A Pronouncing Dictionary Of Musical Terms

00184

A PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY
OF MUSICAL TERMS.

A

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

OF

MUSICAL TERMS

COMPILED AND EDITED BY
HARRY NEWTON REDMAN

BOSTON
KNIGHT & MILLET

COPYRIGHT, 1901,
BY KNIGHT & MILLET.

Stanbopc

F. H GIL&ON COMPANY
BOSTON, U S.A.

LIST OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF FRENCH,

GERMAN, AND ITALIAN i

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS', i

PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF THE CHIEF

COMPOSERS AND ARTISTS 123

ABBREVIATIONS 127

TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS IN SONATAS . . . 139

RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION

OF FRENCH, GERMAN, AND

ITALIAN

FRENCH.
VOWELS :

a is pronounced like a in Italian, but somewhat snorter,

and is often rendered similar to the English a.
a like ah.
e like u in cut.
like ay in day.
fe like e in where.
6 like a in German,
i or 1 like ee in feet. Short i is the same as in English.

as in Italian.

u like u in German.

DIPHTHONGS :

ai as in bait, ai before /-final or // should be rendered

as a diphthong (a& f -ee), but slightly separated.
ai and ei like &
eu, eft, and oeu like b in German.

01 like oh-dh\ but so slightly separated that it sounds

like one syllable.
ou and oft like oo in toot.
i

ii RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF

eau like long o without the vanish -u.

Vowels and diphthongs are rendered nasal when fol-
lowed by , m, nd) nt, or mt at the end of a sylla-
ble except in the verbal ending of the third person
plural.

CONSONANTS :

Consonants are pronounced the same as in English,
except in the following cases :

C the same as s in song before e, /, 2, 2, and 2.

ch. like sft.

g has the sound of z in azure when placed before *, /, ,
$, and i.

gn the same as in Italian.

h is often silent

j like z in azure.

11 when placed after i is usually rendered like the Eng-
lish y (as a consonant), and often prolongs the i
(like ee).

n is nasal and often given the English pronunciation.

m is nasal under certain conditions.

r is rendered with somewhat of a roll.

s-final is silent.

t-final is silent.

cr, et, es, est, ez, when used as final syllables, are ren-
dered like /.

GENERAL RULE FOR ACCENTUATION:

Lightly accent the last syllable of a polysyllabic word,
but do not give any one syllable the strong stress
usual in English words.

FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ITALIAN lii

GERMAN.

VOWELS :

Simple vowels are pronounced the same as in Italian ;

y like * or u in German.
Vowels are modified as follows :

a as in care, but somewhat broader.

e as in fed.

5 has no equivalent in English.

Long Q may be rendered by placing the lips to speak

oh, but saying d instead with the position of the

lips unchanged.
Short b is pronounced by saying / (as in fed) instead

of d.

ii has no equivalent in English.
Long it may be rendered by placing the lips to say oo

(toot), and saying ee (feet) instead.
Short ft is pronounced by saying % (hit) instead of ee.

DIPHTHONGS :

ai and ei like long t in write.

ae like a,

au like ow in how.

eu and au like oi slightly separated (ah ] -il)

CONSONANTS :

f , h, k, 1, m, n, p, t, the same as in English.

b when beginning a syllable or word is pronounced as

in English, but when ending a syllable or word it

is rendered like/.
d the same as in English, except when ending a syllable

or word ; in that case it is rendered like t.

iv RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF

c like k when placed before a, o, and ; like ts before
, <?, *, and a. '

g is usually hard, but also like z in azure in French and
Italian words in which g is so rendered.

The syllables ang, eng, ing, ong, and ung when end-
ing a word terminate with a k sound.

jlike^ (consonant).

qu like kv.

r is rendered either with harsh breathing or a roll

S when beginning a syllable or word, and also before a
vowel, has the sound of z (soft) ; ending a syllable
or word, like sharp s ; placed before t and p, begin-
ning a word, most frequently like sh \ otherwise B
is pronounced as in English.

Tlike/

w like v (between y and w).

zlike^-.

% likg ts.

COMPOUND CONSONANTS:

ch has no equivalent in English ; beginning a syllable,
or when placed after e, i, a, 6, ii, ai, ei, ae, ae, eu,
and au, it is soft (place the tongue to pronounce d^
but say h instead), ch is hard when placed after
a, o, u, and au.

chs like x.

sch like sh.

sp and st, see S.

th like /.

Accented syllables are rendered much the same as in
English, with a strong stress.

FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ITALIAN V

ITALIAN.
VOWELS :

Vowels being very open are never to be rendered as
impure vowels or diphthongs. Vowels are long
when ending accented syllables and short in unac-
cented syllables, or when occurring in accented
ones terminating with a consonant.

a pronounced ah Hk, but not ft.

e like ay in day, but without the vanish % as in fed ;
also has the sound of a in care when placed
before r.

i has the sound of ee in feet ; fin hit; when before a
vowel i has the sound of y (consonant)*

like aw or i, but without the vanish #.

u like oo in toot ; u in full.

CONSONANTS :

All consonants are softer than in English, the soft con-
sonants being quite delicate.

b, d, f , 1, m, n, p, qu, s, t, v, are rendered as in English.

c sounds like k before a, o, u, or another consonant,
with the exception of c, as follows :

c like ch in check before e, or like ch in chair before i.

cc is like t-ch before e or i

g is hard when placed before a, o, u, or another conso-
nant, with the exception of 1 and n.

gl is like /-jy, and gn like 5 in canon (kan'-yon).

g is like a softy or like z in azure when placed before
e or i.

h is silent

j sounds like y in you.

VI RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION

r is pronounced -with a roll by placing the tip of the

tongue against the hard palate.

In a doubled consonant the first syllable is prolonged.
Accented syllables are not so strongly marked as in

English, but are much dwelt upon.

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY
OF MUSICAL TERMS.

[The diacritical marks used in this vocabulary to designate the pro-
nunciation are those in most common use by philologists, and will be
readily understood by the reader.]

A, The sixth note in the natural diatonic scale. (That of
C major.)

A, It. (ah). At, to, by, in, on, for, -with.

A, Fr. (a). To, with, at, on, by.

Ab, Ger. fab). Off, of, from, down.

Abacus, Lat. (a-#-kus). An ancient instrument for divid-
ing the intervals of the octave,

A ballata, It. (a bal-/#-ta). In the style of a dance. See
Ballata.

Abandon, Fr. (a-ban^ d5n). Freedom.

Abbandondrsi, It. (ab-ban-do-w^-ze). To abandon oneself
to the influence of music.

Abbandondsi, It. (ab-ban-do-*z<aS-ze), Without restraint.

Abbellare, It. (ab-bel-/-re). To embellish with ornaments.

Abcidiren, Ger. (ab-se-d&'-'n). A series of exercises in
which the names of the notes are used instead of words.

Abbellime*nto, //. (ab-bel-le-^J-to). An embellishment.

a, ah ; a, add ; a, care; a, arm ; e, eve; , end ; I, ice; i, ill;
0, old; 6, odd; 6, done; oo, moon; u, lute; ii, but; u, (French).

Z PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Abblasen, Ger. (^-bla-z'n). To sound or flourish the

trumpet.

Abendglocke, Ger. (a-bend--/<X-e). Evening bell, curfew.
AbendHed, Ger. (<z-bend-led). Evening-song.
Abendmusik, Ger. (a-bend-f00-zik). Evening music.
Abendstandchen, Ger. (a-bend-jvfc&Z>/dr-khen). A serenade
Abeateaerlich, Ger. (a-ben-^>-likh). Bold, strange.
Abgeiend, Ger. (^-ga-hend). Dying away.
Abgestossen, Ger. (00-ghe-shtos-s'n). Short, detached.
Abgeleiteter akkord, Ger. (^-ghe-H-te-ter ak-k6rd). An

inversion of a chord.

Ab initio, Lat. (ab in-^-shi-o). From the commencement.
Abkurzungen, Ger. (<z3-kurt-soong-en). Abbreviations.
Abnehmend, Ger. (^^-na-mend). Softening the tone.
Abrege", Fr. (a-bra-zha). To abridge.
AbruptiO, Lat. (ab-?7^-shi-o). A sudden stop.
Absatz, Ger. (a&-s'atz). A melodic phrase.
Abschwellen, Ger. (^-schvel-Pn). Diminishing.
Abspielen, Ger. (^-shpe-l'n). To perform on an instrument.
Abstimmung, Ger. (^^-shtim-moongk). Discordance.
Abstossen, Ger. (<z-sht6Vs'n). To detach. To play staccato.
A capp^lla, //. (a kap-/<f/-la). In the church or chapel

style.

A capprlccio, It. (a kap^r^-she-6) In a capricious style.
AccarezzeVole, //. (ak-ka-ret-s^-vo-le). Caressing, coaxing.
Accelerando, It (at-chel-a-nwz-do). Gradually growing

faster.

Accent, Stress or emphasis placed on certain tones.
Accento, It (at-^<3-t6). Emphasis laid upon certain

notes.

Accentuate, It (at-chen-too-5-re). To accentuate*
a, ale; a, add; a, care; a, arm ; e, eve; %, end; 1, ice; i, iff;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 3

Acciaccdto, It. (at-che-ak-&r-to). Violently.

Acciaccattira, It. (at-che-ak-ka-A?<?-ra). The same as a short

appoggiatura.
Accidental. A sharp, flat or natural not found in the

signature.
Accolade, Fr. (ak-ko-/&/). A brace connecting two or more

staves.
Accompaniment. That part of a musical composition which

attends the melody or theme.
Accord, Fr. (ak-ktfr). A chord.
Accordato, It. (ak-kcW-t6). In tune.
Accordatura, It (*ak-ko*r-da-Aw-ra). Concord, harmony.
Accordoir, Fr* (ak-k6r-</o/#y). A tuning instrument.
Accrescendo, It. (ak-kre-jvfc#-do). Increasing.
Accrescere, //. (ak-kre-jvfc-re). To increase.
A cinq, Fr. (I san/fck). For five parts.
Action. The mechanism of an organ or piano.
Ad, Lat. (ad). At, to.
Adagio, It. (a-afo-je-o). Slow.
Adagio assai, It. (a-da-je-6 as-sa-e). Very slow.
Adagio cantibile, It. (a-da-je-o kan-ta-^-la). Slow, in a

singing style.
Addgio con gravita, It. (a-da-je-6 kon ^ro-ve-ta). Slow with

gravity.

Adagio dim61to, It. (a-da-je-6 de mti-to). Very slow.
Adagio non tr6ppo, It. (a-da-je-6 non tr#p-po). Not too slow.
Adagio patetico, It. (a-da-je-6 pa-2tf-te-ko). Slow and

pathetic.

Addgio pesante, It. (*a-d*a-je-o pa-a<zw-te). Slow and heavy.
Adagio poi allegro, It. (a-da-je-o po-e al-/J-gro). Slow, then

quick.

6, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; G, lute ; u, out; ti, (French).

4 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Adagio sostenuto, It, (a-da-je-6 sos-ta-^-to). Slow and
sustained

Adagissimo, //. (a-da^w-se-mo). Extremely slow.

Ad captindtun, Lat. In a light and brilliant style.

Addolora'to, It. (ad-d6-16V0-to). Grieved.

A deux, Fr. (a duh). For two.

A deux mains, Fr. (a duh man4). For two hands.

A deux pianos, Fr. (a duh pe-o-no). For two pianos.

A deux temps, Fr. (a duh tanA). In double time.

Ad libitum, Lat. (ad /#-i-tum). At will, at pleasure.

Ad pl&citum, Lat. (ad//#-ci-tum). At pleasure.

A due, It. (a doo~t). For two.

A due c6rde, //. (a doo-e >&^-de). For two strings.

A due cdri, It. (a doo-e ^-re). For two choirs.

A dde strome*nti, It. (a doo-e stro-w^w-te). For two in-
struments.

A due v<5ci, //. (a doo-e #<?-che). For two voices.
A dur, Ger. (a door). A major.
JErophone, Fr. (e-ro-fon). A French reed instrument.
Affibile, //. (af^be-le). Gracefully, gently.
Affanato, It. (af-fa-0-to). Uneasily.
Affettudso, It. (af-fet-too-^-zo). Tender.
Anrettindo, It. (af-fret-^-do). Hurrying, quickening the

time.

Affretttfso, It. (af-frgt-^-zo). Quick, accelerated, hurried.
Afinar, S# (-iz-nar). To tune musical instruments.
AgeVole,/*. (a^vo-le). Light.

Aggiustame*nte, // (ad-je-oos-ta-war-te). Without chan-
ging the time.

Agilite*, Fr. (a-zhe-le-ta). Nimbleness.
Agilme*nte, It. (a-jel-^5.te). Lively, gay.

a, ale ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ^ce ; i, ///;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 5

Agitato, It (aj-e-/-to). Agitated.

A grand chceur, Fr. (kur). With full choir.

A grand orchestre, Fr. (6r-kestr). With full orchestra.

Agr&nents, Fr. (a-gra-man^). EmbeUishments.

Aigu, Fr. (a-gii). Acute, high, shrill.

Air. Melody, tune.

Air It boire, Fr. (ar a bwar). Drinking-song.

Air Chantant, Fr. (ar shan^-tan). A singing melody.

Air rapide, Fr. (ar ra-ped). A flourish.

Air tendre, Fr. (ar tanufc-dr). Love song.

Air varie*, Fr (ar va-ri-a). Air with variations.

Ais, Ger. (ois). The note A sharp.

Ais-dur, Ger. (ois-door). A sharp major.

Ais-moll, Ger. (ois-moll). A sharp minor.

Aise, Fr. (aiz). Glad, joyful ; easy, convenient.

Akkord, Ger. (ak-kord}. Chord.

Akt, Ger. (akt). Act.

Al, //. (al) To the, up to the.

A la, Fr. (a la). In the style of.

A 1'abandon, Fr. (a la-ban^-don^). With ease.

A la Chasse, Fr. (a la shass). In the hunting style.

A la me me, Fr (a la mam). In the same.

A la rne*sure, Fr. (a la ma-ziir) In tune.

A la militaire, Fr. (a la me-leVJr). In the military style

Alborada, Sp. (al-bo-r<z-da). The music of a morning

serenade.

Alcund, It. (al-koo-J). Some, certain.
Al fine, It (al^-ne 1 ). To the end.
Alia bre"ve, It. (al-la. 3rJ-ve). Time of one breve in a

measure.
Alia cdccia, It. (#/-la yfe^-che-k). In the hunting style

o y old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; it, but 3 u, (French},

6 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Alia dbrifera, It, (al-\* /fo-me-ra). In chamber music style.
Alia cappella, It. (#/-la kap-/J/-la). Vocal chorus without

instrumental accompaniment.
Alia dirltta, It. (a/-la de>ta). In direct ascending or

descending style.

Allamarcia, It. (<z/-la #z0y-che-a). In marching style.
Alia mode"rna, It. (/-la mo-d#r-na). In the modern style.
Alia Morsca, It. (a/-la mo-f^ka). In the Moorish style.
All' antic6, //. (al-lan-te-<?). In the ancient style.
Alia Palestrlna, It, (<z/-la Pa-IeWr-na). In the style of

Palestrina (ecclesiastical).

Alia polacca, //, (0/-la po-/^-ka). In the style of a polo-
naise.

Alia quinta, //. (/-la quen-ta). At the interval of a fifth.
AllargattdOy It (al-lar-^/z-do). Growing broader. Slower

and more marked.

Alia rivfrsa, It. (a/-la re-^^-sa). In contrary motion.
Alia Xed&ca, It (<z/-la t&daz-ka.). In the German style.
Alia Venezidna, ft. (a/-la ve-na-tse-o-na). In the Venetian

style.

Alia zfngara, //. (/-la /j^ga-ra). In gypsy style.
Alia z6ppa, It (07-la ^-pa). In a halting style.
Alle, Ger. (al-\6}. All.
Allegramente, It. (al-le-gra-^J-te). Cheerfully, gaily,

lightly.

Allegrante, It. (al-l-gran-t%). Joyous, mirthful.
Allegrettino, It. (al-le-gret-jf^no). A short allegretto. A

movement slower than allegretto.
Allegretto, It. (al-le-^raz-to). Lively. Faster than andante

and slower than allegro.
Allegr&za, It. (al-le-^r^f-za). Liveliness.

a, ale ; a, add; ^ care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; i, ice ; I, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS J

Allegrlssimo, //. (al-la-^r^f-se-mo). As quick as possible.
Allegro, It. (al-/#-gro). Quick.

Allegro agitato, It (al-/J-gro aj-e-ta-to). Quick and agitated.
Allegro appassionito, It. (al-/#-gro ap-pas-se-o-w^-to). Pas-
sionately joyful.

Allegro assai, It. (al-/J-gro as-.$vz-e). Faster than allegro.
Allegro c6modo, It. (al-/J-gro &?-mo-do). A comfortable

degree of speed.
Allegro con brio, It (al-/#-gr6 k8n bre-v}. Quick, and with

spirit.
Allegro con fu6co, It. (al-/#-gro k5n foo-^-ko). Quick and

fiery.
Allegro con m6to 7 It. (al-/J-gro ktfn mo-to). Quick, with an

animated and energetic movement.
AUSgro con spirito, It. (al-/J-gro k6n j^-re-to). Quick, with

energy.
Allegro di bravura, It. (al-/^gro de bra-w^-ra). Quick, with

dash.
Allegro di molto, It. (al-^-gro de mol-io). With much

rapidity

Allegro furi6so, It (al-/Jgro foo-re-^-zo). Fast and furious.
Allegro giusto, //. (al'/dr-groy^-to). An appropriate degree

of rapidity.
Allegro ma grazioso, It. (al-/<?-gro ma gra-tse-J-zo). Quick

but graceful
Allegro ma non presto, It. (al-/#-gro ma n6n/r<fj-to). Fast,

but not too much so.
Allegro ma non tdnto, ft. (*al-/#-gr6 ma non tan-to). Quick

but not too rapid.
Alle'gro ma non tr6ppo, ft. (al-/cf-gro ma n6n /?-<J^-po).

Quick, but not too rapid.

o, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon; u, lute ; u, but^ u, (French}.

8 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Altegro moderate, It. (al-/J-gr5 mSd-eVw-to). Moderately fast.

Alle*gro mdlto, //. (al-/#-gro mol-to). Very fast.

Allegro risoltito, It (al-/&gro re-z6-/00-to). Quick and

resolute.

Allegro veldce, It. (aW&gr6 ve-/<?-che). Quick and swift.
Allegro vivAce, //. (al-/5-gro ve^x-che). Quick and spmted
AU4gro Ylvo, It. (al-/^gro ^-vo). Quick and lively.
Allegrusio, It. (al-l^-^r^-ze-o). Good-humored, sprightly.
Allein, Ger. (al-/z#). Alone, only.
Alleinsang, Ger. (al-/f-sang). A solo.
Allentam^nto, It. {al-len-ta-*J#-t6). Slackening.
All 'ottAva, It. (al ot-Az-va). An octave above or below.
All 'unis6no ; It (al oo-ne-o-no) In unison.
Al piacere, It. (al pe-a^ J-re) At pleasure,
Alpin, It. fal pe-oo). The most.
Al rig6re del te*mpo, It. (al re-^re del jfw-po) In strict

time.

Al riY&so, It. (al re-^4r-s6). In contrary motion.
Al segao, //. (al sfa-yo). To the sign :g;. See Segno.
Alt, Ger. (alt). Alto.
Alt, It. (alt). High , applied to the octave.

. r r f .f f M

E0

Alterez^a, It. (aUa~r&r-tsa). Loftiness, sublimity.

Altissimo, / (al-^-se-m5). Octave above Alt.

Alto. The deeper of the two chief divisions of women's or

boys' voices.

Altus, Lat. (<#-tus). The alto or counter tenor.
Amibile, It (a-^o-be-le). Sweet, tender, gentle.

a, ale ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve; e, *nd ; I, ice; i, *//;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 9

AmareVole, It. (a-ma-rJ-vo-le). Mournfully.

Am6re, It. (a-wJ-re). Love.

Am<5re, con. Fondly, tenderly.

Amordso, //. (a-mo-r^-zo). Loving, tender.

Anche, Fr. (aiL&sh). Reed.

Anche, It. (an-ka). Also, likewise, too, even.

Andacht, Ger. (<z-dakht). Devotion.

Andante, It. (an-dfo#-te). A moderately slow movement.

Andante affettu6so, /A (an-a*a*-tg af-fgt-too-J-zo). Slowly

and tenderly.
Andante cantabile, It. (&t\-dan-te can-fo-be-le). Slow, in a

sin^ng manner.
Andante con mo'to, ft. (an-^izw-te k6n wJ-to) Slow, with

movement.
Andante grazi6so, It (an-r<x-tS gra-tse-^-zo). Slow and

graceful.

Andante largo, It. (an-dan-te lar-go). Slow, distinct.
Andante maest6so, ft. (an-d&-te ma-es-/<?-zo). Slow and

majestic.
Andante ma non tr6ppo, ft. (an-^a-te ma non /r<^-po).

Slow, but not too much so.
Andantino, It. (an-dan te-i&). Strictly meaning slower than

andante, but used often in the reverse sense.
Anfang, Ger. (<z#-fang). Beginning.

Anfiihrer, Ger. (a-fuh-rer). A conductor, director, leader.
Angemessen, Ger. (an-ghe-w/j-s'n). Appropriate.
Angoscioso, //. (an-g6s-che-^zo). Plaintively.
Angstlich, Ger. (Jw^-likh). Fearfully.
Anhang, Ger. (ait-hang). Coda.
Anima, ft. (aw-e-ma). Life.
Animato, ft. (an-e-w-to). Animated.

o, old; o, odd; 6, done; oo, moon ; \\Jute ; u, but; u, (French}.

10 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Anim6so, It. (an-e-#z<?-z6). Spirited.

Anklang, Ger. (#-klang). Harmony.

Anlage, Ger. (-la-ghe). The plan of a composition.

Antecedent. The initial phrase of a melody, requiring to
be followed by another called its consequent.

Antiphone, Gr. (##-te-f6-ne). Responsive singing.

Antithesis. A term used to indicate the last half of a
musical period, also the answer in a figure.

Anwachsend, Ger. (0#-vakh-send). Increasing.

A piace*re, //. (a pe-a-c/5 J-re). At pleasure.

Ap6co, // (a-^-ko). By little.

Appassionato, It. (ap-pas-se-o-#a-t6). Impassioned.

