts are said by Mason
(SmUhsonian Reports, 1884) not to be made of living shell, which
Fig. 9. Fig. 10.
Fig. 9. Implement of Shell, from Barbadoes, and (10) of Polished
Stone, from Yunan (actual size).
would not liave been hard enough for the purpose, but of fossil shell.
The statement is misleading. Strictly speaking, they are not fossils.
The original substance has not been replaced by the matrix in which the
celts are met with. The meaning must be that they have been long buried
under conditions which go to harden such materials. On some parts of
our own coasts, for example, where the sand consists largely of commi-
nuted shells, it becomes consolidated by the carbonate of lime in the
shell being acted upon by the carbonic acid in the rain water ; and stones,
laminarian stems, small crabs, and often imbroken shells are entangled in
the mass, and preserved in their original shapes.
On the 14th April 1879, 1 read a paper on " Smoothing Stones," which
is published in the Proceedings of that year. One example was referred
to regarding the history, substance, shape, and use of which all that
could be said was — " No. 5 has been long in my possession. I can, how-
ever, only hazard a guess as to its use. It was called a shoemaker's
stone. I am inclined to think that it had been employed in the process
of tanning, and, though not now in use, it most likely served the same
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142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUAEY 27, 1888.
purpose as the stretching tool or slicker, which used to be of stone." At
the time the general impression was that the substance is marble, though
this seemed to me doubtful. When looking at the Barbadoes celts, Dr
Anderson bethought him of this specimen. On again examining it, I
had a thin slice taken off without interfering in any way with the shape,
and on looking at it carefully with the microscope I found it to be shell.
At the same meeting I exhibited a '* shell adze " from New Guinea, in
its original handle, and made from the edge fold of a huge Pacific shell
— Tridcuma gigas. It is again placed on the table to illustrate the pre-
sent notice.
(2) There are other two shell articles to which attention is called
These are (a) specimens of ring-money in the natives' net- work purse,
and (b) a nondescript specimen which Mr Bryson, optician, kindly allows
me to show to the Society. The only information I can give as to the
first mentioned specimens, is that they were believed by the late Dr
Mackintosh Mackay to have been brought from Polynesia, where they
are \ised as money. Mr Bryson's specimen has been made from the
second whorl of a large univalve shell, most likely Tritonium vartegatum.
In Mason's Smithsonian Report, 1884, reference is made to discs or
quoits, and illustrations are given. He says the Caribs played with
these. Is this specimen a Carib quoit %
In conclusion, I may point out that on most of the forms to which we
have referred there are well-defined marks of an influence which, had
they remained on the shores of their native seas, would in the long run
have destroyed the shells, and returned their carbonate of lime to the
ocean, to be again taken up and used by other generations of molluscs in
building up their shells. I refer to the action of the tiny sponge, Cleona,
whose influence is so powerful in the destruction of the oyster shell, and
indeed the shells of all MoUusca.
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HOG-BACKED MONUMENT ANJ) SCULPTUKED SLABS.
143
IL
NOTICE OF A RECUMBENT HOG-BACKED MONUMENT, AND PORTIONS
OF SCULPTURED SLABS WITH SYMBOLS, RECENTLY DISCOVERED
AT ST VIGBANS CHURCH, FORFARSHIRK By the Rev. W. DUKE,
M.A., F.S.A. Scot.
The ancient sculptured stones that were known to be preserved at
St Vigeans up to the publication of the late Dr John Stuart's book,
in which they are illustrated, were four in number, all slabs of consider-
able size, though more or less mutilated. In voL ix. of the Proceedings
of the Society, I gave a notice of twenty-nine additional stones, — most
of them mere fragments, — that had turned up during the restoration
of the church in 1871-2. Three more have been found since, which
I now wish to bring under the notice of the Society. I shall number
them 30, 31, and 32, in continuation of the former series.
No. 30. — This stone was found in the churchyard, in a short flight
of steps that led up to the church. It lay with the lettered side
downwards, and the scalloping on the upper side (a diagram of which
is shown in fig. 1) wholly concealed by the step immediately above.
There was nothing to distinguish it from the other steps, except that
Fig. 1. Recumbent Hog-Baoked Monument at St Vigeans
(59 inches in length).
it had what appeared to be a chamfer in its face. I took the oppor-
tunity of having the walk improved, to get the stone lifted for examina-
tion, when it was found to be a monument that had suffered successive
degradations. The scalloping displayed, when the step above it was
removed, is that of the hog-backed class of monuments, of which there
is an unmutilated example at Meigle; while the letters and chamfer
on the other side showed that it had been converted two centuries ago
into the lintel of a door either of the church or manse. The mode
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144
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
of its conversion to this second use is plain enough. The monument
was cut vertically along one side of its central ridge or spine, and a
chamfer worked in its base to suit the door. Only a faint trace of
the ornament on this side now remains. Whether the stone was
further thinned at the same time to a uniform thickness of about 6
inches, by removing the greater portion of the ornamented convex
surface on the other side, or whether this operation was performed
Fig. 2. Sculptured Stone at St Vigeaus.
when the stone was converted into a step, it is now impossible to say.
In its present state it measures 59 by 21 by 6 inches. Its back had been
horizontal, or nearly so, and it appears to have suffered curtailment by
the squaring of both ends. The initials, M. R. R., are those of Master
Robert Reynold, who came to St Vigeans as minister in 1650, and the
date below, 1665, is the year in which he was translated to Aberdeen.
No. 31. This fragment (fig. 2), measuring 1 2 by 10 J inches, consists of a
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HOG-BACKED MONUMENT AND SCULPTURED SLABS. 145
thin slab of Arbroath pavement, probably not more than half its original
thickness. It appears to have formed the lower portion of the slab,
and was found in digging a grave at the east end of the church.
The spectacle ornament presents the unusual feature of having the two
outer circles at both sides interrupted by an incised line. The orna-
ment above is evidently of a kind that is not common on such
monuments, but too little of it remains for the design to be reproduced.
No. 32. This fragment was found in the beginning of the present year
in digging a grave, where the soil consisted entirely of earth and rubbish
removed from the foundation of the apse in 1871. The fracture at
one side is quite fresh, so that the stone must have been larger at no
distant date. The circles of the spectacle ornament (fig. 3) are filled
Fig. H, Portion of Sculptured Slab at St Yigeans.
with four bosses rising from a field of connecting spirals. In the case
of the Glenferness stone, the corresponding circles are filled with seven
bosses. The Eosemarkie stone has also that number of bosses similarly
placed, with the addition of three more on the space between the
connecting lines. There appears to be no other case of bosses in
connection with the spectacle ornament. It will be noticed that the
cross line of the bent sceptre slopes from right to left, the only other
example of which is on the Drosten Cross, also at St Yigeans. The
fragment measures 10 by 4 inches, and is 3 inches thick. The reverse
(fig. 4) is covered with interlaced work. This makes the fifth
example of the spectacle ornament at St Yigeans. The designs are
VOL. XXII. K
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146
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
all perfectly distinct from one another. It was pointed out, when the
stone was brought to the Museum, that certain incised lines on its edge
were probably a portion of an Ogham inscription, but so much defaced as
to be illegible.
, aa
lwllWllinilHlr?^MlMMig|b^JI|l^|i
Fig. 4. Portion of Sculptured Slab at St Yigeans (reverse of fig. 8).
IIL
NOTES OF THE RECENT DISCOVERY OF PAVEMENT AND FLOORING
TILES AT THE ABBEY OF COUPAR- ANGUS AND THE CATHEDRAL
OF ST ANDREWS. By ALEXANDER HUTCHESON, F.S.A. Scot.,
Brought Y Ferry.
A very interesting discovery was made at Coupar-Angus burying-
ground in December last. While William Spiers, sexton, was engaged
in making preparations for an interment, he came upon what was
supposed to have been the original floor of the abbey. The supposed
floor lay at a depth of about 4 feet below the surface of the burying-
ground, and was formed of neatly squared small red paving stones,
which had been carefully jointed, and bedded with lime mortar. The
stones were alternated into each other, and very smooth on their upper
surfaces.
On raising a portion of the jwvement, it was found to be covering
and indeed resting upon two coffins, each containing a full-grown
skeleton in apparently undisturbed and tolerably well-preserved con-
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RECENT DISCOVERY OF PAVEMENT AND FLOORING TILES. 147
dition. The coffins had no other covering than the pavement, and
were each formed from a single stone, measuring in outside dimensions
about 7 feet in length, 3 feet in breadth, and 1 foot 6 inches deep,
hollowed out for the body, and shaped for the shoulders and head, and
lay east and west. The coffins and pavement were of the ordinary red
sandstone of the district, of which the abbey itself was built
The sexton lifted one of the coffins, which was unfortunately broken
in the operation, the other was left in the ground. Mr Charles Boyd,
banker, Coupar-Angus, who has taken much interest in the discovery,
tells me that the coffin when discovered was filled to the top with a
fine mould. This was doubtless the effect of the percolation of water
through the overlying soil, carrying down with it the finer particles of
earth, a feature generally observed in old interments. The contents of
the coffins were carefully examined, but nothing of interest was dis-
covered. Similar coffins have previously been discovered during digging
operations in the same burying-ground, and several of them are
preserved in a corner of the ground.
It may not be without interest to mention, as possibly evincing in
this instance an example of continuity of occupation for long periods
of time by successive races of particular sites for worship and burial,
that during last summer Mr Spiers discovered, at a depth of about 6
feet from the surface, and apparently beyond the limits of the abbey
walls, but inside the burying-ground, what seems to have been an
ancient burial. The cist or coffin was about 7 feet long by about 2
feet in breadth. No covering stone was apparent, but it was paved in
the bottom, and had slabs set on edge for the sides, and was described
by him as having been formed of blue slabs, similar to the paving
stones of East Forfarshire ; and a month or two thereafter, at about a
similar depth, and several yards to the south of the last mentioned
discovery, he found a small Bronze Age whetstone of quartzite, which
is now deposited in the Museum of the Society.^
The above notes are written from personal observation and inquiry,
the writer having visited the site of the abbey on the day after the
discovery of the pavement.
> See the figure of the Whetstone, ante, p. 8.
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148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
The writer was also present in September last^ when a part of the
original floor of the cathedral of St Andrews was uncovered. The
floor lay at a depth of about 5 inches below the present surface of the
gravel walk immediately in front of the site of the high altar, and was
formed of burned tiles of a reddish clay, each 10 inches square and
about 1 inch in thickness, laid diagonally, and bedded and jointed with
lime. The tiles, one of which is deposited in the Museum, had been
originally coated on the upper surface with a greenish and yellow-
coloured glaze, without, so far as seen, any pattern. Small portions of
the glaze still adhered round the edges of the tiles, but on the upper
surface it had been apparently worn off by foot wear, some of the tiles,
where of softer material, being much hollowed out and worn down.
One interesting feature brought out in the discovery when the floor
was uncovered may be noticed. All the tiles were found to be broken,
and many of them deeply indented into the soil, as if by the fall upon
them of heavy masses of material, — doubtless a record of the fall of
the walls and roof of the cathedral.
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DISCOVERY OF A GLASS CUP IN A STONE COFFIN. 149
IV.
NOTES (1) OF THE DISCOVERY OF A GLASS CUP IN A STONE COFFIN
AT PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL, AND (2) OF ENCAUSTIC TILES
WITH INTERLACED PATTERNS, FROM FORDINGTON, ST GEORGE'S
CHURCH, DORCHESTER, AND MILTON ABBEY CHURCH, DORSET.
By J. T. IRVINE, F.S.A. Scot.
1. The account given in the Proceedings, of the Antiquaries of Scotland
for 1885-6, p. 136, &c., of the finding by Mr Taylor at Airlie, in
Forfarshire, of the glass vessel there described, is so interesting that I
am induced to send you an account of a like discovery made in a stone
coffin at Peterborough, in 1876. Towards the end of that year, the
Chapter had drainage made through the Cathedral Close. To this the
rain water from the stack pipes of the building was to be led by smaller
branches. During excavations round the east end of the New Building
for one of these branches, the workmen came across a number of stone
coffins, which of necessity had to be removed. The space here was part
of the site of the cemetery of the monks, though not of its most ancient
portion which lay to south of the choir. In one of these coffins, said to
have been placed nearly central to the east end of the " New Work,"
the cup was found, and within a few days afterwards was seen by the
Rev. Canon Marsham Argles, and by him placed for safety in the case in
the Cathedral library wherein " Swapham " and their other valuable MS.
are kept Lapse of time, together with the death of the principal work-
man employed, now, I fear, renders hopeless the recovery of evidence to
discover the particular coffin in which the cup was found. The coffins
themselves, with such of their covers as remained, were placed outside
the east wall of the south transept, where they now remain. None
present marks sufficient to fix a date with safety, nor do they differ from
that class intended for use entirely below the surface. Their material is
the Bamack stone, whose quarries were used in Roman times, and which
was known prior to the Conquest for its admirable tenacity and dura-
bility, well exemplified in the Saxon tower of its parish church, the
most richly ornamented and remarkable tower of that date in England.
From the earliest times these stone coffins appear to have been kept
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160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
in stock at Bamack, to supply the demand for them. Those of Roman
date only differ from those of the Gothic Age in being mostly about
equally square at both ends, having somewhat greater inside depth; and
wanting the Christian cruciform stems, or keel ridges on their massive
lids, as seen in Roman specimens placed for preservation in the church-
yards of Chesterton and Watemewton Churches.
The cup, as shown by the engraving in fig. 1, is in very good preser-
vation, which curious circumstance marks the discovery of all. Its colour
Fig. 1. Glass Cup, from a Stone Coffin at Peterborough
(2^ inches in height).
is a beautiful clear cobalt tint (slightly greenish), differing in so far from
the fine clear glass of that found in Orkney. The size differs little
from that found at Airlie schoolhouse. The Peterborough cup, however,
has a handle on the one side, twisted so as to leave two small holes
through which a cord might pass. The bottom has no rim or rings,
merely a slight trace of the junction with the glassblower's rod, apparently
cut while the glass was hot. The twist of the glass material during
formation is very distinct Its texture also contains abundant small air
bubbles. The height outside is 2^ inches to the 2^ of the Airlie one,
and an overall width of 3^ inches to its 3.
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DISCOVERY OF A GLASS CUP IN A STONE COFFIN. 151
A few further notes possessing possible bearing on the consideration
of dates may be added.
Medes-ham-Stead Monastery is said to have been founded in a. d. 655.
Destroyed by "the Danes," 870.
Rebuilt by Bishop Athelwold of Winchester about 972.
CJompletely burnt, 1116.
The present church was commenced (on a site mostly over the general
cemetery) in 1117. Strong reasons exist for believing that the east
boundaiy wall of the Saxon monastery agreed with the present line of
the east wall of the above mentioned " New Work." The site of the
discovery, therefore, is outside such waU. That space, however, was
certainly an intake of Korman Age, whose extended wall still forms the
boundary of the Close, and is farther eastwards. It was, however, no
part of the cemetery until the time of Abbot Robert Lindsey (who sat
1214 to 1221), which abbot "gave part of his vineyard to enlarge the
burial-ground of the monks." Apparently this is the very piece of
ground, for the garden and ground eastward of the cathedral garth wall,
and extending on to the close boundary along this portion, is still called
" The Vineyard."
2. Encaustic Paving Tiles from Fordington, St George's Church,
Dorchester^ and Milton Abbey Church, Dorset, — The tiles here figured are
remarkable from giving probably the very last appearance of those inter-
lacing patterns (which were so marked a feature of Saxon work) in
English medisBval architecture. Old suggestion assigned such designs
to copjrism of leather strap work, but before the Saxon Age they were
already found on pavements of Roman date in England. In good and
early Saxon work the ornament usually occurs as a double flat strap ;
but shortly prior to, and about the time of the Confessor it often in
section becomes a single flattened half rolL
In not very early Norman times, there was a curious recurrence to a
very similar class of design, mixed with birds, dragons, &c., passing off
into intricate interlacing work, often accompanied by a sort of natural
foliage. This is very well seen on the shrine at Peterborough Cathedral,
erroneously termed the " Tomb of Abbot Hedda," and other like examples.
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152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 27, 1888.
Encaustic Tiles from FordinKton St George, and Milton Abbey Churches. Dorset
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ENCAUSTIC PAVING TILES. 153
In some such cases animals are very naturally represented bound together
by (single) serpentine straps, as on the singularly spirited design round
Melbuiy Bubb Font, in Dorset The natural foliage very often present
on such work will generally date the period of the object. The tiles
illustrated are curious from suggesting that the intention at first may
possibly have been to rather imitate wicker-work than leather straps.
For these tiles were no doubt specially designed for the pavement of the
church of Milton Abbey, and the borrowed hint of their design taken
from the arms of that monastery, which was, on a ground sable, three
wicker baskets filled with bread, all proper. A most beautiful and perfect
representation of these arms yet remains in stained glass in a (south)
chancel window of Iberton Church, a few miles from the above Abbey,
lying just inside the Vale of Blackmoor. They have been excellently
illustrated in a recent volume of the Arehcedogia of the Society of
Antiquaries of London.
The colours give the tile patterns as a rich yellow on a deep red
ground. The narrow tile border slip is also subdivided to form inter-
sections to red strips of like width, dividing (as usual in the Perpen-
dicular style) the design into squares of nine or sixteen tiles, by which
the four interlacing designs here given could be made to form several
richly varied patterns.
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154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAKCH 12, 1888.
Monday, I2th March 1888.
GILBERT GOUDIE, Treasurer, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Grentlemen were duly
elected Fellows : —
Francis J. Grant, W.S., Carrick Pursuivant of Arms, 42 Ann Street
Charles Mitchell, C.K and Architect, Kilmarnock.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By J. RoMiLLY Allen, C.K, F.S.A. Scot.
Two carved Scandinavian Powder-Homs. [See the subsequent paper
by Mr Allen.]
(2) By Alexander Hutchbson, Architect, Dundee, F.S.A. Scot.
Portions of two Floor Tiles of red clay, from the Cathedral of St
Andrews.
(3) By Professor Duns, D.D., F.S.A. Scot.
Bracelet of Shell, rounded and polished, 3J inches diameter, from
Polynesia.
(4) By Eev. Walter Bell, F.S.A. Scot.
Collection of Copper Tokens, Medals, &c., comprising eight Birming-
ham, various sizes and dates; Tenterden Halfpenny, 1796 ; Liverpool
Halfpenny, 1794 ; Leeds Halfpenny, 1793 ; Chelsea Halfpenny,
1795; Hereford Halfpenny, 1794; Kendal (no date); Dred Half-
penny, Suffolk, 1794; Guernsey and Aldemey Penny, 1813;
Nova Scotia Halfpenny, 1832; Barbadoes Penny, 1788; Tradesmen's
Tokens and Tokens of Private Firms and Works, twenty of various
dates; Medalets, Blucher and Wellington, 1815; Proclamation of
William LV., Wellington's Peninsular Victories, Preliminaries of Peace
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DONATIONS TO THB MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 155
signed 1814, Thames and Severn Canal, Bridge at Coalbrookdale,
Emancipation of Slaves, Foundation of Bath, &c.
(5) By Mrs Robert Herdhan, St Bernards, Bi-untsfield Crescent.
Highland Dirk, with carved handle, found at Sauchie, Stirlingshire.
(6) By J. R D'Olibr, Herbert House, Booterstown, Dublin.
The Book of Kells. A Lecture by Professor J. O. Westwood in
Oxford, November 1886. With Illustrations by Mrs J. R. D'Olier.
Dublin, 1887. 4to, pp. 18.
(7) By John Robertson, Schoolmaster of Auchterhouse, the
Author.
Education, with Notices of the Schools and Schoolmasters of Auchter-
house for the last two hundred years. 8vo. 1887.
(8) By William Forbbb of Medwyn, Foreign Secretary,
Constantinople et le Bosphorc de Thrace, 1812-26. Par M. Le
Comte Andreossy. Paris, 1828. 8vo.
(9) By Jambs Macdonald, the Farm, Huntly, the Author.
Local Place-Names, No. III. Huntly Field Club. 12mo, pp. 30.
(10) By the Trubtbbs op the British Museum.
Fac-Similes of Ancient Charters in the British Museum. Vol. I. — to
complete the set.
(11) By the Trustees op the British Museum.
Catalogue of the Coins of the Shahs of Persia in the British Museum.
There were also Exhibited : —
(1) By Henry A. R Chancellor,
Silver Box of open work, with portraits of King Charles I. and Queen
Henrietta Maria, containing 28 counters of the original set of 36 pieces.
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156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1888.
stamped in imitation of engraving, with figures of the Sovereigns of
England from Edward the Confessor to Charles IL as Prince of Wales.
Date about 1632.
(2) By James Aitchison, Aberdeen.
Carved Pipe-Case of copper, mounted with brass, 5 J inches in length,
half of the bowl end wanting. On the part of the bowl remaining
there is engraved a rose in the centre, surrounded by a border of zig-zag
interlacings of two strands, edged by a smaller border of a running
zig-zag line. Found in taking down an old house at Cruchley, parish of
Kirkmichael, BanfiEshire. Among the objects carved on the stem of
the pipe-case are a human skull and the half-illegible motto memento
MORI, on a band round the top of the skuU. The emblems of the
Passion are also carved, viz., the rope, the symbol for the 30 pieces of
money, two scourges crossed, the lance, sponge, and lash crossed, a
ladder, a cross above which is LB.L (probably for Jems Rex Judceorum),
a nail, ewer, a pillar with the cock crowing on the top, and the tomb.
On the other side are a number of musical instruments, the bagpipes, a
clarionet, flute, two Jew's harps, a fiddle and bow, and a sand-glass,
an arrow, and two spades crossed. A crowned rose (for England), a
crowned thistle (for Scotland), and a crowned fleur-de-lis (for France).
The letters K. 1. 8. and 1. K. 8, above the crowned rose and the crowned
fleur-de-lis, might be supposed to stand for " King James VIIL," but it
is impossible to tell what the numerous initials marked all over the
pipe-case may stand for ; if they be the initials of successive owners, the
case must have passed through very many hands.
The following Communications were read : —
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NOTICE OF TWO SCANDINAVIAN POWDEB-HORNS. 157
I.
NOTICES OF TWO SCANDINAVIAN POWDER-HORNS, prbsrnted to thr
MusvuM BT J. ROMILLY ALLEN, F.S.A. Soot. (Plate L)
The two Scandinavian powder-horns, now presented to the Museum,
were purchased from dealers in London, beyond which nothing is known
of their history, except that there is a cast of the smaller one in the
South Kensington Museum, the following description of it being given
in Professor J. 0. Westwood's Descriptive Catalogue of Fictile Ivories in
the South Kensington Mvaeum (p. 327).
'73-366.
Powder Flask — Indo-Portugese (?) 17th century — Original in the *
Collection — L. 4} ins. ; W. at bottom 2 ins. Portion of the curved end
of a tusk, with veiy rudely carved scenes of the Passion in very low relief.
The kiss of Judas and the soldiers, one fallen on the ground in dismay.
Christ bound, brought before Pilate*; the Scouiging; Christ reviled and
crowned with thorns ; Christ bearing his cross ; St Veronica kneeling before
him with the Vera-icou, and the Crucifixion ; the faces of the sun and moon
over the arms of the cross ; the three Maries standing and kneeling at the foot
of the cross.
Professor Westwood had evidently never seen the original, or he
would have noticed that the material of which this powder-flask was
made was horn, and not ivory. It is at present in a fragmentary
condition, only the smaller end of the horn remaining, having a small
mounting of brass at the tip, and the lower end closed up with a piece
of wood. The diameter at the top is 1^ inches and at the bottom 2^
inches, the length being i\ inches, differing slightly from the dimensions
given by Professor Westwood. The style of the carving is so like that
found on powder-flasks which are known to be Scandinavian that there
can be little doubt this one can be traced to the same northern source.
The figures (see Plate L) are rudely executed, but the artist's lack of
technical skill is, to a certain extent, made up for by clever grouping
and expressive attitudes^ giving a force which is often lacking in more
highly finished work. The conventional way in which the whole of the
' Name of collection not given in catalogue, becanse unknown to Prof. Westwood.
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153 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOaETY, MARCH 12, 1888.
drapery is covered with wavy lines should be noticed. The background
is cross-hatched all over. The subjects represented are six in number,
arranged in two rows of three, one above the other, each enclosed
within a margin, arched at the top and ornamented with a chevron. The
scenes are all taken from the Passion of our Lord, being as follows: —
Top Saw. — (1) Christ carrying the Cross. In front is St Veronica
holding the veil with the impression of our Lord's face upon it. There
are two other figures behind and one in front.
(2) The Crucifixion. Christ on cross, with head erect, body unbent
and limbs straight along arms of cross ; cloth girt round the waist, feet
resting on suppedaneum, crown of thorns on the head, wounds in two
hands and right side ; top arm of cross inscribed with letters L N. ; Sol
and Luna on each side of top arm of cross ; three figures below, one on
left shown in full face standing with arms folded across the breast,
intended for the Virgin Mary (?), one on right shown in profile, intended
for St John (f), and third figure kneeling at foot of cross, intended for
one of the other Maries.
(3) Christ BuflFeted. Christ in the centre naked, with hands crossed
and bound, and crowned with thorns ; a man on each side pulling his
hair, and one on the left below striking him with a reed.
Bottom Roto. — (1) The Betrayal. Judas kissing Christ, a soldier on
the left carrying a lighted torch, and another with fasces, spear-heads
appearing in the background ; Peter cutting off the ear of Malchus, who
lies prostrate on the ground.
(2) Christ before Pilate, clad in a long robe, with the hands tied
behind, and attended by a guard.
(3) The Scoui*ging. Christ in the centre naked, and a man on each
side with a scourge.
From the style of the art of the carvings on this powder-horn and the
way of treating the subjects represented, it is probably not older than
the sixteenth or seventeenth century. The entire absence of the nimbus
round the heads of the figures is a very remarkable feature, for although
the nimbus is not found on the early paintings in the Catacombs at
Rome before a.d. 400, after that time its use was universal throughout
Christian art for the purpose of distinguishing saints from other persons
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NOTICE OF TWO SCANDINAVIAN POWDEE-HORNS. 159
with whom they were grouped in pictures and sculptures. The only
exceptions to this rule are to be found in districts like Scotland and
Ireland, which in pre-Norman times were so isolated from the rest of
Christendom that their native sculptors either adhered to the traditional
art of the first four centuries, after it had disappeared elsewhere, or were
too remote from the centres of learning to be guided by hard and fast
laws of any kind. Whatever may be the reason of the omission of
the nimbus on most of early sculptured stones of Ireland and Scotland,
the want of this distinguishing mark makes the interpretation of the
different subjects infinitely more difficult than it would be otherwise.
The Crucifixion on the Scandinavian powder-horn is treated in a very
archaic manner, the body of the Saviour being unbent and the limbs
extended straight out on the arms of the cross, showing that He was
alive, not dead, as is the case in the representations of the thirteenth
and subsequent centuries. The conventional sun and moon above the
arms of the cross are characteristic of the Byzantine, Carlovingian, and
Saxon types of Crucifixion.
Scenes from the Passion of our Lord are not found at all in the
paintings of the Catacombs at Rome, and it was only by degrees that
anything like a complete series was formed. The earliest examples are
found on the sculptured sarcophagi at Rome of the fourth and fifth
centuries, the scenes chosen for representation being the denial of St
Peter, Christ before Pilate, Christ crowned with thorns, and Christ
carrying the cross.^ In the sixth century the crucifixion and resurrec-
tion and ascension ^ were added, and in the Saxon MSS. of the eleventh
century the betrayal occurs. The scourging and other scenes intended
to attract attention to the sufferings and indignities which our Lord had
to undergo belong to the period subsequent to the twelfth century.
The regular series of scenes from the Passion begins with the entry
into Jerusalem, and includes all the principal events described in the
New Testament and Apocryphal Gospels between this and the descent
of the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost, but as time went on the
^ See Dr J. W. AppelFs Monuments of Early Christian Art,
' On the holy oil vessels from Jerusalem. See Garrncci, Storia del arte Cristiana,
vol. vi. pis. 48S-435.
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160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MABCH 12, 1888.
scenes immediately connected with the trial of our Lord by Pilate and
the Crucifixion took precedence of all others, and just before the Re-
formation the representations of what actually took place were discarded
in favour of that curious set of symbols known as the Emblems of
the Passion.
One of the earliest series of scenes from the Passion, which includes
the scouiging, is to be found on the golden altar at Aix la Ghapelle,
attributed by Rohault de Fleury to the tenth century.^ The Emblems
of the Passion, as distinguished ^m the scenes from the Passion, were
not fully developed until the fifteenth or sixteenth century, but an
example of the Emblems being introduced into the subject of Christ in
Glory occurs in the Saxon Psalter of King Athelstan in the British
Museum (Galba A xviii.), illustrated in Professor Westwood's Miniatures
of the Anglo-Saxon MSS. (pL 32).
The scourging does not occur in Norman sculpture in this country,
as far as I am aware, but there is a curious example of the scene
sculptured on a fourteenth century font at Shilton, in Oxfordshire.
The introduction of St Veronica into the representations of Christ
bearing the cross, is of late date, and the only instance of it amongst the
fictile ivories in the South Kensington Museum, catalogued by Professor
Westwood, is on a cast taken from the horn now under consideration.
In the time of Eusebius, St Veronica was indentified with i^ at/Ao/Spov<ra,
or the woman that our Lord cured of the bloody issue, and the historian
describes two statues existing in his time at CsBserea Philippi— one
of Christ and the other of the H»morissa. The Apocryphal Gospel of
Nicodemus makes St Veronica one of the witnesses on behalf of Christ
in this trial by Pilate. The later legend is well known, which relates
that, when our Lord was carrying this cross to Calvary, St Veronica
was amongst the spectators, and being moved with comj^assion on
beholding His agony, stepped forward and wiped the blood and sweat
from His face with her veiL The impression of the features of Christ
was miraculously transferred to the veil, and the portrait thus produced
was called the " Vera icon," or true image, which is still believed to
exist amongst the other relics in St Peters at Rome.
* La Mesagf voL i, pi. 87.
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NOTICE OF TWO SCANDINAVIAN POWDER-HORNS. 161
Professor George Stephens recently read a paper before the Society
of Antiquaries of London " on an ebony pax bearing the legend of St
Veronica,"^ which he purchased in Copenhagen in 1877. He mentions
that '' in an old Swedish legend, Abargus, in his zeal to see Christ, sent
his own painter to Jenisalem to take the portrait of the healer. But
the divine face was too bright for the eyes of the artist, and the Saviour
pressed his own kerchief over his countenance, and gave it to the
errander, stamped with the Heaven-King's image."
The name Veronica seems to be a corruption of vera icon, or perhaps
the similarity of sound between the two suggested the legend. Many
curious beliefs of this kind grew up, in the first place, from a desire to
amplify the narrative of the Gospels by supplying details there omitted,
tracing relationships between the different characters, and identifying
anonymous persons with others whose names are given in some other
passage, or giving entirely new names to them. These names were
generally in Greek, and had some connection with the facts related
about the individual, as when the soldier who struck our Lord with a
spear at the crucifixion is called Longinus, from A^>yx*7} ^ spear. The
original meaning of the word was afterwards foigotten, and it was
thought of simply as a proper name. Protestants are accustomed to
look upon all Christian legends with more or less contempt as being
unworthy of notice, but there is much to be learnt as to the gradual
growth of stories of this kind, and it will generally be found that they
were not invented by ecclesiastical writers with the intent to deceive
their readers, but are natural products of the human mind wishing to
get a more complete idea of the Scripture narrative, and occasionally
falling into error, or deceived by the sound of words whose meaning
had been lost.
The larger of the two powder-horns presented to the Museum is
carved with Scripture subjects and also with scenes from the romances
of the Charlemagne cycle. It will not be necessary to refer in detail
to the latter, as Mr G. F. Black will undertake to explain their meaning
fully in a subsequent paper on the subject
The horn is ornamented with three rows of scenes enclosed in panels
* Arehcoologia, voL xlvL p. 266.
VOL. XXII. L
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162 PROCBBDINGS OF THB SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1888.
with inscriptions between each.^ Part of the top row is subdivided
on one side into two smaller rows. The subjects and inscriptions are
as follows : —
Top Row. — Temptation of Adam and Eve, inscribed vertically on left
ADAM I PARiDi, ou right EVA HBRH08. Three warriors on horseback
inscribed horizontally above otbvel drab dbmbsge. Smaller row below.
Warrior on horseback, inscribed vertically on right tidrir : Lion and
Dragon facing each other, and standing on a conical hill ; a crown above
the head of the lion, inscribed in smaller letters horizontally krone,
inscribed horizontally above these two scenes k : qarbia k : klaris.
Second Row, — Inscribed above, horizontally right round the horn,
LQVBN 00 DEN LBDELiNDER ORMEN. Four panels of carving — (1) Two
warriors on horseback facing each other, with a conical hill between them,
inscribed vertically over the apex taken ; a bird above the heads of each
of the horses, inscribed vertically on right roland, and on left alkain.
(2) Two men facing each other, inscribed horizontally above ferakvn,
and vertically on right boldvin. (3) Warrior on horseback, and bird
above head of horse, inscribed vertically on right abab. (4) Similar to
No. 3, but reversed.
Bottom Bow. — Inscribed above horizontally right round the horn
HER ivAAR BLAA GREVEN OONSELIN. Five panels of carving — (1) King
holding sword, inscribed vertically on left in smaller letters kong olger
DAN8K. (2) A similar figure, inscribed vertically on left k : bvbman.
(3) King David playing on the harp, inscribed vertically on left
KO : DAVE. (4) Samson and Delilah, inscribed vertically on left
SAMSON, and horizontally in smaller letters above Delilah daliladh.
(5) Daniel feeding the dragon with baUs of pitch, inscribed vertically
on left DANIEL, and horizontally in smaller letters above the dragon
drake ) a human head appears just below Daniel's hand ; inscribed right
round bottom of horn anno 1697 mas masssn egen hand.
The powder-horn has mountings at the top and bottom of brass.
The four Scripture subjects are all taken from the Old Testament.
The Temptation of Adam and Eve occurs in the paintings of the Cata-
combs at Bome, and is common throughout all periods of Christian art.
^ See the engraving of the horn on plate ii in Mr Black's paper.
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NOTICE OF TWO SCANDINAVIAN POWBER-HORNa 163
The symbolism is explained by the verse in St Paul's Epistle to the
Corinthians (1 Cor, xv. 21) : " For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ
aU Hve.''
Daniel feeding the dragon with balls of pitch is represented on sen Ip
tured sarcophagi found in the Vatican cemetery (Bottari, tav, xix.), Verona
(Maffei's Verona Illudrata, pt. iii. p. 54), and at Aries. It also occurs
on the gilded glass vessels from the Catacombs. The scene is not described
is our version of the Scriptures, but in the Apocrypha. The delivery of
Daniel from the lions was a common symbolic way of setting forth God's
power to deliver Christians from evil, but the incident of Daniel feeding
the dragon is comparatively rare in art.
David playing on the harp is not found in the Catacomb paintings,
but belongs to the period when illuminated Psalters begun to be used,
thisTObject generally forming the frontispiece to the volume. Numerous
examples of the ninth and tenth centuries exist in the Irish and Anglo*
Saxon MSS., and on the high crosses of Ireland. David was one of the
favourite Old Testament types of Christ.
The event from the life of Samson, which is most frequently repre-
sented in Christian art, is his combat with the lion, but the story of his
connection with Delilah is very seldom illustrated. The only instance
I have come across in twelfth century sculpture is on the details of
the cloisters of Zurich Cathedral,^ where Delilah is shown cutting oflf
Samson's hair, the source of his strength. On the Scandinavian powder-
horn, Samson appears seated, with long hair reaching down to the ground^
and Delilah stands in front presenting him with a cup of wine.
^ ^ Der Ereuzgaog beim Grossmiinister in Zurich," Yon S. Yogelin, MitiheUtmgen
der Antiquarisehen Oesellxha/t in Zurich, Band i Heft 6.
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164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1888.
IL
NOTICES (1) OF ECCLESIASTICAL MUSIC DISCOVERED IN THE BUBGH
CHARTER -ROOM OF DUNDEE, (2) OF TWO STONE COFFINS
DISCOVERED AT INVERGOWRIE, (8) OF A CURIOUS PEWTER
CASKET FROM DUNDEE. By A. H. MILLAR, F.S.A. Scot.
Whilst engaged in research amongst the documents in the Buigh
Charter-Room of Dundee, in connection with the recently published
" Roll of Eminent Burgesses of Dundee," I came across the sheets of
Ecclesiastical Music now exhibited. Through the courtesy of Mr
William Hay, town-clerk, the sheets have been sent to the Society
for inspection. They were found in the inside of the parchment cover
of a Protocol Book written by Robert Wedderbum, notary public, and
dated 1580 to 1585. This book is a volume of 126 folia of antique
paper, closely written on both sides in the cleric Latin of the period, and
covered with a sheet of time-stained vellum. To stiffen the outside
cover the vellum has been folded over the edge, and several thicknesses
of paper placed inside. The front cover is filled in this manner with
several fragments of old legal deeds, apparently first drafts of documents,
and the back cover is stiffened by the insertion of four sheets of music,
the first of which is pasted to the vellum, and the others merely laid in
front of it. The latter were therefore easily removed for examination.
The sheets measure 12 inches by 8^ inches, and are in very good
preservation. The paper is of a thick cartridge texture, bearing no trace
of a water-mark. The music is printed on the four-line staff still in
use in the Romish Church, and the text is black-letter, with red uncials
and a rubric also printed in red. The lines of the staff are printed in
the same colour, and have been formed by an impression taken from
blocks measuring 2 inchea Both music and text are admirable speci-
mens of early block-printing, and seem to date from the close of the
fifteenth century.
An examination of the contents enables us to determine that two of
the sheets form consecutive leaves, whilst the others are odd sheets of a
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ECCLKSIASTICAL MUSIC — STONE COFFINS — PEWTER CASKET. 165
Roman Missal ; and there can be no doubt that these were used in the
Church of St Mary in Dundee before the Reformation. Robert Wedder-
bum, in whose book they were found, was a younger son of the first
Alexander Wedderbum, town-clerk of Dundee, and was therefore a
near kinsmen of the celebrated Robert Wedderbum, vicar of Dundee,
the putative author of The Complaynt of Scotland, and one of the joint-
authors of "The Gude and Godly Ballads" known as the Dundee
PscUma, His possession of them may thus be easily accounted for.
A careful comparison of these fragments with the Oraduale Ronumum
at present used in the Romish Church distinctly proves their antiquity.
The ancient Gregorian Gradual was altered in 1614, during the Pontifi-
cate of Paul v., and the form of the present service differs slightly in its
order and arrangement from that given in the Dundee fragments. These
sheets were regarded by Robert Wedderbum as old and worthless paper
in 1680, and their remote age is thus confirmed.
The first sheet is a portion of the Office for the Twelfth after Pentecost.
The part of the page contains the concluding phrases of the Offertory,
the missing portions being here enclosed in square brackets. It reads
as follows : —
[Memento Abraham, Isaac, et Jacob, quibus jurasti dare] terram fluentem
lac et mel et placatas est Dominus de malignitate quam dixit fiEicere populo sue.
Co [mmun] io.
De fructu operom tnorum, Domine, satiabitnr terra, ut educas panem de
terra, et vinum Isetificet cor hominis, ut ezhilaret faciem in o[leo, et panis cor
hominis confirmet].
As the other side of this sheet continues the service with the omission
of four lines, we are thus enabled to discover that the page originally
measured 12 inches by 12 inches. The fragment begins with a portion
of the Office for the Thirteenth after Pentecost.
[Respice, Domine, in testamentom tuum, et animas pauperum tuorum ne
derelinqoas in finem : exur]ge, Domine, et iudica causam tuam, et ne oblivis-
caris voces quserentiam te. P8[alm]. Ut quid, Deus, repulisti in finem ; iratus
est furor tuns super oves pascuse tuse % Gloria : Euouse.
The last combination of letters indicates that the Doxology and
Hallelujah are to be intoned here.
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166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MABCH 12, 1888.
The next fragment, according to the rubric, is a portion of the Offertory
for the Twentieth after Pentecost, though the Graduate now in use places
it for the Eighteenth after Pentecost. It is as follows : — ]
[Sanctificavit Moyses altare Domino, offerens super illud hdocausta, et]
immolans victimas : fecit sacrificium matutinu in odorem suavitatis Domino
Deo in conspectu filiorum IsraeL Co[mmun]io. Tollite hostias et introite in
atria eius adorate dominu in aula facta eius. Dnica xx post penthe.
The phrases on the other side of this leaf form now portions of the
services for Feria III. Post Dominicam L QuadragesimcB and for Sabbaio
Post Dominicam IV. Quadrageaimce, though these services are by modem
usage placed in a different sequence. There is no rubric to show precisely
where these passages were formerly placed. The Oraduale beginning
DirigcUur, &c., is still used on the Nineteenth after Pentecost, which
brings the phrase into its usual order.
[Attendite, po]pule mens, legem mea[m] : indinate aurem vestram in verba
oris mei . V . Gloria . Euouae. Dirigitur oratio mea, sicut incensum in con-
spectu tuo domine . Y . Elevatio manuum mearum sacrificium [vespertinum].
The next sheet contains a part of the service for the Seventeenth
after Pentecost, which is as follows : —
[Vovete et reddite] domino deo vestro omnes qui in circuitu eius affertis
munera : terribili et ei qui aufert spiritum principium, terribiU apud omnes
reges terrsB. Exultate deo adiutori nostro, iubilate deo Jacob, sumite psalmu
iucundum cum [cithara : canite in initio mensis tuba : quia praeceptum in Israel
est, et judicium Deo Jacob].
The phrases on the other side of this leaf are now used as a portion
of the Missa Votiva de Sando SpirUuy though they seem formerly to
have been part of the Pentecostal services. The Graduale runs thus : —
[Beata] gens, cujus est dominus deus eorum populus que elegit dominus in
hereditatem eibi . V . Verbo domini coeli firmati sunt, et spiritu oris eius omnis
[virtus eorum].
As the last page is pasted to the vellum cover, it has not been removed,
and consequently only one side has been examined. The exposed side
contains a portion of the service for the Twenty-first after Pentecost,
including the Psalm, —
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ECCLESIASTICAL MUSIC — STONE COFFINS— PEWT^K CASKET. 167
Beati immacalati in via : qni ambalant in lege domini . Gloria . Euouse .
R . Beata gens, etc.
Two woodcut initial blocks have been used in the printing of these
fragments, one being a capital E, the first letter of the word Elevatio,
which is filled in with a grotesque profile mask ; the other is the initial
V of the word Verho, the enclosed space showing a full-front mask, very
sharply cut. The latter is repeated on the page which has been left
pasted to the vellum cover.
In the appendix to The History of Old Dundee, by Alexander Max-
well, F.S.A. Scot. (David Douglas, Edinburgh, 1884), reference is made
to a similar discovery of ancient Ecclesiastical Music made by the author
in the Buigh Charter-Boom of Dundee, the fragments then found having
been identified by Mr William Blades as portions of a Sarum Gradual
printed in 1532, and of a Sarum Missal printed at Venice in 1494. A
full description of these interesting fragments will be found in Mr
Maxwell's book. They have since been glazed under double sheets of
glass by order of the Town Council of Dundee, and placed in the
Museum of Dundee for preservation.
Stone Coffins <xt Invergotorie. — Two stone coffins were discovered here
on 5th September 1887. Whilst ploughing in a field near the Cottar-
land of Inveigowrie, the workmen came upon a stone cist containing
human bones, and lying about eighteen inches below the surface. On
excavating the cist it was found that the bones of a complete skeleton —
excepting the small bones of the hands and feet — ^were within the slabs
which formed the coffin, and in a very good state of preservation. The
cist was composed of thin grey sandstone, similar to that found in the
exposed strata of Kingoodie Quany in the vicinity, and was made by
laying flat slabs to form the bottom, with upright slabs as sides, the whole
being covered with similar broad flags of sandstone in the usual manner.
Unfortunately this cist was demolished before it had been thoroughly
examined. The skeleton which it contained was apparently that of a
young man. The skidl and lower jaw were intact, and show a cerebral
conformation and facial angle, which seem to indicate a high organisation.
The teeth were entire, and did not exhibit the slightest token of decay.
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168 PBOGEEDINGS OF THE S0CIET7, MARCH 12, 1888.
the strisB on the crown of each tooth being perfect, and the enamel quite
uninjured. The yertebraa, ribs, and the femur, tibia, fibula, and pelvis bones
were complete, only the minor bones of the extremities being awanting.
The coffin was laid with an almost exact orientation, the head lying towards
the west and the feet towards the east, as in early Christian interment.
Shortly after the discovery was made the proprietor of Invergowrie,
Captain G. D. Clayhills Henderson, R.N., was communicated with, and he
proceeded to the spot. Under his directions, a careful examination of the
ground in the neighbourhood was made, with the result that at a distance
of 34 feet from the first cist, a second and similar coffin was found. The
excavation in this case was conducted more carefully, and the cist was
uncovered and measured exactly whilst it was in its original condition.
One of the covering slabs at the head of the body had been displaced at
some time, and portions of the earth had fallen into the cavity, conse-
quently the skeleton was much more decayed than that in the first cist.
Of the skull only a fragment remained, and many of the principal bones
were wasted away. From the conformation of some of the latter, the
skeleton seemed to have been that of a young woman, although certainty
on this point was hardly attainable. With the exception of the one top
slab, the cist was entire. It has been made by the placing of three slabs
to form the floor, and slabs set edgeways to form sides and ends, the
lid being composed of three slabs laid across, and resting on the sides so
as to exclude the soil The measurement of the inside space was 5 feet
9 inches long by 1 foot i^ inches wide, and 10 inches deep. The cist
was tapered towards both ends, measuring 15 inches at the head, lOj^
inches at the foot, and 16j^ inches at the widest part. The greatest
breadth was at a point 2 feet 9 inches from the head, and was made by
merely setting the side slabs at an obtuse angle instead of leaving them
in Une. On the sides of this cist a chalk-like mark was clearly visible,
showing where the legs had been resting after the body was deposited,
and where the flesh had gradually decayed, leaving the bones in contact
with the stone. The flakes of sandstone of which these coffins were
formed were about 1| inches to 2 inches in thickness, and may have
been surface-stones from the locality of Kingoodie. Like the other cist,
the second was strictly oriented, and lay almost in a due line east and
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ECCLESIASTICAL MUSIC — STONE COFFINS — PEWTER CASKET. 169
west with the first. No ornaments, cups, or trinkets of any kind were
found in either of the graves. Trenches were dug at right angles to
these graves for some distance, but no other discoveries were made.
The knoll on the summit of which the graves have been made is
about 100 feet above the level of the Tay, and overlooks the bay at
Invergowrie. The field where they were found seems to have been kept
as pasture-land up till a comparatively recent period. In a plan of the
estate of Invergowrie made for the then proprietor by Thomas Winter
in 1736, and now in the possession of Captain Clayhills Henderson, the
spot is described as " the Outfields of Wester Invergowrie," the field of
the Cottar-land lying a little to the south of the place of interment The
precise date when the field was first transformed into arable land ia not
known; but it may have been within the present century, and this
accounts for the fact of these coffins remaining so long undisturbed.
Pewter Casket. — ^The casket now to be described is unique, both in
form and design. It \a composed of pewter, and is in shape a flattened
sphere, measuring 14 inches in circumference from pole to pole, and
14f inches at the greatest circumference. A band passes around the
globe consisting of a moulding in the form of a flattened arch, enriched
with two bead mouldings on each side. The spaces between these beads
and the poles of the globe are divided by incised lines, radiating from
the axis, the one portion having twenty-four, and the other thirty-two
lines. The alternate lines of the former are terminated half an inch below
the bead, so as to permit an inscription to be placed between the dividing
lines, and the names of the months of the year, with the number of the
days in each month, are incised between the dividing lines, thus : —
Januar. I Febroa^ I March I Aprill I
XXXI I xxvin I xxxi | xxx |
Mail I June I Julii i Agust
XXXI I xxx I XXXI I XXXI
Septemb. I Octob. I Novemb. I Decemb.
xxx I XXXI I xxx I XXXI
The other portion of the globe has the lines produced to meet the
bead, and the enclosed spaces are filled in with the numerals from
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170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MABCH 12, 1888.
1 to 31, the initial space having an equal-armed cross to separate the
first from the last figure. On the middle moulding, directly opposite
the figure 1 on one side, and the dividing line between '' December
and January," on the other, a circular hole has been drilled, half an
inch in diameter, and on each side of this aperture two slits have been
cut at right angles to the radiating lines, measuring respectively one
inch and one inch and a quarter in length, apparently intended for
the insertion of coins of different thicknesses. At the opposite side
of the globe, there is a single slit which measures If inch by one
quarter inch, and a circular opening has been cut near the centre of
this slit, corresponding to that on the other side. The globe has been
suspended at the poles, and it is likely that movable index fingers
have been placed on each side so as to make it serviceable as a
calendar.
The symbols which localise and identify this curious casket are
incised on this moulded band. They consist of the name " duncane "
on one side of the central aperture, with the initials '' C. W. D.," and
the arms of Duncan, a chevron between two roses, with a horn
suspended in base, and also the monogram "S. J. S.'' in cursive
characters. On the other side of the aperture, and reading the reverse
way, are the name " Wedderbume," the initials " C.W,," with the arms
of Wedderbum of Kingennie, — a chevron charged with a fleur-de-lys,
between three roses, and the date 1600. It seems probable that a
rod has passed through the circular apertures between the slits,
finished with a bolt head at one side, and fitted with a lock of some
kind at the other, so as to prevent the abstraction of coins by the
widest aperture.
The incised names and coats of arms very clearly show that this casket
or cash-box belonged to ^Chirurgeon William Duncan," an eminent
physician in Dundee, and to his wife, Catherine Wedderbum, sister of
Sir Alexander Wedderbum, first Baron of Kingennie. The monogram
" S, J. S." may be the initials of Sir James Scrymgeour of Dudhope, who
was Provost of Dundee from 1593 till 1609. William Duncan was the
second son of Finlay Duncan, surgeon, who was admitted a buigess of
Dundee in 1550. The eldest son of Finlay Duncan was John Duncan,
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ECCLESIASTICAL MUSIC— STONE COFFINS — PEWTEE CASKET. 171
goldsmith, who settled in England; and from an interesting deed entered
in the Protocol Book of Robert Wedderbum, notary public, under date
1586, it appears that the father expressly declared that his sou John was
not to succeed to his tenement of land in the Argyllis-gait of Dundee,
unless he returned out of England, and married amongst his own
kinsfolk. This deed was witnessed by William Duncan, the next heir.
William Duncan followed the profession of his father, and took a
prominent part in civic afEairs. He was repeatedly in office as Dean
of Guild, and survived till 1608, His wife, Catherine Wedderbum,
must have died either in that or the following year, as appears from
the following inscription upon the tombstone which covers their last
resting-place in the Howff, or Old Cemetery of Dundee ": —
W • D ; K • V. — Hie dormit honorabiliB vir, Qulielmus Dancane, medicus,
civis de Dunde, qui obiit die — Maii mensis, Anno 1608, mtaiiB bu8b 52.
Heir lies alswae ane godlie honorabil Voman, Eatenn Vedderbume, spouse
to Villiame Dvncane, who departit this lyif ye — day of — 160 .
Discite ab examplo mortales discite noetro.
Mors sola fatetur quantula sunt hominum corpuscula.
William Duncan was the grandfather of William Duncan of Seasyde
and Lundie, the progenitor of the Earls of Camperdown. It has been
suggested that the casket was intended as a cash-box for holding
fines connected with the Guildry, but the arms and initials of Catherine
Wedderbum, beside those of her husband, seem to indicate that it was
for domestic use. The history of this relic during the last 280 years
cannot be traced. It is now in the possession of Mr G. B. Simpson,
F.S.A. Scot, Broughty Ferry, near Dundee. [The casket has since been
acquired by Mrs Morison-Duncan of Naughton, Fife.]
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172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETT, MARCH 26, 1888.
Monday, 26th March 1888.
GILBEET GOTJDIE, Treasurer, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly
elected Fellows : —
Laohlan M'Einnon, jnn., Advocate, Aberdeen.
Edward A. Williams, Architect, 96 Queen Street, Cheapeide, London.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By A. W. Inglis, Secretary, Board of Manufactures.
Marble Slab, 14 by 6 J inches, with Greek inscription.
Cast of the Inscription over the doorway of an old house in Edinburgh.
Figure in stone of a Hindoo Deity, 1 2 inches high.
Figure in stone of an Egyptian Deity, 9 inches high.
(2) By Thomas Ross, Architect.
Pair of Cock-fighting Spurs.
(3) By A. H. Millar, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Roll of Eminent Buigesses of Dundee. 4to. 1887.
(4) By Jambs M. M'Bain, F.S.A. Scot, the Author.
Arbroath, Past and Present 8vo. 1887.
(5) By the New Spalding Club.
Memorials of the Family of Skene. 4to. 1888.
(6) By the Society op Antiquaries op London.
ArchsBologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquities, published
by the Society of Antiquaries. VoL L. parts 1 and 2. 4to. London,
1887.
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 173
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Second Series,
VoL XI. parts 1-4. 8vo. London, 1887.
(7) By the Society op Antiquaries op France.
. Memoires de la Soci^t^ Nationale des Antiquaires de France. Tome
XLvn.
Bulletin de la Societe Nationale des Antiquaires de France, 1886.
(8) By the Society op Antiquaries op the Bhine.
Jahrbucher des Yereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Bheinlande.
Heft LXXXIV. 4to. Bonn, 1887.
(9) By the Royal Univbrsity op Christiania.
Norges Gamle Love, indtil 1387. Vols. I., II., and III. Folio.
Christiania, 1846-49.
The following Communications were read : —
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174 PBOCBEDINGS OF THE SOCIETT, MABCH 26, 1888.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SLABS AND OTHEB SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS
IN SETON CHURCH, EAST LOTHIAN. By GEORGE SETON, F.SJL.
Scot.
The church of Seton, in the parish of Tranent and county of Had-
dington, founded as a parochial church at a very early date/ was rendered
collegiate by Geoi^ge, fourth Lord Seton, in the year 1 493. The interest-
ing fabric, besides being frequently referred to by Sir Richard Maitland
in his History of the House of Seton, is fully described by Grose in the
Antiquities of Scotland^ by Sir Walter Scott in his Provincial Antiquities,
by Billings in the Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland^
and by Mr T. S. Muir in his Ancient Churches of Scotland. Engravings
of the edifice appear in Maitland, Grose, Scott (by Blore), and Billings ;
and about ten years ago it was admirably illustrated by a series of
elaborate drawings, plans, and elevations in the Sketch Book of the Edin-
burgh Architectural Association, The church has long been a favourite
subject with artists. Some forty years ago, it was carefully painted in
oil by the late James Drummond,* and more recently, an effective water-
colour drawing, now in my possession, was executed by Mr Alexander
Fraser, son-in-law of the gifted Thomas Duncan. Some excellent photo-
graphs of the exterior were taken by my friend Mr Bobert Murray, C.R,
about eight years ago, while others were shown at the industrial exhibi-
tion, held at Ormiston, under the auspices of Miss Dempster, in the
summer of 1887.
^ In the course of some drainage operations at Seton church, in August 1851, a
piece of black coal or chalk, such as is used by masons and carpenters, bearing ibe
initials "T. A." and the figures *' 1864," was found along with an ancient coin, both
now at Gosford.
' A good many years ago, the same artist painted an interesting picture of James YI.
encountering the Earl of Winton's funeral at Seton, on his way to take possession of
the English crown in 1603, which is believed now to be in one of the British colonies
(see Tytler's History qf Scotland, vol ix. p. 410).
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SLABS AND SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. 175
In the Gentleman'a Magazine for December 1848, is a notice of a
visit of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries to the church, and of a
contemplated memorial to the Earl of Wemyss, the owner of the fabric,
" for a further grant of money to be applied to the restoration of the
church, and thus preserve in repair one of the most interesting relics of
Scottish antiquity."
On more than one occasion, the sacred edifice appears to have been
ruthlessly injured by foreign invaders; and the last Earl of Winton,
at his trial for implication in the "rising" of 1715, in his answer
to the articles of impeachment, after alluding to the attack upon Seton
Palace^ by the militia of the shire of Lothian, "under the specious
pretence of serving the Government," proceeds as follows: — "The
most sacred places did not escape their fury and resentment; they
broke into his chapel, defaced the monuments of his ancestors, took
up the stones of their sepulchres, thrust irons through their bodies,
and treated them in a most barbarous, inhuman, and unchristianlike
manner." In his preface to the Edinburgh edition of Sir Richard
Maitland's House of Seton, Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe mentions that the
engraving of the church which it contains was taken from a drawing by
a lady of high rank, a descendant of the family,* and expresses regret
that no delineation was made till the inside of the building had been
much defaced, the tombs broken, and the pavement raised by the rabble
and common soldiers in their search for hidden treasure. " It is ever
to be regretted," says Mr Sharpe, " that the present noble possessor of
Seton should not have been the first purchaser ; as the acknowledged
good taste of the Earl of Wemyss, putting his descent from the family
of Seton out of the question, would have ensured the safety of these
venerable ruins."
My first visit to Seton church was as far back as 1836, and fifteen
* The old palace of Seton, whose magnificence is shown in a series of engravings,
after Clerk of Eldin, issued by the Bannatyne Club, was wantonly demoUshed towards
the end of last century, by a temporary possessor— described by the late John
Riddcll as a " barbarous Celt "—whose ownership was ultimately set aside by the
House of Lords.
» The " Duchess-Countess '* of Sutherland. The original drawing was sold at the
auction of Mr James Gibson-Craig's prints, kc, in 1887.
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176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAECH 26, 1888.
years later (1851) I thoroughly explored its features and contents
during a month's residence at Port Seton. At that date, the bays and
tracery openings of all the windows were entirely blocked with rude
masonry, and one of the transepts was used as a carpenter's shop ! In
1878, the church was partially restored by the late Earl of Wemyss,
under the direction of the late Mr Maitland Wardrop, architect, whose
share of the alterations was confined to the restoration and glazing of the
windows. The rest of the work, executed at the same time, embraced
the removal of two large mural monuments from the chancel to the
transepts, the construction of three vaults towards the centre of the
chancel (in which the late Earl and Countess of Wemyss are interred),
and the covering of the entire floor of the church with sea-gravel.
These operations, I am imformed by Mr Alexander Matthew, builder,
of 29 Grove Street, Edinburgh (employed by Mr Wardrop in connection
with the restoration of the windows), were carried out under the super-
intendence of a mason from Aberlady. On the occasion of a recent
visit to the church, after an interval of a good many years, I was
greatly grieved to discover that no fewer than nine or ten interesting
sepulchral slabs had entirely disappeared, and I lost no time in communi-
cating with Lord Wemyss upon the subject. His Lordship requested me
to inform him when I had last seen the slabs in question, and appeared
to be under the impression that they had been removed and broken up
during the lifetime of his grandfather (who died in 1853), by an incom-
petent individual employed to prepare the church for a place of burial,
when the windows were blocked with masonry. In reply, I stated that
I had made careful drawings or rubbings of these slabs in 1851, and
that I was confident I had seen most of them several years after that
date. I further expressed a hope that, instead of having been removed
and broken up, the slabs might still be intact under the sea-gravel, at
no great distance from the surface ; and Lord Wemyss has been good
enough to indicate that when he carries out his long-contemplated idea
of substituting concrete tiles for the sea-gravel, he will authorise an inves-
tigation, with the view of ascertaining whether any of the missing slabs
still exist. In his notice of the church in Billings' work, Dr Hill
Burton says — ^** Every slab on the pavement has some momunental
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SLABS AND SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. 177
purpose, and the visitor is forcibly reminded of the dust added unto
dust that lies beneath his feet, by the earth being in some places dis-
turbed, and showing the shape and dimensions of the graves by laying
bare portions of the flag-stones by which their sides are cased. Some
of the flat monumental stones have an appearance of greater antiquity
than any portion of the church. On one of them may be traced the
earliest symbol that is to be found on any stones in Scotland ascertained
to be monumental — the great cross-handled sword, which served at once
to indicate the warlike career of the dead, and his trust in the religion
of peace."
I shall first briefly notice the eodsting monuments.
1. Recumbent effigies, somewhat mutilated, of one of the Lords
Seton and his lady, within a niche, in the Perpendicular style, near
the N.R comer of the chancel. The hands of both figures are closed
in the usual attitude of prayer. The male effigy is in plate armour,
with a wreath round the helmet, while the head of the female rests
upon a cushion. Mr Muir conjectures that the figures represent
Geoi^ge, fourth Lord Seton {oh. 1508), by whom the church was made
collegiate, and his wife Lady Margaret Campbell, daughter of Colin,
first Earl of Argyll.* Unfortunately, the monument is unaccompanied by
either inscription or armorial bearings. It is specially referred to by
''Delta," in his lines on "The Ruins of Seton Chapel ":—
The prone efiigies, carved in marble mail,
The fair lady^, with croesed palms on her breast
This monument is pretty well shown in the drawing by the
Duchess of Sutherland, already referred to, and it also appears in the
E, A, A. Sketch Book, At the recent sale of Mr Samuel Edmonston's
pictures, I secured a veiy faithful representation in oil of this interest-
^ The Campbell gyroDs appear with the Seton and Sinclair arms upon an
interesting octagonal font still preserved in the church. In 1849, a circular font
(also stiU preserved) was dug np outside the church, and was found to contain
seveial coins, hawks-bells, &c., which are now at Gosford. George, sixth Lord
Seton, is said by the family historian to have been experienced in all games, and
to have been reckoned the best falconer of his time. Both of these fonts are very
accurately engraved in the E. A. A, Sketch Bock.
VOL. xxn. M
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178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
ing monument, which appeared in the Catalogue as *' A tale of bygone
days."
2. The elaborate mural monument of James, first Earl of Perth, who
married Lady Isabel Seton, daughter of Eobert, first Earl of Winton,
and who died at Scton in 1611, in the twentieth year of his age, formerly
occupied the N.K comer of the chancel, and is now affixed to the east
wall of the south transept. In the upper portion, between two small
pillars, is an escutcheon bearing the impaled coats of Perth and
Winton, with the supporters, crest, and motto of the former earldom.
The same two coats appear in separate shields, each surmounted by a
coronet, between two larger pillars in the central part of the monument,
from which an oblong marble slab (2 feet 9 inches by 2 feet) has been
removed, and which bore the following inscription : — " Conditum hie
est quicquid mortale f uit Jacobi Drummond, familiffi principis, quique
primus familiam titulo Perthiam comitatus illustravit. Monunientum
hoc posuit amantissima et moestissima conjunx D. Isabell Setoun
Roberti WentonisB unica. An. . Sal ..." ^
On one of two semicircular marble slabs, at the base of the monu-
ment, and separated by a monogram embracing the letters **I. D."
(James Drummond) and ** I. S." (Isabel Seton), is the following epitaph,
composed by William Drummond of Hawthomden, a draft of which
appears in one of the volumes of Haidhomden MSS, in the Library of
the Society of Scottish Antiquaries : —
Insteed of epitaphes and airye praise,
This monument a lady chaste did raise
To her lord's living fame, and, after death.
Her bodye doth unto this place bequeath,
To rest with his till Qod's shrill trumpet sound ;
Thogh tyme her lyf, no tyme her love can bound.
The following quaint letter, dated in May 1622, from William
Drummond to Lady Isabel Seton (then wife of Francis Stewai*t^ eldest
son of the attainted Earl of Bothwell), appears in the volume of the
Hawthomdefi MSS. already referred to. It was evidently written in
1 Nisbet's MS. Genealogical Collections, p. 217, Adv. Lib.
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SLABS AND SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. 179
reply to one from Lady Isabel, in which she had thanked the poet for
the touching lines on the Perth monument. As her first husband died
in 1611, it would appear that eleven years had elapsed before the
epitaph was composed; and accordingly, it is quite possible that her
second matrimonial experience may have proved less satisfactory than
the first, and that this circumstance had prompted the pathetic allusion
to her first love, in the last line of the epitaph : —
Madam, — Your courtesie hath prevented me, it being mine to offer you thanks
both for esteeming me worthy so honourable a task and for measuring those
lines according to affection and not their worth : for if they had any, it was
all (as the moon hath her light) borrowed from the rays of your I^yship's
own invention. But this quality becometh well your sweet disposition, and
the generosity of that noble stem of which you have your birth, as doth the
erecting of Ihat noble monument to your all-worthy Lord : by the which ye
have not only obliged all his kindred now living, but in ages to come, the
unborn posterity to render you immortal thanks. Your desert and good
opinion of me, have by a gracious violence (if I can be so happy as to do you
service) won me to remain your Ladyship's ever to command, W*. Dbummond.
Twenty-seven years later (April 1649), Drummond indites another
letter, " To his worthy and much respected friend, Mr William Anster,
at Tranent," relative to the same monument, "from which," says
Professor Masson,^ " it is evident that the writer had resumed, within
three months after the death of Charles L, those researches into the
genealogy and history of the Drummond family which had many years
before been a subject of correspondence between him and the Earl of
Perth."
Much respected friend, — ^These are to entreat you earnestly that, when
occasion and your leisure serveth, you would be pleased to do me the favour
as to take the pains to transcribe the inscription which is upon my Lord of
Perth's tomb in the Chapel of Seton. I have drawn up a Genealogical Table
of the House of Drummond, with many ornaments, and some gamishings of
the persons. In this the inscriptions of my Lord's tomb will serve me for
some light My noble Lord of Winton is descended lineally of this race,
and shidl not be overpassed in what I can do him or his ancient family
honour and service. When this piece is perfected, it must come under your
^ Memoir of Drumnwnd of ffawthomdcn, p. 449.
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180 PROCEEDmaS of THB society, march 20, 1888.
hand to give it the last lustre. Thus, my commendations remembered,
etc — I remain, your assured and loving friend to serve you, W. Dbummond.
--ApHl 1649.1
3. The mural monument of James Ogilvie of Bemes, son of Sir
Oeoige Ogilvie of Dunlngas, who married Beatrix, fourth daughter of
George, sixth Lord Seton, and who died in 1617, formerly on the south
wall of the chancel, now occupies the east wall of the north transept,
and is accurately figured in the E. A, A. Sketch Book, It bears a
Latin inscription in Roman characters, which la surmounted by three large
crescents, and the Ogilvie arms, with helmet, crest (a rock ?), and motto
(Ex Unguihus leonum) ; Quarterly, 1st and 4th, a crowned lion passant
gardant, for Ogilvie ; 2nd and 3rd, three papingoes, for Home of Fast-
castle — surtout, also quarterly, 1st and 4th, a lion rampant surmounted
of a ribbon, for Abemethy ; 2nd and 3rd, three piles, for Wishart.
The inscription is as follows : —
Soli Deo trino et uni
Omnis honor laus
et gloria
Monumentum hoc Jacobo Ogvelvi de
Bemes filio tertio genito domini Ge-
orgii Ogvelvie a Bamff de Donloogus mi-
litis et Beatricis Seton hujus familiie
filiae G^rgius Ogvelvie de Carnousis
frater et haeres mserens posuit.
Febre violenta correptus hie apud
sanguine et amicitia conjunctissimos
obiit vicesimo nono Januarii
Anno Domini cioiocxvn.
Ex defuncti mandato et in fratris gratiam
curavit ^^ fieri.
4. Large black marble slab (5 feet 6 inches by 4 feet 8 inches), on
the west wall of the chantry chapel, with a long Latin inscription
commemorating Geoi^ge, seventh Lord Seton {oh, 1585), the faithful
adherent of Maiy, Queen of Scots, and his wife Isabel, daughter of
1 Hawthomden MSS., Arch. SeoL, iv. 98.
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SLABS Al^D SEPULCHEAL M0KT7M£NTS. 181
Sir William Hamilton of Sanquhar, Lord High Treasurer of Scotland
(ob. 1604). In his Lives of Scottish Writers (iii 217), Mackenzie
states that the inscription was the production of the scholarly pen of
one of the younger sons of the deceased, viz., Alexander, Earl of
Dunfermline and Chancellor of Scotland. It is printed in Grose's
Antiquities, and an English translation, from a MS. in the possession
of the Earl of Wemyss, is given in the Edinburgh edition of Maitland's
House of Seton.
5. Two detached pieces of a slab, bearing a shield of arms apparently
charged with four mullets (one, two and one), between the letters
" Q. L.," with a surrounding inscription in Eoman letters : — " Heir lyis
George livistone .... deceased Februar 1608."
Possibly the slab may commemorate (Jeoige, son of " John Leving-
toun of Salt-cottis," who married Beatrix, illegitimate daughter of George,
fourth Lord Seton.^
The missing slabs are as follows : —
1. Oblong stone, 5 feet 7 inches by 2 feet 10 inches, with one of
the upper comers broken off (fig. 1), exhibiting a floriated Cross and
Calvary, without any inscription, very similar to one at Holyrood,
described in a paper which I read before the Society in 1851, and
printed in the fourth volume of the Archceologia Scotica,
I am disposed to think that this is the slab mentioned by Dr Hill
Burton, as bearing " a great cross-handled sword."
2. Matrix of a monumental brass, 7 feet by 3 J feet, broken across
the centre (JcLg. 2), dug up outside the church in 1849; in all prob-
ability the tombstone of either Catherine Sinclair of Hermandston, wife
of William, first Lord Seton, or of Lady Janet Hepburn, widow of
George, fifth Lord, who feU at Flodden, both great benefactresses of
the sacred edifice, as the matrix very clearly indicated the outline
of a female figure imder an ornamental canopy, with a surrounding in-
scription. The interest of this slab was greatly enhanced by the
circumstance of there being very few Scottish examples of either
monumental brasses or their matrices.
^ Nisbet gives quite a different coat for Livingston of Saltcoats.
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182
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
3. Oblong slab, 5 feet 7 inches by 2 feet 7 inches, with a small part
of the upper portion broken off (fig. 3), bearing a shield of arms above
a death's head and cross bones, and the following surrounding inscrip-
tion in Boman characters : — " [Heir . lyis . James] . Ste vart . son . to
Fig. 1. Seton Church.
Fig. 2. Seton Church.
Captane . James . Stevart . of . Cardonald . [quha . deceisit] . the . 18 .
of . Februar . 1608]." The armorial bearings were quarterly, 1st and
4th, three fleurs-de-lis, for France; 2nd and 3rd, a fess chequ^ for
Stewart — surtout, an escutcheon charged with a saltire engrailed,
cantoned by four roses, for Lennox, between a line of oval buckles
(three on each side), for Aubigny, forming the horizontal division of
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SLABS Ain) SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS.
183
the principal quarters — a somewhat unusual arrangement. The indi-
vidual commemorated was the son of James Stewart of Cardonald,
Captain of Perth for Queen Maiy, and fifth in descent from Sir Alan
Stewart of Damley, who married Catherine, daughter of William,
rNM8*or
FEmVAR
©
eaHvi-BN
Fig. 8. Seton Charch.
Fig. 4. Seton Church.
first Lord Seton, in virtue of which descent the late John Biddell
considered that the interment took place in Seton church.
4. Fragment of a slab bearing a eJialice, and part of a surrounding
inscription in Old English characters.
5. Two upper portions of a slab exhibiting a coronet of five points,
which is engraved in my Scottish Heraldry, and the following inscrip-
tion in Boman letters : —
" HEIB . LTB8 . DAME . lEANE . FLBTCHEB .
VICEVNTE8SE . OF . KINGSTON . WHO . DECEISED .
[the .].... of . AG[V8T . 1651].'*
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184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
The Viscountess was the only daughter of Sir (reoige Fletcher, of the
family of Salton, and first wife of Alexander Seton, first Viscount King-
ston, the plucky defender of Tantallon Castle, and the continuator of Sir
Eichard Maitland's House of Seton, now represented by Mr Hay of Duns
Castle.
6. Two fragments of the black marble tablet, showing eight or nine
letters of the Latin inscription in Eoman characters, formerly occupying
the centre of the Earl of Perth's monument already referred to.
The six preceding slabs lay within the chanceL
The three following, each measuring about 6 feet by 2 J feet, were
near the entrance to the church, between the two transepts, and are dis-
tinctly indicated in one of Billings' engravings : —
7. An ornamental shield (fig. 4), charged with three crescents,
between the letters " L S." and a surrounding inscription, commencing
" HEIR . LYis . lOHNB . 8BT0N." The lowcr portion of the slab was
broken off, and the remainder of the inscription illegible, with the
exception of the two words "Margaret" and ''August."
8. Impaled shield (fig. 5). Dexter, three crescents. Sinister, a
bend charged with three roses or cinquef oils— on a chief, two (three ?)
mullets.
Inscripiion. — " heir . lyib . david . seton . merchant . bvrges . of
BDINBVRGH . 8POV8 . TO . lEIN . BRAND . QVHA . DBGBIBED . IN . VINTON
THE . 22 . DAY . OF . IVLIB . 1632."
Brand of Baberton, sprung from a merchant burgess of Edinbuigh,
bore a bend charged with three mascles, and three spur rowels (or
mullets) on a chief.
9. Another impaled shield (fig. 6). Dexter, three crescents. Sinister,
three roses or cinquefoils.
Inscnption. — '*heir . lyis (comer of slab broken oflf)
AUSONB . MORTANK . QVHA . DECEISIT . IN . SETON MBER . 1604."
I can find no blazon for the surname of Morton corresponding with
the sinister impalement in this escutcheon.
Beside these three slabs was a fourthy without any arms or inscrip-
tion, which was said to be the tombstone of the mother of General Don,
governor of Gibraltar, who died about the end of last century, and who
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SLABS AND SEPULCHBAL MONUMENTS.
185
was the last person buried in Seton church, till the interment of the
late Countess of Wemyss in 1882.
HEIR LYIS DAV10-SET0n|
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•N0138 NlllSliO^^'l
Fig. 5. Seton Chorcb.
Fig. 6. SetoD Church.
From the BeoU Magazine for 1760, we learn that Miss Matty Seton,
daughter of the deceased George Seton, Esq., representative of the Earl
of Dunfermline, was buried in Seton church on the 8th of December
of that year ; and the following lines, relative to the interment, from
the pen of Hamilton of Bangour, appear in the same publication : —
lu these once hallowed walls' neglected shade,
Sacred to piety and to the dead.
Where the long line of Seton' s race repose,
Whose tombs to valour or to wisdom rose ;
Tho' now a thankless age to slavery prone,
[c«releM of]
Past fame despising, | faithless to | its own,
Records no more, each public virtue fled.
Who wisely counselled or who bravely bled ;
Tho' here the warrior shield is hung no more.
But every violated trophy tore —
Heaven's praise, man's honour, share one shameful lot,
God and His image both alike forgot ;
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186 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETT, MARCH 26, 1888.
[To thla tweet]
I Yet to thiB I maid a kindied place is due,
Her earth shall consecrate these walls anew ;
And where we now perform our mournful part,
May still be seen the pilgrims of the heart^
The last of the direct line of the family buried in the church appears
to have been Oeoige, fourth Earl of Winton (father of the attainted Earl),
who died in 1704, and whose coffin plate, formerly the property of
Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, is now in the possession of the Earl of
Eglinton.
In addition to the monuments described in the first part of this paper,
the following detached sculptured stones are still preserved in the
chancel : —
1. Block, about 4 feet by 2 feet, exhibiting a shield surmounted by
a coronet, quarterly 1st and 4 th, a saltire, with a label in chief, for Max-
well ; 2nd and 3rd, three hedgehogs or hurcheons (French, heiiasons),
for Herries.^ I am not quite clear as to the raison d'etre of this
armorial stone. There were, however, at least two alliances between
the Maxwells and the Setons — (1) Herbert Maxwell of Caerlaverock,
first Lord Maxwell of Herries (whose first wife was a daughter of Sir
Herbert Herries of Terregles), married, secondly, Catherine, daughter of
William, Lord Soton, widow of Sir Alan Stewart of Damley, and
mother of John, first Earl of Lennox;' (2) Elizabeth, daughter of John,
seventh Lord Herries, was the second wife of Greorge, third Earl of
Winton.
2. Broken block, about 3 feet long and 1 foot high, with the letters
"G. S." and " A. H."— probably Geoigo Seton, third Earl of Winton, the
" magnificent builder " of Winton House, and his first wife Lady Anna
^ In the Poems of Hamilton of Bangoar, published in 1760, the two condnding
lines (after ** these walls anew ") are —
" The muse, that listens to desert alone,
** Snatches from Fate, and seals thee for her own :*'
and in the Scots Magazine, after the wordtt '* pilgrims of the heart," six additional
lines are given.
' See Seton's SeoUish Heraldry, p. 78 and plate ii.
' See p. 188, supra.
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THE DITNBARS, EARLS OF D
* Cecilia, possibly daughter and heir, or
co-heir, of one of the Frasers. This seems
the most reasonable way of acooanting for
the roses in her hosband's bordure 4th Not.
1261, which became hereditary in the family
after that date.
IX. Patric OF Dunbar (7tl
in. circa 1241 Cecilia.*
in England 13 th Dec. :
bore roses in his bordui
tingbame 24 tb Aug. 12
Cburch of Dunbar.
