UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES
CANADA
DEPARTMENT OF MINES
HON. LOUIS CODERRE, MINISTER; R. G. McCONNELL, DEPUTY MINISTER.
MINES BRANCH
EUGENE HAANEL, PH.D., DIRECTOR.
Products and By-Products
of Coal
Edgar Stansfield, M.Sc.
AND
F. E. Carter, B.Sc., Dr. Ing.
5732
OTTAWA
GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU
1915
No. 323
CANADA
DEPARTMENT OF MINES
HON. LOUIS CODERRE, MINISTER; R. G. McCONNELL, DEPUTY MINISTER.
MINES BRANCH
EUGENE HAANEL, PH.D., DIRECTOR.
Products and By-Products
of Coal
BY
Edgar Stansfield, M.Sc.
AND
F. E. Carter, B.Sc., Dr. Ing.
OTTAWA
GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU
1915 No. 323
TT
Letter of Transmittal.
Dr. Eugene Haanel,
Director Mines Branch,
Department of Mines,
Ottawa.
Sir —
I beg to submit, herewith, a bulletin on the products and
by-products of coal. This bulletin was written — in collabora-
tion with Dr. F. E. Carter — under instructions received from
Mr. B. F. Haanel, Chief of Division of Fuels and Fuel Testing.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your obedient servant,
(Signed) Edgar Stansfield.
OTTAWA, November 6, 1914.
iii
285053
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Letter of transmittal iii
Products and by-products of coal 1
Introductory '. . . . 1
PART I—
Methods of producing coke, gas, ammonia, and tar from bituminous
coal 3
Coal burned under boilers, and in furnaces 3
Coal gasified in gas producers 3
Carbonization of coal in gas retorts 4
City gas plants 5
Coke-oven plants 7
Non-recovery beehive ovens 7
Non-recovery retort ovens 8
By-product retort ovens 8
Comparison of types of coke ovens 9
Carbonization of peat, lignite, etc 11
Production of coke, gas, ammonia and tar in Canada 12
PART II—
Properties and uses of coal products and the by-products of their
manufacture 15
Coke 15
Uses of coke 17
Gas 20
Uses of gas 24
Ammonia 25
Uses of ammonia 26
Cyanides 27
Coal tar 28
Gas-works tar 28
Coke-oven tar 29
Gas-producer tar 29
Water-gas tar 29
Uses of tar 29
Distillation of tar. . . 30
PAGE
Commercial products of coal tar, their uses and derivatives .... 33
Benzol 33
Solvent naphtha 33
Carbolic acid 34
Naphthalene 34
Heavy oil 34
Anthracene 35
Anthracene oil 35
Pitch 35
Coal tar in the industries 37
Timber preservation 37
Road making 38
Disinfectants 38
Explosives 39
Power production 39
Detergents and solvents 40
Colour industry 41
Dr. Bernhard C. Hesse quoted 42
Canadian trade statistics ... 44
LIST OF TABLES
I. Analysis of coal and of coke 17
II. Typical gas analyses 21
III. Examples of gas analyses 22
IV. Coal tar distillation 32
V. Diagram of coal-tar products 36
VI. Canadian production, exports, and imports 45
VII. Canadian imports 46
PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS
OF
COAL
PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS OF COAL.
INTRODUCTORY.
A number of reports and bulletins bearing on certain phases
of the utilization of fuels have already been published by the
Mines Branch of the Department of Mines. These reports
have treated of anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite, and peat;
have dealt with the mining and winning of the raw materials,
methods of purification, and preparation for the market; and
in addition, with the question of the advantageous use of different
fuels for steam raising, and for the generation of gas for industrial
purposes by means of the gas producer. Moreover, the subject
of coking coals has been investigated, as also has the recovery
of by-products in connexion with the manufacture of coke, and
producer gas. But, so far, no report published by the Mines
Branch has treated, as a whole, of the products and by-products
obtained from the economic utilization of fuels ; nor of the inter-
dependence of the various industries manufacturing these com-
modities, or using them as raw materials.
The object of this report is to satisfy, as far as possible,
the increasing need for a monograph on fuel products and by-
products. The subject, however, is so comprehensive, that it is
impossible — within the limits of a bulletin — to treat it other than
in outline. But notwithstanding this limitation, it is hoped that
the data furnished may prove to be a practical contribution to the
progress and development of the industries concerned.
The subject matter of the present report is divided into two
parts: (I) the production of coke, gas, ammonia, and tar from
bituminous coal; and (II) the properties and uses of these pro-
ducts and by-products. Other fuels than bituminous coal are
dealt with, but only in a tentative way, since bituminous coal
is of overwhelmingly greater importance than any other fuel
as a medium from which to obtain the commercial products
particularized in Part I. In setting forth the results of these
investigations, the aim has been to give prominence to the com-
mercial rather than to the scientific aspect of the subjects treated,
especially as regards their bearing on existing conditions in
Canada.
The present time is particularly opportune for discussing
the question of establishing new lines of trade and commerce;
for, on account of the deplorable war conditions in Europe, all
industries are more or less dislocated as regards supply and
demand; and manufacturers, everywhere, are taking stock of
current conditions, and considering future possibilities. The
trade possibility that would naturally occur to most people
interested in the commercial development of Canada, is the estab-
lishment of a coal-tar dye industry ; since here, as in other coun-
tries, factories using dyes are being seriously inconvenienced,
owing to the fact that Germany — by a combination of scientific
research, technical ability, and commercial energy — has for years
had practically a monopoly in the manufacture and supply
of coal-tar dyes; and consequently, since the opening of the
war, importation of this commodity from Europe has almost
ceased. A reference to page 46, however, will show that the im-
portation of dyes into Canada is not large, and that the prospect of
developing a flourishing coal-tar dye industry is not encouraging.
But offsetting this negative view, is a demonstration of the en-
couraging fact that there are other important by-products
from coal which, although not figuring so prominently in the
public eye, are nevertheless of much greater importance com-
mercially. It is shown that a number of these are peculiarly
suitable for production in Canada; and the Dominion could
thus be rendered less dependent on foreign sources of supply.
PART I.
METHODS OF PRODUCING COKE, GAS, AMMONIA,
AND TAR, FROM BITUMINOUS COAL.
The employment of coal for commercial purposes may be
roughly classified under three main divisions as follows: — (1),
the combustible matter in the coal is completely burned with
an excess of air; (2), the combustible matter in the coal is com-
pletely gasified by partial combustion with a limited amount
of air, or of air and steam ; and (3) , the volatile matter of the coal
is vapourized by the application of external heat, in the absence
of air.
Coal Burned under Boilers and in Furnaces.
In Class 1, the coal is burned under steam boilers and in
furnaces, etc. The coal is fed in and burned, heat is generated,
and ashes are left. In this class, heat is the main product;
the only by-products being the valueless ashes and furnace
gases.
Coal Gasified in Gas Producers.
In Class 2, the coal is gasified in the producer by blowing
air and steam through it; but, by limiting the quantity of air
supplied and having a deep layer of fuel, the coal is not com-
pletely oxidized, hence the gas produced is combustible. In
this class the combustible gas is the main product, although
ashes and heat are necessarily produced. The heat, which is
generally kept as low as practicable by means of the steam,
can be partially utilized, but is often a total loss. The gas is
sometimes burned simply as a source of heat, while in other
cases it is utilized as a source of power in internal combustion
engines. As the gas leaves the producer it almost invariably
contains more or less ammonia and coal tar, the quantities
varying with the type of producer, with the amount of steam
employed, and with the character of the coal gasified. By
means of a suitable purifying plant, the ammonia and tar may
be recovered from the gas before it is used. These residuals
are, therefore, by-products from the utilization of coal in gas
producers.
The Carbonization of Coal in Gas Retorts.
In Class 3, the coal is carbonized in gas retorts for the pro-
duction of coal gas, and in coke ovens for the production of
coke. In both cases the coal is heated, gas and other volatile
products pass off, and coke remains in the retort or oven; but
in the coal gas plant the gas is the main product, the coke being
only a by-product ; whereas in the coke-oven plant the conditions
are reversed, the gas being the by-product. In both cases,
however, the gas, as it leaves the coal, contains ammonia and coal
tar vapours, and these are recoverable by-products.
The recovery of tar and ammonia from producer gas has
been described, and the value of the latter as a fertilizer discussed
in a recent report of the Mines Branch (Report No. 299, "Peat,
Lignite, and Coal; their Value as Fuels for the Production of
Power when utilized in By- Product Recovery Producers").
The tar obtained from gas producers need not be further consider-
ed here, as it is comparatively insignificant in amount. This
latter condition is due partly to the relatively small number
of gas-producer plants yet established, and partly to the fact
that, with producers making gas for heating purposes, the tar
is generally burned with the gas, while with few exceptions,
power-gas producers are designed and operated to produce a
minimum of tar.
The by-products obtained from gas works and from coke-
oven plants are of very great importance. Before discussing
these in detail, a brief description of the plants themselves will
be given.
5
CITY GAS PLANTS.
In gas works the coal is coked in large fireclay retorts.
These retorts are set in furnaces heated with gas from a producer
using coke as fuel. The details of construction and methods
of operation vary greatly, although the general principles of
the process remain the same. The retorts are sometimes cir-
cular in cross section, and sometimes "D" shaped, or oval.
The retorts may be set horizontally, vertically, or in an inclined
position in the furnace. A bed of retorts having been prepared,
and the furnace heated to the desired temperature — which
is commonly about 1100°C. — the retorts are charged with coal
through a door at the end, which is then at once closed. As
the temperature of the coal gradually rises to that of the inside
of the retort, the volatile constituents are driven off, and leave
the retort through pipes provided for the purpose — coke being
ultimately left in the retort. The coke is then removed, and a
fresh charge of coal inserted . I n some modern plants using vertical
retorts, the above process is made continuous, the coal being
fed in at the top, and the coke removed from the bottom. The
volatile products, consisting of gas and vapours, are led under
the surface of the liquid in a large horizontal pipe known as the
hydraulic main, where some of the condensable constituents
are condensed. The impure gas leaving this main is passed
through a series of condensers, scrubbers, and purifiers, and thus
cleaned ready for use for domestic heating, lighting, etc. From
the hydraulic main, condensers, and scrubbers are obtained
water containing ammonia, known as ammoniacal liquor, and a
thick, black liquid known as coal tar. The ammoniacal liquor
is the chief source of ammonia, the greatest part of which,
after conversion into ammonium sulphate, is used on a very
large scale as a fertilizer. Coal tar is the principal source of
the innumerable coal-tar dyes, etc., which are described later.
As outlined above it is manifest that gas is the main product
from the coal; while coke, ammonia, and coal tar are obtained
as by-products. Not only the relative quantity, but the com-
position of the gas, etc., produced, are profoundly changed by
varying the coal employed, the size of the charge, the shape
and position of the retorts, the temperature and duration of the
coking, or the gas pressure maintained in the retort. By
increasing the quantity of gas obtained, its quality is usually
decreased; as are also the quantity and quality of the tar.
Every gas manufacturer has to decide for himself the best
working conditions for his plant; bearing in mind the economic
factors of his particular district.
The coal gas supply for city use is, to-day, largely supple-
mented by what is known as carburetted water gas. In the
manufacture of water gas, coke or anthracite is burned in a suit-
able generator, by air being blown through it, and is thus heated
to a temperature of at least 1100°C. At this point the air blast
is cut off, and steam passed through the incandescent mass,
whereby the combustible gases, carbon monoxide and hydrogen,
are produced. The reaction between the steam and the hot
carbon lowers the temperature in the generator; when,
however, the temperature falls too low (as is shown by the
high percentage of carbon dioxide in the issuing gases),
the steam is cut off, and the generator again re-heated by means
of the air blast. The water gas, obtained during the period
when the steam is passed through the coke, is not rich enough
to replace coal gas for ordinary use; it can be used, however,
alone, or mixed with coal gas, after it has been enriched or
carburetted by means of oil gas. This oil gas can be made
from mineral oils, or from some of the higher boiling oils
obtained by the distillation of coal tar. In either case the
gas and oil are heated to a high temperature, whereby the oil
is largely converted into permanent gases of high heating and
illuminating value.
It can be seen that, by the use of carburetted water gas,
some of the coke and the coal tar, obtained as by-products in
the coal-gas plant, can be converted into gas, and the quantity
of by-products left for disposal, thus reduced. Any coke in
excess of the amount required for heating the retort furnaces,
or for operating the water-gas plant, is sold as fuel.
7
COKE-OVEN PLANTS.
The coking of coal for the manufacture of coke is carried
out in what are known as coke ovens. There are two types
of these in common use, known respectively as beehive and
retort ovens.
As already stated, coal during coking loses gas and volatile
matter. In some cases these are immediately burned in or
adjacent to the ovens, and produce the heat required; in other
cases the volatile matter is collected, its more valuable constit-
uents saved, and only the residual gases burned. Coke ovens,
therefore, whether beehive or retort, can be classified as non-
recovery ovens and by-product recovery ovens.
Three types of ovens will be considered as illustrating
three of the above classes. The fourth class — the by-product
beehive oven — is not very important, and is not employed in
Canada.
Non-recovery Beehive Oven.
This is the simplest type of oven in common use. It has a
circular floor and domed roof, and is usually built of brick or
stone lined with firebrick. The ovens are built back to back,
in long rows, with the object of economizing heat and space.
In operation, a suitable charge of coal is fed into the oven through
a hole in the roof, the brickwork of the oven having been left
hot enough by the preceding charge to start the coking of the
coal and ultimately to ignite the volatile matter driven off.
Air is cautiously admitted through loose brickwork in the door
in front, and in such a way that the volatile matter escaping
from the coal is burned in the oven over the charge, and the
coal and the coke preserved, as far as possible, from oxidation.
The heat generated by the combustion of the volatile matter is
radiated down from the roof, and completes the coking commenc-
ed by the heat from the brickwork, and the whole oven is raised
to a red heat. When the coking is completed — usually after
about 72 hours — the coke is drawn out and quenched with water,
and a fresh charge of coal is introduced into the oven. In
8
most beehive-oven plants the coke is drawn out by manual labour,
as the shape of the oven is not suitable for the utilization of
mechanical extractors. Occasionally, the hot waste gases
leaving the oven are carried under boilers, and used to generate
steam, but otherwise, coke is the one and only product of this
type of oven.