Appoggiatura, It. (ap-p6d-je-a-/^-ra). The accented appog-
giatura is a grace note placed before the real melody-
note and taking the accent and part of the latter's
time value. The long appoggiatura is now obsolete
The short appoggiatura is a small eighth-note or six-
teenth-note having a slanting stroke through the hook,
and is played as rapidly as possible.

A qnatre mains, Fr. "(a kStr maiLfc). For four hands.

A quatre seuls, Fr. (a katr sul). For four soloists.

A quatre voix, Fr. (a katr vwa). For four voices.

Arche, Ger. (flt>-khe). Sounding-board of an organ.

Arco, It. (ar-ko). Bow.

Ardlto, It. (ar-^-to). Spirited, bold.

Aria, It. (af-re-a). Air, melody.

Arietta,//. (a-re-//-ta). A short ana.

Ariette, Fr, (a-re-et) A long aria.

Ari6so, It. (a-re-^-zo). A style betweeen the ana and reci-
tative. In instrumental music this term has the same
meaning as cantabile.

a, ale; a, add; a, care; a, arm ; e, eve; e, end; I, ice; t, til;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 1 1

Arpa, It (<zV-pa) Harp.

Arpege, Fr. (ar-pazh). Breaking a chord.

Arpeggio, It (ar-pad-je-o) A broken chord.

Arsis, Gk. (ar-sis). Up-beat.

As^Ger. (as). The note A flat.

As dur, Ger. (as door). The key of A-flat major

As moll, Ger. (as moll) The key of A-flat minor.

Assai, It. (as-jw-e). Rather, very.

Assai piu, It. (as-j^-e^-oo). Much more.

Assez, Fr (as-sa). Rather.

A tempo, It. (a tem-po). In time.

A tre c6rde, //. (a tra kor-d&). For three strings.

A tre v6ci, It. (a tra zv-che). For three voices.

Attacca, It (at-&Z-ka) Begin what follows without pausing.

Aufgeweckt, Ger. (^/"-ga-v^kht) Agitated.

Aufhalten, Ger (^L/-haU'n). To suspend.

Aufschwtmg, Ger. (^a//^schvoongk) Soanng impetuosity

Auftritt, Ger. (^/-trit). Scene

Ausdruck, Ger. (0wr-drook) Expression.

Aushalten, Ger (0wr-hal-t'n). To sustain.

Ausstimmen, Ger (0wj-shtim-men) To tune thoroughly

Authentic cadence. The dominant triad followed by the

tonic.

Avec, Fr. (a-vek) With.
A vide, Fr. (a ved). Open.
A VOlonte, Fr. (a vo-18n/fc-ta). At will.

B. The seventh note of the natural diatonic scale The

Germans call B, H."

Bacas, Sp fya.-kas). Quick tune on the guitar
Badinage, Fr. (bad-i-w^^) Playfulness.

6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon; u, lute ; u, but , u, (French}.

12 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Bagatelle, Fr. (bag-a-#/). A trifle.

Baguette, Ft. ($&-ghe) A drum-stick. A violin-stick.

Bal, Fr. (bal). Ball.

Baldam&ite, It. (bal-da-iw^-te). Boldly.

Bar. A vertical line dividing measures on the staff.

Barytone. The male voice intermediate between bass and

tenor Also a name given to the euphonium.
Bass. The lowest male voice. The lowest part of a musical

composition. Also a term used in place of contra-bass.
Bass-clef. F-clef on the fourth line.
Basso, It. (&OS-SQ). A term used at times in place of bass
Basso cantknte, It. (&w-so kan*Ai-te). Vocal bass.
Basso continue, It. (tas-so kSn-#-noo-o). Thorough bass.
Baton. A stick used by conductors in beating time.
Bauernlied, Ger. (fow-ern-led). A rustic ballad.
Beat. The motion of the hand or foot in marking time.
Bedeckt, Ger. (be-<#/&). Stopped.
Begleiten, Ger. (be-^/f-fn). To accompany.
Begleitung, Ger. (be-.f/r-toongk). An accompaniment.
Beispiel, Ger. (3f-spel). An example.
Belebt, Ger. (be-lebt) Animated
Bemol, Fr. (ba-mol). A term used to denote a flat (b).
Ben, //. (ban) Well; very.
Berceuse, Fr (ber-suss). A cradle-song.
Bes, Ger. (bes). The note B double flat.
Bestimmt, Ger. (bes-#5w*). Decided.
Betont, Ger. $&-tont). Accented.
Bewegt, Ger. (be-z^). Agitated.
Bien chante", Fr. (beyan/fc chanMa). Molto cantabile.
Bis, Lot. (bis) Twice.
Bizzdrro, It (bet-&r*o). Fantastical.

a r ale; a, add ; a, care; '^arm ; z>eve; g, end; T, ice; i, ill

OP MUSICAL TERMS 13

Blase-instrume'nte, Ger (/a-ze-m-stroo-m0-te) Wind in-
struments.

BlecMnstrume'nte, Ger. (blekh-m-stroo-w<&-te). Brass in-
struments.

B mol, Fr. (ba mol). The note B flat.

B moll, Ger. (b# mol). The key of B-flat minor.

Bogen, Ger. (&o-g'n). Bow, slur, or tie.

Bourdonnement, Fr. (boor-don-m8n^) Humming, singing.

Bourre", Fr. (boor-ra). An old dance of Spanish or French
origin.

Brace. The sign j used to connect two or more staves.

Branle, Fr. (bran^-le). An old French dance in 4-4 time

Bratsche, Ger. (ra-tsche). The viola.

Braut-lied, Ger. (browt-\&&). Bridal song.

Bravura, ft. (bra-zw-ra). Dash, brilliancy.

Breit, Ger. (brit). Stately, slow.

Breve. The longest note used in modern music , it is equal
to eight quarter beats or two whole notes. It is written
thus:

Brillante, It (brel-/^-te). Brilliant.

Brindisi, It. (bren-*/<?-ze). Drinkuig-song.

Brio, // (bre-o). Spirit, fire.

Buffa, //. (boof-fa). Comic.

Buona nota, It. (bwo-na no-ta). Accented note.

Btirla, It. (boor-\*). A jest.

Burldsco, It. (boor-/r-ko). Burlesque.

C. The first note of the natural diatonic scale.
Cachticlia, S#. (ka-/^^-tcha). A popular Spanish dance.

5, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but, u, (French).

14 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Cadence. A close, an ending.

Cadenza, It (ka-<?#-tsa). That part of a vocal or instru-
mental solo intended to display the technical ability of
the soloist.

Caisse, Fr. (kass). A drum.

CaUndO, It. (ka-/0-do). Decreasing.

Calcindo, It. (kal-&w*-do). Increasing.

Calma, //. (&z/-ma). Calm.

Cal6re, It, (ka-/<7-re). Warmth.

Canon. A kind of composition in which two or more parts
take up in succession the same melody or subject.

Cantdbile, //. (kan-to-be-le) In a singing style.

Cantando, It. (kan-AJ-do). In a singing style,

Cantilena, It. (kan-ti-/#-na). A ballad or popular song. In
instrumental music the term is used to indicate a flow-
ing, song-like character

Canto, //. (&z#-to). Song; the highest vocal or instru-
mental part.

Canto clef. The C clef when placed on the first line.

C&ntO cromitico, It. (ban-to kro-^-te-ko). Singing in
semitones.

Cinto fe*rmo, It. (kan-to fdr-mo}. A melody given as a
subject for contrapuntal treatment.

Canto fignrlto, It. (&an-to fe-goo ra-to) A figured melody.

Canto fune*bre, //. (&an-to foo-^^-bre) A funeral song.

Canto Gregoridno, It. (&an-to gre-go-re-^-no) The Giego-
rian chant.

CdntO necess^rio, It. (kan-tv na-ches-ja-re-o). A term which

indicates the parts that are to sing through the piece.
Canto prlmo, It. (tan-to jrt-mo). The first treble or so-
prano

a, ale ; a, add; , care; a, arm ; e, eve; e, end; i, tee; i, *//;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 15

Cant6r, //. (kan-^r). A precentor.

Cantrice, It. (kan-/^-che). A female singer.

Cantus, Lat. (&n-tus). A melody.

Canz6na, It. (kan-&0-na). Song, ballad, canzonet.

Capelle, Ger. (ka-^/-le). An orchestra.

Capella aUa, It. (kap-^-la al-la). In church style.

Capellmeister, Ger. (&a-p&-mfrter). Choir-master; con-
ductor of an orchestra.

Capo, It. (ka-po). Beginning or head.

Capriccio, It. (ka/r^-che-o). A composition written in a
capricious style.

Carezzev61e, It. (ka-ret-tsa-ztf-la). Soothingly.

Carillon, Fr (ka-re-y5n^). Chime.

Carita, It. (ka-r-ta). Feeling.

Carmen, Ger. (&zr-men). A song, a tune.

Carol. A name given to songs of praise, joy, and exult a-
tic-n. Of such character are the songs which celebrate
Christmas and Easter.

C&ssa, It. (&w-sa). A bass drum.

Cavatina, It. (ka-va-^-na). A short song. The term is
frequently used by opera composers to indicate a vocal
air of less extent than the aria, and with little or no
embellishment.

Qaxa, S$. (kax-a). A drum.

CeMez, Fr. (sa-da). Decrescendo ; also to follow the voice

Cflere, //. (^J-le-ra). Rapid.

Celeste, Fr (sa-/tf). Celestial, heavenly.

Celestlna, //. (cha-les-^-na). An organ stop.

Cento. A composition formed by selections from one com-
poser's works.

Ces, Ger. (tses). C b.

o, old ; 6, odd; 6, done; oo, moon; u, lute > fi, but; u, (French).

1 6 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Cetra, //. (^ar-tra). A small harp.

Chaconne. An instrumental composition in I time and slow

tempo, usually founded on a ground bass.
Chamade, fr. (sha-jw&/). Signal for a parley or surrender

by beat of drum.
Chamber-music. Vocal or instrumental compositions whose

nature renders them more suitable for performance in a

room or small hall than in halls of large dimension.

Under this head are placed sonatas for one or more

instruments, songs, string-quartets, etc.
Chanson, Fr. (shan^-s6n^). A song.
Chansonnette, Fr. (shan>fc-s5n-7*#). A short song.
Chant de noel, Fr. (shan^ diih no-el). A Christmas carol.
Characterstucke, Ger. (0-rac-ter-shtuck-e). A name given

to short instrumental compositions of a descriptive

style.

Chef, Fr. (shef). Chief.

Chest-register. The lower register of the voice.
Chest tones, i _, f . - _

Chest voice. \ The lowest register of the volce '
Chest, wind. A reservoir in an organ for holding air.
Chiaro, It. (ke--ro). Clear, brilliant tone.
Chiave, It. (ke-o-va). A clef, or key.
Chevrotement, Fr. (she-vr6t-m5n^). A tremor or shake in

singing.

Choeur, Fr. (knhr). Choir, chorus.
Chor, Ger. (kor). Chorus.
Choral. An early German Protestant church hymn-tune, or

a hymn-tune of that style.

Chord. Two or more tones of different pitch united accord-
ing to the laws of harmony.

a, alt; a, add; a, care; a, arm; e, eve; e, end; I, ice ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS I/

Chorus. A body of singers ; also a composition written for
them.

Chroma, Gr. (kro-m*). The chromatic signs

Chromatic. Proceeding by semitones; also relating to
those tones that are foreign to a given key.

Cinq, Fr. (saofck). Five.

Cinque-pace. An old dance having a five-step movement.

Cis, Ger. (tsis). C JL

Claras, Lat. (/0-rus). Loud, clear, bright.

Clave, Lat (&fo-ve). A key , a cleft.

Clavier, Ger. (klayr). The pianoforte.

Clavis, Lat. (/&/-vis). A key, a clef.

Clef. A character placed at the head of the staff to indi-
cate the position of one note, and thereby that of the
remaining notes.

C major. The diatonic scale, or key of C, without flats or
sharps.

C minor. The diatonic scale, or key of C, with the third
and sixth flatted.

C moll, Ger. (tsa moll). The key of C minor

C natural. C without flat or sharp.

C6da, It (&<?-da). A few measures added to the end of a
piece of music

C6da brillante, It. (<?-da brel-/#-te) A brilliant termina-
tion.

Col, //. (koll). With the.

Col basso, It. (k61 &&-so). With the bass.

Col canto, It. (k&l kan-tc>). With the melody or voice.

Colla sinistra, ft (kol-la se-r-tra). With the left hand.

Colla v<5ce, It. (kol-la z^-che). With the voice. The ac-
companist to take the time from the singer.

6, old ; 6, odd } 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; u, (French}.

1 8 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Coll* ottava, It (kol-V ot-fo-va). To be played in octaves.
Coloratura, It. (k6-I5-ra-^f?-ra) Runs, passages, trills, add-
ing brilliancy to a vocal or instrumental composi-
tion

C6me, It. (a-me). As, like.
C6me prima, It. (0-me/r-ma) As at first.
C6me supra, It. (&>me j^-pra). As above.
C6me sta, It. (0-me sta). As it stands. Perform exactly

as written.

Common time. Double or quadruple time.
Common turn. A turn consisting of a principal note, the

note above it, and the note below.

Compass. The range of notes of which any voice or instru-
ment is capable.
Complesso, It (kSm-^/dk-so). A term applied to a chord

which is complete.
Compound intervals. Those which exceed the extent of an

octave.

Con, It. (kfo). With.
Con aband6no, It. (kon a-baWU-no). With passion, with

ardent feeling.

Con animo, It (k3n a-e-mo). With animation.
Concento, It. (k6n-<:/&J#-to). Concord. Harmony of voices

and instruments.
Concerted music. Compositions written for several voices

or instruments.

Concert-master. The leading first violinist of an orchestra.
Concerto. A composition of length for a solo instrument
with orchestral accompaniment, generally in symphonic
form, but with three movements.
Concertstuck, Ger. (kSn-rf^-shtuk) A concert-piece.

a, ale; a, add; a, care; a, arm ; e, eve; e, end; i, ice ; t, *//;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 19

Concomitant sounds. Accessory sounds.

Conductor. One who drills and conducts an orchestra or
chorus.

Consoldnte, 76 (kSn-so-/a'-te). Consoling.

Contera, Sp. (kon-ta-r0). Prelude.

Contra bass. A double bass.

Contralto. (See Alto.) In Germany the term is some-
times used to indicate the lower alto voice.

Cor, Fr. (ko*r). A horn.

C6rchea, Sp. (r-ka-a). A crotchet.

C6rda, It. (#r-da). A string.

C6rnO, It. (&Tr-n5). A horn.

C6ro, //. (v&^ro). Chorus.

Counterpoint. The art of combining two or more melodies
according to the laws which govern polyphonic com-
position.

Counter tenor. High tenor. The highest male voice.

Crescendo, It. (kre-jv&<2-do). Increasing the volume of
sound.

Cr6mmo, It. (krom-mo}. A choral dirge

Crotchet. A quarter-note.

Cue. Music inserted in small notes just before the entrance
of a voice or instrument in concerted music to suggest
the entrance of that part.

Cum cintu, Lat. (kum M-tu). With song.

D. The second note of the natural diatonic scale.
Da, //. (da). By, for, from, of.
Da capo, It. (da 0-po). From the beginning.
Da capo al fine, It. (da po al /?-ne). From the begin-
nmg to the end.

o, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but; u, (French).

20 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Da capo al se*gno, It. (da-0-po al jtf-yo). From the begin-
ning to the sign :g;.

Da capo senza repetizi6ne, / (da &z-po san-tsa
ra-pa-te-tse-^ne). From the beginning without repeji-
tion.

Dagli, It. (dal-ye). '

Dai, //. (da-e).

Dal, It. (dal).

Dall', //. (dall').

To the, by the, from the, for the.

Dalla, It. (MM).

DaUe, ft. (diz/-]a).

DaUo, It. (dal-\Q). J

Dal se"gno, It. (dal sSn-yo). From the sign $. (See Segno.)

Dampfer, Ger. (ddm pfer). A damper, or mute.

Da scherzo, It. (da skdrtefy Lively, playful.

Decdnto, Lat. (da-^-to). To sing, to chant.

Decide", Fr. (da-^-da). Decided.

Declso, ft. (da-^^-zo). Decided, energetic.

Declamando, It. (dek-la-w^-do). In declamatory style.

Decompose", Fr. (da-kSm-^-za). Disconnected.

Decrescendo, It. (da-kre-j^J-do). Decreasing the volume

of sound.

Deficiendo, ft. (da-fe-che-^w-do). Dying away.
Degli, ft. (dal-ye). Of the , than the.
Degree. Any tone of a major or minor scale.
Dei, ft. (da-e). Of the ; than the.
Del', ft. (dal). ^1
Dell% ft. (dalP)- I
Delia, ft. (</<Z/-la). ^ Of the; than the.
Delia, //. (ddl-\t).
DeUo, ft. (<aW6). J

a, ale ; a, add; i, care; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; I, ice ; I, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 21

DeliberAto, It. (de-le-ba-n*-to). Deliberate.

DelicAto, It. (df-e-0-t5). In a delicate style.

Delirio, It. (de-#-re-6). Frenzy.

Deliziosame*nte, It. (de-le-tse-5-za-#*#-te). Dehciously,

sweetly.

Demi, Fr. (de-me). Half.
Depression. The lowering of a tone.
Des, Ger. (des). D b.

Desiderio, It. (da-se-<?-re-6). Desire, longing.
*De*sto, It. (dds-to). Sprightly
Destra, 7*. (^r-tra). Right.
De'tache', Fr. (da-ta-sha). Detached, staccato.
Deux, Fr. (du). Two.

DevdtO, It. (da-w-to). In a devotional style.
Dextra, Lat. \dex-tiB.} . Right.
Di, It. (de). Of, from, to.
Diatonic. A term used to describe the tones of the major

or minor scale.

Di chiaro, It. (de ke-<z-ro). Clearly.
Di colto, //. (de kol-td). At once.
Difficile, It. (def^-che-le). Difficult.
Di gala, It. (de ^-la). Merrily.
DiluendO, //. (de-loo-flr-do). Dying away.
Diminuendo, It. (de-me-noo-<3>-d6). Diminishing in loud-

Di nu<5vo, It. (de noo-J-vo). Again, anew.
Dis, Ger. (dez). D 1
Discant. The treble or soprano voice.
DisinvoltO, It. (dez-en-z><7/-to). Free, graceful.
Distlnto, It. (des-^-to). Distinct.
Divisi, It. (de-ztf-ze). Divided.

5, old; 6, odd j 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute / ii, but ; u, (FrencK).

22 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Dir6to, It. (de-^-to). Devoutly.

Do. The Italian name for C. It is also the name of the
first degree of any scale.

Ddlce, It (^/-che). Sweet, soft.

Dotente, It. (do-/#-te). Plaintive, sad.

Dolo*re, It. (ds^-re'). Grief.

Dolor6*SO, It. (do-ld>0-26). Sorro-wful.

Dominant. The fifth note in the scale.

Donner une serenade, Fr. (don-na un ser-en-^jT) To
serenade.

Ddpo, It. (</<?-po). After.

Doppel, Ger. (^-p'l). Double.

Doppio, It. (^>-pe-o). Double.

Dtfppio movime*nto, It (^>-pe-5 mo-ve-mn-to). Twice as

fast.

Double. An obsolete term for variation.
Doucement, Fr. (dooM&i&h}. Gently, softly.
Doux, Fr. (doo). Gentle, soft.
Doux mais soutenu, Fr. (doo ma j^-te-nii). Soft but

sustained.

Drangend, Ger, (drdn-gsud). Hurrying, hastening.
Drei, Ger. (dri). Three.

Dreiklang, Ger. (^f-klang). Three tones, a triad.
Dreist, Ger. (drist). Bold.
Dreigstigkeit, Ger. (^w-tig-kit). Boldness.
Dreistimmig, Ger. (</j-tim-mig). For three parts, or

voices,

Drohne, Ger. (dro-r) A heavy tone. A drone,
Droit (e), Fr. (drwd). Right.
Due, It (doo-e). Two.
Dulcet. Soft.

a, ale; a, add; , care , a, arm; e, eve; e, end; I, *; T, til;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 2$

Dumph, Ger. (doomph). Of a dull, hollow sound.

Duolo, ft (dvuo-\Q). Sadness, melancholy.

Duple. Double

Double rhythm. Rhythm of two beats to a measure.

Dur, Ger. (door) Major.

Durale, It. (doo-ra-le). Harsh.

Durame'nte, It (doo-ra-w^-te). Harshly.

Durch, Ger. (doorkh). Through.

Durchfuhrung, Ger. (afc0rA&-fu-roongk). The development

of a theme.

Duster, Ger. (dus-ter). Gloomy.
Dux, Lett (dux). The subject or theme of a fugue.

E. The third tone in the natural diatonic scale.
E, It And

Ebollime'nto, It. (a-b61-le-w0>z-to). A sudden and impas-
sioned display of emotion.

Eccheggiante, It (ek-kad-je-a^-tS). Echoing, resounding.
Eclat, Fr. (&-kla). Same as Brio.
Ed, It (ad). And.

Egalite 1 , Fr. (a-^vzV-e-ta). Evenness, smoothness.
Eilen, Ger. (I-l'n) To hasten.
Eilig, Ger (i-lig) In a humed style.
Ein, Eins, Ger (in, ins). One.
Einfach, Ger (Jw-fakh). Simple.
Einhalten, Ger. (F-hal-t'n). To pause.
Einleitung, Ger (f^-li-toongk). Introduction.
Einschlafen, Ger. (f-shla-f n). To die away.
Eis, Ger (Is). E *

Elegante, Fr and It (el-a-vi-te). Elegant, graceful.
Eleganza, It. (el &-ga,n tsa) Elegance

o, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon. ; u, lute ; ii, but ; u, (French}.

24 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Elego, Sp. (el--go). Plaintive.

Elevito, It. (el-e-^-to). Lofty, sublime.

Emerillonne', Fr. (a-ma-ril-^-na) Brisk, lively.

Empater les sons, Fr. (an^-pa-ta la son^) To produce a

very smooth and suave legato.

Empfindungsvoll, Ger (emp/fo-doongs-fSl) With emo-
tion.

Emphaticiue, Fr. (an&-fa-#>&), Emphatic. .
Emporte*, Fr. fan^-po'r-ta). Carried away by feeling.
Empress^, Fr. (an/fc-pres-sa). Eager, in haste
En elargissant, Fr. (an a-lar-shis-san^) . Same as allargando.
Energia, It. (en-dr-je-a.). Energy.
JEn^rgico, It. (en-^e-ko). Vigorous.
Enfasi, It (en^-ze). Emphatic.
Enfler, Fr (pxJL-fld} To increase the tone.
Engfuhrung, Ger. (eng^^-roongk). The stretto in a fugue
Enharmonic. A term used to indicate a change in name,
but not in pitch of any tone, interval, chord, or scale.
Thus, for example, the note C may be named B ft or
Dbb.