X. Patric of Dunbar (8th
the family who bore th;
1282 Mariory, daugbte
Buchan. One of the coi
1291. Sometimes style
and ** Conte de la March
aet 66.
I
Patric of Dunbar (9th Earl), Earl of March and Moray,
b. 1284. Present at Carlaverock July 1800, had a grant of the
Earldom of Moray, 1357-8, resigned the Earldom of March 25th
July 1368, died 11th Nov. 1368, at. 84. Sixty years Earl.
Mar. 1st, 1303-4, the Lady
Ermigarda (surname unknown).
PATRlC,t
b. 1304.
Died before 5th
Sent 1351, pos-
sibly before 24 th
Feb. 1342.
+ v.p. s.p.
John,
son and heir, 5th
Sept. 1351, alive
5th Oct. 1354,
died before 26th
July 1368.
+v.p. s.p.
Mar. 2nd, Papal Dispensa-
tion, 16th Jan. 1323-4.
Agnes, '' Black Agnes of
Dunbar," elder daughter of
Thomas Ranulph first Earl
of Moray, sister, and (17th
Oct, 1346) co-heir of John
Ranulph 3rd Earl of Moray.
John,
Filius et heres.
Dominus de
Byrkynside.
XL John of Dunbar, secon
menta de Mdroa. No. 36
' de Byrkynside. m. d
states that George Dunb:
1332 ; possibly he mean
of George. There is no
XII. Sir Patric of DuNBi
of Thomas Ranulph, firs
of Jttin Ranulph 3rd Ea
11th Jan. 1342. Priso
Present at the battle of I
way to the Holy Land ii
t The Collegiate Chinch of Dunbar waa
founded 24th Feb. 1342. The seal of the
Chapter of Dunbar bean two shields, each
bearing the Dunbar arms, the dexter shield
being differenced by a label, possibly in
memoriam of this Patric?
XIII. Georoe of Dunbar (
Annandale and Man. 1
confirmed to him by D
9th Earl, 26th July U
King of Scots 1399, reti
to Henry IV. he states, t
grandmother. He marr
have died in 1416, havin
Columba OF Dun-
bar, Bishop of
Moray, April 3,
1422, d. 1436.
Effigy on his
tomb in the
Dunbar aisle in
the Cathedral at
Elgin.
of
I I I I
3. Sir Gawanr
Dunbar.
4. Patrike of Dunbar.
6. John of Dunbar.
6. Sir David Dunbar
of Cockbum.
Elizabeth Dun-
bar, betrothed
to the Duke of
Rothesay, 1398.
Alive 24th April
1438.
XIV. George of Dunbar (1
Beatrix, m.
1421, Alice, daughter of
Viiestyr.
Attainted for his father**
Patric of Dunrar, "A1
The DuNBARS of Kilcon
a. H. Dunbar tno.
Ist March 18S8.
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rXBAR, MARCH, AND MORAY.
ilarl), Earl of Dunbar, b. c. 1213,
>erved heir to his father iu lands
48. The first of the family who
4th Nov. 1261. Died at Whit-
, buried in the north aisle of the
arl), Earl of March. The first of
designation, b. 1242, m. drca
of Alexander Comyne, Earl of
petitors for the Crown 3rd Augt
**Conte de Laonois" (Lothian),
d'Ecosse." Died 10th Oct 1308,
John.
Sir Alexander
gave receipts
for his fee, 2l8t
Sept. and 26th
Nov. 1288.
Witness at Dun-
bar Nov. 1318.
son of 8th Earl. Witness {Muni-
). Seems to have been Dominus
ighter of George de Percy ? Boece
was killed at Dupplin 12th Aug.
this John, who was grandfather
George " on record at that time.
Patric op Dun-
BARRE. Raine's
North Durham,
appendix, p. 78.
No. ccccxxxiL
1331.
I, ro. Isabella, younger daughter
Earl of Moray, sister and co-heir
I of Moray. Witness at Dunbar
er at Durham 17th Oct. 1346.
itiers 19th Sept. 1366, died on his
1356, and was buried in Candy.
)th Earl), Earl of March, Lord of
circa 1336. Earldom of March
id II. on resignation of Patric,
8. Renounced his allegiance to
aed 8th June 1409. In his letter
at Mariory Comyne was his great-
d Christiana (Seton ?). Seems to
held the Earldom 48 years.
th Earl), Earl of March. M. 1st,
Ind, Papal Dispensation 7 th Aug.
he late Sir William Hay, Lord of
rebellion, 10th Jan. 1434-5.
ister of the Mairch."
uhar and Loch.
John op Dunbar. M. the
Lady Mariorio, daughter
of Robert IL Papal
Dispensation 11th July
1370. Created Earl and
Countess of Moray, 9th
March 1372-3. He died
at York 1391.
* PATBIKE off DUNBARR
lorde of belo, and
brothir vmquhile of
a hee and mychtl
lorde Sir George of
Dunbacr Erie of the
marche." 1431.
Thomas Dunbar,
Earl of Moray.
Taken prisoner
at the Battle of
Homildon,14th
Sept 1402.
Thomas Dunbar,
Earl of Moray.
Hostage for
King James I.,
released 16 th
July 1425.
Died 1427 ?
Alexander Dunbar, m. Mauld,
daughter and heir of Eraser of
Frendraught Died circa 1422.
James Dunbar of Frendraught,
Earl of Moray. Hostage 1424.
Released Nov. 9, 1427. Suc-
ceeded his cousin. Murd. at
Frendraught 10th Aug. 1429.
Sir Alexander Dunbar of West-
field, died 10th March 1497-8.
David Dunbar of
Cumnock and
Mochrum, prob-
ably brother of
the 10th Earl.
Cumnock and Moch-
rum were divided
among 3 co-heir-
esses, descendants
of the above David.
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SLABS AND SEPULCHEAL MONUMENTS. 187
Hay, daughter of Francis, eighth Earl of Errol — ^arranged as a monogram,
in high relief.
3. Small block, bearing the same initials (?) within a triangular device.
4. Mutilated slab, 4 feet 7 inches by 3 feet 4 inches, exhibiting the
Winton arms, with mottoes and all the exterior ornaments, finely carved,
said to have formerly surmounted the principal entrance to Seton Palace,
5. Fragment (a thigh?) of a mailed figure.
In the tower of the church is the interesting bell, brought from
Holland by George, seventh Lord Seton, in 1577, engraved and described
in Ballingall's Edinburgh Past and Present,
n.
NOTES ON THE OLD EARLDOMS OF DUNBAR, MARCH, AND MORAY.
Bt ARCHIBALD HAMILTON DUNBAR, Younobr of Northfibld, F.S.A.
Scot.
Scottish peerage writers and genealogists ^ have hitherto asserted that
the Earldom of Dunbar and March passed from father to son in regular
succession for upwards of 300 years until the attainder of Gleoige, the
eleventh Earl, in 1435. It has also been held that Geoige Dunbar, Earl
of March, tenth Earl, Lord of Annandale and Man, was son and heir of
Patric, ninth earl, by his wife the celebrated " Black Agnes of Dunbar."
These views have been accepted in more than one peerage case, possibly
because it was inferred from Earl George's letter to Henry IV., that he
was grandson of the eighth Earl, and could only have succeeded to the
lordship of Annandale and Man, through his supposed mother Black
Agnes.
This theory, however, that George, tenth Earl, was son of Patric, ninth
Earl, appears to be open to several serious and reasonable doubts, which
may be stated as follows : — It is improbable
1. That a father and son should have held the earldom for 108 years.
2. That Earl Patric should have resigned his earldom into the hands
^ LiDdesay, Crawford, Nisbet, Douglas, Wood, Chalmers, RidJell, Sinclair, and
others.
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188 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
of David 11. for the purpose of having it confirmed to George, tenth
Earl, inasmuch as George would have succeeded in due course without
the resignation, had ho been son and heir of Earl Patric.
3. That if George had been son of Earl Patric, the relationship would
not have been mentioned in the charter of confirmation.
4. That Earl George should have had two elder brothers, Patric and
John, and two younger brothers, John and Patric. The two former
were sons of Patric, ninth Earl ; the two latter were John Dunbar, Earl of
Moray, and Patric of Bele. The two Johns were certainly alive at the
same time.
5. That one of Earl George's younger brothers would have styled
himself in 1431: "Patrike off Dunbarr lorde of bele, and brothir
vmquhile of a hee and mychti lorde Sir George of Dunbarr Erie of
the marche,"^ if he had been son of Earl Patric
So much for some of the doubts, and now for some facts and notes
bearing on the subject.
Two of the MSS. of Fordun's Scotichronicon * give some circumstantial
details about several of the Scottish knights present at the battle of
Poitiers on the 19th September 1356. Both these MSS. record that
" Sir Patric of Dunbar, father of Sir (reoige afterwards Earl of March,
went after the battle towards Jerusalem, in which journey he died in
the island of Candy, and was buried there."
Here we have a distinct statement that the father of Earl George was
Sir Patric Dunbar, who died in Candia in 1356; and be it observed that
at that time Earl Patric was negotiating for the release of David IL, and
did not resign his earldom until upwards of ten years after the death of
Earl George's father.
But, it may be asked, How did Earl George succeed to the lordships of
Annandale and Man ? This appears from a charter in my possession, in
which " Patriciua de Dunbar miles et laohdla aponsa qftisdem^" confirm a
grant of Wester Pitcorthy made by " Ricardua de Ainatrother de eodetn "
to John Strang and Cecilia, sister of the said Eichard. The charter is
^ Munimenta de Metros, No. 526.
* British Museum MS., Cott Vit E. xi. chap. 188, fol. 165 ; and Trin. Col,
Dublin MS., E. 2, 28.
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EARLDOMS OF DUNBAR, MARCH, AND MORAY. 189
dated at Wester Spot, 2nd January 1351-2, five years before the battle
of Poictiere. The impressions of the seals of Sir Patric and of his wife
appended to the charter are in good preservation.
The Lady's seal has for legend —
SianJiVM . ISABBLLB . DB . DVNBAR .
And on the shield are the arms of Sir Patric, impaling the arms of his
wife, which last are : three cushions within a tressure flory and counter
flory for Ranulph. From this it seems reasonable to conclude that
Isabella was younger sister of "Black Agnes," and daughter of Thomas
Eanulph, first Earl of Moray, Eegent of Scotland, Lord of Annandale
and Man, and that Earl George's right to Annandale and Man must
have been through his mother, the above Isabella, after the death of her
sister " Black Agnes."
This seal appears to be the earliest known instance of impalement
on any seal connected with Scotland, and the tressure is not cut by the
impalement. In a communication made by me to the late Mr Stodart
in 1881,^ it was taken for granted that the impaled arms on the
indenture between Florence count of Holland and Robert Brus,
dated 14th June 1292,* were contemporary with that document, but
my friend Mr Joseph Bain examined the original indenture in the
British Museum, and satisfied himself that the arms had been added
after the execution of the deed, and the drawing and style of the lions
seem to indicate a much later date than 1292.
Lindesay, who compiled his History of Scotland about 1565, in
writing of Thomas Ranulph, Earl of Moray, states : — " He also had two
Daughters ; of whom the eldest was called Black Annes, by reason
she was black-skinned. This Annes was a Woman of greater Spirit
than it became a Woman to be, who was married upon Patrick, Earl
of March. The Second was called Geiles, and was married upon John,
Brother to the Earl of March; and bore to him George, who succeeded
to his Father-Brother heritably in the Earldom of March." ^
This statement, that there were two daughters, though it is ignored
^ Scottish Arms, vol. ii. p. 10.
* NatioTud M8S, of Scotland, part 11 No. vi.
' History of Scotland, by Robert Lindesay of Pitscottie. Edinburgh, 1728, p. 25.
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190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
by later writers, appears to be correct, but the chronicler has left out a
generation, and would have been more accurate had he said that Geiles,
as he calls her, was married to Sir Patric, son of John, brother of the
Earl of March.
There is a charter in duplicate at Durham,^ granted by Patric of
Dunbar,* Earl of March and Moray, to which he ordered "our great
seal " to be appended "at our Castle of Dunbar " on the 24th of May
1367. And his wife Agnes, Countess of March and Moray, approves.
Impressions of the seal and secretum of the Earl,^ and of the seal of
the Countess are still attached to the charter. The second witness to the
charter is " Georgio de Dunbar conmngutneo nostro,^* who was almost
certainly the man in whose favour Earl Patric soon afterwards resigned
the Earldom of March.
In the Register of the Great Seal, there is a charter,* granted by
David II., confirming to his dear cousin (reorge of Dunbar the whole
Earldom of March, which belonged to Sir Patric of Dunbarr, last Earl
thereof, and which the same earl resigned : to hold to the said George,
and his heirs in fee and heritage, and in all respects as the said Patric
held it before his resignation thereof to the king. This charter is
dated at Stirling 25th July, 39th year of reign (1368).
George Dunbar, Earl of March,^ in his letter to Henry FV., king
of England, claiming his assistance as a relation,^ writes : " dame
Mariory Comyne was my graunde dame," and finishes his letter thus ;
" And noble Prynce mervaile yhe nocht that I write my lettres in
englis, fore that ys mare clere to myne vnderstandyng than latyne ore
Fraimche, .... Writyn at my castell of Dunbarr the xviij day of
Feuerer" (1400).
By " englis," Earl Greorge meant the language then spoken in Lothian,
consequently by " graunde dame " he must have meant great-grand-
^ Durham Charters, Noe. 792 and 793. Printed in Raine*8 North Durham, Appendix,
p. 88, No. cxlii
2 Ninth Earl.
* ' Both are engraved in Laing's Sapplemental Descriptive CatcUogue of Atieient
Scottish Seals, plate i. Nos. 1 and 2.
* Reg. Mag. Sig., lib. i No. 196. « Tenth Earl.
' National MSS. of Scotland, part iL No. liii
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EARLDOMS OF DUNBAR, MARCH, AND MORAY. 191
mother} for he would have used the word " gudame " had he meant
grandmother.
Here then we have it under Earl George's own hand that he was
great-grandson of Mariory Comyne, who was wife of the eighth Earl,
and therefore he could not possibly have been son of Patric, ninth Earl,
and his wife " Black Agnes," as has hitherto been erroneously supposed.
Many persons have prided themselves on being descended from the
heroic Black Agnes, who successfully defended her husband's castle
of Dunbar against the English for nineteen weeks in 1338,* but,
unfortunately for them, Black Agnes does not seem to have had
any children, and in any case did not leave any surviving issue or
descendants.^
It will not be out of place here to remark that in a book recently
published,* where the names of Earl (xeoige and his wife and their
family are given, the word ^o"tn in the Record,** contraction for
Columba, has been incorrectly translated Colin; and what makes
matters worse, it is added in a note : ** There was also a daughter named
Columba, who subsequently came in for some clerical patronage," &c.
Now the career of the Columba above alluded to is pretty well
known, as is shown in the following notes : —
** Columba, son of George of Dunbarre, Earl of March of Scotland,"
had a grant from Henry IV. of the deanery of St Mary Magdalene of
Bridgenorth, 26th Feb. 1402-3.^ Columba of Dunbar, dean of the
Collegiate Church of Dunbar, was one of the witnesses to the foundation
charter of the University of St Andrews on the 28th Feb. 1411-12.^
1 It is interesting to find that this conclusion has been already propounded on
independent grounds in " Extracts ttom Notes on Chaloner's description of the Isle
of Man, edited for the Manx Society, by the Bey. J. G. Gumming, M.A., Rector of
Mellis, Suffolk," p. 19, and Appendix D, Notell.
' Chronicon de Lanercost, British Museum MS,, Cott Claud, vii. fol. 280.
' Notwithstanding the assertion in MaiUand of LethingUm, by John Skelton,
Advocate, LL.D., Edinburgh, 1867, vol. L p. 14.
* History of England under Henry IF,, 2 vols., by James Hamilton Wylie, M.A.,
one of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools, vol. L p. 186, also Note 4.
B Patent Roll, 1 to 11 Henry IV., Membrane 35.
« Privy Seal (Tower), 4 Henry IV. File 1 ; and Eyton's Shropshire^ vol. i. p. 838.
7 Natumal MSS. of Scotland, part ii No. Ixiii.
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192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
Columba of Dunbar was appointed Bishop of Moray, 3rd April 1422.^
He had safe conducts from Henry VL in 1433^ and 1434,* to pass
through England on his way to Rome and Basle. He rebuilt the great
window oyer the west door of the cathedral at Elgin.^ He died in
his Palace of Spynie in 1435,^ and was buried in the Dunbar aisle
in the cathedral at Elgin, where his effigy may be seen on his tomb.
The foregoing notes are a contribution towards a revision of the early
historic Peerage of Scotland, and the subjoined pedigree is intended to
illustrate the notes.
III.
NOTICE OF ANCIENT REMAINS IN MANOR PARISH AND OTHER DIS-
TRICTS OF PEEBLESSHIRE. By D. CHRISTISON, M.D., F.S.A. Soot.
In the uncultivated moors and glens of Scotland we occasionally meet
with signs of primitive occupation by man, which are so difficult to
decipher, from their almost complete dilapidation, that the most zealous
investigator may well be excused, if at first sight he turns from them
with indifference or despair. Viewed singly or in detail, they may seem
to be rather accidental freaks of nature than evidences of man's handi-
work; and it is only when we find examples in somewhat better pre-
servation than the mass, that we are convinced at once of their human
origin, and of their archaeological importance.
A group of such remains in the Manor district of Peeblesshire has
long been known, as a matter of course, to Professor Veitch, who in the
threefold capacity of lover of nature, poet, and archaBologist, has trod
every foot of his native county, and to Mr Linton, upon whose farm
they are situated ; but I believe they have not hitherto been described.
I have lately paid two visits to the locality, but it is to the guidance of Mr
> Consistorial Records in the Vatican. [Maziere Brady.]
* Rymer's Fcsdera [London, 1710], tome x. p. 565. • iWrf., p. 684.
^ His arms are still above the window, — a lion rampant within a bordnre charged
with eight roses, a pastoral staff being in pale belund the shield.
' Registnun Moravienae, No. 277, which also records that he was ''Artium
Magister."
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ANCIENT REMAINS IN MANOR PARISH. 193
Linton on the spot that I am indebted for a fulness of knowledge which
it would have been difficult for me otherwise to have acquired, and
archsBologists would be fortunate indeed if they more frequently met
with proprietors or tenants who took as warm an interest in the anti-
quities of their district as Mr Linton does.
To show the position of the various objects to be described, I have
prepared a map (p. 194) on the scale of two inches to the mile, omitting
for the sake of clearness modem houses, and in place of shading the hills,
marking only the contour lines of 1000, 900, and 800 feet, and the
summits of the hills.
Of the many beautiful and sequestered glens and " hopes " of Tweed-
dale, none is more beautiful than Glenrath, a branch of Manor Vale,
upon which it opens directly opposite to Woodhill, a remarkable isolated
eminence rising 300 feet above the vale, and crowned with the ancient
stone fort which bears the name of " Macbeth's Castle " (A on the Map).
The glen branches off from the vale at first eastwards for a mile and a
half, and then, turning sharply southwards for two miles, is lost among
the hills, 2000 to 2300 feet above the sea, among which its tributary
streams take their origin.
The lower division of the glen is open, the steep and lofty hills on
each side, strewed with long " sclithers,'* ^ leaving between them a space
of comparatively level ground, at least two to three hundred yards in
width, through which the stream meanders with but little faU. Situated
at the head of this division is Glenrathhope (1 on the Map), a solitary
cottage, in which dwells the shepherd and his family, constituting the
whole popidation of the glen. This is a good point from which to
begin our survey of the remains in question.
In front of the cottage, and stretching westwards for about half a mile
down the north side of the valley (1 to 2), there is a beautiful, dry,
grassy strip of land, about two hundred yards in width, with a fine
southern exposure, and sloping gently to the stream. It is on this
slope that the remains are most abundant, particularly on the margin
next to the hills, which rise very abruptly from the edge of the gentle
^ The local name for " sheets of easily moved stones on a hillside," known in
Cumberland as "screes."
VOL. xxn. N
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1000. 900.
loo.
aoe.^oo.1000.
looa
1000
Sketch Map of Glenrath and part of Manor Valley, Peeblesshire.
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ANCIENT REMAINS IN MANOR PARISH.
195
elope. Here the remains of some eight or ten circular enclosures, or
foundations, if I may call them so, can still be made out. The diameter
of the enclosures varies from three or four to as much as twenty or even
thirty yards. The " f oxmdations " are elevated only a few inches above
the ground. Their surface is more or less stony, and in the better pre-
served ones there are the remains of what appear to have been an outer
and inner single row of larger stones, with in some cases smaller rubble
between. These larger stones are, however, of no great size, the biggest
of them not exceeding a foot or two in height when set on end, which
they frequently are. Fig. 1 gives a view of a well-preserved example,
Fig. I. Circular Foondation, Glenrath.
in which, however, no rubble is visible. The internal diameter is 6
yards, and the width of the enclosing foimdation nearly 2 yards.
But in addition to these tolerably well-defined structures, it appeared
to me that there were many short and slight mounds, more or less
stony on the surface, and curved in form, which in themselves would
attract no attention, but which, taken in connection with the more
complete structures already described, in all probability are merely
fragmentary relics of the same nature. If this observation be correct,
the importance of the remains as a whole is much enhanced, as they
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196 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
must originally have been so thickly set as to be almost continuous for
half a mile.
On the lower margin of the slope, towards the river, the remains are
much more scattered, and are of a different character. They consist of
small low cairns, grass or heather grown, with stones half embedded
or lying loose on them. Some show traces of a stony ring encircling
them, and occasionally in these there is a slight hollowing in the centre,
which in a few becomes a cup-shaped cavity, two or three feet in depth.
These two classes of remains, the curved foundations and the cairns,
do not lie entirely apart, but a few of each kind are found mingled with
the main bodies of the other.
I have described somewhat minutely the chief group of these struc-
tures, but I may briefly mention that others exist in considerable numbers
on some higher ground behind the cottage, and on a slope similar to that
of the first group, which stretches for an additional half mile down the
same side of the valley (2 to 4). Here a foundation of exceptional form
attracted my attention. It consists of two straight parallel mounds, 40
feet long and 6 or 8 apart, open at one end, closed by a curved mound
at the other, with a transverse mound near the closed end. Connected
with this second group there is a by no means conspicuous knoll, which
has somewhat the appearance of having been smoothened artificially. It
is very flatly conical, and has a small flat cairn on the top. It is called
Harley Knowe (4). In this locality also is a curiously shaped ruinous
wall (3), which consists of two slightly curved lines, about 70 yards long
in all, meeting at an angle, situated at the foot of the hill, and a third
curved wall running up among the steep " sclithers." On each side of the
third wall, partly on the hill, partly on the level, a circular foundation may
be made out. It is difficult to assign any purpose for this wall, which
is certainly not a modem dyke, and which Mr Linton assures me is quite
unsuitable for any purpose connected with sheep farming. The number
of cairns or stone-heaps in the mile below Glenrathhope is about seventy.
On the south side of the valley remains of a totally different kind are
found. They comprise relics of lead-smelting operations (5), and a con-
siderable number of ruinous, rectangular stone enclosures without mortar
(6), all situated at the mouth of Erne CleucL
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ANCIENT KEMAINS IN MANOR PARISH. 197
Stretching southwards from the cottage (1) for some distance along
the upper course of the stream, there is a haugh, in the middle of which
is an oblong cairn, about 6 feet in length, which is worthy of remark,
because the haugh elsewhere is almost entirely free from stones.
This concludes the list of remains in Glenrath itself, but immediately
on turning out of it northwards into Manor Vale, we find on the hillside,
about 200 feet above the stream, a level shelf about 60 yards by 30 in
extent, enclosed by an oval rampart (7 on the Map), which has evidently
been plxmdered of the mass of its stones to fence a wood covering the
level site and a portion of the neighbouring hill. Within the oval ring,
and at one end of it, there is a small circular foundation about 10 yards
in diameter. It is difficult to attribute a defensive character to this
structure, as the hill rises steeply and at once from its eastern side,
and completely commands it from a distance of a few yards. I was
informed by Mr Linton that three similar enclosures can still be traced
farther north on the hillside, at about the same level (8, 9, 10), all four
being within a space of a mile. Mr Linton remembers when the three
last mentioned were much more diBtinct, but they are now almost
ploughed down. In one of them he found a portion of a quern.
Another enclosure with a strong rampart and trench, and more of the
nature of a fort (12), existed in the haugh near the farm-house, but it is
now nearly obliterated. In it Mr Linton found a whorl ornamented
round the edge with a series of small incised rings, with a little hole in
the centre of each ring ; also part of a quern. He also informed me that
a sixth circular enclosure still exists on the hill-slope on the opposite side
of the Manor (13), not far from the "King Knowes" Fort, besides faint
traces of others.
Turning now southwards instead of northwards out of Glenrath,
we encounter, about half a mile above the junction of the Glenrath
Bum with the Manor Water, a singular enclosure at the foot of
Horsehope Hill (14 on the Map, and ^g, 2). The steep slope here is
one vast " sclither," or ** scree " as it would be called in Cumberland,
the component stones of which are of unusual magnitude, and it ends
very abruptly on the river-haugh. On the lower part of the slope a
wall has been constructed, which starting at the haugh runs about 40
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198
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
yards up the hill, and bending round among the " sclithers," returns to
the plain, thus enclosing a horse-shoe space, open at the bottom, as
there is now no trace of a wall in the plain. The wall, built without
mortar, is very ruinous ; but a few yards above the plain there is a
tolerably well-preserved entrance, where the wall is still several feet
in height, carefully built, and 6 feet broad at the bottom, with a slight
batter upwards. Within the enclosure slight indications of small
circular foundations may perhaps be traced on the rough stony surface,
but not so distinctly as to be reliable. It is difl&cult to conjecture the
Fig. 2. Enclosure on Slope of Horaehope HilL
purpose of an enclosure on so singular a site. That it should have been
intended for defence is most improbable, as the steep slope of the hill
almost hangs over it, rendering it, one would think, imtenable against
an attack with no more dangerous missiles than the stones which lie
so conveniently to hand. The 6 feet thickness of the wall, however,
favours a defensive purpose. I understand from Mr Linton that a
great many stones were removed from this site forty-five years ago to
make dykes.
A few hundred yards higher up the vale, and several hundred feet
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ANCIENT REMAINS IN MANOR PARISH.
199
above it, on Horsehope Hill, a caim (marked A on the sketch, hg, 3),
erected by Mr Linton, marks the site of a " find ** of numerous bronze
objects of great interest, some of them unique in form, now preserved
in the Museum of the Chambers' Institute, Peebles. They were con-
cealed imder a large stone among the adithera of the very steep slope of
Horsehope Hill, but were brought to light possibly by the burrowing
of rabbits or foxes. They were noticed by Mr Linton's shepherd, and
collected partly by him, partly by Mr Linton himself. The site is
certainly an extraordinary one for such a " find."
Fig. 8. Site of the Find of Bronze Objects on Horsehope Hill.
Opposite Horsehope Hill, on the other side of the Manor, there is a
much dilapidated oval enclosure (16 on the Map, and hg, 4), projecting
into a pretty extensive flat, — scarcely raised above the river bed, — Irom
a haugh which is only a few feet higher. On one side this mound rests
on the river, and is quite open, having no doubt been partially washed
away by floods. On the other side an enclosing rampart, although now
much levelled, can be well enough made out. Scarcely more conspicuous
would be about a dozen circles, or parts of circles and curves, contained
within the enclosure, were it not that they are strongly brought into
view, as so often happens with similar remains, by differences of vegeta-
tion, the circles being overgrown with heather, and their interior with
grass, or vice verad, A few lai^e stones lying about indicate perhaps
the original constructive material of these poor remains. Possibly the
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200
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
whole of this oval mound, which measures about 60 by 50 yards, and
the highest point of which is 6 or 9 feet above the haugh, may be
artificial. May it not have been a small fortified village projected for
additional safety into what no doubt in ancient times was a morass ?
B
RIVER
,»'**
'X
1^ -v;.:^-nh'
4& ••■ *
-L-
_!-.
10 fd 10 10 30 40 50 YARDS
Fig. 4. Mound enclosing Circles above Posso, Manor.
The plan {Qg. 4) has no pretensions to do more than give a general idea
of the mound.
A short distance off, and rising from the same haugh, at the foot of
the hill called Posso Craigs, there is an inconspicuous knoll (17 on
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ANCIENT REMAINS IN MANOB PARISH.
201
the Map, and fig. 5), which, but for possessing a name, would scarcely
deserve attention. That so inconspicuous an object in such a wild
H A U G//
A
aoAo
o
- w^m
^^^^^mmfi/'^S^, I
fi
/ V
10 f 0 10 20 30 Ifi 50 YARDS
Fig. 6. Cone Enowe.
locality should have a name, however, seems lemarkable, and on
examination it is easy to persuade ourselves, as in the case of the
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202 PROCEBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
Harley Knowe in Glenrath, that this " Corse Knowe" has been artificially
shaped and smoothened. The highest point is not in the centre, but
at the end farthest from the haugh, and it is there crowned by a flat
cairn.
Continuing up the vale by the foot of Posso Craig, we pass many
low mounds and heaps of stones, of which it is difficult to say whether
they are natural or artificial, but about half a mile above Corse Knowe,
and near the river, is the site of a large cairn, known as the Hare
Cairn (18 on the Map), from which the stones were carted away in
Mr Linton s father's time. The site is very distinctly marked by a
well-defined circular slight depression, the bottom of which is covered
with small loose stones, and it is about 70 feet in diameter.
,<<A'>^-
^>^*;^^^^^3|5^gj^g^^ y _ .-^^«B?».t5?i,:
Fig. 6. Remains near LanghatigH, seen from above.
Passing on till almost opposite the farm-house of Langhaugh, we find
a circular mound, a few inches to a foot in height, and 6 feet wide,
enclosing a space about 24 by 20 feet (19 on the Map, and ^g, 6, view
from above) ; around it at a little distance are two low cairns and a
fragment of wall, and much nearer is what appears to have been a
circular half-underground chamber, which, as far as can be made out
from its ruinous condition, has been about 6 feet in diameter inter-
nally, with a little ante-chamber attached, as shown in the enlarged view
(fig. 7). Its present depth is 4 feet, and the ruinous, turf-grown, en-
closing wall rises a foot or so above the present level of the ground.
Large stones project from the interior, but they have been too much
shifted from their position to show the original style of building. On
the side towards the river the ground slopes steeply and at once from
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ANCIENT REMAINS IN MANOR PARISH.
203
the top of the structure to a level about 10 feet lower down. At the
foot there are some signs of the slope having been retained by a row of
stones, and it is quite possible that a considerable part of this slope may
be artificial Some large stones project from the "ring" of the neigh-
bouring enclosure.
aose to Langhaugh farm-house are two groups of turf-covered found-
ations, but whether any of them are more ancient than the undoubted
remains of the buUdings, gardens, and enclosures of a feudal strength,
with its dependencies, cannot now be easily determined.
<iii..
^^
Fig. 7. Remains opposite Langhaugh Farm.
As to the significance of the extensive remains which I have described,
our knowledge is so superficial that, until we ascertain more accurately
what they are, it is almost vain to speculate as to what they have been.
Some of the low flat cairns may be nothing else than evidence of
" lazy farming." Indeed, Mr Linton assures me that he has seen not a
few similar cairns in his neighbourhood cleared away, and that they
proved to be simply collections of stones, resting on the surface; he
adds, that the wisdom of the " lazy farmers " was shown by the ground
on which the cairns lay invariably proving not worth cultivating. But
others of these cairns are not so easily accounted for. We have seen
them apparently showing evidence of structure, possibly indicating the
presence of half-buried chambers.
As to the numerous, although almost obliterated, curved and circular
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204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
structures, their form naturally leads us to associate them with the pre-
historic forts and the ruined foundations within them, as in all alike
straight lines and angles are exceedingly rare, but whether there is really
any such connection there is no evidence to show.
Poor as these remains are in themselves, and slight as may be the
prospect of clearing up the mystery of their origin, I have thought them
not unworthy of a passing notice, because — more especially if we may
associate them with the forts at Woodhill and Hallmanor — they point to
a former comparatively dense occupation, of which not even a legendary
recollection lingers in the locality at the present day.
A great service would undoubtedly be rendered in this obscure
quarter of archaeology, if a careful plan could be obtained by a competent
surveyor of such an assemblage of remains as still exist in Glenrath. We
should then be able at least to form some idea of the relation of the
various fragments to each other, and perhaps to build up some theory of
their meaning and objects. This is one of many instances in which an
endowment for field research in archaeology would be of the utmost
service.
I pass on to notice briefly remains of a somewhat different and better-
defined kind found in various parts of Peeblesshire. They consist of
circular enclosures, varying from 25 to 90 feet in diameter, bounded by
a rampart or ** ring," apparently of earth, 6 to 9 or even 12 feet in width
rarely above 2 feet in height, and sometimes so decayed as scarcely to rise
above the level of the ground. In general, even in the best preserved,
examples, there is no entrance. For the most part, they occur in groups
and in low marshy situations. The most remarkable of these groups is
at the head of Broughton Bum, in a wide, shallow depression, about
1100 feet above the sea, overlooked from the east by the highest point
of the Broughton Heights (1872 feet). Six "rings" are laid down in
this locality on the 25-inch Ordnance map, but I discovered five more,
making eleven in aU. These are shown in the view (fig. 8), with the
exception of one, which is hidden by the lie of the ground. Their
internal diameter varies between 40 and 70 feet. In the best preserved
one the "ring" is from 2 to 3 feet high and from 10 to 12 feet wide,
and there is no entrance. Another is exceptional in having not only an
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ANCIENT REMAINS IN MANOR PARISH. 205
entrance, but an outer half-ring, forming a kind of ante-chamber. I
have met with no other instance of departure from the simple " ring ''
construction. Two others have been converted into modern sheep-pens.
It will be seen in the view that there is a tendency to grouping of the
" rings " by twos. This may be accidental, but it occurs in other cases.
Several of the " rings " are on ground which is still marshy, and which
must have been much more so before the days of drainage. One of
them is within a large space, enclosed on three sides by what appears to
be the foundation of a wall, two sides of which are straight, and the
third curved. The distance between the two farthest apart members of
the group is 700 yards.
Fig. 8. View of " Rings" at the head of Broughton Burn.
Half a mile west of this group there is another of six in a very
different situation. They are disposed in a straight line partly on the
summit, partly on the western slope of a col of " the Mount," a somewhat
isolated hill (seen, with its coZ, in the background, ^g, 8), which rises
1 385 feet above the sea, the col itself being about 200 feet lower. These
six " rings " are all laid down on the 25-inch Ordnance map, besides
another, surrounded by a large irregular enclosure, at the top of the
Mount, but of these last I could find no traces in 1886.
About a mile and a half north-east from the Broughton group, in the
bottom of a sequestered little valley, between Ladyurd Hill and Wool-
shears Hill, is another set of four " rings." They are all in such a
marshy spot that they are marked out by rushes growing on them.
Between two of them is a prominent grassy mound 6 feet in length*
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206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 26, 1888.
Near at hand are two rectangular foundations, covered with green turf,
but with stones protruding. All these are laid down on the 25-inch
Ordnance map.
The only other group known to me is about three-fourths of a mile up
the valley of Remington Bum, a tributary of Lyne Water, and overlooked
from a height of 500 feet by the large Fort of Whiteside. Here are four
" rings," of which two, well preserved, are on a beautiful little green
haugh close to the bum. They are within 30 feet of each other, and are
of about the same diameter, with rings 2 feet high and 1 2 feet wide. The
other two are on a marshy slope on the south side of the bum. One is
36 feet in diameter, with a ring 3 feet high and 9 feet wide. The
other is the smallest of the four, being only about 25 feet in diameter.
There are traces roxmd both of those in the marsh of a ditch or trench,
which I have not observed in any others. Midway between those in
the haugh and those in the marsh, and 150 yards from each, there is an
irregular oval space, 90 by 70 feet, enclosed by a mound 3 feet high and
15 to 20 wide, showing large stones here and there. Not far off are the
foundations of a rectangular stmcture. This group is not given in the
2 5 -inch Ordnance map.
It is difficult to assign any purpose to these enclosures in their present
condition, as even the best preserved among them are useless either for
keeping out or for keeping in any kind of animal In the Ordnance
map they are all designated ''old sheepfolds," and it is possible that
they are nothing else. Yet there are some difficulties in accepting them
as such. I am assured by Mr Linton that such groups as we have
described, and particularly the one with 11" rings," at Broughton, are
not compatible with any ideas of sheep farming that he can form. The
general absence of entrances seems also a remarkable deficiency in sheep-
pens ; and the situation of the m«gority of these " rings," in the middle
of morasses, is surely peculiar if the stmctures were intended for such a
purpose. But whatever their purpose may have been, they seem to be
sufficiently ancient and mysterious to deserve a passing notice in this
Society.
Probably of a different type from all the " rings " already noticed is
a much larger one situated on a rather steep slope at the foot of the
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ANCIENT REMAINS IN MANOR PARISH.
207
western flank of Lochurd HilL It is 220 feet in diameter, and
although larger than some undoubted '* forts," it is at once distinguish-
able from them by the perfect regularity of its form, and the absence of
a trench. The enclosing mound, which is only about 2 feet high and
9 feet wide, is also regular and well finished to a degree never seen in
the " forts." Close to it I noticed two small circles of heather, possibly
indicating that a group of ** rings " formerly existed here.
Finally, I may describe a unique structure at the foot of Common
Law, in the remarkable depression which connects Kilbucho with Glen-
holm. It is situated on the only dry patch in the middle of a long,
narrow, level marsh, is about 120 feet in length, and has the strange
coiled form, shown in the plan and drawing (fig. 9), the inner part of
^j 'J T^^j .
^^-^^^ ^>
Fig. 9. View and Plan of Mound at Common Law.
the coil being subdivided so as to form two small chambers. The
mound is apparently of earth, and in the outer part of the coil is
remarkably steep and narrow at the top. This is also marked on the
Ordnance map as an old sheepfold.
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208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
Monday, 9/^ April 1888.
Professor DUNS, D.D., in the Chair.
A Ballot haying been taken, the following Gentleman was duly
elected a Fellow of the Society : —
Thomas Smith, Goldsmith, 18 Moray Place.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By A. S. Canham of Croyland, through J. T. Irvine, RS-A.
Scot.
Three specimens of wedge-shaped Hand Bricks, or Supports for burn-
ing Pottery in Eomano-British Kilns, found at Croyland.
(2) By J. T. Irvinb, F.SA. Scot., Peterborough.
Wedge-shaped Hand Brick of greyish clay, found at Woodstone,
Huntingdonshire.
Wax Impression of the Seal of Thomas, Earl of Mar. The Earl in
armour on horseback, two trees, a bird in the field — sigillvm thomb
comitis db marrb.
Impression of Seal of the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral Church
of Wells.
Impressions of Seal — sigillvm coM^rvNB civitatis rofbnsis.
Impressions of three Seals of Bath, and the Mayor of Bath, &c.
.Silver Coin of six skiUings, 1724, found in the stonework of the
gable of St Olaf s Kirk, Ness, North YeU, Shetland.
(3) By J. F. HiSLOP, Castlepark, Prestonpans.
Two Bottle-Necks, foimd in the waste pipe of the dungeon of Preston
Tower.
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBEARY. 209
(4) By Edward Lovett, Croydon.
Nine Flint Implements, Scapers, &c., and four Gun Flints, found at
Santon and neighbourhood, near Brandon, Suffolk.
(5) By Kev. Jahis Morrison, Urquhart, Corr. Mem. S.A. Scot.
Portion of Fabricator of Flint, and Scraper of Flint, found at
Urquhart> Elginshire.
(6) By the Trustees of the British Museum.
Catalogue of Seals in the British Museum. Vol. I. 8yo. 1888.
(7) By His Grace The Duke op Northumberland, F.S.A. Scot.
Annals of the House of Percy from the Conquest to the 19th Century.
By Edward Barrington de Fonblanque. Two vols. imp. 8vo. London,
1387.
(8) By Sir Arthur Mitchell, K.C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.S.A. Scot.
General View of the Agricultural and Rural Economy of the County
of Aberdeen, &c. By James Anderson, LL.D. Edinburgh, 1794.
Large paper copy.
(9) By the Derbyshire Arch^ological Society.
Proceedings of the Derbyshire Archaeological Society. Vol. X. 1 888.
(10) By the British AROHfiOLOGiCAL Institute.
Journal of the British ArchsBological Institute. Vol. XLIV.
(11) By the British ARCHiEOLOOiCAL Association.
Journal of the British ArchsBological Association. Vol, XLIII.
(12) By the Royal Historical and Arch^ological Associa-
tion OP Ireland.
Journal of the Royal Historical and ArchsBological Association of
Ireland. Vol VIIL Nos. 70-72.
VOL. XXIL 0
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210 PROCEBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
(13) By the Socibtt op Antiquaries op Kbwcastlb.
ArchflBologia -^iana. Vol XIL Parts 1 and 2.
(14) By the Secretary op State por India.
Arch89oIogical Survey of India under the Superintendence of General
Cunninghame. VoL XXIIL and Index Volume.
There were also Exhibited : —
(1) By Dr Thomas J. Walker, Peterborough,
Cruciform Fibula or Brooch of bronze, overlaid with gold, 6 inches
in length, found at Peterborough in 1878. [See the subsequent com-
munication by J. T. Irvine, F.S.A. Scot]
(2) By J. T. Irvine, F.S.A, Scot.
Drawing of Cruciform Fibula, found at Woodstone, Huntingdonshire,
in 1882.
(3) By Jahes Noble, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Grooved Stone, perhaps a Sinker, with figures of Fishes, a Seal, &c.,
scratched upon it, found near a tumulus at Bridge of Brogar, Stennis,
Orkney. The stone is an oblong, trapezoid-shaped fragment of the
bituminous sandstone of the district, measuring 7f inches in length
by 3 1 inches in breadth, and 2^ inches in thickness in the centre. The
grooved surface is nearer one face of the stone than the other, and it is
uncertain whether the groove is really artificial or merely the result of
weathering on the exposed margin of a softer layer. The figures are
scratched with a fine point on one of the flat sui'faces, and also on one
of the grooved edges of the stone. The mound or tumulus from which
it was obtained, was cut into some years ago, and there are in Mr
Cursiter's collection a flint arrow-head and scraper, and a carved stone
ball, said to have been found in or near the same mound. [See the
subsequent communication by Mr Noble.]
The following Communications were read : —
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 211
NOTICE OF TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT AT CROOK OF DEVON,
KINROSS-SHIRE, IN 1662. Bt R. BURNS BEGG, F.S.A. Scot.
The old MS. which I have now the honour to lay before the Society
is a full and apparently authentic copy of the Minutes of an Assize
Court of Justiciary, held in Kinross-shire in 1662, under the penal
statute against sorcery and witchcraft. During the course of that
year the Court met on five different occasions at the Crook of Devon, a
small hamlet in the parish of Tullibole, now called Fossoway, and the
proceedings, which, so far as I am aware, have never hitherto been
published, form a not unimportant addition to the literature bearing on
that mysterious subject — ^the prevalence of witchcraft in Scotland during
the seventeenth century. No one, I think, can reasonably question the
admissibility of these proceedings among the Transaciuma of the Society;
for the subject on which they bear — ^Trial for Witchcraft in Scotland —
is one which possesses peculiar and special attractions for every Scots-
man of antiquarian tastes. Independent altogether of the tragic interest
which necessarily attaches itself to these cruel and barbarous proceed-
ings, they seldom fail to furnish us with interesting and reliable informa-
tion as to the minutiffi of rural life, domestic and social, of two hundred
years ago. The revelation may not be a bright or pleasing one, but it
never can be lacking in interest to those who desire to realise the habits
and modes of thought, and the habits and modes of living of our
ancestors in less enlightened times. It furnishes us with little realistic
glimpses of the people of Scotland as they then were, in their own
homes and at their ordinary daily avocations, and it puts into our hands
some of those practical working details, if we may so call them, which
went to constitute the great historical movements of the period.
These trials, therefore, often form an important and valuable auxiliary
in our investigations, not into mere local history, but also into the great
national movements of the times, and the facts they disclose unable us
to fill in and give due eflfect to the broad bold contour lines with which
our national history supplies us.
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212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
The special proceedings to which attention is here drawn do not
present to us circumstances materially differing from those which are
disclosed by other trials of a similar character, but to some extent they
may probably be entitled to be regarded as unique, as they furnish us
with a full copy of the formal Minutes of Court from the ** Dittay " or
Indictment against the accused down to the final doom, and they thus
shed not a little light on the judicial forms of procedure of two centuries
ago. The proceedings too are the more noteworthy as they took place
not under the supervision of any of the " understanding gentlemen," to
whom, in 1661 and 1662, the Privy Council granted commission in a
wholesale manner, empowering them to deal with reputed witches in
their own immediate locality, but actually under the presidency of His
Mfgesty's Justice-General Depute for Scotland, Mr Alexander Colville
of Blair, a gentleman of professional training and ability, and one whose
official position affords a guarantee that, according to the judicial views of
the period, the proceedings were in all respects formal and regular.
The persons put on trial before Mr Colville at Crook of Devon were
thirteen in number, consisting of one warlock, Eobert Wilson, and twelve
witches; and, as thirteen formed the orthodox number of which a "covin"
or organised company of witches consisted, it is highly probable that the
rural raid on the district may have been made for the express purpose
of eradicating this particular gang. If so, it very eflfectively served
its purpose; for of the whole thirteen persons accused, only one of
them (Agnes Pittendreich) escaped the fatal doom, and her escape was
entirely due to her being pregnant at the time of her trial, and from
merciful motives she was respited under obligation to come up again for
trial when required. As there is no record of any ulterior proceedings
being taken against her, we are prone to hope that the temporary respite
proved in reality to be a permanent acquittal in her favour. In the case
of another of the reputed witches (Margaret Hoggin) no conviction or
sentence is recorded, although the evidence against her was not less reli-
able than that which led to the conviction and execution of the other
prisoners, but in the " dittay " against her she is described as a woman
" of three score and nineteen years," and she may have been spared in
consequence of her extreme age, or, more probably still, she may have
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 213
died from excitement and terror in the course of her trial At all events,
it is clear that she did not long survive her trial, for she is referred to as
** deceased " at the next diet of Court, which took place only two months
afterwards. Another of the accused (Christian Grieve) seems to have
met with singularly questionable justice. She is put on her trial on the
21st of July 1662, and although the evidence against her is as strong
or even stronger than that which was adduced against the other prisoners,
the " haill assize in ane voice declare that they will not convict her in
no point of witchcraft, nor cleanze her of no point," and yet on the 8th
of October 1662, the same jury, under the same presiding judge, and
apparently without any additional evidence of any kind, convicted her
and she was " stranglit " on the fifth day thereafter.
The dates of the different diets of Court are 3rd and 23rd April
1662, 5th May 1662, 21st July 1662, and 8th October 1662. On
the first of these occasions (3rd April 1662) the persons brought
up for trial were three in number, viz., " Agnes Murie, indweller at
Kilduflf ; Bessie Henderson, indweller in Pitfar ; and Isabella Eutherford,
in Crook of Devon," all of whom were, after a lengthened and apparently
minute investigation, convicted ** by the hail assize in ane voice," and
were sentenced by the presiding judge to be "all three taken away to
the place called the Lamblaires, bewest the Cruick Miln, the place of
their execution, to-morrow, being the fourth day of this instant month
of April, betwixt the hours of one and two in the afternoon, and there
to be stranglit to the death by the hands of the hangman, and thereafter
their bodies to be burnt to ashes for their trespass, whereupon William
Donaldson, 'doomster,' gave doom." On the second occasion, 23rd
April 1662, the accused are five in number, consisting of persons who
had been " delated " or accused by the prisoners at the former trial as
having been present with them at the alleged meetings with " Sathan."
These were Kobert Wilson, indweller in Crook of Devon ; Bessie Neil,
indweller in Gelvin; Margaret Litster, indweller in Kilduff; Janet
Paton, indweller in Crook of Devon; and Agnes Brugh, indweller
in Grooselands — all of whom met with a similar doom, the date of their
execution being also the day following their trial, and William Donald-
son being again "doomster." In the course of the investigations at
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214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
this trial the name of Agnes Pittendreich is incidentally introduced,
she having been '^ delated " in the confession of Margaret Litster as
having been with her and several other women at a meeting with
"Sathan at Gibson's Craig in last, 1661," and she was at
once brought before the Court, but owing to her being pregnant she
was ordained by the Justice-Greneral Depute " to be put to liberty
for the present, and that she should answer whenever she was called
upon, within fifteen days under pain of death«" At the third diet of
Court, on 5th May 1662, the accused are two in number, Margaret
Hoggin, relict of Bobert Henderson, and Janet Paton, indweller in Kil-
duff, relict of David Kirk. As already explained, no conviction is
recorded against Margaret Hoggin, apparently owing to her being on the
verge of eighty years of age, but for her slightly younger companion,
Janet Paton, there is no escape, and she is sentenced to be stranglit and
burnt between four and five o'clock in the afternoon of the very day of
her trial, Alexander Abemethie being her executioner. An interval of
upwards of two months occurs between this trial and the next diet of
Court, arising from the remaining members of the " covin " having fled
from justice, in dismay at the fearful fate which had befallen their com-
panions. On this occasion, 21st July 1662, two prisoners were brought
to trial, Janet Brugh, spouse to James Moreis, at the Cruick of Devon,
and Christian Grieve, spouse to Andrew Beveridge, and the first of
these was convicted and sentenced to be stranglit and burnt by Thomas
Gibson, " doomster," on the day following ; while Christian Grieve was
acquitted only to be retried and convicted by the same jury on the 8th
of October following, and she also was *' stranglit " and burnt by Thomas
Gibson, "doomster," on the 13th day of that month, between two and
three o'clock in the afternoon.
The constitution of the tribunal before which these unfortunate
persons were put on trial for their lives appears to have been similar to
that of a modem jury court — Mr Colville, as Justice-General Depute,
being the presiding judge ; while the jury consisted of fifteen persons,
selected from the landowners and other reponsible residenters in
the district. A partial change is made on the assize summoned for
each separate diet of the Courts with the exception only of the closing
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TKIALS FOE WITCHCRAFT. 215
diet, when exactly the same jury who officiated at the previous Court
and acquitted one of the accused (Christian Grieve) were simply
recalled for the purpose of reconsidering and entirely reversing their
previous decision. The jury was apparently composed of men of
recognised position and respectability, and fairly representative of the
intelligence and enlightenment of the district. Neither can it be
doubted that they were all men whose natural leanings would be
towards the merciful side, and yet ** 'tis true, 'tis pity, and pity 'tis, 'tis
true," that among them all there was no one to raise a single dissen-
tient voice against the wholesale conviction of the accused. The un-
animity of the jury affords a saddening j»roof of the deep and unreasoning
belief in the Satanic influence which then prevailed among all classes
of the community, and of the utterly blinding and deadening effect
which that belief was capable of exercising over even the most kindly,
S3rmpathetic, and merciful natures. But a further and still stronger
indication of the universality of this belief is afforded by the fact disclosed
in the records of these trials, that there was, in addition to the formal
court of justice, a self -constituted local tribunal of an irresponsible, and
therefore of a much more formidable character, among whom there
existed an equally unanimous belief in the guilt of the accused. This
local conclave of self-constituted inquisitors consisted of the principal
proprietor of the parish, the laird of Tulliebole, assisted by his baillie
and the minister of the parish of Fossoway, assisted by his kirk-session,
and aided also by his clerical brethren, the ministers of the adjoining
parishes of Kinross, Cleish, and Muckart. There were also several other
prominent residenters in the district, of whom not fewer than eighteen
are, from first to last, indicated by name and designation, who all made
themselves very active and zealous in bringing the reputed witches to
trial This local conclave seems to have spared neither time nor trouble
in not only ferreting out all the available evidence against the accused,
but also in extorting confessions of guilt from the poor ignorant deluded
creatures themselves. The overzeal of the Scotch clergy in these prosecu-
tions was notorious, and from the frequent reference to the minister of
Fossoway it is very clear that he in particular contributed in no small
degree towards the extremely tragic result of the trials. The preliminary
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216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
investigation of this local inquisition seems to have been of cruelly
protracted duration — extending even over several months. How these
investigations were conducted, or what means were used to influence the
imagination and terrors of the ignorant superstitious victims, we have no
means of judging, but viewed through the medium of the confessions
alleged to have been extorted, they certainly appear to have been
sufficiently trying and painful.
From the recorded confessions of the accused, it would appear that
there really was in and around the Crook of Devon a local " covin " or
regularly organised band of so-called witches. Each of the accused
supports and corroborates the others, at least to that extent, as well as
in their statement that midnight meetings of the "covin," at which
they and others were present, were held at various places in the
neighbourhood. They also corroborate the statements made by the
others that a person met them at these meetings whom they believed
to be Satan, and that they at his request renounced their baptism, and
" engaged themselves to be his servant by putting one of their hands on
the crown of their head and the other under the sole of their foot, and
delivering all betwixt them over to him."
The light which the confessions throw upon the meetings is dis-
appointingly meagre. They were generally held between midnight and
the dawn of day, and apparently they were of frequent occurrence, and
were held at various places, sometimes at a distance of six or seven
miles from the residences of some of the members of the " covin."
In only two instances is there anything like a glimpse afforded of the
" orgies " which then took place, but even it is disappointingly scanty.
Mai^garet Hoggin, in confessing to having met with Satan "at the
Heathery Brow, bewest the Crook of Devon, where the gallows stands,"
said it was before midnight, ^and Satan shook hands with her to
continue his servant, and the foresaid haill women were there likewise,
and they did all dance, and ane piper played." Janet Paton, in her
confession, refers to ^ a meeting which Satan appointed at Stranriegate,
bewest the Crook of Devon, whilk she obeyed, and declared that there
was there Margaret Hoggin, in Kilduff, and others, and they did all
dance and ane piper play, being 16 or 18 in number, and Satan had
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TRIALS FOE WITCHCRAFT. 2X7,
black coloured clothes and ane blue bannet, being an unco like man/'
These and other details of a similar character are corroboratively intro-
duced into several of the ** confessions,** and, however injudiciously and
improperly these statements may have been extorted, they clearly show
that the facts condescended on were not a mere hallucination on the
part of those deluded creatures. Deluded they undoubtedly were by.
their own ignorant superstition, but at the same time they seem to have
been as undoubtedly the victims of unscrupulous and designing knaves,
who personated Satan for their own guilty purposes, and who, by working
upon the ignorant terrors of their victims, induced them to become their
abject slaves. The country at that time, owing to the recent Revolution,
was still in a very unsettled condition, and no doubt the rural districts
were swarming with discharged soldiers and others trained to no handi-
craft or trade, and dependent for their subsistence on whatever in the
cotirse of their wanderings came within their reach. To outcasts of that
stamp the blinded allegiance of a dozen or so of the residenters in a
rural district must have appeared to be an advantage well worth securing
by any means and at all hazards.
. The description given by the witches of Satan's bodily, appearance
forms a mysterious feature in their various confessions. They seem all
to have been very pointedly interrogated on this special point,^ chiefly,
no doubt, from the desire of the clergy, who were their chief interrogators,
to become better acquainted with the personal aspect of their mighty and
uncompromising opponent. If such was the cause of their interest in
this special point of inquiry, the information elicited must have been of
a somewhat bewildering character, for it seems to be more fitted to prove
the versatility of the Evil One than to establish his personal identity.
Much, however, as they vary in their description of Satan's personal
appearance, they all agree in representing him as uniformly ardent in
his attentions to the witches, not even the octogenarian Margaret Hoggin
being neglected. To the solitary wizard, however, the Devil proved
himself to be the hardest and most parsimonious of taskmasters, for he
^ But see the Malless MaUficarum, the Demonology of King James, &c., for the nature
of the proceedings and interrogatories proper to be used in the establishment of cases
of witchcraft.
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218 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
states that ^' Satan promised him silver and gold^ whilk he never got,
and that Satan gave him both meat and drink sundry times, which did
him never good, but since syne he was Satan's servant that he was never
able to buy himself a pair of shoon."
Apart from these so-called confessions, the evidence led in support of
the criminal charge is of the most meagre character, alike in its bulk
and in its effect. In only four cases is there the slightest attempt to
lead any evidence whatever in corroboration of the confession of the
accused, and the statements of the witnesses are of so absurd and
inconclusive a character that they would be positively ludicrous were
it not for the exti-emely tragic conclusion to which they no doubt
materially assisted the Court in arriving.
It is to be regretted that the circumstantial details introduced into the
records of these trials are of so trivial and unimportant a character, but
the very fact that they are so only brings out still more glaringly the
cruel barbarity and injustice of the doom which was pronounced by the
Court, a doom which, barbarous and unjust as it was, there is too much
reason to believe was actually hailed with general satisfaction by the
people of the district in which this horrible tragedy was enacted.
Surely no better or more striking proof could be wished of the advance
of intelligence and enlightenment that has taken place within the last
two centuries, than that which is afforded by the retrospect in which
these trials involve us. Human nature, no doubt, has its fancies and
superstitions still, but these are no longer expiated by a doom so cruel and
inhuman as that which was pronounced on the Crook of Devon witches.
Whatever may be the evils and excesses of the present day, we have
much reason for thankfulness that our lot has not been cast in those olden
times depicted by Byron,
When Christians burned each other, quite persuaded
That all the Apostles would have done as they did.
Proceedings aoainst Aonks Murie, indweUer in Kildt^ff; Bessie Henderson,
indweUer in Pitfar; Isabel Rutherford, in Orooh of Devon,
Ye all three are indytit and accusit forsamuckle as by the Divine law of the
Almighty God set down in his sacred word, especiaUy in the 18 chap, of
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 219
Dent and 20 cliap. of Levit. made against the nsers and practisers of witch-
craft, sorceiy, channing, soothsaying, and against the seekers of help or
responses of them, and in the 22 chap, of Exodus, the 18 verse, *' Thou shalt
not sofifer a witch to live," threatening and denouncing to the committers of
such devilish practices the punishment of death. According to the whilk law
of Almighty God it is statute and ordained by divers Acts of the Parliament
of this Kingdom specially by the 73rd Act of the Ninth Parliament of our
Sovereign Lord's dearest great grandmother, Queen Mary of good memory,
it is statute that no manner of person or persons of whatsomever estate,
degree, or condition they be of, presume nor take upon hand at any time
thereafter to use or practise any manner of witchcraft, sorcery, necromancie,
nor give themselves forth to have any craft or knowledge thereof thereby to
abuse the people, neither that no person nor persons seek any help, response
or consultation, at ony such abusers foresaid or users of sorcerie, witchcraft,
or necromancie, under the pain and punishment of death to be execute als
well against the users and abusers as the seekers of the said help responce or
consultation as in the said laws of Almighty God and Acts of Parliament at
more length is contained. Notwithstanding whereof ye the said Agnes Murie
(for evil and sinful ends) having received instructions and devilish informa-
tions from the Devil, your covenanted master, how to practise and put in
execution that devilish trade of witchcraft and sorcerie. Lykeas for clearing
of your said sorcerie and witchcraft that ye, being coming from the Crook
Mill, about Martinmas last, 1661, Sathan did appear to you at the back of
TuUibole yards, being on Monday, and said to you **will you be my servant
and I will give you als much silver as will buy you as^ many com as will
serve you before Lammas," whilk you granted. Likeways he desired you to
renounce and forsake your baptism, whilk ye did, and he gave to you a new
name calling you Rossina, whilk ye yourself did freely confess, and likeways
at the same time Sathan had the use of your body at the foot of the round
knowe at the back of the yards of Tulliebole, and knew not whether his
body was hot or cold, whilk ye did also freely confess. Likeways ye con-
fessed that ye was at the meeting with Sathan at Gibsons Craig at Andersmas
last, and that there was with you whom ye knew, Robert Wilson in the
Crook of Devon, and his spouse, Gilles Button, in Gartquheneane, Margaret
Duncan in Broome, in the Parish of Dollar, and Agnes Allene in the Crook
of Devon, whilk ye freely confessed and promised to confess and delate some
others. This ye did before Mr Alexander Lreland, minister, and Mr Robert
Alexander, bailie, and thereafter being interrogated be the said minister what
was the reason that hindered you to do the same presently, ye desired the
said Mr Robert Alexander to lay his hand upon your breast to find how the
lump troubled you and to put Ms hand behind your back and he would find
als much trouble you there.
Likeways ye confesst that Sathan desired you to go to the (sic) of the moss
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220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
betwixt the walkers and Hairlaw, and ye would get some women there that
would go with you to Gibson's Craig. This he desired you to do on
Wednesday next thereafter whilk freely ye promised to do. Ye confessed
that ye came to the foresaid place at the aforesaid time, and that Robert
Wilson, Agnes Pittendreich, Agnes AUeine in Cruick of Devon, Margaret
Duncan in Broome, Agnes Brugh in Gooselands, were at the aforesaid place
when ye came, and that the forenamed persons did go with you to Gibson's
Craig where ye saw three women with black heads, and Sathan with them,
and that ye saw there the said Gilles Hutton with her coat about her head,
and Margaret Duncan with a rachan grey plaid about her, and that ye came
altogether to the Powmiln back again leaving the devil at the head of
Gibson's Craig, with the three women with the black heads, and likewise at
your returning from the meeting you saw Robert Wilson sitting at Robert
Whyte's fauld dyke, having a grey plaid about him, and that you had the
same clothes that are now upon you, this ye all freely confessed in the
presence of the Minister and Mr Robert Alexander.
Likeways upon the 28th day of March 1662, ye confessed that Agnes
Sharp, in Peatrig, and Janet Paton spouse to James Sinclair at the new
Mill of Glendevon, were alse guilty of sorcerie and witchcraft as ye yourself
were, and that Janet Paton, termed " the Nun," was a great one, and that she
might have been taken and burnt seven years since, and that Janet Paton, in
Kilduff, was alse guilty as ye yourself. This ye did confess before the
minister, Mr Robert Alexander, and Mr James Forsyth, minister of Muck-
hart, and Mr William Hutson, schoolmaster.
And likeways ye confesst that ye was at the meeting at TrufhiUs with the
rest, and likeways ye confesst that the first time the devil had to do with you
he gave you the mark in your craig.
Sworn Dittays given in be Janet Miliary spouse to Henry Anderson in
Oraigton, against the said Agnes Muris.
Ye, the said Agnes Murie, are indited and accused for coming to Henry
Anderson, he being coming from his sawing of Bear, and Janet Millar his
spouse, and the said Agnes being in company with them. Ye, the said
Agnes, said to the said Henry, " my Bear land would have been better had
ye laid a loak lime upon it as ye did the rest, and the said Henry said, '* it
needed none," and ye said ** what reak, it matters not, go in with me and get
an snuff." Lykeways ye said, '* I would he had sown my lint seed, it is sown
in an drownit hoU in Kilduff." As also in the summer before, and divers
times, since ye said that there was never one that angered you but you got
your heart syth of them, and having gotten an snuff, tiie said Henry said he
would go and turn the oxen out of the com. The said Janet Millar said, to
the said Henry, " ye are tyred enough else, I will go turn them." Ye said,
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TRIAXS FOE WITCHCRAFT. 221
" come again Hemy and get another snuff for devil an pickle more ye will
get of it, and upon the mom thereafter ye said to Isohel Wilson, servant to
the said Henry that the said Henry shnik the sheet well enough yesterday,
hut he could not do it this day, and immediately after he got the said snuff
coming to his own house he was strucken speechless, and lost the power of
ane of his sides, and thus he continued fourteen days speechless, and ane
year thereafter or thereby the said Henry and his spouse went to one Robert
Small at Newtyll, hearing that he was ane man of skill to seek remedy for
his distress and after the said Henry had told him the nature of his disease
he answered and said ** Ye liked snuff over welL"
Ye, the said Agnes are lykeways indited and accusit for coming to Robert
Futt to Adam Keltic's in Gelvin and speiring at the said Robert Futt where
they watered their cattle in the storm in February last, 1662, and thereafter
the said Adam Keltic had ane grey meir that took an shaking and an great
sickness, and when the meir began to mend one of his master's best ewes
died, and when the meir was well ane of his plow oxen grew sick upon the
last day of February, being Friday, and continued to Wednesday thereafter,
and when he began to mend another ewe died.
The Confession and Dittays of the said Isabel Rutherford.
Ye, the said Isabel Rutherford, are indyted and accused of the sin and
crime of witchcraft, ye confessed ye had been alse long ane witch as ye had
been ane charmer, as also ye confesst that ye was afiOrayed first when ye saw
Sathan as also ye confessed that at his first appearing to you ye was affrayed,
and that at his first appearing to you he desired you to be his servant, whilk
ye willingly condescended unto. Likeways ye confesst that ye renounced
your baptism, and immediately thereafter Sathan gave you an mark : and
declared that Sathan was in likeness of a man with grey cloathes and ane
blue bannet, having ane beard ; as also ye confesst that when ye got the
mark it was painful two or three days.
Likeways ye confesst that the Devil gave you ane name, calling you
viceroy, and that his name was Samuel
Likeways ye confesst that Sathan appeared to you before your own door,
and desired you to keep the meeting at Gibson's Craig, whilk ye promised to
do. This he told you two or three weeks before the meeting, and you
confesst when ye came to the appointed place and meeting the Devil said to
you " What now are ye come." — He appearing to you in the likeness of a
man with ane blue bonnet and grey clothes.
Likeways ye confesst that ye was at ane meeting at Turfhills, where
Sathan took you by the hand and said *' welcome, Isabel," and said that his
hand was cold; and in the glomeing before the said meeting the Devil
appeared to you at the loning betwixt John Livingstone's and John
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222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
Marshall's and desired you to be present at the said meeting, whilk ye
promised to do. This ye confesst in presence of Mr Alexander Ireland,
minister, and Mr James Forsyth, minister, at Muckhart ; John Murray, at
Liyieland ; Mr Robert Alexander, Baillie, Tullybole ; Robert Livingstone of
Gruik Miln ; and William Hutson, schoolmaster.
Likeways ye did confess that Sathan had carnal dealing with yon at the
east side of John Livingstone's yard, and confesst that his body was cold
and his seed likewise. This ye did freely confess in presence of Mr Robert
Alexander, Baillie, William Dempster, in Bankhead; Robert Mailer, in the
Crook of Devon ; and William Hutson, schoolmaster.
Sworn Dittayt given in by Janet Hution in Crook of Devon against
the said hahel Rutherford.
Ye, the said Isabel Rutherford, are indyted and accusit of the sin and
crime of witchcraft. That ten years since or thereby James Wilson,
husband to the said Janet Hutton, being diseased, and Janet Mutton, his
spouse, being from home in the Common of Fossoway ; and the said James
Wilson being lying upon ane knowehead above the stack, ye, the said Isabel
Rutherford came to him and said '* What now, James, I think that ye are
not well, and ye are not weil; " and ye desired him to go into the house,
whilk he did, and losit his coat and gropit his breast and back and said he
was melt grown, and spake some words he understood not, and he was aye
the worie thereafter, and so far as ys touched was aye the worse thereafter,
and was all drawn together as it were with sea cords, and the mom thereafter
the aforesaid James Wilson and his said spouse being lying in their bed
togeddar, the said James said to Janet, his spouse, he wi^ed he had been
quartered quick when she went from home yesterday, and she said " Why I
did nothing but went to the Common." And he said there came a common
thief to hkd whilk was the said Isabel Rutherford and shew all things afore-
said, and said he would take his meir and ride to the Cruik and seek his
health from the said Isabel Rutherford, altho' they could rife him at horse's
tails and seek it for God's sake, and the said Janet bade him seek it from
God, and she said he should never see her if he did so, and in the moneth of
October the said Janet said, I will go to her in fair ways to see gif she will
do him ony good and she would pay her for it, and she met her accordingly
in the Kirkyard at Tullybole, and the said Isabel asked how the said James
did, and the said Janet answered and said that he had ane sore summer, and
the said Isabel promised to come to him the mom thereafter, whilk she
did, and gropit the same James, his hail boddie and leggs, and said he was
all oergane in that disease, and the said Isabel went home and said she
would come again the mom at even, whilk she did, and how soon she came
in his sight he bade her swithe away, God gif he had never seen her, and
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 223
the said Janet gave her an loak meal and she went awaj, and thereafter the
said James never stirred in his hed unlifted, but became clean distracted so
that he would never thereafter look to the said Janet, his said spouse, nor
suffer her to make his bed, nor come near him thereafter, whereas before
there was never an evil word between them for the space of saxteen
years."
And likeways twelve years since or thereby ye, the said Isabel Ruther-
ford, came " and charmed ane young man named Alexander Kid in Muir-
hauch for melt growing, as also four years since or thereby James Kid of
Muirhauch being diseased with the trembling feavers the space of twenty-
two weeks, ye, the said Isabel, came to him and said, ye will never be well
till ye be charmed, for ye are melt grown as your brother was, and he
answered, will you do it presently or not, and ye said, not until the mom,
when ye shall meet me at the head of the Black Craig before the sun rising,
and the said James went there, and it was more nor an hour and an half
after the sun rising before ye, the said Isabel, came there, being in the
month of May, and when ye came ye desired him to loose his breast, whilk
he did, and ye stracked his side three several times with your luif, and
immediately thereafter upon the yeard with some mumbhng words that
he wist not what, and the said James declared that he was not the better nor
was never well sin S3me."
The Confession and Dittays of the said Bessie Henderson,
Ye, the said Bessie Henderson are indited and accused of the sin and
crime of witchcraft. Ye confessed ye had been forty years in the Devil's
service since the time ye milked the Old Baillie of Kinross his kye before
the calfing.
Likeways ye confessed that half ane year since ye was at a meeting in an
fauld with Isabel Gibson and many mae, and that ye was taken out. of your
bed to that meeting in an flight, at whilk meeting the Devil appeared to
you, and promised to you that you should want nothing, and ye being
asked by the minister gif ye would confess {sie) Ye answered not.
Likeways ye confessed that the Devil keeped up your heart fra confessing.
This ye confesst in the presence of the Laird of Tnllybole, Mr Alex. Ireland,
Minister, Mr R Alexander, Baillie, Robert Livingstone and Henry Mercer,
Elders.
And likeways ye, the said Bessie Henderson in presence of the Minister,
Robert Livingstone of Oruik Miln; John Livingstone of Rantrieknow,
Elders ; John White, in Oruik of Devon ; James Rutherford, in Eamyside,
and Andrew Kirk in Oambo, freely confessed that the Devil appeared to you
in the likeness of ane bonnie young lad at TrufhiUs, aboon Kinross, with ane
blue bonnet and asked you gif you would be his servant, promising that ye
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224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
should want nothing, whilk ye freely and instantly accepted and granted
thereto.
Likeways he desired you to renounce and forsake your baptism whilk ye
freely did, as also confessed that the Devil gave you a new name, and like a
man's name, immediately after the renunciation of your baptism, but ye had
forgotten what it was.
Likeways ye freely confessed that Agnes Murie and Isabel Rutherford
were with you in the foresaid place.
Likeways after the Minister had prayed for you, ye desiring the same, ye
confessed that Janet Paton, in Oruik of Devon ; Janet Brugh, there ; Janet
Hird and Isabel Condie, in Meikletown of Aldie; Christian CreifT and
Margaret Young, in Quhorlawhill ; Margaret Huggon and Bessie Neil, in
Gelvan ; Janet Paton and Margaret Litster, in Kildufif ; Margaret M'Nish, in
Tilyochie, that all these forenamed persons were alse guilty of witchcraft as
ye yourself is, as ye desired the foresaid persons to be put to triaL
Likeways in presence of the Laird of Tullybole, Mr Geo. Golden, minister
of Kinross; Mr Alex. Ireland, minister at Fossaquhy; James Dempster,
baillie of Kinross ; Mr Robert Alexander, baillie of Tullybole ; James Alex*
ander of Downhill ; ye the said Bessie confessed and declared as of before
that ye renounced your baptism to Sathan, and immediately thereafter got a
new name whilk ye had forgotten, and ye being posit what ground ye had to
delate the foresaid persons ye answered because they were alse guilty as ye,
and ye being interrogate gif ye saw the foresaid persons at ony of your meet-
ings answered not, save the above mentioned two that are in Prison, and ye
being interrogate gif the minister spake to you of any of the foresaid persons
ye answered not, but that ye did the same without ony compulsion.
Likeways ye confessed and declared that Janet Paton in Cmik of Devon
was with you at ane meeting when they trampit down Thos. White's rie in
the beginning of harvest, 1661, and that she had broad soals and trampit
down more nor any of the rest.
Likeways ye confessed that ye was at a meeting with Sathan at the
{nc)
Likeways thereafter ye confessed and declared in presence of the Minister,
Mr Robert Alexander, baillie, Robert Livingstone and William Hutson,
schoolmaster, that all the forenamed persons were with you at the meeting
when ye trampit down Thos. White's rie, and said ye heard all their voices
but did not see them in regard of weakness of your sight, sa3dng that ye saw
not well in the night this mony a year.
Likeways ye confessed that the Devil had carnal copulation with you, and
declared tliat Sathan's name upon whom ye was ordained to call was Charles,
and the name he gave to you was Bessie Iswall, and the time he gave it to
you was in the night in your bed, being bodie like to ane man, and that his
body was cald and his seed likewis, but did not remember what night it was.
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TRIALS FOR WirCHCRAFT. 225
This ye confessed in the presence of Mr Robert Alexander, baillie, John
Livingstone of Kantrieknow, William Christie, Pitfar, James Hird, and
James Donaldson in LamhilL
Ane Court of Justiciary holden at the Crook of Devon the Srd day of
April, the year of Ood sixteen hundred and sixty-two years, he
Mr Alexander ColviUe of Blair, his Majestie's Justice Depute General
over Scotland.
Nomina Assize. — Robert Angos, in Bogside; Patrick Livingstone, at the
Kirk of Cleish ; John Hutton, in Borland ; James Livingston'e ; Robert
Livingstone ; George Barclay ; William Pearson of Morlat ; Robert Brown,
in Meadowhead ; David Carmichael, in Linbanks ; Robert Hutton, in Wester
Ballilisk ; Andrew Paton ; James Alexander, in Babiddrie ; Edmond Mercer,
there ; Henry Mercer, in Aldie ; James Thomson, portioner in Maw.
It is found and declared be the haill Assize all in ane voice that the fore-
named Agnes Marie is guilty and convict in six several points of witchcraft
and sorcerie, and that according to her own free confession, as also the said
Bessie Henderson is goilty and convict in seven points of sorcerie and
witchcraft, and that according to her own free confession, in manner above.
In like manner the above Isabel Rutherford is guilty and convict in six
several points of witchcraft and sorcerie according to her own confession
and probation, and all the three convict as common sorcerers and notorious
witches by the mouth of George Barclay as chancellor of the said assize.
Sic Subscribitur, George Barclay.
For the whilk causes the above named Justice General Depute gives
sentence and ordains, that the said Agnes Murie, Bessie Henderson, and
Isabel Rutherford, sail be all three taken away to the place called the Lam-
laires bewest the Gruick Miln the place of their execution to-morrow, being
the fourth day of this instant month of April, betwixt one and two in the
afternoon, and there to be stranglit to the death by the hand of the hangman,
and thereafter their bodies to be burnt to ashes for their trespass, and ordains
all their moveable goods and gear to be escheit and inbrought to his Mfgesty's
use for the causes foresaids. Whereupon William Donaldson dempster gave
doom. Sic SubsorUntur, J. Alexander.
Proceedings against Robert Wilson, indweUer in Cruik of Devon ;
Bessie Neil, indweUer in Oelvin ; Margaret Litster, indweller in
KUd^ff; Janet Paton, indweUer in Cruik of Devon; Agnes Brugh,
indweUer in Oooselands,
Ye all five are indyted and accused for saemeikle as be devine law of the
Almighty God set down in his sacred word, especially in the 18 chap, of
Deut and 20 chap, of Lev., made against the users and practisers of
VOL. XXII. P
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226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
witchcraft, sorcerie, chanmng, soothsaying, and against the seekers of help
and responses of them, and in the 22nd chap, of Exodus at the 18 verse,
**Thoa shalt not suffer a witch to live" threatning and denouncing to the
committers of such Devilish practices the punishment of death, according to
whilk law of Almighty God it is statute and ordained by divers Acts of
Parliament of this Kingdom, especially by the 73rd Act of the 9th Parliament
of our Sovereign Lord's dearest Great Grandmother, Queen Mary, of good
memory, it is statute that no manner of person or persons of whatsoever
estate, degree, or condition they be of, presume nor take upon hand at ony
time hereafter to use or practise ony manner of witchcraft, sorcerie, or
necromancie, nor give themselves forth to have ony such craft or knowledge
thereof thereby to abuse the people, neither that ony person or persons,
seek ony help response or consultation at ony sic abusers foresaid, or users
of sorcerie, witchcraft, or necromancie, under the pain and punishment of
death, to be execute also well against the users and abusers as the seekers
of the said help responses or consultation, as in the said laws of Almighty
God and Acts of Parliament at length is contained. Notwithstanding
whereof ye, the said Robert Wilson, for evil and sinftil ends, having received
instruction and Devilish information from the Devil, your covenanted master,
how to practise and put in execution that Devilish trade of witchcraft and
sorcerie Lykeas for clearing of your said sorcerie and witchcraft ye
confessed that when ye was brought from the East Blair twenty years since
or thereby be Bobert Livingstone of Cruik Miln ; umquhill John Living-
stone, his brother; umquhill Andrew Dowie, in Cruik of Devon; and
Thomas Dowie, in , and others mae, that ye cried there three several
times to the Devil to come and .... (tic), and that the Devil appeared to
you and gave you ane sair stroke on the right shoulder, but nane of the
foresaid men saw him.