Some beehive ovens have been so constructed as to allow
of the recovery of by-products; but in these, the simplicity of
the ordinary beehive oven is lost, without gaining the advantages
obtained from the retort oven.
Non-recovery Retort Ovens.
In non-recovery retort ovens, the coal is coked in long,
narrow retorts built of firebrick. The retorts may be arranged
either horizontally or vertically, in batteries. They are made
slightly wider at one end than the other, to allow of the ready
discharge of the coke from the oven by means of a ram or by
gravity. Coal is charged into a hot oven, as in the case of the
beehive oven, but in marked contradistinction to the latter,
no air is admitted into the oven itself. The volatile products
from the coal leave the oven through special ports, are then
mixed with air, and burned in flues surrounding the oven.
The heat of their combustion is conducted back into the oven
through the walls, and the coking of the coal is thus completed.
The hot gases from the flues are often used to generate steam,
but otherwise coke is again the one and only product of this type
of oven.
By-product Retort Ovens.
The construction and operation of these ovens is in many
ways similar to that of the non-recovery retort ovens, indeed
so much so that some retort ovens can be operated either with
or without by-product recovery. The difference consists in
the fact that, with the recovery ovens, the gases and other
volatile products from the coal are led away through pipes
to a hydraulic main, and thence to a recovery plant where they
are passed through condensers, scrubbers, etc. ; and in this way
ammoniacal liquor and coal tar are obtained — as in a coal-gas
plant. Enough of the purified gas is then piped back to the battery
and burned in flues surrounding the retorts to keep the ovens
at the temperature requisite for good coking. In this type of
oven, regenerators are commonly used to preheat the air and gas
before they are burned in the flues. The resulting economy is
such that, unless the coal is low in volatile matter, only half
the purified gas is required to heat the ovens, while the remainder
— a valuable by-product — can be used for other purposes.
In this connexion it might be pointed out that the superior
economies in the working of a by-product recovery coke-oven
plant, as compared with a coal-gas plant, together with the su-
perior quality of the coke produced, make the former a rival
to the coal-gas plant, even as a means of supplying city gas;
but the substitution is possible only where there is a large de-
mand for coke of high quality.
Types of Coke Ovens Compared.
Until recent years there has been a decided prejudice against
retort oven coke; the product of beehive ovens has been more
in demand, especially for use in blast furnaces. This preference,
however, is fortunately disappearing. As a matter of fact,
retort ovens can make as good coke as beehive ovens, and can
make more of it from ordinary coking coals. They have,
moreover, a wider range of adaptability as they can produce a
commercial coke from certain classes of coal which cannot
be coked in a beehive oven. Hence the retort oven is gradually
displacing the beehive oven, and in some countries the change
is almost completed.
Beehive ovens, as a rule, are a nuisance in the neighbourhood
where they are located, they burn or waste all the gases and
volatile matter generated from the coal, and they give no return
except that of the coke produced. Moreover, they also burn
about 10 per cent of the coke itself. In other words, if, with
a certain coal, a 75 per cent yield of coke is obtained in a retort
oven, probably only 65 per cent would be obtained in a beehive
10
oven. In the former case 134 tons of coal would be required
to produce 100 tons of coke; whereas, in the latter case, 154
tons would be required. That is to say, for every 100 tons
of coke produced in a beehive oven, 20 tons of coal, approxi-
mately, are needlessly wasted through the burning of the coke.
From the ethical point of view, therefore, there can be no hesi-
tation in condemning the beehive oven ; while from the practical
point of view it should be remembered that, in addition to the
smaller yield, the greater waste of carbon in the beehive oven
results in a higher percentage of ash in the coke produced.
The beehive oven has the further disadvantage that the coking
period is at least one and one-half times as long as in a retort
oven, so that, if the charges are the same, it takes three beehive
ovens to do the work of two retort ovens. The cost of working
a beehive oven is also high, as the method of drawing the coke
by manual labour is slow and expensive. The beehive oven is,
however, very low in first cost, and being simple in construction,
is also easy to keep in repair. These facts, together with
the widespread prejudice in its favour, and the great number
of managers and men familiar with its use — but unfamiliar
with retort-oven practice — explain the reluctance of so many
coke manufacturers to adopt retort ovens.
It is probable that in nearly all cases the non-recovery
retort oven is, in the long run, more profitable than the beehive
oven, and that it would certainly prove to be so in all large
plants. The capital outlay is greater, but the working expenses
are less; while the output of coke is at least 10 per cent more
for the same amount of coal used.
In Canada, at the present time, the profits to be gained
by the recovery of by-products are more doubtful. On account
of the high capital cost of a by-product plant, it is essential
that there should be a reasonably certainty of working full
time; hence it is usual to erect large central plants, where they
are capable of drawing supplies from several collieries, and
where a good market for the products is of easy access. Evidence
given before a Royal Commission on Coal Supplies in England
would appear to show that, there, the value of the by-products
will not only pay for the working of such a coke plant, and
11
provide a profit, but will also pay for the capital outlay within
ten years. Various uses for coal tar are given later; but it
seems certain that by-product recovery coke-oven plants which
produce tar, and the coal-tar industry which uses coal tar as
a raw product, must grow up together.
At the present time, there are only two by-product recovery
coke-oven plants operating in Canada; yet in 1913 these two
plants were responsible for two-thirds of the total coke produc-
tion of the Dominion. As coke is imported, their production,
however, only amounted to half the total consumption of coke
in the Dominion. We may confidently expect that the tendency
of the future will be towards the recovery of coal tar and ammonia
at all coke and gas plants.
CARBONIZATION OF PEAT, LIGNITE, ETC.
Not only bituminous coals, but wood, peat, lignite, bitu-
minous shales, and other carbonaceous substances are also
carbonized or coked on a commercial scale, and in such a manner
as to yield gas, tar, etc. Bituminous coals, as already stated,
yield coke, gas, ammoniacal liquor, and tar — the tar consisting
mainly of aromatic hydrocarbons. Wood yields charcoal,
tar, an aqueous distillate, and gas; the tar in this case contains
chiefly phenolic derivatives; the aqueous distillate contains
acetic acid, and is acid to litmus; while the gas is of low value.
Tar from peat, lignite, or bituminous shales, is principally com-
posed of aliphatic hydrocarbons; the aqueous distillate yielding
ammonia. The coke residues from peat and lignite have,
as yet, found little commercial use, but there are great possi-
bilities in the Canadian West for a practicable method of car-
bonizing lignite, and then briquetting the carbonized residue,
or in some other way converting it into a fuel suitable for do-
mestic and general purposes.
The by-products from bituminous coals, however, are at
present of such overwhelmingly greater commercial importance
than the others mentioned above, that only the former are
considered in this bulletin.
12
PRODUCTION OF COKE, GAS, AMMONIA, AND TAR,
IN CANADA.
No official statistics are available to show the weight of
coal coked annually in Canadian gas works, and the correspond-
ing yield of gas, coke, etc. ; but Mr. A. Hewitt, General Manager
of the Consumers Gas Co., of Toronto, states that approximately
five million gallons of tar are produced annually.1
Some idea of the relation between the coal coked and the
products obtained at modern gas works can be obtained from
some figures published in the Journal of Gas Lighting.2 These
show that the average "residuals" obtained during 1913 by the
three London (Eng.) gas companies, per long ton (2,240 Ibs.)
of coal coked were: coke 12-47 cwt., coke breeze 5-20 bushels,
tar 10 gallons, ammonia liquor 36-11 "gallons of 8 ozs.",
and gas 12,420 cubic feet. The ammoniacal liquor referred
to is of such a strength that 8 ounces of pure sulphuric acid are
required to neutralize the "volatile"3 ammonia in one gallon
of the liquid. This corresponds to 0-674 pounds of ammonium
sulphate per gallon; but the actual yield obtained is not stated.
Although the above are called residuals, it is obvious that the
weight of coke stated is the gross yield, rather than the net
weight left after heating the retorts. The three companies
in question used approximately 20-3 per cent, 21-1 per cent,
and 12-3 per cent, respectively (mean 18 per cent) of the coke
produced, to heat the retorts. Subtracting 18 per cent from
the above coke yield, and assuming that a bushel of coke breeze
weighs 50 pounds, then the net yields per 100 pounds of coal
coked are approximately: coke 60 pounds, tar 0-45 gallons,
gas 550 cubic feet, ammonium sulphate one pound.
Data collected by the Division of Mineral Resources and
Statistics of the Mines Branch, show that, in 1913, 2,147,913
short tons (2,000 pounds) of coal were carbonized in Canadian
coke ovens, and 1,517,133 tons of coke produced therefrom.
Of the above, 1,456,361 tons of coal were coked in by-product
1 The publishers of the Gas Journal of Canada are now collecting gas works statistics
for 1914, and hope to make the first publication of them by January 1, 1915.
1 February 24, 1914, page 492.
1 See page 26.
13
recovery coke ovens, with the production of 1,018,632 tons
of coke; 8,371,600 gallons of tar; 10,663 tons of ammonium
sulphate; and 3,353,831,100 cubic feet of surplus gas. The
corresponding yields per 100 pounds of coal are: coke 70 pounds,
tar 0-29 gallons, gas 115 cubic feet, ammonium sulphate 0-73
pounds. These figures are not comparable with those from the
London gas companies, as no analyses of the coal coked are
given in either case.
No statistics of the production of producer gas in Canada
are available.
Coke, gas, ammonia, and coal tar are — as already shown —
the main products or by-products obtained from the distillation
of coal in gas retorts, or in coke ovens. These, and their
derivatives, will now be considered separately, and in greater
detail. Benzene, one of the most valuable by-products of coal,
will be considered under the heading of coal tar, but a much
richer source of this product is the "crude benzol" directly re-
covered from coke-oven and coal gas by washing with heavy oil
or by other means. Formerly, when the standard of coal gas
was its "candle power," it was not possible to remove the
benzol from this gas, but now, where, as in Canada, calorific
value has been introduced as the standard, the gas may be
scrubbed and the gas works should be able to supply a largely
increased quantity of benzene.1
1 On page 11 it was pointed out that by-product plants producing tar and the coal-tar
industry using tar must grow up together. In Technical Paper 89 of the Bureau of Mines
Washington, on Coal-Tar Products, published since this was written, H. C. Porter points
out the fact that, if the gas at present produced in coke-oven and coal-gas plants were
thoroughly stripped of benzol, the increased demand for benzene and its homologues caused
by the war could be met at once to a considerable extent . This would remove the necessity
of waiting several years for the establishment of new by-product recovery plants, or for the
conversion of existing plants into by-product recovery plants.
15
PART II.
PROPERTIES AND USES OF COAL PRODUCTS
AND BY-PRODUCTS.
COKE.
^Coke is the name given to the solid residue left by the de-
structive distillation of coal, or of some other carbonaceous
substances. It_consists mainly of carbon, together with the origi-
nal ash of the coal, but always contains small amounts of volatile
matter which the temperature attained in the coking process
has failed to drive out during the time the heat was maintained.
When coal is strongly heated in absence of air, it is decom-
posed, and loses water, gases, and volatile compounds. Many
coals so heated first fuse or soften, and then harden as de-
composition progresses, ultimately leaving a strong coke. This
coke, although quite hard, is light and cellular, owing to the bub-
bles produced by the escaping gases while the mass is soft.
Neither anthracite nor lignite coalesces when heated, hence
neither is capable of making commercial coke. The fragments
left after the heating might strictly be described as coke, but
they are approximately the same size and shape as the original
pieces of coal, and bear little or no resemblance to the hard porous
substance commercially known as coke. Some bituminous
coals also fail to coke, or else make so weak or impure a material
as to be worthless.
Coke bears the same relation to coal that charcoal does
to wood. For many purposes, such as blast furnace smelting,
coke is so far superior to coal as a fuel, that it is necessary to
go to the trouble and expense of coking the coal before use.
The chief advantages of coke as a fuel are: —
(1) It is strong and hard, and does not crumble or soften
when burning; thus it can support a heavy charge of ore,
etc., in a furnace, without crushing or melting dcwn and ob-
structing the blast.
16
(2) It burns without producing tar or smoke.
(3) It has a high calorific intensity; that is to say, a higher
temperature can be obtained by burning coke than by burning
coal, although a given weight of coal will naturally evolve a
larger quantity of heat than will the coke produced from it.
Coke is the main product of coke-oven plants, and is a
by-product of gas plants. A coke manufacturer selects coal
that is capable of giving good coke, and treats it in such a way —
with regard to the mass coked, temperature of oven, and dura-
tion of coking — as will produce a good quality of coke. The
gas manufacturer naturally regards the quantity and quality
of gas produced as his chief consideration, the quality of coke
being only of secondary importance; his choices of coal, etc.,
are, therefore, all made from the view point of gas production.
Consequently gas or retort coke is practically always inferior
to oven coke, as regards hardness, strength, lustre, etc.; but
the former has advantages over oven coke for certain purposes,
since it contains more volatile matter, and consequently burns
more readily.
Table I gives analyses of a coal, and of a coke produced
from it. The coal sample came from the Foord seam, Allan
Shaft Colliery, Pictou County, N.S. and the coke was made
in an Otto Hoffman, by-product recovery, retort oven at Sydney,
N.S. This coke was a high grade metallurgical coke, and one
of the best produced in the long series of coking tests carried
out in connexion with the "Investigation of the Coals of Can-
ada," Mines Branch Report No. 83, Vol. I.
17
TABLE I.
Analysis of Coal, and Coke Produced therefrom.
Coal.
Coke.
Proximate analysis of dry coal or coke
Fixed carbon %
Volatile matter %
Ash %
Ultimate analysis of dry coal or coke
Carbon %
Hydrogen %
Sulphur %
Nitrogen %
Oxygen %
Ash %
Duration of coking Hours
Yield of dry coke from dry coal %
Apparent specific gravity
Real specific gravity
Percentage cell space or porosity
57-1
33-7
9-2
77-8
5-0
0-6
2-2
5-2
9-2
87-3
0-6
12-1
48
71-9
0-92
1-86
50-7
Uses of Coke.