Enjoue*, Fr. (anA-zhoo-a). Cheerful, gay.
Ensemble music. Concerted music. Music intended for

more than one performer.
En serrant, Fr. (an ser-ran^). Pressing.
Entr'acte, Fr. (an^-tr 7 akt) Music intended for perform-
ance between the acts of an opera or play.
Entschlafen, Ger. (gnt-jv^P n). Diminuendo.
Entschlossen, Ger (ent-jA/Jj-s'n) In a determined manner.
En voz, Sp. (en voth). In voice,
E poi, It (a po-e). And then.
Equibile, It. (e-0wa-be-le'). Equal, smooth.

a, ale; a> add; &, care ; a, arm ; e, eve; e, end f i, ice; *, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 2$

Erfreulich, Ger. (er-froi-lik^). Joyful.
Ergriffen, Ger (er-gr#T n). Affected, stirred
Erhaben, Ger. (er-/fo-b'n). Lofty, sublime.
Ermunterung, Ger. (er-w^w-te-roongk). Animation.
Ernst, Ger. (ernst). Earnest, serious, grave.
Er6ico, It. (er-0-i-ko). Heroic.
Erotic. Amatory. A love-song.
Erst, Ger. (erst). First.
Ersterben, Ger. (Sr-^//r-b'n ) To die away.
Erweckung, Ger. (er-^-oongk) Awakening, animatioa
Es, Ger. (az) Ek
Esatto, It (ez-^-to). Exact, true.
Esempio, ft. (ez-aw-pe-o). Example.
Eses, Ger. (az-az). EW>.
Esitame'nto, //. (ez-e-ta-zJ-to). Hesitation.
Esonare, //. (ez-or-?w-re). To adorn.
Espirando, //. (es-pe-r-do) Expiring, dying away.
Espressi6ne, // (es-pras-se-J-ne). Expression.
Espressfvo, It. (es-pras-^-vo). Expressive.
EstiBguendo, It. (es-ten-^w^-do). Dying away.
Estlnto, //. (es-^w-to). Hardly audible.
Estrinci^ndo, It. (es-tren-che-Jw-do), Playing with decis-
ion

Estrini^nda, It (es-tre-ne-Jw-da). Very legato.
Et, Lat. and Fr. And.
Eteinte, Fr. (a-tany%t). Died away.
Etendre, Fr. (a-tan^dr) To extend.
EtoufEe 1 , Fr. (a-toof-fa). Stifled, muffled.
Etwas, Ger. (//-vas). Somewhat, rather.
Eutimia, It. (yoo-^-me-a). Vivacity.
EveUU, Fr. (a-va-ya), lively.

o, old ; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute; u, but ; ii, (FrencX).

26 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Exposition. Development.

Erpressif, Fr. (ex-pres-j|/"). Expressive

P. The fourth tone in the natural diatonic scale.
Pa. The syllable used for the note F in the " -fixed do *
system of notation ; it is also the name of the fourth
degree of the diatonic scale.
FabeTla, Lot. (fa-^/-la). An interlude.
Facile, Fr (fa-j*/) and It. (fa-r/SMe), Easy.
Facilite, It. (fa-chel-e-ta). )
Facility Fr. (fa-se-le-/J). )
Faible, Fr. (^-bl) Weak.
Faire, Fr. (far). To execute.

Falsetto, // (fal-j-^to). The highest register of a voice.
Fanfare. A flourish of trumpets or a trumpet-call. The
term is also used as the title of an instrumental com-
position composed in the style of the above
, It. (fan^oj-te-ko). ) ^ .

.(fan-tas-4 FantaStlC - In a fantastlc
Fantastisch, Ger. (fan-Aw-tish). ^ manner -
Farandole, Fr. (fa-ran^-^7). A lively dance of Southern

France in 6-8 time.
Fast6so, It. (fas-^-zo). Pompous.
Feier, Gtr. C/?-er). Festival.

Feier-gesang, Ger. (,/F-er-ghe-ja^). Festival hymn.
Feierlich, Ger. (/iT-gr-likh). Festive, solemn.
Fein, Ger. (fin). Delicate, refined
Fennamente, It. (fir-ma-awJw-te). With firmness.
FermAta, It. (f&.r-ma-t'a). A pause, hold, interruption
Fermo, It. (/2r-mo). Firm, decided.
Fcr6ce, It. (fa-rJ-che). WUd, fierce.

a, ale ; a, add; & care ; 'a, arm; e, eve ; e, end; I, ice; i, *//;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 2/

Ferve*nte, //. (fir-0dte-te). Fervent, passionate.

Fes, Ger (fes). Fi>.

Fest, Ger. (fest). A festival.

Feste, Ger. (y&-te). )

Festigkeit, G*r. (/^tig-kit). ) Firmness -

Festiglich, G*r. (/&M:ig-likh). Firmly.

Festlich, Ger. (/2tf-likh). Solemn.

Festlichkeit, Ger. (/tf-likh-kit) Solemnity.

Feuer, Ger. (/-er). Fire, passion.

Fidcco, It. (fe-0-ko). Languishing.

Fiducia, 7?. (fe-dfo?-che-a) Boldness.

Fier, ^. (fl-ar). Proud, haughty.

Fiero, //. (fe-^-ro). Wild, fierce.

Fifth.. An interval containing five degrees.

Figura, //. (fe-goo-ra) A motive , a group of notes.

Figurate counterpoint, It (fe-goo-n*-te). Counterpoint con-

sisting of somewhat rapid phrases or figures containing

changing and passing notes.
Fin, Fr. (faiLfc). End, close
Finale, It (fe-#-le). Last movement of a vocal or instru-

mental composition ; also the closing number of an act

in an opera.

Fine, It (fi-r&). End, close.
Flno, It. (/^-no). Till, up to, as far as.
Finqui, It (fen-que). To this place.
Fioche'ttO, // (fe-6-#-to). Faint, veiled.
Fiorito, It (fe-o-rMo). Florid, embellished.
Fis, Ger (is). Ft

Fistel, Ger. (/^r-t'l). Feigned voice. Falsetto.
Flat. A character (b) which when placed before a note

lowers it a half-tone.

6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French}.

28 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

FlSbile, It. (^if-be-le). Mournful.

Flessfbile, It. (nes-x-be-le). Flexible.

Floreo, Sp. 020-ra-o). A flourish.

Florid. A term given to music embellished with figures,

runs, etc.

Fliichtig, Ger. (Jlukh-tig). Lightly, hastily.
Flute*e, Fr, (Jtu-ta.). Soft, sweet,
F6co, //. (/0-ko). Fire, ardor.
Focoslssimo, It (fo-ko-^j-se-mo). Very ardently.
Fois, &. (fwa). Time.
Folatre, Fr. (io-ldtr). Playful, lively.
Fdrte, // (y^-te). Ix>ud

Forte possibilc, It. (for-ie. p6s-^-be-l^). As loud as possible.
Fort&za, //. (for-^/-za). Force.
Fortissimo, //. (for-ter-se-mo) Very loud.
Ffirtsingen, Ger. (j9r#-smg-en). To continue singing.
Ftaa, It {/fcr-tsa). Force.
Forzindo, // (for-zte-do). A term used when a note or

chord is to be strongly accented.
Forzare, It (for-jf^re). To strengthen.
Fourth. An interval containing four degrees.
Franche*zza, It. (fran-&2/-za). Confidence, freedom.
Fred6nner, Fr. (fra-^Jw-na). To trill, to shake.
Frei, Ger. (fri). Free.

Frescame*nte, It. (fres-ka^wJ-tS), Vigorously.
Fr&co, It (/rfr-ko). Vigorous.
Fr^tta, It. (fr/MZ). Haste, speed.
Freude, Ger. t/hy-de) Joy.

Freudengesaag, Ger. (froy~#n-gl-s$ngk). Song of joy.
Freudig, Ger. (./r^-dlg). Joyful.
Friscli, Ger. (frish). lively, vigorous.

a, ale ; a, add; > care; a, arm; e, eve ; S, end ; I, ice ; i, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 2$

PrivolO, ft. (/r*-vo-l6). Frivolous, trifling.

Frohlich, Ger. (/rtf-Hkh). Joyous, gay.

Funebre, Fr. (hi~n2dr). Funereal, mournful.

Punf-stimmig, Ger. (^^shtim-mig). For five parts..

Fu6co, It. (foo-0-ko) Fire, spirit.

Furia, //. (foo-xe-a). Fury, passion.

Furib6ndo,

Furi6so, A

Fur6re, It. (foo-^J-re). Fury, passion, vehemence.

Fusa, Lai. (fu-s&). A quaver.

Fuss, Ger. (foos). Foot.

G. The fifth tone in the natural diatonic scale.

Gagliardo, // (gal-ye-r-do). Gay, brisk.

Gai, Fr. (ga). Lively, gay.

Gajamente, It. (ga-ya-^ar-te). Gaily, cheerfully.

Galante, Fr. (ga-larL%) and It (ga-/<wz-te). Graceful.

Galanterstyl, Ger. (ga-torf-e'r-shtel). Free style ; ideal style.

Gamut. A scale, or staff ; also an old English term for the

key of G.

Ganz, Ger. (gants). Whole, entire; also, all, very.
Ganz langsam, Ger. (gdnts /a--sam). Very slowly.
Ganze note, Ger. (^viw-tse <J-te) A whole note.
Garbatame'nte, //. (gar-ba-ta-w<f-te) GracefuUy.
Gargantear, Sp. (gar-^-a-te-ar). To quaver; to warble.
Gauche, Fr. (gozh). Left.
Gaud&ite, // (ga-oo-^w-tg). )
Gaudi6so, //. (ga-oo-de-^zo). ) J y ous *
Gaym6nte, Sj>. (ghe-w<ar-te). Gaily, lively.
G-clef. The character used to fix the position of one

lined G on the staff ; also called treble-clef.

6, old; 6 t odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (French}.

3O -PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Gebrdchen, Ger. (ghe-^kh'n). Broken, arpeggioed.
Gebr6chene akkdrde, Ger (ghe-r<?-kh'n ak-^r-de). Broken

chords

Gebunden, Ger. (ghe-&ww-d'n). Tied, legato.
Gedampft, Ger. ($-d$mj>ft}. Muted.
Gefallen, Ger. (ghfr/S/- 1 *). Pleasure, liking.
Gefallig, Ger (ghe-^/-lig). Graceful
Gefuhl, Ger. {$&-Jukl). Emotion, expression.
Gehalten,^. (ghe-^/-t'n). Held, sustained
G&end, Ger (^v?-end) Andante
Gteldssen, Ger (ghe-Ias-$ty. Calm.
Gelaufig, Ger. (ghe-/(?ji/-fig) Fluent.
Oelaufigkeit, Ger. (ghe-/rf;j>-fzg-klt). Celenty, fluency,velocity.
Gemdchsam, Ger. (ghe-zw^-sam). ) Comfortable, easy-
Gemachlicli, Ger (ghe-?w^^-likh) ) going.
GemaMig, Ger. (ghe-w^-lig) By degrees.
Gemassigt, Ger. (ghe-wtff-sigt). Moderate
Gemuth, Ger. (ghS-mut). Sotd, feeling.
Gemuthlich., Ger. (ghe-0s#likh). Expressive.
Gener^so, It (ja-ne-r0-zo). Noble, dignified
GentU, Fr. (zKan^tel). ) p
Gentile, It. (jen-tf-le). \ GraCeful
Geride taktart, Ger (ghe-r-de takt-irt). Common time.
Geriesel, Ger. (ghe-r^-z'l). A soft, murmuring sound.
Ges, Ger. (ghes). Gb.
Gesang, Ger. (gh-sang&). Art of singing; song, hymn,

melody, air.

Geschick, Ger. (ghe-jv^). Skill, dexterity.
Gesc&leift, Ger. ($&rshKft). Slurred, legato.
Geschwlnd, Ger (g\-skvfnd). Rapid, swift.
Gesteigert, Ger. (ge-j^-ghert). Crescendo.

a, ale , a, add; i, care; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; i, ice ; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS - 31

Getheilt, Ger. (ghe-tf#) ) _. . , _
). J Dmded *

-g'n). )

n). \ Sustamed

Geteilte, Ger (gh&aft).

Getragen, Ger. (

Gez6gen, Ger. (get-^n).

Getrost, G*r. (ghe-&-<?.tf). Confidently.

Giochevole, It. (je-6-&?-vo-le). Playfully

Giocolannente, It. (je-6-k6-lar-^J#-te). Merrily.

Giocondam&ite, It (je-o-kon-da-/d;w-tg) Joyfully, gaily.

Gioc6ndo, It. (3e-o-y&<?-d6). Gay.

Gioc6so, It. (je-o-^-zo). Playful.

Gi6ja, It. (je-<?-ya). Joy.

Gioviale, It (]e-o-ve-^-le). Jovial, cheerful

Gis, Ger. (ghls). Gi

Giubil6so, ft. (joo-be-/J-2o) Jubilant.

Giuocante, It. (joo-6-^-te). Playful.

Giusto, ft. (joos-io). Suitable, stnct, (tempo-giusto), exact.
Allegro giusto, moderately fast.

Giuste*zza, //. (joos-/5if-sa). Precision.

Glatt, Ger (glat). Smooth, even.

Gleich, Ger. (glikh). Alike, equal.

Gleichstimmig, Ger. (#&/&-shtIm-mig). Harmonious

Gleiten, Ger. (//"-t J n). To glide.

Glissando, ft. (gles-jw-do) Gliding.

Gl<5sa, Sp. (glo-zv.). A variation.

Gorgeggio, It. (gSr-^Jaf-je-o). A trill, a shake, in singing.

Gout, Fr. (goo). Taste, style.

Grace. An embellishment not essential to the melodic or
harmonic structure of a composition. The long appog-
giatura is an exception ; it was written as a small
(grace) note in order to evade the rule against the use
of unprepared dissonances.

o, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but; u, (French).

32 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Gracieux, Fr frm-si-un). )
Gricile, ft. <^-che-le). >
Gradualme'nte, /A (gra-doo-al-#?J-te). )

). )

Graduellement, jP

Grand, Fr. (gran/4). Large, great.

Grand&za, It. (gran-c?iZsa). Dignity, grandeur.

Grandi<5so, //. (gran-de-<?-zo). Grand, majestic.

Grin gusto, It* (gran^wj-to). Lofty, elevated.

Grati6so, It. (gra-te--z6). Grazioso.

Grave, Fr. (grS.v) and It. (gra-vty. One of the slowest

Tempos. A term used to denote a slow and serious

movement.

Graviaonante, It. (gra-ve-zo-4-te). Loud sounding.
Grazia, //. (^-^-tse-a). Grace
Grazi6so, It. (gra-tse-^-zo). Graceful.
Greater. Major.
Grell, Ger. (grell). Shrill, acute.
Grob, Ger. (grob). Low voice, bass.
Gross, Ger. (gros). Great, grand, major.
Gruppe'tto, It. (grup-/5-to). At the present time this term is

given to the turn and various groups of grace-notes.
Guerriero, //. (gwer-re-J-ro). Martial.
Gunst, Ger. (goonst). Tenderness.
Gusto, It. (goos-to). Taste.

H. Ger. The note B.

Hallen, Ger. (^<z/4'n). To sound, to clang.
Halt, Ger. (halt). A hold (/*).
Hirdiment, Fr. (^^r-dl-man^). Boldly.
Harmdmeux, Fr. (har-w^nl-wy5). Harmonious.
Harm6nisch, Ger. (har-?^nish). Harmonic.

a, ale; a, add; a\ fare; 3, arm; e, eve; e, end; I, ice; i, ^tt;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 33

Harmony. The art of combining tones of different pitch,
and the placing in their correct position and relation of
the chords so formed.

Hart, Ger. (hart). Hard, major.

Hart-Minfend, Ger. (kbrt-kttng-vu$). Harsh.

Hate, Fr. (hat). Haste, speed.

Haupt, Ger (ho-wpt). Head, chief, principal

Haut, Fr. (ho). High, acute.

Head voice. The upper register of the voice.

HSftig, Ger. (^-tig). Passionate, violent.

Heimlich, Ger. (/fcf/w-Hkh). Mysterious

Heiss, Ger (hiss) Ardent.

Heiter, Ger. (^f-ter) Serene, cheerful.

Hell, Ger (hel). Clear, bright.

Helle stimrae, Ger. (Ml-lt s&tfm-me). A clear voice.

Heraufgehen, Ger (har-0a/-ga*n). To ascend.

Heroic. Grand, noble, bold.

Herv6*rgeh6ben, Ger. (har^?r-ghe-^5-b J n). Brought into
prominence.

Herv6rhe*bend, Ger. (h&i-jfer-M-bend). \ Bringing into prom-

Herv6rtretend, Ger. (har^r-tre-tend). ) inence.

Herzig, Ger. (hert-zl$. )

). J y *

HSrzlich, Ger

Hirtlich, Ger (Mrt-likh). Pastoral.

His, Ger. (his). Bt

Hoch, Ger, (hokh). High, acute.

Hochfeierlich, Ger (<?& : /7-e'r-likh). Very solemn.

H6dxnmth, Ger. (y&0-moot). Pride, dignity.

H5he, Ger (^-he). High pitch ; high register.

H6heit f Ger. (M-hit). Dignity.

Hold. The character /^ placed over or under a note indi-

5, old; 8, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French}.

34 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

eating that such a note is to be prolonged beyond its
time-value. The hold is also placed over a bar or
double-bar indicating a pause before proceeding to the
next measure or movement. It may also indicate
the end of the composition.

Homophone, Fr The enharmonic of any tone, as f of e5,
g of fx.

Homophonic. In modern music a term used for composi-
tions in plain harmony.

Humoresque. ? A title given to compositions of a humorous

Eumoreske. ) or fantastic style.

Hurtig, Ger. (7ioor-tig}. Quick, swift.

Hymn. A religious or sacred song, usually intended to be
sung by a congregation.

n, //. (el). The.

IlariU, It. (e-lar-e-Az). Hilarity

II piu f6rte possible, It. (el j>-oo fir-ie p5s-j-be-le). As

loud as possible.
H volteggidre, It. (el vol-ted-je-a-re). Crossing the hands in

playing the piano.
Immer, Ger. (i3w-mer). Always.
Impati&ite, It. (em-pa-te--te). Restless, vehement.
Imperitfso, It. (em-pa-re ^zo). Haughty, lofty.
ImpetO, // (^-pe-to). Impetuosity.
Impetu6so, //. (em-pa-too-<?-zo) Impetuous.
Impon^nte, It (em-po-J-te). Imposing, impressive.
In, It. and Ger. Into, in
Inacutlre, It (en-'a-koo-^-re'). To make sharp.
Inbrunst, Ger. (^z-broonst). Ardor, fervor.
Inbrunstig, Ger (r-bnins-tig). Ardent, fervent

a, ak ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; i, tee ; i, HI;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 35

Incalzando, It. (en-cal-z#-do). Increasing in time and tone

Incantable, Sp (en-kan-Az-ble). Cannot be sung.

Inconsolato, //. (en-kon-sd-/0-to). Disconsolate.

Indeciso, It. (en-de-^-zo). Undecided.

Indegnato, //. (en-dan-^a-to). Furiously.

Indiffere*nte, //. (en-def-feV<2-te). Indifferent, careless

Infernale, //. (en-far--l^). Infernal.

Infervor&to, It (en-far-vo-r<z-to). Fervent, impassioned.

Infiammatame*nte, It. (en-fe-am-ma-ta-^Jw-te). In an ex-
cited manner.

In fre*tta, It. (en/r#-ta). In haste.

Infuriinte, //. (en-foo-re-<z-te). Furious.

Infuiidto, //. (en-foo-re-a-to). Enraged.

Inge'gno, It. (en-^iw-yo). Skill, discretion.

Inhalt, Ger. $n-halt}. Conception, subject matter.

Innig, Ger (#s-mg). Fervent, intense.

Innigkeit, Ger. (#z-nig-kit). Fervency of feeling.

Inno, // (en-no). Hymn.

Innoc^nte, //. (en-no-^<f-te). Natural.

In<iuie*to, It. (en-que-^-to). Restless.

Insensibile, It. (en-sen-^-be-le). Imperceptible.

Insist^ndo, It (en-ses-Afw-do). Urgently.

Instandig, Ger. (in-^/z-dig). ) __

Instdnte, It. (en-j-tow-te). ) Ur ^ ent -

Instantemtete, It. (en-stan-te-w<2-te). Instantly.

Instrumentation. The art of composing, arranging, or
adapting music for several instruments of various
kinds. Orchestration.

In tSmpo, It. (en tSm-^o). In time.

Intenzion&to, It. (en-tan-tse-6-#a-to). With emphasis.

Intercalate, It. (en-tar-ka-/#-re). The burden of a song.

6, old; 5, odd; 6, done; oo, moon; u, lute ; u, but; ii, (French},

36 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Interlude. An instrumental strain played after the stanza

of a hymn or song. An intermezzo.
Intermede, Fr. (an/fc-ter-w&O Interlude.
Intermezzo, It. (en-tar-^^-so). A title given to instru-
mental compositions of various kinds, also to certain
short movements in a symphony or suite ; an interme-
diate movement.

Interrtftto, It. (en-tar-raf-to). Interrupted, broken.
Lnterruzi6ne, It. (en-tar-root-se-0-ne). Interruption.
Interval. The difference in pitch between two tones
Intimo, //. (*-te-mo) . Heartfelt.
Intonire, It. (en-t6-#0-re). To sound the keynote.
Intonation. Tone production, either vocal or instrumental.
Intonate, It. (en-to--to). Set to music
Intracla, ft. (en-rfra-da). A prelude.
Intrepido, It (en-^&pe-do). Bold.

Invention. A title given to short instrumental pieces in
free contrapuntal style in which the theme or subject
was developed according to the composer's pleasure.
Ira, It. (e-ra). Anger, passion.

Iratamente, It. (e-ra-ta-w##-te). Angrily, passionately.
Irresoltito, It. (er-ra-zo-/00-to). Hesitating, irresolute.
Iste"sso t&npo, It. (es-Afr-so ftfw-po). Same time. A term
which indicates that the tempo of either the measure
or measure-note remains the same as before, even
though the time-signature is changed It is also used
to indicate a return to the former tempo after an inter-
ruption of the movement.