Lykewa} s that ye confessed ye had ane meeting with the Devil at the
Stanriegate, bewest the Gruick of Devon, where the Devil desired you to be
his servant and renounce your Baptism whilk ye refused to do at that time ;
and that the Devil was riding on ane horse with fnlyairt clothes and ane
Spanish cape and that there was with you at that meeting, Bessie Neil iu
Gelvin, Marget Hoggan there ; Christian Grieve, spouse to (sic)
Andrew Beveridge, in Quhorlawhill ; Marget Toung, spouse to William
Beveridge there ; Janet Paton, in Cruick of Devon ; Janet Brugh, spouse
to James Moreis there ; Janet Paton, in Kilduff ; Margaret Litster, spouse
to Finlay Ma (sic) there ; Christian Young, spouse to James Bennet there ;
Agnes Beveridge, in Broughty ; Marget Beveridge, there ; her sister Agnes
Drysdale, spouse to John Blackwood of Coldrain, riding on ane brown horse
and ane old black plaid about her. This ye said to be on Wednesday about
Yule last, two hours before day, and that the Devil appointed them to meet
at the Bents of BaLruddrie on Friday thereafter.
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 227
Likeways je confessed that they obeyed him, where ye and all the fore-
named persons were present, and Sathan with them, and Sathan appointed
them another meeting at Gibson's Craig within a fortnight thereafter, where
the Devil likeways met yon with the hail forenamed persons (except the
said Christian Young was not present). At whilk two meetings Giles
Button, spouse to Peter Coventrie, in Garthwynean, was present, having ane
black gown, and said that Margaret Keltie, spouse to John Brand, in Wester
Cleish, and (sic) Brand, her daughter, married in Culrosse, were
present at Gibson's Craig with blackheads {sic) sleaves, where
the Devil again desired you to be his servant, and renounce and forsake your
Baptism, and gave you a name calling you {sie) and Sathan's name
Lucifer, and that he caused you lay your hand to the crown of your head
and sole of your feet, and deliver you to his service (whilk ye lykeways did).
Lykeways ye said that Sathan promised you both silver and gold, whilk
ye said ye never got, and also said (;hat Sathan gave you both meat and
drink sundry times, but it did you never good. And sin syne ye was Sathan's
servant, that ye was never able to buy yourself a pair of shoone, and ye said
that ye came home over Devon, the water being very great. This ye
confessed and declared in the presence of the Laird of Tullybole ; Mr
Alexander Lreland, minister at Fossquhay and Tullybole ; Mr Eobert
Alexander, bailie in Tullybole ; Adam Keltie, portioner, Gelvin ; and James
Alexander, Wester Downhill, upon the 14th Apnl 1662.
Lykeways the same day, in presence of the minister, William Livingstone
of Cmik Miln ; James Dick at Powmill ; James Paton, younger, in Aldie
(sic) at Powmill ; Andrew Dowie, in Cruik of Devon ; Robert
Mailer there; Adam Keltie, portioner of Gelvin, ye, the said Bobert,
declared that Elizabeth Dempster, spouse to James Beveridge, in Thornton,
was present at the hail three meetings above written, with ane (sic)
plaid, ane blue coat aboon, and white clothes under, and an blue apron,
with an kurch on her head, and ye said that Marrion Fyfe, in the Cult
Miln, in the parish of Saline, was at the meeting at Gibson's Craig.
Lykeways ye, the said Bobert, declared that ye was not well of an pain
in the side of melt growing, and ye went to Isobel Black, spouse to umquhiU
Henry Miller and desired her to charm you of the same, whilk
she did, but you was not the better, and she desired you to gp to the deceased
Isabel Butherford, who did charm you, and ye found yourself the better.
The Confession and Dittays of the said Bessie Neil.
Ye, the said Bessie Neil, are indyted and accused of the sin and crime of
witchcraft ; ye confessed ye was in the Devil's service two years since, and
was at ane meeting at Turfhills, and with you the deceased Bessie Hender-
son, Agnes Murie, Margaret Litster in Kilduff, and Janet Paton there.
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228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
where Sathan appeared to yon with dun-coloored clothes, and desired yon
to be his servant, and to renonnce and forsake jonr Baptism, whilk ye did,
and caused yon to pnt yonr hand to the crown of yonr head and sole of your
foot, and deliver yon to his service, whilk ye lykeways did, and that he had
copnlation with yon and called yonr name Sarah and Sathan's name Simon ;
as also said that there was at the said meeting Marget Huggon, in Qelvin ;
Christian Grieve and Marget Yonng, in Quhorlawhill ; Janet Paton, in Gmik
of Devon ; and Janet Bmgh, there ; Robert Wilson, there, and his wife.
Likeways ye confessed that half an year since or thereby ye was at an
meeting at Gibson's Craig with Sathan, and with yon Janet Paton, in Kil-
duff; Marget Litster, there; Marget Hnggon and Janet Paton, in Cmik of
Devon ; Janet Bmgh, there ; Agnes Bmgh, in Gooselands ; Robert Wilson
and his wife, Janet Hood, in Aldie ; Isabel (sic) there ; Giles Hntton,
in G^rthwhenean, with ane white coat abont her head, and did all dance with
Sathan.
Likeways ye confessed that fonr years since, in the month of January, that
ye yourself, Janet Paton, in Kildnff ; and Robert Wilson, in Cmik of Devon,
came to Adam Keltic, his house in Gelvin, where the said Adam's wife was
lying in her bed with her child with her, and ye, the said Bessie, laid your
hand upon the child's hand; the said Robert Wilson laid his hand upon the
child's throat, and the said Janet Paton laid her hand upon the child's heart
and killed the child amongst This ye confessed and declared the 14th
April instant, in preseuce of the Laird of Tullybole, the Minister, Mr Robert
Alexander, Bailie of Tullybole ; Adam Keltic, portioner, Gelvin ; and James
Alexander of Wester Downhil.
The Confession and Dittays of the said Margaret Litster,
Ye the said Margaret Litster are indyted and accused of the sin and crime
of witchcraft. Ye confessed in presence of the Minister, the Laird of Tully-
boal, Mr Robert Alexander, bailie of Tullyboal ; Adam Keltic, portioner of
Gelvin ; and James Alexander of Wester Downhill, that ye was a witch, a
charmer, and a libber.
Likeways ye confessed that the first time ye saw Sathan was in (sie)
last, 1661, at Gibson's Craig, and Sathan asked you gif ye would be his
servant, whilk ye did, and to renounce your baptism, whilk ye also confessed
ye did, and took yon be the hand and stayed the space of halfan-honr —
Sathan having grey clothes and his hand cold, and declared that ye came
home again with nmquhill Bessie Henderson, and the rest now in prison,
and Agnes and Marget Beveridge, in Braughtie, Janet Paton, in Kilduff,
and Bessie Neil ; and that Janet Paton, in Cmick, Agnes Pittendriech, and
nmquhill Isabel Rutherford's, wit were more thought of than other ten, and
declared that Janet Bmgh, in Cmick of Devon, and Agnes Bmgh in Goose-
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 229
lands, was there and was ordained by nrnqnliill Agnes Marie, and Janet
Paton, at the Bent of Balrnddrie, and that Agnes Pittendriech came down the
Cndg like kairts, and likeways declared that Agnes Sharp, in Peatrighead ;
Elizabeth Dempster, and Giles Hntton, in Gartwhynean were there.
Likeways ye confessed to Thomas Anderson, in Gelvin, remember when ye
delvit yonr kail yard that Bessie Neil got two spaidful of the kailyard and gif
she had gotten the third.
More ye said to John Beveridge, go west to Bessie Neil and spier at her
what she did to yonr wife and your bairn, for she was baith their deads.
Likeways she said to John White that Janet Paton, in Cruick of Devon,
thought to have gotten opportunity of his body, but could not prevail in that,
but desired Kobert Wilson and Bessie Neil to come and get the fisson of his
ale, and Bobert Wilson searched the house first but neither he nor Bessie
Neil could get entries, but when they were by the chamber door she cried
on them back again (^), she thought she was more familiar with
the taft than the rest, and thought to have gotten entries, she came back
to the window and looked from the one side thereof to the other but could
not prevail, as also ye said to the said John White, speir at Janet Paton
what she did to your uncle, whOk ye confessed all to be of verity before the
witnesses above written.
Sworn Dittays given in he Janet Ordham, Spouse to John Marshall in the Oruick
of Devon, against the said Margaret Litster.
In an Court holden at Crook of Devon on the 21st of April, 1662 years,
be William Halliday of Tullyboal, and Mr Robert Alexander his BaiUie.
Janet Graham spouse of John Marshall, being solemnly sworn, declared upon
her great oath, that six years since or thereby her son James Eobertson
being diseased of the falling sickness, occasionaJly met with Helen Living-
stone daughter to Thomas Livingstone at Cruick Miln, who desired her to
go to Margaret Litster who had declared to her that the said Margaret had'
cured William Anderson in Kirkaldie of the same disease, and according to
the said Helen, her desire, she went to the said Margaret and asked whether
or not she could cure her sick son of the said disease, who answered, she
could both cure beast and bodie, and said her said son did gif her ane stand
of cloathes, whilk the said Marget her husband did wear thereafter, and the
said Janet gave her meal and groats at several times, and thereafter the lad
was in health two years and more and during the whilk space they had ane
cow that never wanted the said disease and two years thereafter the said
James being at John Mailers brydale, in Cruick of Devon, at Andrew
Hutton's house the said Margaret Litster desired him to go home and he
said to her what have ye to do with me, I will not go while I be ready, and
upon the mom thereafter he took the said disease far worse than ever he
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230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
had before and continues so as yet, and thereafter the said Janet went to the
said Margaret Lister's house upon the morrow thereafter and asked for the
said Marget, and they said to her that she was at the place, but the truth
is she found her sitting at William Livingstone's fireside at Orookmiln, and
desired not to speak to her there, but called her forth and told her that the
lad was not well enough, and shortly thereafter the lad continuing in the said
disease the said Janet went to her house beside Thomas White's and said to
her, God forgive you and I might have gone to ane doctor who might have
cured my bairn, and the said Margaret answered that all the doctors upon
the earth would not cure him after the things she had given him.
The same day, Iikewa3r8 in presence of the said Court, James Paton, elder,
being solemnly sworn, declared upon his great oath that two years since or
thereby, the said Margaret Litster being seeking her meat and selling leiks,
came to James Paton, younger, his house in Aldie, his wife and sister being
in the house for the time and he having an man child of 30 weeks of age, free
of ony ^disease for aught they knew, the said James^his wife went ben to fetch
her some meat, in the meantime, the said Marget Litster put an bunch of leiks
in the said bairn's hand and streaked down his head twice or thrice and said,
this is not for your father's sake, nor your mother's sake, but for your own
sake, and the mom before the sun rose the bairn took the falling sickness
whilk continued with him the space of five quarters of an year or thereby.
Quhilk day the above written Agnes Pittendhech being convened before
Mr Alexander Oolville, General Justice Depute, and he enquiring of her
whether she was with child or not, she declared she knew not, therefore
the said Justice Depute, calling Janet Wallace, Wallace, and Janet
Graham, famous and honest women, to go apart with her, and being solemnly
sworn, declared that there was more in the said Agnes' womb nor was
ordinarily in any woman's womb that was not with child, therefore the said
Justice Depute ordains her to be put to Hbertie for the present and that she
should answer whenever she was called upon within fifteen days under the
pain of death.
Lykeas the said Agnes obliged herself to do and obtemper the same under
the pain of accepting the crime of witchcraft upon her, and that whensoever
the Justice or any of his name shall desire the same.
8io Subseribitur.
De fnandata diolas Agnetis Pittendreich ego Jacobus Alexander notarius
publieus speoialiter requisitus soribere twsciens ut asseruit subscribo.
J. Alexandeb, N.P,
The Confession and Dittays af the said Janet Paton,
Ye, the said Janet Paton, are indyted and accused of the sin and crime of
witchcraft, ye confessed that ye was at ane meeting at Turfhills where Sathan
asked you gif ye would be his servant, whilk ye did, and Sathan took you be
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 231
the hand and ye said that his hand was cold, and he desired jou to renounce
your baptism, whilk ye also did, as also said that Sathan had copulation with
you, and said that his body was cold and his seed also, and gave you a name,
calling you Annas, and Sathan's name, Thomas Roy, and said there was there
at the said meeting Robert Wilson and his wife, Janet Brugh, in Cruik of
Devon; Agnes Brugh, in Qooselands; Christian Grieve, and Margaret
Young, in Quhorlawhill ; Marget Button, in Gelvin; Janet Paton, in KUduff;
Agnes Drysdale, in Ooldrain ; and Giles Huttin, in Gartwhynean.
Likeways ye confessed that ye was at a meeting at the Bents of Balruddrie,
and saw tiiere with the rest Elizabeth Dempster, in Thornton ; and Agnes
Sharp, in Peatrighead. This ye confessed in presence of the Minister, Mr
Robert Alexander, baillie in TuUyboal ; James Alexander and Wm. Living-
stone of Oruikmiln.
Swoifi Dittays given in be Thomas White against the said Janet Paton.
In an Court holden at the Cruik of Devon April 1662, Thomas
White in Cruik of Devon being solemnly sworn declared upon his great oath
that sixteen years since or thereby Janet Paton in Cruik of Devon came to
his house and desired some draffe to her fowls frae his mother, his mother
said she had none of her awn, and said she would deal none of others, and
thereafter she presently going away his ale presently being in the fatt it
would not work nor bear the bells, and said that honest men being presently
at that time drinking of the ale, being good, it presently {sic) back
and did no good thereafter, while nine bolls and an' half was brewn, and
thereafter James Thomson in Maw desired him to change his brewlooms to
the other side of the house and said he and his father lost threttie two
hundred merks worth of cattle while he changed his byre, and thereafter said
that he had three firlots of the same malt did him more good nor all the
rest.
The same day, in the same Court, Andrew Hutson, son of Andrew Hutson,
in Cruick of Devon, being solemnly sworn, declared upon his great oath that
three years since he, being leading his father's peats, the said Andrew's horse
cart {sic) throo an heap of the said Janet Paton's muck, the said
Janet said she should gar him alse good, and he said, I defy you witch -
thief, and the horse brought home that load but was never able to draw
another, but dwined and died, and likeways declared that Robert Wilson
and Marget Litster said that death was ordained for himself and not for the
horse.
The same day, in the said Court, Janet Mailer, spouse to Andrew Hutson
in Cruick of Devon, being solemnly sworn, declared upon her great oath that
sixteen years since or thereby Janet Paton, in Cruick of Devon, having an
lippy of lintseed sawn in the deceased Lawrence Keltic, his yard, in the
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232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
Croik of Devon, two travellers having laid down their loads to bait them-
selves and their horses, two of the said horses went in and weltered on the
said lint, the said Janet Paton and the said Andrew Hutson scolded and flett,
and immediately thereafter the said Janet Mailer's ale (sio) clean back
that no man nor woman was able to drink the same the space of half an year
thereafter, notwithstanding, the said Janet Mailer got firlot about of malt with
her neighbours who had alse good thereof as men needed to drink. This they
all declared in presence of the said Court before the Laird of TuUyboal, John
Halliday, his son; Mr Robert Alexander, baillie, of TuUyboal; Wm. Living-
stone of Cruik Miln; John Kid, in Cruik of Devon; James Paton, in Aldie;
Adam Keltic, portioner in Gelvin.
The OonfesHon and Dittays of the mid Agnes Brugh.
Ye, the said Agnes Brugh, are indjrted and accused of the sin of witchcraft,
ye confessed that the first time the Devil appeared to you was at the dykes of
the muir called the Lambrithes two years since or thereby in the twilight, in
the evening, like unto a half long fellow with an dusti coloured coat with a
{sio), and desired you to show him the gait thro' the muir, and said he
would give you an braw gown, and ye said that he said I will gar ye do it
whether ye will or not, and then ye promised to serve him.
Likeways ye confessed that ye renounced and forsook your baptism and
delivered yourself to Sathan, more ye confessed that Sathan gave you a new
name and shew you his name, but ye said ye had forgot both. Likeways ye
confessed that Sathan had the use of your bodie, and that his body was heavy
and cold ; this ye confessed that Sathan had the use of your bodie at the first
meeting with you, this ye confessed the fourth, eleventh, and 15th day of
April, in presence of the Minister, Mr William of Middleton ; Mr
Bobert Alexander, and John Hutton of Ballilisk.
An Court of Justiciary holden at the CruiJe of Devon by Mr Alexander
OolviUey His Majestie's Justice Depute General, the 2Zrd of April,
sixteen hundred and sixty two years, curia legittime affirmata,
Nomina Assize.— Bobert Angus, in Bogside; Patrick Livingstone, at
Cleish ; George Barclay, in Mains of Gleish ; John Hutton, in Borland ;
Andrew Barclay; William Pearson, of Morlat; Bobert Brown, in Meadow-
head; James Alexander, of Balruddrie; Edmund Mercer there; Lawrence
Dempster, in ; James Henderson, in ; Bobert ;
David ; Pattrick Hutton, in West Blair.
It is found and declared by the hail assize all in one voice that the forenamed
Bobert Wilson is guilty and convict in three several points of witchcraft and
sorcerie according to his own free confession, as also the said Bessie Neil is
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TKIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 233
gm]ty and convict in five several points of sorcerie and witchcraft and that
according to her own free confession in like manner.
And in like manner the above named Margaret litster is convict in three
several points of sorcerie and witchcraft, according to her own free confession
and probation.
And also the above specified Janet Paton is guilty and convict in
(no) several points of witchcraft and sorcerie, and that according to her free
confession and probation.
As also the said Agnes Bragh is guilty and convict in (gio) several
points of sorcerie and witchcraft according to her own confession and probation.
And all the five are convict by brute and fame as common sorcerers and
notorious witches by the mouth of Edmond Mercer, as Chancellor to the
said Assize. Sic Subscribitur, Edmund Mebcsb.
For the whilk causes the above named General Justice Depute gives sentence
and ordains that the said Eobert Wilson, Bessie Neil, Marget Litster, Janet
Paton, and Agnes Brugh shall all five be taken away to that place called
Lamblaires bewest the Oruik Miln the place of their execution tomorrow,
being the twenty fourth day of this instant month of April, betwixt two and
three hours in the afternoon, and there to be strangled to the death by the
hand of the hangman and thereafter their bodies to be burnt to ashes for their
trespasses. And ordains their moveable goods and gear to be escheat and in-
brought to His Majesty's use for the causes foresaid. Whereupon William
Donaldson gave doom being Dempster,
Sic Subsoribiturf J. Alexander, Clk.
pROCEEDiNos A0A1NST Maroaret Huooon, tfi Oeltdnfy relict of Bobert
Henderson, and Janet Paton, Indweller in Kilduff, relique of
umquhiU David Kirk.
Ye both are indyted and accused for suamickle as by Divine law of the
Almighty Qod set down in his sacred word, especially in the 18 chap, of Deut
and 20 chap, of Lev., made against the users and practisers of witchcraft,
sorcerie, charming and soothsaying, against the seekers of help or responses
of them, and in the 22 chap, of Exodus at the 18 verse, "Thou shalt not suffer
a witch to live " threatening and denouncing to the committers of such Devilish
practises the punishment of death. According to the whilk law of Almighty
God it is statute and ordained be divers Acts of Parliament of this Kingdom
especially by the 78 Act of the 0th Parliament of our sovereign Lords dearest
Great Grandmother Queen Marie of Gude memoiy, it is statute that no
person nor persons of whatsomever state, degree or condition they be of
presume, or take upon hand at any time thereafter, to use or practise ony
manner of witchcraft, sorcerie, or necromancie, under the pain and punishment
of death, to be executed alse well against the users and abusers as the seekers
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234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APKIL 9, 1888.
of the said help responses or consnUatioii as in said laws of Ahnighty God and
Acts of Parliament at more length is contained.
Notwithstanding whereof je the said Marget Hoggan of the age of three
score and nineteen years, for evil and sinful ends having received instmc-
tions and Devilish informations from the Devil joor covenanted master, how
to put to practise, and put to execution that Devilish trade of witchcraft and
sorcerie. Likeas for clearing of your said sorcerie and witchcraft, ye freely
confessed that three years since bygane in harvest was the first time Sathan
appeared to you in the coming out of Cambo, when he desired you
to be his servant, whilk ye confessed to do, and put ane of your hands to the
crown of your head and the other to the sole of your foot and delivered all
to Sathan*s service.
Likeways ye confessed that Sathan desired you to renounce and forsake
your Baptism whilk ye lykways did, and immediately after your renunciation
of your baptism he gave you a new name calling you Kathrine Mahoun and
Sathan's name was David Mahoun.
Lykeways ye confessed that Sathan had copulation with you, and that his
body was cold and his seed also, and said he was an uncouth man with black
cloathes and ane hood on his head, and he said to you that ye should never
want but have enough, and ye declared that there was with you the deceased
Bessie Neil, Bessie Henderson, Agnes Murie, Janet Paton in Oruik of
Devon, Margaret Litster and Isabel Rutherford. Ye confessed lykways
that ye was at another meeting with Sathan at the Stanriegait bewest the
Cruik of Devon with the foresaid six deceased women, and Elspet Dempster
spouse to James Beverage, Agnes Drysdale, spouse to John Blackwood of
Coldrain, Agnes and Marget Beverage in Braughtie, Janet Herd and ane
woman ye kent not, Giles Hutton in Gartwhenean, Janet Brugh in Cruik of
Devon, Margaret Young and Christian Grieve, and Sathan shook hands with
them all.
Lykeways ye confessed ye was at another meeting with Sathan at the
Heathrie Know be-east the Cruik of Devon, where the Gkdlows stands before
midnight, and Sathan shook hands with you to continue his servant, and the
foresaids haU women was there likeways and did all dance and ane piper
play.
Lykeways ye confessed that ye was at ane other meeting with Sathan at
the back of Enockentinnie at the Gaitside with the foresaid hail women.
Lykeways ye confessed that ye was at another meeting at the bents of
Newbiggin, and the said hail women was likeways there, whilk hail premisses
above mentioned, ye freely confessed and declared in presence of Mr
Alexander Lreland minister at Fossaquhay, Mr James Forsyth minister at
Muckhart, The Laird of TuUyboU, John Hutton of Easter Balilisk, Mr
llobert Alexander baillie of TuUyboU, Robert Livingstone of Cruik Miln,
William Livingstone his son.
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 235
The Confession and Dittays of the said Janet Paton in Kilduff,
Ye the said Janet Paton, of the age of threescore years, are indjted and
accused of the sin and crime of witchcraft, je confessed that at Martinmas
hygone ane year the Devil appeared to you coming down the hill of Gleish and
desired you to he his servant whilk ye then refused, and ahout Yule there-
after he appeared to you again coming from your own house to the Gelvin
and desired you again to be his servant whilk ye did, and put ane hand to
the crown of your head and the other hand to the sole of your foot and
delivered yourself over to him and his service.
Lykways ye confessed that Sathan desired you to renounce and forsake
your Baptism, whilk ye did, and Sathan gave you a new name caUing you
Nans Mahoun and Sathan's name was
Lykeways ye confessed that Sathan had carnal copulation with you, and
ye confessed that Sathan appointed you ane other meeting at the Stanrie-
gate bewest the Cruik of Devon, whilk ye also obeyed, and declared that
there was there Marget Huggon in Gelvin, Marget and Agnes Beverage
in Braughtie, Janet Brugh in Cruik of Devon, Giles Hutton in Garth-
whynean, Marget Young and Christian Grieve in Quhorlawhill, and they did
all dance and ane piper play, they being about 16 or 18 in number, and
Sathan had all the said times black coloured cloathes and ane blue bonnet
being a unkie like man. This ye did freely confess in presence of the above
written ministers of Fossquhay and Muckhart, the Laird of TullyboU, John
Hutton of Easter Balilisk, Mr Robert Alexander bailhe of TullyboU,
Robert Livingstone of Cruik Miln, and William Livingstone his son.
An Court of Justiciary holden at the Cruik of Devon the fifth day of May
sixteen hundred and sixty two years he Mr Alexr. ColviUe of Blair,
His Majesties Justice Depute General over Scotland.
Nomina Assize. — William Henderson ; David (sic) ; James .(wc); Robert
{sic) ; James Alexander of Balruddrie ; Edmund Mercer ; Gavin Alexander,
portioner of Blairhill ; Adam Futt in Easter Downhill ; James (sic) ;
Thomas Peirson; Robert Quhyte in Gartwhynean; James Blackwood
in j Adam (sic) ; Archibald (sic).
It is found and declared to the hail Assize, all in one voice that the fore-
said Janet Paton is guilty and convict in three several points of witchcraft
and sorcerie, according to her own free confession, and that she is convict be
brute and fame as an sorcerer and an notorious witch by the mouth of the said
Edmund Mercer chancellor to the said Assize.
Sic Subtcribitur, Edmund Mebceb, Chan.
For the whilk causes above named, the General Justice Depute gives
sentence, and ordains that the said Janet Paton shall be taken away to the
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236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
place called tlie Lamblaires be-west the Cmik Miln, the place of her execution
tills day, being the fifth day of this instant month of May betwixt four and
five in the afternoon and there to be strangled to death be the hand of the
hangman and thereafter her body to be burnt to ashes for her trespasses,
and ordains all her moveable goods and gear to be escheit and inbrought to
His Mfgesties use for the causes aforesaid. Whereupon Alexander Abemethie,
Dempster, gave sentence. 8io Suhscrihitur^ J. Alexander, Clk,
Proceedinos aoainst Janet Beuoh, spome of J AHiiia Morbis, at the Oruik
of Devon, about the age of fifty years; Christian Grieve, spouse to
m. .
Ye both two are indited and accused forasmeikle as by the Divine laws of
Almighty God set down in his sacred word especially the 18 chap, of
Deuteronomy and the 20 chap, of Leviticus made against sorcerers and
practisers of witchcraft, sorcerie, charming, soothsaying and against the
seekers of help or responses of them, and in the 22 chap, of Exodus the 18
verse, " Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live" threatening and denouncing
to the committers of such Devilish practises the pimishment of death accord-
ing to the whUk law of Almighty God it is statute and ordained by divers
Acts of Parliament of this Kingdom especially by the 7drd Act of the ninth
Parliament of our Sovereign Lord's dearest Great Grandmother Queen Mary
of good memoiy it is statute that no manner of person nor persons of what-
somever estate degree or condition they be of presume nor take upon hand
at any time thereafter to use or practise any manner of witchcraft sorcerie or
necromancie, nor give themselves forth to have any such craft or knowledge
thereof thereby to abuse the people, neither that no person nor persons seek
any help response or consultation at any sick foresaid, nor users of sorcerie
witchcraft or necromancie, under the pain and punishment of death to be
execute als well against the users and practisers and abusers as the seekers
of the S€dd help response or consultation As in the said laws of Almighty
God and Acts of Parliament at more length is contained. Notwithstanding
whereof you the said Janet Brugh for Devilish and sinfiil ends having received
instruction and Devilish informations from the Devil your covenanted Master
how to practise and put in execution the trade of witchcraft and sorcerie
Lykeas upon the 8rd day of April 1662, umquhill Bessie Henderson in Kil-
dufif being arragned before the General Justice Depute and makeand mention
and confession of her own guiltiness and of the guiltiness of others in the sin
of witchcraft, amongst the rest she dilated you the said Janet Brugh to be
alse guilty of witchcraft as the said Bessie was herself. Upon the 28 April
1662 umquhill Kobert Wilson in Cmik of Devon delated you the said Janet
Brugh and declared that you was at ane meeting with the Devil with the rest
of the witches at Stanriegate bewest the Oruik of Devon. The same day
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 237
ninquhill Bessie Neil in Qelvin delated you the said Janet Brugh to be at ane
meeting two years since with the Devil at Torfhills. The same day omquhill
Margaret Litster in Kildoff delated you the said Janet Bragh to be at ane
meeting with Sathan in winter last, at Gibson's Craig. The same day nmqohil
Janet Paton in Omik of Devon delated you the said Janet Brugh to be at
ane meeting with Sathan at the Turfifhills. Lykeways nmquhil Marget
Huggon in Gelvin delated you the said Janet Brugh to be at ane meeting
with Sathan at the Stranriegate and sicklike umquhill Janet Paton in Kilduff
delated you the said Janet Brugh to be at an meeting with Sathan at the
Stanriegate.
And sicklike upon the 23rd day of April 1662 Mr Robert Alexander baillie
of TuUybole received commission from Mr Alexander ColviUe of Blair, General
Justice Depute to his Majestic, to call and apprehend you the said Janet
Brugh and to commit you to sure firmance for that horrid sin of witchcraft,
whereupon you the said Janet Brugh fled and displenished your house ; and
thereafter apprehended and put in flrmance ye confessed before Willm. Hali-
day of Tullyboal, Mr James Halkerston minister of Cleish, Mr James Forsyth
minister of Muckhart, Mr William Blackburn baillie of Campbill, Thomas
Hutton of Easter Ballilisk, and John Drummond of Wester Pitgobar, and
several other gentlemen, that ye was at ane meeting with above twenty
persons and ane muckle black man with them at Stanriegate, as also that same
day ye the said Janet Brugh confessed before Mr Wm. Livingstone of
Gmik Miln, John Livingstone of Bantrieknow, William Hutson schoolmaster,
and several others, that there was with you at the foresaid meeting at the
Stanriegate Jules Hutton, Elspet Dempster spouse to James Beverage, Marion
Thomson, Christian Grieve spouse to Andrew Beverage, and Margaret Young
spouse to William Beverage, All this ye confessed upon the 5th May 1662 in
presence of the foresaid witnesses whilk ye cannot deny.
And Lykeways upon the 10th day of June 1662 in presence of William
Halliday of TuUybole, Mr Eobert Alexander baillie, John Grieve portioner of
Cambo, and several others, ye confessed that about Yule last bypast ye was at
ane meeting with Sathan at TurfhiUs when Sathan desired you to be his
servant whilk ye willingly promised to be and likeways desired you to
renounce your baptism whOk ye willingly did, and he gave an mark whilk ye
thought was not very sore and gave you ane name calling you Janet Mahoun
and called his name to you Watt Mahoun, and that he desired you to put ane
of your hands on the crown of your head and the other to the sole of your foot
and deliver all betwixt them to him whilk ye willingly did, being in company
with you all those that were burnt at the Cruick of Devon and Christian
Grieve, Margaret Young, and Margaret Keltic, and appointed an new meeting
to be shortly thereafter at the Stanriegate whilk ye the said Janet Brugh kept
being in company with you all the foresaid persons that was at the TurfhiUs
and Marion Thomson and Elspet Dempster spouse to James Beverage.
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238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
Ljkeways je confessed that ye was at the bents of Balruddiie and Gibson's
Craig, where Sathan was present at them both and there was in company
with you the hail forenamed witches that was burnt at the Cruik of Devon
with Elspet Dempster spouse to James Beverage, Giles Hutton
Drummond, Annas Gndgie, Marion Thomson and her daughter, Margaret
Kilty and her daughter, Christian Grieve and Margaret Young.
Ldkeas ye confessed that ye got rough bread and sour drink from Sathan
at the Bents of Babruddrie and he bade them pray to him that gave them it.
Also ye confessed at Gibson's Craig that the Devil said the west quarter is
not up yet but he should gar them repent it Also ye confessed an long old
man with ane white beard was there, did cast either an stone or an bone at
him and break (sic), all this ye did in presence of the said William
Halliday, Wm. Grieve and Andrew [sic).
And sicklike upon the 11th day of June 1662 in presence of Wm. Halli-
day of TuUyboal, Mr Kobert Alexander bailHe, ye the said Janet Brugh
adhered to all that ye had formerly spoken, and likeways declared that Agnes
and Margaret Beverages were present with you at all the foresaid meetings
and upon the 12th of June 1662, ye confessed and acknowledged that all what
ye spake formerly was true, and declared that Annas Cunninghame was with
you at the Bents of Balruddrie and Gibson's Craig at those meetings. This
ye did before the above written witnesses and diverse others.
The Confession and Dittays of the foresaid Christian Orieve.
Ye the said Christian Grieve are indyted and accused of the foresaid
sin of witchcraft and sorcerie. Upon the drd of April 1662, umquhill
Bessie Henderson in Kilduff, being arraigned before the General Justice
Depute to his Majesty and makand mention of her own guiltiness and
guiltiness of others in the sin of witchcraft, amongst the rest she delated
you the said Christian Grieve to be alse guilty of witchcraft as the said
Bessie was herself, and that ye was at an meeting with Sathan and the rest
amongst Thomas Whyte his rye, the said day umquhill Robert Wilson in
the Cruik of Devon, delated you the said Christian Grieve, and declared
that ye was at ane meeting with the Devil and the rest of the witches at the
Stanriegate bewest the Cruik of Devon. The said day umquhill Bessie
Neil in Gelvin, delated you the said Christian Grieve to be at ane meeting
with the Devil, with the rest of the witches at the Turfhills. The said day
umquhill Janet Paton in the Crook of Devon delated you the said Christian
Grieve to be at an meeting with Sathan at the Turfhills with the rest of
the witches and sicklike upon the .... day of .... , umquhill Margaret
Huggon in Gelvin, delated you the said Christian Grieve to be at ane meeting
with Sathan and the rest of the witches at the Stanriegate be- west the
Cruik of Devon. And sicklike, upon the 5th day of May 1662, umquhill
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 239
Janet Paton in Kilduff dilated you the said Christian Grieve to be at an
meeting with Sathan and the rest of the witches at Stanriegate bewest the
Gmik of Devon. And sicklike Janet Bmgh in Cruik of Devon delated yon
the said Christian Grieve upon the 23rd day of April to be at an meeting
with Sathan and the rest of the witches at the Stanriegate bewest the Cruik
of Devon, and at another meeting at the Turfhhills about Yule last bypast
and two other meetings, to wit ane at the Bents of Balruddrie and ane other
at Gibson's Craig where Sathan and the rest of the witches were present with
you at both.
And sicklike upon the ISth day of May 1662, in presence of Mr Alexander
Ireland minister of Fossquhay, Mr Robert Alexander baillie of TullyboU,
Thomas Anderson merchant, and several others, having sent for the said
minister and baillie, ye the said Christian Grieve freely confessed that ye
was at an meeting with Sathan at the back of Andrew Dowie his house,
where Sathan desired you to be his seiTant whilk ye willingly granted to be.
Likeways Sathan desired you to renounce your Baptism whilk ye also
wilUngly did, as also ye confessed that Sathan gave you ane new name and told
you his name, but ye had forgotten them and could not tell them. Lykeways
ye confessed that Sathan did first appear to you at the back of Andrew
Dowie's like ane little man with ane blue bonnet on his head with rough
grey cloathes on him, being in company with you Margaret Young your
neighbour, and that ye came to the foresaid meeting immediately after your
goodman and the rest went to bed, and that ye locked the door and put the
key under the same, and that ye and the said Margaret Young your neighbor
came foot for foot to the foresaid meeting and that ye stayed at the foresaid
meeting about the space of two hours and came back fkgain on your foot, and
the foresaid Margaret Young with you, and found the key of the door in that
same place where you left it, and declared that neither your husband nor any
other in the house was waking at your return. And sicklike upon the 19th
day of June 1662, the minister posing you upon the foresaid particulars
especially anent the renunciation of your Baptism, ye answered that Sathan
speired at you if ye would do it and ye answered " I warrand did I," and
desired to put in your own words, this ye did in presence of Mr Alexander
Ireland minister, Mr Robert Alexander baillie, William Livingstone,
William Robertson and William Hutton, indwellers in the Cruik of Devon.
Sio Subscribitur, Mr Alex a. Ireland.
Court of Jtuticiary holden at the Cruik of Devon the Twenty-ane day of
July 1662 years, be Mr Alexander Oolville of Blair, Hi$ Majesties
General Justice Depute.
Quhilk day the said Justice-Depute creat Mr Robert Alexander clerk,
Robert Livingstone officer, and Thomas Gibson dempster.
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240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APKIL 9, 1888.
Nomina Assize. — William Dempster, portioner of Kinross; William
Duncan, fewar of Finlarie; Robert Steedman of Benegall; William
Graham, merchant, Kinross; Robert Steedman at the Cross; Henry-
Douglass, saidlair ; James Duncan, in Kinross ; Robert Robertson there ;
John Stocks, in Lathrae ; Thomas Blackwood, in Coldrain ; John Simson,
in Lethangie; William Flockhart, in Annacroich; John Burt, portioner
of Balado; John Dowie, portioner there; James Thomson, portioner of
Mau.
It is found and declared by the hail Assize all in one voice that the fore-
named Janet Brugh is guilty and convicted in three several points of
witchcraft and sorcerie, and that according to her own free confession, and is
convicted as an notorious witch by common bruit and fame in manner above
deducit.
And concerning Christian Grieve the hail Assize in ane voice declared
they will not convict her in no point of witchcraft nor clenze her of no
point, by the mouth of the said Robert Robertson, Chancellor.
Sic Subscribitur, Robert Robebtson.
For the quhilk causes the above written Justice General Depute gives
sentence and ordains that the said Janet Brugh be taken away to that place
called the Lamlaires, bewest the Cruik Miln the place of her execution,
tomorrow being the twenty two day of this instant month of July, betwixt
three and four of the clock in the afternoon, and there to be strangled to the
death by the hand of the hangman, and thereafter her body to be burnt to
ashes, and ordains all her moveable goods and gear to be escheat and
inbrought to His Majesty's use for the causes foresaid. Whereupon Thomas
Gibson gave doom.
8io Subscribitur, Mr Robert Alexander, Clk.
Court of Justice holden at the Cruik of Devon, the eighth day of October
1662 years, be Mr Alexander Colville of Blair, General Justice Depute
to His Majesty.
Quhilk day the said Justice Depute create Mr Robert Alexander clerk,
Robert Livingstone officer, and Thomas Gibson dempster.
Nomina Assize. — William Dempster, portioner in Kinross ; William
Duncan, fewar of Finlarie ; Robert Steedman of Benegall ; Robert Steed-
man at the Cross ; William Graham, merchant in Kinross ; Heniy Douglas,
Sadlair ; James Duncan in Kinross, Robert Robertson there ; John Stocks
in Lathro ; Thomas Blackwood in Coldrain ; John Simson in Lethangie ;
William Flockhart in Annocroich ; John Burt, portioner of Balado ; John
Dowie, portioner there ; James Thomson, portioner in Mau.
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TRIALS FOR WITCHCRAFT. 241
It is found and declared by the hail Assize all in one voice, that the
forenamed Christian Grieve is guilty and convict of three several points of
witchcraft and sorcerie, and that according to her own free confession and
the probation of the most famous witnesses, and is convict as an notorious
witch by common fame and brute in manner above deducit by the mouth of
the above written Robert Robertson, chancellor, in regard they found the
same more fully proven nor it was done formerly.
Sic Subscribitur, Robert Robertson.
For the whilk causes the above-written Justice General Depute gives
sentence and ordains that the said Christian Grieve be taken away to that
place called the Lamblaires bewest the Cruik of Devon the place of her
execution upon Monday next the thirteenth day of this instant month of
October betwixt two and three hours in the afternoon, and there to be
strangled to the death by the hand of the hangman, and thereafter her body
to be burnt to ashes for her trespasses, and ordains all her moveable goods and
gear to be escheat and inbrought to his Mfgesty's use for the causes foresaid.
Whereupon Thomas Gibson gave doom.
Sic Subscribitur, Mr Robert Alexander, Clk,
II.
THE CONFESSIONS OF THE FORFAR WITCHES (1661), FROM THE
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS IN THE SOCIETY'S LIBRARY. Br JOSEPH
ANDERSON, LL.D., Assistant Secretary and Keeper of the Museum.
The previous paper by Mr Burns Begg, on the Trial of the Witches at
Crook of Devon, 1662, has suggested to me the propriety of printing at
the same time a series of documents, relative to the subject of Witch-
craft, preserved in the Society's Library. They consist of the attested
and authenticated confessions of a number of women tried for witchcraft
at Forfar in 1661.
It seems to me that we shall never understand the attitude of the
educated mind of the seventeenth century towards witchcraft, until we
are able to examine and compare a large number of such documents from
different parts of the country. They disclose many things besides the
mere curiosities of the processes and confessions.
For instance, it appears that the proceedings against the accused
VOL. xxn. Q
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242 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
persons were usually begun by the minister and elders of the locality
or parish,^ and that up to a certain stage they were the sole movers in
the matter. In most kirk-sessions there were elders, who being also
magistrates of burghs or baron bailies, could procure the incarceration of
persons denounced or suspected. Then the minister and elders went
frequently with a notary to the place where the accused were confined
and laboured to bring them to confession. For this end they seem to
have plied them with questions, the notary taking down the substance
of the admissions made in reply to these interrogatories. The results of
repeated questionings, brought together and reduced to a sequential form
in one document by a notary, were called a confession. This was read
over to the accused, and signed by the notary and attested by the
minister and other parties present as witnesses.^ Usually there was no
one present on behalf of the accused person, and unquestionably torture
and ill-usage were freely resorted to for the purpose of inducing confession.
Very often the minister and elders were acting in this capacity by com-
mission from the presbytery, and in this case the confessions were read
over to the accused, in presence of the presbytery and authenticated by
that court.* Then with concurrence of the presbytery an application
^ Sometimes the dittays were drawn up, and the examinations held before the
kirk-session in the session-house, or in the kirk, to which the haiU parish was
summoned to give in accusations (see Spalding Club Mis,, vol. i. ; Precepts by the
Commissioners appointed for the Trial of fFilches, p. 184). In 1644, the Presbytery
of St Andrews ** entreated their brother Mr James Brace [minister of Eingsbams], to
remember the Earl of Lindsay, to give a general commission for apprehending,
trying, and judging of such as are or shall be dilated for witches within the
Stewartrie." The ministers are also found meeting with, and advising the judges as
to the accusations, and the apprehension and treatment of prisoners accused of
witchcraft. Deputations are also appointed from the presbytery to be present when
the confessing witches are confronted with those accused by them, and at the execu-
tions of those condemned to death.
' The practice of authenticating the confessions of witches by the signatures of
the ministers and elders in whose presence the examinations were made, can be traced
back to an ordinance of the General Assembly of 1687, when ** the brethrin who
deduced the process in St Andrews against a witch presentlie detained in prison, were
ordered to subscribe the same authentically, that it might be delivered to the
Council, and Mr James Melville (then minister of Anstruther) was ordained to
travell in the coast side, for matter of dittay against her." In 1649, the bailies of
Inverkeithing applied to the Synod of Fife for help in examining and bringing
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CONFESSIONS OF THE FOEFAR WITCHES. 243
was made to the Privy Council for a commission to put the accused to
the knowledge of an assize. All that the commission had to do was to
see that the points charged in the indictment were points of witchcraft,
relevant to infer a capital sentence. The attested and authenticated
confession when produced in the civil court (as it usually was) had the
same effect as a plea of guilty on the part of the persons arraigned at the
bar. The assize was thus shut up to one verdict, and sentence of death
followed as a matter of course.
The points of witchcraft considered relevant in law to infer a capital
sentence appear to have varied considerably as time went on, and to
have varied also in different parts of the country. Tlie publication of
the Treatise on Demonology by King James YI. in 1597, had the effect
of widening the basis and simplifying the process of prosecutions for
witchcraft. At the time of these trials in 1661, the principal points of
witchcraft were held to be these: — (1) Attending meetings with the
Devil; (2) Covenanting with the Evil One; (3) Renunciation of
Baptism; (4) Malefices, or evil results happening to any person to
whom the accused had threatened evil, or to one by whom an injury had
witches to confession, and the Synod recommends this to the Presbytery of Dunferm-
line. The Presbytery of Lanark, having travailled in obtaining information against
a suspected witch, Malie M'Quat, from 14th May 1640 till 20th May 1641, and
then finding that the commissary of Lanark, on the result being submitted to him,
declared that she might be found guilty of oharmii^ only, which could not be followed
by sentence of death, the presbytery continued to labour more earnestly, until on
5th November they consider they have sufficient materials for bringing her to trial,
''quherupon the presbytery thinks themselves bound not to suffer a witch to live,"
and proceed to take measures for obtaining a commission to try her. In 1644 a
minister excuses himself for not attending to the remit of the presbytery, on the
ground that he was at the time attending the condemning and burning of witches.
On 22nd November 1649, the presbytery ordained one of the ministers *' to write for
George Cathie the pricker for helping to discover the mark." At next meeting of
the presbytery this minister reported ** that he had written for George Cathie, the
pricker, who hath skill to find out the mark in witches, and that upon the last day
of November in the Tolbooth of Lanark, before fiimous witnesses " (named, including
two bailies and two ministers), ** the said George did prik pinnes in everie one of
them, and in diverse of them without pain the pin was put in, as the processe at
more length bears." In other cases the pins used by the prickers are specified as
of "thrie inches in length," and it is stated that they were put in "up to the held."
In 1648 the Presbjrtery of Orkney applied for a commission '' to put Barbara Boundie
to the tortures."
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244 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
been done to the accused which inferred retaliation. If any of these
were either confessed or inferred from circumstances in the confession or
depositions of witnesses, the persons accused had little or no chance of
escape. There was no minor plea in cases of witchcraft. If the case
proceeded to a conviction, death was the only sentence.
The curious sameness of the confessions of the parties accused can
only be accounted for by the presence of certain ideas of the nature of
witchcraft in the minds of the ministers and others who were their
examiners-in-chief. They framed the questions, and they or their
notaries also shaped the answers into substantive confessions. Though
the questions and answers do not usually appear, they have been in some
cases partially preserved by the notary; and in other instances, in which
the answers only are recorded, they are worded in such a manner as to
show clearly that they are not the spontaneous utterances of the persons
under examination. The desire to ascertain whether the accused has
been guilty of renunciation of baptism, explains the persistence of the
questioning as to the names by which the Devil was supposed to have
called them, the presumption being that if they were habitually called
by a name not given to them in Christian baptism, they could only have
received that new name from Sata^ after renunciation of their baptism
by the Church. The fact of a person presumed to be a witch having a
popular nickname was used against her, but there are many instances of
confessions as to the form of the ceremony used by the Devil in cove-
nanting with him or giving themselves over to him. It is. significant
that in different presbyteries the formulas of this ceremony differ con-
siderably. This seems to have been due to the examiners shaping these
questions in particular ways towards certain acts preconceived in their
own minds as the acts proper to the ceremonial ** renunciation of bap-
tism," and "giving themselves over to" "or covenanting with theDeviL"
The Church, through all its courts, continued to labour strenuously to
stir up the civil authorities to inflict the legal pimishment of death on
all convicted of witchcraft,^ and for that end the presbyteries and kirk-
* This attitude of the Church Courts is discernible from 1697, at which time
" because it was reportit in the Assemblie, that albeit sundrie persons were convict
of witchcraft, nevirtheless the civill Magistrat, not onlie refusit to punish them con-
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(X)NFESSIONS OF THE FORFAR WITCHES. 245
sessions were diligent in searching out information which would be
sufficient presumption for their incarceration, and committal for triaL^
Pitcaim, who, in the appendix to his Criminal Trials, has printed several
very remarkable confessions, quotes the statement of Baron Hume, that
on the 7th November of this very year 1661, no fewer than fourteen
commissions for trial of witches were granted for different parts of the
country at one sederunt of the Privy Council. As one unhappy
creature was almost universally induced to accuse several others, and as
the evidence taken in one trial was held to be conclusive in other cases
when the panels were thus proved to be " notour witches," it was com-
petent for the commissioners to try any number of persons and '* to
justify them to the death." Lords of regalities and baron bailies, in
virtue of their peculiar jurisdictions, were also competent judges in these
cases. The judges often exceeded their powers, and both they and the
underlings responsible for the administration of the law and the execu-
tion of the sentence, frequently acted with most inhuman and merciless
cruelty. 2
The ordinary mode of execution of witches was, that they were first
strangled and then burnt. The form of the sentence runs "to be
wirreit at a stake till they be deid and their bodies brint in assis."
The old method of execution of women for treason, as expressed in the
form to the lawes of the coontry, bot also in contempt of the samen, setts the persons
at libertie qnhilk wer convict of witchcraft, therfor the Assemblie ordaines that in
all time coming the presbytery proceid in all severitie with their censures against all
such Magistrates as sail sett at libertie any person convict of witchcraft hereafter."
^ A commission was issued to the provost and bailies of Aberdeen in 1696, and
from the records of the Dean of Guild for the years 1696-97, it appears that no fewer
than twenty-three women and one man were burned in Aberdeen for witchcraft
* In 1608, it is recorded that the Erie of Mar '* declairit to the Gounsall, that
sum wemen were tane in Broichtoun as witches ; and being put to ane assize and
convict, albeit they perseverit constant in their denial to the end, yet they were
bumit quick (i.0., alive) eftir sic ane crewell manner, that sum of thame deit in
despair renunceand and blasphemeand ; and utheris half-brunt brak out of the fyre,
and wes cast in quick in it agane, quhill they were brunt to the deid.'* The
sentences upon the women convicted of witchcraft at Aberdeen in 1696 were in each
case **ordint to be brint quhill she be deid." In 1697 the tenor of the sentences
was altered to '' orderis tham to be led out betwixt the hiUs, bund to a staik and
wirreit thairat quhill they be deid, and than to be brint in assis.''
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246 PKOCBEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
sentence on Lady Glammis in 1537, was ''to be had to the Castell Hill
of Edinburgh, and there brynt in ane fyre to the deid as ane traitour."
FOLLOWETH THE CONPESSIONES OF CBBTAINB PERS0NE8 INHABITANTS
WITHIN THE fiURGH OF FORFAR INCARCERAT IN THE PRISON HoUSE
THEREOF FOR WITCHCRAFT, SEPTEMBER 1661.
The Confession of Helen Guthrie Spouse to James HoiLot in Foffar.
1. First, the said Helen Guthrie confesses that shoe has been a verie
drunkensome woman, a terrible banner and curser and of a very wicked life
and conversatione.
2. Shoe confesses hir selfe to be a witch, and that shoe learned to be a witch
of one Joanet Qalloway who lived neare to Eerymure.
3. That when shoe gave her malisone to any persone or creature it usually
lighted.
4. That if shoe sie any witch in Scotland shoe can tell whether they be
witches or no after shoe has advysed 24 houres. And that shoe has thrie papers
wilh blood upon them which helpes hir thus to know witches. And that
shoe receaved these 3 bloody papers 14 yeares since from the said Joanet
Galloway. And that shoe will nevir part with them until shoe goe to the fire.
And that then shoe sail bum them hir selfe. And that if the minister wold
take them from hir before hir going to the fire that he wold wrong himselfe
and the buigh and country about
5. That shoe can tell the malefices which many other witches does though
shoe hir selfe be not present with them : — as when Elspet Alexander wronged
Baillie David Dickyson, and Helen Alexander wronged David Walker, and
Joanet Stout wronged John Couper, and John Tailzour wronged Andrew
Watsone, and Ketheren Portour wronged James Peirsone, touue clerk and
George Sutty by witchcraft ; that shoe knew assuredly all these things though
shoe was not present at the acting of them.
6. That on the 15 of September instant about midnight, the divill cam
unto hir prison, and laboured to carry hir away, and tlmt shoe was caried ap
from the earth thrie or four foot heigh at leist, hir head being among the jestes
of the house, and that shoe haid been caried away by the divill, were not the
watchmen being stout did opose and strike at hir with their swords, and did
prevent it The treuth of this last confession was testified by thrie men which
wer on the watch that night,^ the fourth watchman being absent in the mean-
time.
^ It appears from the bai*gh records of Forfar that the town was divided into eight
districts, each of which famished a " gaird for the witches *' of six men nightly and
daily.
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CONFESSIONS OF THE FORFAR WITCHES. 247
7. Shoe declaiid that shoe had many other things to confess, and that shoe
will confes them hefor shoe will goe to the fire.
This confessione was maid before the nndersubscribers within some few
dayes [after] shee was aprehended, and renewed severall tymes sinsyne, and
lastly befor the m[inister8] of the Presbitry of Forfu on the S5th of September
1661 instant
Mr Alex. Robebtsonb, minister. Da. Dickson, baillie.
Charles Dickeson. Jo. Qray.
A. SooTT, provest James Bennt, ealder.
The Chnfession of Jocmet HuU^ daughter to James Hoit in Forfar, maid
at Forfar on the .... day of September 1661, Before Mr Alex.
Robertsone minister, Chairks Dickyson baiUie, Thomas Guthrie
lait baillie, John Gray, TUomas Robertson, notars, and William
Cuthbert merchand in Forfar.
1. The said Joanet Howit confesseth as followeth, first, that about the
beginning of the last oatsied tyme Isabell Syne did cary hir to the Insch
within the Loch of Forfar, and that ther the said Isabell Shyrie presented her
to the divill, and that the divill said What sail I doe with such a little bairn
as [this]. And that the said Isabell answered shoe is my maiden take hir to
you. Further the said Joanet confesses that shoe saw at this tyme about
threteen witches with the divill, and that they daunced togither, the divill
being all in black, and that hir selfe was called by the divill the Pretty
Dauncer, and that besyd hir selfe and the said Isabel Syne, Mary Rind, Helen
Alexander, and [Isabel] Durward nicknamed Noblie alias Ouglie wer present ;
as for the rest shoe did not know them.
2. That about four weeks after the foresaid mieting in the Insch the said
Isabell Shyrie caried her to ane other mieting to Muryknowes, a little bewest
Halcartouumiln, and that at this mieting ther wer about twenty persones
present with the divill, and that they daunced togither and eat togither
having bieff bread and ale, and that shoe did eat and drink with them hirselfe
bot hir bellie was not filled, and that shoe filled the drink to the rest of the
company, and that at this mieting the divill kyst hir and niped her upon one
of hir shoulders, so as shoe hade great paine for some tyme thereafter. And
that the said Mary Rind and Isabell Durward and Helen Alexander wer
present amongst the rest.
3. Thirdly, about sex weekes after this second mieting the divill cam to
hir, he being all in grien at a place called Lapiedub halfe ane myle be-eist
Forfar, and that then the divill calling hir his bony bird did kisse her,. and
straiked hir shoulder which was niped with his hand, and that presently after
that shoe was eased of hir former paine.
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248 PROCEBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
4. That one tjme shoe was with hir owne mother at a place called Newman-
hill hard by Forfar about midnight And that then shoe saw the diviU have
carnal copulation with hir mother. And that the divill having done, rode
away on ane blacke horse. And that shoe followed him a little way until he
directed her to return to hir mother. And that when she was returned to hir
mother, hir mother forbade her to tell hir father of what shoe had seen that
night.
5. Shoe confesses that at the foirsaid mieting at Mnryknowes, the divill
spoke to hir, saying that if shoe wold doe his biding shoe should nevir want,
and that he bade hir renunce hir God, and shoe answered Mary shall I.
This confession was maid before the uudersubscribers and ratified before
the ministers of the Presbitry on the 25th of September instant, the said
Joanet Howit being confronted with Helen Quthrie hir mother.
Mr Alexander Robertsone, minister. Jo. Gray.
Th. Robertsonb. Wm. Cuthbert.
Charles Dickeson. Th. Guthrie.
The Confession of John Tailzour, made at Forfar, the dayes of
September, before Mr Alexander Robertsone minister, Charles
Thornton and James Bennie younger, burgesses in Forfar.
John Tailzeour coufesseth as foUoweth (1) That about bearsied tyme last,
the deviU apeared to him near to Halcarton, that he haid ane broun horse
and that upon his apearance the beastes in the pleugh began to feare and
that the divill told him that he knew he was going to some mercates, and
that he wold len him money. But he refused to medle with his money.
(2) He confessed that at ane other tyme the devill appeared to him at Fetter-
den but he refused to have anything to do with him.
Mr Alexander Robertsons.
Charles Thorntoune.
James Benny.
A. Heich.
The Confessione of Isobell SJiyrtef made at Forfar on the fyftein day of
September 1661, being the Sabbath day between sermones Before
David Dickieson baillie whom shoe sent for, Alex. Scott lait baillie,
John Dickieson merchant, John Gray, Chairles Thomtoun and
William Cuthbert, burgesses of Forfar.
(1) Shoe confesses that she is a witch, and tooke on hir the guilt of witch-
craft (2) That amongst severall other meetings shoe did meet with the devill
at the green hill near the Loch of Forfar, within these 20 dayes or ane moneth
last past, wher ther were present John Tailzour, Helen Guthrie, Mary Rind,
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CONFESSIONS OF THE FORFAR WITCHES. 249
Elspet Alexander, Joanet Stout and Joanet Ho watt And that the divill haid
ther camall copulatione with hir. (3) That she wronged Baillie Wood ^ bv
braying to ponder two toad's heads and ane peece of ane dead man's scull
and ane peece dead man's flesh which the divill perfumed. And having con-
discended with the diviU therewith to be Baillie .Wood's death, the divill declared
that within a moneth or 20 dayes as shee pleased he sould die. And that shee
went therefter to Baillie Wood's house, and inquired for a pan which was
before that time poinded fra hir for cess. The baillie caUed on hir and gave hir
a drinke, and before shoe delyvered the cup to him againe shoe put the ponder
in it, and he died within the time prescribed. (4) That she hade wronged
Thomas Webster in his meanes by casting ane cantrop before his doore, but
could not have power of his person.
Jo. Gray. D. Dickson, baillie.
James Benny, ealder. Chables Thorntoun.
Wm. Cuthbert. a. Heich.
A. Scott, provest
The Confessimie of Elspet Alexander^ spouse to Jon Muffit in Forfar, maid
at Forfar on the 17th of September 1661, Befor the minister, Charles
and David Dickson baillies, Thomas Guthrie lait baillie, Charles
Thorntoun and James Beny burgesses, Thomas and John Robertson
notars in Forfar, and William Cuthbert merchant there.
Elspet Alexander confesseth aa followeth, First, that about thrie halfe yeares
since shoe was at a mieting of witches with the divill at Peterden midway
betwixt Forfar and Dondie, and that ther amongst others ther wer present
beside hir selfe Isabell Shyrie Helen Guthrie Joanet Howit John Tailzour and
Joanet Stout. And that at the said melting they daunced together and that
they received new names from the divill, viz., shoe hir selfe was called Alyson,
Isabell Shyrie was called The Horse, Helen Guthrie was called The White
Witch, Joanet Howit was called The Pretty Dauncer, John Tailzour was called
Beelzebob ; further shoe confesses that the diviU marked hir selfe that night
on the left shoulder. Shoe confesses that about four weekes after this mieting
at Petterden she was at ane second mieting at the Muryknowes, and at this
* There is an unamended copy of this confession taken ** between sermons," and
signed by Mr Alexander Robertson, minister, along with the other signatures. It
has the words before the third item of the confession : — "And being inquired if
shee hade done any malefice to any, shee answered that she wronged Baillie Wood
kc" as above ; and before the fourth item :— " And having inquired if shee hade done
any other malefices shee confessed that she had wronged Thomas Webster," as
above.
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250 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, APKIL 9, 1888.
second mieting the divill and the witches did drinke together, having flesh
bread and aile, and that the persones in the first mieting were lykeways present
at the second mieting. Further shoe confesses that the divill straiked her
shoulder with his fingers and that after that she had ease in the place formerly
niped by the divelL
Shoe confesses that shoe was present at ane third mieting with the forenamed
persones near Eerymure and that the divill and the said witches daunced
togidder, and that ^e divill kissed hir selfe that night and that it was ane cold
kisse. Shoe confesses that Mary Eynd was at one of thir mietings, and that
shoe was called The Divill's Dau[ghter]. Shoe confesses hir selfe guilty of
witchcraft and that shoe is willing to suffer deith for it.
This confession was maid befor the subscribers, and ratified befor the
ministers of the Presbitry of Forfar on the 25th of September instant
Mr Alex. Robertsone. J. Guthrie.
Da. Dickson, BaiUie. James Bennt.
Chables Dickson. J. Robertson, wreitter in Forfar.
Charles Thobntoune. Wm. Cuthbert.
Th. Robsbtsone, writer in Forfar.
The Ckmfessione of Jonet SUnU,
Joanet Stout confesseth as followeth, First That about thrie halfe yeares
since shoe was at a mieting with the divill and other witches at Petterden in
the midway betwixt Forfar and Dondie. And that beside hir selfe ther wer
present at this mieting Elspet Alexander Isabell Shyrrie Helen Guthrie Joanet
Howit and John Tailzour. And that at the said mieting the divill and the
said witches daunced togither and that the divill kissed sundrie of them bot
did not kisse hir selfe because shoe stealled behind the backes of the rest.
And that they received new names viz. Elspet Alexander was called Alesone,
Isabell Shyrrie The Horse, Helen Guthrie The White Witch, Joanet Howit
The Pretty Dauncer, John Tailzour Beelzebob, and for hir own name shoe hade
forgot it.
(2) That shoe was at ane other melting with the divill and the said witches
at the Mury Knowes about four or six weekes after the first mieting at Petter-
den and that at this second meeting the divill and the said witches did eat and
drinke, having flesch bread and aile upon ane table as shoe thought, and that
the said Joanet Huit was capper and filled the drinke.
(3) That shoe was at a third mieting with the divill and the said
witches, and that they daunced at the said mieting which was near to Eery-
mure.
(4) Shoe confesses that the divill appeared to hir two severall tymes at the
well of Drumgley and told hir that shoe sould not want.
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CONFESSIONS OF THE FORFAR WITCHES. 251
(5) Shoe confesses hir selfe guilty of witchcraft and that shoe is wiUiDg to
suffer deith for it
This confession was maid on the I7th September befor the under-subscrivers
and ratified befor the ministers of the Presbitry of Forfar on the 25th day of
the said moneth of September instant
Mr Alex. Robertsone. James Beknt.
Da. Dickson, Baillie. J. Robertsone, writter in Forfar.
Charles Dickson. Wm. Cuthbert.
Charles Thorntoune. A. Heich.
Th. Robertsone, writer in Forfar.
[Another copy of this confession has the following under the signatures: — ]
The said Jonet confest befor John Hepbume James Esplen and George
Renney that she had camale copulation with the divill at Petterden.
The Confemon of Ketheren Portour, maid at Forfar on the day of
September 1661 Befor the subscribers and ratified at severaU tymes
befor severaU other persones.
Ketheren Portour confesseth as foUoweth First That about hir
selfe and two other women who are now both dead did meet at the quarrie
near the buter wall and that the divill met them there and haid some discourse
with the other two women, hot for hir selfe shoe was feared and did haist
away.
(2) Shoe confesses that at ane other tyme the said women being present with
hir selfe the diviU came to them at the bleachin grien hard by the touiie of
Forfar and haid discourse with the said two women who are now dead. Bot
for hir selfe shoe reproved them and told them if they wold not com away that
shoe being blind wold goe be hir selfe allon as shoe could.
(3) That after that, the forsaid two women tooke hirfurth to Ferytounfields
near to Forfar to get ane sour coug and quhill they wer togither in the said
Ferytounfields the diviU came to them and that although shoe was a bHnd
woman for many yeares before, yit at that time shoe hade some sight so far
as that shoe saw the divill and that he hade ane blacke plaid about him and
that the divill tooke hir by the hand and that his hand was cold and that ther-
upon shoe haistened away.
(4) That shoe hes been a great banner and a terrible curser, and a very
wicked woman.
Mr Alex. Robertson?. Wm. Cuthbert, merchant
T. Guthrie, Bailie. A. Heich.
J. Robertsone, writter in Forfar.
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252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
The Confession of Agnes Sparhe, maid at Forfar the 26th September
1661, before Mr Alexander Robertson minister^ Charles Dickyson
baillie, James Webster, Thomas Robertson and Thomas Scot, notars
inFor&r.
The said Agnes Sparke confesseth as followeth, first, that in August last
Isobel Shirie cam to hir about midnight, and carried her awaj to Littlemiln
or thereabout, and that ther shoe did sie about ane dusson of people dauncing,
and that thej had suet musicke amongst them and as shoe thought it was the
musicke of ane pype, and that shoe hard that people ther present did speake of
Isabell Shirie and say that shoe was the divillB horse, and that the divill did
alwayes ryde upon hir, and that she was shoad like ane mare or ane horse,
and that night the said Isabel Shirrie went aside fra hir for some tyme, and
that the divill (as shoe supposed), had then carnal copulation with hir. And
that shee did see Joanet Howit ther, and that shoe was called the pretty
dauncer. And that Isabel Shirie carried hir back again to hir owne
house. That the nixt day after, shoe went to see the said Isabell, and that
shoe fund hir lying on hir bed, and that shoe did ly all that day. And that hir
hands were very sore and that she plucked the skin off them and maid great
moan and said that it was no wonder that shoe haid so sore hands seeing shoe
was so sore tossed up and doune, and the said Agnes answered hir If you
haid not been at such worke yesterevin as you was at, you wold not have been
lying in your bed this day. And that Isobell said Have ye nothing to doe
with that and speake notldng of it to anie bodie. That the said Isobell used
many entysing words to draw hir on to the devill's service, and said it would
be ane great joy to hir to be in such service. But she refused to hearken to hir.
Mr Alex. Robertson. Th. Robertson writer in Forfar.
Charles Dickson. A. Heich.
Ane further Confession made be Helen Guthrie, prisoner in the Tolbooth of
Forfar for witchcraft on the 28 of October 1661, before Mr Alex-
ander Robertsone minister, Alexander Scot provost, Thomas Guthrie
and David Dickesone baillies, Charles Dickesone lait baillie, Charles
Thomtoun, James Benny elder, and James Benny younger, John
Auld, William Cuthbert and Alexander Benny, burgesses of the said
burgh of Forfar.
First, the said Helen confesses that about the tyme that St Johnstounes
bridge wes carried away shoe murdered hir mother's dochter callit Marget
Hutchen,^ being hir halfe-sister about sex or seven yeares of age, and that for
^ The following is added on the margin : — *' Killed her sister named Maiget
Hatcben, who was mother children with hir, by a stroak she gave hir, to the
effusion of hir blood, and of the which she died within few dayes."
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CONFESSIONS OF THE FORFAB WITCHES. 253
the said murther hir mother did give alwayes hir malison to hir, yea and
upone hir deathe bed continued to give her malison notwithstanding the said
Helens earnest request and beseikings in the contrair, and that she strak
hir said sister at Uiat tyme till she bled, whilk stroak was afterwards hir
death.
(2) That about thrie years before the last ait seed tyme, shee was at a meitting
in the church yeard of Forfar in the holfe thereof and that ther wer present
ther the divell himself in the shape of a black iron hewed man, and these
persons following Katheren Porter, Mary Rynd, Isobell Shyrrie, Elspet Alex-
ander, Jonet Stout, Cristen Whyte, Andrew Watsone, John Tailzeor, Geoige
Ellies, and that they daunced together, and that the groimd under them was
all fireflaughts, and that the said Andrew Watsone had his usuale staff in
his hand altho' he be a blind man yet he daunced alse nimblie as any of the
company and made alse great mirriement by singing his old ballads, and
that the said Isabell Shyrrie did sing her song called tinkletum tankletum, and
that the divil kist every ane of the women and for herself the divell kist onlie
her hand.
(3) That about ane yeare efter the forementioned meitting betwixt the ait-
seid and the beir-seid shee was at ane other meitting at the pavilione-holl and
that ther wer present the divell himselfe in shape as befor, and the persones
of the first meitting, viz. Mary Rynd, Isobell Shyrrie, Elspet Alexander, Jonet
Stout, Christen Whyte, Catheren Porter, Andrew Watsone, Johne Tailzeor,
George Ellies and besydes these there were also Helen Alexander living in
Forfar, Catheren Wallace in the parochin of Forfar, Isobel Smith in the
paroch of Oathlaw, and that they daunsed a whyle togidder till they were
skaired by some people coming by and that thereupon they were fryghted and
[fled] suddenly.
(4) That this same year, betwixt the oatseid and bearsied shee was
at a thrid meitting in the church yeard of Forfar in the holfe thereof
about the same tyme of the nyght [as they used to hold] meittings, viz.,
at midnyght and that there were present the divell himselfe [and all the]
persones mentioned in the first meitting together with Helen Alexander and
that they daunced togither a whyle and then went to Mary Rynds house and
sat doune at the table the divell being present at the head of it and that some
of them went to John Bennyes house he being a brewer and brought ale from
thence and that they [went] threw in at a litle holl lyk bies and took the substance
of the aile, and others of them to Alexander Hieches and brought aqua vite
from thence and thus made themselves mirrie, and that the divell made much
of them all but especiallie of Mary Rynd and that hh kist them all except the
said Helen herselfe whose hand onlie he kist, and that at the said meitting they
agried togidder to undoe the aforesaid John Benny in his meanes, and that
she and Jonet Stout sat opposite ane to another at the table.
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254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
(5) That at the first of theis meittingis Andrew Watsone, Mary Rynd, Elspet
Alexander, Isobell Shyrrie and herselfe, went up to the church wall about the
'south east doore, and the said Andrew Watsone reased a young baime un-
baptized, and took severall pieces thereof, as the feet the hands a pairt of the
head and a pairt of the buttock, and that they made a py thereof that they
might eat of it, that by this meanes they might never make a confession (as
they thought) of their witchcraft And that she knowes that Elspet Bruice
and Marie Rynd and severall other witches went to see the King's corona-
tioune.
(6) That the beginning of the last oatsied tyme, Elspet Bruice in Cor-
taquhie, now prisoner upoun the suspitione of witchcraft, hade a webb of
cloath stoUen from her and that thereby by turning the sive and the sheires
she reased the divell who being werry hard to be laid againe ther was a
melting of witches for laying of him and that amongst others shee hirselfe and
Janet Stout and the said Elspet Bruice were present ; for the rest shee knew
them not And that at this meitting they hade pipe musick and dauncing as
they used to have at all other meittingis. And that at last they went to the
bridge of Cortaquhie with intentione to pull it doune and that for this end
shee hirselfe, Jouet Stout and others of them did thrust their shoulders aganest
the bridge, and that the divell was bussie amang them acting his pairt, and
that ther wes ane extraordinary great wind reased so that the boords of the
bridge flew to and fro at a great distance and that at this meitting the divill
kist them all except herself and that he kist her hand onlie.
(7) That about a week before St James's day last hirselfe Isobell Shyrrie and
Elspet Alexander did meit togither at an aile-house near to Barrie a little
before sunsett and that efter they hade stayed in the said house about the
space of ane houre drinking of thrie pints of ale togidder they went foorth to
the sands, and that ther thrie other women met them and that the divell
was ther present with them all in the shape of ane great horse, and that they
concludit the sinking of ane shipp lying not farr off from Barrie, and that
presentlie the said company appoynted hirselfe to tak hold of the cable tow
and to hold it fast until they did retume and she hir selfe did presentlie take
hold of the cable tow and that the rest with the divill went into the sea upon
the said cable as she thought and that about the space of an houre therefter
they returned all in the same likeness as of before except that the divell was
in the shape of a man upoune his retume, and that the rest wer sore traiked
and that the divill did kiss them all except herselfe and that he kist her hand
onlie, and that then they concludit another meitting to be at the nixt Hallow-
mes and that they parted so late that night that she could get no lodging
and was forced to lie at ane dykesyde all nyght
(8) That the last summer except one she did de Johne Tailzeor sometymes
in the shape of a todde and sometimes in the shape of a swyn and that the
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CX)NFBSSIONS OF THE FOKFAR WITCHES. 255
said Johne Tailzeor in these shapes went up and doune among William
MiUne, miller at Hetherstakes, his comes for the destructione of the same,
because the said WiUiame hade taken the mylne over his head, and that the
divell cam to hir and pointed out John Tailzeor in the foresaid shapes unto
her and told her that that wes Johne Tailzeor.
That she the said Helen Guthrie knowes assuredlie that Elspet Pigots death
which wes in wanting laitlie, wes taken away by a gentleman's servand who
lodgit in the house at ane certane tyme and that shee wes assured of this
by a spirit which shee has besyde other folkes yea besyde all the witches in
Angus.
Mr Alex. Robertsoke. A. Scott.
Charles Dickson. Da. Dickson.
Charles Thorntoune. J. Quthrie.
James Bennt. John Auld.
13 Nov. 1661. Helen Guthrie confest befor Jonet Stout that shee was ane
witch a long tyme since and that shee went abroad with the Egiptians shee
being a witch then.
Commission to the Provost and Baillies of Forfar and others for Trial
o/IsoBEL Shtrrie 7th November 1661.
Charles be the grace of God King of Great Britane France and Ireland
defender of the faith to all and sundiy our leidges and subjects whom it efferis
to whose knowledge thir our letters shall come greitting Forsameikle as
Issobel Syrrie indweller in Forfar hes confest the abominable cryme of witch-
craft in entering into paction with the divell renuncing hir baptism and other-
wayes as hir depositions in presence of divers famous witnesses beares there-
fore wee with advyce and consent of the Lords of our Privy Councill have
granted and given and by these presents gives and grantes our full power
authority expresse bidding and chaise to our lovitts Patrick Caimcrosse of
Balmishanner Mr Thomas Huntar of Restennett David Huntar of Burnsyde
Gideon Guthrie of Halkertoune Alex. Guthry of Carsbank Alex. Scott provest
of Forfar Thomas Guthrie and David Dickson baylies there or any fyve of
them to meitt at such tymes and places as they shall think most convenient and
there to afiix and hold courts call suits amerciat absents uplift unlawes and
amerciaments and creat clerks sergands demsters and all other members of
court neidfuL And in their said courts to call the said IssobeU Syrrie and to
put her to her tryall and to the knowledge of ane assyse and if ^e shall be
found guilty upon volunteer confession without any sort of torture or any
other indirect meanes used against her to bring her to ane confession or that
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256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
malefices be otherwayes legally instructed and proven that then and in that
case and no otherwayes they cause justice be administrat and execute upon her
conform to the lawes of this kingdome And to doe all other things necessary
to the execution of this [commission according to] the lawes of the kingdome.
With power also to the said [Commissioners] or any fyve of them to secure
such others as are or shall be delate guilty and to examine them and to use all
fair meanes without any sort of torture for their tryall and bringing them to
the confession of their sinnes. Given under our Signett at Edinburgh the
sevent day of November and of our reigne the threttenth yeare 1661.
Glencairn Cancellarius. Jo. Gilmour.
RoTHBS. Jo. Fletcher.
LdJLITHGOW. J. LOCKHART.
Home. Robt. Murray.
The Confession off Isobell Smith witch, drawen from hir mouth and written
by the minister, frequently repeated befor the under subscribers and
witness with tears and cryes for mercie and the help of their prayers
[2nd Jan. 1662].
First shee confessed adultery twentie years agoe with ane man who is now
dead, desyring to pray for hir poor soule.
Secondly shee confessed covenant and pactione with the divell years
agoe when shee dwelt in Hillsyd, the conditiones was that shee sould renunce
god and hir Baptisme and serve and obey him if he would wrong [the persons]
that wronged hir, or she pleased to wrong for > And he promised hir
three halffpennies a year wages which shee aflirmed to be little gaine in respect
of hir great [loss] of hir soule.
Thirdly shee confessed many meittings with the divell and hir compacts.
Ane on the head off the hill off Fineheaven while shee was alone gathering
heather hee appeared to hir alone lik ane braw gentleman when shee was
desyring either god or the divell to revenge hir on James Gray, Bowman to
my Lord Spynie, and that tyme they made their covenant and he kissed her
and lay with her as shee thought and his mouth and breath wer wery cold and
his body lyk clay. The second meiting was in the playfield of Forfar wher
HeUen Guthrie Mary Rynd Isobell Shyrrie Elspet Bruce, Helen Cothills and
the divell danced. The third meitting was at Cadgers Denne coming out
of Breichan when the divell appeared to her alone lik ane light gentleman
and convoyed hir a piece dating hir and lay with hir and went away. The
fourth meitting was at Cortequhy Bridge. Hellen Cothills cam about hir and
guyded hir through the bog of Coule and when she cam ther she met with the
divell, Helen Guthrie Elspett Bruce, Isobell Sherry pepperpocks or Isobell
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CONFESSIONS OF THE FORFAR WITCHES. 257
Smith and ane old body off called Finlason who could help us noth-
ing quoth shee. Wee all rewed that meitting for we hurt ourselves lifting.
The occasion of the meitting was Elspet Bruce wanted ane piece cloath which
was drying on the Bridge-revills and therefore the devill and shee concluded
ther sould pass nobody mor that bridge. When wee had done quoth shee Elspet
Bruce gave the deviU ane goose in hir own house. And hee dated hir maist
of them all because shee was ane prettie woman. And by these meitings they
met with him every quarter at Candlemas Roodday Lambsmas and Hallow
[mas] in any place wher hee appointed. Shee confessed ther was ane wholl
Army of them at these miettings tho' shee knew but few of them ; and that
Hellen Guthrie and Hellen Cothills went on the head of the army. Shee
said that Be[ssie] Croketin Tannides was one of the army.
