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PROMINENT AND
PROGRESSIVE AMERICANS

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CONTEMPORANEOUS

BIOGRAPHY

COMPILED BY MITCHELL C. HARRISON

VOLUME I

NEW YORK TRIBUNE

1902

' •
PUBLII

. .

R I

THE DE VINNE PHEM

CONTENTS

PAGE

FREDERICK THOMPSON ADAMS 1

JOHN GIRAUD AGAR 3

CHARLES HENRY ALDRICH 5

RUSSELL ALEXANDER ALGER 7

SAMUEL WATERS ALLERTON 10

DANIEL FULLER APPLETON 15

JOHN JACOB ASTOR 17

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AYER 23

HENRY CLINTON BACKUS 25

WILLIAM T. BAKER 29

JOSEPH CLARK BALDWIN 32

JOHN RARICK BENNETT 34

SAMUEL AUSTIN BESSON 36

H. S. BLACK 38

FRANK STUART BOND 40

MATTHEW CHALONER DURPEE BORDEN 42

THOMAS MURPHY BOYD 44

ALONZO NORMAN BURBANK 46

PATRICK CALHOUN 48

ARTHUR JOHN CATON 53

BENJAMIN PIERCE CHENEY 55

RICHARD FLOYD CLARKE 58

ISAAC HALLOWELL CLOTHIER 60

SAMUEL POMEROY COLT 65

RUSSELL HERMANN CONWELL 67

ARTHUR COPPELL 70

CHARLES COUNSELMAN 72

THOMAS CRUSE 74

JOHN CUDAHY 77

MARCUS DALY 79

CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW 82

GUY PHELPS DODGE 85

THOMAS DOLAN 87

LOREN NOXON DOWNS 97

ANTHONY JOSEPH DREXEL 99

HARRISON IRWIN DRUMMOND . 102

CONTENTS

PAGE

JOHN PAIRFIELD DRYDEN 105

HIPOLITO DUMOIS 107

CHARLES WARREN FAIRBANKS 109

FREDERICK TYSOE FEAREY Ill

JOHN SCOTT FERGUSON 113

Lucius GEORGE FISHER 115

CHARLES FLEISCHMANN 118

JULIUS FLEISCHMANN 121

CHARLES NEWELL FOWLER ' 124

JOSEPH M. GAZZAM 126

WILLIAM WARREN GIBBS 129

CHARLES PIERREPONT HENRY GILBERT 132

LESTER O. GODDARD 134

GEORGE J. GOULD 136

GEORGE R. GRAY 138

WILLIAM CORNELL GREENE 140

CLEMENT ACTON GRISCOM 143

JAMES BEN ALI HAGGIN 146

OLIVER HARRIMAN, JR 150

NORMAN WAITE HARRIS 152

LYNDE HARRISON 154

HENRY J. HEINZ 158

SAMUEL ALEXANDER HENSZEY 161

GEORGE B. HILL 164

THOMAS GRISWOLD HILLHOUSE 166

EDWARD HINES 168

WILLIAM BUTLER HORNBLOWER 170

HARRY L. HORTON 172

COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON 174

HENRY EDWARDS HUNTINGTON 176

LLOYD LOWNDES JACKSON 179

JOSEPH JEFFERSON 181

FREDERIC BEACH JENNINGS 183

JOHN P. JONES 185

OTTO HERMAN KAHN 187

JOHN KEAN 189

JAMES ROBERT REENE 191

SENECA D. KDIBARK 194

JOHN HENRY KIRBY 196

ALVIN WILLIAM KRECH 199

JOHN BROOKS LEAVITT 201

LEVI ZEIGLER LEITER 203

ROBERT PACKER LINDERMAN 206

FRANK G. LOGAN 209

LEONOR FRESNEL LOREE 211

FRANK ORREN LOWDEN 213

ARTHUR FULLER LUKE 215

CONTENTS

PA(i K

JOHN AUGUSTINE McCALi 1217

JOHN JAMES McCooK 220

FLAVEL McGEE 222

JOHN EDWARD MARSH 225

ALONZO CLARK MATHER 228

DARIUS OGDEN MILLS 230

DAVID H. MOFFAT _:i(i

JAMES HOBART MOORE 241

WILLIAM H. MOORE 243

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN 240

FRANKLIN MURPHY 249

SAMUEL NEWHOUSE 251

JACOB VAN VECHTEN OLCOTT 253

JAMES EDWARDS PEPPER 255

LAFAYETTE EDWARD PIKE 258

ROBERT PITCAIRN 260

ANDREW WOODBURY PRESTON 2(>2

MATTHEW STANLEY QUAY 264

ANTON ADOLPH RAVEN 266

NORMAN BRUCE REAM 268

JAMES HAY REED 271

DANIEL GRAY REID 273

JOHN JACKSON RIKER 276

JOHN LAWRENCE RIKER .... 278

PERCIVAL ROBERTS, JR 281

FREDERICK LEO RODEWALD

JORDAN JACKSON ROLLINS 285

THEODORE ROOSEVELT 287

ELIHU ROOT 290

PETER FREDERICK ROTHERMEL, JR 293

WILLIAM SALOMON 295

KlCKHAM SCANLAN 298

CHARLES T. SCHOEN 300

CHARLES M. SCHWAB 302

ISAAC NEWTON SELIGMAN 304

NICHOLAS SENN

DEWITT SMITH 311

JOHN C. SPOONER

JOHN DIEDRICH SPRECKELS

CHARLES ALBERT STADLER

JAMES STILLMAN

ARTHUR EDWARD STILWELL

JOSEPH SUYDAM STOUT

WILLIAM LEWIS STOW

FRANK KNIGHT STURGIS

TALBOT J. TAYLOR

GEORGE KRAMER THOMPSON 334

CONTENTS

PAGE

FRANCIS J. TORRANCE 336

JAMES J. TOWNSEND 338

GEORGE ARTHUR TREADWELL 340

WILLIAM H. TRUESDALE 343

CHARLES HARRISON TWEED 345

FREDERICK D. UNDERWOOD 347

FREDERIC WILLIAM UPHAM 350

HARRY JACQUES VERNER 352

HERBERT HAROLD VREELAND 354

FELIX M. WARBURG 357

LESLIE D. WARD 360

WILLIAM DREW WASHBURN 362

.IAMKS MOXTAUDEVERT WATERBURY 365

WILLIAM SEWARD WEBB 367

HENRI P. WERTHEIM 370

STANFORD WHITE • 372

WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY 374

CASSIUS MILTON WICKER 377

ISAIAH COLE YOUNG 380

WILLIAM ZIEGLER 382

FREDERICK THOMPSON ADAMS

T71REDERICK THOMPSON ADAMS, who, besides being a
-T highly successful financier, is one of the most enthusiastic
and skilful yachtsmen, conies from families of bankers. His
maternal grandfather was a banker who, with his two sons,
Frederick T. and Samuel C. Thompson, founded the First Na-
tional Bank and subsequently also the Chase National Bank of
New York. His father went to California among the "forty-
niners," but a few years later came back to Chicago and engaged
in the banking business, which he conducted with great success
until 1866, when, having amassed a fortune, he retired and went
to live at his old family home at Coxsackie, New York.

The subject of this sketch is the son of Francis G. Adams and
Eudora L. (Thompson) Adams, and was born to them in Chi-
cago in April, 1854. He received a good education, but was from
early boyhood so strongly attracted to the sea that instead of
going into business he sailed, at the age of nineteen years, on the
clipper ship St. Charles for a voyage around the Horn. Arriv-
ing at San Francisco, he 'sailed again on various ships on the
Pacific, and then, coming back to New York, passed an examina-
tion as midshipman in the service of the Pacific Mail Steamship
Company. He was assigned to duty on the City of Peking, just
built, and went on her from New York to San Francisco by way
of the Strait of Magellan. This voyage was a memorable one,
since the ship lost two blades of her propeller on the way, and
had to make the latter part of the run in a crippled condition,
thus being at sea from September, 1874, to February, 1875. Mr.
Adams then went across the Pacific on that ship and returned,
after which he resigned his place on her and repaired to Chi-

2 FREDEKICK THOMPSON ADAM8

cago. Thence lie went to the mining regions, and finally, in
1880, came to New York.

In New York Mr. Adams established a Western farm and
mortgage business, and became a member of the Unlisted Secur-
ities Hoard. In that he prospered, and presently he joined the
NY\\ York Mining Exchange, and went with it into the Con-
solidated Exchange. In 1884 he became a director of the Chase
National Bank, having purchased a stock interest in it, and
served until 1886, when he negotiated the sale of that bank to
t lie syndicate now controlling it. He bought a seat in the New
York Stock Exchange in 1886, and in 1889 formed the firm of
F. T. Adams & Co., with W. E. Pearl as his partner. In addi-
tion to the Stock Exchange, he is a member of the Produce
Exchange, the Cotton Exchange, and the Coffee Exchange of
New York.

Mr. Adams's fondness for the sea naturally led him to take to
yachting as his favorite sport, and in that he has attained suc-
cess and great distinction As soon as he could afford it he
bought a yacht, his first important vessel being the Esperite.
Later he joined John G. Moore in buying the Sachem, one of
the fastest and most famous schooners ever built. The Sachem
won the prized Goelet Cup twice, besides innumerable other
races. Mr. Adams has also himself given many trophies, and
has in many ways greatly promoted the fine sport of yachting.
He was formerly commodore of the Atlantic Yacht Club, one
of the crack organizations of New York, and is now commodore
of the Larchmont Yacht Club. He is still a member of the
Atlantic Yacht Club, and also of the New York, Columbia, Man-
hasset Bay, and Bridgeport Yacht Clubs. His other affiliations
include membership in the Chamber of Commerce of the State
of New York and the New York, Manhattan, Automobile,
Lambs, Suburban Riding and Driving, and New York Athletic
clubs of New York.

Mr. Adams was married in New York, in October, 1886, to
Miss Witherbee of Boston, Massachusetts. He makes his home
in New York, but in summer spends most of his time in cruis-
ing on his yacht on Long Island Sound and elsewhere.

JOHN GIRAUD AGAR

JOHN GIRAUD AGAR is of Southern birth and early train-
ing. His mother, whose maiden name was Theresa Price,
was a native of Louisville, Kentucky, and a descendant of sonic
of the first settlers of that State. Mr. Agar's father, William
Agar, was descended from one of the most ancient families of
County Carlow, Ireland, and in early life settled in New Or-
leans, Louisiana, where he became one of the leaders of the mer-
cantile community. John G. Agar was born in New Orleans on
June 3, 1856. He received his early education from his parents
and from private tutors at home. After the Civil War he was
sent, in 1869, to the preparatory department of Georgetown
University, in the District of Columbia. Thence he entered the
University proper, and in 1876 he was graduated from it with
the degree of A.B. For the next two }^ears he was a student in
the Roman Catholic University at Kensington, London, Eng-
land, devoting himself largely to biology and mental and moral
philosophy. Two years at the law school of Columbia College,
New York, followed, giving him the degree of LL.B. and also
admission to the bar. Georgetown University gave him the
degree of A.M. in 1888, and that of Ph. D. in 1889.

The bent of Mr. Agar's inclination was unmistakably toward
the legal profession, and toward politics. He was admitted to
the bar in 1880, and a year later was appointed assistant United
States district-attorney for the Southern District of New York.
This appointment was the more notable tribute to his ability for
the reason that he was a Democrat, while the President who ap-
pointed him— Garfield— was a Republican. After about a year
in that office Mr. Agar resigned it, and became the head of the

4 JOHN GIKAUD AGAB

law firm of Agar, Ely & Fulton. With that firm he has since
been identified, and in it he has been eminently successful.

1 1 is taste for politics led Mr. Agar to participate prominently
in the movement for reform of the local administration in New
York city. He identified himself with the People's Municipal
League, and in the electoral campaign of 1891 was chairman
of its campaign committee, and had charge of organizing it in
the various assembly districts of the city. It was he who caused
all candidates for office on the tickets of the League to be pledged
to secure, if possible, the adoption of the so-called Australian,
or "blanket-ballot," system of voting. Mr. Agar was one of
the leaders in the movement for the creation of a State naval
militia, and on September 2, 1891, he was appointed by Gov-
ernor Hill a lieutenant and paymaster of that body. He is now
a judge-advocate, with the rank of lieutenant-commander.

Mr. Agar was appointed a member of the Board of Education
of New York city by Mayor Strong, on October 8, 1896. In that
place he was a strong advocate of reformed and improved meth-
ods of school administration, especially of keeping politics out
of school affairs, of maintaining a high standard of scholarship
among teachers, and of governing appointments and promotions
by the merit system. When the Van Wyck administration came
into office Mr. Agar found antagonistic influences at work. On
February 2, 1899, he felt constrained to address a letter to the
Mayor, in answer to some strictures of the latter upon the
board; and on October 3, 1899, he resigned from the board,
along with several other of its best members, because he found
it no longer possible to do satisfactory work under the general
municipal administration.

Mr. Agar is a member of a number of clubs and other organ-
izations. He was married on February 18, 1892, to Miss Agnes
Louise MacDonough, who has borne him four children: John
Giraud, William MacDonough, Herbert Synnott, and Kather-
ine Margaret, of whom the last named died in March, 1902.

CHARLES HENRY ALDRICH

THE family of Aldrich, from which the subject of this sketch
is descended 011 the paternal side, is of English origin, but
has been settled in this country for many years. The same may
be said of the Sherwood family, comprising the maternal ances-
tors of Mr. Aldrich. In the last generation the two families
were united by the marriage of Hamilton Metcalf Aldrich and
Harriet Sherwood. Mr. Aldrich was a farmer, living in La
Grange County, Indiana, and there, on August 26, 1850, Charles
Henry Aldrich was born.

The boy spent his early years upon the farm, but enjoyed ex-
tended educational advantages, which he improved to the best
purpose. He at first attended the local common school. Next
he pursued a course at Orland Seminary, in Steuben County,
Indiana. Thence he went to Ann Arbor, Michigan, and was
graduated from the High School there in 1871, with an education
which fitted him to enter college. He thereupon entered the
regular classical course of the University of Michigan, and was
duly graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1875.
Years later, in 1893, his Alma Mater conferred upon him the
advanced degree of Master of Arts.

During his university course Mr. Aldrich decided to adopt the
law as his profession, and upon graduation at once applied him-
self to special studies with that end in view. He made rapid
pix>gress, so that by May, 1876, he was able to open an office
and begin practice at Fort "Wayne, Indiana. He met with grati-
fying success, and remained in practice at Fort Wayne for
almost ten years, namely, until April, 1886. At that time he
decided to seek a more extended field of operations, and accord-
ingly removed to Chicago, Illinois. He has pursued his pro-

6 CHARLES HENRY ALDRICH

fession iii the latter city with steadily increasing success and
prestige down to the present time, with the exception of the two
years 1892-93, when he was at "Washington, D. C., filling the
important office of Solicitor-General of the United States. The
latter is the only political office he has held. In it he was, of
course, the representative of the Federal Government in numer-
ous cases, including some of first-rate importance.

Since his retirement from the office of Solicitor-General Mr.
Aldrich has continued his private legal practice in Chicago and
elsewhere, an increasing proportion of it being in the various
United States courts both in Chicago and in Washington. It
will be recalled that during the winter of 1900-01 Mr. Aldrich
was retained as counsel in one of the cases involving the status
of Porto Ricans as citizens of the United States or otherwise,
and the general relationship of that island to this country, and
he made thereon one of the most notable arguments against the
government before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Mr. Aldrich's professional work has brought him into contact
and connection with various corporations and business enter-
prises, to which he has given efficient legal service. He has not,
however, permitted any other pursuits to draw him away from
strict attention to the work of his chosen profession.

He is a member of the Union League Club of Chicago, and of
the Country Club of Evanston, Illinois. He was married on
October 13, 1875, to Miss Helen U. Roberts of Steuben County,
Indiana, who has borne him three children : Charles Roberts
Aldrich, Marian L. Aldrich, and Helen B. Aldrich.

RUSSELL ALEXANDER ALGER

RJSSELL ALGER of Litchfield County, Connecticut, re-
moved with his widowed mother and her four other chil-
dren to the Western Reserve in Ohio, in the early twenties. In
1832 he married, in Ohio, Caroline Moulton, who was born at Ran-
dolph, Vermont, and who also had removed, with her family, to
the "Western Reserve, in the early twenties. They lived for a
time in a log cabin at Lafayette, Medina County, Ohio, where, on
February 27, 1836, Russell Alexander Alger was born. The
father died in 1848 ; the mother also died the same year. There
were four children left of the family. The eldest, .a daughter,
died in 1851, leaving Russell, the second child, to be the head of
the family and to care for his little brother and sister.

The boy secured homes for the other two children in neigh-
bors' families, and himself went to live with an uncle, who gave
him lodging, board, and clothes, and three months' schooling a
year, in return for his work upon the farm. Two years later he
became a farm-hand at three dollars a month, and remained at
such work until he was twenty years old, by which time he was
getting fifteen dollars a month. Meantime he attended the
Richfield Academy for five winters, and taught school for two
winters. He also contributed much toward the maintenance
and education of his brother and sister.

In 1857 Mr. Alger studied law at Akron, Ohio, and two years
later was admitted to the bar. A year more was spent in legal
study and hard work at Cleveland, and then his health broke
down. He went to Grand Rapids, Michigan, and entered the
lumber business with a friend. Disaster marked his first efforts,
the failure of a firm in Chicago destroying his business and leav-
ing him heavily in debt.

8 RUSSELL ALEXANDER ALGER

Then came the Civil War. On August 19, 1861, he enlisted in
i<' Second Michigan Cavalry, and went to the front as captain.
In May, 1862, during .the siege .of Corinth, his regiment was with-
out a colonel. The colonelcy was offered to Captain Alger, who
declined it on the score of inexperience, and it was subsequently
given to Captain Philip H. Sheridan. A few weeks later was
fought the battle of Booneville, Mississippi, in which Sheridan
was attacked by General Chalmers with a force of four or five
thousand men, Colonel Sheridan having only between eight and
nine hundred men fit for duty. Sheridan went to Captain Alger,
who was ill in his tent, and asked him if he was fit for duty.
Captain Alger said he was, and taking only ninety-two men, he
was ordered to make a detour to the rear of Chalmers's force,
where was found a reserve of at least two thousand men. This
Captain Alger did, cutting his way through, and losing heavily
of his command. At the appointed hour, Sheridan made a fu-
rious attack in front, and, as he writes himself in his memoirs, " the
attack upon Chalmers's rear caused a stampede of the entire force,
and the victory was won." In the meantime Captain Alger was
dismounted, disabled, taken prisoner, and escaped. The next
day he was recommended for promotion to the rank of major.
On October 16, 1862, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel,
and in June, 1863, colonel, to date from February 28, 1863. His
regiment was in Custer's Brigade in the Army of the Potomac,
and did splendid work at Gettysburg. He was wounded at
Boonesborough, Maryland, 011 July 2, 1863, served with Sheri-
dan in the Wilderness, was in front of Petersburg and in the
Shenaudoah Valley in 1864, and won especial distinction at
Trevilian Station on June 11, 1864, and upon other fields, for
which he was twice recommended by General Sheridan and
other general officers for promotion for gallantry. He was hon-
orably mustered out in September, 1864, and in June, 1865, was
bre vetted brigadier- and major-general of volunteers for dis-
tinguished services.

In 1866 he settled at Detroit, as a partner in the lumber firm
of Moore, Alger & Co., and in time became the head of the firm
of R. A. Alger & Co. In 1881 the business was incorporated
under the name of Alger, Smith & Co., and it has since put forth
a branch known as the Manistique Lumbering Company, of both

RUSSELL ALEXANDER ALGER 9

of which General Alger is president. He is a stockholder and
director of the State Savings Bank of Detroit, the chief owner
of the Volunteer Iron Mine in Marquette County, a director of
the United States Express Company, and the owner of extensive
timber lands in various parts of the United States and Canada.

General Alger has long been prominent in politics as a Repub-
lican. He was a delegate to the National Republican Conven-
tion of 1884, and in the same year was elected Governor of
Michigan. In 1888 he was a candidate for the Presidential nom-
ination at the Republican Convention, and received one hundred
and forty-three votes, his own State, Michigan, voting solidly
for him until the end. It was on that occasion that the cry,
"What 's the matter with Alger? He 's all right!" was first
heard, and added a new phrase to the popular speech. He was
that year elected a Presidental elector. On March 4, 1897, he
entered President McKiuley's Cabinet, as Secretary of War.
In that office he organized, equipped, and transported to the
field the great volunteer army in the Spanish-American War,
and it may well be recorded that this achievement, considering
time, distance, and general conditions, was without a parallel in
the history of wars. He resigned his office on August 1, 1899,
and has since devoted his attention to his private interests.

He was married, on April 2, 1861, to Miss Annette H. Henry,
daughter of William Gilnaore Henry and Huldana Squier Henry
of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Nine children ha^e been born to
them, of whom five are now living. These are as follows :
Caroline, now the wife of Henry Dusenbury Sheldon of Detroit ;
Fay, wife of William Elder Bailey of Thorndale, Pennsylvania ;
Frances, wife of Charles Burrall Pike of Chicago ; Russell Alex-
ander, Jr., who married Miss Marion Jarves, daughter of Deming
Jarves of Detroit ; and Frederick Moulton, who was graduated
at Harvard University in the class of 1899.

General Alger was first department commander of the Michigan
Grand Army of the Republic, and elected commander-in-chief of
the Grand Army of the Republic, in August, 1889, and filled that
office one year. He is also a member of the military order of the
Loyal Legion, of which he has been department commander, a
son of the American Revolution, and a member of the Union
League Club and the Ohio Society of New York.

SAMUEL WATERS ALLERTON

IN probably no American city have there been more striking
examples of what are called self-made men than in the great
Western metropolis of Chicago. The phenomenal growth of
that city has afforded opportunities nowhere else surpassed for
the rise of men from humble beginnings to wealth and influence
through sheer personal merit. Among such men, who have not
only been, in the common acceptation of the term, self-made,
but who have reflected greatest credit upon themselves as self-
makers, there is to-day probably no more noteworthy figure than
that of the subject of the present biography, Samuel Waters
Allerton, who has long been a highly respected and particularly
impressive figure in the business world of Chicago and New
York, and whose career has been as characteristic of his time
and surroundings as that of any of the great founders of wealthy
American families. In common with most of them, he began
life on a farm, where he learned the simple code of rural man-
hood, frugality, industry, and stern honesty.

Samuel Waters Allerton was born in Amenia, Dutchess
County, New York, on May 26, 1828, being the youngest of nine
children. He attended the public school of his native village un-
til he was twelve years of age, when his scholastic education was
suspended, and he began working for his living. In 1842 the Al-
lerton family removed to a rented farm in Yates County, New
York. Samuel there worked under his father until by the united
efforts of the family enough money was accumulated to pin-chase
a farm in the neighboring county of Wayne. Then Samuel and
his brother Henry rented a farm together, made money on their
venture, and bought a $4500 place, paying $1500 in cash. At
the end of three years the balance was paid, and the brothers

SAMUEL WATERS ALLERTON 11

had money iu the bank besides. Samuel, meanwhile, had been
trading in live stock in a small way, and at length began to
approach the conviction that his future lay not in raising cattle
on a farm, but iu dealing in them iu city markets. Returning
to the farm one day from a visit to New York city and Albany,
he went to his brother and proposed a division of the joint capi-
tal, Henry to take the $4500 farm, aud himself the $3000 in
money which they had saved. The more cautious and less am-
bitious Henry pointed out to Samuel that whoever kept the
farm had a certainty, and therefore the better bargain, but he
finally consented to the exchange, and the brothers parted with
all mutual good wishes.

The first hundred cattle which Samuel Allerton bought were
sold on the spot on which the Fifth Avenue Bank in New York
city now stands. They fetched the lowest price that the market
had known in ten years, and the young trader lost seven hundred
dollars on the speculation. He was staggered at first by the
calamity, for the money he had invested had come slowly and
represented years of hard and constant labor. He summoned
his courage, however, and resolved to try at least once more
before going back to farming. Out in Erie County, New York, the
farmers' wives had held a series of indignation meetings which
had resulted in the burning of a railroad bridge, because the
trains had ceased to stop for dinner at that particular station.
It was an opportune occurrence for young Allerton. Cattle were
unloaded from the blocked trains and driven overland to Dun-
dirk, where Samuel bought a bunch of a hundred head, and
rushed them through to New York, where a beef famine was
threatened, and he sold them at a profit of three thousand
dollars.

He went West after this, and spent a year or two in Illinois,
feeding and raising cattle. The weak condition of the national
finances at this period was the cause of many sudden bank
failures. One of these precipitated a local panic which swept
away every dollar he had accumulated. Again he rallied from
his loss, and with his unfailing courage started over again on
a borrowed capital of five thousand dollars. He had carefully
studied the Western situation, and with fine prescience decided
that the future great city and commercial center of the middle

12 SAMUEL WATERS ALLERTON

west was to be Chicago. In that place, therefore, he established
himself, and began buying live stock. There was no general
market in Chicago at that time, except for a few months in
the winter, shippers, as a rule, preferring to take their stock
through to the Eastern markets.

Mr. Allerton kept a close watch upon the progress of current
events, ready to seize the first opportunity for buying on a large
scale. It came at last, during a great break in the market, but
it came at a time when the ambitious young speculator had no
ready money to invest. He had formed no banking connections
in Chicago, and was also unknown in business circles. He went
to one of his few acquaintances, a Mr. Tobey, with the request
that he be identified at that gentleman's bank. Mr. Tobey
consented to oblige him, but very wisely declined to be respon-
sible beyond the mere introduction. They went to the
George Smith Bank, an institution which issued Georgia money
and furnished the currency for the Northwest. Mr. Allerton's
proposition to the cashier was simple : " If I pay for three
telegrams, one to Halstead, Chamberlain & Co., asking if
they will honor my draft, one to your correspondent, asking
if Halstead, Chamberlain & Co. are all right, and one to my
bank, asking if I am all right, may I come in to-morrow and sell
you a sight draff?" The reply was, "Yes." Allerton went
directly to the stock-yards, bought every hog in the market, and
next morning presented to the astounded cashier a draft for
eighty thousand dollars. The bank declined to accept it, in spite
of its promise and notwithstanding the fact that the three
telegrams had been favorably replied to. The cashier had not
supposed that his new customer would call for more than five
thousand dollars, and he was not prepared to discount a larger
draft on telegrams. Mr. Allertou walked out of the building
feeling that his credit was ruined and his future hopeless. Quite
by accident, he encountered an old acquaintance from Syracuse,
New York, to whom he confided his emergency. The New York
man took him to the Aiken and Norton Bank, where they con-
sented to cash the eighty-thousand-dollar draft at a discount of
one per cent. This was Allerton's first operation ; it was suc-
cessful, and it made him at once a rich man and a conspicuous
figure in the market.

SAMUEL WATERS ALLERTON 13

The Civil War then came, and with it the pressing need of a
national currency. Congress passed the National Bank Act,
issuing government bonds to insure the circulation of the money,
but national banks were slow in starting. Mr. Allerton urged
upon his old friends Aiken and Norton the project of starting one,
but they hesitated, fearing that they would be unable to dispose
of the bank stock. Mr. Allerton offered to take ten thousand dol-
lars himself, and promised to find five other men who would take
equal amounts. In this way was started the First National
Bank of Chicago, with Samuel Allerton as its progenitor. To his
efforts is largely due the organization of the Union Stock Yards
in Chicago. He wrote the first letter ever published on the
subject, to the Chicago " Tribune," and agitated the idea con-
stantly, until it became popular, and the greatest stock-market in
the world was built.

Mr. Allerton has never outgrown his love for farming. He
has been buying land and improving it during his whole career,
and he is now probably the largest practical farmer in the
country.

He has forty thousand acres of land under cultivation, and
has ranches and farming interests in Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa,
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. He con-
tinues to be active in the live-stock trade, and ships cattle and
other stock to 'the Eastern markets and to England. He has
interests in street railroads and in mines.

His early political opinions were received from Horace Greeley
and Henry Clay, and his later affiliation was with the Republi-
can party. He is a firm believer in a protective tariff, and in a
system of sound national currency on the gold basis. He has
lived through many panics, and has seen many men of thrift
and ability destroyed, in character as well as financially, by
losing the results of years of industry. He realizes, therefore,
the necessity of a sound financial basis. The only public office
he ever aspired to was that of Mayor of Chicago. He accepted
the nomination on an independent ticket, giving no pledges
except to do his duty as a good citizen. He intended, however,
to carry the civil-service reform system into effect, and also to
employ the best engineers in the country to do away with the
smoke nuisance and to settle other vexed questions of sanitation

14 SAMUEL WATERS ALLEKTON

in the city. He carried the North Side, the most intelligent
wards, but was defeated by a clever political coup by the Carter
Harrison forces, by means of which the Democratic candidate
lor .Mayor and most of the Republican aldermen were elected.

Mr. Allerton was married in early life to Pamilla W. Thomp-
son. Some years after her death he married Agnes C. Thompson,
a younger sister of his first wife. He has two children : a son,
Robert Allerton, and a daughter, Kate R. Allerton, who is the
wife of Hugo R. Johnson.

DANIEL FULLER APPLETON

AMONG the innumerable New Englanders wlio have made
JT\. New York their home and have contributed to its great-
ness in all worthy walks of life, a conspicuous figure is that of
Daniel Fuller Appleton, merchant and manufacturer. He was
born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, on January 31, 1826, the
son of General James Appleton and Sarah (Fuller) Appleton.
His earliest ancestor in this country was Samuel Appleton, who
came from England and settled in 1636 at Ipswich, Massachu-
setts, on land which has ever since remained in the possession
of the family and which now forms the summer home of the
subject of this sketch. From Samuel Appleton were descended
all in New England who have borne that name, including many
men distinguished in all professions, among them merchants,
lawyers, jurists, and educators. General James Appletou, father
of Daniel F. Appleton, removed from Marblehead to Portland,
Maine, in 1833, and was a leader of the old Liberty party, the
predecessor of the Republican party, and in the antislavery
and temperance movements. He was the first man in America
to propose legislative prohibition of the liquor traffic, which he
did in 1831 in a petition to the Massachusetts Legislature, and
again in 1837 in a report to the Maine Legislature, of which he
was a member. He was several times the Liberty party's
candidate for governor of Maine.

Daniel Fuller Appleton was well educated in his father's
home and in the public schools of Maine. Then, at the age of
twenty-one, he left home for the great metropolis, to make his
own way in the world. He had no capital, and no friends in
New York who could assist him, but he soon got employment.
In a few months the firm by which he was engaged went out of

16 DANIEL FULLER APPLETON

business, whereupon he answered an advertisement for a clerk,
and was promptly engaged. His employer was Royal E. Rob-
bins, an importer of watches, and with him Mr. Appleton has
ever since been associated. A few years after his employment
as clerk, he was admitted to partnership with Mr. Bobbins, and
the world-known name of Robbins & Appleton was thus es-
tablished.

In 1867 Messrs. Robbins & Appleton purchased a new and
small watch factory at Waltham, Massachusetts, enlarged it,
and presently organized the American Waltham Watch Company,
which now for many years has stood in the foremost rank of
the world's makers of timepieces. To that great business Mr.
Appleton has devoted his closest attention, and he and Mr.
Robbins, and a younger brother of the latter, Henry A. Robbins,
have continued together in the same enterprise for nearly half a
century. Indeed, Mr. Appleton has been engaged in the watch
business for much more than half a century, since before coming
to New York he spent some years in the watchmaking estab-
lishment of his elder brother, James Appleton, in Portland, Maine.

Mr. Appleton has never held nor sought political office, though
he has held an interested and influential place in the councils of
the Republican party. He was a member of the first national
convention of that party in 1856, at Philadelphia, when Fremont
was nominated for the Presidency. He has been identified with
several of the best social organizations of New York, such as the
Union League Club, of which he has been vice-president ; the
New England Society, of which he was president in 1878-79 ;
the Century Association, and the Metropolitan, Grolier, and
other clubs. While Mr. Appleton was president of the New
England Society he proposed to the members of the society,
and successfully advocated, the erection of a monument to the
Pilgrim Fathers of New England, which action resulted in the
present noble monument to the Pilgrim Fathers in Central Park
(Fifth Avenue and Seventy-second Street), New York city.

He has been twice married, first to Miss Julia Randall, in
1853, and second to Miss Susan Cowles, in 1889. His five chil-
dren are Francis Randall Appleton, Randolph Morgan Appleton,
James Waklingfield Appleton, Mrs. Gerald Livingston Hoyt
of New York, and Mrs. Charles S. Tuckernian of Boston.

JOHN JACOB ASTOR

THERE is probably no name in America more thoroughly
identified in the popular mind — and rightly so — with the
possession and intelligent use of great wealth than that of Astor.
For four generations the family which bears it has been fore-
most among the rich families of New York, not only in size of
fortune, but in generous public spirit and in all those elements
that make for permanence and true worth of fame. The build-
ing up of a great fortune, the establishment of a vast business,
the giving of a name to important places and institutions, the
liberal endowment of libraries, asylums, hospitals, churches,
schools, and what not, the administration on a peculiarly gener-
ous system of a large landed estate in the heart of the metropolis
— these are some of the titles of the Astor family to remembrance.
It was a John Jacob Astor who founded the family in this
country and made it great. In each generation since, that name
has been preserved, and to-day is borne by its fourth holder.
The present John Jacob Astor is the son of William Astor, who
was the son of William B. Astor, who was the son of the first
John Jacob Astor. He is also descended from Oloff Stevenson
Van Cortlandt, who was the last Dutch Burgomaster of New
Amsterdam before the British took it and made it New York ;
from Colonel John Armstrong, one of the heroes of the French
and Indian War ; and from Robert Livingston, who received by
royal grant the famous Livingston Manor, comprising a large
part of Columbia and Dutchess counties, New York. He was
born at his father's estate of Femcliff, near Rhinebeck, on the
Hudson, on July 13, 1864, and was educated at St. Paul's School,
Concord, New Hampshire, and Harvard University. He was
graduated at Harvard in the scientific class of 1888, and then

18 JOHN JACOB ASTOK

spent some time in travel and study abroad. He had already
made extended tours through the United States, from New
England to the Pacific coast. His subsequent travels have
taken him into nearly every European and South American
country, and he has not been content to follow merely the
ordinary route of travel, but has made for himself new and
interesting itineraries.

Upon his return to his native land Mr. Astor entered upon
the manifold duties of a good citizen with whole-hearted energy.
He first familiarized himself with the details of his own busi-
ness, the management of his great estate. That, in itself, was a
gigantic undertaking, but it was performed by him with thor-
oughness. He also proceeded to improve his estate by the erec-
tion of various fine new buildings, which are at once a source of
revenue to him and an ornament to the city. He did not seek
to avoid even the petty but often onerous duties of a juryman in
the local courts, but in that and other ways showed himself
willing to assume all the burdens, great and small, of an Ameri-
can citizen. He entered into business relations with various
enterprises, becoming a director of such institutions as the
National Park Bank, the Title Guaranty and Trust Company,
the Mercantile Trust Company, the Plaza Bank, the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad, the Western Union Telegraph Company, the Equi-
table Life Assurance Society, the New York Life Insurance and
Trust Company, the Astor National Bank, etc.

From an early age Mr. Astor manifested a decided inclination
toward literary and scientific work. While at St. Paul's School
he was the contributor of numerous articles of merit to academic
publications. In 1894 he published a volume entitled " A Jour-
ney in Other Worlds : A Romance of the Future." In this he
dealt with the operations of a new force, styled "apergy," the
reverse of gravitation. He adopted the theory that the conquest
of nature would be — or actually had been — so far achieved that
man had become master of the elemental forces of the universe.
Thus air navigation had become a practical agency of communi-
cation and transportation. Nor was navigation confined to our
ordinary atmosphere. His daring voyagers traversed the inter-
planetary spaces, and visited Jupiter as easily as we now cross
the Atlantic. They found in the distant planets strange and lux-

JOHN JACOB ASTOK 1!)

uriant life, with singing flowers, extraordinary reptiles, spiders
three hundred feet long, railroad trains running tln-ee hundred
miles an hour, and, most marvelous of all, great cities with clean
streets and good government. This remarkable literary and
philosophical extravaganza attracted much attention, and was
much praised by competent critics for its excellence of style, as
well as for its daring imagination. It ran through many edi-
tions here and also in England, and was published in France in
translation.

Mr. Astor has long taken an active interest in military affairs,
and his appointment as a colonel on the staff of Governor Morton,
in 1895, was recognized as a most fitting one. In that office he
did admirable service, and identified himself with the best inter-
ests of the State troops. But a far more important service was
before him. At the very outbreak of the Spanish -American
War, on April 25, 1898, Mr. Astor visited Washington, had an
interview with the President, and offered his services in any
capacity in which he might be useful to the nation. At the
same time, he made a free offer of his fine steam-yacht, the
Nounnahal, for the use of the Navy Department. The latter
offer was declined with thanks, after due consideration, the navy
officers not finding the yacht exactly available for their purposes.
The tender of personal services was gratefully accepted, and on
May 13, 1898, Mr. Astor was appointed an inspector-general in
the army, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel For the duties
of this place his former experience on the staff of Governor
Morton gave him especial fitness. On May 15 he went on duty
on the staff of Major- General Breckinridge, inspector-general,
his first work being a tour of inspection of the military camps
which had been established in the South.

In that occupation Colonel Astor found plenty of work, much
of it of a by no means pleasant character ; but he performed ah1 of
it with the zeal and thoroughness that have been characteristic
of him in all his undertakings. There was no attempt to play
the part of "gentleman soldier." The distinctions of wealth
and social rank were laid aside at the call of the fatherland, and
the millionaire became the unconventional comrade of every
man, rich or poor, who was loyally fighting for the old flag.

After some weeks of duty in the United States, Colonel Astor

20 JOHN JACOB ASTOR

was ordered to Tampa and to Cuba with the first army of in-
vasion, and did admirable service. He served with bravery .and
efficiency during the battles and siege of Santiago, and was rec-
ommended for promotion by his chief, General Shatter. He
fell a victim to the malarial fever that prevailed there, but his
robust constitution brought him safely through an ordeal which
proved fatal to many of his comrades. After the surrender of
Santiago he was sent to Washington as the bearer of important
despatches and other documents to the President. At Tampa,
on July 27, he and his fellow-travelers were stopped by the State
sanitary authorities and ordered into quarantine for a few days.
Colonel Astor took it philosophically, as one of the incidents of
the campaign, disregarding the personal discomfort, and only re-
gretting the delay in placing before the President the informa-
tion with which he was charged. Finally the quarantine was
raised, and Colonel Astor proceeded to Washington and delivered
his message, and was enabled to do some valuable work for the
War Department.

On August 11, the day before the formal signing of the proto-
col of peace, but after the war was practically ended and the
immediate restoration of peace was fully assured, Colonel Astor
went on a furlough to his home at Fern cliff, and was enthu-
siastically welcomed by his friends and neighbors of Ehinebeck
and all the country round.

Worthy of record, also, is his gift to the government of the
Astor Battery. At the outbreak of the war he offered to recruit
and fully equip at his own expense a battery of light artillery.
The offer was officially accepted by the government on May 26.
The next day recruiting was begun. Volunteers nocked in with
enthusiasm. On May 30 drill was begun. The next day saw
the battery complete, with one hundred and two men and six
twelve-pound Hotchkiss guns. The total cost of it to Colonel
Astor was about seventy-five thousand dollars. After spending
some time in drilling, the battery was sent across the continent
to San Francisco and thence to Manila, where it arrived in time
to take part in the operation against that city and in its final
capture on August 13. The guns used by this battery were im-
ported from England, and were the best of their kind to be had in
the world. The uniforms worn by the soldiers were of the famous

JOHN JACOB ASToi; 21

yellow-brown khaki cloth, such as is worn by British soldiers in
tropical countries. It was light in texture, cool and comfortable,
and in all respects admirable for the purpose. The soldiers also
had regular service uniforms, of blue cloth with scarlet facings.
Colonel Astor's immediate connection with the battery ceased
when he had paid the heavy bills for its organization and equip-
ment, but it continued to bear his name, and its record in the
nation's service abides as a lasting memorial of his generous and
thoughtful patriotism, which led him to give his own time and
labor, and to risk his own life, and also to give freely of his
wealth to enable others to serve the government in the most
effective manner. There are, indeed, few names in the story of
the brief but glorious war of 1898 more honorably remembered
than that of Colonel John Jacob Astor.

Colonel Astor wras married, in 1891, to Miss Ava Willing of
Philadelphia. She is a daughter of Edward Shippen Willing and
Alice C. Barton Willing, whose names suggest many a chapter of
worthy American history. Thomas Willing, a great-great-grand-
father of Mrs. Astor, was Mayor of Philadelphia, and first
president of both the Bank of North America and the Bank of
the United States. He aided in drawing up the Constitution of
the United States, and designed the coat of arms of this govern-
ment. Another of Mrs. Aster's ancestors was the Hon. C. W.
Barton, who in 1653 was a conspicuous member of the British
Parliament. By this marriage Mr. Astor not only allied himself
with a family of national distinction, but gained the life-com-
panionship of a particularly charming and congenial woman.
Mrs. Astor's native talents and refinement have been added to by
careful education, well fitting her for the most exalted social
position. She is, moreover, fond of and proficient in those open-
air recreations and sports into which her husband enters with
keen enjoyment. She is an expert tennis- and golf -player, and
can sail a boat Like a veteran sea-captain. She also possesses the
not common accomplishment of being a fine shot with a rifle or
revolver, and on more than one hunting expedition has given
most tangible evidence of her skill.

Colonel Astor is a member of numerous clubs in this city and
elsewhere, including the Metropolitan, Knickerbocker, Union,
Tuxedo, City, Riding, Racquet, Country, New York Yacht, Down-

JOHN JACOB ASTOK

Town, Delta Phi, Newport Golf, Newport Casino, and Society
of Colonial Wars.

In the fall of 1898 the nomination for Congress was offered to
Colonel Astor in the district in which his city home is situated,
but he was constrained by his business and other interests to
decline it.

Colonel Astor spends much of his time upon the estate which
was his father's and upon which he himself was born. This is
Ferncliff, near Rhinebeck, on the Hudson River. It com-
prises more than fifteen hundred acres, and extends for a
mile and a half along the river-bank. About half of it is
in a state of high cultivation, but much of the remainder is left
in its native state of wild beauty, or touched with art only to
enhance its charms and to make them more accessible for enjoy-
ment. The house is a stately mansion in the Italian style of
architecture, standing upon a plateau and commanding a superb
outlook over the Hudson River, Rondout Creek, the Shawan-
gunk Mountains, and the distant Catskills. A noteworthy feature
of the place is the great series of greenhouses, twelve in number,
in which all kinds of flowers and fruits are grown to perfection
at all seasons of the year. Rhinebeck and its vicinity are the
home of many people of wealth and culture, among whom the
Astors are foremost.

The Astor home in this city is a splendid mansion built of
limestone in the French style of Francis I. It stands at the
corner of Fifth Avenue and Sixty-fifth Street, and is one of the
chief architectural adornments of that stately part of the me-
tropolis. It was designed by the late Richard M. Hunt, and is
regarded as one of the masterpieces of that distinguished archi-
tect. In this house each season some of the most magnificent
social gatherings of New York occur, for, of course, in this city,
at Newport, and wherever they go, Mr. and Mrs. Astor are
among the foremost social leaders.

c -

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AYER

MONGr the early pioneers of New England was John Ayer,
who came over from Norfolk, England, in 1637, and in 1645
settled permanently at Haverhill, Massachusetts, where many of
his descendants still reside. A contemporary of his was the
Rev. Stephen Bachelder, who came from Hampshire, England,
in 1632, and in 1638 became the first pastor of Hampton, New
Hampshire. In the seventh generation from John Ayer was
Robert Ayer, who for many years was a merchant, and who
spent the latter part of his life on a New England farm. He
married Louisa Sanborn, a daughter of Benjamin Sanbora of
Kingston, New Hampshire, and a direct descendant of John
Sanborn, who was a grandson of the Rev. Stephen Bachelder.

Benjamin Franklin Ayer was born to Robert and Louisa San-
born Ayer, at Kingston, Rockinghani County, New Hampshire,
on April 22, 1825. After receiving a careful primary education
he was fitted for college at the Albany (New York) Academy,
then under the charge of Dr. T. Romeyn Beck, and thence went
to Dartmouth College, where he was graduated in 1846. He
chose the law as his profession, and studied it for three years
preparatory to practice, one year being spent at the Harvard
Law School. He was admitted to the New Hampshire bar in
1849. In 1878 he received the honorary degree of LL. D. from
Dartmouth College.

Mr. Ayer entered upon the practice of his profession at Man-
chester, New Hampshire, in 1849, and soon attained a high rank
at the bar and in public esteem. In 1853 he was a Representa-
tive from Manchester in the New Hampshire Legislature. The
next year he was appointed prosecuting attorney for Hillsbor-
ough County, and held that important office until 1857. In the

24 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AYER

latter year he removed to Chicago, Illinois, and on May 15 was
admitted to practice in the courts of Illinois. Since that date he
has been a member of the Chicago bar, and has there won suc-
cess and high distinction. At first he was engaged in general
practice, but in 1861 he was appointed counsel to the corpora-
tion of the city of Chicago, and held that office until 1865, when
he resigned it. Thenceforward for eleven years he was again
engaged in general practice. In 1876 he accepted the appoint-
ment of general solicitor of the Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany, and devoted his attention to the affairs of that corporation.
In 1890 he became general counsel to the same company, and
still holds that place.

For more than twenty years Mr. Ayer has been president of
the Western Railway Association. He is a member of the
Chicago Bar Association, and has been its president; and a
member of the Chicago Historical Society, the Chicago Literary
Club, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Chicago Club ; these
being the foremost social and professional organizations of that
city.

Mr. Ayer was married, in 1868, to Miss Janet A. Hopkins,
daughter of the late Hon. James C. Hopkins of Madison, Wis-
consin, judge of the District Court of the United States for the
Western District of Wisconsin. Mr. and Mrs. Ayer have one
son and three daughters : Walter Ayer ; Mary L. Ayer, wife of
Samuel T. Chase ; Janet Ayer, wife of Kellogg Fairbank ; and
Margaret H. Ayer.

HENRY CLINTON BACKUS

MONGr the State-builders of early New England the Backus
family was conspicuous. Its founder in this country was
William Backus, who came from England and settled at Say-
brook, Connecticut, about 1635. He and his son Stephen were
later among the founders of Norwich, in that State, in 1659, the
elder Backus giving, with the consent of his fellow-settlers, that
city its name; and in 1700 his grandson, Stephen, was the
founder of Canterbury, also in Connecticut. His descendant,
Timothy Backus, an ancestor of our subject, was a leading and
dominant theological controversialist in New England about the
middle of the last century. His child, Elisha Backus, was with
" Old Put " at Bunker Hill, and fought through the Revolution-
ary War, attaining the rank of major. After the war he re-
moved from Connecticut to Onondaga County, New York, and
settled at Manlius. His son, Elisha Backus, was a colonel in the
War of 1812, and, at its close, became prominent in the arts of
peace by developing the then new country of the central and
northern parts of the State of New York with the stage-line with
which he opened up the district, one hundred and fifty miles
long, between Utica and Ogdensburg. A son of this later Elisha
Backus, Charles Chapman Backus, was a well-known citizen of
Utica, New York, being a member of the firm of Bennett, Backus
& Hawley, publishers, who conducted the largest publishing-
house and book-store then in New York State outside of its chief
city, and issued the " Baptist Register," now the " Examiner,"
of New York city, then, as now, the leading newspaper of the
Baptists in this country. He married Harriet Newell Baldwin,
a daughter of Edward Baldwin and Anne Lewis, who both came
from Wales in 1800, and settled in Utica about 1805. Edward

26 HENRY CLINTON BACKUS

Baldwin was one of Utica's most highly esteemed citizens until
his death, in 1871.

Charles Chapman Backus and his wife came to New York city
to live about 1850, bringing with them their infant son, Henry
Clinton Backus, the subject of this sketch, who had been born
at Utica on May 31, 1848. The son was educated in the public
and private schools of this city, was prepared for college at
Phillips Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, and then was ma-
triculated at Harvard University, wherefrom he was graduated
in the class of 1871. Two years later he was graduated from the
Law School of Columbia University, and thereupon was admitted
to the New York bar. He at once entered the office of Sanford,
Robinson & Woodruff, but, a year afterward, that of Beebe,
Wilcox & Hobbs. This latter firm had probably a more exten-
sive admiralty practice in the federal courts than any other
law firm, and in attending to it he gained much valuable experi-
ence. His practice has not, however, been confined to any single
branch of legal judicature. He has been counsel in many im-
portant cases of a great variety of character, in the numerous
branches of civil or municipal law. He is much esteemed for his
knowledge of constitutional history and law, and of international
law ; he is the legal adviser of several large estates ; and though
generally not practising criminal law, he successfully conducted
at least one most noteworthy criminal case. This case, the State
of Kansas vs. Baldwin, is worth recounting. In response to
local clamor, the defendant had been prosecuted upon the charge
of having murdered his sister, had been convicted, and had been
sentenced to death. The case was vainly appealed to the State's
Supreme Bench, when Mr. Backus, upon urgent solicitation,
took up the case, prepared an elaborate brief, created a counter
public opinion by causing the circulation throughout Kansas of
vigorous editorial articles in the Albany "Law Journal," the
New York " Tribune," and other papers, and finally induced the
Governor to make a careful investigation of the case. The out-
come was that the man's innocence was clearly established, and
an unconditional pardon was granted to him.

Two incidents in the early life of Mr. Backus should be noticed
because they disclose the strong, resolute character which has
been so useful to him and so helpful to others during his subse-

HENRY CLINTON BACKUS 27

quent life. While yet a youth he formed and commanded dur-
ing the late War of the Rebellion a company in a ivginiriit
known as the " McClellan Grays," recruited from students in
the public schools in New York city, who, though too young for
legal enlistment in the volunteer army, were animated by such
patriotic zeal as to organize for the purpose of protecting the
national capital in case of attack upon it by the rebels in force,
or for any sudden emergency of dangerous and extreme import
to their country. About the same period he bravely and resist-
lessly advocated the cause of the negro, and taught a class of
colored children among the white children in the Sunday-school
of a fashionable church in New York city, in the face of bitter
and intense opposition, begotten of the malignant antipathy to
the negro race then prevalent in much of the North as well as at
the South. He was making speeches upon the public rostrum
at sixteen years of age ; and so meritorious was his course at
this time of his life that it won for him the warm personal regard
and friendship of several of the nation's heroes and great states-
men of the war period.

Besides being one of the most successful practising lawyers in
New York, Mr. Backus has long been conspicuous among political
leaders. For more than ten years he was a member of the
Republican county committee, and for five years served as a
member of its committee on resolutions. While here he caused
the constitution of the county committee to be so amended as to
empower twenty-five enrolled voters in any assembly district to
compel the primary election polls in that district to be kept open
twelve instead of only six hours. In 1891 he was made a mem-
ber of the executive committee of the county committee, and
was elected leader of his party in his assembly district. By
reason of a revolt against the previous leadership and manage-
ment in the district, his delegation encountered a most bitter
contest of five months' duration for its seats in the county
committee ; but Mr. Backus triumphantly vindicated its claim
to its seats, and his leadership was accompanied by a harmony
and peace unknown for many years in the district. The follow-
ing year, however, he declined reelection to the leadership when
it was tendered to him. He has on numerous occasions repre-
sented his district in county and State conventions of the

28 HENKY CLINTON BACKUS

Republican party. Various nominations for pubnc office, among
which have been for assemblyman, for surrogate, and for judge
of the city court, have been offered to him ; but he has declined
them all. He was nominated in 1893 to represent the Seventh
Senatorial District in the State constitutional convention, but
was defeated, the district being overwhelmingly Democratic. He
obtained, however, the highest vote of all candidates running on
the entire Republican ticket that year in that district. He was
elected, in 1898, chairman of the delegation from his assembly
district to the general committee of the Republicans of New
York County, who combined in protest against the corrupt
methods and imperious dictation of the previous management
of the party in the county.

Apart from politics Mr. Backus has many interests of more
than personal significance. He was one of the committee on the
construction of the tomb and monument of Ulysses S. Grant, at
the head of Riverside Drive, New York. He is a member of the
city and State bar associations, of the Republican Club of the
city of New York, of the Dwight Alumni Association, and
of the Harvard Club of New York city. He is also an hon-
orary member of the Railway Conductors' Club of North
America, and a fellow of the American Geographical Society, in
the information garnered and distributed and the enterprises
advanced by which body he takes a scholarly interest.

His much-esteemed wife is a valued member of the board of
managers of the New York Colored Orphan Asylum. Of two
children born to them, one, a son, is living.

WILLIAM T. BAKER

selection of a man as the representative of a great city's
JL enterprise and industry, and as its leader in an undertaking
of world-wide import, may safely be regarded as a token of his
high merit and of public appreciation thereof. When, therefore,
William T. Baker was chosen president of the Chicago Directory
of the World's Columbian Exposition, he was by that very act
marked as a typical representative of the business men of that
phenomenally enterprising city.

Mr. Baker began his business career at the age of fourteen
years as a clerk in a country u general store " at Groton, New
York. His second engagement was of the same character, at
McLean, New York. While at the latter place he " caught the
Western fever," and determined to follow the storied " course of
empii-e." Accordingly he went to Chicago, and presently se-
cured employment as bookkeeper for the firm of Hinckley &
Handy, in the old Board of Trade Building on South Water
Street. There his ability began to find scope. Promotions
came to him, and finally he succeeded Mr. Handy as a member
of the firm. That connection lasted until 1868, when Mr. Baker,
now a well-established business leader in the Lake City, formed
a partnership with C. A. Knight and W. F. Cobb, under the
name of Knight, Baker & Co., which continued until 1872, when
Mr. Knight retired from business. Mr. Baker retired perma-
nently from active business on the Board of Trade in 1891 to
accept the presidency of the World's Fair. In addition to his
Chicago interests Mr. Baker has large business interests in the
State of Washington, where he has invested much capital for the
development of water and electric power for street railroads and
other purposes in Seattle, Tacoma, and elsewhere

30 WILLIAM T. BAKEK

His industrial and commercial duties, thougn so multifarious
and heavy, have not prevented Mr. Baker from taking an active
interest in civic affairs. In 1895-96 he was president of the
Civic Federation of Chicago, which did a great work for that
city in the direction of securing clean streets and suppressing
gambling and other forms of vice. He admirably filled the
office, and was not deterred from fulfilling its duties even by
the cowardly threats of assassination made against him and his
family.

No more just account of Mr. Baker can perhaps be given than
is contained in these remarks of Mr. George F. Stone, secretary
of the Chicago Board of Trade, on Mr. Baker's election as presi-
dent of the Directory of the World's Fair in 1891. " The career
of Mr. Baker," he said, " is that of a typical progressive Ameri-
can, which rendered his appointment as president of the World's
Fair an appropriate one. Endowed with keen and discriminat-
ing mental characteristics, of an intensely active temperament,
bordering upon impetuosity, yet so nicely adjusted as not to vio-
late the dictates of good judgment, courageously ambitious, of
an indomitable will, he early grappled with humble surroundings
with a sublime confidence, to carve out for himself an honorable
and eminent mercantile position. Toward that position he
steadily and unfalteringly advanced from step to step through
subordinate experiences, until in the very prime of his manhood
he is recognized in the great markets of the world as an eminent,
successful, and honorable merchant.

" Mr. Baker possesses those qualities, inseparable from strong
characters, which hold a man self-poised and imperturbable in
times of great tension, when many men are overpowered, dis-
heartened, and defeated. In such times his latent capacities are
brought into requisition and stamp him the exceptional man
that he is — qualified to discharge great responsibilities and to
confront serious emergencies. With a remarkable mental alert-
ness he seizes upon the salient points of a question or of a propo-
sition, and fairly rushes at correct conclusions ; this enables him
to quickly organize and to rapidly consummate his plans. His
confidence in himself does not prevent him from carefully
weighing the views of others.

•' Mr. Baker is sensitively alive to the personal responsibility

WILLIAM T. BAKEK 31

which a public trust imposes, and he scrupulously discharges his
official duties. His convictions are strong and well defined, and
his determined advocacy of them expressed regardless of their
effect upon his personal popularity.

" Mr. Baker was elected to the presidency of the Board of
Trade by a very large majority, amounting practically to a una-
nimity, and was unanimously reflected to that important office.
His administration is distinguished by his uncompromising war
upon so-called bucket-shops, and in the maintenance of legiti-
mate business, and by his identification with a common and gen-
eral prosperity, against all monopolies. He has always been on
the side of the farmer in the adoption of all proper means to
obtain remunerative prices for the products of the soil and for
the enrichment of the great West. He believes in the utmost
freedom of man and of his inalienable right to all natural
advantages. He would destroy completely all barriers to an
unhindered commercial intercourse, not only between States, but
between countries, and has an abiding faith in the salutary re-
sults of an untrammeled and generous commercial competition.

"He is a man of quick sympathies, and claims for charity are
subjected to the same searching analysis which by the constitu-
tion and habit of his mind he applies to business propositions.
When he establishes their deservedness, he acts immediately,
practically, and unostentatiously, and upon the maxim that ' he
gives twice who gives quickly.1 His extensive business interests
do not entirely absorb his time, and his views upon controlling
and prominent subjects of public concern are, by reading and
thought, well matured and emphatic ; hence his duties of citi-
zenship are intelligently and fearlessly performed."

Mr. Baker was elected president of the Chicago Board of Trade
in 1890, and was four times reflected, thus holding the place five
times, an unrivaled record. He is a member of the Chicago
Club, the Iroquois Club, the Washington Park Club, and other
organizations. He was married, in 1862, to Miss E. A. Duuster,
who died in 1873. Six years later, in 1879, he was again mar-
ried, to Mrs. Anna F. Morgan of Troy, New York. He has
three sons and two daughters.

JOSEPH CLARK BALDWIN

THE ancestry of Joseph Clark Baldwin, the well-known man-
ufacturer, merchant, and financier, is in this country an old
and distinguished one. The founder of his family in America
was John Baldwin, who came from England in 1637 in the good
ship Hector, and was a member of the New Haven colony. On
the maternal side, his earliest American ancestor was William
Bradley, who was a captain in the English army, and who in
1637 came hither from England and settled at New Haven, Con-
necticut. Mr. Baldwin is also directly descended, in the eighth
generation, from Captain Nathaniel Turner; in the seventh
generation, from Matthew Gilbert, Deputy Governor of Con-
necticut, from Roger Ailing, Treasurer of the New Haven col-
ony, from Lieutenant Francis Bell, and from the Hon. Richard
Treat, one of those to whom the Royal Charter of Connecticut
was granted ; in the sixth generation, from Robert Treat, Gov-
ernor of Connecticut, from Ensign Richard Baldwin, from John
Ailing, Judge of the Probate Court of Connecticut, from Cap-
tain John Beard, and from Lieutenant Abram Bradley ; and in
the fifth generation, from Lieutenant Daniel Bradley and from
Zachariah Baldwin. His father was Joseph Beard Baldwin,
an architect and builder who erected in New Haven some of the
finest churches, houses, and other buildings of his time. His
mother's maiden name was Cynthia Eliza Bradley.

Of such parentage and ancestry Mr. Baldwin was born at New
Haven, Connecticut, on March 19, 1838, and was well educated
in the schools of that city. At the age of seventeen he became
a teacher, serving for one year as assistant to John E. Lovell,
the principal of the Lancasterian public school of New Haven.

JOSEPH CLAKK BALDWIN 33

At the end of the year he resigned the place and withdrew from
teaching in order to enter business life. On April 11, 1856, being
then just over eighteen years of age, he came to New York city,
and entered the employ of Thomas Hope & Co. This was a
grocery house, the predecessor of the present company ol' Acker,
Men-all & Condit. After four months' service, however, he
resigned his place there, and on September 1, 1856, entered
the employ of William Partridge & Son, manufacturers of and
dealers in dye-stuffs. Thus he became identified with the chief
business of his life. He remained with that firm until its dis-
solution, and subsequently, on January 1, 1865, became a partner
of a firm which succeeded it. Seven years later, on January 1,
1872, the firm was incorporated under the name of the New
York Dyewood Extract & Chemical Company, and of that
concern Mr. Baldwin became treasurer and held that office
during 1883. Then he became its president, and held that
place until July 1, 1892. On the latter date that corporation
and the Boston Dyewood & Chemical Company were united
imder the name of the New York & Boston Dyewood Com-
pany, of which Mr. Baldwin was elected, and still is, president.
In addition, he is president of the Compagnie Haitienne, a
director of the Texas & Pacific Coal Company, and of the
Market & Fulton National Bank of New York, and a trustee
of the North River Savings Bank and of the Washington
Trust Company of New York.

Amid his business duties, Mr. Baldwin has developed no taste
for political activity, beyond discharging the duties of a citizen.
He is a member of a number of prominent social organizations,
among which are the New England Society of New York, the
Society of Colonial Wars, the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
the American Museum of Natural History, the Fulton Club, the
Accomack Club, and the Laurentian Club.

Mr. Baldwin was married on October 2, 1861, to Miss Emma
Jane Mood, and has four children: William Mood Baldwin,
Harry Bradley Baldwin, Joseph Clark Baldwin, Jr., and
Charles Lansing Baldwin.

JOHN RARICK BENNETT

AMERICANS have been described as the most inventive
-f\_ people in the world, "Yankee notions" and "Yankee in-
genuity" having become proverbial the world over. It is true
that the files of the United States Patent Office indicate a more
fecund and versatile inventive faculty here than is to be per-
ceived in any other country, the range of contrivance covering
the entire scope of human needs and activities. Naturally,
therefore, the profession of the patent lawyer has become one
of great importance. The searching of the files to discover
whether the applicant for a patent is really the first inventor,
or whether he has been forestalled by some other, the prosecu-
tion and defense of suits of rival claimants, the adjustment of
interference cases, the legal organization of corporations for
the development of newly patented devices, and innumerable
other details, all form one of the most important departments
of legal practice, to which many able lawyers have found it
profitable to devote themselves.

Among the most successful of contemporary patent lawyers
is John Rarick Bennett of New York city. He was born at
Phillipsburg, New Jersey, about fifty years ago, the son of John
C. Bennett of that place. After a careful academic training he
entered Princeton University, and was there graduated. He
also pursued a course in law and was admitted to the bar of the
State of Pennsylvania. He began his practice in Philadelphia,
in partnership with George Harding, and there remained until
1878, when he removed to New York city, where he was ad-
mitted to practice in the Federal Courts. In New York he has
practised alone with great success, his offices being at No. 31

JOHN RARICK BENNETT ;;;,

Nassau Street. He has for years made a specially of patent
law, and his practice is almost exclusively confined thereto.

Among the clients whose legal inlerests Mr. IJcnnelt has
served may be mentioned the City of New York, the United
States Steel Corporation, the American Steel and Wire Com
pany, the Pressed Steel Car Company, Hie Welsbadi Light
Company, several large implement and large niamiraclnnng
corporations of the West, and many companies in which .John
W. Gates, the well-known financial operator, is and was con-
nected.

Mr. Bennett is a Democrat in politics, but has held and has
sought no public office. He is a member of the Metropolitan,
Manhattan, and Democratic clubs and the Metropolitan Mu-
seum of Art in New York, of the Duquesne Club of Pittsburg,
and of the Chicago Club of Chicago.

He was married some years ago to Miss Carolina Grove of
Danville, Pennsylvania, where he has an extensive country es-
tate and other interests which require considerable time and
attention, and in which, it is said, he has a large amount of capi-
tal invested.

SAMUEL AUSTIN BESSON

SAMUEL AUSTIN BESSON, bom at Everittstown, New
Jersey, on April 6, 1853, is the son of William and Margaret
A. Besson, the latter bom Case. His father was a prosperous
and substantial farmer, descended from Francois Besson, a French
Huguenot, who settled in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, before
1730. From Francois Besson the line of descent was as follows:
John Besson, an ensign of New Jersey troops under Washington
in the Revolution ; John Besson, who married Rachel Traut and
had twelve children, of whom four sous became merchants in
New York and three remained farmers in Hunterdon County ;
William Besson, who married Margaret A. Case, daughter of
Godfrey and Elizabeth (Welch) Case, and had nine children;
and Samuel Austin Besson, the youngest of the nine.

Mr. Besson was educated in the public school at Everittstown,
in the Caversville (Pennsylvania) Normal School, and at Lafay-
ette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, where he was a prize-winner
in his last two years, and was graduated in 1876 with the degree
of A. B. Immediately after leaving college he was appointed
principal of the High School at Phillipsburg, New Jersey, and
filled the place satisfactorily for a year. In the fall of 1877 he
began the study of law with his brother, John C. Besson, at
Hoboken, New Jersey, and in June, 1879, was, on examination,
duly admitted to practice as an attorney. In June, 1882, he was
admitted as counselor.

His professional career was from the first marked with success.
In the spring of 1882 he was chosen Corporation Attorney of
Hoboken by the Council of the city, which then had a Republican
majority, and filled the place acceptably for a year, when he was
retired to make room for a Democratic successor. Thereupon he

SAMUEL AUSTIN BESSON 37

formed a law partnership with his brother, John C. Besson, which
lasted until the latter's death, in 1894. Then he founded the firm
of Besson, Stevens & Lewis, his partners being Richard A. Ste-
vens of Castle Point, Hoboken, and Edwin A. S. Lewis, son of
Colonel E. P. C. Lewis. This firm was dissolved in March, 1898,
at the request of Mr. Besson, who had been chosen counsel to
the Hoboken Bank for Savings. He had previously been counsel
to the Hoboken Land and Improvement Company, the Hoboken
Ferry Company, the Hoboken Trust and Savings Institution,
now called the Hoboken Trust Company, the First National Bank
of Hobokeu, and other corporations.

During the year 1889 Mr. Besson was president of the Hud-
son County Bar Association. He is a ruling elder of the Fii'st
Presbyterian Church of Hoboken. He was one of the founders
and original trustees of the Columbia Club, the foremost social
organization of Hoboken, of which he is still a member. He is
a member and trustee of the Castle Point Cyclers, and a member
of the General Republican Committee of Hudson County. He
is also a prominent member of Euclid Lodge, No. 136, F.
and A. M.

Mr. Besson now has associated with him John R. Spohr, a
young lawyer of much promise, under the firm-name of Besson
& Spohr. He is recognized as a strong and skilful advocate,
and has been connected with numerous important and interest-
ing cases in the local and State courts. He is a facile writer and
has frequently contributed to current literature. He is a dis-
criminating reader, and a student of law, finance, and political
economy.

He was married on November 10, 1881, to Arabella Roseberry,
daughter of the late Joseph M. Roseberry of Belvidere, New
Jersey. Their two children are named Henrietta Besson and
John Harlan Besson.

H. S. BLACK

THE modern tall office-building, a thing of origin well within
the memory of the present generation, has been wonder-
fully developed in the last dozen years in most of our great
cities, and has revolutionized both the appearance and the in-
dustrial economy of those cities in a remarkable degree. It has
likewise greatly changed the activities of the building trade, and
has called into being new corporations expressly devoted to the
erection of buildings of this novel type. Foremost among such
corporations is that whose president is the subject of this sketch.

H. S. Black is a native of the Dominion of Canada, where he
was born, at Cobourg, Ontario, 011 August 25, 1863, the son of
Major Thomas Black, paymaster of the Sixty-sixth Regiment
of the British army, and Elizabeth (Nickens) Black, the for-
mer a native of Belfast, Ireland, and the latter of Sherburne,
England. His early life was spent in his native town, and was
divided between stiidying in the local school and serving as
clerk in the "general store." From the latter occupation Mr.
Black entered the service of a surveying party in the far North-
west. In 1882 he was employed in a wholesale woolen house
in Chicago. Next, he was a commercial traveler for a number
of years. His next enterprise was that of a banker in the State
of Washington, and subsequently he returned to mercantile
pursuits as a member of the firm of Black & Bell, at Menominee,
Michigan, and Tekoe, Washington.

Mr. Black finally turned, in 1894, to the building trade. He
was impressed with its possibilities, especially in the great cities,
as New York and Chicago. Accordingly he came to New York,
and in 1894 became connected with the George A. Fuller Com-

f t

H. S. BLACK 39

pany as its vice-president. The continued ill health of the presi-
dent, Mr. Fuller, caused the practical direction of the company
to devolve upon Mr. Black down to December, 1!)01, when Mr.
Fuller died and Mr. Black was chosen to till his place as presi-
dent and nominal as well as actual head of the corporation.

The company of which Mr. Black is the head has constructed
some of the most noteworthy tall buildings in the world. A
type of these is the great Broad Exchange Building, the largest
and finest in New York. Another is the Marquette Building
in Chicago. A third is the unique "flatiron" structure at
Broadway and Fifth Avenue, New York, and a fourth is the
H. C. Frick Building in Pittsburg, said to be the largest and
most complete office-building in the world. The buildings of
this general character erected by this compan.y in New York,
Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Washing-
ton, and elsewhere are to be counted by dozens, and constitute
probably the most notable array of edifices constructed by one
concern in all the world.

Mr. Black is president of the George A. Fuller Company,
which is now capitalized at twenty million dollars, and a direc-
tor of the North American Trust Company and of the Broad Ex-
change Company, both of New York, and of the Colonial Trust
and Savings Bank of Chicago. He is the chairman of the board
of the United States Realty and Construction Company— i.e.,
the head of the great sixty-six-million-dollar realty corporation.
He is a member of the Metropolitan, Manhattan, Lawyers' Mid-
day, and Larchmont Yacht clubs of New York, of the Chicago
Club of Chicago, and of the Duquesne Club of Pittsburg. He
was married in 1895 to Miss Allon Mae Fuller, only surviving
daughter of the late George A. Fuller, and makes his home at
the Holland House in New York.

FRANK STUART BOND

THE Bond family was formerly settled in Bury Saint Ed-
munds, Suffolk, England, where members of it may still
be found. About 1630 William Bond came to North America
and settled at Watertown, Massachusetts, where he was a con-
spicuous and influential citizen, and was Speaker of the Massa-
chusetts General Court from 1691 to 1694. In the early part
of the last century the Rev. Dr. Alvan Bond was a prominent
clergyman of the Congregational Church. He was in the sixth
generation of direct descent from William Bond.

Frank Stuart Bond is a son of the Rev. Dr. Alvan Bond, and
was born at Sturbridge, Massachusetts, on February 1, 1830.
He spent his early years at Norwich, Connecticut, and received
there an excellent education. At the age of nineteen years, in
1849, he became employed in the treasurer's office of the Nor-
wich & Worcester Railroad Company. The next year, 1850, he
went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and became secretary of the Cincin-
nati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad Company. He filled that
office for six years, and then removed to New York, where he
has ever since made his home. From 1857 to 1861 he was secre-
tary and treasurer of the Auburn & Allentown Railroad Com-
pany, and also of the Schuylkill & Susquehaniia Railroad Com-
pany.

Mr. Bond's business career was interrupted, as were the
careers of so many other men, by the Civil War. He entered
the army as first lieutenant in a Connecticut regiment in 1862,
and was subsequently commissioned by the President major
and aide-de-camp, United States Volunteers. He served in the
Federal Army until November, 1864, when he resigned his

FBANK STUART BOND 41

commission. He saw much active service in the field, especially
as an aide-de-camp on the staffs of General Daniel Tyler and
General Rosecrans. He took part in the campaign in Missis-
sippi, including the battle of Farmington and the eaplnre of
Corinth, the important battle of Stone River, and that of Tulla-
homa; he was in the colossal conflict at Chickamauga, the opera-
tions at Chattanooga and the capture of that place, and 1 he eam-
. paign against General Price in Missouri.

On his retirement from the army Mr. Bond resumed his atten-
tion to railroad affairs. In 1868 he became connected with the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Company in its New York
office. A little later he became its vice-president, and held that
place until 1873. He then became first vice-president of the
Texas & Pacific Railroad Company, and filled that office for
eight years. He became in 1881 the president of the Philadel-
phia & Reading Railroad Company. That great corporation
was in serious financial straits, and its stockholders were divided
into two camps— radically divided upon questions of policy.
Mr. Bond was the leader of the then dominant party, and as
president of the company executed the policy with which he and
his friends were identified, playing a part of national impor-
tance in railroad finance.

In 1882 Mr. Bond retired from the Reading presidency, and
in 1884 became president of an associated group of five Southern
railroads. These were the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas
Pacific, the Alabama & Great Southern, the New Orleans &
Northwestern, the Vicksburg & Meridian, and the Vicksburg,
Shreveport & Pacific. Finally, in 1886, he became vice-presi-
dent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company,
and held that position for fifteen years, when he resigned. He
retained his position as a director of that company and of two
others of his old companies— the New Orleans & Northwestern
and the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific.

Mr. Bond has been a resident of New York since 1856. He
is a member of the Union, Metropolitan, Union League, and
Century clubs, and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, and
the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.

MATTHEW CHALONER DURFEE BORDEN

family of Borden is of French stock, and is traced back
to the village of Bourdonnay, in Normandy. Some of its
members went to England with William the Conqueror, and
acquired estates in Kent, where the parish of Borden received
its name from them. Richard Borden came to this country in
1635, and settled in Rhode Island. His son, Matthew Borden,
was the first child born of English parents on Rhode Island
soil. In the last generation the head of the family was Colonel
Richard Bordert of Fall River, Massachusetts, who was identi-
fied with the great Fall River Iron Works and with other im-
portant industries. His son bears the name of Matthew and
has continued the family's dominant place in the business world.
Matthew Chaloner Durfee Borden was born at Fall River,
Massachusetts, on July 18, 1842. He was prepared for college
at Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, and was gradu-
ated at Yale in 1864. He then entered business in a New York
dry-goods jobbing-house. Three years later he became a part-
ner in a leading New York commission house, and represented
the American Print Works as selling agent until the failure of
that company in 1879 ; then, largely through the efforts of him-
self and his brother, the concern was recognized as the American
Printing Company and resumed operation in January, 1880. At
the same time Mr. Borden made an alliance with the commission
house of J. S. & E. Wright & Co., now Bliss, Fabyan & Co.,
which he has ever since maintained. Mr. Borden purchased his
brother's interest in the American Printing Company in 1887,
and since then has been sole owner of the enterprise, which is
now probably the largest producer of printed cotton cloths in
the world. In order to secure an independent supply of cloth

MATTHEW CHALONEK DUKFEE BOKUEN 4;>

for printing, Mr. Borden built at Fall River, beginning them in
1889 and completing them in 1895, four large spinning and
weaving mills, which rank among the foremost in that city of
spindles. These two establishments (the American Printing
Company and the cloth-mill under the old corporate name of
the Fall River Iron Works Company), of which Mr. Borden is
the owner, employ an army of thousands of operatives, and on
more than one occasion have dominated the whole cotton-cloth
market. Mr. Borden has always maintained particularly pleas-
ant relations with his employees, and by his generous leadership
has averted more than one serious strike and business crisis.