IstrepitO, con, It. (es-M-pe-to). With noise and bluster
Italian mordent. A short shake, or trill.
I troyatori, // (e tro-va-ri?-re). The troubadours

a, ale; a, add; a, care; a, arm; e, eve; e, end; I, ice; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 37

Jaeger-chor, Ger. (^-gher-kor) Hunting chorus.

Jagd, Ger. (yagd). Hunting.

Jagdhorn, Ger. (yagd-horn). Hunting horn.

Jagdstuck, Ger. (yagd-shtuk). Hunting-piece.

Jauchzend, Ger. (yow&A-tseud) Shouting, joyful.

Jouer, Fr. (zhoo-a). To play.

Jubilate. The looth psalm.

Jugue*te, Sp. (hoo-yoo-#-te). A carol.

Juste, Fr. (zhust). True, just, accurate.

Kddenz, Ger. (&z-denz). Cadence.

Kdmmer, Ger (kam-rt&r). Chamber or small hall.

K&nmer-conce'rt, Ger. (^zw-mer-kon-taTr/) Chamber con-
cert.

Kdmm.er-mtisik, Ger. (&zw-mer-#*0<7-zik). Chamber music.

Kammer-styl, Ger. (&m-mer-shtel). Chamber music style.

Kdnon, Ger. (&a-non). Canon.

Keck, Ger. (kek). Bold.

Keckheit, Ger. (m-hlt}. Boldness, dash.

Kehle, Ger. (kd-lo] The voice, the throat.

Kettentriller, Ger. (/&^t j n-tril-ler). A chain of trills.

Key. The succession of tones which form the major or
minor scale

Key-note. The tonic, or first degree of a diatonic scale.

Key signature. The sharps or flats placed after the clef.
The exceptions to this definition are the keys of
C major and A minor, which have no sharps or flats
placed after the clef.

Kinderscenen, Ger. (/&-der-san-en). Scenes of childhood.

Kinderstucke, Ger. (#2-der-shtu-ke) Compositions for
children.

o, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but; \\ (French}

38 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Kindlich, Ger. (^fc^-likh). Childlike , with unaffected sim-
plicity.

Kirchenmusik, Ger. (,&Kkh J n-#w0-zik). Church-music.
Klage, Ger. (&ta-ghe). Lamentation
Klang, Ger (klang). A sound or tone
Klang-saal, Ger. (klang-sal). Concert-room.
Klarfceit, Ger (&Zar-hlt). Clearness.
Klarlicfc, Ger. (/^-likh). Clearly.
Klayier, Ger. (kla;/*??'). In modern usage, a pianoforte of

any kind.

Klein, Ger. (klm). Small ; minor.
Klingbar, Ger. (/j%--bar). Resonant.
Kdmisch, Ger (y&ww-ish). Comical.
Eomponieren, Ger. (kom-p6-<?-ren). To compose
Kompdnist, Ger. (kom-/nlst). Composer.
Konz^rt, Ger. (kon-fofr^). Concert; concerto.
Konz^rtmeister, Ger. (kdn-tsfrt-mts-ter). Leader, first

violin.

Kopf, Ger. (kopf). Head.
Kopfstimme, Ger. (^^/"-shtim-me). Head-voice.
Kraft, Ger, (kraft). Energy, force.
Kraftig, Ger. (^r^tig). Vigorous.
Kriegeriscli, Ger (^r^-gher-ish). Martial, -warlike.
Kriegs-gesaag, Ger. (kregs-g&-sangk\ \
Kriegs-lied, Ger. (kregs-led) \

Kulm, Ger (kun). Short.
Kunst, Ger. (koonst). Art
Kurz, Ger. (koorts). Short.
Kurzen, Ger. (^a/r-tsen) To abridge.
Kurz und bestimmt, Ger. (koorts oond \&-sktfmt). Short
and decided.

a, ale ; a, add; &> care ; a, arm ; e, eve j g, end; 2, ice ; i, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 39

Kurzung, Ger. (>&r-tsoongk). Abbreviation

La, Fr. and ft. (la). The note A ; also the sixth degree

of the diatonic scale.

La chasse, Fr. (la shass) Hunting style.
Lacrim6so, It. (Ia-cre-#z0-z6). )
Lagnev61e, // (lan-ya-^-le). 5 McmrnfuL
La destra, It (la a^r-tra) The right hand.
Lamentabile, //. (la-men-fo-be-le). >

Lamentando, // (la-mgn^-do). I In a sad, lamenting
LamenteVole, //. (la-men-&?-v6-le) | style.
Lament6so, // (la-men-^-zo). J

Lampons, Fr. (lan^-pon^). Drinking songs.
Landler, Ger (land-It*). A slow waltz belonging to South

Germany and Austria.
Land-lied, Ger. (/0W-led). A rustic song.
Langsam, Ger (teg-sam). Slow.
Langsamer, Ger. (/#--sa-mer). Slower.
Languem^nte, It. (lan-gue-wJw-te). Languishingly.
Langu^ndo, // (lan-^Jw-do). \

Langu^nte, //. (lan-^Jw-te). > Plaintive, languishing.
Languido, It. (/a-gue-do). )
Largam^nte, It (l"ar-ga-zJ-te). In a broad style without

changing the time. [marked.

Largando, It. (lar-d-do). Somewhat slower and more
Large, Fr. (larzh). Sostenuto.
Largh^ttO, It. (lar-^tftf-to). A movement not quite so slow

as large.

Larghlssimo, It. (lar-^^-se-mo). Extremely slow.
Largo, //. (far-go) Broad, slow, and stately ; the slowest

tempo-mark.

o, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, luU , u, but ; u, (French).

40 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Lastimosame*nte, Sp. (las-te-mo-za-w^-te) In a doleful

manner.
La str&ta, It (la strdt-^. A term indicating that a pas

sage is to be played in quicker time
Laufer, Ger. (/w-fer). A run. 1
Launenstuck, Ger. (low-nen-shtuk). A voluntary.
Launig, Ger (/0w-nlg). In a light, gay, humorous style,
Laut, Ger. (lowt). Loud; a sound.
Lauten, Ger. (/0>-t'n). To nng, to sound.
La v6ce, It. (la zv-che). The voice. "
Lay. A melody, song, or tune.
Le, Fr. and It. (le). The.

Lead. A cue; also the giving-out of a theme by one part.
Leader. Conductor.
Leading-note. The seventh degree of the major and har-

monic minor scales
Leaning-note. Appoggiatura.
Le*ben, Ger. (/-b'n). Life, vivacity.

Lecon, Fr. (Ia-s6n^). A lesson, study.

Leere Saiten, Ger. (lar sl-t'n) Open strings.

LegAbile, It. (IS-^z-be-lej. Smooth.

Legando, It (le-^zw-do). Slurring.

Legdre, It. (le-^z-re). To slur, or bind.

Legatfssimo, It. (le-ga-^j-se-mo). Very smooth and con-

nected.

Legito, It. (le-^a-to). In a smooth and connected manner.
Legato assai, //, (le^-to as-sa-e). Very close and con-

nected.
Legatura, // (le-ga-^<?-ra). A tie ; a syncopation.

*,ale; a, add; i, care; a, arm; e,eve; e, end; i, tee; I, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 4!

Legcr, Fr. (la-zha). ) u

LSgere, Fr. (la-zha^r) ) 5 "

Le*gerete\ Fr. (la-s/W-re-ta). Agility, lightness.

Legge*nda, It. (led^w-da). A legend, a tale.

Leggere*zza, It. (led-jer-JAtsa) Lightness.

Leggerme'nte, It. (led-jer-wJw-te). Lightly.

Legge*ro, It. (led/J-ro). With hghtness.

Leggiadrame'nte, It. (led-je-a-dra-wJ-te) Elegantly, grace-
fully.

Leggiddro, It. (led-je-o-dro). Brisk and cheerful.

Leggierame*nte, It. (Ied-je4r-a-*tf<2>;4e). -\

Leggiermtete, It. (led-je-er-wJ-te). ( Lightly.

Leggie*ro, It. (led-je-^-ro). )

Leicht, Ger. (likht). Light, brisk, easy.

Leidenschaft, Ger. (^-d^n-shaft). Passion, vehemence, fer-
vency.

Leidenschaftlich, Ger. (/f^-en-shaft-llkh). Passionately.

Leise, Ger. (/f-ze). Soft, low.

Leitakkord, Ger. (ttt-ak.-kord). Leading chord, one that
suggests its own resolution.

Letter, Ger. (#-ter). Scale.

Leiter-fremd, Ger. (/f-ter-fremd). Accidental flats or sharps -
which do not belong to the key.

Leitm6tiv, Ger. (lrt-#zJ-tIf). Leading motive. A musical
phrase used to indicate a character or an incident in
an opera, oratorio, or music drama. The leitmotiv is
also found in various pieces of program-music.

Leit-ton, Ger. (#t6n). Leading-note.

L6no, It. (let-no). Faint, feeble.

Lent, Fr. (lan/5). Slow.

Lentame*nte, It. (len-ta-7dTw-te). Slowly.

5, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French).

42 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Lentando, //. (len-&z#-do). Slackening the tims.

Lentement, Fr. (lan^t-man>&) )

Lenteme'nte, It (lan-te-z>z-te). )

Lenteur, Fr. (lanMur). ) Slowness

Lente*zza, It (len-A#-tsa). J

Lentissimo, It (len-#j-se-mo). Very slow.

Le"nto, It. (tdn-tv). Slow.

Lesser. Minor, smaller.

Ustamente, //, (l$s-ta^^/-te). Brisldy.

Lestfeza, It. (les-/^-tsa). Briskness.

Lestissimo, //. (les-^f-se-mo). Very brisk.

I&to, It. (/^f-to). Lively, brisk.

Letterale, //. (let-te-r-le). Literal.

Letteralme*nte, It. (let-ter-al-wJw-te). Literally.

Leve*zza, It. (le-^^-tsa). Lightness, levity.

Liaison, Fr. (le a-zori^). A tie.

Liberamente, It. (le-bg-ra-w^-te). ) FreeJ easi]

Librement, Fr. (lebr-manh). ) ^ J "

Llbero, It (/^-be-ro). Free, unrestrained.

Li6, Fr. (li-5). Tied, legato.

Liebeslied, Ger. <#-bes-led). Love-song.

Lieblich, Ger. (/^-likh). Sweet, lovely, charming.

Lie*, coulant, Fr. (li-akoo-lan). Slurred, flowing.

Lied, Ger. (led). Song.

Liedchen, Ger. (/^-kh'n). A short song.

Lieder-buch, Ger. (#-der-bookh). Song-book.

Lieder-dichter, Ger. (-der-<#&&-ter). Song-writer.

Lieder-kreis, Ger. (/<?-der-kris). A senes of songs.

Lieder otne Worte, Ger. (/^-der ^ne wr-te). Songs without

words.
Lieder-flpiel, Ger. (#-der-shpel). An operetta,

a, ale; a, add; a, ^n?; a, arm; e, ^/^/ e, end; I, w/ i, ///,-

OF MUSICAL TERMS 43

Lieder tafier, Ger. (/<?-der A?-fler). Glee-singers.

Ligdto, It. (le-^a-to) Legato.

Ligature. A group of notes to be sung to one syllable, in

one breath, or phrased legato. Also a tie or syncopa-

tion

Linke Hand, Ger. (/#*-ke hand). Left hand
Lirico, //. (/<?-re-ko). Lyric.
Liscio, //. (#-she-6). Smooth.
L'iste*sso te*mpo, It. (L'es-AZtao f3m-po). In the same time

as the previous movement.
Lo, It (15). The.

Lob-gesang, Ger. (lob-gn&-zangk). Hymn of praise
Loco, //. (/<?-ko). Place. Occurring after 8va the term in-

dicates that the notes are to be performed as written.
Lontano, It. (ISn-to-no). Distant
Loud pedal. Damper-pedal.
Lourd, Fr. (loor). Heavy.

Lour6, Fr. (loo-ra). Slurred, legato, non staccato.
Luctuosam^nte, Sp. (look-too-6-za-#z#-te). Mournfully.
Lugubre, Fr. (lu-gu-bruh) and It (loo-00-bre). Mournful
Lunga, // (loon-go.). Long. When placed above or be-

neath a hold it signifies that the hold is to be greatly

prolonged.

Lunga pausa, It. (loon-gi. pa-oo-za). A long pause
Lu6go, It. (loo-<?-go). Loco.
Lusingando, It. (loo-zen-^w-do). > Coaringt
Lusingante, //. (loo-zen-^w-te). )

Lusingh^vole, // (loo-zen-^J-vo-le). ) Coaxingl

)

Lusinghevolm^nte, It (l

Lusinghi^re, //. (loo-zen-ghe-J-re). ) Coaxi

Lusinghito, It. (loo-zen-ghe-J-ro) )

6, old ; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but , u, (French).

44 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Lustig, Ger. (loos-tig). Merry, gay

Lustlied, Ger. (/<*7,?-Jed) A merry song.

Lutt6so, It. (Ioot-^26). Mournful.

Luttuosam^nte, It (loot-too-o-za-^/z-te). Mournfully.

Lyriscn, Ger. (/Tf-ish). Lyric.

Ma, It (ma). But.

Madrigal. A vocal composition.

Maesa. A mass.

Maesta, It (ma-es-Az) \

Maestdde, It. (ma-es-fo-de) > Majesty, dignity

Maestate, It. (ma-es-fo-te ) )

MaestSvole, It. (ma-es-J-vo-le), Majestic.

Maestevolfssimo, It. (ma-es-ta-vo-/^se-mo) t Very ma-
jestic.

Maestevolme*nte, It (ma-es-ta-vol-w^-te) 1 Majestically;

Maestosam^nte, It. (ma-es-to-za-w^-te). J -with dignity

Maest6so, It. (ma-es-^-zo). Majestic, stately, dignified

Maestrile, It (ma-es-tfr<z-le). The stietto of a fugue when
it is in canon form

Maestro, //. (ma-r-tro). Master, professor.

MaggioUta, It. (mad-je-o-/0-ta). A May song

Maggidre, //. (mad-je-J-re). Major, greater.

Magisc<5ro, //. (ma-jes-^-ro) The head of a choir.

Main, fr (man^). Hand.

Main droit, Fr. (man/i drwa). Right hand.

Main gauche, fr. (man^ gosh) Left hand.

Maltre, Fr. (matr). Master.

Majestat, Ger (ma-zhes-^. Majesty.

Majestatisch, Ger (ma-zhes-?-tish). Majestic.

Majenr, Fr. (ma-zhiir). Major.

a, ale ; a, add ; , care; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; a, ice; i, til ;

OF MUSICAL TMRMS

45

Major. Greater.

Major bob. A full peal upon eight bells

Major chord. A chord having a major third and perfect

fifth.

Major key. A key founded on the major scale,
Major scale. That form of the diatonic scale in which tne

half-tones or steps occur between the third and fourth,

also the seventh and eighth, degrees, all other intervals

being whole tones.
Major third. An interval containing three degrees and two

whole tones

3

i

Melancholy.

Major tonic. A major scale.

Mai, Ger. (mal). Time

Malancdnia, It. (ma-lan->0-ne-a).

Malenc6nia, It. (ma-len-^J-ne-a).

Malenc6nico, // (ma-len-^ne-ko)

Malinc61ia, // (ma-len-^-le-a).

Malinc61ico, It. (ma-len-^-le-ko).

Malinc6nia, It. (ma-len-^J-ne-a).

Malinconicam^nte, It (ma-len-ko-ne-ka-#z*f-te) ^ In a

Malinc6nico, It (ma-len-^J-ne-ko) I melan

Malinconi6so, It. (ma-len-ko-ne-^zo) f choly

Malincon<5so, It (ma-len-ko-J-zo). J style

Mama, It (ma -ma). A term indicating the right hand in

drum music.

Mdnca, It (man-ka). The left.
Mancando, It (man->&d5-d6) Dying away.

5, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; QO#noon ; u, lute; ii, but; u, (French}.

46 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Mandola, It. (mkn-^7-la). A mandolin, or cithern.

Mandoline. A kind of guitar.

Mandora. )

Mandore. 3

Manica, It. (wtf-ne-ka). Fingering.

Maniera, It. (ma-ne-J-ra). Manner, method, style.

Manifcre, Fr. (man-e-4r). Manner.

Manieren, Ger. (ma-ne-r'n). Embellishments, graces.

Mannerchor, Ger. (#z#-ner-kor). A male chorus ; also the

name of a composition for such a chorus.
Mannergesangverein, Ger. (wJw-ner-ghe sang-ie-rfn). A

male vocal society.
Mano, It. (ma-r&). Hand.
Mano Britta, If. (md-no dret-\.*}. Right hand
Mano Sinistra, It. (ma-no se-w^-tra). Left hand.
Manual. The keyboard of an organ.
Marcando, It. (mar-^do). ) These terms indicate that the
Marcato, It. (mar-^-to). ( music 1S to be P erfo ed with

) distinctness and emphasis.
Marcatessimo, //. (mar-ka-^j-se-mS). Very much marked

or accented.
Marcato il pdllice, It. (mar-^-t5 el /<5/-le-che). Mark or

accent strongly the note played by the thumb.
Marche, Fr (marsh), j
Marcia, It. (mar-che-a). > A march.
Marsch, Ger. (marsh). )
Marciale, It. (mar-che-a-le) Martial,
Mariona, Sp. (ma-re-^-na). A Spanish dance.
Markiert, Ger. (mar-kert). Accented, marked.
Markiren, Ger. (mar-^-r'n). To mark, to accent.
Marque*, Fr (mar-ka). Marked, accented.

a, ale ; a, add ; , care ; a, arm ; zfeve ; ^, end; I, fee; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 47

Marquer, Fr. (mar-ka). To mark, to accent.
Marseillaise, Fr. (mar-sal-yaz). The Marseilles hymn ; the
national anthem of France.

Martele\ Fr. (mar-te la) > , Oi .

__ , t * ; i J *x I Hammered. Strongly ac-

Martellare, It (mar-tel-/<z-re). > , J

MartelUto, It (mar-tel-/0-to). )

Marziale, It. (mar-tse-a-le). Martial, warlike.

Mascherita, //. (ma-ske-ra-ta). Masquerade.

Mass, Ger. (mass). Measure, time.

Massig, Ger. (mds-slg). Measured, moderate.

Massima, It. (mas-se-ma). A semibreve.

Matindta, // (ma-te-^o-ta) A morning serenade.

Mattutlno delle tenebre, It. (mat-too-^-no dal-le te-^-bre).
The service of the Tenebrae.

Maul-trommel, Ger. (mowl-trom-mel). A Jew's harp.

Mazurka, Ger. (ma-&00r-ka). A Polish dance of lively
character, in i or f time, with a peculiar rhythm.

Measure. The space between two bars A metrical unit of
fixed time-value having a regular accent, and forming
the smallest metrical subdivision of a composition.

Mede*simo, It (me-^f-ze-mo). The same.

Mediant, Lat. (m J-dl-ant). ) The third degree of the dia-

Me*diante, Fr. (ma-di-#>5/). ) tonic scale.

Medius, Lat. (ma-dl-us). The tenor part.

Mehr, Ger. (mar). More.

Mehr-stimmig, Ger. (mar-j-^rf&w-mig). For several voices.

Mehr stimmiger gesang, Ger. (mar sh tfw-ml-gher $&-zangk)
A glee or part song.

Meister, Ger. (fltfr-tei). Master.

Meister-sanger, Ger (mzs-t&-sang-zr). Master singer min-
strel.

o, old ; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon; u, fate; u, but; u, (French).

48 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Meister-stuck, Ger< (wij-ter-shtuk) Masterpiece.

Melanesia, It. (ma-lan-y&7-le-a). ) .

MelanchoUe, Fr (ma-lan^-ko-le). \ eanc ^

Melange, Fr. (ma-tanzA). A medley.

Melisma, Gk. (me-#j--ma), A melodic ornament or embel-
lishment.

Melismatic. Ornamented, embellished.

Melode, It (ma-/J-de). j

Mel6dia, It. (ma-/<?-de-a). Melody.

Melodic, Fr. (**<246-de) )

Melodeon. A kind of small reed organ.

Melddico, It. (ma-/<?--de-ko). Cantando.

Melody. A succession of any number of single notes.
Sometimes used to denote the tune or air of a compo-
sition as separate from the bass or accompaniment.

Melologue. A combination of recitative and music.

Melope*a, //. (ma-lo^#-a). Music in general , words and
music combined.

Melopomenos, Gr. (m\-o-##m-e n6s). Vocal melody.

Melos, Gk. (w-15s) Melody.

MSme, Ft. (mam) The same.

Me*n allegro, //. (man al-/<f-gro). Less quick.

Me*nestrel, Fr. (ma-nes-trel). Minstrel.

Me'no, It. (md-no). Less.

M^no f6rte, ft. (m3-nojft>r-te). Less loud

Menschen stinune, Ger. (w/-sh'n shttm-mc;). Human

voice.

M^nvivo, It. (men^-vo). Less spirit.
Mescolanza, ft. (mes-ko-/^-tsa). A medley.
Mssa, It (mds-^9.}. >

Messe, Ger. (m/s-se) and Fr. (mdss). } Mass -

a, ale; a, add; a, care; a, arm; e, eve ; , end ; I, ice; i, ////

OF MUSICAL TERMS 49

Me*ssa di v6ce, It. (ar-sa de z><?-che). The crescendo and
diminuendo of the voice on a sustained note; thus

Mestizia, It. (mes-^-tse-a). Sadness.
Mestam&ite, It (mes-ta-w^-te). Plaintively.

Me*stO, . -.

Mestdso, It (mes-ri?-z6)

Me*sure, Fr (ma-zur). Measure.

Metal, Sj> (ma-fo/) Strength ; compass of the voice.

Metallo, //. (ma-Az/-lo). A ringing quality of voice.

Meter, metre. The rhythmic element of music, the sym

metrical grouping of musical rhythms ; the construction

and pulsation of the phrase in music.

Me*zza v6ce, It. (mSt-isa. z'J-che). Half power ; half voice.
Me*zzo, It (mat-tso). Half.

M&zo f<5rte, It. (mat-tsofer-le). Half as loud as forte.
Me*zzO UgatO, It. (mat-tso le-^-to). A vanety of pianoforte

touch requiring a forcible stroke rather than a sudden

return of the finger.
Me*zzo piano, It (m3t-tso pe-^-no). Not so loud as mezza

forte, and not so soft as piano.
Me*zzo soprano, It. (mdt-tso sd~jpra-nd). The female voice

between soprano and alto.

Mi. Name of the note E in France, Italy, etc. Third de-
gree of the diatonic scale.
Middle C. One lined C.

Treble. Bass.