The most important uses of coke are in metallurgical
operations, such as the smelting of iron in blast furnaces; the
remelting of iron in the iron foundry; and the smelting of
copper, lead, nickel, silver, etc. Oven coke is always used for
these purposes, as a strong, hard coke is required. For blast
furnaces, great compressive strength is essential; but for copper
smelters, porosity is important. During 1913, 1,417,148 tons
of coke were used in the blast furnaces of Canada ; this amounted
to about 65 per cent of the total consumption of metallurgical
coke in the Dominion.
Gas coke is chiefly used for steam raising, domestic heating,
etc. It has the great advantage over soft coal that it can be
burned in an ordinary grate without producing smoke and soot;
this is a matter of great importance for the cleanliness of our
cities even now, and will become more so as the cities increase
18
in size. Where hard coal is burned, nothing is gained as regards
smoke reduction by a change to coke; there is, however, a great
deal to be said in favour of coking all bituminous coal that will
form a commercial coke, thus obtaining the two clean fuels
coke and gas, and recovering the valuable by-products tar
and ammonia.
Gas coke can prove satisfactory for steam raising only where
it is burned under suitable conditions. It has a comparatively
high temperature of ignition — although not so high as that of
oven coke — and requires a good draught. It gives a more
localized heat than coal, on account of the absence of flame,
and when burning freely gives a more intense heat ; it is therefore
liable to cause troubles such as the burning of the firebars and
the formation of clinker. The latter trouble is accentuated
by the fact that coke naturally contains a higher percentage
of ash than the coal from which it is made. The difficulties
attending its use are, however, not unsurmountable, as is shown
by its successful use in many plants. A suitable furnace should
be employed, and the method of stoking adapted to the fuel.
Crushing the coke to a small uniform size is generally advan-
tageous. Troubles due to ash and clinker would be reduced
if the coal for use in gas plants were first washed, as is frequently
done with coal for coke-oven plants. Washing the coal would
also reduce the sulphur in the resulting coke.
Coke is also used in gas producers. Many of the small
suction gas plants are designed to operate either on anthracite
or on coke.
Gas coke is a* good fuel for domestic heating when burned
in a suitable furnace; but before the prejudice against it can be
removed it will have to be realized that a proper design of furnace
must be employed.
In England, houses are generally heated with open grate
fires, in which soft coal is burned, and although the open fire
has many advantages in a temperate climate over other methods
of heating, such use of soft coal is wasteful of fuel and plays a
large part in the pollution of the atmosphere. These conditions
have recently led to the introduction of a low temperature coke;
the coal is coked in gas retorts maintained at a much lower
19
temperature than is usually employed, whereby only about
two thirds of the volatile matter is removed. This type of
coke, of which "Coalite" is the best known example, ignites
at a much lower temperature than ordinary coke and burns
more readily, thus giving a bright, cheerful, smokeless fire.
The commercial development of such smokeless fuel in England
has been slow, both on account of prejudice and of the difficulty
of making a wholly satisfactory and uniform product. In
Canada the need for such a fuel is far less, but even here con-
ditions might easily arise where low temperature carbonization
would prove advantageous. Low temperature carbonization
produces a greater yield of solid fuel in proportion to the gas
than is yielded in ordinary practice; it should therefore be
advantageous in a place where, possibly on account of the scarcity
of hard coal or the competition of natural gas, there is a com-
paratively larger market for a solid, furnace fuel than for city
gas. Not only the proportionate yield, but also the actual
yield of coke is increased by low temperate coking; the yields
of gas and tar are correspondingly lower. The gas produced is,
however, richer, and the tar more valuable than those obtained
by the usual methods.
Recovery coke oven practice also yields a proportionately
larger supply of solid as compared with gaseous fuel than is the
case with ordinary gas works practice ; because at the coke ovens,
gas is used to supply the heat for coking, whilst at the gas works
coke is used for this purpose. It has already been pointed
out that modern by-product recovery coke plants have recently
been installed in certain places as a means of supplying city
gas; but such installations are only possible where there is a
good demand for metallurgical coke. A study of the statistics
of coke suggests that, in some Canadian cities, a coke-oven
plant might possibly prove more profitable than a gas plant.
During 1913 the coke imports exceeded the exports by 655,671
tons, an amount greater than the coke production of either
of the two by-product coke-oven plants, during that year.
In 1913, 1,517,133 short tons of oven coke were produced in
Canada; and 1,530,499 tons were sold or used by the producers.
20
Exports amounted to 68,235 tons, and imports to 723,906
tons.1
GAS.
The three principal gases which have been mentioned are
city gas, cpke-oven gas, and producer gas. It has been explained
that city gas is frequently a mixture of ordinary coal gas with a
carburetted water gas, oil being used for carburetting; some
Canadian cities, however, are supplied with coal gas alone,
and others with carburetted water gas alone.
Gases vary so widely in composition with the conditions
under which they are made, that it is difficult to give strictly
typical analyses; Table II, however, gives an indication of the
types of gas which go to make up the ordinary mixed city gas.2
Table III gives actual analyses of a city gas, a coke-oven gas,
three types of producer gas, and, for comparison, a natural gas.
The calorific values are in British Thermal Units per cubic
foot of gas measured moist at 60°F., under a pressure of 30
inches of mercury. They have been calculated as in Report
No. 83, of the Mines Branch, "An Investigation of the Coals
of Canada," Vol. II, p. 168. The assumption is made that the
saturated hydrocarbons are all methane, and the unsaturated
hydrocarbons ethylene. This assumption probably causes no
appreciable error in the calculated calorific value for a producer
gas; but it is liable to cause a serious error in the case of a city
gas, and an even greater error when applied to an oil gas. De-
terminations made with a Boys gas calorimeter showed that
the actual gross calorific value of the city gas given in the table
was 636 B. Th. U., and of the natural gas, 930 B. Th. U.
1 Preliminary Report on the Mineral Production of Canada during 1913, by John McLeish,
Mines Branch Bulletin No. 283.
* The oil gas shown is of the Pintsch gas type as In the carburetting process the oil gas
never exist* alone and cannot be analysed.
21
TABLE II.
Typical Gas Analyses.
Retort
Carbur-
coal
Water
Oil
etted
gas.
gas.
gas.
water
gas.
Hydrogen . %
50
50
30
36
Saturated hydrocarbons %
34
1
38
14
Unsaturated hydrocarbons %
4
25
9
Carbon monoxide %
8
40
—
30
Carbon dioxide %
2
5
—
5
Oxygen %
Nitrogen ... %
2
4
7
6
Inflammable gases %
96
91
93
89
Calculated calorific value, gross B.Th.U.
590
300
880
500
Calculated calorific value.net B.Th.U.
530
270
810
450
22
TABLE III.
Examples of Gas Analyses.
Coke-
Producer gas.
City
oven
Natural
gas.
gas.
Coal.
Lignite.
Peat.
gas.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hydrogen %
39-5
48-5
12-5
19-0
10-3
—
Saturated hydro-
carbons %
31-8
32-8
3-3
1-5
2-4
91-6
Unsaturated hy-
drocarbons
5-1
3-6
0-2
0-1
0-4
—
Carbon mon-
oxide %
14-6
5-5
10-7
16-1
20-2
Carbon dioxide. %
1-7
2-4
10-1
11-7
9-9
—
Oxygen %
0-6
0-3
0-8
0-7
0-3
0-2
Nitrogen (by dif-
ference) %
6-7
6-9
62-4
50-9
56-5
8-2
Inflammable
gases %
91-0
90-4
26-7
36-7
33-3
91-6
Calorific value
by calculation,
gross B.Th.U.
574
560
111
129
128
916
by calculation,
net B.Th.U..
516
500
101
118
120
822
No. 1. Montreal city gas, which is coal gas mixed with carburetted water
gas.
* 2. Coke-oven gas from Nova Scotia coal coked in Otto Hoffman oven.
" 3. Nova Scotia coal in McGill gas producer.
* 4. Alberta lignite in Westinghouse gas producer.
" 5. Ontario peat in Korting gas producer.
6. A natural gas from Alberta.
When coal is distilled at low temperatures, the primary
products of decomposition are principally water vapour, oxides
of carbon, and hydrocarbons. As the temperature increases,
the hydrocarbons break down and hydrogen is produced,
23
more volatile matter is also driven off from the coke, and the
lighter constituents of the tar are converted into gas. The
yield of gas is thus materially increased, but at the expense
of the rich hydrocarbons in the gas and the more valuable
constituents of the tar. The tendency of gas works managers
is to increase the yield of gas by increasing the temperature
of the retorts; but from the standpoint of conservation it would
be better to distil the coal at lower temperatures, and then
dilute the resulting gases with a cheaper product, such as water
gas.
The production of city gas in Canada is largely reduced
by the competition of natural gas. There are at present some
thirty nine companies supplying city gas, the net prices charged
per thousand cubic feet for illuminating purposes ranging from
$0 . 70 to $2 . 40. Twenty-three companies are employed in
the distribution of natural gas, the corresponding prices ranging
from $0.15 to $0.70. The production of natural gas in Canada
in 1913 was, approximately, 20,345 million cubic feet.
In many countries gas companies are compelled to supply
gas of a certain minimum quality. In the days when gas was
chiefly burned in open flat-flame burners for illuminating purposes,
a gas of a certain candle power was insisted on; with the intro-
duction of incandescent mantles for gas lighting, the heating
power of the gas became more important, and a dual standard
was created in certain places. Now that city gas is used almost
entirely for cooking, domestic heating, lighting with incandescent
mantles, and power production, the candle power of the gas
when burned in the open flame is of no importance, and the
calorific value, or heating power of the gas is of vital importance.
This change is to the advantage of both producer and consumer,
as it allows the gas manufacturer to supply a satisfactory
gas at a lower cost than was possible when the gas had to be rich
in illuminants.
The output of surplus coke-oven gas in Canada in 1913
amounted to 3,354 million cubic feet. This gas is at present
used in the steel works, to which the coke-oven plants are an
adjunct, for heating furnaces, roasting limestone, etc. As
already stated in connexion with coke production, one possible
24
development in this country is a by-product recovery coke-
oven plant to supply oven gas for city use, and also to produce
metallurgical coke, tar, and ammonia.
No figures are available for the annual output of producer
gas in Canada. As can be seen from the analyses given in Table
III, producer gas is a low grade fuel, but it is correspondingly
low in cost of production, and is used to a great extent for heating
steel furnaces, and in other metallurgical processes; also for power
production in internal combustion engines. In many works
where producer gas is used for heating large furnaces, the gas
is taken hot from the producers and led to the furnaces without
cooling. A gas containing tar is actually better than a clean
gas in such cases, as the tar vapour notably increases the calorific
value of the gas; producers of the updraft type are, therefore,
employed at such works, because they generate from bituminous
coal, a gas rich in tar, and are moreover simple in construc-
tion and operation. Where the gas has to be cooled and led
through pipes, and where it is to be used for internal combustion
engines, a tar-free gas must be obtained. This is accomplished
by the use of anthracite or coke in a simple producer, or, where
a fuel richer in volatile matter is employed, by means of specially
designed producers, usually of the down-draft, or the double-
zone type, and by means of tar extractors.
Uses of Gas.
Gas is used for illumination, in which case it is usually
burned inside incandescent mantles; for heating and cooking;
for power generation in internal combustion engines; for heating
small technical appliances; and for heating all kinds of large
furnaces, as for example in the iron and steel industries, and in
the manufacture of cement, glass, china, etc.
A great economy was effected in gas illumination when the
incandescent mantle replaced the flat-flame burner ; a still further
economy can be attained by the use of high-pressure gas. High-
pressure gas is particularly suited to street and factory lighting;
and for this purpose it is displacing electricity in several of the
largest European cities.
25
High pressure gas is also used for generating high temper-
atures in furnaces. The greatest advance made in the use of
gas for furnace work, however, was due to the introduction of
recuperators and regenerators. In these, the waste heat from
the gases leaving the furnace is used to pre-heat the air, or the gas
and air entering the furnace, thus enabling a high temperature
to be readily obtained. The high efficiency obtainable by gas
heating with the regenerative system, together with the greater
ease of control with gaseous than with solid fuel, and the greater
cleanliness of the former, has led to the almost entire disuse of
solid fuel in many large industries.
The last few years have seen the commercial introduction
of a flameless method of burning gases, known as surface com-
bustion. In many cases this has been shown to result in greatly
increased efficiency; hence in the next few years, considerable
developments may be expected along these lines.
AMMONIA.
Ammonia is obtained as a by-product in the distillation of
coal in gas works, in coke-oven plants, and in producer-gas plants.
The quantity depends on the percentage of nitrogen present in
the coal; but other factors, e.g. the temperature and shape of the
retorts, ovens, or producers, have also an influence on the fraction
of the nitrogen which is evolved as ammonia. Generally,
nitrogen is present in coals to the extent of one or two per cent,
but in gas works only about 14 per cent of this is recovered as
ammonia in the gas; this latter percentage may be sensibly
increased by adding lime to the coal, or by passing steam through
the retort during distillation. Increasing the steam used
also increases the ammonia yield from gas producers. The
Mond producers are run so that a very high yield of ammonia,
amounting to about 60 per cent of the nitrogen of the coal,
is obtained by means of the large excess of steam which is passed
through the fuel bed ; the steam favours the increased percentage
of ammonia by lowering the temperature of the producer below
the point at which ammonia decomposes, and also by acting as
a diluent to the gases evolved.
26
In gas and coke-oven plants some of the ammonia is washed
out from the gas in the hydraulic main, purifiers, etc., but the
bulk of it is recovered from washers and scrubbers installed
for the purpose. As small a volume of wash liquor as possible
is used in these washers, to prevent undue dilution of the am-
monia in the resulting ammoniacal liquor.
Coal gas and coke-oven gas contain ammonia, carbon
dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen, cyanides, etc. As these gases
combine chemically and dissolve in water, the ammoniacal
liquor obtained is a complicated solution containing the following
ammonium salts: acid and neutral carbonates, acid and neutral
sulphides, thiocarbonate, cyanide, thiocyanate, ferrocyanide,
sulphate, thiosulphate, sulphite, chloride, and acetate. Because
solutions of the carbonates, sulphides, cyanide, and acetate
readily give up their ammonia when boiled the ammonia in
these salts is called "volatile." The other compounds require
the addition of lime to liberate the ammonia, which in these
salts is said to be "fixed." The ratio between the "volatile"
and "fixed" ammonia in gas liquors varies widely, but that
liquor with the largest proportion of "volatile", is naturally
the most valuable. In producer-gas plants the gas is washed
in towers by dilute sulphuric acid, and ammonium sulphate
is directly produced.