For many years Mr. Borden has made his home in New York
city, whei'e he is conspicuous in business, in society, and in
innumerable public-spirited enterprises. At the outbreak of the
Spanish war he sold his fine steam-yacht Sovereign to the gov-
ernment for conversion into a war-ship, and did so at a great
pecuniary loss to himself. The yacht was known in the war as
the Scorpion, and did good service. In 1896 Mr. Borden built
and presented to the Boys' Club of Fall River a club-house at an
expense of more than $100,000. At the two hundredth anni-
versary of Yale College, in June, 1901, Mr. Borden's gift of
$100,000 to the Yale Bicentennial Fund was announced. He
has held no public office save that of Park Commissioner, which
he held for six years and filled in a most public-spirited manner.
He has made various benefactions to the great museums of New
York and to other institutions.

Mr. Borden is a director of the Manhattan Company Bank, of
the Lincoln National Bank, of the Astor Place Bank, of the
Lincoln Safe Deposit Company, and of the New York Security
and Trust Company. He is a member of many social organiza-
tions, including the Yale Alumni Association, the New England
Society, and the Union League, Metropolitan, Republican, Mer-
chants', Down-Town, Players, Riding, New York, New York
Yacht, Atlantic Yacht, Larchmont Yacht, American Yacht,
Seawanhaka Yacht, South Side Sportsmen's, and Jekyl Island
clubs. He was married, in 1865, to Miss Harriet M. Durfee of
Fall River, who has borne him seven children, of whom three
survive : Bertram Harold, Matthew Sterling, and Howard
Seymour.

THOMAS MURPHY BOYD

ri>HE Scotch-Irish element, so called, has long been an impor-
J- tant one in the United States in business and professional
as well as in political and social life. It was planted in the
central parts of the colonies at an eai'ly date, and brought hither
with it the best qualities of thrift, energy, and mental power
which had distinguished it in both of the lands from which it
derives its name. At the present date thousands of the ablest
Americans trace their origin to such ancestry, as does the subject
of the present sketch.

Bartley B. Boyd and his wife, whose maiden name was Ellen
Murphy, were both descended from Scotch-Irish families which
came to this country early in the seventeenth century and settled
in Maryland and Virginia, some of them later moving into Penn-
sylvania, where many of their countrymen were established.
Members of both families were conspicuous and effective in
Washington's army in the Revolutionary War. At the begin-
ning of our national life the Boyds moved westward and settled
at Cincinnati, being among the pioneers of Ohio. In the last
generation Bartley B. and Ellen Murphy Boyd lived on a farm
at Monroe, Butler County, Ohio, and there their son, Thomas
Murphy Boyd, was born on July 22, 1860. The boy received a
good education in the local public schools, and was graduated
from the High School at Amanda, Ohio, after which he turned
his attention to a business career.

His first engagement was in the capacity of a bookkeeper when
he was nineteen years of age. This was in a " general store " at
Middletown, Ohio. A year later he was taken into equal part-
nership in the firm. But in another year his health failed and
he was compelled to retire from this establishment. At the age

THOMAS MURPHY BOYD 45

of twenty-two, with health restored, he began anew as a book-
keeper in a large mercantile house at Indianapolis, Indiana.
From that time forward his business career was steadily pro-
gressive and highly successful. At the present time Mr. Boyd
is president of three large business establishments, namely, the
Western Brewing Company of Belleville, Illinois, the American
School Furniture Company of New York city, and the Sidney
School Furniture Company of Sidney, Ohio. In all of these
enterprises he has been eminently successful. Thus, speaking
of the American School Furniture Company, the " Commercial
and Financial World" has said : "Of this company Mr. Thomas
M. Boyd is president, and there is no secret about the fact that
he has made a wonderful success of his work in its behalf. He
is a man of high and honorable standing in business and financial
circles, and is looked \\p to and respected by everybody."

Mr. Boyd has taken part in the public service as well as in
private business enterprises. At the age of twenty-five he was
solicited to take the place of Assistant County Treasurer and
Assistant City Treasurer at Hamilton, Ohio, and filled the place
acceptably for four years. Then he was, at the age of twenty-
nine, elected by the people to be County and City Treasurer. He
is a member of various social organizations, chief afnong which
is the Union League Club of Chicago.

Mr. Boyd was married at Indianapolis, on May 20, 1885, to Miss
Minnie Gage, daughter of L. H. Gage, president of the L. H.
Gage Lumber Company of Indianapolis and of Memphis, Ten-
nessee. Two daughters have been born to them, who bear the
names of Lillian Ethel and Ruth.

ALONZO NORMAN BURBANK

are to-day found in the conservative New England
States some of the most progressive business undertakings
and some of the most energetic and successful business men this
nation can boast. A fine example of this class is to be found in
the career of the subject of the present sketch. Half a century
and more ago Peleg N. Burbank was a prosperous shoe manu-
facturer at Franklin, New Hampshire. To him and his wife,
Sarah Burbank, a son was born at Franklin, on October 9, 1843.
The boy was named Alonzo Norman Burbank, and was sent to
the local schools, including an excellent academy of high-school
rank. He was an apt scholar, and learned, with practical thor-
oughness, all there was to learn in those institutions, and, in
addition, a great deal more through observation and inquiry
outside of the school-room. Then, with a bent for business
rather than for professional life, he went to work in his father's
shoe factory.

His first work there consisted in putting strings or laces into
shoes. Such work he was able to do in mere childhood. Thence
he went to a local " general store," where he was engaged as a
clerk, and dealt out groceries, dry-goods, and what not to rural
customers. This was a humble calling, yet the training of a
"general store" is by no means to be despised as a preparation
for a higher business career. Next he went to the local railroad,
and became a brakeman, a telegraph operator, and a station-
agent.

Mr. Burbank's next move carried him into the business which
was to absorb the chief attention of his life and in which he has
attained conspicuous success. This was the business of paper-
making. He entered a paper-mill, as bookkeeper, at the time

"46

O e

ALONZO NORMAN BUEBANK 47

when that business was on the point of being revolutionized by
the substitution of wood-pulp for linen, straw, and other material.
The place was auspicious, too, for the New England States, with
their vast forests of spruce and hemlock and their superb moun-
tain streams of pure water, afforded at once and together the
material and the power for paper-making, and quickly hecame
the chief seat of that important industry.

It has been Mr. Burbank's lot to play a leading part in the
development of this business to its present mammoth propor-
tions. From the humble clerkship with which he began, he
rose through successive steps to be treasurer of the Fall Moun-
tain Paper Company, and an officer also of the Winnipeseogee
Paper Company, of the Green Mountain Pulp Company, of the
Mount Tom Sulphite Company, and of the Garvin's Falls Com-
pany. Finally, when more than a score of the chief paper,
pulp, and siilphite manufactories of this continent united to
form the International Paper Company, Mr. Bui-bank was
prominent in arranging that consolidation, and became an active
and influential member of the new corporation, which now
dominates the major portion of the paper trade of the western
hemisphere.

In addition to these interests in the paper trade, Mr. Burbank
is a director of the International Trust Company and of the
Mercantile Trust Company, both of Boston.

The chief offices of the International Paper Company are in
New York, and Mr. Burbank accordingly now makes that city
his home, and is a member of its Metropolitan and Colonial
clubs, in addition to the Algonquin, Temple, and Exchange clubs
of Boston and the Westminster Club of Bellows Falls, Vermont.
He was married in 1865, at Andover, New Hampshire, to Miss
Anna M. Gale, who has borne him four children: Etta M.,
Frederick W., Margaret H., and Harriet Burbauk.

PATRICK CALHOUN

PATRICK CALHOUN is no exception to the theory that
great men attain distinction before they are thirty years
of age.

He was born at Fort Hill, South Carolina, March 21, 1856.
His father was Andrew Pickens Calhoun, the eldest son of John
C. Calhonn, South Carolina's brilliant leader and foremost
statesman. His mother was Margaret Green, daughter of Gen-
eral Duff Green, a distinguished lawyer and politician, who was
a great power in the Democratic party during the first presi-
dential term of Andrew Jackson, and who was generally cred-
ited with having exceptional influence with that administration.

With such ancestry, it was only reasonable to expect unusual
ability in Patrick Calhoun, and it is no exaggeration to say that
his achievements have more than met his obligations to his line-
age. His father died in 1865.

At the close of the Civil War Mr. Calhoun was just nine
years old, and, at that early age, was handicapped by the dis-
advantages incident to the loss of family fortune and the de-
vastation of his native land by the ravages of war. His edu-
cation was thus unavoidably cut short. He had but one year of
high-school training. For the first five years after the war he
did such work on the' farm at Fort Hill as a boy could do, and
when not in the field or the country school-house he was sure
to be found in his father's library, where he was surrounded
by the very best books, which he devoured with an insatiable
hunger for learning.

From his earliest boyhood he was determined to be a lawyer,
and to that end devoted his earliest energies and efforts. In

PATEICK CALHOUN 49

1871 he left the old homestead and went to Dalton, Georgia, the
home of his maternal grandfather, General ])ulT (Jrecn. Here,
again, he found a well-stocked library, in which lie spent all his
spare time, absorbing history and the standard works of fiction.
It was here, and at this time, that a distant relative saw him,
and, being impressed with his precocity and rare intellectual
promise, defrayed the expense of the one year of high-school
education which he received. In 1875 he was admitted to the
practice of law in Georgia.

In 1876 he went to St. Louis, Missouri, where he promptly se-
cured a position in the office of an eminent lawyer, and in a few
months thereafter was admitted to the St. Louis bar. He lived
in St. Louis less than two years when his health failed tempo-
rarily under the effects of incessant application to his books.
In the summer of 1878 a distinguished lawyer offered him a
copartnership, provided he Avould remove to Atlanta, Georgia.
He accepted the offer, and from that day has claimed Georgia
as his home.

Soon after his establishment in Atlanta he became widely
known throughout Georgia, and at one time was prominent in
State politics. His first professional partnership in Atlanta was
of comparatively brief duration. He subsequently founded the
well-known firm of Calhoun, King & Spalding, of which he
remained the head until his rapidly widening business interests
required his absence from Georgia so much that he withdrew
from the firm.

He has always made corporation law a specialty, and along
that line his greatest professional success has been achieved.
During his first ten years of practice, by a rapid series of bril-
liant triumphs, he became one of the foremost corporation law-
yers in the South. Before he was thirty years of age he was
made counsel of the Central Railroad & Banking Company of
Georgia, which was, at that time, the highest official position of
the kind in the State.

His first conspicuous performance in New York was in 1886,
when he directed the campaign which resulted in taking the
Richmond & West Point Terminal Railway & Warehouse Com-
pany out of the hands of the then management and putting a
new party in control. This may be truly described as the inau-

PATRICK CALHOUN

guration of the "community-of -interest" idea which has since
become so prevalent in railroad properties.

In due course of time the Richmond & West Point Terminal
Company absorbed the Richmond & Danville, the East Ten-
nessee. Virginia & Georgia, and the Central Railroad of Georgia
systems. With this process of amalgamation Mr. Calhoun
was prominently identified, and for a considerable time, and
before he was thirty-three years old, he was General Southern
Counsel of the entire consolidated system, comprising more than
nine thousand miles of railroad.

In 1892, because of an irreconcilable difference between him-
self and a majority of his associates in the management of this
vast system, he resigned as General Southern Counsel, and sev-
ered his connection with the property. At this time, in justifica-
tion of his course, he wrote an open letter explaining his with-
drawal from the Richmond & West Point Terminal Company,
and predicting wreck and ruin to the railroads controlled by it
if the policy he had opposed was persisted in. Subsequently,
the entire system became bankrupt, and was reorganized, by a
radical readjustment of capitalization and an entire change
of control, into the present powerful and prosperous Southern
Railway Company.

In 1896 Mr. Calhoun discontinued the active practice of law,
and turned his attention to the consolidation and development of
street railway properties in several leading cities. In this great
work he has had as his intimate associates and financial sup-
porters, Messrs. Alexander Brown's Sons and the Maryland
Trust Company of Baltimore, and Messrs. Brown Brothers of
New York. Aided by these, Mr. Calhoun has not only been able
to accomplish great undertakings, but has simultaneously made
himself several times a millionaire.

His first great achievement after his alliance with the Messrs.
Brown was the consolidation of all the street railway lines of
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. He next repeated this operation in
St. Louis, and, still more recently, accomplished a like result in
San Francisco. The plans for these important negotiations,
even to the minutest details, were made by him. The unim-
peachable evidence of his conservative judgment and keen ap-
preciation of intrinsic values is the present prosperity and

PATRICK CALHOUN 51

prospective profitableness of all these properties, of which he
foresaw the earning capacity, and accordingly fixed the con-
solidated capitalization.

His latest signal success was the formation of the Houston
Oil & Lumber Company. This corporation, in its vast posses-
sions and comprehensive scope, promises to be one of the most
valuable and important enterprises in the United States. The
company owns numerous abundantly productive oil wells, and
over a million acres of virgin pine forests in the State of Texas.
The testimony of experts goes to prove the inestimable value of
the timber lands and the inexhaustible supply of oil.

Mr. Calhoun is at present living in Cleveland, Ohio, where he
has a fortune in real estate known as Euclid Heights. The
property comprises several hundred acres, and is situated on a
magnificent eminence overlooking the entire city. When he
bought the property it had no value other than as ordinary
farm-land. Mr. Calhoiui discerned its strategic situation, and
the possibilities that were attainable through intelligent devel-
opment. It was then remote and inaccessible from the business
center of Cleveland. By a wise expenditure of money Mr. Cal-
houn has transformed these barren fields into a superb residen-
tial district, where many handsome homes are already built.
An efficient street-car service puts Euclid Heights in touch with
the heart of the city, and Mr. Calhoun has as a reward for his
far-sighted judgment and intelligent enterprise one of the most
beautiful suburbs in the world.

Patrick Calhoun 's personality is even more interesting than
the record of his brilliant achievements. From his boyhood he
has been an omnivorous reader, and his memory is prodigious.
This, in itself, makes him a man of broad culture. He has ex-
cellent mental balance, unusually quick perceptions, and a broad
and ready grasp of even the most complex subjects. He is elo-
quent in thought and expression rather than in delivery. His
style of speaking is scarcely more than conversational. His
great forcefulness is his power of presentation. His bearing
bespeaks his gentle birth. He is uniformly courteous, with
never a sign of conventional mannerism. His capacity for work
is extraordinary, and his physical endurance seemingly in-
exhaustible. Whatever he puts his mind to, he does with his

go PATRICK CALHOUN

whole might, and brooks no interruption until the task is
completed.

He is still a young man, and the future is full of possibilities
for him. It would not be surprising if, within the next ten years,
he should find his fortune large enough to warrant his aban-
doning money-making as an employment, and, in that event, it
would seem a fitting rounding out of his remarkable career
if he should return to Georgia, reenter politics, and win for
himself prominence and distinction worthy of his family name.

Mr. Calhoun was married on November 4, 1885, to Miss Sarah
Porter Williams, daughter of George W. Williams, the veteran
banker of Charleston, South Carolina. They have eight chil-
dren, named as follows: Martha, Margaret Green, Mildred
Washington, Sarah Williams, Patrick, George Williams, John
C., and Andrew Pickens.

ARTHUR JOHN CATON

THE name of Caton is strongly and honorably identified with
the early history and later development of the second city
of the United States and of the great State of which it is the
metropolis. It was borne in the last generation by John Dean
Caton, the son of a Revolutionary soldier and a native of Orange
County, New York. Possessed of a keen intellect, great force of
character, and indomitable will, he acquired in various schools
and law offices in his native State a good academic education
and a first-rate professional training. Then, anticipating the
wondrous growth of the West, he removed to what was then
the frontier, at the southwest of Lake Michigan.

Chicago was at that time nothing but a cluster of cabins in a
swamp, with perhaps two hundred inhabitants. It gave little
promise of its present metropolitan proportions. Mr. Caton was,
however, among those who saw some such promise and had faith
in it. He settled at Chicago, and identified himself with its
growing interests. When the place became of sufficient impor-
tance to have a real lawsuit, the first ever held in Cook County,
Mr. Caton was the first lawyer retained to try it. Again, when
Chicago became the seat of a regular court, he was judge of the
first circuit court held there. Thus he grew up with the city,
and with the State of Illinois, and in due time was appointed to
a place on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State, which
he filled with distinction for twenty-two years, for the last six
years being chief justice.

Judge Caton was only thirty years old when he went upon
the supreme bench, and so the end of his long term of service -
which came through his voluntary resignation — found him still
at the comparatively early age of fifty-two. He then interested

54 ARTHUR JOHN CATON

liimself in the development of telegraph lines and other business
enterprises in Illinois and adjacent States. Thus he became as
conspicuous and as successful a figure in industrial and financial
affairs as he had been in the legal profession. He was married,
in 1835, to Miss Laura Adelaide Sherrill of New Hartford, New
York, and built for her and his home the first house erected on
the West Side of Chicago. Later he removed to the city of
Ottawa, and there made his permanent home for the rest of his
life.

Arthur John Caton, son of Judge and Mrs. Caton, was born
at Ottawa, Illinois, on January 28, 1851. After passing through
the common schools he went to Phillips Academy, Andover
Massachusetts, where he was graduated in the class of 1869.
Thence he went to Hamilton College, and was graduated in the
class of 1873.

Choosing for himself the profession which his father had so
greatly adorned, he studied law and was admitted to the bar of the
State of Illinois. For some years he practised his profession with
much success. In late years, however, he has laid aside the cares
of business, and has devoted his attention to the management of
his ample estate and to the cultivation of the social side of life.
He is a prominent figure in Chicago society and in the best clubs
of that city, and is scarcely less well known in New York. He
is a member of the Chicago and Calumet clubs of Chicago, and
of the Union League Club of New York. During the years 1898
and 1899 he was president of the Chicago Club, and directed its
affairs with conspicuous ability and success.

Mr. Caton was married in 1876 to Miss Delia Spencer of
Chicago.

BENJAMIN PIERCE CHENEY

IN earlier days of the transportation business in the United
States, when the stage-coach still competed with the railroad
and the express business was in its infancy, Benjamin Pierce
Cheney, the elder, was a stage-driver in New England. Enter-
prising and ambitious, and always abreast if not ahead of the
times, he developed a large express business, and founded the
United States & Canada Express Company, which, after a pros-
perous career of its own, was merged into the American Express
Company. He al§o acquired a considerable interest in the
Wells-Fargo Express Company. In these and other enterprises
he amassed a fortune estimated at $10,000,000, which upon his
death was left to his widow,— whose maiden name was Eliza-
beth Stickney Clapp,— his son, Benjamin Pierce Cheney, and
his three daughters, Alice, Mary, and Elizabeth Cheney.

The younger Benjamin Pierce Cheney, son of the foregoing,
was born in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, on April 8, 1866.
He was sent to the public schools of Boston and Cambridge, and
was in them an excellent scholar. From the lower schools he
proceeded to the Brimmer High School and to the English High
School, and from each of these was graduated. Finally he en-
tered Harvard University in 1886, and was duly graduated as
a member of the Class of 1890.

Mr. Cheney was, as already mentioned, the inheritor of a fine
fortune. He was not content, however, to settle down into a life
of idleness, merely enjoying the wealth his father had amassed.
Instead he promptly entered business for himself, and soon suc-
ceeded in greatly adding to his inherited means. He followed
his father's example by investing in express and railroad com-

56 BENJAMIN PIERCE CHENEY

panies, and also interested himself in various other industrial
enterprises. He also engaged in banking. His father had been
a director of the Market National Bank in Boston, and Mr.
Cheney entered that institution as a clerk and worked there for
two years, at the end of which time he took his father's place on
the Board of Directors. Among the other corporations of which
he is a director are the Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Company,
the Old Colony Trust Company, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe Railroad Company, the St. Louis & San Francisco Railway
Company, the Mexican Central Railway Company, the North-
ern Railroad of New Hampshire, the Kansas City, Fort Scott
& Memphis Railroad Company, the Manchester Mills, the San
Diego Land & Loan Company, and the American Drawing Ma-
chine Company, being also president of the two last named. In
addition to these, he has important interests in the American
and the Wells-Fargo express companies.

These multifarious business interests have so occupied Mr.
Cheney's attention that he has found no time and developed no
inclination for political ventures. He has found diversion in
various out-of-door sports, but principally in yachting, to which
he is much devoted. He is the owner of the sailing yacht Mer-
cedes and of the steam-yacht Jule, and is commodore of the
Boston Yacht Club. In social affairs he enjoys a leading place,
being a member of the Algonquin Club, the Art Club, and the
Boston Athletic Association of Boston, and of the Players Club
of New York.

Mr. Cheney long ago became personally interested in dra-
matic affairs, and himself occasionally took part in amateur
performances. It gave cause for no surprise, therefore, when
in April, 1898, announcement was made of his marriage to Miss
Julia Arthur, one of the most accomplished and successful of
the younger actresses on the English-speaking stage. Miss Ar-
thur was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and while yet a
mere child, not in her teens, evinced a striking histrionic ability
and took part in some private theatricals. Later in her girl-
hood she prepared herself for a professional stage career, with
long and earnest study. Her first engagement was with the
emineni actor Daniel Bandmann, in whose company she played
a number of important Shaksperian and other parts. She next

BENJAMIN PIEKCE CHENEY 57

went to Germany to study violin music, after which she returned
to America and reappeared on the stage in Tennyson's "Dora"
and other plays. She was for some time leading lady in Mi-. A.
M. Palmer's admirable stock company, when it was at the height
of its fame. Leaving the United States for England for a time,
she became a leading member of Henry Irving 's great dramatic
company, in which capacity she established her standing as one
of the foremost actresses of the day. The catalogue of her parts
is a long and distinguished one, and it may truly be said that
from an artistic point of view she adorned them all, while at the
same time adding to them the inestimable embellishment of true
and pure womanhood.

Mr. and Mrs. Cheney have a fine home in Boston, and also a
summer home on the island of Middle Brewster in Boston Har-
bor, an island owned by Mr. Cheney and two of his friends.

RICHARD FLOYD CLARKE

R [CHARD FLOYD CLARKE, author of "The Science
of Law and Law-making," is a sou of Lemuel C. Clarke,
a merchant at Columbia, South Carolina, before and during the
Civil War, and is descended through him from that family to
which belonged John Clarke, who, after twelve years1 suing at
the English court, brought over to Roger Williams's Rhode
Island colony the first American charter of religious liberty.
Mr. Clarke is descended through two lines from Roger Winiams.
His great-grandfather Ethan Clarke of Westerly, Rhode Island,
married a daughter of that Samuel Ward who was Governor
and Chief Justice of Rhode Island and a member of the Conti-
nental Congress. On the side of his mother, whose maiden
name was Caroline B. Clarkson, Mr. Clarke is descended from
Thomas Boston Clarkson, a wealthy cotton planter of Charles-
ton and later of Columbia, South Carolina, who was descended
from and named after the celebrated Scotch Presbyterian theo-
logian Thomas Boston (1676-1732).

Mr. Clarke was born at Columbia, South Carolina, on October
14, 1859. In childhood he was brought to New York, and was
educated at the College of the City of New York, from which he
received the degree of A. B. in 1880, and that of A. M. in 1899.
From the Law School of Columbia College he was graduated in
1882 LL. B. cum laude, and won the first prize in municipal
law ($250) over twenty-six competitors in a class of more than
two hundred men.

Mr. Clarke's family was impoverished by the war, and the
school and college education he received was his only capital for a
start in life. He began in June, 1882, as clerk in the law office
of Olcott & Mestre, on a salary of four dollars a week, which

c^,/<

KICHAED FLOYD OLAEKE f)!)

was raised to seven dollars in the fall. By 1883 he became man-
aging clerk there, and in 1885 a partner in the firm, with an
interest guaranteed to be at least $2000 a year. During his
first two years at the bar he taught a law quiz class. In 18SG
he formed a partnership with Frederick F. Culver, under the
name of Clarke & Culver, and that firm is still successfully
engaged in the practice of law, at No. 137 Broadway.

Mr. Clarke was from 1888 to 1894 chief counsel for the New
York & New Jersey Bridge Company. He is now, and for
some time has been, counsel for the Uvalde Asphalt Pavement-
Company, the Commercial Investment Company of Porto Rico,
the George A. Fuller Company, Edward J. Berwind, the Robert
Dunlap Estate, the National Salt Company, the International
Salt Company, the Unadilla Valley Railway Company, and
numerous other individuals and corporations.

He is a member of the Bar Association of the city of New
York, of the University, Delta Kappa Epsilon, and New York
Yacht clubs of New York, and of the Colonial Order of the
Acorn ; and is a life member of the New York State Bar Asso-
ciation, of the New York Southern Society, and of the Atlantic
Yacht Club. He is much interested in yachting, and has owned
and sailed the sloop Era(ltie, the keel schooner Vif, and the fin-
keel thirty-footer Argonaut.

Mr. Clarke's book, " The Science of Law and Law-making,"
was published by the Macmillan Company in 1898, and is
devoted chiefly to the question of codification. It has been
widely noticed on both sides of the Atlantic, and has received
favorable attention from such journals as the London " Times,"
the London " Speaker," the Manchester " Guardian," the
" American Law Review," the " Green Bag," and the " Political
Science Quarterly."

ISAAC HALLOWELL CLOTHIER

IN one of the most prosperous and substantial of American
cities, Philadelphia, and in one of the most profitable and
substantial of businesses, one of the names which for many years
has stood foremost in the mercantile world, as unfailingly iden-
tified with that mingling of enterprise with conservatism which
is one of the best guaranties of success, and as a synonym of
the highest integrity, is that of Isaac Hallowell Clothier. For
nearly a third of a century the firm of Strawbridge & Clothier
has conducted a dry-goods store in the heart of the shopping dis-
trict of Philadelphia which has stood in the veiy forefront of
that trade, and which occupies one of the largest buildings in
the world devoted to the retail trade in dry-goods. For a similar
time the name of that firm has been not only a household word
with the general public, but also a synonym of integrity and
trustworthiness in the business world. Of that firm Mr. Clothier
was one of the founders, and for more than a quarter of a century
he was an active member of it, personally contributing largely to
its phenomenal success.

Isaac Hallowell Clothier comes, as his name indicates, from
the good old stock which settled and built up the city of Phila-
delphia and made it one of the greatest cities of the Western
world. His parents, and indeed his ancestors for several genera-
tions, were members of the Society of Friends. He was born
in Philadelphia on November 5, 1837, and received in private
schools the careful, thorough education for which the Society
of Friends has ever been honorably noted. His school life
closed at the age of seventeen years, and then, preferring a
mercantile to a professional career, he entered practical business
life.

ISAAC HALLOWELL CLOTHIER 61

His first engagement was in a branch of the trade with which
throughout his entire mercantile career his name has been
so honorably and so conspicuously identified. The house of
George D. Parrish & Co. was at that time one of the foremost in
Philadelphia engaged in the importation of dry-goods. It was
conducted by men of high character and great business ability,
who achieved success by the pursuit oi sound mercantile methods,
and there was and could have been desired no better school for
a young man than its coun ting-room and warehouse. Mr.
Clothier entered the employ of that house at the age of seventeen,
and there remained six years. In that time he served his em-
ployers diligently and to their profit. He was courteous, faith-
ful to his employers' interests, and untiring in his application to
whatever duties were laid upon him. At the same time he was
gaining for himself far greater profits than his salary represented.
He was receiving a thorough business education, and was becom-
ing an expert in the dry-goods trade.

In that first engagement Mr. Clothier was successively pro-
moted. But it was not his plan to spend his life in the employ-
ment of others, no matter how high his place and how large his
salary. Accordingly, in 1861, having by that time thoroughly
acquainted himself with all the practical details and methods of
the business, he ventured upon an entei-prise of his own. In
connection with George Moms and Edmund Lewis, he organized
the firm of Morris, Clothier & Lewis, dealers in cloths. That
undertaking was crowned with a gratifying degree of success,
and Mr. Clothier devoted his attention to it for nearly eight
years.

His next change of business took him into the establishment
with which his name is now inseparably connected. It was in
the latter part of the year 1867 that Justus C. Strawbridge
approached him with a proposition to enter into partnership
with him in the retail sale of dry-goods, in which business Mr.
Strawbridge was already engaged 011 a very moderate scale.
Mr. Clothier accepted the proposition, and the firm of Straw-
bridge & Clothier was formed on July 16, 1868.

The business grew rapidly from that date, and soon enlarge-
ment was necessary ; but the firm wisely stuck to the same site,
which they had already made a business landmark of the city.

ISAAC HALLOWELL CLOTHIEK

In 1875 the first enlargement was made, an adjoining building-
being then taken into the store. Two years later a second addi-
tion was necessary; a third. was made in 1878 ; the fourth came
in 1881, and the fifth in 1882. By this time the store ranked
among the largest in its line. But the end of its growth was
not yet. In 1887 another large building was added to it, and
then it was confidently claimed that the store of Strawbridge &
Clothier had a larger floor area than any other retail dry-goods
store on the American continent — a noteworthy distinction, see-
ing that at least four great American cities pride themselves
upon the magnitude of their great dry-goods stores.

From the time the firm of Strawbridge & Clothier was formed
in 1868 to the close of the year 1894 Mr. Clothier devoted
almost his entire time, attention, and energy to the affairs of the
firm with the earnestness which has been characteristic of all
his life, and he was one of the prime factors in winning for it the
success which has made it conspicuous in American mercantile
history. At the same time, of course, he acquired for himself an
ample fortune, which enabled him to perform many other acts of
service to the community and to the human race. He has all his
life been a devoted member of the Society of Friends, attending
the meeting at Fifteenth and Race streets, Philadelphia. He has
interested himself deeply and practically in the many benevolent
and philanthropic works of that Society, and has contributed
largely to their promotion.

Mr. Clothier has for years especially interested himself in the
welfare of Swarthrnore College, that admirable institution of
higher learning founded and conducted under the auspices of
the Society of Friends, near Philadelphia. He has long been
one of the most active of its managers, and he has made to it
important gifts of money, besides expending upon it his time and
labor. He has also been active in many other lines of educational
and philanthropic work. He is a member of the board of trustees
of the Williamson Free School of Mechanical Trades, of the
Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, of the Free
Library of Philadelphia, the Merchants' Fund, etc.

Mr. Clothier has never sought nor accepted political prefer-
ment, but has contented himself with an exemplary performance
of the duties of private citizenship.

ISAAC HALLOWELL CLOTHIER ()',}

To the surprise of the entire business community who were
cognizant of his great business activity, Mr. Clothier retired
from the firm of Strawbridge & Clothier on January 1, 1895,
and on the same day was succeeded in his place by his son
Morris L. Clothier. He was yet well under threescore years of
age, and in full possession of all his mental and physical energies.
He had, however, attained a large measure of success, and lie pre-
ferred to afford himself leisure for the employment of his pro-
nounced literary tastes and for more diversified occupation than
the pressure of his many business cares had previously allowed.
It was far from his purpose, however, to let himself rust in idle-
ness, but it was his well-matured intention to change the scope
and direction of his activities.

Since his retirement from the great business with which he
was so long and so successfully identified, Mr. Clothier has been
sought after to enter the directories of many financial and
business enterprises. Among those in which he has accepted
the position of director are the Girard Trust Company, the
Mortgage Trust Company, the Keystone Watch Case Company,
the .Seaboard Steel Casting Company, etc.

For a number of years Mr. Clothier and his family have occu-
pied a beautiful suburban home at Wynne wood, on the main
line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, near Philadelphia, well known
as " Ballytore." They have also occupied for a part of each year
a summer home on Conanicut Island, in Narragansett Bay,
appropriately named " Harbour Entrance," opposite Newport,
Rhode Island, on a most conspicuous site widely known to aU
who frequent that region.

For a few years past, indeed ever since his retirement from
the dry-goods business in Philadelphia, Mr. Clothier has been
well known in New York city as a large investor in real estate,
conspicuously in the upper Fifth Avenue region, bordering on
Central Park, where he is one of the largest owners. He has
also made a number of purchases of carefully selected plots of
ground on upper Broadway, lying along the line of the Under-
ground Railway (now in course of construction), and it is said
that he is the largest non-resident owner of New York real estate.

It has been frequently reported that he was about building a
residence on Fifth Avenue for his own occupancy during part

64 ISAAC HALLOWELL CLOTHIEE

of the year, but the report lacks confirmation, especially as his
attachments to the city of his birth and lifelong residence are
very strong. Mr. Clothier spends one day of each week in
New York, and his tastes and business habits are distinctly
metropolitan.

SAMUEL POMEROY COLT

THE name of Colt, which many years ago attained world-
wide fame through its identification with the revolving
pistol, was planted in New England at an early colonial period.
For some generations the family was settled at Hartford, Con-
necticut, though various members of it resided in New York
city and elsewhere. Two generations ago Christopher Colt was
the head of the Hartford family. One of his sons was Samuel
Colt, the inventor of Colt's revolver and founder of the Colt's Pat-
ent Firearms Manufacturing Company. Another son was Chris-
topher Colt, Jr., father of the subject of this sketch. Christopher
Colt, Jr., married Theodora De Wolf, a member of the eminent
Rhode Island family of that name. Her father was General
George De Wolf, and her uncle, James De Wolf, was United
States Senator from Rhode Island. Her maternal grandfather
was Henry Goodwin of Newport, and her great-grandfather was
William Bradford, Governor of Rhode Island.

Samuel Pomeroy Colt, son of Christopher and Theodora De
Wolf Colt, was born at Paterson, New Jersey, on January 10,
1852, and was named Samuel after his uncle, the great inventor.
His infancy was spent in Paterson. From five to fourteen years
of age he was in Hartford, Connecticut, where his education was
begun. From there he went to school at Bristol, Rhode Island,
and afterward to Anthon's Grammar School, New York. After
graduating from there he entered the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in Boston, where he was graduated in 1873. The
next year was spent in Europe. In 1874 he entered the Law
School of Columbia University, New York, being graduated in
1876.

Immediately upon completing his course at Columbia, in May5

G6 SAMUEL POMEBOY COLT

1876, Mr. Colt was admitted to practice at the bar of New York,
and in January of the next year was admitted to the bar of
Rhode Island. At the same time he entered the public service
of the latter State, being elected a member of the General Assem-
bly in 1876, and reflected in 1877, 1878, and 1879. From 1879
to 1881 he was Assistant Attorney-General, and from 1882 to
1885 Attorney-Greneral, of the State of Rhode Island. He was
also aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor Lippitt in 1875-77.
In the Assembly he served on the Committee on the Militia in

1877, and as chairman of the Committee on Corporations in
1878.

Mr. Colt has for some years been identified with a number of
important business enterprises in Rhode Island and elsewhere.
He founded the Industrial Trust Company in 1886, and reorgan-
ized the National Rubber Company in 1888, and since those dates
has been president of those corporations. He is also president
of the National Eagle Bank of Bristol, Rhode Island, vice-presi-
dent of the First National Bank of the same town, president of
the Woonsocket Rubber Company of Woonsocket, Rhode Island,
president of the Goodyear's Metallic Rubber Shoe Company of
Naugatuck, Connecticut, and a director, secretary, member of
Executive Committee, and a legal adviser of the United States
Rubber Company. He is a member of the Hope Club and
the Squantum Club of Rhode Island.

Mr. Colt was married on January 12, 1881, to Miss Elizabeth
M. Bullock. Their first child, now deceased, was Samuel
Pomeroy Colt, Jr., who was born on October 16, 1881. Their
second, Russell Griswold Colt, was born on October 1, 1882, and
their third, Roswell Christopher Colt, was born on October 10,
1889.

RUSSELL HERMANN CONWELL

A MONGr the preachers, lecturers, and writers of the United
-£~A- States of the present generation, one of the most widely
known and most popular is the Rev. Dr. Russell H. Conwell,
pastor of the great Baptist Temple in Philadelphia. He comes
of English ancestry, and of a family long settled in Baltimore,
Maryland. His father, Martin M. Conwell, who was born in
Worthington, Massachusetts, married Miranda Wickham of
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and settled at Worthington, among
the Berkshire Hills. He was at first a stone-mason, but became
later a farmer, cattle dealer, and proprietor of a countiy store.
His second son was born at the family home at South Worth-
ington, on February 15, 1843, and received the name of Russell
Hermann Conwell.

The boy's early education was acquired in a " little red school-
house" near his birthplace. The family was poor, and there
seemed little hope of his being able to pursue higher courses of
study. But when he was fifteen years old his parents decided to
try to give him the advantages of a course at the well-known acad-
emy at Wilbrahani, Massachusetts. They were able to give him
only a scanty outfit. He was compelled to provide all else himself.
For a part of the year he taught in a district school, and at other
times he worked for wages out of study hours, and thus earned
enough to clothe and feed himself during two years at Wilbra-
ham. Thus he prepared himself for college, and in the fall of
1860 he entered Yale. There he pursued the academic and law
courses at the same time, in order to reduce his expenses to the
minimum. In 1862 the Civil War interrupted his studies. He
left Yale and went to the front as a captain of infantiy. Later
he served as a staff officer in the artillery branch of the service.

gg RUSSELL HEKMANN CONWELL

After the war he resumed his legal studies at the Albany Law
School, and upon graduation there went to Minnesota and began
the practice of his profession.

His success was prompt and marked. In 1867 he was sent to
Germany by the Minnesota State government as its Immigration
Agent, and at the same time served as a correspondent of the
paper which he had founded in Minnesota, the " Star of the
North." For several years thereafter he traveled extensively as
a correspondent of the Boston " Traveler " and the New York
" Tribune," making a circuit of the globe. He also did much
lecturing on his tours, and attained an enviable reputation as a
platform orator. Afterward he made a successful lecture tour
in England, and in 1870 published a book, " Why and How the
Chinese Emigrate." He has since published many other volumes,
including a biography of his friend and traveling companion,
Bayard Taylor, and a biography of Spurgeon which attained
a sale of 125,000 copies in four months.

Returning to his native land, Mr. Conwell began the practice
of law in Boston, and continued in it successfully for eight
years. At the same time he added to his reputation as a lec-
turer and writer. More and more, however, he felt himself
called to the work of the Christian ministry, and in 1879 he was
formally ordained to that vocation at Lexington, Massachusetts.
The Baptist Church was the church of his choice, and in 1882
he accepted a call to Grace Church, of that denomination, in
Philadelphia, and removed to that city.

Immediately after his entry upon its ministry, Grace Church
began a career of extraordinary growth and prosperity, both in
spiritual and temporal affairs. Its building was soon found to
be entirely too small for the congregations which were attracted
by Mr. Conwell's eloquence and fervor. Accordingly, in 1891,
the present edifice, called the Temple, was built on Broad Street.
It has a -normal seating capacity of four thousand, but can
accommodate five thousand without discomfort. Even this
great auditorium is, however, inadequate to the requirements of
the public that flocks to hear Mr. Conwell. For the last six or
seven years it has been found necessary to limit the admission
of strangers to those who have obtained tickets of invitation,
and it is a frequent occurrence for thousands to be turned away

EUSSELL HERMANN CONWELL 09

from the doors simply for lack of room to hold them. In 1882
the church had two hundred and seventy nominal, but ouly
ninety active, members. Within two years it had five hundred
and seventy-one. In 1888 it had one thousand and ninety-three.
At the present time it has over three thousand. During Mr.
ConweLL's ministry the working people of the church have raised
nearly a million dollars for benevolent work of a religious and
philanthropic character. Among its enterprises is the Temple;
College, for the inexpensive education of the poor. It is housed
in a fine new building adjoining the Temple Church, and has
about eight thousand students in its many courses, which range
from a kindergarten to full collegiate course leading to the
baccalaiu'eate degree in college, law, and theology. Other noble
institutions are the Samaritan Hospital, which was founded by
Mr. Conwell, in Philadelphia, and the Philadelphia Orphans'
Home, also founded by him.

Amid these and other activities Mr. Conwell has found time
and strength to deliver thousands of lectures, making himself
one of the foremost and most sought after platform orators of
the age, and to write more than a score of books of wide circula-
tion. His home is in Philadelphia. But he has a summer home
on his father's old farm amid the Berkshire Hills, where he
spends some time every year for rest and recuperation, and
where he maintains a free academy for the young people of the
hills. He received the degree of LL.B. from the Albany Law
School, and has since received the degrees of D.D. and LL.D.
from the Temple College, Philadelphia.

Mr. Conwell was married in June, 1865, to Miss Jennie P.
Hayden of Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, a woman of fine
culture, who materially aided him in the struggles of his
early career. She died in January, 1872. In April, 1874, he
was again married, to Miss Sarah F. Sanborn of Newton,
Massachusetts.

ARTHUR COPPELL

A RTHUR COPPELL, member of the New York banking firm
-£-L of Maitland, Coppell & Co., was born at Claremont, New
Jersey, a suburb of New York, on April 10, 1872. His father,
George Coppell, was long well known as a banker and railroad
director, and was head of the house of Maitland, Coppell & Co.
He was born in Liverpool, England, but had spent his active
business life chiefly in New York. He died on April 19, 1901.
The wife of George Coppell and mother of Arthur Coppell bore
the maiden name of Helen Hoffman Gillingham, and was born
in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana.

Arthur Coppell was carefully educated. His preparatory
courses were pursued at St. John's School at Sing Sing (now
Ossining), New York. Thence at the age of eighteen he went to
Princeton University, and was there duly graduated with the
class of 1894. His intellectual equipment was such as to pre-
pare him for a professional career, but instead he chose to
become identified with the business interests conducted by his
father.

Accordingly, soon after leaving college he entered the office
of Maitland, Phelps & Co., bankers, in New York, as an employee.
There he made rapid progress in mastering the details of the
banking business and of finance in general. Thus he soon
became fitted for his admission into the firm as a partner. This
latter step was effected on July 1, 1896, the firm then being
known, as at present, as Maitland, Coppell & Co. The firm is
now composed of Messrs. Gerald L. Hoyt, Dallas B. Pratt,
Arthur Coppell, and Herbert Coppell, the last two being brothers,
and sons of the late George Coppell.

In addition to his share in the banking business of this firm,

ARTHUR COPPELL 71

Mr. Coppell is a director of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad
Company, and of the Rio Grande Southern Railroad Company.

Mr. Coppell has held and has sought no political office of any
kind. He is a member of a number of prominent social organi-
zations in and about New York, including the New York Athletic,
Club, the Racquet and Tennis Club, the Riding Club, the Prince-
ton Club, the City Midday Club, the Englewood Golf Club of
Englewood, New Jersey, and the St. George's Society. His
office and banking house are at No. 24 Exchange Place, and
his home is at No. 127 East Fifty-seventh Street, New York.

Mr. Coppell was married at Grace Church, on December 12,
1899, his bride being Miss Mary Stewart Bowers, daughter of
John M. Bowers, the well-known lawyer of New York.

A daughter was born to them on December 31, 1901, and was
named after her grandmother, Susan Bowers Coppell.

CHARLES COUNSELMAN

PROMINENT among the enterprising business men who have
made Chicago the business center of the "West is Charles
Counsehnan, one of the leaders of the Chicago Board of Trade.
He comes of an old Maryland family, which was prominent in that
colony before the Revolution made it a State. Both his grand-
fathers were soldiers in the War of 1812. His earliest American
ancestors came from Germany. His father was Jacob Counsel-
man, a contractor and builder of the Northern Central Railway
of Baltimore.

Mr. Counsehnan was born in Baltimore on December 25, 1849,
and was educated in the public schools of that city, and after-
ward studied law. The latter study was pursued in the office of
Judge Edward Hammond, at Ellicott City, Maryland. Law-
office work did not, however, agree with his health, so he gave it
up, and entered the employ of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad,
in its freight department, for a year.

In the year 1869, being then twenty years old, Mr. Counselman
went to Chicago to seek his fortune in that rapidly growing city.
His first work there was in a subordinate place in the office of
Eli Johnson & Co. His salary was small, and prospects of
advancement were not the best. But he made the best of the
place, and gained valuable experience and confidence in his own
powers. Next he took to selling oil on commission, for Chase,
Hanford & Co. But it was not in him to remain in subordinate
places long. Accordingly in 1871 he opened an office of his own
as a commission merchant, and at the same time became a mem-
ber of the Chicago Board of Trade.

From that time forward Mr. Counselman's career was steadily
and splendidly successful. He shared many of the reverses of

CHARLES COUNSELMAN 7;;

trade, but was able to endure them without embarrassment. He
opened many years ago a branch office in New York, and estab-
lished a system of private telegraph wires connecting his Chicago
office with New York, Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester, Boston,
Providence, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, and other cities.
In 1879 he built a large warehouse at the Union Stock Yards, in
Chicago, where he conducts a large business in the storage of pro-
visions. He is one of the chief owners of the Rock Island Grain
Elevators in Chicago, which have a capacity of two million
bushels, and he maintains about a hundred and fifty agencies
throughout Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa for the purchase of
grain to supply his trade. He is interested in the South Chi-
cago Elevators, and is the senior partner of the firm of Counsel-
man & Day, stock-brokers. Imbued with a profound faith in
the future greatness of Chicago, Mr. Couiiselinan long ago began
systematically investing in real estate in that city, and is now an
extensive landowner there. In 1883 and 1884 he built the great
Counselman Building, which is one of the landmarks and archi-
tectural ornaments of the city.

Mr. Counsehnan has held no political office, and taken no part
in politics beyond the duties of a private citizen. He is a mem-
ber of various social organizations, among which may be men-
tioned the Chicago Club, the Union League Club of Chicago, the
Washington Park Club of Chicago, the Onwentsia Club, the
Midlothian Club, and the Chicago Athletic Club.

He was married, on October 7, 1875, to Miss Jennie E. Otis,
daughter of Judge Otis of Chicago, and has two children, Miss
Edith Counselman and Charles Counselman, Jr.

His long and honorable connection with the business interests
of Chicago, his high standing in business and society, and the
admirable traits of his personal character make Mr. Counsehnan
one of the most truly representative citizens of that city.

THOMAS CRUSE

r I TEERE are few contrasts of land and scene more striking
J- than that between the emerald hills and plains and azure
lakes of Ireland, and the rugged mountain ranges of the Western
United States; and between the easy-going pastoral and agri-
cultural life of the one, and the strenuous gold-seeking struggle
that incessantly prevails in the other. Yet in more than a single
case has one born in and accustomed to the former land and
scenes adapted himself to and become masterful and highly suc-
cessful in the latter. In no case, however, has this been done
more notably than in that of Colonel Thomas Cruse, the ranch
and mine king of Montana.

Thomas Cruse is still well within the psalmist's limit of three-
score years and ten, having been born in 1836. His native place
was the village of Lissnadaha, in the County of Cavan, Ireland.
There he spent his boyhood and his early years of manhood, for
such as he become men before they leave their teens. He was
twenty years old when, in 1856, he emigrated from. Ireland. He
came to New York, and for a few years remained in the metrop-
olis, engaged in various occupations. It was a time of war, of
trial, and of social and political unrest in the United States, but
by no means unpropitious for the earnest fortune-seeker. The
great gold fever of 1849 had run its course long before, but had
not failed to leave its marks upon the land. California was still
the land of gold, and every day saw new " strikes " made in it
and in Nevada and the adjacent Territories. The outlook there
attracted Mr. Cruse, and in 1863 he went thither, making the
then arduous and perilous trip across the plains in a stage-coach.
On his arrival he quickly became interested in mining, and
showed himself to be made of the stuff that succeeds in that

THOMAS CBUSE 75

business. The next year he climbed the Sierras eastward, and
settled in Virginia City, Nevada, a place reminiscent in name of
a town in his own native County Cavan. Thence he proceeded
to Idaho, where he also engaged in mining ventures. At last, in
1866, the great gold excitement in Montana broke out. He was
quick to take advantage of it, and to hasten to the new land of
promise.

In Montana Mr. Cruse achieved a greater success than he had
known elsewhere, and for a number of years he settled down to
the making of a fortune amid the ore-laden mountains. The
story of his enterprises is largely the history of the State of
Montana, to the development of which he has contributed more
than almost any other man. Conspicuous among his mines may
be named, however, two with which his name is particularly
identified. One of these is the great Cruse Mine, which he dis-
covered in 1875 and of which he is still the proprietor and oper-
ator. This is one of the richest mines in all that enormously
rich region, and has yielded to Mr. Cruse in a single year what
most men would deem a handsome fortune. The other is the
famous Drum Luinon Mine. He discovered it in 1876, and
developed it with great success. For a number of years he
operated it profitably, taking a goodly fortune from it each year.
Finally, on November 11, 1882, he sold it to a syndicate of
English capitalists. He received a princely sum for it, but the
purchasers received good value for their money, for the mine
still ranks among the most productive and profitable in the
State.

In addition to these, Mr. Cruse has been and still is interested
in numerous other mining properties, all of which have con-
tributed to his financial successes, and he has long ranked among
the leading figures in the Western world.

His attention has, however, not by any means been confined
to the drawing of wealth from the hidden recesses of the moun-
tain ranges. The pastoral industry is a great one in Montana,
and at an early date he engaged in it with characteristic energy
and shrewdness. In his hands it, too, has proved highly profit-
able. He is now the owner of nearly fourteen thousand acres
of grazing land, upon which are maintained thirty thousand
head of sheep, ten thousand head of cattle, and hundreds of

76 THOMAS CBUSE

well-bred horses. He was also founder and is president of the
Cruse Savings Bank of Helena.

Colonel Cruse — he bears the title in the State troops — is
to-day ranked among the two or three richest men in the State
of Montana, if indeed he is not the richest of them all ; and
Montana is a State that owns a number of enormously rich men.
He has naturally become a commanding figure in the affairs of
the State, political, social, and business. Such influence has
come to him without his seeking it, through virtue of his wealth,
character, and native leadership, for he has not sought for pre-
ferment. He has held no political office, however, nor any
public place save that indicated by his military title.

Colonel Cruse was married at Helena, Montana, in January,
1886, to Miss Margaret Carter. One child, a daughter, Mary
Margaret, has been born to him, who is the very light of his life,
and upon whom he lavishes all the gifts within the reach of his
enormous wealth. His home is at Helena, but he is no stranger
to New York, making frequent and protracted visits to the
metropolis, and occupying, when he does, a sumptuous suite of
apartments at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. He is an ever-wel-
come member of the select circle of friends whom he has gathered
about him, for the native quality of the man is never lost be-
neath the gold of the millionaire.

JOHN CUDAHY

JOHN CUDAHY, one of the most daring and successful
operators of the Chicago Board of Trade, shares Irish origin
with many of his adopted countrymen in the United States.
He was born on November 5, 1843, near the town of Callan, in
County Kilkenny, Ireland, the son of Patrick and Elizabeth
Cudahy, and one of their seven children. When he was six
years old the family removed to the United States, and settled
in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the city identified with John Cudahy's
earlier business enterprises. There Patrick Cudahy engaged in
the business of a broker on a small scale, and afterward opened
a packing-house, in which latter John and his brothers worked
and learned the business.

John Cudahy received his education in the public schools of
Milwaukee, and then, at the age of fifteen years, entered busi-
ness life as an employee in the packing-house of Edward Roddis,
where his earlier training in his father's house served him well.
Later he held a responsible place in the packing-house of Layton
& Co. for three years. Following this, he was appointed inspec-
tor of provisions for the city of Milwaukee, and afterward became
foreman of inspectors for the Board of Trade — appointments
which attested the esteem in which his knowledge of the pack-
ing business was held. For two years he was associated in
business with Nelson Van Kirk and Peter McGreogh, and later
with John Plankiugton, the last-named being one of the leaders
of the packing trade in Milwaukee.

It was in 1876 that Mr. Ciidahy left Milwaukee for Chicago.
In the latter city he formed a connection with E. D. Chapin, a
relative of Philip D. Armour, and they opened a packing-house
at the Union Stock Yards under the name of Chapin & Cudahy.

78 JOHN OUDAHY

Mr. Cudahy managed the packing-house, while his partner looked
after business on 'Change. After five years Mr. Chapin retired,
and the firm became Cudahy & Steever, and increased its busi-
ness. At ;i Inter date Mr. Cudahy conducted a large packing
business on his own sole account, and also became a heavy spec-
ulator in the market. He and Sydney A. Kent, Norman B.
Ream, and N. S. Jones were known as the " Big Four," and for
several years were conspicuously successful. Mr. Cudahy re-
mained in the market long after the retirement of the others,
however, and became far better known for his extensive and
daring enterprises.

Now and then, of course, his enterprises met with disaster.
Thus in 1893 he undertook to " corner" the provision market in
the Chicago Board of Trade, but came to grief, and failed for
more than one million five hundred thousand dollars. This was,
however, a mere incident in his career. The wiping out of a for-
tune of several millions did not discourage him. He gave his
notes for all of his indebtedness which he could not pay in cash,
and honored all the notes in full at their maturity. Within five
years from his failure he was a rich man again, perhaps richer
than before, and his credit and honor remained unimpaired.

About 1891 Mr. Cudahy sold out his Chicago packing-house
to an English syndicate known as the International Packing
Company. A year later he secured control of the chief packing-
house and the stock-yards at Louisville, Kentucky, and also
opened large packing-houses at Nashville, Tennessee, at Fort
Madison, Iowa, and one at Milwaukee. He was one of the
founders of the town of Cudahy, near Milwaukee, is interested
in gold-mines at Fort Cudahy, Alaska, operates a line of steam-
ers on the Yukon Eiver, and has many other business interests
in Chicago and elsewhere.

Mr. Cudahy married a daughter of John O'Neill, a prominent
business man of Chicago, and has two sons and two daughters.
His home is on Michigan Avenue, Chicago, and he has a summer
residence at Mackinac.

MARCUS DALY

MARCUS DALY, " copper king " and patron of the turf, was
a conspicuous member of that goodly company of men
who have conie to the United States from the Old World with
little or nothing in worldly goods, and have here, through dint of
energy, enterprise, and active shrewdness, won ample fortunes.
He was born in the village of Ballyjamesduff, in County Cavan,
Ireland, in 1842, and at the age of thirteen years came to America
to seek better opportunities of advancement than his native land
seemed to afford. He landed at New York, and for a year or
two lived in or near that city, working in a Brooklyn morocco
factory. The outlook was unpromising, and he seemed to be
doomed to a life of humble drudgery.

A few years before, however, the discovery of gold in Cali-
fornia had electrified the world, and had started westward that
vast army of fortune-seekers, of whom the many failed and only
the few succeeded, and yet who served as the founders of more
than one great and rich commonwealth beyond the Mississippi.
Young Daly was robust and powerful in frame, and ambitious
and adventurous in spirit. Nothing was more natural, then,
than that he should be drawn into the westward-flowing tide, and
should make his way to the land of golden promise. He went
as a worker, not as a capitalist, and for some years drudged dili-
gently with pick and shovel. His labor was repaid with some
tangible profits. But what was still more important was the
knowledge of the mining industry which he acquired by diligent
study. From California he made his way back to Nevada, and
thence to Utah.

The great turn in the tide of his affairs came in the later
1870's. At that time he went to Montana, and, in connection

80 MARCUS DALY

with the Walker Brothers of Salt Lake City, purchased, oper-
ated, and afterward sold his share of the Alice Mine near
Butte. He then became associated with James B. Haggin, who
was already a prominent and potent mining capitalist, and was
sent by him to Montana to represent Mr. Haggin and Senator
Hearst of California in looking for and securing promising
mining properties. He acquired a number of mines and exten-
sive tracts of timber land, and finally got possession of the now
famous Anaconda Mine. He bought this latter from its original
owner for only thirty-five thousand dollars, for Messrs. Hearst
and Haggin, reserving, however, a share in it for himself as their
partner, and paying for it with the proceeds of the sale of the
Alice Mine in Butte. He supposed the Anaconda to be a silver-
mine. So it was, yielding a good profit from that metal. But
it soon was found to be a copper-mine also, and a copper-mint
so rich as to outrank in value most silver- and even gold-mines
on the continent. It has produced many millions of dollars'
worth of copper, and still ranks among the foremost copper-
mines in the world.

Mr. Daly thus became many times a millionaire, and was
enabled to indulge his tastes in other directions than making-
money. His chief hobby was horse-raising and -racing. He
founded the Bitter Eoot Stock Farm, Montana, one of the most
important stock-farms in the United States, and there bred and
trained many noteworthy horses. He had there the famous
horse Hamburg, the winner of many races and the sire of many
fine racers. He purchased Hamburg from John E. Madden, for
forty thousand and one dollars, the odd dollar being paid to save
Mr. Madden's boast that he would not sell the horse for forty
thousand dollars. Mr. Daly not only raced his horses on Western
tracks, but brought them to New York and made his colors
familiar and successful on the great metropolitan courses. For
ten years he was one of the most prominent, most successful,
and the most liked of all the patrons of the turf. At the time
of his death he was the owner of several hundred thoroughbred
horses, including runners, pacers, and trotters, which were sold
in New York a few months after his death.

Mr. Daly was a Democrat in politics, but never held public
office. He played an important part in Montana politics during

MAECUS DALY 81

the later years of his life, as the opponent in party management
of his former partner, William A. Clark, with whom he had long
had a bitter controversy over some business affairs. While
Montana was still a Territory, Mr. Clark sought election as dele-
gate to Congress. Mr. Duly opposed him, and the result \\;is
the election of Thomas H. Carter, a Republican. When Mon-
tana became a State, in 1889, Mr. Clark was put forward as a
candidate for United States Senator, but was defeated through
the opposition of Mr. Daly. The same thing occurred again in
1893. Once more in 1899 there was a similar struggle. This
time Mr. Clark succeeded in getting himself elected, but the
Senate Committee on Elections returned a report unfavorable to
him. Before the action of the committee was enforced, however,
Mr. Clark resigned.

Mr. Daly was married to a sister of the wife of Mr. Clark's
brother, and with her and their children made a home for a part
of the year in New York. The children are Marcus H. Daly,
Margaret Daly, Mary Daly, and Harriet Daly. The New York
home was at the Netherland Hotel. In the fall of 1900 the fam-
ily made a new home in a fine mansion on Fifth Avenue, but
Mr. Daly's health was so far impaired that he was unable to be
removed to it. He made a long and heroic fight for life against
incurable disease, but finally succumbed on November 12, 1900.
His funeral was from the new home, which in life he had not
occupied, the services being held at St. Patrick's Cathedral, and
his remains were interred in Greenwood Cemetery.

CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW

IT is probable that if at almost any time in the last twenty
years the question has been asked who was the best-
known and most popular citizen of New York, or indeed of the
United States, a large plurality of replies, given both here and in
foreign lands, would have been, " Chauncey M. Depew." Nor
would the selection have been in any respect an unworthy one.
In business and in politics, in public and in private, in society
and in philanthropy, — indeed, in all honorable activities of human
life, — Mr. Depew has come into contact with the American public
to a greater extent than almost any other man of the age, and
above most Americans of this or any generation is fairly entitled
to the distinction of being regarded as a representative American
and as a citizen of the world.

Chauncey Mitchell Depew was born at Peekskill, New York,
on April 23, 1834, the son of Isaac and Martha (Mitchell) Depew.
His father was of Huguenot origin, descended from a family
which had settled at New Bochelle two centuries ago, and was
himself a man of remarkable physical prowess, mental force, and
spiritual illumination. He owned country stores, farms, and
vessels on the Hudson. Martha Mitchell, Mr. Depew's mother,
was of English Puritan ancestry, a member of the distinguished
New England family which produced Roger Sherman, William
T. Sherman, John Sherman, William M. Evarts, and George F.
Hoar; a woman of grace and kindliness, who exerted a strong and
enduring influence upon the character of her gifted son. The
boy was educated at Peekskill Academy and at Yale College, and
was graduated from the latter in 1856. Then he studied law at
Peekskill in the office of William Nelson, and was admitted to
the bar in 1858.

CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW 83

In the year of his graduation from Yale Mr. Depew cast his
first vote. It was for John C. Fremont, the Republican candi-
date for President of the United States. Two years later he
was a delegate to the Republican State Convention. In 1860 he
was a stump speaker in behalf of Abraham Lincoln. His first
public office came to him in 1861, when he was elected to the
State Assembly. He was reflected in 1862, and was Speaker pro
tern, for a part of the term. In 186-1 he was nominated by the
Republicans for Secretary of State of the State of New York, and
was elected by a majority of thirty thousand. In this campaign
he established his place as one of the most effective popular ora-
tors of the time. At the end of his term he declined a renomina-
tiou, and, after holding the commission of United States minister
to Japan, given to him by President Johnson, for a few months,
he retired from politics.

Mr. Depew had already attracted the attention of Commodore
Vanderbilt and his son, William H. Vanderbilt. He was ap-
pointed by them, in 1866, attorney for the New York and Harlem
Railroad Company. Three years later he became attorney for
the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, and afterward
a director of that company. His influence grew with the growth
of the Vanderbilt system of railroads, and in 1875 he became gen-
eral counsel for the entire system, and was elected a director in
each of the lines comprised in it.

Mr. Depew was a candidate for Lieutenant-Governor on the
Liberal Republican ticket in 1872, and shared the defeat of his
ticket. In 1874 he was chosen Regent of the State University,
and one of the commissioners to build the Capitol at Albany. He
narrowly missed election as United States Senator in 1881, and
declined, in 1885, to be a candidate for the same office.

His influence in railroad circles had been constantly increasing
meanwhile, and in 1882, when William H. Vanderbilt retired
from the presidency of the New York Central, Mr. Depew was
elected second vice-president, succeeding James H. Rutter in the
presidency three years later, holding that place until 1898, when
he succeeded Cornelius Vanderbilt as chairman of the board of
directors of the entire Vanderbilt system of railroads.

Mr. Depew was a candidate for the Presidential nomination at
the National Republican Convention of 1888, and received the

g4 CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW

solid vote of the State of New York, and on one ballot ninety-
nine votes. At the National Republican Convention of 1892 Mr.
Depew was selected to present the name of President Harrison.
In January, 1899, Mr. Depew was elected a United States Senator
from the State of New York. His appearance at Washington
commanded much personal interest, and he soon won recognition
as a Senatorial orator.

Mr. Depew is still Regent of the University of the State of New
York, an active member of the St. Nicholas Society, the Holland
Society, the Huguenot Society, and the New York Chamber of
Commerce ; a director of the Wagner Palace Car Company, the
Union Trust Company, the Western Union Telegraph Company,
the Equitable Life Assurance Society, St. Luke's Hospital, the
Niagara Bridge Company, the American Safe Deposit Company,
the New York Mutual Gas Light Company, and of other indus-
trial companies and corporations too numerous to mention. He
was for seven years president of the Union League Club, and on
retiring was elected an honorary life member. For ten years in
succession he was elected president of the Yale Alumni Associa-
tion, and he is now president of the Repiiblican Club.

Mr. Depew married Elise Hegeman on November 9, 1871, and
has one child, a son, Chauncey M. Depew, Jr. Mrs. Depew died
on May 7, 1893.

Mr. Depew has long been known as foremost among the hu-
morous and ready public speakers of the time, and there are none
New-Yorkers love better to hear. He has been the orator on
three great national and international occasions — the unveiling
of the Statue of Liberty in New York harbor, the centennial
celebration of the inauguration of the first President of the United
States, and the opening of the World's Fair at Chicago. He was
selected by the Legislature to deliver the oration at the centen-
nial celebration of the formation of the Constitution of the State
of New York, the centennial of the organization of the Legis-
lature of the State of New York, and the services held in New
York in memory of President Garfield, General Sherman, Gen-
eral Husted, and Governor Fenton. He also delivered the ora-
tions at the unveiling of the statues of Alexander Hamilton in
Central Park, of Columbus in Central Park, and of Major Andre
in Sleepy Hollow.

GUY PHELPS D01XJK

GUY PHELPS DODGE, the president of the American
"Wood Fireproofing Company, comes of several families
which for many generations have been honorably conspicuous
in the affairs of this country. His father was the Rev. D. Stuart
Dodge, D. D., an eminent Presbyterian minister and president
of the Board of Home Missions of that church. The Dodge
family in America is descended from Peter Dodge of Slopworth,
Cheshire, England, who was one of Edward I's most valiant
captains in his Scottish campaign. In a later generation Wil-
liam Dodge migrated to this country and planted the family
here, among the Puritan pioneers in New England. Still later
in the line was William Earl Dodge, the eminent New York
merchant and philanthropist, who was the father of the Rev.
Dr. Dodge and grandfather of the subject of this sketch. The
maiden name of Mr. Dodge's mother was Ellen Ada Phelps, and
she was a member of a family long well known in tin's country.
It is descended from John Phelps, a barrister-at-law of Glou-
cestershire, England, and clerk of the court which tried Charles
I. The late William Walter Phelps, the well-known financier
and diplomat, was an uncle of Mr. Dodge — his mother's brother.
Of such ancestry and parentage Guy Phelps Dodge was born
in New York city on February 21, 1874. He was sent to school
at first at the Westminster School, now the Mackenzie School,
at Dobbs Ferry, New York, and later to the Lawrenceville
School, at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, then under the direction
of its famous organizer, Dr. James Cameron Mackenzie. At the
latter school he was prepared for college, and he went thence to
Yale University, where he was graduated in the class of 1896.

86 GUY PHELPS DODGE

Since leaving college Mr. Dodge's business attention has been
given chiefly to the affairs of the American Wood Fireproofing
Company of New York, of which he is the president. The
present era is emphatically the age of fireproof construction of
buildings and ships. The world has learned that it is perfectly
feasible to construct edifices of material which will not burn,
and thus to assure in advance their practical immunity against
destruction or serious injury by fire. Obviously, stone, brick,
and metals are such materials. But it is scarcely possible or
satisfactory to make buildings or vessels wholly of them. For
many purposes wood is, as it has ever been, the most desirable
of building materials. A process, therefore, which will make
wood fireproof must be of incalculable convenience and value in
the industrial world, and it is such a process which Mr. Dodge's
company is applying.

Mr. Dodge has taken no part in politics beyond that of a
private citizen. He is a member of clubs in and about New
York, including the Lawyers', National Arts, Union, Eacquet,
Strollers', Alpha Delta Phi, and Ardsley.

He was married at Ardmore, Pennsylvania, on October 11,
1900, to Miss Mary Aborn Rhodes, a lady of distinguished
American ancestry. She is tenth in descent from John Tilly,
and ninth in descent from John Howland, who both came to
this country in the Mai/flower. She is fourth in descent from
Thomas McKeau, who was one of the signers of the Declaration
of Independence, president of the Continental Congress in 1781,
chief justice of Pennsylvania in 1786, and Governor of that State
in 1799.

Mr. and Mrs. Dodge make their home in New York city.
They have one child, a daughter, who bears the name of Mary
Rhodes Dodge.

THOMAS DOLAN

THE changed conditions of humanity from ancient times to
the present day are in no way more strongly indicated than
in the change effected in the character of leadership. The whole
story is told in the contrast between the conspicuous men of
former ages and those of to-day.

The names which live in ancient history are those of war-
riors, conquerors, tyrants, whose activities were largely de-
voted to the oppression and spoliation of their fellow-men.
The men in our time who contribute most largely to the shap-
ing of current histoiy, and who are leaving the deepest marks
upon the record of the world, are those who have happily been
named "captains of industry'' -men who exert leadership in
industry and commerce, who promote the march of civiliza-
tion and the prosperity of their fellow-men. The careers of
such men are often more marvelous in the measure of their
achievements than any romantic tale of the days of chivalry,
and the influence which they exert upon the trend of human
affairs is comparable with that of the greatest of conquerors and
monarchs. A noteworthy example of this type of man is found
in the subject of the present sketch.

Thomas Dolan, long a conspicuous leader of the industrial
world, and a forceful figure in political and social life, is a native
of the Keystone State, with whose vast industries and other in-
terests he has for many years been intimately associated. He
was born on October 27, 1834, in Montgomery County, adjoining
the city of Philadelphia. His education, or such part of it as
was to be acquired in a school-house, was had in local schools,

88 THOMAS DOLAN

and was acquired with studious diligence. Having done with
it, he went to Philadelphia to begin a business career. He was
then about seventeen years old, keen-minded, energetic, and am-
bitious, and compelled by circumstances to be self-reliant.
His first engagement was as a clerk in a large commission
house, dealing extensively in fancy knit goods, such as shawls,
scarfs, etc., and hosiery. In that place he spent ten years, un-
marked with striking incidents, but profitable in experience
and in knowledge of business methods, and forming an appro-
priate prelude to his after career and its vast success.

Those were the days "before the war," when the factory sys-
tem of America was just beginning to grow into its present enor-
mous estate, and when the United States was upon the threshold
of the vast industrial development which has in these later years
made it foremost among the nations of the world. The ' ' Ameri-
can System" of a protective tariff was not yet fully established,
but was near at hand. Invention and enterprise were active,
and doors of great opportunity were open on every hand to those
who were shrewd enough to perceive them, bold enough to enter
them, and strong and steadfast enough to take up and to per-
severe with the work which lay beyond. Young Mr. Dolan ap-
preciated these circumstances, and prepared himself to deal
with them ; with what effectiveness his after career has shown.

During his ten years' service as a clerk he performed the
duties of his place with scrupulous fidelity, serving his employ-
ers as faithfully as he would have served himself. Yet he had
no thought of making that employment a finality, or of remain-
ing permanently in a subordinate place. He planned, rather,
to found and to become the head of a business house of his own,
and saved all possible money to serve as capital for such an un-
dertaking. He was also alert in watching for a fitting opportu-
nity. His time came in 1861, when he was still only twenty-
seven years of age. He then opened a small establishment for
the manufacture of knit goods, of the same general class as those
which he had been handling for ten years in the commission
house, and with which he felt particularly familiar.

He did not seek a new field of activity, but started his humble
manufactory at the corner of Hancock and Oxford streets in the
city of Philadelphia, occupying a part of the very same ground

THOMAS DOLAN 89

upon which his present large works stand. It was a small con-
cern, and to the casual observer gave little promise of develop-
ment into one of the largest of its kind in tin- world; hut it had
in its founder and head the most essential element of success.

Never, probably, in the industrial history of the United
States, or of the world, was competition more keen than that
with which Mr. Dolan had to contend in the early years of his
independent manufacturing career.

He was surrounded by older concerns, at the head of which
were men of far wider and longer experience and of great
wealth. It was the time when industrial expansion and enter-
prise were rising to the high-water mark. It was necessary to
be alert and active if one was merely to keep pace with the in-
dustrial army. To outstrip competitors and to become a leader
was a task requiring the very highest gifts, and one from winch
a young man with little capital might well have shrank. But
Mr. Dolan knew what he was about. He had not overestimated
his own resources of skill and energy, and in the outcome of his
apparently venturesome undertaking he was not disappointed,
though many of his rivals and critics were probably somewhat
surprised.

From the beginning of his venture he manifested the qualities
which always make for and generally win success. He was sys-
tematic, prudent, far-seeing, and tremendously in earnest. He
was master of every detail of his business. Above all, he was a
man of flawless integrity. These qualities more than counter-
balanced the heavy odds which in other particulars were cast
against him. The labors and difficulties before him were ar-
duous. But he was successful in dealing with every task that
came to his hand, even in meeting the rivalry of other older
and apparently more powerful concerns. Year by year his
business increased in extent and profits, and such increase was
made by him the basis of still further extension and greater
strengthening of his position in the industrial world.

One by one his rivals were outstripped by him, through his
untiring energy and unfailing shrewdness, until he became the
acknowledged leader of his chosen lines of trade. From time to
time his works were enlarged, and the scope of his business was
made more comprehensive or was altered to suit changing con-

90 THOMAS DOLAN

ditions. For Mr. Dolan has always been particularly keen in
the timeliness of his efforts, adapting himself to the changing
requirements of the market and to the public demand, however
capricious it may be.

For five years Mr. Dolan found it most profitable to confine
his manufactures to the lines of goods with which he began
work. Then in 1866 he changed his activities to the manufac-
ture of "Berlin shawls," and supplied a great demand for them,
with much profit to himself.

For six years that trade continued prosperous, but in 1872,
with another change of popular fashions, it declined. There-
upon he gave up Berlin shawls and began the manufacture of
worsted materials for men's wear, and, a little later, of fancy
cassimeres and goods for women 's cloaks. These were standard
goods, the demand for which was little liable to fluctuation. Ten
years later, in 1882, he gave up altogether the manufacture of
knit goods, and devoted his works exclusively to the production
of fabrics for men's wear. In this last-named industry he is
now engaged, although the factories still bear their old name of
the Keystone Knitting Mills.

Mr. Dolan began his business alone, and through all its
changes and growth, to this day, has been its head. As its di-
mensions increased, however, he found it expedient to associate
various partners with himself. Accordingly the establishment
is now known as that of Thomas Dolan & Co. His present part-
ners are Rynear Williams, Jr., Charles H. Salmon, and Joseph
P. Truitt. These four gentlemen are all experts in the business,
and each has his especial department of the great establishment
to look after, besides contributing to the general counsel for the
whole.

The textile manufacturing industry is, of course, one of the
foremost in the world, and Mr. Dolan is one of its recognized
leaders. He is thus one of the world's great "captains of indus-
try." That might be reckoned enough for one man's business
ambitions and energies, but it is by no means the compass of
Thomas Dolan 's. In one of the greatest industrial cities of the
world he is actively interested in a multiplicity of its interests,
financial, manufacturing, and commercial, as well as in various
great enterprises elsewhere. Thus, besides being the head of the

THOMAS DOLAN 91

firm of Thomas Dolan & Co., he is president of the Quaker City
Dye Works Company, of the United Gas Improvement Com-
pany, and of the Brush Electric Light Company. He is likewise
a director of the Philadelphia Traction Company, of the great
Cramp & Sons' Ship & Engine Building Company, of the Met r<>-
politan Street Railway Company of New York, of the Consoli-
dated Traction companies of New Jersey, the Distilling Com-
pany of America, and of various other corporal ions. I'nlil a
few years ago he was identified with the Merchants' National
Bank of Philadelphia. In recent years he has taken an active
interest in the affairs of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad
system, one of the greatest industrial concerns in the State of
Pennsylvania, and was one of the most efficient supporters of
President McLeod's policy of development of the vast coal re-
sources of that corporation and the promotion of its general
welfare.

Mr. Dolan has so long been conspicuously connected with
manufacturing and other industries in the city of Philadelphia
that his first identification is naturally with them. He is, how-
ever, equally prominent in the direction of great enterprises in
other places.