6, old ; 6, odd } 6, done; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, out; u, (French)*

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Middle voices. Tenor and alto voices.

Mi diese, Pr. (me di-3z). Ejf.

Mignon, Fr. (men-y6n^). Favorite.

Militairement, Fr. (mil-e-^man^) > In ^

Militarxne*ate, /if (me-le-tar-wJw-te). $

Militar musik, Ger. (me-Ie-tar moo-sik). Military music.

MinaccSvole, It (me-nat-tfA^vo-le).

Minaccevolm^nte, It. (me-nat-che-

vol-mdtt-tz).

Minaccidndo, It (me-nat-che-^-do).
Minacciosam^nte, It (me-nat-che-6-

In a menacing,
threatening, manner.

Minaccidso, It (me-nat-che-<J-zo)
Minder, Ger. (wfo-der). Minor, less.
Mineur, Fr (mi-mZr). Minor.
Minim. A half note.
Minor. Smaller.

Minor chord. A chord having a minor third and perfect fifth.
Minor interval. A minor interval contains one half-tone
less than a major ; thus ;

Major Third Minor Third.

I

Minor key. A key founded on the minor scale.

Minor scale. That form of the diatonic scale in which the

first and third degrees form a minor third.
Minor third. An interval containing three degrees and one

whole tone and a half.

a, ale; a, add; , care ; a, arm; e, eve; g, end; i, ice; J, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 5 I

Minue, Sp. (me-noo-a). A minuet.

Minuet. The name of a slow, stately dance, said to have

been invented in France about the middle oi the I7th

century.

Minue'tto, It. (me-noo-<?/-to). A minuet.
Misch-Masch (mish-mash). A medley.
Misshallig, Ger. (w&r-hal-lig). Discordant.
Missklang, Ger. (*&r-klangk). Dissonance.
Misteriosamente, It. (mes-tlr-e-6-za-wJ-t). Mystenously.
Misteritiso, //. (mes-tir-e-^-zo). Mysterious.
Mistira, //. (me-.r00-ra). A measure.
Misur&tO, It. (me-soo-r<i-to). Measured in exact time.
Hit, Ger. (mtt). With.

Mittelkadenz, Ger. (^#-fl-ka dZnts\ A half cadence.
Mittelstimmej^r. (/w^f-tl-shtim-me). An inner part or voice.
M6bile, It. (w5"-be-le). With easy movement.
Mode. Key.

Modere*, Fr. (mo-da-ra). Moderate.
ModerdtO, It. (m5d-e-r-to). Moderate degree of speed.
Modfcna, (mW^-na). ) ^^
Moderno, (mo-^r-no). >
Modinha, (m5-<^w-a). A Portuguese song.
Mddo, It. (mo-do). Mode; style.
Modulation. Passing from one key to another.
Moduliren, Ger. (mo-doo-^-r'n). To modulate.
Modulo, Lot* (w^du-16). To modulate, to compose.
Moll, Ger. (moll). Minor.

Moll akkord, Ger. (mol Sk-kord). Minor chord.
Moll dreiklang, Ger. (mol dTrf-klangk). Minor triad.
Moll tonart, Ger. (mol ton-art). Minor key.
Moll tonleiter, Ger. (mol ton-/f-ter). Minor scale.

5, old; o, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but; ii, (French).

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Molleme'nte, It (mol-le-/^-te). Softly, gently.

Moltison&nte, //. (mol-te-.zo-tf0-te). Resoundmg.

M6lto, It. (mSM). Much, very.

Momentum, Lat. (mo-w/w-tum). A quaver rest.

Monodic. For one voice.

Monody, Ger. and Fr. Monodie (mon-6-d?), //. Monodia
(md-no-de-a). Music in which the melody is confined to
a single part ; sometimes called the Homophomc Style

Monophonic. In one part only.

Mordent. A grace performed by rapidly alternating a writ-
ten note with the note on the next degree below. There
are two kinds, the simple or short mordent (/%jv) which
consists of three notes,

/sfv Played.

and the long mordent (/v^v) in which the lower note
appears twice or oftener.
Played.

or

-*k P 1

1

-g> . U

|r-tr -

The Praller or inverted mordent consists of a written
note followed by the note on the next degree above
played in the same manner as the mordent It has the
sign of the mordent but without the cross-stroke (/w).
A nearly obsolete mordent sign is, 4^, the inverted
mordent

N.B. Some writers have used these terms in the oppo-
site sense, giving the mordent an upper auxiliary note

a, ale; a, add; a, care; a, arm e, eve; e, end ; I, ue ; i, ///;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 53

More"ndo, It. (mo-r3n-do) Dying away.

Mormordndo, It. (m6r-mo-ran-do). Very soft, subdued tone.

M6sso, It. (mos-so). Moved.

Motet. A sacred composition of the anthem style.

Motif, Fr. (m5-tef). A motive.

Motive. A short phrase or figure

M6to, //. (mo-to). Motion.

Motteggidndo, ft. (m5t-tad-je-^-d6). Bantering.

Muance, Fr. (mu-antis). A change or variation of notes.

Munter, Ger. (moon-tei). lively.

Munterkeit, Ger. (#z00-ter-klt). Vivacity.

Musica, Lat. (mu-si-ka), and It. (meo-ze-ka.) J .

Musik, Ger. (moo-zfc). ) MC

Muta, It. (moo-ts^ Change. A term much used in orches-

tral scores, meaning that the performer is to change the

pitch or key of his instrument.
Mute. A contrivance used to deaden the tone of an

instrument.

Muth, Ger. (moot). Spirit.
Mttthig, Ger. (moo-tig). Spirited, bold.
Muthwillig, Ger, (w00/-vU-lig). Mischievous, lively.
Mutiren, Ger. (moo-&r'n) To change the voice.

Wach, Ger. (n'akh). After, according to, at.
Nachahmung, Ger. (nak-a-moongk). Imitation.
Wach belieben, Ger. (nakh be-#-b'n). At pleasure
Nach dem tact spielen, Ger. (nakh dem takt j^-l'n). To

play in time.
Nach-druck, Ger. (na&-drook). Accent, emphasis

Nachdruddich, Ger. (^^/6-druk-likh. > .

-t. a -, ^ /.TTj.i-xf Emphatic, f orcible.

Nachdrucksam, Ger. (wa^-druk-sam). )

o, old; 5, add; 6, done ; oo, moon; u, lute; u, but; u, (French).

54 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Nachfolge, Ger. (#0//5-fol-ghe). Following after, succes-
sion.

Nach-hall, Ger (na&A-hall). Reverberation, echo.

NacWdang, Ger. (#a^-klangk). Echo

NachkUngen, Ger. (#/&/&-kling-en). To echo, to resound.

PTachlassend, Ger. (0&fc-las-send). Slackening.

Nacnscfcallen, Ger. (*n&S-shal-Pn). To echo.

Nac&schlag, Ger. (*o-shlag). An after beat.

Nachsingen, Ger. (aM-sing-en). To sing after,

Nachspiel, Ger. (/w-shpel). A postlude.

Hachstverwandte tone, Ger. (yiSkhst-i^-'vcind^ /^-ne). The
nearest related keys.

UTachtigaU, Ger (naM-ti-gktt). Nightingale.

Naclit-miisik, Ger. (nakht-moo-7^). Night-music; a serenade,

rrachtstandchen, Ger. (^as^^-shtand-kh'n). A serenade.

Wacht-stiick, Ger. (^^^-shtiik). Night piece ; a nocturne

Nach und nach, Ger, (nakh oond nakh). By degrees.

Naif, Fr. (na-ef). ^

Naive, Fr. (na-ev). > Naive ; unaffected,

Naiv, Fr. (na-ef). )

Narrante, It. (nar-r^*-te). In narrative style.

Natur, Ger. (na-toor). Natural.

Natural. The sign U.

Naturale, It. (na-too-^<sf-le). Unaffected, natural.

Neapolitan Sixth. A major chord founded on the flat
supertonic of any key.

" Key of C Major Key of C Minor.

4=j

8 ' <gj-

-E &.

a, ale; a, add; a, <r^tf; a, r^; e, <w^; e, ^</; I, ice ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 55

Neben-note, Ger (tt#-b'n-J-te). Auxiliary note.
Necessdrio, //. (na-ches-j-a-re-o). A term indicating that

the passage referred to must not be omitted.
NegligSnte, //.
Negli, It.
Nei, It (na-e).
Nel, //. (nal).

Nell', // (nal'l). ^ In the.
Nella, //. (nal-la).
Nelle, It. (nal-le).
NeUo, It. (nal-lo). J
Nello stesso tempo, It. (nal-lo stes-so tam-po). In the same

time.
Nel stilo antico, It. (nal ste-lo an-^-ko). In the ancient

style.

Nel tmpO, // (nal fam-po). In time , in the previous time.
Net, Fr. (na). >

Nett, Ger. (net). I XT . . .

__ ' A / v ^ r Neatly, clearly.

Nettam^nte, It. (net-ta-3wJ-te}. [ J> J

Nette, ^..(net). J

Nettete 1 , Fr. (net-ta). } XT . . .

^r ^, .1 ^ , v ( x f Neatness, plainness, clear-

Nettheit, Ger. (&hit). > *

Nettigkeit, Ger. (^-tig-kit). ) ness *

N^tto, It (nat-io). Neat, quick, clear.

Nicht, Ger. (nikht) Not.

Nicht zu geschwind, Ger. (nikht tsoo ghS-stivfod) Not too

quick.

N6Mle, It. (^-be-le). Noble.^
NoMlmente, It. (no-bel^-ti). I Nobl ^

Noblement, Fr. (no-bl-man^). ) y ' 8 y "

Noch, ^r.(nokh). Still, yet.

6, old; o, odd; 6, done ; oo, w00w ; u, /wzS? ; u, but; ii, (French}.

56 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Noel, Fr. (no-el). A carol sung usually on the day before
Christmas or on Christmas eve in the southern part of
France.

Non, It. (non). Not.

!*!!l /^ ,* _ I A composition for nine voices or

Nonuplet. A group of nine notes of the same time-value,
performed in the time proper to six or (more geneially)
eight of the same kind belonging to the regular rhythm

Kola, Lat. and It. (no-ta). A note.

Nota bu<5na, It. (no-ta boo-^-na). An accented note.

flotation. The art of expressing musical tones or ideas by
means of written characters.

Note. The character used to represent a musical tone and
its time value.

Nuance, Fr (nu-an^s). A term referring to the " shading "
of vocal or instrumental music ; the change of time
force, and expression indicated by the composer or
introduced by the performer.

Nu6va, //. (noo-0-va). )

Nu6vo, //. (noo-0-vo). i W *

ObbUgati, A (ob-ble-^te). ) Indis P ens ^ ble : applied .to a
Obbligito, //. (ob-ble-^-to). temporary solo in an or-

* ' * ' J chestral work.

Ober, Ger. (^-ber). Upper, over, higher.
Ober-manual, Ger. (J-berma-noo-a/>. The upper manual,

Ober-stimme, Ger. (-ber j^jS3w-m5). )

\

Ober-theil, Ger.

Obertura, Sp. (o-b?r-^-ra) Overture.

a, ale ; I, add; , care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; I, ice; i, ill'

OF MUSICAL TERMS 57

Ober-werk, Ger. (0-ber-vark) The upper manual.

Obligat, Ger. (ob-li-gat). )

Oblige", Fr (ob-le-zha). \

Oblique motion. When one part moves, while the other

remains stationary.

Obsist&ite, Sp. (6b-s!s-A?-te). Resounding.
Ocio, Sp. (o-the-o). Slowly. With ease.
Octave. The interval between the first and eighth tones of

a diatonic scale. An interval between any tone and

that seven degrees above.
Octet. }

Octette, Fr. (6k-tet). I A composition for eight voices or
Octuor, Fr. (ok-twor). f instruments.
Oktett, Ger. (ok-#/). J

Octochord. ) A A f . ,

^ , f An instrument of eight stnngs.

Octogenary. ) * 6

Octuplet. A group of eight notes of the same tune-value,
performed in the time proper to six notes of the same
kind belonging to the regular rhythm.

Oder, Ger. (<?-der). Or, or else.

Oeuvre, Fr. (6vr). Work.

Off en, Ger. (e^f'n). Open, parallel.

Offenbar, Ger (of-? n-bar). Open, manifest.

Ohne, Ger. (<J-ne) Without.

Oktave, Ger. (6k-te-fe). Octave.

Olio. A medley.

Ombra, It. (om-bra). Shading, nuance.

Omnes, Lat. (^-nes) ) ^ ^

Omnia, Lat. (c^w-ni-a). )

Omnitonic. A term used to designate any instrument ca-
pable of producing all tones.

6, old; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u (French}.

58 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Ondeggiame'nto, //. (on-dad-je-a-^w^w-to). An undulating,

quivering sound ; a tremolo.
Ondeggidnte, It, (on-dta/-je-0-te). Trembling, undulating,

waving.

Ondule*, Fr. (on>fc-du-/). Waving, trembling.
Onduliren, Ger. (on-doo-/-r'n). A tremulous tone.
Ongare*se, It. (6n-ga-rJ-ze). Hunganan.
Oppure, //. (op-/00-re). Or, or else.
Opus, Lat. (o-pus) A work.
Ordinario, It. (6r-de-##-re-o). Common, ordinary.
Organ-point. Any tone sustained or repeated against a

number of passing chords is termed an organ-point or

pedal-point.

Ornament. An embellishment, a grace.
Ornatame'nte, //. (or-na-ta-wJw-te). ) Ornamented, embel-

)

Ornato, It. (or-^df-to). ) lished.

Orthisch, Ger. (Jir-tish). High, acute.

Osservanza, It. (6s-sir-z/a-tsa). Strictness in keeping

time.

Ossia, //. (6s-^-a). Or , or else.
Ostinato, //. (os-te-*z-to). Obstinate; thus basso ostinato

denotes a ground bass ; that is, a bass which is re-

peated again and again.
Otez,/r (J-ta). Off.

Otium, Lat. (^-shi-um). Slowly, with grace and ease.
Ottiva, It. (5t-^-va). Octave.
Otte*ttO, It. (5t-^?jf-to). An octet.
Ott<5ne, It. (5t-/J-ne). Brass.
On, Fr. (oo). Or.
Ouvert, Fr. (oo-vdr). Open.
Owdro, //. (ov-z/J-ro). Or.

a, ale ; a, add; a, care; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; I, ice; I, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 59

Pacatamente, It. (pa-ka-ta-TwJw-te 1 ). Placidly, quietly.

Paean. A song of praise

Paraphrase. A rearrangement, or adaptation, of a vocal
or instrumental composition, for some other instrument
or combination of instruments, with such embellish-
ments and variations as the arranger may choose to
introduce.

Parl&ndo, //. (par-/a#-do). A style of singing suggestive of
recitative in clearness of enunciation ; in spoken style.

Parte, It. (par-te). Part.

Partime'nto, // (par-te- m3n-to). A figured bass.

Partition, Fr. (par-te-si-on^). 1

Partitur, Ger. (par-ti-&w-). !

Partittira, Lat. and //. (par-te-A?0-ra). f

Partizi6ne, It. (par-te-tse-0-ne). J

Part-writing. The art of combining two or more vocal
or instrumental parts. Sometimes used instead of the
term counterpoint.

Paso de gargante, Sp. (pa-so de gar-^zw-ta). TnU of the
voice.

Passage. A repeated figure. A section of a composition.

Passaggio, //. (pas-sad-je-6). A passage, modulation, or
bravura embellishment.

Passing-notes. Notes foreign to the chords which they
accompany, ascending or descending in diatonic or
chromatic progression from one essential note of a
chord to an essential note of the following chord.

Passionatamnte, It. (pas-se-o-na tz-m Jw-te). Passionately.

Passiondto, It. (pas-se-o-#<z-to). Impassioned.

Passi6ne, It. (pas-se-J-ne). Fervent emotion.

Passionne", Fr. (pas-se-5n-na). Passionato.

o, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but , u, (French}.

60 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Pasticcio, // (pas-^-che-o). ) A medley composed of ex-
Pastiche, Fr. (pas-testi). ) cerpts from various operas.
"1 A vocal or instmmental

Pastora, I composition generally in i,

Pastorate, 7, (pas-to-^e). f ^ ru _

Pastorelle,^-. (pas-toW/). J ^ or pastoral character

Pas trop lent, />. (pa tro lan^). Not too slow.

Pat&ica, It. (pa-^-te ka). Pathetic.

Pateticame*nte, //. (pa-ta-te-ka-zJ-te). Pathetically.

Pate-tico, //. (pa-^te-ko). )

Path^tique, Fr. (pa -tSk). 5

Path^tiquement, wPr. (pa-^-tek-man/4). Pathetically.

PatlLetisch, ^n (pa-tet-ish). Pathetic

Patim^nto, It (pa-te-zJ-t6). Grief

Paulatiname'nte, It. (pa-oo-la-^-na-w<f-te) Gently.

Pausa, //. (pa-oo-za). Pause. A hold expressed by the sign

/TN, which denotes that the note or rest over which

it is placed is to be prolonged at the pleasure of the

performer.

Paventato, It (pa-ven-fo-to). Afraid, fearful.
Paventtfso, It. (pa-ven-^-zo). In a style expressive of fear.
Pean. A paean ; a song of praise.

Pedale, //. (pa-^-le), Ger. (peVa-le'), and^r. (pa-^z/). Pedal
Pedale d6ppio, It. (pa-afo-le a^-pe-o). Double pedals.
Pedale a chaque accord, Fr. (&-dal & shak ak-k6r). Pedal

with each chord.
Pedal-point. Organ point.
Pensoso, It. (pen-rzo). ) _ A , .

Pensier6so, A (pgn-se-a-^-zo) I Contemplate, penswe
Per, /A (par). Through, from, in, for, by.
Percant, Fr. (per-san>5). Piercing.

a, ale, a, rt^i// i, care ; a, arw, e, eve ; e, ^^; I, ice ; i, z//;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 6 1

PerdSndo, It. (par-*2>z-do). 1 -~ . ,

- ,, . , A f Dying away; morendo.

Perdend6si, //. (pir-dan-^J-ze). \ y * y%

- ,, .
Perdend6si,

Perpettio, ft. (par-pa-A?0-o). Perpetual,

Pesdnte, It (pe-zan-te). Heavy, firm.

Pesantemente, //. (pe-zan-te-w/Jw-te). Heavily, impressively.

Petite, Fr. (pe-#). Small.

Peu, Fr. (puh). Little.

Peu a peu, -Fr. (puh a piih). Little by little.

P^zzi, //. (^J/-se). Detached pieces of music.

Pezzo, //. (/J/-so). A piece.

Phantasie, Ger. (fan-ta-^). Fantasia.

Phantasie-stucke, Ger. (fan-ta-^^-shtiik). A composition

having the style and character of a fantasia.
Phantasiren, Ger. (fan-ta--r'n). Improvising.
Philharmonic, Gr. (fil-har-z<3f>z-ik) . Loving harmony or music.
Phrasing. The proper rendition of a composition with re-

gard to the relative importance, melodic and rhythmic

character, of its phrases.
Piace*re, //. (pe-a,-A&-re). According to the performer's de-

sire. " At pleasure."

Piacevole, It. (pe-a-r^vo-le). Smooth, suave.
Piacevolmente, (pe-a-che-vol-/w^-te). Smoothly.
Piacimnto, It. (pe-a-che-w 3n-to). The same as Piacere.
Pian^tto, It. (pe-a-^-to). Very low, very soft.
Piangendo, //. (pe-a-^Jw-do). -\

Piangevole, It. (pe-*an-^-J-v5-Ie). > Plaintive

Piangevolmnte, It. (pe-an-ga-v51-w<?-te). )
Pianissimo If. (pe-an-fr-se-mo). Very soft.
Piano, //. (pe^-no). Soft.
Piccant^ria, con, It. (pe-kan-^re-k) With sprightly, pi-

quant expression.

o, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but; u (French)

62

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Picchettato, It (pe-ket-Az-to).
Picchiettato, //. (pe-ke-et-^to).

Slightly detached The
mezzo-staccato in vio-
lin-playing expressed
by staccato dots over
which is placed a slur.
Notes so marked are
to be played in one
bow.

Suite de pieces, a collec-

Piccolo, //. (/-ko-lo). Small.

Piece, Fr. (pi-f). A piece . .
tion of pieces.

Pieds, Fr. (pi-d). Feet.

Plena, //. (pe-J-na). )

Pieno, //. (pe--no). )

Pie*ta, It. (pe-J-ta). Pity, tenderness.

Pietosamente, It. (pe-a-to-za-/w<J>z-te). Tenderly.

Piet<5so, //. (pe-a-/<J-zo). Tender.

Pince", Fr. (pan>6-sa). i. Plucked or twanged by the fingers,
as the strings of a harp or guitar. 2. Pizzicato in violm-
playing. 3. A mordent.

Pique 1 , Fr. (pi-&5f). See Picchettato.

Pitch. The place a tone occupies in the musical scale.

Pittorico, It. (pet-to-^-ko). Embellished.

Piu, //. (pe-oo). More.

Piu Unto, //. (pe-oo /J-to). More slowly.

Piu t6to, It. (pe-oo tos-to). Rather.

Pizzicato, //. (pet-se-^a-to). A term used in music for bow-
instruments (violin, violoncello), directing the performer
to play that portion of the music so marked by pluck-
ing the strings with the ringer.

Placenteramente, It (pla-chen-ter-a-^-te) Joyfully.

a, ale ; a, add; a*, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, /// ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 63

Placidame*nte, It (pla.-cfe-da.-m3n-te). Calmly, smoothly.

PUcido, It (^/a-che-do). Calm, tranquil.

PldcitO, //. (//0-che-to). Pleasure. Ad libitum. [tonic.

Plagal cadence. The subdominant triad followed by the

Plainte, Fr. (planet). A lament.

Plaintif, Fr. (plan^-tef). Plaintive, doleful. [tions.

Plaisanteries, Fr. (pla-zan/fc-t're). Amusing, light composi-

Plaque", Fr. (pla-&J). Struck together. . . . Un accord

plaque^ an unbroken chord.
Plaquer, Fr. (pla-ka). To strike at once.
Plarren, Ger. (//r-r*n). To sing monotonously; to sing

with a hoarse or cracked voice.
Plauso, It. (pla-oo-zo). Applause.
Plus, Fr. (plu). More.

Plus antae", Fr. (plu sa-ne-ma). With more animation.
Plus lentement, Fr. (plu lan^t-man^). Slower, more slowly.
Pochettino, It. (po-ket-^-no). ^
Poch^ttO, It (po-^^-to). I A little.
Pochino, It (po-y&^no). )

PocMsslmo, It. (po-kes-j^-mo). As little as possible.
P6co, It. (/<?-ko). Little.