Fourthly shee confessed that because James Gray would not lett hir cow
eat on hir own rigge syd, shee was his death by blowing ill .... in his fjEice,
wishing hee might niver keep that bame so long as hir husband did, upon
which hee died suddainly.
Fifthly shee confessed that shee was the death of John Dargy by laying on
hir hand on the small off his back, wishing that hee might never be able to doe
80 much to any other as hee had done to hir (for hee had strucken hir and drawin
hir in ane strip), upon which itt followed that hee dwined long, sweating daily
till hee died.
Sixthly shee confessed shee took away Androw Nicolls cowes milk out off
greed thinking hee might spare it and shee would be the better of it, and yit
tho* the cow gave no mor milk shee gat none of it but what his wyff gave her
that morning. Shee confessed she did the lyk to John Dyk because his wyf
would not give hir milk and that the calf followed hir. She lykwyss confessed
IsobeU Webster brak hir hens legg and therefore shee prayed Let thee
never get mor good off thy cows milk nor I get off my hen's ^gs ; and the
cow gave no mor milk ; she confessed she would have wronged [IsobeU
Webster] hir selfe if shee could.
Seaventhly besides hir own confession shee was delated to be ane
witch by Hellen Guthrie and Hellen Cothills, and Hellen Guthrie gave
in many presumptions on hir as death off John Fyff and Margaret Fyff
and tormenting off Jannet Mitchell by keeping hir pictnr the casting ill
betwixt Alex. Kid and his wyff, and the death of ane horse that eated hir
come, the wrong off Androw Peacok by casting som thing at him, disabling
him in his bench, because he feed hir son, and took him not home, and that hir
mother caist ill one Robert Dog, and shee took it off and cuist it one his foal
which died suddenly and he recovered of his gimeing and foaming at the
mouth. These presumptiones tho' shee has not confessed them are many of
them probably true because they followed immediately upon som acts of hirs.
Thuridayj 2nd Jan, 1662. — The above- written confession was ratified,
VOL. XXIL R
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258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
approven, and acknowledged be the said Isobell Smith before the judges
nominat in the Commission.
Mr A. Stratone, minister.
Robert Lindsay.
Al£2L^nder Hog.
Jahes Burne.
Th. Bobertsone, clerk. David Fitchit.
[5 more illegible].
Ane additione to hir Confession,
Imprimis shoe confesses that at the meitting att Cortequhy ther was ther
besydes Margaret Nicol Elspet Hebrone, whom Helen Guthry
and Hellen guilty lykewyse.
2nd She declares these three to have been at the playfield oflf Forfar
danceing.
Thirdly that witches many times wronges themselves snares for
other men and ther goods which will that which comes nearest it be
it ther own or
Hellen Guthry confessed to me that ther was ane wyff in the town of Oathlaw
who wronged Robert .... ane old man to hir husband and dwelt at E . . . .
shee thought that I might know whom shee meant
Wee have severall presumptiones against som other persones and desyres
they may be tryed.
Mr A. Stratonb, minister,
2iid Jan, Before the Judges in the Session-house,
The said Isobell did cnnfess that Bessie Croket was with them at [a meitt-
ing] and that Mary Rynd was with them in the playfield [of Forfar], and that
they had four meetings at Candlemas Ruidday, Lambesmas and Hallowmas,
and that Elspet Bruce was in the playfield.
Thursday 2nd January 1662.
Couveined James Keith of Oaldhame Sheriff-Depute of Forfar Patrick
Cairncross of Balmishenner, David Hunter of Bumesyde Mr Thomas Hunter
of Restennet, Alexander Guthrie of Carsbank as Judges nominat be ane
commissione granted be His Hieghness with consent of the Lords of his
Majesteis privie CounselL
Concludet be the mouth of the said James Keith preces nominat be them
that if any of the judges shall feale in keiping of the dyets appointed to be her-
efter the partie failzier to pay a certane soume to be nominat be those present
with consent of the preces.
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CONFESSIONS OF THE FORFAR WITCHES. 259
Helen CothiU after reading of hir confession to hir did acknowledge the
samen and declared all wes trew that wes [exprest] therein.
Isobell Smith in Oathlaw compeared and ratified approved and acknow-
ledged hir confessione as the samen is written and subscrivit
Helen Guthrie acknowledgit hir confessione and that she wold know ony
witch when she sies them in the face and that Elspet Bruce raised the great
wind at the meeting at the brig of Cortaquhie.
Helen Cothill and Elspet Bruce being confronted togidder the said Helen
affirmed that the said Elspet was at the meetings, exprest and given up in hir
confessione.
IsobeU Smith being also confronted with the said Elspet veryfied hir dela-
tiones made and given up in hir confessione against the said Elspet Bruce.
Helen Guthrie being confronted with the said Elspet verified in her face
that she was the death of Lady Isobell Ogilvy dochter to the Erie of Airlie
and that she was a witche, and that she was the death of John Finnie and
that ther was a fyre at the gavill of the said Elspets hous that nycht Lady
IsobeU Ogilvy was buried, and that John Finnies wyfe Helen Kobertsone, cam
at nicht to the said Elspet, and saw the fyre and her children dancing about
it and that Isabell Bruce servand to the said Elspet knowes something of the
fyre. The said Elspet being asked if this were proven against her wold she
tak with the guilt of witchcraft on her ? She replyed she wold doe so.
She also granted that if so be that it wer proven against her that she had
committed adulterie she would acknowledge herself a witche, and also that
if the things wer found in hir house as wes aledged and to be proven she wold
tak the guilt of witchcraft on her. The said Elspet being inquired if she wald
tak the guilt of witchcraft on hir if it wer proven against hir that there was
ane rossin goose in her house that day the wind was risen and the buirds of
the brig of Cortaquhie did flie from it, she replied if it wer so proven she wold
tak with the guilt and sin of witchcraft
Friday, Zd January 1662.
Conveined James Keith of Caldham Sheriff- Deput of Forfar Patrick
Caimcross of Balmishenner Mr Thomas Hunter of Restennet David Hunter
of Bumesyde Alexander Guthrie of Carsbank Alexander Scott provest,
Thomas Guthrie and David Dickisone baiUies, as Judges nominat be our
Soverayne lord's commissione for putting to tryeU of Helen Cothill, Isobell
Smith and Elspet Alexander and other persones contained in the commis-
sione, and having caUed before them the said Helen Cothill IsobeU Smith
Elspet Alexander, after reiding of their confessions severallie befor the persons
of Inquest foUowing the said thiie persons arraigned did object nothing aganes
the assysers, the Judges did put the said three persones to the tryeU of the said
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260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
Nomina Assysb. — Alexr. Eyde elder of Birkenboss, Patrick Pyet in
Turing, John Fairweather in Baldardy, George Bellie there, Andrew
Dalgatie in Taring, John Dalgatie in Turing, William Sturrock in Barry,
Robert Lyndsay in Ra^elgie, David Fitchet in Windieage, John Morgoun in
Corstoune of Dunichten, James Borne in Blairestedden, Bobert Walnia in
Kirriemuir, Andrew Smith in Ladywell; Andrew Smith in Baldindery,
Robert Bruice in Meikle Covle-^ElecH etjuraii,
QuhUk day the heall assyse be the mouth of the said James Bume
chancellor to them did find the said Helen Cothill Isobell Smith and Elspet
Alexander and either of them guiltie of the said abhominable cryme of witch-
craft and malefices done be them, conform to their several confessiones
And therefore aught and sould suffer death as witches. And remits the way
manner and tyme of their deathes to the judges above-named.
Jambs Bubne.
The judges ordanes the said Isobell Smith Helen Cothill and Elspet
Alexander and aither of them to be first strangled and thereafter burnt to
ashes the morrow Saturday betwixt 12 aclok in the morning and one aclok
in the eftemone. Whereupon Donald Mackeynge gave doom.
Confession of Matjorie Ritchie in presence of the Commissioners James
Keith Sheriff Deput of Angus Lyon of John Fother-
ingham of Dinoon,. . . . Ogilvy of Quich, Alexander Bonar of Kincal-
drum. .... Guthrie of Halkertoune, Thomas Broune of and the
Provest and Bailies of Forfar or any five of them to call the
said Marjorie Ritchie and to put her to a legal and judicial tryall and
to make ane report to your Lordships of what confessions should be
made be her judiciallie and that at the time of her confessione she ivas
of sound judgement noways distracted tortured or under any
to die and what malefices should be legally instructed and proven
against her, to the effect yonr lordships may give further ordour for
proceeding against her conforme to the lawes of this realme.
Whilk commission being on this thretten day of Junii 1662 years presented
and with reverence receaved be us within the tolbooth of the burgh of
Forfar after reading thereof we did cause call the said Marjorie Ritchie who
willingly and freely declared and confesst the particular confession after
exprest viz. : She confessed that the devill appeared to her thrie severall times
in the similitude of a womane, the first time in one Jonet Barries house,
the second time while she was pulling up lint in the compynie of the said
Janet, and that the devil did take her by the hand at that time and promised
that she should never want moneys, and therafter that the devill appeared to
her in the moss of the Newtoune of Airly, where and when she did renounce
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CONFESSIONS OP THE FORFAR WITCHES. 261
her baptism. She also confest at being at ane marcat in Aleth, wher she
offering to buy ane cow frae ane certaine man he refusing to sell her npone
the pryce she offered him she caused the cow to follow her home. As also
confessed that she having ane great grudge at her neighboure John Storrok
in the kirktoune of Inneraritie she resolved to be avenged upoune him or
his wyfe she in ane morning did lay doune a little meall with a threid before
the said Johne his door wheroutof his wyfe having come first and passing
over the meall and threid immediately thereafter she had ane alteratione in all
the members and parts of hir bodie and for the space of ane yeare thereafter
shee was not able to tume hirself upon hir bed. Shee also confest that shee
was the death of one William Keith by casting ane clod at him in the greene
of the loane of Inneraritie, and that she did cast evil upon Bobert Douglas
whereby he was and b distracted, and that she witched ane cow by casting a
clod at her who afterwards died. And that she having indignatione at her
son-in-law Alexander Meassone, she did lay doune ane little quantitie of oats
before his doore thereby thinking to bring him to povertie, and that she
was the death of ane horse belonging to Robert Lonnane in Arlie she having
malice against the said Robert After which confession we under writtars
having inquired the said Maijorie giff she had been any wayes tortured she
answered she was not) and that what she had confessed was friely willingly
and of treuth, and that she had no furder to confesa And this for report of
your Lordships commission and dischai^ of our deutie we mak manifest and
notour to your Lordships be ther presentis, written be Thomas Robertsone
clerk depute of the burgh of Forfar and clerk to our court Subscribed be us
and him att Forfar the said threetten day of June 1662 years.
[Docketed on back]
Double of the Abstract of the declarations against Elspet Bruice, Jidy 1662.
Followeth the declarationes of the witches aftemamed made and givin
in against Elspet Bruice in the paroch of Cortachie, prisoner in the
wardhouse of Forfar on suspitione of witchcraft, before James Keith
of Caldhame, Sheriff-Deput of Forfar, Patrick Caimcross of Balmy-
shenner, David Hunter of Bumesyd, Mr Thomas Hunter of Resten-
nent, Alexander Guthrie of Carsbank, Alexander Scott provest,
Thomas Guthrie and David Dickson baillies of the brugh of Forfar,
Judges nominat by the Lords of His Majesties Privy Counsell for
putting of the said witches to tiyall on the second day of January
1662 years.
Whilk day Helen Guthrie witch in Forfar being confronted with the said
Elspet Bruice before the Judges above-named, did declare that the said Elspet
Bruice was as reale a witch as the said Helen is, and that she was at severall
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262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
meetings with the divill and uther witches, and speciallie at ane meeting at'
the bridge of Cortachie wher the divill and they reased ane greit wind of
intentione to pull doone the bridge, and that the said Elspet Bmice was the
death of Lady Isobell Ogilvy daughter to the Earle of Airlie, and the night
the said Ladie was buried there was ane greit fyre seen at the geaviU wall of
the said Elspets house whereat the said Elspet and hir children were seen
dancing. The said Elspet being inquyred if ther was such a fyre that night
and shee and her children about it shoe replyed ther was not, and declared
that if it could be proven that ther was any such fyre she tuck the guilt of
witchcraft upone hir. And it being allaiged that she had committed adulterie,
she denyed and declared that if it could be proven against her shoe would also
take with the guilt of witchcraft, and which adulterie the said Elspet thereafter
did confess. It being also allaiged be the said Helen Guthrie against the said
Elspet that that night or the night before ane greit wind was reased at the
bridge of Cortachie, the said Elspet had ane rossin goose in her house for the
divill and some of her night[bour8]. The said Elspet denying that, shoe
declared that if it could be provin against her that she hed ane rossin goose in
her house or that she was in the toune of Kerymure that day the great wind
was reased at the bridge of Cortachy shoe would lykwayes tak upone her the
guilt of witchcraft
The said Helen Guthrie also declared and affirmed that the said Elspet
Bruice was a witch and that shoe hed keipit severall metings with the devill
[herselfe] and the said Helen Guthrie ; one meting at the bog of Coule, and
ane uther at the bridge of Cortachie, wher they did turn the sive and [tried to
discover a] wob of gray cloath that the said Elspet had wanted, ane other
meting at the brunt heuch, and ane other meting at the said Elspet Bruice's
house wher the said Elspet did give the divill a goose to tell [her who had]
stolen the gray wob.
The deceist Isobell Smith witch in the paroch of Oathlaw being con£ronted
with the said Elspet Bruice, declared and affirmed the said Elspet to be a
witch [and that] she had kepit severall metings with the divill and herself
Helen Guthrie, Helen Cothill and severall other witches, one meting on the
play-field of Forfar [ane other] meting at the bog of Coule, ane other meting
at the bridge of Cortachie, and ane other at the said Elspets own house where
she gave the divill the goose.
ExtractU furth of the of the judges above-named
at their he me.
Th. Robebtsone, clerk-depute of the
Burgh of Forfar and Clerk to the said Judges.
First of August 1662, delyverit this extract of the above- written declarations
to Williame Bowmane to dely ver it to my Lord Airlie.
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CRUCIFORM FIBULA OR BROOCH OF BRONZE. 263
m.
NOTICE OF A LARGE CRUCIFORM FIBULA OR BROOCH OF BRONZE,
OVERLAID WITH GOLD, FOUND IN PETERBOROUGH IN 1878.
By Dr THOMAS J. WALKER. Communicated by J. T. IRVINE, F.S.A.
SCX)T.
The accompanying drawing is an accurate representation by Mr J. T.
Irvine of a brooch in my possession, which at once arrested his attention,
from the occurrence in its ornamentation of a face like that of the god
Thor, with spectacled eyes, curvilinear nose, and hirsute visage, to which,
as a characteristic Scandinavian design, the attention of the Society was
specially directed by Dr Joseph Anderson in a paper published in the
Proceedings for 1880-1881.
This fibula was found in that part of the borough of Peterborough
situated on the south side of the river Nene. A very short distance
below this point the river enters the fen district, and through all the
ages that the fens were in their original wild and imdrained condition
the neighbourhood of Peterborough would, from the conformation of the
country, be the point to which those who were following the various
tracts which skirted or tended to the fens must converge to cross the
river. It is therefore probable that, from the earliest times, there wotdd
be human settlement here. About four miles above the town, the
foundations of the bridge by which the Koman road crossed the river
still exist, and within half a mile of the spot where this fibula was found
a large number of Roman coins and ornaments have recently been dis-
covered. The chronicled history of the town commences with the found-
ing of the monastery in the seventh century ; after this period it is known
that the Danes more than once possessed themselves of the monastery,
and in the names of the villages, &c., evidence of their settlement in the
district still exists.
These brief notes of the earliest history of the locality are not, I think,
irrelevant to the subject of Mr Irvine's sketch.
At intervals during the last seventy or eighty years ornaments and
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CKUCIFORM FIBULA OR BROOCH OF BRONZK. 265
other objects of Saxon type have been found in a field on the south
bank of the river a mile higher up than that in which recently, in the
progress of excavations undertaken for obtaining gravel, this brooch, to-
gether with numerous skeletons, cinerary urns, brooches, buckles, beads,
shuttles, spear-heads, shield bosses, have been exposed The character
of almost all these relics is that of similar articles found in Anglo-Saxon
cemeteries, but one or two of the ornaments are peculiar. The brooch
(fig. 1) in connection with which, at Mr Irvine's request, I write these
notes, is bronze, gilt, and measures 6 inches in length and 3 inches across;
the details of the ornamentation are so faithfully given in the accom-
panying drawing, that no description on my part is required.
If the face with " spectacled " eyes, &c., which occurs three times in
the general design, taken with the other details, absolutely fixes its
Scandinavian origin, this brooch, and all the other articles found in these
gravel pits, are probably relics of the Danes who attacked and destroyed
the monastery of Peterborough in the ninth century ; but, on the other
hand, the general type of the bulk of the ornaments would rather indicate
that they were Early Saxon, and that they are the traces left behind by
the heathen inhabitants who lived and died here during the latter portion
of the 300 years which elapsed between the departure of the Romans
and the founding of the Christian monastery.
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266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1888.
IV.
NOTICE OF A STONE, APPARENTLY A SINKER, WITH INCISED
FIGURES OF ANIMALS, FROM A TDMULUS AT BRIDGE OF BROGAR,
STENNIS, ORKNEY. By JAMES NOBLE.
The stone now exhibited — presumably a sinker — which is the subject
of the present notice, was found at a tumulus situated close to the
Bridge of Brogar, Stennis, Orkney.
The tumulus impinged upon the comer of a field, and the edge of it
next the field was being cut o% apparently for the purpose of enlarging
the field. A considerable portion of the tumulus had thus been removed;
the depth of the section up to where the workmen had cut would be
from 3 to 4 feet. The stones found in the soil, which were numerous,
were thrown back on the top of the tumulus, and it was amongst this
heap that the sinker was found. There could be no doubt that it had
been dug from the tumulus, but at what depth it was lying when
unearthed I am unable to state.
It may be mentioned that a flint arrow-head and a flint scraper were
found some years ago at the same tumulus.
The stone (fig. 1) is of oblong shape, tapered slightly at one end, and
grooved round the sides. It is a slightly water or weather worn botdder
of the sandstone common to the Mainland of Orkney and the north of
Scotland. It is possible that it may have been picked oflf the beach of the
neighbouring loch of Biennis in the form in which it now is, selected for
its adaptability as a sinker, and the groove made round it (if it be not
also due to weathering) in which to adjust the fishing line. Then the
possessor added in some leisure hour the figures cut upon it (figs. 1 and 2),
which consist of two fishes and a seal (?) on the narrow side, and further
decorated the flat side by cutting a line round the edges, and one from
top to bottom, and another across, thus obtaining four divisions upon
which some other devices have been made, but are now imfortimately
defaced beyond definite recognition. The two fishes and seal (?), how-
ever, depicted on the side are well preserved ; they are wonderfully well
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STONE SINKER, WITH INCISED FIGURES.
267
drawn, the manipulation indicating that the artist must have possessed
considerable intelligence — the form, at any rate, is well developed. The
scales on the two larger fishes are indicated by little curled scribbles,
which, however, fail to give the idea of the overlapping of the scales.
Figs. 1, 2. Stone with incised Figures, found near Bridge of Brogar (7i inches in length).
and it is possible he may not have given the attention necessary to this
portion of his subject. An outline of what has been doubtless intended
for a fish is also shown, but this he seems to have left unfinished as a
failure, the form not satisfying his conceptions. The cutting seems to
have been done with a sharp flat instrument.
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268 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
Monday, 23rd April 1888.
Sheripp NORMAN MACPHERSON, Vice-President,
in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly
elected Fellows: —
George Brown, Bookseller, 2 Spottiswood Street
J. F. Mackat, W.S., Whitehouse, Cramond.
Rev. W. C. WiNSLOW, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L., American Secretary of
the Palestine Exploration Fund, Boston, Mas^, U.S. A
The following articles, acquired by the Purchase Committee for the
Museum and Library, during the Session from 30th November to this
date, were exhibited : —
1. Three Silver Brooches, and Fragments of other objects of bronze
found with them, at Tummel Bridge, Perthshire. The brooches are of
the penannular form with expanded ends, as shown in fig. 1, which
represents the most entire of the three, measuring 2| inches diameter,
the pin extending to 4j^ inches in length. Of the other two brooches,
one is slightly larger and the other a little smaller. Both want the
punctulated ornamentation on the margin of the expanded terminal
parts of the ring, but the laiger one has the pin so ornamented. Among
the fragments of bronze objects found with them are portions of the
rims of two bronze dishes, one of which must have been of pretty laige
size, and a circular object, which may have been a harness ornament.
They were found some years ago in the earth under the roots of a tree
which had been blown down.
2. Ball of Rock Crystal, If inch in diameter, said to have been found
somewhere in Fife many years ago. Similar balls of rock ciystal are
not unfrequently found with Anglo-Saxon interments of the Pagan
period in England.
3. Stone Disc, 4 inches in diameter. If inch in thickness, with a hole
2 inches in diameter in the centre, from Dolphinton.
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PURCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM. 269
4. Oval Badge, in silver, of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, with
the figure of George IV. as a Gardener.
5. Polished Celt or Axe-Head of claystone, 4J inches in length by 2 J
inches in width across the cutting face ; perforated Disc of sandstone, 2
inches diameter ; and two Whorls of claystone, from Overhowden, Oxter,
parish of Lauder, Berwickshire.
Fig. 1. Silver Brooch, one of three found at Tummel Bridge (4i inches in length).
6. Portions of two Ums; a small Whetstone of claystone, 3 J inches
in length, f inch in breadth and J inch in thickness, with a hole for
suspension at one end; a Side-Scraper of flint; and Fragments of a thin
Bronze Blade, found with one of the urns in the sands of Glenluce.
[See previous paper by the Rev. George Wilson, Glenluce.]
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270
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
7. Two Arrow-Heads of Flint, one with barbs and stem, the other leaf-
shaped; and a knife-like Flake of Flint, locality unknown.
8. Reproductions in electrotype of the CadboU Chalice ; a cross-shaped
Brooch with Celtic ornamentation, and the circular Terminal portion of a
Penannular Celtic Brooch, from Orkney (see the Proceedings, vol. ix.
New Series, pp. 344, 345); and of the Banchoiy Brooch, figured in the
Sculptured Stones of Scotland (Spalding Club), vol. ii. plate xiii. This
brooch is not now known to be in existence, and the reproduction is
from wax impressions taken in 1859.
9. Polished Celt or Axe-Head of dioritic stone, 6 J inches in length by
2f inches across the cutting face, the side edges flattened, and tapering
to the butt, which is of the same form as the cutting end, but not
sharpened, from West Kilbride, Ayrshire.
10. Highland Dirk, with carved handle, brass-mounted. The blade,
which is 14 inches in length, is notched on the back, and etched on both
sides with trophies of arms — a thistle, St Andrew holding his cross,
Britannia seated, a Highlander in kilt and plaid and with broadsword and
target, a monogram G.E. crowned, and the initials D.M.
11. Goi^get and Belt Clasp of brass, marked Carse op Gowrib.
12. Two Flint Arrow-Heads, with barbs and stems, from Dunion Hill,
Jedburgh.
Fig. 2. Oval Wooden Dish full of bntter, found in a bog in the island of Yell,
Shetland.
13. Oval Wooden Dish full of butter, from a bog in the island of
Yell, Shetland. The butter seems to have been heaped up above the
level of the brim of the dish sufficiently to fill another dish of the same
size inverted over the first. The upper dish was destroyed at the time
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PURCHASES FOB THE MUSEUM. 271
of discovery, and only a small portion of the bottom now remains, as
in the accompanying woodcut (fig. 2). Under the uppermost dish
there was a layer of birch bark (the inner bark of the birch), and a
strand of rope of some vegetable fibre passed over it, the ends of which
were allowed to protrude between the rims of the two dishes to lift the
upper one off by. This curious find was discovered in a peat-bank at
Cunnister, North Yell, at a depth of 3 feet under the surface. When
found it weighed 32 lbs. It measures 19 J inches in length by 12
inches in \^dth.
1 4. Two Highland Pistols of steel, one inlaid with silver, and marked
Thos. Cadkll, the other simply engraved with an oval rosette, and
marked Bissbtt.
15. Facsimile of the Lossit Brooch, the property of Captain Hector
MacNeal of Ugadale, and preserved at Lossit House, near Campbeltown.
It is one of the class of reliquary brooches, of which the so-called
Brooch of Lorn, and the well-known brooch formerly in the Bemal
Collection (and figured in the Catalogue), now in the British Museum,
are typical examples. The Lossit Brooch, which measures 5 inches in
diameter across the base, is of silver gilt, and consists of a central
capsule of oval form as the reliquary, surmounted by an oblong rock
crystal, and surrounded by eight pillars, bearing settings of Cairngorms
and red coral alternately. The circular base is ornamented with Celtic
interlaced work of late and debased character. The date of these
reliquary brooches is about sixteenth century.
16. Oval Stone Implement, 3^ inches in length by 2^ inches in
width and 1| inch in thickness, ground flat on both faces, and having
a smooth circular depression 1^ inch in diameter, and less than \
inch in depth in the centre of each of the flat faces, from Falkland,
Fife.
17. Two roughly chipped Axes of flint, from Hanover, and one
from Denmark.
18. Four Bone Pins, found in the sands at Balishare, North Uist.
19. Two Penannular Brooches of silver, plated with gold, and richly
ornamented with Celtic patterns, found at Rogart, in Sutherlandshire,
and since known as the Cadboll Brooches. The larger of the two
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272
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
measures 4^ inches in diameter, and consists of a flattened penannular
band of silver tliree quarters of an inch in width and nearly a quarter
of an inch in thickness, terminating at each extremity in an ornamental
expansion of a quatrefoil form 3 inches in its greatest diameter. An
amber setting occupies the centre of these terminal ornaments. Bound
this setting there is a circular space 1 inch in diameter, enclosed by a
Fig. 8. Penannnlar Brooch of Silver overlaid with Gold, found at Rogart, Sother-
landshire.
plain raised border and quartered by similar partitions, each quarter
being filled with an interlacing pattern. The four semicircular spaces
surrounding the central circle, and forming the quatrefoils, are also
surrounded by plain raised borders, and from each of the spaces so
enclosed there rises, to the height of half an inch, part of the body and
neck of a large billed bird. The eyes are set with green glass, the
neck bends gracefully, and the long flattened bill dips into the interior
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PUKCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM. 273
of the enclosed circle. These birds' heads are each secured by a central
rivet passing through the body of the brooch. They are plain on the
upper part of the neck and head, and ornamented with a chevrony
pattern towards the base. In the middle of the bend of the circular
part of the brooch, there is also a circular space divided into four
segments with a central setting of amber, and the segments filled
in with interlacing patterns. On either side of the circle are two
birds' heads similarly placed and ornamented in the same manner
as those which adorn the extremities of the brooch. The surface
Fig. 4. Penannular Brooch of Silver, found at Rogart, Sutherlandshire.
\
of that portion of the ring of the brooch intervening between the central
group of the two, and the terminal groups of the four birds' heads, is
divided on each side into four oblong panels filled with interlaced
patterns. The pin, which is 7f inches in length, is loosely attached to
the brooch by a large loop open at the back ; while the head has an
oval expansion covered with an intricately interlaced pattern, which is
continued down the front of the pin. In the centre of the oval head of
the pin there has been a setting, now gone. The whole of the orna-
mental details are worked out with the greatest delicacy and precision.
The interlaced patterns are not formed of filigree work implanted on the
VOL. XXII. S
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274 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
surface, but of ridges left by the cutting out of the portions of metal
intervening between the interlacements, and plated with gold. These
ridges widen downwards, so that the hollows between each intersec-
tion present four triangular facets at different angles to the light,
and thus give a peculiarly effective character to the ornament. The
smaller brooch (fig. 4), which is also of silver, and of the same
penannular form, is 3^ inches in greatest diameter. Its terminal ex-
pansions are triple panels of interlaced work of semi-oval shape, with
circular settings at their intersections, surroimding a circular panel with
a larger central setting. The body of the brooch is plain, but there is a
square setting in the middle of the circular part with an oblong panel
of interlacements on either side of it. The pin is 5 J inches in length.
[These brooches have been described in the ArdueologicaX Journal^ vol.
XX vL p. 293; Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
(First Series), vol. viiL p. 305 ; and Dr Anderson's Scotland in Early
Christian Times, vol. iL p. 7.]
20. Large wedge-shaped Hammer of greenstone, 13^ inches in length,
4^ inches in greatest breadth, and 3^ inches in greatest thickness, the
butt rounded off, the shaft-hole partially pierced to a depth oif 1^ inch
on one side and If inch on the other side, found at Meams, Een-
frewshire.
Basket-hilted Sword, the blade 24f inches in length.
21. Polished Axe of brownish schist, 7f inches in length and 2f
inches across the cutting face, oval in section in the middle of its
length, and tapering to a bluntly rounded butt, found at Dinnet,
Aberdeenshire.
Roughly polished Axe of greenstone, 6 J inches in length by 2^ inches
in breadth across the cutting face, oval in section in the middle of its
length, and tapering to a bluntly rounded butt, found at Coull, Aber-
deenshire.
Four iron Crusies; two closed Crusies of tin; two "Peer Men"; two
Lanterns ; a Bannock-Spade ; a Fir-guUy; a Dubrach for poaching sea
trout ; and a small circular Vessel of cast brass, 3^ inches diameter and
2 J inches high, ornamented on the outside with punched patterns in
panels.
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PURCHASES FOE THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 275
22. Long club-like Implement of steatitic stone, 32f inches in length,
from Cunningsburgh, Shetland.
23. Eleven collections of Flint Implements, from the Culbin Sands,
about 400 specimens.
24. Three collections of Flint Implements, from the Glenluce Sands,
about 100 specimens.
25. Tatowiren narbenzeichnen und Korperbemalen. Von Wilhelm
Joest. Berlin, 1887. Folio.
26. The History of Montrose. By David Mitchell, A.M. Montrose,
1866. 8vo.
Loch Creran, Notes from the West Highlands. By W. Anderson
Smith. Paisley, 1887. 8vo.
The Tragedy of Gowrie House. By Louis A. Barbe. Paisley, 1 887. 4to.
Early Christian Art in Ireland. By Margaret Stokes. London, 1 888.
8vo.
There were also Exhibited : —
By Captain W. J. R Bird, Bengal Staflf Corps.
Two Bows and three Arrows of different forms, from the Andaman
Islands. Captain Bird explains the peculiarities of these weapons : —
The bows are made of some local wood, and are of a peculiar shape, the
upper and lower lengths forming very dififerent curves. The markings on the
bows are similar to the tattooings on the bodies of the men and women.
The arrows exhibited are specimens of the three varieties made. The one with
the large iron head is said to be used for shooting pigs. When the animal has
been struck, the shaft shakes loose from the buried head, to which it is attached
by a twisted cord, and catching in the undergrowth as the pig runs away, tends
to check him, and allows the hunters to come up and finish him off. The
arrow with the plain iron point is said to be used for killing fish ; the one
with the harden^ wooden head, for killing birds.
At short ranges, say from 20 to 40 yards, the Andamanese seem to shoot
with fair accuracy. It is astonishing to see the small men — 4 feet 6 inches to
6 feet in height — using their mis-shapen bows, and drawing these long arrows
to the head.
The following Communications were read : —
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276 PKOCKEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
NOTICE OF A STEEL PISTOL WITH THE DUNDEE MARK, AND OF
THE ARMOURERS OF DUNDEE. Bt A. H. MILLAR, F.S.A. Scot.
The pistol (of which a figure is given, p. 280) is the only one of the
period known to have the heraldic sign of Dundee — the pot and lilies.
It bears the maker's name "David M*Kenzie," and we are thus enabled
to ascertain its approximate date. The extreme length is 9 inches, and
the greatest breadth over flint-lock is 2 inches. The barrel is 6 J inches
long outside and 5f inches inside, the bore being f inch in diameter,
and the barrel ^ inch in thickness. The exterior upper side of the
barrel is divided by filed bead-mouldings into five distinct panels, each
panel having a different design inlaid with silver.
Betwixt the muzzle and the first bead a space of half an inch is ham-
mered so as to form eight irregular sides, and a narrow band of silver,
incised, encircles the barrel ; whilst the three upper sides have similar
silver bands arranged to form a kind of angular dog-tooth decoration.
The second panel is enriched with a design formed of two hearts and
two diamond lozenges conjoined by intersecting bands. It measures
f inch. The third panel, which is If inch in length, has a very
peculiar enrichment. Between two veined leaves a heart is inserted,
i*esting upon a small flat circle, and surmoimted by a cross. Two en-
graved silver diamond shapes are on each side of the cross, but nearer
to the muzzle, and a cypher formed of two conjoined crescents, dos d dos,
with an engraved silver diamond shape between, completes the panel.
The fourth space measures ^ inch, and contains a silver band ^ inch
broad, apparently intended for the name of the possessor of this weapon.
The fifth panel is f inch, and is decorated with an engraved slip of
silver bearing an interlaced serpentine design, whilst two incised silver
ornaments in the form of sand-glasses are inserted on each side. The
principal member of each of the bead mouldings which divide the panels
has been originally covered with a silver band, chased and incised, and
three of these bands still remain. The heart reappears as an enrich-
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STEEL PISTOL, WITH THE DUNDEE MARK. 277
ment inlaid in sUver in the butt of the pistol, and the form of the butt
itself at its termination is cordate. The flint-lock is made in the usual
manner, without any trigger-guard. A flattened spike, 3 J inches long,
is screwed to the left side of the pistol, for the purpose of suspending
the weapon in a belt. The name of the maker, "David M'Kenzie,"
is stamped on the plate beneath the pan, and the crest of Dundee
appears on the same side near the butt.
An examination of the Burgh Records of Dundee has revealed
some items of information regarding David M*Kenzie. In the
Council Minutes for 18th September 1712, the following entry
appears: —
The 8** day anent ane Petition given in be David M*Kenzie, gansmith,
shewing that where he had payed fi^ie merks for his freedome to the town for
his own life, and the Petitioner is content to dress the whole armes belonging
to the town for the other half of his bargiship, and therefor craving that the
Councill would give him a burgiss tickitt in common forme. Which Petition
being considered by the CoancUl they granted the desire of the b^ petition, and
appoints the Clerk to give him a burgess tickitt according to the said Act
Hekrie Quthrie, Bailie.
In pursuance of this order, the name of the new bui^gess was
entered in the Lockit Book or Burgess-Roll of Dundee in these
terms : —
23^ Sep. 1712. — David M*Kenzie, Hammerman, was admitted Burgess and
Qnild Brother for pay^ of fyfty merks to John Ballingall, late Treasurer, and
for dressing of the Tonnes Armes conforme to ane Act of Council dated 18
Sept', instant
As John Ballingall, here referred to, was treasurer in 1706-7, we find
from this entry the exact date when David M'Kenzie began business in
Dundee. He seems to have been successful in his occupation, as on
22nd September 1711 he was elected as representative of the Trades
to the Town Council of Dundee, and continued to hold this position
for four years. From the Register of Particular Sasines of Dundee
the following items of information have been gleaned : —
John Marshall, cooper, Dundee, acquired a tenement of land at the
Shore-head of Dundee from Alexander Wedderbum, town clerk of the
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278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
burgh, and at his death in 1707 it fell to his two daughters, Grizel and
Elizabeth. The former was married to James Ross, officer of Excise at
Newburgh, and the latter was the wife of David M'Kenzie, gunsmith.
Grizel Marshall or Ross resigned her share, of the property to her only
sister, Elizabeth Marshall or M'Kenzie, on 25th December 1725. In
April of the same year M'Kenzie had acquired a property on the north
side of "the Fleukargait alias Nethergait," beside the Church of S.
Mary of Dundee ; and on 12th May 1743, "Agnes M'Kenzie daughter
of David M'Kenzie, gunsmith, and of Elizabeth Marshall, his wife," was
cognosced and infefted in these two properties as heir of her father. As
Elizabeth Marshall is referred to in this deed as "relict of the now
deceased David M'Kenzie, gunsmith in Dundee," it is evident that
M'Kenzie's death had taken place some time before this date, and that
his wife had survived him. We thus find him engaged in business as
a gunsmith in Dundee from 1706 to circa 1740. As he must have
attained some eminence in his trade before the Town's arms would be
entrusted to him in 1712, it may safely be conjectured that he settled
in Dundee at the close of the seventeenth century. The approximate
date of the pistol is thus ascertained.
In early times Dundee had an established reputation for the manu-
facture of arms and armour. According to Tytler,^ the making of
armoury was brought into Scotland by David, Earl of Huntingdon,
who is traditionally regarded as the founder of Dundee; and the
fact that for centuries after his time Dundee supplied arms to the Scot-
tish kings suggests the notion that one of his followers had settled
in the burgh as an armourer, and that the craft descended to his succes-
sors. The interest which the Earl of Huntingdon took in the com-
mercial progress of Dundee is evidenced by the allusion which King
John of England makes to the inhabitants of " Earl David's Burgh " in
1199.2
The family of Muncur (? Moncceur) of Dundee " for several generations
enjoyed a high reputation as armourers." ^
^ History of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 862.
* Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, voL i. p. 43.
^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. i. p. clxxx.
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STEEL PISTOL, WITH THE DUNDEE MAKK. 279
The following entry appears in the Exchequer Rolh^ under date
1438:—
Et pro decern et noyem garbis sagittarum, fabricandis apud Dunde, et
liberatis in castro de Edinburgh, capitanis ejusdeni, de qiubus respondebit, sub
periculo computantis xxxj s. viij d.
The Exchequer EoUs contain many other entries referring to arms made
by the Muncurs of Dundee, and there was a succession of members of that
family who received an annual fee of xx lib. as armour-makers to the Court.
The following are the most important of the references : —
1444. — Et pro solucionem factam cnidam Moncure de Dunde, pro hamesiis
regis et canacione xxxj s. viij d.
1445. — Et Johanni de Moncure pro armatnris pro Jacobo de Dundas, in
partem feodi sui iij ti. x. s.
1456. — Et Johanni Moncure, febro armorum, de mandato domini regis sub
signeto, ipso per literaa suas fatente receptum super compotum
vj H. xiij s. iiij d.
1460.— Et eidem, per solucionem factam Willelmo de Muncur, pro feodo suo,
ut patet per literas domini regis sub signeto et subscripcione manuali ejusdem
ostensas super compotam iij H vj s. viij d.
1466. — Et eidem, per liberacionem factam Willelmo Muncur, factori
armorum, pro factura eorundem, domino nostro regi, de mandato ejiisdem litera-
toris sub signeto ostenso snper compotum iiij li.
14^1. — Et eidem per solucionem factam Willelmo Muncur, factori armorum
jam defuncto, de mandate domini regis literatoris sub signeto, ut patet per
literas dicti WiUelmi de recepto ostensas super compotum xiij H
vj 8. viij d.
1473. — Et Johanni Muncur, factori armorum, pro feodo suo, percipienti in
anno viginti libras de dictis custumis pro toto tempore vite, ut patet in rotulis
precedentibus, de dicto termino x li.
Jai^es rV. seems to have been in the habit of procuring the greater
portion of his armour from Dundee. The following entries in the
Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer afford some information upon this
point : —
1495. — Item, gevin to Muncur of Dundee for leg splentis and a pare of anne
splentis iiij H.
1496. — Nov. 1st, Item, to a man to ryde to Dundee for to ger mak arm
splentis and leg splentis to the King ij s.
* Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vol. v. p. 64.
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280
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APEIL 23, 1888.
1496. — Nov. 19th, Item, to Moncur of Dundee, for a pare of splentiB to the
King xl s.
1497. — Nov. Item to Thome Foret to pass to Dundee to ger mak ane par
of splentis to the King ij &
In one of the Inventories of Plenishing at Taymouth Castle, under
date 1 600, the following item occurs : —
A gilt pece with the Laird's armes that come out of Dundie, stockat with
brissell.
From the Lockit Book of the Hammermen Trade of Dundee, it
appears that in 1587 there were 8 Gunmakers and 5 Sword- Slippers in
Dundee. During the period from 1587 till 1650 there were 5
Armourers, 21 Gunmakers, and 10 Sword-Slippers. From 1651 till
1750 there were 2 Armourers, 5 Gunmakers, and 2 Sword-Slippers, but
after the latter date there were no names entered with these desig-
nations. David M'Kenzie seems, therefore, to have been one of the last
of the gunmakers of Dundee of the olden time.
This interesting example of early firearms is in the possession of
A. C. Lamb, Esq., F.S.A. Scot., Dundee.
Steel Pistol by D. M'Kenzie, Dundee.
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SAFE-CONDUCT FOB AN OFFICER OF A SCOTTISH BEGIMENT. 281
II.
SAFECONDUCT FOR AN OFFICER OF A SCOTTISH REGIMENT SERVING
IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1689. By EDWARD PEACOCK, Bottesfobd
Manor, Brigg.
The following safe-conduct for an officer of a Scottish regiment serv-
ing in the Low Countries has been preserved by (jervaise Holies, the
Lincolnshire antiquary, in one of his volumes of Genealogical collections,
now in the British Museum. The reference is Lansd. MS., 207, C. fol.
410.
Bemhard par la grace de dieu Dae de Saxe, lolliers Cleues et Monts ;
Langraue de Thuring, Marquis Mienye, Counte de la Marck et
Raaensburg, Seigneur de Rauenstein &c.
Le Seigneur Quy Malsword Captaine dune Compagnie d'In£Emterye au
Regiment du Collonall Leslye Escoasois ayant seruy quelques annees en
nostre Armee desirant maintenant se retirer en son pais pur affaires particu-
liere. Nous prions tons Roys, Princes, Estats et Bepubliques, tons Gk>uver-
neurs de Prouinces et Villes, chefs et Conductours de gens de guerre et tous
autres a quil appartiendra de la laisser librement passer et repasser auci ses
seruiteurs, chevauz, armes et bagage sans lui donner aucun trouble ni em-
pescbement au contndre faaeur et assistance ce que nous recognoistrons en
cas pareil. Fait au Camp de Pontalier |f Janvier 1639.
Bernhard Sax.
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282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
III.
NOTICE OF THE DISCOVERY OF A STONE CUP AND CUP-MARKED
STONES AT LOCHEARNHEAD. By D. HAGGART, Killin.
In November last a new curling-pond was being formed at Locheam-
head in a field, on the Breadalbane property, situated to the east of the
hotel, and some thirty yards below the public school In the course of
excavating a comer of the field, for forming the pond, Mr Angus,
builder, and some of his workmen, found, at a depth of 3^ feet from
the surface, a rounded object, which unfortunately was cut in two by
a spade. This object, on being pieced together, was found to be a stone
vessel or cup of about 3^ inches diameter and 3 inches in height, the
depth of the cavity being about 1^ inch, and the thickness ranging
from an inch at the bottom to three quarters of an inch at the rim. It
has no ornamentation of any kind. The material is a greenish-grey
gabbro, which cuts easily with a knife. Quite close to the cup, at the
foot of a large boulder of mica-schist which lay buried in the field, was
a circular patch of dark brown mould lying on the greenish boulder clay
or till This dark-coloured patch, some 18 inches in diameter, was
covered with about two dozen pebbles of milk-white quartz, with a few
pebbles of reddish or brick-coloured felsitic porphyry. The boulder had
no apparent markings. In the same field, a few yards to the east, is a
little mound or hillock called Tom-na-h-ath, or hillock of the kiln. The
fragments of the cup and pebbles remain in possession of Mr Angus.
Stone Chamber and Cup-Marked Stone. — A new Episcopal Church is
in course of erection at Lochearnhead, and Lady Helen Macgregor of
Mai^regor, on whose property the church is being built, has allowed the
contractor to quarry rock and use any surface boulders that might ex-
pedite the building of the church. While engaged in singling out
boulders at Craggen, immediately behind the Free Church Manse, he
found a large oval boulder having a basin cut out near the higher and
broad end, some 1 3 inches broad, with a depth of 6 inches, and imme-
diately below the basin a cluster of fifteen smaller cups. About a hun-
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STONE CUP AND CUP-MARKED STONES AT LOCHEARNHEAD. 283
dred yards to the south of this stone there is a dohnen or chamber com-
posed of six large stones, two of which are thrown down. Three of these
stones are cup-marked, the one forming the floor or area of the dohnen
being a square-shaped boulder of diorite, having fifty cups, varying from
three and a half inches to an inch in diameter, the outlines of which
look as fresh as if chiselled a year or two ago. One of the boulders
thrown down has eight marks, which bear some resemblance to the
constellation Ursa Major, as was formerly observed of a somewhat
similar representation on the cup^marked boulder at the Rifle Range at
Killin.
IV.
NOTICE OF THE DISCOVERY OF A STONE CIST, WITH AN IRON AGE
INTERMENT, AT SKAILL BAY. By W. G. T. WATT, Skaill House.
Last week I was informed that a human jaw-bone had been picked
up among loose stones in a sandy brae on the south side of the bay
close to the boat-house. I immediately visited the place, and on
removing a little sand satisfied myself that there was an interment in a
stone cist, and had it opened up. The grave lies north-west and south-
east, is 5 feet 1 1. inches long, 2 feet 2 inches at bottom, and 2 feet high.
The ends and sides are formed by stone slabs, the one on the south-
west side being the full length of the grave. In it, about the middle of
its length and a few inches from the top, there is a small perforated
hole about half an inch in diameter. The bottom of the grave is roughly
paved with flat shore stones. The top had been covered with several
large flat stones, above which there seems to have been a heap of
smaller sea-worn boulders placed. Unfortunately, the side flags of the
cist next the sea had bulged out at the top, so that the cover stones had
fallen in. On carefully removing these and the sand which filled the
grave, human remains appeared. The bones were much scattered and
damaged by the falling in of the cover stones. The skull lay in the
west comer. Close to the head stone lay the head of a spear of iron
(fig. 3), measuring 15 J inches in length. The socket was under the
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284
PROCBEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
head. About a foot from where the skull lay, and lying parallel to the
south-west side of the cist, an ornamented bone comb came in sight,
along with several pieces of carved bone, which have since been put to-
gether by Dr Anderson, and turn out to be the case (fig. 1) in which the
comb was carried when not in use by the owner. This, Dr Anderson
tells me, is the first occurrence of the comb-case in Scotland. A little
farther along, among the bones of the hand, was an iron weapon 6 inches
long, probably a knife, with some remains of the handle attached to the
Fig. 1. Comb^ and Comb-Caae, with the Comb in it (actual size).
tang. Alongside of this a large iron rivet, and another iron weapon of
small size, which from appearance may be an arrow-head ; also a small
whetstone (fig. 2), about 2^ inches long, with hole bored through the top
end. At the foot of the grave was a rough stone disc, and near it a
large bone, thought to be one of the leg bones of a horse. At the head
of the grave on the north-west side there weve some bones of small
bird3 ; and a bit of the jaw, with teeth, of the frog-fish. There was
also a small knuckle-bone of some animal.
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STONB CIST, WITH AN IRON AGE INTERMENT.
285
[The Secretary announced the gratifying fact, that although Mr Watt
had a lai^e and valuable collection of Orkney antiquities, he was so
convinced that the National Collection was the proper place for such an
Fig. 2. Whetstone
(actual size).
Fig. 8. Spear-Head of Iron
(15} inches in length).
unique and exceptionally interesting group of remains as those found
with this interment, that he has generously presented the whole of the
objects above described to the National Museum.]
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286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
V.
ADDITIONAL NOTICES OF YETTS, OB GRATED IRON DOORS, OF
SCOTTISH CASTLES AND TOWERS. By DAVID CHRISTISON,
M.D., F.S.A. Scot.
In a paper published in the Proceedings of the Society for 1883, I
described, perhaps too minutely, twenty-four iron-grated doors or " yetts "
peculiar to ancient Scottish castles, and I should not have reverted to
the subject, were it not that twenty-two additional examples have since
become known to me, some of them differing considerably from those
previously described. The number of known yetts, therefore, is now
raised to forty-six, without reckoning three iron gates of exceptional con-
struction ; and although it is quite possible that others may still remain
in obscurity, the time seems appropriate enough for summing up our
whole knowledge on the subject.
In the present paper I shall give, first, a general description of the
yetts; secondly, an alphabetical list of them, with dimensions and
certain other details ; thirdly, brief notices of such as either have not
been already described or require additional remarks; and fourthly,
general observations on their history and distribution.
I. General Dbscription.
Construction. — It is a remarkable fact that, with very few exceptions,
the surviving defensive iron doors of Scotland are constructed on the
same principle, consisting essentially in an alternate interpenetration of
the bars, in such a manner that the perpendiculars pierce dilated ** eyes "
in the horizontals in two diagonally opposite quarters, while it is the
reverse in the two other quarters. The result is a firmly compacted
gate, from which no bar can be withdrawn singly. At first sight the
mode in which such a gate is put together seems somewhat puzzling ;
but when the bars with their eyes have been forged, it is merely
requisite (see diagram, Proceedings, 1883, p. 119) to run the lower
horizontals through the eyes of the perpendiculars of one side, and the
upper horizontals through the eyes of the perpendiculars of the other
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 287
side, thus forming as it were two half gates, which are then easily run
into each other.
The designs are worked out with no attention to regularity, and
apparently very much by rule of thumb. The bars are rarely equi-
distant ; in some cases they run across somewhat obliquely, in others
they are themselves not straight. The most remarkable instance of the
first irregularity is in the yett at Castle Menzies, where the distances
between the bars, as furnished to me by Sir Robert Menzies, are — along
the top 4|, 8 J, 8f, 7, 8, 5 J inches; and down the side, 4^, 9, 9, 8f, 9v
^h ^h ^i inches. Of the second and third irregularities, examples
will be found in the drawing of Drumlanrig yett (Proceedings, 1883,
p. 112).
Form and Dimensions, — The majority are rectangular ; a considerable
number, however, are round-headed. Only two are double-leaved, both
round-headed. Only three have or have had wickets. The dimensions of
the smallest yett (Dingwall) are 4 feet 3^ inches by 3 feet 4 inches ; of the
largest single-leaved one (Drumlanrig), 9 feet 1 inch by 6 feet IJ inch;
of the largest double-leaved one (Doune), about 10 feet by 8 feet. The
number of the bars is not always in proportion to the size of the yetts.
Thus the Dunrobin yett measures 87 by 53 inches, and the Dunbeath
one 66 by 43 inches, yet they have the same number of horizontal bars,
and the smaller yett has one more perpendicular bar than the larger one.
Hence it follows that the spaces between the bars vary considerably in
different yetts. At Dunbeath they are only 5 inches square, at Com-
longan about 8 inches square.
The thickness of the bars has suffered much reduction from the rust
of centuries in most, if not in all, cases. The most massive bars,
measured by me, are in the probably very old yett at Comlongan.
Some of them are If inch square, expanding to 2f by If at the eyes.
The thinnest are perhaps at Closebum, 1^ by f. The frame bars are
generally somewhat thicker than the contained bars.
Hinges. — Ordinarily there are two hinges. About a third of the yetts,
however, have three ; some of the heaviest yetts having only two, while
some of the lightest have three. The hinge-knuckle is either a complete
circle or the greater part of one, and revolves on a cylindrical crook.
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Fig. 1. Hinges.
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 289
deeply sunk in the walL In fig. 1 I have represented several varieties
of hinges, drawn roughly to scale ; (a) is a side view and section of an
ordinary hinge, partly recessed in the wall, at Fyvie Castle ; (b) a side
view of the doorway at Braikie, showing successively from the right,
the exterior moulding, the rebate and recessed hinge for the wooden
door, and the rebate and recessed hinge for the iron yett ; (c) a front
view and section of the hinge-knuckle of Dumbarton yett, exceptionally
set at right angles to the face ; (d) the incomplete circular knuckle at
Pitreavie ; (e) the unique hinges at Bams Tower, recessed in the iron-
work of the yett itself ; (f) the peculiar bent end of the upright frame
bar in the massive yett at Dundas, so fashioned as to pivot on the floor,
directly under the single hinge near the top ; (g) a straight floor-pivot
at Drum, formed by a prolongation of the frame bar, which higher up is
itself encircled by two hinges, but this is a modem arrangement. At
Smailholm (fig. 11) there is also a floor-pivot; and both there and in
an iron-lathed door at Dunbeath (fig. 1 3), hinges of altogether excep-
tional form occur. Betuming to fig. 1, the peculiar hinges (1) of the iron
yett, and of the wooden door (2) at Kinnaird, are shown on an enlarged
scale at (h). In the former the horizontal limb of the crook is squared,
and is protected from friction by a thick collar ; the upright limb is
shorter than the knuckle, and has a flange round the greater part of
the top. The hinge of the wooden door has the horizontal limb of the
crook squared, and is fumished with a thin collar.
Bolts and Fastenings. — The great majority of yetts are fastened by
bolts on a principle commonly used now for field gates. The bolt slides
through a couple of rings on the bars into a hole in the wall, and is fixed
by a hasp closing over a staple, placed usually on one of the perpendicu-
lar bars. A variety of these bolts, drawn to the same scale, are shown in
fig. 2. At Crathes (5) and Dundas (d) are simple forms, in which the
bolt is cylindrical throughout. In (e) (Dingwall) the bolt is thickened
roughly in the middle. In (a) and (c) (Fyvie and Edinburgh Castle)
the middle portion is thickened and squared. This enlargement checks
the bolt from moving too far, a purpose which is effected otherwise in
some cylindrical bolts, as at Crathes (6), by a projecting pin on one side,
at Dingwall (e) by a pin on one side and collar on the other, and at
VOL. XXIL T
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Fig. 2. Bolts and Padlocks.
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 291
Fordell by a collar on each side. The hasps are usually simple and
straight, as at Fyvie (a) and Dingwall (e) ; or more elegantly formed
with a curve, as at Edinburgh Castle (c). Some are provided with a
lifting ring (a, &, c, e). Exceptional forms of hasps occur at Inver-
quharity, Craig (figs. 6, 7), and Crathes (fig. 2, b), where they are zigzag,
and Dundas (d), where they are shaped like the letter b. In this
drawing the much- worn hasp has been restored to something like its
original form. The bolts at Fyvie are remarkably massive, two being
29 and the third 25 inches long. Each of them has a different maker's
mark. The form and superior size of one of the largest are shown at (a),
from drawings furnished by the Eev. Mr Milne.
An exceptional bolt occurs at Fingask (fig. 2, /). It is massive and
rectangular, 25 inches long, 1^ by H ^^^ ^ <^^ss section, and to the
end of it is hooked a flat iron bar 41 inches long, with a double bend.
The original doorway is destroyed, but the bolt was probably fixed in
some such way as shown in the reduced plan at /, the bends in the bar
being for the purpose of enabling it to be fastened to a staple behind
the wall, the whole arrangement thus forming a rigid bar and bolt in
one. Eemaining rings show that this yett had also two ordinary bolts,
now lost. Whether the square bolt was contemporary with these, or
succeeded them, cannot now be ascertained.
Of forty yetts, which either retain bolts of the ordinary type, or show,
by the presence of rings, that they once had them, eleven had one, twenty-
eight had two, and Fyvie alone had three.
In three yetts there is no trace of bolts having been used. At Bams (.^)
a massive chain, closed on a staple behind the doorway, was apparently the
only fastening. At Doune an iron bar, stretched behind the yett, appears
to have been deemed suflBcient ; and at Balveny, the two-leaved yett is
closed by a peculiar bifurcated iron bar, hinged on the yett itself fig. (3).
It is to be presumed that the bolts were fastened with padlocks, at
least in more recent times. In connection with the Scottish iron gates,
three padlocks remain. They are of iron, and are all of the same general
form. At p. 1 1 6, Proceedings, 1 883, 1 have given a drawing and descrip-
tion of the somewhat ornate padlock of the Crown Eoom yett, Edinburgh
Castle. I reproduce it here (fig. 2, h) for comparison with the other
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292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 293
two. One of these, at Craigievar (fig. 2, t, from a drawing by Captain
Forbes, RN.), differs from the Edinburgh one in having little if any
ornament, and in having a sliding instead of a hinged band to cover the
keyhole. The third, at Duntreath (^. 2, k\ is quite plain.
Position of the Yett, and Combination with other Defences. — The yett
usually stands in the entrance, near the outside, but behind a wooden
door, from which it is separated by a space of 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 inches,
the hinges of both doors being protected by rybats, and the defence
strengthened by one or more bars stretched across, usually behind the
yett only ; but at Fordell and Bams behind the wooden door only. In
only one instance — at Isle, in Dumfriesshire — are bar-holes found behind
both the wooden and iron doors {Proceedings^ 1883, p. 107). As the
defensive arrangements here are more complete than elsewhere, I have
reproduced (in fig. 4, k) a plan and elevations, showing the bar-holes
behind the wooden door, and the slots for two bars behind the yett.
Besides the examples at Isle, slots in the walls for a bar occur also at
Gordon {Proceedings^ 1883, p. 114). In this instance, the bar revolved
upon a pivot fixed on the centre of the yett itself. In almost all cases
the bars have been too far separated from the yetts to give them direct
support. Sometines they are 6 or 7 inches behind the yett ; but even
in these cases, if the yett were forced, the bar would prevent the yett
opening sufficiently to allow a man to pass. In exceptional instances
there are no holes for bars, and in others the wooden and iron doors are
several feet apart, but in both cases the doorways have probably under-
gone modem alterations.
The diameter of the bar-holes is usually so great as to have given
rise to the general belief that the bars were of wood ; but however this
may be, the only existing bars — at Doune, Menzies, and Tilquhillie —
are of iron, although the tunnels, into which the two former at least run,
are very much wider than seems necessary. The bar at Castle Menzies
is described at p. 138, Proceedings, 1883. Those at Doime and Til-
quhillie are described in the notices of the yetts to which they belong.
At Comlongan {Proceedings, p. 110), and there only, a couple of iron
links or bracelets hang from a horizontal bar of the yett ; and as they are
opposite the bar-holes, there can be no doubt the bar was passed through
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Fig. 4. Bar and Bar-Holes.
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ON THE GRATED IBON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES.
295
them, thus binding yett and bar together. The object of this is not
veiy apparent, unless it was to prevent the yett from being lifted off
its hinges — an object which, however, was generally served by the top of
the yett being close to the masonry above it.
In the well-defended yett at Inverquharity (figs. 6, 7), there are staples
on opposite sides of the doorway, half-way between the holes for two
bars, as if for an additional bar, or possibly a chain.
II. Alph^etical List of Scottish Ybtts,
With Dimmdona and other Details, and Authorities for them.
Dimen-
Nambor
1
i
slona.
of Bora.
M
s
1
1
Holes for Bar
behind Tett.
Anthorities.
n
1
1
Balveny,! . . .
105
86
4
8
4
none
Mr J. R. Flndlay.
Barealdlne,' .
72
46
6
2
for one
( Mr Anderson Smith
\ and Dr Christlson.
Bams, ....
66
88
4
2
( for one behind
\ wooden door
I Dr Chrlstlson.
Bniikie, ....
74
42
4
•{8
for one
Dr Chrlstison.
Ca8tlec«7,> . . .
67
41
4
|8
doorway altered
Dr Christlson.
Cawdor,' . . .
Cawdor, ....
80
77
47
40
4
8
for one
none
/'Lord Cawdor, Rev.
< Dr Joass, and Dr
{ Beddoe, F.R.S.
CIoMbam, . . .
74
61
4
for one
Mr T. M. Brown.
Comlongan, . . .
90
60
6
for one
Dr Christlson.
COZtOD, ....
72
89
4
none
; Mr Hay, tenant, and
"[ Rev. Q. Ingram.
Craig, ....
82
60
6
none
Rev. A. J. Anderson.
Cralglevar, . . .
74
47
6
8
for one
Capt Forbes Gordon.
Crathes, ....
78
48
4
8
yett removed
Sir R. Burnett, Bart.,
< and Mrs F. Irvine.
Damlck, ....
See
Don
ne.
DlngwaU, . . .
62
40
4
6
yett removed
Rev. Dr Joass.
( Dr Chrlstlson, and
Doane,! ....
118
97
8
12
for one
< Mr Dunbar, the
\ warder.
Do. (at Damlck),
69
88
8
7
34
yett removed
Mr Helton Granger.
Drum,* ....
72
46
6
10
2
2'
doorway altered
Mrs Forbes Irvine.
Dmmlanrlg,* . .
Dnunlanrig, ,
Dnunlanrig, . . .
116
80
80
74
60
60
7
6
6
12
9
9
«
none
none
none
/Mr Dickson, Duke of
9 Bncclench's Chatn-
1 berlain, and Dr
1 Double-leaved yett.
* Original dimensions and number of bars estimated, one or more bars being lost.
s One bolt lost. 4 Two bolts lost.
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296
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APEIL 23, 1888.
Dimen-
Number
i
1
sions.
of Bars.
i
1
1
s
1
1
1
Holes for Bar
behind Tett.
Authorities.
C Mr M. Young, Paisley*
Dambartoii,3 . .
67
88
4
8
3
1«
yett removed
/ and Mra Tumbull,
( aune House.
Donbeath, . . .
«6
43
6
9
3
3»
yett removed
Rev. Dr Joass.
Dondas, ....
87
M
6
10
1<
3
for one
[JohnChrlstlson«W.S.«
t and Dr Chrlstison.
Dnnlop, ....
71
46
6
9
3
3«
yett removed
Donrobln, . . .
87
63
6
9
3
3«
doorway altered
Rev. Dr Joass.
Dnntreath, . . .
Do. ...
76
68
64
43
OfsoUd
iron
do.
nomber "^
of hinges >
andlKdtsf j
yetts removed
(Mr A. R. Duncan
t and Dr Chrlstison.
Edlnburgli (CMtie),
76
40
4
8
3
1
Aone
Dr Ghristison.
Do. (Haddo's Hole),
68
86
8
7
3
...
yett removed
Dr ChrisUson.
Eilean Donain, . .
^1
46
6
9
2
3«
yett removed
1 Rev. Dr Joass and
'[ Mr R. Maclean.
Flngaak, . . . .
71
89
4
8
3
33
doorway altered
Rev.J.R.Macpher8on
and Dr Cbriatison.
FordeU, ....
72
60
6
9
3
1
( behind wooden
'[ door
Mr J. TumbttU, W.a,
and Mr Beverldge.
Forres, ....
68
81
8
8
3
1
yett removed
Messrs Ross A Mac-
beth, Inverness.
Fyyle, ....
108
66
7
13
8
3
doorway altered
Rev. Dr Milne.
OUmia, ....
80
66
6
9
2
3
doorway altered
Rev.J.Stevenson,LL.D.
Gordon, ....
74
60
6
8
3
35
slots for one
John Chrlstison, W.S.
Inrennark, .
73
40
4
8
3
1
for one
Mr O. Gordon MUne.
iDTerqabarlty, . .
84
62
6
9
3
2
for two
Mr G. Gordon Milne.
We,
66
89
8
6
3
1
dots for two
Mr GiUon Fergusson
and Dr Chrlstison.
KlnnalrdCPerthshire),
85
67
7
11
3
3»
none
( Rev.J.R.Macpher8on
\ and Dr Chrlstison.
(Mr David Jeffrey
Lennoxlove, . . .
78
56 6
9
3
2
none
< and Rev. R. Kimmo
( Smith.
Meuzies, ....
74
61
6
7
3
2
for one
Sir R. Mendes. Bart.
Mliigarj,* . . .
68
40
4
7
3
0
for two
Mr J. J. Dalgidsh
and Mr Armstrong.
Moy(Mall), . . .
?
?
6
8
3
33
for one
Mr Undsay Bury.
Paisley, ....
See
Dam bar
ton.
Pltflrrane, . . .
77
66
6
8
3
3
yett removed
Sir A. Halkett, Bart.
PltreaTie, . . .
80
60
6
9
3
1
none
Mr Beveridge.
(Rev. Dr Joass and
68
88! 8
7
1*
1
< Hon. H. J. Hep-
( bnme Scott.
TUqnhUlie, . . .
63
48 6
8
3
1
for one
< D.D., and Mr
( Downie, tenant.
1 Original dimensions and number of bars estimated, one or more bars being lost.
> One bolt lost. 3 Two bolU Inst. < And a pivot on the floor.
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 297
in. Notices op Ybtts not previously Described.
In the following notices the jetts are arranged in geographical order,
in a general way from the sonth and east northwards and westwards.
Closebum, Dumfriesshire. — I am informed by Mr Brown of Closebum
Castle, that the yett is in the old entrance to the keep, now enclosed by
modern additions, but originally giving directly on the outside, at a
height of 9 feet from the ground. The yett, which has lost the lower
frame-bar, is placed close behind an ancient wooden door, with old iron
fittings, which when shut is flush with the outside wall.
Castlecary, Stirlingshire. — In this well-preserved and still inhabited
little keep the yett is placed at the entrance of a more recent addition,
having the date 1679 over the door; but it is quite possible that it pre-
viously guarded the original entrance to the keep, now built up. The
yett has lost its lower frame-bar and the single bolt There is no room
in the doorway, which is only about a foot thick, for the oidinary bar-
holes. A modem wooden door, fitted with the ancient hinges and a fine
old knocker of iron, is placed as close in front of the yett as the hinges
will allow.
Lennoxlove, East Lothian. — In my former paper this yett was merely
mentioned. I have now to add, on the authority of theBev. Mr Nimmo
Smith of Haddington, and Mr Jef&ey, Uie present occupant of the castle,
that the yett is in the old entrance, behind the outer of two lybats,
and had therefore apparently been in fromt of the wooden door (which
no longer exists) — a very unusual arrangement, if indeed it ever was an
original one.
Dumbarton^ Durhbartonshire. — The Paisley Museum contains a yett,
of which the following history has been furnished partly by the keeper,
Mr Morris Young, and partly by Mrs Tumbull, Clune House, Port-
Glasgow. The yett was bought, about 1870, from "Johnnie a' things"
of Dumbarton, by Mr Lang of Port-Glasgow, from whom it passed to the
late Mr John M'Murtrie of the same place, uncle of Mrs TumbulL The
Port-Glasgow band, when it was known that it was being brought to
the town, turned out and played marching before it Finally, it was pre-
sented to the Paisley Museum by Mr M'Murtrie. The postern where it
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298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
stood is still pointed out to visitors at the castle. While regretting that
the interesting relic should have been removed from its natural site, we
must feel some gratification that in these utilitarian times it was received
with so much honour in Port-Glasgow, and that it has probably found a
more secure resting-place in a public museum than it was allowed in
its original home, albeit one of Her Majesty's castles. A photograph,
kindly sent by Mr Young, shows that the yett is much corroded, having
lost the lower frame-bar, the bolts, and a hinge. The remaining hinge
(fig. 1, c) is quite exceptionally set at right angles to the face of the
yett.
Pitreavie, Ftfeahire. — A good drawing and description of this yett
will be found in voL ii. p. 539, of Messrs MacGibbon and Ross's work
on Scottish Castles. The proprietor, Mr Beveridge, F.S.A. Scot., in-
forms me, in addition, that the hinges are recessed about 1^ inch in
the wall ; that the hinge crooks are 3 inches in diameter ; and that the
yett is set behind a modem wooden door, which he believes replaced an
ancient studded one of oak.
Doune, Perthshire, — The arrangements for the defence of the entrance
to this important castle are so well preserved that I shall describe them
in some detail by help of the plans on fig. 4, founded partly on those in
Messrs MacGibbon and Ross's work. The entrance to the castle is by
an arched passage or "pend," about 50 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 12
feet high, passing under the hall, and opening on the courtyard. The
passage slopes inwards and upwards at a rise of 1 foot in 8, and is un-
paved. The entrance to this pend is shown in plan and section (fig. 4,
a, 6, c). For the first 4 feet on entering, there are no sigi\s of defences
or obstacles on the side- walls, and an enemy standing in the archway
would be quite sheltered from missiles from the top of the wall and flank-
ing tower. At 4 feet from the entrance on the right side (fig. 4, c) is a
rectangular opening 7 inches by 5, now built up, the use of which is doubt-
ful; close behind it is a smaller roimd hole opposite to an oval opening,
now built up, in the left-hand wall (b). Probably a chain was stretched
across here. A few inches back, the portcullis — which no longer exists
— stood, when lowered from the slit in the window-sill of the hall.
This slit is 8 inches wide and 6 feet across ; and as the entrance is 2
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOOBS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 299
feet wider, the portcullis when lowered must have left an open space of
a foot on each side, which seems remarkable, particularly as the rybat
in rear, which projects 6 inches, is rendered less effective in barring the
entrance by being bevelled outwards.
Three inches behind the rybat hangs the double-leaved iron yett,^ of
which I give a sketch (fig. 5), showing also the architecture of this part
of the pend. The lower bar of one leaf is entirely gone, as is a wicket
which partially filled a vacant space, 4 feet 6 inches by 3 feet, in the
other. A laige hole in the horizontal bar above shows where the wicket
turned on a prolongation of its own side-bar, and three small holes in the
yett-side-bar below indicate the position of a hinge for the wicket. There
is no trace of a bolt or fastening on either leaf. Close behind the rybat
on the left side is the square mouth, 12 by 10 inches (fig. 4, b), of a
tunnel 1 1 feet long, shown in plan (a), opening at the other end into
the doorway of the round tower. From end to end of this tunnel, and
occupying the greater part of its width, lies an oaken beam, the end of
which and of the iron bar at the mouth of the tunnel, are shown at (e).
But the beam is here much worn, and Mr Dunbar, the warder, has
ascertained from inspection of the deeper parts that the iron bar worked
in a lateral groove, as shown in section (/). As the length of the beam
is 11 feet and that of the iron bar 10 feet 2 inches, besides a part broken
off, while the width of the entrance is only 8 feet, it follows that the
beam and bar must have been built in at the original construction of
the castle, which gives them the respectable age of 460 years. The iron
bar (if) is rectangular, and upwards of 2 inches square, ending with an
expansion containing an eye 5 by 2 inches, which fits over the lower of
two staples in a hole of ornamental form on the opposite wall (front
view and section, d). The two staples are 9 inches apart, and the object
of the upper one is not apparent. There is no pin or other fastening
now remaining.
The access to the first floor of the castle is by an outside stair, at the
^ In my former paper I mentioned that, from a drawing in Billing*s Baronial
Antiquities, I believed this yett to be of comparatively modem design, but a personal
inspection proves it to be constmcted on the same principle as the other Scottish
yetts.
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 301
foot of which there is a shallow recess in the wall, probably to receive,
when open, a small yett, now removed to Damick Tower.
It is pleasant to note that Donne Castle has in recent years been saved
from further decay by judicious measures sanctioned by the Earl of
Moray — an action in striking contrast to the shameful neglect, not
merely of ruins, but of castles not yet gone to ruin, by their owners in
Scotland generally.
Kinnaird, Perthshire, — This restored and well-maintained, although
uninhabited castle, has a large round-headed yett, of which the unique
hinges are shown in fig. 1, ^ There is a modem wooden door; but an
ancient one, now at Fingask, is said to have belonged originally to the
entrance of Kinnaird. One of the old window grilles from Fingask is
made to serve as a door to a smaller upper chamber, containing some
curiosities.
Fingask^ Perthshire, — In this modernised castle the original entrance
has been destroyed, but the yett has fortunately been preserved, and
hangs, amid many other curiosities, on the wall of the porch. The yett
is remarkable for its unique bolt (fig. 2,/), described p. 291.
Braikie, Forfarshire, — ^The yett in this interesting but neglected ruin
is much decayed, the lower inner comer being quite gone. A side view
of its doorway on the hinge-side is given in fig. 1, b, and a repesentation
of the holes for the bolts and bar on the opposite side (fig. 4, t), showing
that the fastening staple for the bar still exists — a rare case. It is set
obliquely, and how it was used is not quite clear. The object of so laige
a space for it, partly in line with or even in front of the yett when shut,
is also obscure. Six inches in front of the yett is a wooden door, with
old-looking hinges. The entrance, as usual in L-shaped castles, is in
the angle, and is specially defended near the ground by two deeply
splayed, oblong shot holes, one giving a direct and the other a flanking
fire. The greater part of the window grilles still remain.
Inverquharity, Forfarshire, — The yett here has several exceptional
details. Figs. 6 and 7, from drawings taken by Mr Greorge G. Milne,
show that it has three, instead of the usual two hinges ; that the bolt-
hasps are zigzag; that close behind the yett there are holes for two
bars, the one about 18 inches above the other; that half-way between
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Fig. 6. Inverquharity.
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 303
them there is a staple on either side of the wall, as if for some additional
bar or chain ; lastly, that the upper bolt passed through an iron plate
which covers the hole in the wall, although now the bolt is too low
from the yett having fallen a little on its hinges.
Invermarki Forfarshire, — This yett has been slightly arched at the
top to fit the doorway, but the upper frame-bar is gone. A view of part
of it by Mr George G. Milne is given in fig. 7.
TUquhiUie, Kincardineshire, — In this yett the uprights project below
the last bar, and are pointed. The Rev. Dr Hutchison of Banchory, and
Mr Downie, the tenant at Tilquhillie, are of opinion that this arrange-
ment is original; but as the present lowest bar shares in the system
of alternate penetration, which never happens in a perfect yett, it is
probable that the pointing of the uprights took place after the loss of the
lower frame-bar. One of the only three surviving iron bars in Scotland
is preserved here. It is about 2 inches square in section, and the
tuimel in the wall is just wide enough to contain it. When stretched
across, it is close behind the yett. Nothing remains to show how it
was fastened.
Cfraigy Aberdeenshire. — In my former paper a drawing of a yett here,
with a description of the castle, by Mr Jervise {Proceedings of the
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland^ 1870, p. 324), is noticed. On
making inquiries about this yett from the Rev. Dr Hutchison, Banchory,
I was surprised to find that his description did not in the least agree
with Mr Jervise's drawing, which on further investigation I find to
be in reality an accurate representation of the yett at Invermark. The
acttial Craig yett is round-headed, and is much corroded below, where
the uprights project with pointed ends below the lowest bar. It is im-
possible to tell now whether this construction is original, or is an adap-
tation, after removal of a corroded lower frame-bar, — most probably the
latter, for the reason given under " Tilquhillie." The hasp of the upper
bolt has the zigzag form which occurs in a few other instances.
Craigievar, Aberdeenshire, — Mrs Forbes Irvine has obtained for me
from the factor on the estate a plan and description of this yett, from
which it appears that it is round-headed, and is in tolerable preservation.
With the single exception of the yett at Edinburgh Castle, this seems
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 305
to be the only one of the true yetts that retains a padlock, A view
of it, from a sketch by Captain Forbes, R.N., is given in fig. 2, t.
BcUveny, Banffshire, — ^For the infonnation about the yett at Balveny,
I am indebted to Mr J. R Findlay of Aberlour, and for the drawing
(fig. 3) to Miss Findlay. With the exception of the one at Donne,
this is the only yett with two leaves. It is round-headed to suit
the arched doorway, and measures 8 feet 9 inches by 7 feet 1 inch.
The usual alternate penetration of the bars occurs throughout in only
one leaf ; in the other a number of the cross-bars simply pass behind
the uprights, and are riveted to them at the intersections. In both
leaves all the bars are similarly Hveted to the framework, instead of
passing through it We may conjecture, therefore, that this yett has
undergone a comparatively rude reconstruction after being half destroyed.
The two hinges for each leaf are of the usual type. There is no bolt,
and there is no hole in the wall for the customary bar ; but their place
is supplied by the singular contrivance of a bifurcated bar turning on
hinges fixed on an upright bar of the yett itself, how fastened at the
-opposite side does not now appear. The yett is withdrawn fully 3 feet
within the entrance, behind a rebate; and further out are two other
rebates, behind each of which a hinge remains, evidently for two other
doors, the first 22 inches in front of the yett, and the second 6| inches
in front of the first.
Catodor, Nairmhire. — Of three yetts at Cawdor, a double-leaved one
at the main entrance from the moat is modem, but the other two are
ancient. One of these is in a postern, opening on the moat, in what
is believed to be one of the oldest parts of the castle. But the most
interesting of the two is situated in the original doorway of the keep.
This is the yett which is said to have been brought from Lochindorb
Castle, on its demolition in 1455, which was entrusted by James II. to
the Thane of Cawdor, who, according to the legend, carried off the yett
on his own back. To the kindness of Dr Joass, I am indebted for
photographs from which the woodcuts (figs. 8, 9) of this interesting yett
are taken. The lower bars are much decayed, and perhaps one may
have been altogether lost, as the present lowest bar is 13 inches above
the ground. The inside view (fig. 8) is from the doorway of a vaulted
VOL. xxn. u
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306
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
chamber opposite, and shows in particular the three hinges, the form
of the bolts and hasps, and the curious hinged bands connecting the
yett with the wicket. The outside view (fig. 9) shows through the
bars the entrance to the vaulted chamber ; on the left the staircase of
Fig. 8. Cawdor, Inside.
the keep ; and on the right, in front, the rybat and one hinge for an
outer door, the rybat on the left having been removed or concealed by
modem alterations. It is said that the yett has been transferred from
the outer to the inner rybat, but it certainly was most unusual to place
the iron yett before the wooden door. Originally the doorway gave
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES.