Thus, he is a director of the Broadway & Seventh Avenue
Railway Company of New York city, which was one of the most
important of the old horse-car lines, operating one of the prin-
cipal lines running up and down town in the central part of New
York. He is also a director of the Central Park, North & East
River Railroad Company in the same city, which long operated
the belt lines running completely around the lower part of the
city, along the water front, and across the city at the southern
end of Central Park. He is a director of the Twenty-third
Street Railway Company, perhaps the most important of all
the cross-town lines in New York, and also of the Twenty-eighth
and Twenty-ninth Streets Crosstown Railway Company, also
operating important lines. These four companies still maintain
distinct organizations, but are all, with others, operated prac-
tically by the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, of which
H. H. Vreeland is president and of which Mr. Dolan is a direc-
tor, along with W. L. Elkius, P. A. B. "VVidener, and other promi-
nent financiers. He is a director of other street-railway com-

92 THOMAS DOLAN

panics, including the Philadelphia Electric Company, the North
Jersey Street Railway Company, and the Union Traction Com-
pany.

He is a director of the Continental Tobacco Company, which
is one of the chief constituent corporations in the great Consoli-
dated Tobacco Company. Of this company James B. Duke is
president, and among Mr. Dolan 's fellow-directors are Anthony
N. Brady, W. L. Elkins, Pierre Lorillard, Oliver H. Payne,
Thomas F. Ryan, and R, A. C. Smith.

The Electric Storage Battery Company, of which he is a direc-
tor, has offices in both Philadelphia and New York, and has
among its officers and directors, besides Mr. Dolan, Herbert Lloyd,
W. L. Elkins, P. A. B. Widener, George D. Widener, and other
well-known business men. The Welsbach Company of Phila-
delphia, New York, and Gloucester City is the corporation which
controls the Welsbach system of incandescent lighting for both
gas- and oil-lamps. It has as subsidiary companies the Wels-
bach Light Company and the Welsbach Commercial Company.
Its directors, besides Mr. Dolan, are Samuel T. Bodine, Walton
Clark, W. W. Gibbs, Lewis Lillie, Sidney Mason, Randal Mor-
gan, and B. W. Spencer.

The Havana Traction Company is another corporation of
which Mr. Dolan is a director, the field of operations of which
is amply indicated by its name, and in which he is associated
with a number of active and enterprising men.

The corporation of Cramp & Sons' Ship and Engine Building
Company, with which he is identified as a director, is well known
as one of the greatest steamship-building concerns in the world.
It has constructed many noteworthy merchant vessels and a
large proportion of the best ships of the United States navy,
besides some of the crack ships of foreign navies and a fleet of
yachts and other craft. Among Mr. Dolan 's associates in that
company are Charles H. Cramp, Edwin S. Cramp, Samuel
Dicksou, Clement A. Griscom, Morton McMichael, and Henry
Seligman.

The Fidelity Trust Company and the San Luis Valley Land
and Mining Company are likewise among the companies of
which Mr. Dolan is a director. Taken all together, the concerns

THOMAS DOLAN 93

in which he is interested make such a list as few other business
men in the United States can rival.

Besides his purely business associations, Mr. Dolan is conspic-
uously connected with various general trade organi/alious in-
tended to advance the common interests of all members, and has
given to them much time and labor and the fruit of his long and
rich experience. Years ago he was elected vice-president of the
National Association of Wool Manufacturers, one of the most
important and influential industrial organizations in the coun-
try. He was also elected president of a Philadelphia associa-
tion of similar character and aims. This latter was, to a certain
extent, the forerunner of the Manufacturers' Club of America,
of which in turn he was made president.

The Manufacturers' Club of America, with which Mr. Dolan
has been so closely identified, was formed by a coming together
of leading men in all important lines of manufactures through-
out the United States, for their mutual benefit and the general
conservation and promotion of industrial interests. Mr. Dolan
was looked to by all his associates as the best man to stand as
a representative of all, and he was accordingly unanimously
elected to the presidency of the organization. Year after year,
by unanimous request, he accepted reelection until the summer
of 1894. At that time, in justice to his many other interests, he
insisted upon retiring, and Eobert Dornau was elected to suc-
ceed him. But his fellow-industrialists could not permanently
spare him from their councils, and so, on January 24, 1895, he
was unanimously elected president of the Association of the
Manufacturers of the United States at the convention held at
that time at Cincinnati, Ohio.

Mr. Dolan has long been interested in a highly effective man-
ner in various benevolent enterprises for the general welfare
of society. He has especially concerned himself with the art
and industrial art institutions of Philadelphia, and has been
among their wisest counselors and most generous benefactors.
He was one of the f omiders of the Philadelphia School of Design
for Women, and has been one of its directors from the beginning
of its beneficent career. He is also a trustee of the Pennsyl-
vania Museum and School of Industrial Art. These institu-

94 THOMAS DOLAN

tions, which do so much to promote the artistic welfare and in-
dustrial prosperity of the city as well as to open a profitable
calling to worthy aspirants, owe much to Mr. Dolan for his
bounty and his labors. He is also a trustee of the University
Hospital of Philadelphia, and takes an active interest in the
work of that institution. These are only a few of the enter-
prises for public weal to whose prosperity and progress Mr.
Dolan has materially contributed, and in which he takes a deep
and constant interest.

In club life in Philadelphia and elsewhere, Mr. Dolan is well
known. He is not a "club man" in the sense of belonging indis-
criminately to a great number of social organizations, and sur-
rendering to them and to their affairs all his leisure time and
a great share of his interest and attention. He belongs, how-
ever, to a number of the foremost clubs of Philadelphia, and in
each of them he is a forceful figure, contributing largely to their
material welfare and to the soundness of their general manage-
ment. For several years he was vice-president of the Union
League Club, which holds a foremost place in Philadelphia club
life.

In private life Mr. Dolan enjoys respect, confidence, and af-
fection comparable with the success he has attained in business
affairs. He has a fine house on Rittenhouse Square, in one of
the best quarters of the city of Philadelphia, which has long
been the center of delightful domesticity and of much refined
social entertainment. His family occupies a prominent place in
the social world of Philadelphia.

In the United States the "business man in politics" has in
late years been an increasingly potent factor. He has also been
an increasingly beneficent factor. For this the reasons are ob-
vious. This is preeminently a nation of business men, and only
business men are therefore truly representative of the people.
There are no hereditary legislators here, and no leisure class,
and the class of "professional politicians," who have no visible
means of support save such as they can get from politics, are
becoming more and more odious. Moreover, it has long been
evident that the industrial and commercial prosperity of the
nation depends in no small degree upon certain features of its
governmental policy. It is no unworthy thing for politics to

THOMAS DOLAN 95

aim at promoting the business welfare of the people. Su<-h cir-
cumstances and considerations have led many prominent busi-
ness men to take an active interest in political affairs, though
not always necessarily as office-holders, and it was thus that
Mr. Dolan was constrained to do likewise.

It was only natural that a man of such force of character and
of so wide-spread influence in social and business life should be
looked to for a large measure of political leadership and service.
Mr. Dolan has been a Republican ever since the foundation of
that party, being attached to it from principle and conviction.
His life work, first as an employee and later as an extensive
employer of labor, has taught him the value of the American
system of protection to domestic industry, and the necessity of
maintaining a sound and honest system of currency, which shall
at all times possess a standard value and be recognized as valid
at par in all of the markets of the world.

He has never been an office-seeker, and has indeed held only
one political office. The latter was that of Presidential Elector-
at-large for the State of Pennsylvania, to which he was elected
in 1888, and in which he cast a vote for Benjamin Harrison for
President and for Levi P. Morton for Vice-President of the
United States. He has frequently been spoken of as a candidate
for the office of Mayor of the city of Philadelphia, where a Re-
publican nomination is generally equivalent to election, and has
also been deemed a probable choice of the State Legislature for
the office of United States Senator. He has, however, never en-
couraged any of these suggestions, and has doubtless preferred
to remain in a station which, though private, is no less potent
for the advancement of the interests of the party than a high
public office.

It will be remembered that in the important and exciting
Presidential campaign of 1888, in which the tariff system was
the chief issue, an Advisory Board was formed of prominent
Republican business men and statesmen, to supervise, assist,
and direct the operations of the National Republican Com-
mittee. Mr. Dolan was one of the most important factors in
that movement, and it was, indeed, he who chiefly conceived and
organized it and contributed to its success. His knowledge of
individual men, his judgment of human nature, his wide expe-

96 THOMAS DOLAN

rience, and his executive ability were of great service in that
year to the Republican National Committee, and to the party
throughout the nation, and contributed largely to the success
of the Republican party in the general elections.

Again, in the campaign of 1896, when the currency rather
than the tariff was the issue, and the credit and honor of the
nation were at stake before the menace of a depreciated coinage,
he took a prominent and potent part. His interests in the main-
tenance of a sound and stable currency led him to fight with all
his energy against the scheme for the free coinage of silver at
the sixteen-to-one ratio, and for the maintenance of the gold
standard of value. He was informally associated with a notable
group of Republican statesmen and business men representing
various business interests in various parts of the country, among
whom were Philetus Sawyer, G. W. Fairbanks, D. O. Mills,
Reclfield Proctor, and Nelson W. Aldrich. These men not only
aided in supplying the necessary financial means for conducting
the campaign, but gave as well their time, labor, and judgment
unremittingly to the dissemination of sound principles and to
the promotion of the Republican cause. None of them was more
efficient than Mr. Dolan, and to none more than to him was due
the victory for honest money and National credit which was
achieved in the election of McKinley and Hobart as President
and Vice-President and a Republican and honest-money ma-
jority in both branches of Congress.

LOREN NOXON DOWNS

BOTH Briton and Breton were the ancestors of Lorcn
Noxon Downs, and for many generations before liis birth they
were settled in New England. On the paternal side they came,
generations ago, from Brittany, and settled in what is now the
State of Vermont, whence they afterward moved to Amesbury,
Massachusetts. On the maternal side they were English, and
came to this country in the Muyflower, making their final settle-
ment in what was then the province and is now the State of
Maine.

The descendant of such progenitors, Loren Noxon Downs was
born on November 22, 1852, at Shelburne Falls, New Hampshire,
the son of Loren and Martha A. Downs, his father being a rail-
road contractor. He received his education at Lewiston, Maine,
and in a private school in Boston, and then gave his attention to
the business in which his father had been engaged, and indeed
in association with his father. For ten years after leaving
school he was employed in railroad and telegraph construction
work, with his father, and achieved a gratifying degree of suc-
cess. When the telephone was brought into practical and gen-
eral use he recognized the great possibilities of that invention,
and promptly turned his attention to it. From 1880 to 1885
he was connected with numerous telephone companies in New
England, and was prominently concerned in their consolidation
into the New England Telegraph and Telephone Company, of
which corporation, upon its formation, he became general mana-
ger. He also became general manager of the Erie Telegraph
and Telephone Company.

The telephone, however, was by no means the ultimate tri-
umph of invention in electrical science. Another equally im-

98 LOBEN NOXON DOWNS

portant development of electric engineering was soon found
in electrical traction for railways, and Mr. Downs was prompt to
see the great promise thereof. Accordingly in 1890 he entered
the electric-railway business, and three years later, seeing a
larger and more promising line of operation in the West, went
to Michigan in pursuance of it. In that State he built and
operated several electric railways, and others, also, in the States
of Indiana and Illinois.

At the present time Mr. Downs is president of the General
Philadelphia Railway Company, the Philadelphia & Bristol
Railway Company, the Michigan Traction Company of Kala-
mazoo, Michigan, and the Lansing City Electric Railway Com-
pany of Lansing, Michigan. He is also a director of the St.
Louis & Belleville Electric Company of St. Louis, Missouri,
and of the Lewisburg, Milton & Watsoutown Railway Com-
pany of Philadelphia. He is also officially connected with sev-
eral other roads in New Yoi'k and Pennsylvania.

Mr. Downs has taken no especial part in political matters,
beyond exercising the functions of a private citizen. Neither
is he conspicuously indeutified with clubs or other social organi-
zations.

Mr. Downs was married at Saratoga Springs, New York, on
June 5, 1894, his bride being Miss Mary Van Buren Barrett,
daughter of the Hon. W. C. and Mary Barrett.

ANTHONY JOSEPH DUKXEL

FINANCIERS have, from the earliest times, been leaders of
the business world. The moment rnaii becomes sufficiently
civilized to abandon mere barter and to use a circulating medium
as a means of exchange of values, the banker becomes an essen-
tial to the business community. His place of business is at once
a safe depository and an exchange. It is likewise a place whence
financial assistance for legitimate enterprises may be derived.
Of the banker it may be said, as indeed of all other business
men, that according to his will and practice he may be an aid
and a blessing to the community, or an incubus upon it. The
names of the money-changer and usurer have long been odious.
They signify merely a selfish perversion of the functions of a
financier. On the other hand, the name of banker itself has
long been a synonym not only of wealth but of integrity and
security, and of a benevolent attitude toward industry and
commerce. The true financier is he who finds his own profit in
advancing the profits and general well-being of the entire com-
munity. Among such men have been not only some of the
greatest leaders of enterprise, but also some of the foremost
benefactors of the race. By a proper use of money they have
encouraged and assisted business in a thousand ways, and thus
have brought prosperity to innumerable other men. By the
practice of wise and prudent methods they have served as checks
and balance-wheels for the steadying of the general business
world and the guiding of it into safe and prosperous paths. Out
of their own bounty they have, moreover, been generous bene-
factors of the community, endowing and promoting institutions
and enterprises for education, charity, and all good purposes.
The family to which the subject of this sketch belongs stands

100 ANTHONY JOSEPH DREXEL

conspicuous equally for success in financial enterprises and for
a wise and beneficent use of its opportunities and resources for
the promotion of the general welfare of the city, State, and
nation.

The family of Drexel, which has long held a commanding
place in the financial and social world, was planted in this coun-
try in 1817 by Francis Martin Drexel, who came hither from
Dornbirn, in the Austrian Tyrol, to escape the military conscrip-
tion. He was a portrait-painter, and for twenty years practised
his art with success in Philadelphia and in Mexico and South
America. Then, in 1837, he founded in Philadelphia the now
famous banking house of Drexel & Co. In that enterprise he
was highly successful, and at his death in 1863 he left to his
two sons, Anthony J. and Francis A. Drexel, one of the best
financial businesses in the United States. The Paris branch,
known as Drexel, Harjes & Co., was founded in 1868, and the
New York house, Drexel, Morgan & Co., in 1871. Thencefor-
ward the history of the firm was largely the history of American
finance. It has been one of the foremost and decidedly most
trustworthy negotiators of government, corporation, and railroad
securities, and has earned for its members ample fortunes. An-
thony J. Drexel, the son of the founder, was noted for his lead-
ership in all worthy public movements in Philadelphia and for
his munificent gifts to educational and charitable institutions.
He founded the Drexel Institute at a cost of more than $1,500,-
000, and afterward gave to it for specific purposes more than
$600,000 more. He also joined his friend the late George W.
Childs in founding the Childs-Drexel Home for Aged Printers,
at Colorado Springs, Colorado. He left $100,000 for the German
Hospital in Philadelphia, and $1,000,000 for an art-gallery and
museum. He married Miss Ellen Roset, daughter of John
Roset, a leading merchant, who bore him two sons and three
daughters, and he died at Carlsbad, Austria, on June 30, 1803,
" full of years and honors."

The second son of Anthony J. Drexel is the subject of this
sketch, Anthony Joseph Drexel, the second of the name. He
was born in Philadelphia 011 September 9, 1864, and was first
sent to school in Paris, France. Next he attended school at
Seven Oaks, in Kent, England, and finally at St. John's School,

ANTHONY JOSEPH DEEXEL 101

Ossiuing, New York. Thenceforward his education was con-
ducted in the Philadelphia banking house of Drexel & Co.,
which he entered at the age of sixteen years as a clerk. For
five years he thus served and studied the details of the business.
Then he was admitted to an interest in the business and had a
power of attorney for two or three years. In 1887 he was made
a full partner in the house, and in all three houses, and remained
in active business therein until after liis father's death in 1893,
when he retired. He has since then been an executor and
trustee of his father's estate, but he has had no other business
interests.

Mr. Drexel has interested himself much in the fine sport of
yachting. He first owned the 125-foot steam-yacht Avenel,
and then the Margarita /, 224 feet long. He next built the
Margarita II, 279 feet long, which he sold to the King of the
Belgians. Finally he built his present yacht, the Margarita III.
This is a twin-screw yacht of 5000 horse-power and 323 feet
long, and, like its predecessor, was designed by George L. Wat-
son of Glasgow, and was built in Scotland.

Mr. Drexel has not greatly interested himself in politics, and
has held no public office save that of aide-de-camp on the staff
of Governor Pattison of Pennsylvania, with rank of lieutenant-
colonel, in which capacity he served for four years. He is a
member of various prominent social organizations, including the
Philadelphia and Bittenhouse clubs of Philadelphia, the Union,
Metropolitan, and Knickerbocker clubs of New York, and White's
Club, St. James's Street, London.

He was married, in September, 1886, to Miss Rita Armstrong
of Baltimore, a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John A. Armstrong,
who has borne him. three sons and two daughters : Anthony J.
Drexel, Jr., the third of the name, Margaretta Drexel, John
Armstrong Drexel, Mae Sarah Drexel, and Louis Clapier Norris
Drexel.

HARRISON IRWIN DRUMMOND

THE story of popular tastes and habits tells of few so
remarkable developments of custom as that which is
to be observed in the case of the "weed," tobacco. Every
school-boy is familiar with the story of Sir Walter Raleigh's
introduction of it into England, and the deluging he got
from a startled servant who never before had seen fire issu-
ing from mouth of mortal man. Well known, too, is the
story of Bang James's famous " Counterblast " against the grow-
ing practice. Pro and contra, the literature of tobacco has
become tremendously voluminous, with seriousness and light-
ness commingled. Nevertheless, the " weed " has conquered. Its
use has become, in all parts of the world, more general — we
might say more nearly universal — than that of any other article,
and the growing and preparation of it for popular consumption
has become one of the foremost agricultural and manufacturing
industries of the countries concerned. The country most con-
cerned is, of course, the United States. Tobacco became known
to the civilized woiid only on the discovery of America, and
became an important article of commerce only when the North
American colonies were developed. That original primacy has
been amply maintained, and to-day the United States produces
not only more tobacco than any other country, but, at least so
far as commerce is concerned, more than all other countries of
the world put together. At the present time the yearly produc-
tion probably exceeds five hundred million pounds. It is to
be believed, likewise, that the United States consumes more
tobacco than any other country. It exports, it is true, about
$35,000,000 worth a year of its own product; but at the same
time it imports from other lands more than $15,000,000 worth a

102

HARRISON IRWIN DRUMMOND 103

year. We may safely reckon this, then, to be the foremost land
of all in the production, manufacture, and use of the fascinating
" weed."

Conspicuous among the leaders in the tobacco industry in
the last generation was James T. Drurnrnond, president of the
Drummond Tobacco Company of St. Louis, Missouri. He was
a native of that city, and spent most of his life there. His family
was of Scotch origin, and had first settled in Virginia, in early
years. His wife, Bethia H. Drummond, also came of an old
Virginia family. Mr. Drummond was, until his death in 1897,
one of the most truly representative men in the tobacco trade of
the United States.

Harrison Irwin Drumrnond, son of James T. and Bethia H.
Drummond, was born at Alton, Illinois, near St. Louis, on
December 14, 1868. He was educated carefully, not only for
business, but in the general branches of liberal culture. At first
he attended the Wyman Institute, at Upper Alton, Illinois.
Thence he went to the Episcopal Academy of Connecticut, at
Cheshire, Connecticut. Finally he entered Yale University,
where he was graduated in the class of 1890.

On leaving the university, Mr. Drummond went to work in
the most direct and practical fashion. He had made up his
mind to follow the vocation in which his father had attained so
marked a degree of success, and he determined to do so in the
most thorough and systematic manner. Accordingly he entered
his father's tobacco factory in the humblest capacity, as a day-
laborer, and thus remained there for two years, learning the
details of the business from the bottom upward. Next he
became an assistant superintendent, and filled that place for a
year. Having thus served his apprenticeship, he was prepared
for higher duties, and was elected vice-president of his father's
company, the Drummond Tobacco Company of St. Louis, Missouri,
which office he held until his father's death in 1897, when he
was elected to succeed the latter as president. Mr. Drummond
is also a director of the Merchants' Laclede National Bank, and
of the Mississippi Valley Trust Company, both of St. Louis.
He was for a time first vice-president of the Continental Tobacco
Company, and a director of the American Tobacco Company,
but gave up both those places in the latter part of 1899.

104 HARBISON IRWIN DRUMHOND

Mr. Drummond's prominence iu business and in society, and
his personal qualities, marked him for political preferment, if he
cared to accept it. In 1896 he was nominated by the Democratic
party as its candidate for Representative in Congress for the
Eleventh Missouri District, but declined the nomination, and has
held no political office.

He is a member of numerous social organizations, among
which may be mentioned the University, New York, New York
Yacht and Larchmont Yacht clubs of New York, and the
University, St. Louis, St. Louis Country, and Kinlock clubs
of St. Louis, Missouri.

Mr. Drummond was married in 1892 to Miss Mary W. Prickett
of Edwardsville, Illinois. Two children have been born to them:
Harrison Drummond and Greorgiana Drummond.

JOHN F AIRFIELD DRYDEN

JOHN F AIRFIELD DRYDEN, president of the Prudential
Insurance Company of America, was born on August 7,
1839, at Temple Mills, near Farmington, Maine. The family is
one of antiquity, and represents a stock ancient and honorable.
The parents of Mr. Dryden, John Drydeii of Massachusetts, and
Elizabeth Butterfield Jennings, his wife, who was a native of
Maine, were of old English and New England yeomanry stock.
The Drydeus originally came from Northampton, England, and
included in their family relationships John Dryden, the poet.
The Butterfields came here as early as 1640. John Dryden, the
father of the subject of this sketch, was a farmer by occupa-
tion. He gave his son the best education that the local schools
afforded.

Young Drydeii early evinced a desire to make the law his life-
work. With this object in view, he entered Yale College in 1861.
Excessive devotion to study greatly impaired his health, how-
ever, and, just as he was about to be graduated, with every
prospect of high honors, he was forced to leave the university
and seek physical recuperation.

The faculty of Yale College, at the annual commencement in
June, 1900, as a tribute to Mr. Dryden's genius and ability, rein-
stated him to the same place in his old class, and conferred upon
him the degree of M. A.

Mr. Dryden next became interested in life-insurance, and
made an exhaustive study of it. From theory he passed into
practice, and became a life-insurance agent. About the time of
the close of the War of the Rebellion, a report made by Elizur
Wright, Insurance Commissioner of Massachusetts, embodied
a reference to industrial insurance as practised in England, but

105

106 JOHN FAIKFIELD DBYDEN

expressed doubt whether a similar system would succeed in this
country. It required courage to differ from Mr. Wright, but
Mr. Dryden had this courage. He devoted several years to
study and preparation, and then, fixing upon Newark, New
Jersey, as his center, started, in 1873, to put his plan to a prac-
tical test. Along with several leading citizens of Newark, he
secured the passage by the New Jersey Legislature of an act
authorizing him and others to form and operate a society called
the Widows' and Orphans' Friendly Society, but during the two
years of its existence all that was done by it was in the nature
of an experiment and preparation for the real work that was to
be done by the permanently organized institution, the Pruden-
tial Insurance Company of America. This company was estab-
lished on October 13, 1875. Since that date the history of the
Prudential has been an ever-increasing record of progress and
prosperity, until it has reached proportions that place it in the
front rank of the greatest institutions of the kind in the world.

Mr. Dryden is either an officer or a director in the following,
besides being president of the Prudential : the Fidelity Trust
Company of Newark, New Jersey ; the Western National Bank
of New York ; the United States Casualty Company of New
York; the Atlantic Trust Company of New York; and the
North Jersey Street Railway Company of New Jersey. He is a
stockholder in various other concerns. Among the clubs that
he is a member of are these : the Union League and Lawyers' of
New York ; the Essex County Country Club, New Jersey ; the
Newark Athletic Club ; the Somerset Hills County Club, New
Jersey ; the Bloomingrove Park Association, New Jersey ; and
the Pike County Club, Pennsylvania.

Mr. Dryden married Miss Cynthia J. Fairchild, at New Haven,
Connecticut, in 1864. He has two children : Forrest Fairchild
Dryden and Mrs. Susie Dryden Kuser.

Mr. Dryden has been all his life an adherent of the Republican
party, but has until lately practically kept aloof from politics.
In 1896 he so far broke this rule as to allow himself to be chosen
as a Presidential elector at large in New Jersey. In 1898 he
was urged to enter the race for United States Senator, but
declined. Finally, in January, 1902, he accepted election as
United States Senator.

HIPOLITO I)UM( )IS

RELATIONS between the United States and Cuba have long
been intimate, both commercially and socially. The prox-
imity of the island to our shores, the wide-spread and constant de-
mand for its products in our markets, the delightful character of
its climate, and the hospitable nature of its inhabitants, have all
contributed to the substantial union of Cuba with this country
in all dominant interests. Many citizens of the United States
have made their homes and invested then' capital in Cuba, and
many Cubans have similarly established themselves here.

Conspicuoiis among the latter may be mentioned Hipolito
Duniois of Santiago, Baracoa, Banes, and New York. He comes
of a French family of high standing, which settled some gener-
ations ago at Santiago de Cuba, established extensive coffee
plantations, and amassed a fortune. His parents were Juan
Simon Duniois and Luisa Duniois of Santiago de Cuba, the
former a leading planter. He was born at Santiago on August
13, 1837, and lived there until twelve years of age. Then he was
brought to New York and entered St. John's College, at Foi'd-
ham. A period of six years in college gave him an excellent
education, and familiarized him fully with the English language
and with American manners and customs, and, indeed, put him
into close sympathy with this country and its institutions. Then
he returned to Cuba aud began business life at the age of nine-
teen, as cashier of the American Ore Dressing Company, at
Cobre, near Santiago. There he remained until the dissolution of
the company, when he engaged in his father's old occupation of
coffee-raising. In 1870 he removed to Baracoa and engaged in
the raising of bananas.

Mr. Dumois removed the headquarters of his business interests

107

108

HIPOLITO DUMOIS

to this city in 1884, establishing himself at No. 41 South Street,
where his office still is, in the center of the tropical fruit trade
district of New York. He had important banana farms at Banes,
Cuba, which he operated profitably until General Weyler, in the
last Cuban war, stopped the exportation of fruit to this country.
From 1896 until the end of 1898, therefore, that part of his busi-
ness was perforce suspended. It has now been reestablished.
Meantime he became interested in the Boston fruit plantations
in Santo Domingo. When the operation of the Banes planta-
tions was stopped by the war he transformed his proprietorship
into a stock company, which was combined with the United
Fruit Company, and of which he and his brother, F. S. Dumois,
are directors. Mr. Dumois is president of the Banes Fruit Com-
pany, of New York, Boston, and Banes, president of the Do-
minican Fruit Company, of New York and Puerto Plata, Santo
Domingo, and president of the Sanaa Fruit Company, of New
York and Sama, Cuba.

Mr. Dumois is a member of the New York Club, and of various
other organizations, and is to be ranked as a genuine New-Yorker.
He was married, in 1865, to Miss Maria F. Mitchell, daughter of
Henry Mitchell of Baltimore, who was then living at Santiago
de Cuba. They have one son, George P. Dumois, who is asso-
ciated with his father in business, being treasurer of the Banes
Fruit Company, at Banes, Cuba.

The Cuban war for independence, and the intervention of the
United States and final expulsion of the Spanish, have had, as
already intimated, an important effect upon the industries in
which Mr. Dumois is engaged. The first effect of war was, of
course, disastrous. With the return of peace, new conditions
are being established, and the new order of things in Cuba, and
the new relations between that island and the United States,
wiU profoundly affect trade in, it is confidently expected, a
favorable manner. In the bettered state of affairs it is to be
anticipated Mr. Dumois and his companies will amply participate.

CHAIILES WARREN FAIRBANKS

AMONG- the prominent and forceful leaders of the Republican
JLJL party in the United States Senate is Charles Warren Fair-
banks, senior Senator from Indiana.

Mr. Fairbanks was born on a farm near Unionville Center,
Union County, Ohio, on May 11, 1852, and attended the common
schools of his native place. Thence he went to the Ohio Wes-
leyan University at Delaware, Ohio, and was graduated from
that institution in 1872 in the classical course. He studied law,
and was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Ohio in
1874, and in the same year removed to Indianapolis, where he
has since practised his profession.

The first public office he ever held was that of United States
Senator. For several years before his election to the Senate he
was a recognized leader of his party in Indiana. He was chair-
man of the Indiana Republican State Convention in 1892, and
again in 1898. He was a delegate at large to the Republican
National Convention at St. Louis in 1896, which nominated
Wilh'am McKinley for the Presidency, and was temporary chair-
man of the convention. He was chosen unanimously by the
Republican caucus of the Indiana Legislature as candidate for
United States Senator in January, 1893. He received the entire
vote of his party in the Legislature, but that body, having a
Democratic majority, elected David Turpie. Mr. Fairbanks
was, however, elected to the United States Senate by the Indi-
ana Legislature on January 20, 1897, receiving a majority over
all on a joint ballot, the opposing candidates being Daniel W.
Voorhees, Democrat, and Leroy Templeton, Populist. Senator
Fairbanks was chairman of the Indiana delegation to the Re-
publican National Convention at Philadelphia in 1900, and was

109

110 CHARLES WABBEN FAIEBANKS

chairman of the Committee on Resolutions which reported the
platform.

Senator Fairbanks took his seat in the United States Senate
on March 4, 1897, and was soon recognized as one of the most
industrious, painstaking, and forceful members of the Senate.
He was chairman of the Committee on Immigration, and later,
on the reorganization of the Senate, became chairman of the
Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, and a member of
the important committees of Judiciary, Relations with Canada,
Immigration, and the Pacific Islands and Porto Rico. He has
made a number of important speeches in the Senate, the most
important, perhaps, being upon the resolution declaring war
against Spain.

Senator Fairbanks was appointed by the President a member
of the United States and British Joint High Commission for the
settlement of Canadian and Newfoundland questions. The
commission met at Quebec in 1898, and later in the city of
Washington. Senator Fairbanks was chairman of the American
commissioners.

Senator Fairbanks devoted his entire time to the practice of
law prior to his entrance to the Senate. He is an active mem-
ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in 1885 was elected
a trustee of his alma mater, the Ohio Wesleyan University.

FREDERICK TYSOE FEAREY

FREDERICK TYSOE FEAREY is of English parentage
and New Jersey nativity, bis parents having come from
England and settled in Newark, New Jersey, about the year
1838. His father was Isaac Fearey, son of William and Mary
Fearey, and his mother, whose maiden name was Alice Tysoe,
was the daughter of Robert and Alice Tysoe, all of Stevington,
Bedfordshire, England. Frederick Tysoe Fearey was born in
Newark, New Jersey, on September 18, 184-8, and was educated
in the public schools and business colleges of that city, and as
his inclinations turned to active business life, he early decided
to engage in railroading and kindred pursuits.

His business career began when he was twenty-one years of
age, when he became a clerk in the general passenger agent's
office of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, in New York city.
There he spent several years, under the direction of that expert
railroad manager, Mr. H. P. Baldwin. In 1874 he returned to
Newark as the representative in that city of the Pennsylvania
Railroad's passenger department, and filled that place with success
for ten years. Thereafter he represented in a like capacity the
Erie Railroad, the Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Baltimore
& Ohio Railroad, and various other transportation companies.

His activities were not, however, confined to this business.
In 1879 he organized the Domestic Telegraph Company, after-
ward known as the Domestic Telegraph & Telephone Company,
and finally as the Newark District Telegraph Messenger &
Burglar Alarm Company. He made a number of improvements
in the operation and general development of these enterprises,
and was closely identified with their official direction and
financial success.

FBEDERICK TYSOE FEABEY

Mr. Fearey in 1888 invented an improvement in the fastening
together of the ends of railroad rails, secured a patent, and
organized the Continuous Bail Joint Company of America. His
device has been extensively adopted throughout the United
States, being now in use on more than one hundred and fifty
railroads, both steam and electric. It was exhibited at the Paris
World's Fair of 1900 in competition with others, and received
the highest award in that department, a bronze medal. This
award was made to the Continuous Rail Joint Company of
America, which owns Mr. Fearey's patents and which has
developed the enterprise under Mr. Fearey's direction, he being
the managing director and treasurer of the company. This
company operates a rolling-niill at Troy, New York, known as
the Albany Iron Works, and employing about two hundred men
the year round. It also has a large amount of manufacturing
done under contract by the Illinois Steel Company, in two roll-
iug-niills near Chicago, Illinois.

Mr. Fearey makes his home in East Orange, adjoining Newark.
He is a member of the First Baptist Church of Newark, the New
Jersey Historical Society, the Newark Board of Trade, the Essex
Club of Newark, and the Blooming Grove Park Association of
Pike County, Pennsylvania. He was manned, in 1896, to Miss
Bertha Louise Kittel of Mount Vernon, New York, and has one
daughter, Marie Louise Fearey.

JOHN SCOTT FERGUSON

JOHN SCOTT FERGUSON, who for years has ranked
among the leaders of the State and United States bar in
western Pennsylvania, conies of heroic and patriotic New Eng-
land stock. His paternal grandfather was a Revolutionary sol-
dier who served with distinction at Bunker Hill and in many
other battles. For a time he was a member of Colonel Stark 's
famous New Hampshire regiment, and later he was in Colonel
Wood's regiment of Massachusetts troops. At the close of the
war he settled in Pennsylvania, and for many years was a
prominent citizen of Washington Comity. He died there in
1842 at a very advanced age, one of the comparatively few sur-
vivors at that time of the Revolutionary army.

In the next generation the family was settled at Pittsburg,
the metropolis of western Pennsylvania, and there, on Janu-
ary 24, 1842, shortly before his venerable grandfather's death,
John Scott Ferguson was born. His early education was ac-
quired in the public schools of his native city, and from them
he proceeded to Allegheny College, from which he was gra dil-
ated with the baccalaureate degree in 1860, at the age of only
eighteen years. His inclinations and aptitude moved him to-
ward the legal profession, and, accordingly, after his graduation
he began the study of the law. In this he made rapid progress,
but had to wait until he was of legal age, in 1863, before he could
be admitted to practice at the bar.

Upon being admitted to the bar of the State of Pennsylvania,
Mr. Ferguson began the active practice of his profession in
Pittsburg, and has continued therein ever since with constantly
increasing success. He was soon admitted to practice at the bar

113

114 JOHN SCOTT FERGUSON

of the United States courts, and for many years has been a
prominent figure there, commanding attention by virtue of his
character and ability, as well as by his exceptional success in
winning suits.

He has been identified with numerous important and widely
known cases. Among these were the Indian ejectment suits,
which occupied much of the attention of the Federal courts from
1874 to 1880, and the Pittsburg and Connellsville bond cases, in
which the sum of ten million dollars was at stake.

Although he has now been practising his profession nearly
forty years without a break, Mr. Ferguson shows no signs of
wearying in his labors, but, on the contrary, is as diligent and
ambitious in the work of his office and at the bar as ever he was
in his early days. His eldest son, Edwin C. Ferguson, is now
his law partner, and the firm is universally recognized as being
second to none at the Pittsburg bar.

Mr. Ferguson is a member of the State and National Bar asso-
ciations, and of various other professional and social organiza-
tions. He is connected, as attorney or otherwise, with numerous
important business corporations.

He was married, in September, 1863, to Miss Nancy A. Gra-
ham, who has borne him five children.

LUCIUS GEORGE FISHER

EFCIUS GEORGE FISHER is the son of a man of the
same name who in 1837 went from Vermont to Wisconsin
and was one of the first settlers of Beloit. He there became a
great landowner, manufacturer, banker, and railroad magnate.
He wras one of the principal founders and patrons of Beloit
College. For one term he was a member of the State Legisla-
ture. For some years he was postmaster of Beloit. In 1866 he
went to Chicago and was one of the builders and proprietors of
large office buildings. He died in 1886.

The elder Mr. Fisher married Miss Caroline Field of Simsbury,
Connecticut, a daughter of the Rev. Peter Field. She went to
Beloit in 1840, and was married two years later. She died in 1850.

Lucius George Fisher the younger, son of the foregoing, was
born at Beloit on November 27, 1843. He was educated at
Beloit, and had just matriculated at Beloit College when the
Pike's Peak gold fever broke out. His father, then a manufac-
turer, sent one of the first quartz-mills to the mountains, and
the young man persuaded him to let him accompany the train
that bore it. So, with a wagon and six yoke of oxen, Mr. Fisher
crossed the plains, and roughed it on the frontier until the fall of
1861. At that time he came to New York city, and became a
clerk in a hardware shop. In 1863, being twenty years old, he
enlisted in the Eighty-fourth Regiment of the New York National
Guard. With it he went through a campaign in the Shenandoah
Valley, was made color-sergeant, and came back with it to assist
in quelling the New York riots. That was a ninety-day regiment,
and on the expiration of that time he was discharged, but imme-
diately enlisted in the navy, and served during the rest of the
war in the paymaster's department on board the Wyandauk.

115

116 LUCIUS GEORGE FISHEE

At the close of the war Mr. Fisher went to Chicago and got
employment as a porter in the service of the Rock River Paper
Company. From that humble place he was rapidly promoted,
until in 1870 he became manager of the business. The next
year he was enabled to purchase an interest in the paper-bag
manufacturing firm of Wheeler & Hinman, the name of which
was thereupon changed to Wheeler, Fisher & Co. The concern
entered upon an era of expansion and prosperity, and was pres-
ently incorporated under the name of the Union Bag & Paper
Company. Of this corporation Mr. Fisher was secretary and
treasurer, and he had the entire management of its business
affairs.

Progress and expansion were still his principles. Accordingly
in 1894 the capital stock of the company was increased from
$500,000 to $2,000,000. The large paper-bag manufacturing
businesses of Hollingsworth & Whitney of Boston, of Smith,
Dixon & Co. of Baltimore, of Chatfield & Woods of Cincinnati,
of Blake, Moffitt, & Towne of San Francisco, and of E. J. How-
lett & Co. of Philadelphia were absorbed, and thus one of the
largest concerns of the kind in the whole country was organized.
Of this enlarged corporation Mr. Fisher was elected president,
and he had general management of its affairs until March, 1899.
At that time the company sold all its interests to the Union Bag
& Paper Company of New Jersey. This latter corporation had
been organized for the purpose by Mr. Fisher, and he was its presi-
dent. It now controls all the business and good will and patent
rights of all the leading paper-bag manufacturers of the United
States, and has a practical monopoly of that industry. Its capital
is $27,000,000. It owns large tracts of timber land in various
parts of the country, from which the raw material for wood-pulp
is obtained. Thus eighteen large paper-mills are kept busy with
the output of a number of wood-pulp mills, and they in turn
supply the bag factories. The enormous extent of the business
is indicated by the simple statement that the average product of
the corporation is about twenty million bags a day.

In earlier years Mr. Fisher divided his attention among vari-
ous manufacturing enterprises. But as the paper-bag industry
grew and was so successful, he wisely deemed it best to give all
his attention to it. Accordingly he sold out his interests in all

LUCIUS GEORGE FISHER 117

other concerns, one by one, until he was able to give all his time
and ability to the great paper-bag enterprise. He has, however,
retained large real-estate holdings in Chicago. These lie acquired
in 1886, and they have proved highly profitable. He has devol < •< 1
much attention to the improvement of this property and to its
successful management with excellent results. A few years ago
he erected the Fisher Building. This is eighteen stories high.
It stands at the corner of Van Buren and Dearborn streets, and
is one of the most notable of the " sky-scrapers" of Chicago.

Mr. Fisher has taken little interest in political affairs, since his
retirement from the military and naval service of the country,
beyond discharging the duties of an intelligent and patriotic
citizen. He has held no public office, and has sought none.

He is a member of various social organizations, in all of which
he is a popular and influential factor. Among these may be
mentioned the Chicago, the Union League, the Washington
Park, the Midlothian, and the Chicago Athletic clubs of Chicago,
and the Engineers' and New York clubs of New York city.

Mr. Fisher was married on April 20, 1870, to Miss Katherine
Louise Eddy, a daughter of the Kev. Alfred Eddy of Chicago.
They have four children: Lucius George Fisher, the third to
bear that name ; Alice Fisher, now the wife of Alexis Foster of
Denver; Ethel Field Fisher; and Kathryn Fisher.

Mr. Fisher's career, in its humble but energetic beginning,
its ready progress, its ultimate and commanding success, and its
invariable enterprise and integrity, may well be regarded as
typical both of the great West, in which it has been so largely
cast, and of the whole country, with which it has at last corne
to be identified.

CHARLES FLEISCHMANN

THE name of Fleischmann has long been identified most inti-
mately with some of the great industries of the United
States, so as to have become in a peculiar sense a " household
word." It is inseparably associated with the " staff of life," and
equally with the " social glass " — a trade-mark of excellence
upon the yeast with which the housewife makes her bread, and
upon the spirits which are imbibed for pleasure or for health.
This name was first brought to this country by the late Charles
Fleischmann, a man who well represented in our cosmopolitan
community the dual realm of Austria-Hungary, inasnrach as
he was of Austrian blood and of Hungarian nativity. He was
born in Hungary, on November 3, 1834, his father, A. N. Fleisch-
mann, being an Austrian.

Charles Fleischmann received an excellent academic education
in the schools of the Austrian capital, Vienna, and also in those
of the Bohemian capital, Prague. In these, as in all schools in
those countries, education was thorough and practical, and on
leaving them the young man was well equipped, in attainments
and discipline, for the business career toward which his inclina-
tions strongly led him. Accordingly, on attaining his majority,
he entered practical business life.

His first engagement was as a clerk in a general store at
Jagerndorf, in Austria. That occupation was of little profit to
him, save as a practical training in business methods, in which
respect it was of material advantage. He remained in it for
several years, however, before the way opened up before him to
more extended and promising fields of industry, for which he
was constantly on the outlook.

In 1866, the year of Austria's humiliation in the Seven Weeks'

118

CHARLES FLEISCHMANN 119

War with Prussia, Mr. Fleischmann took at the flood the tide
which afterward bore him so abundantly on to fortune. He
came to the United States, the land of promise, and of perform-
ance, to so many of his countrymen. True, he did so with no
definite promise of anything better here than he had enjoyed
in the old country. But America itself was a sufficient promise
to the ambitious young man, who was quite ready himself to
work out the fulfilment thereof. He settled in New York city
for a couple of years, and engaged in the business of distilling, in
which his father had been engaged before him, and in which he
was well versed.

In it he was associated with James W. Gaff and Max Fleisch-
mann, under the firm-name of Gaff, Fleischmann & Co., Max
Fleischmann being his younger brother. The enterprise pros-
pered from the start, and in 1867 the firm added to its distilling
business the manufacture of compressed yeast, thus founding an
enterprise which has since grown to enormous proportions, and
with which the name of Fleischmann is inseparably connected.

Mr. Fleischmann left New York in 1869, and established him-
self in Cincinnati, where he continued the distilling business
with great success. He became such a master of its details and
so progressive a leader in the industry as to be able to make an
important invention of new apparatus, by means of which the
yield of spirits from a given quantity of grain was largely
increased, to the great profit of the business. This device was
promptly put to practical and most successful use in the Mill
Spring Distillery and other establishments, and effected a
marked change in business conditions, to Mr. Fleischmann's
great profit and to the enhancement of his prestige in the
business world.

The firm of Gaff, Fleischmann & Co. was broken, in 1883, by
the withdrawal of the Gaff estate, Mr. Gaff having died some
time before, and the firm-name was changed to that of Charles
& Maximilian Fleischmann. Six years later Max Fleischmann
died, leaving Charles Fleischmann alone in the business. Mr.
Fleischmann not only continued the business alone, but expanded
it, year by year, until it reached vast proportions. The style of
the concern was changed to that of Charles Fleischmann & Co.,
though Mr. Fleischmann was the sole proprietor.

120 CHAKLES FLEISCHMANN

Mr. Fleischmann was also interested in various other business
enterprises. He was an owner of the Buffalo Distilling Com-
pany of Buffalo, New York, and of the Baltimore Manufactur-
ing Company of Baltimore, Maryland. He was the principal
stockholder and for many years president of the Market National
Bank of Cincinnati, and president of the "Commercial Tribune"
Company of Cincinnati, and he owned much valuable real estate
in that city.

In public and political affairs Mr. Fleischmann took an active
and honorable interest. He was connected prominently with a
number of public-spirited organizations in Cincinnati, and for a
term of years served as Fire Commissioner in that city. He was
elected to the State Senate as a Republican in 1880, and again in
1895, and did valuable work as a legislator. Afterward he was a
director of the State Asylum for the Insane. He was a personal
friend of William McKinley, and when the latter became Gover-
nor of Ohio in 1892-93, he made Mr. Fleischmann a member of
his staff.

Mr. Fleischmann was fond of out-of-door sports, especially of
yachting and horse-racing. He began to indulge in the latter in
1890, and had for some years one of the best stables of thorough-
breds in America, which included a number of noteworthy horses.
His influence upon the turf was always toward the elevation of
the sport and the elimination of the evils which have too often
brought it into disrepute.

In the fall of 1897 Mr. Fleischmann suffered a slight paralytic
stroke while on his yacht in New York harbor. He rallied from
it, however, and went to his home at Avondale, near Cincinnati.
There he died on December 10 following. He left three chil-
dren : Julius Fleischmann, Max Fleischmann, and Mrs. C. R.
Holmes.

JULIUS FLEISCHMANN

THE name of Fleischmann is now, for the second generation,
conspicuously and honorably identified with several impor-
tant industries in the United States. It is of Aiistrian origin,
having been borne two generations ago by A. N. Fleischmann of
Jagerndorf, Austria, a successful distiller. He had two sons,
Charles and Maximilian, who learned the distilling business and
then came to America to engage in it. That was in 1866. The
two young men spent two years in New York, in partnership
with James W. Graff, successfully carrying on the business of
distilling. Then they removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, and there
conducted the business on a still larger scale and with greater
success, being materially aided by some new inventions of their
own, by means of which the yield of spirits from grain was
much increased. They also began the manufacture of the com-
pressed yeast for bread-making, the name of which, Fleisch-
rnann's Compressed Yeast, has for many years been a household
word throughout the country. Then' "Vienna Bakery" at the
Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876 is well remem-
bered, the " Vienna bread " made with their yeast marking an
epoch in the history of the " staff of life."

These businesses grew to large proportions. In 1882 Mr. Gaff
died, and a year later his widow withdrew her interest from the
firm, which thereupon changed its style from Gaff, Fleischmann
& Co. to that of Charles & Maximilian Fleischmann. Of these
partners, the former and elder remained in Cincinnati, while the
latter made New York his home and business quarters, maintain-
ing here a manufactory and the well-known " Vienna Bakery "
on Broadway. Maximilian Fleischmann died in September,
1890, and the firm then became known as that of Charles

122 JULIUS FLEISCHMANN

Fleischmann & Co., though Charles Fleischmann was the sole
proprietor. After a distinguished and successful career, Charles
Fleischmann died on December 10, 1897, leaving a daughter,
Mrs. C. R. Holmes, and two sons, Julius Fleischmann and
Maximilian C. Fleischmann.

Julius Fleischmann, the elder of Charles Fleischmaun's two
sons, and his oldest child, was born in Cincinnati in 1872. He
received an excellent education in the schools of that city and
elsewhere, and then entered the business with which his father
had so long and so successfully been identified as founder and
head. He was only a young man when his father died, but he
showed himself competent to succeed him as the head of the
great business, and to manage successfully the diversified inter-
ests of the estate. Thus he became the head of the firm own-
ing and conducting the yeast-manufacturing business, and also
the head of the distilling enterprise which his father and uncle
had built up. He succeeded his father as chief owner and
president of the Market National Bank of Cincinnati. He
is also president of the Union Hay & Grain Company, and
is a director of various other corporations in Cincinnati and
elsewhere.

Mr. Fleischmann has followed his father's salutary example in
taking an active interest in public affairs. He early identified
himself with the Republican party, and was appointed to a place
on the staff of Governor McKiuley in 1892, with the rank of
colonel, and held that place during the succeeding administra-
tions of Governor Bushnell and Governor Nash. But he did
not confine his political activities to appointive places. In the
spring of 1900 he was the standard-bearer of his party in one of
the greatest local victories it ever won at the polls in Cincinnati.
Three years before, the Fusion party, composed of Democrats
and dissentient Republicans, had carried the city in a mayoralty
election by a majority of 7445 in a total vote of 66,000. On
this occasion they confidently expected to repeat the perform-
ance. The Republicans, however, nominated Colonel Fleisch-
mann for Mayor, though he was at the time in New York and
remained there until only a week before the election. A spirited
campaign ensued, which resulted, at the election of April 2, in a
sweeping Republican victory, to which Colonel Fleischmann's

JULIUS FLEISCHMANN 123

personal popularity largely contributed. Colonel Fleischmann
was elected Mayor by a majority of' more than 8500, and the whole
city ticket -was carried in with him. The Republicans elected
their candidate for Mayor and all the members of the new Board
of Public Service for three years, which controls everything ex-
cept the Police and Fire Departments. The Hoard of Legisla-
tion stood twenty-four Republicans and seven Democrats, and
the Board of Education twenty-four Republicans and seven
Democrats.

The example of his father has also been followed by Mr.
Fleischmann in his fondness for the two greatest of out-of-door
sports, yachting and horse-racing. He maintains a fine racing-
stable, including a number of winning racers, and has a yacht, on
which he spends part of every summer cruising along the Atlantic
coast. He is a member of various social clubs of the best rank
in Cincinnati and New York.

Mr. Fleischmann is married and has three children. He has a
fine home on Washington Avenue, Avondale, in the suburbs of
Cincinnati, and a splendid summer residence among the Catskill
Mountains, New York.

CHARLES NEWELL FOWLER

THE families of Fowler and Montague are both of English
origin, and were planted in this country at an early date.
The former came hither in 1632, and settled in Vermont, while
the latter, coming over in the same year, made a home in Massa-
chusetts. In the last generation the two families were united
in the marriage of Joshua D. Fowler and Rachel Montague.
This couple lived at Lena, Illinois, where Mr. Fowler was a
farmer. To them, at that place, was born, on November 2, 1852,
the subject of this sketch.

Charles Newell Fowler was at first educated in the common
schools of his native place. Next he was prepared for college at
Beloit, Wisconsin, and then entered Yale, where he was gradu-
ated in 1876 with the degree of A. B. Finally, adopting the law
as his profession, he became a law student in the office of Wil-
liams & Thompson in Chicago, and also in the Chicago Law
School, from which latter institution he was graduated in 1878.

He then settled at Beloit, Kansas, and entered upon the prac-
tice of his profession. In this he was eminently successful, and
in it he continued for four years. Then he became convinced
that the great business centers of the Eastern States afforded
better opportunities for important achievement than any other
part of the Union. Accordingly he came hither, and engaged in
banking. In that business he has had a career of marked suc-
cess, and he has also identified himself with the general business
and social interests of the community.

Mr. Fowler long ago became interested in politics as a Repub-
lican. In 1894 he was elected a Representative in Congress
from the Eighth Congressional District of New Jersey, receiving
a plurality of 6236 votes. Two years later he was reflected by

124

CHAKLES NEWELL FOWLER 1«_!f>

a majority nearly twice as large as his former plurality. Again,
in 1898, he was a third time elected, by a margin of more than
5000 votes. These figures attest the esteem in which lie is held
by his neighbors. At Washington he has been held in similarly
high esteem. He was at once appointed a member of the very
important Committee on Banking and Currency, for which Mr.
Fowler was especially fitted by study and practice. He has
remained ever since a member of that committee, and now stands
second on its roll. In financial discussion and legislation he
has taken an important part, and the financial bill enacted by
Congress in January, 1900, contained the three principles first
advocated by him, namely, the establishment of an unequivocal
gold standard, the retirement of the demand obligations of the
government, and the funding of the national debt in two-per-
cent, gold coin bonds.

Mr. Fowler is also a member of the House committees on
Civil Service Reform and on Foreign Affairs.

Since 1891 Mr. Fowler has made his home in Elizabeth, New
Jersey, and is recognized as one of the foremost representative
citizens of that city, conspicuous for public spirit and readiness
in all good works. Having worked his own way through school,
college, and law school, he takes a deep and sympathetic interest
in educational affairs, and especially in the efforts of young men
to secure adequate learning. He has assisted many a struggling
young man to make his way through school and college. He is
at the head of the well-known Pingry School, has recently pur-
chased the ground and is arranging to erect a public library, and
is to be credited with many broad and discriminating charities.

Mr. Fowler was married, in 1879, to Miss Hilda S. Heg, daugh-
ter of Colonel H. C. Heg, who was killed at Chickamauga.
Mrs. Fowler received her education at Beloit, Wisconsin, and in
Europe. They have one child, Charles N. Fowler, Jr.

Mr. Fowler is a member of the Down-Town Association and
University Club of New York city ; and of the Mettano, Town
and Country, and Athletic clubs of Elizabeth, New Jersey.

JOSEPH M. GAZZAM

THE State of Pennsylvania is one of the oldest communities
in North America. It has played one of the most important
historical parts in the foundation and development of the United
States. And it is at the present time easily second in impor-
tance among the States of the Union, whether in social, business,
or political respects. Naturally, therefore, it has during many
generations contributed a large quota to the roster of men dis-
tinguished in the professional, political, business, and social life
of the nation.

Prominent among the number of these is the subject of the
present sketch, Joseph M. Gazzam, whose father and grand-
father were before him honorably conspicuous in the history of
the State, and indeed of the nation, and who himself has for
many years been well and favorably known throughout the
country as a lawyer, business man, and statesman, as well as a
gentleman of sterling worth in the private relationships of life.

Mr. Gazzam was born at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on Decem-
ber 2, 1842. Being of delicate health, his early education was
not vigorously pursued, but after several years of travel and a
careful preparatory training by his distinguished father, he was
educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania. He then
studied law in the office of the Hon. David Reed at Pittsburg,
and was duly admitted to the bar at Pittsburg in 1864. Three
years later he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania, in 1869 in the United States Circuit Court and
district courts of Pennsylvania, and in 1870, upon motion of
the late Benjamin F. Butler, in the Supreme Court of the United
States. In the latter body Mr. Gazzam was among the youngest
members ever admitted to practice before it.

126

•^tCaTr

JOSEPH M. GAZZAM 127

In the practice of liis profession Mr. Gazzam became success-
ful, and that distinction followed him in his professional career
in Philadelphia, to which city he removed from Pittsburg in
1879. He is at present associated with William S. Wallace and
Edward Fell Lukens, under the name of Gazzam, Wallace &
Lukens, with commodious offices in the Real Estate Trust
Building.

At a comparatively early age Mr. Gazzain evinced, as if by
inheritance, a keen interest in political affairs. He represented
his ward in the Pittsburg Common Council, and later was elected
to the State Senate. Upon several occasions his name was
prominently mentioned in connection with the mayoralty of
Pittsburg and the lieutenant-governorship of Pennsylvania.
For a number of years Mr. Gazzam served as president of the
Pennsylvania Club, an influential Republican organization of
Philadelphia. He is also a life member of the Union League
Club of that city.

In business circles Mr. Gazzam is also widely and favorably
known, being connected with a large number of prominent
enterprises. He is president of the Kenilworth Inn and Land
companies, the Renuyson Tredyffriu Lithia Water Company,
the American Gold Dredging Company, and the Philadelphia and
Arizona Mining Company. He is vice-president of the Quaker
City National Bank, the Arnes-Bonner Brush Company, the
South American Auer Light Company, and the Deer Creek and
the Dent's Run Coal companies. He is also a director in the
Welsbach Company of Canada, the American Incandescent
Light Manufacturing Company, the Spring Garden Insurance
Company, and a large number of other corporations.

Professional and business interests, however, have not monopo-
lized Mr. Gazzam's attention. He takes a keen interest in art,
literature, and social matters. He is a life member of the Hor-
ticultural Society, the Fairmount Park Art Association, the
Franklin Institute, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, the Lawyers' Club, and a
member of numerous other social organizations in Philadelphia
and elsewhere.

In 1893 Mr. Gazzam married Miss Nellie M. Andrews, a lady
prominent in society in New Orleans, Louisiana. He resides

128 JOSEPH M. GAZZAM

with his wife, son, and daughter at No. 265 South Nineteenth
Street, Philadelphia.

The ancestry of Mr. Gfazzam is highly distinguished in both
Europe and the United States. His paternal grandfather, Wil-
liam Gazzam, was an English journalist in the latter part of the
eighteenth century, who vigorously defended the rights of the
American colonies. His open defense of the rights of man
incurred the enmity of the crown, and, in consequence, he was
compelled to leave the country. He came to the United States
in 1792, settling in Philadelphia, where he was most cordially
received. Later he went to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and finally to
Pittsburg, where he remained until his death in 1811. He was
appointed by President Madison to the office of Collector of the
Port of Pittsburg, and was also a magistrate, a position of high
honor in those days.

In the next generation, Dr. Edward D. Gazzam, fourth son of
William Gazzam and father of Joseph M. Gazzam, attained
enviable prominence as a physician, lawyer, and statesman.
He was much interested in politics, and was a coadjutor of
Salmon P. Chase and others in organizing the Free-soil party at
the Buffalo Convention in 1848, from which the present Repub-
lican party largely sprang. He was also that party's first candi-
date for Governor of Pennsylvania. In 1855 Dr. Gazzam was a
Free-soil candidate for State Senator. He was defeated in the
contest, but the next year he was again put forward, this time
as the candidate for the Union Republican party, and he was
elected by about one thousand majority over the combined votes
of his two opponents.

Dr. Gazzam married Miss Elizabeth Antoinette de Beelen de
Bertholff , daughter of Constantine Antoine de Beelen de Ber-
tholff and granddaughter of Baron Frederick Eugene Francois
de Beelen de Bertholff, who was Austrian Minister to the United
States from 1783 to 1787.

WILLIAM WARREN GIBBS

THE peculiar trend of mind that is necessary for the concep-
tion of an invention and the perfection of the minute
details of a device is seldom coupled with the business genius
necessary to make it commercially successful. The originality
and power of conception possessed by the inventor brings into
existence mechanical marvels that will revolutionize manufac-
ture ; but the financial sense and calculating methods of the
promoter are, after all, the qualities that are needed to attract
the attention of the world. In thus developing inventions, and
in making them commercially profitable, few men have been
more successful than William W. Gibbs, one of Philadelphia's
foremost financiers.

William Warren Gibbs was born in the village of Hope,
Warren County, New Jersey, on March 8, 1846. He is the son
of Levi B. Gibbs and Ellen Venatta. His father's ancestors
were among the early settlers of Rhode Island, and his mother
was a sister of the late Jacob Venatta, one of the leading lawyers
of New Jersey, and at one time Attorney-General of that State.
Mr. Gibbs was educated in the public schools of his native
village, and at fourteen years of age sought employment in a
grain, flour, and feed store in Newark, New Jersey. A year
later he was clerk in a general country store, where he remained
for two years, going from there to take a position at a larger
establishment at Hackettstown, New Jersey. Here he served
for eight years, and abundantly displayed the financial abilities
so conspicuous in his subsequent career. At the age of twenty-
three he became a partner in the business, and two years later,
in 1871, his partner died and he closed out the business.

With a few thousand dollars as capital, he went to New York,

129

130 WILLIAM WAKKEN GIBBS

and with friends began the retail dry-goods business. This
evidently was not altogether successful, and in 1873 he organ-
ized the firm of Bauer, Gibbs & Co., wholesale grocers. They
were hampered, however, by inadequate capital, and he with-
drew from the firm in 1875, practically penniless. He was,
however, active and aggressive, and being well read in scientific
journals, was on the alert for some new money-making venture.
At this juncture he became acquainted with Ferdinand King,
inventor and holder of a patent for making gas from petroleum,
and the two formed a corporation called the National Petroleum
Gas Company of New York. Although they had no capital but
an abiding faith in the merits of the invention, Mr. Gibbs's
ability, shrewdness, and untiring energy soon brought the firm
a contract to build a gas-works in a small country town. He
then succeeded in interesting Amos Paul, agent of the Swamp-
scott Machine Company, of South New Market, New Hampshire,
and through him made an arrangement to build the works for
their new system. This corporation figured as the nominal con-
tractors for the new works, but in reality they were only sub-
contractors under Mr. Gibbs's company. In this way a start was
made by the National Petroleum Gas Company of New York.
The work was satisfactory and the gas was good. His success
here procured him a large number of contracts. Conservative,
yet energetic, he took upon him the whole burden of the work
and did the contracting, negotiating, traveling, and superintend-
ing. In his first seven years after withdrawing from the grocery
business, he built more than a hundred gas-works in ah1 parts of
the country from Maine to California, and was worth a quarter
of a million. His system of making gas involved the use of
large quantities of petroleum, and his heavy purchases soon
formed for him the acquaintance of some of the active officials
of the Standard Oil Company, whom he succeeded in interesting
in his processes.

As a result of his representations and efforts the United Gas
Improvement Company was formed in 1882, with Mr. Gibbs as
general manager. This company has developed into one of the
most important corporations in the United States. Mr. Gibbs
devoted his entire time and energies to this company from its
organization down to 1889, when he was induced to take up the

WILLIAM WARBEN GIBBS 131

construction of the Poughkeepsie Bridge and the roads connect-
ing the bridge with the railway systems east and west. Mr.
Gibbs was also chairman of a pool that acquired the majority of
the stock or control of the Reading Railroad Company. In
these operations large sums of money were borrowed, and in
1890, when the Baring panic came on, he found himself very
much extended, and as a result his entire fortune was sacrificed,
and he was left on January 1, 1891, with an obligation of about
$3,000,000 and an interest account of $180,000 a year. To repay
this debt, principal and interest, and regain his fortune, was a
task that few men would have had the courage to undertake, and
yet, remarkable as it may seem, Mr. Gribbs did succeed during
the ensuing eight years in paying his indebtedness in full, which,
with the interest, amounted to between $4,000,000 and $5,000,000,
and has also accumulated a fortune much larger than he pos-
sessed before. Mr. Gibbs is at present president, director, or
manager of more than twenty corporations, many of which
promise as great success as has attended any of his previous
efforts.

Mr. Gibbs was married on October 16, 1872, to Frances A.
Johnson, daughter of George W. Johnson, one of his early em-
ployers. They have six children, and reside in one of the most
handsome residences on Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

CHARLES PIERREPONT HENRY GILBERT

CHARLES PIERREPONT HENRY GILBERT, a promi-
V-V1 nent and successful architect of New York city, comes of
English and New England ancestry, and from the same family
that produced the famous Sir Humphrey Gilbert, to whom
Queen Elizabeth granted a patent for the colonization of North
America, and who was a half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh.
Sir Humphrey's ambitious plans were brought to naught through
his being lost at sea, with most of his company, on his return
voyage from the exploration of Newfoundland. Other members
of the family, however, soon planted the name in North Amer-
ica, and the Gilberts have here had a long and honorable career.

The first American ancestor of Charles P. H. Gilbert was
John Gilbert, the second son of Giles Gilbert of Bridgewater,
Somersetshire, England. He came over early in the seven-
teenth century and settled at Dorchester, near Boston, and died
at Taunton, Massachusetts, in 1654. Prom him was directly
descended the late Loring Gilbert of New York, a leading com-
mission merchant, who after a successful business career retired
from its cares to enjoy his wealth and well-earned repose, and
died in 1893. Loring Gilbert married Miss Caroline C. Etche-
bery, and to them the subject of this sketch was born, in New
York city, on August 29, 1861.

Mr. Gilbert received in his youth a particularly careful educa-
tion, studying both in America and in Europe. After being
prepared for college he took special courses in civil engineering
and architecture, and later took up with some aptitude the study
of painting and sculpture and the fine arts in general. Having
completed his special technical and college courses, he began
practical work as an assistant in the office of a prominent firm

132

CHARLES PIERKEPONT HENRY GILBERT 133

of architects, where he received the training necessary to prepare
him for engaging in business on his own account.

This step was taken by Mr. Gilbert in 1886, at the age of
twenty-five years, and ever since that date he has been practis-
ing the profession of an architect in New York city, with more
than ordinary success. He has had a wide range of experience
in designing buildings of all kinds. Since 1893 especially he has
had a very large business, which is still growing steadily year by
year. In addition, he is a director or a stockholder in a number
of large manufacturing companies outside of New York.

Mr. Gilbert has held and has sought no political preferment.
He is a member of numerous professional and social organiza-
tions, among which are the Chamber of Commerce of the State
of New York, the Architectural League, the Society of Colonial
Wars, the Society of the Sous of the Revolution, the New Eng-
land Society, and the Fine Arts, Metropolitan, Union League,
Lawyers', Riding, Racquet, Ardsley, Colonial, Country, and
Nassau Country clubs of New York. He is also a Fellow of
the American Institute of Architects, and a veteran of Squadron
A, the cavalry organization of the New York National Guard.

He was married, some years ago, to Miss Florence Cecil Moss,
daughter of the Hon. Theodore Moss of New York city, and has
two children, Dudley Pierrepont Gilbert and Vera Pierrepont
Gilbert.

LESTER O. GODDARD

THE father of the subject of this sketch, who bore the same
name as the son, was a native of Hartford, Connecticut,
and for many years a leading merchant and politician in the cen-
tral and western parts of New York State. In 1855 he removed
to Michigan, and there spent the remainder of his life. He was
superintendent of the Erie Canal between Rochester and Syra-
cuse in early days. His family had been settled at Hartford,
Connecticut, since 1639. He married Miss Mabel Robinson, a
member of the famous Massachusetts family of that name,
which traces back to Francis Cooke, who came over in the
Mayflower.

To this couple the present Lester O. Goddard was born, on
October 21, 1845, at Palmyra, New York. He was taken to
Michigan by his parents when he was ten years old, and was
educated in the schools of that State. He pursued the regular
course at the University of Michigan in 1863-67, being graduated
in the latter year, and in 1869-70 took the law course in the same
institution.

On leaving the university in March, 1870, Mr. Goddard went
to Chicago for the practical pursuit of his profession, and entered
the law office of James M. Walker, who was then president and
general counsel of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.
His attention was thus divided between law and railroading, and
in both pursuits he was more than ordinarily successful. He
remained in the employ of the C., B. & Q. R. R. Co. for twenty-
six years, filling the places of assistant secretary and assistant
solicitor under Wirt Dexter, Mr. "Walker's successor. He then
became assistant to the first vice-president of the company, and
held that place for ten years. On July 1, 1896, he resigned it,

134

LESTER O. GODDARD 135

and severed his connection with that company in order to
enter the law firm with which he is now identified, that of
Ouster, Goddard & Griffin. In that firm he took the place of
William J. Campbell, deceased. He made this radical change in
his business relations at the solicitation of the late Philip D.
Armour, the capitalist and philanthropist, for whom the firm
was at that time counsel, and for whom it remained counsel
down to Mr. Armour's death, in January, 1901.

The firm is also counsel for many leading elevator companies,
railroad companies, and other corporations in Chicago and else-
where, and has a large and lucrative business.

Mr. Goddard was admitted to the bar in 1883, and has conse-
quently been practising law for some seventeen years. His
professional learning and oratorical ability have made him a
conspicuous figure in court in many noteworthy cases. He is
distinguished for the careful preparation of his cases and the
lucidity and impressiveness with which he presents them to the
court. Personally he is a man of attractive presence and cour-
teous address, and he is as much a favorite in society and as
much respected as a citizen as he is admired as a lawyer.

Mr. Goddard is a member of the Chicago and Union League
clubs of Chicago, of the National Union Press Council No. 71,
of the Mayflower Society both of New York and Illinois, and of
the Society of Colonial Wars.

He was married on October 25, 1871, to Miss Martha E. Ster-
ling, daughter of J. M. Sterling of Monroe, Michigan. They
have two children, Joseph and Emma.

GEORGE J. GOULD

AVINGr developed a remarkable business ability, and hav-
ing for twelve years devoted himself entirely to my busi-
ness, and during the past five years taken entire charge of all
my difficult interests."

That fragment of a sentence, taken from the will of one of the
greatest financiers of the age, is fittingly applicable to that finan-
cier's son and successor, whom it was intended to characterize.
The name of Jay Gould is a landmark in the financial and indus-
trial history of America. Of his eldest son it is to be said that
he has well sustained the importance of the name.

George J. Gould was born in the city of New York on Febru-
ary 6, 1864. His early education was received at private schools,
and was finished at the Cornell School, on Forty-second Street,
from which he was graduated in 1880. Then, at the age of six-
teen years, he entered his father's office and began the business
career that has placed him, at his present early age, in the fore-
most rank of the world's financial forces. Inherited ability and
the personal guidance of his father's master mind made his
progress rapid. At an age when most young men are intrusted
with only simple routine matters he acquired an intimate know-
ledge of the essential operations of enormous enterprises and
was intrusted with their management. Immediately upon at-
taining his majority he was elected a director in each of the
great corporations under his father's control, and his name soon
began to be linked with that of his father, on all but equal
terms. He was in time elected to high offices in these corpora-
tions, so that on his father's death, on December 2, 1892, he was
naturally prepared to succeed him as their executive and con-
trolling head. So complete was this readiness, and so great the

136

-"^CS^I

-,'/S

GEOKGE J. GOULD 137

confidence felt by the business world in his ability to discharge
the gigantic trust, that not the slightest disturbance in values of
securities of those companies was suffered in the making of the
change.

Mr. Gould is now the head and master mind of six of the
greatest industrial enterprises — railroads and telegraphs — in
America, involving six hundred million dollars in stock and
bonds, and commanding the services of eighty thousand
employees, besides being interested in numerous other con-
cerns. For years his properties have been noteworthy for their
prosperity, for their admirable service of the public welfare, and
for the satisfactory relations existing between the employer and
the army of employees.

Business, even of such magnitude, has not, however, monopo-
lized his attention. He has found time for much travel in ah1
parts of the world, and for a healthy participation in out-of-
door sports and the joys of social life. He has a splendid estate
of twenty-five hundred acres of mountain and forest in the heart
of the Catskills, the scene of some of his father's early labors.
For a time he had a fine house in New York city ; but resenting
what he deemed the unjust discriminations of the tax officers,
he removed his home a few years ago to the beautiful village of
Lakewood, New Jersey, where he completed, in 1898, one of the
finest country houses in America. Living there on the edge of
a great pine forest, he is a leader of his townsmen in the sports
of the field. He has also made for himself a name as a generous
patron of yachting. He takes no part in politics above that of
a private citizen. But in the latter capacity he has shown
splendid patriotism, as when, at the outbreak of the war with
Spain, he offered his fine steam-yacht Atalanta to the govern-
ment, and said, " All I have is at the disposal of the nation."

Mr. Gould is a member of most of the first-class clubs of New
York. He was married, in 1886, to Miss Edith Kingdou, a lady
of exceptional beauty and charm, and has made with her a home
of singular felicity. Five children have been born to them.

GEORGE It. GRAY

GEORGE R. GRAY, one of the foremost financiers of New
Jersey, is a native of that State, having been born at New-
ton, Sussex County, on April 25, 1842. His father, Thomas
Gray, was also a native of that county, while his grandfather, a
Scotch Presbyterian, was born in the north of Ireland, and on
coming to this country was one of the pioneers of the iron
industry in Sussex County and elsewhere in the northern part
of New Jersey.

Mr. Gray spent his early years at Newton, and in its schools
obtained a good English education. At the age of seventeen
years, in 1859, he left home for New York city, where he en-
tered practical business life as a clerk in the commercial house
of John C. Tucker & Co., then at the corner of Dey and Green-
wich streets. In that house he spent two years, and then, in
March, 1861, returned to his native State as bookkeeper for
William Wright & Co., manufacturers of carriage-springs in
Newark, New Jersey. This firm was reorganized two years
later under the name of the Passaic Spring Works, and in 1867
Mr. Gray became a partner in the firm.

After years of successful business enterprise, Mr. Gray with-
drew from the company in January, 1875, in order to enter upon
the office of Treasurer of the city of Newark, to which he had
been elected by the Board of Aldermen. The term was only
one year, but at its expiration Mr. Gray was retained in the
public service as Secretary of the Board of Assessment and Re-
vision of Taxes of Newark. His next public office, in 1883,
was that of Superintendent of the Aqueduct Board, which place
he filled for ten years. His public duties were not, however, to
be confined to his own city of Newark. The New Jersey Legis-

138

GEORGE R. GRAY 139

lature in 1891 elected him Treasurer of the State for a term of
three years, and in the following year his duties were further
enlarged in his appointment, by Governor Abbett, to be a mem-
ber of the State Board of Electrical Subway Commissioners.

Mr. Gray has acquired an enviable reputation, not only in
New Jersey, but also in New York and other States, as an able
and judicious financier. His expert services have accordingly
been sought on various occasions for the aid of firms and cor-
porations the affairs of which have become entangled or compro-
mised. He has also been appointed receiver of several impor-
tant concerns. Thus in 1894, when the United States Credit
System failed for about a million dollars, Mr. Gray was appointed
to its receivership by the Chancellor of the State of New
Jersey, the late Alexander McGill. Again, on December 23,
1897, the courts of no fewer than six States, to wit, New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, atid California, ap-
pointed Mr. Gray one of the receivers for the Herring-Hall-
Marvin Safe Company, under bonds of $500,000. As a result of
Mr. Gray's intelligent and energetic management, the affairs of
this large corporation were disentangled and put back into the
hands of the stockholders in less than three years' time. Mr.
Gray was also receiver of the State Provident Association of
Manchester, New Hampshire.

At the present time Mr. Gray is president of the T. B. Peddie
Trunk Company of Newark, New Jersey, vice-president of the
Essex and Hudson Gas Company, and a director of the Fire-
man's Insurance Company, and of the Second National Bank of
Newark. He is a member of the Lawyers', Eeform, and Demo-
cratic clubs of New York city, of the Essex, Jeffersonian, and
Athletic clubs of Newark, and of the Essex County Country
Club, and of the Lake Hopatcong Club.

He was married, on August 16, 1864, to Miss Mary L. Ball,
daughter of the late Augustus R. Ball of Newark.

WILLIAM CORNELL GREENE

THE name of Greene has for centuries been conspicuous in
English and American history. Of the family which bears
it, one branch was established long ago in Devonshire, Eng-
land. Its head, at the middle of the seventeenth century, was
"William Greene, who was lineally descended from Catherine
Parr, the sixth wife of King Henry VIII, and also from Henry
Mordaunt, the second Earl of Peterborough. William Greene
came to America in 1663, and settled at Charlestown, Massachu-
setts, of which place he was a freeman in 1664. Later he set-
tled at Woburn, Massachusetts, where the remainder of his life
was spent. One of his descendants was Nathanael Greene, the
illustrious general, who was second only to Washington in the
War of the Revolution, and another was Ray Greene, the emi-
nent Attorney-General of Rhode Island.