P6co a p6co, //. (po-ko a po-ko). Little by little.
Poggiito, It (p5d-je-<z-to). Leaned or dwelt upon.
P6i, It. (/^e). Then, thereafter.
Poi a poi, //. (po-e a po-e). By degrees.
Point, Fr. (pwanyfc). A dot. [hold. f*\

Point d'arrit, de repos, Fr. (pw'an^ d'ir-rit diih repo). A
Point final, Fr. (pwan fe-nal). The last pause.
Point d'orgue, Fr. (pwan^ d'org) A hold; a cadenza; an

organ-point.
Points detaches, Fr. (pwan da-/o-sha). Staccato-dots.

o, old; 8, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute; u, but; u, (French} .

64 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Pointe, Fr (pwant) i. In violin-playing, the head or point

of the bow. 2. In organ-playing, the toe.
Pointer, Fr. (pwan>5-ta). To perform staccato.
Polyplionic (p61-i : / r <3fo-ik). Contrapuntal
Polyphony (po-/^o-ny). Counterpoint in the broadest sense
Pompos, Ger. (pom-/&). Pompons, majestic.
Pomposamente, It. (pom-po-za-wJtf-te). In a pompous or

dignified style.

Pomp6so, //. (p8m-/z6). Dignified, pompous.
Ponctuation, Fr. (p8nc-tu-a-tse-6n^). Phrasing.
Ponctuer, Fr. (pSnc-tu-a). To phrase.
Ponder6so, It (p6n-de><?-zo). Heavy , strongly marked.
Ponticello, It. (pon-te-o&<?/-lo). The bridge of a bow

instrument. . . . Sul ponticello, play near the bridge.
Portamento, It. (por-ta-m^-to). A gliding from one tone

to another, which causes the intermediate tones to be

slightly heard.
Portando la v6ce, //. (por-Awz-do la z/J-che). Sustaining the

voice ; similar to portamento.
Portata, It. (por-^-ta). Staff,
Portdto, It. (por-2f<z-t6). Sustained.
Port de voix, Fr. (port diih vwa). Portamento.
Porter la voiz, Fr. (por-ta la vwa). To carry the voice.
Posito, It. (po-za-to). Dignified.
Posement, Fr. (po-^man/5). Posato.
Poser la voiz, Fr. (po-sa-la vwa). A direction for a vocalist

to attack the tone with clearness and precision
Positif, Fr. (po-ze-/^). Choir-organ
Possibile, //. {pos-j*-be-le) Possible.
Postlude (/w^lTide). An organ composition played at the

close of a church-service ; an after-piece.

a, ale; a, add; i care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end; I, ice ; I, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS

Pot-pourri, Fr (pot-poor-re). A medley.

Pousse*, Fr. (poos-sa). Up-bow.

Prachtig, Ger. (pr5kh-\\g). Grand, majestic, dignified.

Pralltriller, Ger. (pral-tril-ler). An inverted mordent

Praludium, Ger (pra-/00-di-oom). A prelude.

Prazis, Ger. (/r<f-tsis) Exact, precise.

Precentor. Director of a choir.

Precipitame'nte, It. (pra-che-pe-ta-w^-te). Hurriedly.

Precipitando, It. (pra-che-pe-2to-do) Hurrying.

Precipitate, //. (pra-che-pe-/<i-to). Hurried.

Precipitaziine, It. (pia-che pe-tat-se-J-ne). Precipitation.

Precipit^, Fr. (pra-^-pi-ta). Hurried.

Precipit6so, // (pra-che-pe-^zo). Precipitous.

Precisi6ne, It. (pra-che-ze-^ne). Precision.

Precise, It (pra-^-zo). Precise, exact.

Prefacion, Sp. (pra-fa-the-^z). 1 ^ . . A , ^.
n- * * * t r- ^ ( Preface, introduction

Prefazi6ne, //. (pra-fa-tse-^-ne). )

//. (pra-ghe-J-ra). A prayer The title of mod-
ern salon pieces of a devotional character.

A prelude. Any piece
of music forming an
introduction to a more
extended movement,
as an overture to an
oratorio or opera; also
the title of certain
pieces for the organ
and pianoforte which
are independent com-
positions.
Premier, Fr. (prem-i-J). First

6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo> moon ; u, ltt& ; u, but ; ii, (French) t

Prelude, Fr. (pre-lud).
Preludio, It. (pre-loo-a^-d).
Prasludium, Lat. (pre-/-de-um).

66 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Premier dessus, Fr. (prem-i-4r des-su). First soprano.
Premiere, Fr. (prem-e-Jr). The first public performance of

a work.

Premiere fois, Fr. (preni-e-r fwa). First time.
Pre*sa, It. (/rJ-sa). The signs indicating the entrance of

each part of a canon $. :gr $. + %.
Pressante, li. (pres-j/z-#). Accelerando, stringendo.
Pressez, Fr. (pres-sa.}. Accelerando, stringendo.
Presses un pen, Fr. (pres-sa anfc p6). Poco stringendo.
Pressirend, Ger. (pres-^-rend). Hurrying.
Pressure tone. A sudden crescendo.
Prestamente, It. (pres-ta-w<fw-te). Hurriedly.
Prest^zza, It. (pres-jf^-sa). Rapidity.
Prestissimam^nte, //. (pres-tes-se-ma-w J-te). ) As fast as
Prestissimo, It. (pres-/r-se-m6). ) possible.

Presto, It. (prds-tQ). Fast. Faster than allegro but slower

than prestissimo.

Presto assdi, It. (#r3s-to as-j-e). Very fast.
Presto, ma non tr6ppo, It. (pr3s-\5 ma n6n trop-^o).

Quick, but not too much so.
Priere, Fr. (pre-J^-). Prayer.
Prima, It. (/r^-ma) First.
Prlma donna, //. (pre-m*. etfana). The leading soprano

singer in an opera.

Prlma parte repetita, It. (#rf-ma. pdr-te ra-p^-^-Az). Re-
peat the first part.

Prlma vista, It. (fre-ma. z/r-ta). At first sight.
Prlma volta, It. (pre-ma. vot-ta.). The first time.
Prime. The key-note or tonic. Also used in place of

unison.
Primo, It. (pre-mo). First

a, ale ; a, add; a, care; a, arm; e, eve; e, end; I, ice; i, til;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 67

Prim-tone, Ger. (prXm-td-riz). Fundamental tones, or notes.

Principalmente, //. (pren-che-pal-w^te). Principally,
chiefly.

Principal voices. Soprano and bass

Principiante, It. (pren-che-pe-<w*-te) A beginner.

Principio, It. (pien-^^-pe-o). First time, beginning.

Prise du sujet, Fr. (pres du sii-zha). Entrance of the sub-
ject.

Proasma. An introduction, or a short symphony.

Probe, Ger. (prfi-be). Rehearsal.

Producente, // (pro-doo^J-te). Fifth tone of the scale.

Promptement, Fr. (pron/&t-man>&). Promptly, quickly.

Pr6nta, //. (pron~te). Prompt

Prontam^nte, It. (pr6n-ta-^5-te). Promptly.

Pr6nto, It. (pron-to). Prompt.

Prononziito, It. (pro-noon-tse-oto). Pronounced.

Proposta, It. (pro-/w--ta}. The subject of a fugue.

Proslambanomenos, Gr. (pros-lam-ba-<3>;w-e-n6s). The low-
est note in the Greek system.

Pr6va, It. (fro-vB.) Rehearsal.

Pulse. A beat or accent.

Punctual, Lat. (/^TzMum). An ancient name for note,
meaning point.

Punctum contra punctum, Lat. (/^^-tum k$n-\.i*. p&nk-
tum). Point against point ; counterpoint.

Pnnctua < Lat (/^-tus). )

Punkt, Ger. (poonkt). ) r

P^nta, It. (poon-t). The point, the top.

Pdnta d 7 arco, It. (poon-te d'ar-ko). Point of the bow.

Puntito, It. (poon-^to). Pointed, detached, staccato'd.

Punto, It. (poon-to). A dot, a point.

6, old; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but; ii, (French}.

68 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Quadrat, Ger. (kwad-ra/). A natural fl.
QuaflrdtO, It. (kwad-nz-to) The note B in the natural or
diatonic scale.

.,... _ ,. j . x * v, v i A quartet ; a com-
Quadricinmm, Lat. (kwad-n-j/;^-i-um). / .

Quadripartite, Fr (kad-rf-par-^). J lon ln four

Quadro, //. (kwa-dro). A natural fl

Quadruple counterpoint. Counterpoint in four invertible

parts.

Quadruple time. Four beats to a measure.
Quadruplet. A group of four equal notes intended to be

performed m the time of three or six of the same time-

value in the regular rhythm.
Quart. The interval of a fourth

Quarta, Lat. and It. (quar-t&). 1 Fourth Theinter-

Quarte, Ger (kwar-\&\ and Fr (kart). ) val of a fourth.
Quasi, Lat. and It (gua-ze). Nearly, like ; as if
Quatre, Fr. (katr). )
Quittro, It. (kwdt-tio] . ) ur *
Quatuor, Fr. (v5ff-tu-6r). A quartet.
Quaver. An eighth note.

Quedo, Sp. ^do). Softly, gently, in alow voice.
Querimonia, Lat. (quer-i-mc''-m-a) A religious cantata of

a dolorous cast.

Questa, It. (kwds-t*). ) _ . ,
Qufeto, //. (/^^--to). )

Queue, Fr. (kuh). "Tail." Stem of a note. A tailpiece.

Quiebro, Sp. (ke-a-bro) A shake or trill

Quifto, It. (kwe-^to). Quiet, calm

Quinque, Lat. (qmn-que). Five

Quint, Lat. (quint). The interval of a fifth

a, ale; a, add; , care, a, arm; e, eve; e, end; i, ice; i, ////

OF MUSICAL TERMS 69

Quint-absatz, Ger. (kwmt-ab-satz). An imperfect cadence

on the dominant.

Quinte, Fr. (kan^t) and Ger. (kwin-te). Fifth. Treble.
Quint-saite, Ger. (kwint-sl-te). The E-string of a violin.
Quintuor, Fr. (kwin-tu-or). A quintet.
Quintuple time. Five beats to a measure.
Quintuplet. A group of five notes of the same time-

value performed in the time of four of the same kind in

the regular rhythm.

Rdbbia, //. (r^-be-a). Rage, frenzy.

Raccourcir, Fr. (ra-coor-ser). To abridge.

Racleur, Fr. (ra-klur). A poor player.

Raddolc&ido, //. (rad-dol^^-d6). ) Gradually softer,

Raddolcente, It. (rad-dol-^J-te). ) calmer.

Raddolcito, ft. (rad-dol-^-to). Calmer, gentler.

Raddoppiate n6te, //. (rad-dop-pe-^-te J-te). Repeated or

reiterated notes.

Raggione, //. (rad-je-^-ne). Ratio, proportion.
Rallentanie'nto, //. (ral-len-ta-wJw-to). ) Gradually slacken-
Rallentando, It. (ral-len-z&#-do). ) ing the tempo.

RaUentato, It. (ral-l^n^-to). ) TQ d

RaUentare, // (ral-len-^-re). ) &
Range. Compass of a voice or instrument.
Rapidame"nte, It. (ra-pe-da-/w5-te) . Rapidly.
Rapidita, It (ra-/^-de-ta). Rapidity.
Rapido, If. (^o-pe-do). Rapid.
Rasch, Ger. (rash). Swift, rapid
Rascher, Ger. (rasch-vc). Faster.

Rattenendo, It. (rat-te-*J*-do). )
to). )

Rattexrdto, It.

6, old j o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French).

70 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Ratt&za, It. (rat-z?-sa). Speed, rapidity.

Raucedine, It. (ra-oo-cheV<?-ne). Hoarseness.

Rauco, ft. (ra-oo-ko). Hoarse, harsh.

Rauh, Ger. (rowh). Rough, harsh, hoarse.

Rauscher, Ger. (nrce/scher). A rapidly repeated note.

Rawivindo il tempo, It. (rav-ve-z'aw-do el t&m-po). Ac-
celerating the tempo.

Ray. This syllable is used in place of Re in the Tonic
Sol-fa system.

Re. Name of the note D in Italy, etc. The second degree
of the diatonic scale.

Re" be'mol, Fr. (ra ba-mol). The note Db.

Recht, Ger. (rekht). Right.

Recfct hand, Ger. (rekt hand). Right hand

Re*cit, Fr. (ra-se) An instrumental or vocal solo part. The
principal part in a piece of concerted music.

Recitando, It. (ra-che-&w-do) ) T , .
Txjtxr/-i- \ \ In declamatory style.
Recitante, //. (ra-che-ifa-te). J J J

Re*citant, Fr. (ra-se-taofc). )
R&itante, Fr. (ra-se-t Je.)f
Re*citatif , Fr. (ra-se-ta-^). \ Recitative ; musical decla-
Recitdtiv, Ger. (ret-si-te-tif). > mation; a style of de-
Recitativo, It. (ra-che-ta-jf^vo). ) clamatory singing
Rectc, Lat (r^-te). Right, straight, forward.
Recte et retro, Lat (relate' et rS-tro). Forward, then back-
ward , the subject or melody reversed, note for note.
R6 diese, Fr (ra di-J). The note D {
Redlta, It. (ra-^-ta), )
Reddita, //. (red-^-ta). ) A repeat
Redondilla, S#. (ra-don-del-ya). A roundelay.
RedublicdtO, It. (re-doob-le-y&a-to) Redoubled.

a, ale ; a, add; &, care; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end; I, tee; i, til;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 71

R6fl6chir, Fr. (ra-fia-sher). To throw back, to rever-
berate.

Refrain. A burden or chorus sung after each stanza of a
song

Registration. The theory and practice of using and com-
bining the various stops of an organ.

Rein, Ger. (rin). Pure, dear, perfect.

Reine stimme, Ger (rf-ne skffm-me). Clear voice.

Religiosame'nte, It. (re-le-je-6-za-w^-te). ) Devoutly, re-

Relfgidso, It. (re-le-je-J-zo). ) ligiously.

Rentre, Fr. (ran/fc-tra). Reentrance of a part or theme.

Renvoi, Fr. (ran^-vwa). The sign ^fi denoting that the per-
former must return to and repeat from a similar sign.

RepercotimSnto, //. (re-pir-ko-te-^J^-to) ) Re P ercussion >
~ . r * - - , ^ - v 5- the answer, in

Repercussio, Lat. (rep-er-^/?j-si-6). ^

Repercussion. A frequent repetition of the same sound.

RSpercuter, Fr. (ra-per-#-ta). To repercuss, to rever-
berate.

Repetatur, Lat. (rep-e-^-tiir). Let it be repeated.

Repetieren, Ger, (ra-pa-te-r'n). To repeat.

Repetizi6ne, It. (re-pa-te-tse-^-ne). Repetition.

Replica, It. (r-ple-ka). A repeat.

Replicato, //. (rep-le-^-to). Repeated.

Replicate. A tone one or more octaves higher or lower
than a given tone.

Replicazi6ne, ft. (rep-le-ka-tse-^-ne). Repetition.

Re'pondre, Fr. (ra-pon^dr). To respond, to answer.

Re*pons, Fr. (ra-p8n^s). An answer.

Response, Fr. (ra-pon^s). An answer.

Repos, Fr. (ruh-po). A pause.

6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).

72 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Reprise, Fr. (rim prez). The burden of a song, a repeti-
tion, or return, to some previous part.

Reqmebro, Sp. (ra-ke-#-bro). A trill of the voice.

Resoliito, It. (res-6-/00-to). See Risoluto.

Rest. The character used to indicate an interval of
silence between two tones.

Reveille, Fr. (ra-z>-ye). Awaking; signal given by drum
to soldiers at dawn.

Rhythm. Rhythm in music is tone-movement produced
by sounding in succession two or more tones of equal
or unequal time-value One tone cannot of itself pro-
duce rhythm, but being followed by one or more tones
there results a rhythm exhibiting the lelalive time-value
of the tones employed. When a motive or group is re-
peated many times in the couise of a composition and
at regular intervals, the resulting rhythm is called by
the name of the composition in which it is used; as
the rhythms peculiar to the march, waltz, polka, ma-
zurka, and polonaise Musical rhythm may or may not
be accented; music for the organ, for example, does
not admit of accent.

Ribattim.e*nto, It. (re-bat-te-w##-to). Repercussion, rever-
beration.

Ribfcattuta, //. (rib-batata). A kind of trill. ,

^^Sretc.

)

-9 s -

&

RIcantAre, It. (re-kan-Az-re). To sing again.

Ricordanza, It. (re-kcW#-tsa). Remembrance, recollection

Rigo, //. (re-go). The staff.

Rig6re, It. (re-^w-re). Rigor, strictness

a, ale ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve; e, end; I, ice; I, til;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 73

Rilasci&ndo, // (re-la-she-<3/2-do). ? _

RilasciAnte, \ It (re-l a .she.-te) I Rallentando -

Rimette"ndo, It. (re-met-A?-do) Holding back, or retard-
ing the tempo.

Rinforzame*nto, It. (ren-for-tsa-w^-to). Reinforcement.

Rinforzando, ft. (ren-f5r-nz-dd) . Strengthening, empha-
sizing.

Rinforzare, It. (ren-f6r-taz-re). To reinforce, to emphasize.

Rinforzato, It. (ren-for-taz-to). With special emphasis,
when used for a single tone or chord ; sudden increase
in loudness, -when used for a short passage or phrase.

Rinffeo, It. (ren^r-tso). Strengthened.

Rintronato, //. (ren-tro-dt-t6). Resounded, reechoed.

Ripetizi6ne, // (re-pe-te-tse-J-nS). Repetition.

Ripilno, It. (re-pe-J-no). Equivalent to Tutti.

Ripigliare, It. (re-pel-ye-<z-re). To resume

Ripigliindo, It (re-pel-yeaw-do). Resuming.

Riposatam^nte, It. (re-po-za-tk-w^-te). Restfully.

Riposato, It. (re-po-s-to). Restful.

Rip6so, It. (re-/<7-zo). Rest, repose.

Riposta, //. (re-/Jj--ta). Repeat.

Riprend^re, It (ie-pren-</J-re). To resume.

Riprend^ndo, //. (re-pren-^?2-d5). Resuming.

Ripr^sa, It (re-/rJ-za). A reprise or repeat The sign ^

Risentito, It (re-sen-^-to). Vigorous, energetic.

Risolutam^nte, It. (re-zo-loo-ta mdn-tl) With energy.

Risolut^zza, It. (re-z6-loo-A#-sa) Resolution.

Risolutlssimo, It. (re-z6-loo-*rse-mo). Very energetic.

Risoluto, It. (re-zo-/^-to). Energetic, decided.

Risoluzi6ne, It (re-zo-loo-tse-J-ne). Energy, decision.

Risonante, It. (re-zo-?/-te). Resounding, ringing.

5, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done f oo, moon ; u, htte ; u, but ; ^{French}.

74 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Risp6sta, It ' (res-/5>-ta). The answer in a fugue ; conse-

quent in a canon.

Ristre"tro, // (re-strSt-to). A stretto
Risvegliare, It (res-val-ye-o-re). To awaken, to animate
RisvegHato, It, (res-val-ye-a-to). Animated, lively.
Ritardando, It. (re-tar-^z-d6). Decreasing in speed.
Ritardato, It. (re-tar-dii-to). Decreased in. speed
Ritardo, It (re- far-do). Decrease in speed.
Ritene'ndO, It. (re-tS-^Jw-do). ) Holding back.
Riten^nt, It. (re-te-J-te). ) The same as Rallentando.
Riteniito, It. (re-ta-^^-to). Held back, in slower tempo.

Much used incorrectly for rallentando.
Ritmo, It. (ret-Tcia). Rhythm.
Ritmo di due batttite, It. (^/-mo de doo-e bat-/^-te). A

two-measure rhythm.
Ritmo di tre battute, //. (ret-mo de tra bat-^^-tg). A three-

measure rhythm.

Ritorndndo, It. (re-tor--do). Returning.
Ritornare, It. (re-tor-#-re). To return.

)An instrumental prelude
interlude, or postlude to
accompanied vocal works
A repeat. The refrain of
a song.

RiverberamSnto, It. (re-var-be-ra-*rt-t6). Reverberation.
Rive*rso, //. (re-z/^r-so). Reversed. Retrograde.
Rivolgime^ito, It. (re-vol-ye-/<Z-t5). Inversion of the

parts in invertible counterpoint
Rivoltito, It. (re-vol-Az-to). Inverted.
Rivdlta, //. (re-3w/-t6) Inversion.
Robato, //. (ro-^-to). Robbed, borrowed.

a, ale; a, add; a\ care ; a, arm; e, eve; e, end; I, ice; I, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS ?$

Robustamente, // (ro-boos-ta-0z#-te). Boldly and firmly.

Robusto, // (ro-&w-to). Bold and firm.

Roccfco, It. (ro-y&r-ko). Odd, old-fashioned.

Roche, It. (ro-ke) Hoarse, rough-sounding.

Rochezza, // (ro-&#-sa). Hoarseness.

R6co, ft. (ro-kv) Hoarse.

Roc6co, It. (r6-&?-ko). Rococo.

Rohr-werk, Ger. (nJr-vark). Reed-work. A term given to

all of the reed stops in an organ.
Ronde, Fr (rond). A whole note.
Ronquedad, Sp. (ron-ke-afo^). Hoarseness.
Ronzamnto, It. (ron-tsa-^wJw-to). Humming, buzzing.
Root. The note on which a chord is constructed, and from
which the chord receives its letter-name. For example,
in the chord of G, the root is G.

A melodic form composed of a
figure or phrase repeated sev-
eral times, each i
ing place on the next
above the preceding one ; the
repetitions may also occur on
any degree.
Rossign61er, Fr. (ro-sen-^-la). To imitate the song of the

nightingale.
Rottfndo, //. (ro-/<J-do). Full, round. Pertaining to

tone.

R6*tte, //. (rot-te). Broken, interrupted.
Roucouler, Fr. (roo-koo-/) To coo, to trill, to quaver
Roulade, Fr. (roo-/&/). A grace composed of an arpeggio
or run joining one principal tone to another. A flour-
ish in vocal or instrumental music.

6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute; ii, but ; u, (French}

Rosalia, //. (ro-^/-ya).
Rosalie, Ger. (ro-za-le).