307
directly on the outside, at a considerable height above the ground. This
yett is one of the very few furnished with a wicket, the opening for
which measures only 38 inches by 16f inches. The wicket has three
upright and six cross bars, frame inclusive; alternating in the usual
.1 ,,.;r-''''f(JSU:*iii^ds^.,
Fig. 9. Cawdor, Outside.
manner, except that the uprights alternate even in the frame. The wicket
turns on short pivots, prolongations of its own inner side-bar, through
holes in the horizontal bars of the yett, above and below ; but two strong
bands, looped round the revolving bar and the two adjoining perpendicu-
lars of the yett, act as additional hinges.
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308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
The yett has the unusual number of three hinges, and the two bolts
are of the ordinary type. The lock plate of the wicket seen in fig. 4
and the key are said to be ancient. There are holes for a cross-bar in
the wall behind the yett, nearly on a level with the middle hinge.
Mingary, Argyllshire, — Mr J. J. Dalgleish, the proprietor of this
remote castle, informs me that the yett is in an entrance of the court-
yard wall, at the water port, in a very exposed place, above and within
20 feet of the sea, which probably accounts for its corroded and
mutilated condition, one upright and two cross bars having entirely
disappeared, as well as all trace of bolts and hinges, except a mere
fragment of one of the latter. Mr Armstrong, factor on the estate, has
forwarded an accurate plan of the yett and its doorway. The latter, as
shown in fig. 4, ^, gets narrower outwards, has shallow holes in the
walls close behind the original situation of the yett, as if for some kind
of bar ; and 7 inches in rear of these, the usual deep tunnel and hole for
a bar, the object of the position of which, at least a foot behind the
yett, is not easy to explain. The yett, to suit its reduced dimensions,
has been transferred to the narrower space intended for the wooden door,
and it has been turned upside down. The main or landward entrance
to the castle courtyard has no yett.
Dingwall^ Ross-shire, — ^The yett now lying in the back yard of the
Old Jail and Townhouse of Dingwall is much the smallest in my list,
measuring only 4 feet 3 J inches by 3 feet 4 inches. It is perhaps also
the most recently constructed one, excluding those made more for
ornament than use quite in modem times. Dr Joass, who procured
photographs of the yett for me, writes as follows : — " In 1733, the Town
Council of Inverness record that, as reported by their deputation, the
borough of Dingwall has no jail. The writer in the New Statistical
Account, mentions that when peace returned after 1745, a jail was
erected and the streets paved. I cannot identify the door to which the
yett belonged, but believe that it was built up when the outside stair
was altered in 1880, and that it gave access to what was called the
dungeon, used as a prison.'' This does not quite settle the question of
date, as there was formerly a castle at Dingwall, from which the yett
may have been brought, but its diminutive size certainly favours the
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 309
supposition that it was intended for a prison, rather than for the
entrance to a castle.
Fig. 10. Dun robin.
Eikan Dunairij RoM-shire, — The yett of this ancient and once im-
portant castle is remarkable for its recent history, Sir Kenneth Matheson
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310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
of Ardross having discovered it in 1883, together with some curious old
pieces of artillery, in the castle well, where, in all probability, it had
lain concealed since 1719, when a ship of war was sent to demolish the
castle, after the battle of GlenshieL A good plan and description of the
yett, furnished by Mr Roderick Maclean, factor of Ardross, to Dr Joass,
shows that the yett is of the ordinary construction.
Dunrobin, Sutherlandahire. — This large yett (fig. 10, from a photo-
graph taken by Dr Joass) has a very diminutive wicket, measuring only
about 30 by 18 inches, pivoted like the Cawdor one ; the lower pivot,
however, passing through a collar, which protects the bar below from
friction. Unlike the Cawdor wicket, there is no alternate penetration
in the frame, there are no band-hinges, and instead of locking to the
yett, there is a large bolt, squared in the middle, which running through
two rings in the wicket, and one on the frame-bar, passed into the wall,
and thus closed both wicket and yett. A second bolt higher up, for
the yett alone, is lost, but its rings and staple still remain. The Dun-
robin yett has apparently suffered violence, being fractured and repaired
by braces in several places. As these injuries are all near the bolts, it
is probable that the yett may have been forced, perhaps when the castle
was taken and spoiled by the rebels in 1746.
The yett is now suspended on the wall of the courtyard, having been
removed from its original site, behind the wooden door of the entrance,
in consequence of modem alterations.
Dunheathj Catthnessshire. — Dr Joass has ascertained that the yett of
this modernised castle still exists, lying neglected in a garden shed. It
is a good deal corroded below, and has been i-epaired with clasps and
rivets.
Yetts of Exceptional Fonn,
Although the existing defensive iron doors in the entrances of Scottish
castles are almost all constructed on the principle adopted in those which
we have hitherto been describing, exceptional forms are occasionally
met with, but so rarely, that I have not heard of more than three.
Smailholniy Eoxburglishire. — The Rev. Dr Joass has obtained for me,
through a friend, a description and drawing (Rg, 11) by the Hon. H. T.
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES.
311
Hepbume Scott, of an iron gate, measuring 5 feet 8 inches by 3 feet 2
inches, at Smailholm, the defensive puqx)se of which can hardly be
Fig. 11. Smailholm.
doubted, from the massiveness of the bare, those of the frame being 2^
inches square, and the contained bars measuring 1 ^ by | inch. It differs
from the typical form in the absence of alternate penetration, all the
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312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
perpendiculars being pierced by the horizontals, and in the pointed ends
of the uprights falling short of the rounded head of the frame by some
inches. The interspace between the two upper horizontals is also much
wider than the interspaces lower down, and one of its compartments is
fitted with two bars crossed. The single hinge near the top has the
peculiar shape shown in the sketch. Apparently the knuckle attached
to the gate is placed between two others, one above and the other
below, projected from the wall, and a pin runs through the three. In
place of a second hinge, the yett rotates on a pivot upon an iron plate
2 feet long, built into the wall, and resting on a large stone on the floor.
The single bolt is 9 inches long and 3 inches in girth. In making out
the drawing for publication, I have brought the rather thin bars of
the original sketch to the width of 1 J inches, given in the description.
Duntreath, Stirlingshire, — Two iron gates, which depart entirely
from the ordinary type, are preserved, nailed to a side wall of the
modernised entrance to the courtyard, at Duntreath. The smaller
and more perfect of the two (fig. 12), measuring 5 feet 8 inches by
4 feet 5 J inches, is made up of fifteen iron bands or laths, about
j^ inch thick, running the whole length of the yett, and varying in
width from 3 to 6 or 7 inches. They are riveted to seven flat hori-
zontal bars, 2 inches wide and ^^ inch thick, on the inner side of the
yett, by rows of bolts, If inch long, with rounded heads about an inch
wide, at the outer side, and apparently hammered out at the inner end,
so as to fix them.
There are remains of the knuckles of three hinges, and probably there
was a fourth. They are formed by bending into a circular form the
prolonged ends of the transverse bars. The bolts and their staples are
entirely gone. Six holes in the laths, about half-way up, — two others
near the top, and two near the bottom, — ^probably indicate the position
of three bolts, of which the middle one must have been very large. A
chain hangs from a staple, probably for closing the door from the
outside. A rectangular spy-hole, 2 J by 2 inches, closed outside by
an iron plate swinging on a nail, was probably closed from the inside
also, as there are several rivet holes on a level with it. There is
another small triangular hole about 15 inches from the bottom of the
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314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
yett. The workmanship is rude, the supporting bars being at unequal
distances, and not parallel to each other.
The larger Duntreath door, measuring 6 feet 4 inches by 4 feet 6
inches, is constructed on the same principle as the other, but is not in
such good condition, the upper three of the nine transverse bars being
gone, and several of the laths broken short at the top. A wicket, con-
structed like the door, occupies 4 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 4 inches of its
superficies. The inside view (fig. 13), from a plan furnished by Mr
A. B. Duncan, Blairquhosh, shows the remaining staples, besides holes
for others, for a bolt to close the wicket and yett to the wall, and near
the foot, holes for the staples of another bolt; also the remaining hinge
of the wicket, constructed quite differently from the hinges of the true
yetts, and somewhat on the principle of the one at Smailholm. A side
view of a staple and the adjoining part is given above the yett. The
great irregularity in the construction of the door is shown in the drawing.
On the wall beside the doors there hangs an iron padlock (fig. 2, k) ;
also, an interesting relic of ancient baronial jurisdiction, the stocks (fig.
12), with accommodation for four pairs of legs. The iron part consists
of a lower straight flat bar 6 feet 2 inches long, but broken short at the
end, and an upper one bent at 6-inch intervals into little arches for the
feet. The lower bar is nailed to a beam, of which little remains. The
upper one was apparently kept in its place by another heavy beam with
arched cavities to receive the arches of the iron, A considerable part
of this beam remains.
A Lost Yett, — The highly interesting and perfectly preserved, al-
though uninhabited, fifteenth centuiy castle of Affleck^ Forfarshire^
retained its ancient iron yett not many years ago, as recorded by Messrs
MacGibbon and Ross. But it has mysteriously disappeared. In answer
to inquiry by Mr E. C. Walker, F.S.A. Scot., Dr Sim, the present pro-
prietor, regrets that, notwithstanding having offered a reward to any one
who could tell him where it was, his efforts to discover the yett proved
fruitless.
Modem Yetts, — The interesting and elegant design of the ancient
yetts has led to their imitation in recent times, which, if it is liable to
cause mistakes as to their origin, is satisfactory as a proof of reviving
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316 PROCEBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APBIL 28, 1888.
taste, and as tending to the perpetuation of the type, many of the existing
ancient specimens being quite neglected and rusting rapidly away.
A modem yett at Cawdor has abeady been noticed. It was manu-
factured at Birmingham, by order of the present Earl * of Cawdor.
Another has quite recently been placed in Crarth Castle by Sir Donald
Currie. A third has for some time been at Nunrawy East Lothian^ as
I am informed by Mr Carfrae, F.S.A Scot. A fourth has lately been
put up in the repaired tower at Castle Hill, Manor Vale, A fifth
occupies the place of an ancient one, at the foot of the outside stair in
the courtyard of Doune Castle.
Lastly, the Rev. Dr Rankine of Muthill, who kindly made inquiries on
the spot, sends me the following account of one at Drummond Castle : —
" I found out at once, on authority of an eyewitness (Mr Cameron, warder),
that it was made and erected just after he came here thirty-eight years
ago, — the maker being a local smith, who went, by direction of the late
Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, to Doune to copy the one there. Next I saw
the castle mason, who went with the smith to secure accuracy of measure-
ment, &c/' Perhaps this little history may be taken as a proof that the
ancient yetts were, or at least might easily have been, of local manu-
facture.
rv. History and Distribution.
The period when the iron yetts first came into use cannot be precisely
determined. A decree fulminated against them by the Scottish Privy
Council, quoted in my former paper, proves that they were in universal
use in castles and fortified mansions in 1616. I do not know any earlier
indubitable historical mention of them, but it is very probable that they
are referred to in a clause of the licence, dated 1444, for the building
of Cawdor Castle, which confers the right portisque clausuris ferrets
fundandi et in altura erigendi. It is true the latter words seem to point
to the portcullis rather than to the yett; but, on the other hand, if
the portcullis were intended, the single word eataraeta, if in customary
use, would surely have been employed; and in favour of the yett
we have the evidence of the castle itself, as there is no provision for a
portcullis in it. The probable use of the yett is thus carried back to the
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 317
middle of the fifteenth century. But a still earlier date may be claimed
on reasonable grounds. It seems almost certain that some kind of iron
defence would always be necessary to prevent the entrances of castles from
being easily forced by fire. In the earliest Scottish castles this require-
ment was fulfilled by the portcullis, as I find in Messrs MacGibbon
and Ross's standard work, that of the fifteen castles built before 1300,
eight are mentioned as retaining portcullis-grooves, the entrances of
the others being too ruinous to show whether they had them or not.
But the use of the portcuUis seems to have been almost entirely confined
to comparatively early times and to the larger class of castles. Thus,
among the twelve fourteenth-century castles, which were all of small
size, we find in the work just cited that, with the doubtful exception of
Craigmillar, not one is mentioned as having portcullis-grooves; and if
they reappear in the fifteenth century, it is only for a brief period at the
beginning of it, and in the largest class of castles, grooves remaining in
fourteen out of seventeen of these, all built early in the fifteenth century;
while in fifty-two smaller castles, built between 1400 and 1542, they
occur in Borthwick alone, and there only in the gateway of the court.
Indeed, it is doubtful if Scottish castles were constructed to have the
portcullis after about 1420; the only apparent later instances among
nearly two hundred fortified structures, recorded by Messrs MacGibbon
and Boss, being in the gateway at Edinburgh Castle, attributed to Regent
Morton, 1574, and in the pend of Castle Sinclair, 1606, — instances so
isolated as to suggest that even in these instances the masonry of the
grooves, at least, must be of much more ancient date.
From all this it appears that the portcullis was confined to the larger
castles, that it was temporarily abandoned in the fourteenth century, and
that it ceased entirely, or almost entirely, to be used early in the fifteenth
century. Granting, therefore, that some kind of iron defence was always
necessary, and as there is no sign remaining of any other kind, we are
almost driven to the conclusion that the " yett " must have fulfilled that
important duty, even as early as the fourteenth century.
Further evidence in favour of considerable antiquity may be derived
from the dates of the castles in which the existing examples are found.
Considering the much larger number of recent compared with more
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318 PKOCEBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APKIL 23, 1888.
ancient castles, and that the older yetts are much more likely than the
more recent ones to have disappeared from destruction or decay, it is a
fair presumption in favour of antiquity^ if any considerable numbers are
found in the older castles. Kow, adopting Messrs MacGibbon and Boss's
carefully ascertained dates, I find that of thirty-seven castles which
still retain their yetts in situ, five date in whole- or part anterior to the
fifteenth century, nine are in whole or part of the fifteenth, eighteen of
the sixteenth, and five of the seventeenth centuries. Thus a considerable
proportion of these yetts are found among the comparatively smaU number
of castles dating in part at least from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
It is quite possible that the yett was in use along with the portcullis.
At Doune we have an example of an existing yett, set about a foot be-
hind the portcullis grooves ; of course, it is impossible to say whether the
two were contemporary, but it seems probable that the surviving iron bar,
of proved antiquity, must have been intended to support an iron yett of
some kind or another.
It would be interesting to know whether the Scottish portcullis was
constructed on the same principle as the yett. Unfortunately, as far as
I can learn, not a single Scottish portcullis remains, unless it be at the
bottom of Loch Doon, where, according to Patterson's Ayrshire Families,
one could be seen in calm weather some years ago. This is no longer
possible, however, as the loch has since been raised 8 or 10 feet. I am
informed by the Rev. Mr Hendrie of Dalmellington, that two old boatmen
have seen the object when the water was very low, and that they call it
** an iron gate." He also informs me that there are portcullis grooves
in the castle. The question what this " iron gate " may be can only be
solved by restoring it to the light — a feat not likely to be undertaken,
when the castle itself is being allowed to go to destruction.
It is easier to assign a period when the manufacture of yetts must
have ceased. With the increase of respect for law and order, and the
dying out of family feuds, towards the close of the seventeenth century,
the cumbrous yetts would gradually be disused, and as a matter of fact
the most recent castle in which they are found is Drumlanrig, which
^ The antiqnity, that is to say, not of the individual yetts now existing, but of
the yett system of defence.
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ON THE GRATED IRON DOORS OF SCOTTISH CASTLES. 319
dates from about 1680. £von in this instance, the large yett has
undergone mutilation to fit the entrance, and may have belonged
originally to an older edifice. Two of the yetts in my list may possibly
have been constructed for actual use even in the eighteenth century.
Possibly the one at the Grown Room in Edinburgh Castle was specially
made to protect the regalia when jealously shut up in 1707, after the
Union ; but it may be much older, for it had long been the custom to
keep the regalia in the castle, as we learn from the following statement,
of date 1638, in Bailliea Letters, quoted in "Papers relative to the Re-
galia of Scotland:" — "Dalkeith in the treasurer's sight was taken
The crown, sceptre, and sword, which (I know not how) had been trans-
ported there, were, with all reverence, brought back by our nobles to
their proper place in the castle of Edinburgh." The Dingwall yett may
possibly be little more than a century and a half old, as it seems to
have been used for the jail there, where apparently, as already related
(p. 308), no jail existed till 1735, and its small size is opposed to the
theory that it may have been originally the yett of Dingwall Castle, or
some other fortified edifice in the neighbourhood.
Distribution. — ^The typical yett is distributed widely over both the
Lowlands and Highlands of Scotland. It is somewhat remarkable,
however, although probably purely accidental, that with exception of
the neglected specimen in the wood at Dunlop, and possibly another at
the bottom of Loch Doon, the Rye western lowland counties, Lanark,
Renfrew, Ayr, Wigtown, and Kirkcudbright, as well as the neighbouring
county of Bute, appear to be destitute of yetts. In my former paper
I have shown that the Scottish type of yett is not met with in England,
even on the Borders, and that, so far as I could learn, it is unknown in
France and on the Continent, although the principle of alternate pene-
tration of the bars in the four quarters is applied to window grilles in
North Italy and the Tyrol.
In Scotland, the grilles which fortified every window of the old
castles, and which must have given them a very gloomy and prison-like
character, were universally constructed on the same principle as the
yetts, if we may judge from the numerous surviving examples.
I cannot conclude without thanking the gentlemen already named as
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320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
authorities, and particularly the Rev. Dr Joass, who generously placed at
my disposal a valuable contribution on the five most northern yetts in
the kingdonL But for the kind co-operation of these gentlemen, this
work would have fallen far short of the measure of fulness and accuracy
which I hope it has attained.
VI.
NOTICE OF SIX NORWEGIAN POWDER-HORNS IN THE MUSEUM,
CARVED WITH SUBJECTS FROM THE ROMANCES OF THE CHARLE-
MAGFE CYCLE. By GEORGE F. BLACK, Ashistant in the Museum.
(Plate n.)
The Powder-Homs described in the following paper, although com-
paratively modem, are of peculiar interest on accoimt of the figures and
inscriptions carved on them. The greater number of these figures refer
to the heroes of the Charlemagne cycle of romances, the stpries of whose
deeds were so popular in the Middle Ages, as shown by the place which
these romances have taken in the literature of Western Europe. Thus
in Old French we have the Chanson de Roland^ dating from the begin-
ning of the eleventh century, and in the twelfth century translated into
rhymed German verse by a Swabian priest. In Old English we have the
stories of (1) Roland J (2) Roland and VemagUy and (3) Sir Ottiel, all of
the fourteenth century. In Iceland and Scandinavia we have the prose
romance Karlamagnvs Saga ok Kappa hafis, dating from the thirteenth
century. In the Fseroe Islands we have the ballads Carla Magnussa
Dreimur and the Rumevals Struj or RoiUands Qoeaji ; and in Flemish a
few fragments have also been discovered. In Danish we have a fifteenth
century translation of the French Chanson, entitled Kejser Karl Magnus,
said to be a popular book to this day. The Danish Kcempeviser, or
" Ballads of Champions," and the Gamle Norske Folkemser, or " Old Norse
Ballads," have also preserved the story of Charlemagne and his Knights
in a more or less modified form, and it is from these ballads that the
subjects have been selected for representation on the horns.
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SIX NORWBGUN POWDER-HORNS.
321
Desoreption op the Horns.
No. 1. — This horn is the finest of all, and measures 9 inches in
length. The figures are finely carved in low reliief ; and the whole
surface of the horn is stained a dark red colour. Bunning round the
neck of the horn is a broad band filled in with floral patterns, two dogs
and four birds (fig. 1), while below the other subjects are arranged as
follows : —
Top Row, — (1) The Temptation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of
Eden. In the centre of the panel is the Tree of Elnowledge, with the
serpent twined round the trunk, and Adam and Eve on either side. The
serpent is represented as bending down towards Eve with an apple in its
mouth. Eve is shown with her right hand raised to receive the apple,
:^j^mmsi^^^^
Fig. 1. Band of Floral Patterns round the top of the Horn.
while Adam stands with his arms stretched out in an attitude of depre-
cation (fig. 2). Inscribed vertically on the left of the panel are the
words ADAM I HAVEN (Adam in the garden), and vertically on the right
EVAM. (2) Samson rending the jaws of the lion, inscribed horizontally
above samson, and vertically on the left l0vbn (the Lion). (3) Daniel
giving the ball of pitch to the dragon, inscribed daniel. (4, 5) Two
panels, each of which contain a knight on horseback anned with sword
and shield, inscribed horizontally above with their names, langol and
KAREL. (6, 7) Two other panels, similarly carved, with the names of
the knights above, vidrik og tidrik (Vidrik and Tidrik) (fig. 3).
Bottom Row, — Inscribed horizontally right round the horn are the
words : halvor oijb80n egen hand den 2 aprilis ano 1729 (Halvor
VOL. XXII. X
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322
PROCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Olsson [with his] own hand [carved this horn] the 2nd April, Anno
1729). Four panels, each of which contains a knight, similar to those
described above, each with his name inscribed vertically on the left hand
side of the panel : otvbl • bvrman ' olger • roland (figs. 2, 3).
ID£N2APRUlSANO/r2J?;
Fig. 2. Three Panels of the Horn No. 1.
No. n. — ^This horn is finely carved, and is most interesting on account
of the number of subjects it bears. It measures 11^ inches in length.^
First Row, — (1) The Temptation, inscribed vertically on the left adam
I PARADi (Adam in Paradise), and vertically on the right eva herhos
(Eve close by). (2-4) Three small panels, each with a knight on
horseback, inscribed horizontally above and below : otbvel drab dem
BBGE K : GARSiA K : KLARis (Otuel killed them both. King Garsia and
^ In a footnote to Mr Allen's paper {anU^ p. 162) this horn is allnded to as being
engraved on plate ii of this paper. The reference should have been to figs. 4, 6, and 6.
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SIX NOKWEGIAN POWDER-HORNS.
323
King Claris). (5) Knight on horseback, inscribed vertically on the right
TiDRiK. (6) Lion and Dragon facing each other, with their fore feet on
a conical hill ; a crown above the head of the lion, and the word krone
Fig. 3. The other Eight Panels of the Horn No. 1.
(Crown) inscribed horizontally above. Below these panels is a band
running right round the horn, and inscribed l0vbn og dbn lbdb lindbror-
MBN (The Lion and the loathly Lindenworm) ^ (fig. 4).
^ In the old Teutonic mythology the Lindworm or Lindenworm was a dragon with-
out wings. Grimm (Deutsche Mythologie, Band ii. p. 652) explains the name as
meaning a glowing worm, but it may be simply from its association with the lime or
linden tree.
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324
PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Second Row. — Four panels of carving — (1, 2) Two warriors on horse-
back, face to face, inscribed vertically on the left of each panel boldvin
— ABAS. (3) Two men on foot, facing each other, inscribed vertically
^^^^=^^^P^^^^^^^&
^^=5:?^
Fig. 4. Upper part of Horn No. 2.
on the left roland, and horizontally above pbrakvn. (4) Large panel
with two warriors on horseback, face to face, and both mounting a
conical hill from opposite sides inscribed vertically on the left aleain,
Fig. 6. Second Row of Subjects on Horn No. 2.
and vertically over the apex tarbn (alkaintarbn). Below these panels,
and running right round the horn, is the inscription her ivaar blaa
GRBVIN GON8KLIN (Here Ivaar Blaa [Blue Ivar] [?here] the Count
Gonselin) (fig. 5).
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SIX NORWEGIAN POWDER-HORNS.
325
Third Row, — Fine panels of carving — (1) Warrior on foot holding a
sword, inscribed vertically on the left kong olger dansk (King Olger
the Dane). (2) Similar figure, inscribed vertically on the left k :
BVRMAN (King Burman). (3) King David playing on the harp, inscribed
vertically on the left kg : davb. (4) Samson and Delilah. Samson
is represented seated, while Delilah stands before him ofiFering a cup,
and holding a pair of scissors behind her back ; inscribed vertically
on the left samsgn, and horizontally above the cup daliladh. (5)
Daniel and the Dragon, inscribed vertically on the left danibl, and
horizontally above the dragon draeb (Dragon) ; in the field below
Daniel's hand a human face appears. Bunning round the bottom of the
horn is the inscription mas mass0n egen hand anng 1697 (Mas Masson
[with his] own hand, Anno 1697) (fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Bottom Row of Subjects on Horn No. 2.
No. III. — Seven and a half inches in length, flattish-oval in section,
and ornamented with a double band of rope work round the top.
Top Row, — (1) The Temptation, inscribed vertically on the left
ADAMBN, and vertically on the right eva en man. (2) Panel with
knight on horseback, inscribed horizontally below rglan (Roland). (3)
Knight on horseback, inscribed vertically on the right ferakvnd. (4)
Two men standing face to face, each with his left arm stretched out as
if engaged in discussion ; no inscription. (5) Elnight on horseback, in-
scribed horizontally above endb (probably for endel, the name of
Christian knight).
Bottom Raw. — Inscribed horizontally right round the horn is a man's
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326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOaETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
name : har^ olap strangs0n. Five panels of carving — (1) King David
playing on the harp, inscribed vertically on the left dave. (2-4) Three
knights on horseback, with their names inscribed vertically on the left of
each : otbv (otbvl), oarsi (gassia), klar (klaris). (5) Knight on foot,
inscribed vertically on the left bvrm (bvrhan). Round the bottom of
the horn is the inscription alag mas80n, egen hant (Alag Masson or A.
Lagmasson, [with his] own hand [carved this horn] (Plate II. fig. 1).
Xo. IV. — Nine inches in length. No ornamentation beyond the
panels.
Tap Row. — (1) The Temptation, inscribed vertically on the left adam
MAN (Adam, man), and vertically on the right bva kvindb (Eve, woman).
(2, 3) Two knights on horseback, face to face, inscribed vertically on
the right of the second tidrig, and horizontally below the third vidrig.
(4) Daniel and the Dragon, inscribed horizontally above danibl.
(5) Samson and the Lion, inscribed vertically on the left samson.
Below on a band is inscribed kv bbrqb ano 1751.
Bottom Bow. — ^Four panels of carving, each with a knight on horse-
back, inscribed vertically on the left of each panel : roland * otvl '
BVRMAN • OLGBR (Plate IL fig. 2).
No. V. — Eight and a half inches in length. This horn differs from
the others in showing no scriptural subjects, and is remarkable for the
number and length of the inscriptions carved on it. The horn is
divided into twelve panels, arranged in four vertical rows of three each.
Ten of these panels contain each a knight on horseback, and the
eleventh a horse lying on its back and a man standing at its head
holding a sword ; while the twelfth shows a man lying on his back with
his hat and sword beside him, and his horse galloping over him.
Between each row of panels is a vertical band bearing an inscription,
and round the bottom of the horn are four other inscriptions. Each
panel is further subdivided from the others by small horizontal bands
inscribed with the names of the knights, which, as far as can be made
out, are as follows : — rolan • oujver • turpin • hieri * berring * otto •
VALTER • SAMSON * HIERRING (Plate 11. fig. 3).
The letters on the four vertical bands form one continuous inscription,
which reads : —
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cd
S
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q::
O
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LU
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SIX NORWEGIAN POWDBR-HORNS. 327
DIS8E KIEHPEB HAYEB ALLE VEBBT 8TERKE 00 UDSTAT NAAR DB
KAMPA HIBB 00 VOET .... LIV OO ... . HED NINOENB
FOB DEN KRI
8TBLIGB TROXEFTER MIN FOBNUFT OG BIN0EF0R8TANEB 00 OIORT
AF HIN EGEN HAN
TRON 0L8EN: OO ER OIORT TIL KyARTBRMEESTER BEN.
Translation,
These Champions have all been stark and hardy when they
fought here and enjoyed life and [fought] the heathen for the
Christian faith x After my skill and knowledge and worked with my
own hand
Tron Olsen : and he made it for his quartermaster.
The four inscriptions round the bottom seem to read : —
(1) NAARSOM AT DLVL | UD PAA lAOTTAGHER | RENSORD ALVEI AOT. |
(2) FORQLEN lEDINBO ' | AT GI0R AEVEL ' MAN ' | GENEN UAAR UD PAA' |
(3) IAGT8ETER FA | LID PAA TROLD | DOM MAGT SIN | .
(4) OUDDER MED FORT ORNE | NAARD X7DIN HANB SPENNER OF | . SEKTEVEL
PAA DURES I krop::ano 1773 I
No. VL^Ten inches in length. This horn is much more rudely
carved than the others, with the exception of No. V. It has also
suffered some damage through portions of the carving chipping off, thus
making it difficult to decipher the inscriptions in some placea
First Bow, — (1) The Temptation; no inscription. (2) Panel with
knight on horseback, before whom is another knight on foot, inscribed
verticldly on the left ferakvn, and on the right rolan. (3) Two
knights on horseback, face to face, inscribed vertically on the left
HVMLVN, and on the right golia.
Second Mow. — ^Three panels of carving— (1) Knight on horseback
similar to others, inscribed vertically on the left and horizontally along
the top OLAF 8TBNG80N (Olaf Strongson). (2) A horse with saddle on its
back; above, an animal resembling a dog ; behind, a man running after
the horse, and holding in his hand a spear shaped like a cross; inscribed
vertically on the left, and horizontally along the top with a man's name :
HABAB KVNDS0N. (3) Knight ou horseback, inscribed vertici^y on the
left, and horizontally along the top olgeb dansks (Olger the Dane).
Third Bow. — ^Double band of rope moulding running right round
the horn. Below, four panels of carving — (1) Samson and Delilah.
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328 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Samson is represented with long hair, sitting on a chair, and holding
out his hand to Delikh, who offers him a cup; at the back of the chair
is a bird ; inscribed vertically on the left samson, and horizontally above
the cup DAL (for dalilah). (2) King David playing the harp, inscribed
vertically on the left davb. (3) Daniel feeding the Dragon with the
ball of pitch, inscribed vertically on the left daniel, and horizontally
over tlie dragon, drake (Dragon). (4) Knight on foot armed with a
sword, inscribed vertically on the left bvrman.
No. VIL — Since this paper was communicated to the Society, the
Bight Hon. the Earl of Southesk has kindly forwarded another horn of
this description, which his Lordship purchased at Cannes. It measures
7^ inches in length.
Top Eow.^^l) The Temptation, inscribed vertically on the left adam
I PAR (Adam in Paradise), and vertically on the right bva en kvind
(Eve, a woman). (2, 3) Two knights on horseback, face to face,
inscribed horizontally below the first panel rolan, and vertically and
horizontally between the panels pbracvnd falsos (Falsest Feracimd).
(4, 5) Two knights on horseback, back to back. Below a band running
right roimd the horn, bearing the names of the above two knights olqbr
DANSKB OG soLDAN BRVHBR (Olgcr the Dane and the Sultan Bruher).
Bottom Row, — Four panels of carving — (1) Samson and Delilah.
Samson is represented with long hair sitting on a chair, above his head
a comb; before him Delilah offering him a cup; below the cup a pair of
shears; inscribed vertically on the left bamso (for samson), and vertically
on the right dalila. (2) King David playing the harp, inscribed verti-
cally on the right david. (3) Daniel feeding the Dragon with the ball
of pitch, inscribed vertically on the left daniel. (4) Knight on foot
with sword, inscribed vertically on the left bvrman. Below a band
running round the horn inscribed evind ei0stel30n eoen hand a^ i[79]0
(Evind Kiostelsen [with his] own hand. Anno 1790).
Of the heroes mentioned on the horns the most conspicuous is Boland,
nephew of Charlemagne, who fell at Boncesvalles, and was looked upon
as the type of chivalry.
The name of Boland is usually associated (on the horns) with that of
Feracund. According to the Bomances, Feracund was a giant who fought
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SIX NORWEGIAN POWDER-HORNS. 329
with some of the beat of Charlemagne's knights and vanquished them,
but was at last vanquished and killed by Eoland. Although called a
Saracen in the Eomances, he is generally looked upon as an importation
from the Celtic, and may be the same as the Feragus of the Irish tales.
In the person of Olger the Dane, two individuals appear to have
become confused. In Charlemagne's time there was a Frankish chief
named Othgar, who fought with the Lombards against Charlemagne in
773. He seems to have been confused with a Danish or Xorse chief
named Holgar or Hugler, who plundered Aix-la-Chapelle some seventy
years after. Among the Danes Olger is looked upon as the champion of
their country, and the belief exists that he lies sleeping somewhere ready
to come forth when his country is in danger. On Lord Southesk's horn
he is opposed to the Sultan Bruher.
Abas, Burman, Humlun, Garsia, Claris, are all heathens. The last
two are mentioned on Mr Allen's horn as having been killed by Otuel,
who was himself a Saracen, and nephew of Feracund. He was converted
to Christianity by Oliver.
Oliver is another doughty hero, and brother-in-law to Roland. He
seems to have been a Saracen converted to Christianity by Boland, with
whom he fought an entire day, and gave Roland as much as Roland gave
him — ^whence the proverb of " A Roland for an Oliver."
Samson is another Christian hero in the service of Charlemagne.
Turpin, who is mentioned on horn No, V., may be the bishop of
that name who is stated to have fallen in the battle of Roncesvalles.
The word Alkaintaren on Mr Allen's horn seems to be a place-name,
and is probably Alcantara (Al kaniarah, Arabic for "the bridge"), an old
fortified town in the province of Estremadura, in Spain. The order of
Alcantara (formerly St Julian), one of the religious orders of Spanish
knighthood, was founded in 1156 as a military fraternity against the
Moors. In 1197, Pope Celestine III. raised it to the rank of a religious
order of knighthood. Alphonso IX. having taken the town of Alcantara,
ceded it in 1218 to the order of Calatrava, who some time after ceded it
to the knights of St Julian. The crest of the order is a pear tree.
Karel is probably the Emperor himself, and if so it is the only
instance of his occurring on the horns.
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330 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
The story of Tidrik and the Lion has nothing to do with the Charle-
magne Bomances, but is taken from the Yilkina Saga. It also occurs in
the Middle-High-German Hddenbuch, or Book of Heroes, and in the
Danish Kcempeviser, in which the adventure is attributed to Dietrich of
Bern, instead of his grandfather Wolf-Dietrich. According to the ballad,
Dietrich was on his way to Bern when he chanced to witness a combat
between a lion and a linden-worm. As he bore a golden lion on his
shield, he considered it his duty to assist the lion against the dragon,
with the result that the dragon was killed. See Bafn, Nardiske KcBrnpe-
Higtorier, andet Bind.
The story of Vidrik and Tidrik is also found in the Vilkina Saga, and
has nothing to do with the Charlemagne Romances. According to the
Saga, Vidrik was the son of Volund the Vulcan of the Norsemen, and
the Weyland Smith of the Anglo-Saxons. After his father made him a
sword, which gave its owner the power of conquering all enemies, he
went forth in search of adventures. He journeyed on till he reached
Bern or Verona, where the great Dietrich of Bern held court, and
challenged Dietrich to mortal combat. After a desperate battle, he was
on the point of conquering Dietrich, when by mutual consent the battle
was ended by Vidrik or Wittich becoming one of Dietrich's chosen band.
In the Nibelungenlied Wittich is mentioned as the slayer of Nodung,
son of Rudiger Count of Bechlam.
The story of Ivar Blaa and the Coimt Gonselin first occurs in the
Collection of Danish Kcempevieer, published in 1691, According to it,
the knight Sir Gonselin challenges Sir Ivar Blaa to mortal combat, and
at the first tilt Sir Ivar was thrown to the ground. A peace is then
made, by Sir Ivar giving his sister in marriage to Sir Gonselin. The
marriage feast is graced by the presence of a number of the heroes of
northern romance, including Vidrik Veylandson, Dietrich of Bern, Olger
the Dane, Old Hildebrand, Volcher the edel spdeman of the Nibelungen-
lied, and King Siegfried, the homy.
The scriptural subjects are all taken from the Old Testament and the
Apocrypha. The first is the Temptation of Adam and Eve, which, accord-
ing to Mr Allen, is explained by the verse in St Paul's Epistle to the Corin-
thians (1 Cor. XV. 21): " For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ all live."
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SIX NORWEGIAN POWDER-HORNS. 331
The second subject is Daniel feeding the Dragon with the ball of pitch.
This does not occur in the Bible, but is found in the apocryphal Book
of " Bel and the Dragon," verse 27 : " Then Daniel took pitche, and
fatte, and heare (hair), and did seethe them together, and made lumpes
thereof : this he put in the dragon's mouth, and so the dragon burst
in sunder." The stories of David and of Samson and Delilah are too
well known to require description.
VIT.
REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND, OBTAINED THROUGH
DR R. H. GUNNING'S JUBILEE GIFT TO THE SOCIETY. By
JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D., Assistant Secretary, and GEORGE F.
BLACK, Assistant in the Museum.
In June last Dr R. Halliday Gunning made oflfer, through Professor
Duns, of a Jubilee Gift to the Society of £40 per annum ; the object
being ** to help experts to visit other Museums, Collections, or Materials
of Archaeological Science at home or abroad, for purposes of special
investigation and research." It was left in the option of the Council
of the Society, who are constituted administrators of the Gift, to retain
the annual income in their own hands for a triennial period, " so as to be
in a position to expend a sum of £120 in one year of that period,
or a sum of £80 in one year of a biennial period, or a sum of £40
in a single year, according as the circumstances of the investigation
to be undertaken may imply greater or less expense."
In connection with most of the principal ArchsBological Museums
on the Continent, provision has been made for enabling the officers
and attaches of the Museum who are being trained by their occupation
as experts, to enlarge their knowledge in the lines of their specialities
by travel and research. In 1842-45 Worsaae, then a young man,
was sent through Sweden, Norway, North Germany, and Russia to
study the Old Northern types. In 1846-47 he was sent to England,
Scotland, and Ireland to study the traces of the Northmen on this side
of the North Sea« The result was the publication of his Danes and
Northmen in Britain, which is still the standard work on that subject.
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332 PBOCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
In 1877 Mr Ingvald Undset, a young attach^ of the Christiania
Museum, was sent to Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, and Britain
to examine and describe the antiquities of distinctively Norse types
that are preserved in the museums of these countries. The result was
an illustrated monograph on Norse Antiquities preserved in Foreign
Museums, More recently, Mr Undset was sent through all the countries
of Europe to study the phenomena of the early Iron Age, The result
was his well-known work on the Iron Age in Europe, which is now the
standard book of reference on that subject. In 1878-79 Dr Sophus
Muller, now the Secretary of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries
of Copenhagen, but then a young attach^ of the Museum there, was sent
through (Germany, Austria, and Italy, returning by France and Britain.
The object of his tour was the study of the origin, development, and varia-
tion of zoomorphic ornament in Europe, and the result was the most
complete monograph on the subject yet published. In 1882 Dr Oscar
Montelius, the keeper of the National Museum of Sweden, was sent
throughout Europe to study the Fibulse of the Bronze and Iron Ages. The
result was a copiously illustrated monograph of the subject. The Royal
Academy of Archaeology of Sweden expends £112 annually in grants to
experts for the exploration and scientific description of the antiquities of
the country. In this way Mr Hjalmar Stolpe, an attach^ of the Museum,
was enabled to explore the Yiking settlement of Bjorko, which he has
described in an illustrated monogi-aplu The Norwegian Society also ex-
pends £112 annually in grants for travel and research, principally within
the country, the results of which are published in its annual volumes.
The knowledge of these facts induced the Council to give its careful
consideration to the best means of promoting the objects which Dr
Gunning had in view in making this generous gift to the Society ;
and after proposing certain regulations to be observed in making the
appointments, which were approved of by Dr Gunning, they resolved
that the scheme should be inaugurated in this, the jubilee year, by
an Inspection and Report upon the condition and contents of the
Archaeological and Ethnological departments of the various local Museums
in Scotland, and the duty of making that Inspection and Report was
confided to me and my assistant Mr Geoi^e F. Black.
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KKPOETS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 333
In accordance with the instructions of the Council, I visited the
following Museums : —
The Museum of the Chambers Institute, Peebles; the Museum of
the Smith Institute, Stirling ; the Museum of the Macfarlane Institute,
Bridge of Allan ; the Museum of the Society of Natural Science and
ArchflBology, Alloa ; the Hunterian Museum in the Glasgow University ;
the Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow ; the Anderson College Museum,
Glasgow; the University Museum, St Andrews; the Museum of the
Albert Institute, Dundee ; the Museum of the Literary and Antiquarian
Society, Perth ; the Elgin Museum, Elgin ; the Falconer Museum,
Forres; the Nairn Museum, in the Literary Institute, Nairn; and
the Museum in the Free Library Buildings, Inverness.
Pebbles.
The Peebles Museum in the Chambers Institute, formeriy the town
mansion of the Duke of Queensberry, was established in 1859, in connec-
tion with a Library, Beading Boom, and Grallery of Art, by the late William
Chambers of Glenormiston, The Museum has two departments, one of
which is confined to the county of Peebles, the other general. The speci-
mens from Peeblesshire are arranged in one room, and form a very interesting
local group. The space, however, is too limited, and the antiquities should
be arranged by themselves, instead of being mingled amongst the Mineral-
ogical, Geological, and Natural History specimens.
Stone Implements. — There is no systematic collection of stone implements
from Peeblesshire as yet, but a few specimens have been already gathered : —
Six Arrow-Heads of flint, with barbs and stem, found in the neighbourhood
of Pilmuir, Peeblesshire, and one from Ellon, Aberdeenshire.
Half of a Hammer-Head of granite, of the form that is slightly wedge-
shaped towards both ends, and having the perforation near the centre. The
perforation has been about | inch diameter, and bored straight through.
The width of the hammer is l| inch, thickness | inch, length from end to
shaft-hole 1| inch; the whole length may have been something over 8^
inches. It was found on Ljrne Water.
A finely polished Axe-Hammer of greenstone, 4^ inches in length, Tj inches
in greatest width, wedge-shaped in the end below the perforation for the
handle, rounded in the butt — ^found in a tumulus at Cookston, near Peebles.
A large wedge-shaped Hammer of sandstone, 8 inches in length, with
rounded butt — from Haystoun.
An imperforate Axe of claystone, polished, 5^ inches in length by 3 inches
across the cutting face, and 1 inch in thickness — ^found at Cardrona in 1862.
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334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
An Axe of claystone, polished, 8^ inches in length by 2 inches across the
cutting face and 1 inch in thickness — ^found in a peat-moss at Grassfield,
Linton.
An Axe of porphyry, finely polished, 4^ inches in length by 2J inches
across the cutting face, and | inch in thickness — ^fonnd 10 feet below the
surface, at La Mancha.
A fine Axe of sandstone, with roughened butt, presented by J. Erskine of
Venlaw, and probably found there, though no locality is assigned to it.
A large wedge-shaped Hammer of brown whinstone, partially bored on
both sides — ^has no locality.
A Stone Ball, 2| inches diameter, with plain surfEuse — ^found in the wall of
Manor Church in 1873.
Another Stone Ball, slightly larger than that from Manor Church — ^found
in making a drain at Kailze Mains.
Two Spindle Whorls, eight Quern Stones, and one old Curling Stone.
Bronze Implements. — The bronze implements are few, but there is here a
hoard of bronze Objects of very peculiar character, which I now describe for
the first time : —
I first heard of this hoard from Mr Linton, farmer, Glenrath, who was kind
enough to send me a few notes and rough sketches of the objects in 1882.
Two years ago I mentioned them to Dr Christison, who was then staying in
the neighbourhood of Peebles, and he kindly made sketches of them for me,
along with a drawing of the place where they were found.^ It is on the
sloping face of Horsehope Craig, at nearly two-thirds of its height above the
Manor Water. Some of the bronzes were found by Mr Linton's shepherd,
and the rest on search being made by Mr Linton himself. Part were found
under a massive rock, but the most were lying loose among the " sclidders."
They appear to have been found in 1864, and were presented to the Museum
in 1865 by Sir John Naesmith, on whose estate of Posso the Horsehope Craig
is situated.
The hoard as it is now exhibited in the Museum consists of twenty-nine pieces,
but there were more, how many more does not clearly appear. Mr Linton, in
his notes in 1882, says there were two socketed axe-heads or celts, but one is
now amissing. Dr Christison refers also to the fact that some of the objects
were lost about 1879 through their being sent for inspection to Sir James
Naesmith. This is specially unfortunate, because it is just possible that some
of the missing articles might have supplied a clue to the enigma of their use.
The hoard consists of three classes of objects — a bronze axe, a series of
rings, and a series of unknown articles, whose shape and appearance fail to
suggest their special purpose, or their relationship with previously known
articles of Bronze Age origin and use, viz. : —
* See the paper by Dr Christison **0n Ancient Remains in Manor Parish,**
ante, p. 199.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSETJMS IN SCOTLAND.
335
1. A Bronze Axe-Head, 2 inches in length, by 1^ inch across the cutting
face, socketed, with loop at the side.
2. Fifteen Rings of bronze, nearly all differing in size and thickness, and
varying from 5 inches in diameter to 1^ inch in diameter. There is but
one ring of the largest size, however, and the most of the others are about 2
inches in diameter. They have all been cast hollow, are circular in section,
and still retain their cores of clay.
Fig. 1. Bronze Mounting, one of five, in the Hoard at Horsehope.
3. Five Objects, each consisting of a circular disc, 2 J inches diameter, from
one face of which there rises a hollow cylindrical socket, 1 inch in depth,
pierced on opposite sides by rivet holes, as shown in fig. 1.
Fig. 2. Fig. 8.
Figs. 2 and 8. Bronze Mounting, Obverse and Reverse, one of two in
the Hoard at Horsehope.
4. Two Objects, each 3| inches diameter, shaped like the sliding-on lid of a
can, and having the upper surface ornamented with seven concentric ridges,
surrounding a central dot, and the side pierced with two rivet holes.
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336
PROCEEDINGS ON THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
5. Two portions of Bronze Plate, similar to each other, about 5 inches in
length, curved longitudinally, and having a curve also in the cross section.
6. A stouter portion of Bronze Plate, 8 inches in length, with a considerable
curvature, a slight moulding along the centre, and two holes like rivet holes
at each end, as shown in fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Bronze Mounting, from the Hoard at Horsehopo.
7. Two Objects of thin bronze, each 6| inches in length by 2 inches in
breadth in the upper part. There has been a flange on each side, but littie of
it remains. One side is straight, the other tapers with a peculiar curve to the
point. At the upper end there is a large circular perforation, apparentiy for
ornament ; at the lower part there is quite a small perforation, apparentiy for
Fig. 5. Bronze Mounting, one of two, from the Hoard at Horsehope.
use, as a nail or rivet hole. A similar nail hole is seen at the side of the upper
part in the flange. The form of these peculiar objects will be better under-
stood from the woodcut, fig. 5, than from description. So far as I know, there
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 337
has been nothing like them as yet described among the products of the
Bronze Age.
Besides the articles in the Horsehope hocurd, there is only one other btonze
object in the collection from Peebles^bire, viz., a socketed Axe found at Fabi,
ornamented with three lines down the side, terminating in circles.
A bronze Dagger-Blade or Spear-Head, with an iron mounting for the
haft — ^has no locality.
A Bronze Sword, with along slot in the handle plate, and two in the wings,
is labelled as found at Montrose.
There are a few Ethnographical specimens from Australia, New Zealand,
and North America, but nothing specially worthy of notice.
Perth.
The Museum of the Perth Literary and Antiquarian Society, in George
Street, Perth, established in 1785, and supported by the local Society, has good
general collections of Natural EUstory and Geology, and in the Archseologioal
Collection there are a number of exceptionally interesting specimens, unfor-
tunately for the most part unlocalised.^
Stone Implement. — ^The collection of stone implements is not large, but
includes one or two very fine specimens : —
Six Arrow-Heads of flint, of the ordinary types, and without localities.
A fine polished Axe of greenstone, imperforate, 8 inches in length, oval in
section, and having the cutting edge worn away at one side— from Luncarty.
An Axe of flint, 5 inches in length, by 2 inches across the cutting face,
tapering to a bluntly rounded butt, the thickness nowhere exceeding half an
inch, and nearly equal throughout — no locality.
An Axe of flint, of the same type, but broad at both ends, 7^ inches in length
by 2^ across the cutting face, and about f inch thick in the middle, thinning
towards both ends — ^no locality.
Bronze Implements. — ^Among the bronze implements there are some local
examples of much interest : —
Bronze Sword, leaf-shaped, 28 1 inches in length, with a long slot in the
handle-plate and two rivet holes in the wings — ^found in the Tay opposite
Elcho.
Bronze Sword, found in the Tay opposite Elcho, 23 f inches in length,
the handle-plate concealed by a handle of wood put on.
Three other Bronze Swords — ^localities unknown.
Bronze Sword, leaf-shaped, 19^ inches in length with a narrow blade 1
* I am informed by Mr Watson Greig of Glencarse, Vice-President of the Society,
who has token mach interest in the Mnseam, that sinoe my visit a series of Manu-
script Records of the Presentations to the Society has been foand, and that it is
hoped that most of the specimens may bo thus localised.
VOL. XXII. Y
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338 PBOCBEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
inch wide at the narrowest part, about i of its length from the hilt, and 1^
inch wide at the widest part about ^ of its length from the point, with two
rivet holes in the handle-plate, and one in each of the wings — said to have
been found in a tomb in Ithaca, Greece.
Two flat Axe-Heads of bronze, one 6 inches in length, with a semicircular
edge expanding to 4 inches in width ; the other 5 inches in length, and 2|
across the cutting face — localities unknown.
Flanged Axe-Head of bronze, with stop-ridge, the lower part of the blade
expanding to a semicircular cutting edge 2^ inches wide — locality unknown.
Flanged Axe-Head of bronze, 5| inches in length, the flanges expanding
triangularly in the upper part and bent over — ^locality unknown.
Flanged Axe-Head of bronze, 7 inches in length, the flanges widening
downwards into side pockets, with a loop on one side at the junction of the
flanges with a long chisel-like blade — ^locality unknown.
Flanged Axe-Head of bronze, almost similar to the last in every detail, but
slightly narrower, and having a hole like a rivet hole in the upper part of the
butt — ^locality unknown.
Socketed Axe-Head of bronze, 8f inches in length, with loop at the side,
the socket circular, the neck twelve-sided, the sides ornamented with two
raised lines ending in circles — locality unknown.
Six other socketed Axe- Heads, smaller and plainer — ^localities unknown.
Two broken Spear-Heads of bronze, the largest of which is 8 inches iu
length of blade, the socket gone— locality unknown.
Bronze Spear-Head, 6| inches in length, the blade without openings, the
socket pierced with a rivet hole — locality unknown.
Bronze Spear-Head of large size, but broken at the point, and the socket
wanting below the blade, what remains of the blade is 12 inches in length,
with segmented openings 2| inches in length, the socket lozenge-shaped —
locality unknown.
Bronze Spear-Head, 13 inches in length, without openings in the blade, the
socket round, and pierced by a rivet hole about an inch from the end. From
its clean surface and yellow colour, it seems to have been found in water
— locality unknown.
Fragment of a fine Bronze Spear- Head, now only 7j inches in length, the
point wanting, the blade pierced by segmental openings, with a round opening
below the socket, lozenge-shaped — ^locality unknown.
Bronze socketed Chisel, 4 inches in length, the socket round, and scarcely
half an inch in diameter, the blade leaf-shaped, but nearly the same thickness
throughout three-fourths of its length, and thickening in the upper fourth to
the diameter of the socket — locality unknown.
A very fine Bronze shield-headed Pin, about 6 inches in length, the head
carried on the bent upper part of the stem almost in the plane of the length
of the pin — locality unknown.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND.
339
A Bronze Sickle, the blade 6 J inches in length, ig inch in greatest breadth
at its junction with the socket, which is if inch in length and J inch
diameter, with a rivet hole half an inch above the aperture — dredged up from
the Tay, near Errol, in 1840.
Fig. 6. Bronze Sickle, found in the Tay (6 J inches in length).
A large Tore of bronze, with looped ends, and body of four twisted wires
— locality unknown.
Iron Age. — I was agreeably surprised to find here some exceptionally
interesting examples of Iron Age types : —
Two ends and a fragment of the middle portion of one of those massive
Bronze Armlets, with Celtic ornamentation of the heathen time, the perfora-
Fig. 7. Maasive Bronze Armlet, in Perth Museum.
tions in the expanded ends of which were filled up with plaques decorated with
enamels. In this case, as in all the examples in our Museum, the plaques
are gone, but the characteristic form and ornament of the ends leave no
doubt as to the nature of the object, which is described on the label as two
\
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340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
bronze plates of ancient armour, or two " fibnlsa/' but the pieces fit together,
and are parts of one armlet, as shown in fig. 7 — ^locality unknown.
A Chain of about 40 links of bronze wire, the links conjoined, but with
overlapping ends. The chain has a pendant or clasp at one end, ornamented
on the back in a style that recalls the Celtic ornamentation of the heathen
time— locality unknown.
A large cruciform Fibula, with an arch in counection with the cross bar,
the back enamelled in a lozenge pattern of red and yellow. It has a circular
loop at the top, and measures 6^ inches in total length.
Two single-shelled, oval, bowl-shaped Brooches of the Viking time, of
Scandinavian origin, probably from Orkney or the Western Isles. These
brooches (one of which is shown in fig. 8) have been hitherto unrecorded,
and it is interesting to find that they differ in pattern from all that have been
engraved, excepting a pair from Westray, Orkney. When added to the
number already known in Scotland, they bring the total up to fifteen pairs. ^
Fig. 8. Bowl-shaped Brooch of the Viking time, one of a pair in Perth Maseum.
Among the Eoman objects there are a good patera, a Brass Stamp, mvr; a
smaU Stone Slab inscribed mercurius ; and a large Slab, sculptured with a
chariot drawn by a lion and a leopard, and a warrior with a shield, the latter
found in Strathmore.
Among the misceUaiieous objects are a curious oblong Coffer of cast bronze
or brass, with a lid like the roof of a house, which recalls the characteristic
shape of the shrines of the early Celtic Church.
A very fine Brass Chandelier, from the Middle Church of Perth, with a figure
of the Virgin at the top— probably from the pre-Reformation Church of St John.
A Cooking Pot of brass, inscribed pitty the poor 1600 ; a tailor's Candle-
* See the figures of these Brooches found in Scotland in my paper " On the Relics
of the Viking Period,*' in the Proceedings^ vol. x. p. 549, Ac.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 341
stick of stone, insoribed dm. 1621 ; an old Oak Chair, with the initials mor-
1588 ; one small three-legged Pot of brass, found in Mill Street, Perth ; and
a tripod Ewer of brass, from Luncarty ; a Ring inscribed jesvs nazab ; a
Spinning Wheel, a Grusie of brass, a good old Scotch Candlestick, and a
Taper-holder misnamed a pair of snuffers.
Of Highland things there is a good Target ; four Sporran-Clasps; a Steel
Pistol, with scroll-ended butt inlaid with silver, maker's name daniel smart ;
and another long Pistol, with lobated butt. There are also five basket-hilted
Swords of the common varieties.
Among the Savage Weapons, of which there is a large collection, are three
New Zealand Patoo-Patoos, three Stone Axes, and a Tiki of jade ; a Stone
Knife — a rough triangular flake of greenstone, with a dab of gum on the bntt
end, from Denver Island ; one polished Australian Stone-Axe, mounted with
gum ; and a quantity of Wooden Clubs and Spears, from Polynesia.
Elgin.
The Elgin Museum, a handsome building situated at the east end of the
High Street, is well furnished with cases, and its collections are most
valuable and interesting, the Natural History, Geology, and Mineralogy of
the district being well represented. The Axchseological Collection is also
larger, and more representative than is usual in local museums.
Stone Implements. — ^In this section there are about fifty Arrow-Heads of
flint, unlocidised except in the general way, that they are believed to have
been found in the surrounding district. One very fine specimen of the rare
stemless form, having a notch in the base for the shaft, is noted as from the
Hill of Monachty, in the parish of Alves ; and another, large enough to be
classed as a Spear-Head, from Arbuthnot, Kincardineshire, has a very thick
stem and short barbs.
Other varieties of Flint Implements are scarcely represented. There is a
Knife of yellow flint, 3 inches by 1 inch, with ground edge, nnlocalised ; and
an oval Knife of black flint, fashioned by chipping only — ^from a cist at
Threipland, parish of St Andrews, Lhanbryd.
Of polished Stone Axes there are about twenty-five, a number of which are
from Lreland. It is supposed that about half of the whole number — that is,
probably about a dozen — may be from Morayshire, but the precise localities
are unindicated.
There are two perforated Stone Hammers, one of which is flattened on both
faces, and has both ends alike, from Bimie ; the other is probably of local
derivation, but both are at present without localities.
A very interesting example of the oval shuttle-shaped Pebble of quartzite,
about 8 inches in length, with a shallow groove obliquely along the centre of
each of its flattened sides, is said to be from near Pluscardin. This implement
is very rare in Scotiand, but common in Scandinavia.
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342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Three good specimens of the Stone Cups with side-handles, of which
one was found at Lochside, New Spjnie, and another at Bimie, the third being
unlocalised.
Two small Whetstones of the form sometimes classed as Touchstones,
about 1^ inch in length. One is from a moss in Ban&hire; the other, which
is perforated at one end, has no locality.
There is an oval disc-shaped Knife of porphyiy, from Hillswick, Shetland,
and a broken Vessel of steatite, 4^ inches diameter at the base, found at
Connister, Urrafirth, Hillswick, Shetiand.
Bronze Implements. — Of Bronze Axes there are fourteen of the flat form,
three flanged, and one socketed. Of the flat Axes, five were found in one hoard
at Avoch, in Ross-shire, and one at Wellbrae, in the parish of Birnie ; the
others are believed to have been found singly, and probably in Morayshire.
Of the flanged Axes, one 7^ inches in length by 2| inches across the cutting
face, is from East Grange, Kinloss ; the others are unlocalised.
Of the broad Bronze Dagger, with rivet holes in the butt, and a raised
midrib down the centre, there is a good example, said to have been found
in a cist near Bishopmill.
The most interesting of the bronze objects is a magnificent Spear-Head, the
largest in Scotland, measuring 19^ inches in total length, 3^ inches across
the base of the blade, which is 14 J inches in length, the socket projecting 4^
inches beyond its base, which is rounded, and pierced by two small semilunar
openings on either side of the rounded midrib. There is no rivet-hole in the
end of the socket. This splendid specimen was found in digging a well on
the HiU of Bx>seisle, in the parish of Dufius, in 1850.
There are a few Bronze Pins, one of which has a wheel-cross head ; others,
from the Morayshire shell-heaps, have square or round heads.
One of the remarkable hoard of gold Tores found at the Law Farm, in the
parish of Urquhart, is preserved here. It is precisely like the four that are
in the National Museum, from the same hoard.
Sepulohral Urns. — The collection of Sepulchral Urns presents some
interesting examples. They are all of Bronze Age types.
An Urn of the tall narrow thin-lipped form, with bulging sides, found with
an unbumed interment in a cist in the centre of the Cairn on the Law Farm,
Urquhart, recentiy explored by Mr Gkdloway Macintosh. It is about 7
inches high, and with the usual rectilinear ornamentation in parallel bands,
encircling the exterior of the vessel, which is much broken.
An Urn of the same typical form, 5^ inches high by 4| inches across the
mouth, and 2| inches across the bottom, ornamented with encircling bands of
alternate zigzags and crossing lines — from a cist at Acres, Knockando.
An Urn of the same typical form, 5 inches high and 5 inches in diameter,
ornamented with encircling bands of oblique crossing lines, and perpendicular
lines also in bands — from Gamie, Aberdeenshire.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 343
An Urn of the same typical form, 6J inches high hy 6| inches across the
mouth and 3^ inches across the bottom, ornamented with encircling bands of
crossing lines and zigzags. This urn, which was found at Gordonstown
thirty years ago, has a peculiarly elegant shape.
An Urn of the wide-mouthed, tapering form, characteristic of the cinerary
urns found with burnt interments, but smaller than is usual with cinerary
urns, being only 7^ inches high by 6J inches diameter across the mouth,
and 4 inches across the bottom, is as peculiar in its ornamentation as in its
size and form, its exterior being covered with impressions made by the end of
a cylindrical object ^ inch in diameter. Instances of this kind of ornamenta-
tion are rare in Scotland. This peculiar urn was found at Little Ferry, in
Sutherland, and presented in 1867.
A very fine Urn of the low wide-mouthed thick-lipped form, with a tapering
under part, usually found with unbumt interments. It measures 5^ inches
in height by 7| inches in diameter across the mouth, and 4| inches across
the bottom, and is ornamented over the whole exterior surface with bands of
herring-bone pattern, with a band of horizontal lines between. It was found
on Sleepies Hill, Urquhart, after 1860.
An Urn of inferior workmanship, also from Sleepies Hill, Urquhart, 5 J
inches in height 5^ in diameter, is rudely ornamented with bands of incised
lines and crossed lines.
Jet Necklaces and Beads. — ^A portion of a Necklace of jet beads, and plates
perforated in the usual way — from a grave at Branstone, Urquhnrt
A few Jet Beads, with a triangular Pendent of a necklace — from a grave at
Alves.
Some Beads of a bluish vitreous paste enamelled with yellow spirals, from
Keith and Alves, one from the latter being nearly 1^ inches in diameter, and
variegated with green, blue, and red.
Sculptured Stones, — The collection of sculptured stones of the Early
Christian period is larger than is usual in a local museum. There are fifteen
fragments, found in 1855 in the walls and dykes of the old manse of Kin-
nedar, or in the old churchyard there. They are figured in plates cxxix. and
CKxx. of Stuart's Sculptured Stones of Scotland, voL i., as from Drainie, that
being the modem name of the parish. There are also two of the peculiar
Boulder Stones, with incised figures of bulls, from Burghead.
Miscellaneous. — A part of a Skeleton of Bos primigeniusy found at West-
field, New Spynie, in clay, 6 feet below the surface. The horn cores
measure 2 feet 11 inches along the curve and 12^ inches in girth at the
The Skull and Antlers of Red Deer — from the Loch of Spynie.
A mass of Bog Butter, with adhering birch bark — from Bogbain Moss,
Keith.
A Highland Brooch of brass, 5 inches in diameter ; the body of the brooch
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
being 1^ inch wide, is ornamented with five circles of intricate interlaced
work, two grotesque animal forms and a triqnetra, with foliageous work
between. It has the initials TGMB on the back, and the date 1678, and
was found at Huntly.
A Highland Brooch of brass, 4 inches in diameter, ornamented with a border
of pierced work and foliageous scroll work, with circles of interlacements and
a triquetra — ^from Urquhart.
A smaller annular Brooch of brass, about 3 inches in diameter, from
Inverness, has its ornamentation in the form of a simulated black letter
inscription.
Two Sporran-Clasps of brass, one of which is ornamented with scroll-work
and thistles, and bears the following distich : —
Open my mouth, cut not my skin.
And then you'll see what is therein.
Two Highland Targets, one said to be from Sherifimuir, and the other
from Gulloden. A pair of old Bagpipes and one Broadsword.
Fig. 9. Currach, or Boat of skin, formerly used on the Spey, now in
Elgin Museum.
A Currach, or boat of skin, stretched over a frame of wicker or wattle work,
as used on the Spey from time immemorial till near the end of the last century.
The Rev. Lachlan Shaw, in his History of Moray , published in 1775, includes
the currach among the things gone out of use, and then become rarities : —
'* It is in shape oval, near 3 feet broad and 4 long ; a small keel runs from
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 345
the head to the stem ; a few ribs are placed across the keel, and a ring of
pliable wood around the lip of it. The whole machine is covered with the
rough hide of an ox or a horse ; the seat is in the middle. It carries but one
person, or if a second goes into it to be wafted oyer a river, he stands behind
the rower, leaning on his shoulders. In floating timber a rope is fixed to
the float, and the rower holds it in one hand, and with the other manages
the paddle ; he keeps the float in deep water, and brings it to shore when he
will ; in returning home, he carries the machine on his shoulders or on a
horse." The Countess of Murray's currachs, for fishing on the Spey in 1669,
are mentioned in a document of that date [Hist M88, Ooni., SixthRep., p. 660].
The specimen preserved in the Elgin Museum is the only example of a Scottish
currach now known to exist.
The old forms of agricultural implements are represented by a Wooden
Plough and a triangular Wooden Harrow from the west coast, a Caschrom from
Barra, and a Wooden Graip. A quaintly carved Oak Chair is dated 1620.
There are a few good examples of medi»val Pottery, one or two specimens
of Romano-British Pottery, and fragments of Samian Ware, probably from
England; and a collection of Fragments of Pottery, chiefly handles and portions
of water jars, from the shell-heaps at Stotfield, near Elgin.
A glass Ijinen- Smoother, with handle, the disc 4 inches diameter — ^locality
unspecified. A pair of Jougs, from the old church of Kothes.
The collection of Ethnographical Objects is very extensive, and contains
many interesting specimens of arms and industrial products, chiefly from
Polynesia, Australia, and New Zealand.
St Andrews.
The Museum of the University of St Andrews possesses a very interesting
collection illustrative of the Archaeology of the district The antiquities,
however, are not brought together in a section by themselves, although most
of the local objects are arranged on the landing at the top of the staircase.
They consist of —
A series of seventeen Cinerary Urns, varying in height from 10 to 16 inches
and in diameter from 8 to 11 inches, from a cremation cemetery of the Bronze
Age, discovered at Lawpark, in the neighbourhood of St Andrews, being the
largest collection of urns from a single cemetery preserved in Scotland. With
them are two small oval-tanged Bronze Blades, found in connection with two
of the burials. [See the Sculptured Stones of Scotland, voL ii p. 69, and also
in the Proceedings, vol. x. p. 436, where these interments are described.]
A very large Cinerary Urn, about 14 inches in height, and a smaller Urn of
the same type, both found at Swinkie Hill, King's Muir, in 1843.
A Cinerary Urn of about 14 inches in height, found in excavating at the
east end of North Street, St Andrew?, in 1882.
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346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
A flDuJl Bronze Spear-Head, with loops— found in a moss near Pitsligo.
A Sword-Sheath of hronze of the Iron Age Celtic type, fonnd in draining
near Bargarry House, by tlie Biyer Girvan, Ayrshire. The only other
Scottish specimen known is the one in the National Museum, from the
Pentland Hills.
An Earthenware Jar, double-handled — found in an excavation in the Cathe-
dral grounds in 1882.
An Earthenware Jar, with single side handle — found under the foundation
of a house in St Andrews.
A portion of a Sculptured Cross- Shaft
Three sides of a Sculptured Sarcophagus, of great beauty, figured in Stuart's
Sculptured Stones of Scotland^ voL i. plates IxL-hdv.
Fifteenfragments of Sculptured Stones, found in the Cathedral ground & They
are figured in Stuart's Sculptured Stone* of Scotland^ vol. ii. plates ix.-xi., &c.
Among the unlocalised specimens are three polished Stone Axes, probably
Scottish ; a freestone Hammer, oval in the cross section, with straight haft
hole ; fiye Querns of the common type, of which one has a rather unusual
kind of ornamentation; a socketed Axe of bronze, of the usual Scottish
type.
There is a fairly good collection of Savage Weapons, chiefly from the South
Seas, and an Esquimaux Kayak.
Dundee.
The Museum of the Albert Institute, Dundee, established in 1873 in con-
nection with the Free Library, is open free daily, on Mondays and Thursdays
from 12 to 4 P.M. and from 7 to 9 p.m. ; on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays
from 12 to 4 ; and on Saturdays from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m. The Museum consists
of four large rooms on the ground floor of the Institution, with a suite of Picture
Galleries above. Its collections are principally general Natural History,
Geology, and Botany, but a considerable amount of space is given to Archaeo-
logical and Ethnographical Collections, chiefly lent by local collectors.
A few Scottish specimens are scattered among the general collections,
viz. : —
An Urn (fig. 10) of the tall thin-lipped variety, with bulging sides, 5 inches
in height, which is interesting on account of the peculiarity of its ornamenta-
tion, which consists of a spiral wound continuously round the circumference
of the vessel from top to bottom. It was found at Tents Muir, in Fife, and
lent by Dr Blair.
Urn, with ornamentation of impressed lines round the circumference, with
an effect similar to that of the former, found at Castle Huntly in 1867.
An Urn of the tall thin-lipped form, with bulging sides — ^found on the Kame
Hillock, Hill of Tealing. A smaller Urn, unlocalised.
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KEPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 347
A Cinerary Urn, found in digging the foundation of a gateway at West
Ferry ; it is unomamented, but has the usual overhanging brim.
A fine Urn of the low thick-lipped variety, with the usual ornamentation,
unlocalised ; and another, described as *' supposed to be Pictish."
A very pretty little Urn, of the variety often described as " incense cups,"
the locality of which is unspecified.
Fig. 10. Urn found at Tents Muir.
A fine polished Hanmier-Head of flinty slate, rounded at both ends, and
having a straight hole for the haft a little above the middle of its length — has
no locality.
A case of forty-one Arrow-Heads of flint, presumably Scottish, are unlocal-
ised. They are lent by Mr A. C. Lamb, F.S.A. Scot.
A Skeleton, found in a cist at Yamhill, near Bronghty Ferry, is shown in
the position in which it was found. It was supposed to have been wrapped
in some material made of vegetable fibre, but the matted materials covering
the bones are the mycelium of some cryptogamic plant
A loan collection of foreign Archaeological Objects, chiefly contributed by
Mr A. C. Lamb, F.S. A. Scot., contains a number of Continental specimens,
among which are nine roughly chipped Flint Axes, one polished Gouge of flint,
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
four polished Cliisels of flint; four Kniyes of chipped flint, having the handles
worked in the same piece with the blade; two flat tanged Spear-Heads of flint,
with knife-like blades notched in the edges ; one semilunar or crescent-shaped
Implement of fliilt; two small Spear-Heads of flint, and seven perforated
Hammer-Heads of various kinds of stone, some of fine shapes and well
polished, all from Scandinavia. Besides these, there are five socketed Axe-
Heads of bronze and two-flanged, some of which appear to be French ; one
moiety of a Stone Mould for casting flanged axes ; a few flat Axes of bronze
and two Spear-Heads, probably Irish; thirty-six Flint Arrow-Heads and
eighteen polished Stone Axes, probably all Irish.
Among the local antiquities of later date are the curious Jars found in the
walls of the old house in Whitehall Street, Dundee, lent by the Police
Fig. 11. Two Jugs found built into the Wall of an old House in Dundee, and
now in the Dundee Museum.
Commissioners. They are about 6 inches high, of a reddish-brown glazed
ware, with a loop handle at one side, and were imbedded in the wall in
difierent places, with their mouths flush with the exterior face of the wall.
Two of the six jugs so found are shown in hg. 11.
Part of the decorated Wooden Ceiling of the house of A. W. Wedderbum,
town clerk of Dundee, 1617, painted with geometrical patterns and floral and
foliageous scrolls.
A fine old Scottish Axe-Head of iron, found in the Loch of Rescobie, near
Forfer.
A good old Scottish Chair, said to be from Holyrood Palace.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 349
A number of wooden Spindles and Spindle Whorls of stone, and two very
fine Distafifs, ornamented with carved patterns and pierced work ; six Spinning
Wbeels of different ages and patterns, and three yam-winding Keels.
Two upper stones of Querns of sandstone, with a moulding round the
central hole, and one octagonal Pot-Quern.
A Toasting Stone, for baking oat-cakes before the fire, ornamented with a
figure of a heart
A large shallow Dish of sandstone, said to have been used for 100 years in
the donor's family as a baking stone.
An old Curlii^^ Stone, an irregularly shaped boulder stone, with an iron
handle.
One Tinder Box of tinned iron, with Candlestick Lid, and six Crusies, one
which is of brass.
Two Socket-Stones for gate-pivots, and two toothed Keaping-Hooks.
In the Ethnographical Department, the most notable objects are a case of
New Guinea things, including two stone Axe-Heads and a perforated Mace or
Club-Head of stone, cut into projections all round the circumference ; a selection
of articles used by the Esquimaux, including a Stone-Lamp, about 20 inches by
12 inches ; a case of Peruvian HeUcs, including a small dessicated Body ; a
collection of about thirty American Arrow-Heads of chert ; and an Axe of
lade, from New Zealand.
The Huntbrian Museum, Glasgow University.
In the Hunterian Museum there is a collection of Archsdological objects,
consisting chiefly of stone implements and sepulchral urns.
Stone ImpUmenU. — Six Arrow-Heads of flint, two Scrapers, and a Gun
Flint — ^from the parish of Daviot, Inverness-shire.
A very fine Arrow-Head of flint, 2 inches in length, with barbs and stem
— ^from Cantyre.
A broken Arrow-Head of flint — ^from Walston, Lanarkshire.
Three other Arrow-Heads — localities unknown.
Four Arrow-Heads — from Ireland.
A large and finely polished Stone Axe, a rounded oval in section, the
edges ground flat, both ends alike — found at Giffnock Quarries, near Pollok-
shaws, in 1860.
Half of another polished Axe of similar form — from Denny Moor, Stirling-
shire.
A very fine polished Axe of the same form, with a slight expansion at the
butt — ^from Braehead, near Kilsyth.
A large Stone Axe, pointed at the butt — turned up by the plough in the
parish of Fenwick, Ayrshire.
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350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
A smaller Stone Axe, about 5} inches in length — found in a field at
Skelmorlie, Ayrshire.
A large wedge-shaped Hammer of grit, 9 inches in length — ^from Hilton
farm, parish of Cadder.
A flat oblong Stone, about 9 inches by 4 inches, rounded at the edges, and
bored through one end with a hole 1^ inch diameter — from Tolsta, Stomo-
way.
A fine Hammer-Head of porphyry, 4| inches in length, with rounded butt
and incurved sides, the shaft-hole about f inch in diameter — locality
unknown.
A fine Bracer of reddish quartzite, 4 inches in length by f inch in breadth,
pierced by a single hole at each end — ^locality unknown.
Bronze Implements. — ^A portion of a thin Bronze Knife-Dagger, 4 inches in
length by 2| inches in width at the base, the butt end with the rivet-holes
gone — ^found at Blockaim, Baldemock.
A Bronze Socketed Sickle, the socket d| inches in length, with a rivet-hole
near the opening, the blade 5 inches in length, and If inch in width at its
junction with the socket, with a well-defined midrib following the curve
of the blade — locality unknown. This sickle, if it be Scottish, as is most
likely, is one of three Scottish specimens known, one being in the Perth
Museum (see fig. 6, p. 339), and one in the National Museum.
Four Bronze Spear-Heads of the common type — ^localities unknown.
Eight Socketed Axes of bronze, also of the usual types — ^localities
unknown.
Ten flat Axes of bronze, and five flanged Axes of bronze — from
Ireland.
Sepulchral Urns. — ^A splendid Cinerary Urn, the largest known, being
about 20 inches high, of the usual form and ornamentation, with overhanging
rim and tapering lower part — found half a mile to the east of the totm of
Girvan, in Ayrshire.
A small Cinerary Urn, of the common type — found at Largs.
An Urn of the low wide-mouthed, thick-lipped variety, with impressed
lines closely contiguous surrounding it horizontally from top to bottom — from
the Isle of Skye.
Small Urn of the same form, 4| inches high, with loops under the rim,
presented by Mr Cochran-Patrick of Ladyland, and probably found
there.
Small Urn of the same form, with no locality.
Among the foreign collections is a small typical series of Palseolithic
implements, fromPerigord; five Arrow -Heads of quartz, from South America ;
thirteen Arrow-Heads of chert, and six grooved Stone Axes, from North America ;
three Stone Axes, from New Zealand ; a large globular two-handled Vase
from Cuzco, about 2 feet high ; a double-handled Amphora, about 4 feet long.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 351
taken up from the bottom of the sea at Pozzuoli, and encmsted with sea-
shells ; a collection of Pottery and Glass, from Cyprus ; a Mummy and
collection of objects, from Egyptian tombs ; and a very extensive and varied
collection of South Sea Weapons, Paddles, Carvings, and Manufactures, brought
home by Captain Cook.
In the Inscription Boom of the Hunterian Museum are the Boman Monu-
ments, 32 in number, described by Professor W. Anderson in a work issued
for the University 1771, and also by Hubner, Corpus Inscriptionum, 1878.
Kelvingrovb Museum, Glasgow.
In the Archaeological Section of this Museum there are a few Scottish
specimens, the chief of which are : —
Five Sepulchral Urns, from cairns at Tomont End, Isle of Cumbrae,
opened in 1878. Two of the five are cinerary urns about 10 to 11 inches in
height, with overhanging rims, and the other three are of the low, wide-
mouthed, thick-lipped form, about 6 inches in height One of the three has
four pierced loop-like projections under the brim.
A large Cinerary Urn, about 14 inches high, with two slight mouldings —
found at Dippin, Kilmory, Arran, in 1876 ; a rude Cinerary Urn —found at
Springfield Quay in 1887 ; and a Cinerary Urn, broken — found on the farm
of Lawfield, Kilmalcolm.
A wedge-shaped Stone Hammer, about 8 inches in length — ^from Gartmore,
Perthshire ; another, about 10 inches in length — from New Kilpatrick ; and
a tliird, about 7 inches in length — from Stobcross Docks.
A polished Axe of felstone, about 11 inches in length, oval in the cross
section, with planed edges — found at the junction of Sauchiehall and Buchanan
Streets.