Another branch of the Greene family lived in Wiltshire, Eng-
land, and came from Salisbury, in that county, to Rhode Island
in 1635. The head of it, in this migration, was John Greene,
a surgeon by profession. He was a stanch upholder of civil
and religious liberty, a warm friend of Roger Williams and
Peter Townsend, and an effective champion of the Quakers and
Baptists in the days of their persecution in some of the New
England colonies. One of his descendants was the Rev. Zach-
ariah Greene, who was a soldier in the Revolutionary army
and for more than fifty years pastor of a church at Brook-
haven, Long Island.

From this latter branch of the Greene family the subject of
this biography is descended. His father was Towusend Greene,
of Orange County, New York, a direct descendant of John

140

WILLIAM COKNELL GBEENE 141

Greene, and also of Peter Townsend. His mother's maiden
name was Eleanor Cornell, and she belonged to the Cornell
family which came from England, settled in Westrhesier
County, New York, and has for many generations been con-
spicuously identified with that region.

William Cornell Greene was born in Westchester County,
New York, on August 26, 1851, and was educated at private
schools, and especially at the well-known Chappaqua Mountain
Institute, at Chappaqua, in his native county. At the age of
sixteen years he completed his academic course at the institute,
and went to New York city to enter business life. His first en-
gagement was as a clerk in the tea house of O. H. Angevin & Co.
There he worked for three years, when, the attractions of the
great West taking hold upon him, he left New York to seek
what fortune the new country might contain for him. He began
his operations there as a member of the first surveying party
of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The tedium of routine work
was distasteful to him, however, and he presently left the sur-
vey, and in 1870 staked out the site of the present city of Fargo,
North Dakota. Then for ten years he was occiipied with min-
ing and cattle-raising in Montana, Colorado, Arizona, and Mex-
ico. To both of these occupations he devoted himself with sci-
entific study, and his efforts were crowned with more than
ordinary success. His mining enterprises have been in the prof-
itable field of copper-mining, and on September 15, 1899, he
organized, in New York, the Greene Consolidated Copper Com-
pany, for the development of a great series of mines in the Ca-
nauea Mountains, in the State of Sonora, Mexico. Of this
company he is president and manager, and it is ranked as the
third largest copper-producing concern in America, its output
amounting to 72,000,000 pounds a year. As the demand for
copper in manufactures and the arts is constantly increasing,
and the value of the metal is rising, Mr. Greene's mines repre-
sent enormous wealth. In addition to this company, he is presi-
dent of the Pacific Coast Coal Company, the San Domingo Gold
Company, and the Cananea Railroad Company. He has also
continued his operations in cattle-raising, and now owns 1,700,-
000 acres of land and 100,000 head of cattle. He is president
of the Packard Cattle Company, the Turkey Track Cattle Com-

142 WILLIAM COENELL GREENE

pany, the Cananea Cattle Company, and the Greene Cattle
Company.

Mr. Greene was married in 1884 to Miss Ella Roberts, who
died in 1898, leaving a daughter, Eva. He was again mar-
ried in February, 1901, to Miss Mary Proctor, of Tucson,
Arizona, a descendant of the well-known New England fam-
ily of Proctor, whose American pioneers came over in the ship
Susan and Ann in 1635.

During his long career in the West Mr. Greene had many
thrilling experiences with hostile Indians, and carries a num-
ber of lifelong scars as mementos of battles with them. He is
a member of the Masonic Order, and also of the Order of United
Workmen. He now makes his home in New York city, where
he will erect a fine mansion. His business interests remain,
however, chiefly in the far West.

CLEMENT ACTON GRISCOM

/ELEMENT ACTON GRISCOM, one of the foremost ship-
V_y ping merchants of the United States, is a native of Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, where he was horn on March 15, 1841. His
father, John D. Griscom, a leading physician of Philadelphia,
was descended from Andrew Griscom, an associate of William
Perm, who came to this country in 1G80, and was one of the
founders of Philadelphia ; his mother, whose maiden name was
Margaret Acton, was a native of Salem, New Jersey, and was
descended from Thomas Lloyd, Deputy Governor and president
of the Council of the colony of Pennsylvania in 1 684 and 1693.
He was educated in public and private schools in Philadelphia,
and at the age of sixteen began the business to which his life
has since been devoted.

His first engagement was as a clerk in the old shipping house
of Peter Wright & Sons of Philadelphia. Ability, integrity, and
energy were the secrets of his rapid progress in promotion. In
1863, when he was only twenty-two years old, he was admitted
to partnership in the firm. In that place he was even more dili-
gent than before in promoting the welfare of the house, and in
striving to perfect his own knowledge of the details of the busi-
ness. He in time became charged with the entire management
of the steamship enterprises of the house, which formed so
important a part of its business. This department of the busi-
ness was more congenial to him, and he devoted himself to it
with exceptional zeal. He became a diligent student of marine
architecture and engineering, with a view to keeping the ships
of the firm fully abreast of the most advanced scientific construc-
tion. About 1873 he became the dominant influence in the firm,
so far as steamships were concerned. He impressed his asso-

143

144 CLEMENT ACTON GKISCOM

elates, too, with his own conviction that the day of sailing-ships
was largely past, and that the bulk of the world's commerce
must thenceforth be carried in vessels propelled by steam. It
was his ambition to see one of the finest fleets of ocean steamers
in the world under the American flag.

An important step toward realizing this ambition was taken
in 1871, when the old firm of Peter Wright & Sons was reorgan-
ized into the International Navigation Company. Of this cor-
poration Mr. Griscom was one of the founders, and the first
vice-president. Upon the retirement of James A. Wright in
1888, Mr. Griscom became president of the company, and has
held that place ever since. Under his management the company
has grown to occupy a foremost place in the transatlantic trade.
It began with the four old steamers of the American line, the In-
diana, Illinois, OMo, and Pennsylvania. Year by year it acquired
more vessels. It secured nearly all the capital stock and, of
course, full control of the Red Star Line, operating ten large
steamers between United States ports and Antwerp. In 1886 Mr.
Griscom purchased for his company the long-established Inman
Line, then running a fine fleet between New York and Liverpool.

Then Mr. Griscom set about the execution of some of his own
ideas concerning naval construction, and the magnificent ocean
liners New York and Paris were the result. These splendid
ships, with twin screws, the largest and finest then afloat,
marked a new era in steam navigation on the Atlantic. Other
larger vessels have since been built, but they have all drawn
profitably from the example set by these two. For a time these
ships had to sail under the British flag, being of foreign con-
struction. But in 1893 American registry was granted to them
by special act of Congress, and since then they have borne the
Stars and Stripes. The next step was to add to the fleet thus
auspiciously begun, and this was affected in the construction, in
an American shipyard, of the steamships St. Louis and St. Paul,
which rank among the swiftest and finest ocean liners afloat.

Mr. Griscom has been the head and heart of all these impor-
tant business activities, but he has also found time to give to
other interests. For years he has been a director of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company, and of the Bank of North America,
the Fidelity Insurance Trust and Safe Deposit Company, and

CLEMENT ACTON GRISCOM 145

the Western Savings Fund Society, these being among the most
prominent financial institutions in Philadelphia. He is also a
director of the Insurance Company of North America, and \v;is
one of the organizers and for many years president of the
National Transit Company. He has been conspicuously identi-
fied with public affairs in Philadelphia, and for some years was
a trustee of the City Ice Boats, and for a part of the time presi-
dent of the board.

Naturally he has been prominent in maritime affairs, both
national and international. He was a member of the Inter-
national Maritime Conference for revising the rules of the road
at sea, which sat in Washington in 1889-90 and to which
twenty-eight nations sent representatives. He was some years
ago elected an honorary member of the British Society of Naval
Architects, being only the fourth to receive that honor, the
others being Lord Kelvin, Grand Duke Constantino of Russia,
and M. Dupuy de Lome of France. He was also elected the
first president of the United States Society of Naval Architects
and Marine Engineering.

Mr. Grriscom is a member of many clubs and other social
organizations. These include the Union League Club, Phila-
delphia, Rittenhouse, and Farmers', of Philadelphia ; the Union,
Metropolitan, and New York Yacht, of New York ; the Chicago
of Chicago ; the Metropolitan of Washington ; and the St. James'
of London.

He married Miss Frances Cauby Biddle, daughter of William
C. and Rachel M. Biddle of Philadelphia, and has five children,
as follows : Helen Biddle Grisconi, Clement Acton Grriscom, Jr.,
Rodman Ellison Grisconi, Lloyd Carpenter Griscom, and Frances
Canby Griscom.

Mr. Grisconi has a fine country-seat called " Dolobran," near
Haverford College, in the suburbs of Philadelphia, where he
finds pleasing relief from business cares in stock-raising and fine
farming.

JAMES BEN ALI HAGGIN

rflHERE have been few careers, in this land of remarkable
JL performances, more varied and picturesque than that of
the subject of the present sketch. From his name one would
hesitate to " place " James Ben Ali Haggin in any one part of
the Union, and such hesitancy would be judicious, for, as a
matter of fact, he belongs to ah1 parts. There would be equal
reason for hesitancy in naming Mr. Haggiii's occupation in life,
for he has had several, and has been successful in them all.
He is at once a Kentuckian, a Louisianian, a Californian, and a
New-Yorker. He is a lawyer, a miner, a real-estate dealer, a
stock-raiser, a patron of the turf, and a gentleman of leisure.
Incidentally, it may be mentioned that he is a millionaire many
times over.

James Ben Ah Haggin is a native of the Blue Grass State,
famous for its brave men, lovely women, and fine horses. He
was born at Frankfort, Kentucky, hi the first third of the
present century, and received as his second name the maiden
name of his mother, who was a Miss Adeline Ben Ali. He
received the education appropriate to a Kentucky gentleman's
son in those days, and was prepared for and admitted to the
bar.

He began the practice of his profession at Natchez, Missis-
sippi, and continued it at St. Joseph, Missouri, and at New
Orleans, Louisiana. At the bar he was a commanding figure,
and his undoubted ability in both office and court-room work
gave promise of distinguished success.

In the flush of his early manhood, however, Mr. Haggin was
seized with the '49 fever, and made his way from New
Orleans to California. He was not, however, a prospector or

146

JAMES BEN ALI HAGGIN 147

a miner at first, but proposed to continue the practice of his
profession, rightly reckoning that the new and rapidly growing
communities of the Pacific coast, with their vast financial inter-
ests, would afford him an unsurpassed field. He practised with
much success in San Francisco and in Sacramento, and might
have become the leader of the California bar and a leader in
political life.

The gold fever was, however, too much for him. He made
some investments of his professional earnings in mines, and
these turned out so well that he was encouraged to invest more
extensively, and presently to withdraw from his law practice
and devote his whole attention to mining and similar enterprises.

It has often been said of him, and with more than ordinary
justice, that everything he touched seemed to turn to gold.
Certainly there were few other mining operators who rivalled his
success. Among the more important of the mining properties
which he developed, or in which he has a commanding proprie-
tary interest, may be mentioned the Homestake, and others at
the Black Hills, and the great copper-mines at Butte, Montana.
In the latter he has been associated with Marcus Daly. He
also owns numerous mines and mining lauds in Arizona, New
Mexico, and Mexico.

Mi1. Haggin's law firm in California was originally Haggin,
Latham & Munson. Later and finally it was Haggin & Tevis,
his partner being the well-known capitalist, Lloyd Tevis. After
leaving the law, Mr. Haggin retained his association with Mr.
Tevis, and the two organized the gigantic Kern County Land
Company of California. This company owned some four hun-
dred thousand acres of land, much of which has been sold, in
farm lots at from fifty dollars to one hundred dollars an acre.

A part of this vast domain was appropriated by Mr. Haggin
himself for his famous Rancho del Pasco. There he became a
successful agriculturist, making a fortune in the culture of
hops and fruits. He also raised stock of various kinds, includ-
ing sheep and cattle, on a great scale and with much success.

His chief attention, however, as became a son of Kentucky,
was given to horse-breeding, and his ranch presently became
famous as one of the chief homes in the world of the best
thoroughbred racing stock. From the Haggin ranch came,

148 JAMES BEN ALI HAGGIN

year after year, the most noteworthy horses on the American
turf. The names of Firenzi and Salvator alone attest their
general quality.

It was in the spring of 1886 that the Haggin stable first began
to figure on the turf in the eastern part of the United States. At
that time Mr. Haggin and his son, Ben Ah' Haggin, brought East,
to Kentucky, a lot of choice horses, and entered them in the best
races. Thereafter the stable was brought on to the New York
tracks, and for years the Haggin horses were among the fore-
most on the metropolitan turf. For the promotion of his inter-
ests on the turf in the East, Mr. Haggiu purchased the celebrated
Ehnendorf Farm, near Lexington, Kentucky, and there estab-
lished the greater part of his horse-breeding stables.

Mr. Haggin was married in early life, while he was yet a
young lawyer, at Natchez, Mississippi. His bride was Miss Saun-
ders, the daughter of Colonel Lewis Saunders, one of the fore-
most lawyers of that region. Mrs. Haggin shared all his jour-
neys and his triumphs, in the South and on the Pacific coast,
and was the loyal partner of his joys and sorrows until he was
about seventy years old, when she died.

She bore him two sons and two daughters, who grew to ma-
turity. The daughters both married. One of the sons, Lewis
Haggin, engaged in business, and still lives and enjoys great pros-
perity. The other son, Ben Ali Haggin, was his father's partner
and comrade in the horse-breeding and racing enterprises.
Some years ago Ben Ali Haggin and one of his sisters died,
whereupon Mr. Haggin, aged and bereft, withdrew entirely
from the turf. His colors have since then been seen no more
in races. But he maintains his farm and ranch, and is still
devoted to the breeding and raising of thoroughbred stock.

After Mrs. Haggin's death Mr. Haggin remained for some
years a widower. At his Kentucky farm and home, however,
he was thrown into the society of Miss Pearl Voorhies of Ver-
sailles, Kentucky. She was a niece of his former wife, and a
young lady of more than usual beauty of person and mind.
She had been finely educated at Cincinnati, Ohio, and at Staun-
ton, Virginia, and through her Kentucky life and training was
in close sympathy with Mr. Haggin's tastes and activities. It
was not surprising, therefore, that in the fall of 1897 Mr. Hag-

JAMES BEN ALI HAGGIN 149

gin's engagement to marry her was announced, though she was
little more than one third his age.

The marriage took place at the home of Miss Voorhies's step-
father, at Versailles, Kentucky, on the afternoon of December
30, 1897. The couple came on to New York that evening, in
Mr. Haggin's private railroad car, and have since made their
home in New York city.

Mr. Haggin has taken no part in politics, though his oppor-
tunities to do so have been many, He is a favorite figure in
society, and a welcome associate in the clubs of which he is a
member. Chief among these are the Union and the Manhattan
clubs of New York.

OLIVER HARRIMAN, JR.

THE name of Harriman has long been conspicuous and hon-
ored in New York business and social Life. Oliver Harri-
man, now retired from active business, was formerly a partner
in the important firm of Low, Harriman & Co. of Worth
Street, and was a director of many financial institutions, with
some of which he is, indeed, still connected. For many years
he was one of the foremost merchants of New York. He mar-
ried Miss Laiira Low, a member of his partner's family, and the
bearer of a name well known and highly esteemed in New York
for many generations.

Oliver Harriman, Jr., a son of this couple, was born in New
York on November 29, 1862, and was carefully educated in local
schools. Thence he was sent to Princeton, where he pursued
the regular academic course, and was graduated in the class of
1883. He was a good student and stood well in his class, and
at the same time greatly excelled in athletic sports and was a
leader in the social life of the college. While at Princeton he
was a prominent member of the Ivy Club.

On leaving college Mr. Harriman found his inclinations lead-
ing him toward financial undertakings rather than toward the
commercial pursuits of his father. He therefore made his way
to Wall Street, and entered the employ of the well-known
banking firm of Winslow, Lanier & Co. He remained there for
five years, being promoted from place to place and serving in
many capacities. That banking house was an admirable school
of sound finance, and Mr. Harriman learned its lessons thor-
oughly and in a most practical manner, and thus prepared him-
self to engage in the same business on his own account.

He took the latter step on January 1, 1888. At that time,

150

OLIVEB HARKIMAN, JK. 151

when he was only a little more than twenty-five years of age, he
was admitted to the firm of Harriman & Co., bankers and
brokers. His natural abilities and thorough training were dom-
inant factors in assuring him success. In addition to the suc-
cessful conduct of this business, Mr. Harriman has become
interested in various other enterprises, and is now a trustee of
the Continental Trust Company of New York.

Mr. Harriman has neither held nor sought political office,
though he has taken a good citizen's interest in the welfare of
the city, State, and nation. He has had an extended career in
the National Guard of New York, beginning in April, 1888,
when he entered that service as a second lieutenant of Company
F of the Eighth Regiment. He was appointed, in 1894, an aide-
de-camp to General Louis Fitzgerald, commander of the First
Brigade of the New York State National Guard, and in 1895
was made commissary of subsistence, with the rank of major.

Mr. Harriman is a familiar and welcome figure in the best
society of New York. He is a member of various organizations,
including the University, Metropolitan, Knickerbocker, and New
York Yacht cmbs of New York, and the Westchester Country
Club. His fondness for out-of-door sports, which was conspicu-
ous at Princeton, has been maintained, and he is a recognized
leader in social diversions of that character.

He was married, on January 28, 1891, to Miss Grace Carley of
Louisville, Kentucky, a member of one of the leading families
of that city. Mr. and Mrs. Harriman now have one son, who
bears the name of Oliver Carley Harriman. They have a home
in New York city, and a summer residence near White Plains,
in Westchester County.

NORMAN WAITE HARRIS

"IVfOT only in Chicago but all through the West the Chicago
-L^l banking house of N. W. Hams & Co. is known as one of the
foremost, indeed the foremost, in its important specialty, namely,
dealing in municipal bonds. The founder and head of that house
is Norman Waite Harris, a native of Becket, Massachusetts. That
town was founded by his mother's great-grandfather. His pa-
ternal great-grandfather came from France, and was a soldier
in the Revolutionary War. Another ancestor was Thomas
Waite, one of the judges who signed the death-wan-ant of
Charles I. The father of Mr. Harris is Nathan Waite Han-is,
formerly a prosperous farmer, who is still living at Becket. The
maiden name of his mother was C. Emnieline Wadsworth, and
she was descended from Christopher Wadsworth, who came
from England to Massachusetts in 1632.

Mr. Harris was born at Becket on August 15, 1846, and
received a good education. At eighteen years of age he became
a life-insurance solicitor in Cincinnati. Two years later he
became general agent of the Equitable Life Assurance Society
in that city. In that same year he organized the Union Central
Life Insurance Society of Cincinnati, and was for thirteen years
its secretary and general manager. Then he sold out his inter-
ests, being the largest individual stockholder in the company,
and the company then next to the largest in the West. He
then went to Europe for rest and restoration of health.

He returned from Europe in 1881, and settled in Chicago,
where he organized his banking house, which at once took a
commanding rank among such institutions. He opened branch
offices in New York and Boston, and soon built up a fine busi-
ness in each of those cities, so that the field of his activities now

152

NOEMAN WAITE HARRIS 153

covers practically the whole financial field of the United States.
His business amounts to over fifty million dollars a year,
chiefly in national, State, county, and city bonds, and other
first-class securities.

Mr. Harris is trustee of the Northwestern University and of the
Wesley Hospital. He has taken especial interest in the work of
training deaconesses and nurses to labor among- the sick and
poor, and also to the sending out of missionaries for such labor
in foreign lands. He gave a block of land in Chicago for the
Chicago Training School, upon which now stands Han-is Hall
with accommodations for one hundred and fifty students. He
has also given funds for another building on the same land with
one hundred and forty-three rooms. This school, which has
been organized on a self-supporting basis, has sent out more
than five hundred trained workers. Mr. Harris was the first
president of the board of trustees of St. James's Methodist
Episcopal Church of Chicago, and still holds the place. He was
one of the organizers of that church, and contributed one fourth
of the cost of its fine building.

Mr. Harris has visited Europe five times, and has made an
extended tour in Africa and other parts of the world. He is a
member of the Union League Club of Chicago, and the Bankers'
Club, University Club, Kenwood Club, Chicago Club, and Quad-
rangle Club, in the same city, besides several clubs in New York.

He was married on January 1, 1867, to Miss Grace Vallandig-
ham of Cincinnati, who died in 1874. In 1879 he was again
married to Miss Emma S. Grale, daughter of Dr. J. Gr. Grale of
Newton, New Hampshire, and a great-great-granddaughter of
Josiah Bartlett, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence. They have four sons and one daughter, and occupy
a handsome stone mansion on Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, which
contains one of the finest art collections in that city.

LYNDE HARRISON

ErNDE HARRISON of New Haven was born in that city
on December 15, 1837, where he was reared and educated.
His father, James Harrison, went to Augusta, Georgia, at the age
of eighteen years, and remained there until past middle life, en-
gaged in business as a merchant and banker. Thomas Harrison,
one of his paternal ancestors, was one of the first settlers in the
New Haven Colony, representing Branford in the Colonial As-
sembly after Branford had recognized the Connecticut charter
which united the Hartford and New Haven colonies. His pa-
ternal grandmother, Sarah Wolcott, was descended from Gov-
ernor Roger Wolcott, Colonial Governor of Connecticut, and
from Dr. Alexander Wolcott, a prominent patriot leader during
the Revolution, and she was a niece of Oliver Wolcott, a signer
of the Declaration of Independence. His mother's father, John
Hart Lynde, was born in Saybrook, but, after graduation from
Yale College, settled in New Haven as a practising lawyer, where
he died in 1817. He was a descendant of Judge Nathaniel
Lynde of Saybrook, and of Judge Simon Lynde, one of the first
settlers of Boston. The mother of John Hart Lynde, Rebecca
Hart, was descended from Thomas Hart of Farmington, who
was for many years Speaker of the Colonial Assembly. The
ancestors of Mr. Harrison were all of English blood. He was
educated in the public schools of New Haven, the grammar
school, and Russell's Military Institute. Subsequently he taught
school for two or three years, and then entered the Yale Law
School, from which he was graduated in 1860. He was admitted
to the bar in 1861, and soon afterward opened a law office in
New Haven.

Early in his life he became interested, as a Republican, in

154

LYNDE HAERISON 155

politics, and he was elected clerk of the House of Representa-
tives in 1862-63, and clerk of the Senate in 1864. In !S(i5 he
was elected to the State Senate, and was reflected in 1866.
From 1871 to 1S74 ho served as judge of the City Court of New
Haven, to which position he was elected by the Legislature.
He has had, for nearly thirty years, a summer home and legal
residence in the town of Gruilford, and he represented that town
in the House of Representatives in 1874-77 and in 1881. He was
Speaker of the House in 1877, and chairman of the Judiciary
Committee in 1881, being by virtue of that position leader of
the majority party. He served on the Republican State Central
Committee for several years, and was chairman of that com-
mittee in 1875-76. In 1877 he was elected by the Legislature
judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the County of New
Haven, and he held that office until 1881, when he declined re-
election, and since that time he has devoted himself closely and
continuously to the practice of his profession, except that in
1884 he accepted the office of chairman of the Republican State
Central Committee.

While he was in the Greneral Assembly he served several
times on the Judiciary Committee and took part in much im-
portant legislation. He was chairman during three years of the
Committee on Constitutional Amendments, and as such secured
the adoption of the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eigh-
teenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second,
Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-fifth amendments to
the Constitution of the State. He also drafted and advocated
the adoption of the Twenty-seventh Amendment in 1883. These
amendments change the time of elections from April to Novem-
ber ; fix the length of terms of executive, legislative, and judicial
officers ; modify the method of representation in the lower house
to the extent that no new town is entitled to representation
in the Legislature unless it has at least twenty-five hundred
inhabitants ; forbid the payment of extra compensation to public
officers during their term of office ; and prohibit public funds
being devoted to the construction of railroads. While Speaker
in 1877 he left the chair and made an earnest speech in favor of
the statute of that year putting married women upon an equality
with their husbands in relation to the ownership and control of

156 LYNDE HARBISON

their own property. Under this law married women in Con-
necticut control absolutely their own property during cover-
ture. At the decease of either, the law provides that neither
the husband can be deprived by the wife, nor the wife be de-
prived by the husband, of the life use of at least one third of the
entire estate. At the time the law was passed there was much
serious opposition to it, but no attempt has been made since
1877 to repeal it.

Mr. Harrison was a member of the Republican National Con-
ventions of 1876 and 1880, and as such he warmly supported in
the conventions the nominations of Mr. Hayes at Cincinnati,
and General Garfield at Chicago. He has voted for every
Republican candidate for President since his first vote for
Abraham Lincoln in 1860 down to and including 1900, except
that he voted for Grover Cleveland in 1892, because he objected
to the tariff and financial policy of the Republican party in
1890, especially the Sherman Silver Act, and the provision in
the tariff act of 1890 putting sugar on the free list. Mr. Harrison
believes that upon the issues of sound currency and other issues
before the country at the opening of the twentieth century the
Republican party is the party which should receive the support
of men who desire the best interests of their country ; but, with
the exception of his work during the campaign of 1884 for
Elaine, Mr. Harrison has taken no active part in politics, nor
held any office since 1881.

For the past twenty years he has been engaged principally in
corporation and estate affairs. He is counsel for and director
in several corporations at the present time ; he is an executor
and trustee of the H. B. Plant estate, and general counsel of the
Henry Bradley Plant Company, the Plant Investment Company,
the Southern Express Company, and the Consolidated Lake
Superior Company. The Plant Investment Company controls
and operates the Plant system of railroads and the steamship
lines connected therewith. The Consolidated Lake Superior
Company is the corporation which controls the development of
the water-power of Lake Superior at Sault Ste. Marie, and the
various manufacturing industries connected therewith. His
time is mainly occupied with work for the Plant estate and the
four last-named corporations, and he has offices in the Exchange

LYNDE HARRISON 157

Building, Church Street, New Haven, and at No. 12 West
Twenty-third Street, New York city.

Mr. Harrison's first wife was Miss Sara Plant of Branford, a
niece of Henry B. Plant. She died in 1879, and he married in
1886 Miss Harriet S. White of Waterbury. His children are
William Lynde, Paul Wolcott, Gertrude Plant, and Katherine
White Harrison. His New Haven house is on Hillhouse Avenue,
and he has a beautiful summer residence known as " Bayhurst "
in the town of Guilford on the shore of Long Island Sound.

Mr. Harrison is a member of the Union League Club, the
Graduate Club, the Young Men's Republican Club, and the
Country Club of New Haven ; the Hartford Club, the Sachem's
Head Yacht Club ; and the Reform Club, the Republican Club,
and the Yale Club of New York. During the last fifteen years
he has made frequent trips to Europe with his family.

Upright and honorable in all transactions, public and private,
an open foe to knavery, whatever its guise, and wholly indifferent
to hostile criticism \vheii serving the public weal or private duty,
Judge Harrison is a man held in high esteem even by those who
are for the time being opposed to him. He is a gentleman of
varied and substantial attainments as a scholar, possesses warm
social instincts and a kindly nature, is a true friend, and devoid
of ostentation either in public or private life.

HENRY J. HEINZ

HENRY J. HEINZ of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, occupies a
prominent place among business men who have achieved
success of a high order. All over this country and across the sea
he is recognized as the leader in his chosen line of business. He
began the manufacture of pickles and condiments in 1869 in a
small room of a two-story building in Sharpsburg, a suburb of
Pittsburg, to which city, in 1871, the business was removed,
occupying a large four-story building. The rapid development
of these first years has continued until the present. The main
plant in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, with its nine branch factories
in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Michigan, Iowa, Indiana, and
Canada, now have a floor-space of thirty-five acres. The firm,
of which Mr. Heinz is the head, uses annually the product of
fifteen thousand acres of land ; it has vegetable and seed farms
in Pennsylvania, New York, Indiana, and Iowa ; it has branch
houses for the distribution of its products in all the principal
cities in the United States and Canada, and in London ; it has
agencies in Mexico, South America, on the continent of Europe,
in Australia and Africa. It employs more than three hundred
traveling salesmen in the United States and thirty-five in Great
Britain; in its pickle, vinegar, glass, and box factories, it
employs regularly more than two thousand people, and during
the harvesting season an additional force of from fifteen thou-
sand to twenty thousand is required to care for the vegetables
and fruits which it uses.

The rapid growth and magnitude of the business are not more
remarkable than its humane and philanthropic characteristics.
Mr. Heinz believes that heart-power is an essential factor in
securing true business success. He has succeeded in establish-
ing an almost ideal relationship between employer and employees,

158

^. ~

HENRY J. HEINZ 159

in eliminating strikes, and in developing a high degree of mutual
sympathy and kindly interest in all connected with his business.

If a stranger were to come into the employees' commodious
and comfortable dining-rooms of the main plant in Pittsburg at
the noon-hour, where more than four hundred girls eat their
luncheons, look at the walls so handsomely decorated with paint-
ings and engravings, and listen to the music, he could very
easily believe that he was in the dining-hall of a first-class board-
ing-school. In another building a cheerful and comfortable
dining-hall is provided for the male employees. We could
scarcely find a Young Women's Christian Association in any of
our large cities so well equipped with bath-rooms, libraries, and
other facilities for improving both mind and body as is this
industrial establishment. In another building there is a hand-
some auditorium, with a seating capacity of over fifteen hundred,
furnished with opera-chairs, where free lectures on interesting
subjects are given frequently to the employees, and where they
themselves may hold entertainments from time to time. Classes
have been formed, also, under a competent musical director,
affording special opportunities, free of charge, to those who may
have musical talent. An interesting feature of this plant is two
roof-gardens, one one hundred by one hundred and seventy feet,
the other one hundred by one hundred and eighty feet, one of
which is for the exclusive use of the women employees, and has a
handsome conservatory, thus introducing into the humdrum
existence of factory life the freshness and beauty of nature.

But what of the man who originated and developed this ideal
industrial establishment ? Henry J. Heinz, the son of Henry
and Anna M. (Schmidt) Heinz, was born in Pittsburg on Octo-
ber 11, 1844. He grew to manhood in the home of his parents,
assisting his father in the manufacture of brick, and also engag-
ing successfully in vegetable-gardening. Henry's mother was a
veiy remarkable example of Christian faith and homely wisdom.
Besides the education of the public schools and a business-col-
lege training, Mr. Heinz has so employed his talents in the
broader school of life, amplified by reading and travel, as to
secure that self-culture which is the highest style of education.
His interest in higher education is indicated by the fact that he
has been largely instrumental in founding, and is one of the

160 HENKY J. HEINZ

chief supporters of, the Kansas City University, having also
been president of the board of trustees of that institution from
its beginning. He also served two terms as a member of the
Board of Education of Sharpsburg, when residing there, and
the last term was chosen president of the board.

In September, 1869, he married Miss Sallie Sloan Young, an
intelligent, vivacious, amiable Christian woman. Her cheerful
disposition, her great-heartedness and practical common sense
made the new home an inspiration. In this home he found
encouragement, rest when weary, and help always.

Mr. Heinz is about as widely and favorably known for his
success and zeal in Sunday-school work as for his business
enterprise. For twenty-one years he was a practical and suc-
cessful Sunday-school superintendent. He is now president of
the Allegheny County Sunday-school Association, chairman of
the executive committee of the Pennsylvania State Sunday-
school Association, and has been a delegate to two World's and
several International Sunday-school conventions, and has been
a delegate to annual and general conferences of the church.

Mr. Heinz is one of the public-spirited men of his city, and
has been an aggressive leader in numerous enterprises intended
to promote its welfare. He is a director of the Chamber of
Commerce, and was one of the foimders and is now vice-presi-
dent of the Western Pennsylvania Exposition Society, organized
purely in the interests of the people of western Pennsylvania,
and one of the most successfully conducted enterprises of this
character in the country.

Mr. Heinz was one of the organizers and is vice-president of
the Central Accident Insurance Company of Pittsburg. He was
one of the promoters and is president of the Aspinwall Land
Company, an organization that has founded one of the most
handsome suburbs of Pittsburg. During ah1 of his career Mr.
Heinz has always taken an advanced position on the social prob-
lem of the proper relation between employer and employee, and
in working out its solution he has not hesitated to depart from
the beaten paths, but has introduced new methods, which are
already exerting a wide-spread influence in leading to the introduc-
tion of the principles of practical Christianity in the industrial
world.

SAMUEL ALEXANDER HENSZEY

SAMUEL ALEXANDER HENSZEY, who is pin-suing an
eminently successful career as a railroad manager and coal
operator, comes of mingled French and English ancestry. His
progenitors were for several generations substantial and re-
spected citizens of the city of Philadelphia, and were identified
with the Society of Friends.

His father, Joseph George Henszey, was of French descent,
and was a son of Samuel Crouch Henszey, who was for many
years treasurer of the Western Savings Fund of Philadelphia,
and of Priscilla (Harrison) Henszey, who was eminent in her
day as a philanthropist. Mr. Henszey 's mother, whose maiden
name was Rebecca Price Knight, came of English stock, and was
the daughter of the eminent physician and traveler, Dr. Alex-
ander Knight, and of Mary Knight, who was also a philan-
thropist.

Of such parentage and ancestry Mr. Henszey was born in
Philadelphia on February 16, 1854, and was thoroughly edu-
cated in some of the excellent private schools of that city. At an
early age he showed a decided liking and aptitude for railroad
and mining work, and this tendency was encouraged through the
circumstances that his school vacations were spent in northern
Michigan, where his father had large iron and copper mining
interests. In this way the whole trend of his business life was
determined.

At the age of sixteen Mr. Henszey entered the office of the
Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, and subsequently
that of the North Pennsylvania Railroad in Philadelphia, where
he manifested the qualities which make for success, and rose suc-
cessively through various grades of service. Later he wTas made

161

IQ2 SAMUEL ALEXANDEK HENSZEY

secretary of the Springfield, Jackson & Pomeroy Railroad, then
assistant to the president and also purchasing agent of the
Bound Brook route between Philadelphia and New York, and
finally vice-president and general manager of the Arizona Cen- •
tral Railway. In the latter place he had charge of the building
of the railroad now operated as the Maricopa & Phoenix and the
Santa Fe, Prescott & Phoenix.

In 1887 Mr. Henszey was induced to leave Arizona and to
take hold of the Egypt coal-mines in North Carolina, which had
given promise of great wealth, but which had been dismantled
and abandoned during the Civil War and had not yet been
restored to prosperity. In spite of great difficulties and dis-
couragements, including a series of fires and other disasters,
he got the mines into working order, only to find that their pros-
perity could not be fully assured without the building of an inde-
pendent railroad to tidewater. He thereupon organized the
Egypt Railway, and built and equipped it from the mines to
Colon and to Cumnock, connecting at those points with trunk
lines.

That done, Mr. Henszey went on with the organization of the
Raleigh & Western Railway, and is now engaged in building it
across the State of North Carolina, from tidewater at the east
to the Virginia line at the northwest. Thus he became the con-
trolling head of a highly profitable railroad and of a coal-mine
of exceptional richness and value, far removed from any com-
petitor. The mine provides the railroad with sufficient freight
to make it pay handsomely and independently of any other
patronage, while the railroad enables the output of the mine to
be marketed to the best possible advantage.

Mr. Henszey has never sought political office, and has held
few public places. While in Arizona, however, he was com-
missioned by the Governor to represent that Territory at the
celebration of the centenary of the Constitution in Philadel-
phia. A few years later, having become identified with North
Carolina and its interests, he was appointed by the Governor a
delegate to the first International Mining Congress at Denver,
Colorado.

He now makes his home in New York, where he is a member
of the Pennsylvania Society, of the Metropolitan Museum of

SAMUEL ALEXANDER HENSZEY 16.'}

Art, and of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science. He is a member and a warden of St. Andrew's Protes-
tant Episcopal Church, Staten Island. He has three children
by his first marriage — Mary Rebecca Price, Josephine Ger-
trude, and Samuel Alexander.

His present wife was formerly Miss Katlierine Kirby White,
and to her inspiring companionship and valuable judgment as
an adviser he attributes a large measure of the success which has
crowned his efforts in his various and arduous business enter-
prises.

GEORGE B. HILL

GEORGE B. HILL, son of John and Elizabeth Richards
(Burton) Hill, was born on August 1, 1847, at Wheeling,
West Virginia, and was educated in the public schools of that
city. At the age of twenty-one years he went to Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania, and there engaged in business as a tobacco broker.
Later he added to his business that of a mortgage and note
broker.

The latter department of his business gradually led him into
purely financial operations. In September, 1872, in conjunction
with his brother, James N. Hill, then of Dubuque, Iowa, and C.
H. Love of Pittsburg, he opened a private banking institution
under the name of George B. Hill & Co. This venture began
with high promise, but the failure of Jay Cooke and the resulting
panic of 1873 caused it heavy losses, and in July, 1874, the firm
was obliged to suspend.

His next undertaking was the building of the Grayville &
Mattoon Railroad in Illinois, and the next year he returned to
Pittsburg and reopened his brokerage business, adding to it the
business of dealing in stocks and bonds. In this he was success-
ful, and his business increased rapidly in scope and profits. In
June, 1881, he took into partnership with him William I. Mustin,
who had been his clerk for several years, and the firm was again
known as George B. Hill & Co. In 1885 John D. Nicholson,
Mr. Hill's brother-in-law, was also taken into the firm, bringing
with him a large clientage. This firm had a profitable career,
and was engaged in many of the most important financial opera-
tions in and about Pittsburg. Among these were the purchase
and reconstruction of the Pittsburg, Allegheny & Manchester
Passenger Railway, of which Mr. Hill became president : the

GEORGE B. HILL 165

consolidation of most of the Pittsburg street railways into tin;
Consolidation Traction Company, and those of adjacent cities
and towns into the United Traction Company ; the consolida-
tion of twenty leading breweries into the Pittsburg Brewing
Company, with $20,000,000 capital ; and the organization of our
hundred coal-dealers into the Pittsburg Coal Company, with
$64,000,000 capital.

The last two operations were effected by Mr. Hill's firm in
conjunction with Messrs. Moore & Schley of New York, be-
tween which two firms a close relationship long existed. Mr.
Hill's firm had relations also with various other leading firms in
New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston, and enjoyed a
high standing and wide influence in the financial world. In
addition to the business already noted, Mr. Hill was a director of
the Second National Bank of Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, of
the Third National Bank of Pittsburg, and of the Standard Un-
derground Cable Company of Pittsburg, and a trustee of the
Pittsburg Bank for Savings and the Dollar Savings and Trust
Company of Allegheny City.

Mr. Hill took some active interest in politics, but never held
nor sought public office. He was a member of the Duquesne,
Americus Republican, and Mozart clubs of Pittsburg, the last-
named being a musical organization, to which art Mr. Hill was
much devoted. He was also a member of the Masonic order, and
of the First United Presbyterian Church of Pittsburg, and was
well known for his liberal support of religious and benevolent
enterprises. He was ranked among his fellow-citizens as a mil-
lionaire, but above that as a man of integrity, culture, and ster-
ling worth.

Mr. Hill was married on November 1, 1870, to Miss Maggie J.
Nicholson, daughter of Leonidas Nicholson, and had one son,
who is engaged in the electrical contracting business. Mr. Hill
died in the closing weeks of 1900.

THOMAS GRISWOLD HILLHOUSE

THOMAS GRISWOLD HILLHOUSE, lawyer, is descended
from John Hillhouse of Freehall, County Londonderry,
Ireland, whose son, the Rev. James Hillhouse, came to this
country in the seventeenth century and founded the Hillhouse
family of Connecticut and New York. The Rev. James Hill-
house married a granddaughter of Captain John Mason, the
" Indian-killer," and had a son, William Hillhouse, who was for
many years a member of the Connecticut Legislature, a member
of the Continental Congress, and a major in the Revolutionary
army. The wife of William Hillhouse was Sarah Griswold, a
sister of Matthew Griswold, Governor of Connecticut. Their
son Thomas Hillhouse removed from Connecticut to New York
State and settled near Albany, where he married Ann Van
Schaick Ten Broek, daughter of John Cornelius Ten Broek, a
Revolutionary, patriot and one of the founders of the Order of
the Cincinnati. Mr. and Mrs. Hillhouse made their home at
Walnut Grove, Watervliet, New York, on what had been a part
of the old Van Rensselaer manor.

The eldest son of this couple, born at Walnut Grove in 1816,
was Thomas Hillhouse, a man of distinguished career in State and
national affairs. He removed from Watervliet to Geneva, New
York, in 1851, and later made his home in New York city. In
1856 he helped to organize the Republican party, and was a strong
supporter of Fremont for the Presidency. Three years later he
was elected as State Senator. Governor Morgan made him ad-
jutant-general in 1861, and he filled that place for two years, in
which time he organized 200,000 men for the Federal army.
President Lincoln appointed him assistant adjutant-general of
Volunteers. He was Controller of the State of New York in

166

THOMAS GKISWOLD HILLHOUSE 167

1865-66, aud in that office aided materially in the foundation of
Cornell University. In 1870 he was appointed by President
Grant Assistant Treasurer of the United States at New York,
and he filled that important office with great success until 1882.
In the latter year he founded the Metropolitan Trust Company
of New York, and was its president for the remainder of his life.
He died in 1897.

General Hillhouse was married, in 1844, to Harriet Prouty,
daughter of Phiueas Prouty, and a descendant of the Van Vran-
kens, Arnolds, Angells, Comstocks, and other well-known New
England families. Their second child and oldest son, Thomas
Griswold Hillhouse, is the subject of the present sketch. He was
bom at Geneva, New York, on January 23, 1848, and was care-
fully educated at the Peekskill Military School, at Union Col-
lege, class of 1869, and at the Albany Law School, class of 1870.

Having thus prepared himself for the practice of the law, Mr.
Hillhouse settled in New York city, and entered the office of
George Bliss, afterward United States District Attorney, where
he remained for two years. Then he formed a partnership with
George B. Morris, which lasted for several years, after which he
practised his profession alone until 1880. In the last-named
year the law firm of Hegenian, Buel, Hillhouse & Whiting was
organized, of which he became one of the partners, remaining
with it, however, for only a short time. When the Metropolitan
Trust Company was formed under his father's presidency in
1882, he retired from the firm and became counsel for the Trust
Company, a connection which he maintained until 1898. Since
the latter date he has practised his profession alone.

Mr. Hillhouse is a director in various corporations. He for-
merly belonged to some of the principal clubs of New York, but
retired from them on his removal of his home from the city. He
is still, however, a member of the American Geographical Society.
He was married in June, 1874, to Miss Julia Ten Eyck, daughter
of the late Senator John C. Ten Eyck of New Jersey.

EDWARD HINES

THE development of the lumber trade in Chicago has brought
to the front many of the city's most active, prominent,
and reputable citizens. It is a common circumstance to meet
there men who have grown up in the business and who are fa-
miliar with every phase of the trade from office boy to president
and general manager, and these practical men take the greatest
pleasure in recounting the trying experiences of their careers,
particularly during the time of the first remarkable advances
in the local lumber trade.

At the corner of Blue Island Avenue and Lincoln Street are
the large yards, offices, sheds, and mills of the Edward Hines
Lumber Company, one of the most promising and prosperous
concerns in this branch of industry of the city. The organiza-
tion of this company is due solely to the energy and enterprise of
Edward Hines, the youngest lumberman in Chicago to occupy
so responsible a position. He was the organizer and is the
present president and treasurer, and is, of course, the general
manager. He was born in Buffalo, New York, on July 31, 1863,
the eldest of seven children, and the only son of Peter and Rose
(McGarry) Hines, both of whom were natives of the Emerald
Isle. The parents settled in Chicago in 1865, and there they still
reside. Edward was reared and educated in that city, attending
the public schools until the age of fourteen years, when he be-
came "tally boy" for the lumber firm of Fisher & Brother at a
salary of four dollars per week. After a few months he left this
company and accepted a position with S. K. Martin & Co., with
whom he remained for fourteen years. At first he served in the
capacity of office boy, and was steadily promoted through va-

168

EDWARD HIKES 1G9

rious grades of office work until he became bookkeeper and gen-
eral office man, and finally, for four years, traveling salesman,
in all of which capacities he exhibited marked fitness for the
business and grew steadily in the favor of his employers. He
was industrious and saving, and at the end of fourteen years had
accumulated a fair sum of money.

In 1884, when the corporation of the S. K. Martin Lumber Com-
pany was formed, so great was the confidence of Mr. Martin in
him that he was made a partner in the business, and was elected
secretary and treasurer. Previous to this date he had worked on
a salary, but had managed to save and invest most of it. He
officiated in the responsible double position of secretary and
treasurer until April 15, 1892, when he retired from the com-
pany and at once organized the Edward Hines Lumber Com-
pany, with himself as president and treasurer, L. L. Barth, vice-
president, and C. F. Wiehe, secretary. All are men of sound
business judgment and good executive ability, but it is no dis-
paragement to his coadjutors to assert that the master mind
and controlling spirit in what is conceded to be the most exten-
sive strictly yard business in lumber in the world is Mr. Hines.
His life history is an instance of what pluck, enterprise, and
fixity of purpose can accomplish for a young man. He has
climbed to the top of the ladder even before reaching the me-
ridian of life, and has without doubt made a most remarkable
record. The Edward Hines Lumber Company ship large quan-
tities of lumber, lath, shingles, and pickets, and make a specialty
of the higher grades of lumber and shingles. Their sales for
the year 1899 reached the enormous quantity of 273,469,767 feet,
over twice, and very nearly three times, the amount of lumber
ever shipped by any one concern in one year, not alone in this
country, but the entire world. Its materials are sold and
shipped from Maine to Mexico.

WILLIAM BUTLER HORNBLOWER

rf^HE first American member of the Hornblower family was
J- Josiah Hornblower, an eminent English civil engineer who,
at the request of Colonel John Schuyler, came to this coun-
try in 1753. He became the manager of some copper-mines
at Belleville, New Jersey, and there set up the first stationary
steam-engine in America. He was a captain in the French
and Indian War, a vigorous patriot in the Revolution. There-
after he was Speaker of the Lower House of the New Jersey
Legislature, a State Senator, a member of Congress, and a jus-
tice of the Court of Common Pleas in New Jersey. His soil,
Joseph C. Hornblower, was a lawyer by profession. He was a
Presidential Elector in 1820, chief justice of the State of New
Jersey in 1832, member of the Constitutional Convention of
184-4, professor of law at Princeton in 1847, vice-president of
the first Republican National Convention in 1856, president of
the New Jersey Electoral College in 1860, and one of the foun-
ders of the American Bible Society. His son, William Henry
Hornblower, was a prominent Presbyterian clergyman, a mis-
sionary, pastor of a church at Paterson, New Jersey, for
twenty-seven years, and professor in the Theological Seminary
at Allegheny, Pennsylvania, for twelve years. He married
Mathilda Butler of Suffield, Connecticut, a woman of Puritan
ancestry.

William Butler Hornblower, the second son of this last-named
couple, was born at Paterson, New Jersey, in 1851. He was
educated at the Collegiate School of Professor Quackenbos ; then
at Princeton, where he was graduated in 1871 ; and at the Law
School of Columbia College, where he was graduated in 1875.
Between leaving Princeton and entering Columbia he spent two

170

WILLIAM BUTLER HOKNBLOWER 171

years in literary studies. In 1875 be was admitted to practise
law at the bar of New York, and became connected with the
firm of Carter & Eaton, with which he remained until 1888.
In that year he formed the new firm of Hornblower & Byrne,
which later became Hornblower, Byrne & Taylor.

Mr. Hornblower has long been one of the most successful
lawyers of New York. Since 1880 he has been counsel for
the New York Life Insurance Company. He was counsel for
the receiver in the famous Grant & Ward bankruptcy cases,
and has made a specialty of bankruptcy cases and insurance
suits. His practice in the federal courts has been extensive,
and among the cases in which he has appeared may be named
the Virginia bond controversy, and railroad bond cases of the
city of New Orleans.

Mr. Hornblower has long taken an active interest in politics
as an independent Democrat. He has on more than one occa-
sion been among the foremost leaders of his party in this State,
especially during the administrations of President Cleveland, of
whom he was an earnest supporter. He also took a prominent
part in the sound-money campaign in 1896. He has often been
suggested as a fitting candidate for office, and in 1893 was nomi-
nated by President Cleveland for a place on the bench of the Su-
preme Court of the United States. His fitness for the place was
universally conceded, but his independence in politics had dis-
pleased some party leaders, and his nomination was not con-
firmed.

He married, in 1882, Miss Susan C. Sanford of New Haven,
Connecticut, a woman of Puritan descent, who died in 1886,
leaving him three children. In 189-1 he married Mrs. Emily
Sanford Nelson, a sister of his first wife and widow of Colonel
A. D. Nelson, U. S. A. His home in this city is on Madison
Avenue, and his summer home is Penrhyn, Southampton, Long
Island. He is a member of the Metropolitan Club and the
Bar Association, and of various other social and professional
organizations.

HARRY L. HORTON

HARRY L. HORTON comes of ancient English ancestry,
which may be traced to the days of the Norman Conquest.
His last English ancestor was Joseph Horton, Esquire, a landed
proprietor of Mousely, Leicestershire, England. A son of Joseph
Horton, by name Barnabas Horton, and a stanch Puritan, sailed
on the ship Sivallow in 1638, and landed at Hampton, Massachu-
setts. In October, 1640, with a few other comrades from New
Haven, where he had been living for a few months, he crossed
over the Sound to Long Island and founded the town of
Southold, where the family lived for several generations.

The direct ancestors of Harry L. Horton made a settlement in
Bradford County, Pennsylvania, and there, at Sheshequin, on
July 17, 1832, he was born. He was the son of a prosperous
farmer, and received in school a common English education,
while his active, out-of-doors life gave him a robust physical
development. When, therefore, at the age of seventeen years,
he left home to enter business life, he was a strong, well-bal-
anced and self-reliant youth.

His first engagement was as a clerk in the general store of
D. Brink & Son, at Horn Brook, Pennsylvania. There, and in
other stores in that part of the State, he spent five years, in which
time he gained much valuable knowledge of business ways and
means, and an added experience and discipline. Then, leaving
his native place, he went on a prospecting tour through the
Northwest, and in 1856 settled at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as a
member of the firm of Cole & Hortou, commission dealers in
grain. Milwaukee was at that time one of the chief grain
markets of the West, and afforded a fine field in which the young
man might expend his energy and gratify his ambition. For

172

HAKRY L. HOETON 173

nine years the firm, first of Cole & Horton, then of Cole, Horton
& Co., and finally of Horton & Fowler, pursued a prosperous
career and played an important part in the upbuilding of the
city of Milwaukee. Mr. Horton was a prominent member of
the Milwaukee Board of Trade, and ranked among the foremost
business men and citizens of the city.

The larger field of New York invited him, however, and in
1865 he transferred his activities thither. He at once established
himself in Wall Street as a banker and broker, and it was not
long before the firm of H. L. Horton & Co. was one of the best
and most respected in the whole financial district. Such a posi-
tion it has now enjoyed for more than a third of a century. For
some years it maintained a branch house in London, and has had
an extensive clientage in Great Britain as well as in the United
States.

Soon after establishing his office in New York, Mr. Horton
made his home upon Staten Island, at New Brighton. He was
among the first to promote movements toward making that
region a desirable place of residence for New York business men,
and in many ways identified himself with its improvement and
growth. He was especially active and efficient in the creation
of a water system for the Staten Island towns, and in improve-
ment of transit facilities. In recent years Mr. Horton has made
his home on West Fifty-seventh Street, New York, but he has
not lost his former interest in Staten Island.

Mr. Horton is the head of the firm of H. L. Horton & Co., and
a member of the New York Stock Exchange, the New York
Produce Exchange, and the Chicago Board of Trade. He is a
director and treasurer of the Staten Island Water Supply Com-
pany. He is also a member of the Union League, Lawyers', New
York Athletic, and Stock Exchange Lunch clubs, of New York
city, of the Brotherhood and Monmouth Beach Golf clubs, of
the Country Club of Monmouth Beach, New Jersey, and of the
Suburban Riding and Driving Club.

COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON

THE village of Harwinton, in picturesque Litchfield County,
Connecticut, was the native place of Collis Potter Hun-
tington, where he was born on October 22, 1821. He was the
fifth of nine children, and at the age of fourteen years left school
and began the business of life. For a year he was engaged at
wages of seven dollars a month. In 1837 he came to New York
and entered business for himself on a small scale. Then he
went South, and gained much knowledge of the region in which
some of his greatest enterprises were afterward to be conducted.
At the age of twenty-two "he joined his brother Solon in opening
a general merchandise store at Oneonta, New York, and for a
few years applied himself thereto. But he longed for more
extended opportunities, and found them when the gold fever
of 1849 arose.

Mr. Huntington started for Calif omia on March 15, 1849, on the
ship Crescent City, with twelve hundred dollars, which he drew
out of his firm. He reached Sacramento some months later
with about five thousand dollars, having increased his capital
by trading in merchandise during his detention on the Isthmus.
He at once opened a hardware store there, which is still in
existence. Business was good, profits were large, and by
1856 he had made a fortune. Then he turned his attention
to railroads, especially to a line connecting the Pacific coast
with the East. In 1860 the Central Pacific Eailroad Company
was organized, largely through his efforts, and he came back
to Washington to secure government aid. He was successful,
and the sequel was the building of the first railroad across the
continent. He was one of the four who gave that epoch-making

174

COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON 175

work to the nation, the others being Messrs. Hopkins, Stanford,
and Crocker.

The Central Pacific road was completed in May, 1869. Later
Mr. Huntington and his three associates planned and built the
Southern Pacific road. When Colonel Scott sought to extend
the Texas Pacific to the west coast, Mr Huntington hurried
the Southern Pacific across the deserts of Arizona and New
Mexico, and met the Texas line east of El Paso. Thence he
earned his line on to San Antonio. In the meantime he had
acquired various lines east of San Antonio, including the Gral-
veston, Harrisburg and San Antonio, the Texas and New Orleans,
the Louisiana Western, and the Morgan's Louisiana and Texas
railroads. In 1884 he organized the Southern Pacific Company,
and under it unified no less than twenty-six distinct corporations,
with some seven thousand miles of railroads and some five
thousand miles of steamship lines in the United States and five
hundred and seventy-three miles of railroads in Mexico.

Even these stupendous enterprises did not exhaust the energy
nor satisfy the ambition of Mr. Huntington. He and his asso-
ciates acquired the Guatemala Central Railroad, probably the
best railroad property in Central America, and opened coal-
mines in British Columbia. Not content with his railroad system
from the Pacific to the Grulf, he reached out to the Atlantic as
well, gaining a controlling interest in various Eastern railroads,
and establishing at Newport News, Virginia, where the system
terminated, one of the greatest shipyards in the world, and a
port for commerce which already has secured a large share of
the foreign trade of the United States.

In the later years of his lif e Mr. Huntington resided chiefly in
New York city. Despite his long career and great achievements
he continued to the end to exhibit the energy and ambition of
youth and the ability thereof for hard work. His death
occurred unexpectedly, on August 13, 1900, at his camp in the
Adirondacks.

HENRY EDWARDS HUNTINGTON

HENRY EDWARDS HUNTINGTON has long been a well-
known figure in railroad circles, and stands to-day in the
front rank of electric-railway men. The family is of English
origin. In 1632 Simon Huntington. came over from Norwich,
but died on the voyage. His wife and three sons settled at Rox-
bury, near Boston. The second son was one of those who
bought from the Indians the site of the present city of Norwich,
Connecticut, and made the first white settlement there. Among
the descendants of Simon Huntington were Jabez Huntingtoii
and his son of the same name, generals in the Revolutionary
army ; Ebenezer Huntington, adjutant-general and Connecticut
Representative for two terms in Congress ; Samuel Huntington,
one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, President
of the Continental Congress, and Chief Justice and Governor of
Connecticut ; and the late railroad-builder and financier, Collis
P. Huntington, the uncle of the subject of this sketch, whose
constructive achievements, which began with the building of the
pioneer Pacific Railroad, and continued until the end of his phe-
nomenally active business life, made him one of the most talked-
of men of his time.

Henry Edwards Huntington, son of Solon Huntiugton and
Harriet (Saunders) Huntington, was born at Oneonta, Otsego
County, New York, on February 27, 1850, and began his busi-
ness career in a hardware-store at Oneonta. Later he came to
New York, and through his uncle secured a similar position with
a large hardware firm, with which he remained several years.
In him his uncle perceived the unmistakable traits of a shrewd
and energetic business man, and he kept his eye upon the lad
without spoiling him by injudicious assistance in the formative

176

HENKY EDWAKDS HUNTINGTON 177

period of his business life. He meant to have the boy show his
mettle, and the boy did. Thrift, economy, and a keen readiness to
grasp business opportiinities, put him on a safe financial basis
before he was twenty-one. Then his uncle sent him to St.
Albaus, West Virginia, to look after certain lumber interests
which had been allowed through a former shiftless management
to run to decay, and he acquitted himself with such credit and
success that when, in 1880, the building of the Chesapeake,
Ohio & Southwestern Railroad from Louisville to Memphis
was under way he was appointed its superintendent of construc-
tion. He was next transferred to the service of the Kentucky
Central Railroad, of which he became in succession superinten-
dent, receiver, general manager, and vice-president, and brought
that line into the position of a prosperous and valuable property.
At the same time he supervised the building of the railroad
between Ashland, Kentucky, and Covington, Ohio, known as
the Maysville & Big Sandy, and his reputation as a successful
railroad-builder became established.

In 1890 he took charge of the Newport News & Mississippi
Valley Company, an organization controlling a system of rail-
road lines running from Kentucky to New Orleans, and here he
displayed so marked an executive ability that Collis P. Hunting-
ton sent him to San Francisco to represent him in Central and
Southern Pacific matters. In April, 1892, he was appointed
assistant to the president of the Southern Pacific Company ; in
the spring of 1900 he became second vice-president, and in June
of the same year was elected first vice-president, which office he
still holds.

Mr. Huntington is president of the Southern Pacific Railroad
Companies of New Mexico and Arizona, and of the Carson & Colo-
rado Railroad in Nevada ; is vice-president of the Southern Pacific
Railroad Company of California, and of the South Pacific Coast
Railway Company ; is president of the Market Street Railway
Company of San Francisco, of the Los Angeles (street) Rail-
way Company, and of the Pacific Electric Railway Company
of California, He is, besides, a director of many organizations
as well as principal owner of water-works in the East. By
the will of the late Collis P. Huntington he was made one of the
residuary legatees of his iincle's vast estate.

178 HENKY EDWAKDS HUNTINGTON

The trend of Mr. Hunting-ton's life-work has led him finally
into what many far-seeing railroad men regard as the greatest
field of the future in the transportation of the country, namely,
electric railways. Mr. Huntington acquired the Los Angeles
Street Railway, and the almost immediate effect of the change
in administration was the infusion of a new and vigorous life
into the management of the company, which began to im-
prove its equipment and service, extend its lines, and grow into
a system of vast possibilities. A syndicate headed by him has
recently established the Pacific Electric Railway Company, with
a capital of $15,000,000 and franchises of great value, the pur-
poses of whose organization is to run electric railroads through
southern California wherever business will justify new lines ;
and in competition with the great steam lines which have here-
tofore served that section of California the story of David and
Goliath may, with some modifications, be exemplified.

Mr. Huntington, like his famous uncle, whom he resembles in
many of his characteristics, has never sought or held political
office, and although a member of all the prominent social organ-
izations of California and of the Metropolitan Club of New York,
gives scant attention to these lighter duties of life, for the lack
of tune, if not of taste, for them. He is a practical man of
affairs, and, with a knowledge of prospective as well as intrinsic
values that is instinctive, is a keen ti'ader, and one who is willing
to wait years, if necessary, for the profits which shall justify his
judgment. He is somewhat abrupt but jovial in manner ; is a
good selector and reader of books, and has a passion for fine
bindings, with which he oraaments his library shelves ; is quick
in his decisions, the soul of brevity, and a worker of the rapid
type. On the broad horizon of the railroad future Henry Ed-
wards Huntington looms up as one of the portentous forces of
the new century.

LLOYD LOWNDES JACKSON

E/OYD LOWNDES JACKSON, the president of the Lloyd
L. Jackson Company of Baltimore, and one of the leaders
of the mercantile and financial life of that city, is a Virginian
by birth and ancestry. His parents, Blackwell and Emily
(Byrd) Jackson, were descended from some of the earliest set-
tlers of the "Old Dominion," the former coming of English, and
the latter of German stock. He was born on February 3, 1846,
at Jane Lew, in Lewis County, Virginia,— a county which was
afterward separated from Virginia as a part of the new State
of West Virginia. After passing through primary and gram-
mar schools, he was sent to the Monongahela Academy at Mor-
gantown, Virginia— now West Virginia. There he was just
fairly started on his course when the Civil War broke out. His
enthusiasm for his native State was stronger than the restrain-
ing influences of school and study, and though he was onry fif-
teen years old, he laid down his books and enlisted in the Con-
federate army. His mother, however, intervened and caused
his withdrawal from the army and his return to the academy,
where he then completed his course.

His business career began in 1866, when he went to Baltimore
and entered the employ of John E. Hurst & Co., a leading dry-
goods house. After six years' service he became a member of
the firm, and thus remained until the latter part of 1901, at
which date he organized the Lloyd L. Jackson Company, and
became its president. This company was incorporated under
the laws of New York, with a capital' of $1,000,000.

In addition to his long identification with the dry-goods trade,
Mr. Jackson has been and is associated with various other busi-

179

LLOYD LOWNDES JACKSON

ness enterprises. He was formerly a director of the Western
Maryland Railroad Company, and is now a director of the Com-
mercial and Farmers' national banks, and of several other cor-
porations, as well as of the Maryland Penitentiary, and he is
vice-president of the Maryland Trust Company. He is presi-
dent of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association, and a
member of the Merchants' and Maryland clubs of Baltimore.

Mr. Jackson was appointed quartermaster-general on the
staff of Governor Brown of Maryland in 1892, and served in
that capacity until 1896. He was also chairman of the Mary-
land Commission at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo
in 1901, and a member of the Maryland Commission at the In-
terstate and West India Exposition at Charleston, South Caro-
lina, in the same year. In politics he has always been an ear-
nest and active Democrat. He was one of the organizers of the
Business Men's Democratic Association of Baltimore, one of
the executive committee of the National Association of Demo-
cratic Clubs, and the founder of the Commercial Travelers'
Democratic Club in 1896, which was afterward reorganized as
the Commercial Travelers' and Business Men's Democratic
Club. In the campaign of 1900, however, he was an earnest sup-
porter of President McKinley, and worked for his reelection.

Mr. Jackson was married on November 30, 1873, to Miss Anne
Elizabeth Lester, a daughter of the late James M. Lester of Bal-
timore, who has borne him five children, Lloyd L., Jr., Anne L.,
Edith B., Elsie, and Emma Jackson. The family is identified
with the Emmanuel Protestant Episcopal Church of Baltimore.

JOSEPH JEFFERSON

TOSEPH JEFFERSON, the foremost American actor of the
*J present time, comes of a family of actors. For at least three
generations before his own the family was conspicuous upon
the English-speaking stage. His great-grandfather played the
King to Garrick's Hamlet, and was very highly esteemed. His
grandfather, for whom he was named, was one of the most ac-
complished comedians in the early years of the American stage,
and his father and mother were both stage favorites in their day,
his father being not only an actor, but a manager, and adapter of
plays, and an accomplished painter of stage scenery — whence,
perhaps, Joseph Jefferson derives his more than ordinary talent
as a painter.

Mr. Jefferson was born in Philadelphia on February 20, 1829,
and made his first appearance in public on the stage at the age
of four years. He served at that time as a member of the com-
pany of the famous " Jim Crow " Rice, a burnt-cork comedian,
who brought the child upon the stage in a bag and emptied him
out to perform a dance. As early as the fall of 1837 the boy
played a juvenile part at the old Franklin Theatre in New
York.

A little later he was playing in stock companies, in support of
such actors as James W. Wallack, W. C. Macready, Junius
Brutus Booth, and Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Wallack, Jr. Then he
went across the continent, in the wake of the American army in
Texas, acting in the old Spanish theatre in Matanioras in 1846.
The next ten years were spent in Philadelphia, New York, Balti-
more, and other Atlantic coast cities as stock actor, star, and
manager, with varied experience. Among the actors with whom
he was associated in those years were James Murdock, Henry

181

182 JOSEPH JEFFERSON

Placide, Edwin Forrest, Edwin Adams, Agnes Robertson, and
his half-brother, the gifted Charles Burke.

In 1856 Mr. Jefferson went to England, but not to act. He
there saw Compton, Buckstone, Phelps, and other famous come-
dians. On his return home he became associated with Laura
Keene in her New York Theatre in 1857, and thus early began the
really brilliant part of his career. He began at that theatre with
Dr. Pangloss, which has ever since been one of his best parts.
Great success as Asa Trenchard in " Our American Cousin " fol-
lowed. Next he was associated with Dion Boucicault at the
Winter Garden, playing Caleb Plunimer and other well-known
parts. He was first attracted to " Rip Van Winkle " in 1859,
but did not at once play it. Instead he kept on with a round of
parts, and made a picturesque tour through California and Aus-
tralia, spending four years in the latter country. Thence he
went to South America and so on to England, where, at the
Adelphi Theatre in London in September, 1865, he first pro-
duced " Rip Van Winkle," with the title role of which he has
ever since been inseparably associated.

Mr. Jefferson returned to America in 1866, and enjoyed ten
years of fame and fortune. In 1876-77 he made a most success-
ful visit to England, delighting critics and populace with his
playing. Since 1877 he has remained in America, playing Rip,
Bob Acres, Dr. Pangloss, Mr. Golightly, Caleb Plummer, and
other parts with ever-increasing popularity. He has also fre-
quently lectured, and has written for publication, besides win-
ning high praise as a landscape-painter.

Mr. Jefferson was first married, to Margaret Clement Lockyer,
on May 19, 1850, and in the spring of 1861 was left a widower.
He was again married, on December 20, 1867, to Miss Sarah
Warren.

FREDERIC BEACH JENNINGS

FREDERIC BEACH JENNINGS is descended from Joshua
Jennings, who was born in England in 1G20, came to this
country at the age of twenty-five, settled at Hartford, and later
removed to Fairfield, Connecticut. In each of the five succeed-
ing genei'ations the line of descent passed through an Isaac Jen-
nings, each born at Fairfield. The third of them was a farmer
and manufacturer, and a lieutenant in the American army in the
Revolution. He married Abigail Gould, daughter of Colonel
Abraham Gould, and a descendant of Major Nathan Gould, one
of the first settlers of Connecticut. The fourth Isaac Jennings
was a well-known physician and writer upon medical and
hygienic subjects, who spent most of his active life at Derby,
Connecticut, and Oberliu, Ohio. His wife was Anne Beach,
daughter of Eliakim Beach of Trumbull, Connecticut. The
fifth Isaac Jennings was a member of the celebrated class of
1837 in Yale College, and after graduation became a well-known
Congregational minister, who had charge successively of churches
at Akron, Ohio, Stamford, Connecticut, and Bennington, Vermont.
He traveled in Europe, and was the author of several books. He
married Sophia Day, daughter of Matthias Day of Mansfield, Ohio.
The son of this last-named couple, Frederic Beach Jennings,
was born at Bennington Center, Vermont, on August 6, 1853,
and received his early education in private schools at that place.
Thence he went to Williams College, where he was graduated
with the degree of A. B. in 1872. Three years later Williams
gave him his master's degree, and in recent years he has been a
trustee of his alma mater. From Williams he went to the Har-
vard Law School, from which he was graduated in 1874, with
the degree of LL. B. He then entered the office of Evarts,

183

184 FREDERIC BEACH JENNINGS

Southmayd & Choate in New York, at the same time taking the
third year's course at the Law School of New York University,
from which he received the baccalaureate degree in 1875, at the
same time winning the first prize for an essay.

Mr. Jennings was admitted to the bar promptly after his gradu-
ation from New York University. He remained connected with
Mr. Evarts's office for several years, until 1879, when he organ-
ized the law firm of Jennings & Russell, which was subsequently
combined with the old firm of Bangs & Stetson into his present
firm of Stetson, Jennings & Russell. His practice has been
devoted largely to the interests of railroads and other corpora-
tions, and he is now counsel for the Erie Railroad Company, the
International Paper Company, the Associated Press, the Ameri-
can Trading Company, the Trust Company of America, and
other large companies.

Besides his highly successful legal practice, Mr. Jennings has
become interested in other business matters. Thus he is a trus-
tee of the Continental Trust Company of New York, and a
director of the Chicago & Ei'ie Railroad, of the International
Paper Company, of the American Trading Company, of the First
National Bank of Benniugton, Vermont, and of various other
companies. He is also a trustee of Barnard College.

Mr. Jennings is a member of the Bar Association, and of its
executive committee; and also of the University, Century,
Union League, Metropolitan, Racquet and Tennis, City, New
York Athletic, and Delta Kappa Epsilon clubs of New York, of
the Down-Town Association, of the New England Society, of
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, of the Williams College
Alumni Association, of the St. Andrew's and Garden City Golf
clubs, of the Country Club of Westchester County, and of
various other social organizations.

He was married at North Beunington, Vermont, on July 27,
1880, to Miss Laura Hall Park, daughter of Trenor W. Park
and granddaughter of Hiland Hall, formerly Governor of the
State of Vermont. Mr. and Mrs. Jennings make their home on
Park Avenue, New York, and in summer at Fairview, North
Bennington, Vermont. They have four children : Percy Hall,
who is now a student at Yale, Elizabeth, Frederic Beach, Jr.,
and Edward Phelps Jennings.

JOHN P. JONES

JOHN PERCIVAL JONES, United States Senator, is a na-
tive of the border-land between England and Wales, hav-
ing been born in Herefordshire in 1829. When about a year old
he was brought to the United States, his family settling in north-
ern Ohio. His early education was acquired partly in private
schools and partly in the public schools of Cleveland, including
the high school.

On the discovery of gold on the Pacific coast he went to Cali-
fornia, took up his residence in Tuolumne County, and became in
time one of its leading citizens. He was elected to the Senate of
the State, serving for four years. In 1867 he was the nominee
of the Republican party for Lieiitenant-Governor, but owing to
a belief among the people that that party was favorable to
Chinese immigration, the influences of which were then begin-
ning to be felt, the Republican ticket was defeated.

Soon afterward, moving to Nevada, he became prominently
identified with the mining industry of that State, and in 1873
was elected to represent the State in the United States Senate.
This position he has ever since continued to occupy, having been
reflected upon the expiration of each term to the present time.
In March, 1903, he will have been for thirty consecutive years a
Senator.

Mr. Jones soon won a conspicuous place in the Senate, proving
himself a thinker of great force and originality, as well as a ready
and well-equipped debater. He took special interest in economic
and financial questions, and questions affecting the interests of
the people of the Pacific coast.

He was chairman of the Monetary Commission appointed by
Congress in 1876 to inquire into the changes in the relative

185

186 JOHN P. JONES

values of the precious metals. Appreciating the unusual impor-
tance of this investigation, and casting aside all preconceived
opinions of the subject (the better to pursue his inquiries unbi-
ased), he entered upon the work of the commission determined
to make an exhaustive study of the subject of money. His report
of this commission, submitted to Congress in 1877, and the
speeches which he subsequently delivered in the Senate on
monetary subjects, have become classics which have been con-
sulted by orators, editors, and public men without number in the
multifarious financial discussions that have arisen during nearly
a quarter of a century past.

Senator Jones was one of the American delegates to the
International Monetary Conference which met at Brussels in
1892.

Among the public questions of interest to the people of the
Pacific coast States, the question of the immigration of Chinese
laborers has long been one of the most prominent. Mr. Jones
has strenuously opposed the admission of such laborers, not
only because great and far-reaching labor difficulties would
ensue, but also because, in his judgment, radical differences of
race constitute an insuperable and ever-continuing barrier to
the upbuilding of a homogeneous people.

Senator Jones is a strong advocate of the policy of pro-
tection to American labor. His views on the subject are pre-
sented in carefully prepared addresses delivered in the Senate.
Of one of these addresses, which, in printed form, bears the
title "Shall the Republic Do Its Own Work?" the American
Protective Tariff League has, at his own expense, printed and
gratuitously distributed over a million copies. Writing of the
same address as a philosophic presentation, on a high plane, of
the principles of protection to our own industries, an influential
American journal characterizes it as "fitted to take rank side
by side with Alexander Hamilton's report on manufactures."

OTTO HERMAN KAIIN

THE callings adopted by various nations, or at least the voca-
tions in which they especially excel, form an interesting
study, in which the reasons for what we see are not always evi-
dent. It would probably be jiidicious to estimate that Germany,
for example, has furnished a larger portion of bankers and
financiers to the biisiness world than has any other country.
Just why this is so may not at once be apparent, but we may
discern some fitness for it in the well-known predilection of the
German mind for mathematics and kindred exact sciences, and
for painstaking analysis and research. These are the qualities
of mind which naturally bespeak and successfully equip the
financier.

Not only have Frankfort and other German cities been for
generations centers of international finance, but also many Ger-
man financiers have settled in the United States, and in New
York city, here to pursue their chosen calling. German names
abound in the financial district of New York, and German firms
occupy leading places in the busy world of Wall Street. Con-
spicuous among such firms is that of Kaihn, Loeb & Co., which
for years has been prominent in Wall Street, and which in 1901
was so closely identified with the sensational Union Pacific and
Northern Pacific Railroad operations, as a member of the so-
called Harriman Syndicate.

A member of that firm is the subject of the present sketch.
Otto Herman Kahn was born at Mannheim, Germany, on Feb-
ruary 21, 1867, the son of Bernhard Kahn and Emma Kahn, the
latter born Eberstadt. He received the careful and thorough
education common to German youths, and then learned his
father's business, that of a banker.

187

188 OTTO HERMAN KAHN

Mr. Kahn received a complete training, not only in ordinary
banking, but also in the international finance to which his pres-
ent firm largely devotes its attention, by practical work in sev-
eral lands. He was connected with prominent banking houses
in Berlin and in London before coming to the United States.
In New York he is a member of the firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
of No. 27 Pine Street, and has taken an active part in its opera-
tions, among which have been some of the greatest in the finan-
cial history of New York.

Reference has already been made to the firm's alliance with the
Harriman Syndicate and its participation in the great Union Pacific
and Northern Pacific Railroad deals. Mr. Kahn is personally a
voting trustee of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, and
a director of the Union Pacific, Southern Pacific, Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern, Kansas City Southern, and Oregon Short
Line Railroad companies, the Western National Bank of New
York, and the Morristown Trust Company of Morristown,
New Jersey.