76 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Rov&stiO, It. (ro-^r-she-o). ) Reverslon _

Rovfrsio, It. (ro-z^r-se-5). )

Rovesciame*nto, It. (io-va-she-a-wJ-io). Inversion Revo-
sion. Contrary motion Retrograde motion.

Rovescio, It. (ro-z/J-she-o). Imitation by contrary motion
The term is also given to a piece of music so con-
structed that it may be performed backwards

Rubito, //. (roo-fo-to). Changing the time- value of notes
comprising any part of a composition. The term really
indicates a free use of accelerando and rallentando ac-
cording to the taste of the performer , the less impor-
tant melody notes being accelerated while chose most
prominent are prolonged.

RQckgang, Ger. (rz^-gangk). Return. The term is used
to indicate a transition from one melody or theme to
the repetition of a previous one.

Ruckling, Ger. (rw^-oongk). Syncopation Enharmonic
change (enharmomsche Ruckung).

Ruckweiser Ger (r/&-v!-ser). The sign ^fe

Ruhepunkt, Ger. (roo*&-poonkt}. ) A pa use

Ruhezeichen, Ger. (r^-hS-^jf-k'n). )

Ruhig, Ger (roo-hig) Calm, tranquil, quiet.

Ruhrung, Ger. (ruh-roongk). Emotion

Run. A rapid scale-passage. In vocal music the term is
given to such a passage sung to one syllable.

Rundgesang, Ger (roond-$&-sangk}. A vocal solo with re-
frain for chorus.

Russe, Fr. (russ). Russian.

Rustico, It. (r^j-te-ko). Rustic, rural.

Ruvidame'nte, It. (roo>ve-da-wzJ-te). Coarsely, roughly.

Ruvido, //. (roo z>-do). Coarse, rough.

a, ale ; a, add; &, care; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 77

Sacred music. Church music.

Saengerfest, Ger. (sdng-ti-fist}. A festival among the Ger-
mans of a musical and social character.

Sdggio, It. (.ttwf-je-6). An essay, a trial.

Saite, Ger, (jf-te) A string.

Saiten-bandiger, Ger. (jf-t'n-&f#-di-gher) A musician.

Sai.tench.or, Ger. (jf-t'n-kor). Two or more stnngs tuned in
unison.

Saiteninstrumente, Ger (jf-t r n-in-shtroo-^^/-te). Stringed
instruments.

Salmeggiame'ntCv It. (sal-mad- je-a-wJw-t 6). Psalmody.

Salino, //. (sal-mo). Ptalm.

Salonflugel, Ger (sa-lon^/ g'l). Parlor grand (pianoforte)

Salonstuck, Ger (&a lon-shluk). A salon or parlor compo-
sition.

SaltatO, // (sal-Ai-to). A variety of the "springing bow"
in violin-playing.

Saltere*tto, It (sal-te-rflr/-to) A term given to the rhythm

Salto, //. (xa/-to). A leap or skip.

Samlung, Ger. (^*^w-loongk). A collection of airs.

Sanft, Ger. (sanft). Low, soft.

Sanftheit, Ger. (sanft-hlt). Softness, smoothness, gentleness.

Sanftig, Ger. (sanftig). Soft, gentle.

Sanftmuth, Ger. (san/t-moot). Softness, gentleness,

Sans, Fr. (san//). Without

Satz, Ger, (satz). Subject. Theme.

Satit, Fr. (so). Skip.

Sbalzo, It. (stol-tso). A leap or skip.

SbalzAto, // (sbal-/^-to). Impetuously.

o, old ; o, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon; u, lute; u, but ; u, (French).

78 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Sbtea, It. (j&zr-ra). Bar.

Sbtea ddppia, It. (sdar-ra. a^-pe-a). Double bat

ScagnellO, It. (skan-^/-lo). Bridge.

Scala, It. (skd-l^Y A scale.

Scald. A Scandinavian bard.

Scale. The succession of tones in their regular ordei com-
prising any major or minor key ; chromatic g, the name
of the series of half-tones beginning with any given note
and proceeding by half-tones to the octave of that note.

Scale-degree. A degree of a scale, counting upwards from
the keynote.

Scampanare, It (skam-pa-0-re) To chime bells

Scampanio, It (skam-/#-ne-6), Christmas chimes ; chimes

Scemando, It. (she-#z0#-d6) . See Diminuendo

Sce'na, It. (j^^-na). A division in an act of a diamatic work.
Also the name of a vocal solo of dramatic character.

Sce'na da camera, //. (jv&J-na da #-me-ra). Chamber
music.

Scenario, // (she-mj-re-6). Plot of a dramatic work.

Scenarium. An opera-libretto containing the dialogue and
directions for the performers.

Scene. See Scena.

Schafer-gedicht, Ger (sh&$fx-g&-dtkht} Idyl, eclogue,
pastoral.

Schaferlied, Ger. (sh$-izx-led} Shepherd's song, a pas
toral ditty.

Schafer-pfeife, Ger. (sha-ftx fi-iz) Shepherd's pipe

Schalkhaft, Ger. (j^/>&-haft). Sportive, roguish.

Schall, Ger. (shall). Sound, resonance
Schallbecken, Ger. (shall bte-zn). Cymbals.
Schallhorn, Ger. (j-////-honi). Horn, cornet, trumpet.

a, ale ; a, add; & care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 79

Schallstab, Ger. (^##-shtab}. Tnangle.

Schanzune, Ger. (shan-/.r0a-e). A corruption of chanson.

Schaurig, Ger. (s&ow-ng). Weirdly.

Schau spiel, Ger. (s^ow-shpe]). Drama, dramaUc piece.

Scherzdndo, It. (sk&r-tsan-do). }

Scherzdnte, It. (sk&r^nzo-tg). \ In a light, playful style.

Scherz<vole, It. (skar-fr<f-vo-le). '

Scherzhaft, Ger. (sherts-haft). Sportive. Burlesque.

Scherzino, A (^-tse-no). ) Tltles 8> w * v f " s c m '
Scherzo, A P ons of a llvel y ckar '

Scherz6so, It. (skar-/jJ-26). See Scherzando.

Schiettam&ite. It. (ske-at-ta-w5-te). ?

SehUtto, A (ske^-to). I

Schlacht-gesang, (7^r. (shlakht-g&-sangk). )

Schlacht-lied, GVr. (^/a>5^1ed). ) war-song.

Schlag, Ger. (shlag), A stroke, beat, or pulse.

Schlag instrument, Ger. (shlag m-stroo-/<?#*). An instru-

ment of percussion.
Schlecht, Ger. (shlekt). Bad, weak.
Schleif-bogen, Ger. (shttf-bo-gn). A slur.
Schleifen, Ger. (shll-? n). To slur.
Schleifer-zeichen, Ger. (^/T-fer-/w-khen). A slur.
Schleppen, Ger (jvfc/^-pen). To retard, or drag.
Schleppend, Ger. (j^/^-pend). Retarding, dragging.
Schluss, Ger. (shloos) End, close, cadence
Schluss-chor, Ger. (shloos^JQi). Final chorus
Schluss-fall, Ger. (sAloo&BSSL). A cadence. [cadence.

Schluss-kadenz, Ger. (s&to0s-&a-dents). Final or closing
Schluss-note, Ger. (shloos-i&t). Final note.
Schluss-reim, Ger (skloos-nm}. Refrain.

6, old; o, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but; u, (French}.

8O PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Schluss-satz, Ger (stifoes-ssitz). Concluding movement.

ScMuss-atriche, Ger. (jvfc/70.r-shtrikh-e). Double-bar.

Schluss-stuck, Ger (jv&Aw-shtuk). Concluding piece
Finale

Schluss-zeichen, Ger. (jv5/<w-/jAkhen) The double-bar
The hold /TN.

Schliissel, Ger (s&lu,s-s'\). A clef

Schlussel-G, Ger. (jvfc/^.r-s'1-G). The note g 1
on the second line of the treble-clef.

Schmachtend, Ger, (shmakh-t^nd). Languishing.

Schmeichelnd, Ger (shmi-keln'd). In a flattering, coaxing
style

Schmelzend, Ger. (jvfcjw//-tsend). Melting.

Schmerz, Ger. (shmerts). Grief, sorrow.

Schmerzhaft, Ger. (shmerts-\ui) Sorrowful, dolorous

Schmerzhaftigkeit, Ger. {^w^/j-haf-tig-kit). Sorrowfulness.

Schmerzlich, Ger. (skmertsJakb). Sorrowful, plaintive.

Schmerzlichkeit, Ger. (j-^w/r^-likh-kit). Dolorousness

Schmetterling, Ger. (j^w^-ter-ling). "Butterfly." A name
given to various instrumental compositions of light and
playful character written mostly for the piano.

Schnarr-bass, Ger. (jv&#arr-bass). The drone bass.

Schnarr-werk, Ger. (sbndrr-v&k). The reed stops of an
organ, or a reed stop.

Schnell, Ger (shnell). Fast, rapid.

Schneller, Ger. (shnel-ler). Faster, also an inverted mor-
dent, /vv

Schollrohr, Ger. (sholl-ror) Trumpets, bugles, brass wind
instruments.

Schreibart, Ger. (^rf-bart). Style.

Schreiend, Ger. (j^rf-end). Stndent, shrill, screaming.

a, ale; a, add; ^, care ; a, arm , e, eve ; e, end ; I, tee; i, ////

OF MUSICAL TERMS 8 1

Schreiwerk, Ger (jvfc^vark). Shnll-work, acute, or mix-

ture stops

Schrittmassig, Ger. (s/irft-mas-sig). Moderate in pace.
Schusterfleck, Ger. (shoos-\.tt-jl2k}. Rosalia.
Schwach, Ger (bhvakh). Soft, weak.
Schwacher, Ger. (shvd-\3x}. Softer.
Schwacher taktteil, Ger (j/foj-ker tak-tfl). The weak

beat.
Sea warmer, Ger (shvar-mer). A rauscher (a rapidly re-

peated note).
Schwebung, Ger (shve-boongk). In musical acoustics, a

Beat Similar to Tremulant.
Schweigen, Ger. (jy&z/J-ghen). To be silent.
Schweigezeichen, Ger. (jz^gh-&khen). A rest.
Scfcwellen, Ger (shvel-1'n). To increase.
Schwellton, Ger. (shvel-ton). Messa di voce.
Schwer, Ger (shv^r). Heavy, difficult.
Schwer-muthig, Ger (shvdr-mu-ti.g). Sad, melancholy.
Schwindend, Ger. (jv&z/#^-end). Dying away. Morendo
Schwingung, Ger. (^z^>zf-oongk). Vibration of a string.
Schwungvoll, Ger. (sbvoong-f.Q\). With swing and passion.
Scintilla" nte, It and Fr. (shin-tH-/0-te). Brilliant.
Sci61ta, It. (she-<?/-ta). Free, agile.
Scioltam^nte, It. (she-ol-ta-wJ-te). Freely, fluently.
Sciolt^zza, It. (she-6l-A2/-sa). Freedom, fluency.
Sci6lto, It (she-<?/-to). Free.
Scorddto, It (skcW0-to). Out of tune.
Score. The various parts of an instrumental or vocal com-

position, written on separate staves, and placed under

each other to facilitate reading.
Scoring. See instrumentation.

o, old; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (Frcnctt).

82 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Scorre*ndo, // (sk3r-r-d6). ) Glissando.

Scorre>ole, It. (skor-rJ-vo-le) > Flowing, gliding.

Scotch snap or catch. The rhythm CT which is peculiar

to Scotch melodies. * * '

Sdegninte, It. (sdan-j/0-te). Angry, passionate.
Sde*gno, It. (sddn-yo). Scorn, indignation.
Sdegnosame'nte, ft. (sdan-y6-za-^J-te). Scornfully.
Sdegn6so, ft. (sdan-j/J-zo). Scornful.
Sdrucciolando, ft. (sdroot-che-6-/0w-do). Skdmg. Glissando.
Sdrucciolire, ft. (sdroot-che-6-/a-re). To slide. To play

Se, ft. (sa). If.

Se bis6gna, //. (sa be-j-^-ya). If necessary.

Sec, Fr ^(sek) ) Simple, unembellished.

Secco, Fr. (sek-ko). ) *

Sechs, Ger (sekhs). Six.

Sechsachteltakt, Ger. (sekhs-akh-t'l-/fl^). Six-eight time.

Sechs-saitig, Ger. (sekhs-ji^tig). Instrument with six strings.

Sechs-theilig, Ger. (sgkks-tt-lig). In six parts.

Sechzehntel, Ger. (sekh-tsen-t'l). Semiquavers.

Sechzehntelpause, Ger (sekh-tsen-t'l-/0tt/-ze). A semi-
quaver rest.

Sechsvierteltakt, Ger. (sekhs-fer-t'l-^/). Six-four time.

Second. An interval consisting of two conjunct degrees.
There are three kinds, major, minor, and augmented.

Major Second. Minor Second. Aug. Second.

Sec6nda, ft. (sa-<3-da). Second.

Sec<5nda volta, ft. (sa-*-da vol-ta) Second time.

a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 83

Seconde dessus, Fr. (sa-kSnd des-su). Second soprano.

Seconds fois, It. (sa-kond fwa). Second time.

Secfodo, It (sa-&5w-d6). Second.

Secdndo partite, It. (sa-<wz-do par-#-t5). The second part.

Secular music. Music other than that intended for devo-
tional purposes.

Secunde, Ger. (se-&wz-de). A second.

Secundiren, Ger. (se-koon-<#r-en). To play the second part.

Segndre, //. (san-j/<i-re). To beat time.

Se*gno, //. (sdn-yo). A sign. See Al segno, also Dal
segno. The signs used are ^ fa , -&. The above
terms direct the performer to repeat from the /y\

place marked by the sign to the word Fine II-
or to a double-bar marked with a hold. I.I"

Sometimes only the sign is given.
Se*gue, It. (j^-gwe). Follows.
Se*gue Paria, It. (.rJ-gwe /^re-a). The aria follows.

Segue*nao, It. (se^/J-do). )
). \

Segu^nte, It.

Segu^nza, It. (se-^J-tsa). Sequence.

Se*gue s^nza interruzi<5ne, //. (j^-gwe ^<?-tsa ^-ter-root-tse-

J-ne). Go on without stopping.
Sehnsucht, Ger, (j-J-sookht). Yearning, longing.
Sehnsuchtig, Ger. (j5-sukh-tig). With intense longing.
Sehr, Ger. (sar). Very.
Sehr lebhaft, Ger. (sar /#-haft). Very lively.
Sei, It. (sa-e). Six.
Seitenbewegung, Ger. {.w-t'n-be-z'dr-goongk} Oblique mo-

tion.
Seitensatz, Ger. (j^-t'n-satz). A secondary theme in a so-

nata, rondo, symphony, etc.

o, old ; 8, odd; 6, done; oo, moon; u, litte ; u, out; u, (FrencK)

84 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

S'elever, Fr. (,r#/-e-va). To ascend in tone.
Semeiotechnie, Fr. (se-ma-6-#-ne). A system of musical

characters.

Semibreve. A whole note

Semicorchea, Sp. (sem-e-^-ke-a). A semiquaver.
Semi-croma, Gr. (sem-i-^-ma). ) A semiquaver.
Semi-cro'ma, It. (sem-e-^^-ma). )
Semicrotchet. A quaver or eighth note.
Semidemisemiquaver. A sixty-fourth note.
Semuninim. A crotchet, or quaver.
Semipausa, Lat. (sem-e-/w-sa). A semibreve rest.
Semiquaver. A sixteenth note.
Semitone. The smallest interval used in modern music.

Example.

Semi-toniciue, Fr, (sem-e-^-nek). Chromatic.

Semplice, It. (sam-/#-che). Simple, unaffected.

Semplicem^nte, It. (sam-ple-che-ftf-te). Simply, unaf-
fectedly.

Se*mpre, It. (stim-pre). Continually, throughout.

Sensibile, It (sen^-be-le). Expressive, feeling.

Sensibilita,/ (sen-se-^-le-ta). Expression.

Sensibilm^nte, //. (sen-se-bel-w^-te). Expressively.

Sensible, Fr. (san>5-j^/) The leading-note. Note sensi-
ble is another term for the leading-note

Sentie, Fr. (saiL&-#}. Expressed, felt.

Sentimentale, Fr. (san^-te-w/-tal). Sentimental.

Sentime'nto, It. (sen-te-?J-t6). Sentiment, feeling.

Snza, It. (jJ-tsa). Without

a, ale; a, add; a, care; a, arm, e, eve; e, end ; I, ice ; T, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 85

Se*nza fiori, It. (^-tsa fe-<?-re). Without ornaments, with-

out embellishments.

Se"nza replica, It. (sdn-tsa. ^-ple-ka) Without repetition.
Se pice, It. (sa pe-at-che). If you please.
Sep-chord. Chord of the seventh.

Septet. \ A composition for seven voices

Septett, Ger. (sep-tet). ) or instruments.

Septifeme ,Fr. (*.) )
Septime, Ger. (sep-^-me). )
Septimen akkord, Ger. (j^-ti-men ak-kord). Chord of the

seventh.

Septimole, Ger. (^-ti-^-le). ) Sept let
Septole. >

Septuor, Fr. (j5-tu-6r). Septet.
Septuplet. A group of seven notes of equal time-value to

be performed in the time of four or six of the same

kind in the regular rhythm.
Sequence* The repetition, more than twice in succession,

of a motive or group, the repetitions occurring in as-

cending or descending motion, and by equal intervals.
Seraphine, (j^r-a-fen). A species of harmonium.
Serbano, It. (ser-&?-no). The serpent, a bass wind instru-

ment.

Serena, It. (se-r^-na). An evening song.
Sere*no, It. (se-rJ-no). Calm, serene.
Seria, It. (^-re-a). )
. )

Serio, It

S&ieusement, Fr. (sa-ri-j-man^). Seriously.
Seritfso, It. (sa-re-^zo). In a grave, serious style.
Serpeggidndo, It. (ser-ped-je-a-d5). Gently winding, slid-
ing, creeping.

6, old ; 8, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute; ii, but; ii, (French).

86 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Serpent. A bass wind instrument.

Serrata, It. (ser-m-ta). A concluding performance.

S&ta, It. (j*r-ta). 1 g

S&to, It. (j&-t6). )

Sestet ' J A sextet

Sestetto, It. (ses-^-to). f A sextet *

Sestina, / (ses-#-na). A sextuplet.

Sestole,/*(ses-*>-le). ) gext

Sestolet, /*. (ses-^let). J A sextu P iet '

SettettO, //. (set-^/-to). Septet

Se*ttima, //. (jJ/-te-ma). Interval of a seventh.

Se*ttimo, //. (j-dtf-te-mo). Seventh.

Setzart, C?^^. (j^-art). Style of composition.

Set2kunst, Ger. (jv&r-koonst). Art of composition.

Seul, Fr. (sul), > c . ,
t r, / v,v ^ Solo, alone.
Seule, ^r. (sul). >

Seventh. An interval containing seven degrees.

Severame"nte, / (se-ver-a-fw^-te). Strict interpretation of
tempo and expression marks.

Seye*rita, It. (se-z^re-ta). Severity, strictness.

Sexta, Lat. (jAp-ta). Sixth. Interval of a sixth. A sixth
part.

Serte, Ger. (j&r-te). A sixth.

Sextet, ) A composition for six voices o r

Sextett, Ger. (j/j?-tet). ) instruments.

Sextole, Lat. (j^r-to-le). )

Sextolei, (^-to-let). [ ^ sextuplet.

Sextuor, Fr. (sex-tu-or). Sextet.

Sextuplet. A group of six notes of equal time-value per-
formed in the time of four of the same kind in the
regular rhythm.

a, ale; a, add; &, care; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; 5, ic* ; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 8/

S&rtus, Lat. (j&r-tus). A sixth part.
Sfogato, It (sfo-^a-to). Light, airy. A direction in vocal
music meaning that the passage thus marked must be
rendered in a light and airy manner.
Sf6rza, It. (j/Sr-tsa). Forced, with energy.

The abbreviations of these
terms are commonly ap-

- , - - r . .. , v plied to a single tone or

Sforzando, It. (sfor-ta*-do) I \ , , , 8

0* zx r* / r- * j.-i r chord, and denote that

Sforzdto, //. (sfor-taz-to). f , _ ,

1 the notes so marked are

to be performed with spe-
cial stress.

Sforzire la v6ce, //. (sfor-/^re la z/^-che). To sing with
emphasis.

Sfuggfto, //. (sfood^-to). Avoided, shunned.

Shake. Trill.

Sharp. The sign #. The sharp when placed before a ncte
or on a degree of the staff raises its pitch one half-
tone.

Si, It. (se). It, one. Seventh degree of the diatonic scale.
Name of the note B in France and Italy.

Si leVa il sordino, It. (se /J-va el s5r-a-no). Take off the
mute.

Si levano i sordini, It. (se le-s^'-no e s5r-d?-no). Take off
the mutes

Si piace, //. (se pe-^-che). At pleasure.

Si replica, //. (se ?-J-ple-ka). Repeat.

Si se*gue, It (se j^f-gue). Proceed.

Si tace, // (se ?-che). Be silent

Si v^lta, It. (se w/-ta). Turn over.

Sibilate, It. (j-be-/-te.) To sing with a hissing sound.

5, old; 5, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon; u, lute; ii, but; u, (French}.

88 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Siegesgesang, tor. (^ghes-ghe^^). )

Siegeslied, &?r. (^-gheW^f). 5 ^ 6

Siegesmarsch, Gkr. (j-ghes-marsh). A triumphal march.

SfcUSfcu, // (se.che-le-.-na). } A *"**
Sicilttao, A (se-che-le-a-no). I P easan f

Sicilienne, *K (se-se-le-^). \ * h * S ' w temp
7 J and I or time.

Signalist. A military trumpet player

Signature. The signs placed at the head of the staff at

the beginning of a composition, indicating the key and

measure of the music which follows.
Signaturen, Ger. (s!g-na-&?0-ren). Figures and signs used in

thorough-bass notation.
Sign, canceling. A natural.
Signe, Fr. (sen). Sign.
Silbendehnung, Ger. (j#-ben-fl?#-noongk). Singing a syl-

lable to more than one tone. Slurring a syllable.
Silbar, Sp (^/-bar). To whistle.
Silbera, Ger. (j#-bern). Of a silvery tone.
Silboso, Sp. (^7-bo-2o). Whistling, hissing.
Silence, Fr. (se-lan>$s). A rest.

Silences pointe*s, Fr (se-lan^s pwan/fc-ta). Dotted rests.
Silenciosam^nte, Sp. (se-lenthe-o-za-w^w-te). Quietly,

softly.
Silentando, It. (se-len-&#-d6). A term denoting a slacken-

ing of the time.