The ammoniacal liquor obtained as above is distilled before
and after the addition of lime, and the ammonia liberated is
passed into sulphuric acid yielding ammonium sulphate, or into
water yielding the ammonia solution generally known as am-
monia, ammonium hydroxide, ammonia water, etc. This
treatment of the gas liquor is not profitable in smaller plants,
and from such places the liquor is generally shipped to central
plants for distillation.
Uses of Ammonia.
A strong solution containing about 10 per cent ammonia,
as obtained by simple distillation, is largely used for the manu-
facture of ammonia soda, and for cleaning purposes; while the
more concentrated solution "liquor ammoniae", and anhydrous
27
liquid ammonia, are used in refrigerating machinery. Am-
monium nitrate, which is usually made from ammonium sulphate
and sodium nitrate, is being increasingly used in explosives.
Ammonium chloride, which is produced directly from the gas
liquor, or from ammonium sulphate by boiling with common
salt, or obtained from waste liquors of ammonia-soda works,
is used for soldering, for galvanizing iron, for calico printing,
and for Leclanch6 cells and dry batteries. A process by which
ammonia is converted into nitric acid has recently been patented
by Ostwald, and will probably prove to be a very important
application of ammonia. Ammonium sulphate is the most
important salt of ammonia; its possible useful application as
a fertilizer is practically unlimited. As yet the need of fertilizers
has not been felt so keenly in Canada as in older established
countries, but its use here is bound to extend rapidly. During
the last year there has been a tendency for the price of ammonium
sulphate to drop, partly owing to the competition of other fer-
tilizers now produced on a large scale by the fixation of atmos-
pheric nitrogen by electrothermic processes, and partly owing
to the progress which is being made with Haber's synthetic
process for ammonia production. The war has caused a brisk
demand for nitrates in the manufacture of explosives, and the
removal of these nitrates from the fertilizer market, should
bring about an increase in the price of ammonium sulphate.
CYANIDES.
In the dry distillation of coal, up to 2 per cent of the nitrogen
of the coal is evolved in the form of cyanide, and is recovered
both in the washers and scrubbers along with the ammonia,
and in the purifiers where ferrocyanide is formed with the
ferric oxide. The potassium cyanide, ferrocyanide, and ferri-
cyanide, which are worked up from cyanogen compounds of the
gas, are very important by-products of the gas industry. In the
twelve months ending March, 1914, Canada imported 1,615,490
pounds of potassium and sodium cyanides, and 166,901 pounds
of yellow and red prussiate of potash (potassium ferro- and
ierricyanide). The simple cyanides have a wide application
28
in mining operations; the yellow prussiate is used for making
potassium cyanide, for dyeing, and for case hardening steel ;
and the red prussiate is much used in photography.
COAL TAR.
The composition of tars varies enormously with the appa-
ratus employed, the coal used, the method of working, etc.
Lunge quotes the two following sets of values for gas-works
tar, which may be taken as typical. These tars were made
from the same coal in the same works; but in the one case the
coal was coked in a horizontal retort, and in the other in a ver-
tical retort.
Analysis of Gas-Works Tar.
Vertical.
Horizontal.
Specific gravity about
1-1
1-2
Free carbon .
2-4%
20-0%
Distillation yields: —
Water
2-2%
3-5%
Light oil
5-9%
3-1%
Middle oil
12-3%
7-7%
Heavy oil . . .
12-0%
10-2%
Anthracene oil
16-0%
11-6%
Pitch
49-7%
62-0%
Coke-oven tar usually contains less free carbon than ordi-
nary tar and is therefore more mobile. Its specific gravity is
from 1-14 to 1-19, and when distilled it yields on an average
the following products: —
29
Analysis of Coke-Oven Tar.
Water 2-7%
Light oil 1-4%
Middle oil 3-5%
Heavy oil 9-9%
Anthracene oil 24-8%
Pitch 56-4%
Tar from gas producers differs from the above in that it
contains considerable quantities of water. A sample of gas pro-
ducer tar gave the following distillates: —
Analysis of Gas-Producer Tar.
Below 230°C 5 -4% by volume.
230°C— 300°C 10-1% "
From 300° until oil solidified 14-3% "
Oils solidifying on cooling 10-4%
Coke 30- 5% by weight.
Water and loss 32-6% «
Water-Gas Tar.
A tar commonly found in gas works is water-gas tar. This
is not actually a product of coal, but is produced by the cracking
of the oil used for carburetting the water gas. It is thinner
than ordinary tar, is usually brown in colour, and contains
much water. The amounts of free carbon and of phenols in
this tar are minute, and the higher boiling oils produced from
it contain only small quantities of naphthalene and anthracene.
Uses of Tar.
Probably the greater part of the world's production of tar
is distilled in order to obtain the more valuable products
described later; but there are many uses for entirely raw
tar, or for tar in its dehydrated state (i.e. after it has been heated
in closed vessels to remove the water, and, incidentally, to re-
30
cover the benzol). Dehydrated tar finds wide application in
the preparation of roofing felt, and for preserving timber, stone,
iron, etc. Tar has, weight for weight, a slightly higher heating
value than coke, and is now being used as a fuel. Formerly it
was simply poured on to solid fuel, but under these conditions
combustion was by no means complete; now the tar is usually
injected in the form of a fine spray by means of steam or air
and so comes in intimate contact with the air, this resulting in
complete combustion. Tar is sometimes simply mixed with
coke for heating retorts in a gas plant or used in conjunction
with coke-oven gas for heating coke ovens. It is also converted
into a gas by being passed through red-hot tubes.
There are so many valuable products which may be obtained
from tar that its use as a fuel is, from the standpoint of conser-
vation, to be condemned ; but it must be admitted that in very
many cases the tar has to be used in this way. Large gas
and coke-oven plants can profitably have a tar-distilling plant
in addition; but the distillation of tar in small works is not
remunerative. In the latter case, the tar may be shipped to
central distilling plants, but even this procedure is not com-
mercially possible where the gas or coke-oven plant is isolated,
and consequently the cost of transportation high. In such
cases the use of tar for fuel is the only possible one.
Distillation of Tar.
Coal tar is distilled in wrought iron stills. These stills
are usually upright cylinders of 10 to 20 tons capacity, some-
times heated by steam, but more often by a direct fire. As
water in tar sometimes causes bumping in the stills, it is removed
as completely as possible beforehand. With thinner tars the
water settles out on the surface at ordinary temperatures suffi-
ciently well to be run off, but thicker tars require to be moder-
ately heated to cause a satisfactory separation. The still-head
is connected with a condensing worm, from which the various
products of distillation are conducted into different receivers.
At the end of the distillation process, the fire is drawn out
and the temperature allowed to fall to a point at which the
31
pitch left behind in the still — though remaining liquid — will not
ignite when it comes in contact with the air. This pitch is then
run out into barrels, or other suitable receivers. Sometimes,
in the last stages of the distillation, superheated steam or a
vacuum is utilized, since either of these causes the high-boiling-
point products to pass over at a lower temperature than would
otherwise have to be employed. Recently, tar has been success-
fully treated in continuous distillation apparatus.
As is shown below, the various first products of coal tar
give, on refinement, numerous compounds of supreme importance
in technical chemistry. The amounts of these compounds
obtained from tar vary considerably with the nature of the tar
itself; and the following figures merely give an approximate
idea of the quantities which may be expected from an average
coal tar: —
Derivatives of Coal Tar —
Benzene and homologues 2 • 5%
Phenol and homologues 2-0%
Pyridine and other bases 0-25%
Naphthalene 6-0%
Heavy oil 22 %
Crude anthracene (30% pure) 1 -5%
Pitch 60 %
Water and loss 6 %
The Light Oil (see Table IV), which is 3 — 6 per cent of the
original tar, contains : —
Phenols 5 - 15 %
Pyridines 1 - 3 %
Sulphur compounds 0-1%
Nitriles 0-2- 0-3%
Neutral substances 1-0— 1 • 5%
Hydrocarbons 80 - 100 %
The hydrocarbons are almost completely aromatic, four-
fifths being benzene and its homologues, and one-fifth naphtha-
lene.
32
The Middle Oil, which constitutes 8 — 12 per cent of the tar
contains : —
Phenol 10%
Cresols 20%
Naphthalene 30%
Residue— heavy oil 40%
In addition, the oil contains considerable quantities of
pyridine and other bases.
The Heavy Oil, 10 — 12 per cent of the tar, is a semi-liquid
product containing: —
Naphthalene 30%
Cresols and homologues 10%
Pyridine bases 6%
Unknown hydrocarbons 40%
Anthracene Oil, which is 11 — 16 per cent of the tar, contains
about 3 per cent pure anthracene, 6 per cent phenols, and
numerous other liquid and solid compounds.
Pitch, amounting to as high as 60 per cent of the weight
of tar, contains varying quantities of free carbon: thus, coke-
oven pitch and vertical retort pitch may contain as low as 2
per cent free carbon; while in horizontal retort pitch there may
be as much as 40 per cent.
The following table shows, diagrammatically, the first
products of a tar distillation, and a typical method by which
these are worked up in many tar distilleries to obtain the further
products shown. These products are themselves the parent
substances of innumerable compounds, many of which are of
the greatest technical importance, as will be seen later.
The ranges of temperature mentioned are given merely
to indicate the approximate limits between which the different
oils are collected, and not to put down any definite rule of
distillation. Tar distillers vary their method of working con-
siderably, according to the demand for different products;
for example, with a strong market for creosote oil (heavy oil),
the distiller will desire to make as much of that product as
possible, hence may collect the oil between wider limits than is
indicated in the table, and sell the product without further
purification.
33
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OF COAL TAR; THEIR USES
AND DERIVATIVES.
90% Benzol.
Uses.—
As a solvent for the manufacture of colours, for ex-
tracting fat from bones and seeds, and for making iron
varnishes; also, as a detergent; as a fuel for internal
combustion engines; and for carburetting gas.
Derivatives. —
By distillation, pure benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.,
are obtained. Benzene is widely used in the prepara-
tion of numerous technical organic products. From
it nitro-benzene, aniline, etc., are readily obtained, and
therefore it is the parent substance of the numerous
aniline dyes; of many artificial perfumes; and of
photographic developers, etc. Toluene and xylene
are used in the preparation of certain dyes. The for-
mer gives on nitration trinitrotoluene, a substance
used in the manufacture of explosives.
50% Benzol.
Use —
As a substitute for the 90 per cent benzol, in the manu-
facture of certain dyes.
Solvent Naphtha.
Uses. —
As a solvent for rubber in the preparation of water-
proof fabrics; as a detergent; and as a solvent in the
purification of anthracene.
34
Crystalline Carbolic Acid.
Use —
As an antiseptic.
Derivatives. —
By nitration, carbolic acid gives picric acid, which is
used in the manufacture of many important explosives,
and of some dyes. It is the source of many substances
used in the colour industry (e.g. salicylic acid), and of
certain photographic developers (e.g. metol).
Liquid Carbolic Acid.
Uses.—
As a liquid antiseptic, and as the active principle of
disinfectant soaps, powders, etc.
Naphthalene.
Uses —
For carburetting gas; for disinfecting purposes; for
driving explosive motors; for preserving raw hides;
and sometimes also for fuel. Crude naphthalene is
usually employed for the above purposes.
Derivatives. —
Pure naphthalene is the starting point in the manu-
facture of a large number of important artificial colours
(phthalein colours, azo-colours, indigo, etc.).
Heavy Oil. Also called Creosote Oil.
Uses.—
As an illuminant where smoke is no objection; as an
antiseptic; as a timber preservative ; as a lubricant; as
a binder, when mixed with pitch, in the manufacture of
patent fuels; as a fuel; and as a solvent.
35
50% Anthracene.
Uses —
Not important.
Derivatives. —
Anthracene is the raw material from which alizarin
and other important colouring matters are manufactured.
Anthracene Oil.
Us*.—
For lubricating purposes; for timber preservation; for
making soft from hard pitch ; for removing naphthalene
from coal gas.
Pitch.
Uses.—
For road making; for preparing artificial asphalt by
admixture with heavy oil ; for manufacturing varnishes
by admixture with middle oil; for making patent
fuels, after softening by admixture with heavy or
anthracene oil; for insulating cables, etc.; for roofing;
and for making coke for electric carbons.
Lunge gives the following diagram, which shows clearly
the various first products obtained from coal tar.
36
TABLE V
First Products from Coal Tar
(Lunge)
Coal
Tar
f- Ammoniacal
Liquor
- First Runnirigs
- Light Oil
Carbolic Oil
- Creosote Oil
- Anthracene Oil
«- Hard Pitch
37
COAL TAR IN THE INDUSTRIES.
The many uses mentioned for the substances enumerated
above clearly indicate their vast technical importance. The
commercial aspect of the relations of these coal-tar products to
certain large industries is discussed in the following sections: —
Timber Preservation.
Wood, when exposed to moisture, or set in water, may
decay through the action of different organisms or fungi; or
it may be destroyed by insects. To prevent this, the timber
is soaked in some chemical which will act as a poison to such
enemies. Mercuric chloride, copper sulphate, and zinc
chloride, are examples of suitable poisons, and of these the
last named is widely used. They are, however, all soluble in
water, and may be rather quickly washed out by rain, etc.
Creosote oil, on the other hand, is an efficient preservative
which is insoluble in water and consequently is more permanent
in its action. It gradually evaporates, but, if a heavy oil be
chosen, the rate of evaporation is very slow. Coal tar — also
insoluble in water — is often used; but its penetrating power
is small. Creosote oil is, therefore, the most suitable material
for timber preservation, and is most used in Canada.
The wood to be preserved is put into iron tanks, which are
then closed and evacuated ; the heated oil is now run in and the
wood allowed to remain immersed under pressure for some time
to ensure the complete filling of the pores. The preservative,
to be effective, should contain high-boiling oils; for general
purposes not more than 50 per cent of it should distil below
315°C., but for wood paving blocks not more than 55 per cent
should distil below that temperature. Economy of creosote
oil can be obtained by the use of an inferior oil, which should
be mixed hot, in the proportion of 80 parts oil to 20 parts of
coke-oven tar, the latter containing not more than 5 to 6 per
cent of free carbon. The penetration of such a mixture is not
less than that of creosote oil, if the time for which the timber is
kept under pressure be slightly increased.