Mr. Kahn makes his home partly in New York city and partly
at the delightful suburb of Morristown, New Jersey. He is a
member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York,
of the City, Lawyers', and Lotus clubs of New York, and of the
St. Andrew's Golf Club and Morristown Field Club.

Mr. Kahn was married, on January 8, 1896, to Miss Addie
Wohf, daughter of the late Abraham Wolff of New York city.

JOHN KEAN

TIBERTY HALL," at Ursino, Union County, New Jersey, is one
I A of the most noteworthy houses in a region rich in historic
interest. It was built by Governor Livingston in 1772, and
was occupied by him as his home for many years. Naturally,
it was much frequented by the prominent men of the Revolu-
tionary period. Washington often held counsels with his officers
within its walls. Hamilton there pursued some of his legal
studies. John Jay was a frequent visitor, it being there that he
wooed and wedded the daughter of Governor Livingston. To
this day the ancient house is carefully preserved, and it serves as
the home, as it was the birthplace, of one of the foremost public
men of New Jersey of this generation.

John Kean was born in " Liberty Hall " on December 4, 1852.
He was educated successively at a boarding-school at Stock-
bridge, Massachusetts; at an academy of high grade at Sing
Sing, New York, where he completed a course of studies much
in advance of college-entrance requirements ; at Yale University,
which he entered in 1872 ; and at the Law School of Columbia
University, from which he was graduated in 1876. He then
studied law in the office of Chetwood & Magie, and in 1877 was
admitted to practice at the bar of the State of New Jersey.

Legal practice did not, however, prove so satisfactory to Mr.
Kean's tastes as business and especially financial pursuits. He
accordingly turned away from his law books and office to bank-
ing and manufacturing, in which he has been conspicuously
successful. He is now president of the National State Bank of
Elizabeth, New Jersey, and its largest stockholder ; a director of
the Elizabethport Banking Company ; president and controlling
proprietor of the Elizabethtown Water Company and of the

189

190 JOHN KEAN

Elizabethtown Gas Company ; the principal owner of the Eliza-
beth Street Railway Company ; vice-president of the Manhattan
Trust Company of New York; and is interested actively in
various other industrial and financial enterprises. He is one of
the largest employers of labor in the city of Elizabeth, and has
contributed more than most of his contemporaries to the growth
and prosperity of that city.

Mr. Kean began at an early age to be recognized as one of the
leaders of his party in the city and State, and for a number of
years was treasurer of the Republican State Committee of
New Jersey. In 1882 he was the Republican candidate for
Representative in Congress. He was elected by the handsome
majority of 2295, and served his term to the great satisfaction
of his constituents. He was a candidate for reelection in 1884,
but suffered defeat in that Democratic year at the hands of
Robert S. Green, who was afterward elected Governor of the
State. In 1886 Mr. Kean was again a candidate, and was elected.
He was the Republican candidate for Governor in 1892, but that
also was a Democratic year, and he was defeated by George T.
Werts, by a small majority.

A few years later the State became strongly Republican. It
was recognized that much credit for this was due to Mr. Kean,
and that this fact might fittingly be marked by sending him to
the Senate of the United States. In January, 1899, Mr. Kean
was unanimously nominated for the senatorship by the Republi-
can members of both houses of the Legislature, and was duly
elected, receiving the solid vote of the Republican majority.
His term as Senator began in March, 1899, and will extend to
March, 1905.

Mr. Kean is well known in New York, both in business and in
society. Besides his home in " Liberty Hall," Ursino, he has a
house at No. 3 East Fifty-sixth Street, New York where he
spends much of his time in winters.

JAMES ROBERT KEENE

WALL STREET takes unto itself with equal welcome men
from all lands and all walks of life. Some are foreign,
some native-born ; some have inherited fortune, some have fought
their way up from poverty. And no man can tell until the event
is seen who shall prosper, this one or that. Among the great
and successful speculators of the Street few, if any, have been
better known than the subject of this sketch, nor have any had
more marked fluctuations of fortune, nor have there been many
whose antecedents pointed less toward such a career than did
his. The son of a cautious and conservative English merchant,
he became one of the most daring of American speculators.
Once a poor man earning meager daily wages by menial work,
he became one of the money kings of the richest city in the
Western world. It is a partly typical and partly unique career.
James Robert Keene was born in London, England, in 1838,
the son of a wealthy merchant, and was educated at a private
school in Lincolnshire and in a preparatory school of Trinity
College, Dublin. Before he could enter the college, however,
his father met with serious business reverses, and came to
America with his family. The first enthusiasm over the dis-
covery of gold in California had not yet begun to wane, and to
that State the family proceeded, settling at Shasta in 1852.
There the boy of fourteen was compelled to reckon his schooling
finished with a good English education and some Latin and
French, and to go to work for his own living. His first occupa-
tion was to take care of the horses at Fort Reading, and it may
well be stipposed that he there acquired that love of those ani-
mals which has been so marked a characteristic of his later life.
But in three months he had earned and saved enough to buy a

191

192 JAMES EOBEKT KEENE

miner's outfit, and with it on his back he set forth to seek
" pay dirt."

His success was at first indifferent. He did some mining,
milling, freighting, and stock-raising, and then was editor of a
newspaper for two years. In none of these pursuits did he find
the way to fortune. Then he left California and went to Nevada,
soon after the discovery of the famous Comstock lode. There
he " struck it rich." He bought and sold mining property until
he had money enough to go to San Francisco and begin the
career of a stock speculator. In a few months he had more than
a hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars clear. Then he got
married, his wife being Sara Daingerfield, daughter of Colonel
Daingerfield of Virginia, and sister of Judge Daingerfield of Cali-
fornia. He was now, he thought, on the sure road to fortune.
But there was a sharp turn in the road. A crash in mining
stocks came, and he was in a day made ah1 but penniless.

With indomitable spirit he began again, dealing in stocks in
a small way. After a time he got in with Senator C. N. Felton,
and transacted much business for him as his broker. When Mr.
Felton became Assistant United States Treasurer he sold his seat
in the Stock Exchange to Mr. Keene, although the latter did not
have enough money to pay for it in cash. But once in the Ex-
change, Mr. Keene rose rapidly to wealth and prominence. He
soon became president of the Exchange. By shrewd purchases
of stock in the Bonanza mines on the Comstock lode he realized
a fortune of at least six million dollars. When the Bank of
California failed, he was one of the four contributors of one
million dollars cash to the guaranty fund of eight million dol-
lars required to secure depositors against loss and to enable the
bank to continue business. Through his influence the Stock
Exchange was led to contribute five hundred thousand dollars,
and individual members of it nearly as much more. Thus the
bank was saved, and the whole Pacific coast saved from a
disastrous blow.

In the spring of 1877 Mr. Keene set out for Em-ope for rest
and restoration of his health. Beaching New York, he found
the stock market depressed and demoralized. Postponing his
trip abroad, he entered Wall Street and began buying stocks
right and left. The market improved ; prices went up ; and

JAMES EGBERT KEENE 193

in the autumn of 1879 he was able to sell out his holdings and
sail for Europe nine million dollars richer than when he came
to New York.

Since his return from that European trip Mr. Keene has made
his home in or near New York. He has taken part in many im-
portant operations in Wall Street, and has had varied fortunes
there. At times he has seemed on the verge of entire disaster ;
hut his steady nerve, his thorough knowledge of the market,
and his indomitable will have carried him through and made
him in the long run a gainer of great profits.

As one of the founders and steward of the Jockey Club, Mr.
Keene has been conspicuously identified with horse-racing, per-
haps as conspicuously and intimately as any man of his time.
His horse "Foxhall" will be especially remembered as the winner
of two or three great races in England and France. He is also a
member of the Rockaway Hunt Club, to the interests of which
he has paid much attention. In the city he belongs to the
Racquet Club. His home is at Cedarhurst, on Long Island.
His children are Foxhall Parker Keene, who married Miss
Lawrence of Bayside, Long Island, and Jessie Harwar Keene,
now the wife of Talbot I. Taylor of Baltimore.

SENECA D. KIMBARK

A PROMINENT figure among the " self-made men " of Chi-
cago who have attained social leadership and mercantile
success in that Western metropolis, is Seneca D. Kimbark. He
is a native of the western part of New York State, where he was
born in 1832, and his education was obtained in the public schools
and in Greneseo and Canandaigua academies.

His father was a farmer of moderate means, and the boy was
accustomed in early years to the hard work incidental to farm
life. Beginning with his twelfth year, he was self-supporting.
When out of school he worked upon the farm. But he devoted
all possible attention to getting an education, with such success
that in a few years he was able to exchange farm- work for teach-
ing. Thus working, studying, and teaching, he spent his life
until he was twenty-one years of age.

At that time he decided to leave the sphere of action which
had grown monotonous and distasteful to him, and to seek a
new and wider field in the West. At that time Chicago — in
1853 — was still deemed in the "far West." He went thither,
and became a bookkeeper for E. Gr. Hall & Co., who had just
started in the iron and steel business in that city. The next
year the epidemic of cholera swept over the country. Chicago
suffered much from it, and Mr. Kimbark had a chance to show
of what stuff he was made. The members of the company left
the city for safety. But, with fine courage and devotion to duty,
he remained, assumed full charge of the establishment, and not
only himself escaped the scourge, but conducted the affairs of
the firm with noteworthy success and profit.

This made him a marked man in the establishment, and a
natural sequence was that in 1858 he was admitted to partner-

194

SENECA D. KIMBARK 195

ship, the firm then becoming that of Hall, Kinibark & Co.
Sound in health, alert in mind, and strong and vigorous in nature,
he threw himself into the business of the firm with an energy
that told for great advancement of its interests, and the firm of
Hall, Kimbark & Co. became a leader in the iron and steel trade
of Chicago and of the entire West.

The great fire of 1871 entirely destroyed the mammoth ware-
houses of the firm, but while the ruins were yet smoldering
Mr. Kirnbark secured from the Mayor a permit to erect a tem-
porary building on the lake front. Within a week thereafter a
rough one-story shed, 100 by 400 feet, had been erected and
stocked with iron and hardware, and the business of the firm
was resumed. In retrieving the losses from this great disaster
Mr. Kimbark put forth greater energy than ever, and his labor,
tact, integrity, and sagacity brought him safely through the
perplexities and difficulties of the time and restored the pros-
perity of the firm. At this time the firm had become Kinibark
Brothers & Co., and consisted of Mr. Kimbark, his two brothers
George M. and Daniel A., and Mr. Hall. In 1876, however, Mr.
Kinibark became, and has since remained, sole proprietor of the
business.

As a result of Mr. Kinibark's enterprise, Chicago became the
Western distributing center for iron and heavy hardware, and
large shipments of such goods were and are made by his house
to Australia, Mexico, and South America.

Some years ago Mr. Kimbark established at Elkhart, Indiana,
an extensive plant for the manufacture of wagon and carriage
bodies and other wooden stock for the vehicle trade, and this
enterprise has been eminently successful.

JOHN HENRY KIRBY

JOHN HENRY KIRBY, one of the prominent and represen-
tative business men of the South, is of English and Italian
ancestry. On his father's side he is descended from Edmund
Kirby, who, with his two brothers, all youths, caine from Eng-
land to Virginia about 1768. The three brothers were all
soldiers in the Revolutionary army. Edmund Kirby married a
daughter of William Shepherd, and settled in Stokes County,
North Carolina, where a son, James Kirby, was born. The
latter, growing up, married Elizabeth Longino, daughter of John
Thomas Lougino, an Italian nobleman who had been banished
from Italy for political reasons and had married Mary Ransom
of North Carolina. To James and Elizabeth Kirby was born a
son, John Thomas Kirby, who was bom in Kentucky, married
Sarah Payne at Monticello, Mississippi, in 1841, and settled in
Tyler County, Texas, in 1852, where he followed the occupation
of a farmer.

To this latter couple the subject of this sketch was born, in
Tyler County, Texas, on November 16, 1860. He was educated
in the common schools of Tyler County, and at the Southwestern
University at Georgetown, Texas. Until he was twenty years of
age he worked upon his father's farm in the intervals of school-
ing. He also taught a country school for a tune, and was a
clerk in the county Tax Office of Tyler County. Following the
latter engagement he became for two years a clerk in the Texas
State Senate. While in the Tax Office and the Senate clerkship
he read law under S. B. Cooper, and in 1885, at the age of twenty-
five years, he was admitted to practice at the bar. He entered
upon the practice of his profession at Woodville, Tyler County,

196

JOHN HENRY KIKBY 197

Texas, and there remained until 1890, when he removed to
Houston, Texas.

This brief record of professional activity by no means, how-
ever, represents the doings of Mr. Kirby's busy life. In 1886 he
was professional^ engaged by a wealthy citizen of Boston,
Massachusetts, to look after some small interests in Texas which
were then in litigation. He persuaded his patron and client to
invest extensively in Texas timber-lands, he sharing in the en-
terprise. The outcome of the venture was most profitable, and
Mr. Kirby was encouraged to continue in the lumber business,
and has done so down to the present time with marked success,
being now president of the Kirby Lumber Company, a corpora-
tion with $10,000,000 capital.

His lumber enterprises naturally led Mr. Kirby into other im-
portant undertakings, especially the construction of railroads.
In 1893, when the business of the whole country was suffering
from acute depression, he began the construction of the Gulf,
Beaumont & Kansas City Railroad, running into the heart of
the pine-lumber country. Seven years later the completed road
was sold to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, and
now forms part of its great system, which affords to eastern
Texas a highway to the North and Central West of great prac-
tical value.

Mr. Kirby is still a practising lawyer, at the head of the lead-
ing Houston firm of Kirby, Martin & Eagle. Besides being
president of the Kirby Lumber Company above mentioned, he
is president of the Planters' and Mechanics' National Bank of
Houston, with $200,000 capital, and vice-president of the Gulf,
Beaumont & Kansas City Railroad, of the Gulf, Beaumont &
Northern Railroad, and of the Beaumont Wharf & Terminal
Company. He is a director of the Houston Electric Street
Railway Company, and also of the Houston Oil Company, a
corporation with $30,000,000 capital. These various business
activities have left Mr. Kirby no time even to think of engaging
in politics, though he is one of the most popular citizens of the
State. He is a member of the Houston Club of Houston, Texas,
and of the Manhattan Club of New York city. He also belongs
to the Magnolia Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, to the
Washington Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, to the Ruthven

198 JOHN HENRY KIRBY

Commandery of Knights Templar, to the Scottish Eite Masons
of the Thirty-second Degree, to the Houston Lodge of Elks, and
to the Knights of Pythias.

He was married in early Life — on November 14, 1883, when
he was only twenty-three years old — to Miss Lelia Stewart, at
Woodville, Texas. They have one child, Miss Bessie May
Kirby, who was born in 1886.

Speaking of the affairs of Mr. Kirby's big lumber company,
one of the directors recently said :

" The Kirby Lumber Company has already purchased five
sawmills having an annual aggregate sawing capacity of 250,-
000,000 feet. We have contracted for others and will probably
require an additional 100,000,000 feet of capacity through mills
which we now have under contract. In addition to this, the
company purposes to build five or more large mills in the big
forest, having an annual capacity of 150,000,000 feet. This will
bring the output of the Kirby Lumber Company up to more than
1,000,000 feet per day.

" The chief weakness of the lumber business in the eastern
Texas district up to the present time has been that there was
no concern here, prior to the organization of the Kirby Lumber
Company, big enough to take care of the business. We are now
preparing to take anything that comes, and we expect to supply
promptly not only the domestic trade, but to take desirable large
business from abroad. Through economies of management we
expect to reduce the cost of production, at the same time in-
creasing our facilities for distribution, so that we will be pre-
pared to compete for the business of the whole world, no matter
where the market may lie. Three of our mills are in Beaumont
and two in Orange. Two other mills in Orange will be forced
to stop their saws and to go out of business because we now
own the forest from which they would have to draw their supply
of timber."

ALYIN WILLIAM KllECH

LVIN WILLIAM KRECH was born at Hannibal, Missouri,
on May 25, 1858, the son of William and Matilda Krech.
His father was professor of literature and languages, who had
been graduated from German and French gymnasia, and was
apparently destined for a distinguished career in his native land.
But he took an active part in the revolutionary movement in
Prussia in 1848, and after its collapse came to the United States,
as did so many other of the best-educated and most progressive
Germans. In the United States he devoted himself to educa-
tional and sociological work, especially to pedagogy. He was
also a thorough musician.

The subject of this sketch received an excellent education,
partly in the public schools and partly under the exceptionally
capable supervision and instruction of his father. He was par-
ticularly proficient in mathematics and the allied branches, and
upon leaving school for a business career found his first engage-
ment as an accountant in the Holly Flouring Mills at Minne-
apolis, Minnesota. He was advanced from place to place in the
mills, until he became a partner in the firm, and finally sole owner.

Mr. Krech became interested in railroads about 1886, and from
that year to 1892 was actively engaged in railroad construction
in the firm of Shepard, Siems & Co. He became connected with
the affairs of the Union Pacific Railroad during the period of its
insolvency, and served as secretary of the reorganization com-
mittee. Since that time he has served upon the reorganization
committees of numerous railroads and other industrial properties.

At the present time Mr. Krech is vice-president of the Mer-
cantile Trust Company of New York, and of the Wheeling &
Lake Erie Railroad Company, and also a director of several im-

199

200 ALVIN WILLIAM KBECH

portant industrial corporations. His offices are in New York,
and his home is in the same city, he having removed to it at the
time of his participation in the reorganization of the Union
Pacific Railroad.

Mr. Krech has taken no active part in political affairs beyond
that of ordinary citizenship, and has held no public office.

He is a member of a number of social organizations in New
York, including the Century Association, and the Metropolitan,
Grolier, Riding, Ardsley, and Country clubs.

Mr. Krech has been twice married. His first wife was Miss
Caroline Shepard, to whom he was married in December, 1884,
and who bore him two children, Alvin (now deceased) and
Shepard. She died in 1892, and in September, 1895, he was mar-
ried to Miss Angeline Jackson, who has borne him f our children :
Angeline, Jackson (deceased), Helen, and Margaret.

JOHN BROOKS LEAVITT

THE " Queen City of the West," as Cincinnati has popularly
been called, was the birthplace of the subject of this biog-
raphy. His ancestry— of Scotch-Irish and English origin— had
been exclusively American for two hundred years. On the pa-
ternal side, the first of the family in this country was John Lea-
vitt, who came hither from England in 1628, and settled at
Hingham, in Massachusetts. He was a selectman of the latter
place, and helped to build there the church, which is still stand-
ing, and which boasts of being the oldest church edifice in the
United States. From him was descended Humphrey H. Lea-
vitt, LL.D., who was appointed by President Jackson to be
United States district judge for the district of Ohio, which
place was honorably filled by him for thirty-seven years. Jus-
tice Leavitt was a cousin of Oliver Ellsworth, the third chief
justice of the United States Supreme Court.

A son of Justice Leavitt, the Rev. John McDowell Leavitt,
LL.D., became a prominent clergyman of Cincinnati and
president of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He
married Miss Bithia Brooks, and to them, in Cincinnati, on Sep-
tember 30, 1849, John Brooks Leavitt was born. After receiving
a primary education at home he was sent to the high school at
Zanesville, Ohio, where he was prepared for college. He was
graduated at Kenyon College, Gambler, Ohio, with the degree of
A.B., in 1868. Four years later he received from Kenyon the
degree of A.M., and in 1896 the same college conferred upon
him the honorary degree of LL.D. From Kenyon Mr. Leavitt
came to New York city and entered the law school of Columbia

College, from which he was graduated in 1871.

201

202 JOHN BKOOKS LEAVITT

Soon after graduation from the law school Mr. Leavitt was
admitted to practice. At first he was a clerk in a law office, then
he became a partner, and in 1878 began work on his own ac-
count. He had the usual experience of a young man in a strange
city striving to make his way amid hard competition. Year by
year his business increased. Among the important cases in-
trusted to him was that of a prominent clergyman who had
been charged with grave immorality. His suit for redress was
placed in Mr. Leavitt 's hands, with the result that he secured
a complete vindication at the hands of the jury and in the eyes
of the public. Another case was the prosecution of the Secre-
tary of State, Attorney-General, and other New York State
officers for contempt of court in a disputed election controversy.
Mr. Leavitt was successful, and the officers named were heavily
fined for their offense.

Mr. Leavitt has not become connected with business enter-
prises, save in a professional way, as counsel. He has held no
political offices, for which fact he expresses much gratitude. He
has been identified, however, with the "Good Government"
movement in New York city, and in 1893 was induced to be a
candidate for assemblyman on the Good Government ticket, but,
to his own relief, just failed of election.

He is a member of the University, City, Church, Law}^ers,
Social Reform, People's, Barnard, and Onteora clubs, the Bar
Association of New York City, the State Bar Association, the
American Bar Association, the Civil Service League, the Ken-
yon College Alumni Association, and the Columbia College
Alumni Association. He has written a book on "The Law of
Negligence in New York," also for magazines, and made occa-
sional addresses.

Mr. Leavitt was married in 1879, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
to Miss Mary Keith, daughter of the Rev. Ormes B. Keith of
Philadelphia, and great-niece of Elias Boudinot, president of
Congress at the close of the Revolution.

LEVI ZEIGLER LEITER

Loiter family were Calviiiists, who emigrated from Hol-
-L land in 1762. They came directly to this country and set
tied in Washington County, Maryland, purchased a large tract
of land, and founded the town of Leitersburg. A few years
later the Zeigler family, who were Lutherans, came over and
settled in the same place. There, in the last generation, Joseph
Leiter and Ann Zeigler were married, and there their son, Levi
Zeigler Leiter, was born, on November 22, 1834. The boy
received a good education, and then began business life as a
clerk in a country store, where he spent several years.

At the age of eighteen years he decided to seek in the West an
ampler field for his activities, and accordingly set out in that
direction. His first stop after leaving home was at Springfield,
Ohio, where he got employment in the store of Peter Murray, a
prominent merchant, and remained there a year. Then he
pushed on to Chicago, arriving there in the summer of 1854.
His first employment in that city was in the office of Messrs.
Downs & Van Wyck, where he remained until January, 1856.
Then he entered the wholesale house of Messrs. Cooley, Wads-
worth & Co., and stayed with it through its various changes of
organization until January 1, 1865.

On the latter date he and Marshall Field, who had entered the
business at about the same time with himself, and who, like
himself, had by this time acquired a proprietary interest in it,
decided to organize a business of their own. Accordingly they
sold out their interests in the old firm to John V. FarweD, and
purchased a controlling interest in the business of Potter Palmer,
which was thereafter continued for two years as Field, Palmer,
& Leiter, and then, down to January 1 1881, as Field, Leiter &

203

204 LEVI ZEIGLER LEITEE

Co. By the exercise of rare intelligence and the soundest busi-
ness principles the business of this firm was steadily extended
until it became one of the largest in the country, its position in
the dry-goods trade of the Central West being absolutely supreme.

In 1881 Mr. Leiter, having acquired a fortune and having also
extensive real-estate and other interests, desired release from the
exacting daily routine of business cares. Accordingly he sold
out his interest in the firm to his partners, and began to devote
his time more to his family, to society, to travel, and to his mag-
nificent library. Two years later he established a fine winter
residence in Washington, D. C., where he makes his home for a
part of every year, and where his family has taken a leading
position in the social life of the nation's capital.

In the rebuilding of Chicago after the great fire in 1871, and
in the work of developing it to be the second city of the Union,
Mr. Leiter has taken a conspicuous and honorable part. He
has personally erected many buildings and blocks, and has
encouraged and assisted in the erection of others. He has held
no public office, but has taken a keen and constant interest in
the welfare of city, State, and nation, and has exerted a powerful
influence for good government. He has also shown himself a
philanthropist of a particularly practical and efficient kind. For
many years he was a director of the Chicago Aid and Relief
Society, and gave much painstaking personal attention to the
wise distribution of charity. In various other well-directed
charities he has been an earnest worker and liberal giver. The
American Sunday- school Union has been one of the favorite
instrumentalities through which he has sought to benefit his
fellows. Thus in all that goes to advance the social and intel-
lectual as well as the commercial interests of Chicago, he has
been a moving spirit of more than ordinary effectiveness.

Mr. Leiter has long been a prominent figure in the club life of
Chicago. He was the first president of the Commercial Club,
and did much to establish it on an assured foundation of pros-
perity. He is now a leading member of the Chicago Club, the
Calumet Club, the Washington Park Club, and the Union
League Club of Chicago. He is also identified with the Chicago
Historical Society, and played an invaluable part in the reorgan-
ization of it after the great fire. He then contributed liberally

LEVI ZEIGLEE LEITER 205

toward the new building fund and for the purchase of books.
The debt which has hampered the society was lifted by his
cooperation with Mark Skinner, E. H. Sheldon, D. K. Pearson,
S. M. Wickerson, Thomas Hoyne, and others, and the society
was placed upon a sound basis. Mr. Loiter was president of the
Chicago Art Institute in 1885, succeeding George Armour, who
was its first president. He was one of the founders of the
Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, and has ever since been one of
its heaviest stockholders.

Mr. Leiter was married on October 18, 1866, to Miss Mary
Theresa Carver, daughter of Benjamin Carver and a descendant
of John Carver, the first Governor of Plymouth Colony. They
have four children. Their son, Joseph Leiter, attained world-
wide prominence through his daring wheat speculations in 1898,
which brought great increase of prices to the farmers and
assisted in a general revival of prosperity, but resulted in heavy
loss to himself. Their eldest daughter, Miss Mary Victoria
Leiter, was married to Mr. George Curzon, the English states-
man and man of letters. He has since been made Lord Curzon
of Kedleston, and appointed to the great office of Viceroy of
India, and she is accordingly Lady Curzon, Vicereine of India.
Their other daughters, Miss Nancy Lathrop Carver Leiter and
Miss Marguerite Hyde, commonly called Daisy Leiter, are
still unmarried.

ROBERT PACKER LINDERMAN

ROBERT PACKER LINDERMAN, although not yet past
the years of early manhood, has won for himself a high
place among men of affairs, not only of his native State, but of
the country at large.

He was born at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, on July 26,
1863, and is the eldest living son of the late Grarrett Brodhead
Lindernian and his wife, Lucy Evelyn, daughter of the late Judge
Asa Packard. At the age of sixteen Mr. Lindernian entered the
Mount Pleasant Military Academy at Sing-Siug-on-the-Hudson,
where he spent four years, and was graduated with the highest
honors as valedictorian of his class. In the fall of 1880, after
having spent the summer in a tour through Europe, he entered
Lehigh University, and was graduated there four years later with
the degree of Ph. B. For scholarly attainments he was elected
a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and later was for two
terms president of the Alumni Association of Lehigh University.
For some years he has been a trustee and a member of the
executive committee of his Alma Mater.

After completing his course at the university, he entered the
employ, in the fall of 1884, of Linderman & Skeer, of which firm
his father was the senior member. At that time this firm was
one of the largest and most important of the individual anthra-
cite-coal operators in the State of Pennsylvania. On the death
of his father in September, 1885, he became the head of the firm,
and successfully conducted its extensive business until the spring
of 1896, when, their coal-beds being practically exhausted, they
retired from business. Prior to this, however, other and greater
responsibilities had been placed upon him. On January 31,
1885, he was elected a director of the Lehigh Valley National

206

ROBERT PACKER LINDERMAN 207

Bank of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. In the financial field, too,
he proved himself such a ready scholar that upon the death of
his father, who was the founder of the institution and its presi-
dent from its organization, he was elected to the place of vice-
president of the bank, succeeding Francis Weiss, who was
promoted to the presidency. On March 5, 1888, after the death
of President Weiss, Mr. Linderman was elected his successor,
being, it was thought at that time, the youngest national bank
president in the United States.

In December, 1885, Mr. Liiidermau was elected a director of
the Bethlehem Iron Company, to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of his father. He immediately evinced the deepest
interest in its affairs, and became so conversant with all the
intricacies of the business that he was elected vice-president of
the company in June, 1888, and president in May, 1890, so that
when but twenty-sis years of age he was at the head of one of
the largest and most important of the great iron and steel com-
panies in the world. As an instance of the remarkable progress
which this great company has made under Mr. Lmderman's
astute management, it may be stated that when he took control
of the affairs of the corporation it had just begun the erection of
an open-hearth and forging plant, having before that time devoted
itself exclusively to the manufacture of Bessemer pig-iron, steel
rails, and billets. To-day its reputation is world- wide for superior
armor-plate, finished guns, gun-carriages, and castings of all
descriptions, and its development and success, in a large measure,
are unquestionably due to Mr. Linderman's ability and hard work,
not less than to the fact that from the first he secured and has
been able to retain the confidence and cooperation of his board
of directors.

In the spring of 1899 he was instrumental in organizing the
Bethlehem Steel Company, with a capital of fifteen million dol-
lars, which acquired by lease for a long period all of the rights,
property, and franchises of the Bethlehem Iron Company, and
was elected the first president of the Steel Company, as well as
retaining his position as president of the Iron Company.

In addition to these important trusts, Mr. Linderman is the
chairman of the South Bethlehem Supply Company, Limited,
the largest retail store in Bethlehem ; a director in the Schuyl-

208 ROBERT PACKER LINDERMAN

kill & Lehigh Valley and the Georgetown & Western Eailroad
companies ; the Earn Line Steamship Company ; the Juragua
Iron Company, Limited ; the Jefferson Coal Company ; the
American Ordnance Company, and various other organizations.
Mr. Linderman has been for years a prominent member and
vestryman of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Nativity,
the procathedral of the diocese of Central Pennsylvania. He is
a trustee and a member of the executive committee of the Bishop-
thorpe School, and a trustee of St. Luke's Hospital. He is a
member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the Revolu-
tion, of the American Society of Mining Engineers, president of
the Northampton Club, the leading social organization of the
Bethlehems, and a member of the University, Lawyers', Engi-
neers', Down-Town, Sigma Phi, and New York Yacht clubs of
New York, of the Art, Manufacturers', and University clubs of
Philadelphia, and of the Metropolitan Club of Washington. He
is a member of the Sigma Phi Society, and took an active part in
the founding of its chapters at Lehigh and Cornell universities.

On October 15, 1884, Mr. Linderman married Ruth May,
daughter of Robert H. Sayre, second vice-president of the Lehigh
Valley Railroad Company. They have five daughters, Ruth
Evelyn, Mary Evelyn, Lucy Evelyn, Evleyn, and Christine, and
one son, Robert Packer, Jr.

Mr. Linderman's summer home is at Fisher's Island, New
York.

FRANK G. LOGAN

THE limitations of what men call genius are by no means
confined to the arts, so called. They may and often do
embrace industry and commerce and finance as well. There is
a business genius as well as an artistic genius, and it is no less
potent in human affairs and 110 less beneficent in the develop-
ment of human interests. The youth who by virtue of sur-
passing ability succeeds in great affairs of business where his
companions fail, has a touch of the same spirit that makes
others do great things in literature or art where their comrades
cannot.

A measure of this spirit of high attainment seems to have
been given to Frank G. Logan when he was born, on October
7, 1851, on a farm in Cayuga County, New York. His father,
Simeon Ford Logan, was of shrewd, enterprising Connecticut
Yankee stock, and his mother, whose maiden name was Phoebe
Ann Hazen, came of sturdy Dutch ancestry. The masterful
qualities of both were inherited by the boy, and were developed
in his early years, spent on the farm and in the local schools.
A fine constitution, a good education, ambition, energy, and
integrity, were his capital for the beginning of the business
career.

His ancestors had come westward to the American shores.
He, too, went westward, at the age of nineteen, to seek success
in the growing city of Chicago. There he became a dry-goods
clerk. He wanted to become a lawyer, but had not the means
to pursue the college course of study, so he dismissed his pro-
fessional ambitions, and turned his attention to commerce and
finance. After four years in the dry -goods trade he became a
clerk for a leading Board of Trade commission house, and then, a

209

210 FRANK G. LOGAN

year later, organized for himself the Board of Trade and Stock
Exchange house, at the head of which he has remained for nearly
a quarter of a century, with such success as has attended few of
his contemporaries. His firm ranks as one of the wealthiest and
most trustworthy in that line of husiness, and the extent of its
operations may he practically reckoned from its use of ten thou-
sand miles of private telegraph lines. Mr. Logan has long been
regarded as one of the representative husiness men of Chicago,
and has been many times a delegate from that city to the National
Board of Trade at Washington.

Mr. Logan has taken a keen interest in the welfare of the city
of his adoption. He is one of the foremost art patrons, and a
governing member of its Art Institute. He has long been a
director of its Bureau of Associated Charities. He is a govern-
ing member of its Union League Club, and for many years he
has been a trustee of Beloit College. In these many and benefi-
cent directions has he expended the surplus of time and energy
left after performing the exacting duties of his great business.

In politics Mr. Logan is an earnest Republican, though he is a
non-partizan in municipal affairs. In religion he is an earnest
and active member of the Congregational Church.

He was happily married on June 15, 1882, to Miss Josie H.
Hancock, youngest daughter of Colonel John L. Hancock, and
they now have a daughter and four sons. Their home is in a
fine mansion on Prairie Avenue, adorned within with one of the
finest art collections in that city.

LEONOR FRESNEL LOREE

KONOR FRESNEL LOREE, who at the age of forty-
three years has become the president of one of the great
railroad systems of the United States, the Baltimore & Ohio,
was born in the State of Illinois in 1858. After passing through
preparatory schools he went to Rutgers College at New Bruns-
wick, New Jersey, and there was graduated in 1877, at the con-
clusion of a four years' course in which he had shown himself
an admirable student, especially in mathematics and the sciences.
He was for two years in the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad
as an assistant engineer, engaged in surveying and similar work.
Next, for two years, he was in the United States service as a
member of the engineer corps of the Federal army, doing the
work of a transit man. From 1881 to 1883 he was in the engi-
neering department of the Mexican National Railway, making
the preliminary surveys for the road from the Rio Grande to
Saltillo, Mexico. In 1883 he returned to the United States and
reentered the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad, on its lines
west of Pittsburg. He was at first assistant engineer of the
Chicago division. Next he became engineer of maintenance of
way of the Indianapolis and Vincennes division, from 1884 to
1886. From the latter place he went to a like place on the
Chicago division, which he filled for two years, from 1886 to
1888. Finally he was transferred to the same place on the
Cleveland and Pittsburg division for one year. In 1889 he was
made superintendent of the Cleveland and Pittsburg division of
the Pennsylvania lines west of Pittsburg, and filled the place
until January 15, 1896, when he was appointed to be general
manager of all the Pennsylvania lines west of Pittsburg. He

211

212 LEONOB FRESNEL LOREE

was elected, on January 1, 1901, to be fourth vice-president of
the Pennsylvania Company.

Having thus mastered the various departments of railroad
management and administration, Mr. Loree was in May, 1901,
placed in the very foremost rank of railroad men in the United
States. The Pennsylvania Railroad had at this time gained a
dominant influence in the management of the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, and was thus able practically to dictate the choice
of the latter's president. The choice fell upon Mr. Loree, who
thus became the successor of John W. Garrett, Samuel Spencer,
C. F. Mayer, and John K. Cowen, with auspicious promise of
being able to show himself their worthy successor.

Mr. Loree has for years been held in high esteem by railroad
men in general throughout the United States. He was elected
president of the American Railway Association in April, 1899,
was reflected in April, 1900, and was offered but declined a
second reelection in April, 1901. He was the representative of
that association at the Sixth International Railway Congress,
which was held in Paris in September, 1900.

The opinion of the most judicious railroad men concerning
his election to the presidency of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
was well expressed by a writer in the " Railway Age," on May
31, 1901, as follows :

No small honor has been bestowed upon Leonor Fresnel Loree in his selec-
tion as president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. The Pennsyl-
vania now dominates the Baltimore & Ohio, and the man whom it has placed
at the head of the new acquisition must be held to represent that which is best
and most worthy of reproduction in the management of the proprietary lines.
Mr. Loree is considered a master of the science of railway operation. His
forceful and persistent management of a great strike a few years ago demon-
strated the possession of unusual executive qualities, and altogether his reputa-
tion now is that of just the man for the presidency of the B. & 0.

A (AM,

FRANK ORREN LOWDEN

FOUR generations ago the Lowden family, progenitors of the
subject of this sketch, came over from Scotland and settled
among the green hills of Vermont. There Joshua Lowden was
born in 1783. He served valiantly as a member of the American
army in the War of 1812. His sou, Orren Lowden, married
Jerusha Lummis of North Adams, Massachusetts, whose father,
John Lummis, came from England and served in the Revolu-
tionary War. Orren Lowden removed to Erie County, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1832, when that region was on the far Western frontier
of civilization. His son, Lorenzo Orren Lowden, left the paternal
home at the age of fourteen for New York State, and thence in
1853 went to Minnesota. There, three years later, he married
Nancy Elizabeth Breg, formerly of Steuben County, New York,
who was of Revolutionary stock on her mother's side.

To this latter couple, at Sunrise City, Minnesota, Frank Orren
Lowden, the subject of this sketch, was born, on January 26,
1861. In the fall of 1868 the family removed to Point Pleasant,
Hardin County, Iowa. There young Lowden was educated in
the public schools, between times working on his father's farm.
At the age of fifteen he began himself to teach school, meantime
preparing himself for college. In the fall of 1881 he entered the
freshman class of Iowa State University, in which institution he
pursued the regular course with distinction, and four years later
he was graduated as valedictorian of his class.

On leaving college Mr. Lowden became teacher of mathematics
and Latin in the High School of Burlington, Iowa. His spare
moments he devoted to the study of law, which profession he
had elected to pursue. In July, 1886, he went to Chicago and
entered the Union College of Law, and at the same time engaged

213

214 FRANK OREEN LOWDEN

as a clerk and student in a leading law office. A year later he
was graduated from the college as valedictorian of his class,
receiving the first prize for oration and the first prize for scholar-
ship. For three years thereafter he remained in the law office
in which he had been employed.

Then, in July, 1890, Mr. Lowden formed a partnership with
Emery S. Walker. In May, 1892, he became a partner of
William B. Keep, and was associated with him until September
1, 1893. From that date he practised alone, until March 1, 1898,
when he became the head of the firm of Lowden, Estabrook &
Davis.

Mr. Lowden was on January 30, 1899, commissioned lieutenant-
colonel of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard. In
the month of May following he was elected to one of the chief
professional chairs in the Northwestern University.

Mr. Lowden is a member of numerous social and other organi-
zations, among which may be mentioned the Chicago Club, the
Calumet Club, the Union League Club of Chicago, the Washing-
ton Park, the Marquette, Hamilton, Chicago Literary, Sunset,
Saddle and Cycle, Chicago Golf and Thousand Islands Yacht
clubs. He is a member of the academic order of Phi Beta
Kappa, and of two college fraternities, the Beta Theta Pi and
Phi Delta Phi. He is president of the Law Club of Chicago,
and a member of the Chicago, Illinois State, and American bar
associations. In politics he is a Republican. In religion he is
a member and trustee of the Central Church.

Mr. Lowden was married on April 29, 1896, to Miss Florence
Pullman. They have two children.

ARTHUR FULLER LUKE

ARTHUR FULLER LUKE, the well-known banker and
-£\- treasurer of the United States Steel Corporation, comes of
English ancestry on both sides of the house. His father, James
Luke, Jr., was for many years at the head of the largest retail
coal business in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts. His
mother, whose maiden name was Lydia A. Howe, was a cousin
of Elias Howe, Jr., the inventor of the sewing-machine, and of
William Howe, the inventor of the truss-bridge. Of this parent-
age Mr. Luke was born on January 28, 1853, at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, and he was educated in the public schools of
that city.

His practical business life began when he was seventeen years
old. He then began work as an office-boy in a wholesale cloth-
ing house in Boston, but remained there only a few months,
when he became messenger and general clerk in the First
National Bank of Cambridge. After about a year's service in
the latter place he entered, in a higher capacity, the employ of
the National Bank of the Commonwealth in Boston, and
remained in its service for seven years. In 1878 he was ap-
pointed assistant national bank examiner for the city of Boston,
which office he resigned two years later in order to become
cashier of the National Bank of North America in that city, an
important and successful institution with a capital of one million
dollars. He resigned that place in 1890 to make a material
change of business, though he still retained a directorship in
the bank.

His new undertaking was the financial management of the
National Tube Works Company, then the largest manufacturer
of wrought-iron and steel tubular goods in the world. Until

215

216 ARTHUR FULLER LUKE

1893 he was its assistant treasurer, and after that date its trea-
surer, having the care of all the financial affairs of that corpora-
tion with its eleven million dollars capital. It is worthy of note
that during the panics of 1893-96 the corporation never allowed
any of its obligations to become overdue, and in addition gave
much assistance to the trade. The National Tube Works Com-
pany was, in 1899, merged into the National Tube Company,
with a capital of eighty million dollars, and Mr. Luke became
treasurer of the latter corporation, with headquarters in New
York city. Finally, in March, 1901, upon the formation of the
United States Steel Corporation, with a capital of one billion
one hundred and fifty million dollars, Mr. Luke became its
treasurer, which place he continued to fill, with eminent success,
until January 1, 1902, when he resigned that office to become a
partner in the banking house of Darr, Luke & Moore of New
York city and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.

In addition to the important business connections already
mentioned, Mr. Luke is a director, and member of the finance
committee, of the National Supply Company of Toledo and Pitts-
burg, a director of the Liberty National Bank of New York city,
and a director of the Eliot National Bank of Boston.

Mr. Luke was actively interested in public affairs during his
residence in Massachusetts. He served for three years as
Councilman and Alderman of Newton, Massachusetts, and for
several years thereafter he was one of the three commissioners
of the sinking fund of that city. He is a member of the
Bostonian Society and of the Commercial Club of Boston, and
in New York is identified with the New England Society and the
Lawyers', City, Midday, New York Athletic, Riding, and Brae
Burn Golf clubs.

Mr. Luke was married, in 1878, to Miss Eliza W. Brown,
daughter of William H. and Harriet Brown of Charlestown,
Massachusetts.

JOHN AUGUSTINE McCALL

are few contemporary careers in the State of New
J- York more perfectly illustrative of what has been called
the " genius of accomplishment " than that of the man who, as
president of the New York Life Insurance Company, is one of
the foremost figures, not only in insurance, but in finance, in this
financial center of the western hemisphere. He began his work
in a humble station, pursued it faithfully and diligently for many
years, and at last, by sheer force of merit,' won his place at the
head of his chosen calling.

John Augustine McCall is of Scotch-Irish ancestry on both
sides of the house. His father, who also bore the name of John
A. McCall, was a merchant at Albany, New York. His mother's
maiden name was Katherine MacCorniack. He was born to
them at Albany on March 2, 1849, and spent his boyhood under
their care and training. He was sent to the public schools of
Albany, and thence to the Albany Commercial College, at which
latter institution he received a good business training. He
was a good average student, making no especial record for him-
self, but doubtless mastering his studies well, and at the same
time enjoying the sports and recreations common to boys of his
age.

At the age of eighteen he faced the first crisis of his career.
He had then to begin taking care of himself, and was called upon
to choose his vocation in life. At once his native bent for finance
asserted itself. He applied for a place in the banking depart-
ment of the State government, and although he had no especial
backing or " pull," he presently secured an engagement in the
Assorting House for State Currency, at sixty dollars a mouth.
There he worked for some time, but a little later transferred his

217

218 JOHN AUGUSTINE McCALL

activities to another place, in the great business to which his
whole life has since been devoted.

This new place was that of a bookkeeper in the office of the
Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company, at Albany. The
business of life-insurance was not then nearly as prosperous and
important as it is now, but he realized its possibilities with pro-
phetic eye, and decided to stick to it. From the office of the
Connecticut company he went, at the age of twenty years, into
the State Insurance Department at Albany, of which George W.
Miller was then the head. He began with a subordinate clerk-
ship, but steadily worked his way upward, through rank after
rank. Thus he passed through the actuarial and statistical
bureaus, and in three years was an examiner of companies.

Mr. McCall remained an examiner for four years, and then
was promoted on his merits to the place of deputy superinten-
dent of the Department of Insurance, and thus became the
prominent figure that he remained for so long a time. He was
a Democrat in politics, and places in the Insurance Department
were commonly reckoned political places. Yet so assured was
his official worth to the people of the State, and so great and
general was the confidence in his administration of the duties of
his office, that he was retained in his place through two Repub-
lican State administrations.

In fact, it would be difficult to overestimate the value of Mr.
McCall's work to the insurance interests, and to the people of
this State. When he began his official work at Albany there
was a vast amount of dishonesty in both life- and fire-insurance,
through which great losses were occasioned to insurers, and
confidence in the whole system sorely shaken. Mr. McCah1 ex-
posed it mercilessly, and did incalculable good for the benefit of
policy-holders all over the world. No less than twelve untrust-
worthy fire-insurance companies were compelled to retire from
business, and eighteen unsound life-insurance companies of this
State and fifteen of other States were similarly brought to book.
Nor did his reformatory work stop there. Several companies
persisted in dishonest ways, until he was compelled to resort
to the severest measures. The presidents of two of them
were convicted by him of perjury, and were sent to the peniten-
tiary. Since that time the insurance business of this State has

JOHN AUGUSTINE McCALL 219

been on a far sounder basis than ever before, and failures of
companies and losses by policy-holders have been few indeed.

Such woi'k could not go without recognition. At the begin-
ning of 1883 the insurance companies of the State wished to urge
his appointment to the head of the department. He refused to
let them do so. But he coiild not prevent a host of represen-
tative business men of all parties from sending to the Governor
a monster petition for his appointment as superintendent. "His
indefatigable industry, enlightened endeavor, and uncompromis-
ing fidelity to duty have given abundant proof of his fitness,"
they declared. And so Governor Cleveland appointed him to
the office. Governor Hill, who succeeded Governor Cleveland,
offered him a reappointment, but he declined it, and became con-
troller of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, a place he was
ideally fitted to fill. Then a crisis came in the affairs of the
New York Life Insurance Company, and he was called upon to
become its president and to rehabilitate the great institution
from the evil ways into which it had been led. He accepted the
call, and has fulfilled the trust with magnificent success.

Mr. McCall is also connected with the New York Surety and
Trust Company, the National City Bank, the Central National
Bank, the National Surety Company, the Munich Reinsurance
Company, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and the
IngersoU Sergeant Drill Company. He is a member of the
Metropolitan, Colonial, Lawyers', Catholic, Merchants', Manhat-
tan, New York Athletic, Norwood Field, the Arts, and City clubs,
the Chamber of Commerce, the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
the Albany Society, and the National Arts Club.

He was married at Albany, in 1870, to Miss Marry I. Horan of
that city, and has seven children : Mrs. Albert McClave, Mrs.
D. P. Kingsley, John C. McCall, Ballard McCall, Leo H.
McCall, Sydney C. McCall, and Clifford H. McCall.

JOHN JAMES McCOOK

ALL young, all gallant, and all successful." That is the de-
~L\- scription given by Janies Gr. Blaine, in his Memoirs, of a
family that became famous during our Civil War and has ever
since been known as " the fighting McCooks." There were two
divisions of them — cousins, the children of Daniel and John
McCook, brothers. They came of that sturdy and canny Scotch-
Irish stock which has given to this country so many of its ablest
men. Of the sons of Daniel McCook there were nine. The first
was named John James, but he was lost at sea, a midshipman in
the navy, and his name was transferred to the youngest son,
who was born three years later.

The subject of this sketch was born at Carrollton, Ohio, on
May 25, 1845. He was a student at Kenyon College when the
war broke out, and forthwith joined the Sixth Ohio Cavalry.
He was then only sixteen, the youngest of the "fighting Mc-
Cooks," and by no means the least gallant or least successful.
He began, of course, as a private soldier. In a few months he
was promoted to be an officer. At seventeen years old he was a
lieutenant, at eighteen a captain, at nineteen a brevet major, and
at twenty, at the close of the war, a brevet colonel. He served
in many campaigns in both the East and West. He fought at
Perryville, at Murfreesboro, at Chickamauga, in the Wilderness,
and around Petersburg. He received his first brevet for gallan-
try on the field at Shady Grove, where he was seriously wounded.
It may be added that his father was killed while leading a party
to intercept Morgan the raider, and that seven of his brothers
were in the army, five of them rising to the rank of general.

At the close of the war the young soldier was not yet of age.
He went back to Kenyon College and took up his studies where

220

JOHN JAMES McCOOK 221

he had laid them down, and in due course of time was gradu-
ated with honorable standing. Then he went to Harvard and
pursued a course in its law school. Having got his second
diploma and been admitted to practice at the bar of Ohio, he
came to this city, where the pursuit of his profession is at once
most arduous and most promising of success and distinction.

For many years he has been a member of the well-known firm
of Alexander & Green, and as such has been identified with
many important cases in both the local and the United States
courts. He was for a number of years general counsel for the
Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe Railroad, and when that road
fell into difficulties he was made its receiver, and in that capa-
city reorganized it. He is also legal adviser and a director of
the Equitable Life Assurance Society, of the Mercantile Trust
Company, of the American Surety Company, and, in one capacity
or another, connected with various other important business
corporations.

In politics Colonel McCook is a stanch Republican. It was a
matter of regret to his many friends when he declined President
McKinley's invitation to enter his cabinet as Secretary of the
Interior, a position for which his legal training and business
experience exceptionally qualified him.

Colonel McCook has by no means let his profession absorb all
his attention and activities. He has played a conspicuous part
in the social life of the metropolis, and has been most useful in
promoting religious and educational interests. He has for some
years been a trustee of Princeton University. He has also long
been a leading member of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church,
and he was the prosecutor in the famous ecclesiastical trial of
Professor Charles A. Briggs of the Union Theological Seminary.
He is a member of the University, Union League, Union, City,
Metropolitan, Harvard, Princeton, and Tuxedo clubs, the Ohio
Society, the Bar Association, and the military order of the
Loyal Legion. He has received the degrees of Master of Arts
from Kenyon College and from Princeton University, Bachelor
of Laws from Harvard University, and Doctor of Laws from the
University of Kansas and Lafayette College. He is married to a
daughter of Henry M. Alexander, one of the founders of the law
firm of which he is a member.

FLAVEL McGEE

FLAVEL McGEE, one of the foremost lawyers and political
leaders in the State of New Jersey, was the son of William
C. McGee, a Presbyterian clergyman who spent his whole pro-
fessional life in a single charge, and Anna Sherrand McGee,
whose maiden name was Clark. His paternal ancestors were of
Scotch origin, and were for some generations settled in County
Down, Ireland, where they were linen manufacturers, and were
identified with the Presbyterian Church. His paternal grand-
father came to the United States in 1812, and engaged in the
manufacture of linen for the remainder of his active career. On
the maternal side Mr. McGee was descended from Michael Clark,
who came over in the Mayflower. The family removed from
Massachusetts to Long Island, and thence to Elizabeth, now the
city of Elizabeth, New Jersey. Mr. McGee's great-grandfather,
Joseph Clark, left Princeton College to enlist in the patriot army
at the outbreak of the Revolution, and served through that war.
Beginning as a private, he became successively second lieuten-
ant, lieutenant, captain, assistant quartermaster, and quarter-
master. After the war he returned to college, completed his
course, and was graduated. He entered the ministry of the
Presbyterian Church, preached for a few years at Allentown,
Monmouth County, New Jersey, and then removed to the Pres-
byterian church in New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he spent
the rest of his life. He was for many years a trustee of Prince-
ton College. His son, John Flavel Clark, the father of Mr.
McGee's mother, was a Princeton graduate, and a Presbyterian
minister, who settled for twenty-five years at Flemington, and
afterward at Paterson, New Jersey. Mr. McGee's father was
graduated at Princeton in 1836, and at the Theological Seminary

222

FLAVEL McGEE 223

there in 1841. In the latter year he became pastor of the
united churches of Hard wick and Marksboro, respectively in
Sussex and Warren counties, New Jersey, and remained there
until his death, in 1867.

Flavel McGree was born in Frelinghuysen Township, Warren
County, New Jersey, on April 6, 18-44. He was educated at the
Newton Presbyterial Academy, the Blairstown Presbyterial
Academy, and Princeton College, being graduated from the last-
named in 1865. Next he studied law at Belvidere, New Jersey,
and in June, 1868, was admitted to practice as an attorney, and
in June, 1871, as a counselor. In November, 1868, he began the
practice of law in Jersey City, and remained in that pursuit and
in that place for the rest of his life.

From the beginning of his professional career Mr. McGree was
a hard worker, and he had enough business to keep him hard at
work. In New Jersey the distinction between attorneys and
counselors is maintained more strictly than elsewhere. An
attorney cannot become a counselor until after three years'
service, and while acting in the lower capacity cannot be heard
in the Supreme Court or the Court of Errors and Appeals. Mr.
McGee pursued the usual course as above stated. But the rank
he won in his first three years as attorney is well evinced by the
fact that in the very term in which he was raised to the rank of
a counselor he tried two cases in the Supreme Court and one in
the Court of Errors and Appeals.

Mr. McGtee's professional career was not marked with sensa-
tional incidents, but rather with an unbroken and constantly
increasing success and prosperity. He paid much attention to
the laws affecting corporations, and was for years counsel for a
large number of railroad, banking, insurance, manufacturing,
and mercantile concerns.

Mr. McGree has been spoken of above as a political leader.
He long took an active interest in politics as a Eepublican, and
did much and effective political work as a public speaker and
a party manager. He stood high in the councils of his party,
and in 1900 was a delegate to the National Republican Con-
vention. He was often mentioned for public office, and was
urged to accept nominations therefor, but invariably preferred
to remain in private life. In 1892 he was put forward by rep-

224 FLAVEL McGEE

resentative men of New Jersey for a place on the bench of the
Supreme Court of the United States, and in 1900 was promi-
nently mentioned for the office of Chancellor of the State of
New Jersey.

He was a member of numerous social organizations, including
the Union Leagiie Club and Princeton Club of New York, the
Union League Club of Hudson County, New Jersey, the Uni-
versity Club and the Carteret Club of Jersey City, the Bergen
Republican Club, the Society of the Cincinnati, and the Society
of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was also first
vice-president of the Hudson County Republican Committee.

He was married many years ago to Miss Julia F. Randolph,
daughter of the late judge. His seven children are named
Francis H., Julia Randolph, Bennington Randolph, Hope Hen-
derson, Dorothy, Helen, and Flavel. He died, widely lamented,
on August 12, 1901.

JOHN EDWARD MARSH

STEPPING STONES," one of the best-known landmarks in
Union County, New Jersey, until the death of William Law-
rence in 1830, who was the last male member of the family, had
been since 1740 the residence of the Lawrences. At his death
it came into the possession of his only living child, Frances E.
Morse Lawrence, the wife of Rolph Marsh,— her brother, John
Lawrence, a midshipman on the United States naval ship Sol),
Captain Steele, having perished at sea March, 1813, together
with all on board, by the sinking of the vessel while on the way
to France. After the death of Rolph Marsh, September 2, 1881,
it descended to his son John Edward Marsh, who has since re-
sided there.

The homestead plantation, Stepping Stones, extends from the
west side of St. George's Avenue to the Rah way River. The
residence is a mansion of colonial style, in an admirable state
of preservation, which tells of the honest and substantial work-
manship of those old days, and is surrounded by a group of old
trees. The family which for so many generations has made its
home in this historic mansion traces its descent from Captain
John Lawrence, who was born in Staines, near London, England,
November 6, 1688; died at Railway, New Jersey, October 16,
1766. His eldest son, Captain William Lawrence, who died in
1756, was the first of the family to reside at Stepping Stones.
He was succeeded by his eldest son, Captain John Lawrence, who
lost his life during the War of the Revolution. He was a mem-
ber of Captain Neil's Eastern Company of Artillery, and took
part in the battles of Monmouth, Trenton, and Princeton. Dur-

225

226 JOHN EDWARD MARSH

ing the French wars, until 1763, he was in the naval service of
Great Britain.

Samuel Marsh, born in Essex County, England, and member
of the New Haven, Connecticut, colony in 1645, was the ancestor
of Mr. Marsh. Samuel Marsh married his wife, Comfort, at
New Haven, 1647. He remained there until the spring of 1665,
when he, his wife, and seven children left for their new home at
Elizabethtown, New Jersey. He was one of the eighty asso-
ciates of that town, and died on his plantation near the mouth
of the Rah way River, September, 1683. His son John was born
in New Haven, May 2, 1661, and died November, 1744, on the
homestead plantation he had inherited from his father. This
homestead is now in possession of Mrs. Childs of New York, a
granddaughter of the late Dr. Stewart C. Marsh, who was a
great-grandson of David, the youngest son of John Marsh. John
Marsh's son Daniel married Mary, daughter of Henry Rolph
of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Of his six sons, John, the eldest
and great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, died March
9, 1775.

Of the other sons of John Marsh, Daniel was quartermaster-
general ; Henry, f oragemaster ; Christopher was from 1777 until
the close of the war captain of the Essex Light Troop of Horse ;
Rolph, captain First Middlesex Regiment; and Ephraim, Jr.,
recruiting officer of Essex County, New Jersey, with rank of
captain. John Marsh, who died in 1775, left a son Isaac, his
fourth child. To Isaac Marsh fell the duty and distinction, at
the age of only sixteen years, as a member of Captain David
Edgar's company of Sheldon's Dragoons, of being detailed for
the duty of carrying to the Continental Congress at Philadel-
phia the despatches from Washington which announced the vic-
tory of the American troops at the battle of Monmouth. His
twenty-first birthday found Isaac Marsh in command of a mer-
chantman on a voyage of three years to the East Indies and
return.

When the harbor of New York was blockaded by the British
fleet in the War of 1812, Captain Marsh's ship was the only one
of three vessels intrusted by the Federal Government with
despatches to France that succeeded in getting through and de-
livering the papers. On leaving France his ship was captured

JOHN EDWARD MARSH 227

by the British, and he was held a prisoner until the close of
the war.

Mr. Marsh, after spending many years in the grammar de-
partment of Burlington College, entered Yale College, and from
there went to Europe and matriculated as a student at the Uni-
versities of Munich, Jena, Wuerzburg, and the College de France
at Paris, principally giving his time to natural sciences, and re-
ceiving the benefit of the instruction and association of Liebig,
Pettenkofer, Haeskel, Geuther, Stresker, and Kuno Fisshrr.
Since his return to America he has continued his work, purely
for his own pleasure and the advancement of science. His busi-
ness interest and activity are confined to the care of his own
property and the management, in conjunction with his brother
William L. Marsh, of his father's estate. Mr. Marsh is a mem-
ber of the Society of Colonial Wars, Historical Societies of
New York and New Jersey and the Metropolitan and Lawyers'
clubs of New York.

Mr. Marsh was married in 1868 to Caroline A., daughter of
Seth M. Capron of Walden, Orange County, New York, a gradu-
ate of the institution at West Point, an officer of the army, and
brother of General Horace Capron, who was Commissioner of
Agriculture under President Johnson. He resigned to accept a
similar office from the Emperor of Japan, which he held for
many years, resulting in the great development of the island
empire.

His eldest child, Charles Capron Marsh, born in 1868, gradu-
ated at Yale College in 1891 and Columbia Law School in 1894,
and was married in 1895 to Miss Elizabeth Sypher. The young-
est child, Frieda Lawrence Marsh, was married April, 1896, to
Edward Thaw of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.

Mr. Marsh passes a part of the year in New York city.

ALONZO CLARK MATHER

NINE generations ago Richard Mather came to this country
from Toxteth Park, near Liverpool, England, and in August,
1635, settled at Boston. His son and grandson, Increase Mather
and Cotton Mather, were two of the most distinguished men of
their time in New England. A recent writer has well said that
two centuries ago the Mathers were so important a family in
New England that for three generations the snapping of the
finger of any one of them would have been sufficient signal for a
revolution. In the eighth generation from Richard Mather was
William Mather, who married Mary Ann Buell and lived at Fair-
field, Herkimer County, New York. He was widely known as a
writer, and as a lecturer on chemistry and the natural sciences
to the undergraduate classes of various colleges and other insti-
tutions of learning. At Madison, now Colgate, University at
Hamilton, New York, he delivered a course every winter for
thirty years.

Alonzo Clark Mather, son of the foregoing, was born at Fair-
field, on April 22, 1848. He was educated at the then famous
preparatory school in that place, with which his father and
grandfather were long identified. At the age of fifteen he
became a clerk in a store at Springfield, Massachusetts. At
seventeen and eighteen he had a like place at Utica, New York.
At nineteen he began business on his own account at Little
Falls, New York. A year later, being desirous of a larger field
for operations, he removed to Quincy, Illinois, and thence, in
1875, to Chicago. In the latter city he engaged in a wholesale
trade on Madison Street, and carried it on for twenty years.
Competition was keen, and a bankruptcy law was enacted which

228

ALONZO CLAKK MATHER 229

let many of his debtors escape their obligations. Still he pros-
pered and attained marked success.

In 1880, while coming to New York on business, Mr. Mather
had the luck to be side-tracked in his sleeping-car for some
hours by an accident. He was kept awake by the moaning of
the cattle in a stock-car on the next track, and in the morning
he found that in their agony the cattle had been fighting and
struggling among themselves until five were dead and three
more badly hurt. This incident set him to work devising a
more comfortable and humane style of car for the conveyance
of live stock. He invented such a car, and since 1887 has
devoted his attention almost entirely to the manufacture and
introduction of it. Thousands of his cars are now in use on the
principal railroads engaged in the transportation of cattle. This
and other inventions have brought him much profit and his car
a gold medal from the American Humane Society and similar
bodies. Mr. Mather has also invented devices for utilizing wave-
and tide-power, and the power of rapid river currents for operat-
ing canal-boats by electricity and running electric cars on the
tow-path at the same time without interference, for automobile
vehicles, steel car-trucks, pneumatic springs, etc.

He is president of the Mather Humane Transportation Com-
pany, the Mather Stock Car Company, the Mather Automatic
Car Coupler Company, the Buffalo Bridge and Power Company,
and the Royal Hook Glove Company.

He is a member of the Union League Club of Chicago, and
the Chicago Yacht, Marquette, and Twentieth Century clubs of
the same city.

DARIUS OGDEN MILLS

FEW narratives are more fascinating than those which tell of
the rise of men, by dint of native virtue and energy, from
comparatively humble stations in life to vast wealth and influence
and power for good among their fellow-men. The United States
is notably the land where such careers are most to be found, and
among those to be observed here there is not one more worthy
of attention than that of Darius Ogden Mills. He comes of an
old north of England family which at the middle of the last
century came to this country and settled on Long Island, and then
removed to Connecticut, near the New York line. Some mem-
bers of the family, indeed, established themselves in Westchester
County, New York, and there, in the last generation, James Mills
was supervisor and justice of peace for the town of North
Salem. He was a man of high standing in the community, and
was successfully engaged in various lines of business, but, late in
life, lost most of his property through unfortunate investments.
He died at Sing Sing in 1841, leaving his sons to make their own
fortunes.

Darius Ogden Mills, son of James Mills, was born at North
Salem on September 5, 1825, and inherited the rugged health,
mental acuteness, and flawless integrity that had distinguished
his father. He received his education at the North Salem
Academy, and at the Mount Pleasant Academy at Sing Sing, ex-
cellent institutions of that rank. He left the Sing Sing school
at the age of seventeen to complete his training in the wider and
higher school of the business world. For several years he per-
formed the duties of a clerkship in New York, bringing to them
the qualities of person and character that assure — or, still better,
deserve — success. In 1847, on the invitation of his cousin, E.

230

DARIUS OGDEN MILLS 231

J. Townsend, he went to Buffalo, New York, to serve as cashier
of the Merchants' Bank of Erie County, and also to form a busi-
ness partnership with Mr. Townsend. The bank was one of
deposit and issue, under a special charter, and did a prosperous
business. But in December, 1848, Mr. Mills decided to leave it
and go to California, where the discovery of gold gave promise
of untold gains for enterprising men. Mr. Townsend agreed to
maintain, in any business which Mr. Mills might undertake in
California, the same relative interest which they had in the bank,
and to protect all drafts which Mr. MiUs might make. And so
Mr. Mills followed his two brothers to the Pacific coast, where
he arrived in June, 1849.

It has not escaped observation that some of the largest for-
tunes were made in California, not in digging gold, but in de-
veloping the ordinary industries of the country. And the latter
were, as a rule, the more stable. Adventurous men who went
thither to pick up gold were often disappointed in their quest.
Those who did make fortunes sometimes lost them again, on the
familiar principle, " Easy come, easy go." The substantial for-
tunes, or most of them, were made by those who set about sys-
tematically to develop the general resources of the country, to
create varied industries, and to promote trade and commerce.

To such latter enterprises Mr. Mills decided to devote his at-
tention. His first undertaking, on reaching California, was to
buy a stock of general merchandise and with it make a trading
expedition to Stockton and the San Joaquin Valley. To this
end, he entered into partnership with one of his fellow- voyagers,
and together they bought a small sailing-vessel, loaded it with
goods, and went to Stockton, where the cargo was sold at a
profit. The two partners then separated, and Mr. Mills returned
to Sacramento, deeming that the best center of trade with the
miners. He opened a store of general merchandise, buying gold-
dust, and dealing in exchange on New York. By November,
1849, he had cleared forty thousand dollars, and was so well
pleased with his prospects that he decided to return to Buffalo,
close out all his interests there, and make California his home.
This he did, and in 1850 was at work again in Sacramento.

Thereafter his record was largely the financial and business
record of the Pacific coast. He established a bank, called the

232 DARIUS OGDEN MILLS

Bank of D. O. Mills & Co., which is still the principal bank in
Sacramento. A branch of it was opened at Columbia, under the
management of his brothers James and Edgar. In 1857, owing
to too close application to business, his health became impaired,
and he went to Europe for rest. Returning with health and
strength restored, he resumed his business with more energy
than ever, and soon had on hand greater undertakings than he
had yet known. It was owing to his reputation for judgment,
decision, shrewdness, and absolute integrity that he was chosen
president of the great Bank of California, when that institution
was organized in 1864. It began with a capital of two million
dollars, which was soon increased to five million dollars, and, un-
der his wise management, it became known and trusted through-
out the world, and was one of the chief factors in developing the
greatness of the State. Mr. Mills had taken the presidency re-
luctantly, and with the intention of soon resigning it, but he
was prevailed upon to keep the place until 1873. Then he in-
sisted upon retiring from active business. He left the bank in
splendid condition, with capital secure, profits large, and credit
unquestioned. Two years later he was called back to save it
from utter ruin. Its former cashier, William C. Ralston, had
been made its new president. He went to Mr. Mills and asked
him to save him from individual failure. Mr. Mills loaned him
nine hundred thousand dollars. Then it came out that the bank
was in trouble, and two days later its doors were closed. It was
found that there had been an overissue of twelve thousand
shares of its stock, which had been taken in with Mr. Mills's
loan and retired just before the failure. Mr. Ralston was asked
by the directors to resign the presidency, which he did ; and be-
fore the meeting of the directors adjourned, his dead body was
found in the bay — whether the victim of accident or suicide
was never determined.

Mr. Mills again became president of the bank, serving without
compensation. Its liabilities were then $19,585,000, including
$5,000,000 capital stock and $1,000,000 reserve, while it had on
hand $100,000 in cash, besides its general assets. Mr. Mills and
the other directors raised a fund of $7,895,000, of which Mr.
Mills subscribed $1,000,000. Mr. Mills, in conjunction with
William Sharon and Thomas Bell, guaranteed payment of the

DARIUS OGDEN MILLS 233

outstanding drafts and credits of the bank ; and on September
30, one month and five days after its suspension, the bank re-
sumed business on a sound foundation. By Mr. Mills's timely
and skilful management, the bank had been saved and a disas-
trous panic on the Pacific coast had been averted. Having thus
restored the bank's prosperity, Mr. Mills retired from its presi-
dency in 1878.

During his residence in California, Mr. Mills identified himself
with the general business interests of that State, and invested
largely in land, mines, railroads, etc. He also identified him-
self with the social and educational interests, becoming a regent
and treasurer of the University of California, and endowing with
seventy-five thousand dollars a professorship in that institution.
He was also one of the first trustees of the Lick estate and the
Lick Observatory.

In 1880 Mr. Mills transferred his home and much of his capi-
tal to New York, and has since been chiefly identified with this
metropolis. He retains, however, a fine estate at Millbrae, in
San Mateo County, California, as well as many investments in
that State. In New York he has become an investor in many
substantial properties, and thus one of the great financial forces
of the city. He has erected on Broad and Wall streets a great
office building, which bears his name, and a similar building in
San Francisco.

In 1888 Mr. Mills opened and gave to the city a fine training-
school for male nurses, which he had founded and endowed in
connection with Bellevue Hospital. In 1897-98 he built and
opened in New York two great hotels, known as Mills Houses
Nos. 1 and 2. These are equipped with the latest and best ap-
pliances, and are intended for the transient or permanent homes
of worthy men of moderate means, who cannot afford to pay the
high prices of ordinary hotels, but desire something better than
the squalor of the cheap lodging-houses. The houses accommo-
date many hundreds of guests, and are always filled, and are
justly to be ranked among the most beneficent institutions ever
devised for the aid of the laboring masses.

Not almsgiving, but economy, is the key-note of the Mills
houses. It is Mr. Mills's theory that industry, education, and
economy are the three prime factors for the promotion of the

234 DAB1US OGDEN MILLS

popular welfare. No one has exemplified the first more perfectly
than he has in his own career. The second he has generously
promoted by his endowments of educational institutions. The
third, and not least, finds concrete expression and effective prac-
tice in the Mills houses. " We are too extravagant in this coun-
try," said Mr. Mills, in discussing some social problems. "There
is more waste here than in any other country. Persons of small
means as well as persons of large means spend a great deal more
money than is necessary in supplying their needs. The value of
money is not generally appreciated, and anything in the direction
of an object-lesson in that direction cannot fail to have a benefi-
cial effect. One of my objects in establishing these model
cheap hotels was to encourage men of limited means to practise
economy by enabling them to live comfortably at a very small
outlay."

It was in such a spirit of pure and practical philanthropy that
Mr. Mills established these hotels. The first one, Mills House
No 1, is in Bleecker Street. The second, Mills House No. 2, is
in Rivington Street. Those are districts of the city marked at
once with industry and with poverty. They are thronged with
men who make just enough for a living, and who are danger-
ously near the edge of pauperism or criminality. There are
hundreds of industrious and well-meaning young men who have
been unable, under the old conditions, to save any part of their
small incomes. The establishment of these houses enables them
to save, and assures them comfortable homes in surroundings that
are sanitary both for the body and for the mind. Their wages
are not increased, and they are not forced to curtail their desires
or needs. But the purchasing power of their wages, for the
satisfaction of their legitimate desires, is increased by the elimi-
nation of waste and extravagance. That is the philosophy of
the enterprise.

While thus providing for the welfare and advancement of the
male wage-earner, Mr. Mills has not overlooked the interests of
the families, the married poor, and the women of the masses.
The Mills hotels are intended for single men ; but he has built
several model apartment -houses for the use of families of small
means, in which cleanliness and order, good morals and good
plumbing, decent associations and the conveniences of modern

DAEIUS OGDEN MILLS 235

civilization, can be had at even a less price than has been paid
for wretched quarters in the shims. His experience as a land-
lord of such property has proved to Mr. Mills that even the
poorest of the poor respond quickly to improved conditions and
environments, and cooperate with their benefactoi\s in striving
to better their standard of life. It may be observed in passing
that these institutions, founded by Mr. Mills, are serving as
models for others of similar purport in other cities, so that we
may properly regard them as the beginning of a general move-
ment for the better lodging and better living of the poor, and of
an increase of thrift among the wage-earners of America. In
founding this great enterprise Mr. Mills assured for himself -
though nothing was further from his purpose than self-glorifica-
tion— a rank by the side of Peabody and the other most eminent
philanthropists of the century, those philanthropists who have
not only helped their fellow-men, but, what is best of all, have
helped them to help themselves.

Mr. Mills was married, in 1854, to Miss Jane T. Cunningham,
who died in April, 1888. She bore him two children, Ogden
Mills, a well-known member of the social and business worlds,
and Elizabeth, wife of the Hon. Whitelaw Reid. Mr. Mills is a
member of the Century, Metropolitan, Union, Union League,
Knickerbocker, and other clubs, and a trustee of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art and of the Museum of Natural History, and is an
active worker in and generous benefactor of various other insti-
tutions and enterprises for the public good. He remains, as he
has always been, a man of quiet tastes, of methodical habits,
and of unflagging industry. He is in his own life a constant
exemplification of the theories of industry, intelligence, and
economy which he advocates, and he has himself demonstrated
their beneficence to the individual and to the community. He
gives close personal attention to all the departments of his vast
and varied business interests, without ever permitting business
to make him its slave. Commanding the gratitude of many and
the respect of all, and maintaining his own integrity of physical
health, intellectual acumen, and moral character, he embodies in
himself a fine type of the successful and public-spirited American
citizen.

DAVID H. MOFFAT

DAVID H. MOFFAT was born at Washingtonville, in Orange
County, New York, on July 22, 1839. At the age of
twelve years he left the parental roof, and made his way to the
great metropolis of the nation, toward which his childish fancy
and ambition had already often turned.

He had in New York no acquaintance, no prospect, no hope,
no influence. He came as a stranger, to seek his own oppor-
tunity and to make the best of it, relying solely upon his own
merits and energy. He found himself only one amid jostling
and selfish thousands, all intent upon winning fortune, or at
least earning a living. His boyish ideas had invariably turned
toward the business of a banker, the very name being suggestive
of wealth. In that business, thei'efore, he sought an opening,
and presently succeeded in getting employment as a runner, or
messenger, in the New York Exchange Bank. He must have
been unusually mature in mind and body for his years, for the
work which he then undertook was such as is customarily given
to young or even mature men. Yet he not only undertook the
work, but he performed it faithfully and satisfactorily. It was
arduous labor, and burdened with great responsibilities, for he
was often intrusted with large sums of money and securities,
which he had to carry from one bank to another in the cum-
brous system of individual exchanges now conveniently managed
through the Clearing-house. No higher tribute could be paid
to the boy than is implied in the simple record that he did his
duty in this place successfully and to the entire satisfaction of
the bank, so that he remained in its employ four years, at the
end of which he was promoted to the then highly important and
responsible office of assistant teller, corresponding under the

236

DAVID H. MOFFAT 237

present system of organization to that of assistant cashier. An
assistant cashier under sixteen years of age is another rarity in
banking. But in this case it was a justifiable experiment. The
lad filled that place with the same faithfulness and ability that
had marked his first work, and he might doubtless have remained
with the bank permanently, working his way through sheer
merit to higher and still higher places, had he been so inclined.