A Bronze Sword, one of three found in the island of Shuna, Argyllshire, in
1874. One of these swords was presented to the National Museum by Mr
Robert Thomson, Shuna, Cor. Mem. S.A. Scot., in 1876. [See the Proceed-
ings, vol. xi. p. 121 ] A flanged Axe of bronze — found in Fife.
An octagonal Font — no locality.
A Sculptured Stone, from Old Kilpatrick, latterly in the garden of Mount-
blow House. Figured in Stuart's Scvlptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. plate
cxx.
A beautiful Bowl of Samian ware (fig. 12), perfect, found 7th October
1876, in an excavation in the Flesher's Haugh, in Glasgow Green. This
is the finest specimen of Samian ware known to have been found in
Scotland.
Fragments of a similar Bowl of Samian ware — found at Gartshore, Kirkin-
tilloch.
Other collections, not Scottish, are a series of 200 Arrow-Heads of flint.
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352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
about 80 Stone Celts, two Socketed Axes of bronze, and 27 Querns — from
Ireland.
Among the foreign collections are the Livingstone collection of Weapons,
Implements, &c., from Central Africa ; a collection of Weapons, &c., from New
Guinea ; and small collections from Australia and New Zealand.
The Museum also contains a large collection of Cypriote Antiquities,
principally in pottery and glass, and a series of Greek Pottery and other
remains from the island of Vulcano, in the Lipari group.
Fig. 12. Bowl of Samian Ware, foand in Glasgow Green.
Nairn.
The Nairn Museum, in the Public Hall Buildings, occupies a portion
of the Beading Room of the Nairn Literary Institute, screened ofif horn the
part used as the Reading Room. Its principal collections are Mineralogical
and Geological. The Mineralogical section is remarkable as presenting,
among many interesting features, a series of minerals from Greenland; and
there is a good representation of the Old Red Sandstone Fossils of the
district The Archaeological specimens are few in number, and are not
labelled with their localties : —
A very fine Urn, of the tall thin-lipped variety, with bulging sides, 7J
inches in height, and the fragments of another.
Two polished Stone Axes or Celts of the common imperforate type.
A yery fine Arrow-Head of whitish flint, with barbs and stem, and serrated
on the edges ; and about half a dozen others of the common varieties.
One Rubbing Stone, three Querns, and one Pot-Quern.
Two Socket-Stones for the iron spindle of the upper-millstone, one still in
the beam in which it rested when in use.
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BEPOBTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 353
A set of old Highland Horse-harness of withes, and an old Wooden
Plough, two old Axes, a Wool-Card, two Leisters, and a Caschrom.
A very good Highland Brooch of brass, ornamented with circles of inter-
laced work and grotesque animals, and an octagonal Brooch.
A basket-hilted Sword, with thistle-heads in the ornament of the basket,
and a single-edged blade. Other two basket-hilted Swords, said to be from
Culloden ; and two Halberts.
A round Powder-Hom, carved with a shield bearing the Manx triskele, a
boar's head and a galley, bearing the motto " Arceo non uro."
A Plaid, said to have been worn by Prince Charles Edward, is exhibited by
Mr Eraser, the Manse, Kilmorack.
FOBBBS.
The Falconer Museum, Tolbooth Street, Forres, is a handsome building
erected in 1869, from a bequest by Alexander Falconer, a native of the burgh,
aided by local subscriptions. It possesses good general collections of Geology
and Natural History, among which is a very valuable local series of Old Bed
Sandstone Fossils, collected by the late Lady Cumming of Altyre. The
Archaeological department is chiefly local, and, though not extensive, contains
a few interesting specimens.
There are twelve Flint Arrow-Heads, from the Culbin Sands.
A very fine Stone Hammer, of the form of the one from Urquhart in our
Museum, measures 8 inches in length by 2 inches in breadth, and 1^ inch in
thickness. It is of red quartzite, with white veins, beautifully polished, and
the hole drilled straight through. It was found on the White Hill, Bafibrd.
A Flint Knife of the rare spear-head or dagger-blade form, 4j inches in
length and 1| inch in greatest breadth, was found in excavating on the site
of the Gas Works.
There are two flat Axes of bronze of the usual form, one found on Briach
Hill and another on Burgie Hill.
Part of an Urn of the wide-mouthed, thick-lipped form, with tapering
under part, found with an unbumt interment of which the skull is preserved ;
and part of a Necklace of jet beads and plates — found at Dam of Burgie, in
1841. [See Wilson's PrehUtorio AnnaUy voL i. p. 434.]
A Bronze Pin, with an open crutch-shaped head — found in Culbin Sands.
A Ring-Brooch of silver, with the curious reversible inscription of a
mystical character — ansooanaoosna.
A pair of Thumbkins, found in an excavation in the High Street in 1820.
Two basket-hilted Swords, one of which is peculiar in having a curved
blade.
A Scottish Pistol of steel, without maker's name.
Two Scottish Powder- Horns, plain.
VOL. XXII. Z
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354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 2% 1888.
"A Peer Man," a Pot Quern, several Crusies, and a Spinning-Wheel.
The old Bell of the church of Edinldllie, inscribed "Presented by Ro.
Cumming of Relugas 1698 ; " and the old Bell of Rafford, dated 1696.
In the Ethnological department there are some good specimens of Fiji
Pottery, and Savage Weapons from Australia, New Zealand, New Heb-
rides, &c.
Inverness.
The Museum at Inverness in connection with the Free Library is only in
process of formation. A good room has been partially furnished with cases,
and the nucleus of a collection, illustrative of the Geology and Mineralogy of
the district, is being gathered into them. At the time of my visit there were
but few Antiquities — about a dozen Arrow-Heads of flint, and from twenty to
thirty Scrapers of flint, from Urquhart, Elginshire, and two polished Stone
Axes, believed to be from the neighbourhood. A Quern, also from Inverness-
shire, presented the peculiarity of having a projection on one side of the
upper stone, apparently meant to serve as a handle. The only other objects
of a local character were a Sporran and two basket-hilted Swords.
Stirling.
The Museum of the Smith Institute, Stirling, founded in 1874, by Mr
Thomas Smith of Glassingall, consists of two rooms — one a large hall 148 feet
in length, and a room at tiie end 44 feet by 24. A Beading Boom, Library,
and Picture Gallery are also contained in the Institute. In the vestibule
are preserved a number of the Stirling Castle Heads. There is no
systematic collection of Antiquities, but a few things of interest are scattered
through the general collections, which are for the most part those of a
Museum of Science and Art, with a small assortment of Ethnographical
objects.
The Scottish Antiquities are : —
Two Urns of the low thick-lipped form, with tapering under part, much
broken — from a cist near Dunblane.
Two small Earthenware Jars, with loop side-handles — one 6J inches high,
covered with a greenish glaze ; the other 5 inches high, with a bronze glaze,
said to have been found in a grave at Dunblane.
A Caltrop and Dagger, said to have been found at Bannockbum.
A EjQOcking Stone, several Quem-Stonee, and old Curling Stones.
The Stocks of Stirling, and Jougs, and an Executioner's Axe.
The old Standard Measures of Stirling.
A good old Chair, stated to have been the library chair of the Rev. James
Guthrie, minister of Stirling, executed in Edinburgh during the religious
persecution in 1661.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 355
A Spinning-WIieel and Yam-Reel, and an old street Crusie-Lamp.
Among the Ethnographical collections are specimens of Pottery from
various countries, ancient and recent ; a series of Chinese and Indian Weapons
and Musical Instruments; and a few Stone Weapons of the ordinary types —
from North America.
Bridge of Allan.
The Macfarlane Museum, in the Bridge of Allan Public Hall, contains no
Antiquities or Ethnological collections as yet. It was being fitted up with
cases for the Natural Science collections at the date of my visit:
Alloa.
The Museum of the Society of Natural Science and Archteology in Church
Street, Alloa, established in 1863, is arranged in the gallery of a large hall
which is used for the Society's and other meetings. It has tlie nucleus of a
good local collection of Natural History and Geology. Local Antiquities are
few, but among them are several objects of interest : —
A Flint Flake, 4 inches in length and | inch in greatest breadth in the
middle, triangular in section, and tapering to a point at both ends — found
in digging the foundation of the Museum.
Half of an Urn of the low thick-lipped variety, with tapering under part —
found at Easter Tillicoultry, on the estate of Alva, in 1812.
A fine Palstave or Flanged Axe of bronze, 5 inches in length by If inch
across the cutting face, the flanges forming triangular expansions on the
upper part — foimd in Blair-Dnmmiond Moss.
A fine socketed Axe of bronze, 8^ inches in length by Ij inch across the
cutting face, the socket nearly quadrangular at the mouth, the neck nearly
cylindrical, a side loop about an inch under the rim of the socket — found in
the neighbourhood of Alloa.
A portion of an Effigy, from a recessed tomb, probably in the old church of
Alloa.
A Sculptured Stone, with two shields of arms.
A wrought-iron Bracket for the cover of the font of the old church of
Alloa.
A small old Scottish Chair, said to have belonged to Janet Geddes.
A Culross Girdle, and some Flags of the old Beform agitation.
Bemalns of the Bos primigeniits and Bed Deer, foimd in excavating the
docks at Alloa. There are also other animal remains of very large size, which
bear marks as if they had been brought up by a dredger, but unfortunately
their history is not now known.
Among the Ethnographical objects are two Admiralty Island Spears, with
obsidian heads ; a New Zealand Mere-Mere of basalt ; a number of Carved
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356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Paddles and War-Clubs, from Fyi, Ac. ; and a small collection of Pottery, from
Fiji, Mexico, and Peru.
Reports by Georob F. Black.
Mr George F. Black visited the following Museums : — The Museums
in King's and Marischal Colleges, Aberdeen ; the Museum in the Free
Church College, Aberdeen ; the Arbuthnot Museum, Peterhead ; the
Museum in the Institution, Banflf ; the Museum, Arbroath ; the Museum
of the Natural History and Antiquarian Society, Montrose ; the Museum
in the Working-Men's Institute, Duns ; the Museum, Berwick; the
Museum of the Archaeological Society, Hawick; the Museum of the
Tweedside Physical and Antiquarian Society, Kelso ; the Museum, Jed-
burgh ; the Observatory Museum, Dumfries; the Museum of the
Natural History and Antiquarian Society, Dumfries; the Museum in
the Town Hall, Kirkcudbright ; the Grierson Museum, Thornhill ; the
Museum in Bums's Monument, Kilmarnock ; the Museum in Greenock ;
the Museum in Paisley.
King's College, Aberdeen.
The Archaeological Museum in King's College, Aberdeen, was originally
constituted as a general Museum of Natural History, as well as Antiquities,
Local and Foreign. At the union of King's College with Marischal College,
in 1860, the Natural History part of the collection was transferred to the
Museum in Marischal College, while the remaining portion of the collection
came in time to be recognised as the Archaeological Museimi of King's College.
Subsequently, by means of small annual grants from the Senatus, a consider-
able addition has been gradually made to the collection of antiquarian objects,
by casts of ancient sculptures, &c. A valuable collection of casts of Egyptian
Tablets, &c., has also been presented to the Museum by Dr Grant Bey of
Cairo, and a considerable collection of local objects has also been added by the
Rev. Dr Christie. A Catalogue of the Collection was published last year, and
lam indebted to it for a good deal of the information contained in this Report.
Of Scottish Antiquities in the collection there are —
A beautifully formed and large Arrow-Head of reddish flint, with tri-
angular pointed stem, and long barbs, with bases slanting from the inner
side backwards, so as to meet the outer edge of the curve of the sides at a
sharp angle — ^probably found in Aberdeenshire.
Twenty Arrow-Heads of flint, of diflerent forms, and many imperfect;
and a chipped double-edged Knife of flint, 2| inches in lengUi— aU found
in Aberdeenshire, and principally in Kildrummy.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 357
Fragment of a stone implement called a Spear-Head, of slate — found in
H OSS-shire.
Bead of black glass, striped with white and red ; and a small Ring of jet,
1| inch in diameter — ^without localities.
Two small Beads of vitreous paste, striped with yellow — ^found in Kil-
drummy.
Two small stone Whorls — one found in Eildrummy.
Bead of steatite, 1^ inch in diameter — from a necklace found in a cist
on the fiEum of Dukeston, Kildrummy.
Axe of flint, polished, 4x2 inches — ^found in Upper Aberdeenshire.
Axe of greenstone, 6^ x 3 inches, and about 1^ inch in thickness — found
in Ejldrummy.
Axe-Hammer of claystone, about 5x8 inches, of somewhat similar form to
the one found at Crichie, and ornamented with a raised band round the haft
hole — no locality is attached to it, but it was probably found in the
neighbourhood.
Ball of greenstone, 3 inches in diameter, ornamented with six plain circular
discs, four of which are slightly imperfect — no locality, but probably found
in Aberdeenshire.
Ball of greenstone, 3 inches in diameter, ornamented with seven plain
circular discs, two of which are imperfect — no locality, but probably found
LQ Aberdeenshire.
Ball of greenstone, 2} inches in diameter, ornamented with about forty small
projecting knobs — ^found in Upper Aberdeenshire.
Stone Ball, 7 inches in diameter — ^found at Craigie Leanings, Aberdeen.
Stone Cup, 3i inches across the mouth by 2^ inches in height, with hollow
1 J inch deep — found on the farm of Westerclova, Kildrummy, near a large
number of weems or underground houses.
Rudely-made Cup of steatitic stone, with projecting handle — ^found on level-
ling a part of an ancient camp of 25 acres on the summit of the Damil, a
conical hill in the parish of Alford, Aberdeenshire.
Two large Querns, complete — no localities.
Two Anvil-Stones, found in a large bed of flint chips near the sea-shore at
Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire.
Two large Anvil-Stones, one with forty-nine depressions and the other
with fourteen — both found at Slains.
Specimen of Stone from the vitrified fort on the Tap o' North, Aberdeen-
shire.
Flat Axe of bronze, 5| x 3^ inches, showing traces of tinning — no locality.
Flat Axe of bronze, 5^ x 3| inches — found on the farm of Ardhuncark,
Kildrummy, in the neighbourhood of a large number of ** Pond Barrows."
Leaf-shaped Sword of bronze, 22^ inches in length, imperfect in the hUt,
but showing two rivet holes in each wing — no locality.
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358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOQETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Leaf-shaped Sword of bronze, 24 inches in length, with two rivet holes in
each wing, and one in the centre of the handle — no locality.
Urn of cinerary type, nnornamented and imperfect, and which originally
would be about 17 inches in height. It was found in the parish of Fyvie, in
a circular hole about 4^ feet in diameter, and a quantity of peat ashes and
burnt bones were also found in the hole, indicating that cremation had taken
place. The bottom of the hole in which the urn was found was coated over
with clay to the depth of 2 inches, above which was a covering of small flat
stones. The bottom of the cavity on which the urn rested was 2 feet 6 inches
from the surface.
Rudely made nnornamented Urn of cinerary type (broken, but the pieces
held in place by bands of tape), 11^ inches in height by 10 inches across the
mouth; and the upper portion of a small Urn of cinerary type, 6^ inches
across the mouth — both found with burnt bones in a cist at Strichen in 1866.
Urn of food-vessel type, 5^ inches in height by 6 inches across the mouth,
with ornamentation resembling string-impressed lines — no locality.
Urn of drinking-cup type, 6| inches in height by 6j inches across the mouth,
ornamented by bands of short vertical lines divided from each other by bands
of two horizontal lines — found in making a road near the church of Banchoiy-
Teman in 1801.
Lower portion of an Urn of drinking-cup type — found at Stoneywood in 1802.
Thick Ring of iron, 8 inches in diameter, found in the year 1800 in the
camp at Rae-Dykes, near Stonehaven, and "supposed to have been the
hoop of the axle of a Caledonian war chariot used in the battle between
Agricola and Gralgacus, fought hard by" (See ArcJusologia ScoHca, vol. ii.
p. 301.)
Mediaeval Pot of brass, with three feet, 9 inches in height by 7f inches across
the mouth, with a hole in one side caused by the plough that turned it up
— found about the year 1837, at the late farm of Flabbits, Durris, Kincar-
dineshire.
Mediaeval brass Pot, with three feet, 6 J inches in height — ^found among a
quantity of human bones in Culloden Moor, about 1830.
Portion of a Sculptured Slab, about 16 inches in length, showing a priest
with a staflf and book — no locality.
Two-handed Sword, with leather- covered handle, ornamented with interlaced
patterns; Lron Branks, formerly used in the parish church of Dunnottar,
Kincardineshire ; Thumbscrew ; Socket of the ancient Market Cross of Old
Aberdeen, from the area in front of the present town house ; two Cannons
dredged out of the harbour of Aberdeen ; old Wooden Lock ; small Wooden
Plane, found between the wall and the lathing of Druminnor House, parish of
Rhynie, in 1846 ; old Ring-Dial of brass ; Padlock of the condemned cell of
the Old Tolbooth, Aberdeen; Cas-Ckrom, from Skye; Shetland Spade, from
Scalloway ; Iron Shoe of an old plough, from Kildrummy ; pair of Rivlins
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KEPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 359
of raw oow-lude» from Shetiand ; the Linen Stamp of Aberdeen, dated 1745 ;
old Stocking Stamp of Aberdeen, dated 1745; Seal of George Hamilton,
bishop of Aberdeen, besiring a Mitre and Shield, and the inscription siouxvm
coMMYNE GEOBOii EPI8C0PI ABERDEN£N ; two baskot-hilted Swords ; a pair of
finely engraved Highland Pistols of steel, with globular butts, and dated 1634.
Of foreign Archseological Specimens, &o., there are —
Four small Arrow-Heads of flint — from North America..
Axe of flint, 9x8^ inches, weU polished — found in East Kent.
Axe of flint, 2^ x 1^ inches — ^found in East Kent
Axe of basalt, 5x3 inches — from Ireland.
Three small Axes of greenstone— probably from Ireland.
Small Axe, with projecting ears — probably from the West Indies (Carib.).
Perforated Axe-Hammer of greenstone, 5^ x 2^ inches — no locality.
Konghly polished piece of Greenstone, 4 x 1^ x 1^ inches — ^no locality.
Pair of gilt Spurs, dug up at Evesham, Worcester.
Suit of Horseman's Armour, such as was worn about the time of Henry
Vni. or Queen Elizabeth.
Pair of brown felt Dress-Gloves, embroidered with gold and lined with
pink satin, said to have been left by King Charles II. at Mosely HaU,
Staffordshire, in 1651, after the battle of Worcester.
Buff Coat or Jerkin (worn in the time of Charles I.), sent from Hungary,
about 1650, to David Stuart of Inchbreck, by one of his family.
Of Ethnographical Articles, Ac., there are —
Eskimo. — Two Traps for catching birds ; a Whale Harpoon and a Harpoon
Barb ; two Spear-Heads of stone, for killing seals ; Box for holding stone
arrow-heads; small hollow wooden Image of a walrus, used as a box for
holding arrow and spear heads ; Wrist Guard for protecting the wrist from the
bowstring ; Implement for sharpening arrow and spear heads ; Stone for
sharpening knives, needles, &c. ; Implements, one of wood and the other
of walrus ivory, rudely made in the form of human hands, and used for
cleaning the inside of skins ; very fine Scraper of flint, in wooden handle ;
Knife of bone or ivory, with wooden handle ; bone Hanmier ; Spoon made
of the tusk of the walrus ; two Levers for lacing the Baidares or light skin-
boats of the natives of the American side of Behring Strait ; two Arrow or
Spear Heads of flint, with serrated edges, each 4^ inches in length, both from
Kotzebue Sound.
North American Indian, — ^Pipe made of the tusk of the walrus, by the Port
Simpson Indians ; four Masks of wood, used by the Port Simpson Indians
in their war dances ; ten very fine specimens of carved Stone Pipes, made
by the Indians of Queen Cluurlotte Island ; two finely carved Stone Plates,
from Queen Charlotte Island ; Blanket worn when dancing by the Indians of
Vancouver Island; Stone Pipe, from Vancouver Island; Whale Harpoon
used by the Indians of Cape Flattery ; two pairs of Indian Snow-Shoes ;
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360 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Arrows from Califomia ; Stone Implement, 12 inches in length, termed a
Spuish, and used for skinning deer, from a Melicete Indian tomh in New
Brunswick ; Wampum Belt ; Cherokee War-Pipe or Call, which imitates the
notes of the blue jay of North America ; Cherokee Instrument for producing
fire ; Stone Collar, similar to the one figured in Stevens's Flint Chips, p. 231,
from the Antilles.
Mexico cmd Peru. — Six small Stone Idols — ^found in ancient sepulchral
tumuli in Mexico, Guatemala, and^Costa Rica; and twenty-three specimens
of Peruvian Pottery.
South America. — Bamboo Box, containing poisoned Blowpipe Arrows— from
British Guiana ; Necklace of wild boars' teeth, and two War Clubs — also
from British Guiana.
Polynesia, — Three Combs, from the Tonga Islands, each formed of several
pieces of the rib of the cocoa-nut leaflet fastened close together with a thread
of cinnet; Fan and a Pillow of wood, from the Tonga Islands; Figure of
Sakaunu, a great Tongan goddess, 14 inches in height ; specimens of Cloth,
from Fiji and the Friendly Islands ; Axe of stone, from the South Sea
Islands ; a number of War Clubs, from the Fiji Islands ; two Fans, Woman's
Dress, Needle made of a human bone, and used in the manufacture of mats.
Necklace of human and dog's teeth, and Necklaces of shells, ka. — all from the
Fiji Islands; Sword, edged with sharks' teeth, from Kingsmill Island;
Stone Adze in wooden handle, specimen of Cloth, and wooden Stamp for
printing cloth — all from the Sandwich Islands.
Australia. — Knife, formed of small pieces of flint arranged in a row, and
fastened into a wooden handle with gum ; Stone Hammer, bound to the
handle with gum ; two panying Shields, and an Instrument for killing birds —
all from New South Wades; two Boomerangs, Waddy, Nulla-Nulla, and
Arm Ornaments of the Australian natives.
New Zealand. — Mere-Mere of basalt, 12 inches in length ; Tihi-tiki of
jadeite ; Chisel of stone ; three Carved Boxes of wood for holding feathers ;
and a War Club.
Africa. — Four leather Amulets, filled with cotton seeds, worn by the
Foulah negroes; Dress, Musical Instrument, and Case of Arrows of the
Foulah Negroes ; Shield of bufialo hide of a Zulu chief, and several Assegais
taken from the battlefield of Gurghilevo, Ulundi ; Knohherrie or Inducka and
Kafir Spoon ; Tobacco Pipe and Cigar-Holder of steatite, used by the Hotten-
tots ; a number of Daggers, Swords, Images, Coins, Ac., from China, India,
Burma, Java, &c.
Marischal Colleqe, Aberdeen.
In the Anatomical Museum in Marischal College are three small Urns of
drinking-cup type, the particulars of which are as follows : —
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 361
(1) Urn, 7x5} inches, ornamented with zigzags and lines of punctolatlons,
Ac., found in a short cist at Parkhill, in 1867.
(2) Urn, 6| x 5^ inches, imperfect at the mouth on one side, ornamented
with triangles, &c. — found in a short cist at Persley Quarry, near Aberdeen, in
1868.
(3) Urn, 5^ x 5^ inches, ornamented all down the side with lines of fine
punctulations — ^found in a short cist at Stoneywood, near Aberdeen, in 1868.
In the same case are shown small collections of Human Bones from cists
at Parkhill, Auchindoir, Stoneywood, Persley Quarry, and Foveran. Accord-
ing to Profesor Struthers, the most of the bones are those of men of good
stature.
In the Library is preserved the Silver Chain, with gilt ornaments, found in
1735, concealed under the floor of the " old Bibliothek of Marischal College,"
which formed part of the buildings of the ancient Franciscan convent. The
chain and its pendent ornaments are described in the Proceedings, vol. x. p.
325, and figured on pi. xiii.
Portion of a double-link Chain of silver, consisting of eleven interlinked
circular links about 1 inch in diameter, and similar to the chains of double
links in the National Museum — found on the lands of Nigg, Kincardineshire.
A Banner of the Covenant, of silk.
Bismar of brass — no locality.
A Gold Ornament in the shape of a bird — found in a tumulus in Costa
Kica, Central America.
The Wilson Collection of Greek Coins, Vases, Statuettes, &c., and a number
of Egyptian relics are also preserved in the Library. A Catalogue of these
objects exists in manuscript.
Free Church Collegb, Abbrdbbn.
The Museum in the Library of the Free Church College, Aberdeen, was
formed by the late Alexander Thomson of Banchory, and bequeathed by him
to the Free Church College, along with a sum of money to provide for its
maintenance. No order or classification is observed in arranging the
specimens. The Flint and Stone Implements are kept in a drawer, out of
sight, there being no accommodation in the cases for them. Besides the
Antiquities, there is a small collection of Minerals, &c. No additions of any
importance appear to have been made to the collection since its transference
to the Free Church College.
Of Scottish Antiquities there are —
Four small Arrow-Heads, with barbs and stems (two imperfect) — ^found at
Tillygreig, Udny, Aberdeenshire.
Small Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem — ^found at Mameula, New
Machar, Aberdeenshire.
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362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
One barbed and stemmed and three leaf-shaped Arrow-Heads (one mdely
made) — all found at Graiginchmyre, Banchory, Aberdeenshire.
Large Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem — ^found at Stonehaven.
Large lozenge-shaped Arrow- Head, and another with barbs and stem — ^both
found at Eainnieshills.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem — found at Countesswells.
Large Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem — ^found at Banchory.
Two leaf-shaped Arrow-Heads, and one small Spear-Head, with barbs and
stem — ^no localities.
Small Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem, and one rude triangular hollow-
based Arrow-Head, two round Scrapers, and thirteen Chips of flint — all
found at Sandwick, Orkney.
Very fine leaf-shaped Spear-Head, 3| inches in length — found at Tilly-
greig, Aberdeenshire.
Lozenge-shaped Spear-Head, 4^ inches in length — ^found at Tollohill,
Banchory.
Axe of greenstone, 8 inches in length by 3 in breadth at the cutting edge,
with ground surface — ^found at Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire.
Axe of limestone, rudely made, 7x2^ inches, found on the Hill of Tilly-
greig, Aberdeenshire.
Axe of claystone, 4 x 2^ inches, polished, the butt imperfect — said to be
from the South Sea Islands, but almost certainly Scottish.
Butt end of a polished Axe of claystone — said to be from the South Sea
Islands, but more probably Scottish.
Small Axe of greenstone, 2^ x 2 inches — also said to be from the South Sea
Islands, but more probably Scottish.
Ball of sandstone, 3 inches in diameter, ornamented in relief with six knobs,
each of which is carved with three concentric lines round a small central
knob J inch in diameter — ^found at Caimroben.
Ball of granitic stone, 2^ inches in diameter, much weather worn, uncarved
—found on the Hill of Tillygreig, in 1854.
Small Bead of blue vitreous paste striped with yeUow — ^uo locality, but
probably found in the neighbourhood.
Small Collection from Gleuluce, Wigtownshire, consisting of —
Fourteen Hanmier-Stones, eleven flint Scrapers, one Polisher (?), two pieces
of black Flint, and one piece of an Urn — ^presented by the Rev. Greorge
Wilson of Glenluce.
Leaf -shaped Sword of bronze, 25 inches in length, with a rivet hole on each
side at the base of the blade and two in the length of the handle — one of four
found in a peat moss near Haddo House, Methlick, Aberdeenshire, in 1858.^
^ This sword has been spoiled through haviog an inscription engraved on one side
to the effect that it was presented to Alexander Thomson, of Banchory, by the Earl
of Aberdeen, in 1858.
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EEPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 363
Flat Axe of bronze, 7 x 4| inches, with fine patina, " fonnd along with five
others in removing a cairn of stones in the parish of Dorris," in 1860.
Upper portion of a Cmenxj Urn, about 12 inches in diameter across the
mouth, ornamented inside the rim with three rows of small round depressions
about § inch in diameter, and on the outside, round the upper part, with nine
rows of the same omamention — ^found on the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh.
Urn of drinking-cup type, in fine preservation, 6^ inches in height by 6 inches
across the mouth ; and the greater portion of the side and bottom of another
of food-vessel type, finely ornamented — ^both found in a cist with a skeleton
while repairing a road at Clashfarquhar, Banchory, on the 27th August, 1817.
When discovered, the urns stood at the west side of the body, one opposite
the knee and the other opposite the thigh. • (These two urns are figured in
a very inaccurate manner in Wilson's Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, voL i. p.
419, from drawings by the late Alexander Thomson of Banchory.) Another
Urn was found near the same locality, and deposited in the Stonehaven
Museum, which is now dispersed, and the urn in all probability lost.
Highland Brooch of brass, 4 inches in diameter, minus its pin, with three
panels of interlaced ornamentation.
** John Knox's Watch," traditionally regarded as having been presented to
him by Queen Mary at the time when she was anxious to cajole him into an
approbation of her measures; "A Gold Pin, in a small piece of Prince
Charlie's Kilt, given by him to Lady Mackintosh a day or two before Culloden;"
A Gaelic Psalm-Book, or Book of Power, with key and yam (see DalzeU,
Darker Superstitions of Scotland, p. 522) ; old square-shaped Iron Padlock.
Of foreign things there are —
Beautifully polished Axe of light green stone (called " nephrite " on the
ticket), almond-shaped, measuring 7x3 inches — said to be from the South
Sea Islands, but more probably from Jamaica.
Three articles from Sweden, viz., rudely chipped Axe of flint, 7 x 3j
inches — from Skake ; portion of a Dagger of chipped flint ; and rudely orna-
mented Whorl of greenstone, 1^ inch in diameter — ^from Waksala, province of
Upsala.
Four finely-formed Arrow-Heads of flint — from North America.
Eighteen Discs of shale or cannel-coal, from 2 to 3 inches in diameter,
erroneously called " Kimmeridge Coal Money " — found at Povington, Dorset-
shire, where upwards of a thousand specimens are said to have been found.
Small Jar of clay, 4 inches in height, with contracting neck and loop
handle, rudely ornamented round the middle by vertical and horizontal incised
lines — probably from North America.
A miscellaneous collection of Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and other Antiquities
consisting of —
Oreek and Roman, — ^About sixty vessels of Pottery, Lecythi, Amphora,
Oenochoi, &c. ; Mirror of bronze, ornamented on one side with concentric
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364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
lines, in relief, and with the other side tinned or silvered ; twenty-one
terra-cotta Lamps; five small phial-shaped Vases of glass; three small
phial-shaped Vases of clay ; models of a Human Hand and Foot, " both votive-
ofiferings from Rome ; " portion of the Pavement of the Temple of Juno Gabina ;
small marble Slab, inscribed Valeria * mkssalinae * avgvstii * l * oaenis ; half
of a double-spiral Brooch of bronze, 2 inches in diameter, similar to those found
in Central Europe ; two small phallic Figures in bronze, the largest about 3
inches in length ; portions of four or five Fibulfe ; bronze Mace-head, with three
rows of six spikes each; Roman Wax-Tablet Smoother and Roman Stylus,
both of ivory — ^found at Aries in 1862.
Egyptian. — Twenty-five Figures in wood, green glaze, clay, and wax ; two
Signet Rings of bronze ; wooden Spoon, with ornamental pattern carved on
the handles — found in a tomb at Thebes ; two Scarabaei ; the painted Lid of a
Coffin; the hand of a Mummy; the Mummy of a young Crocodile; and a
number of small Figures of Gods, Ac, for hanging round tiie neck.
Assyrian, — Three small Cylinders of hematite, with figures and cuneiform
letters.
Hindu. — Several small Figures in brass of Hindu gods, &c. — modem.
Miscellaneous, — About a dozen Malay and Javanese Knives and Daggers; two
wooden Bows — no localities ; Spear, about 10 feet in length, barbed, with fish-
bones, finely plaited, and carved with faces of two gods — ^probably from
Treasury Island, Solomon Group; Spear, about 10 feet long, barbed with
four rows of sharks' teeth — probably from Kingsmill Island ; three Drums,
formed from portions of hollowed trunks of trees — ^from Africa; Fiji Club, with
carved handle ; Arrow and large Quiver — no localities ; Set of Harness of red
cloth, &c. — probably Eastern ; Pole, about 12 feet in length and 5 inches in dia-
meter, with the figure of a carved and painted Idol at the top — ^no locality, but
certainly from the South Sea Islands; curious Shield of thin bronze, with rude
ornamentation stamped in relief from the inside, about 3 feet in length by 7
inches across the widest part, contracting to 4 inches in the middle ; three
Eastern Hats ; Eastern Matchlock, and an old European Percussion Musket.
The Arbuthnot Museum, Pbtbrhbad.
The Collection in the Arbuthnot Museum in Chapel Street, Peterhead, was
formed mainly by the late Adam Arbuthnot, merchant in Peterhead, and
bequeathed by him to the town in 1851. According to the terms of his will,
the Provost, Magistrates, and Council of the town are trustees in perpetuity ;
and he further directed that, " in case any Act shall be passed by the Legis-
lature for the vesting, management, and maintenance of Museums of Works
of Art, or others, in Burghs, then my said Museum and Cabinet of Coins
shall be placed under the provisions of such Act." The Museum contains a
very good collection of Greek and Roman Coins, and a good series of the
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BEPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 365
English and Scottish Coinage, hesides a general collection of specimens of
Natural History^ Minerals, and Antiquities. A small Catologue of the
Museum was published in 1851, and few things of any Archselogical or
Antiquarian value have been added since then. The Museum is open daily
on payment of an admission fee of 2d.
Of Scottish Antiquities there are —
Three barbed and stemmed Arrow-Heads — found at Cruden, Aberdeenshire.
Three barbed and stemmed Arrow-Heads, one leaf-shaped Arrow-Head,
and portion of another — all found at Fyvie, Aberdeenshire.
Seventeen Arrow and Spear Heads of flint, mostiy imperfect ; one Knife of
chipped flint, one Scraper, and one rude Core — all from Aberdeenshire.
Axes found in Aberdeenshire, viz., (1) of granitic stone, 8 J x 2| inches,
polished at the cutting edge ; (2) of claystone, 7^ x 2^ inches, imperfect at
the cutting edge ; (3) of basalt, 8x3 inches, rudely chipped, with polished
cutting edge ; (4) of greenstone, 8j x 3i inches, polished ; (5) of claystone,
3i X IJ inches, polished.
Axes found in Fifeshire, viz., (1) of basalt, 6| x 2^ inches, polished ; (2) of
fine greenish claystone, 3 x 1§ inches, polished, with slight groove on each
side ; (3) of fine claystone, 3i x 2i inches, very flat, and polished.
Axe of greenstone, 6| x 2^ inches — found at Caimcatto, Aberdeenshire.
Axe of granitic stone, 6i x 3^ inches — found at Bruxie, Old Deer, Aber-
deenshire.
Axe of greenstone, 6f x 2 J inches by f in thickness, a fine specimen,
finely polished — found at Peterhead.
Axe of basalt, 7 x Si x 1 J inches, perfect, and finely polished — found at
Peterhead.
Axe of claystone, 3^x2^ inches, partiy polished — found at Eavenscrag
Kuin, Peterhead.
Axes, with no locaUties, but certainly Scotch, viz., (1) of flint, 3 x ij inches,
polished on the cutting edge ; (2) of claystone, 2i x l^ inches, polished ; (3)
of sandstone, 8| x 2 j inches, a fine specimen.
Whorl of claystone — no locality.
Anvil-Stone, about 4 inches in diameter, with a hollow on each side, and
abraded edges, and two ordinary oblong-shaped Hammer-Stones — both found
at Stennis, Orkney.
Houndish Pebble of quartzite, used as a hammer-stone — no locality.
Ball of granitic stone, 2^ inches in diameter, finely smoothed, with four
circular discs in low relief, the edges of which impinge upon each other —
probably found in Aberdeenshire.
Ball of greenstone, 3 inches in diameter, with rough surface, ornamented
with twelve projecting knobs — probably found in Aberdeenshire.
Ball of finely polished serpentine, 2J inches in diameter — no locality, but
probably found in the neighbourhood.
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366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Whetstone of qnartzite, 5| inches in length by ^ inch across the middle,
tapering to a point at both extremities, finely polished and perfect — ^found in
the ruins of the Abbey of Deer, Buchan, Aberdeenshire.
Axe of bronze, flanged, 5| inches in length by 1 J inch across the catting
edge, the flanges lozenge-shaped and 1^ inch in width at the widest part —
found on the farm of Savock, Aberdeenshire.
Axe of bronze, socketed, 3 J x IJ inches, with three vertical ribs, an inch in
length, on each side — ploughed up near the Manse of St Fergus, Buchan,
Aberdeenshire.
Bowl-shaped Urn of food- vessel type, about 6 inches in height by 7 inches
across the mouth, ornamented with lines of dots and rows of circles alter-
nating, imperfect on one side — found with burnt human bones below the
foundation of Meethill Monument, Broad Street, Peterhead.
Urn of drinking-cup type, 4} inches in height by 4^ inches across the
mouth, ornamented on the outside with bands of oblique lines and zigzags —
found on the farm of Bankhead, Pitsligo, Aberdony, in 1870.
Body and portion of the Rim of an Urn of drinking-cup type, originally
about 6 inches in height — found in 1836 in a tumulus at Savock, Faichfield,
parish of Longside, and near to the place called CampweUs. Figured as
perfect in the Catalogue of the Archaological Exhibition in Edinburgh, 1858,
plate iii.
Fragments of a nearly complete Um of cinerary type, roughly made and
rudely ornamented — found in a cist at Newseal, parish of St Fergus, Buchan,
Aberdeenshire, in 1840.
*' Part of a Wooden Coffin, dug firom a tumulus of peat moss on the estate
of Caimgall, in August 1818," about 5 inches in length by 1 inch broad and ^
an inch thick.
Collection from a small tumulus at Ardi&ey, parish of Cruden, opened on
the 21st August 1821. The collection is as follows ; —
(1) Um of drinking-cup type, perfect, 5| inches in height by 5^ across the
mouth, ornamented on tlie outside with a variety of incised patterns. This
um is also figured in the Cat, Arch. Exhib. Edin.^ pL iii.
(2) Um of drinking-cup type, the greater part of one side gone, orna-
mented in a similar manner to No. 1.
(3) Necklace of 12 Beads of jet, the largest of which measures 4f inches
in length, and the smallest about 1^ inch ; and four rude unshaped Beads of
amber.
(4) Axe of grey flint, 6^ inches in length by 2^ inches across the cutting
edge, finely polished. This axe and the necklace are figured on a small
scale on plate ii. of the Cat, Arch, Exhib. Edin.
(5) Bracer or Wristguard, of polished felstone, 3^ inches in length
and 1^ inch wide at one end by ^ inch at the other, rounded on one face and
hollow on the other, with a small hole at each comer. In shape, size, and
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 367
material this bracer is remarkably like the one found at Fyrish, near Evan-
toun, Koss-shire, and now in the National Collection.
(6) Very fine Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem, the point very slightly
broken — apparently the only one in the collection from the tumulus, although
seven are stated to have been found.
(7) Rude Knife formed from a large flake of flint, 2^ inches long, roughly
chipped on one edge.
(8) A large rude Flake of flint, unworked.
(9) Portions of Skulls, Leg-Bones, &c., forming portions of the skeletons of
a man and a child, and also the remains of a dog.
A miscellaneous collection of mediaaval and later Scottish Antiquities, &c.,
consisting of a Jug of glazed ware, mediaeval, 8 inches in height, with handle
on one side — ^found in Peterhead ; Models of a Distaff and an old Whorl — from
Nethermill, Gruden ; large iron Mantrap ; old Sedan Chair ; " Robert Bums's
Plough ; " iron Pencil-Case, found on the battlefield at Culloden ; large Brass
Spur; old Wooden Spoon, from Cruden ; Caltrop, found at Frew, on the Firth of
Forth ; collection of Elfin Pipes, from Stirling ; Brass Key and portion of
Lead-Piping, from the ruins of the Abbey of Deer, Buchan ; three old Arm-
chairs, dated respectively 1607, 1661, and 1696; silver Table-Spoon, found
near Haddo, inscribed on the back with the initials M.B. and R.P. ; two
Toddy-Ladles, Snuff-Box, and Brass Tobacco Box; carved Knife-Handle
of ivory, found in ploughing a peat moss in Fifeshire; Tusk of a Boar,
fragment of Lead, and an iron Key, dug up near the base of Ravenscrag
Ruin, in 1829 ; Highland flint-lock Pistol of steel, finely engraved, made
by John Campbell ; a pair of Rivlins or Shoes of undressed hide, from
Shetland; four small Cannon Balls; two-handed Sword, Andrea Ferara
Sword, and another Broadsword ; Bow of yew, with Quiver and Arrows.
Of foreign Archaeological specimens, there are only —
Two very fine Mere-Meres of basalt, from New Zealand — one 14 inches, the
other 15} inches in length.
Two finely polished Axes of green stone, 4^ x 2 inches and 6| x 2| inches
— both from the Island of Jamaica, West Indies.
Arrow-Head of flint, with barbs and stem — said to be from New South
Wales.
Three Spear-Heads of flint — from North America.
Cast of an Implement of chipped flint, 16^ inches in length, pointed at each
end, and having the central part strongly serrated on one side by six teeth,
and on the other by five; the original found in Honduras, and figured in
Wilson's Prehistoric Man, voL i. p. 194.
Five small Vessels of clay, found in a cemetery in the island of Cephalonia
in 1816 ; an unguent Vase, from Argos, and another from Athens. Several
small Egyptian Bronze Figures.
Of miscellaneous Ethnographical and other objects, there are — A very
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368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
fine collection of Eskimo objects in walruB ivoiy, consisting of four Harpoon
Heads, a Comb, twenty-five small Ornaments in the shape of birds, a large
Snow-knife, Fish-hooks, &c. — all from Baffin's Bay. Eskimo Register of
Age, consisting of a string of twenty-nine metatarsal and other small bones
of animals, obtained from a woman who wore it suspended from her girdle ;
two Eskimo Bow and Arrows, Spear for seals, and a bone-barbed Bird- Spear.
Two very fine large Pipes of carved stone, and a curious Object of the same
material, 11 inches in length by 2 broad, carved in relief with grotesque
human and other figures — all from British Columbia. Two Paddles, carved
and painted, from Vancouver Island. Bead Collar, Cloak, Knitted Bag,
and Bead Necklace — from New Guinea. Stone Adze in handle, stone Axe-
Head, and wooden Drum — said to be from the Solomon Islands. Wooden
Knife, with finely carved handle — from New Guinea, very similar to one
in the Kirkcudbright Museum. Large lot of Arrows, Spears, Bows, Clubs,
&c., from the South Sea Islands; and a rudely carved Shield and a number of
Boomerangs, from Australia, and a number of Zulu Assegais. Jar of Black
Ware, from Peru. Two Malay Krises, Malay Spear, Chinese Tatar Bow and
Arrows, and South American Indian Bow and Arrows, &c.
Banff.
The Museum in the Banff Institution was founded in 1828. It is supported
by fees and contributions, and is open daily to the public on payment of a
small fee. It has a good collection of weapons, &c., from the South Sea
Islands, and is fortunate in possessing some unique things ; as, for instance,
the only known example of a Pieta in stone found in Scotland; the Silver
Pin, Chain, and Armlet, found at Gaulcross ; and the Bronze Swine's Head,
found at Leichestown.
Of Scottish ArchsBological objects in the collection there are —
Twelve Arrow-Heads of flint, with barbs and stems and leaf-shaped — all
found in Banf&hire.
Two Axes of claystone, one measuring 9^ x 3^ inches, and the other 6x2^
inches — both found at Sandlaw, Banffshire.
Axe of greenstone, 8x3 inches — found at Gamrie, Banffshire.
Cutting end of a polished chisel-shaped Axe of flint, much fractured — no
locality is given, but very probably it was found in the neighbourhood.
Two Axes of greenstone, one 6 x 2| inches, the other 6 x 2^ inches — no
locality given, but probably found near Banffl
Three small Axes of greenstone, each about 4^ x 2^ inches — probably
from Ireland.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of greenstone, 4 x 2^ inches, much weather-worn
— found with a stone ball in a moss near Tomintoul.
Ball of basalt, about 3 inches in diameter, ornamented with about one
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REP0ET3 ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 369
hundred small flat-topped knobs, and having the surface of each ornamented
by lines crossing each other at right angles — found with the foregoing stone
Hammer.
Cup of mica-schist, measuring 6 inches across the mouth — found at Cairn,
Bankhead, Boyndie, Banffshire.
Cup of steatitic stone, 4^ inches in diameter, with perforated handle —
found at Auchingoul, Banf&hire.
Cup of steatitic stone, imperfect, with imperfect perforated handle — ^found
at Kinclune Tower.
Cup of steatitic stone, 4 inches in diameter, with imperfect handle — ^no
locality, but probably found near Ban£f.
Two complete Querns and three Upper Stones of Querns — ^all found in
Banffshire.
Four Socket-Stones of gates — all found in Banflshire.
Two Whorls of sandstone — found in a field on the farm of Loanhead, near
Comhill, Comcaim, Banf&hire.
Twenty-six Beads of amber, and two of vitreous paste, striped with yellow
— all found in Banfiishire.
Bead of vitreous paste, striped — found at Castle Newe, Aberdeenshire.
Mould of sandstone, for casting flat axes of bronze — found in the parish
of Mamoch, Banflshire.
Flat Axe of bronze, 5^ inches in length by 2| inches across the cutting edge
— found on the farm of Kinclave, Gowie, BaidOTshiro.
Socketed Axe of bronze, 3^ x 2 J inches, covered with a fine patina — ^found
at Devonshaw, Clackmannanshire.
Point of a Spear-Head of bronze — ^found in a peat bog at Corgaff, Strathdon,
Aberdeenshire.
Leaf-shaped Spear-Head of bronze, 14 inches in length, slightly imperfect
in the socket and at the point — found near Banff.
Leaf-shaped Sword of bronze, imperfect at the point, and measuring 21
inches in length, pierced with four rivet holes — found in a moss near Blair-
shinnock, Banflshire.
Two penanntdar Rings of bronze, with slightly expanded ends — no localitv.
but probably found in the neighbourhood.
Urn of drinking-cup type, ornamented, 6 inches in height by 4^ inches
across the mouth, the bottom imperfect — no locality given, but probably found
in Banf&hire.
Urn of drinking-cup type, 8 x 6^ inches — found at Carestown, Deskford,
Banffshire.
Urn of drin]dng-cup type, 6 x 4^ inches, imperfect — found on Cullen Farm,
CuUen, Banffshire.
Urn of drinking-cup type, 7x6 inches, imperfect on one side — ^found at
Auchmore, near Portsoy, Banflishire.
VOL. XXIL 2 A
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370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Urn of food-vessel lype, 6x6 inches, imperfect on the bottom — ^found in
excavating a cairn near Gask.
Bottom part of a small Urn containing burnt hnman bones — found at the
Hill of Scatterty.
Fragments of a large Urn of cinerary form — ^found at Towie, Fordyce,
Banffshire.
The curious bronze object in the form of a Swine's-Head, found in a moss
at Liechestown, Deskford, Banffshire, in 1816, and described by the late Dr.
John Alexander Smith in the Proceedings of ihe Society (vol. vii. p. 341 et seq.
Fig. 13. Bronze Swine's Head, found at Leichestown.
and pi. xlvi.) and by Dr Anderson in his Scotland in Pagan Times, first
series, p. 117. The object is mounted as shown in the above illustration,
fig. 13.
Pin of silver, 6 inches in length, with semicircular head, carried on a short
portion of the upper part of the pin, bent at right angles to the lower portion,
and surmounted by three short cylindrical projections. The front face of
the semicircular head is engraved with three connected circles of spiral
ornamentation.
Armlet of silver, of three spirals, plain, 2i inches in diameter.
Portion of Silver Chain, 12 inches in length — found with the above Armlet
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND.
371
and Pin on the fann of Ley, estate of Birkenbog, Gaulcross, Banfifshire.
These three objects are figured fall size in Stuart's Sculptured Stones of
Scotland, voL ii. pL 9 of illustrations.
The Pieta dug up in the churchyard of Ban£f, and described and figured in
the Proceedings, vol. Tiii. new series, p. 856. The stone measures 1 foot 5
inches in length by 11^ inches in breadth, and about 6 inches in thickness.
The head of the sculpture is imperfect (fig. 14).
Fig. 14. Pieta in Stone, dug up in the Churchyard, Banff.
Two fine Highland Dirks, each with carved handle of interlaced work ;
two basket-hilted Swords ; Stock of a Highland flint-lock Pistol of steel ;
three old Pistols, with wooden stocks ; pair of iron Thumbscrews ; several
Shoe-Buckles ; the Foot of a Plough ; and an iron Crusie. Stone Mould for
casting small Luckenbooth Brooches — found in a field on the farm of lioan-
head, near Comhill ; small plain circular brass Brooch ; Linlitligow Bushel
Measure ; brass Mortar, without pestle.
Of foreign Archaeological objects there are — ^A very fine small American
Arrow-Head of flint, with barbs and stem ; an Axe of chipped flint, 8 x 2^
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372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
inches — ^from Denmark or Scandinavia; large Adze of shell, in wooden
handle; the shell Heads of two others, and two stone Axes — from the
Solomon Islands, South Pacific.
Also a large collection of Bows, Arrows, Clubs, Spears, &c., principallj
from the South Sea Islands.
Arbroath, Forfarshire.
The Museum at Arbroath, which occupies a large room in the Public Hall
Buildings, is supported by a local Society and by admission fees. The general
collection is extensive and varied, but unfortunately no proper system of
classification is observed in the arranging of the specimens, the consequence
being that it is almost useless for scientific purposes. The leading feature of
the Museum is the collection of Shells and Minerals. The Museum is open
daily to the public on payment of a small admission fee.
The Antiquities in the Museum consist of-^
Two small and rudely formed Stone Axes, each about 6 inches in length —
no localities are given, but they are probably Scottish.
Flanged Axe of bronze, about 5 inches in length — found near an ancient
camp at Fordoun.
Rude and much- worn flanged Axe of bronze, about 3^ inches in length —
no locality, but probably Scottish.
Casts of two halves of a stone Mould for socketed Axes, and a Cast of the
Axe. This mould looks like a cast of the one found at Rosskeen, in Eoss-
shire.
Two large "Whorls of stone — no localities.
Tripod Ewer of brass, 9 inches in height, imperfect — no locality.
Pair of large iron Thumbscrews.
Flat Powder-Hom, about 8 inches in length, brass mounted, carved with
interlaced work, and dated 1696.
Five old iron Horseshoes ; three Crusies of iron and one of copper ; four
Spinning- Wheels ; two very fine Highland Broadswords ; two basket-hilted
Swords; two flint-lock Muskets; Letter of an Edinburgh Clothier to the
Earl of Airlie, dated 1647, enclosing specimens of cloth for a doublet;
and the original MS. of Bums's " John Barleycorn."
The Bell of Navar, a parish in the north-east of Forfarshire, which was
united to Lethnot in 1721. The bell bears the following inscription in
raised letters round the top i—o ' ovdbbogge fecit rottebdam 1665, soli deo
GLORIA M *I0 * FIFVS PASTOR NAVAREN8IS DONO DEDIT.
Of foreign objects there are — Nine American Arrow-Heads of flint ; Axe
of greenstone, from Canada, about 6 inches long ; Stone Axe, from New
Zealand, about 6 inches in length.
Portion of Mosaic Pavement from Pompeii ; a number of Images of green
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 373
glazed ware, from Egypt, and two terra-cotta Lamps ; small Toltec clay Figure
of human Head ; suit of Japanese Armour ; Arab Matchlock ; pair large
steel Spurs — ^probably Mexican.
Collectiou of Ornaments and articles of Dress from Ashanti ; three
British Guiana Clubs ; five carved Australian Shields ; two Zulu Shields ;
a large number of Malay and Javanese Daggers, Knives, &c., and a large
number of South Sea Island Clubs, Spears, &c. A large number of Models
illustrative of the life, religion, manners, and customs of the inhabitants of
Southern India ; and an extensive but very incomplete collection of Silver
and Copper Coins of different countries, and a quantity of Paper Money.
Female Mummy and portion of the Kobe or •* Traja " in which the body
was wrapped — from a tomb at Iquique, Peru.
TflORNHILL, DUMPRIBSSHIRB.
The Museum at Thomhill, Dumfriesshire, is the property of Dr T. B.
Grierson, and was formed entirely by his own exertions. The collection is a
very general one, and includes objects from almost every part of the world.
The Archseological collection is good, and is chiefly remarkable for the large
number of perforated Stone Hammer-Heads and for the Bronze Kapler-Blades.
The Museum is open daily to the public on payment of an admission fee of
sixpence.
The following is a list of the Archseological objects in the Collection : —
Flake-Knife of chipped flint — found in a cist in a cairn with burnt bones,
at Bamdenoch, Keir, Dumfries.
Leaf-shaped Knife of flint, 6| x 2 J inches— found in a cairn near Glenochar,
Crawfurd Moor, Lanarkshire.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem ; and two lozenge-shaped Arrow-Heads,
twelve Scrapers, four Flakes, and thirty Chips of flint — from the Sandhills,
Glenluce, Wigtownshire.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem — found in a cairn on the farm of Bamde-
noch, Keir, Dumfries. It is probable that this arrow-head was found with
the fliint Knife mentioned above, though this is not stated.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem — found on Townhead Farm, Closebum,
Dumfriesshire.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem — found at Paradice, Inverurie, Aber-
deenshire.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem, and another of leaf-shaped form — ^both
found in Banffshire.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem— found on a hill at Palskeach, Penpont.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem — found on Standard Brae, Farding,
Keir, Dumfries.
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374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
Leaf -shaped Spear-Head of flint, 8$ x li inches — ^found at Parkgate, Kirk-
michael, DmnMesshire.
Arrow-Head, with barbs and stem, and small Chip of flint — found at
Strathdon, Aberdeenshire.
Axe of claystone, 8j x 3 inches, finely formed — ^found at Dalbeattie.
Axe of mottled stone, 7^ x 2| inches, fractured on the cutting edge — found
at Bamdenoch, Keir, Dumfries.
Axe of claystone, 7| x 8^ inches, with imperfgct butt — ^found at Baiter-
son, Holywood, Dumfriesshire.
Axe of claystone, 5^ x 2| inches — found at New Cumnock, Ayrshire.
Axe of clay-sandstone, 5j x 25 inches — found at Barland, New Cumnock.
Axe of green quartzose stone, 0 x 2| inches, similar to one of our finest
specimens — no locality.
Axe of whinstone, 4| x 2^ inches — found at Strathdon, Aberdeenshire.
Cutting end of an Axe of claystone, 3j x 2J inches — found during excava-
tions at Dumfries.
Butt end of an Axe of claystone, 4^ x 8 inches — ^found at Durrisdeer.
Axe of claystone, 7 x 2^ inches — found at Bonhill, Keir.
Axe of sandstone, 4^ x 2} inches, the butt chipped and fractured — ^found on
the farm of Auchenhastring, Tynron, Scarwater.
Axe of claystone, 4} x 2^ inches — found at Drumbowie, Ochiltree, Ayr-
shire.
Chisel-shaped Axe of sandstone, 5| x 2 inches — ^found at Inglistowrigg,
Durrisdeer, Dumfriesshire.
Butt end of Axe of claystone, 5^ x 2^ inches —found on the farm of
Bireholm, parish of Keir.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of granitic stone, 6 x 2J inches, polished — ^found
in a cairn in the parish of Tynron, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of reddish stodstone, 4x2 inches, polished —
found at Amisfield.
Perforated Hammer-Head of the same form and material as the specimen
in the National Museum, from Urquhart, 2g x 1} inches, finely polished, but
unomamented — found on Slack's Farm, Tinwald, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Hanmier-Head of sandstone, with two veins of quartz running
through it, 2 J x Ij inches, polished — found at Balagan, Durrisdeer.
Perforated Hammer-head of sandstone, 3^ x 2j^ inches — found at Coshogal,
Durrisdeer, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 10 inches in length by 4 inches
across the widest part — found at Kirkpatrick-Durham.
Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 11} x 4^ inches, partially perforated from each
side— found at Kirkmahoe, Dumfriesshire.
Lower half of an Axe-Hammer of sandstone, 7 inches in length, broken
through the haft-hole — ^from Park of Closebum.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSBXTMS m SCOTLAND. 375
Perforated Axe-Hammer of saudstone, 8x8^ inches^from Old Gkdtslack,
Durrisdeer, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 6i x 4 inches — ^found at Holjwood,
Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of fine sandstone, 8| x 4 inches — found at Auchan-
age, parish of Keir.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 6} x 8} inches — ^found on Batterson
Farm, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of sandstone, 7 J x 8 J inches — found at Keir Mill.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 8x4 inches — ^found at Old Chan-
lock, Penpont.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 9| x 5 inches — found at Glasserton,
Wigtownshire.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 7^ x 8^ inches — found on Cowshaw
F&rm, Tinwald, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 7 x 8 J inches — found at Keir Mill.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of rough weather-worn granite, 9J x 4| inches —
found at Neilson's Park, Holjwood, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 12J x 6 inches — found at High
Kilroy, Dunscore, Dumfriesshire.
Axe-Hammer of whinstone, 10| x 4 inches, finely formed, but unperforated
— found at Greenhead, parish of Closebum.
Triangular-shaped Pebble of greenstone, 2^ inches in greatest diameter,
and perforated through the centre — found at Drumshin, Durrisdeer, Dum-
friesshire.
Oblong roundish Pebble of quartzose stone, 8} x If inches, and partially
perforated from each side— found at Fairholm, Lockerbie.
Pebble of quartz, 8g x 8 inches, with a longitudinal groove on each side,
probably a Bronze Age whetstone — ^found in Rashbrig Moss.
Hammer-Stone, abraded at both ends by use — found in a Pict s House at
Castle Newe, Aberdeenshire.
Two Hammer-Stones of quartz — found in the Stoneykirk Sandhills,
Wigtownshire.
Portion of a Stone Implement (probably a whetstone), 2^ inches in length
X I inch broad — found in a moss near Sanquhar, in what was supposed to
have been a Lake-dwelling.
Forty-eight Whorls of sandstone and daystone, several of which are orna-
mented with concentric circles, &c., and all found in the south of Scotland.
Ball of white quartz, about 8 inches in diameter, ornamented with six
projecting circular discs — ^found in Cree Moss, Wigtownshire.
Ringof jasper. If inch in diameter, polished— found at Holstain, Durrisdeer.
Socket-Stone of quartz, with seven hollows — no locality.
Socket Stone, large — ^found at Drumlanrig, Dumfriesshire.
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376 PliOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Socket-Stone which has been worn through from each side — found at
Irongray, Dumfriesshire.
Socket-Stone, from Auchen Castle, Moffat, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Pebble of sandstone, circular, 4 inches in diameter— found in
digging a grave at Dalgamock.
Large perforated Stone, found at Ingleston; and two other perforated Stones,
without localities.
Sixteen rude Implements of sandstone from Shetland, presented to Dr
Grierson by the late Dr James Hunt.
Sixteen Quern-Stones and about twenty large "Knocking Stones" — all
found in the neighbourhood of ThomhiU.
Fragments of Slag, from vitrified forts in Scotland.
Bead of yellow vitreous paste, striped — from Strathdon, Aberdeenshire.
Bead of amber — found at Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire.
Bead of blue glass — ^found at Castle Newe, Aberdeenshire.
Bead of glass — found at Baitford, Penpont, Dumfriesshire.
Bead of vitreous paste, ribbed — found at Blackwood Hill, parish of Keir.
Ring of jet, 1^ inch in diameter — ^found in Lochars Moss.
Axe of bronze, flanged, 6^ x S^ inches, finely formed — ^found at Park of
Closebum, Dumfriesshire.
Axe of bronze, flanged, 5J x 2J inches — ^found at Townfoot Loch, Thorn-
hill.
Axe of bronze, slightly flanged, 4^ x 1^ inches — found at Rabum Bog, Esk-
dale Moor, Dumfriesshire,
Axe of bronze, flanged, 4| x 2 inches — found at Eirkless, Durrisdeer.
Axe of bronze, socketed, 8i^ x 2 inches — ^found in Ayrshire.
Axe of bronze, socketed, 4| x 2 J inches,* very perfect — ^found at Auchen -
caimhill, Closebum, Dumfriesshire.
Javelin-Head of bronze, 5^ inches in length, with a loop on each side of the
socket, and the point imperfect — ^foxmd at the base of Caerlaverock.
Spear-Head of bronze, leaf-shaped, 12{ inches in length, the socket im-
perfect— ^found at Dunscore, Dumfriesshire.
Socket end and base of the Blade of a leaf-shaped Spear-Head, 4} inches in
length, and a Ring of bronze, 2j inches in diameter — ^both found at Tinwald.
Blade of a small Javelin, with portion of the socket showing two loops —
found near Spearford Bridge, Crossmichael, Kirkcudbright
Three narrow Rapier-Blades of bronze — all found at Kirkgunzeon, and
measuring respectively 15§ inches, 14^ inches, and 8{ inches in length ; all
three are imperfect at the hafldng ends.
Portion of a Wooden Pile from a Crannog in Loch Button, Kirkcudbright-
shire, in which a wooden floor is said to exist.
Portion of Woollen Cloth enclosing human bones found in a moss at Rochs,
in the parish of Torthorwald, Dumfriesshire.
Two portions of Stones, sculptured with interlaced ornamentation, from the
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KEPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 377
churchyard at Penpont ; part of a sculptured Cross from Glencaim ; Stone with
interlaced ornamentation, and figures of men and animals on all four sides —
found in the neighhourhood ; Piscina, found at Closebum.
Tripod Ewer of brass, 8 inches in height — ^found in a peat-moss in Buchan,
Keir, Dumfriesshire ; three-legged Pot of brass, 7 inches in height — ^found
in a peat moss at Apin, parish of Tynron ; three-legged Pot of brass,' 11 J inches
in height — ^found in Glalloway ; Upper portion of a brass Pot, with a long
straight handle — ^found in Lanarkshire.
The Basket-Hilt of a Sword, found at Bannockbum ; two Pikes from the
Mid Steeple, Dumfries; a large collection of Swords, Muskets, Pistols,
Daggers, Halberts, Axes, Gauntlets, Cuirasses, Bayonets, &c., of all times.
Three Spinning-Wheels ; old DistaflF and Spindle ; three Yam-Winders ;
old Tallystick ; old Umbrella, said to have been the first used in Dumfries ;
collection of old Shoe Buckles ; six Rosaries ; carved Oak Box, 8| inches in
length by 4^ inches high and 4 wide, elaborately carved; collection of
impressions of Old Seals ; SnufF-Mull of ram's horn, and two other Snuff-
Mulls ; Teapot, Cup and Saucer, and two Bowls of Harris ware ; collection
of old China and Glassware ; collection of old Needlework, Embroidery,
Lace, &c ; three boxes of old Dutch Weights ; old Sun-dial ; six old Oak
Carvings ; two old Spice Mills ; seven old Iron Keys ; two old Iron Crusies ;
Iron Bracket for baptismal basin, from the old church of Morton,
Dumfriesshire ; portion of a Stone Mould for casting metal combs — found at
Enterkinfoot, Durrisdeer ; collection of Flints and one Steel for strike- a-light;
Galloway Flail of wood, with iron links ; collection of Elfin Pipe-Heads ;
collection of Relics of Robert Bums the Poet, including the original
manuscript of " The Whistle ; " Letter of Sir Walter Scott, in which he calls
Bums " the great National Poet," dated Edinburgh, 28th January 1822 ;
Fiddle of James Humphreys, the noisy polemic commemorated in an epigram
by Bums.
Of Archffiological specimens from other countries, there are —
A Block of flint — found at Bridlington, Yorkshire.
One large Flake of flint and two Arrow-Heads, each with hollow base
— found in Ireland.
Three large Spear-Heads of flint, with barbs — from Iowa, United States.
One Spear-Head of flint — found in Erie County, New York State.
Arrow-Head of red flint, very finely formed — said to have been found at
Columbia River, Washington Territory, United States.
Seven Arrow-Heads of the Choctaw Indians.
Two large Spear-Heads of flint, found in Kent County, Canada, S.W. ;
two leaf-shaped Spear-Heads, found in Halton County, Canada; Spear-
Head of flint, with barbs, found at Niagara Falls ; o^er two American
Spear-Heads of flint, with no particular localities.
Arrow-Head of flint, with barbs and stem — said to be from Tasmania.
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378 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Axe of flint, 6^ x 2^ inches, chipped and polished, from Angeln ; and a
flint Dagger, 6^ inches in length, £rom North UUand, Denmark.
Axe of greenstone, 5 x 2f inches, finely formed and finely polished — said
to have been picked np near the head of Schoevean Creek, British Guiana.
Axes from Canada, viz. : — (1) of granitic stone, 6 x 2§ inches — found at
Oxford, Kent County ; (2) of sandstone, 6 x 2f inches, rude and unpolished
— found at Southampton, Bruce County ; (3) of greenstone, 7 J x 2 inches,
polished at the cutting edge, (4) of greenstone, 4^ X 1| inches, very rudely
made, (5) of greenstone, 2^ x ^ inches, rudely made, but polished at the cutting
edge, (6) of greenstone, 3J x 1 inches, very rudely made — all four found in
Halton County, Ontario ; (7) of basalt, 4^ x 1^ inches, polished at the cutting
end — found in Ontario.
Stone Axe, 4^ x 2^ inches, with groove round the top ; and a small Axe of
greenstone, 2| x IJ inches— both found in Iowa, United States.
Implement of clayslate, 6} inches in length by 2 inches across the
middle, and slightly tapering to 1^ inch at one end and 1| inch at the
other, and about | inch in thickness in the middle, through which is pierced
two small holes ^ inch apart — found in Canada.
Two Indian Pipe-Heads of stone — found in Halton County, Ontario.
Axes and Adzes from New Zealand, viz. : — (1) Adze of basalt, 10 x 2|
inches, contracted at the top, polished, but also chipped and fractured ; (2)
Adze of greenstone, 4f x if inch ; (3) Axe of jade, 7x1^ inch, with a small
hole bored through the top ; (4) cutting end of an Axe of basalt ; (5) cutting
end of an Axe of jadeite ; (6) Axe of finely polished lava, divided down each
face by a deep groove as if meant to be divided in two.
Small oblong Pendant of jade, with perforation at one end, and worn in
the ear — from New Zealand.
Axe of basalt, with a mass of gum on the top ; and another Axe attached
to a handle by a mass of gum — both from Swan River, New South Wales.
Blade of a Bronze Sword, 10^ inches in length, without the handle — found
at Donally, Gort, Galway, Ireland.
Casts of a few of the Carved Bones found in the French Caves.
Of Ethnographical and other objects, there are —
New Zealand. — Flag-shaped Club, each face of which is carved with a
spiral ; Fish-Hook of wood and pearl ; two ornamental Bags of fibre ;
Necklace of tusks of animals ; large Fish-Hook of wood, with a bone point ;
elaborately carved Club ; Club with carved tongue-shaped head.
Australia. — ^Waddy or War Club, from Queensland; Wooden Bow, and
five Arrows, tipped with barbed wood, from Queensland ; three Boomerangs ;
plain wooden Spear — from Queensland.
South Sea Islands. — Plaited Bag of vegetable fibre ; portion of a Dress of
!tttpu cloth ; Fish-Line of vegetable fibre and Hook of pearl ; Fish-Hook of
bone and Line of gut ; seven Arrows, with wooden points ', large heavy Club,
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 379
with knobbed head; two large wooden Fish-Spears; two specimens of
Pottery, from the Nicobar Islands ; Fish Spear, with four prongs ; two plain
wooden Spears and a Club ; large Club, with divided head ; large Arrow
pomted with bone ; two Atchinese Spears, with iron heads, from Sumatra.
Africa. — Seven Assegais and a Shield of hide, from Zululand; Head-Dress
worn by the natives of the interior, and said to be made from the mane of
the camel; three Arrows pointed with glass; three Armlets of elephant
ivory, from the West Coast ; Bag of mat fibre, from Sierra Leone ;
specimens of Copper Ring Money, and four Carved Calabashes, from the
West Coast; Bracelets and Anklets of bead work and of brass, worn by
the native women of the south ; Basket and a Fan of plaited grass, and two
Calabashes, from Lagos; wooden Club, from Abyssinia; lai^e Calabash;
collection of Jewellery worn by the Kaybles.
Egypt, do. — Small collection of Relics from the tombs ; small collection
of Ornaments, &c., made and used in Egypt ; modem Shuttle from Cairo ;
Mummy of a Cat and Mummy of Himian Hand, both from Thebes ; Head
carved in sandstone, from a Temple at Mahanakin, Nubia ; Brick, and the
frtigment of another, both with Cuneiform inscriptions — from Assyria.
Brass Cup with two ears, clay Lamp, Drinking Jar, 9 inches high, with
two handles, and a Jug of earthenware, 9 inches high — all from Syria ; two
Arab Drinking Cups of glazed ware.
India, de. — Collection of Articles of ornament made and used by the
natives of India ; Nose Rings worn by women in Northern India ; Spear
with iron head, and shaft decorated by tufts of red hair, used by the Looshai
people ; three Bags made of small seeds strung together, from Bombay ;
Tippet or Cloak of feathers, Wooden Comb from Burmah ; lot of Burmese
MSS. ; twelve small Figures of gods in steatitic stone ; two Fans, from Bombay ;
Burmese Praying Machine ; wood and gilt Image of Buddha; Turkish Pipe
and two Pipe-Heads: two small Dishes of red clay ware, from Madras; three
Arrows with iron heads, from the Cherrapoongee Hills, Bengal
Chinese — ^Three models of Pagodas, Hat of bambu. Compass, Opium Pipe,
Puzzle, Razor, and two Musical Instruments.
North and South America. — Iron Axe-Head, from Canada, as supplied to
the Indians by the French in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; Lasso
of the North American Indians ; Indian Belt; American Paper Money ; three
North American Indian Dresses of leather ; part of an Eskimo Spear, with
walrus ivoiy head ; two models of Eskimo Kayaks ; pair of Indian Mocassins ;
fragments of a small Image from Pern ; Urn, 14 inches in height, from an
ancient mound at Ancon, Callao, Peru ; two Wooden Spindles, from an ancient
mound at Callao, Peru ; Head-Dress of basket work and yellow dyed feathers,
Ornament made from the wing-cases of beetles, Bambu Basket, Whip made from
a species of seaweed, square shaped Club— all from Demerara, British Guiana.
European.— Portions of Mosaic Tiles, Glass, &c., from Rome ; small terra-
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380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
cotta Lamp — no locality ; clay Dish, with spout on each side, from the rains
of Pompeii ; several Lamps of clay, from Rome.
Two ancient unguent Vases, from Girgenti, Sicily; clay Lamp, from
Antioch ; mediffival Jar of greyware, in the shape of a small Bellarmine.
Human Skull, found in a tumulus at Sledmore, Yorkshire.
Human Skull, from an Lidian mound in Simcoe County, Canada.
Fragment of a bowl-shaped Vase, found at Carlisle, and believed to be
Roman ; and four specimens of Roman Pottery, also from Carlisle.
Jedburgh, Roxburghshire.
The Museum in Jedburgh is housed in a small room, the rent of which
is paid by the Marquess of Lothian, but formerly the collection was upheld
by a locsd Scientific Society, which has now ceased to exist. The Museum is
therefore in a state of neglect, and has not been open to the public for a
number of years : the last time being during the visit of the Berwickshire
Naturalists' Club in 1885. The collection, though otherwise very small, is
remarkable for possessing such a large number of American Arrow and Spear
Heads.
The following is the list of Antiquities in the Museum : —
Stone Antiquities — Scottish. — Aie of green claystone, 5^x2^ inches,
polished — found at Jedburgh.
Axe of greenstone, 4j x 2§ inches, polished — found at Southdean.
Axe of whinstone, 8^ x 3^ inches, very rough, tapering to a blimt point at
the butt — ^no locality given, but probably Scottish.
Smooth oval-shaped Pebble of sandstone, 3§ x 2f inches, with a perforation
through the centre 1 inch in diameter — no locaUty, but most likely Scottish.
Three small Whorls of green claystone, polished — found at Southdean.
Whorl of sandstone, ornamented with four groups of three straight lines —
found in the Canongate, Southdean, Roxburghshire.
Pointed end of a large rude Hammer-Head of whinstone, found at South-
dean ; when complete the specimen would have measured about 11 inches
in length.
One upper and four lower Stones of Querns, and one complete Quern — ^all
found in tlie neighbourhood, and all very rudely made.
Foreign, — Five hundred and fifty-one Arrow and Spear Heads of flinty
of all forms and sizes — principally from Richmond and Columbia Counties,
Georgia, United States.
Axe of whinstone, 8f x 3j inches, with deep groove round the middle —
found in Burke County, Georgia.
Axe of whinstone, 4jx4 inches and f inch in thickness, with hoUow
groove round the middle — no locality, but probably from Georgia, as it is
presented by the same person as the others.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 381
Axe of basalt, 4 x 2| inches, with deep groove round the middle — ^from the
headwaters of Butler's Creek, Richmond County, Georgia, called an ** Uchee
Tomahawk " on the label.
Axe of basalt, 4i x 8J inches, polished, with deep groove round the middle
— ^from Columbia County, Greorgia, called on the label a " Kiokee Toma-
hawk."
Axe of greenstone, 6^ x 3| inches, narrrowing to 1 J inch at the cutting
edge — ^found in the valley of the Chattahooche River, Fulton County,
Georgia.
Axe of whinstoue, 4^ x 4§ inches, with deep indentation on each side —
found in Richmond County, Georgia.
Double Axe of red sandstone, 4| x 3 inches, with blunt edges, and having
a ridge ^ inch high and | inch broad, extending across the middle of each
face, apparently for the purpose of allowing it to be perforated, although it
is not so perforated — found in Columbia County, Georgia.
Adze of compact green claystone, 7^x2} inches and half an inch in
thickness ; the original surface nearly all chipped off, what remains being
finely polished — said to be Scotch, but no locality given, seems more probably
to be from Jamaica.
Two Adzes of Ceremony, in carved wooden handles, about 2 feet in length
— ^no localities given, but probably from Mangaia or Samoa.
Small rude Pendant of jadeite, polished — from New Zealand.
One whole and three pieces of Indian Sinkers of steatite.
Bronze Antiquities — Scottish — ^Axe-Head, flat, with the merest traces of
flanges, 4| x 2 J inches — ^found at Southdean.
Axe-Head, flanged, Cj x 3 inches, slightly imperfect — found at Southdean.
Axe-Head, flanged, 6 x 2iV inches, perfect in form, and very sharp at the
cutting edge, and having very high flanges — found at Southdean.
Axe-Head, socketed, 4^ x 2^^ inches, ornamented with fine grooves down
each face, and by a raised ridge down the mouth — foimd at Southdean.
Axe-Head, socketed, 2| x If inches, imperfect at the mouth, ornamented
with two grooved lines round the mouth — found at Dryburgh.
Blade, 4f inches long by | inch^broad at widest part, with small hole ^ inch
diameter at a distance ^ of an inch from the butt end, apparently the portion
of a narrow rapier blade — found at Southdean.
Mediaval and Miscellaneous, — Five small terra-cotta Lamps — no localities ;
four fragments of embossed Samian Ware ; two small rudely made Vessels of
terra-cotta; double-handled Flask of terra-cotta, with figure of St Menas
on each side, with hands outstretched, and a beast on each side of him, and
crouching at his feet, similar to fig. 15 ; two small Figures of Osiris, one in
bronze and the other in green glazed ware ; Jar of terrarcotta, imperfect.
Old Handbell, 7 inches in height, with the following inscription in rehef :
"lOHN MEIKLL ME FECIT ED* 1694."
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382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Set of old Standard Measures of the town of Jedburgh, viz., Wine Gallon
Measure, with Royal Arms in relief, and the words, *'a. b., anno beoni
Yi^ 1707" ; The Common Measure of Jedburgh, having in raised letters the
words, "this is te commun musur of iedburoht, 1663"; another with
the words " anna mao . bbit . fba . kt . hibern . beoina 1707," old Bushel
Measure, with the arms of Scotland, England, France, Ireland, and the town
of Ldnlithgow, and the words " anna d . o . mao . bbit . fbanc . et hibbbn .
RSoiNA . I . MAii . 1707 . LINLITHGOW." Set of old Brass Weights.
Fig. 15. Terra-Cotta Flask from Alexandria, with figure of St Menas
and the Camels.
Small Iron Ladle, used by the old town hangman of Jedburgh to measure
the amount of meal which he was entitled to take out of every boll exposed
for sale in the market of the town.
Wooden Panel with the " Wright's Coats of Arms," taken down from front
of the Trades* Loft of the Parish Church of Jedburgh, when making repairs
in 1793.