285O53
38
On the American continent the demand for creosote oil
is much greater than the supply. In 1913 the United States
consumed, for timber preservation, over 90 million gallons (Imp.)
of the oil, and of this 62 per cent was imported from Europe.
Between 60 per cent and 70 per cent of the total quantity of
oil consumed was used for the treatment of railway ties, some
25 million being thus treated. In Canada, 19 million cross-ties
are used annually, and only about 10 per cent of these are
creosoted; but even for this comparatively small number,
Canada does not produce sufficient creosote oil. If all the tar
produced in gas and coke-oven works in the country were dis-
tilled, the home supply of creosote oil would still be quite un-
equal to the demand, and tar distillers would therefore be certain
of a sale for one of their most important products.
Road Making.
Raw tar is sometimes used in the making of roads ; but it is
better to employ the prepared or dehydrated tar. This is
generally poured or sprayed on existing roads. In dry
weather it serves to keep the surface free from dust, and in wet
weather it protects the road material from the disintegrating
effects of water. In the actual construction of roads coal-
tar pitch and asphalt are much used instead of tar. Coal-
tar asphalt is made by mixing pitch with suitable quantities of
creosote and anthracene oils; and, although it cannot entirely
replace the natural asphalt in street paving, it is a very good
substitute. For making sidewalks a mixture of coal-tar pitch
and natural asphalt is often employed, sandy material being
ground up with the mixture, which is then melted and mixed
with gravel.
The use of pitch, etc., in the making of roads is increasing
rapidly; and even at the present time there is a good demand
for this residual material from the distillation of coal tar.
Disinfectants.
Carbolic acid in its pure crystallized state is used for medi-
cinal purposes, as an antiseptic, etc.; but it has a much wider
39
application in the crude state for disinfectant purposes generally.
The impure carbolic acid has a strong unpleasant smell. It
becomes partially liquid on standing, and in this state is much
used for disinfecting sewers, stables, etc. Various preparations
of carbolic acid or the other phenols are made to render the
application of the disinfectant more convenient. The most
important preparations are those in which the phenols are com-
bined with soap; but carbolic-acid powders, which are mixtures
of carbolic acid and lime, etc., are extensively used. Naphtha-
lene sometimes replaces carbolic acid as a disinfectant, being
used in sick rooms, etc., and is often preferable to carbolic acid
for the dressing of wounds. It also acts as a preventive against
moths, etc.
Explosives.
Phenol is the parent substance of several important ex-
plosives, and most of the carbolic acid produced is used in their
manufacture. By the nitration of phenol, picric acid is formed,
and this acid and its still more explosive salts are utilized in
the preparation of such explosives as lyddite, melinite, etc.
Trinitrotoluene and trinitrobenzene are also used in various
preparations for the manufacture of explosives; the corres-
ponding dinitro compounds explode only when admixed with
saltpetre, etc.
Power Production.
The use of tar as a fuel has already been mentioned, but in
addition to this, some of the products of distillation are useful
for power production. The most important is benzol, which
is being increasingly used in internal combustion engines,
since it has a higher heating value than petroleum spirit, and does
not appear to deposit much more carbon in the cylinder. The
technical benzol, consisting of 95 per cent benzene and 5 per
cent toluene, is generally used for this purpose. Until the
value of naphthalene in the preparation of colours was dis-
covered, that substance was considerably used as a fuel; it is
still sometimes used for heating purposes, being injected in the
liquid state into furnaces as was described for tar; and is also
40
used for driving explosion motors. Heavy coal-tar oil also finds
some application as a fuel.
The introduction of the Diesel engine has opened up a new
and important use for heavy oils. The great success with which
the Diesel engine has already met is due partly to its simplicity
and economy, and partly to its adaptability for using many kinds
of liquid fuel. Although most kinds of crude oil are applicable,
it is preferable partially to refine the fuel before use. It has been
shown that mineral oils freed from benzene, lignite tar oils,
and animal or vegetable fat oils, can always be used as fuel;
but that coal-tar oil, and also vertical retort, water gas, oil gas,
and coke-oven tars may be used only with the aid of special
apparatus. Tars from horizontal or inclined retorts cannot
be used. The following specifications for coal tar or tar oil
for Diesel engines are given by Rath and Rossenbeck (Zeit.
Ver. deutsch. Ingen. 1913, page 1490):—
1. Tar oils must not contain more than 0-2 per cent of
solids insoluble in xylol, nor more than 0-05 per cent of incom-
bustible matter.
2. Water must not exceed 1 per cent.
3 . The residue on coking must not be greater than 3 per cent.
4. At least 60 per cent by volume of the oil must distil
over below 300°C.
5. The lower calorific value must not be less than 8,800
Cals. per kilogram.
6. The flash point must not be below 65 °C.
7. The oil must be quite fluid at 15°C., and must not
deposit solids on standing for half an hour at 8°C.
In Canada petroleum products for power production
(gasoline and heavy oil) are much cheaper than in most European
countries; so that benzol and other coal-tar distillates cannot
readily compete with petroleum products as fuels in this country.
Detergents and Solvents.
The more volatile distillates from coal tar are important
solvents. Benzol is used as a solvent in the colour industry;
and, owing to its solvent action on fatty matters, it is used
41
either alone or mixed with alcohol for cleaning fabrics. Petro-
leum "benzin" is also largely used for the latter purpose. Solvent
naphtha, which is composed of the slightly higher boiling dis-
tillates, finds application in the manufacture of waterproof
fabrics, where it is used to dissolve the india-rubber. Naphtha
is the best solvent for anthracene, and is widely used in the
manufacture of that substance.
Colour Industry.
The most important application of the various distillation
products of coal tar is in the colour industry. Many of the puri-
fied first products are the parent substances of numerous im-
portant dyes. Benzene, on nitration, forms nitrobenzene,
from which aniline is readily obtained by reduction, and this,
in turn, is the most important material used in making the long
list of aniline dyes. Naphthalene on oxidation gives phthalic
acid, which is used in the preparation of fluorescein, of the eosin
dyes, as well as of anthranilic acid, which is necessary for the
production of artificial indigo. Anthracene on oxidation
forms anthraquinone, which is the parent substance of the
widely used alizarin dyes.
It would be a difficult matter, and probably an unprofitable
one, to attempt at present to form a coal-tar dye industry in
Canada. The manufacture of colours is so closely connected
with the manufacture of all kinds of other chemicals — inorganic
as well as organic — that it would be practically impossible to
found the industry; furthermore, there is no one dye which is
sold in very large quantities, so that any firm which began to
manufacture colours would have to be in a position to make,
in comparatively small quantities, several hundred different
dyes. It is the popular idea that the coal-tar dye industry is a
huge one, and that it constitutes a high percentage of the trade
with Germany. The trade of the United States is divided in
the census into various branches, one of which is "Chemical
and Allied Products;" this division includes nine separate sub-
divisions, one of which is called "Dyestuffs and Extracts."
42
The imports under the latter subdivision constitute only 3-8
per cent of the imports of the whole division ; of this amount
only 27-8 per cent comes under the heading "Artificial Dye-
stuffs" and "Extracts for Dyeing." It will be seen, therefore,
that, in the United States at any rate, the total trade in coal-
tar dyes is, in reality, a comparatively small one. Canada
imported during the year 1913-14, aniline and coal-tar dyes
to the value of $469,050, of which $223,871 was paid to Germany,
and $174,531 to the United States.
In confirmation of the above statement that it is at present
impracticable to found a coal-tar dye industry in Canada, the
following paragraphs are quoted from an interview with Dr.
Bernhard C. Hesse, of New York, published in the September
1914 issue of the "Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering."
Although his statements refer to conditions in the United States,
yet his remarks are well worth consideration, as it is quite
evident that, to an even greater extent, the difficulties he men-
tions would arise, should an attempt be made to found such an
industry in Canada.
In the coal-tar industry the following three divisions may be made for
convenience and clarity: —
1. Products from coal tar by distillation, expression, and like operations.
2. Products obtained from 1 by chemical transformation, but not themselves
dyes.
3. Dyes made from 2.
The key to the situation lies in division 2, and in this Germany controls
the world's market. This control is due to the facts, that, while the growth
of this division was relatively slow, yet the field has become very much inter-
woven, each of its hundred or more products being dependent upon or made
up of one or more other products, so that no one of them is of use without
still others; and that the industrial and commercial conditions or relations
have grown with the technical development so that the coal-tar dye industry
is really a conglomerate of many separate parts acting and reacting upon
each other, commercially and industrially. Not a single one of the 22 factories
in Germany is wholly independent of other factories in Germany, whereas
together they are independent of sources outside of Germany, or can very
readily be so should occasion arise. It would not do merely to transplant
even the largest German works to this country; a part of probably each
German works would be necessary to produce here or anywhere a complete
43
and self-contained industry. Such a transplanting of the coal-tar dye in-
dustry would be comparable to an attempt to transplant to this country
every single branch of, say, the textile industry or any other highly ramified
and diversified art.
Germany's supremacy in this field has been for more than 30 years a stand-
ing challenge not only to the chemists and capitalists of the United States,
but to the chemists and capitalists of all the rest of the world as well. Except
Switzerland, no country has succeeded in selling to Germany more coal-tar
dyes than it buys from Germany, but all of them without exception buy more
of intermediate products, i.e., division 2, from Germany than they sell to
Germany.
There is another side to this, namely, the investor's side. A self-contained
and complete coal-tar dye industry in this country would to-day call for
preparedness to make about 700 different dyes. In the fiscal year 1913-1914
this country imported indigo to the extent of $1,093,226, alizarin to the extent
of $845,459, both of which are without tariff protection, $7,464,134 worth of
aniline dyes with a duty of 30 per cent, and aniline oil with a duty of 10 per cent.
This means 700 different aniline dyes would average a gross annual incomft
each of about $10,000. To introduce 700 different sets of operations, and per-
haps half that many different sets of apparatus, at one time, to produce on the
average for each set of operations a gross of $35 per day, can hardly be regarded
as an attractive proposition when the initial lump gross outlay would be
not less than $5,000,000 actual cash. Each of these 700 products requires
good manufacture from the start, because good qualities of each are already
on the market. It is one thing to grow and develop such an industry or art
and to maintain it against newcomers, but it is quite a different thing to
build it up afresh in its entirety in the face of competition, and to hold it against
those who developed the business, know all its ins and outs, have their ex-
perience and plant bought, paid for, and written off, long ago. It could
hardly be expected that, if successful, this industry would employ as many
as 7,000 people all told, and the gross makes out less than 0-4 per cent of our
total import business.
With unlimited and immediately available capital the American chemist
can build up such a complete industry, but the dividends would be a long
way off. Capitalists, American or otherwise, do not take kindly to such
handicaps or obstacles, and justly so.
The truth seems to be that the whole of this industry cannot be success-
fully transplanted, and attempts to transplant part only have not resulted
in any self-contained and independent industry anywhere, but in an industry
the real roots of which are still in German soil; even if it could be transplanted
as a whole, the net result would not be commensurate with the expense,
effort, and risk connected with it. What portion or part, if any, or what
equivalent of a complete and self-contained industry for all the domestic
needs of this country could ultimately be transplanted here, is a problem
that has had the serious attention of competent chemists and capitalist* in
44
this country for many years, without a definite or satisfactory answer thereto
having been arrived at. Whether the present conditions will contribute
to a solution of the problem cannot be decided out of hand ; the first impression
certainly is that they will not so contribute.
CANADIAN TRADE STATISTICS.
Some statistics have already been given in the text; but,
in order to group together figures in a more convenient form,
the following tables (compiled from Mineral Production of Can-
ada, 1913, by J. McLeish, Mines Branch, Ottawa; from Trade
and Navigation Unrevised Monthly Statements of Imports
Entered for Consumption, March, 1914; and from Weekly
Report, No. 554, Department of Trade and Commerce, Canada)
have been arranged for products mentioned in this report,
and also for products which compete with, or have any bearing
upon them: —
45
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46
TABLE VII.
Canadian Imports.
Articles and countries
whence imported.
Twelve months ending
March, 1914.
Tariff.
Quantity.
Value in
dollars.
Coal, anthracite, and anthracite
dust: —
From G. Britain
Tons
33,909
4,351,833
57
1,711
2,934,286
964
711
10,798,271
18,301
337
708,440
Galls.
18,684
2,625,731
2,375
127,670
1,329,889
20
Cwts.
15,598
715,716
246,676
17,521
74,843
149,529
20,584,198
399
3,935
4,296,010
3,478
2,412
21,768,147
66,694
2,199
2,058,715
881
112,309
622
6,509
74,733
7
15,412
601,960
159,073
9,259
47,918
Free
a
a.
General
General
Preferential
General
u
Free
Free
a
Free
•
u
Free
U. States
Other countries
Coal, bituminous slack such as will
pass through a f" screen: —
From G. Britain
U. States
Coal, bituminous, round, and run
of the mine — and coal N.O.P: —
From G. Britain . .
U. States
Other countries
Coke:—
From G. Britain
U. States
Coal and pine tar, crude, in pack-
ages of not less than 15 gallons: —
U. States
Other countries
Coal and pine pitch : —
From G. Britain
U. States
Other countries
Asphaltum or asphalt, solid: —
From G. Britain
U. States
Mexico
Germany
Other countries
47
TABLE VII.— Continued.
Articles and countries
whence imported.
Twelve months ending
March, 1914.
Tariff.
Quantity.
Value in
dollars.
Asphalt, not solid: —
Galls.
329,639
683,117
9,441
Lbs.
309,590
7,852,591
147,356
38,482
54,410
27,240
15,000
131,444
4,360
191,516
563,375
1,354,928
128,785
1,691
39
33,318
28,087
57,414
53,599
3,307
13,705
143,299
5,559
1,712
5,677
2,961
2,664
10,035
625
37,840
174,531
223,871
32,553
255
Preferential
General
Free
Free
«
a
Free
a
Free
a
Free
a
Free
U. States
Asphaltum oil: —
From U. States
Carbolic or heavy oil: —
U States . .