This bank was his school, college, Alma Mater. His four
years in it gave him his education and discipline. And at the
end of that course he voluntarily went out from its walls, to
seek, if possible, a more extended opportunity elsewhere. An
elder brother of his had some time before emigrated to Iowa,
which was then on the extreme Western frontier, and was the
goal toward which the tide of Western migration seemed most
to be setting. He wrote to David, telling him of the oppor-
tunities in that new commonwealth, and urging him to come
thither. As an inducement, he secured for him, if he would come
and take it, the place of teller in the bank of A. J. Stevens & Co.,
at Des Moines. David did not hesitate, but immediately re-
signed his place in the New York bank, and set his face toward
the setting sun. It was in 1855 that he, then a lad of only six-
teen years, arrived in the Western city and became teller of one
of its leading banks. His work there was of the same high
order as before. His accuracy, his keen perceptions, and his
orderly methods attracted much attention. Among those who
noticed his work was B. F. Allen, a leading capitalist of the
West, who was on the point of opening a bank in the city of
Omaha. He offered young Moffat the place of cashier in it,
and the latter accepted it, and went forthwith to Omaha to
begin his duties.

That was in 1856. Thus at the age of seventeen the youth,
five years after leaving home to make his own way in the world,
was installed as cashier and general manager of an important
banking institution in the West, having large sums of money
under his control, and being responsible for the prosperous
progress of a large and potential business. It was such a place
as is commonly filled by men of mature years and long experi-
ence, but he filled it for four years with eminent success. Then,
in 1859, Mr. AUen decided to transfer his interests elsewhere,

238 DAVID H. MOFFAT

and the bank went into voluntary liquidation, settling with all
its creditors in full.

" Pike's Peak or bust ! " was the picturesque cry raised in
1860, as a tumultuous tide of fortune-seekers began to sweep
westward again, toward the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Moffat,
having then just reached his majority, decided to join it and
try his skill on the new frontier. Accordingly he formed a
partnership with 0. C. Woolworth of St. Joseph, Missouri, hi
the book and stationery trade. They loaded an assorted stock
of such goods upon four huge wagons, or prairie-schooners,
and, with a few companions, Mr. Moffat personally conducted
the caravan across the plains, himself holding the reins over
the leading teams. It was on March 17, 1860, that he reached
his destination and opened the house of Woolworth & Moffat,
on Ferry Street, Auraria. To the present generation the name
of Auraria is strange, so it must be explained that that was
the original name of Denver, Colorado.

The adventure was a profitable one. There was a large and
growing demand for business stationery, for paper on which to
print the newspapers which were established there, and for
books and periodicals. In a few years the establishment grew
into one of the most prosperous and profitable mercantile houses
of the growing city. Mr. Moffat was its leading spirit, and its
success was chiefly due to his energy and foresight.

But the young man's fancy still turned toward his first busi-
ness love. He kept on with the stationery house, but at the
same time resumed the work of a banker. In 1865 the place
of cashier of the First National Bank of Denver was offered to
him. He accepted it with readiness, for, though the bank had
been organized only a few months, he saw in it almost un-
bounded opportunities. In that bank the bulk of his life-work
has been done. He has been connected with it ever since his
first entry into it in 1865, and since 1881 has been its president.
The bank has grown with the city in which it located, and is
one of the most important institutions of the kind in the West.

But even this important place did not absorb the whole of
Mr. Moffat's attention. He was actively associated in the con-
struction of various railroads, among them the Denver Pacific,
the Boulder Valley, the Denver & South Park, the Grolden

DAVID H. MOFPAT 239

Boulder & Caribou, the Denver & New Orleans (now the Colo-
rado & Southern), and the Florence & Cripple Creek. In all
these enterprises he was the principal financier.

About 1879 he also turned some attention to mining. He
became associated with Mr. Chaffee in the Little Pittsburg
mines at Leadville, and since then has become one of the
largest mine-owners in the State of Colorado. He became a
prominent factor in the affairs of Leadville, and afterward in
the development of Aspen and Cripple Creek. His profits from
these ventures have been large, and his influence in the business
has been for the benefit of all legitimately concerned in it. He
likewise took a leading part in the regeneration of the Rio
Grande Railroad, with splendid results.

Many times in the last score of years he has been importuned
to enter the active field of politics, and more than one important
office would have been his for the acceptance. He consistently
declined, however, to become a candidate for any public office,
saying that his inclinations lay rather in the direction of busi-
ness, and he was not willing to abandon the assured success of
business for the dubious possibilities of the political arena. He
has, however, always taken a citizen's interest in politics, and on
some occasions has exerted no little influence in a campaign.

In reviewing this remarkable career, it would be unpardonable
not to refer to Mr. Moffat's innumerable deeds of benevolence,
though it is impossible to specify them. They have been per-
formed unostentatiously, and remain to this day unpublished
and unknown, save to the recipients of his bounty.

The cardinal virtues of his character are integrity, generosity,
determination, energy, and an amiable desire for the good of his
fellow-men, as well as for himself. His phenomenal success as
a banker is to be attributed to his natural aptitude for such work.
The impulse which led him to it at the age of twelve years was
a true one. No doubt he would have won equal success in trade
or manufactures had his inclination led him iii such a direction.
But his purpose was single. When he entered New York alone,
a boy not yet in his teens, he paid no attention to possible open-
ings in shop or store, but went straight to the banks, in the
financial center of the city, and having once gained a foothold
there, made his way on unerringly.

240 DAVID H. MOFFAT

This singleness of purpose was not diverted nor divided by
any of the incidents of his career, whether favorable or dis-
couraging. There are those whose heads seem to be turned by
success, and others whose spirits appear to be broken by dis-
couragement. He belongs to neither of those classes. At the
beginning of his career he was gifted with phenomenal pre-
science, which enabled him to select for himself the very work for
which his aptitude was afterward seen to be greatest ; and there-
after he vindicated that choice by his own energy and constancy.
The spectacle of a friendless boy, only just entering his teens,
going to New York on his own account to become a banker,
might well be regarded as both amusing and presumptuous.
Viewed through the perspective of attained success of the high-
est order, it defies and confuses criticism.

JAMES HOBART MOORE

THE junior member of the famous Chicago firm of Moore
Brothers, lawyers and financiers, is James Hobart Moore,
son of Nathaniel F. and Rachel A. Beckwith Moore, who was
born on June 14, 1852, at the little town of Berkshire, Tioga
County, New York. He was well educated, at first in the local
schools and then at the Cortland Academy, Homer, New York.
His tastes leading him to business and finance rather than to fur-
ther study, he did not go on to college, as his elder brother had
done, but at once entered his father's banking house at Greene,
New York. There he was thoroughly trained in the details of
finance and practical banking, and was prepared for further en-
terprises in that line. In 1871, when only nineteen years of age,
he entered the service of the Susquehanna Bank, at Binghamton,
New York, and remained in it for two years, with the hearty
approval and commendation of his employers.

He was, however, impressed with what he deemed to be the
superior opportunities offered in the West, and so, in 1873, he
removed to Chicago. In that city he quickly secured profita-
ble employment, and occupied successively and successfully
several positions of trust during a period of five years. Perceiv-
ing the value of a legal education in the conduct of large busi-
nesses, he then entered, in 1878, the law office of Small & Moore,
in which his elder brother, W. H. Moore, was junior partner.
There he devoted himself to his studies with great earnestness,
and in due time was admitted to the bar. About that tune Mr.
Small died, and Mr. Moore became a member of the firm, in part-
nership with his brother, under the style of Moore Brothers.

This law firm has had an exceptionally successful career,
largely as counsel for large corporations and trustee for estates.

241

242 JAMES HOBAKT MOOKE

The Adams and American Express companies and the Vander-
Ibilt railroad interests have been among its clients. It has also
done much in the organization of corporations, and the consoli-
dation of business interests into what are commonly called trusts.
In promoting the Diamond Match Company the firm played a
leading part. The operation promised great success until the
financial panic of 1896, caused by political uncertainty, brought
disaster, and left the Moore Brothers with $4,000,000 of debts.
Every dollar of this indebtedness was, however, soon paid off,
and the firm went on more prosperously than before.

Among the other great financial enterprises in which it has
been conspicuously concerned may be mentioned the formation
of the American Tin Plate Company, with $50,000,000 capital, of
which $10,000,000 in common stock was allotted to the Moores ;
and the National Biscuit Company, with $55,000,000 capital, of
which they received $6,000,000 in common stock.

In the work of this firm the younger Mr. Moore has played his
full part. He is a man of unusually clear perceptions, and is a
good judge of men. In manner he is at once dignified and
affable. His legal instincts and methods are unerring, and the
most complicated problems are unraveled by him with ease.
His own success has not deprived him of interest in those who
are at the bottom of the ladder, and it is said that many a young
man in Chicago has been helped to success by him.

In politics Mr. Moore is a Democrat, but he has held no office,
and takes no part in political affairs beyond that of a private
citizen.

He was married in Chicago, on April 26, 1883, to Miss Lora
Josephine Small, daughter of his brother's former partner,
Edward A. Small, and sister to his brother's wife. Their union
has been crowned with one sou.

WILLIAM H. MOOKE

DO you know Moore Brothers ? " a Chicago business man was
asked. "Who does not?" was his reply. "Their vasl
and successful operations are the wonder of the business world."
The tribute was none too high for a firm that, after being caught
in one of the most overwhelming panics of modern times, within
a year paid off, in full, debts of more than $4,000,000, and con-
tinued in business with a clean record, a big bank-account, and
the unhesitating confidence of the community.

William H. Moore, the senior member of this firm, was born
at Utica, New York, on October 25, 1848, the son of Nathaniel
F. Moore, a native of this State, of New England parentage,
who was widely known and respected as a successful meirhaiii
and banker. The maiden name of Mr. Moore's mother was
Rachel A. Beckwith. She was a daughter of George Beckwith
of Triangle, New York. The Moore family being well-to-do,
William enjoyed good educational advantages. He studied at
a seminary at Oneida, and at the Cortland Academy at HOIIKT,
New York, and then entered Aniherst College in 1867. It was
his ambition to complete the full college course, and he made
admirable progress toward doing so ; but his health was not
equal to the strain, and he was compelled to leave college before
the graduation of his class. In quest of health he visited Wis-
consin, and finding the climate beneficial to him, settled at Eau
Claire and began the study of the law in the office of W. P.
Bartlett. He was admitted to the bar at Eau Claire in 1872,
but finding his health had been somewhat impaired by his close
attention to study, he then, instead of beginning practice, went
to the Pacific coast for a few months. In the fall of 1872, how-
ever, he returned to Eau Claire, and thence went to Chicago to
pursue his profession.

244 WILLIAM H. MOOKE

He entered the office of E. A. Small as managing clerk, and a
year and a half later was made a partner in the firm of Small &
Moore. The biisiness was largely that of attorney for large
corporations, and the firm had a prosperous career until the
death of Mr. Small, early in 1882. Mr. Moore then formed a
partnership with his younger brother, J. H. Moore, who had
just been admitted to the bar. Five years later W. A. Purcell
became a partner, and the firm was known as W. H. & J. H.
Moore & Purcell. It was one of the best known and most
prosperous law firms in Chicago, its large clientage being chiefly
composed of important business houses, estates, and corpora-
tions. Mr. Moore was for many years the trial lawyer of the
firm, and its success was due in a great measure to his ability
and devotion. His thorough knowledge of corporation law made
him a recognized authority on the subject. His services were
often called into requisition for the framing of charters, bills of
incorporation, and similar legal instruments of the highest
importance. He was also the organizer of a number of com-
panies, with brilliant success. Among the permanent clients of
the firm were such great corporations as the Adams and Ameri-
can Express companies, and the Vanderbilt fast freight lines.

Its connection with the Diamond Match Company, however,
brought the firm into its great prominence, and led to the most
sensational incidents in its career. In the spring of 1896 the
stock of that corporation, under their management, began to rise
from 140, where it then stood, until in May it reached 284, and
was expected to go on to 400 or even higher. An unexpected
turn in politics, however, precipitated a business panic. In
August the crisis was reached. The Chicago Stock Exchange
was closed, not to reopen until November. Diamond Match
Stock fell with a crash, and the firm of Moore Brothers was left
with debts of $4,000,000 or more. The brothers simply settled
down to work a little harder than ever, and in less than a year
paid off every dollar of indebtedness, and placed their affairs on
a sound and prosperous basis. This they accomplished largely
through their consolidation of biscuit-manufacturing concerns
into the gigantic National Biscuit Company, with $55,000,000 of
capital. For their services in that consolidation the brothers
received $6,000,000 in common stock of the new corporation.

WILLIAM H. MOOKE -JIT,

Following this successful deal, Mr. Moore and his brother
went on in the same line. They undertook the consolidation
of various tin-plate manufacturing concerns into one great cor-
poration, the American Tin Plate Company, with $50,000,000
capital, and they received $10,000,000 of common stock.

In the final settlement of their indebtedness the brothers gave
notes for some hundreds of thousands of dollars, to run for two
years without interest. But a few days later they agreeably
surprised their creditors by paying the notes in full, in cash.
Within ten days they thus paid out $500,000, and then were five
and clear of all obligations, with a handsome balance to their
credit in the banks.

Mr. Moore is a man of social and cultivated tastes. He is a
collector of fine pictures, books, and similar objects, the owner
of many thoroughbred horses, and an enthusiastic golf -player.
He belongs to a number of the best clubs, of which he is a popu-
lar member.

He was married, in 1879, to Miss Ada Small, daughter of his
former law partner, Edward A. Small, and they now have a
family of three sons.

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN

Morgan family, which for several generations has been
JL conspicuous in commerce, finance, and the public service, is
of Welsh origin, as the name implies. It was planted in this
country by two brothers, Miles and James Morgan, who settled
in Massachusetts in 1636. From the latter were descended
Charles Morgan, the founder of the Morgan Railroad and Steam-
ship lines ; Edwin D. Morgan, the merchant and famous War
Governor of New York ; David P. Morgan, the banker and
broker ; George Denison Morgan, Edwin B. Morgan, and other
men conspicuous in business and public life. From Miles Mor-
gan were also descended various men of note, foremost among
them in the last generation being Junius Spencer Morgan, who,
after a prosperous career as a merchant in Hartford, Connecticut,
and Boston, Massachusetts, became, in 185-1, the partner of George
Peabody, the famous banker and philanthropist. Ten years later
he succeeded Mr. Peabody, and made the banking house of J. S.
Morgan & Co. one of the foremost in the world. He married
Juliet Pierpont, a woman of exceptional force of character, and
a daughter of the Rev. John Pierpont of Boston. Their first
child, born at Hartford, Connecticut, on April 17, 1837, is the
subject of this biography.

John Pierpont Morgan inherited from both his parents the
mental and spiritual characteristics which distinguished them,
and at an early age inclined toward the business in which his
father had achieved his greatest success. He was finely edu-
cated, at the English High School in Boston, and at the Univer-
sity of Gottingen in Germany. At the age of twenty years he
returned to America to become a banker. With that end in view
he entered the private banking hoiise of Duncan, Sherman &
Co., one of the foremost in New York city, and devoted himself

JOHN PIEEPONT MORGAN 247

to a thorough mastery of the business. This he achieved to so
good purpose that at the end of three years he was appoinifd
the American agent and attorney of George Peabody & Co., a
place which he continued to hold after his father's linn h.-id
succeeded Mr. Peabody. In 1864 he engaged in banking OH his
own account, as a member of the firm of Dabiiey, Morgan & Co.
of New York. This firm confined its dealings to legitimate in-
vestment securities, and thus achieved much success and \\<m
enviable reputation for trustworthiness. Finally, in 1871, Mr.
Morgan became the junior partner of the firm of Drexel, Morgan
& Co., one of the foremost banking houses of America; and
through the death of the elder partners he is now its head, and
thus probably the greatest private banker in this country and
one of the greatest in the world.

Mr. Morgan has made a specialty of reorganizing railroad com-
panies and restoring them to prosperity. Among the railroads
with which he has thus been connected may be recalled the
Albany and Susquehanna, in dealing with which he won a
notable victory over strong opponents in 1869 ; the West Shore ;
the Philadelphia and Reading; the Richmond Terminal and its
successor, the Southern ; the Erie, the New England, and others.
He has also done similar work in other departments of industry.
For example, when the great publishing hoiise of Harper &
Brothers failed, in November, 1899, it was he, whose firm was the
principal creditor, who took the lead in reorganization and in
placing the company on a sound footing again. He has likewise
been identified with the placing upon the market of large issues
of government bonds. In 1877, in cooperation with August
Belmont and the Rothschilds, he floated two hundred and sixty
million dollars of four-per-cent. bonds. In February, 1895, the
Belmont-Morgan syndicate successfully placed another great
issue of United States bonds. Indeed, for years Mr. Morgan's
firm has been recognized as one of the foremost in America for
such enterprises.

The business corporations in which Mr. Morgan is interested
as an investor and as a director include the National Bank of
Commerce, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad,
the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad, the West Shore
Railroad, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, the

248 JOHN PIERPONT MOEGAN

Pullman Palace Car Company, the Mexican Telegraph Company,
the Western Union Telegraph Company, the Manufacturing
Investment Company, the United States Steel Corporation,
the General Electric Company, the Madison Square Garden
Company, the Metropolitan Opera House, and others. In
1902 he organized a combination of a number of leading trans-
atlantic steamship lines in the greatest shipping syndicate ever
formed.

Mr. Morgan takes a keen interest in yachting, and for years
has exerted a dominant influence over that fine sport in Ameri-
can waters. He has been one of the chief patrons of the Ameri-
can boats in the series of international races for the famous
America's cup, and is largely to be credited with the success in
keeping that coveted trophy on this side of the Atlantic. He is
himself the owner of the Corsair, one of the largest and finest
steam-yachts afloat. His patronage of grand opera, literature,
and art, and his leadership in all movements for the higher wel-
fare of his fellows, are well known.

The list of Mr. Morgan's benefactions to various good causes
is a long and impressive one. He gave, in 1897, one million
dollars to the Society of the Lying-in Hospital of the city of
New York for a new building. He gave five hundred thousand
dollars to the Auchniuty Industrial School ; three hundred and
sixty thousand dollars to St. George's Protestant Episcopal
Church, New York, for its memorial parish house ; a large sum,
the exact amount of which has not been revealed, to the new
Protestant Episcopal Cathedral in New York ; a fine collection
of gems to the American Museum of Natural History ; twenty-
five thousand dollars for the mortgage on the Protestant Episco-
pal Church of the Redeemer in New York; a fine chapel at
Highland Falls, New York, where he makes his summer home ;
ten thousand dollars to the public library at Holyoke, Massa-
chusetts ; and twenty-five thousand dollars for the electric light-
ing of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, England.

Mr. Morgan is a member of the Metropolitan, Union League,
Century, Union, Knickerbocker, Tuxedo, Riding, Racquet,
Lawyers', Whist, Players', New York Yacht, Seawanhaka-Corin-
thian Yacht, and other clubs of New York, and of others else-
where in this and other countries.

FRANKLIN MURPHY

FRANKLIN MURPHY, one of the foremost manufacturers of
the city of Newark and for many years a leader of the Repub-
lican party in the State of New Jersey, comes of colonial stock.
His great-great-grandfather, Robert Murphy, came to this coun-
try in 1756, and settled in Connecticut. That ancestor had a
son, Robert Murphy, Jr., who lived in Bergen County, New
Jersey, and served in the American army in the War of the
Revolution. Robert Murphy, Jr., married Hannah Doane, and
they had a son, William Murphy, who was a soldier in the War
of 1812. The last-named had a son named William Hayes
Murphy, who married Elizabeth Hagar, and lived in Jersey
City, New Jersey.

Franklin Murphy, sou of this couple, was born in Jersey City
on January 3, 1846. When he was ten years old the family
removed to Newark, and he was educated in the well-known
Newark Academy. He left school in July, 1862, to enlist hi the
Thirteenth Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers, and was in active
service until the close of the war, partly in the Army of the
Potomac and partly in the West under General Sherman. At
the close of the war he was honorably mustered out with the
rank of first lieutenant. He had been at Antietam, Chancellors-
ville, and Gettysburg, and "from Atlanta to the sea."

Mr. Murphy, though still two years short of his majority,
founded, in 1865, the firm of Murphy & Co., varnish manu-
facturers, in Newark. His enterprise was attended with much
success. A factoiy was established, which has been repeatedly
increased in size and productiveness, and the business was pushed
by the enterprise of Mr. Murphy and his associates, until now
" Murphy varnishes " are known the world over. In 1891 the

249

250 FRANKLIN MURPHY

company was incorporated as the Murphy Varnish Company,
and Mr. Murphy has since that time remained its president. A
just and appreciative employer, Mr. Murphy has always been
deeply interested in the welfare of his workmen and of labor in
general, and has for many years been a faithful advocate of that
policy which aims to enable American employers to pay the
highest wages in the world and to raise American industrialism
to the highest possible plane.

Mr. Murphy has held various public offices, including member-
ship in the Common Council of Newark and in the Legislature
of New Jersey, and as Park Commissioner to lay out and com-
plete the parks of Essex County. He has served for some years
as chairman of the Republican State Committee of New Jersey,
and in that place has contributed largely to the growth of the
party and its splendid success at the. polls in recent years. He
was appointed by President McKinley a commissioner to the
Paris Universal Exposition of 1900. In November, 1901, he
was elected Governor of New Jersey for a term of two years,
and entered upon that office at the beginning of 1902.

He has been called upon to assume many responsibilities in
connection with public institutions, banks, societies, etc., such
as fall to the lot of a man of integrity, ability, and wealth, and
has discharged his multifarious duties in a manner which has
commanded the unqualified approval of the public.

Mr. Murphy is a member of the Union League, the Century,
and the South Side Sportsmen's clubs of New York, the Union
League Club of Chicago, the Loyal Legion, the Sons of the
American Revolution, and the Essex and the Essex. County
Country clubs of Newark. He was chosen secretary-general of
the Sons of the American Revolution from 1893 to 1897, vice-
president-general in 1898, and president-general in 1899.

Mr. Murphy was married in Newark, in 1868, to Miss Janet
Colwell. They have three children: Franklin Murphy, Jr.,
Helen M. Murphy, and John A. Murphy.

SAMUEL NEWHOUSE

SAMUEL NEWHOUSE, the brilliant and successful mining
operator, was born in New York city, October 14, 1853.
He received his general education in the public schools of
Philadelphia, and in 1870 began the study of law. For this
profession he showed much aptitude, and so commanded public
confidence that in the year 1873 he became Court Clerk of all
the courts of Luzeriie County, Pennsylvania. This office he
filled satisfactorily until his resignation iii 1879, which step he
took in order to engage in the business with which he has since
been so successfully identified.

Mr. Newhouse had long been anxious to try his fortunes in
the mining regions of the West, where so many before him had
acquired great wealth, and in May, 1880, he left Pennsylvania
and took up his residence in Leadville, Colorado, which was at
that time one of the most important mining centers. For six
years he followed with profit the business of freighting, at the
same time becoming interested in various mining prospects. In
this way, while at the same time amassing a handsome fortune,
he made himself thoroughly conversant with all affairs relating
to mines and ores, and at length, having mastered all details of
the business, began to devote his entire time to promoting large
companies in London and New York city.

In this line of work Mr. Newhouse continued and has been
uniformly successful. The number and importance of his enter-
prises at the present time are extraordinary, considering that he
has yet hardly passed middle life, and has been engaged in min-
ing operations for only a comparatively short time.

The Newhouse Tunnel, of which noteworthy enterprise he was
the projector and is managing director, is located at Idaho

251

252 SAMUEL NEWHOUSE

Springs, Colorado. It is already completed for a distance of
something more than one and one half miles, but is intended to
run five miles through Seaton Mountain. It will drain over two
thousand mining properties, and the ores from all those mines
will be transported through the tunnel.

Mr. Newhouse is president and managing director of the Utah
Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited, and of the Boston Car Copper
& Gold Mining Company, Limited; managing director of the
Newhouse Tunnel Company, Limited; president of the Ajax
Mining Company of Salt Lake City, and of the Denver, Lake-
wood & Golden Railway Company; and he is also interested
as owner in the Iron Mask Mines of Red Cuff, Colorado, and
the Revenue Mines of Montana, in addition to a number of
other valuable or promising properties. It is fitting to add, as
one of the prime causes of his success, that his upright and
truthful character has given his name an authority and com-
mended him to confidence wherever he is known.

Mr. Newhouse was married, January 1, 1883, to Miss Ida H.
Stringley of Virginia. A man occupied with so many and such
varying interests has necessarily limited time for outside pur-
suits. Mr. Newhouse has therefore enjoyed little opportunity
to engage actively in political affairs, and his tastes have never
led him to identify himself with clubs, or to seek to become a
conspicuous figure in any social or public organizations. He is
first a business man, and then a domestic man, and in his home
life finds all desired diversion and rest from his multifarious
business cares.

JACOB VAN VECHTEN OLCOTT

THE family of Olcott, which has long been settled in the
United States, is of English origin, and was introduced to
this country at an early date by way of the New England colo-
nies. The first member of it in America was one of the founders
of the city of Hartford, Connecticut, and his descendants have
spread thence to nearly all parts of the United States. In the
last generation one of them, John N. Olcott, was a well-known
commission merchant in New York city.

The family of Knox is, as might be assumed from the name,
of Scottish origin. Its original seat was in the south of Scot-
land, whence it removed to the north of Ireland, and thence to
the United States, being then classed as Scotch Irish. In this
country the pioneer member of the branch of the family now
under consideration was Dr. Samuel Knox, a physician. He
came to America at about the close of the Revolutionary War,
and, like so many of his compatriots, settled in Pennsylvania.
His son was that Rev. Dr. John Knox who rose to eminence as
a theologian and preacher, and was for many years pastor of the
Collegiate Dutch Church in New York.

A daughter of the Rev. Dr. Knox, named Eupheniia Helen
Knox, became the wife of John N. Olcott, the commission mer-
chant already mentioned, and on May 17, 1856, at their home in
New York, bore him a son, to whom the name of Jacob Van
Vechten Olcott was given. The boy was sent in due time to
old Public School No. 35, of which Thomas Hanks was then
principal, and in which he acquired an excellent primary educa-
tion and preparation for college. He thence went to the College
of the City of New York, and finally to the Law School of

253

254 JACOB VAN VECHTEN OLCOTT

Columbia College, from which latter he was graduated in the
class of 1877.

Promptly after his graduation Mr. Olcott was admitted to
practice at the bar. He began his work, however, not as an
independent practitioner, but as a clerk in the law office of the
Hon. E. Ellery Anderson, where for several years he gained the
expei'ieiice and training necessary to make his academic instruc-
tion of the highest service. In 1881 he became a member of the
firm of Livingston & Olcott, and opened an office of his own.
This firm afterward bore the name of Olcott & Olcott, Mr.
Olcott's partner being his younger brother, William M. K. Ol-
cott. This was in 1883. The two brothers had offices at No. 4
Warren Street, and had a large and profitable patronage. The
younger brother, William M. K. Olcott, took a conspicuous part in
politics, and was in 1893 a candidate for city judge on the
Republican ticket; in 1894 was elected an alderman; and in
December, 1896, was appointed by Governor Morton to be Dis-
trict Attorney of New York in place of John R. Fellows,
deceased. Upon this, the firm was again transformed, and there-
after for a time bore the name of Olcott & Messiter. It was
dissolved on January 1, 1900, and since that date Mr. J. Van
Vechten Olcott has been alone in his pi'actice of the law.

Mr. Olcott is a Republican in politics, but has not been an
office-seeker, and has filled only one public place, that of muni-
cipal civil-service commissioner under the administration of
Mayor Strong in 1895-96. He is a member of a number of
leading social organizations, including the Union League, Man-
hattan, Colonial, Merchants', South Side, Tuxedo, and Alpha
Delta Phi clubs, the Bar Association, the New York Historical
Society, and the Sous of the Revolution.

Mr. Olcott was married, some years ago, to Miss Laura I.
Hoffman, daughter of the late Rev. Dr. Charles F. Hoffman,
rector of All Angels' Church, New York. He has no children.

mfiW.

-) ^

JAMES EDWARDS PEPPER

WHISKY and water are commonly regarded as incompati-
bles. The lover of the former resents the admixture, or at
least the too great admixture, of the latter therewith, while the
foe of whisky sounds the praises of pure water as a bever-
age superior to any product of the still. Yet, strange to say, the
word " whisky " means " water " - simply that and nothing more.
In the old Gaelic it bore the form of " uisge," pronounced much
as in its present Anglicized form, and meaning nothing but
water. But when the Gael learned to distil the essence of grain
into a stimulating drink, he called it " uisgebeatha," or "water
of life," whence the modern corruption u usquebaugh." A close
parallel will be observed between the Gael's " uisgebeatha " and
the Gallic " eau-de-vie."

It would be a difficult task to determine, even approximately,
when and where and by whom whisky was invented. The name,
however, unmistakably indicates a Gaelic origin, as does also the
status of the industry to-day, so far as the Old World is concerned.
There are nearly a hundred and fifty whisky distilleries in Scot-
land, with a yearly production of nearly twenty-five million gal-
lons, and Ireland has some forty, with fourteen million gallons,
while England has less than a dozen, with from ten to twelve
million gallons.

These figures seem petty, however, when contrasted with those
of the distilling trade in the United States. The latter are sub-
ject to extraordinary fluctuations, but for many years those rep-
resenting the output of whisky have ranged from forty-five to
sixty million gallons, while the total of distilled spirits has run
far above one hundred million gallons.

In this industry Kentucky has long enjoyed preeminence.

255

256 JAMES EDWARDS PEPPER

That remarkable State is noted, according to common remark,
for the beauty of its women, the speed of its horses, and the
purity of its whisky. True, the fluctuations already noted are
perhaps more marked there than in other States. In five years
the output of Kentucky distilleries varied from less than seven
million to more than forty-five million gallons. For more than
a century, however, Kentucky has maintained a leading rank as
a whisky-producing State, and distilling has stood among its
foremost industries.

Among the famous distilleries of Kentucky, probably the best
known, and certainly the oldest, is the Pepper Distillery, where
is produced the well-known Pepper brand of whisky. This
institution was founded as long ago as in 1780, the first distillery
in the entire territory now comprised in the State of Kentucky.
Its founder was Elijah Pepper, a member of a well-known family
of Culpeper County, Virginia. When he moved from the Old
Dominion to the " Dark and Bloody Ground," Kentucky was
merely — so far as it was surveyed and occupied at all — an
appanage or perhaps a county of Virginia. Mr. Pepper remained,
therefore, a Virginian in his new home. In time, however, Ken-
tucky was erected into an independent State, and then the Pepper
family became as truly Keutuckians as they formerly had been
Virginians.

Elijah Pepper was succeeded, as the head of the great distil-
ling business which he built up, by his son, General O. Pepper.
The latter married Miss Annette Edwards, and to them the sub-
ject of this sketch, James Edwards Pepper, was born at their
home in Woodford County, Kentucky, on May 18, 1850. He
was their eldest son.

It was the custom, at that time, among the great distilling
houses of Kentucky, for the eldest son of the family to enter the
distillery at the age of fifteen years or thereabout, and grow up
with the business, with a view of succeeding to the headship of
it. Such had been General Pepper's experience, and such he
decided should be that of his sou. The latter was accordingly
sent to school at Frankfort and thoroughly educated, especially
along the practical lines likely to be of service to him in con-
ducting the ancestral business. Then, at the age of fifteen years,
he left school and entered the distillery, where he learned every

JAMES EDWARDS PEPPER

detail of the industry. From that time to the present he has
been continuously engaged in the distilling business, and has
materially added to the fame of the Pepper distilleries and the
whisky which they produce. At the present day there is
probably no better known whisky made in the United States
than his.

Colonel Pepper is now the president of the corporation of
James E. Pepper & Co., proprietors of the Pepper Distillery and
also of the Henry Clay Pure Rye Distillery. The magnitude of
these concerns has been sufficient to monopolize the bulk of Iris
business attention, and he has not identified himself with other
corporations. Neither has he taken an especially prominent part
in political affairs, holding and seeking no public office.

The one other work in which he is engaged, in addition to
distilling, is one equally characteristic of Kentuckians. It is the
breeding* of thoroiighbred horses. Colonel Pepper has a fine
stock-farm, Meadowthorpe, near Lexington, Kentucky, in the
heart of the famous blue-grass region, and there he keeps a high
class of blooded horses, some of which have won great fame on
tbe turf. He takes much pleasure in his horses, and conducts
the farm as much for love of fine stock as for profit, though of
course the latter element is not lacking.

Colonel Pepper is a frequent visitor to New York city, and is
well known and cordially welcomed there. He is a member of
the Manhattan and New York clubs in New York city, and
of the Lexington Union Club of Lexington, Kentucky. Of the
latter he was president for two terms.

Having identified himself conspicuously with two of the three
great products of Kentucky, it was only natural that Colonel
Pepper should turn his attention to the third. This he did in
1890, when he married Miss Ella Offutt of Shelby County,
Kentucky.

LAFAYETTE EDWARD PIKE

E1.FAYETTE E. PIKE, the founder and head of a firm of
bankers and brokers well known in all parts of the United
States and Canada through its wide-spread business and its
branch offices in many cities, is a native of the State with which
he has all his life been especially identified and in which he still
resides. He was born at Cheshire, Connecticut, on January 4,
1860, and received a good education at the Morris Academy in
Litchfield County in the same State.

During his boyhood, until he was seventeen years of age, he
worked on a farm in Litchfield County in the intervals of his
schooling. Or perhaps it would be more correct to say he at-
tended school in the time which could lie spared from farm
work. His remuneration for his labor was nothing more than
his board and clothing. At the age of seventeen, however, he
went to Hartford, Connecticut, and soon became engaged in the
management of theatricals and concert companies "on the
road." Among the "attractions" of which he at times had the
management were the Booth-Barrett dramatic company, Theo-
dore Thomas's orchestra, Gilniore's band, and the Yale Uni-
versity Glee Club.

After some years of more or less successful operations as an
amusement manager, Mr. Pike transferred his ambitious activi-
ties to the field of life insurance. He became a general agent at
Hartford for the New York Life Insurance Company, one of
the foremost concerns in the world, and remained in its service
eight years.

His present business was founded about eleven years ago,
when he opened a broker's office at Hartford, Connecticut, and

258

LAFAYETTE EDWARD PIKE

organized the firm of L. E. Pike & Co. The venture quickly
proved profitable, and from time to time branch offices were
established elsewhere. Among the cities in which the linn is
thus represented are New York, Host on, Philadelphia, Chicago.
Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Springfield
(Massachusetts), Hartford (Connecticut), and Montreal and
Toronto in Canada.

In addition to the wide-spread operations of his firm, Mr.
Pike is interested in numerous other corporations and enter-
prises. Among these are the Diamond, Central, Easlern Star,
and Eastern Consolidated Oil companies, several electric rail-
road companies, and some Southern plantation companies. He
is also interested in various issues of railroad and municipal
bonds.

Mr. Pike continues to make his home in the city of Hart-
ford, where his business career began. He lives with his wife
and son at No. 1 Vine Street, in a residence which was for-
merly owned by the Hon. James G. Batterson, who was presi-
dent of the Travellers' Insurance Company, but who is now
deceased. The house is a fine one, and is surrounded by ample
grounds richly adorned with trees and shrubs. The place has
a frontage of more than one thousand feet on Albany Avenue
and more than eight hundred feet on Vine Street, and is con-
sidered one of the handsomest in Hartford.

Mr. Pike was married at Hartford, in 1887, to Miss Isa Ma-
belle Greyer. They have one child, a son, named William Car-
lisle Pike, now thirteen years of age.

ROBERT PITCAIRN

R3BERT PITCAIRN of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, the son of
John and Agnes Pitcairn, is of Scottish origin, having been
born at Johnstone, near Paisley, on May 6, 1836. The family
came to this country in 1846, and settled at Pittsburg. Robert
had already attended school, and he pursued his studies further
in Pittsburg. Then he had to go to work in a store ; but hs attended
a night-school for some time. He was twelve years old when he
became a messenger-boy in the Pittsburg office of the Atlantic
& Ohio Telegraph Company. He got the place through the
efforts of his young friend Andrew Carnegie, who then held a
similar place. He became assistant operator and repair man at
Steubenville, Ohio, operator in the Pittsburg office, and then, in
1853, operator and assistant ticket agent at Mountain House,
Duncansville, Pennsylvania, thus entering the employ of the
Pennsylvania Railroad.

That railroad was completed over the Alleghany Mountains in
February, 1854, and Mr. Pitcairn was transferred to the office of
the general superintendent at Altoona. At that time he formed
the ambition of returning to Pittsburg as superintendent of the
Pittsburg division of the road. At Altoona he filled various places,
sometimes serving as acting division superintendent, until 1861,
when he was sent to the western division of the company's Pitts-
burg, Fort Wayne and Chicago system, where he spent a year.
Then J. Edgar Thompson, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad,
appointed him to be superintendent of the Middle division of the
road, from Coneniaugh to Mifflin. Soon a reorganization of the
staff was effected, and he was made superintendent of transporta-
tion — a new office, created expressly for him. In that place he
organized the systems of car records, car mileage, and other

260

BOBERT PITCAIRN !>(>!

important departments of administration. During the Civil
War he had an enormous amount of work in the transportation
of troops and supplies, and in addition to his regular duties lit'
had for some time charge of the Middle and Pittsburg divisions
of the road, and of the Cumberland Valley line from Hurrisburg
to Hagerstown. Finally, at the close of 1 he war in 1 8(;f>, his early
ambition was realized. He was made superintendent of the Pitts-
burg division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, at the city which had
been his first American home. Ten years later his responsi I >i 1 i t i > -s
were enlarged materially by his additional appointment as general
agent of the road, and down to the present time he has continued
to discharge the duties of both offices.

Mr. Pitcairn has long been identified with many of the most
important interests of the western part of Pennsylvania. For a
time he was a leader among the promoters of petroleum interests,
though never in a speculative way. He is a shareholder and
director of many of the most solid business corporations not only
of Pittsbi erg but of the country. Among them are the Fidelity &
Trust Company, the Citizens' National Bank of Pittsburg, the First
National Bank of Greensburg, the American Surety Company of
New York, of which latter he is resident vice-president in Pitts-
burg, the Philadelphia National Gas Company, of which he is
vice-president, and the Westinghouse Air-brake Company, of
which he is also vice-president. He was one of the organizers
of the company first formed to manufacture the air-brake.

Mr. Pitcairn has always been a strong Republican, and served
as the secretary of the first convention of that party ever held in
Blair County, Pennsylvania. He has long been a member of the
Order of Free Masons, and is a passed grand commander of the
Order of Knights Templar. He is a director of the great public
library founded in Pittsburg by Andrew Carnegie, and a director
of the West Pennsylvania Exposition Society. While stationed
at Altoona, on July 26, 1856, Mr. Pitcairn was married to Miss
Elizabeth E. Rigg, a daughter of John Rigg of Altooua. Four
children have resulted from this union, namely : Mrs. Omar S.
Decker, Mrs. Charles L. Taylor, Miss Susan Blanche Pitcairn, and
Robert Pitcairn, Jr.

ANDREW WOODBURY PRESTON

ANDREW WOODBURY PRESTON, one of the foremost
-T\- figures in the foreign fruit trade of the United States, is of
New England nativity, and of English ancestry on both the pa-
ternal and maternal sides of the house. Three generations back
his forefathers were English folk. They were what were then
termed " well-to-do " people, of prosperous and substantial stand-
ing in worldly matters and of high esteem in the community to
which they belonged. They were also of particularly sturdy
physical frame and long life. The ages of Mr. Preston's four
grandparents at their deaths ranged from eighty-seven to ninety-
nine years. In the last generation Benjamin Preston was a
practical and successful farmer, living at Beverly Farms, not far
from Boston, Massachusetts. He married Sarah L. Poland, who
bore him the subject of the present sketch.

Andrew Woodbury Preston was born at Beverly Farms,
Massachusetts, on June 29, 1846, and was educated at the excel-
lent grammar school at that place. Until he was twenty years
old he lived on his father's farm and was accustomed to all
departments of its work. He was, however, too near the great
centers of industry and commerce not to receive from them an
inspiration to engage in some other occupation than that which
his father had followed.

His first venture on leaving the farm was in the shoe trade,
of which at that time that part of Massachusetts had well-nigh
a monopoly. He became in 1866, at the age of twenty years,
junior partner in the firm of Williams & Preston, manufacturers
of women's shoes. In that business he prospered, and acquired
much valuable experience in practical business methods. After
two years, however, he sold out his interest in the firm to his

262

ANDREW WOODBUKY PRESTON

partner, Mr. Williams, and retired from manufacturing for a
purely commercial pursuit.

Mr. Preston's next venture was in the wholesale fruit trade,
in the city of Boston, where that trade has reached enormous
proportions. In that he was successful, and he continued in it
without thought of further change. In time he rose to com-
manding rank among his business associates, and in 1888 was
one of the foremost in organizing the Boston Fruit Company.
Of that great corporation he became general manager. That
was, however, only a stepping-stone to a much greater organiza-
tion. In 1899 Mr. Preston took a leading part in the organiza-
tion of the United Fruit Company. This giant corporation
combines within itself practically the entire tropical fruit trade
of the United States, including both the growing of fruits in
tropical countries and the importation of them into the United
States and shipment of them to other lands.

Mr. Preston is president of the United Fruit Company, with
headquarters in Boston ; vice-president of the Mercantile Trust
Company of Boston ; and president of the Fruit Despatch Com-
pany ot New York. The direction of these great enterprises has
proved sufficient to consume his time and attention, and he has
accordingly held and sought no political office.

His social connections include membership in the Exchange
Club of Boston, the New York Club of New York, the New
Algonquin Club of Boston, the Eastern Yacht Club, the Massa-
chusetts Consistory, S. P. B. S., and the Boston Commandery,
Knights Templar.

Mr. Preston was married on August 5, 1869, at Weyrnouth,
Massachusetts, his bride being Miss Frances E. Gruttersou.
Their one surviving child is a daughter, Miss Bessie W. Preston.

MATTHEW STANLEY QUAY

MATTHEW STANLEY QUAY, who was born at Dillsburg,
York County, Pennsylvania, on September 30, 1833, is the
son of a Presbyterian preacher, and the namesake of General
Matthew Stanley of Brandywiue Manor. In early boyhood he
was taken by his father to Pittsburg, and afterward to Beaver
County, with which he has ever since been identified. He
entered Jefferson College, in Washington County, and at the age
of seventeen was graduated with honors. He next began the
study of law with Judge Sterrett at Pittsburg, but soon sus-
pended that work to make a trip through the South. Dissuaded
by his mother from a plan to start an antislavery paper in
Louisiana, he settled in Texas, for a time, as a school-teacher and
lecturer. His career there was not prolonged, and on returning
home he resumed his law studies, and in 1854 was admitted to
the bar. The next year he was elected Prothonotary of Beaver
County, and thereafter he was reeleeted twice.

At the outbreak of the Civil War Mr. Quay enlisted in the
Tenth Pennsylvania Reserves. He was soon made a first lieu-
tenant, and then assistant commissary-general, with the rank
of lieutenant-colonel. When the military staff of the Governor
was abolished, Governor Curtin made him his private secretary.
A year later he was appointed colonel of the One Hundred
and Thirty-fourth Pennsylvania Infantry, of which he took com-
mand in August, 1862. Serious illness compelled him to resign
his commission a few days before the battle of Fredericksburg,
but he took part in that battle as a volunteer, was in the front
rank at Marye's Heights, and received from the War Department
the Congressional medal for personal valor. He next became
the Military Agent of Pennsylvania at Washington, and then

264

MATTHEW STANLEY QUAY L>6f)

Military Secretary to the Governor. In 1864 he was elected to
the Legislature from Beaver County, and was several times
reelected.

Mr. Quay became a political leader of State prominence1 as
early as 1867. In that year Governor Curtin, Simon Cameron,
Thadcleus Stevens, and several other prominent men were can-
didates for the United States Seuatorship. Mr. Quay was put
forward by the Curtin contingent for the Speak ership of the
House. He was defeated, and so was Governor Curtin. In
1869 Mr. Quay began the publication of the " Beaver Radical,"
which soon became an important political newspaper. He cham-
pioned the candidacy of General Hartranf t for Governor so vigor-
ously as to elect him against what had seemed hopeless odds,
and it was deemed a fitting reward of his public services that he
was then appointed Secretary of State of Pennsylvania. That
office he held from 1873 to 1878, then was Recorder of the city of
Philadelphia for a short term, and then again Secretary of State.
One of the most striking acts of his career came in 1885, when,
in answer to an organized attempt to drive him out of politics,
he announced himself a candidate for the office of State Trea-
surer. The result was his election by nearly fifty thousand
majority. After that his leadership was unchallenged. In
1887 he was elected United States Senator, and he was reelected
in 1893. At the end of his second term the Legislature failed
to elect a successor, and he was reappointed by the Governor,
but on technical grounds the Senate declared the appointment
invalid and the seat was left temporarily vacant. He was re-
elected by the Legislature, and resumed his seat in the Senate in
January, 1901.

Senator Quay has long been Pennsylvania's member of the
Republican National Committee, and in 1888-92 was chairman
thereof. At the National Republican Convention of 1896 he
received the entire vote of Pennsylvania, and a number of votes
from other States, for the Presidential nomination.

ANTON ADOLPH RAYEN

THE subject of the present sketch might well claim to be
the dean of cosmopolitanism in the most cosmopolitan of
cities. He is of mingled English and Dutch parentage, was born
in a Dutch colony in America, spent much of his early life in a
Danish colony, and finally settled in New York. Moreover, his
father, who was of English ancestry, was a merchant in the
Spanish- American Republic of Venezuela, while his mother came
of ancestors who came from Holland to New York State and
thence removed to CuraQao, West Indies, where she herself was
born.

Anton Adolph Raven, son of John R. Raven and Petronella
(Hutchings) Raven, was born on September 30, 1833, at Curasao,
in the Dutch West Indies. His early years, until he was seven-
teen, were spent in the Danish West Indies, where he received
his education. Then he came to the United States to enter
business life.

It was on January 4, 1852, that he entered the service of the
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company of New York city, and he
has remained in that service, without interruption, down to the
present time. He has, of course, enjoyed promotion from time
to time, and thus has passed from the lowest rank to the highest.
His successive steps may be recapitulated as follows :

In 1852 he began as a clerk; in 1865 he was appointed an
underwriter; in 1874 he was appointed to be fourth vice-president
of the company ; in 1876 he became third vice-president ; in 1886
he was made second vice-president. These were ah1 appointive
offices, but elective offices were near at hand. In 1895 he was
elected vice-president of the company ; and two years later, in
1897, he was elected president, which office he continues to hold.

266

ANTON ADOLPH RAVEN 1>67

In so consistent and persistent a career, Mr. Raven has found
neither time nor inclination to seek political preferment, and he
has accordingly held no political office. His business interests
have, however, extended outside of the company with which he
has so long been identified, and he is now a director of the
Atlantic Trust Company, the Home Life Insurance Company,
and the Phoenix National Bank of New York.

Mr. Raven is a member of the Montauk Club of Brooklyn,
New York, the American Museum of Natural History, and the
Metropolitan Museum of Art. He is a member and vice-presi-
dent of the Society for Improving the Condition of the Poor in
Brooklyn, and a member and recording secretary of the Ameri-
can Geographical Society.

He was married in New York, in 1860, to Miss Gertrude Oat-
man, who has borne him four children. These are as follows :
William Oatrnan Raven ; Caroline Elizabeth MacLean, widow of
the late Peter A. MacLean ; Edith Raven ; and John Howard
Raven, professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis in the
Theological Seminary at New Brunswick, New Jersey.

NORMAN BRUCE REAM

THE soldier, merchant, and financier who now stands among
the foremost men of Chicago, Norman Bruce Ream, comes
of fine old colonial ancestry, his great-grandfather, John Ream,
having heen a gallant soldier in the Revolution, and other mem-
bers of the family having conspicuously served their country
in peace and in war. His father's people originally came from
Frankfort in Germany ahout two hundred years ago, while Ms
mother's family, named King, was of English and Scottish origin.
He was born on November 5, 1844, the son of Levi and Highly
(King) Ream, on a farm in the great valley of Somerset County,
Pennsylvania. He was educated chiefly in the common schools
of his native place until he was fourteen years old, when he
began teaching school and at the same tune pursuing his own
studies at home. The outbreak of the Civil War changed, how-
ever, the tenor of his life. In September, 1861, he enlisted in
the Eighty-fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, went to the front, and
was engaged in active service until near the end of the war, when,
having been promoted for gallantry to be lieutenant, he was
honorably discharged on account of wounds received in battle
under Grant in the great Virginia campaign.

After the war Mr. Ream turned his attention to business.
First, however, he rounded out his education with a commercial
course in a school at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Thereafter he
served as a clerk in a country store at Harnedsville, Pennsyl-
vania, and in another at Princeton, Illinois. Of the latter he
soon became part owner. In the fall of 1867 he went to Osce-
ola, Iowa, and engaged in farming and dealing in grain, live
stock, and agricultural implements. Bad seasons and bad debts

268

NORMAN BRUCE REAM 269

caused his failure, and in 1871 he went to Chicago to try his
fortune in a new direction. He engaged in the live-stock com-
mission business, and was from the first successful. Within
three years he was enabled to pay in full with ten per cent,
interest all the debts he had left behind him in Iowa. He added
grain to live stock in his dealings, and engaged in not a tVw
speculations of considerable magnitude. In 1888 he retired from
the Chicago Board of Trade, of which he had long been a lead-
ing member, and was at that time rated as a man of great wealth
and as one of the representative business men of the Western
metropolis.

Retirement from the Board of Trade did not, however, mean
withdrawal from active business life. Mr. Ream began invest-
ing his capital in banking, railroad, and other substantial enter-
prises, to which also he devoted his earnest personal attention.
He purchased and improved much real estate in Chicago, the
Rookery Building being one of the properties in which he was
interested. He became much concerned in street railroads and
electric-lighting systems in Toledo, Ohio, and elsewhere. Many
years ago he became a director of the Illinois Central Railway,
and of the First National Bank of Chicago, two of the foremost
financial concerns of the West. The Baltimore & Ohio Rail-
road also attracted his attention. He became a director of it,
and played a prominent part in its reorganization. Still another
of his railroads was the Colorado Southern, which he helped to
reorganize. He is also a director of the Erie and of some other
railroads, of the Pullman Company, of the great United States
Steel Corporation, and of the Metropolitan Trust Company of
New York, and of various other corporations. At the present
time, therefore, Mr. Ream is not only one of the foremost busi-
ness men of Chicago, but also a financier of national prominence
and influence. Throughout his long and arduous career, in
which he has participated in many a business battle, he has
kept his credit and his honor unstained, and his name free from
even the shadow of reproach.

Mr. Ream has taken no part in political affairs beyond those
pertaining to the private citizen. As a voter he is independent,
though generally alining himself with the Republican party.

He is a member of many social organizations, in which his

270 NORMAN BRUCE REAM

temperament makes him as popular as his business standing
makes him influential. Among them are the Chicago, Calumet,
Union League, and Washington Park clubs of Chicago, and the
Union and Metropolitan clubs of New York city. His fondness
for out-of-door sports has led to his joining a number of fishing
and hunting clubs.

Mr. Ream was married, at Madison, New York, on February
19, 1876, to Miss Caroline Putnam, daughter of Dr. John Put-
nam of that place. The six children of Mr. and Mrs. Ream are
Marion Buckingham, Francis Mott, Norman P., Robert C.,
Edward K., and Louis M. Ream.

JAMES HAY REED

THE " liberty, equality, fraternity " of the Republic are exem-
plified in business and professional life as well as in social
matters or in political activities. There are in the United States
no exclusive professional or business castes or classes. There is
no reproach of being "in trade," nor is there any especial line of
demarcation between mercantile pursuits and the practice of the
so-called learned professions. The sous of professional men
engage in business, and the sous of business men enter the
learned professions, with the utmost freedom and readiness.
More than that, many men pass from trade to profession, or
from profession to trade, according to their convenience or
advantage, or even pursue profession and business at the same
time. In the last generation, for example, Dr. Joseph A. Reed
was one of the foremost members of the medical profession,
being for many years superintendent of the Western Pennsyl-
vania Hospital for the Insane. His son, James Hay Reed, who
was born to him and his wife, Eliza J. Reed (born Hay), on
September 10, 1853, first entered the legal profession, but after-
ward became identified with great industrial enterprises.

James Hay Reed was educated at the Western University of
Pennsylvania, and was graduated from it in June, 1872. He
then entered upon the study of the law, and three years later
was admitted to practice at the bar in Allegheny County, Penn-
sylvania. In 1877 he formed a partnership with P. C Knox,
under the name of Knox & Reed, and pursued thereafter a
successful career as a lawyer in general practice. His legal
career was crowned by his appointment as United States District
Judge for Western Pennsylvania, in February, 1891. Just a year

271

272 JAMES HAY REED

later he resigned that place, and reentered his former firm in
order to be free for legal practice and business enterprises.

His business career may be briefly recapitulated as follows :
From February, 1892, to June, 1896, vice-president of the Pitts-
burg & Lake Erie Railroad Company, a part of the Vanderbilt
system. Director of that road from January, 1890, to January,
1897. Since June, 1896, president and director of the Pittsburg,
Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad Company, and the Union Rail-
road Company, of the Carnegie system. Since June, 1898,
president and director of the Consolidated Gas Company of
Pittsburg. Since March, 1899, president and director of the
Philadelphia Company, the principal fuel-gas company of Pitts-
burg, and vice-president and director of the Allegheny County
Electric Light Company and United Traction Company of
Pittsburg. From May, 1892, to May, 1898, director of the Lake
Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Company of the Vander-
bilt system. He is also now a director of the Farmers' Deposit
National Bank and Fidelity Title and Trust Company of Pitts-
burg, and a manager of the Western Pennsylvania Hospital for
the Insane, and of the Pittsburg Hospital for Children ; and a
trustee of the Western University of Pennsylvania, the Shady-
side Academy, and the Shadyside Presbyterian Church of
Pittsburg.

In politics Mr. Reed is a Republican, and he has always taken
an active and efficient interest in the promotion of that party's
welfare. He is a member of the Union League, Manhattan, and
Transportation clubs of New York, the Duquesne, Pittsburg,
and University clubs of Pittsburg, and the Union Club of Cleve-
land, Ohio.

Mr. Reed was married, on June 6, 1878, to Miss Kate J. Aiken,
daughter of David Aiken, Jr., of Pittsburg. They have had four
children, as follows : Joseph Hay Reed (now deceased), David
Aiken Reed, James Hay Reed, Jr., and Miss Katherine Reed.
Their home is at No. 716 Amberson Avenue, Pittsburg.

DANIEL GRAY REID

THE name and later career of the subject of the present
sketch call to mind one of the most noteworthy develop-
ments of American industry under the encouragement of the
American system of protection to domestic labor. Down to only
a few years ago the manufacture of tin, that is to say of tin-plate,
or sheets of steel coated with tin, was utterly unknown to the
United States. The factories of Great Britain, especially of
Wales, had a substantial monopoly of it. True, the steel plates
could be produced in this country as well as anywhere else, and
the tin for plating them could be brought hither from Singapore
or elsewhere just as well as it could be taken thence to England.
All other materials and appliances could also be secured here,
and it seemed absurd to say that American workmen could not
be trained to do the work as well as any others.

But the industry was not undertaken. It was so well estab-
lished in Great Britain, and wages of workingmen were there so
much lower than here, that there seemed no prospect of profit in
making tin plates here so long as the foreign-made plates could
be imported duty free. Whenever a proposition was made to
impose a duty upon foreign tin plates so as to give the industry
a chance for development in the United States, the answer was
made by opponents of protection that it would be futile, for tin
plates could not, under any circumstances, be manufactured in
this country. No matter how high the tariff were, it would
merely increase the cost of the foreign plates without ever bring-
ing a single American plate upon the market.

Some Americans, William McKinley among them, thought
otherwise, and determined to make the experiment. In 1890 a
tariff law framed by Mr. McKinley was enacted, imposing for

273

274 DANIEL GKAY EEID

the first time a considerable duty upon foreign tin. It was
greeted with a howl of denunciation, and the old cry of the
impossibility of making tin plates in America was renewed. But
the law was quickly vindicated. The industry was established.
Year by year it increased by leaps and bounds. To-day it is as
well established here as is the manufacture of steel rails, and
American tin plates not only supply at a lower rate than before
the bulk of the domestic demand, but are actually in demand for
export for foreign countries.

The man who chiefly organized this giant industry in the
United States is Daniel Gray Reid, a man scarcely yet at middle
age, though of long business experience. He was born on August
1, 1858, at Richmond, Indiana, and was educated in the public
schools of that place.

Immediately upon finishing his schooling he sought a place in
the business world, and found it in his native town. He was
only fifteen years old when, in 1873, he entered the employment
of the Second National Bank of Richmond. But his thorough
schooling had fitted him for the work intellectually, and he found
the work agreeable to his tastes. In such circumstances he nat-
urally gave his employers good service, and won their favor. In
turn promotion after promotion came to him, taking him through
the various grades of service, in all of which he acquitted him-
self in a highly creditable manner. For no less than twenty-two
years continuously he served behind the counters of that bank,
giving up that work in 1895. He is still connected with the
bank, however, as its vice-president.

We have said that the tariff which started the tin industry in
America was enacted in 1890. Among other concerns the Ameri-
can Tin Plate Company was promptly formed, and in 1891 Mr.
Reid became a director of it, thus identifying himself with the
new enterprise which was soon to grow to so vast proportions.
Upon his retirement from the bank in 1895, he took active hold
of the work of the Tin Plate Company, became treasurer of it, and
began to " push things." Acting in conjunction with the Moore
Brothers of Chicago, he soon effected a general consolidation of
American tin interests in one great corporation, known as the
American Tin Plate Company. This corporation, with a capital
of fifty millions of dollars, had its headquarters in New York.

DANIEL GRAY EEID 275

It comprised in 1899 no less than thirty-six works in operation,
with two hundred and seventy-two mills completed and seven
more building, a total of two hundred and seventy-nine, besides
two works with six mills being dismantled. The works were as
follows :

2Etna Standard Works, Bridgeport, Ohio, 8 mills ; American Works, Khvood,
Indiana, 20 mills ; Anderson Works. Anderson. Indiana, (i mills ; Atlanta Wnrk>.
Atlanta, Indiana, 6 mills; I'.anfield Works, Irondalr, Ohio, 4 mills; I leaver
Works, Lisbon, Ohio, 6 mills; Blairsville Works. Blairsvillc, Pennsylvania. •_'
mills; Britton Works, Cleveland, Ohio, 3 mills; Canonsburi: Works. Canons-
burg, Pennsylvania, ^ mills; Cincinnati Works, Cincinnati. Ohio, 4 mills; ('res
cent Works, Cleveland, Ohio, 6 mills; Cumberland Works. Cumberland. -Mary-
land, 5 mills; Elhvood Works, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania, '> mills; Falcon
WTorks, Niles, Ohio, 6 miDs; Great Western Works, Joliet, Illinois, 4 mills-
Hamilton Works, West Newton, Pennsylvania, '1 mills; Humbert Works, Cou-
nellsville, Pennsylvania, 6 mills; Irondale Works, Middletown, Indiana, (i mills;
Johnstown Works, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 2 mills; La Belle Works, Wheel-
ing, West Virginia, 10 mills; Laughlin Works, Martins Ferry, Ohio, 14 mills;
Marshall Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 6 mills; Monongahela Works,
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 14 mills; Montpelier Works, Montpelier, Indiana, li
mills; Morewood Works, Gas City, Indiana, 8 mills ; Morton Works, Cambridge,
Ohio, 6 mills; National Works, Monessen, Pennsylvania, 8 mills ; New Castle
Works, New Castle, Pennsylvania, 20 mills ; Neshannock Works, New Castle,
Pennsylvania, 6 mills; Ohio River Works, Remington Station, Pennsylvania, 2
mills; Pittsburg Works, New Kensington, Pennsylvania, 6 mills; Pennsylvania
Works, New Kensington, Pennsylvania, 6 mills; Reeves Works, Canal Dover,
Ohio, 4 mills ; Shenaugo Works, New Castle, Pennsylvania, 30 mills ; Somers
Works, Brooklyn, New York, 3 mills ; Star Works, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 8
mills ; United States Works, Demmler, Pennsylvania, 11 mills ; and Washington
Works, Washington, Pennsylvania, 4 mills.

Mr. Reid was president of this great American Tin Plate Com-
pany down to the time of its absorption into the United States
Steel Corporation, of which he is now a director. He is also a
director of the National Steel Company, and of the Bankers'
National Bank, of Chicago ; vice-president of the Second National
Bank; and director of the Union National Bank, Richmond,
Indiana, and a director of the American Steel Hoop Company.
He has taken no public part in politics. He is a Mason, and a
member of the Chicago, Union League, and Calumet clubs of
Chicago.

JOHN JACKSON HIKER

JOHN JACKSON RIKER comes of Dutch stock, originally
settled in Amsterdam, Holland. In those days the name
was Van Rycken, and the family was one of wealth, importance,
and political influence, having been identified with William of
Nassau in his campaign for Dutch independence. The pioneer
in America came hither in 1638 and settled in New Amsterdam,
now New York. In 1642 he was living upon his own premises
on Heeren Gracht and the old Dutch Road, now known respec-
tively as Broad Street and Beaver Street. In 1654 he obtained a
grant of one fourth of the township of Newtown, on Long Island,
now part of the city of New York. His estate was later gradu-
ally disposed of for building purposes, but about one hundred
and thirty acres of it, including the old family homestead and
burying-ground, are still in the possession of the family.

In the last generation, John Lawrence Riker, a well-known
merchant of New York, married May Jackson, and to them was
born, at Newtown, Long Island, 011 April 6, 1858, the subject of
this sketch, John Jackson Riker. He was educated first at a
boarding-school at Jamaica, Long Island, and then at the Charlier
Institute in New York. He was prepared to enter college, and
was strongly urged to do so. He preferred to enter business
life, and accordingly, in 1876, became an office-boy in the employ
of his father's firm, J. L. & D. S. Riker, merchants. In 1888 he
was admitted to partnership in the firm. In 1890 he became
managing partner. On January 1, 1902, the firm was dissolved,
being succeeded by a corporation of the same name, of which he
became president.

Mr. Riker is justly proud of the reputation he has acquired
for both business enterprise and fair dealing. The latter is

276

JOHN JACKSON BIKER 277

emphasized by the fact that every year lie makes contracts,
aggregating millions of dollars, without ever a price being
named. Hard work, sagacity, and integrity have brought him
success and fortune. At the present time he is, in addition to
his mercantile interests, a director of the Commonwealth Insur-
ance Company of New York, and an ineorporator and director
of the Mutual Trust Company of Westchester County, at Port
Chester, New York.

Mr. Biker's only place in the public civil service was that of
school trustee in the Twenty-first Ward of New York, which In-
held in the early nineties. He enlisted as a private in i he Seventh
Regiment on May 26, 1878; was commissioned as aide-de-camp,
with rank of first lieutenant, on the staff of Brigadier-General
Ward, commanding the First Brigade, N. Gr. S. N. Y., on August
18, 1879 ; was promoted to be senior aide, with rank of captain,
on April 1, 1880 ; was commissioned brigade inspector of rifle
practice, with rank of major, on May 19, 1880 ; was made bri-
gade inspector, with rank of major, on October 27, 1882 ; was
commissioned major of the Twelfth Regiment on January 9,
188-i ; and resigned from the service on January 14, 1889.

Mr. Biker is a member of the Order of the Cincinnati in the
State of New Jersey, being a collateral descendant of Dr. John
Berrien Riker, surgeon of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment of
the Continental Line. He is also a member of the Union, St.
Nicholas, American Yacht, and New York Yacht clubs of New
York, the Apawamis Club of Rye, New York, the Down-Town
Association, the St. Nicholas and Holland societies, the Society
of Colonial Wars, the Sons of the Revolution, and the Society of
the War of 1812.

He was married, in April, 1881, to Edith M. Bartow, daughter
of Samuel Blackwell Bartow, but has no issue.

JOHN LAWRENCE RIKER

name of Riker takes memory back to ancient days,
-L when Hans von Rycken and his kinsman Melchior took
part in the first crusade, as leaders of a goodly company in
the army of Walter the Penniless. Hans von Rycken was
then Lord of the Manor of Rycken, in Lower Saxony, to wit,
the country at the mouth of the Elbe River. For many gen-
erations the Rycken family was conspicuous and numerous there,
in Holstein and Hamburg, and also in Switzerland. In the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries it became established in Am-
sterdam, and played a leading and worthy part in the history
of the Netherlands in those stirring times. The Ryckens were
loyal supporters of William the Silent in his memorable struggle
against the tyranny of Spain, and amid the vicissitudes of that
long contest they lost much of their fortune. In time, how-
ever, when a New Netherlands colony was established at the
mouth of the Hudson River, some members of the family came
hither to seek new fortunes in the New World.

Foremost among these was Abraham Rycken, who received
from Grovernor Kieft in 1638 the allotment of a large tract of
land in the Wallabout, and who had a place of business on
Manhattan Island at what is now the corner of Broad and
Beaver streets. In 1654 he received a grant of a farm at
Bowery Bay, and thereafter lived upon it. Again, on August
19, 1664, Governor Stuyvesant gave him a patent of an island
in the East River, or Sound, then called Hewlett's Island. It
was thereafter known as Rycken's or Riker's Island, and re-
tains that name to this day. It remained in the possession
of the family until 1845, when it became the property of the
city of New York.

JOHN LAWRENCE RIKER 279

Abraham Rycken married ( irictie, daughter of Hendrick Har-
mensen, and had nine children, from whom practically all the
Rikers in the United States arc descended. One of his sons,
Abraham Riker, married Grietie, daughter of Jan Gen-its Van
Buytenhuysen and Ins wife, Tryntie Van Luyt, Hollanders,
and inherited the family estate. He left the place in turn to
his son, Andrew Riker, who married Jane, daughter of .J«,lm
Berrien. His children were prominent in the Revolutionary
War, all three of his sons serving with distinguished gallantry
in the patriot ranks. The youngest of these, Samuel Riker,
was for a long time prisoner in the hands of the British. After
the war he became prominent in civil life on Long Island, was
once a member of the State Assembly, and for two terms was
a Representative in Congress. He married Anna Lawrcix'r,
daughter of Joseph Lawrence of the well-known Long Island
family of that name, and had nine children, several of whom
became prominent in public affairs. One of them, Richard
Riker, was District Attorney of New York, and afterward and
for many years one of the most honored Recorders the city
has had. Another was Andrew Riker, a ship-owner, captain
of the privateers Yorktoicn and Saratoga in the War of 181'J.
The youngest of the sons of Samuel Riker was John Lawrence
Riker, who was born in 1787, and was educated in Flatbush,
Long Island, in the famous old Erasmus Hall School. He
studied law in the office of his brother, Richard Riker, the
Recorder, and practised the profession for more than half a
century. He made his home on the old family estate at Bowery
Bay, Long Island, and was twice married. His wives were sis-
ters, daughters of Sylvanus Smith, a prominent citizen of North
Hempstead, Long Island, and a descendant of James Smith,
who came to New England with Governor Winthrop. The
Smiths had settled at Hempstead a few years after the Rikers
settled at Bowery Bay, and received their patent from the same
Governor Kieft.

A son of John Lawrence Riker's second wife, Lavinia Smith,
is the subject of the present sketch. He was born at Bowery
Bay in 1830, and received his father's full name, John Law-
rence Riker. He was carefully educated in the Astoria Acad-
emy, under Dr. Haskius, and under private tutors at home.

280 JOHN LAWRENCE RIKEB

Upon completing his education, he selected a business career,
and entered upon it in New York city, where for many years
he has ranked among the foremost merchants of the metrop-
olis.

Mr. Biker was married in 1857 to Miss Mary Anne Jackson,
and has seven children now living. These are John Jackson
Riker, Henry Laurens Riker, Margaret M. Lavinia Riker, Sam-
uel Riker, Mattina Riker, Charles Lawrence Riker, and May
J. Riker.

The city home of Mr. Riker is at No. 19 West Fifty-seventh
Street. He has also a summer home at Seabright, New Jersey,
where he spends much of his time. He is a member of nu-
merous social organizations, including the Holland and St.
Nicholas societies, the Sons of the Revolution, and the St.
Nicholas, Union League, Metropolitan, City, Riding, New York
Yacht, Seawanhaka, Corinthian Yacht, and New York Athletic
clubs.

PERCIVAL ROHKKTS, JR.

THE present age has often been called the age of engineering,
with no little propriety. Never before did engineering en-
terprises, especially bridge-building and railroads, play so domi-
nant a part in the economy of civilization. There is no class of
business men more potent for promoting the progress of the race
than those who have to do with iron and steel production, bridge;
construction, and the building and operation of railroads. Nat-
urally, therefore, among their ranks are to be found some of the
most noteworthy figures of the day.

Percival Roberts, Jr., who is one of the foremost members of
the great United States Steel Corporation, is a native of that
State in which the iron and steel industries of the nation have
long been so largely centered. He was born in the city of Phila-
delphia, in July, 1857, and received a careful and thorough
education.

Early in the summer of 1876 he was graduated from Haver-
ford College with the degree of A. B. His tastes inclining
toward scientific and engineering work, he spent the next few
months in the service of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey.
Thereafter he took a postgraduate course in metallurgy and
chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania.

Meantime, while pursuing this latter course, he began prac-
tical business work as a clerk in the office of A. & P. Roberts &
Co., a firm of which his father was a member. This firm owned
and operated the famous Pencoyd Iron Works at Pencoyd,
Pennsylvania, one of the largest iron-works and especially one
of the chief bridge-building concerns in the world. In time he
became manager for A. & P. Roberts & Co., and when that com-
pany was reorganized into a corporation he became at first vice-

28]

282 PEKCIVAL ROBERTS, JR.

president and later president of the latter. Two years ago the
Pencoyd Works were merged into the then newly formed Ameri-
can Bridge Company of New York, and Mr. Roberts was appro-
priately chosen president of the new corporation, and he held
that place until the American Bridge Company was in turn
merged into the still greater United States Steel Corporation,
with its capital of more than a billion of dollars. Mr. Roberts
then became a director and member of the executive committee
of the last-named corporation, and the representative on that
board of the American Bridge Company's vast interests.

Mr. Roberts is president of the Pencoyd & Philadelphia
Railroad Company, and a director of the Continuous Metal
Refining Company. He is a director of the United States Steel
Corporation and of the Philadelphia National Bank, and he is a
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers, and of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers.

FREDERICK LEO RODEWALD

THE three famous old "Hanse towns" or free cities of north-
ern Germany— to wit, Hamburg, Bremen, and Liibeek—
have contributed much to the world's progress and activities
in trade and finance, and enjoy important rank in the busi-
ness world to-day. The first two names, especially, have main-
tained their prosperity and influence, and have established par-
ticularly close relations with the United States as well as with
European countries. They have also sent not a few of their
sons to this country, to be incorporated into the cosmopolitan
population of America, and to continue here the business ca-
reers with which they were identified in the old country.

One such visitor to the United States, in the last century, was
Adolf Rodewald, a banker of Bremen. He came to this country
and established himself in business in New York, making his
home on Staten Island. He married an American wife, Miss
Catherine Julia McNeill, who bore him a son, the subject of the
present sketch.

Frederick Leo Rodewald was born at New Brighton, Staten
Island, New York, on October 20, 1855, and was carefully edu-
cated in public and private schools. His natural inclination and
aptitude were toward the same business as that in which his
father was successfully engaged, and accordingly in 1872, at the
age of seventeen years, he entered the employment of the well-
known banking house of Henry Clews & Co., New York, begin-
ning his service in the capacity of an errand boy. For thirteen
years he was employed in various capacities by various Wall
Street firms, during which time he amassed some capital and
acquired a valuable practical knowledge of financial affairs.

283

284 FKEDEKICK LEO KODEWALD

At last he decided to venture into business on his own account.
This was on March 1, 1885. At that time he joined the late
Joshua William Davis in forming the firm of J. W. Davis & Co.,
bankers and brokers, in New York city. Some years later Mr.
Davis died, but the firm was maintained under the old name.
At present the firm consists of Mr. Rodewald, J. Edward Davis,
Arthur W. Rossiter, and William Brevoort Potts. It does a
large and profitable business, and enjoys an enviable reputation
on "the Street,"

Mr. Rodewald has long been a member of the New York Stock
Exchange, and is a member of its governing committee. He
is also vice-president of the First National Bank of Staten
Island, and a director of the Railway Securities Company of
New York.

Mr. Rodewald has not interested himself in politics beyond
fulfilling the duties of a private citizen. He is a member of sev-
eral prominent social organizations in New York city, both in
the Borough of Manhattan and on Staten Island, where he
continues to make his home. These include the Metropolitan
Club, the New York Yacht Club, the Atlantic Yacht Club, the
Richmond County Country Club, and the Staten Island Club.

He was married some years ago to Miss Louise G. Meylert,
of Scranton, Pennsylvania, and has one child, Anna Fredericka
Rodewald.

JORDAN JACKSON ROLLINS

THE ancestry of Jordan Jackson Kollins, like liis name, is a
typically New England one. His parents. Franklin J. and
Arabella C. Rollins, were descended from various English fami-
lies—one of them partly Irish — which were settled in this conn-
try in the earliest colonial times. These were the families of
Rollins, Waldron, Jackson, Shipleigh, Wentworth, Peiihallow,
Jordan, and others bearing names familiar in New England his-
tory. These all came to this country before 1670. They were all
purely English except the Jordans, who were in part Irish, and
they all settled in New England, became thoroughly identified
with it, and down to the present time have largely remained
there, though some members of the various families have mi-
grated to other parts of the United States.

Jordan Jackson Rollins was born in the beautiful and historic
city of Portland, Maine, on December 20, 1869, his parents being
residents of that city, and his father being engaged in the insur-
ance business there. In his boyhood he attended the public
schools of Portland and was prepared for a collegiate career.
At the age of nineteen he was matriculated at Dartmouth ( Al-
lege, and for four years pursued its regular course, being gradu-
ated with the baccalaureate degree in 1892. The nexi year \vas
spent in the Law School of Harvard University, where he re-
ceived an admirable grounding in the principles of the profes-
sion which he had elected to pursue. Then he left college and
entered the law office of the Hon. Daniel G. Rollins, one of the
foremost lawyers of New York city, and there completed his
studies preparatory to admission to the bar. He was admitted
to practice at the bar of the State of New York in November,
1894,

285

286 JORDAN JACKSON KOLLINS

Since the latter date Mr. Rollins has practised his profession
in New York with steadily increasing success. His independent
practice began in 1897, when he established the firm of Rollins
& Rollins, his partner therein being his brother, Philip Ashton
Rollins.