Leaf-shaped iron Spear-Head, 6| inches long, ploughed up at Abbotsrule ;
Halbert-Head and Handcuffs which belonged to "Lang Yebbie/' formerly
town's officer in Jedburgh ; brass-mounted Powder-Flask of bison's horn ;
wooden Stock of old Gun ; old flint-lock Pistol, with wooden stock ; two old
Muskets, with bayonets carried by the Town Guard ; collection of old
Swords ; Lance, about 7 feet long ; brass grip of an old Sword, labelled " Hilt
of a Roman Sword, found at Abbotsrule ; " old Spur of brass ; old Clasp
Ejiife ; Pennon, with St Andrew's Cross, said to have been taken from the
English at the Battle of Bannockburn by the men of Jedburgh; Pennon
captured at the Battle of Killiecrankie, 1680 ; Pennon of First Volunteer
Roxburgh Cavalry.
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KEPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 383
Small Quaich of bronze, 2} inches in diameter, each handle ornamented
with a fox's head in low relief; Elfin Pipe-Head of claj, found at Jedburgh
Abbey ; oval-shaped Snufif-Box of wood, covered with shagreen ; Snuff-Mill
or Grater of wood; old Spinning-Wheel of wood; Yam-Winder of wood;
Door-Sneckof iron ; old Auger; collection of old Shoes, Slippers, Sandals, &c. ;
knee portions of two Hinges ; portion of Lead-Piping, from the foundation
of the Public School, Kelso; small three-legged brass Pot, 6 inches high^
portion of one aide and a foot gone ; tripod Ewer of brass, 9 inches in height^
minus handle, found near Jedburgh; old Sun-dial of sandstone, with the
figure of a serpent sculptured in relief on one side ; upper part of Skull and
Horns of Bos longtfrons, found in Jedburgh Forest.
Pair of Eskimo Snow Spectacles; two Chinese Umbrellas; Zulu Assegai;
New Zealand chiefs Staff of Ceremony; wooden Fan, from old Calabar,
ornamented with spiral scrolls similar to those on the silver leaf-shaped plates
found at Norrie's Law, Largo ; African Pipe-Head of wood ; Indian Hubba-
bubble or Smoking Pipe, made from the shell of a cocoa-nut, with a wooden
stem attached ; Lidian Santal Fan ; small African Dagger, with wooden
sheath; Bow, and three Arrows with barbed bone heads — no locality;
Articles of Dress of the North American Lidians, Ac. ; four Clubs, from South
Sea Islands; leaf-shaped Paddle of white wood, South Sea Islands; African
Drum ; Matting of grass, &c.
Within the Abbey of Jedburgh is — (1) the Stone Slab figured in Stuart's
Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. cxviii.), a cast of which was recently
presented to the Museum by the Most Hon. the Marquess of Lothian,
President of the Society. (2) Small Slab bearing a Roman inscription,
described by Dr J. CoUingwood Bruce in the Proceedings of the Society
(voL vii. new series, p. 821) ; a cast of this stone has also been presented
to the Museum by the Marquess. (3) Two large Stones carved with inter-
laced ornamentation, found at Jedburgh.
Duns, Berwickshirb.
In 1839 a Society was founded in Duns, under the name of "The Berwick-
shire Antiquarian Society," which existed till the year 1860, when it was
dissolved. From time to time the Society received donations of a miscel-
laneous description, but principally of Natural History Specimens and Coins.
At the dissolution of the Society, these articles were scattered — the greater
part of them being returned to their donors, but a few articles, including
the cases, were deposited in the Council Chambers. In the year 1877 a
** Working-Men's Institute " was built by public subscription, and what articles
remained were handed over to the committee, and are now lodged in the
Institute. The building is the property of the Institute, and the revenue for
its upkeep is obtained by letting the premises on the ground floor. The
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384
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
InBtitute proper occupies two moderately large rooms. on the first floor, joined
together by a large doable door. The front room is used as a reading room,
the room to the rear being the one devoted to the Museum and Library. This
room has two wall cases on each side, and an oblong glass-topped case in the
centre of the floor. In one of the wall-cases are the following articles of
Antiquity : —
Perforated Axe-Hammer of basalt, 8 inches in length by 2 J inches in greatest
breadth — found in digging at Duns Castle in 1803. This specimen (fig. 16) is
Fig. 16. Stone Hammer, found at Dans Castle.
peculiar in possessing an oval haft-hole, instead of the usual circular perfora-
tion. It is also figured in the Proceedings, vol. i. new series, p. 884 ; and in
the second series of Dr Anderson's Scotland in Pagan Times, p. 816.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 385
" Roman Jar found at Cirencester, 1840," ornamented with figures of
men on foot, in chariots, and on horseback, incised in the clay by fine lines.
The jar, which is of reddish-brown ware, stands about 8 or 9 inches in
height.
An Orkney Bismar, similar to one in the National Museum. Barry, in
his History of Orkney (pp. 211-212), describes the bismar as " a lever or beam
made of wood, about 3 feet long, and from one end to near the middle it is
a cylinder of about 3 inches diameter, thence it gently tapers to the other
end, which is not above 1 inch in diameter. From the middle aU along this
smallest end it is marked with small iron pins at unequal distances, which
serve to point out the weight, from one mark to twenty-four, or a lispund."
Large Horse-Pistol, with flint-lock, temp. George III., marked with the
initials G. H. under a crown; Cuirass (back and front), "dug up in Duns
Castle Lake;" Helmet and Cloak of the Old Berwickshire Yeomanry; the
iron Barrel of a Blunderbuss ; a Sailor's Cutlass, with shagreen handle; the
tanged Blade of a Sword, about 18 inches long; an iron Horsebit, described
as being " 600 years old ;" an old Bayonet found after the fire in the Tower of
London; old Lron Key; and an old Spinning Wheel of wood, formerly used in
Berwickshire.
Ethnographical Objects. — A yery finely carved Canoe Scoop, with curved
handle, and measuring about 6 feet in length. A similar specimen was
purchased for the National Museum last year. A finely carved flat Paddle,
about 4 feet in length, with a flat head.
Womerah or Spear-Thrower, used by the Australian aborigines ; Tomahawk
or Club, used by the natives of Australia in single combats ; rude wooden
Club, about 2 feet in length, with the grip end roughly notched, and a Boom-
erang, both from Austndia; elaborately carved Walking-Stick — from India
(modem) ; Burmese Hat of plaited bamboo.
Grbbnock, Renfrewshire.
The Museum in Kelly Street, Greenock, was erected and endowed in con-
nection with a Lecture Hall, for the instruction and improvement of the
people of Greenock in 1875, by the late James M'Lean, timber merchant,
Greenock. The special feature in the Museum is a good collection of Eastern
metal work and porcelain. There is also a small library, consisting principally
of the publications of the British Museum. A small hand-press is used for
printing descriptive labels for the specimens.
The following is a list of the Antiquities in the collection : —
Seventeen Scrapers of flint of common form, one Flake-Knife and a Flake,
and one Chip, all of flint — foxmd at Luce Bay, Wigtownshire.
Three Hammer-Stones of sandstone and one of quartz, chipped and fractured
on the edges — found at Luce Bay, Wigtownshire.
VOL. xxn. 2 B
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386 PROCEEDINGS OF THB SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Two Whorls, one of sandstone and the other of slag — ^no localities.
Large mde Qaem, complete — from Tarhert, HiEurris.
Upper and lower Stone of a Quern — ^no locality; and six apper Stones of
Querns, one with three finger-holes — without localities.
"Knockin'-Stane ** of wbinstone, with a hollow 10 inches in diameter and
7 inches deep— no locality.
** Knockin'-Stane/' large, of red sandstone, with a hollow 12 inches in
diameter by 10 inches in depth — no locality.
Two fragments of a large Urn, probably of cinerary type — no locality; a Slab
of slaty sandstone, 22 inches in length by 8 inches in breadth and 3i^ inches
in thickness, bearing an equal-armed cross-potent within a lozenge over the
letter W. — from (?) Ballyragit, Wigtownshire ; four Bellarmines or Jugs of
grey ware, of medium size — ^no localities; two Jugs of grey stoneware, each of
about a pint capacity ; four short thick glass Bottles ; several fragments of
stoneware Dishes of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ; small Boundlet
of clay ; round-bottomed Crusie of iron ; four Candlesticks of glazed ware ;
a Tinderbox and Candlestick combined, and Flint and Steel ; portions of two
glazed Floor-tiles ; an old Timepiece of the seventeenth century; "Chair of
State, which belonged to the last Lord Chancellor of Scotland, the Earl of
Seafield." This chair has a folding iron candlestick attached.
Of Archffiological objects from other countries, there are —
Twelve Arrow-Heads of quartz and chert — ^found at Burkville, Nattoway
County, Virginia, United States.
Seven Arrow-Heads and small Spear-Heads of blue flint — found at the
Delaware Watergap, Pennsylvania.
Peculiar-shaped Arrow-Head of serpentine stone, H inch in length, the
surface ground and polished, and having a very broad butt — ^fouud at the
Delaware Watergap, Pennsylvania.
Sixty-six Arrow-Heads and Spear-Heads of flint, and three ovate-shaped
Implements, also of flint — found at North Bend, Ohio, United States.
Axe of greenstone, 5x2 inches, polished at the cutting edge — ^found at
Elora, Canada.
Almond-shaped Axe of greenish-coloured stone, about 8| x 3 inches, the
surface finely polished — found in the island of Trinidad.
Axe of greenstone, 5x3^ inches, polished at the cutting edge — ^most likely
from Australia.
Axe of basalt, 6x2^ inches, with smoothly ground surface — ^found in
County Antrim, Ireland.
Axe of porphyry, 6x2 inches, ground at the catting edge — ^probably
from Ireland.
Two Implements of greenstone, resembling axes, one in the form of a
chisel with a sharp cutting edge — ^both found in Ireland.
Stone resembling an axe — ^found in Ireland.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 387
An Anvil-stone of greenstone, 4^x4 inches, with a hollow on each side —
probably found in Ireland.
Mere-Mere of basalt, 11 inches in length — from New Zealand.
OoUeetion of Eoman Antiquities from London. — Fragments of Samian
Ware, found in digging the foundation of Messrs Goasin & Co.'s
warehouse, London Wall Street ; fragments of Amphoraa, mostly pieces of
handles ; a Drinking Jar of black ware, 5 inches in height and 5 inches
in greatest diameter, and several Fragments of black ware — all found
in the moat of the old Boman Wall at Messrs Cousin & Co.'s ; fragments of
old Leather Shoes, two portions of Pavement of small red tiles, two human
Skulls, four Eoman Paving-Bricks, three Boars' Tusks, portions of two oak
Piles — all found in excavating the Underground Ballway in 1882 ; a human
Femur, marked " supposed Boman ; " a human Skull, found in the moat at
Moorgate ; a Bone Pin, 4 inches in length, two fragments of wooden Imple-
ments, thirteen " Boman Nails," and two halves of the lower jaw of Sue sorofa
— all found in digging at Dowgate Wharf; and two large Boman Bricks,
from London WalL
Lot of old Tobacco Pipes of clay, found in cutting the Underground
Bailway in London in 1882 ; old London Watchman's Battle ; old Church
Collection Plate of pewter, inscribed in Boman characters, " ood save ktnoe
HENBT THE EYOHTHE."
Three Boman terra-cotta Lamps ; seven Boman glass Bottles ; Boman
Bottle of reddish ware; fragment of a Brick, from Pompeii; round-bottomed
Jug, with one handle, found in the Catacombs of Home ; Maltese Lamp of
grey stoneware, called in Arabic a Mosbeah ; Maltese Jar with handle on
each side of the neck, and narrowing away to the bottom, about 10 inches in
height ; Water Bottle and Saucer of clay ; four small Images of green glazed
ware, from Egypt; small Head of a man in limestone (Phoenician); portion
of a small votive Tablet of limestone, from Carthage, with an inscription in
Phoenician, which may be translated — " To our Lady, to Tanath, and to our
Lord, our Master, Baal Hammon [one is] vowing, Mattanball, the Daughter
of Ebed-Malcarth, the son of Grad-Ashtaroth."
Seven Vessels of Pottery of the common Peruvian form, from Trujillo, Peru.
One of these vessels is labelled as from the ruins of the ancient city of Gran
Chima, near Trujillo. These objects are wrongly ticketed as being from
Tngillo, Mexico.
The following is a list of the Ethnographical objects in the collection : —
Africa. — Two wooden Spoons ; Armlet of elephant ivoiy, from Fernando
Po ; Kafir Pillow of wood ; three Zulu Pipes, with stone heads ; Musical
Instrument, from Loango ; two wooden Jars, each about 12 inches in height,
and a double Drinking Vessel of wood ; four Noh Kirries or wooden Clubs of
the Batalpin Kafirs ; Fly Flipper ; wooden Stool, from Ashanti ; two Quivers
with Arrows; Zulu Purse, ornamented with bead-work; two Whips; Zulu
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388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Bow, four Shields of buffalo hide, and thirteen Assegais ; six Spears, with
barbed iron heads ; and six Mats, from Madagascar.
Australia. — TFbmeraA or Spear-Thrower; five Boomerangs ; Spear-Thrower,
from Western Australia, 20 inches long by 7 inches across the widest part.
New Zealand. — Patu-Patu of bone, 17 inches in length ; three Clubs, with
carved tongue-shaped heads, one ornamented with feathers ; Chiefs Mat of
plaited grass; Dress of native cloth; small TikirTihi of green jadeite, with a
portion of bone attached to a thong for suspension.
Neic Guinea. — Ear-Stretcher of wood; two Spoons of cocoa-nut; native
girl's Dress of vegetable string, from Port Moresby; woman's Belt of plaited
human hair; ten Arrows, with bone heads ; the Head of a spear ; and two
stone Axes in flat carved handles.
Miscellaneous. — ^Dyak Shield of wood, from Borneo ; seven Spears with hard-
wood heads, and a pick-shaped Club, frt)m New Caledonia; ten wooden
Spears, from 8 to 10 feet in length, and having barbed wooden heads,
and nine Arrows with large iron and wooden heads, from Java; Spear
about 10 feet in length, with obsidian head, from the Admiralty Islands;
wooden Bow, called a Kdrama-da, from the South Admiralty Islands;
Bow, from the New Hebrides; Sword and three large Spears of wood,
all armed with rows of sharks' teeth; and a portion of a Dress of thick
plaited vegetable fibre, worn as a protection against the sharks' teeth spears
— all from Kingsmill Island, Gilbert Islands; five Dresses of native cloth, two
of which are from the Friendly Islands, one from Sandalwood Island, and
two unknown ; Spear about 13 feet in length, the head barbed with fish-
bones, painted and carved on the head with figures of gods, from the Solomon
Group; two Fish-Spears, from the Samoa Islands; Bow about 6 feet in length;
Foca or Fly- Switch; foufteen Arrows, some with bone heads; eight Arrows
with hardwood heads ; two Spears, with detachable iron heads ; Fish-Spear
about 12 feet in length, with bone-barbed head; eleven war Clubs of wood of
different forms; Club of bone, 4 feet in length ; two Clubs, with stone heads ;
thirteen Canoe Paddles ; Idol of wood, 20 inches in height ; four Fish-Hooks
of wood and bone ; three Fish-Hooks of mother-of-pearl ; two large shallow
wooden Ladles — all without localities.
Japan and China. — Needle of wood for sewing charcoal bags, Teapot,
Head Rest, Banjo, Suit of Armour — all from Japan ; Pillow of wood, two
Opium Pipes, Fiddle and five bronzes — all from China.
/ndui and Burmah. — Quiver, Arrows, and Bow, 7 feet long — frx)m India;
two drinking Cups — ^from Burmah; Collection of Guns, Swoids, &c. — mostly
Eastern.
North and South America, Sc. — ^Dress or Cloak made from the entrails of
the maned seal, and worn by the natives of Kamchatka ; Eskimo Kayak, full
size ; three pairs of Canadian Snow-Shoes ; Mat of grass, worked by a little
American Indian girl named Ooh-koo-mah-quau ; five square-shaped wooden
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RBPOBTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 389
Clabs, with the handles bound with white cotton, and a Bow — all from Deme-
rara ; Miniature Matapi, used in the manufacture of Cassava bread by the
natives of British Guiana; bundle of blowpipe Arrows, from South America ;
Bag made of raw hide, used by the natives of Patagonia ; and a Patagonian
Saddle.
Kki^o, Roxburghshire.
The Museum in Kelso was established in 1838, and is the property of the
Tweedside Physical and Antiquarian Society. It is upheld by the subscrip-
tions of the members and fees. The Museum possesses a very good collec-
tion of objects from the South Sea Islands, &c., as described below.
The following is the list of ArchsBological objects in the collection : —
Arrow-Head, Scraper, and elongated Knife of flint, chipped aU round the
edges on one side, and measuring 8^ inches in length — all found at Robgill,
Dumfriesshire.
Arrow-Head of red flint, with barbs and stem — found at Huckstonrig,
Haddingtonshire.
Axe of greenstone, 7x8 inches, polished at the cutting edge — ^found at
Haymount, Roxburghshire.
Axe of greenish claystone, 12} x 2| inches, polished — found at Lempitlaw,
Roxburghshire.
Axe of greenstone, 4f X2j inches— found at Graden, Roxburghshire.
Axe of claystone, 4f x 2f inches— found at Coverton Edge, Roxburghshire.
Axe of greenstone, 5^ x 4 inches, poHshed — found at Linton, Bankhead,
Roxburghshire.
Hammer of sandstone, wedge-shaped and perforated, 10 x 4i inches — found
at Old Roxburgh.
Axe-Hammer of greenstone, perforated, 4| x IJ inch — ^found at Kelso.
Half of a Hammer-Head of granite, wedge-shaped, broken tlirough the
haft hole, and 4 inches in length, ornamented on one side by two incised lines
running parallel to the edge — ^no locality is assigned to this specimen, but it
was probably found in the south of Scotland.
Half of an Axe-Hammer of granite, 2| inches in length, polished —found
at Ednam, Roxburghshire.
Two "Whorls of sandstone — without localities.
Nearly round Ball of sandstone, with slightly indented hollow on each side
— found at Horslaw, Roxburghshire.
Upper Stone of a Quern of sandstone, 16 inches in diameter, ornamented
on the top with an equal-armed cross in relief, in the extremity of each arm
of which is a small hollow — found at Roxburgh Castle.
Upper Stone of a Quern of conglomerate, 16^ inches in diameter,
with a socket-hole for a wooden handle — no locality.
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390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
A Lower Stone of a Quern, 17 inches in diameter — ^has no locality.
Rude Upper Stone of a Quern, 16 inches in diameter, with two finger holes
— found at Smailholm, Spittal, Roxburghshire.
A conical Upper Stone of a Quern, 14 inches in diameter, imperfect — ^has
no locality.
Flat Axe of bronze, 6i x 8f inches, with a hole drilled through the iace near
the cutting edge — found near Minto, Roxburghshire.
Axe of bronze, flanged, 5^ x 2^ inches, also with a hole drilled through
the face; and another, socketed, 8}x 2^ inches, with three grooves round the
mouth, and with a hole drilled through the face — both found at Caverton,
Roxburghshire.
Axe of bronze, flanged, 7x2$ inches, without a stop-ridge ; and another,
also flanged, 6^ x 2f inches — both said to have been found in the Camp at
Birrenswark, Dumfriesshire.
Axe of bronze, flanged, 4f x if inch, rudely made — ^found at Gradeo, near
Yetholm, Roxburghshire.
Axe of bronze, socketed, 3 x 1 J inch, imperfect at the mouth — ^found on
■ the farm of Sourhope, Roxburghshire.
Circular Dish of thin beaten bronze, 13 inches in diameter and 2 inches in
depth, with flat turned-over rim — found at Humebyres, Stitchill, Roxburgh.
Circular Basin of thin beaten bronze, 11 inches in diameter and 4 inches
in depth, much battered — ^found in Gordon Moss; and a circular Dish of
bronze, 15 inches in diameter and 2^ inches deep, with turned-over rim —
found at Clarilaw, Roxburghshire.
Shield of thin bronze, 22 inches in diameter — found near Yetholm in 1869,
and similar to the two in the National Museum (Proceedings, vol. viii. p. 393 ;
and Evans, Bronze Implements^ p. 849).
Urn of drinking-cup type, 5^ inches in height by 5 inches across the
mouth, ornamented down the side with horizontal incised lines, and round
the middle with a band of triangles — found at Friars, near Kelso.
Urn of drinking-cup type, 6 inches in height by 4 inches across the mouth,
imperfect at the mouth, ornamented with horizontal lines, triangles, and a
row of crossed lines — ^found with a skeleton at Edenmouth, on the Tweed.
Urn of food-vessel type, 6 inches in height by 5f inches across the mouth,
ornamented with herring-bone patterns — one of four found at Friars, Jed-
burgh, in 1815.
Urn of food-vessel type, 4| inches in height, imperfect, one side wanting,
ornamented all down the side, with rudely formed herring-bone patterns —
found in a tumulus at CrailinghaU, Roxburghshire.
Rim of a small Urn, apparently of cinerary type, 6f inches in diameter, no
ornamentation — ^found with human bones at Sunlaws, Roxburghshire.
Fragments of a large cinerary Urn, rudely ornamented with zigzag lines —
found at Elliehaugh, CMenoote, Roxburghshire.
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REPOBTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND.
391
Five large pieces of Pottery of red ware— found at the Roman Station of
Birrens, Middlebie, DumMesshire.
Ancient Celtic ecclesiastical BeU of iron coated with bronze, measuring 11
inches in height and 8 inches by 6^ across the mouth — found near Ednam,
Berwickshire. This bell (fig. 17) is described in the Proceedings of tlie
Society, voL iv. new series, p. 277.
Fig. 17. Celtic Bell in Kelso Museum.
Three-legged Pots of brass, -viz. : (1) 10 inches in height — found at Maker-
stoun; (2) 8i inches in height — ^no locality; (3) 17 inches in height, with
portion of handle and rim gone — found near Clarilaw, Roxburghshire.
Two old Horse-Shoes of iron — found in a bog at Little Swinton, in 1820.
Mediffival Jar of green glazed ware, with flat bottom and narrow contract-
ing neck, called a ** Roman Ampulla " — found near an ancient Camp at Cleg-
horn, Lanarkshire.
Two fragments of medi»Tal Potteiy and several fragments of Samian Ware
— without localities.
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392 PR0C3KKDINGS OF THB SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
Small square Sundial of marble, dated 1706.
The Jougs or " Halse Fang," formerly placed at the side of the door
of the old Council House, Kelso.
Caltrop of iron — found at Sunlaws, Roxburghshire.
Four Beggars* Badges in pewter, of the parish of Cavers, marked '' oaysbs
roxb: 1729."
Iron Stand for a pulpit sand-glass, formerly used in a church in Peebles-
shire. The old Kelso hangman's Ladle of iron.
Old brass Mortar, imperfect, probably of the sixteenth century. This ia
apparently the " brass Ewer " referred to by Wilson (PrehUtario Afinals, vol.
iL p. 497) as bearing the bi-lingual inscription in Old English characters,
KKEMT WATEE and PEKNDES LEAVE.
Eight Cannon-Bails of stone, without localities. Small Quaich of wood,
made out of one piece.
Of Archaeological objects from other countries, there are — A collection of
objects from a grave at Arica, Peru, discovered after the earthquake in
August 1868, and consisting of six Arrow and Spear Heads of calcedony;
three Arrow-Heads of flint ; three wooden Combs ; four small Bags of cloth ;
piece of Cord of red fibre ; Thong of hide ; wooden Spoon ; two Spindles and
Whorls— one with thread wound on it; bronze or copper Knife, 4 inches in
length by 1 inch broad, with projecting handle ; five wooden Implements,^ from
6 inches to 16 inches in length, by about | inch in diameter, with an expan-
sion at the butt-end, each pointed with a flint arrow-head, and one with a
bronze or copper head, and another with a bone barb on one side ; four
shafts of similar Implements, from 8 inches to 14 inches in length ; small
necklet of Beads ; two bone Implements ; and six small Vessels of clay.
Collection of Arrow and Spear Heads of flint — ^from North America.
Gouge of greenstone, 8 inches in length — ^probably from North America.
Chisel-shaped Axe, 8f x 3 inches, finely polished — ^no locality.
Adze of greenstone, 7^ inches in length, polished — from New Zealand.
Curious-shaped Axe of greenstone, 8} x 2^ inches, having two concentric
circles on each side near the cutting end, which gives the axe a rough resem-
blance to an animal's head, grooved round the top— no locality, but probably
North American.
Adze of green claystone, 12^ x 8 inches, finely formed — ^from New Zealand.
Boat-shaped Implement of veined slate, 7| inches in length by 2^ inches
^ Of these carious implements — the use of which is unknown — there are in the
Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, one ; in the Cork Museum, two ; in the
British Museum, two ; and in the Collection of Mr John H. Blake, Boston, Mass.,
U.S.A., there are three, one of which is figured in the Ninth Annual Report of the
Peabody Museum, p. 290. Col. Lane-Fox (now General Pitt-Rivers) describes these
implements as knives in his lectures on "Primitive Warfare," in the Jour, Royal
United Service Inst, ^ vol. xii. No. li. pp. 419, 420, and pL xviil Nos. 168, 169.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 393
in greatest width at the middle, and tapering to a blunt point at one end, and
the other end narrowing to 1^ inch, pierced with two holes each ^ inch in
diameter, one ^ inch from the pointed end and the other 4| inches from the
same end — ^from North America.
Two small Necklaces of camelian beads, mostly of the form of small rude
arrow-heads, similar to eight specimens in the National Museum — from Mecca.
Three flat Axes, two of bronze and one apparentlj of copper, measuring
respectively — (1) 6J inches in length by 3 J inches across the cutting edge ;
(2) 5g X 3 inches ; (3) of copper, 5^ x 2| inches — all found in a bog at Mas-
kumy, near Cork, Ireland. The copper axe looks doubtful.
Circular Basin of thin bronze, 12 inches in diameter and 4 inches in
depth, imperfect — ^found in ploughing on Milfleld Plain, Northumberland,
England.
Twelve Moulds of clay for casting Roman coins — found at Ringwell (jate,
Wakefield, Yorkshire.
Portion of Roman Mosaic Pavement — found at North Leigh, Blenheim,
England ; and portion of Pavement, from Fountain Abbey, Yorkshire.
Miscellaneous collection of Articles from different countries, all exhibited
in one case: —
Three Bricks and a sepulchral Lamp, from Babylon.
Egypt, — Two Hands of a Mummy ; two Skulls of Mummies ; Mummy of
an Ibis ; portion of Mummy Cloth ; two Images of green glazed ware ; Vase
of red clay, 14 inches in height, filled with the burnt bones and dust of an
Ibis — ^from a tomb near Cairo.
Nine terra-cotta Lamps, five Unguent Vases, three terracotta Jugs, twenty
terra-cotta Vessels, including two Diota, portions of Pavement, &c. — all from
Italy, Athens, Milo, Samos, &c.
Small case containing a collection of objects from China, Tartary, India,
&c. ; and a collection of Swords, Muskets, &c., principally Eastern ; two
Caltrops of iron — found in Bhurtpore, India.
Collection of Ethnographical objects from various countries, viz. : —
Australia. — Four Boomerangs ; Spear- Thrower, from Western Australia ;
pick-shaped Club called a leonUe or langed; three common straight Clubs ;
Nulla-NuJla, and another Club with knobbed head ; parrying Shield, rudely
carved with zigzag lines ; common straight Club, from New South Wales.
Admiralty Islands. — Two large Spears with obsidian heads, one orna-
mented on the socket with a plaited pattern of coloured threads; obsidian
Spear-Head in a socket, but without a shaft; two Necklaces of human teeth
and beads ; two circular Discs of shell, mounted with tortoise-shell cut into
geometrical patterns ; five smooth polished Discs of shell ; fifteen Rings of
shell, probably of Stromhus; four Rings of shell of Stromhus^ ornamented
with fine lines of cross-hatching; large Spear, with carved and painted head ;
three Shells used as spoons by the natives.
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394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
Qilhert Islands, — Three wooden Swords, edged with sharks' teeth — ^prob-
ably from Kingsmill Island, Gilbert Group.
Friendly Islands. — Four Adzes of ceremony, with carved handles and stone
heads ; War Drum, 4 feet in length by 6 inches in diameter, formed frt)m the
section of a tree, and elaborately carved over the entire sur£Bu;e, (?) unique ;
four carved Paddles of usual form ; four Clubs of the common Friendly Islands
form — all probably from the Friendly Islands.
South Sea Islands. — Four small Clubs, with large knobbed heads — prob-
ably from the Fiji Islands ; collection of Arrows with hardwood heads ;
Adze of greenish stone, in wooden handle, very rude, from Samoa ; Club
with double head, with a human face on each side ; Club in the shape of a
paddle ; four carved Combs of wood ; about 50 Fish-Hooks of bone, pearl,
&c., some with lines attached ; two long round carved Clubs.
New Zealand. — Four Clubs, with tongue-shaped ends ; leaf-shaped Paddle
of white wood ; wooden Club in the shape of a bone Patu-Patu or rather
Be-kokoti ; Club with flag-shaped head.
Africa. — Four Arrows, with iron heads; Axe, with semicircular iron
head ; collection of Assegais ; Kafir woman's Apron ; '^ Tobacco Pouch of
the King of Dahomey," of leather.
America, —Eight Belts and Pouches, decorated with bead work ; three
Rattles used in dances by the natives of Vancouver Island, ornamented with
Haidah carvings ; grotesque Mask of tortoise-shell, probably from British
Columbia; wooden Pipe, with Haidah carving; two Baskets of grass ; Indian
Tomahawk, frt)m Missouri ; collection of articles of Dress and Ornament of
the North American Indians.
Hawick, Roxburqhshibb.
The Museum in Hawick is the property of the Hawick ArchsBological
Society, and is supported by fees and subscriptions. At the time of my visit
the Museum had only just entered into new premises, in a new building
called the Buccleuch Memorial Institute. The most important objects in the
collection, from an archseological point of view, are the bronze objects found
at Ruberslaw.
The following is a list of the Scottish Archseological objects in the collec-
tion:—
Arrow-Head of flint — found at Norham Castle.
Flaking Implement of flint, 8^ inches in length by 1 inch across the widest
part, and tapering to \ inch at each end — no locality is assigned to this
specimen, but in dl probability it was found in the south of Scotland.
Axe of claystone, 8x2} inches — ^found in Selkirkshire.
Axe of basalt, 7^ x 3 inches, perfect — found at Borthaugh.
Axe of claystone, 6x2 inches, fractured at the cutting edge — found at
Fairy Faulds, Hawick.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 395
Axe of flint, 4x2 inches, slightly fractured — ^found at Langshaw, Elwans-
water, Hoxburghshire.
Axe-Hammer of sandstone, perforated, 7^ x 3| inches, with rough surface
— ^found at Toftholm, Liddesdale.
Hammer- Head of red mottled quartz, 8^ x 2 inches, perforated, polished
and flnelj formed — no locality is assigned to it, but it was probably found
in the south of Scotland.
Wedge-shaped Hammer of sandstone, 4| x 2^ inches, perforated, with
roughly pecked surface — has no locality, but is probably Scottish.
Wedge-shaped Hammer of sandstone, 8^ x 6 inches, perforated, with
roughened surface — ^found at Sillerbithall.
Wedge-shaped Hammer of sandstone, 10^ x 4} inches, perforated — ^found at
Muckleholm, Roxburghshire.
Pebble of sandstone, 4^ x 4 inches, with large perforation through the
centre — ^no locality, but probably found in the neighbourhood.
Pebble of basalt, 8x2 inches, with smooth hollow on one side measuring
2 inches in length by 1^ inch wide and | inch deep— no locality.
Thirty-five Whorls of claystone, sandstone, greenstone, &c., from 1 to 3
inches in diameter, some ornamented with concentric circles round the
spindle holes — all found in the neighbourhood of Hawick.
One Lower Stone of a Quern, twelve Upper Stones of Querns, and one com-
plete Quern — all found in the neighbourhood of Hawick.
Two portions of Plates of jet from a necklace, ornamented with rows of
punctulated ornamentation — ^found in a tumulus near Earlston, Roxburghshire.
Axe of bronze, flanged, 4| inches in length and 1{ inch across the cutting
edge — found at St Mary's Loch, Selkirkshire.
Spear-Head of bronze, 8 inches in length — found near a place called the
Warrior's Grave, Southfield.
Vessel of thin bronze, 8 inches in diameter by 4 inches in depth, riveted
and patched — found in Adderstonelee Moss.
Hoard of bronze objects, found at Ruberslaw, Teviotdale, Roxburghshire,
consisting of five bottoms of Patellse, one of which is tinned on the inside ;
one Handle ; one Handle and portion of the Rim attached ; fragments of the
sides, &c., of two or three vessels ; Handle of a large vessel, ornamented with
human figures in relief, the eyes of which are of silver. No record of the
discovery of these vessels has yet been published.
Skull of Bos primigenius, found in Synton Moss; and Skulls of Bos primi-
genius and Bos hngifronSy both found at WilUestruther.
A collection of local and other Antiquarian objects, consisting of,— old
Howitzer, found in Hawick ; four pairs of old Spurs ; lot of old Gun Locks ;
collection of old Swords and Muskets ; Helmet of the old Roxburgh Yeomanry
Cavalry ; Sword, found near Flodden ; Andrea Ferrara Sword, said to have
been found on the battlefield of Killiecrankie ; Pike, with hook for cutting
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396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
bridle reins; iron Key, dug up in Cavers Churchyard; iron Key, from
Mangerton Tower ; Lock and Key of the Old Jail of Hawick ; antique Key
found in the Slitrig ; old Key, found at Cable Pool ; two Keys of the old
Town Hall ; old Key, found in a garden at Hawick ; " JocktUeg" Knife, found
at Timpendean Tower, in 1826 ; old Clasp Knife ; old Foot Plough used in the
Western Islands of Scotland; old Ldnt-Spinning Wheel; the Collecting Ladle
of the West United Presbyterian Church, Hawick, and the Collecting Ladle
of the old Parish Kirk ; Hawick old Town Drum, and " Caleb Butherford's
Drum ; " a collection of Manuscript Documents, with the signatures of Bums
the poet and his brother Gilbert, Sir Walter Scott, James Hogg, King James
VI., and a number of others ; " Porridge Pot of Wat o' Harden ; " two old
Tombstones and seven portions of sculptured Stones from old buildings in
the neighbourhood of Hawick ; lot of Elfin Pipeheads of clay ; the Gied-
staine's Bible which belonged to the Gledstaines of that Ilk (see Memorm
of Hawick, p, 192) ; copy of a " Breeches " Bible ; copy of Tyndale's Bible ;
Bible, dated 1682, and another, dated 1698; Black-letter copy of the
Apocrypha and New Testament ; Household Expense Book of Mrs Burnett
of Chesters, 1716 ; the oak Boards in which the old Becords of the Kirk
Session of Hawick were bound, &c.
Of foreign ArchsBological objects, there are —
Twenty-five Arrow and Spear Heads of flint of the usual forms, measuring
from 1^ to 5 inches in length — all from North America.
Spear-Head of obsidian, from Easter Island, similar to one in the National
Collection shown in fig. 18.
Fig. 18. Spear- Head of Obsidian, from Easter Island.
Axe of basalt, 8J x 2^ inches, finely polished, and perfect — found at
Sangus, Massachusetts, United States.
Axe of greenstone, 6j^ x 3 inches, with a deep groove round the middle —
from Nortii America.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 397
Two Axes of clajBtone, 3 j x 2 inches and 4x2 inches, both polished —
said to be from North America.
Small Axe of basalt, polished, 1 j x j x J inch — ^labelled "North
American."
Ceremonial Axe, 3x3 inches — found at DomMes, Ontario, Canada.
Two Adzes of slate-like stone, chisel-shaped, 5 inches and 6^ inches in
length — ^probably from Labrador.
Axe of basalt, fastened to a handle bj a large mass of gam — ^from Australia.
Axe of greenish granite-like stone, 9^ inches in length, finely formed — from
New Zealand.
Adze of basalt, 4X2^ inches, flattish — ^from New Zealand.
Axe of greenish granitic-looking stone, imperfect — probably from New
Zealand.
Adze of Lava, 4^ x 2 inches, finely polished, and having a very sharp
catting edge — from New Zealand.
Adze, polished, in wooden socket^ but without the attachable handle —
from the South Sea Islands.
Mere-Mere of basalt, perfect, 13 inches in length, with cord — from New
Zealand.
Feeble of green granite-like stone, 6x4 inches, with a large perforation
through the centre — probably from the South Sea Islands.
Two Implements or Ornaments of greenish stone, each with a small per-
foration through the centre — one imperfect, and the other measuring 3| inches
in length by 2 inches in breadth, said to be for skinning animals — from North
America.
Fragments of Roman Pottery, &c., from Uriconium.
The following is the list of Ethnographical objects in the collection : —
Australia. — Two Boomerangs; one parrying Shield; two Womerahs or
Spear-Throwers ; Spear-Thrower, from Western Australia ; three short plain
Clubs ; Pick-like weapon called a leotirUe.
South Sea Islands. — Dress of vegetable fibre, used as a protection against
the swords edged with sharks' teeth, from the Caroline Islands ; six Fish-
Hooks of wood and ivory; seventeen Clubs of hardwood, from diflerent
localities on the South Pacific \ three wooden Swords, edged with sharks'
teeth, from the Gilbert Islands ; collection of Bows, Quivers, and Arrows.
Africa. — Thirteen Assegais ; Smoking Pipe of steatite, with double head
— from Zululand.
North America. — Indian Mocassins ; Indian Dresses of leather, &c. ;
Eskimo Bird-Spear, with two prongs at the point and three on the middle of
the shaft, &c.
Indiay do. — A small collection of Statues, Weapons, Ac., including three
Spears used by the Looshai people ; and a small collection of objects from
China and Japan.
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398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APBIL 23, 1888.
Egypt, — Ten Mummies of Serpents, Birds, &c., and a human Hand ; a terra-
cotta Lamp ; a Mummy Image of green glazed ware ; a Ring of stoneware, and
a ScarabsBUS.
Kirkcudbright, Kirkgudbriohtshirb.
The Museum in Kirkcudbright is under the charge of a treasurer,
secretary, and curator, and occupies a large room on tlie top floor of the
Town Hall Building. A nominal rent of one shilling per year is paid for
the use of the room. A catalogue or register of the collection exists in manu-
script ; and there is a small libraiy of about 150 yolumes, principally relating
to the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, or written by natives of the district. There
are also a number of Manuscript Volumes, containing records of local births,
marriages, &c.
The following is a list of the Scottish Antiquities in the collection : —
Knife of flint, 2g inches in length by f^ inch across the widest part, neatly
chipped round the edge — found in the parish of Twynholm, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Twenty Chips of flint, unworked — ^found near Loch Grannoch.
Scraper of flint of triangular form — found at Monybuie House.
Axe of claystone, 6x2^ inches, very finely polished — found at Tongland.
Axe of claystone, 4f x 3 inches, with ground surface — ^found on the farm of
Brownhill, CrossmichaeL
Axe of sandstone, 8§ x 2| inches, with ground surfsuse — found at Kipps,
Colvend.
Axe of claystone, 7 x 2| inches, adze-shaped — found near Corse Loch,
Ingliston, Twynholm.
Axe of claystone, 5^ x 2} inches, ^th the cutting end fractured and imper-
fect— found in the garden at Ardendee, Kirkcudbright
Axe of flint, 4f x 1^ inch, finely formed and finely polished — found at
Torrs Muir, Kirkcudbright.
Rudely-formed Axe of claystone, dj x 2^ inches, with end imperfect — ^found
at Castle Crearie, Berwick, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Axe of basalt, 8| x 1^ inch — ^found at Bomess, Borgue, and exactly
similar, both in form and material, to one found in Dundee, and now in the
National Collection.
Axe of felstone, Sf x 1^ inch, with pointed butt — found at Kirkcudbright.
Hammer-Head of reddish-grey sandstone, perforated, 10 inches in length
by 4f inches in greatest width — no locality, but probably found in the south
of Scotland.
Hammer-Head of micaceous sandstone, perforated, 10 x 4^ inches — found
at Meikle, Loch Dougan.
Hammer-Head of whinstone, 2^ inches in length by 2i inches in width,
partially perforated from each side — found on Galtway Hill, Kirkcudbright.
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BKPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 399
Pointed end of a perforated Hammer-Head of coarse micaceous sandstone,
broken off below the haft hole, and measuring 6 inches in length by 4^ inches
in breadth — found at Argrennan, Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Flattish water-worn Pebble of reddish sandstone, perforated from each
side, and fractured at both ends, called a Stone-Hammer, but not so — ^without
a locality.
Sinker of whinstone, 8 x If inch, with a deep groove round the mtgor
circumference — ^found at Balig, Berwick, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Polisher of quartzite, 2i x 1^ x f inch, finely formed — found on the Farm
of Brownhill, Crossmichael, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Whetstone of mica-schist, 3$ inches in length by 1^ inch broad, with a
perforation drilled through one end — found at Moatwell, Kirkcudbright.
Ten small Whorls, several of which are ornamented — all found in the
neighbourhood of Kirkcudbright.
Quern Stones, upper and lower, 16 inches in diameter, with three finger
holes in the upper stone ; the Upper Stones of other two Querns — all found
in the parish of Kirkcudbright.
Conical Upper Stone of a Quern, 12 inches in diameter — found on Carse
Farm.
Old Curling Stone — found in Loch Fergus, Ayrshire.
Two Stones, similar to one found in an old house in the High Street, Edin-
burgh, and now in the National Museum — probably old curling stones.
Oblong square-shaped Block of sandstone, 16 inches in length by 12 inches
in breadth, hollowed on one side to a depth of 4 or 5 inches — ^foond at Kirk-
cudbright.
Circular Block of sandstone, with a circular picked hollow 2} inches in
diameter and { inch deep — found in Kirkcudbright.
Large Socket Stone, without a locality.
Spear-Head of bronze, 8J inches in length, with two rivet holes in the
socket — found at Kells, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Javelin-Head of bronze, leaf-shaped, 5$ inches in length, with a small loop
on each side of the socket — found at Kells, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Javelin-Head of bronze, 3^ inches in length, with a loop on each side of the
socket — found in the parish of Berwick, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Spear-Head of bronze, leaf-shaped, 5^ inches in length, with a loop on
each side — found in Barend Moss, Balmaghie, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Small collection of Animal remains from the Bomess Cave, Kirkcudbright
The main collection from this cave is in the National Museum.
Small three-legged Pot of brass, 2^ inches in height and 2g inches across
the mouth — ^found at Threaves Mains, Balmaghie ; carved oak Panel, from
the old Church of Girthon ; and portion of another carved oak Panel from the
old Pulpit of Anwoth Church, built 1626 ; three old Spinning Wheels and an
old carved Distaff; two old iron Padlocks, with keys — one from the old jail
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400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
of Kirkcudbright, and dated 1754; bronze Bell, inscribed in relief: for
GEOBGE MAXWELL & JEAN CAMPBELL OF DAL8WINT0WNE R.M. FECIT ED'^ 1711 ;
two old pewter Flagons, and two Communion Cups, also of pewter — ^the
flagons dated 1722, and the cups 1734; two small silver Teaspoons; a
leaden Bull of Pope Clement II. ; old tin Crusie-Lamp on an upright stand ;
** Apostle's Spoon" of brass — found near Kirkcudbright ; a Linen Smoother of
glass, with handle — ^found at Gribdae ; an old round-bottomed Bottle of glass
— ^found at Bumfoot, Berwick ; and a portion of Window Glass* from Dun-
drennan Abbey.
The " Cowan*s Taid Stane," traditionally regarded as having been taken
out of the head of a toad, and held to be capable of curing diseases in
cattle. It consists of a small stone set in silver, and is said to be mentioned
in the Session Books of the parish of St Ninians, near Stirling, but the stone
itself is thought to have been brought from Syria.
Eleven Snuff-Boxes of wood, &c. ; the Seal of the Orange Lodge; a brass-
mounted Tinder-Box, with flint lock; a Tinder-Box, Flint and Steel, and
another Steel ; and an old brass Candlestick.
An old Plough, found in Whitereedmoss, Elsieshiels, in 1876 ; half of the
Jongs, from the old Steeple, Kirkcudbright; three old Shoe-Buckles; and a
Beggar s Badge in lead, of the parish of Kirkcudbright.
Of foreign Archeeological objects there are —
Spear-Head of flint, 3§ inches in length — said to have been found in
the parish of Twynholm, but certainly American.
Spear-Head of flint, 4^ inches in length — said to have been found at
Bomess, but certainly American.
Spear-Head of flint, 4^ inches in length — said to have been found in
Kirkcudbright, but certainly from North America.
Adze of lava, rudely chipped, but having the cutting edge polished — from
New Zealand.
Adze of basalt, b\ inches in length by 2 across the face, with narrow con-
tracted butt — from New Zealand.
Adze of greenstone, 8x3 inches, flat — said to have been found in the
parish of Tongland, but certainly from New Zealand.
Flat Axe of greenstone, 4 x 2^ inches — ^from New Guinea.
Axe of greenstone, lOf x 5^ inches, polished, in flat handle— from New
Guinea.
Part of a Digging-Stone, perforated — from Pietermaritzburg, South
Africa.
Four terra-cotta Lamps ; archaic Kylix; two two-handled Vases for holding
salve ; three small Hydria Vases, and fragments of Samian Ware ; Roman
Amphora, about 22 inches in height — ^found at Barabold, Cyprus; small
Lamp of terra-cotta, from Asia Minor.
Of Ethnographical objects there are —
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 401
Africa. — Two Snuff-horns and bone Snuff-spoons, and an ivory War-horn
— from South Africa ; four native Snuff-boxes — from Zululand ; a Necklace of
cowrie shells ; a Necklace worn by the common women of Eafirland, consisting
of small pieces of wood perforated at one end and strung on a cord ; a Charm
rolled in leather, and worn under the armpit by Soudanese women ; a carved
wooden Spoon — ^from Abyssinia; three small Calabash Bottles — ^fromKahenda,
on the West Coast ; a Household God, being a small kneeling human figure
with very prominent breasts — ^from the West Coast ; a small square Basket
made by the natives of Benin, on the West Coast ; seven Bracelets of
copper and brass wire ; a Necklace of coloured beads ; a Kafir smoking Pipe,
with double head ; a brass Chain worn by the natives of the South ; a Zulu Doll
made from a block of wood covered with cloth and fancy bead-work ; a Camp-
stool of wood, a set of circular Baskets, a hand Basket, and a Chiefs Hat of
straw — all from Whydah Territory; three Necklaces of native berries; a pair of
ivory Bracelets — ^from Grand Fall, Congo River; Comb of wood — from Cape
Palmas ; the Dress of a Kafir woman, consisting of a necklace of small beads
and a waist cloth measuring 8x4 inches ; a Necklace of beads and teetli of
animals ; a Kafir Pillow of wood; eight Zulu Assegais; an Axe with an iron
head, used by the Basutos, and a Bow and two Arrows — ^from Basutoland ; two
Noh Kirries ; three fron Spear-heads and a curved Knife — from the Soudan ;
and an Arab woman's Dress or Apron — ^from Wady Haifa ; and an Arab
Saddle — from Tunis.
Miscellaneous. — Club, with large knobbed head, from New Zealand ; four
Clubs and two shoit Spears — no localities ; Spoon with elaborately carved
handle, used for mixing lime with betel-nut before chewing, and a rude Adze
Handle, both from New Guinea ; an Arrow Quiver of bamboo — no locality ;
two Jars of native pottery, from the Fiji Islands ; half of a double Water-
Bottle, and another globular Bottle, both of black ware, from Peru ; four iron
Arrow-heads, from Darjeeling, India; Moccasins, Belt, Bracelets, em-
broidered with beads, &c., and an Indian scalping-knife Sheath, from North
America ; Lasso, Bridle, and Whip used by the Guachos of South America.
Montrose, Forfarshire.
The Museum in Montrose is the property of the Montrose Natural History
and Antiquarian Society, and is supported by the funds of the Society and by
the admission fees. The Museum was founded in 1837, and the collection is
now of considerable size. From an archeeological point of view, the collection
is noteworthy in possessing the Sculptured Stones, found at Famell and
Inchbrayock, and for its Collection of Coins. " The coins are exhibited in
locked cases, through which run a number of narrow wire frames turning
on pins which project through the sides of the case. On these frames the
coins with their labels are fastened, and thus both sides are readily seen."
VOL. XXIL 2 C
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402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
The following is a list of the Archaeological objects in the collection: —
Sixty-nine Flakes and Cores of flint — ^foond at Slains, Aberdeenshire.
Twenty-five Arrow* heads, with barbs and stems, and twenty-three leaf and
lozenge- shaped Arrow-heads, and twenty* three Flakes and Chips — said
to have been aU found in Forfarshire.
The cutting-end of an Axe of flint — found at Montrose.
Adze-shaped Axe of claystone, 4 x 1§ inch — ^found at Rossie Muir.
Axe of flint, polished, 2^ inches in length by 1^ inch across the cutting
edge — found at Rossie Muir, Forfarshire.
The butt-end of an Axe of white flint — found at Rossie Muir.
Axe of porphyry, triangular in outline, 4 J x 2 J inches — ^no locality.
Axe of claystone, 8^ x If inch, polished — ^no locality.
Axe of serpentine, d| x 2| inches, polished — found at Muirton, Coreston.
Axe of claystone 6J x 2 J inches — found at the Haugh of Tillerton.
Two Axes of greenish claystone, 2f x 1§ inches and 2| x 2j inches — ^both
found at Fithie, Forfarshire.
Two pieces of Axes — without localities. '
Hammer-head of granite, 8 J inches in length by 2| inches broad and 1 inch
in thickness, finely formed — no locality is assigned to this specimen, but it has
probably been found in Scotland.
The half of a perforated Hammer-head of greenstone, 4 x 4^ inches —
without a locality.
Ball of basalt, 3 inches in diameter, ornamented with four plain projecting
discs — said to have been found in a cairn at Braikie, Forfarshire.
Ball of granitic stone, 8| inches in diameter, ornamented with six project-
ing discs, one of which bears a single incised spiral, and another three small
triangles, one inside the other — found at Glasterlaw.
Ball of basalt, 3^ inches in diameter, with rough surface, ornamented with
three projecting discs — no locality, but probably found in the neighbourhood.
Perforated circular flattish Implement of steatite — ^no locality.
Pebble of sandstone, 2^ inches in diameter, perforated — no locality.
Three Whorls of sandstone — without localities, but found in the neighbour-
hood of Montrose.
Bracer of polished felstone, imperfect at each end — no locality is attached
to this specimen, but it was probably found in Forfarshire.
Axe of bronze, flat, with the merest traces of flanges, 6 x 2^ inches — ^found
at Stracathro, near Brechin, Forfarshire.
Axe of bronze, flat, 4f x 1 J x J inch, chisel-shaped — ^no locality.
Axe of bronze, 4| x l| inches, perfect — found at Arbuthnot.
Axe of bronze, flcmged, no stop-ridge, 6§ x 2f inches, very perfect in form —
found in the Bog of Amhall, Kincardineshire.
Axe of bronze, socketed, 2j x ij inch, without the loop on the side, and
without a locality.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 403
Axe of bronze, socketed, 3| x 2j inches, imperfect at the mouth — found
at Bagindolen, Kincardineshire.
Flat Axe, apparently of copper, 6^ inches in length by 3| inches across the
cutting edge — found in 1848, at Dunnottar, ICincardineshire.
Sword of bronze, 26 inches in length, perfect, with four rivet holes — found
in digging at the KaUway Station at Brechin.
Sword of bronze, 23} inches in length, perfect, with seven rivet holes, in
three of which the rivets still remain — ^no locality is attached to tliis sword,
but there is little doubt it is a Scottish specimen.
Fragments of a cinerary Urn, and portion of an Urn of drinking-cup type,
richly ornamented — ^both found at the Hill of Canterland, Kincardineshire.
Urn of the food- vessel type, rudely ornamented, 5 inches in height and
6 inches across the mouth — found in a cist at Graignestou, Fettercaim ; and
the bottom of another food- vessel Urn, found at the same place.
Cup-shaped Urn, 3 inches in height by 2 inches in diameter, ornamented
with a row of triangles of oblique lines — found in a tumulus at Greenlaw,
Kinnaird, Forfarshire.
Small Vessel of wheel-made pottery, 4 inches in height by 5 inches in
widest diameter, contracting to 3 inches across
the mouth, and witli five holes pierced at in-
tervals round the widest part. It was found in
a stone coffin with three others, containing char-
coal ashes, as described and figured in the
Proceedings of tliis Society, vol. xi. p. 378 ; and
in Dr Andersons Scotland in Pagan lunes,
1st series, p. 11.
Small Cup of glazed ware, 2j^ inches in height
by 2} inches diameter across the mouth, and con- „. ,. o n ^r i . i.
tracting to abont Ij inch across the botton./>|iSmaU W^ w^
imperfect — ^found with a human skeleton at St stone Coffin at Montrose.
Andrews in 1852.'
Portion of a jet Necklace — found at Fordoun House, Kincardineshire.
Small Roman Lamp — found in Fife.
Bead of striped glass — ^no locality.
Sculptured Stone, found at Inchbrayock, on the South Esk, and showing
on one side a cross of interlaced work, and on the other a huntsman on
horseback, three men on foot, &c. ; and the Sculptured Slab found at Famell,
bearing on one side a cross of interlaced work and on the other Adam and
Eve below a tree, and a serpent on each side, &c. Both these stones are figured
in Stuart's Sculptured Stones of Scotland^ vol. i. pL Ixviii. and pi. Ixxxvi.
Jug of stoneware, 10 inches in height — ^found in digging in the High
Street, Montrose, below the foundation of the Old Lock-up, called Kitty's
Trust.
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404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Jug of stoneware — found 3 feet below the surface in John Street, Montrose.
Jug of lead or pewter, much damaged — found in digging at the Reservoir,
Montrose.
Tripod Ewer of brass, about 10 inches in height, perfect — no locality ; and
the body of another, without handle, feet, or bottom, found in Montrose.
Large Highland Powder-Hom, elaborately carved with interlaced ornamenta-
tion, geometrical patterns, &c. ; a smaller Powder-Hom, carved with a human
£ace, tldstle, &c.; and a third, with hunting-scenes in relief, &c.
Highland Brooch of brass, 6 inches in diameter, ornamented with
interlaced work, &c., and three smaller Highland Brooches, also of brass.
Thumbscrew of iron; Caltrop of iron; Tea Set and a Bowl of Harris
Pottery ; portion of a Knife-Handle of ivory — found in Montrose ; an old iron
Lock; a Crusie of iron; a Collection of Elfin Pipes ; a Spice-Mill; a number
of old Locks ; a collection of Gun-Locks ; a Spindle with two Whorls ; a
Snuff-Box of silver, with medallion of Charles I.; a cast of a Beggar's
Badge for the parish of Ecclescndg, dated 1773 ; two old Crossbows, and a
large collection of Swords, Pistols, Muskets, &c. ; and an old Cannon dredged
out of the river South Esk at Montrose.
Of foreign Archfleological objects, there are —
Fourteen large Flakes, and a portion of another, and a large leaf-shaped
Implement of flint — all found in Ireland.
Three large Flint Cores, from La Claisiere, Pressigny ; and a Spear-head
of flint, 4§ inches in length, found in France.
Dagger of chipped flint, 6^ inches in length ; the handle end of another, and
larger Dagger, 6j inches in length, ornamented with crimp work; and a
semicircular shaped Implement of flint, 4| inches in length by 1 J inch across
the widest part — all found in Denmark.
Large Spear-head of obsidian — found in Mexico.
Two Spear-heads of obsidian — found in a grave in Los Angelos, California.
Seven Spear-heads of fliint, from Canada ; and two other American Spear-
heads of flint ; and portion of another of pink-coloured flint.
Small collection of Cores, Chips, Flakes, &c. — from Lidia.
Chisel of poUshed white flint, 6^ inches in length ; an Axe of greenstone,
perforated, 6| inches in length ; and an Axe of chipped flint, 12 x 3^ inches
(from Elsinore) — all found in Denmark.
Axe of porphyritic stone, 8 J x 3 inches, poUshed — found in Switzerland.
Chisel-like Axe of greenstone, 7 x l| inches — found in Canada West
Axe of greenish stone, 8^ x 3^ inches — marked ** American," but probably
from Jamaica.
Axe of basalt, 4 x 8J inches, with groove round the top — found near Pewan-
kee, Milwaukee, Michigan, United States ; and an Axe of granite, 6^ x 3 J inches,
with groove round the top — from the Unites States.
Axe of greenstone, 6j x 8 J inches — found in Rewah Territory, North-West
Provinces of India.
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EEPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 405
Five Axes of greenstone, all with rough surfaces, 7j x 2| inches, 6J x 2 J
inches, 6ix2} inches, 7^x3 inches, and 2|x2 inches — all probably from
North-West India.
Axe of greenstone, 6i x 2| inches ; Axe of greenstone in carved handle ;
and an Adze, with head of shell — erroneously marked as from New Zealand,
but more probably from New Guinea.
Axe of jade, 4i x IJ inch, polished — from New Zealand.
Axe-Head of greenstone, 6| x 4^ inches ; and three Axes, with wooden
handles fastened on with gum similar to the one here shown in fig. 20 — all
from Australia.
Fig. 20. Axe of Greenstone in its handle of a bent withe, from Australia.
Sculptured Stone from Palenque, in the State of Chiapas, Mexico.
Six Bricks, with cuneiform inscriptions, and a sculptured human Head —
from Assyria.
Oblong square-shaped Box or Dish of green glazed ware, 6 inches in
length by 4 inches in breadth and 3^ inches in depth — found filled with
Roman coins in France.
Four Lamps of terra-cotta, from Asia Minor ; and a portion of Roman Glass
and Vase, &c., from Pompeii ; a small Slab of marble, inscribed d.m . | t. livio .
KVTY I CHKTIBAEBIA | DAPNE COIVX | ET " LIVIVS TER | TIVS FILIVS BM | F — from
Canusium, Italy ; a small Vase, with two handles, and bearing a figure of St
Menas between two animals ; a Vase of alabaster ; part of a Slab with a
hieroglyphic inscription ; a collection of Images of green glazed ware, Scarabaei,
&c., about 60 in all — from Egypt ; and a Floor Tile, from Oxford.
Of Ethnographical objects of interest in the Museum, there are —
Australia. — Spear-Thrower, from Queensland ; LeoniU or pick-shaped
Club, two NuUa-Nullas, Spear-Thrower, four Boomerangs, and a "Fish
Boomerang,"
New Zealand. — Three Clubs, with carved tongue-shaped heads; long
Club or Staff, with carved head ; two carved wooden Boxes, used by the
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406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
New Zealanders for holding feathers ; curiously-shaped Club called a He
Kokoti (Taylor, New Zealand, p. 322) ; and a carved wooden Flute.
South Sea Islands. — Eleven Clubs of various forms, mostly covered with
incised ornamentation — ^firom the Fiji Islands; seven large Spears, armed
with rows of sharks* teeth, and a Sword of wood similarly armed — ^from the
Gilbert Islands ; Dyak Shield of wood, decorated with tufts of hair — ^from
Borneo; and a wicker-work Shield — probably from Sumatra; a War Drum
made from the section of a tree, carved — ^from Saibai ; three carved Clubs — from
the Friendly Islands ; four Adzes of ceremony, with carved handles, and two
carved paddles — ^from Mangaia, Hervey Islands ; a Canoe with six paddles,
wooden Spear with carved head, a number of Fish-hooks of ivory and mother-
of-pearl, five large Spears with barbed wooden heads, two grotesque Masks,
a double Paddle and two other Paddles, and a bundle of Arrows, Spears, Ac.,
— all without localities.
Africa. — Two arm Rings of elephant ivory, from tlie West Coast; Water
Vessels cut out of a single block of wood, from South Africa ; collection of
Assegais, Zulu Walking-Stick, and specimens of Kafir Bead-work, and two
specimens of metal King-money.
India and China. — Several sculptured Stones, from India ; musical Instru-
ment of the Looshai people ; several Images of Buddha ; Chinese Compasses,
Balance Scales in box ; Opium Pipes, Shoes, and a number of Images of
Buddha, and two or three Tatar Bows and Arrows.
North and South America. — Adze of copper fastened to a bone handle
with thongs ; a bone Spear-head, with three barbs on each side ; two Eskimo
Fishing-lances, with detachable bone heads ; an Eskimo Bow ; a horn Scoop ;
Sealing-lance ; Snow-Knife ; Arrow of bone, with iron head ; Knife, with bone
handle and oval copper blade ; an elaborately carved Pipe of slatestone, 16
inches in length, and a grotesque Mask — ^both from British Columbia.
A large number of Spindles of wood, with thread wound on them — ^frt)m
Peru ; a Flask of clay, in the image of a man with the opening on the top of
the head ; a wooden Paddle, and a collection of Arrows — from South America.
Paisley, Renfrewshire.
The Museum in Paisley, which was founded in 1871, and is supported by
the rates, occupies a large and handsome building in the High Street. It is
noteworthy for its fine Natural History collection, and for its collection of
objects of Art and Industry from India, and for a good collection of Savage
Weapons. It is open free to the public on six days of the week, and there is
a Free Library of about 23,000 volumes in connection with it.
The following is a list of the Scottish Antiquities in the collection : —
Three Arrow-heads, with barbs and ^stems, and two small leaf-shaped
Arrow-heads — all found on the island of Bute, Arran.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 407
Upper portion of a large Axe of porphyry, 8| x 3 inches, polished — found
in Shetland.
An Axe of claystone, 5^ x 2 J inches, polished — ^has no locality, but is
probably Scottish.
Hammer-head of serpentine, 83 inches in length by 1| inch in widest
diameter, perforated, and finely formed — found at Duchal Castle, near
Paisley.
Small Implement of stone, resembling a small adze, 2^ inches in length by
f inch in greatest width, with an oval partially-perforated haft-hole | inch in
length by i inch broad — ^found in Shetland.
Kudely made Cup of whinstone — ^without a locality.
Sinkers from Shetland, viz. — (1) of micarschist; (2) of steatite; (3) formed
from a piece of an ancient urn of steatite.
Large " Knockin-Stane," found on Crookston Farm, Renfrewshire; and
another, without any locality.
Upper Stone of a Quern, and a Pot Quern, 13 inches in diameter, with 3
feet — both from the Island of Arran.
Two Upper Stones of Querns — ^without localities.
Small Pepper or Snuff Quern of stone — without a locality.
Whorl of sandstone, 1^ inch in diameter, ornamented on the top with
zigzag lines — without a locality.
Porton of vitrified Stone, from the vitrified fort of Dun-na-Goil, Bute.
Axe of bronze, flanged, 4i x 2 J inches, the butt end imperfect — ^without a
locality.
Javtilin-Head of bronze, 4 J inches in length, with a small loop on each
side of the socket, and small portion of the shaft still in the socket — found at
Linwood Moss, Kenfrewshire.
Iron Yett of the Postern C^ate of Dumbarton Castle, described on pp. 297,
298 of the present volume.
Horn used by the Paisley Town Herds in 1721 ; four Elfin Pipeheads ;
old Key found in the Abbey Turret, Paisley; Thumbscrew of iron, with
padlock — ^no locality ; a Weaver's oil Lamp of the eighteenth century ;
Candle and Save-all ; Distaff, Spindle, and Whorl ; an ivory Panel, with
monogram, and the date 1694 — found in the old Abbey Manse, Wallneuk ; two
elaborately made Padlocks and Keys of the sixteenth century ; a leaden Box,
2^ inches in length by 2 inches in breadth and 2 inches in depth, without a
lid — found at Spynie Castle, with twenty Spanish Dollars; two pairs of
ladies* Shoes of the eighteenth century ; fivQ old iron Keys, from Beltrees
Castle ; a Knife and Fork, said to have been found on the Battlefield of
CuUoden ; a Quaich formed of wood of Bothesay Castle Drawbridge ; two old
Spinning Wheels ; portions of Spouts and Handles of mediceval pottery ;
and an Implement of deer-horn, 8} inches in length, supposed to be the
handle of a dagger or sword — found in a muss in Shetland.
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408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Fine old Sword ; one basketrhilted Sword ; two old Andrea Ferrara basket-
hilted Broadswords ; basket-liilted Sword, with leather sheath — said to have
been found on the battlefield of Gulloden; Dagger, with blade marked
ANDREA FARABA — Said to havo been found on the battlefield of Langside ;
ancient Crossbow — found at Bell of the Brae, Glasgow.
Collection of holograph Letters and Documents of Motherwell, William
Kennedy, Tannahill, and others.
Small collection of Belies of Robert Bums the Poet.
Collection of Tokens of various towns, and a number of provincial Half-
pennies ; and a small collection of the Coinage of Scotland.
Of foreign Archaeological objects, there are —
Fourteen Implements of flint, consisting of scrapers, knives, ovate-shaped
implements, &c. — ^firom Brandon, Suffolk.
Two palaeolithic Implements of flint — ^found at Vienne, France.
Three small flint Daggers — found in Denmark.
Three Spear-heads of flint — ^found at Gait, Ontario, Canada.
Eight Arrow-heads of flint — found on the hunting grounds of the Mohawk
Indians ; and four American Spear-heads — ^without precise localities.
One large Spear-head of flint — probably from Georgia or West Virginia,
United States.
Rudely formed Arrow-head of obsidian — from Mexico.
Axes of polished flint — ^from Denmark, viz, — (1) 6^ inches in length by
2f inches across the cutting edge; (2) 6^ inches in length by 2| inches
across the cutting edge ; (3) 7^ x 2 J inches ; (4) partly chipped, 4'| x if inch.
Axes found at Lough Neagh, Ulster, Ireland, viz. — (1) of basalt, 4| x IJ
inch, polished; (2) of whinstone, 3|x2j inches, polished; (3) of claystone,
3| X 1^ inch, polished ; (4) Stone in the shape of an axe, without a cutting
edge, 4x2J inches, polished.
Axe of greenstone, 4^ x 2 inches, polished, and with thick butt — no locality
is attached to this specimen, but it is probably from North America.
Adze-shaped Axe of sandstone, 4| x 2 inches — ^no locality is attached to
this specimen, but it is probably American.
Adzes from New Zealand, viz. — (1) of lava, 4^ inches in length by 2 J
inches across the cutting edge, and with a narrow contracting butt — found at
Dunedin ; (2) of greenish coloured stone, 13^ inches in length by 4| inches
across the cutting edge — ^found at Kiveston.
Rudely formed Axe of greenstone, 5| x 2| inches, with polished cutting
edge — ^found in Queensland, Australia.
Pestle of greenstone (broken in two pieces), 17^ inches in length by 2
inches in widest diameter — found at Hingham, Plymouth County, Massa-
chussetts, United States.
Hammerstone used for chipping flint — found in the Wyandotte Cave,
Indiana, United States.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 409
Indian Pipe of stone, with square stem and upright bowl-shaped head —
from North America.
Fragments of Indian Pottery — found near Gralt, Ontario.
Four terra-cotta Lamps, viz. — one from Tarsus, one from Tyre, one from
Hermopolis, and the fourth without a locality.
Three ancient Greek Urns, from Hermopolis.
Collection of plaster Casts of the Poniatowski Gems.
Double Water Bottle of Peruvian ware.
Collection of Beads, seven green glaze Images, and one wooden Image,
Mummy human Hand and Foot, four Scarabssi, two small alabaster Boxes,
one wiUi a lid — all from Egypt
An illuminated Missal on vellum, of the fourteenth century, the work of a
French scribe.
A very fine series of bronze Medals of Napoleon I., and a large and com-
plete collection of Medals of the French Commune, 1871 ; and a miscellaneous
collection of Coins of all countries.
Collection of objects from Japan, viz.: — Makiri or Knife with wooden
sheath — from Yezo; Kislieri or smoking Pipe— from Yezo; Affunnit or
Shuttle used by the native women in weaving the native cloth from the bark
of the OhiOf a species of elm tree — from Yezo ; Shiharihaohoyene or Bowl for
holding rice — from Yezo ; Kite or iron Harpoon, used by native fishermen to
capture seals — ^from Yezo ; Yotep or Hook used in catching large fish —
from Yezo; Uoa or Legging of cloth, worn by men — from Yezo; Kasup
or Spoons of wood — from Yezo; Chehechoyene or Fish-bowl used by the
Tsui^iikari Ainos ; Ikonit or " Moustache-lifter," carved in the repre-
sentation of a seal, and used by the Ainos when eating and drinking —
from Yezo ; Otski or carved square-shaped tray ; Pera or Lease-Rod used
in weaving to lift the threads and allow the shuttle to pass through ; Ku
or Bow and Ai or Arrow (the bow is made of Iromaki wood and the
arrow has a barb of Santal steel) ; Tohari or Lute with five strings ; Chiip-
Kamui or symbol of the Sun God ; Totnbe Kamui or symbol of the Moon
Goddess ; Opitta Kamui or symbol of the Universal God. These symbols
are made of blocks of wood about 16 inches in length and about 2 inches in
diameter, with bunches of shavings adhering to them. No special sanctity
seems to be attached to these symbols, for an Aino will readily whittle one
for a stranger. Maitare or Apron of blue cloth — from Yezo ; Wosa or
native reed used in weaving ; chief's Dress of blue and white coloured cloth
— from Yezo ; a Suit of Armour, two Swords, &c.
Collection of Ethnographical objects from Surinam, Dutch Guiana, viz. : —
Five Spoons made from the shell of the Calebas fruit; a native Doll
representing an Indian woman in Sunday dress ; a Cigar- Stand made with the
seeds of a fruit ; Krere-Krere or child's Rattle ; two drinking Cups made from
the shell of the Calebas fruit, painted and decorated ; two Jars for holding
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410 - PBOCBEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
water, each with painted surface ; douhle Jar of red ware ; and a trehle Jar,
also of red ware, used for holding water, and similar in form to the common
type of Peruvian jars of black ware ; an Apron made of small beads woven into
patterns, and worn by the Indian women; small oblong Basket of wicker-
work, used for holding jewellery and ornaments ; and a small Needle or
Work Basket ; a Fan of wicker-work, used for fanning the fire ; a Manari or
square-shaped Sieve ; a wooden Implement, 16 inches in length, with flat
expanding head, used for stirring or beating eggs ; a Matapi or Apparatus
used for squeezing the moisture out of starch before drying.
Collection of Ethnographical objects from Old Calabar, west coast of Africa :
— Bag formed of small beads of green and yellow glass arranged in squares ;
two large wooden Fans 10^ inches and 16^ inches iu diameter, both orna-
mented with spiral patterns burned into the surface ; four arm Kings of ivory,
and alarge Comb of brass; several short lengths of Copper Wire used as money
by the natives ; two wooden Spoons and a Dish- Stand of wood ; Armlet formed
of small pieces of black and white shell sewed on to a band of cloth ; three
Chew-Sticks and a wooden Matula ; two large brass Basins resembling
church collection plates ; six long square-ended Knives ; two Axes of iron,
with wooden handles ; Knife with poisoned blade, and another Knife ; Spear-
head of iron; a large collection of specimens of Cloth, and a Loom for
weaving, and a Hammock ; three covered Calabashes, and a Ladle — all of
vegetable rind.
South Africa. — Two Pipes, with clay heads and wooden stems; two
Walking Sticks, each with carved human figure for handle ; Tobacco Box
and Pipe ; large Calabash ; Marimba or Zulu Piano, which emits 10
different sounds, and two Sticks for striking the keys ; Zulu Head-rest of
wood, carved ; thirteen Tobacco Pipes and Pipe-heads, eleven of which are
of stone; Zulu Bag ornamented with blue and white beads; two Zulu
Necklaces, one of which is of shells ; Zulu woman's Armlet of beads ; Zulu
woman's Dress, consisting of armlets, waistband, and covering of beads sewed
on leather ; twenty-five Zulu Assegais ; one large Shield of buffalo hide, and
a small Pendent Ornament of hair for hanging below the knee.
West Coast of Africa, — Calabash Dish, Ladle, and two Calabash Horns ;
Throwing-Knife, with curiously formed blade ; two flogging Whips of hippo-
potamus hide ; Brush for destroying flies — ^from Loango ; Comb of wood with
seven teeth, and ornamented with four rows of zigzags on the handle;
wooden Spoon, firom Ashira ; Drum formed of two iron cylinders resembling
bells joined together ; Jug of earthenware, 4| inches in height, and very like
a mediseval bellarmine ; Bow and Quiver for poisoned arrows, and another
wooden Bow; wooden Bow and Arrows, and a flogging Whip — from the
Gold Coast ; two wooden Combs ; Armlet of wood, and a wooden Comb —
from the Gold Coast ; large Calabash of vegetable rind ; Tom-Tom, or
hollow cylinder of wood, covered on one end with skin ; and an Egba
boy's Dress ; and a Canoe, from Loango.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 411
Australia, — Eight Boomerangs; five Nulla-Nullas ; three ordinary Shields
and one parrying Shield ; two long Queensland Spears ; four Spear-Throwers
or Womerahs ; Fire-raising Apparatus ; a Badge of mourning, consisting of a
bunch of red feathers; an Ear Ornament of red feathers; three Bags of
netting ; and a Necklace of seeds.
New Zealand. — Ten Fish-hooks of wood and ivory ; the Head of an Idol,
and a wooden Handle carved with figures of gods; a Club, with carved
tongue-shaped end ; and two Cloaks of cloth.
-Borneo.— Wooden Shield of the Hill Dyaks, and another wooden Shield,
decorated with tufts of human hair, used by the Sea Dyaks ; Blowpipe of
wood ; Sword with its wooden Sheath.
India. — Three Spears, decorated with reddish plush and tufts of red
and black hair, used by tlie Looshai people ; and a collection of Images,
Ornaments, Weapons, &c.
South Sea Islands. — Two Clubs, with knobbed heads ; three Fish Spears,
with pronged heads ; ten Arrows and Spears and two Bows ; one barbed
Spear, one other Spear, two others, and four large Arrows ; Tapu Beater
of wood, and specimens of Tajpu Cloth; full Dress, from the Friendly
Islands, consisting of a string of shells ; two Dresses of fibre ; three Armlets
of shell; wooden Ladle; Fishing Net of fibres, from the New Hebrides;
Loom for weaving ; three wooden Fish-hooks, with bone ends ; ten Clubs of
wood, some carved and ornamented; Fish-Hne of native women's hair,
plaited ; large Club, from Savage Island ; large Club and Canoe Paddle, from
the Fiji Islands; about sixty Arrows and Spears of different forms — all
frona the South Sea Islands, but with no precise localities.
Eskimo. — Harpoon of wood, with head of walrus ivory, and bladder
attached ; Harpoon Head, with portion of its wooden handle ; portion of
the Ivory Banner of a sledge ; Bow of wood strengthened by sinews of
animals ; Dress of skin, and a pair of Boots.
North and South America. — Quiver and Arrows of the North American
Indians ; Wood Indian's Coat, from the interior of Labrador ; five pairs of
Moccasins and one pair of Snow- Shoes ; a Bag or Pouch, ornamented with
tassels, &c. ; three square-shaped Clubs of hardwood, with the handles bound
with cotton string, and a bundle of blowpipe Arrows — ^from Demerara, British
Guiana ; a Club of hardwood, found below 100 feet of guano in one of the
Chincha Islands, off the coast of Peru ; Bolas, with two stone balls ; a Chilian
Bridle of buffalo hide ; a pear-shaped perfume Box, made from the shell of a
fruit, ornamented with geometrical patterns, &c. — from Paraguay ; and a Bow
and 21 Arrows, used by the Indians of South America.
Kilmarnock.
The Museum in the Bums Monument, Kilmarnock, is the property of the
town, and is open daily to the pubHc on payment of a small fee for admission.
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412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.*
The Museum is fortunate in possessing the valuable collection of Archseo-
logical Relics found during the excavation of the Crannog at Lochlee. It
must be mentioned, however, that the managers of the Museum seem to be
unaware of the importance of these objects, with the result that they are piled
on the shelves, or laid in the cases in a way tliat renders them neither
instructive to the student of archaeology nor attractive to the general public.
They have been fully described and illustrated in Dr Munro's Ancient Scottish
Lake Dwellings,
A libraiy of about 600 volumes, relating to Bums, and a number of portraits,
are also in the Museum, besides the following Antiquities and Ethnographical
objects : —
Old Baptismal Bowl of pewter, about 9 inches in diameter, formerly used
in the Laigh Kirk, Kilmarnock ; and two Tokens of the same.
Hand-Bell of bronze, dated 1639 ; and two old Swords.
Collection of MSS. of Bums, and a number of other holograph Documents.
The Ethnographical objects consist of a collection from Zululand, compris-
ing:—
One Assegai, and the Head of another ; two Daggers, and two Stabbing
Knives ; three Smoking Pipes ; five Spoons of wood ; ** Meecha " of hare skin,
for wearing round the waist; Beads of blue and white, " worn by Cetewayo's
wife ; " a Pillow or Head-rest of wood, and a Medicine Bag — all from Zululand ;
Basuto Bangles of brass and copper wire ; a Necklace of straw ; and an iron-
headed Axe.
Maxwbllton, Dumfries.
The Museum in Maxwellton, Dumfries, is contained in a building called
the Observatory, and is open to the public on payment of a small admission
fee. From an archaeological point of view, the Museum is very fortunate in
possessing the valuable collection of Cypriote Pottery which was presented
in 1884 by Sir James Anderson.
The following is a Hst of the Scottish Antiquities in the collection : —
Arrow-head, with barbs and stem — found at Kirkmichael, Dumfriesshire.