Other countries
Dyeing or tanning articles in a crude
state used in dyeing or tanning,
N.O.P.:—
U. States
Germany
Other countries
Aniline oil, crude: —
From G Britain
U. States
Other countries
Aniline salts: —
U. States
Aniline and coal-tar dyes, soluble
in water, in bulk or packages o
not less than 1 Ib. weight, includ-
ing alizarin and artificial aliz-
arin: —
From G. Britain
U. States
Germany
Switzerland
Other countries
48
TABLE Mil.— Continued.
Articles and countries
whence imported.
Twelve months ending
March, 1914.
Tariff.
Quantity.
Value in
dollars.
Aniline dyes in packages of less
than 1 Ib. weight: —
From G. Britain
Lbs.
1,300
480
875
50
16,166
21,645
3,608
1,265
20,479
125,990
273,206
77,131
1,094
146,611
1,002,317
560,700
480,966
35,898,258
43,578,050
229,774
75,133
206
52
334
15
2,316
3,081
1,414
90
3,170
20,388
7,757
2,944
148
5
996
2,072
7,610
51,556
25,708
12,719
826,277
767,265
8,568
3,547
General
Preferential
General
a
Free
Free
Free
«
u
Free
a
a
Free
a
Free
«
a
Free
a
u
a
a
u
U. States
Other countries
Coal-tar base or salt (paranitrani-
line) :—
From U. States.
Other countries
Indigo: —
From U. States
Indigo, paste and extract of: —
From G. Britain
U. States
Germany
Ammonia, sulphate of: —
From G. Britain
U. States
Other countries
Fertilizers unmanufactured,
N.O.P.:—
From G. Britain
U. States
Other countries
Saltpetre or nitrate of potash: —
From G.Britain...
U. States
Germany
Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitre: —
U States
Chili
Germany
Other countries
49
TABLE VII— Continued.
Articles and countries
whence imported.
Twelve months ending
March, 1914.
Tariff.
Quantity.
Value in
dollars.
Acid nitric: —
From G. Britain
Lbs.
8,480
254,196
114,545
268,186
340,886
180,576
1,667,851
4,800
280,200
54,330
56,696
273,882
378,767
68,573
297,069
40,363
685,068
928,707
1,715
497
13,610
6,502
17,982
19,973
9,645
93,888
300
28,294
3,732
37,151
52,856
20,670
4,147
14,834
1,891
100,706
142,997
204
Preferential
General.
Free
a
a
u
a
Free
Preferential
General
Preferential
General
Free
ft
ft
ft
Free
U
a
U States
Ammonia, nitrate of: —
From G Britain ....
U. States
Norway
Other countries
Nitrate compound, adapted for use
in the manufacture of explosives:
From U. States
Blasting and mining powder: —
U. States
Giant powder, nitro, nitroglycerine,
and other explosives, N.O.P.: —
From G. Britain
U States
Salammoniac : —
From G. Britain
U. States
Germany
Other countries
Cyanide of potassium, cyanide of
sodium, cyanogen bromide for
reducing metals in mining oper-
ations: —
From G Britain
U. States
Germany
50
TABLE VII.— Continued.
Articles and countries
whence imported.
Twelve months ending
March, 1914.
Tariff.
Quantity.
Value in
dollars.
Potash, red and yellow prussiate
of:—
From G. Britain
U. States
Germany
Other countries
Lbs.
52,098
5,997
59,109
49,697
42,415
79,942
33,495
Galls.
27,451,397
177,879,835
45,853
175
19,278,099
2,205
1,611
165,766
913
5,969
908
7,259
5,886
3,711
4,246
2,907
4,466,986
5,994,318
4,903
33
1,350,502
563
787
65,427
510
Free
a
u
a
Free
a
Free
Free
General
General
a
a
Preferential
General
•
Soda, prussiate and sulphite of: —
From G. Britain
U. States
Other countries
Gasoline under 0 • 725 specific grav-
ity at 60 degrees temperature: —
From U. States
Petroleum, crude, fuel and gas oils
(0 • 8235 specific gravity or heavier
at 60 degrees temperature): —
From U. States
Petroleum, crude, gas oils other
than naphtha, benzene and gaso-
line, lighter than 0-8235 but not
less than 0-775 specific gravity
at 60 degrees: —
From U. States
Coal oil and kerosene, distilled
purified or refined: —
From G. Britain
U. States
Other countries
Illuminating oils composed wholly
or in part of the products of
petroleum, coal shale or lignite,
costing more than 30 cents
per gallon : —
From G. Britain
U. States
Other countries
51
TABLE VII— Continued.
Articles and countries
whence imported.
Twelve months ending
March, 1914.
Tariff.
Quantity.
Value in
dollars.
Lubricating oils composed wholly
or in part of petroleum and cost-
ing less than 25 cents per gal-
lon:—
From G. Britain
Galls.
2,853
10,388
5,134,973
8,520
8,967
105,496
991,316
6,804
26,819
5,138,909
546
643
2,369
707,811
1,985
3,062
36,444
333,584
3,580
6,740
618,506
121
General
Preferential
General
a
General
Preferential
General
«
Preferential
General
«
a
U. States
Other countries
Lubricating oils, N.O.P.: —
From G. Britain
U. States
Other countries
Petroleum, products of, N.O.P.: —
From G. Britain . . . .
U. States
Other countries
NOTE. — N.O.P. signifies "not otherwise prorided for."
CANADA
DEPARTMENT OF MINES
HON. LOUIS CODERRE, MINISTER; R. G. McCONNELL, DEPUTY MINISTER,
MINES BRANCH
EUGENE HAANEL, PH.D., DIRECTOR.
REPORTS AND MAPS
PUBLISHED BY THE
MINES BRANCH
REPORTS.
1. Mining conditions in the Klondike, Yukon. Report on — by Eugene
Haanel, Ph.d., 1902.
f2. Great landslide at Frank, Alta. Report on — by R. G. McConnell.
B.A., and R. W. Brock, M.A., 1903.
f3. Investigation of the different electro-thermic processes for the smelting
of iron ores and the making of steel, in operation in Europe. Report
of Special Commission — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1904.
5. On the location and examination magnetic ore deposits by mag-
netometric measurements — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1904.
f7. Limestones, and the lime industry of Manitoba. Preliminary report
on— by J. W. Wells, M.A., 1905.
f8. Clays and shales of Manitoba: their industrial value. Preliminary
report on— by J. W. Wells, M.A., 1905.
|9. Hydraulic cements (raw materials) in Manitoba: manufacture and
uses of. Preliminary report on — by J. W. Wells, M.A., 1905.
flO. Mica: its occurrence, exploitation, and uses — by Fritz Cirkel, M.E.,
1905. (See No. 118.)
fll. Asbestos: its occurrence, exploitation, and uses — by Fritz Cirkel,
M.E., 1905. (See No. 69.)
f!2. Zinc resources of British Columbia and the conditions affecting their
exploitation. Report of the Commission appointed to investigate
—by W. R. Ingalls, M.E., 1905.
f!6. *Experiments made at Sault Ste. Marie, under Government auspices,
in the smelting of Canadian iron ores by the electro-thermic
process. Final report on — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1907.
f!7. Mines of the silver-cobalt ores of the Cobalt district: their present
and prospective output. Reoort on — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D.,
1907.
* A few copies of the Preliminary Report, 1906. are still available,
t Publications marked thus t are out of print.
|18. Graphite: its properties, occurrence, refining, and uses — by Fritz
Cirkel, M.E., 1907.
f!9. Peat and lignite: their manufacture and uses in Europe — by Erik
Nystrom, M.E., 1908.
f20. Iron ore deposit of Nova Scotia. Report on (Part I)— by J. E. Wood-
man, D.Sc.
21. Summary report of Mines Branch, 1907-8.
22. Iron ore deposits of Thunder Bay and Rainy River districts. Report
on— by F. Hille, M.E.
f23. Iron ore deposits along the Ottawa (Quebec side)and Gatineau rivers.
Report on — by Fritz Cirkel, M.E.
24. General report on the mining and metallurgical industries of Canada,
1907-8.
25. The tungsten ores of Canada. Report on— by T. L. Walker, Ph.D.
(Out of print.)
26. The mineral production of Canada, 1906. Annual report on — by
John McLeish, B.A.
|27. The mineral production of Canada, 1907. Preliminary report on —
by John McLeish, B.A.
f27a. The mineral production of Canada, 1908. Preliminary report on —
by John McLeish, B.A.
f28. Summary report of Mines Branch, 1908.
29. Chrome iron ore deposits of the Eastern Townships. Monograph on —
by Fritz Cirkel. (Supplementary section: Experiments with
chromite at McGill University— by J. B. Porter, E.M., D.Sc.)
30. Investigation of the peat bogs and peat fuel industry of Canada, 1908.
Bulletin No. 1 — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat
Expert.
32. Investigation of electric shaft furnace, Sweden. Report on — by
Eugene Haanel, Ph.D.
47. Iron ore deposits of Vancouver and Texada islands. Report on — by
Einar Lindeman, M.E.
f55. The bituminous, or oil-shales of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia;
also on the oil-shale industry of Scotland. Report on — by W. R.
Ells, LL.D.
58. The mineral production of Canada, 1907 and 1908. Annual report
on — by John McLeish, B.A.
t Publications marked thus t are out of print.
NOTE. — The following parts were separately printed and issued in
advance of the Annual Report for 1907-8.
|31. Production of cement in Canada, 1908.
42. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar
years 1907 and 1908.
43. Production of chromite in Canada during the calendar years
1907 and 1908.
44. Production of asbestos in Canada during the calendar years
1907 and 1908.
f45. Production of coal, coke, and peat in Canada during the cal-
endar years 1907 and 1908.
46. Production of natural gas
the calendar years 1907 and 1908.
59. Chemical analyses of special economic importance made in the labor-
atories at the Department of Mines, 1906-7-8. Report on — by
F. G. Wait, M.A., F.C.S. (With Appendix on the commercial
methods and apparatus for the analysis of oil-shales — by H. A.
Leverin, Ch. E.)
Schedule of charges for chemical analyses and assays.
|62. Mineral production of Canada, 1909. Preliminary report on — by
John McLeish, B.A.
63. Summary report of Mines Branch, 1909.
67. Iron ore deposits of the Bristol mine, Pontiac county, Quebec. Bulletin
No. 2 — by Einar Lindeman, M.E., and Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc.
f68. Recent advances in the construction of electric furnaces for the pro-
duction of pig iron, steel, and zinc. Bulletin No. 3 — by Eugene
Haanel, Ph.D.
69. Chrysotile-asbestos: its occurrence, exploitation, milling, and uses.
Report on — by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. (Second edition, enlarged.)
f71. Investigation of the peat bogs, and peat industry of Canada, 1909-10;
to which is appended Mr. Alf. Larson's paper on Dr. M. Ekenberg's
wet-carbonizing process: from Teknisk Tidskrift, No. 12, Decem-
ber 26, 1908 — translation by Mr. A. v. Anrep, Jr.; also a transla-
tion of Lieut. Ekelund's pamphlet entitled 'A solution of the peat
problem,' 1909, describing the Ekelund process for the manu-
facture of peat powder, by Harold A. Leverin, Ch.E. Bulletin
No. 4 — by A. v. Anrep. (Second edition, enlarged.)
82. Magnetic concentration experiments. Bulletin No. 5 — by Geo. C.
Mackenzie, B.Sc.
t Publications marked thus t are out of print.
83. An investigation of the coals of Canada with reference to their economic
qualities: as conducted at McGill University under the authority
of the Dominion Government. Report on — by J. B. Porter,
E.M., D.Sc., R. J. Durley, Ma.E., and others.
Vol. I — Coal washing and cooking tests.
Vol. II — Boiler and gas producer tests.
Vol. Ill— (Out of print.)
Appendix I
Coal washing tests and diagrams.
Vol. IV—
Appendix II
Boiler tests and diagrams.
Vol. V— (Out of print.)
Appendix III
Producer tests and diagrams.
Vol. VI—
Appendix IV
Coking tests.
Appendix V
Chemical tests.
t84. Gypsum deposits of the Maritime provinces of Canada — including the
Magalen islands. Report on — by W. F. Jennison, M.E. (See
No. 245.)
88. The mineral production of Canada, 1909. Annual report on — by
John McLeish, B.A.
NOTE. — The following parts were separately printed and issued in
advance of the Annual Report for 1909.
f79. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar
year 1909.
f80. Production of coal and coke in Canada during the calendar
year 1909.
85. Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other
structural materials during the calendar year 1909.
89. Reprint of presidential address delivered before the American Peat
Society at Ottawa, July 25, 1910. By Eugene Haanel, Ph.D.
90. Proceedings of conference on explosives.
92. Investigation of the explosives industry in the Dominion of Canada,
1910. Report on — by Capt. Arthur Desborough. (Second
edition.)
93. Molybdenum ores of Canada. Report on — by Professor T. L. Walker,
Ph.D.
100. The building and ornamental stones of Canada: Building and orna-
mental stones of Ontario. Report on — by Professor W. A. Parks,
Ph.D.
102. Mineral production of Canada, 1910. Preliminary report on — by
John McLeish, B.A.
t Publications marked thus t are out of print.
fl03. Summary report of Mines Branch, 1910.
104. Catalogue of publications of Mines Branch, from 1902 to 1911; con-
taining tables of contents and lists of maps, etc.
105. Austin Brook iron-bearing district. Report on — by E. Lindeman,
M.K.
110. Western portion of Torbrook iron ore deposits, Annapolis county, N.S.
Bulletin No. 7— by Howells Frechette, M.Sc.
111. Diamond drilling at Point Mamainse, Ont. Bulletin No. 6— by A. C.
Lane, Ph.D., with introductory by A. W. G. Wilson, Ph.D.
118. Mica: its occurrence, exploitation, and uses. Report on — by Hugh
S. de Schmid, M.E.
142. Summary report of Mines Branch, 1911.
143. The mineral production of Canada, 1910. Annual report on — by
John McLeish, B.A.
NOTE. The following parts were separately printed and issued in
advance of the Annual Report for 1910.
fl!4. Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other
materials in Canada, 1910.
fllS. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar
year 1910.
fl!6. Production of coal and coke in Canada during the calendar
year 1910.
fll7. General summary of the mineral production of Canada
during the calendar year 1910.