Mr. Rollins has not held nor sought political preferment, nor
been especially concerned in politics beyond exercising the
privileges and performing the duties of a private citizen.

He has become interested in various business enterprises with
which he has professionally been brought into contact, and is
connected with, among others, the Ninth National Bank and
the Windsor Trust Company of New York city, and with the
United Indurate Fibre Company of New Jersey.

Mr. Rollins is a member of a number of leading social and pro-
fessional organizations, among which may be mentioned the
Union League Club, the University Club, the Harvard Club,
the New York Athletic Club, the Bar Association, and the Law
Institute of New York. He is unmarried, and makes his home
in New York.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

FEW names are so prominently mul s<> honorably identified with
the history and substantial growth of New York city as
that of Roosevelt. It was planted here in early times l>y pioneers
from Holland. It is perpetuated upon the map and in the i •<•< -on 1 s
of the city through being borne by a street, a great hospital, and
other public institutions. Most of all, it has been borne in many
successive generations by men of high character and important
achievements, who have fittingly led the way for the present
conspicuous representative of the family. For eight generations
before him the paternal ancestors of Theodore Roosevelt were
settled in New York, and more than one of them attained dis-
tinction in business, in philanthropic work, and in the public
service of city, State, and nation. They have intermarried with
other prominent families, of other racial origins, so that in this
generation there is a mingling of Dutch, Scotch, Irish, and
French Hugiienot blood within the Roosevelt veins.

Of such ancestry Theodore Roosevelt was born, at No. 28 East
Twentieth Street, New York, on October 27, 1858. He was grad-
iiated from Harvai'd in 1880, and then spent some time in Euro-
pean travel. On Ms return home he studied law. In the fall of
1881 he was elected to the State Assembly from the Twenty-first
District of New York city. By reelection he continued in that
body during the sessions of 1883 and 1884. He introduced im-
portant reform, measures, and his entire legislative career was
made conspicuous by the courage and zeal with which he assailed
political abuses. As chairman of the committee on cities he
introduced the measure which took from the Board of Aldermen
the power to confirm or reject the appointments of the Mayor.
He was chairman of the noted legislative investigating com-
mittee which bore his name.

287

288 THEODORE ROOSEVELT

In 1886 Mr, Roosevelt was the Republican candidate for Mayor
against Abram S. Hewitt, candidate of the United Democracy,
and Henry George, United Labor candidate. Mr. Hewitt was
elected. In 1889 Mr. Roosevelt was appointed by President
Harrison a member of the United States Civil Service Commis-
sion. His ability and rugged honesty in the administration of
the affairs of that office greatly helped to strengthen his hold on
popular regard. He continued in that office until May 1, 1895,
when he resigned to accept the office of Police Commissioner of
New York city from Mayor Strong. Through his fearlessness
and administrative ability as president of the board the demoral-
ized police force was greatly unproved.

Early in 1897 he was called by the President to give up his
New York office to become Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
Then again his energy and quick mastery of detail had much to
do with the speedy equipment of the navy for its brilliant feats
in the war with Spain. But soon after the outbreak of the war
in 1898 his patriotism and love of active life led him to leave the
comparative quiet of his government office for service in the
field. As a lieutenant-colonel of volunteers he recruited the First
Volunteer Cavalry, popularly known as the Rough Riders. The
men were gathered largely from the cow-boys of the West and
Southwest, but also numbered many college-bred men of the
East.

In the beginning he was second in command, with the rank of
lieutenant-colonel, Dr. Leonard Wood being colonel. But at
the close of the war the latter was a brigadier-general, and Roose-
velt was colonel in command. Since no horses were transported
to Cuba, this regiment, together with the rest of the cavalry, was
obliged to serve on foot. The regiment distinguished itself in the
Santiago campaign, and Colonel Roosevelt became famous for
his bravery in leading the charge up San Juan Hill on July 1.
He was an efficient officer, and won the love and admiration of
his men. His care for them was shown by the circulation of the
famous " round robin " which he wrote, protesting against keep-
ing the army longer in Cuba.

Upon Colonel Roosevelt's return to New York there was a
popular demand for his nomination for Governor. Previous to
the State Convention he was nominated by the Citizens' Union,

THEODORE ROOSEVELT l!S!l

but he declined, replying that lie was a Republican. The Demo-
crats tried to frustrate his nomination by attempting to prove
that he had lost his legal residence in this State. That plan
failed, and he was nominated in the convention by a vote <>!'
seven hundred and fifty-three to two hundred and eighteen. Tin-
campaign throughout the State was spirited. Colonel Roosevelt
took the stum]) and delivered many speeches. I lis plurality was
eighteen thousand and seventy-nine.

Early in the year 1900 it became evident that he was the pop-
ular favorite for the nomination for Vice-President of the I'nitod
States on the Republican ticket. Personally he would have pre-
ferred renomination for the Governorship of New York; but the
unanimity and earnestness of the call for him to take a place
upon the national ticket prevailed. In the National Republican
Convention at Philadelphia, on June 21, 1900, President McKinley
was renominated by acclamation, and Governor Roosevelt was
nominated for Vice-President, also by acclamation. He suc-
ceeded to the Presidency on September 14, 1901, upon the death
of McKinley under an assassin's hand, and has since adminis-
tered his high office in a manner justifying his selection for it.

In the midst of his intensely active life Mr Roosevelt has found
time to do considerable literary work. The year after he was
graduated from college he published his " Naval War of 1812 " ;
in 1886 there came from his pen a " Life of Thomas H. Benton,"
published in the American Statesmen Series; the following
year he published a " Life of Gouverneur Morris," which was
followed in 1888 by his popular " Ranch Life and Hunting Trail."
In 1889 were published the first two volumes of what he con-
siders his greatest work, " The Winning of the West." In 1890
he added to the series of Historic Towns a " History of New
York City." " Essays on Practical Politics," published in 1892,
was followed the next year by " The Wilderness Hunter," while
in 1894 he added a third volume to his " Winning of the West."
In 1898 he collected a volume of essays, entitled "American
Political Ideas." Since the Spanish War he has written a book
on the Rough Riders, and a series of articles on Oliver Crom-
well by him has appeared in " Scribner's."

ELIHU ROOT

IY nativity Elihu Boot is a sou of New York State. Through
ancestry he belongs to New England, and before that to old
England. His father, Oren Root, is admiringly and affectionately
remembered as one of the foremost educators of his day, having
been professor of mathematics in Hamilton College from 1849
to 1885, and for a part of that time also professor of mineralogy
and geology. In 1845 the family home was at Clinton, Oneida
County, New York, and there, on February 15 of that year, Elihu
Root was born. His early years were spent at that place, and
his early education was gained at home and at the local schools.
At the age of fifteen years he was fitted to enter college, and the
college of his choice was Hamilton, with which his father was
so conspicuously identified. There he pursued a course note-
worthy not only for his admirable mastery of his studies but
also for the decided and forceful, manly character which he devel-
oped. It may be added that he paid his own way through college
by teaching school. In 1864 he was duly graduated, and forth-
with entered upon the study of the law. At this time his means
were still limited, and he was compelled to act as a tutor while
he was a law student in order to pay his way. These double
duties were, however, successfully performed. His law studies
were chiefly pursued in the Law School of New York University,
then called the University of the City of New York, and in 1867
he was graduated and admitted to practice at the bar.

Seldom does a young lawyer attain success so immediate and
so substantial as that which marked Mr. Root's career. He
served an apprenticeship in the office of Man & Parsons, and
then formed a partnership with John H. Strahan. Later he
formed a partnership with Willard Bartlett, who became a jus-

290

ELIHU ROOT 291

tice of the Supreme Court. lie was at one time counsel for
William M. Tweed. In the famous Stewart will case he was
chief counsel for Judge Hilton. He was also chief counsel for
t!;e executors in the lloyt and Fayerweather will cases. He
was prominent in the Broadway st ivH -railroad litigation, in the
Sugar Trust litigation, and in the suit of Shipnian, Barlow, l,.-i-
rocque & Choate against the Bank of the State of New York
(growing out of the notorious Bedell forgeries). In the aque-
duct litigation of O'Brien i-s. the Mayor of the city of New York
he was successful against the opposit ion « >f Joseph H. Choate, and
thus saved to the city some millions of dollars. In many other
important cases Mr. Root has heen successfully engaged, and at
the time of his entry into the President's cabinet he had one of
the largest practices in the entire legal profession of New York.

Mr. Root early took an active interest in politics, as a Repub-
lican. In 1879 he was a candidate for judge of the Court of
Common Pleas, and although defeated with the rest of the Re-
piiblican ticket he polled a large vote. President Arthur in
1883 appointed him United States District Attorney for the
Southern District of New York, and he held that place until the
middle of President Cleveland's first term, when he resigned it.
He became the leader of the Republican party in his Assembly
District, and was the representative of that district on the
County Committee. In 1886 and 1887 he was chairman of the
Republican County Committee. In 1893-94 Mr. Root became
dissatisfied with the "machine methods" of party management,
and was a conspicuous member of the Committee of Thirty
which undertook the reform of the party organization. Again,
in 1897, he was a vigorous supporter of Seth Low for the Mayor-
alty, against the Republican machine and Tammany candidates.
In 1898 he was an earnest advocate of the nomination and elec-
tion of Theodore Roosevelt as Governor of New York, and was
his counsel in some important matters relating to the campaign.

Upon the resignation of General Alger, in July, 1899, Mr.
Root was chosen by President McKinley to succeed him as
Secretary of War. He at once entered upon the duties of that
important office with his characteristic energy and ability, and
soon obtained a masterly knowledge of the details of the depart-
ment. He did more than that. He initiated large reforms and

292 ELIHU BOOT

improvements in the military organization of the country, and
was instrumental in effecting their adoption. The troubles in
the Philippines and in China have made the War Department
a center of great responsibility and activity during Mr. Root's
incumbency, but the confidence of the President and the nation
in his ability to discharge all his duties has never wavered.

Mr. Root is a member of the Bar Association, the New England
Society, the Union League, Republican, Century, Metropolitan,
University, Lawyers', Players', and other clubs of New York.
He has been president of the New England Society and of the
Union League and Republican clubs, and vice-president of the
Bar Association. He has frequently appeared in public as an
orator on important occasions, and is esteemed as one of the
most eloquent and convincing speakers of the day. He has long
been a trustee of Hamilton College, and in 1894 received from
that institution the degree of LL. D.

Si ;

PETER FREDERICK ROTTIERMKU .1R.

THE Rotliermel family in the United States is of Dutch
origin, and was transplanted from Holland to the Wyoming
Valley, in Pennsylvania, in 1703. A hundred years later 1 he fam-
ily removed to Philadelphia, where the then head of it became
proprietor of one of the chief hotels. A son of the latter, Peter
Frederick Rothermel, who had been horn in the Wyoming Val-
ley, was educated to he a surveyor, but soon turned his at tent ion
to painting, and attained an enviable rank as an artist. Proba-
bly his best known work is his " Battle of Gettysburg," though
some other canvases from his brush are even more highly esteemed
by critics.

The subject of this sketch, Peter Frederick Rothermel, Jr., is
a sou of the artist. He was bom in Philadelphia on September
27, 1850, and was at first sent to the schools of that city. Later
he was taken to Europe by his parents, and for three years
studied in France, Italy, and Grermany. Returning to Philadel-
phia, he pursued the full regular coiu-se of the Central High
School, an institution of collegiate rank. He was a brilliant
student, and was graduated with honor in 1867. He then
entered the law office of James T. Mitchell, who has since
become a justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, as a
student, and in due time was admitted to the bar as a practising
lawyer.

Mr. Rothermel soon showed himself a master of his profes-
sion. His incisive and convincing oratory, and his shrewdness
in questioning, made him an admirable juty lawyer, and he
would undoubtedly have attained great success in criminal prac-
tice. His personal tastes led him, however, into the less tumul-
tuous field of civil practice, in which his success has been

293

294 PETEB FREDERICK ROTHERMEL, JR.

noteworthy and unbroken. He has paid, especial attention to
the laws affecting business and large corporations, and has been
the counsel and legal adviser of a number of the most important
industrial and mercantile establishments in Philadelphia.

His prominence at the bar made Mr. Rothermel long ago a
marked man for political promotion, if he were willing to accept
it. He early took a keen interest in politics, as a Republican,
and contributed much in many ways to the promotion of the
party's welfare. In 188-4 he was strongly put forward as a can-
didate for City Solicitor, but withdrew from the contest in favor of
another. Later, on several occasions, his friends put him for-
ward as a candidate for a judgeship, but he did not encourage
their efforts. Finally, in 1899, he was elected District Attorney
by a handsome majority, and thus a radical change was made in
the course of his professional career. The difference between
the work of a corporation and a prosecuting attorney is very
great, but Mr. Rothermel has seemed to be as much the master
of the one as of the other. It is not too much to say that he
quickly placed himself in the foremost rank of the district attor-
neys of Philadelphia.

Mr. Rothermel has inherited a measure of his father's artistic
tastes, and has continued throughout his busy professional
career to follow the intellectual and literary pursuits which he
began in his school days. He has an exceptionally courteous
demeanor, even toward his opponents in the most bitterly con-
tested law-suit, and is a favorite figure in the best society. He
was married in 1881 to Miss Josephine Bryant, the daughter of
a prominent coal operator of Pennsylvania, and has one child, a
son, who was born in 1883.

WILLIAM SALOMON

"YVTILLIAM SALOMON, until recently resident partner in
T T New York of the international banking firm of Speyer &
Co., one of the strongest financial links between the l/nited
States, England, and Germany, is a representative of one of the
oldest and most distinguished Hebrew families of America. He
is a son of David Salomon, and a direct descendant of Haym
Salomon, the Philadelphia banker and patriot who devoted his
large fortune to the service of the Republic in the Revolutionary
War. His mother's maiden name was Rosalie Alice Levy, and
she was a granddaughter of Jacob de Leon of Charleston, South
Carolina, a captain in the Revolutionary Army, and a giv.-.t-
granddaughter of Hayniaii Levy, who was a conspicuous mer-
chant in the early days of New York, and in whose establishment
the distinguished merchants John Jacob Astor and Nicholas
Low gained their first commercial training.

Mr. Salomon was born at Mobile, Alabama, on October 9, 18-VJ,
and a few years later was brought, with his family, to Philadel-
phia, where his boyhood was spent. After his mother's death,
in 1861, and when he had just begun his studies in the Ferris
Latin School in Philadelphia, a severe illness so prostrated him
that for several years he was unable to attend school. Then , i 1 1
1864, he was removed to New York, where his health rapidly
improved. He was for some tune an inmate of the household
of the Rev. J. J. Lyons, one of the foremost Hebrew rabbis of
New York, and there studied under private tutors. The next
year his father, who had remarried, also removed to New York,
and sent the lad to the Columbia Grammar School, with the
purpose of fitting him for business as soon as practicable, with-
out a college course. In that school Mr. Salomon had among

295

296 WILLIAM SALOMON

his fellows Felix Adler, Frank Lathrop, Cleveland Coxe, and
the Kobbe brothers.

At the age of fifteen years he finished his course at the
Grammar School, and at once entered the employ of the house of
Speyer & Co., with which he was for many years associated, and
which was then known as Philip Speyer & Co. There his prac-
tical business education was begun, and at the same time he
earnestly pursued the stiidy of French and German, perceiving
the immense value in his chosen calling of thorough knowledge
of those languages. After a time, having familiarized himself
with the details of the New York office, he had himself trans-
ferred to the principal offices of the house at Frankfort-on-the-
Main, Germany. He left New York in 1870, and was welcomed
in London by Robert Speyer, the resident English partner of the
firm, and by John S. Gilliat, then a director and later governor
of the Bank of England. The outbreak of the Franco-German
War made it seem inexpedient for him to proceed at once to
Frankfort, and he accordingly remained in England until near
the end of 1870, when all danger of a French invasion of Ger-
many was seen to be past. He then proceeded to Frankfort,
and spent two years under the personal direction of the members
of the Speyer family and firm.

Mr. Salomon returned to New York in 1872, and about three
years later was placed, in conjunction with another young man,
in general charge of the New York office of Speyer & Co. In
1878 William B. Bonn became the head of the office, but Mr.
Salomon's activity and responsibility remained unchanged until
1882, when he was admitted as a member of the firm. The firm
of Speyer & Co. had been foremost during the Civil War in the
United States in placing American loans and securities upon the
German market, and had thus gained great prestige. Later it
placed in the same market large issues of Central Pacific Rail-
road, Southern Pacific, and other securities, and still later became
the issiiing firm for the Pennsylvania, the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul, the Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific railroads. Mr. Salomon personally was prominently
interested in the reorganization of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-
road, and was for some time chairman of its Board of Directors,
from which place he has now retired.

WILLIAM SALOMON 297

Mr. Salomon is now at the head of a hanking house of his <>\vn
in the new Broad Exchange Building, at No. '2~> hroad Street,
New York.

Mr. Salomon's political affiliations are with the 1 >cmocr;it ic
party, but he has taken little active part in politics since lS!i],
when he was chairman of the Finance Committee of the NV\\
York State Democracy, and strongly supported the renom'mation
of Mr. Cleveland for the Presidency I>ecau.>e ol' the hitter's devo-
tion to the cause of sound finance, lie has been a wide traveler,
visiting every State and Territory of the United States, every
important European city, and Morocco, Tunis, Egypt, and the
Upper Nile. He has written for magazines a mimher of meri-
torious articles on financial and other topics, and takes a <li . p
and cultivated interest in art and archaeology.

Mr. Salomon's personal characteristics are strongly marked.
His love and practice of fairness and justice have marked all his
business career, as has also his blending of courtesy and disci
pline. His employees are treated by him as friends and col-
leagues, and are thus bound to him by ties of more than ordinary
strength and permanence. Physically of slight build, he is
always " well groomed," and thus in his person sets forth his
love of order and neatness, and of elegance without ostenta-
tion. His expression is affable and engaging, but when deeply
engrossed in his business becomes austere. He inherits many
of his father's traits, such as pleasing vocal intonations and ges-
tures in conversation. He has been from boyhood a lover of
books and a wide and discriminating reader, and consequently
has a fluent and graceful style hi talking and in letter-writing.

Mr. Salomon was married, in 1892, to Mrs. Helen Forbes Lewis,
a daughter of William McKenzie Forbes of Taine, Ross-shire,
Scotland.

KICKHAM SCANLAN

ONE of the best-known and most successful lawyers of Chi-
cago is Kickhaui Scanlan, who is a native of the great
city by the lake and has all his life been identified with it.

Mr. Scaulan was born in Chicago on October 23, 1864, at
which time the city was rapidly rising to foremost rank among
the great cities of the West, though it was yet to be transformed
through fire and thus incomparably improved. A part of his
boyhood was spent in the city of Washington, D. C., where
he was educated in the public schools and high school. Then
he took a course at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana.
Returning to Chicago in 1882, Mr. Scanlan began mercantile
life in the employ of W. P. Rend & Co. of Chicago, a firm
engaged in the mining and shipping of coal. That connection
lasted until the early part of 1886.

At that time Mr. Scanlan entered the law offices of Luther
Laflin Mills & George C. Ingham of Chicago. This firm was
then one of the foremost law firms of the West, and there could
be no better place of preparation for the young man. He
remained in that office for seven years, Mr. Ingham dying in
1892.

Since 1893 Mr. Scanlan has been practising law in Chicago at
the head of an office of his own, which now ranks among the
best known in that city. It has been his fortune, or perhaps it
would be more correct to say the result and reward of his merits,
to be connected with a number of conspicuous and important
cases, which have brought his name forward to the front rank
of the profession.

His prominence in court cases began, indeed, while he was
still in the office of Mills & Ingham. He was connected with

1'98

KICKHAM SCANLAN 299

the prosecution of the famous tally-sheet frauds case, tried at
Columbus, Ohio, in 1888. At aU.nt the same time he was one
of the attorneys in the defense of William .1. Me( iariirle in the
so-called "boodle" cases, that attracted the widest attention
He was associated with the prosecution in the noted Millington
poisoning case at Denver, Colorado, which came to trial in IS'.H.
One of his most famous cases Avas the (Yonin murder trial, lie
was one of the prosecuting attorneys in the trials of the men
accused of murdering Dr. Patrick II. (Yonin, the Irish leader.
There were two trials in Chicago, one in 1889 and one in 1s!i::.
Owing to the political and secret-society issues involved, the
case commanded the widest interest all over the country.

Mr. Scanlan was an attorney for the prosecution in the faun >us
O'Donnell and Graham jury bribing case, which was tried in
Chicago in 1890, and he has served on one side or the other in a
large share of the most noted criminal trials which have occurred
in Chicago in the last dozen years. At the present time Mr.
Scanlan is devoting most of his time to the trial of civil cases.
and is rising to high rank as a civil lawyer.

One of the latest of the prominent criminal cases in which M e.
Scanlan has taken part was the defense of Harry H. Hammond,
charged with the shooting of John T. Shayne, the well-known
Chicago merchant. Mr. Hammond was acquitted.

Mr. Scanlan is a Repiiblican. in politics, but has held and
sought no public office. He belongs to many of the foremost
social clubs and other organizations of Chicago.

CHARLES T. SCHOEN

FROM cooper-boy to millionaire is, in brief, the story of the
career of Charles T. Schoen, the inventor and manufacturer
of the pressed-steel cars which are now so widely coming into
use on the railroads of the world. His early life was spent at
the home and in the cooperage shop of his father at Wilmington,
Delaware. His father was a man of modei'ate means, and the
boy became an apprentice in his shop, at the same time, however,
diligently reading and studying all good books he could get. At
the age of eighteen he had saved enough money to pay his tui-
tion fees at an academy, thoiigh he continued to work in the
shop for four hours a day while attending the institution.

Mr. Schoen was married at the early age of twenty-one, while
he was still a journeyman cooper. He had no immediate pros-
pect of anything better than to stick to that trade, but he decided
to follow it in a larger place than Wilmington, so he went to
Philadelphia and secured employment. There he presently came
into contact with some sugar refiners, and entered into an arrange-
ment to manufacture molasses barrels for them. t Thus he was en-
abled to start a cooperage factory of his own, with a dozen men in
his employ. For a time he succeeded, but then failed, through giv-
ing credit to an untrustworthy customer. He then set out for
the West, and arrived in Chicago with a friend. They had
seventy -nine cents in cash and a kit of carpenter's tools between
them. For a couple of months Mr. Schoen worked at a job in
that city, and then returned East. He next secured a place in a
spring factory in Philadelphia, on a small salary. A year later
he received an interest in the business. Two years later he
became a partner in the firm, and was rapidly accumulating
capital.

300

CHAKLES T. SCHOEN 301

It was while he was engaged iu this business that he conceived
the idea of substituting pressed-steel for cast-iron work on
freight-cars. He patented his device, and with the sixty thou-
sand dollars he had saved in the spring business began the
pressed-steel car business in Philadelphia, in 1888. In 18!)() he
removed to Pittsburg, and decided t<> undertake the construction
of cars wholly of pressed sled. But his capital was scarcely
sufficient for such an enterprise, and his works were not suitable
for it. Moreover, he met with little or no encouragement from
the railroads. He stuck to his plans, however, and in

hearing that the Pittsburg, Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad
was about to change hands, solicited an order from it for ste.-l
cars. By persistent efforts he got an order for two hundred,
which was increased to six hundred before he began work on it.
He had not facilities for building even one car. But he went to
work with indomitable energy, and at the end of nine months
he filled the whole order, and in addition had erected a five hun-
dred thousand dollar manufacturing plant. The next order ca me
from the Pittsburg & Lake Erie Railroad for one hundred and
fifty cars, then one from the Pennsylvania for two hundred,
and then one from the Pittsburg & Western for five hundred.
Within a year he had four million dollars' worth of orders on his
books. In 1898 he took into his company the Fox Pressed Steel
Equipment Company. Soon after that Mr. Schoen's works in
Pittsburg and Allegheny were using thirty thousand tons of
steel a month, and were turning out a hundred cars a day. The
number of employees in the works was nearly twelve thousand.
Mr. Schoen has now retired from the chairmanship of the
Board of Directors of the Pressed Steel Car Company.

Only a few years ago Mr. Schoen had nothing but a shop fifty
by one hundred feet, in which he, his son, his nephew, and
another man did all the work. At the present time the estab-
lishment which he built up is capable of building a railroad
train two hundred miles long in a year's time. " I think," says
Mr. Schoen, " that Samuel Srniles's book ' Self-Help,' which I
read as a child, sowed within me the germ of ambition. I have
never had a day of despair in my life."

CHAIiLES M. SCHWAB

CHARLES M. SCHWAB, president of the United States Steel
V_y Corporation, is of American parentage, though of remote Ger-
man ancestry, and the son of a prosperous woolen manufacturer
of Williamsburg. He was born at Williamsburg, Blair County,
Pennsylvania, on February 18, 1862. Ten years later the family
removed to Loretto, Cambria County, and there the boy attended
school at St. Francis College. For a time in his boyhood he
drove the stage-coach from Loretto to Cresson, on which route
his father had the contract for carrying the mails.

It was in July, 1880, that he was graduated from college. In
that month he engaged to serve as a grocery clerk at Braddock,
Pennsylvania, but before the end of the summer he left the
store for a place in the engineering department of the Carnegie
Steel Company, Limited. At first he was employed to drive
stakes for the surveyors. Six months later he was chief engineer,
and while in that position supervised the construction of eight
of the blast-furnaces at Bessemer, including an addition to the
rail-mill which made it the largest in the world in point of out-
put. He remained chief engineer and assistant manager of the
Edgar Thomson Works from 1881 to 1887. The late William R.
Jones was then general manager, and Mr. Schwab cooperated
with him in the development and demonstration of the invention
known as the " metal-mixer" which has made Mr. Jones's name
famous in the metal industry of the world. The process invented
by him is now generally used in steel- works in all countries, and
is reckoned of great value.

Mr. Schwab's next important step was taken in 1887, when he
became superintendent of the Homestead Works of the Carnegie
Steel Company. There he reconstructed the entire establish-

302

CHAELES M. SCHWAB 303

ment, and made it the largest in the world for the production of
steel blooms, billets, structural shapes, bridge-steel, boiler-plate,
armor-plate, ship- and tank-plate, and steel castings. It was soon
after his accession to the management at Homestead thai the
Carnegie Company undertook the manufacture of armor-plate
for the United States navy, and that supremely important work
was done under his personal supervision. He was successful in this
work from the outset, and won for himself and for the works a
world-wide reputation, and secured orders for armor-plate from
the navies of European powers.

Mr. Schwab remained at Homestead until October, 1889.
Then, on the death of his friend and former chief Mr. Jones, he
was called back to the Edgar Thomson Works as general super-
intendent. He returned to Homestead in 1892, and directed
both the Homestead and the Edgar Thomson works. In 1896
he was elected a member of the board of managers, and in
February, 1897, became president of the Carnegie Company.
Early in 1901 the Carnegie Company and other large concerns
in the iron, steel, tin, wire, and similar trades were united into
the United States Steel Corporation, with a capital of $1,404,000,-
000 ; and of this gigantic organization Mr. Schwab was elected
president.

M,1. Schwab has a world-wide reputation as an engineer and
metallurgist, and holds membership in many professional, scien-
tific, and industrial organizations in the United States and
Europe, including the American Iron and Steel Association, the
American Institute of Mining Engineers, and the British Iron
and Steel Institute. He is a generous supporter of numerous
beneficent institutions, being the founder of a free polytechnic
school at Homestead, and a director of the Mercy Hospital at
Pittsburg. He is a member of the Pittsburg and Duqiiesne
clubs of Pittsburg, and the Metropolitan Club of Washington,
D. C., in which latter his sponsor was Greorge Dewey, now
admiral of the United States navy.

Mr. Schwab was married in 1893 to Miss Emma Dinkey,
daughter of R. E. Dinkey of Weatherly, Carbon County, Pennsyl-
vania, and they have a fine home at Braddock, near the Edgar
Thomson Works.

ISAAC NEWTON SELIGMAN

name of Seligman has long stood among the foremost
in America for successful financiering and for business
integrity; and the city of New York has had no foreign-born
citizen who has been held in higher and more deserved esteem
than the late founder of the banking house which bears that
name, the house of J. & W. Seligman & Co. Joseph Seligmau
was born at Baiersdorf, Bavaria, Germany, on September 22,
1819, the son of a family of means and culture. He received an
admirable education, which included a course at the University
of Erlaugen, from which he was graduated in 1838. He was
noted for his proficiency in the classics, especially in Greek, in
which language he was able to converse fluently. After gradu-
ation he studied medicine for some time, and also evinced a
partiality for theological studies. Thus he secured a general
culture of far more than ordinary scope and thoroughness.

His inclination finally led him, however, into commercial and
financial pursuits. Impressed with the extent of opportunities
offered by the United States, he came to this country in 1845.
His first occupation here was that of a teacher, for which he was
admirably fitted and in which he might easily have attained
lasting and distinguished success. It was to him, however, only
a stop-gap until he could find a place in the business world. The
latter was presently secured in the capacity of cashier and
private secretary to Asa Packer, who was then just beginning
his famous career as a contractor at Nesquehoning, Pennsyl-
vania, and who afterward became the millionaire president of
the Lehigh Valley Railroad system.

From that service Mr. Seligman passed into a mercantile enter-
prise at Greensboro, Alabama. There he was moderately suc-

304

ISAAC NEWTON SELIGMAN

cessful, and he soon accumulated enough capital to assure him
of his business future. He then wrote to his brothers in Ger-
many, of whom he had seven, telling them of the advantages
offered by the United States and urging thrm to conic hither.
Three of them did so at once, and all the rest followed later.
Of the first comers, Jesse and Harry Seligman settled at
Watertowii, New York, and for seven years conducted a prosper-
ous dry-goods business. Joseph Seligman, the pioneer, mean-
while remained in the South, where he was finding increasing
prosperity.

When the brothers had accumulated enough capital for the
purpose, and felt sufficiently sure of their ground in the new
country, they came to New York city, united their resources, and
opened an importing house. To the firm thus formed they in
time admitted their other brothers, when the latter came over
from Europe.

Thus they were engaged at the time of the outbreak of the
Civil War in the United States. Joseph Seligman then ival-
ized that there was a magnificent opportunity for beginning a
career in the banking business. He communicated his views to
his brothers, and quickly gained their agreement. Accordingly,
the banking house of J. & W. Seligman was opened, in New York
city, in 1862. This was the beginning of one of the most
marvelous financial careers in the history of America or the

world.

The Seligman Bank met with extraordinary success from
almost the very first. The New York house rose to commanding
proportions, of national importance, and branches were estab-
lished in London, Paris, and Frankfort. Branches were also
opened in two American cities, namely, San Francisco, when- a
consolidation was afterward formed with the Anglo-California
Bank, and New Orleans, the latter branch being known as the
Seligman and Helhnau Bank, Mr. Hellman being a son-in-law of
Mr. Seligman.

One of the earliest enterprises of the Seligmans was the intro-
duction of United States government bonds into the money
markets of Europe, and especially of Germany. This was under-
taken in 1862, in what was the darkest hour of the Union cause.
This nation needed at that time both money and sympathy, and

306 ISAAC NEWTON SELIGMAN

of neither had it received much from the Old World. The under-
taking of the Seligtnans was successful. United States credit
was established in Europe, confidence in the stability of this
government was promoted, and much sympathy with the national
cause was thus secured. These services were of incalculable
value to the nation, and were none the less appreciated because
they were also profitable to those who made them. The govern-
ment fittingly recognized them by making the London branch of
the Selignian Bank the authorized Eui'opean depository for the
funds of the State and Naval departments. Nor was this the
only patriotic service rendered by Joseph Seligrnan. On many
another occasion he greatly assisted the government, and indeed
saved its credit from impairment, by carrying for it large sums
of money. Again, in 1871-72, when the government decided to
refund the two hundred and fifty bonds, it was Mr. Seligman
who formulated the plans for the operation and materially assisted
in executing them. He was a warm personal friend of General
Grant, and was asked by him to accept the office of Secretary of
the Treasury in his first administration. But loyalty to his bank-
ing interests and to his many connections with large corporations
— from which he would have had to separate himself — led him to
decline this tempting offer.

Joseph Seligman was a man of broad and liberal sympathies,
in whom all beneficent causes found a cordial friend, without
regard to distinctions of race or creed. He was the founder of the
great Hebrew Orphan Asylum in New York, and was in many ways
the benefactor of his fellow-Hebrews. But he also aided many
non-Hebrew institutions and benevolent enterprises, and he was
one of the organizers of the Society for Ethical Culture, to which
he gave the sum of seventy thousand dollars.

He was married in 1848, and to him and his wife, Babette
Seligman, were born nine children, of whom the third son is
Isaac Newton Seligmau, his successor as the present head of the
banking house. Mr. Seligman died at New Orleans on April 25,
1880, universally honored and lamented.

Isaac Newton Seligman, above mentioned, was born to Joseph
and Babette Seligman, in the city of New York, on July 10, 1855.
His education was received entirely in his native city, at the
Columbia Grammar School, which he entered at the age of ten

ISAAC NEWTON SELIGMAN ;;i)7

years, and at Columbia College, from which lie was graduated
with honors in 1876. During his college course he was prominent
in athletics as well as in scholarship, and was an eflicient mem-
ber of the famous winning Columbia crew which w<m tin- race at
Saratoga in 187-4 over Yale, Harvard, and nine oilier college crews.
He has always been a loyal alumnus of Columbia, was I'm- a long
time president of the boat club, and was active in raising funds
for the new college grounds.

For two years after his graduation from Columbia, Mr. Selig-
man was connected with the New Orleans branch of his father's
banking house. He there evinced a marked aptitude for linance
in the eai'liest stages of his business career, and was soon looked
upon as the " coming man " in the rising generation of the Solig-
rnan family.

In 1878 Mr. Seligman came to New York city, and entered the
banking house of J. and W. Seligman & Co. There he showed
himself as capable as his New Orleans career had pi'oinised he
would be, and he immediately became a conspicuous and domi-
nant figure in the banking world of the American metropolis.
Upon the death of his father in 1880, he, with Ins uncle Jesse,
succeeded to the management of the firm, and at the present
time Mr. Seligman is the sole head of the famous house.

Mr. Seligman is a director of the St. Louis and Santa Fe Bail-
road, and of the North Shore (Boston and Lynn) Railway, a
trustee of the Munich Reinsurance Fire Company, the National
Sound Money League, the People's Institute, the Cooperative
Committee on Playgrounds, the New York Audit Company, the
St. John's Guild, and the Hebrew Charities Building. He is a
life member of the New York Sailors' and Soldiers' Associate n.
and of the National Historic Museum. He is a member of the
Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and was a lead
ing subscriber to its building fund, and was a delegate from it to
the London Chamber of Commerce celebration. He is vice-presi-
dent of the Baron De Hirsch Memorial Fund, and was treasurer
of the Waring Fund. He is a director of the City and Subur-
ban Homes Company, which is erecting improved tenements and
dwellings. He has been a delegate to the National Conference
of Charities and Corrections. He takes a great and active inter-
est in charitable work, and is connected with many charitable

308 ISAAC NEWTON SELIGMAN

organizations, especially those looking to the relief and education
of the children of the poor.

Mr. Seligman takes an earnest and patriotic interest in public
affairs, but has sought no political office. The only such office
he has held is that of trustee of the Manhattan State Hospital,
to which he was appointed by Governor Morton and reappointed
by Governor Koosevelt. The direction his political interest and
affiliations have taken is indicated by his official connection with
the Sound Money League.

He is a member of a number of prominent clubs, among which
may be named the Lotus, the Lawyers', the University, the
Natural Arts, and the St. Andrew's Golf clubs of New York.

Mr. Seligman was married, in 1883, to Miss Guta Loeb, a
daughter of Solomon Loeb, of the banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb
& Co., of New York and Frankfort, Germany. The wedding
took place at Frankfort. Mr. and Mrs. Seligman have two chil-
dren : Joseph Lionel Seligman and Margaret Valentine Seligman.

NICHOLAS SENN

NICHOLAS SENN, surgeon, was born of Swiss parents at
Buchs, in the canton of St. Gall, Switzerland, and at the
age of nine years was brought by his parents to the United
States. They settled at Ashford, Wisconsin, and the boy was
graduated from the local grammar school with high honor in
186-i. He then taught school for three years, after which he
attended the Chicago Medical College. From this he was grad-
uated in 1868, winning the first prize for a thesis on " Modus
Operandi of Therapeutic Uses of Digitalis Purpurea." For a
year and a half he served as house physician of the Cook County
Hospital. Subsequently he practised medicine for five years in
Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin. In 1874 he took up his resi-
dence in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Dr. Seuu soon acquired a large practice, and became attending
surgeon at the Milwaukee Hospital, which place he held for
many years. In 1878 he visited Europe to attend a course of
lectures at the University of Munich, from which institution he
received his degree magnet cum laude. He then visited several
other of the most noted European universities, and in the fall of
1878 returned to Milwaukee. In 1884 he was appointed pro-
fessor of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of
Chicago, and served for three years in that capacity. Next, in
1887, he was elected professor of the principles of surgery and
of surgical pathology in the Rush Medical College, Chicago, and
in 1891 he was made professor of the practice of surgery and
clinical surgery in the same institution, upon which he removed
his borne to Chicago. In 1898 he was placed in charge of both
chairs of surgery.

Dr. Senn is now also attending surgeon to the Presbyterian

309

310 NICHOLAS SENN

Hospital and surgeon in charge of St. Joseph's Hospital, Chicago.
He is an honorary fellow of the College of Physicians of Phila-
delphia, of the Academy of Medicine of Mexico, and of the
D. Hayes Agnew Surgical Society of Philadelphia, permanent
member of the German Congress of Surgeons, corresponding
member of the Harveian Society of London, honorary member
of the Belgian Congress of Surgeons, and honorary member of
the Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin State Medical societies. At
various times he has been president of the American Medical
Association, the American Surgical Association, the Association
of Military Surgeons of the United States, the Wisconsin State
Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society, and the Chicago
Gynecological Society.

He has been a prolific writer on professional topics. His
" Surgical Bacteriology " has been translated into French,
Italian, and Polish; his "Intestinal Surgery" has been trans-
lated into German ; his voluminous "Experimental Surgery "is
a monumental work; his "Principles of Surgery" is a widely
used text-book ; and his " Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints,"
" Syllabus of Surgery," " Tuberculosis of the Genito-urinary
Organs," " Pathology and Surgical Treatment of Tumors," and
'War Correspondence in the Hispano-American War" are
important and standard works. Besides these he has written
many monographs and essays. He has one of the largest private
medical libraries in the United States, a large part of which he
has given to the Newberry Library of Chicago. He has received
the honorary degrees of Ph. D. from the University of Wisconsin
and LL. D. from Lake Forest University and from the Jefferson
Medical College of Philadelphia.

Dr. Senn was appointed surgeon-general of Wisconsin State
troops in 1890. Later he held the same place in Illinois. In the
Spanish- American War he was chief surgeon of the volunteer
army, with rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was stationed at Chick-
amauga, where he founded the Leiter Hospital. Later he was
chief of the operating staff with the army in the field, and served
at Santiago and Ponce. At the end of the war he was chief
surgeon at Montauk Point.

DEWITT SMITH

DEWITT SMITH was bora at Cape Vincent, in the State of
New York, in March, 1858. Most of his boyhood was passed
at Oswego, New York. In 1876 bis father removed the Family
from Oswego to St. Louis, Michigan, and it was then- thai the
business career of DeWitt Smith began. He first wen! to work
in tbe Gratiot County Bank, where, beginning in a minor posi-
tion, he was rapidly advanced from one place to another until
within a little more than a year he became practical!}' the man-
ager of the bank. His experience in the bank made him helie\e
it advisable for him to obtain a college training, in which idea
his father and mother cordially encouraged him. Accord ii ml \ .
he withdrew from the bank and entered Yale College, where he
pursued the regular academic course, and also took the studies
of the Yale Divinity School.

His attendance at New Haven enabled him to form the ac-
quaintance of Professor Toppan, who was a man of great origi-
nal genius, and had made some very important discoveries in
the manipulation of crude petroleum. In connection with Pro-
fessor Toppau he effected some important and remunerative
contracts with the Standard Oil Company for the utili/ing of
Toppan 's discoveries in the refinement of petroleum. Upon tin-
death of Mr. Toppan, Mr. Smith turned his attention to the
building and consolidation of railroads.

He acquired by purchase from the city of Petersburg, Vir
ginia, its control of the Richmond, Petersburg & Carolina Rail-
road, and by building a hundred miles of new road connected it
with the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad. Dur-
ing 1898 he negotiated for the purchase of various other proper-

311

312 DEWITT SMITH

ties composing the Seaboard Air Line in behalf of a syndicate
of which he was a member, and thus led to the formation of the
Greater Seaboard Air Line, which caused so great a sensation
in the railroad world in 1899. These operations also caused
him to organize the Colonial Construction Company, of which
he is now the president,

Upon the completion of this enterprise he acquired the con-
trol and became the president of the Chesapeake & Western
Railroad Company, a Southern corporation. For the purpose
of carrying out the plans of extending this railroad into the
coal-fields of West Virginia and to tidewater on the Atlantic
coast, he has organized the Chespeake Western Railway and
the Chesapeake Western Company. The railway has extended
the line to the Virginia State line, and the company has ac-
quired a large ownership in timber and coal lands along the
route. Mr. Smith controls both of these companies, and is
president of the railway. His offices and the offices of the cor-
porations he is identified with occupy a sumptuous suite in the
Washington Life Insurance Company Building on Broadway.

Mr. Smith built at Northampton, Massachusetts, a handsome
building for the exclusive use of the young ladies of Smith Col-
lege. It is said to be the finest dormitory for women in the
country.

Mr. Smith's town house is on West Eighty-fifth Street, New-
York, and he also has a country place at Lake Mahopac, New
York, the latter being where he and his family spend most of
their time.

He belongs to the Lawyers' Club, the Metropolitan Art Mu-
seum, and one or two country clubs.

JOHN C. SPOONER

ONE of the best-known of the present Senators of the I'niicd
States, and one of those who, in scholarship, oratory, and
statesmanship, most fully maintain the high traditions ol' the
so-called "Upper House" of Congress, is the senior Senator from
Wisconsin, John C. Spooner. Although he has been for prac-
tically all of his active life intimately identified with Wisconsin,
Mr. Spooner is not a native of that State, but of the "Hoosier
State." He was born at Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, In-
diana, on January 6, 1843. He removed with his family, how-
ever, to Madison, Wisconsin, on June 1, 1859, and has ever since
been identified with the "Badger State" in both private and
public life.

He had already received a good school education in Indiana,
and soon after reaching Madison he entered the Wisconsin State
University, from which institution he was graduated with the
baccalaureate degree in 1864. Immediately upon leaving col-
lege he enlisted in Company D of the Fortieth Regiment, Wis-
consin Volunteers, as a private soldier. Ill health compelled
him to withdraw from the army, and he became for a time assis-
tant State librarian. With restored health he presently reen-
tered the army as captain of Company A, Fiftieth Wisconsin
Volunteers, and went to Fort Rice, North Dakota, to fight In-
dians. He was mustered out in July, 1866, with the brevet rank
of major. Thereafter he served for a year and a half as private
and military secretary to Governor Fairchild of Wisconsin, and
was elevated to the rank of colonel.

Meantime, following his inclinations toward the legal profes-
sion, Mr. Spooner diligently pursued the study of the law, and

313

314 JOHN C. SPOONEE

fitted himself for the practice thereof. Admission to practice
at the bar of the State was secured in 1867, and he then became
assistant attorney-general of the State and held that office until
1870. In the latter year he removed from Madison to Hudson,
Wisconsin, and there practised law with marked success until
1884. In the meantime he entered politics again as member of
the State Assembly from St. Croix County, and was a regent
of the Wisconsin State University.

His elevation to the United States Senate occurred in 1885,
when he was elected to succeed Angus Cameron for the term
beginning on March 5 of that year. He soon rose to a com-
manding position on the Republican side of the Senate, being a
hard-working chairman and member of various important com-
mittees, and recognized as one of the most eloquent and effective
orators in the chamber. He retained, meantime, his leadership in
politics, and was chairman of the Wisconsin delegation to the
Republican National Convention in 1888. He also became
known as one of the ablest political speakers on the stump in
the whole country, and his services in that capacity were in much
demand in important political campaigns.

At the expiration of his term Senator Spooner was succeeded
by William F. Vilas, Democrat. He received the solid vote of
the Republicans of the Legislature for reelection, but the Demo-
crats were in the majority. He continued, however, to be the
leader of his party in the State, and was thereafter chairman of
the Wisconsin delegation to the Republican National Convention
in 1892, and was unanimously nominated as the Republican can-
didate for governor of Wisconsin, but was defeated in that
Democratic year. In 1893 he returned from Hudson to Madi-
son and reengaged in the practice of law in the latter place.

On January 13, 1897, Mr. Spooner was recalled to a commanding-
place in public life. On that date the Republicans of the State
Legislature unanimously renominated him to succeed Mr. Vilas
in the United States Senate, and on January 27 he was elected
for the term beginning March 5, 1897, receiving one hundred and
seventeen votes, against eight for W. C. Silverthorn and two for
Edward S. Bragg. His term of service will expire on March 4,
1903. In his second term he has resumed and even advanced
upon the prominent place he occupied in the Senate in his first

JOHN C. SPOONER 315

term, and is indisputably ranked among the leaders of that
body.

For twelve years Mr. Spooner was general solicitor of the
West Wisconsin Railroad Company and of the Chicago, St.
Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad Company. In May, iss 1,
he resigned for the reason that the company had brought action
against H. H. Porter, David Dows, and R. P. Flower for the
alleged illegal distribution of stock of the company amounting
to about $1,200,000. His relations with these men were of such
a nature that he wished to avoid all possibility of being con-
nected even indirectly with this suit.

In his law practice Mr. Spooner has \voii distinction as a logi-
cal and forcible pleader. He has hardly an equal as an orator in
Wisconsin. Upon his advent to the Senate he was recogni/.ed
as an alert, energetic man of affairs and a shrewd politician.
His excellent counsel in important matters, added to his persona I
qualities, render him very popular among his associates.

JOHN DIEDRICH SPRECKELS

JOHN DIEDRICH SPRECKELS, one of the foremost mer-
chants of the Pacific coast, is the son of Claus and Anna D.
Spreckels, his father, a man of German birth, being noted as
the pioneer of the sugar industry in the Hawaiian Islands
and in California. He was born at Charleston, South Carolina,
on August 16, 1853, and was carefully educated, at first in Oak-
land College, California, and later in the Polytechnic School,
Hanover, Germany. On leaving school he at once entered upon
a commercial career, under the direction of his father, with all
of whose enterprises he has ever since been associated, besides
conducting many of his own.

The first important independent undertaking of Mr. Spreckels
was the establishment of the house now known as the J. D.
Spreckels & Brother's Company, with a capital of $2,000,000, to
engage in trade between the United States and Hawaii. That
was in 1880. The concern began business with one vessel, the
200-ton schooner Bosario. Since then the firm has enlarged its
fleet, until it now comprises a large number of sailing-vessels of
the best class and one of the finest arrays of sea-going steam-
tugs to be found in the world. These vessels are steadily and
actively engaged in the Hawaiian trade, in both sugar and gen-
eral merchandise. The firm does not confine its operations to
shipping, either, but controls great sugar refineries in California,
and acts as agent for a number of European houses. It has
played a leading part in the development of trade between
Hawaii and the United States, and in the promotion of the
commercial interests of the Pacific coast.

Mr. Spreckels also founded, in 1881, the Oceanic Steamship
Company, which at first chartered some vessels, and then had

316

JOHN DIEDRICH SPKECKELS 317

some of its own built, and now maintains a first-class mail and
passenger service between San Francisco and Honolulu. A
great extension of this company's operations was effected in
1885. At that time the Pacific Mail Steamship Company with-
drew from the Australian trade, whereupon Mr. Spreckels's com-
pany purchased some of its vessels and entered upon the mail
and passenger service, which it had abandoned. This service
has been continued to the present time. Mr. Spreckels has
been president of the company since its organization, and his
line of ships is the only one flying the American flag between
San Francisco and Honolulu, Australia and New Zealand.

With the commercial and industrial interests of California
generally Mr. Spreckles has been intimately identified, and es-
pecially with the interests of San Francisco and of San Diego.
He established at the latter place in 1887 the Spreckels Brothers'
Commercial Company, and built one of the finest wharves, coal
depots, and warehouses on the coast, the coal-bunkers having
capacity for fifteen thousand tons. This company, of which Mr.
Spreckels is president, thus practically secured control of the
shipping interests of that port.

Another of his enterprises is the famous Coronado Beach and
Hotel property, one of the finest winter resorts in the world, of
which he is the principal owner. He is also the chief proprietor
of the ferry systems and electric railways of San Diego, and of
some other local enterprises.

Mr. Spreckels is the president and active manager of the
Olympic Salt Water Company, which has an extensive system of
mains under the streets of San Francisco and a pumping-station
on the sea-beach, and the Lurline Baths, in the heart of the city,
in which small baths and a vast swininiing-tank are filled with
water pumped directly from the open sea. He is president of
the Beaver Hill Coal Company, which supplies coal to San Fran-
cisco from its mines in Oregon. He was one of the founders and
builders and is now a director of the San Francisco & San
Joaquin Valley Railroad, one of the largest enterprises ever un-
dertaken for the local development of California. He is the
manager of the extensive real-estate holdings of the Spreckels
family in San Francisco, which comprise some of the finest
office and other buildings in the United States. He is the pro-

318 JOHN DIEDEICH SPKECKELS

prietor of the San Francisco " Call," one of the foremost news-
papers of California.

In addition to these varied and important interests, Mr.
Spreckels is president of the Western Sugar Refining Company,
vice-president of the Western Beet Sugar Company, the Pajaro
Valley Railroad Company, and the Coronado Beach Company,
and a director of the San Francisco & San Mateo Electric Rail-
way Company and the Union Trust Company of San Francisco.
He is also interested in the Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Com-
pany and the Hakalau Plantation Company of Hawaii, and in
numerous other enterprises.

Mr. Spreckels is an earnest Republican, and has long been one
of the most influential leaders of the party in California. He
has been chairman of its State Central Committee, and in 1896
was chosen delegate at large to the National Convention and
the California member of the National Committee. He has
frequently been talked of as a candidate for high office, such as
Governor of the State and United States Senator, but has not
sought such distinction, and has preferred to remain a private
citizen.

Mr. Spreckels was married at Hoboken, New Jersey, on Octo-
ber 27, 1877, to Miss Lillie Sieben, who has borne him four
children : Grace, Lillie, John A., and Claus Spreckels. The
family home is in San Francisco.

CHARLES ALBERT STADLKU

CHARLES ALBERT STABLER, manufacturer and finan-
cier, is of German parentage, being the son of (inlin^l
Stadler, a civil engineer, and Elizabeth his wife, who lived at
Gerinersheirn, in the Bavarian Palatinate. He was born there
on July 15, 1848, and about three years later the family removed
to the United States, where his home has since been made.
The family settled in New York city, and the lad was edur.-ii, -d
in local schools, including public schools, the St. Nicholas
School, the De La Salle Institute, and the Cooper Institute.

Gabriel Stadler had, on settling in New York, abandoned his
former calling as a civil engineer, and opened an engraving and
embossing establishment on Maiden Lane. In that establish-
ment Charles Albert Stadler began his business career. Later,
in 1870, he was employed in the brewing business, to which his
activities have ever since been largely devoted. Down to 1879
he was engaged in the general brewing business. Then he be-
came connected with the firm of Meidlinger, Schmidt & Co.,
maltsters, in New York. Of that firm he in time became a
partner. His next step was to engage in the malting business
on his own individual account, occupying for this purpose the
malt-houses on East Sixty-first Street formerly owned by
Roseubaum & Straus. Later he purchased the malt-house and
elevator at the foot of East Forty-eighth Street formerly owned
by Thomas Twedle.

Mr. Stadler is now president of the American Malting Com-
pany, with general offices at the foot of East Sixty-third Street.
He is also president of the Sebastian Wagon Company, vice-
president and a director of the Union Railway Company of New
York, and of the Nineteenth Ward Bank of New York, and

319

320 CHARLES ALBERT STABLER

vice-president and treasurer of the Sicilian Asphalt Paving
Company. He is a member of the New York Produce Exchange.

Of the brewing and malting industries in the United States
Mr. Stadler has long been one of the foremost representatives.
He was appointed by the United States Maltsters' Association
to represent that organization before the Ways and Means Com-
mittee of Congress and before the Tariff Commission of Congress
on the disputed question of the tariff on barley and malt, and
did so to the eminent satisfaction of the association. He was
also chairman of the Legislature Committee of the New York
State's Brewers' and Maltsters' Association, and in that capacity
represented that body before various committees of the New
York State Legislature on questions pertaining to those indus-
tries. The esteem in which he is held by the members of the
brewing industry at large was well shown at Cleveland, Ohio, in
1891, when the annual convention of the American Brewers'
Association adopted resolutions thanking him for his " eminent
services rendered to the industry," and elected him to honorary
membership in that association.

Mi*. Stadler was appointed a school inspector in New York
city by Mayor Smith Ely. He was elected to the State Senate
of New York as a Democrat in 1888, and served continuously
for four years, filling places on the Insurance, Commerce and
Navigation, Internal Affairs, and other committees. He was also
a member of the State Democratic Executive Committee for five
years. He joined the Fifty-fifth Regiment of the National
Guard of New York, and was honorably discharged from it as
sergeant-major. At the present time he is a captain of the Old
Guard.

Mr. Stadler is a member of the boards of various charitable
institutions, hospitals, etc., and of numerous clubs, including the
Manhattan, Democratic, Lotus, Liederkrauz, Arion, Athletic, and
Wa-Wa-Yanda.

In 1866 Mr. Stadler was married to Josephine Contis, who
bore him seven children: Emma, Annie, Charles, Josephine,
Mary, Gertrude, and Elsie. After her death he was again mar-
ried, in 1889, to Pauline Roesicka of Brooklyn, New York.

JAMES STILLMAN

JAMES STILLMAN was bom on ,!une 9, isf><), the SOB of
Charles Stillmau and Elizabeth Goodrich Stillnuui, who were
both natives of Connecticut, when- their English ancestors
settled about the middle of the seventeenth cent ury. 1 1 is earl y
education was at Hartford, Connecticut, where his parents I hen
resided, and afterward at the Churchill School at Sing Sing,
New York. At the age of eighteen he became a clerk in the
office of Smith, Woodward & Stillman, cotton merchants of
New York, in which firm his father had long been interested.
Within two years he was admitted to full partnership in the
reorganized firm of Woodward & Stillman. Since the death of
Mr. Woodward, in 1899, Mr. Stillman has been at the head of
the firm. Its credit has always been of the highest, and its
capital far in excess of the requirements of its large business.

The relations formerly existing between this firm and the
City Bank of New York brought Mr. Stillman into close rela-
tions with Moses Taylor, the great merchant and president of
that bank. On the death of Mr. Taylor, in 1882, his son-in-law,
Percy R. Pyne, was elected president of the bank, then known
as the National City Bank. Upon his retirement, in 189.1. Mr.
Stillman, then the youngest member of the board of directors of
that bank, was elected and has ever since continued its pv-si-
dent. When he assumed the- presidency of the bank, its capital
was $1,000,000, its surplus about $2,412,000, and its average
deposits were about $12,000,000. In the early part of 1900,
$9,000,000 of new capital was subscribed to the bank, thus mak-
ing its capital stock $10,000,000, and its surplus was over $5,000,-
000. Its average deposits had been increased to about $120,000,-
000. This bank is to-day beyond question the greatest in the

322 JAMES STILLMAN

United States, and bids fair to become the great financial com-
petitor of the Bank of England in controlling large aggregations
of capital for the purpose of carrying on the great enterprises of
the world. During the last year, the transactions in foreign
exchange, for which Mr. Stilhnan has created a special depart-
ment in his bank, have involved the active employment of more
money than is used by the Bank of England, and, in fact, by any
bank in the world.

This bank has not only kept on hand a large amount of cash
in excess of its legal reserve, but kept almost the whole of it in
actual gold or gold certificates. It has thus been enabled at
various times to subscribe to a larger portion of government
loans than any other bank or syndicate of bankers in the coun-
try, and actually to pay for its subscriptions in the yellow
metal. It has also been able to give the necessary security for
deposits from the United States government to very large
amounts. Thus in November, 1897, when the government, in
making a settlement of the debt due it from the Union Pacific
Kailroad Company, decided to deposit the amount in New York
banks and thus get it into circulation, Mr. StUlman promptly
deposited with the Treasury Department $50,000,000 of United
States bonds and securities, and thus gained for the City Bank
the privilege and prestige of being designated as chief depositary
and distributing agent for the millions thus paid over. A similar
instance, though not quite to the same extent, occurred in De-
cember, 1899, upon the temporary diversion of the internal
revenue receipts from the Sub-Treasury to the banks.

Mr. Stillman is also president of the Second National Bank,
and one of the leading directors of the Hanover National Bank
and the Bank of the Metropolis. He is a trustee and member
of the executive committee of the United States Trust Company,
the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, and the New York
Security and Trust Company; and a director of the Central
Realty Bond and Trust Company, of the American Surety Com-
pany, the Bowery Savings Bank, and the Fifth Avenue Safe
Deposit Company. He is a director of the Union Pacific,
Northern Pacific, Baltimore and Ohio, Chicago and Northwest-
' era, and Delaware, Lacka wanna and Western, and other leading
railroads. He has been a member of numerous syndicates, one

JAMES STILLMAN

of the latest of which was the Harriman Syndicate, which pur-
chased the Chicago arid Alton Railroad. He is largely inter-
ested in the Consolidated Gas Company of Ne\v York, of which
he has been a trustee for many years, and has recently been one
of the most important factors in bringing about a combination
of all the gas and electric light interests in t he city of Ne\v York.
He is also a director of the Western Union Telegraph ('omp;m\ .

With all his varied interests, he has always contrived to find
leisure for outdoor recreation. Since 1874 he has been a mem-
ber of the New York Yacht Club, and his victorious sails have
brought him many trophies. He has also taken great interest
in farming and cattle-breeding, and has on his large estate at
Cornwall-on-Hudson one of the finest herds of Jerseys in the
United States. He was one of the founders and is still an ad ive
member of the organization known as the " New York Farmers."
He depends for healthful exercise upon his bicycle. He is a
great reader and much devoted to art and music, and is a skilled
amateur photographer.

His winter residence is at No. 7 East Fortieth Street, New
York city, and his family divide their time in summer between
his beautiful residences at Newport and Cornwall-on-Hudson.
Among the many clubs of which he is a member are the Union.
Union League, Metropolitan, Reform, Lawyers', Century, and
the Turf and Field. He is also a member of the Tuxedo Club
and of the Washington Metropolitan Club.

His private charities are numerous and varied. His latest
act of public generosity consists of the gift of a hundred
thousand dollars to Harvard University for the erection of an
infirmary for students, and an endowment for defraying the ex-
penses of its maintenance.

ARTHUR EDWARD STILWELL

MONG- the enterprising men which the State of New York
has given to the great business of railroading in the coun-
try at large, a prominent rank is due to at least one son of west-
ern New York State and of the famous " Flower City " on the
lower reaches of the Genesee River. It was at Rochester, New
York, that Charles H. Stilwell and his wife, Mary P. Stilwell,
lived at the middle of the century now closing, and it was there
that their son, Arthur Edward Stilwell, was bom, on October 21,
1859. They were both, by the way, of English descent, like so
many others of the worthiest and most substantial residents of
that part of the State.

Arthur Edward Stilwell received his education in the excellent
public schools of his native city, and did not have opportunity
to go beyond them for book-learning. Instead, he set out, before
reaching his majority, to seek his fortune in practical business
enterprise in the West. He had already, during his school-days,
learned the printer's trade, in Rochester. After leaving home
his first venture was as an employee in a printing-office in Kansas
City, Missouri. He did not continue long in this business, but
in 1880 went to Chicago, as a special agent of the Travelers'
Insurance Company in Illinois. The following year he went to
Rhode Island for the same company.

Returning to Kansas City in 1886, he formed the Missouri,
Kansas and Texas Trust Company, which was almost the only
large trust company west of Chicago that lived through the
panic of 1893. The largest undertaking of the company was the
financing of the Kansas City, Pittsburg and Gulf Railroad,
which cost over twenty-three million dollars. Mr. Stilwell is
president of the road.

324

ARTHUR EDWARD STILWELL U'J")

The Kansas City, Pittsburg and Gulf Railroad grew out of the
old Kansas City, Nevada and Fort Smith line, and is a realization
of a scheme which lias hern talked of t'<»r years, and unsnecess-
fully attempted many times, namely, a shorl line hetween Kansas
City and the Gulf of Mexico. The Kansas City and Fort Smilh
was projected to reach the Gull', hut only a shorl part of il \vas
finished. Mr. Stilwell's company look up the enterprise, and
promoted it to its completion, through a long series of trials and
discouragements. Railroad-building in the West ceased almost
altogether during the troublous years of is<rj and IS!):!, hut Mr.
Stilwell, by sheer persistence and energy, succeeded in obtaining
capital for his enterprise when none of his associates believed it
possible to do so. At the most critical point of the road's for
tunes he went to Holland, where certain rich Dutch hankers
furnished him with ample funds, and on September 11, IS'.IT,
the first through train went over the line to the Gulf. 'I1 he new
line met with much opposition from some of the larger railroads,
and its history up to the present has been rather exciting. Tin-
export trade of the road depends on the securing of deep water
at its Gulf terminal, Port Arthur, Texas, a canal eight miles long-
having been built for that purpose. Every obstacle was thrown
in the way of the project, and the canal was finished only in
March, 1899. Meanwhile the company was deprived of terminal
facilities for over a year, and the damage done its business was
so great that it was found necessary to reorganize the company
in order to avoid serious financial loss. A friendly receivership
was appointed in April, 1899, and there is every prospect of an
arrangement of all difficulties at an early date.

Mr. Stilwell is well known in the club world, both East and
West. He is a member of the Lawyers1 Club of New York, the
Algonquin of Boston, the Art Club of Philadelphia, the Kansas
City Club of Kansas City, Missouri, and the Union League and
Chicago clubs of Chicago.

JOSEPH SUYDAM STOUT

JOSEPH SUYDAM STOUT, a prominent banker and broker
of New York city, is a sou of the late Andrew Varick Stout,
who was born in New York, was a teacher and principal in the
public schools, became a jobber in the boot and shoe trade, and
finally founded the Shoe and Leather National Bank, and was
its president down to his death in 1883. Andrew Varick Stout
married Almira Hanks, a native of Pawlet, Vermont, and to
them Joseph Suydani Stout was born at then- home on Ridge
Street, New York, on December 27, 1846.

Mr. Stout went in his boyhood to a boarding-school at Ash-
land, New York, for a term of three years and a half, prepara-
tory to college. Then, at the age of fifteen years, he entered the
College of the City of New York, and remained there for two
years, after which he withdrew from scholastic life and began
his career in the world of finance. His first engagement was as
a clerk in his father's bank, the Shoe and Leather Bank of New
York. His work there was in the capacity of assistant to the
receiving teller, which he performed for two years. Then he
became assistant to the paying teller for about two years. In 1866
he was appointed to be assistant cashier of the bank, his especial
duties being the loaning of the bank's funds in Wall Street.
During his incumbency of this place he was made loan clerk of
the Tenth National Bank, which was then controlled by the
Shoe and Leather Bank, and the money of the two banks loaned
through him amounted at one time to between four and five
million dollars. It is a fact of record that not one dollar was
ever lost by either of the banks through any act of his, although
dining his connection with them he had the handling and dispo-
sition of hundreds of millions of dollars.

32G

JOSEPH SUYDAM STOUT 327

His acquaintance with Wall Street, formed through his hank-
ing work, led Mr. Stout in 1S(>S to become a broker as a partner
of W. Gr. Wiley, and iu May, IS(ii), he resigned hi> connection
with the banks in order to devote all his attention to Wall Street
work. The next year he became a partner in the linn of Stout
& Dickinson; in 1872 he organized the ne\v linn of Kwell, Stout
& Co.; and in 1876 he oi-ganized the firm of Stout & Co., of
which he is still the head. He became a member of tin- New
York Stock Exchange by purchase of a seat in May, 1872.

Mr. Stout is a member of the Building Committee of the new
Stock Exchange Building. He is connected with the Shoe ;md
Leather Bank, the New York Mutual Gas Light Company, and
the American Bank Note Company, and is a member of tin-
Produce Exchange and one of the governors of the Stock lv\-
change. He is also a member of the New York Chamber of
Commerce.

Apart from business affairs, Mr. Stout is a member of the
Madison Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, is a member and
treasurer of the Board of Education of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, and is officially connected with the New York Church
Extension and Missionary Society of that church, the Methodist
Episcopal Hospital of Brooklyn, the Drew Theological Seminary
at Madison, New Jersey, and Wesleyan University at Middle-
town, Connecticut. His social affiliations include membership
in the Metropolitan Club, the Union League Club, and the New
England Society, of New York.

He was married in New York, on April 21, 1868, to Miss Julia
Frances Purdy, and has four children : Newton E. Stout, who is
married to Jane E. Towle; Andrew V. Stout, who is married to
Ethel G-. Dominick; Joseph S. Stout, Jr.; and Arthur P. Stout.

WILLIAM LEWIS STOW

WILLIAM LEWIS STOW, stock-broker and financier, is
descended from several families long settled in this
country. The Stow family is descended from Lord Blandy
Stow, who was prominent in the time of James I. John and
Thomas Stow, brothers, were members of the Assembly of the
Bermuda Islands in 1673. One of their sisters married a
Pierrepont, and another married Governor Le Montaigne of
Bermuda. The Rev. Samuel Stow, son of John Stow, was one
of the most prominent men in that colony in the time of Charles
I. Stephen Stow, son of Samuel Stow, was a captain of Con-
necticut troops, and is mentioned in history as a gallant soldier
and devoted patriot. He lived at Milford, Connecticut, in a
famous house bearing the date 1683. He had a grandson also
named Stephen Stow, who married Clarissa Rice, a descendant
of the family of Elihu Yale, founder of Yale University. To
Stephen and Clarissa Stow was born a son named George W.
Stow, who became a merchant in New York, who married Susan
Anna Fairchild, and who was the father of the subject of this
sketch.

Miss Fairchild was a daughter of Benjamin Fairchild and a
direct descendant of Thomas Fairchild, who came to this countiy
in 1639, purchased all of Connecticut west of New Haven, and
was the first person in the colony vested with civil authority by
royal patent. Thomas Fairchild married a sister of Lord Saye
and Sele, after whom the town of Saybrook, Connecticut, was
named. The Fairchilds, by tbe way, were Tories during the
Revolution. Benjamin Fairchild, above named, the grandfather
of Mr. Stow, married a daughter of Lieutenant Thomas Ehel-
wood and his wife, Susanna Barlow. The Barlow family came

328

WILLIAM LEWIS STOW M21)

from England in 1620 and settled in Connecticut, and produced
in later generations such mm as S. L. M. Barlow, .lohn and
William Tecumseh Sherman, and Yicar-< leneral Preston. Lieu-
tenant Ehelwood was an officer of tin- ship Al/imice, whose cap-
tain, Laiidais, acted so strangely toward his cummandiT, .lohn
Paul Jones, in the famous battle of Flamhorough Head in 17!)!).

Of such ancestry William Lewis Stow, son of (ieor^v \V. and
Susan Fairchild Stow, was born, in New York, on October 20,
1855. He was educated at the well-known academy at Newton,
New Jersey, for five years, and afterward at Lan^eais, F ranee.
On returning to the United States he was led by his taste and
talent into Wall Street, where for several years he was engaged
in the office of Edmund Clarence Stedman, the eminent man of
letters as well as banker and broker.

Mr. Stow became a member of the New York Stock Kxchang<-
in 1882, and has since continued business as a successful operator
in the financial world. In addition to his activities in the Stock
Exchange and in the general financial operations of Wall Street,
he is connected with a number of large mining companies in
Mexico, and is a member of the Executive Committee of the
Mexican Central Eailway Company.

He has neither held nor sought political office of any kind.
He is a member of several leading clubs in and about New York,
including the Manhattan, Lambs', Racquet, New York Athletic,
New York Yacht, Midday, Larchmont Yacht, and Meadowbrook.

Mr. Stow remains unmarried.

FRANK KNIGHT STURGIS

FRANK KNIGHT STURGIS, banker, is a New-Yorker of
Massachusetts parentage and English ancestry. His father
was William Sturgis of Boston, a merchant in Boston, London,
and New York, and through him he is descended from Edward
Sturgis of Northamptonshire, England, who in 1632 settled at
Yarmouth, Massachusetts. In the latter place the family has
resided, in part, to the present day. Mr. Sturgis's mother was,
before her marriage, Elizabeth Knight Hinckley of Hingham,
Massachusetts, and came from a family which has been settled
for many generations at Yarmouth, Barnstable, and adjoining
towns, and which gave to New England history a noteworthy
figure in the person of Thomas Hinckley, Governor of Cape Cod
Colony.

Frank Knight Sturgis was born in New York city on Sep-
tember 19, 1847, and received his early education in the local
public schools. For one term he attended the West Newton,
Massachusetts, academy, and at fifteen years of age left school
for business life.

He returned at once to New York city, and at the age of
sixteen years became a clerk in the employ of the Home In-
surance Company. That was in 1863. Three months after his
entry into the office he left it to become cashier in the counting-
house of the mercantile firm of Lewis Roberts & Co. of New
York. There he remained until January, 1868, when he made
another change and obtained a clerkship in the banking house
of Scott, Capron & Co. of New York.

Since the latter date Mr. Sturgis has devoted his attention
chiefly to banking. He became a member of the firm of Capron,
Strong & Co. (successors to Scott, Capron & Co.) in 1869, and

330

FRANK KNIGHT STUEGIS 3:51

two years later was a partner in the latter firm's successor, Scott,
Strong & Co. In 1875 the name was again changed to Ilia! of
Work, Strong & Co., and finally, in 1896, to its present form of
Strong, Sturgis & Co.

In addition to being a partner in this linn, Mr. Stnr^is is
president and a director of the Madison Square Company, and ex-
president (1892-93) and now a governor of the New York Stock
Exchange and chairman of its Law Committee, vice-president of
the Standard Trust Company, and a director of the New Amster-
dam National Bank, of the Bank of the State of New York, of
the Westinghouse Securities Company, and of the Standard
Safe Deposit Vaults Company.

He is a member of many social organizations, including the
Westchester and Newport Racing associations, the Jockey and
the Coney Island Jockey clubs, the New York and the Laivh-
inont Yacht clubs, the Turf and Field and the Coaching cluhs,
the Century Association, the New England Society, and the
Union, Metropolitan, Knickerbocker, Strollers', Midday, and
other clubs.

Mr. Sturgis was married, on October 16, 1872, to Miss Flor-
ence Lydig of New York, of one of the oldest and most respected
Knickerbocker families of that city.

TALBOT J. TAYLOR

TALBOT J. TAYLOR, the head of the well-known Wall
Street commission house of Talbot J. Taylor & Co., was
born in Baltimore, Maryland, on April 25, 1865, and is a de-
scendant of one of the oldest and most prominent Southern
families. His childhood was spent in the little village of
Catonsville, a suburb where a number of Baltimore's leading
citizens make their home.

After receiving an academic education, Mr. Taylor fitted him-
self for a business career by a long apprenticeship in the banking
houses of Baltimore. At first he was connected with the old
firm of C. Irvin Dunn & Co. ; and afterward he was engaged in
the banking house of McKim & Co., where he occupied various
positions which gave him valuable financial training. Still
later he accepted a position in the National Bank of Baltimore,
one of the oldest and best-known banks in the South. Through
these experiences Mr. Taylor enjoyed and improved ample
opportunity to familiarize himself with the best business
methods in the world of finance. After this long training he
began business in Baltimore on his own account, under the firm-
name of Talbot J. Taylor & Co. This undertaking succeeded
from the start ; but Mr. Taylor soon recognized the comparative
narrowness of his surroundings in Baltimore, and was naturally
attracted to the metropolis and financial center of the country.
Accordingly hi 1893 he purchased a seat on the New York
Stock Exchange, and then turned over his Baltimore business to
his brothers, who constituted the firm of Robert Taylor & Co.

After a few years as a broker on the floor of the New York
Stock Exchange, Mr. Taylor organized the present firm of Tal-
bot J. Taylor & Co., which consists of himself, James Black-

332

TALBOT J. TAYLOU

stone Taylor, and Foxhall Keene. Prior to tliis lie li:ul married
Miss Jessica Keene, the only daughter of James R. Keene and
sister of Foxhall Keene. Mr. James R. Keene's Wall Street
headquarters, it may be added, arc with Messrs. Talhot -I. Tay-
lor & Co.

Mr. Taylor has already made for himself a distinguished
name in the New York Stock Exchange as a man of energy and
acumen. From it s very start the present firm too k a < • < > 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1 1 « 1 -
ing position among the foremost of Wall Hired commission
houses, representing many important clients, and its present
prestige is due to its natural development. The associates of
the firm now include some of the greatest interests of the
Street, while Mr. Taylor personally has represented some of the
largest institutions in the country in their most important un-
dertakings. In the celebrated incidents which culminated in the
historic Northern Pacific corner of May, 1901, Mr. Taylor was
conspicuous, executing orders which prior to that time \\ould
have been deemed incredibly large, and executing them with 1 1 it-
most successful tact and profitable results.

Apart from business life, Mr. Taylor is an ardent sportsman
and enthusiastic autornobilist, being one of the charter members
of the Automobile Club. He spends much of his time at his
beautiful country place at Cedarhurst, Long Island, and is a
believer in the modern cult of as much outdoor life as possible.
His club-ineniberships include the Union, Racquet, Meadowbrook
Hunt, Rockaway Hunt, Automobile, and Cedarhurst, of New
York, and the Maryland Club of Baltimore.

GEORGE KRAMER THOMPSON

GEORGE KRAMER THOMPSON, the well-known archi-
tect of New York city, is a descendant of some of the
earliest settlers of this country. His first American progenitor
was Thomas Minor, who came from England in 1630, settled in
Virginia, and married there Frances Palmer. Thence the direct
line of descent runs through Thomas Minor II, Clement Minor,
William Minor, Stephen Minor of Worcester, Virginia, John
Minor, and Abia Minor. A daughter of the last-named, Sophia,
married John H. Thompson, father of the subject of this sketch.