Axe of granitic stone, 8^ inches in length by 2§ inches across the cutting
edge, and much weathered on the surface — found in Annandale.
Axe of daystone, 5 inches in length by 2| inches across the cutting edge,
imperfect — ^found at Carruthers, Middlebie, Dumfriesshire.
Hammer-head of greenstone, perforated, 9§ inches in length by 4^ inches
in greatest width — found at Maxwellton.
Hammer-head of compact sandstone, perforated, 9| x 5 inches — ^found in
the Moat of Troqueer, Dumfries.
Hammer-head of compact sandstone, partially perforated from each side,
11| inches in length by 4} inches across — found near Dumfries.
Hammer-head of sandstone, perforated, 10| inches in length by 4§ inches
across — found at Eockhall, Dumfriesshire.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 413
Hammer-head of greenstone, perforated, 8X3} inches — found under an
old house in Howgate, Maxwellton.
Hammer-head of greenstone, perforated, lOf x 4 inches — no locality is
assigned to this specimen, but it was probably found in the neighbour-
hood.
Whorl of shalestone, 1^ inch in diameter — found on the site of a Lake
Dwelling in Loch Button, Kirkcudbrightshire ; and three other Whorls,
without localities.
Two large " Knockin'-Stanes," without localities.
Five conical Upper Stones of Querns, one Lower Stone of a Pot Quern, five
large and perfect Querns, and two flat Upper Stones of Querns — ^all found in
Dumfriesshire, but without any precise localities.
There are also a number of fragments of Cornices and Mouldings from old
buildings in the neighbourhood.
Flat Piece of Wood, 4 feet in length — found in Lochar's Moss.
Half of an oval- shaped Bead of jet, and two portions of two Beads of shale
— apparently Scottish.
Wooden Pile, about 6 feet in length — from a Lake Dwelling in Castle Loch,
Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire.
Tripod Ewer of brass, perfect, lOj inches in height — without a locality.
Two old three-legged Cooking Pots of brass, one 11^ inches, and the other
12 inches in height. The largest pot has been polished on one side, and the
following inscription engraved on it : — " This ancient Roman Brass Pot found
in Lochend Loch a few years ago, presented by Adam Rankine 1852."
Large Bell, 18 inches in height and 16^ inches across the mouth, presented
by the Lord of Torthorwald, probably either to the old church of St Michael
or to the Greyfriars Monastery, aud bearing the following inscription in old
English capitsds : + wilhelm : de : oarleil : dominus : de : torthobvat.de : me :
FECIT : FIERI : + IN : HONORE : SANCTI : MICHAELIS : ANNO : DOMINI I M1LLESS1M0 I
cccc : xxxx : iii :
L:on Axe-Head, 14^ inches in length, found near the ruins of Sweetheart
Abbey ; a fine basket-hilted Broadsword, from the Tower of London after the
fire ; an antique swivel Spring Gun of wood and iron, found in Glenson Garden,
Maxwellton ; the Bell and Drum used by the old town-crier, Dumfries, and an
old Kettledrum; the old brass Standard Weights and three Standard
Measures, dated 1707, and originally used in Dumfries ; an old English half-
gallon Measure ; three large iron Keys, and an old Handcuff, from the old
Jail, Dumfries ; an old Anchor, found 6 feet under the ground at Priestside on
the Solway ; a " Brass Blunderbuss which belonged to Paul Jones," and a copy
of Euclid, with his signature ** John PauU ; " two Snuff-Boxes, MSS., and a
Trunk, relics of Bums the Poet; and the ^* Carved Panels of the Blanket Chest
of the notorious Grierson of Lag ; " two old silken Banners of Dumfries ; a
pair of wooden Candlesticks, formerly used in St Michael's Church, Dum-
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414
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETT, APRIL 23, 1888.
fries ; a rouild-bellied Bottle of glass, found in the Solway, with oyster shells
adhering to it; a curiously-formed Bottle of glass, found in Lochar Moss,
and another Bottle of glass, without a locality ; a pair of ancient Brogues,
found in excavating near the site of the old parish church of Kirkconnell ;
an Impression in wax of the Great Seal of
Scotland of the time of Queen Anne ; four
War Scythes, used in Prince Charles' army,
and left at Ecclefechan in 1746 ; the " Pocket
Book of Old Mortality," and the original
Memorandum of the expenses of his funeral.
The bronze Figure of an Ecclesiastic (fig.
21), 4 inches in length, holding a book in his
left hand against his breast, and with his right
hand extended in the act of benediction. This
figure, which was found at Holywood, is
described and engraved in the Proceedings of
this Society, vol. xvi. p. 417.
Of foreign Archaeological objects in this
collection, there are —
Three Arrow-Heads of flint, from North
America.
Four perfect and finely-formed Arrow-heads
of grey flint j two Cores of obsidian, and four
Flakes of the same — all from Mexico.
A collection of stone and bone Implements,
said to be all from an Indian mound near
New Albany, Indiana, United States, but it is
very doubtful if all the articles mentioned are
from one mound. The collection consists of —
(1) Twenty Arrow and Spear Heads of flint,
of various types.
(2) Small flat Pebble of granite, 1§ inch in
lengtli by 1\ inch wide, with a groove round
the centre ; and (3) a small Pebble of green-
stone, Ij inch in length by IJ inch in breadth,
also with a groove round the centre.
(4) Small triangular-shaped Axe of granite,
2 1 inches in length by if inch across the
cutting edge, which is polished.
(5) Axe of granite, 4 J inches in length by 2 J inches across the cutting edge,
and oval in outline.
(6) Axe of whinstone, 4 inches in length and Ij inch across the cutting
edge, square shaped and polished.
Fig. 21. Bronze Figure of an
Ecclesiastic in the Maxwell-
town Museum, Dumfries.
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KEPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 415
(7) Axe of granite, 5| inches in length by 2 J across the cutting edge, \vhich
is polished.
(8) Axe of granitic stone, 6^ inches in length and 3^ inches across the
widest part, and abraded at the cutting edge.
(9) Axe of granitic stone, 8 inches in length by 3 j inches across the cutting
edge, which is' polished.
(10) Four small round Beads of stone, the largest of which measures 1
inch in diameter, and the smallest § of an inch.
(11) Forty-eight Implements, and portions of Implements of bone, two or
three of which are pins and two needles ; the others are mostly in a frag-
mentary condition.
(12) Portion of petrified Charcoal.
A collection from a Shell-Mound or Kitchen-Midden at Wanganui, New
Zealand, consisting of —
(1) Forty-four Flakes of obsidian ; (2) a small rudely-formed and partly
polished Axe of lava ; (3) a small pointed fragment of jade called a " Carving
Tool;" (4) a small Chip of jade, unworked ; (5) a small Pendent Ornament of
stone ; (6) fragments of Bones of the extinct Moa; (7) several small Pebbles
of quartz ; (8j and two small Bones of a human foot.
Fine and perfect Mere-mere of basalt, 14^ inches in length — ^from New
Zealand.
Vase of black Peruvian ware, imperfect — found in one of the Chincha
Islands, off the coast of Peru.
Axe of bronze, socketed, 3^ inches in length by 2 inches across the cutting
edge — found in Buckinghamshire, England.
Arrow-Head of bone, without a locality.
Two Roman Urns, found in Bedfordshire, — ^viz., (1) 6 inches in height by
8^ inches £u;ross the mouth, and gradually distending downwards to about 5
inches in diameter at the middle ; (2) eight inches in height by 4| inches
across the mouth, and about 6| inches in diameter at the middle, and orna-
mented round the middle with a broad band of slanting lines crossing each
other.
A small collection of Egyptian Antiquities, consisting of four small Munmiy
Figures of green glazed ware, and another of wood ; a head of Te&e, in stone ;
the Head of a female figure ; a symbolic Eye, in green glazed ware ; the signet
portion of a Ring of bronze ; two small Casts of Gods ; two Mummy Hands ;
a small fragment of Linen, with an inscription in hieroglyphics ; and the Lid
of a Canoptic vase, in the shape of a human head.
Piece of Mosaic — from an ancient temple at Symma.
Four small triangular-shaped Arrow-Heads of bronze.
A collection of about 160 specimens of Cyprus Pottery, presented to the
Museum by Sir James Anderson, and consisting of Amphora^ Ampulla,
Lekythoif Hydria, Krateres, Paterce, (Enoeha, Pelinoi, Sc. Many of these
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416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 28, 1888.
objects are very rare. There are also two bronze Mirrors, and the portion of
a bronze Mirror Case — also from Cyprus.
Bronze Quiver, square-shaped, and ornamented in relief— found near
Moeri, on the coast of Syria.
The following is a list of the Ethnographical objects in the collection : —
Eskimo. — Six small Spoons of walrus ivory ; a Bow-Drill of ivory, plain,
and the half of another, ornamented with engravings of deer, men, &c. ; a Cup
of walrus ivory, with wooden bottom, and the sides of the cup engraved with
figures of deer, birds, men, &c. ; three large Knives, resembling small spades,
with walrus ivory handles, and oval-shaped copperheads ; a Meat Chopper (?),
of copper, with ivory handle ; a Bibbon of skin, with a thick copper ring
hanging from it, probably for wearing round the neck ; and a pointed Imple-
ment of walrus ivory, attached to a short chain of walrus ivory links.
North and South America. — Two pairs of Indian Moccasins ; three
Hammocks of grass, made by the Buck Indians of Tap£u;ooma, Lake
Essequibo, British Guiana ; an Indian Bow and five Arrows with wooden
heads, which belonged to the Nak-ne-nuh tribe of Botocudos.
Africa. — Military Accoutrements of a Bedouin chief, c6nsisting of a shield,
two spears, a dagger, a cuiTed knife, sword, quiver of poisoned arrows, and a
bow ; Native Dress of linen covered with feathers ; two Nose Ornaments,
being two blue glass beads, each attached to a small socket of bone — from
the West Coast ; thirteen Assegais ; one very small and one very large
Shield ; ten Zulu Bangles of coiled brass wire ; three Zulu Pipes of red
clay ; two Zulu Hairpins of wood, with tlie top of each decorated with a small
tuft of feathers ; a Tobacco-Pouch of fibre ; a Dagger with its Sheath ; a Zulu
Head-dress of eagles' feathers and a monkey s skin ; two Zulu Spoons, and
two Zulu Snuff-Bottles of wood, each 8^ inches in length ; a Calabash of
vegetable rind ; a shallow Bowl of wood, with four feet ; a Hat of fibre ; a
Pillow or Head-rest of wood ; a water Bottle and a Bowl, both of vegetable
rind ; a Drum or hollow cylinder of wood, covered with skin at one end,
&c. — all from Zululand ; a Spindle, with Thread, and a Whorl of red ware
— ^from the Gambia.
Australia. — A rude Club, used for killing game — ^from New South Wales; two
wooden Spears, with notched barbs on the head of each — ^from Port Darwin ;
two NuUa-NuUaSj one of which has a knobbed head ; and a Boomerang.
South Sea Islands. — Five Spears, with projecting barbs of hardwood
fastened on the head of each ; three small and elaborately carved Paddles»
probably from Mangaia, Hervey Islands ; large Club, with knobbed and
pointed head, from the Fiji Islands, and another short Club, with knobbed
head, and a Bow, both from the same place ; a Club, with a pick-shaped head,
probably from New Guinea; six poisoned Arrows, with fine pointed bone
heads — ^from Tahurawe, Sandwich Islands; an Arrow, with a bone head, from
Otaheite ; a Sarong or Cloak of Tapu bark, 7 feet 6 inches in length by 2 feet
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BEPOKT ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 417
6 inches in breadth — from the Friendly Islands; two small net Baskets, from
Tasmania; three Spears, with carved heads, and another Spear, 9 feet 4
inches in length, the head of which is armed with over 100 fish-spine bones ;
a string of Beads formed of small sections of cane, and measuring about 50 feet
in length; two very rude Bows, and three rude Arrows, each of which is
pointed with a common iron nail tied to the shaft — said to be from the
Andaman Islands ; an Apron of grass, worn round the waist by the natives of
New Guinea; two Spoons of cocoa-nutshell, a Bangle of pearl shell, a wooden
Bowl, a Dagger of wood, and the Model of a small Canoe — all from Lord
North Island ; a Fish-hook of wood and bone, from the Sandwich Islands ;
and two other Fish-hooks.
India, do. — Spear used by the Looshai people ; several figures of Buddha,
&c., and a small collection of Models, showing the different styles of dress
worn in India ; and a Javanese Dagger with its Sheath ; a Malay Skull,
and two other unknown Skulls.
Dumfries, Dumfbiesshirb.
The Dumfriesshire Natural History and Antiquarian Society possesses no
Museum, properly speaking, but the following objects of Archaeological
interest are exhibited in their meeting room : —
Perforated Hammer of whinstone, 11| inches in length by 4} inches in
greatest breadth and 2^ inches in tiiiclmess — ^fou^d in the parish of Kirk-
michael, Dumfriesshire.
Perforated Hammer of coarse-grained whinstone, 7^ inches in length by 4^
inches across the widest part, and 2^ inches in thickness, much worn at the
ends — found at BamCleuch, Irongray, Dumfriesshire.
Upper end of a perforated Hammer of coarse-grained whinstone, with the
perforation complete, 6 inches in length by 4^ inches in breadth, and 2^
inches thick — also found at Bamcleuch, Irongray, Dumfriesshire.
Half of the upper end of a perforated Hammer of whinstone, 6 inches in
length by 4 inches in breadth and 1^ inch in thickness — ^found in the parish
of Holywood, Dumfriesshire.
Smsdl cup-shaped Urn of clay, 2^ inches in height and 3 inches in diameter
at 1^ inch from the bottom, contracting to 2^ inches in diameter at the top
and IJ inch across the bottom — found with small pieces of bone in excavat-
ing at the Greystone, Greystone Park, Dumfries. This urn is figured in the
Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and OaUotoay Natural History and
Antiquarian Society ^ 1887, p. 40.
Jougs of iron, with manacles, found in digging in Assenlbly Street, Dum-
fries.
Old Pickaxe of iron, found when digging the foundation of Greyfriars'
Church, Dumfries.
VOL. XXIL 2 D
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418 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Old Sword-blade — ^found in Lochar Moss, Dumfriesshire.
Portion of an old Spur — found when taking down the old church, DutnMes.
Old Flint-lock Pistol, with wooden butt.
Berwick, Berwickshire.
The Museum in Berwick occupies the top floor of a building called " The
Institute.'' In the same building tliere is a School of Science and Art and a
Reading Room. At the time of my visit the Museum had been turned into a
" Jubilee Exhibition," and it was a little difficult to distinguish what was the
property of the Museum and what was on loan for exhibition. As the Curator
of the Museum was absent, T was unable to gain access to the cases, and was
therefore unable to measure the antiquities.
The following is a list of the Scottish Archaeological objects in the Museum : —
Large Scraper of flint, almost circular in shape — found at Penmanshiel,
Berwickshire.
Leaf-shaped Arrow-head, found at Slains Castle, Aberdeenshire.
Axe of clay stone, 5 J inches in length by 2 J inches in breadth and 1 inch
in thickness, and having the cutting-edge finely polished — found on the
Palinsbum Estate, Berwickshire. This axe is figured and described in the
Proceedings of Berwickshire Naturalists^ Club, vol. viii. p. 165, and pi. ii. fig. 4.
Axe of claystone, 4| inches in length by 2^ inches across the cutting edge —
found at Dykegatehead, parish of Whitsome, Berwickshire ; figured and
described in Proc. B. N, Club, vol. viii. p. 165, and pi. iL fig. 5.
Axe of greenstone, found on the farm of Brainshaugh ; and a small Axe of
claystone, found at Sutherland ; Axe of indurated sandstone and an Axe of
claystone, both found at Cocklaw, Berwickshire ; and two Axes, without
localities, but probably found in the neighbourhood.
Axe or Adze of greenstone, 6^ inches in length by 3 inches across the cutting
edge, and tapering to a blunt point at the butt, and having a deep groove
picked all round at a distance of 2^ inches from the butt-end — ^found at
Lumsdean, parish of Coldingham, Berwickshire ; figured and described in
Proc B. N, Club, vol. viii. p. 162, and pi. i. fig. 4.
Adze or Hoe of greywacke, 6} inches in length by 3J inches across the
cutting edge, with a perforation 1 inch in diameter bored through the flat
face — found on the farm of Broomdykes, Berwickshire ; figured and described
in the Proc, B, N. Club, tol. viii p. 161, and pi. i. fig. 2.
Axe-hammer of greywacke, 7| inches in length by 4^ inches in greatest
breadth and 2^ inches in thickness, with a haft-hole drilled through the flat
side — found at Paxton House, parish of Hutton, Berwickshire ; figured and
described in the Proc, B. N. Club, vol. viii. p. 160, and pi. L fig. 1.
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 419
Whorl of sandstone — found at Milne Graden, Coldstream, Berwickshire ; and
a large rude Whorl of granitic stone — found in Selkirkshire.
Pebble of quartz, with a picked hollow on each side — found near Ednam,
Roxburghshire.
Oval-shaped Pebble of greenstone, 3^ x 2 J inches, with a shallow picked
hollow on each side— found near the village of Horndean, parish of Lady-
kirk, Berwickshire ; figured in Proc, B. N, Club, vol. viii. p. 1(S3, and pL i.
fig. 3.
Three perfect Upper Stones of Querns, and fragments of five others — all
found in the neighbourhood of Berwick.
Fragments of the Rim of a large cinerary Urn, with burnt bones — found at
Reston, parish of Coldingham, Berwickshire.
Urn of drinking-cup type, about 8 inches in height by 6 across the mouth,
ornamented with two bands of triangles filled in with hatched lines ; Urn
of food-vessel type, about 6 inches in height by 7 inches in widest diameter,
ornamented with a rude band of zigzags round the top ; and a small cup-
shaped Urn, about 2J inches in height by 3 inches in diameter, unorna-
mented — all three said to have been found at Merton, Berwickshire.
Large piece of Amber — found at SpittaL
Five-sided Bead of opaque crystal — " found in a tomb in lona, and used as
an amulet."
Lot of bone Beads (some formed of the enamel crowns of teeth) — " found in
a tumulus in Orkney."
The original Charter of the lands of Milldown, Coldingham, granted by
King Robert the Bruce to Adam, son of Allen, dated 14th January 1327.
Deed, showing a grant of a piece of land in Ravensdown, by Queen Eliza-
beth, dated 1568.
Old MS. Diary, with the following entry on the opened page : — " 3rd June
1728. I had a line from Rob Roy to meet him this week at (?) Drunky, but I
caused my son to write I could not"
Collection of old Bank Cheques ; old Note-Book of the County of
Northumberland, dated 1663 ; Autograph Letter of Sir Walter Scott ; Auto-
graph of Thomas Bewick, the artist ; old Playbill of Kilkenny Theatre, dated
Saturday, 7th October 1809.
A Hinge of the postern gate, from the Castle of Berwick ; an iron Key,
about 13 inches in length, found in Western Lane, Berwick ; a large square
iron Padlock with Key ; a Stirrup of brass and an old iron Spur ; an old
Dagger dug np near the battlefield of Flodden ; an old Spinning Wheel of
wood ; two human Skulls ; a Snuff-Box, with a medallion portrait ; a large
Anchor dredged up at sea off Berwick ; the Hand Printing-Press on which
the Bermck Advertiser yv^s first printed in 18oS ; portion of a Sculptured Stone,
showing the date 1632, and the initials J.G. N.K.; small Man-Trap of iron.
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420 PBOCKEDINGS OF THE SOCIBTY, APRIL 23, 1888.
Of foreign Archaeological objects, there are —
Arrow-head of flint — said to have been found at Cheswick, Camberland,
but certainly from North America.
Spear-head of flint, about 4 inches in length— found in Kentucky, United
States.
Two Axes of greenstone, one with a groove round the top — both from
Kentucky ; and a large spearhead-like Implement of cherty stone — from the
same State.
Long narrow chisel-like Axe of greenstone — ^from Canada.
Small Axe of lava, and another small Axe of jadeite, and a ruje Disc of
jadeite ground at the edge— all from New Zealand.
Sniall collection of ancient Pottery, from Cyprus, numbering about 50
pieces, several of which are imperfect
Two small terra-cotta Lamps— probably Roman ; two Egyptian Images of
green glazed ware ; and a portion of a marble Pillar, said to be from the
temple of Diana at Ephesus.
Old Knife or Dagger Handle of brass, dug up near the line of the old
Roman Wall ; it represents a man playing on the bagpipes, and has been
assigned by Canon Greenwell to the fourteenth century.
Of Ethnograpical objects, there are in this collection—
China and India, d;c — A small collection of Chinese Hats, Shoes, &c.; and
a few unimportant objects from India are scattered through the Museum. A
Siamese Organ, formed of fourteen tubes of bamboo, arranged in two rows of
seven each, and bound together ; and two Suits of Armour, from Japan, &c.
SotUh Sea Islands. — Eight Clubs of various forms and sizes — no localities ;
a Spear about 7 feet in length barbed at the point with three rows of sharks' teeth,
and another about 11 feet in length, armed with two rows of sharks' teeth and
three arm-like projections at one side, also armed with sharks' teeth — from the
Gilbert Islands ; seven large Spears, mostly barbed with hardwood, &c — ^no
localities ; a Bow and a lot of Arrows — from Bougainville Island, Solomon Group ;
a Ring of white shell, 4^ inches in diameter— said to be a bracelet of the Aus-
tralian aborigines, but more probably from the South Sea Islands ; two large
pearl and bone Fish-hooks ; and an Idol of wood — from the Solomon Islands, &c
Australia, — Necklace of small beads and human teeth, and portion of
another Necklace of bamboo ; a grotesque Idol of wood, 15 inches in height,
and painted red and black, more probably from one of the islands of the South
Pacific ; one Boomerang, three ordinary Clubs or Waddies, and a Womerah ;
and a NuUa-NnUa, with a knobbed head, from Queensland.
Africa. — ^Two Zulu Assegais ; two iron-headed Spears ; Calabash of v^etable
rind ; the Head-dress of a South African chief, consisting of a string of several
hundred small white beads about \ inch in diameter.
North and South America* — Two Eskimo Purses of leather, one ornamented
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REPORTS ON LOCAL MUSEUMS IN SCOTLAND. 421
with beads ; a collection of Indian Bows andAitows ; a pair of Indian Moccasins,
and a single Moccasin ; a Match Pouch decorated with beads, made by the North
American Indians, and another Pouch decorated with beads, and two Bracelets
of copper ; six Cassava Dishes, from the West India Islands ; and a South
American Bolas, with three stones.
SUMMARY.
The general result of this Survey may be summed up in few words, so far as
the special branch of knowledge in which we are more particularly interested is
concerned.
The Archaeological collections existing in local Museums in Scotland are poor
and fragmentary. There is no exception to this. Some are richer than others,
owing to the presence of special finds, but there is not one of all the collections
which can be said to be fairly representative either of the Archaeology of the
district or of Scotland. In point of fact, the case may be even more strongly
and yet truthfully stated. If the National Museum were non-existent, and if
all the contents of all the local Museums (so far as these contents are known
to be Scottish) were brought together, they would fail to furnish the materials
for a systematic Archaeology of Scotland, as we now know it To take a strik-
ing instance. In the Museum at Forres, which is the nearest to the Culbin
Sands, I found that extraordinarily rich locality represented by a dozen arrow-
heads ; while the result of the systematic effort made by the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland to ascertain the capabilities of the Culbin Sands as an
Archaeological index, has been the accumulation in the National Museum of
upwards of 15,000 specimens, chiefly of Flint and Stone Implements ; while
from another sandy district in the south of Scotland, which is scarcely re-
presented in any local Museum, we have amassed about 10,000 specimens.
The principal defects of local Museums are— (1) that they are not sufficiently
local in character, and (2) that they have not been systematic in the formation
of their collections. They have not made it their business to tell any par-
ticular story from beginning to end, either of science, or history, or locality,
and the fragmentary stories they do try to tell are so incompletely and un-
systematically set forth, that they are unintelligible to the public This
applies not only to the Archaeological and Ethnographical collections, but to
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422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
the Natural History and Geology, both general and local. It is true that a
local Museum can never hope to possess a systematic collection of general
Natural History or Geology, or Archaeology or Ethnography ; but while the
space that is taken up with attempts at illustrating these is often, usefully
occupied with typical specimens, which interest and stimulate the inquiring
faculties of the young, it is worse than wasted if it prevents the formation of
one or more representative collections of purely local objects. In the Peebles
Museum, for instance, there is a room devoted to the county of Peebles, and a
most interesting collection it is, but it wants to be spread out and systematised,
in order to become instructive.
The true function of local Museums is to foster the education of observation
in their own districts, by showing (1) that all the natural sciences can be
studied and illustrated from the local areas, so far as the materiab exist in
them ; and (2) that these materials do exist in every local area, to an extent
and in a variety and abundance which become surprising, when once they
are made known by a systematically arranged collection. It seems to have
been forgotten that science is essentially local in its details, and that the basis
of true scientific education mast always be an intimate and exhaustive know-
ledge of its various materials as they present themselves in different localities.
But with all their defects, in almost every local Museum that we have seen,
there is some valuable feature which only needs to be fostered and developed
in a systematic direction, in order to give the institution an outstanding
individuality. In many Museums there already exists a nucleus of local
collections which, if extended and completed, would make the institution an
effective instrument of education in several branches of science. But for these
purposes they all want the energetic co-operation of a local Society — a body of
real workers animated by the enthusiasm engendered in the pursuit of science
for its own sake, and directed in their efforts by the common desire of making
their Museum a local commentary on the sciences of Zoology, Botany, Geology,
Mineralogy, and Archaeology.
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ORNAMENTED CHALICE OF SILVER.
423
VIII.
NOTICE OF A FINELY ORNAMENTED CHALICE OF SILVER, PARCEL-
GILT. THE PROPERTY OF R. B. JE. MACLEOD, Esq. of Cadboll. By
NORMAN MACPHERSON, LL.D., Sheriff of Galloway, Vice-President.
It is to be regretted that so little is known respecting this cup or
chalice (Fig. 1.), remarkable no less for the grace of its form than for
that of the twelve engraved panels on its bowl.
Fig. 1. Chalice of Silver, the property of R. B. M, Macleod, Esq.,
of Cadboll.
It was exhibited in Edinburgh at the International Exhibition of
1886, by R B. JE, Macleod, Esq., of Cadboll, in Ross-shire, who has
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424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APBIL 23, 1888.
allowed it also to be exhibited here, and to be reproduced in electrotype
for the Museum.
All he could tell of its history was that when Invergordon Castle was
burned, less than a century ago, this cup and another (both silver, parcel-
gilt) were saved, and that family tradition said that one or both were
spoil from a ship of the Spanish Armada, wrecked on the island of
Lewis, and thus came into the hands of the chief of the Lewis branch of
Macleods from whom the Macleods of Cadboll are descended.
On one of the cups, which is of a well-known English type, and bears
an English hall-mark, there is the inscription " 1588, Macleod op "Lews"
in letters and %ures of a style apparently much later than that date.
This suggests that the tradition was associated with that particular cup,
and that the date was put on it in order to preserve the tradition, but
its hall-mark makes it most unlikely that it could have been found in a
Spanish ship.
The other cup (that which has been reproduced, and which is here
illustrated) may possibly be of foreign origin. It has no hall-mark.
In the end of the sixteenth century it was not uncommon to find foreign
plate without hall-marks, and the same want was common in Scotland,
although it was contrary to Act of Parliament to omit them. As the
cup has been repaired, the original stalk or base may have borne a hall-
mark which has been lost.
My first desire was to compare this cup with other Celtic plate,
but the result of inquiry with regard to a good many Highland
families, is, that I am led to believe that, unless in the case of the
Dunvegan cups and one or two others, no pre-Ref ormation plate survives,
and whoever has read Highland history must know that neither the
footing on which the chiefs lived with each other, nor their relations
with the Government, were favourable to the preservation of plate, and
that the probability is that all was either plundered or melted down.
Had the Lyon King's jurisdiction been more deferred to than that of
the Crown was, the shield engraved in the centre of the cup (fig. 2)
might have had something to reveal as to its age, as well as the letters
M and N on either side of it.
The engraving of the shield is as inferior to that of the ring within
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ORNAMENTED CHALICE OF SILVER.
425
which it is found as it is to that of the rest of the cup, and is evidently
more modern; and the charges correspond with those of no known
shield.
Beyond all doubt, Highlanders were in the habit of assuming, quarter-
ing, and impaling arms at their own pleasure, and with little reference
to the Lyon King or the rules of Heraldry. Therefore it is somewhat rash
to build on inferences to be drawn from the shield. Castles, lymphads,
and lions are too appropriate to West Highland life to suggest much ;
Macleods, Macdonalds, and Macleans all at some time have borne them
on their escutcheons. But here we have one charge not to be seen on
any West Highland shield, probably not on any Scottish shield, except
Fig. 2. Shield Engraved in the
Bottom of the Cup.
Fig. 3. Shield of
Maclean, from the
MS. of Sir David
Lindsay.
that of Maclean, namely, the two eagles' heads erased aflfront^e of the
third quarter.
On the earliest known painted shield of Dowart, viz., that given in
Mr Stodart's work, and taken from the armorial MS. of Sir David
Lindsay the younger (fig. 3), the castle occupies the first quarter.*
^ This unofficial MS. Roll is dated 1601-3. A few years before that date,
Maclean of Dowart was brought to Edinburgh on the charges of destroying whole-
sale the inhabitants of Eigg, Rum, and Canna, and (in the eyes of the Govern-
ment) the still more unpardonable offence of blowing up the Spanish ship ''Florida"
at Tobermory. To avoid trial, he submitted himself to the pleastire of the king.
Can it be that, while in durance in the castle awaiting the declaration of that pleasure,
he felt so confident of the result that he amused himself matriculating his arms ?
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426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
The present shield of Maclean of Dowart has neither castle nor
lion. For the former a rock has been substituted, and for the latter
a hand holding a cross crosslet fitch^e. On several lona tombs, said
to be those of Macleans of Dowart, the hero's shields have a dragon, and
on one there appears a castle such as that engraved on the cup ; while
on a tomb called, on what authority I know not, Maclean of Boss, a lion
is found instead of the dragon.^
We thus find that all the charges of the shield on the cup might have
appeared on a Maclean shield in the end of the sixteenth century.
Have we anything to connect the shield with the Macleods in whose
possession the cup is found ?
The CadboU arms have been several times matriculated of recent
years; they now contain neither castle nor lion. The castle was the
characteristic of the Dunvegan Macleods, as a burning mountain was of
those of Lewis, but a galley is found on the Macleod tomb at lona ; and
certainly, whatever their authority, the Macleods of the Lewis branch
have sometimes carried a lion, and the Cadboll matriculated shield of 1784
shows a castle. Thus we have on the shield in the cup three charges
that might equally represent either Macleans or Macleods. Either famUy,
therefore, wishing to record an occasion in which both had a common
interest, might have had this shield engraved. Such an occasion might
be found either in a raid by the one clan, the result of which was
that the house of the other was plundered, or when a hollow peace was
to be soldered up by a marriage.
Such a marriage occurred shortly before the arrival of the Spanish
Armada, when Ruari Macleod of Lews married a daughtei^ of Lachlan
Maclean of Dowart, who blew up the " Florida." There were also, it
is believed, marriages between Macleans and the Macleods of Assynt,
who were often, as were some of those of Lewis, known by the great
family name of Niel or Nielson. Is this the meaning of the letter N ?
and is this lion meant for the impaling of the Macleod shield, the letter
M standing for Maclean? The eagles' heads demonstrate that a Maclean
must have been undoubtedly connected in some way with the cup.
^ PJoth Maclean of Lochbuy and Maclean of Ardgour now carry both lion and
cnstle.
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0RNA3IENTED CHALICE OF SILVER. 427
The conclusion come to is, that the shield does not exclude the possi-
bility of the cup having come into the hands of Macleod as early as the
time of the Armada.
That, however, tells us very little, and leaves open what is really the
question of interest, whether the ornament on the cup can speak more
definitely.
The ornamentation is unlike that on any old British cup known to
me, and still less resembles any Spanish plate exhibited in this country
or figured in works treating of silver plate.
The bowl, the handle, and the base of this cup seem to be of different
dates and character. Eound the base is a circle f of an inch broad-
stamped continuously (not engraved) with a simple well-known Celtic
pattern. It is interesting to observe that the Losset brooch or reliquary,
of which also a reproduction has been recently acquired by the Society,
has a surrounding base of similarly stamped repetitions of the same Celtic
device on a somewhat larger scale. The use of such stamped patterns
was very common among Scotch silversmiths.
The stalk of the cup is of a form resembling that of many commu-
nion cups of the post-Reformation period. It is ornamented with an
engraved pattern, which seems to be of Renaissance type, and yet is not
so unlike some of the patterns on the bowl as to be pronounced with
certainty the work of a different hand.
The bowl is hammered and formed with great accuracy. The panels,
too, are set off with care, but are not absolutely identical in size. It
is in the engraved ornament of these panels that the great interest of
this cup centres. Taken as a whole, they render the cup unique; yet
each detail of ornament may almost be said to be common to the whole
world. For instance, four of the panels and part of a fifth show inter-
lacing ribbon patterns, with pegs or rivets. The remainder show forms
familiar in Byzantine art, and such as we see in France in the twelfth
century, in the Highlands down to the Reformation, and certainly not
unknown in England in the time of Queen Elizabeth.
Still probably the ornamentation may give aid in determining the age
of the cup. It may be affirmed with some confidence, that at no period
within the two hundred years, from the time of the Armada to that of
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428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APEIL 23, 1888.
o
PQ
I
a
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■i
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ORNAMENTED CHAUCE OF SILVER
429
a,
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430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888^
the burning of Invergorden Castle, was the state of art or of taste such
that we should expect such ornaments to be engraved on silver plate.
No doubt, any time since the commencement of the Celtic furor, half
a century ago, one familiar with Celtic ornament in its various stages prior
to the Keformation, might have devised similar patterns, but, so far as
we have been able to observe, no one ever did.
I find nothing that certainly fixes its date. As has been said, probably
each of the different patterns on the twelve panels may be found some-
where else; but probably nowhere except in the West Highlands could
they all be found in use at the same date; and the more one looks at
them collectively, the stronger does the impression become that they are
all pervaded by an lona tone and feeling, and are probably the work of
the sixteenth century, by some one thoroughly familiar with the sculp-
tured stones of the west, and specially of Argyleshire.
But whoever executed or directed the execution of the engraving did
not slavishly copy a West Highland modeL Any one used to designing
Celtic tombstones may well have given instructions for the style of orna-
ment adopted, or a stranger artist, struck with the style of the sculptured
stones, may have endeavoured to adapt it to a different kind of work. If
the interlacing patterns were engraved by the hand of an experienced
Celtic artist, the interlacing has in no case been correctly carried out, as
some of the straps either drop out of sight, or are run into others ;
but this may be explained perhaps by the want of room caused by the
tapering of the panels.
Tombstones were often divided into compartments ornamented with
figures partly geometric and partly floriated. Here we find several panels
containing more than one pattern; from the smallness of the panels and
their tapering shape many of the details are omitted. The workmen
have not had exact models prepared for their work, and so the patterns
have not always been correctly placed in the spaces alloted, and in two
cases (Nos. 4 and 9) one of an interlacing pattern and one where several
patterns are in one panel, vacant spaces have been left so large that
another hand has inserted some work, evidently to take off the effect of
the resulting bareness. In those panels where the ornament consists
mainly of floriation, two specialties are to be observed; — first, that the leaf
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ORNAMENTED CHALICE OF SILVER. 431
adopted is not the small three-pointed leaf so common on the older stones,
but the large leaf with few indentations ; and secondly, that whereas in
the West Highland stones a series of leaves is rarely found all on one side
of a stalk, and very rarely branch off on both sides at the same point,
but are generally set alternately on different sides of a waving stalk,
here, except at the bottom of one panel (No. 2), and in the ring surrounding
the coat of arms, the waving line with alternating leaves never appears.
The leaf adopted for the engraving is found generally on stones of a late
date.
Panels No. 6 and 11 are the most peculiar, and the most suggestive of
a late date.
In the middle of the one panel where leaves appear on alternate sides
of the stalk, it will be observed that an interlacing pattern has been
introduced. It is interesting to note the same thing occur in a
carved panel of a wooden pulpit in the Museum, the date of which is
1594.
Any one wishing to compare the work on the cup with that on the
sculptured stones, has only to turn to the works of Dr Stuart and Mr
Drummond. The following plates are suggested for comparison : — in
Stuart, vol. ii. plates xxiv. and xxv., and in Drummond, 12, 19, 31,
35, 65, 85, and 86.
It would not be right, in considering who may possibly have been the
artist of this cup, to ignore the Highland ceard — a name now nearly
equivalent to the "tinker" in the Lowlands. The degradation of the func-
tions of the ceard is such that it is now as great a reproach among arti-
ficers to be called simply " ceard " as it used to be among the fighting men
of the clan. But the prefixing of the word " Fear " (man) to ceard or ceird
— some hold these different words — at once elevates the person addressed
to a higher platform as a man of art. Of old, indeed, the ceard was the
artist of highest quality, both in Ireland and in Scotland, and to him we
owe the Tara brooch and other beautiful Irish work, and also our recently
acquired CadboU brooch, as well as our Celtic croziers and reliquaries and
bells — aye, and bell-cases too. The ceards worked in gold, silver, copper,
and bronze, and were contrasted with the Gow who wrought in iron. It
were hard to say that some of the successors of those early artists had
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432 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.
not in the sixteenth century eyes and hands equal to the task of designing
or engraving this cup. Down to a veiy recent date, they showed con-
siderable invention in making and engraving brooches, and I am assured
that the hand of the ceard of the Outer Hebrides has not yet quite lost
its cunning, but can still do simple work in silver.
The mere bowl of the ante-Beformation chalice was often entirely
without ornament, — however richly set round some were with finials
and filagree work. May not some such bowl have come into the pos-
session of a chief as plunder, and been given to a ceard to ornament f
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INDEX.
Aberdeen, Free Cliarcli College Museum, Report on,
King's College Museum, Report on, .
Mariscbal College Museum, Report on, .
Aberdeenshire, Collection of Crusies, Peer-Men, &c, from, — Purchased,
Affleck, Forfarshire, Iron Yett at, .
Africa, Iron Axe from, — ^Purchased, .....
Aitchison (James), Carved Pipe-Case of Copper, Exhibited by,
Alexander III., Charter relating to the Trinitarians, by,
Allen (J. R.), The Archfleology of Lighting Appliances, by, .
Donation and Notice of two Carved Scanclinavian Powder-Homs, by,
Alloa, Report on the Local Museum at,] .
Alyth, Donation of Crusie of Iron from, ....
America, North, Donation of two Stone Axes and Flint Arrow-Head, from,
Andaman Islands, two Bows and three Arrows from, — Exhibited, .
Anderson (Dr Arthur), Donation of Stone Axe from Australia, by, .
Anderson (Dr Joseph), Notice of a Bronze Vessel found at Cardross, by,
The Confessions of the Forfar Witches, from the Original Docu
ments, Notice of, by, . .
Report on Local Museums, by, .
Angus, Earl of. Arms of the, at Pinkie House,
Antiquaries of Scotland, Anniversary Meeting of Society of,
— Fellows of. Elected, . \ 1, 7, 33, 62, 109, 131, 164, 172,
Office-Bearers of, Elected,
Members of. Deceased,
Annual Report of,
- Corresponding Member of Society of. Ejected,
Antrim, Notes on a particular kind of Flint Knife found in
Arbroath, Report on the Local Museum at, .
Armourers of Dundee, Notice of the,
Assynt, Sutherlandshire, Sundial from, — Purchased,
Athens, Donation of three small Stone Axes from,
Australia, Stone Axe from, Donation of.
County of,
PAGE
861
356
360
274
314
7
156
27, 28
79
154, 157
355
131
131
275
111, 112
86
241
381
14
1
208, 268
2
8,4,5
6
83
51
372
276
8
84
111, 112
Badge of Silver of Caledonian Horticultural Society, — Purchased, .
VOL. XXII. 2 E
269
Digitized by
Google
434
INDEX.
PAOB
Bain (Joseph), Notes on the Trinitarians or Red Friars in Scotland, &c., by, 26
Balishare, North Uist, fonr Bone Pins from, — Purchased, . 271
Ball of Rock Crystal found in Fife,— Purchased, .... 26a
Ballibeg, Tobacco-Pipe of Iron found at,— Exhibited, ... 85
Balnalick, Notice of the Opening of a Sepulchral Cairn at, . 42
Bronze Blade and Urn found in a Cairn at, . 44, 45, 46
Balveny, Banffshire, lion Yett at, . 291, 292, 295, 805
Banff^ Report on the Local Museum at, .... . 868
Barbadoes, Donation and Notice of eight Shell Axes from, . . 131, 189
Bead of Yitreous Paste, from Strathlachlan, Donation of, . Ill
Begg (R. Bums), Notice of a Crannog in Lochleven, by, . 118
Notice of Trials for Witchcraft at Crook of Devon, Kinross-shire, in
1662, by,
Bell (Rev. Walter), Donation of a Collection of Tokens, by,
Belt-Clasp or Gorget of Brass, — Purchased,,
Berwick, Report on the Local Museum at, .
Berwickshire, Iron Axe-Head found in, — Purchased,
Bigg^» Axe of Polished Flint from, — Purchased, .
Bird (Captain), two Bows and three Arrows from the Andaman Islands, —
Exhibited and Described by, .... . 275
Bissett (Joseph), Donation of three Arrow- Heads from Culbin Sands, . Ill
Black (Geo. F.), Notice of Norwegian Powder-Horns in the Museum, carved
with Charlemagne Subjects, Jcc, by, . 820
Report on Local Museums, by, .... . 881, 856
Bonnar (Thomas), Donation of Jar of Black Ware, by, . . 88
Books Presented to the Library, . 85, 65, 112, 181, 182, 155, 172, 178, 209, 210
Purchased for the Library, . . .10, 275
Borthwick, Lord, Arms of^ at Pinkie House, . 14
Bothwell, Earl of. Arms of, at Pinkie House, .... 18
Bottle-Necks, Donation of two, from Preston Tower, . 208
Box, Embroidered, and Knife, — Purchased, ..... 8
Box of Silver, with Portrait of Charles L and his Queen Henrietta, — Ex-
hibited, 155
Braikie, Forfershire, Iron Yett at, . . . 288, 289, 294, 295, 801
Brass, Brooch o( from Dunnacholla, North XJist,— Purchased, 8
Lion-shaped Ewer of, from Nuremberg,— Purchased, . 7
Bricks, Donation of Romano-British, from Croyland and Woodstone, . 208
Bridge of Allan, Report on the Local Museum at, . .855
Brittany, Bronze Yessel found in a Tumulus in, . ... 40
Brogar, Engraved Stone Sinker found at,— Exhibited and Described, . 210, 266
Bronze Antiquities, Collection of Continental, — Exhibited, . 65
Axe, Socketed, Donation of, found at North Berwick, . 88
Blade found in an Urn at Balnalick, . . . 45, 46
Caldron found at Cardross, — Exhibited, and Notice of, 85, 86
211
154, 155
270
418
8
9
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
435
PAOB
89
89
40
40
89
40
41
40
Dagger Blade, found with Um at Glenluce,— Described and Purchased, 67, 269
Bronze Caldron, found in Kincardine Moss, .
Caldron, found at Parsonstown, Ireland,
Caldron, found in a Tumulus in Brittany,
Caldron, found at Layindsgaard, Denmark,
Caldron, found at Kilkerran, Ayrshire,
Caldron, found at Russikon, Switzerland,
Caldrons, found at HaUstadt, Austria,
Caldrons, found at Siem, Jylland,
— Objects, Hoard of, found at Horsehope,
— Pin, found in Perth, Donation of,
— Spear-Head, &c., from Ayrshire,— Exhibited,
- Spear-Head from Strathaven,— Purchased,
Brooch, Celtic, from Banchory, Beproduction of a, — Purchased,
of Brass from Dunnaholla, North Uist,— Purchased,
Celtic, Reproduction of portion of, found in Orkney, — Purchased,
Lossit, Facsimile of the, — Purchased,
Luckenbooth, of Silver, Engraved,— Purchased,
and Carved Powder-Hom, — Purchased,
Brooches, Two Celtic, found at Eogart,— Purchased, . 271
Three Silver, &c., found at Tummel Bridge, — Purchased, .
Broughton Burn, Rings on the Farm of, .
Browning (Charles), Donation of the Lower Stone of a Pot Quern, by,
Bronze Spear-Head, &c.. Exhibited by, .
Buick (Rev. G. R.), On a particular kind of Flint Knife common in the
county of Antrim, by, .
Cachladhn, Notice, and Donation of Charm Stone found at,
Cadboll Chalice, Notice of, by Prof. Macpherson, .
Cairn, Sepulchral, Notice of the Opening of a, at Balnalick,
Candlestick, earliest use of the word, in English Literature,
Candlesticks of Stone, in the Museum,
of different forms, described, . . .101
Canham (A. S.), Donation of three Hand-Bricks from Croyland, by,
Cardross, Bronze Caldron found at. Exhibition and Notice of,
Carfrae (Robert), Donation of Stone Axes from Greece, by,
Donation of two Javanese Swords, by.
Carles, or Wooden Candlesticks, Donation and Notice of,
from "Wigtownshire, — Exhibited,
Casket, Notice of a Curious Pewter, from Dundee,
Cassilis, Earl of, Arms of the, at Pinkie House,
Castlecary, Stirlingshire, Iron Yett at,
Cawdor Castle, Nairnshire, Iron Yett at, . . 298, 806, 806, 307,
Ceiling, Notice of the, of the " Painted Gallery" at Pinkie House, .
199, 884
111
86
9
270
8
270
271
9
8
272, 278
268
204, 206
84
86
61
26, 68
428
42
118
86, 86
102, 108
208
85,86
84
84
110, 118
112
164, 169
18
296, 297
808, 816
10
Digitized by
Google
436
INDEX
Chalice, Reproduction of the CadboU, — Purchased, .
Notice of the CadboU, by Prof. Macpherson,
Chancellor (H. A. R), Silver Box, with Portrait of Charles L, Exhibited by,
Chisholm (James), Donation of Plaster Cast of a Stone Mould, by .
Donation of a Set of ** Napier*8 Bones," by, .
Donation of two Stone Axes, &c., from North America,
Christison (Dr D. ), Notice of Ancient Remains in Peeblesshire, by,
' Notices of Yetts or Grated Iron Doors in Scottish Castles, by.
Closebum Castle, Dumfriesshire, Iron Yett at.
Coin of Six Skillings, Donation of, .
Coffer or Jewel- Box of "Wrought Iron, Donation of.
Coffins, Stone, discovered at Inveigowrie, Notice of,
Collaimie Castle, Painted Ceiling at,
Comb and Comb-Case found in a Cist in Skaill Bay,
Comlogan, Iron Yett at, . . .
Common-Law, Unique Structure on.
Confessions, The, of the Forfar Witches, from Original Documents,
Conningsburgh, Large Stone Club from, — Exhibited and Purchased,
Contract of the Contributors to the National Monument, Donation of,
Convil Hill, Dufftown, Axe of daystone from, — Purchased,
Corse Enowe, Traces of Ancient Fortifications on, .
Coull, Aberdeenshire, Stone Axe from, — Purchased,
Coupar- Angus, Whetstone from, — Purchased,
Notice of Pavement and Flooring Tiles discovered at.
Covenant, National, Donation of an Autotype Copy of,
Craig Castle, Aberdeenshire, Iron Yett at, .
Craigievar, Aberdeenshire, Iron Yett at,
Crannog, Notice of a, in Lochleven,
Croyland, Donations of three Romano-British Bricks from,
Cruchley, Banffshire, Carved Copper Pipe-Case found at, — Exhibited,
Crusie, The, or Ancient Oil Lamp of Scotland,
of Iron, fit)m Alyth, Donation of,
found in Houss, Burra Isle, .
of Iron, from Italy, — Exhibited,
Mould from Shetland, . . .
Crusies, Peer-Men, &c., from Aberdeenshire, — Purchased,
Culbin Sands, Donation of Arrow-Heads from,
Collections of Flint Implements from, — Purchased,
CHinnister, Shetland, Wooden Dish of Butter from, — Purchased,
Cup of Glass found at Peterborough, Notice of a, .
Curie (Alex.), Floor-Tile, &c., from Melrose, Exhibited by, .
Denmark, Axe of Flint from, — Purchased,
Devon, Crook of, Trials for Witchcraft at, Notice of, .
287,
PAGE
270
423
155
84
68
131
192
286
296, 297
208
111
164, 167
21, 22
284
287
207
241
188, 276
63, 64
8
201
274
8,147
146
86
291, 296. 808
290, 298, 296, 808
118
208
166
70
181
78
77,78
74
274
111
9,276
270
149, 160
182, 183
271
211
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
437
Dingwall, Ross-sliire, Iron Yett at, .
Dinnet, Aberdeenshire, Axe from, — Purchased,
Dirk, Highland, Donation of, from Sauchie,
with Carved Handle, &c., — Purchased,
Dish, Oval Wooden, filled with Butter, from Shetland, — Purchased,
Dolphinton, Perforated Stone found at, — Purchased,
Doors, Notice of Iron -Grated, in Scottish Castles, .
Dorchester, Notice of Encaustic Tiles foimd
Dorset, Notice of Encaustic Tiles found in,
Douglas (James), Commendator of. Melrose,
Doune, Perthshire, Iron Yett at,
Drochil Castle, Peeblesshire, Notes on,
Drumlanrig, Iron Yett at,
Drumnakill, Notice of Cup-marked Stones, Burial Grounds, &c., at,
Dumbarton, Dumbartonshire, Iron Yett from,
Dumfries, Report on the Local Museum at, .
Dunbar (A. H.), Notes on the Old Earldoms of Dunbar, &c., by, .
Notes on the Earldom of, .
Dunbeath, Caithness, Iron Yett at, . . 287, 289,
PAGE
287, 289, 290, 291, 296, 308, 819
274
155
270
270
268
286
149, 151
149, 151
129
800, 818
125
287, 295
23
297, 298
417
187
187
296, 309
287, 291, 293, 294, 295, 298,
296,
Duke (Rev. W.), Notice of a Recumbent Hog-backed Monument and Por
tions of Sculptured Slabs, &c., from St Vigeans, by,
Dundee, Notice of the Armourers of, ...
Notice of Pewter Casket and Ecclesiastic^ Music found in,
• Report on the Local Museum at.
— ' Old Spectacles found in Dundee, — Purchased,
Dunfermline, Arms of the Earl of, at Pinkie House,
■ Family Connections of the Earl of,
Dunion Hill, Jedburgh, two Flint Arrow-Heads from,
Dunnaholla, North Uist, Brooch of Brass from, — Purchased,
Dunrobin, Sutherlandshire, Iron Yett at, .
Duns (Prof.), Notes on Carib Incised Stones and on Shell Implements,
by
Donation of Shell Ring from Polynesia, by, .
Duns, Report on the Local Museum at,
Duntreath, Stirlingshire, Iron Yett at,
143
276
164, 169
346
8
12, 13, 15
15
270
8
287, 296, 809, 310
134
154
388
290, 298, 296, 812, 318, 814, 315
Earldoms of Dunbar, March, and Moray, Notes on the, 187
EarlshaU, Painted Ceiling at, ...... 21, 22
Edinburgh Castle, Iron Yett in, . 288, 289, 291, 293, 296, 817, 819
Egypt, Figure in Stone of a God from, — Donation of, . . . 172
Eilean Dunain, Ross-shire, Iron Yett at, . . 296, 809
Elgin, Report on the Local Museum at, .... . 841
Erskine (H. D. ), Bronze Caldron found at Cardross, &c. , Exhibited by, 35
Ewer, Lion-shaped, of Brass, from Nuremberg, — Purchased, . 7
Digitized by
Google
438
INDEX.
Falkland, Stone with Hollow on each Side, from, — Purchased,
Ferquhard of GilmulBcroft, Anns of, at Pinkie House,
Fibula, Crucifonn, found at Woodstone, Drawing of, — Exhibited, .
found at Peterborough, — ^Exhibited and Described, .
Fife, Ball of Rock Crystal found in, — Purchased,
Fingask, Perth, Iron Yett at, .... 290, 291
Findlay (J. B.), Crusies from the Continent, Exhibited by,
Finlay (Eirkman), Stone Ball from Islay, Exhibited by,
Flanders Moss, supposed Roman Camp at, .
Fletcher (Jane), Viscountess Kingston, Monument of, in Seton Church,
Flint, see under Stone.
Floor-Tile, from Melrose, &c, — ^Exhibited, .
Forfar Witches, The Confessions of the. Notice of, .
Forres, Report on the Local Museum at,
Franks (A. W.), Donation of Silver Soup-Ladle, by.
Eraser (Christiana), Foundation of Houston, by,
(Miss), Donation of Jacobite Relics, by,
Qas, The Invention of, by William Murdoch,
George IV., Silver Medal of, — Purchased, .
Glasgow, Hunterian Museum, Report on the,
Kelvingrove Museum, Report on the,
Glenkens, Carle or Wooden Candlestick from, .110,
Glenluce, Notes on Urns found near,
Bronze Knife-Blade and Whetstone, found with Urns at,
Collections of Flint Implements from, — Purchased,
Glenrathhope, Ancient Remains in, .
Glenruther, Carle or Wooden Candlestick from,
Glen Urquhart, Notice of Cup-marked Stones in, .
Golspie, Sutherlandshire, Collection of Flint Implements, &c., from, — Pnr
chased, .......
Gorget or Belt-Clasp of Brass, — Purchased, ....
Goudie (Gilbert), The Crusie or Ancient OU Lamp of Scotland, by,
Stone Club from Shetland, Exhibited by, .
Gow (J. Mackintosh), Notice of Cup-marked Stones, Curing Stones, kc,
near St Fillans, by .
Flint Knife found at Tarland, Donation of, .
Grant (Angus), Notice of the Opening of a Sepulchral Cairn at Balnalick,
Glen Urquhart, &c., by, .
Greenock, Report on the Local Museum at, .
Gunning (Dr R. H.), Jubilee Gift by,
Haggart (D.), Notice of the Discovery of a Stone Cup, &c., at Locheam
head, by, .
PAOB
271
14
210
210, 26S
268
296, 801
78
188
88
188, 184
182, 188
241
853
85
26,29
109
108, 109
8
849
851
118, 114
66
67
9, 275
198, 195
115
47
9
270
70
188
28, 68
25,88
42
885
881
282
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
439
Haig (J. R.), Collection of Antiquities, mostly Bronze, Exhibited by,
Haldane (Rev. J. 0.)» Donation of Urn found at Eingoldmrn, by, .
Hallstadt, Bronze Caldrons found in Cemeteries at, .
Hamilton, Marquis of. Arms of the, at Pinkie House,
Hammer, Shoeing, Donation of an old,
Hanoyer, Two Flint Axes from,— Purchased,
Hawick, Report on the Local Museum at,
Hepburn (Lady Janet), Supposed Monument of, in Seton Church, .
Herdman (Mrs), Donation of Highland Dirk, by, .
Hislop (J. F.), Donation of Two Bottle-Necks from Preston Tower, by,
Horn, Carved Powder, and Luckenbooth Brooch, — Purchased,
Horns, Powder, Notice and Donation of Two Scandinayian Carved, .
Notice of Six Norwegian, &c,
Horsehope, Hoard of Bronze Objects found at, . . .
Houston, Haddingtonshire, Notes relating to the Trinitarians at,
Linlithgowshire, The Estate of, .
Hutcheson (Alex.)» Notes of the Recent Discovery of Pavement and Flooring
Tiles at Coupar- Angus and St Andrews, by,
Donation of Two Portions of Tiles from St Andrews,
Implements, Carib SheU, Notes on, .
India, Figure of a Hindu Deity from, Donation of, .
Inglis (A. W.), Donations of Eastern Sculptures, &c., by, .
Invermark, Forfarshire, Iron Yett at, ... . 296,
Inverness, Report on the Local Museum at, .
Inverquharity, Forfarshire, Iron Yett at, . . 295, 296, 801
Iron Axe in handle, from Africa, — Purchased,
Axe-Head found in Berwickshire,— Purchased,
Irvine (J. T.), Notes on a Glass Cup found in Peterborough Cathedral, and
of Encaustic Tiles at Dorchester and Dorset, by,
Donation of Wedge-shaped Brick, &c., by, .
• Drawing of Cruciform Fibula found at Woodstone, Exhibited
by
James, First Earl of Perth, Monument of, in Seton Church,
Jar of Black Ware, Donation of , .
Jedburgh, Report on the Local Museum at, .
Keills, Ishiy, Stone BaU from, — Exhibited, .
Kelso, Report on the Local Museum at,
Kilbride, West, Stone Axe, Portion of Another and a Whorl from,— Pur-
chased, ....
Stone Axe from, — Purchased,
Kilkerran, Ayrshire, Bronze Caldron found at.
PAGE
65
63
41
16
181
271
894
181
155
208
8
154, 157
820
199, 884
26
82
146
154
189
172
172
808, 804
854
802, 804
7
8
149
208
210
178
88
880
188
889
9
270
89
Digitized by
Google
440
INDEX.
288,
90, 91
Kilmarnock, Report on the Local Moseum at,
Kincardine Moss, Bronze Caldron foand in, .
Kindrochet, Notice of Cap-marked Stones, &c., at .
Kinnaird, Perthshire, Iron Yett at, .
Kirkcadbright, Report on the Local Moseum at,
Knife and Embroidered Box,— Purchased,
Kollie, the Shetlandic Name for Crusie : its Origin,
Lamp, The Crusie or Ancient Oil, of Scotland,
Lamps, Chinese, various forms of, Described,
Eskimo, the various kinds of,
Prehistoric, found in Scotland and England,
Roman, found in England, &c,
of various forms and materials, from France,
Langhaugh, Circular Mound on,
Lanterns of various forms, &c.,
Lavindsgaard, Denmark, Bronze Caldron found at,
Lennozlove, East Lothian, Iron Yett at.
Lighting Appliances, The Archseology of,
Linlithgow, Painted C-eiling discovered at, .
Livingstone (George), Monument of, in Seton Church,
Locheamhead, Notice of the Discovery of a Stone Cup and Cup-marked
Stone at, .
Lochleven, Notice of a Crannog in, .
• Old Curling Stone from, — Exhibited,
Lovett (Edward), Donation of Flint Implements from Brandon, by.
Low (George), Donation of Cinerary Urn found at Musselburgh,
Macadam (W. Ivison), Donation of Bead of Vitreous Paste from Strath
lachlan, ....
Macdonald (Alexander), Donation of smaU Cup>Stone found at Monimail, by,
Machar, New, Purse of Leather from, — Purchased, .
Macpherson (Professor N.), Notice of the CadboU Chalice, by,
Malsword (Guy), Safe-conduct of, dated 1639,
Mangaia, Adze of Ceremony from, — Purchased,
Manor Parish, Notice of Ancient Remains in,
March, Notes on the Earldom of, .
Marshall (David), Old Curling Stone, from Lochleven, Exhibited by,
Notes on Drochil Castle, Peebleshire, by, .
Maxwell (Sir H. K), Donation and Notice of Carles or Wooden Candle
sticks, by, .
Collection of Antiquities, Exhibited by,
(Lady), Carle or Wooden Candlestick, Exhibited by,
Maxwellton, Report on the Local Museum at,
PAOB
411
89
23
296, 801
898
8
77
70
, 92, 102
83, 84
81,82
82> 86, 87, 89, 102
93,94
202, 203
106, 107
40
296, 297
79
22
181
118
113
209
63
111
62
8
423
281
8
192
187
113
125
110, 113
112
112
412
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
441
Meams, Renfrewshire, Hammer-Head from, — Purchased,
Medal, Silver, of Gteorge IV., — Parchased, .
Meikle Kenny, Kingoldnun, Donation of Urn found at,
Melos, Donation of small Stone Axe from Isle of,
Melrose, Floor-Tile, &c., from,— Exhibited, .
Menziea Castle, Iron Yett at, ..... 287j
Mexico, Implements of Obsidian from, — Purchased,
Collection of Pottery, Whorls, &c., from, — Purchased,
Millar (A. H.), Notices of Ecclesiastical Music, of two Stone Coffins, and of
a Pewter Casket from Dundee, by,
• Notice of a Steel Pistol, with the Dundee Mark, by.
PAGE
274
8
63
84
182, 183
298, 296
8
8
164
276
111
296, 308
110
29, 80
78
277, 278
279, 280
62
401
187
209
127, 129
184
Millidge (Edwin), Donation of Wrought-iron Jewel Box, by,
Mingary, Argyllshire, Iron Yett at, . . . . 294i
Miniatures of Prince James and Prince Charles, — ^Donation of,
Minster, Technical use of Word, ....
Mitchell (Sir Arthur), Crusies from the Continent, Exhibited by,
M'Kenzie (David), Armourer in Dundee,
Moncurs, Armourers of that name in Dundee, 278j
Monimail, Donation of a small Cup-Stone from,
Montrose, Beport on the Local Museum at, .
Moray, Notes on the Earldom of, .
Morrison (Rev. Jas.), Donation of two Flint Implements from Urquhart, by,
Morton, Earl of, William first, ....
(Alison), Monument of, in Seton Church,
Mottoes, Latin, painted on the Ceiling of Pinkie House, . 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21
Museums, Reports on Local, in Scotland, under Dr Gunning's Jubilee Gift, 881
Museum, Free Church College, Aberdeen, ..... 861
356
360
855
372
368
418
355
417
346
383
841
353
Si9
351
385
394
354
• King's College, Aberdeen,
Marischal College, Aberdeen,
at Alloa,
at Arbroath, .
at Banff,
at Berwick, .
at Bridge of Allan,
at Dumfries, .
at Dundee, .
at Duns,
at Elgin,
at Forres,
The Hunterian, in Glasgow,
The Kelvingrove, in Glasgow,
at Greenock,
at Hawick,
at Inverness,
Digitized by
Google
442
INDEX.
PAGE
Mnseuin at Jedburgh, 880
at Kelso, ........ 889
at Kilmarnock, ....... 411
at Kirkcndbright, ....... 898
at Maxwellton, ....... 412
at Montrose, ........ 401
at Nairn, ........ 852
at Paisley, ........ 406
at Peebles, ........ 883
at Perth, ........ 887
at Peterhead, ....... 864
at St Andrews, ....... 845
at Stirling, ........ 854
at Thomhill, ........ 878
Music, Ecclesiastical, Notice of, discovered in Dundee, 164
Mosselborgh, Donation of Cinerary Urn foond at, . 68
Nairn, Report on the Local Mosenm at, . . 852
** Napier's Bones,'' Donation of a Set of, . 68
Needless, Perth, Donation of Stone Cop from, .110,111
New Zealand, Mere-Meres of Stone from, — Purchased, . . . 8, 9
Noble (James), Engraved Stone found at Brogar, Exhibited and Described
by, 210, 266
Nolt Myre, Donation of Knocking- Stone from, .... 84
North Berwick Law, Donation of Bronze Socketed Axe found at, . 88
Nurembei^, Lion-shaped Ewer of Brass from, — Purchased, ... 7
Ogilvie (James), of Bemes, Monument of, in Seton Church, . 180
Orkney, Reproduction of Portion of Celtic Brooch found in, — Purchased, . 270
Overhowden, Lauder, Stone Axe, Whorls, &c, found at, — Purchased, . 269
Pacific Islands, Collection of Savage Weapons, kc, from the, — Purchased, 8, 9
Stone Adze from the, — Purchased, .... 9
Paisley, Report on the Local Museum at, . 406
Parsonstown, Ireland, Bronze Caldrons found at, . . 89
Peacock (Edward), Notice of Safe-Conduct of a Scottish Officer serving in
the Low Countries, by, . . . . .281
Pearson (Dr David R.), Donation of Autotype Copy of the National
Covenant by, ....... 85
Peebles, Report on the Local Museum at, . .888
Peeblesshire, Notice of Ancient Remains in, .... 192
Pennycook (Wm.), Donation of Old Shoeing-Hammer, by, . 181
Perth, Bronze Pin found in. Donation of, . . Ill
Report on the Local Museum at, . . . 887
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INDEX.
443
PAGE
Peterborough, Notes on a Glass Cup found at, . 149, 150
Cruciform Fibula found at,— Exhibited and Described, .210, 268
Peterhead, Beport on the Local Museum at, .... 864
Pinkie House, Notice of the Ceiling of the " Painted Gallery " at, . 10
Pins, Three Bone, from North Uist, — Purchased, .... 8
of Bone, Four, from Balishare, North Uist, — Purchased, 271
Pipe-Case of Copper, Engraved,— Exhibited, .... 156
Pipe, Tobacco, of Iron, found at Ballibeg,— Exhibited, ... 85
Pistol, Steel, Notice of a, with the Dundee Mark, .... 276
Pistols, Highland, of Steel,— Purchased, ..... 271
Pitreayie, Fifeshire, Iron Yett at, . 288, 289, 296, 298
Posso, Peeblesshire, Mounds enclosing Circles on, . . 200
Pot, Brass, Three-legged, found at Walton Park,— Exhibited, . 134
Pottery, Collection of, Ac, from Mexico, — Purchased, ... 8
Preston Tower, Donation of Two Bottle-Necks from, 208
Purse of Leather from New Machar,— Purchased, .... 8
Ring of Shell from Polynesia, Donation of, . 154
Rogart, Sutherlandshire, Two Celtic Brooches from, — Purchased, . 271, 272, 278
Romances, Notice of Norwegian Powder-Horns carred with subjects from
the Charlemagne, ....... 820
Ross (Thomas), Donation of Pair of Cock-fighting Spurs, by, 172
Roxburghshire, Stone Axe from, — Purchased, .... 8
Russikon, Zurich, Bronze Caldron found at, .... 40
Safe-Conduct of a Scottish Officer serving in the Low Countries, 281
St Andrews, Report on Local Museum at, . . 845
Notice and Donation of Flooring-Tiles discovered at, . . 146, 154
St Yigeans, Notice of Recumbent Monument and Sculptured Slabs at, 148
Sanday, Orkney, Collection of Stone Implements from, — ^Purchased, 8
Santon, Brandon, Donation of Flint Implements from, 209
Sauchie, Donation of Highland Dirk from, . .155
Scotland, The Crusie or Ancient Oil-Lamp of Scotland, ... 70
Reports on Local Museums in, .... . 881
Seals, Donation of Wax Impressions of English, .... 208
Beton Church, Description of the Sepulchral Monuments in, 174
Seton (George), Notice of the Ceiling of the "Painted Gallery'' at Pinkie
House, by, .
• Description of the Slabs, &c., in Seton Church, East Lothian,
by.
• Seventh Lord, Monument of, in Seton Church,
- (John), Monument of, in Seton Church,
Sharp (James), Donation of Contract for the National Monument, by
Siem, Jylland, Bronze Caldrons found at, .
10
174
180
184
68, 64
40
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Google
444
INDEX.
Silver Medal of George IV.,— Purchased, ' ....
— . — Luckenbooth Brooch of, Engraved, — Purchased,
Soup-Ladle, Donation of, .
Sinclair (Catherine), Supposed Monument of, in Seton Church,
Skaill Bay, Notice of Stone Cist, with Iron Age Interment, at,
Skirving (Adam), Collection of Antiquities, Exhibited by, .
Smailholm, Roxburghshire, Iron Yett at, . . . 289, 290, 310,
Small (J. "W.), Donation of Crusie from Alyth, by, .
Snuff-Boxes, Four Scottish, — Purchased, ....
Solomon Islands, Collection of Savage Weapons from, — Purchased,
Soup- Ladle, Donation of a Silver, .....
Southesk (Earl of), Norwegian Powder-Horn, Exhibited by the,
Spear-Head of Iron found in a Cist at Skaill Bay, .
Spectacles, Old, from Chapekhade Church, Dundee, — Purchased, .
Spurs, Cock-fighting, Donation of a Pair of, ...
Stevenson (William), Donation of a Enocking-Stone from Nolt Myre,
Stewart (Hon. A.), Carle or Wooden Candlestick, Exhibited by,
(James), Monument of, in Seton Church,
Stirling, Report on the Local Museum at, .
Stone Adsse, in handle from Mangaia, — Purchased, .
Adze from the South Pacific, — Purchased, .
Arrow-Heads of Flint, Donation of Three, from Culbin Sands,
Arrow-Heads of Flint from Jedburgh, — Purchased, .
Arrow-Heads of Flint and Flint Knife, no localities, — Purchased,
Axe from Coull, Aberdeenshire, — Purchased,
Axe from Dinnet, Aberdeenshire, — Purchased,
— Axe from Australia, Donation of,
— Axe of Flint ftt)m Biggar, — Purchased,
— Axe from Convil Hill, Dufftown, — Purchased,
— Axe of Flint, from Denmark, — Purchased, .
— Axe from Sanday, Orkney, — Purchased,
— Axe, Whorls, and Perforated Stone, found at Overhowden, — Purchased,
— Axe from Roxbui^hshire, — Purchased,
— Axes, Two, and an Arrow-Head, Donation of, from North America,
— Axes of Shell from Barbadoes, Donation and Notice of Eight,
Axes from Greece, Donation of Four,
• Axes of Flint, Two, from Hanover,— Purchased,
Axes, Whorl, &c, from West Kilbride, — Purchased,
Ball from Keills, Islay, — Exhibited, .
Charm, found at Cachladhu, Donation of, .
Cist, with Iron Age Interment at Skaill Bay, Notice of,
Club from Shetland, — Exhibited and Purchased,
CoflBins, Notice of Two, discovered at Inveigowrie, .
Cup from Needless, Perth, Donation of,
PAGE
8
9
35
181
283
184
811, 312
131
8
9
35
828
288, 284
8
172
84
112
182, 183
354
8
9
111
270
270
274
274
111, 112
9
8
271
8
269
8
131
131, 139
34
271
9, 270
133
63
283
133, 275
64, 164, 167
. 110, 111
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INDEX.
445
Stone Cup and Cup-marked Stone at Locheamhead, Notice of,
Cupped, found at Monimail, Donation of, .
Notices of Cup-marked, Charm Stones, &c, near St Fillans,
Cup-marked, in Glen Urquhart, Notice of, .
Curling, from Lochleven, — Exhibited,
»- Disc, Perforated, found at Dolphinton, — Purchased,
Hammer and Three Whorls, from Walton Park, — Exhibited,
Hammer-Head from Meams, Renfrewshire, — Purchased,
with hollow on each side, from Falkland, — Purchased,
Implements of Flint, &c, found at Glenluce, — Purchased,
Implements of Flint from Brandon, Donation of,
Implements of Flint from Culbin Sands, — Purchased,
Implements of Flint from Glenluce, — Purchased,
Implements of Flint from Goispie, &c, — Purchased,
Implements of Obsidian from Mexico, — Purchased, .
Implements, Collection of, from Sandaj, Orkney, — Purchased,
Implements of Flint from Tannadice, Forfarshire, — Purchased,
• Implements of Flint from Urquhart, Donation of Two,
209
— Flint Knife, Notes on a particular kind of, common in county Antrim, 51
— Knife of Flint, found at Tarland, Aberdeenshire, Notice of.
Knocking, from Nolt Myre, Donation of,
- Mere-Meres from New Zealand, — Purchased,
Monument at St Yigeans, Notice of a Recumbent, &c.,
— Mould for Crusiee, from Shetland,
— Lower, of a Pot Quern, Donation of, ...
Sinker, Engraved, found at Brogar, —Exhibited and Described,
Slab, with Greek Inscription, Donation of,
Slabs, Sepulchral, Notice of the, in Seton Church, .
Slabs, Sculptured, Notice of, at St Vigeans,
Simdial of, from Assynt, Sutherlandshire,— Purchased,
Whetstone, from Coupar- Angus, — Purchased,
Whetstone, found with Urn, &c., at Glenluce, — Described and
Purchased, ......
Whetstone, found in a Cist at Skaill Bay, .
Stones, Carib Incised, Notes on, .
Strathhaven, Spear- Head of Bronze From, — Purchased,
Strathlachlan, Donations of Bead of Vitreous Paste from, .
Stuarts, Relics of the Royal Family of the, Donation of.
Sundial from Assynt, Sutherlandshire, — Purchased,
Sword, Basket-hilted,— Purchased, ....
Swords, Javanese, Donations of Two,
Tablet-Cover, Gold, of Queen Anne, &c., Donation of,
Tannadice, Forfarshire, Flint Implements from, — Purchased,
PAOB
282
62
28
47
118
268
184
274
271
269
209
9,276
9,275
9
8
8
9
25,26
84
8,9
148
74
84
210, 266
172
174
143
8
8,147
67, 269
285
184
9
111
109, 110
8
274
84
109
9
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Google
446
INDEX.
PAOB
Tarland, Aberdeenshire, Notice and Donation of Flint Knife found at, 25, 26, 88
Tbombill, Report on the Local Musenm at, . . . 878
Tilee, Notice of Pavement and Flooring Tiles discovered at St Andrews and
Conpar Angus,
> Donation of Two Flooring, found at St Andrews,
Tilquhillie, Kincardineshire, Iron Yett at.
Tokens, &c, Donations of a Collection of, .
Torches, of various times, ....
Trials, Notice of, for Witchcraft, at Crook of Devon,
Trinitarians, Notes on the, or Red Friars, in Scotland,
Trotter (Dr R. De Brus), Donation of Stone Cup found at Needless, &c.,
Tummel Bridge, Three Silver Brooches, &c, found at,— Purchased,
XJist, North, Three Bone Pins from, — Purchased,
Urquhart, Donation of Two Flint Implements from.
Urn found in a Cairn at Balnalick, .
Small, Donation of a, found at Meikle Kenny,
Cinerary, Donation of, found at Musselbuigh, .
Urns, Notes on, found near Glenluce,— Described and Purchased,
146
154
296, 803
154, 155
107
211
26
110, 111
268
8
209
44, 45
68
68
66, 269
Walker (Clive), Bronze Socketed Axe found on North Berwick Law,
presented by, .... .
(Dt T. J.), Cruciform Fibula found at Peterborough, Exhibited
and Described by, .
Walton Park, Brass Pot, Stone Hammer, and Whorls, from, — Exhibited,
Watch-Case of James YI., &c.. Donation of, ...
Watt (W. G. T.), Notice of the Discovery of a Stone Cist, with an Iron Age
Interment, at Skaill Bay, by, .
Donation of Objects found in Cist, by, .
Weapons, Collection of Savage, from the South Pacific, — Purchased,
Whorls, Collection of Pottery, Whorls, Ac., from Mexico,— Purchased,
Wilson (Rev. George), Notes on Urns found in Wigtownshire, by,
Winton, Earle of. Arms of the, at Pinkie House,
Witchcraft, Notice of Trials for, at Crook of Devon,
Witches, Notice of the Confessions of the Forfar, .
Woodstone, Donation of Wedge-shaped Brick from,
Cruciform Fibula found at, Drawing of Exhibited, .
Wright (Prof. A. H.), Donation of Eight Carib Shell Axes, by.
Yester, Lord, Arms of, at Pinkie House,
Yetts, Alphabetical List of Scottish,
Yett, Iron, at Affleck Castle, Forfarshire,
at Balveny, BanfiJBhire, .
at Braikie, ForfiEurshire, .
IS
295, 296
814
291, 292, 295, 805
288, 289, 294, 295, 801
88
210, 268
184
109
288
285
8,9
8
66
18
211
241
208
210
181
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INDEX.
447
Yett, Iron, at Castlecary, Stirlingshire,
at Castle Menzies,
at Cawdor Castle, Nairnshire
at Closebum Castle, Dumfriesshire,
at Comlogan,
at Craig Castle, Aberdeenshire, .
at Craigievar, Aberdeenshire,
at Dingwall, Ross-shire, .
at Doone, Perthshire,
at Dnimlanrig, .
at Dumbarton, Dumbartonshire,
at Dunbeath, Caithness, .
at Dunrobin, Sutherlandshire,
in Edinburgh Castle,
at EUean-Dunain, Boss-shire,
at Fingask, Perth,
at Invermark, Forfarshire,
at Inverquharity, Forfarshire
at Kinnaird, Perthshire, .
at Lennoxlove, East Lothian,
at Mingarry, Argyllshire,
at Pitreavie, Fifeshire, .
at Smailholm, Roxburghshire, .
at Tilquhillie, Kincardineshire, .
Yetts, or Grated Iron Doors, in Scotland, Notice of,
295, 805,
287, 289, 290,
287, 291, 298, 294,
288, 289,
291,
295,
289,
. 287,
806, 807,
. 287,
. 291,
290, 293,
291, 295,
295, 298,
296,
287, 289,
287, 296,
298, 296,
290, 291,
. 296,
296, 301,
. 288,
294,
288, 289,
296, 810,
PAGE
295, 297
298, 296
308, 816
295, 297
287
295, 808
295, 808
808, 319
800, 818
287, 295
297, 298
296, 309
309, 310
817, 819
296, 309
296, 301
303, 304
302, 304
296, 301
296, 297
296, 308
296, 298
311, 812
296, 308
286
NULL AND COMPANY, FRINTBRS, FOINBUROH.
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3 2044 041. 811 167 ^
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