145. Magnetic iron sands of Natashkwan, Saguenay county, Que. Report
on — by Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc.
fl50. The mineral production of Canada, 1911. Preliminary report on —
by John McLeish, B.A.
151. Investigation of the peat bogs and peat industry of Canada, 1910-11.
Bulletin No. 8 — by A. v. Anrep.
154. The utilization of peat fuel for the production of power, being a record
of experiments conducted at the Fuel Testing Station, Ottawa.
1910-11. Report on— by B. F. Haanel, B.Sc.
167. Pyrites in Canada: its occurrence, exploitation, dressing and uses.
Report on— by A. W. G. Wilson, Ph.D.
170. The nickel industry: with special reference to the Sudbury region,
Ont. Report on— by Professor A. P. Coleman, Ph.D.
184. Magnetite occurrences along the Central Ontario railway. Report
on — by E. Lindeman, M.E.
201. The mineral production of Canada during the calendar year 1911.
— Annual report on — by John McLeish, B.A.
t Publications marked thus t are out of print.
vi
NOTE. — The following parts were separately printed and issued in
advance of the Annual Report for 1911.
181. Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other
structural materials in Canada during the calendar year
1911. Bulletin on— by John McLeish, B.A.
|182. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar
year 1911. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
183. General summary of the mineral production in Canada
during, the calendar year 1911. Bulletin on — by John
McLeish, B.A.
f!99. Production of copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, zinc, and
other metals of Canada, during the calendar year 1911.
Bulletin on— by C. T. Cartwright, B.Sc.
f200. The production of coal and coke in Canada during the calen-
dar year 1911. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
203. Building stones of Canada — Vol. II: Building and ornamental stones
of the Maritime Provinces. Report on — by W. A. Parks, PhD.
209. The copper smelting industry of Canada. Report on — by A. W. G.
Wilson, Ph.D.
216. Mineral production of Canada, 1912. Preliminary report on — by
John McLeish, B.A.
222. Lode mining in Yukon: an investigation of the quartz deposits of the
Klondike division. Report on — by T. A. MacLean, B.Sc.
224. Summary report of the Mines Branch, 1912.
227. Sections of the Sydney coal fields— by J. G. S. Hudson, M.E.
f229. Summary report of the petroleum and natural gas resources of Canada,
1912— by F. G. Clapp, A.M. (See No. 224.)
230. Ecomomic minerals and mining industries of Canada.
245. Gypsum in Canada: its occurrence, exploitation, and technology.
Report on — by L. H. Cole, B.Sc.
254. Calabogie iron-bearing district. Report on — by E. Lindeman, M.E.
259. Preparation of metallic cobalt by reduction of the oxide. Report on —
by H. T. Kalmus, B.Sc., Ph.D.
262. The mineral production of Canada during the calendar year 1912.
Annual report on — by John McLeish, B.A.
NOTE. — The following parts were separately printed and issued in
advance of the Annual Report for 1912.
238. General summary of the mineral production of Canada,
during the calendar year 1912. Bulletin on — by John
McLeish, B.A.
t Publications marked thus t are out of print.
f247. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar
year 1912. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
f256. Production of copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, zinc, and
other metals of Canada, during the calendar year 1912 —
by C. T. Cartwright, B.Sc.
257. Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other
structural materials during the calendar year 1912. Report
on — by John McLeish, B.A.
f258. Production of coal and coke in Canada, during the calendar
year 1912. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
266. Investigation of the peat bogs and peat industry of Canada, 1911 and
1912. Bulletin No. 9— by A. v. Anrep.
279. Building and ornamental stones of Canada — Vol. Ill: Building and
ornamental stones of Quebec. Report on — by W. A. Parks, Ph.D.
281. The bituminous sands of Northern Alberta. Report on — by S. C.
Ells, M.E.
283. Mineral production of Canada, 1913. Preliminary report on — by
John McLeish, B.A.
285. Summary report of the Mines Branch, 1913.
291. The petroleum and natural gas resources of Canada. Report on — by
F. G. Clapp, A.M., and others:—;
Vol. I. — Technology and Exploitation.
299. Peat, lignite, and coal: their value as fuels for the production of gas
and power in the by-product recovery producer. Report on — by
B. F. Haanel, B.Sc.
303. Moose Mountain iron-bearing district. Report on — by E. Lindeman,
M.E.
305. The non- metallic minerals used in the Canadian manufacturing indus-
tries. Report on — by Howells Frechette, M.Sc.
309. The physical properties of cobalt, Part II. Report on— by H. T.
Kalmus, B.Sc., Ph.D.
320. The mineral production of Canada during the calendar year 1913.
Annual report on — by John McLeish, B.A.
NOTE. — The following parts were separately printed and issued in
advance of the Annual Report for 1913.
315. The production of iron and steel during the calendar year
1913. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
316. The production of coal and coke during the calendar year
1913. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
317. The production of copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, zinc, and
other metals, during the calendar year 1913. Bulletin on —
by C. T. Cartwright, B.Sc.
t Publications marked thus t are out of print.
318. The production of cement, lime, clay products, and other
structural materials, during the calendar year 1913. Bul-
letin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
319. General summary of the mineral production of Canada
during the calendar year 1913. Bulletin on — by John
McLeish, B.A.
322. Economic minerals and mining industries of Canada. (Revised
Edition).
323. The Products and by-producls of coal. Report on — by Edgar Stans-
field, M.Sc., and F. E. Carter, B.Sc., Dr. Ing.
336. Notes on clay deposits near McMurray, Alberta. Bulletin No. 10 —
by S. C. Ells, B.A., B.Sc.
The Division of Mineral Resources and Statistics has prepared
the following lists of mine, smelter, and quarry operators' Metal
mines and smelters, Coal mines, Stone quarry operators, Manu-
facturers of clay products, and Manufacturers of lime; copies of the
lists may be obtained on application.
IN THE PRESS.
291. The petroleum and natural gas resources of Canada. Report on — by
F. G. Clapp, A.M., and others: —
Vol. II. — Occurrence of petroleum and natural gas in Canada.
Also separates of Vol. II, as follows: —
Part I, Eastern Canada.
Part II, Western Canada.
325. The salt industry of Canada. Report on — by L. H. Cole, B.Sc.
331. The investigation of six samples of Alberta lignites. Report on — by
B. F. Haanel, B.Sc., and John Blizard, B.Sc.
334. Electro-plating with cobalt and its alloys. Report on — by H. T.
Kalmus, B.Sc., Ph.D.
338. Coals of Canada: Vol. VII. Weathering of Coal. Report on— by
J. B. Porter, E.M., D.Sc., Ph.D.
344. Electrothermic Smelting of Iron Ores in Sweden. Report on — by
Alfred Stansfield, D.Sc., A.R.S.M., F.R.S.C.
IX.
FRENCH TRANSLATIONS.
f4. Rapport de la Commission nominee pour etudier les divers precedes
electro-thermiques pour la reduction des minerals de fer et la
fabrication de 1'acier employes en Europe — by Eugene Haanel,
Ph.D. (French Edition), 1905.
26a. The mineral production of Canada, 1906. Annual report on — by
John McLeish, B.A.
f28a. Summary report of Mines Branch, 1908.
56. Bituminous or oil-shales of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; also on
the oil-shale industry of Scotland. Report on — by R. W. Ells,
LL.D.
81. Chrysotile-asbestos, its occurrence, exploitation, milling, and uses.
Report on — by Fritz Cirkel, M.E.
lOOa. The building and ornamental stones of Canada: Building and orna-
mental stones of Ontario. Report on — by W. A. Parks, Ph.D.
149. Magnetic iron sands of Natashkwan, Saguenay county, Que. Report
on — by Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc.
155. The utilization of peat fuel for the production of power, being a record
of experiments conducted at the Fuel Testing Station, Ottawa,
1910-11. Report on— by B. F. Haanel, B.Sc.
156. The tungsten ores of Canada. Report on— by T. L. Walker, Ph.D.
169. Pyrites in Canada: its occurrence, exploitation, dressing, and uses.
Report on— by A. W. C. Wilson, Ph.D.
180. Investigation of the peat bogs, and peat industry of Canada, 1910-11.
Bulletin No. 8 — by A. v. Anrep.
195. Magnetite occurrences along the Central Ontario railway. Report on
— by E. Lindeman, M.E.
196. Investigation of the peat bogs and peat industry of Canada, 1909-10;
to which is appended Mr. Alf. Larson's paper on Dr. M. Eken-
burg's wet-carbonizing process: from Teknisk Tidskrift, No. 12,
December 26, 1908 — translation by Mr. A. v. Anrep; also a trans-
lation of Lieut. Ekelund's pamphlet entitled "A solution of the
peat problem," 1909, describing the Ekelund process for the manu-
facture of peat powder, by Harold A. Leverin, Ch.E. Bul-
letin No. 4— -by A. v. Anrep. (Second Edition, enlarged.)
197. Molybdenum ores of Canada. Report on — by T. L. Walker, Ph.D.
198. Peat and lignite: their manufacture and uses in Europe. Report on—
by Erik Nystrom, M.E., 1908.
202. Graphite: its properties, occurrences, refining, and uses. Report on—
by Fritz Cirkel, M.E., 1907.
t Publications marked thus t are out of print.
219. Austin Brook iron-bearing district. Report on — by E. Lindeman,
M.E.
226. Chrome iron ore deposits of the Eastern Townships. Monograph on —
by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. (Supplementary section: Experiments
with chromite at McGill University— by J. B. Porter, E.M., D.Sc.)
231. Ecomomic minerals and mining industries of Canada.
233. Gypsum deposits of the Maritime Provinces of Canada — including the
Magdalen islands. Report on — by W. F. Jennison, M.E.
263. Recent advances in the construction of electric furnaces for the pro-
duction of pig iron, steel, and zinc. Bulletin No. 3 — by Eugene
Haanel, Ph.D.
264. Mica: its occurrence, exploitation, and uses. Report on — by Hugh
S. de Schmid, M.E.
265. Annual mineral production of Canada, 1911. Report on — by John
McLeish, B.A.
287. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar year 1912.
Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
288. Production of coal and coke in Canada, during the calendar year 1912.
Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A.
289. Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other structural
materials during the calendar year 1912. Bulletin on — by John
McLeish, B.A.
290. Production of copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, zinc, and other metals
of Canada during the calendar year 1912. Bulletin on — by C. T.
Cartwright, B.Sc.
308. An investigation of the coals of Canada with reference to their economic
qualities: as conducted at McGill University under the authority
of the Dominion Government. Report on — by J. B. Porter,
E.M., D.Sc., R. J. Durley, Ma. E., and others—
Vol. I — Coal washing and coking tests.
IN THE PRESS.
179. The nickel industry: with special reference to the Sudbury region, Ont.
Report on— by Professor A. P. Coleman, Ph.D.
204. Building stones of Canada — Vol. II: Building and ornamental stones
of the Maritime Provinces. Report on — by W. A. Parks, Ph.D.
223. Lode Mining in the Yukon: an investigation of quartz deposits in
the Klondike division. Report on— by T. A. MacLean, B.Sc.
246. Gypsum in Canada: its occurrence, exploitation, and technology.
Report on— by L. H. Cole, B.Sc.
308. An investigation of the coals of Canada with reference to their economic
qualities: as conducted at McGill University under the authority
of the Dominion Government. Report on — by J. B. Porter, E.M.,
D.Sc., R. J. Durley, Ma.E., and others —
Vol. 1 1 — Boiler and gas producer tests.
Vol. Ill-
Appendix I
Coal washing tests and diagrams.
Vol. IV—
Appendix II
Boiler tests and diagrams.
314. Iron ore deposits, Bristol mine, Pontiac county, Quebec, Report on —
by E. Lindeman, M.E.
MAPS.
|6. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Calabogie mine, Bagot
township, Renfrew county, Ontario — by E. Nystrom, 1904.
Scale 60 feet to 1 inch. Summary report 1905. (See Map No.
249.)
t!3. Magnetometric survey of the Belmont iron mines, Belmont township,
Peterborough county, Ontario — by B. F. Haanel, 1905. Scale
60 feet to 1 inch. Summary report, 1905. (See Map No. 186.)
f!4. Magnetometric survey of the Wilbur mine, Lavant township, Lanark
county, Ontario — by B. F. Haanel, 1905. Scale 60 feet to 1 inch.
Summary report, 1905.
f33. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: lot 1, concession VI, Mayo
township, Hastings county, Ontario — by Howellts Frechette, 1909.
Scale 60 feet to 1 inch. (See Maps Nos. 191 and 19lA.)
|34. Magnetometric survey^ vertical intensity: lots 2 and 3, concession
VI, Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario — by Howells
Frechette, 1909. Scale 60 feet to 1 inch. (See Maps Nos. 191
and 191 A.)
f35. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: lots 10, 11, and 12, con-
cession IX, and lots 11 and 12, concession VIII, Mayo township,
Hastings county, Ontario — by Howells Frechette, 1909. Scale
60 feet to 1 inch. (See Maps Nos. 191 and 19lA.)
*36. Survey of Mer Bleue peat bog, Gloucester township, Carleton county,
and Cumberland township, Russell county, Ontario — by Erik
Nystrom, and A. v. Anrep. (Accompanying report No. 30.)
*37. Survey of Alfred peat bog, Alfred and Caledonia townships, Prescott
county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom and A. v. Anrep. (Accom-
panying report No. 30.)
*38. Survey of Welland peat bog, Wainfleet and Humberstone townships,
Welland county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom and A. v. Anrep.
(Accompanying report No. 30.)
*39. Survey of Newington peat bog, Osnabruck, Roxborough, and Cornwall
townships, Stormont county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom and A.
v. Anrep. (Accompanying report No. 30. )
*40. Survey of Perth peat bog, Drummond township, Lanark county,
Ontario — by Erik Nystrom and A. v. Anrep. (Accompanying
report No. 30.)
f41. Survey of Victoria Road peat bog, Bexley and Garden townships,
Victoria county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom and A. v. Anrep.
(Accompanying report No. 30.)
*48. Magnetometric survey of Iron Crown claim at Nimpkish (Klaanch)
river, Vancouver island, B.C. — by E. Lindeman. Scale 60 feet
to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 47.)
Note. — 1. Maps marked thus * are to be found only in reports.
2. Maps marked thus f have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
*49. Magnetometric survey of Western Steel Iron claim, at Sechart,
Vancouver island, B.C. — By E. Lindeman. Scale 60 feet to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 47).