George Kramer Thompson was born at Dubuque, Iowa, on
October 15, 1859, and at the age of fifteen entered the Chattock
Military Academy, intending to prepare himself for the archi-
tectural profession.' In 1876 he entered Franklin and Marshall
Academy at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and two years later entered
the office of Frederick C. Withers, a well-known architect in New
York city. Mr. Withers's office was in the old building at Rec-
tor Street and Broadway, on the exact site of which Mr. Thomp-
son's firm since (1896) erected the Empire Building, one of the
finest office buildings in the city. Mr. Thompson remained with
Mr. Withers as a student until 1882, meantime being intrusted
with the supervision of much important work.

In 1883 Mr. Thompson opened an office of his own in New
York with a branch in St. Louis, and soon acquired a large and
varied patronage. In 1890 he did some work for the Manhattan
Life Insurance Company which led to his being invited to com-
pete for the erection of the Manhattan Life Insurance Company's
building at No. 66 Broadway, in which competition he was suc-
cessful, and in 1893 formed the firm of Kiruball & Thompson,
whose first work was the construction of that building, the pio-

*SJ

334

GEOKGE KKAMER THOMPSON 335

neer of its kind. To solve the problem of sustaining the vast
weight of so tall a building upon so small an area, Mr. Thomp-
son conceived the idea of employing pneumatic caisson \\ork to
reach bed-rock, as had hitherto been done only in case of bridge -
piers, etc. The method proved highly successful, and the same
system has since been followed in the construction of numerous
other buildings.

Mr. Thompson's firm afterward erected the magnificent stores
of B. Altaian & Co. and the magnificent Empire Building, already
mentioned, and enlarged and remodeled the Standard Oil Com-
pany's building.

In 1898 the above-mentioned firm was dissolved, and Mr.
Thompson has since continued the practice of his profession in
the old offices of the firm with marked success.

Other works of note for which Mr. Thompson has been archi-
tect are the erection of a warehouse and office building for ex-
Postmaster Dayton, factories of the Hoyt Metal Company at St.
Louis, Missouri, and residences for Francis Wilson, the Albert
C. Bostwick estate, Augustus Thomas, Daniel O'Day, the latter
including the development of twenty-five acres of ground, Peter
Fisher, the Huguenot Lodge Chambers, and many private estates
throughout the country.

Mr. Thompson's latest work is the addition to the Manhattan
Life Insurance Company's building at No. 66 Broadway, that
work now being under contract.

He has become as well known in social as in professional life
in New York, and is a member of the Republican Club of the
city of New York, the Twilight Club, the Royal Arcanum,
Huguenot Lodge Free and Accepted Masons, Royal Arch Masons,
Bethlehem Connnandery of Knights Templar, the Architectural
League, the American Art Society, and the National Sculpture
Society.

He was married, in 1886, to Miss Harriet H. Henion, a de-
scendant of one of the oldest families of Pennsylvania.

FRANCIS J. TORRANCE

RANCIS J. TORRANCE, one of the heads of the world's
greatest factory of enameled ironware for plumbers' work,
is of the North-of -Ireland parentage. His father, Francis Tor-
ranee, and his mother, formerly Jane Waddell, came to this coun-
try before the middle of the century, and settled at Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania. There Francis Torrance was for some time
engaged in the "forwarding business" with " Leitch's Line"
so called, operating lines of canal-boats before the general intro-
duction of railroad transportation. After that he was engaged
in steamboat enterprises, and for thirty years was the agent and
manager of the Schenley estate in Pittsburg and Allegheny
city. In 1875, with James W. Arnott, he established the Stan-
dard Manufacturing Company, and was president thereof until
his death in the following year. Mrs. Francis Torrance, mother
of the subject of this sketch, is still living.

Francis J. Torrance was born at Allegheny city, Pennsylvania,
on June 27, 1859, and was educated in the public schools of that
place and hi the Western University of Pennsylvania at Pitts-
burg. At the age of sixteen he left school to enter the employ-
ment of the Standard Manufacturing Company as an office-boy
and clerk. The company in 1882 began the making of plumbers'
enameled ironware, and he was put in charge of that department.
His natural aptitude for mechanics enabled him to improve
and develop the specialties to which he devoted his attention,
and the result is that at the present time the company is the
largest producer in the world of euanieled-iron bath-tubs and
similar goods. The sale of the company's products is made
through Mr. Torrance's offices at Pittsburg, Louisville, Chicago,
New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Buffalo, Montreal, San

336

FRANCIS J. TORRANCE ;{,T7

Francisco, London, Paris, Frankfort, Melbourne, Sydney, Ham-
burg, Buenos Aires, and Moscow.

On January 1, 1900, the Standard Manufacturing Company
was consolidated with a number of other |.lanis engaged in
smaller lines, forming the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing
Company, capitalized at five million dollars, fully paid up.

Mr. Torrance was elected vice-president of tin- company and
chairman of the Executive Committee. In 1894 Mr. Torrance,
in company with Arthur Kennedy, 1 ni i It tin- Washington Kleeirie
Street Railway from Washington, Pennsylvania, to Lylendale.
one of the best railways of its size in that State. In is: is with
the same partner he built a road in Indiana, buying and rebuild-
ing five other lines and making one of the finest traction properties
in this country.

Mr. Torrance became treasurer of the Standard Manufacturing
Company in 1886, upon the death of his father. He is now
also first vice-president of the Standard Sanitary Manufactur-
ing Company, treasurer of the T. H. Nevin Company (the Pio-
neer Lead Works), president of the Washington (Pennsylvania)
Street Railway Company, the Pittsburg Natatorium Company,
the Western Pennsylvania Exposition Company, the Mononga-
hela and Ohio River Transportation Company, the Indiana Rail-
way Company, and the Alloy Smelting Company of Niagara Falls,
New York.

A Republican in politics, Mr. Torrance represented his Con-
gressional district as a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention of 1892, and the State as delegate at large in 1896. He
has served the public as president of the Select Council of Alle-
gheny city, and as Commissioner of Public Charities since 1892,
being reappointed to the latter place for three terms.

He is a member of the Duquesne, Press, Tariff, and Americus
clubs of Pittsburg, the Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia, the
Indiana Club of South Bend, Indiana, and the Fulton Club of
New York. He is a man of pronounced literary tastes, and is
reputed to have one of the finest private libraries in western
Pennsylvania. He was married at Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in
1884, to Miss Mary R. Dibert, daughter of David Dibert, a
retired merchant of that place, who has borne to him one
daughter.

JAMES J. TOWNSEND

JAMES J. TOWNSEND, who for some years has been
prominent among the younger business men and political
leaders of Chicago, and also well known in New York and
elsewhere, is a native of Lima, Delaware County, Pennsylvania,
where he was born on September 18, 1862. His father was
John Townsend, and his mother's maiden name was Margaret
Gallagher. His family was in modest circumstances, and his
education was limited to the advantages offered by the public
school at Lima, of which, however, he made the best use and
thus attained a good degree of academic culture. His father
was a blacksmith by trade, and the boy was at first drawn
toward the same calling. He worked for some years in his
father's shops, and acquired a thorough knowledge of the busi-
ness. Before attaining his majority, on March 4, 1881, he left
his father's shops and went to Chicago, where he engaged in the
business on his own account and for ten years conducted it with
marked success.

His mind had for some time, however, been fixed upon another
occupation, and in 1891 he was enabled to put his plans into
execution. In that year he purchased a membership in the
Chicago Stock Exchange and opened an office at No. 175 Dear-
born Street, Chicago, where he conducted a general brokerage
business. There he enjoyed much success, which was continued
and increased after his removal to his present offices, No. 116
La Salle Street. He is now also a member of the Chicago Board
of Trade and of the New York Stock Exchange.

For a number of years Mr. Townsend has been active in the
affairs of the Democratic party in Illinois. In 1890 he was
elected a member of the House of Representatives in the Illinois

338

JAMES ,T. TOWNSEND li.'J!)

Legislature, and in the ensuing contest for tae United States
senatorship he cast his vote for < ieneral John M. Palmer. In
1894 Mr. Townsend was appointed a member of the West Park
Board of Commission! TS, and held the place for t \\ o years,
resigning it voluntarily in 1S9G.

Mr. Townsend is a leading member of ;i number of social
organizations in Chicago, among which may be men! ioip-,1 tin-
Illinois,* Chicago Athletic, Washington Park, and Kagle Kiver
Fishing clubs.

He returned to the scenes of his childhood for a wife, and was
married at Chester, Pennsylvania, on April 25, 1897, to Miss
Margaret Deering, daughter of Joseph Deering.

GEORGE ARTHUR TREADWELL

GEORGE ARTHUR TREADWELL, the eminent metallur-
gist, and a naturalist who has been closely identified with
the development of the copper-mining industry in America, is
descended from Thomas Treadwell, who came from England in
1635 and settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts, and from a succeed-
ing line of ancestors, all of whom lived in New England. His
father, Thomas H. Treadwell, was at first a farmer at Garland,
Maine, later a merchant at Bangor, and for the last twenty-two
years of his life a successful merchant of New York and Brook-
lyn. His mother's maiden name was Martha Ann Emery, and
she was a native of Hampden, Maine. It may he added that
his brother John B. Treadwell was the pioneer developer of the
oil-fields of California, and that his cousins John and James
Treadwell gave their name to the great Treadwell Mine of
Alaska.

The subject of this sketch was born at Bangor, Maine, on
March 6, 1837. He was educated at the Hampden Academy in
Maine, and afterward studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and chem-
istry under the illustrious Dr. John W. Draper of the University
of the City of New York. He came to New York with his father's
family in 1852, and was for a time a clerk in his father's office.
Then for some years he was connected with the Metropolitan
Bank. During these years he was diligently studying under Dr.
Draper, and was cultivating a friendship, which proved lifelong,
with Professors James D. Dana and Benjamin Silliman of Yale
College.

His connection with the copper industry began in 1858, when,
at the request of his father, who was considering an investment
in them, he went to Michigan to examine the Lake Superior

340

GEORGE ARTHUR TREADWELL I541

copper-mines, and made a thorough investigation of the whole
field. Three years later he was advised by Professor Silliniau
to "go West and look for copper, for copper is (lie ruining
metal." And Professor Dana added : "Yes; but try to tind copper
with a lot of gold in it." lie acted upon their advice and went
to California. He did not find much copper there, though it
has since been discovered, so he turned his attention to gold-
mining, and also operated successfully in the silver-lields «[ I'lah
and Nevada. Thus he spent his time until 1878. In that year
he became superintendent of the famous Vulture Mine in Ari-
zona, and there built an eighty-stamp mill, then the largest in
the world. Before that time fifty stamps were the most any
mill could boast; but now the chief mill at the Treadwell Mine
in Alaska has six hundred. Although the ore of the Vulture
Mine was of very low grade, he operated it at a fine profit.

In Arizona, in 1882, he found that copper for which he had so
long been searching in the United Verde Mine. This mine had
been discovered by others, who did not realize its value and
could not develop it. It remained for Mr. Treadwell to open up
to the world its marvelous riches. At the beginning he secured
for his friends many shares of stock at a dollar a share. The
par value is $10, and the market value of it has in recent years
been $300 a share. The principal ownership of the property
finally passed into the hands of William A. Clark, now I'nited
States Senator from Montana. Then, leaving United Ver >e to
Mr. Clark, Mr. Treadwell secured a vast tract of land near l>y.
comprising what he believes to be the richest part of the cupper
belt, and upon it organized a company of his own, the (Jeorge
A. Treadwell Mining Company. Meantime he was attracted by
the prospects of copper-mining in Mexico just over the border,
and organized the Greene Consolidated Copper Company in
northern Sonora. He also brought to public attention the San
Luis mines at Durango, Mexico.

Mr. Tread well's success as a practical mineralogist and metal-
lurgist led to his appointment as lecturer on assaying and met-
allurgy in the Dexter School of Mines in London, England, and
his next three years were consequently spent upon the other side
of the ocean. From that engagement he derives his title to be
caUed Professor Treadwell. He was at that time the first to

342 GEORGE AKTHUE TREADWELL

introduce fire-assaying into Europe, all assaying there having
formerly been done by the tedious chemical wet process.

Professor Treadwell has also attained much prominence as a
naturalist. Since boyhood he has been a close student of the
various forms of animal life, and for many years has been a close
friend and co-laborer of the distinguished British naturalist Sir
John Lubbock. He was the discoverer in Arizona, in 1878, of
the Gila monster, that hideous poisonous lizard which is found
nowhere else in the world than in the extreme southwest of the
United States and northwest of Mexico. He sent specimens of
it to all the principal museums of the world as examples of the
last surviving species of the Jurassic period. Professor Tread-
well also found in Arizona a new species of rattlesnake, and sent
specimens to all parts of the world through the mails, although
that was contrary to the postal laws. One of the reptiles got
loose in the New York Post Office, created a panic there, and led
to an attempt to arrest Professor Treadwell. But as he was out
in the Arizona desert, four hundred miles from civilization, amid
rattlesnakes, cacti, and Apaches, the writ was not served, and
the case was compromised on his promise to send no more live
snakes through the mails.

He was married, in 1857, to Miss Mary Eliza Gardner. Of his
five living children, the three sons, Erwin D., Malcolm M., and
Herbert, are successful miners, the first-named and eldest being
superintendent of the George A. Treadwell Mining Company,
above mentioned. Professor Treadwell has now retired from the
strenuous life of the rnining-canip, but is as active as ever in the
direction of the various mining properties in which he is in-
terested. He makes his home in New York at the Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel, and has his offices at No. 27 William Street.

WILLIAM H. TRUESDALK

AMONG the great railroad systems of the United States, which
~L\- are the greatest in the world, a conspicuous place has long
been occupied by the Delaware-, Lacka\vanna & Western. It is
one of the older roads, and for many years has been notably
prosperous, its prosperity having the sure foundation of solid
growth and conservative management, untouched by t he duhious
hand of mere speculation. It is one of the great roads miming
out of New York city, and has, almost since its organization,
done an enormous business in three major particulars — as a
suburban passenger-road, carrying daily a vast army of com-
muters to and from the metropolis ; as a trunk-line to the West
for both passengers and freight ; and as a coal-carrying road,
tapping the best part of the Pennsylvania anthracite-fields, and
being one of the chief means for conveying their product to the
New York market.

The executive head of such a railroad system fills an impor-
tant place in the world of finance as well as that of transporta-
tion, and must, to be successful, be a man of high attainments,
wide experience, and complete mastership of affairs. Down to
the early part of 1899 the president of the Delaware, Lacka wanna
& Western road had for many years been Samuel Sloan,
whose name has for longer than most men can remember been
identified with it, and has been a tower of strength in the business
world. In February, 1899, however, Mr. Sloan retired because
of advanced age and failing health, and was succeeded by Wil-
liam H. Truesdale, who was already a railroad man of long and
distinguished experience.

Mr. Truesdale was born in the State of Ohio, about fifty years
ago, and received a good educational preparation for the business

343

344 WILLIAM H. TRUESDALE

career which was before him. At an early age he began railroad
work, and devoted himself to it with the earnestness which
betokens success. His first engagement was at Rock Island,
Illinois ; then, in 1876, at Terre Haute, Indiana ; and he won
promotion from place to place. Previous to 1883 he was for a
number of years assistant traffic manager of the Chicago, St.
Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad, one of the roads of the
Northwestern System. In the year named he was called to the
service of another Western road, the Minneapolis & St. Louis
Railroad, as assistant to the president. Later he became vice-
president and then president of that road, and, owing to its
financial difficulties, he coupled with the last-named office that
also of receiver. In that place he gained much valuable expe-
rience in the economical management of railroads, of which he
has since been able to make good use in promoting the pros-
perity of profitable roads, as well as in rehabilitating those that
are bankrupt.

In June, 1894, Mr. Truesdale entered the service of the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad as first vice-president
and general manager, and there had a most successful career,
attracting to himself and to his road the attention of the whole
country by the prosperity he commanded at a time when other
roads were largely unprofitable. He was in that place when, at
the beginning of February, 1899, the directors of the Delaware,
Lackawanna & Western Railroad selected him to succeed Mr.
Sloan and invited him to become president of their road. He
accepted the place, and began his duties therein a few weeks
later. Since then he has greatly improved the service and gen-
eral conditions of the road, and has abundantly vindicated the
wisdom of the directors' choice.

CHARLES HARRISON TWEED

DESPITE the absence of any law of primogeniture or any
system of hereditary dignities, political or social, Hie claims
of honorable descent are by no means to be ignored in this coun-
try. To be a worthy descendant of worthy ancestors is a malt < -r
of legitimate personal gratification. To be able to number among
one's direct ancestors some of the foremost founders of this na-
tion is a circumstance not idly to be passed by in the record of a
man's life. The names of Winthrop, Dudley, and Sargent, for
example, are to be prized in the genealogical line of any one who
can truly claim them.

The ancestry of Charles Harrison Tweed includes Governor
John Winthrop of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Governor John
Winthrop, Jr., of Connecticut, and Governor Thomas Dudley
and Governor Joseph Dudley of Massachusetts Bay Colony,
those families having been united by the marriage, in 17<>7,
of John Winthrop, F. R. S., grandson of Governor Winthrop of
Connecticut, with Ann Dudley, daughter of Governor Joseph
Dudley. The daughter of this latter couple married Kpes
Sargent, and was the mother of Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent
of the Revolutionary army. The father of Charles Harrison
Tweed was the Hon. Harrison Tweed, treasurer of the Taunton
(Massachusetts) Locomotive Manufacturing Company, I Repre-
sentative and Senator in the Massachusetts Legislature, and a
member of the Governor's Council. He married Huldah Ann
Pond, and to them was born during their temporary residence at
Calais, Maine, on September 26, 1844, the subject of this sketch.

His boyhood was spent at his father's home, at Taunton, Mas-
sachusetts, where he attended school. He was fitted for college
at Bristol Academy, and under the private tutorship of Dr. 1 1 enry
B. Wheelright of Harvard. He entered Harvard in 1861, and

345

346 CHARLES HAEBISON TWEED

was graduated in 1865 at the head of his class. Then he took
up the study of law, at first under the Hon. Edmund H. Bennett,
who was afterward dean of the Law School of Boston University,
and then in the Harvard Law School.

Having completed his law studies, Mr. Tweed came to New
York, where he was admitted to practice at the bar in 1868, and
began work. His first engagement was in the office of Evarts,
Southmayd & Choate. He was in its employ for a few years,
and on January 1, 1874, became a member of that distinguished
firm. That connection was maintained until January 1, 1883,
when he withdrew from it to become general counsel for the
Central Pacific Railroad Company, the Chesapeake and Ohio
Railway Company, and associated corporations. Afterward,
upon its organization, he became counsel for the Southern Pacific
Company, and he is now the counsel for that company and for
the various allied and acquired corporations which compose its
giant railway system ; for the Central Pacific Railroad Company ;
for the Mexican International Railroad Company ; for the Pacific
Mail Steamship Company ; and for various other corporations.

The performance of the duties connected with these engage-
ments is sufficient to monopolize the major part of any man's
attention, even of so diligent and competent a practitioner as Mr.
Tweed. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that he has re-
frained from participation in political matters, save as a private
citizen, and has never sought nor accepted public office.

Mr. Tweed is a member of numerous social organizations. In
college at Harvard he belonged to the Institute of 1770, the Nat-
ural History Society, the Hasty Pudding Club, and Phi Beta
Kappa. Afterward he was a member of the Somerset Club and
the Eastern Yacht Club in Boston. In New York city he is a
member of the Century Association, the Metropolitan, University,
Harvard, Players', Riding, Down-Town, Corinthian Yacht, and
Seawanhaka-Corinthian Yacht clubs. He belongs also to the
Royal Clyde Yacht Club of Glasgow, Scotland.

He was married, at Windsor, Vermont, on October 27, 1881,
to Miss Helen Minerva Evarts, daughter of the Hon. William M.
Evarts, formerly Secretary of State of the United States. They
have four children : Helen, Harrison, Katharine Winthrop, and
Mary Winthrop.

FREDERICK D. UNI) KH WOOD

HPHE ancestral history of Frederick 1). Underwood, Hi.- presi-
dent of the famous Erie Railroad and its allied lines, is in
general quite similar to that of many other successful business
and professional men in the United States. Tt may be tersely
but comprehensively epitomized in three names: Kngland, I In-
early colonies, and the great West. Prom the first-named land
his ancestors came, both paternal and maternal, long before the
Revolutionary War, and they were among the founders and
builders of the English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard,
which in time grew into independent States and into a nation,
and which pushed back the border line until the whole -real
West became at first their appanage, and then their fellow
States. It was in the West that Mr. Underwood was born and
educated, and began his business career, though he has no\v come
back to the East, where his ancestors lived.

His father's forebears settled in Virginia, and dwelt there for
a number of generations, becoming conspicuously identified with
the life and growth of the "Old Dominion." His mother's fam-
ily, on the other hand, came to New England, and settled at
Leicester, Massachusetts, and her grandfather, William II.
Henshaw, was a colonel of Massachusetts troops and, later, an
adjutant-general in the Revolutionary War. Mr. Underwood's
father was the Rev. Enoch D. Underwood, a minister of the
Baptist Church; his mother's maiden name was Harriet Flint
Denny. At Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, the subject of this sketch
was born to them.

Mr. Underwood's early life was spent in a manner well calcu-
lated to develop and to discipline into high efficiency his natu-

347

348 FREDERICK D. UNDEEWOOD

ral gifts of mind and body. His first school education was ac-
quired in the public schools of his native place. Later, he com-
pleted his academic training at a Baptist institution of higher
learning in Wisconsin, then known as Wayland University.
His vacations were chiefly given to hard work, and he was early
habituated to physical exertion and familiarized with the prac-
tical side of life, its duties and responsibilities. After leaving
school he was employed in a grain-elevator.

It was with such instruction, training, and experience of busi-
ness life that he finally entered the occupation with which he
has now for many years been conspicuously identified, and in
which he has attained exceptional success— a calling second to
none in importance in the business world, and surpassing most
others in its exacting and strenuous requirements.

His first railroad employment was in the service of the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company. He began at
the beginning, as his first work was done in the capacity of a
switchman in a station-yard. From that place he was in time
advanced to a clerkship. Thereafter, his career was a steady
progress. He was a brakemaii and a conductor, and in time be-
came a division superintendent, and in that capacity completed
a term of eighteen years from his entry into the company's
service.

During his term of service with the Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. Paul Railway, Mr. Underwood was elected general super-
intendent of the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Rail-
way. At that time the latter was a projected road. Mr. Under-
wood had charge of its construction and operation. Upon its
being completed and opened for traffic, he was made its gen-
eral manager, in charge of all its business affairs. He con-
tinued with that company for about fourteen years, and in 1899
was called from it to become the general manager of the Balti-
more & Ohio Railroad, and later its second vice-president.

In April, 1901, Mr. Underwood was elected president of the
Erie Railroad and its allied lines, the New York, Susquehanna
& Western Railroad, the Chicago & Erie Railroad, and the
Pennsylvania and Hillside Coal Companies. The Erie road is
famous in American railroad history as one of the earliest of
the great trunk lines. It has had a singularly checkered career,

FREDEKICK D. UNDEKWOOD 349

for many years figuring more than almost any other in Wall
Street speculations, and in litigations. 11 siill holds a foremost
rank as a great passenger and freight trunk line between \ew
York and the West.

Political life has no attractions for Mr. I 'ndcrwond, \vho Minis
in business activity satisfactory scope fi,r his energies. ||.
a member of a number of leading social orgaiii/ations in \.-irimis
cities, including the Metropolitan, Lawyers. city. Midday, New
York Yacht, and New York Athletic clubs, and the Chamber
of Commerce of New York; the Chicago Club of Chicago; the
Union Club of Cleveland; the Duquesne Club of Pittsburg; and
the Baltimore Yacht Club of Baltimore.

FREDERIC WILLIAM UPHAM

THE first of the Upham family in America was John Upham,
who came over from England in the Hull Colony in 1630,
and settled at Maiden, Massachusetts. His son, Lieutenant
Phineas Upham, was an officer of Massachusetts troops in King
Philip's War, and was killed in the Great Swamp fight. In a
later generation Jonathan Upham, of the same line, was a sol-
dier of the Revolution, and was present at the surrender of Lord
Cornwallis. Later still came Calvin H. Uphani, who was bom
at Westminster, Massachusetts, was engaged in general mer-
chandising in Wisconsin before and after the Civil War, and in
the latter was a captain and commissary of United States
Volunteers, in the Department of the Gulf. He married Miss
Amanda E. Gibbs, and to them was born the subject of this
sketch.

Frederic William Upham was born at Racine, Wisconsin, on
January 29, 1861. He received in the local schools a good pri-
mary and secondary education, and was sent to Ripon College,
Ripon, Wisconsin, where he pursued an advanced course of
study, but did not complete it nor graduate. Leaving college in
1880, he entered at once upon a business career, in the employ of
the Upham Manufacturing Company, at Marshfield, Wisconsin.
This was an important lumber concern, and of it Mr. Upham's
uncle, Major William H. Upham, who was Governor of Wiscon-
sin from 1895 to 1897, was president. Mr. Upbam remained
with it for fourteen years, filling various places, from that of
inspector of lumber to that of general manager of the company.
In the meantime, he of course acquired a thorough knowledge of
the lumber business in all its departments.

In 1894 Mr. Upham decided to utilize his knowledge and

FREDERIC WILLIAM UPHAM ;{51

experience by establishing himself in business on his own
account. Accordingly he removed to Chicago, and tin-re organ-
ized the Fred. W. Upliam Lumber Company, with himself as its
president. This organization rapidly rose to its present promi-
nence as one of the leading concerns of the kind in that city.
In addition to this connection Mr. Upham is also vice-president
of the Creelman Lumber Company of Cairo, Illinois, and of the
Wisconsin Hard-wood Export Company of Wausau, Wisconsin.

Mr. Upham is a Republican in politics, and lias taken an active
part in the public affairs of that party. In 18!)'J he was a dele-
gate from the Eighth Wisconsin District to the National Re-
publican Convention at Minneapolis.

In April, 1898, Mr. Uphani became Alderman of the Twenty-
second Ward of Chicago, but resigned the place on January 1,
1899, on account of his election as president of the Cook County
Board of Review. He was elected Alderman as the representa-
tive of the business men's and citizens' interests against the
professional politicians, and especially in opposition to the
granting of too long franchises to street-railroad corporations.

Mr. Upham is a member and director of the Union League
Club, and a member of the Hamilton, Chicago Athletic, Ger-
niania, Marquette, and Glen View Golf and Polo clubs of Chicago.
He is also a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, of the Sons
of the American Revolution, and of the military order of the
Loyal Legion.

He was married in 1885 at Ripon, Wisconsin, to Miss Alice C.
Judd of that place. They have no children.

HARRY JACQUES VERNER

THE substantial old " City of Brotherly Love," Philadelphia,
which has figured so largely in many respects in American
history, was of old the financial center of the United States. It
was chiefly among its business men and capitalists that the
American Revolution was financed. It contains to-day the
oldest American bank, the oldest United States mint, and
numerous other financial institutions of far more than local
importance, and it retains besides many splendid memories of
financial leadership in colonial days and in the early days of this
republic, when the names of Morris and his colleagues were con-
spicuous in the councils of the young nation. It is at the present
time, of course, surpassed as a financial center by New York, as
indeed is eveiy other city of the Western Hemisphere, and prob-
ably every other in the whole world save only London. Yet
the financial institutions of Philadelphia and the men who man-
age them are of vast importance in the nation, and are worthy
of general regard.

Prominent among the younger and more successful financiers
of Philadelphia is Harry Jacques Verner, son of Thomas Verner,
a retired business man of the same city, living on the aristocratic
Chestnut Street. Mr. Verner was born on November 25, 1863,
in the suburban county of Schuylkill, where the family had long
been settled. He received a good practical education in the
public schools, and then, having a strong inclination toward a
business career, sought employment in the city of Philadelphia.

His first engagement, at the age of eighteen years, was with
the mercantile house of Young, Smyth, Field & Company, which
he served with diligence and faithfulness. His inclinations were,
however, more and more strong in the direction of financial pur-

352

HAKRY JACQUES VEBNER 35; {

suits, and he accordingly left that linn and entered the employ
of various financial corporations, insurance and trust companies.
In such occupations he was eminently successful, and his progress
was both rapid and substantial. He became assistant secretary
and treasurer of the United Life Insurance and Trust Com-
pany, and held that place for a number of years. Through his
ability and energy the business of the company was greatly
extended and its methods radically improved.

After a time, however, Mr. Verner decided to become his own
employer. He accordingly resigned his place in the United I , i IV
Insurance and Trust Company, and opened an office of his own,
under the firm-name of Verner & Co. He is at present, how-
ever, himself the only member of the firm. His business
embraces the buying and selling of investment securities of the
best class, especially railroad stocks and bonds. Of these latter
Mr. Verner has made a special study, and upon them lie ranks as
a high authority. His offices are in the very heart of the finan-
cial quarter of Philadelphia, at the corner of Fourth and Chest-
nut Streets, and are themselves one of the city's most important
centers of financial activity. Mr. Verner is, of course, a mem-
ber of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, and is well known in
financial circles in New York and elsewhere as well as in his own
city.

Mr. Verner has held and has sought no political office or other
public distinction, and is not conspicuously identified with any
business enterprises excepting his own office.

He is a member of the Union League Club of Philadelphia,
and of the Merion Cricket Club, in the suburbs of that city, and is
much devoted to that characteristic athletic sport of Philadelphia.

Mr. Verner is not married.

SXj)

HERBERT HAROLD VREELAND

HERBERT HAROLD VREELAND, president of the Met-
ropolitan Street Railway of New York city, may well be
accounted the most prominent street-railway manager in the
world. He is at the head of one of the largest corporations en-
gaged in that business, and because of the circumstances attend-
ing the development of that corporation and its vast system of
roads, he has for years been the object of much public attention.

Mr. Vreeland was born at Glen, New York, in 1857, the son of
the Rev. Abraham A. Vreeland, who was for twenty-five years
pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church at Glen. He attended
the local school in early boyhood, but at the age of fifteen years
was compelled to begin work to earn his own living. The family
had then removed to Newark, New Jersey, and there for several
years he was employed at various jobs. Then he decided to
enter the railroad business and work his way up in it as far as
he could. He had no experience in that business, and no influ-
ential friends, and so had to begin at the foot of the ladder,
wielding a shovel in a gravel-pit on the Long Island Railroad.
His industry and force of character won recognition, and in
pretty rapid succession he was promoted to be switchman, fire-
man, freight-brakernan, conductor, and finally superintendent
of the floating equipment of the Long Island Railroad. This
rapid advancement made him an object of envy and of antag-
onisms, and presently, in a partial reorganization of the staff of
that road, he lost his place altogether and had to seek employ-
ment anew elsewhere.

His next engagement was that of a brakeman on the New
York & Northern Railroad, and there his former experience
was repeated. He was successively promoted to be a conductor

354

HERBERT HAROLD VREELAND 355

and then general manager. But his connection with the New
York & Northern Railroad also brought him into personal
contact with William C. Whitney, who was then Secretary of
the Navy and also a large stockholder of the New York &
Northern, and one of the chief owners of the surface railromls of
New York city. It was Mr. Whitney's plan to consolidate into
one gigantic corporation all the street-railroads of New York,
under the presidency of an expert and practical railroad man.
His observations of Mr. Vreeland, during the latter's engagement
with the New York & Northern Eailroad, convinced Mr. Whit-
ney that he was the best obtainable man for the head of the
Metropolitan Street Railway Company. Accordingly, at a meet-
ing of the board of directors of the latter company in 1895, Mr.
Whitney nominated Mr. Vreeland for the presidency, and Mr.
Vreeland was at once unanimously elected and was asked to
assume charge of the corporation at once. This was done with-
out Mr. Vreeland's previous knowledge of Mr. Whitney's inten-
tion, and was a great surprise to him.

In a short time, however, Mr. Vreeland amply justified Mr.
Whitney's choice. He so won the confidence of all the directors
that they unhesitatingly left solely in his hands the task of reor-
ganizing the corporation and extending its operations. The
result is that the present Metropolitan system, the greatest in
the world, is almost entirely the product of Mr. Vreeland's cre-
ative and organizing energy. It is composed of more than
twenty corporations, all consolidated under one management
and operated as a single whole. The magnitude of its operations
may be estimated from the fact that it carries more than 310,-
000,000 passengers a year and earns (gross) more than $15,500,-
000 in the same time.

It was under Mr. Vreeland's control that the Metropolitan
Company transformed its lines from horse and cable roads into
underground trolley roads. This stupendous task was per-
formed with great expedition, without suspending traffic upon
any of the lines, and at a cost of $15,500,000. The successful
performance of it placed Mr. Vreeland as high among railroad
constructors as he already stood among operators and managers.

Mr. Vreeland is thus an expert in both regular steam railroad-
ing and in electric street-railroading, and is equally esteemed in

356 HERBERT HAROLD VREELAND

both branches of the profession. He has been president of the
New York Railway Club, and is at the present time president
of the National Street Railroad Association. He is president
and a director of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, of
the Bleecker Street & Fulton Ferry Railroad Company, of the
Central Park, North & East River Railroad Company, of the
Forty-second Street & Grand Street Ferry Railroad Company,
of the Fulton Street Railroad Company, of the Thirty-fourth
Street Crosstown Railroad Company, of the Twenty-third Street
Railroad Company, and of the Long Island Land Fertilizing
Company; he is also president of the Metropolitan Street Rail-
way Employees' Association ; and he is a director of the Amer-
ican Air Power Company, of the American Surety Company, of
the Broadway & Seventh Avenue Railroad Company, of the
Twenty-eighth & Twenty-ninth Streets Crosstown Railroad
Company, and of the New York Street Railway Association.

Mr. Vreeland is a member of various clubs and social organi-
zations, and is a well-known figure in the social life of the
metropolis. His home is in New York city, and he has a fine
summer home at Brewsters, in Putnam County, New York.

FELIX M. WAKIH KG

THE well-known banker and philanthropist Felix M. War-
burg, member of the great firm of Kulm, Lorh & Co. of
New York, comes from a line of ancestors long eminent in
financial matters, as well as in social and other affairs, in <>nr of
the chief financial centers of the world. For many generations
the Warburg family have been settled in Hamburg, Germany, a n< I
have been conspicuous in the business and social life of that
city. More than a century ago members of it founded the bank-
ing house of M. M. Warburg & Co., a firm of international
repute and importance, which is still in prosperous existence
and activity under the direction of Moritz Warburg, father of
the subject of the present sketch.

With such antecedents, Felix M. Warburg was born in Ham-
burg on January 14, 1871, and may be said to have been de-
signed from his birth for a financial career. He received a
thorough general education in the schools of his native city,
concluding it with a course in the high school, or so-called
Gymnasium, an institution of collegiate rank. He was thus
fitted to pursue some professional career, but instead he elected
to engage in his father's and ancestors' occupation, toward which
his natural inclinations turned him and for which he was well
prepared by temperament and taste.

He went accordingly from Hamburg to that other famous
center of banking and finance so closely identified with thr
monetary history of Europe, Frankfort-on-the-Main. In that
ancient and affluent city, the seat of the Rothschild family and
of other notable financiers, the young man received a thorough
and comprehensive training in practical finance, especially in the
business of banking. Having thus mastered the principles of

3o7

358 FELIX M. WARBURG

his chosen business, he left his native land for the land in which
in recent years the greatest financial operations of the world
have been conducted.

On coming to the United States Mr. Warburg naturally settled
in New York, the financial capital of the country, and there
became connected with the great banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb &
Co. This firm has for years been one of the foremost banking
houses in New York, and one of the most influential in the whole
financial world of America. Indeed, its influence and operations
have extended outside of this country and have made it a con-
spicuous factor in international affairs. Of late it has been
prominently concerned in the direction of railroad reorganiza-
tions and the development of great industrial combinations,
such as now so largely dominate the business world. It was
one of the chief factors in the historic struggle over the control
of the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1901, and has participated in
various other similar operations, and it is identified with several
of the largest combinations of capital in the world.

This firm has its offices at No. 27 Pine Street, near the United
States Subtreasury and in the very heart of the financial dis-
trict of the American metropolis. It is composed of the follow-
ing named members, six in number : Jacob H. Schiff, Louis A.
Heinsheimer, James Loeb, Felix M. Warburg, Otto H. Kahn,
and Mortimer L. Schiff.

Active participation in the activities of so great a concern as
this might well monopolize any man's time and abilities. Mr.
Warburg has, however, been able to pay also much attention to
philanthropic and especially to educational affairs. He has
taken and continues to take a deep and efficient interest in
many causes calculated to promote the physical, intellectual, and
moral welfare of his fellow-men. Thus he is an active member
of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, of the New York Electrical
Society, of the Numismatical Society, of the American Geo-
graphical Society, and of other similar organizations. He is
likewise a director of the State Charities Aid Association, of the
Babies' Hospital of the City of New York, and of the Educa-
tional Alliance, of which last-named he is also secretary. To
all of these philanthropic enterprises Mr. Warburg gives practi-
cal and efficient attention.

FELIX M. WARBURG

Mr. Warburg has not sought political preferment, nor been
active in political matters beyond exercising the duties of an
intelligent and patriotic citizen, lie is ;i niemher of various
social organizations, including the Lawyers' ami Lulus clubs of
New York, and of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of
New York.

Mr. Warburg was married, on March ID, 1S!(,">, to Miss Frieda
Schiff, daughter of Jacob H. Schiff of New York, the present
head of the firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Mr. and Mrs. Warburg
have two sons and one daughter, and make their home at No. 18
East Seventy-second Street, New York.

LESLIE D. WARD

E1SLIE DODD WARD, M. D., comes of sturdy, early Amer-
ican stock. His ancestors were among the first settlers of
Connecticut, whence they emigrated to New Jersey, and there, in
1666, founded the city of Newark ; and it is recorded that one of
his forefathers, Josiah Ward, secured for his affianced bride,
Elizabeth Swain, daughter of Captain Samuel Swain, the honor
of being the first of the newcomers to set foot on the shore of
Newark.

Dr. Ward was born at Madison, New Jersey, on July 1, 1845,
and was sent to the Newark Academy. On his graduation in 1864,
having prepared for Princeton College, he enlisted in the Thirty-
seventh Regiment of New Jersey Volunteers. He was speedily
made first sergeant of Company Gr, and was honorably mustered
out of the service at the close of the war. He then entered the
College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. He was grad-
uated in 1868, and at once began the practice of medicine in
Newark, New Jersey. From the first he rose steadily in his
profession, and after a few years was chosen to the important
office of County Physician of Essex County, New Jersey, which
he held until his growing practice obliged him to resign.

Meanwhile he had become deeply interested, with John F.
Dryden, in the plan of introducing to America the system of
industrial insurance, and made the establishment of the pioneer
industrial insurance company of America his life-work. He was
in it at its birth, and has been with it ever since, the next greatest
factor in its truly marvelous growth and success to Mr. Dryden
himself. He was one of the members of the first board of directors,
and from the first was the chief medical adviser of the company.
For years he was medical director, and in 1885 was chosen vice-
sec

LESLIE D. WARD

president, meanwhile being obliged to give up his lucrative medi-
cal practice so as to be able to devote his whole time to the
Prudential. Throughout the quarter-century of the company's
existence Dr. Ward has labored indefatigably for it, his special
department of work for the lust ten or twelve years bring the
immediate supervision and dim-lion of the I,,, me ,,ili,-r and of
the field operatives — the more than two hundivd suprnntrnden-
cies or branch offices all over the United Stairs, and the r..rr.e of
agents and other field workers, including medical examiners, who
now number, all told, over fourteen thousand persons. Fur sev-
eral years after his election as vie.- -president, Dr. Ward also con-
tinued to fill the position of medical director.

In addition to his work for the Prudential, Dr. Ward has
found time to give attention to other financial and business
enterprises. He is a director of the Fidelity Trust Company of
Newark, New Jersey, the National Surety Company of New
York, the New Jersey Street Railway Company, the American
Steel and Wire Company, and of other institutions. He is a
member of various clubs : the Union League Club of New York,
the Lawyers' of New York, the Essex County Country, New
Jersey (president), the Essex, the Morristown, New Jersey, the
Morristown Golf, and others. For many years he served as staff
surgeon of the Essex Troop, the crack cavalry corps of New
Jersey. In 1874 he married Miss Minnie Perry of Newark, and
has two sons, both of whom are associated with him in the busi-
ness of the Prudential. He lives in Newark in the winter, and
in his spacious country residence at Madison during the summer.

In politics Dr. Ward has always been a Republican. While,
with the exception of County Physician's position, he has never
sought or held office, he has frequently been urged to run for
offices of honor and profit, but has always declined, his sole
ambition being to advance the interests of the great institution
with which, from the foundation, he has been so prominently
identified. He was a delegate from New Jersey to the last
National Republican Convention, held in Philadelphia in .June,
1900, and was a member of the committee appointed to notify
President McKinley of his nomination for a second term.

WILLIAM DREW WASHBURN

WILLIAM DEEW WASHBURN, manufacturer, railroad
builder and operator, financier, member of Congress and
United States Senator, though particularly identified with the
Northwest, is a member of a typical New England family. His
first American ancestor was John Washburn, secretary of the
Plymouth colony in England, and a member of the historic
Mayflower company. From John Washburn was descended
Israel Washburn of Raynham, Massachusetts, who married
Martha Benjamin — the fathers of both having been soldiers in
the Revolutionary War. This couple removed to Livermore,
Maine, and were the parents of seven sons, every one of whom
attained distinction in public life. One was Secretary of State
of the United States, one a United States Senator, two of them
Governors of States, four of them Representatives in Congress,
one a major-general in the army, one a captain in the navy, two
of them foreign Ministers of the United States, two members of
State Legislatures, and one a Surveyor-general. Three of them
were Representatives in Congress at the same time, from three
different States — a fact unique in history.

William Drew Washburn, the youngest of these seven sons,
was born at Livermore, Maine, on January 14, 1831. His edu-
cation was begun in the district school, one of his teachers being
Timothy 0. Howe, afterward United States Senator and Post-
master-general, and another Leonard Swett, the well-known
Chicago lawyer. Farm-work in summer and district school in
winter filled up early years. In 1850 he entered Bowdoin Col-
lege, and was graduated in 1854, after which he studied law.

He went to Minnesota in 1857, and on May 1 of that year
reached Minneapolis, with which place he has since been so

362

WILLIAM DKEW WASHBUKN 36,'{

prominently identified. It was then a straggling frontier town
in which he practised law for two years with such success as
conditions m such a place made possible. Then, perceiving the
vast opportunities for manufacturing a ft or, I,-, I k the natural
water-power of St. Anthony's Falls, 1,, became interested in
business projects.

For forty-five years he has been connected wit lit he Minneapolis
Mill Company, as agent, stockholder, and director. He a Is,, built
the Lincoln Sawmill at the falls, and operated it successfully
for many years. In 1872 he built a large lumber-mill at Anoka,
Minnesota, near the sources of timber-supply. The Hum- in-
dustry was at that time second only to the lumber industry at
Minneapolis, and Mr. Washburn gave to it much of his atten-
tion. For many years he was one of the chief owners of the
great Washburn & Crosby Flouring Mills, and afterward became
similarly interested in the Pillsbury- Wash burn Mills, a gigantic.
establishment with a daily capacity of 2f>,<)<)<) barrels of Hour.

Mr. Washburn was also actively interested in the railroad en-
terprises which so largely contributed to the growth of Minne-
apolis into a large and flourishing city. He was the prime
mover, in 1869, in the formation of the company which built
the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad, and was for years its
president. This road gave the city an additional outlet to the
East and South. Next Mr. Washburn planned railroad connec-
tion with the Great Lakes, and by his energy and enthusiasm
effected the construction of the Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, which
was completed in 1888. A third great railroad was finally
planned, to connect Minneapolis with the grain-fields of Min-
nesota and Dakota, and Mr. Washburn carried his scheme to
completion in the Minneapolis & Pacific Railroad, running to
Boynton, Dakota.

In addition to these and other business activities, Mr. Wash-
burn found time to participate actively in political affairs. He
was from the first an ardent Republican, and when Minnesota
was admitted to the Union in 1858 he was a member of its first
Legislature. For the four years 1861-65 he was Surveyor-gen-
eral of the State, under appointment by President Lincoln, and
directed the surveying of a large part of the State. He was
again sent to the Legislature in 1871, and in 1878, 1880, and

364 WILLIAM DKEW WASHBUBN

1882 was elected a Representative in Congress. Finally, in
1889, he was elected to the United States Senate for a full term
of six years. There he served on the important committees on
Commerce, Post-office and Post Roads, and Agriculture, as well
as various others, and proved himself one of the most earnest la-
borers in this branch of the national Legislature. He has been
several times suggested by his friends as a candidate for the
governorship of Minnesota, and in 1900 was the choice of the
delegation from that State at the National Republican Conven-
tion for the Vice-Presidential nomination.

Mr. Washburn was married, on April 19, 1859, to Miss Lizzie
Muzzy, daughter of the Hon. Franklin Muzzy of Bangor, Maine,
president of the State Senate of Maine. He is a member of
the Universalist Church, and for many years was superintendent
of the Sunday-school, and is now the president of the Uiiiver-
salist General or National Convention. He has been a generous
benefactor of many religious and philanthropic enterprises, and
as an extensive employer of labor has commanded the loyalty
and regard of his workmen.

JAMES MONTAUDEYERT WATKKIJIKY

JAMES MONTAUDEVERT WATERBURY, who for years
has been conspicuous in business, society, and sports, com^s
from sterling New England Puritan stock. The first of his
family in this country was John YVaterlniry, who eame I'n.m
England in 1631 and settled at Watertowu, ^lassaelmsetts,
whence he removed, in 1646, to Stamford, Connecticut, then
almost on the border-line between the English and Dutch colo-
nies. John Waterbury died in 1658, leaving descendants who
became leaders in colonial affairs, and who may ha\v given the
family name to one of the most prosperous and enterprising
cities in Connecticut. One member of the family, General
Waterbury, served with distinction in the Revolution, and \\ as
a member of Washington's staff. A descendant of General
Waterbury, by name Lawrence Waterbury, was one of the
foremost merchants of his day in New York, and, with his
brother James M. Waterbury, founded, in 1844, the New York
Yacht Club, the foremost organization of its kind in America, it'
not in the world. He was one of the nine yacht owners who
incorporated that club, and was for many years one of the fore-
most yachtsmen of America. Lawrence Waterbury married
Caroline A. Cleveland, a daughter of Palmer Cleveland, one of
the leading lawyers of Connecticut, whose wife was Catherine
Livingston, a member of the eminent New York family of that
name.

The subject of this sketch, James Montaudevert Waterbury, is
the only son of Lawrence and Caroline Antoinette Waterbury.
He was born in New York city in 1851, and was educated at
Columbia College, from which he was graduated in the class of
1873. Upon leaving college, he entered, in 1874, his father's

365

366 JAMES MONTAUDEVERT WATEBBUBY

business office. In a short time lie was made a member of the
firm, and upon his father's death became the head of the com-
pany. Possessing business abilities of a high order, he has
conducted his various enterprises with great and increasing
success, and has been for years a prominent figure in the manu-
facturing, mercantile, and social worlds. He is at the present
time president of the Waterbury Rope Company, of the New
York Steel & Wire Company, and of the American Type Bar
& Machine Company.

Mr. Waterbury has taken no active part in political affairs
beyond that of a private citizen. He has long been a prominent
figure in the club world, a member of the Union, Metropolitan,
Knickerbocker, and New York Yacht clubs of New York, the
Down-Town Association, and the Country Club of Westchester
County, of which he was the founder and first president, and
others. He has been an officer of many of these organizations,
and has especially promoted the prosperity of the Westchester
County Country Club, the house of which is near his suburban
seat at Westchester, New York.

Mr. Waterbury was married, in 1874, to Miss Kate Anthony
Furman of New York, who has borne him eight children, and
who has shared with him in making their home a notable center
of social life. Mr. Waterbury's sons inherit their father's and
their grandfather's taste for manly out-of-door sports, and have
distinguished themselves especially upon the polo-field.

As already stated, Mr. Waterbury was the only son of his
parents. He has three sisters, who are now Mrs. John S. Ellis,
Mrs. Frank C. Winthrop, and Mrs. Pierrepont Edwards.

WILLIAM SEWARD WEIJB

DR. WILLIAM SEWARD WEBB comes ,,f .-,11 old Now
England family of English origin, which gave to the Amer-
ican army in the Revolution that sterling patriot and c.lose
friend of Washington's, General Samuel Blachloy Webb of
Connecticut. In the last generation the family was represented
by James Watson Webb, the distinguished editor of the
" Courier and Enquirer " of New York, one of the foremost Amer-
ican newspapers of the middle of the last century. James
Watson Webb declined an appointment as United States Minister
to Austria and Turkey, but. later accepted a similar appointment
to Brazil, and in that capacity did valuable work. He was
married to Laura Virginia Cram, daughter of Jacob L. Cram, one
of the foremost New York merchants of those days.

The eldest son of James Watson Webb and Laura V. Webb is
William Seward Webb, who was born in New York city on
January 31, 1851. At first he was placed under the instruction
of private tutors. Then for five years he was in Colonel Church-
ill's Military School at Sing Sing, New York. Two years in
Columbia College followed, after which he went abroad to study
medicine. His studies were pursued in the great medical schools
of Vienna, Paris, and Berlin. Returning home, he took the regu-
lar two years' course in the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
and was graduated with the degree of M. D. in 1875. He then
entered St. Luke's Hospital and remained there for two years,
after which he began the general practice of his profession in
New York.

Dr. Webb soon found, however, the medical profession less to
his liking than the more strenuous life of the business and finan-
cial world. Accordingly he relinquished his practice and in
company with one of his brothers founded the Wall Street stock-

367

368 WILLIAM SEWAKD WEBB

broking firm of W. S. Webb & Co. In that business he pros-
pered, and he was already a conspicuous figure in the New York
Stock Exchange when, in 1883, at the request of the late William
H. Vanderbilt, whose daughter he had married two years before,
he retired from Wall Street and became president of the Wagner
Palace Car Company. Thenceforward until the end of the year
1899 Dr. Webb's name was inseparably identified with that cor-
poration, the affairs of which he managed with great energy and
enterprise.

Thus introduced into the railroad world, Dr. Webb found
other congenial occupations for his energetic mind. He built
the Adirondack & St. Lawrence Railroad, 233 miles long. He is
chairman of the Rutland Railroad Company, which has lately
consolidated into its system the Chatham & Lebanon Valley
Springs Railroad, the Bennington & Rutland Railroad, the
Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, the Rutland Canadian
Railroad, and part of the Quebec Southern Railroad, comprising
in all about 450 miles of road. He is a director of the Lake
Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Company, the Carthage &
Adirondack Railway Company, and president of the Mohawk &
Malone Railway Company, both of which latter companies are
New York Central leased lines. He is president of the Adiron-
dack & St. Lawrence Railway Company, and a director in the
South Shore and Quebec Southern railway companies, in Can-
ada. He is a director in the Fitchburg Railroad Company, the
Bennington & Rutland Railroad Company, the Central Vermont
Railroad Company, the Findlay, Fort Wayne & Western Rail-
road Company, and other transportation lines, including the lead-
ing Vanderbilt roads. He is a director of the Pullman Company,
of the Lincoln Safe Deposit Company, of the Continental Trust
Company, of the Colonial Trust Company, of the American Loan
& Trust Company, and of the Burlington Trust Company, and he
is president and director of various other New York corporations.

Dr. Webb has been aide-de-camp on the staffs of three succes-
sive Governors of the State of Vermont, with the rank of colonel.
He is a member of the Society of the Sons of the American
Revolution, and was for three terms its president-general, there-
after declining reelection. He was for many years secretary and
treasurer of the American Hackney Horse Society, of which he

WILLIAM M .\\AHD WEBli :{(><)

was one of the founders. He is a member of most of the lending
clubs in New York, including the Union League, University^
Metropolitan, Republican, Church, Players, Country, Jockey,
Racquet, Coaching, Riding, New York Yacht, Tuxedo, West-
minster Kennel, and Down-Town. He is also :i m.-inlxM- of the
Society of Colonial Wars. He is a director of the Manhattan
Eye and Ear Hospital in New York, and a vestryman in St.
Thomas's Church, New York, and in Trinity Chmvli. Shelhurne,
Vermont. He is a director of the sanitarium for pulmonary
patients on Saranac Lake, New York, giving one hundred acres
of land for the purpose, and one of the founders of Paul Smith's
Station in the Adirondacks, at which point St. Mary's Sanitarium
is located. He has a vast park and game preserve in t he Adiron-
dacks, but his favorite home is at Shelburne Farms, near Bur-
lington, Vermont, on the edge of Lake Champlain. There he
has something more than four thousand acres, a noble mansion,
and extensive stables for his famous horses. It is accounted one
of the finest country estates in America, and well deserves the
distinction.

His early educational pursuits imbued Dr. Webb with a taste
for the best literature, and with admirable literary ability ot his
own. One of his first writings was a volume on California and
Alaska, which was published in 1891. More recently he has
edited for publication the papers of his father, James Watson
Webb, and three volumes of the papers of his grandfather,
General Samuel Blachley Webb, the latter work being a singu-
larly interesting and valuable contribution to the history of the
American Revolution.

In 1899 Dr. Webb presented a memorial service medal to every
member of Company M of the First Vermont Regiment of Vol-
unteers in the Spanish war. At the end of the same year, upon
his retirement from the presidency of the Wagner Palace Car
Company, the four thousand employees of that corporation united
in giving to him a superb silver loving-cup of massive proportions.

Dr. Webb was married, in 1881, to Miss Eliza Osgood Vander-
bilt, daughter of William H. Vanderbilt. His four children are
Frederica Vanderbilt, James Watson, William Seward, Jr., and
Vanderbilt. Dr. Webb and his family have long been among
the foremost leaders of the best social life in New York.

HENRI P. WERTHEIM

A NATURAL genius for certain undertakings appears to
-£~JL reside in certain races and nationalities. There are war-
rior races and industrial races. Some take to commerce and
navigation, some to agriculture, some to manufactures, some to
literature and art, and some to finance. Thus for centuries a
large proportion of the financial operations of Europe, in both
ordinary business and in public and governmental affairs, has
been conducted by the Germans and Dutch, and such cities as
Frankfort-on-the-Main, Hamburg, and Amsterdam have been
the money centers of the Continent. In those cities well-known
families have for generations been identified with banking, and
have established veritable dynasties of finance, scarcely less
powerful than the dynasties which have occupied thrones of
state.

To such a family of financiers the subject of the present
sketch belongs. The Wertheim family has long been estab-
lished in Amsterdam, and in that city the father of Henri P.
Wertheim was a prominent and successful banker. The same
business has in this generation been established with equal
success in the financial center of the American continent.

Henri P. Wertheim was born in the Dutch metropolis of
Amsterdam on October 2, 1872. He received an excellent educa-
tion in the schools of his native country, with a view to fitting
him, not for professional life, but for the pursuit of the business
in which Ms father was successfully engaged and for which
he himself early displayed a marked aptitude and inclination.
He decided, however, not to engage in business in Holland, but
at an early age came to the United States, where it was evident
that great financial opportunities were opening. He established

370

HENEI P. WERTHEIM 'Ml

himself in the city of New York, and quickly achieved note-
worthy success. At the age of less than twenty-five years, ou
January 1, 1897, he became the head of the important linn
Probst, Wetzlar & Co., bankers and brokers, and members of
the New York Stock Exchange, at No. '21 William Stn-.-t, NYw
York.

In addition to his interest in this firm, Mr. \\Vrt licim is a
director of the Mexican National Railroad Company.

Mr. Wertheim has become a citizen of the United States, and
takes the interest of an intelligent and loyal citizen in public
affairs ; but he has held no public office and has sought no politi-
cal preferment. He is a member of several prominent social
organizations, including the Manhattan, City, and Lawyers'
clubs, and of the Chamber of Commerce of New York.

Mr. "Wertheim was married in New York to Miss Clara Wolff,
daughter of the late Abraham Wolff, a member of the well-
known banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. of New York.

STANFORD WHITE

STANFORD WHITE, the eminent American architect, is a
member of one of the oldest families on this continent. His
first American progenitor was John White, who came over on
the ship Lion in 1632 and settled at Cambridge, Massachusetts,
of which town he was a selectman. Four years later he was
one of the founders of Hartford, Connecticut. Later he removed
to Hadley, Massachusetts, and was its representative in the
General Court. His son Nathaniel White remained in Connec-
ticut, and represented Middletown in the General Court of that
colony. In a later generation the Rev. Calvin White was rector
of the Protestant Episcopal church at Derby, Connecticut. His
son Richard Mansfield White became a leading shipping mer-
chant of New York. The next generation produced Richard
Grant White, who was one of the most accomplished American
critics, essayists, and men of letters of his day. He won distinc-
tion as a journalist, as a musical critic, as an authority on the Eng-
lish language, and as a Shaksperian scholar and commentator.
The worthy son of Richard Grant White is Stanford White.
He was born in New York on November 9, 1853, and received a
careful education under tutors and in private schools. In 1881
he received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from New
York University, which had been his father's alma mater. He
chose for himself the profession of an architect, and, with that end
in view, studied under H. H. Richardson, and was that great
architect's chief assistant in the construction of his masterpiece
-Trinity Church in Boston. From 1878 to 1881 Mr. White
traveled and studied in Europe, and on his return to New York
in the latter year he formed the now famous partnership of
McKim, Mead & White.

372

STANFORD WHITE :{?:{

A large proportion of the best architecture in New York, ami
indeed in the country generally, in the last twenty years, is to bo
credited to Mr. White, cither personally or in collaboration.
The superb new structures of NY\v York University which
crown University Heights, including the Hall of l-'ame lord-cat
Americans, are his work, and are accounted by many to he his
masterpiece thus far. The Madison Squaiv < ianlm, the Metro-
politan Club building, the building of the Century Association,
the Washington Arch, and the " Yillard House" on Madison
Avenue, now the city home of Whitelaw Reid, and the country
residences of Clarence H. Mackay at Roslyu and .Mrs. Hermann
Oelrichs at Newport are other examples of his work, lie has
designed many pedestals for sculpture by Augustus St.-Gaudens,
including the Farragut Statue in Madison Square, New York,
the Chapin Statue at Springfield, Massachusetts, the Adams
tomb at Washington, and the Lincoln and Logan statues at
Chicago. As a designer of interior decorations he has won
much prominence and success, among such works being the
adornments of the Metropolitan Club and the Players Club, and
of the Church of the Ascension and the Church of the Paulist
Fathers, in New York, the interior of the city residences of the
Hon. William C. Whitney, Charles T. Barney, and Henry \V.
Poor.

Mr. White was married, in 1884, to Miss Bessie Smith, a mem-
ber of the famous old Smith family of Smithtown, Long Island.
She has borne him one son, Lawrence Grant White. Mr. White
is a member of the American Institute of Architects, and of
many prominent social organizations, including the Union,
Knickerbocker, University, Metropolitan, Players, and Meadow-
brook Hunt clubs, and the Century Association. Mr. and Mrs.
White have a city home in the fine old region of (iranieiw
Park, and a summer home at St. James, Long Island, both of
which are centers of the best social life and of cultivated
jospitality.

WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY

WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY, eminent as a lawyer,
political leader, statesman, financier, social leader, and
patron of art and of the turf, comes of fine old New England stock.
His earliest American ancestors, John and Elinor Whitney, and
their son Richard, came over from England with Sir Richard
Saltonstall in 1635, and settled in Massachusetts. To Richard
Whitney was born a son, also named Richard, to whom was
born a son who became known in history as General Josiah
Whitney of Revolutionary times. To General Whitney and his
wife Sarah Farr was born a son, Josiah Whitney, who married
Anna Scollay. A son of the latter couple, Stephen Whitney,
was eminent in Massachusetts politics, and had a son, General
James Scollay Whitney, who was also eminent in both the
military and civil services

The subject of the present sketch is a son of General James
Scollay Whitney. He was born at Conway, Massachusetts, in
1839, and was carefully educated at Williston Academy, East-
hampton, Massachusetts, and at Yale College. He was graduated
at Yale in the class of 1863. One of his classmates was William
G. Sumner, the well-known writer and political economist, with
whom Mr. Whitney divided the first prize for English essays.
From Yale he went to Harvard, entered the Law School there,
and was graduated in 1865. From Harvard he came to New York,
pursued a course of study in the office of Abraham R.Lawrence,
afterward a justice of the Supreme Court of New York, and was
soon admitted to practice at the bar.

Mr. Lawrence was at that time concerned chiefly with cor-
poration law, and Mr. Whitney was naturally drawn toward that
important and profitable department of professional work.

374

WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY 375

Therein he soon built up a large practice. He was for several
years counsel for and a director of the Continental Life Insur-
ance Company. He was also counsel for the New Jersey
Mutual Life Insurance Company, which became bankrupt.
Mr. Whitney was counsel for the Metropolitan Steamship
Company, the Tredegar Company of Richmond, Virginia, and
other corporations. For more than two years lie was trustee
under the mortgage of the Dayton & ' Union Railroad of
Ohio, and had the sole management of the road. He was
counsel for the principal holders of the receiver's certificates
issued by the receiver of the New York & Oswego Midland
Eailroad, and was also for several years counsel for the stock-
holders of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Kail mad. One
of the best-known cases in which he has been concerned was the
famous libel suit of Charles Eeade, the English novelist, against
the proprietors of the "Round Table" of this city for a severe
criticism of " Griffith Gaunt." Mr. Whitney was counsel for the
defense, and, after a week's trial, won his case.

Mr. Whitney made his entrance into political life with Abra-
ham R. Lawrence during the campaign against the Tweed Ring
in 1870 and 1871. In the latter year he was associated with
Governor Tilden, Mayor Wickham, and others in the campaign
when the Apollo Hall organization, of which Mayor Wickham
was the head, aided in the overthrow of the Tweed Ring. In
1872 Mr. Whitney ran for District Attorney on the Apollo Hall
ticket, but was defeated. He afterward joined the Tammany
Hall organization, but remained in close relations with Mr. Til-
den. In 1875 he was appointed by Mayor Wickham Corporation
Counsel, to succeed E. Delafield Smith, removed. He was twice
reappointed to the position, resigning the office in November,
1882. He was conspicuous in organizing the Young Men's
Democratic Club. After Tammany's opposition to Tilden, Mr.
Whitney, with others, organized the Irving Hall Democracy.
When that fell into disrepute he assisted in organizing the
County Democracy.

Mr. Whitney was appointed Secretary of the Navy by Presi-
dent Cleveland in 1885, and served during that administration of
four years with distinguished success, being intimately identified
with the creation of the present navy. Upon the expiration of

376 WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY

his term he retired to private life, resolutely declining all offers
of political preferment. Down to the present time, however, he
has remained one of the most forceful and influential figures in
the Democratic party in the United States.

Instead of returning to his legal practice, Mr. Whitney in 1889
interested himself in financial and general business affairs, espe-
cially in connection with the great Metropolitan Street Railway
system of New York. He is a director or trustee of numerous
banks, trust companies, and other corporations. He is a mem-
ber of most of the leading clubs of New York city and of many in
other cities. He and his family have long enjoyed conspicuous
social leadership in New York, Washington, and elsewhere, and
his mansion on Fifth Avenue is famed as one of the most splen-
did residences in New York. It is especially rich in works of
art, Mr. Whitney having been for years a generous but discrimi-
nating purchaser of paintings, both old and new.

In the fall of 1897 Mr. Whitney became interested in the turf,
and in the following year he appeared in the sporting world as
the owner of a fine racing-stable. Since that time he has become
the owner of some of the most notable horses in the world, such
as Jean Beraud, Ballyhoo Bey, and Hamburg, and has won in-
numerable races in America, including some of the greatest on
the turf, and also, in 1901, the classic English Derby, the last-
named being won with the horse Volodyovski.

Mr. Whitney was married, in 1869, to Flora Payne, daughter of
Henry B. Payne, United States Senator from Ohio. She died in
1892, leaving him four children. These are Harry Payne Whit-
ney, who married Gertrude Vanderbilt, daughter of Cornelius
Vanderbilt ; Pauline Whitney, who married Almeric Hugh Paget
of England; Payne Whitney, who married Helen Hay, daughter
of John Hay, Secretary of State of the United States ; and Doro-
thy Whitney. Mr. Whitney was married again, in 1896, to
Edith S. May Randolph of East Court, Wiltshire, England, who
died in May, 1899, in consequence of injuries received in a
hunting-field accident more than a year before.

CASSIUS MILTON WICKER

CASSIUS MILTON WICKER, the well-known railroad
manager and president, is of New Kngland origin. Three
of his ancestors were among the ^f<l///!<>/<•<•>• pilgrims Mary
Chilton, Elder Brewster, and William Lalliam. The \Vi<-kcrs,
a Scotch-Irish Protestant family, were among the early colo-
nists of Massachusetts, and did not there: escape the religious in-
tolerance from which they had suffered in the ( Mil \V. >rld. Wil-
liam Wicker was driven from Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1720
by an intolerant council, settled at Leicester. Massachusetts, and
remained there for the remainder of his life. His son, Jacob
Wicker, married Abial Washburn, a sister of Colonel Setli
Washburn, who was a member of General Washington's staff
during the Revolution. A grandson of Jacob \\'icker \\-as .lud^e
Cyrus Washburn Wicker, one of the leading men cf Vermont
in the middle of the last century. Judge \Yicker married Maria
Delight Halladay, and to them the subject of this sketch was
born, at North Ferrisburgh, Addison County. Vermont, on
August 25, 1846.

The "little red school-house" of his native village and the
academies at Williston and Middlebury, Vermont, were the
scenes of Mr. Wicker's education, so far as text -books and
classes were concerned. His practical business education was
begun and well carried forward in his father's country "general
store." Here he had all things to do, from selling needles and
pins to making out mortgages and wills. He also served as
bookkeeper for the village blacksmith. At twenty-one years of
age he entered a broader field, that of railroading, lie became
an agent of the Star Union Line at East St. Louis. For the next

377

378 CASSIUS MILTON WICKEE

three years lie was cashier of the People's Dispatch Fast Freight
Line and Chinese immigrant agent for the North Missouri Rail-
way. In this capacity his activities covered the vast region from
Chicago, St. Louis, and Memphis to the Pacific coast. In 1869
he became assistant general freight agent of the North Missouri
Railway, and filled that place until August 1, 1871, when he be-
came assistant general freight agent of the Chicago & North-
western Railway, in which position he had charge of the settle-
ment of claims for losses in the great Chicago fire of 1871. At
the end of 1876 he left the Chicago & Northwestern for the Bal-
timore & Ohio Railroad, and between that date and January,
1880, was successively general agent, assistant-general freight
agent, and traffic manager of its trans-Ohio lines. From 1880
to 1883 he was in charge of iron-mines in northern Michigan,
and then became general manager of the Central Illinois Coal
Company's coal-mines at Springfield, Braidwood, and Tracy,
Illinois. From the spring of 1883 to August, 1887, he was com-
missioner of the Chicago Freight Bureau, in which position he
had charge of the transportation interests of the wholesale mer-
chants and manufacturers of that city, and also of those of the
stock-yards, lumber-yards, and Board of Trade.

In 1887 Mr. Wicker became vice-president of the Colorado
Eastern Railway, and removed from Chicago to New York city.
Since 1889 he has been vice-president of the Fort Worth & Rio
Grande Railway; from November, 1893, to December, 1897, he
was vice-president and general manager of the Brooklyn, Queens
County & Suburban Railroad ; and from January, 1894, to May,
1899, he was president of the North Shore Traction Company,
which owned all the stock of the Lynn & Boston Railroad and
controlling interests in other properties. He is a trustee of
the Washington Savings Bank of New York; a director and
president of the Dillon-Griswold Wire Company; a director
and vice-president of the Bankers' Money Order Association,
of which he was one of the organizers ; and a special partner in
the firm of Wicker Brothers of New York. He is also interested
as a director or otherwise in various other financial corpora-
tions. He has been an officer of the Vermont National Guard,
and is a member of the Union League, Lotos, Colonial, Lawyers',
Church, Atlantic Yacht, and St. Andrew's Golf clubs of New

CASSIUS MILTON WICKER

York, of the Union League of Chicago, and of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, the American Geographical Society, the Sons
of the Revolution, and the New England Society, lie is presi-
dent of the Chicago Society <>!' New York, and a member of the
Society of Mayflower Descendants and of the Order of Foun-
ders and Defenders of America. He is a vestryman and treas-
urer of All Angels' Protestant Episcopal Church of New York.
He was married on June 5, 1872, at Lebanon, Illinois, to Miss
Augusta Carroll French, daughter of Augustus C. French, a
native of New Hampshire, who, as governor of Illinois, in 1851,
approved the act of the Legislature of that State creating the
Illinois Central Railroad. This act made the then governor of
the State, by virtue of his office, the first ex-officio director of the
road. Mrs. Wicker died in 1889, leaving three children, Henry
Halladay Wicker, Lucy Southworth Wicker, and Cyrus French
Wicker.

ISAIAH COLE YOUNG

Young family under present consideration came from
England about 1636 and settled at or near Scituate, Massa-
chusetts, there engaging in agriculture. The branch of it to
which our subject belongs removed thence to Cape Cod about
1670, and exchanged farming for a seafaring life. Two gen-
erations back Noah Young was a prominent sailing-ship mas-
ter. His son, Barnabas S. Young, born at Wellfleet, spent the
early part of his life at sea, and then settled down as a merchant
at Wellfleet. He was married in July, 1841, to Miss Hannah
Cole, a member of a family that had come from Scotland in
1700, she herself being a native of Massachusetts.

Isaiah Cole Young, son of this couple, was born at Wellfleet,
Massachusetts, on September 29, 1846. His education was
acquired in the common and high schools of that town. At the
age of only eleven years, however, he was taken to sea by his
father, as cabin-boy. For sixteen years thereafter most of his
life was spent at sea, with not a few rough experiences. At the
age of twenty-one he became a master, and at twenty-seven he
retired from his seafaring career.

His next occupation was that of a merchant at Wellfleet, in
which he was eminently successful. For twelve years he was
manager of the Commercial Wharf at Wellfleet. For nine years
he was vice-president of the Boston Fruit Company, and then,
upon its consolidation with the United Fruit Company, he be-
came manager of the Boston division of the corporation, which
place he still holds.

Mr. Young has taken an active interest in public affairs, and
has more than once been chosen to serve his fellow-citizens in
an official capacity. He was elected to the State Legislature of

380

ISAIAH COLE YOUNG HK1

Massachusetts from the Cape Cod District in 188G, and served
during the session of lSS(i-S7. He was chosen County Commis-
sioner of Barnstable County in 1889, and served in that capacity
for the four years 1889-i'L'. For the l.-n years 1889-99 he was
one of the State Fish and (iaine Commissioners.

In addition to the business and political engagements already
mentioned, he has long been vice-president of the \Velllleet
Savings Bank, and a director of several important corporations
in that town and in Boston, and is \yell known and highly
esteemed as a leader of business affairs throughout all the east-
ern part of Massachusetts.

Mr. Young is a member of the Exchange and Algonquin clubs
of Boston, and of the New York Club of New York.

He was married in 1872, at "Welltleet, to Miss Kmnia Could
Newcomb, daughter of Warren and Nancy Dyer Newconib of
Wellfleet. Mr. and Mrs. Young now have two daughters, whom
they have named Ada Fulton and Mae Emery.

WILLIAM ZIEGLEE,

WILLIAM ZIEGLER, one of the best-known business men
and most public-spirited citizens of the American metrop-
olis, is of German parentage and was born in Beaver County,
Pennsylvania, on September 1, 1843. His father, Francis Ziegler,
died in 1846, and in 1848 his mother, Ernestine Ziegler, married
Conrad Brandt, a prominent citizen of Muscatine County, Iowa.
It was at Muscatine that young Ziegler began his business
career in the office of the local newspaper as a printer's assis-
tant. Later he was employed in a drug-store and chemical
works.

In the fall of 1862 the young man determined to add to his
education, and with that end in view went to Poughkeepsie,
New York, and entered the Eastman Business College. After
completing his course there he came to New York and secured
employment in a wholesale drug and chemical house, where be
remained for five years, from 1863 to 1868, meantime pursuing
a course in the College of Pharmacy. He began business on his
own account in 1868, establishing the Royal Chemical Company
for the manufacture of baking powder and other articles. The
enterprise was highly successful, and in 1873 the firm was in-
corporated as the Royal Baking Powder Company. Litigation
arose over the affairs of this company, which was finally ended
by Mr. Ziegler's withdrawal from it, he receiving nearly $3,000,-
000 for his interest in it. About 1879, after a careful study of
the manufacture of cream of tartar abroad, he organized the
New York Cream of Tartar Company, from which he retired in
1886. In 1890 he purchased the Price Baking Powder Company
of Chicago, and in the following year he also purchased the
Tartar Chemical Company of New Jersey. He is interested in

382

WILLIAM ZIEGLEH .'!H;{

various other business enterprises, and is one ut' the largest real-
estate owners and operators in Brooklyn and other parts of the
metropolis and its suburbs.

Mr. Ziegler is gratefully remembered as the public-spirited
plaintiff in the famous taxpayers' suit to prevent the "deal" be-
tween the Long Island Water Company and the city of Brook-
lyn. This suit he conducted successfully at an expense of about
$100,000 to himself, and saved nearly $1,500,000 to the people
of Brooklyn. A similar taxpayers' suit brought by him compelled
the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad to pay nearly $500,000 in taxes
to the city. Another notable suit was brought by him as a
minority stockholder of the Lake Elevated Railroad of Chicago.
It resulted in his securing $1,000,000 damages, and in setting a
most important legal precedent.

Mr. Ziegler, in the fall of 1900, organized, at his own expense,
one of the best-equipped and most promising Arctic exploring
expeditions ever sent to seek the North Pole, in the ships
America, Belgica, and Frithiof. The expedition sailed from
Dundee in June, 1901, under the command of Evelyn B. Baldwin,
accompanied by experts in zoology, botany, geology, meteorology,
photography, and geographical charting, with full expectations
of achieving more than any former expedition. " It has been
my lifelong desire," said Mr. Ziegler, " to know that the Ameri-
can flag was the first to float over the North Pole. If I were
not so old I would go thither myself. As it is, I can only supply
the means for another to make the attempt."

Mr. Ziegler is a member of the Down-Town Club of New York,
the Union League Club of Brooklyn, the New York, Larchmont,
and Atlantic Yacht clubs, the Union League Club of Chicago,
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Geographical
Society, the Arctic Club of New York, and the Caughnawaga
Hunting and Fishing Club of Quebec, He is a Mason and a
Knight Templar. He was married, in August, 1886, to Mrs.
E. M. Gamble of New York.

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