*53. Iron ore occurrences, Ottawa and Pontiac counties, Quebec, 1908 — by
J. White and Fritz Cirkel. (Accompanying report No. 23.)
*54. Iron ore occrurences, Argenteuil county, Quebec, 1908 — by Fritz
Cirkel. (Accompanying report No. 23.) (Out of print.)
*57. The productive chrome iron ore district of Quebec — by Fritz Cirkel.
(Accompanying report No. 29.)
t60. Magnetometric survey of the Bristol mine, Pontiac county, Quebec —
by E. Lindeman. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying
report No. 67.)
graphical map of Bristal mine, Pontiac county, Quebec — by E.
Lindeman. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 67.)
(Accom-
panying
report
No. 84.)
f64. Index map of Nova Scotia : Gypsum — by W. F. Jennison.
f65. Index map of New Brunswick: Gypsum — by W. F. Jenni-
son.
f66. Map of Magdalen islands: Gypsum — by W. F. Jennison.
f70. Magnetometric survey of Northeast Arm iron range, Lake Timagami,
Nipissing district, Ontario — by E. Lindeman. Scale 200 feet to 1
inch. (Accompanying report No. 63.)
f72. Brunner peat bog, Ontario — by A. v. Anrep.
f73. Komako peat bog, Ontario — by A. v. Anrep.
(Accom-
panying
report
, No. 71.)
f74. Brockville peat bog, Ontario — by A. v. Anrep
f75. Rondeau peat bog, Ontario — by A. v. Anrep.
(Out of
print.)
f76. Alfred peat bog, Ontario — by A. v. Anrep.
f77. Alfred peat bog, Ontario: main ditch profile — by A. v. Anrep.
f78. Map of asbestos region, Province of Quebec, 1910 — by Fritz Cirkel.
Scale 1 mile to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 69.)
f94. Map showing Cobalt, Gowganda, Shiningtree, and Porcupine districts
— by L. H. Cole. (Accompanying Summary report, 1910.)
f95. General map of Canada, showing coal fields. (Accompanying report
No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter.)
f96. General map of coal fields of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. (Ac-
companying report No. 83 — By Dr. J. B. Porter.)
f97. General map showing coal fields in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and
Manitoba. (Accompanying report No. 83 — by Dr. J. B. Porter).
Note. — 1. Maps marked thus * are to be found only in reports.
2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
t98. General map of coal fields in British Columbia. Accompanying report
No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter.)
t99. General map of coal field in Yukon Territory. (Accompanying report
No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter.)
fl06. Geological map of Austin Brook iron bearing district, Bathurst town-
ship, Gloucester county, N.B. — by E. Lindeman. Scale 400 feet
to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 105.)
f!07. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Austin Brook iron bearing
district — by E. Lindeman. Scale 400 feet to 1 inch. (Accom-
panying report No. 105.)
f!08. Index map showing iron bearing area at Austin Brook — by E. Linde-
man. (Accompanying report No. 105.)
*112. Sketch plan showing geology of Point Mamainse, Ont. — by Professor
A. C. Lane. Scale 4,00'0 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 111.)
fll3. Holland peat bog Ontario — by A. v. Anrep. (Accompanying report
No. 151.)
*1 19-137. Mica: township maps, Ontario and Quebec — by Hugh S. de
Schmid. (Accompanying report No. 118.)
J138. Mica: showing location of principal mines and occurrences in the
Quebec mica area — by Hugh S. de Schmid. Scale 3-95 miles to
1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 118.)
f!39. Mica: showing location of principal mines and occurrences in the
Ontario mica area — by Hugh S. de Schmid. Scale 3-95 miles to
1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 118.)
1 140. Mica: showing distribution of the principal mica occurrences in the
Dominion of Canada — by Hugh S. de Schmid. Scale 3-95 miles
to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 118.)
fl41. Torbrook iron bearing district, Annapolis county, N.S. — by Howells
Frechette. Scale 400 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 110).
fl46. Distribution of iron ore sands of the iron ore deposits on the north
shore of the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada — by Geo. C.
Mackenzie. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 145.)
t!47. Magnetic iron sand deposits in relation to Natashkwan harbour and
Great Natashkwan river, Que. (Index Map) — by Geo. C. Mac-
kenzie. Scale 40 chains to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No.
f!48. Natashkwan magnetic iron sand deposits, Saguenay county, Que. —
by Geo. C. Mackenzie. Scale 1,000 feet to 1 inch. (Accom-
panying report No. 145.)
Note. — 1. Maps marked thus * are to be found only in reports.
2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
f!52.
t!53.
f!57.
f!58.
J159.
f!60.
f!61.
t!62.
f!63.
f!64.
*165.
f!66.
f!68.
t!71.
f!72.
t!73.
f!74.
t!7S.
f!76.
f!77.
t!78.
(Accom-
panying
report
No.
151.)
Map showing the location of peat bogs investigated in
Ontario — by A. v. Anrep.
Map showing the location of peat bog as investigated in
Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Lac du Bonnet peat bog, Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Transmission peat bog, Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Corduroy peat bog, Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Boggy Creek peat bog, Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Rice Lake peat bog, Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Mud Lake peat bog, Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Litter peat bog, Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Julius peat litter bog, Manitoba — by A. v. Anrep.
Fort Francis peat bog, Ontario — by A. v. Anrep.
Magnetometric map of No. 3 mine, lot 7, concessions V and VI,
McKim township, Sudbury district, Ont. — by E. Lindeman.
(Accompanying Summary report, 1911.)
Map showing pyrites mines and prospects in Eastern Canada, and
their relation to the United States market — by A. W. G. Wilson.
Scale 125 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 167.)
Geological map of Sudbury nickel region, Ont. — by Prof. A. P. Cole-
man. Scale 1 mine to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 170.)
Geological map of Victoria mine — by Prof. A. P. Coleman.
* Crean Hill mine — by Prof. A. P. Coleman
" Creighton mine — by Prof. A. P. Coleman.
(Accom-
panying
report
No.
170.)
showing contact of norite and Laurentian in vicinity
of Creighton mine — by Prof. A. P. Coleman.
(Accompanying report No. 170.)
* Copper Cliff offset— by Prof. A. P. Coleman. (Ac-
companying report No. 170.)
No. 3 mine — by Prof. A. P. Coleman. (Accom-
panying report No. 170.)
" showing vicinity of Stobie and No. 3 mines — by
Prof. A. P. Coleman. (Accompanying report
No. 170.)
Note.— 1 . Maps marked thus * are to be found only in reports.
2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
fl85. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Blairton iron mine, Bel-
mont township, Peterborough county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman,
1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
flSSa. Geological map, Blairton iron mine, Belmont township, Peterborough
county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!86. Magnetometric survey, Belmont iron mine, Belmont township, Peter-
borough county, Ontario^-by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet
to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
|186a. Geological map, Belmont iron mine, Belmont township, Peterborough
county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 184.)
fl87. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: St. Charles mine, Tudor
township, Hastings county, Ontario-^-by E. Lindeman, 1911.
Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!87a. Geological map, St. Charles mine, Tudor township, Hastings county,
Ontario-j-by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Ac-
companying report No. 184. )
f!88. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Baker mine, Tudor town-
ship, Hastings county, Ontario-^-by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale
200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!88a. Geological map, Baker mine, Tudor township, Hastings county,
Ontario-^by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Ac-
companying report No. 184.)
t!89. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Ridge iron ore deposits'
Wollaston township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman,
1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!90. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Coehill and Jenkins mines,
Wollaston township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman,
1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!90a. Geological map, Coehill and Jenkins mines, Wollaston township,
Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200
feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!91. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Bessemer iron ore deposits,
Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman,
1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!91a. Geological map, Bessemer iron ore deposits, Mayo township, Hastings
county, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!92. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Rankin, Childs, and
Stevens mines, Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E.
Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying
report No. 194.)
Note. — 1. Maps marked thus * are to be found only in reports.
2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
xvii
fl92a. Geological map, Rankin, Childs, and Stevens mines, Mayo township,
Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200
feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!93. Magnetometric survey vertical intensity: Kennedy property, Carlow
township, Hastings county, Ontario^— by E. Lindeman, 1911.
Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!93a. Geological map, Kennedy property, Carlow township, Hastings
county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 184.)
f!94. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Bow Lake iron ore occur-
rences, Faraday township, Hastings county, Ontario-^— by E. Linde-
man, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No.
184.)
f204. Index map, magnetite occurrences along the Central Ontario railway —
by E. Lindeman, 1911. (Accompanying report No. 184.)
f205. Magnetometric map, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sudbury
district, Ontario: Deposits Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 — by E.
Lindeman, 1911. (Accompanying report No. 303.)
f205a. Geological map, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sudbury
district, Ontario, Deposits Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 — by E. Linde-
man. (Accompanying report No. 303.)
f206. Magnetometric survey of Moose Mountain iron-bearing district,
Sudbury district, Ontario: northern part of deposit No. 2 — by E.
Lindeman, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying
report No. 303.)
f207. Magnetometric survey of Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud-
bury district, Ontario: Deposits Nos. 8, 9, and 9 A — by E. Linde-
man, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 303.)
f208. Magnetometric survey of Moose Mountain iron-bearing district,
Sudbury district, Ontario: Deposit No. 10 — by E. Lindeman,
1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 303.)
f208a. Magnetometric survey, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud-
bury district, Ontario: eastern portion of Deposit No. 11 — by E.
Lindeman, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying
report No. 303.)
f208b. Magnetometric survey, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud-
bury district, Ontario: western portion of deposit No. 11 — by E.
Lindeman, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 303.)
|208c. General geological map, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district,
Sudbury district, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1912. Scale 800
feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 303.)
Note. — 1. Maps marked thus * are to be found only In reports.
2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
xviii
f210. Location of copper smelters in Canada — by A. W. G. Wilson. Scale
197-3 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 209.)
f215. Province of Alberta: showing properties from which samples of coal
were taken for gas producer tests, Fuel Testing Division, Ottawa.
(Accompanying Summary report, 1912.)
f220. Mining districts, Yukon. Scale 35 miles to 1 inch — by T. A. MacLean
(Accompanying report No. 222.)
f221. Dawson mining district, Yukon, Scale 2 miles to 1 inch — by T. A.
MacLean. (Accompanying report No. 222.)
*228. Index map of the Sydney coal Eelds, Cape Breton, N.S. (Accom-
panying report No. 227.)
|232. Mineral map of Canada. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying
report No. 230.)
f239. Index map of Canada showing gypsum occurrences. (Accompanying
report No. 245.)
f240. Map showing Lower Carboniferous formation in which gypsum
occurs in the Maritime provinces. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 345.)
f241. Map showing relation of gypsum deposits in Northern Ontario to rail-
way lines. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 245.)
f242. Map, Grand River gypsum deposits, Ontario. Scale 4 miles to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 245.)
f243. Plan of Manitoba Gypsum Co.'s properties. (Accompanying report
No. 245.)
f244. Map showing relation of gypsum deposits in British Columbia to
railway lines and market. Scale 35 miles to 1 inch. (Accompany-
ing report No. 245.)
f249. Magnetometric survey, Caldwell and Campbell mines, Calabogie
district, Renfrew county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale
200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.)
f250. Magnetometric survey, Black Bay or Williams mine, Calabogie district,
Renfrew county, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet
to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.)
f251. Magnetometric survey, Bluff Point iron mine, Calabogie district,
Renfrew county, Ontario^— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet
to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.)
f252. Magnetometric survey, Culhane mine, Calabogie district, Renfrew
county, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 191 1. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 254.)
Note. — 1. Maps marked thus * are to be found only in reports.
2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
f253. Magnetometric survey, Martel or Wilson iron mine, Calabogie district,
Renfrew county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet
to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.)
f261. Magnetometric survey, Northeast Arm iron range, lot 339 E.T.W.
Lake Timagami, Nipissing district, Ontario — by E. Nystrom.
1903. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch.
f268. Map of peat bol s investigated in Quebec — by A.v. Anrep, 1912.
f269. Large Tea Field peat bog, Quebec " *
f270. Small Tea Field peat bog, Quebec
f271. Lanoraie peat bog, Quebec * "
f272. St. Hyacinthe peat bog, Quebec * "
f273. Rivere du Loup peat bog "
f274. Cacouna peat bog " "
f275. Le Pare peat bog, Qebec * *
t276. St. Denis peat bog, Quebec * «
f277. Riviere Ouelle peat bog, Quebec * "
f278. Moose Mountain peat bog, Quebec " "
f284. Map of northern portion of Alberta, showing position of outcrops of
bituminous sand. Scale 12J miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying
report No. 281.)
f293. Map of Dominion of Canada, showing the occurrences of oil, gas, and
tar sands. Scale 197 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 291.)
|294. Reconnaissance map of part of Albert and Westmorland counties
New Brunswick. Scale 1 mile to 1 inch. (Accompanying report
No. 291.)
f295. Sketch plan of Gaspe oil fields, Quebec, showing location of wells.
Scale 2 rifles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.)
f296. Map showing gas and oil fields and pipe-lines in southwestern Ontario.
Scale 4 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.)
f297. Geological map of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Scale 35
miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.)
f298. Map, geology of the forty-ninth parallel, 0-9864 miles to 1 inch.
(Accompanying report No. 291.)
f302. Map showing location of main gas line, Bow Island, Calgary. Scale
12$ miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.)
Note. — 1. Maps marked thus * are to be found only in reports.
2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
f311. Magnetometric map, McPherson mine, Barachois, Cape Breton
county, Nova Scotia — by A. H. A. Robinson, 1913. Scale 200
feet to 1 inch.
f312. Magnetometric map, iron ore deposits at Upper Glencoe, Inverness
county, Nova Scotia— by E. Lindeman, 1913. Scale 200 feet to
1 inch.
f313. Magnetometric map, iron ore deposits at Grand Mira, Cape Breton
county, Nova Scotia — by A. H. A. Robinson, 1913. Scale 200
feet to 1 inch.
Address all communications to —
DIRECTOR MINES BRANCH,
DEPARTMENT OF MINES,
SUSSEX STREET, OTTAWA.
Note. — 1. Maps marked thus * are to be found only in reports.
2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can
be procured separately by applicants.
57
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