Sile'nzio, It (se-/<f#-tse-o). A rest

Simicon, Ger. (j^-i-k5n). A harp with thirty-five strings.
Simile, //. (se-me-le) In like manner. Continue in the

same manner as the preceding passage.
Simplement, Fr (j#^-ple-man^). Simply, unaffected.

a, ale ; a, add ; ^t care ; a, arm , e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 89

Sin, It. (sen) , Abbreviation of Smo.

Sinf6nia, It. (sen^-ne-a). A symphony. A name given
to the overture of an Italian opera belonging to the
earlier school.

Sinfonie, Ger. (sfn-io-ne). Symphony.

Singakademie, Ger. (s?ng--ak.-a.-da-me). A choral singing
society. A singing academy.

Sing-art, Ger. ($fng-rt). Style of singing.

Singbar, Ger. (.rf^-bar). Singable.

Sing-bass, Ger. (j^f-bass). A vocal bass.

Sing-chor, Ger. (sthg-kor). Choir.

Singend, Ger. (j-^-end). Cantabile.

Singe-tanz, Ger. (j#zg--tants). Dances accompanied by
singing.

Sing-fuge, Ger (s?ng-foo-$&). A vocal fugue.

Sing-gedicht, Ger. (sng-$&-dfkht). A poem set to music.

SinghiozzandO, It (sen-ghe-ot-taiW-do). Sobbing, catch-
ing the breath.

Sing-kunst, Ger. (.rffcg-koonst). The art of singing.

Sing-mahrcnen, Ger. (tfng-mSr-kttri). A legend in song.

Singmanieren, Ger. (j^-ma-^-r'n). Vocal embellishments.

Sing-meister, Ger. (ting-mis-ier). Singing master.

Sing-schauspiel, Ger (ji^-show-shpel). A drama inter-
spersed with singing.

Sing-schule, Ger. (s?ng-shoo-l%). Singing school.

Sing-spiel, Ger. (j/^-shpel). " A sing-play." A title given
to the earlier form of the German national opera. The
name is used at the present time for any light opera or
operetta with spoken interludes.

Sing-stimme, Ger. (s?ng-shtfm-m). A vocal part. The
singing voice, the voice.

6, old; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but; ii, {French}.

go PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Sing-stuck, Ger. ($#ag--sh.tuk). Air, melody.

Sing-stunde, Ger. ($fng-shtoon-&&}. Singing lesson.

Sing-verein, Ger. (sf^-ie-rm). Choral society.

Sing-weise, Ger. (s?ng-vse). In a singing style.

Sinistra, It. (se-r-tra). Left

Sink-a-pace. See Cinque-pace.

Sine, It. (j-no). As far as, to, up to, till.

SIno al fine, It. (se-no al^-ne 1 ). To the end.

Si pidce, //. (se pe--che> Ad libitum.

Sirenion, (si-r<*#-i-8n). An instrument of the piano and
harpsichord class.

Si replica, //. (se r^-ple-ka). To be repeated

Si scriva, It. (se s&re-va). As written*

Si segue, It. (se sa-gue). As follows.

Sistema, It. (ses-//.ma). Staff.

Sister, Ger. (sis-ter). An old German guitar.

Sistro, It. (ses-tro). A triangle.

Sistnun, Lai. (^r-tnim). A rattle used by the ancient
Egyptians, the Greeks, and Romans. Its common
form was that of a handle surmounted by a loop of
metal having cross-bars on which rings were sometimes
placed.

Si tace, It. (se itf-che). Be silent

Sitz, Ger. (sitz). Place, situation.

Si v61ga, //. (se

Sixieme, Fr. --. .
Sixte,^(sekst). Slxth '

Sixte ajoutee, Fr. (sekst a-^^-t5). Added sixth.
Sixth. An interval containing six degrees.
Skizze, Ger. (jv&fcr-tse). Sketch.

a, ok; a, add; a, care; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end; I, ice; I, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS gi

Skizzen, Ger. (jv&fcr-tsen). Sketches.

Slincio, //. (sfon-sho). ) Impetuosity. Sometimes written

Slanzio, It. {j/0/z-tse-o). J " islancio,"

Slargdndo, It. (slar-^afo-do). )

Slargand6si, A. (slar-gan-^ze). J

Slentando, / (slen-A?-d6). Slargando.

Sliss&tO, / (sles-jaz-to). Slurred.

Slur. The sign x^-^x which, when placed over or under

two or more notes, indicates that the passage is to be

performed legato.

SmanUnte, It. (sma-ne%a-t5). -v _

-*j. T^ / - . - N f In an impetuous, passion-

Smaniito, //. (sma-ne-d^to). > * *

Smani6so, // (sma-ne-^zo). ) ate Sty '

Sminu^ndo, It. (sme-noo-J-do). ) Diminishing and decreas-

Sminuito, //. {sme-noo-Mo). ) ing in speed and force.

Smore'ndo, //. (sm6-rw-d5). Dying away.

Smorfi6so, It. (smor-fe-J-zo). Affected expression

Smorzdndo, //. (smfa-tsan-do). Dying away.

Soave, It. (so-0-ve). Soft, sweet, suave.

Soavem^nte, //. (so-a-ve-7w5w-te). Suavely.

Sogg^tto, //. (sod^-to). Subject, theme.

Sogndndo, It. (son-^w-do). In a dreamy style.

Sob. Term given to the syllable sol in the Tonic sol-fa

system.

Soiree musicale, Fr. (swa-ra. mu-ze->5<i7). A musical evening.
Sol. Name of the note G in France, also the fifth note of

the diatonic scale.
S61a, It. (j^-la). Alone.
Solemnis, Lat. (so-/J5w-nis). Solemn.

Sol^nne, It. (so-/J-ne). ) . . ,. ,

_ _ ' :L . , n f Solemn, splendid, pompous.

Solcnnelle Fr. so-/^-nel). ) r * ^

_ _
Solcnnelle, Fr.

6, old ; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; \L,lute ; u, but; u, {French} .

92 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Solenneme*nte, It. (so-//7z-ne-*J#-te). Solemnly.

Solennita, //. (s6-/#z-ne-#r). Solemnity.

Solfa, It. (j0/-fa). Scale A conductor's baton.

Sol-fa. To sing solfeggi. Solmisation and its syllables,

do, re, mi, etc.

Solfeggiare, It. (sol-fad-je-o-re). To sol-fa.
Solfege-, Fr. (sol/<fe). \ A vocal exercise on one

Solfeggi, It. (sol/A/- je). > vowel, the syllables of sol-
Solfeggio, It. (sol^df-je-o). ) nusation, or words.
Soli, It. (j-J-le). The parts for solo performers.
Solito, It. (^le-to). Usual, accustomed.
Solmisation. Sol-fa-ing A system of teaching scales and

intervals by the syllables, do, re, mi, etc.
Solo, It. (,r<7-lo). Alone. Music for a single instrument or

voice with or without accompaniment,
Solosanger, Ger. (so-lo-sdng-er). A solo singer.
Solospieler, Ger. (.r.lo-.f^-ler). A solo player.
Solostimme, Ger. (j-16~j#w-me). A solo part or voice
Sombrer, Fr. (j^-bra). A term used in vocal music to

indicate a sombre, veiled, but intense expression.
Somma, //. (som-ma). Highest, greatest, supreme, utmost,

extreme.
Sommerlied, Ger. (som-mer-led) . A song in praise of

summer.

Son, Fr. (s8n^). Tone, sound.

Son harmonique, Fr. (son^ h*ar-s-nek) Harmonic tone.
Son plein, Fr. (s6n& plan^). A round, full tone.
Sonabile, It. (so--be-le). Sounding, resonant.
Sonante, It. (so-nan-te). Sonorous, resonant, resounding
Sonare, It. (so-df-re). To sound, to play.
Sonare Alia m^nte, It (so-^^-re a/-la m J-te). To improvise.

a, ale ; a, add; &, care ; a, arm ; e, eve e, end ; i, ice ; i, *//y

OF MUSICAL TERMS 93

Sonata. An extended instrumental composition, usually of
three or four movements.

Sonata da camera, It. (so-wa-ta da &z-me-ra) A sonata
designed for the chamber or parlor,

Sonata da chie'sa, //. (so-w^ta da ke-J-za). A church so-
nata, an organ sonata.

Sonate, Fr. ($o-nat) and Ger. (so-#-te). A sonata.

Sonat6re, It. (so-na-/-re). A performer on any instrument.

Sonevole, It. (so-#-vo-le). See Sonabile.

S6no, //. (jJ-no) Tone, sound.

Sonorame'nte, It. (so-no-ra-wJw-te), Sonorously, resound-
ingly.

Sontire, //. (so-0-re). Sonorous.

Sonus, Lat. (jtf-nus). Tone, sound.

S6pra, It. (.ro-pra). Above, over, higher; upon, on.

S6pra domindnte, It. (so-pra, do-me-^flw-te). Dominant.

Sopra t6nica, //. (j^-pra /J-ne-ka). Super tonic.

S6pra tina c6rde, //. (^J-pra 00-na >&^r-de). On one string.

Sopran, Ger. (s6-/^'). Soprano.

Sopran-scnlussel, Ger. (so-fran-sMur-s'l). Treble clef.

Sopran-stimme, Ger. (so-/r<wz-.&&#7-m). Soprano voice
or part.

Soprlno, It. (so-/ra-no). The highest division of the hu-
man voice.

Soprano clef. The C clef on the first line.

S6rda, It (sor-da). Dull, muffled. [tone.

Sordam&ite, //. (sor-da-w^-te). With a muffled, veiled

6, old; 6, odd; 6, done; OQ,moon ; u, lute; u, but; u, (French}.

94 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Sordino, It. (sor-^-no). A mute. Beethoven used the terms

con sordini and sen&a sordim to denote when and when

not to use the soft pedal of the piano.
S6rdO, It (^-do). Muted.

Sordun, Ger. (ser-doon). A mute for the trumpet.
Sorgfaltig, Ger. (jvr^-fal-tigh). Cautious, careful
Sortie, Fr. (s#r-te). A closing voluntary for the organ.
Sortita, //. (s6*r-#-ta). See sortie. Also the first number

sung by a leading character in an opera.
Sospensivame'nte, // (s6s-pen-se-va-/wJ-te). Irresolutely,

doubtfully.

Sospirando, ft. (s6s-pe-ra-d6) ) Sighing, sobbing. A vo-
Sospirante, //. (s6s-pe-r-te). ) cal effect
SospireVole, //. (sos-pe-r^vo-le) ) Sighing deeply. Mourn-
Sospir<5so, // (sos-pe-ro-zo). ) ful, plaintive.

Sostenendo, //. (sos-te.^.d6). ( gee sostermto

Sosten^nte, It. (s6s-tS-J-te). I

Sostenuto, It. (sos-te-?^-t6). Sustained. As a tempo

mark it is about the same as andante.
S6tto, It, (j<?/-to) . Under, below.
S6ttO dominante, It. (sot-to do-me-nan-te). The subdomi-

nant.

S6ttov6ce, //. (sot-io z/J-che). In an undertone
Soubasse, Fr. (j^^bks). Sub-bass,
Soupir, Fr. (j-^-per). A quarter rest.
Sonrdement, Fr. (soord-maxJi). In a subdued manner.
Sourdine, Fr. (w-den). A mute.
Sous, Fr. (soo). Below, under.
Sous-chantre, Fr. (soo-stiantitr). A deputy precentor or

cantor. An assistant choir-master.
Sous-dominante, Fr. (soo do-im-nanfo). Sub-dominant.

a, ale; a, add; a\ can; a, arm ; e, eve; e, end; I, ice ; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 95

Sous-me'diante, Fr. (soo-ma-dI-0^). Sub-mediant.

Sous-tonicLue, Fr. (soo-to-). Subtomc or leading note.

Soutenir, Fr. (soo-te-^r). To sustain a sound.

SpagnoUtta, It (span-yoVJAa). A Spanish dance.

Spagnuola, It (span-yoo-^la). The guitar.

Sparta, It. (spar-ta.). ^

Spartita, //. (spar-#-ta). I

Spartfto, It (spar-^-to). f A P artltura -

Sparte, Ger. (spar-te). J

Spassliaft, Ger. (j^/to-haft). Scherzando.

Spezzato, ft. (spet-/te-to). Divided.

Spiandta, It. (spe-a-^ta). ) Smoo

Spianato, It. (spe-a-^to). J t

SpiccatamSnte, ft. (spek-ka-ta-^^-te). BrilKantly.

Spiccdto, It (spek-&z-to). A variety of springing-bow in
violin-playing.

Spiel, Ger. (shpel). Play, performance.

Spielart, Ger. (shpel-art). Style or system of playing.

Spiel manieren, Ger. (shpel ma-^-r'n). Instrumental em-
bellishments.

Spirito, It. (j/-re-to). Spirit, life.

Spiritosam^nte, It. (spe-re-t6-za-*w##-te). \ With energy

Spirit6so, It. (spe-re-/<?-zo). > and anima-

Spiritu6so, It. (spe-re-too-^-zo). ) tion.

Spitze, Ger. (j^^-tse). Point. Point of a bow. Also
denoting the toe in organ-playing.

SpOttlied, Ger. (shpot-led). A satirical song.

Springing-bow. A kind of bowing used by violin-players
in which the bow is allowed to drop on the string, its
elasticity causing it to rebound after every tone.

Spruchgesang, Ger. (skpro0kk-$&-sangk). An antfcem,

6, old; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, 6ut; u, (French)*

96 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Sprung, Ger (shproongh). A leap or skip.

Spruag-weise, Ger. (shproongk-vi-se). By leaps or skips.

Sc|uilla, ft, (sqitel-\). A little bell , a shrill-sounding bell.

Squillante, It. (squel-/a-te). Ringing, sounding, bell-like
in tone.

Sta, It. (sta). As it stands.

Stabat Mater, Lat (.r/a-bat ma-tcr). A hymn on the cruci-
fixion.

Stabile, It. (tf<z-be-le). Firm, steady.

Staccare, It. (stak-/&<5J-r$). To make staccato.

Staccatissimo, ft. (stak-ka-/r-se-m6). Very much detached.

Staccdto, It. (stak-&z-to). Detached, separated.

Staff. The five parallel horizontal lines and their four in-
tervening spaces used in musical notation.

Staff-degree. A degree on the staff.
Stambuzare, It. (stam-boo-tai-re). To beat the drum.
Stamm, Ger. (shtam) Root.

Stamm-akkord, Ger. (shtam-ak-kord), A chord in its fun-
damental position

Stampita, //. (stam-/Ma). A song -with instrumental ac-
companiment.

Standchen, Ger. (,&&A2tfaf-khen). A serenade.
Standhaft, Ger. (shtand-\M$$. Steady, resolute.
Stanghe'tta, It. (stan-^-ta). Bar.
Stark, Ger. (shtark). Loud, vigorous.
Starker, Ger. (shtar-ker). Louder.
Stave. See Staff.
Steg, Ger. (shtegh). Bridge.

Stentando, It. (sten-rtzw-do). Delaying, dragging, or retard-
ing the tempo.
Stent&o, //. (sten-j&i-to). Delayed, retarded

a, ale ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; i, ice ; i, til;

OF MUSICAL TERMS

Step. At times used instead of degree and tone.

Sterbe-gesang, Ger. (s/itfr-be ghe-.w^). ) _

Sterbe-lied, Ger. (sk&rl&led). J Funeral

Sterbend, Ger. (j#Sr-bend). Morendo.

Sterbe-ton, Ger (shtgrJcfe-tdn). A tone diminishing insensibly.

Stlso, //. (sffl-zo). Extended, prolonged.

St&o m<5to, It. (std-ZQ mo-tv). A slow movement.

Ste"sso, //. (stffs-so). Same as steso

Stibacchidto, It. (ste-bak-ke--to). Relaxing, retarding the
time.

Stick, Ger. (shtikh). A dot or point

Stil, Ger. (shtfl). )

Stile, It. (j-^-le). [ Style.

Stilo, It. (ste-lo). )

Still, Ger. (shtH). Calm, tranquil.

Stimme, Ger. (shtfm-ro&}. Voice, part.

Stimm ansatz, Ger. (shtim /zw-sats). Attack of a vocal
tone.

Stimm bander, Ger. (shtim &?.-der). Vocal chords.

Stimm bildung, Ger. (shtim bH-doongk). Training of the
voice

Stimm buch, Ger. (shtim bookh). A part book.

Stimm fuluer, Ger. (shtim fuhrer). Leader in a chorus.

Stimm fiilimng, Ger. (shtim ^/w^-roongk). Leading of the
parts.

Stimm mittel, Ger (shtim mitt'l). Vocal powers.

Stimm umfang, Ger. (shtim *ww-fangk). Compass of the
voice.

Stimmungsbild, Ger. (j-^^w-moongs-bfld). A short charac-
teristic piece.

Stingu&ido, //. (sten-^^-do). Dying away.

5, old; 6, odd; 6, done; oo, moon; u, lute; u, but; u, (French}.

98 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Stonante, //. (st6-w#-te). Discordant, out of tune.

Stop. To change the pitch of an instrument.

Stopfen, Ger. (shtop-fen). To stop.

Stopf tc>ne, Ger. (shtopf #-ne). Stopped tones.

Storta, It. (stor-ta). A serpent.

Stosszeichen, Ger. (jv&/<w--ts*-k>n). Staccato mark.

Straccicalando, It. (strat-che-ka-lan-do). Prattling, babbling.

Strain. Melody, tune.

Strascicando, It. (str*a-she-&j#-do). Dragging.

Strathspey. A lively Scottish dance.

Stravag&nte, It. (stra-va-gaw-te). Fantastical, extravagant.

Streichen, Ger. (j^rtrf-kh'n). To bow, as in violin-playing.

To cut, as any portion of an opera.
Strelch instrumente, *r.(shtrlkhm-stroo-0z-te). Stringed

instruments played with a bow.

Streich orchester, Ger. (shtrikh or-/5/j-ter). String-orchestra.
Streich quartett, Ger. (shtrikh kwar-tet). String-quartet.
Streich trio, Ger. (strikh tre-6). String-trio.
Strong, Ger. (shtreng). Severe, strict.
StrSpito, It. (^rdr-pe-to). Noise.

Strepitosam^nte, //.(stra-pe-to-za-attJw-te 1 ). ) In a boisterous;
Strepit6so, It. (stra-pe-^zo). ) impetuous style.

Str6tta, It. (jrMa). ^ * A . - * A , -

Stre-tte & (strft). I A dwlwon + f a fi ^ re ' A *****
StreW It. (lwS). J passa * e taken m faster texn P-
Strid&ite, It. (stre-^J-te). Harsh, noisy. In pianoforte

playing it is the same as martellato.
Stridevole, It. (stre-dS-v^le). Sharp, shrill, acute.
Stringe'ndo, It. (stren-^5-do). Accelerando.

a, add ^ &, care; a, arm ; e\^<r; e, tfaT; I, tee;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 99

Strisciando, It (stre-she-ate-do). Smooth, legato, gliding;

glissando.

Strombazz&ta, It. (strom-bat-taz-ta). > The sound of a
Strombettata, It. (strom-bet-te-ta). \ trumpet.
Stromentaio, It. (stro-men-6z-to). Instrumented.
Stromento, It. (stio-mSn-to). Instrument
Stuck, Ger. (shtuk). A piece,
Stufe, Ger. (shtoo-iz). Step, degree.
Sturmisch, Ger. (sfaurm-ish). Passionate, impetuous.
Su, It. (soo). On, upon ; near, by.
Suave, It. (jaw-ve). See Soave.
Sub, Lat. (sub). Under.
Subdominant. The under-dominant. The fourth degree

of the diatonic scale.
Subitame*nte, It. (soo-be-ta-w^-te). ) _ . , . ,, .

& (l^to). \ Quicld y' suddenl y-

Submediant. The sixth degree of the diatonic scale.

Subsemitone. The sub-tonic, or leading tone.

Subtonic. The leading note.

Suffocate, //. (soof-fo-^tf-to). Muffled, damped.

Suivez, Fr. (swe-va). Same as Colla parte. Follow, con-

tinue, go on ; simile.
Sujet, Fr. (su-zha). Subject.
Sul, ft (sool). On the.

Sul ponticello, It. (sool p6n-teV////-lo). Near the bridge.
Sulla, //. (sool-\&). Sul.

SiiUa c6rda, It (sool-Va. k8r-fo^. On the string. [board.
Sulla tastifra, It. (j^/-la tas-te-J-ra). By or near the finger-
StiUe, It. (jwflWS) Sul.

Suo lOCO, It. (soo-o /J-ko). Its accustomed place.
Suonantina, //. (swo-nan-/l-na). A short, easy sonata.

o, old; 5, odd; ,done; oo.moon; vjute; u,^/^; ii, (French).

IOO PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Suonare, It. (swo--rg). Same as sonare.
Super, Lat. (su-per). Over, above.
Superdominant. The sixth degree of the diatonic scale.
Superfluous. Sometimes used instead of augmented.
Supertonic. The second degree of the diatonic scale.
Super-tonique, Fr. (sii-per-^-nek) Supertonic.
SupplicneVole, //. (soop-ple-&2-vo-le). j
Supplichevolme'nte, It. (soop-ple-ka-vol- > ma nner ^

Sur, Fr. (sur). On, over, upon.

Sur une corde, Fr. {sur une kord). See Sopra una corda.

Sus-dominante, Fr. (su do-mi-nanAt). Superdominant.

Suss, Ger. (suss). Sweetly.

Sus-tonique ; Fr. (su-t6-). Supertonic.

Susurrando, It. (soo-soor-r^w-do) ) In a murmurous, whis-

Susunante, //. (soo-soor-ra-te) ) pering tone.

Svegliato, It. (sval-ye-<z-to). Brisk, lively, animated.

SveltO, It. (sv&l>to). Light, agile.

Swell. A crescendo "j or crescendo and diminuendo

Syllabic melody. One syllable to each tone of the melody.
Syllable-name. The syllables do, re, mi, etc.
Symphonic. Relating to a symphony. Any composition

constructed similar to a symphony.
Symphony. A sonata for orchestra.
Syncopate. To change or omit the accent of a tone or

chord occurring on a strong beat by tieing it over from

the former weak beat; to interrupt the rhythm ; to give

a strong accent on a weak beat
Syncopated. A tone or chord deprived of its natural ac-

cent See Syncopate.

a, ale ; a, add; i, care; a, arm ; e, eve ; , end; I, ice; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS IOI

Syncopation. The tieing of a weak beat to the succeed-
ing strong beat, and thus changing the natural accent ;
the temporary establishment of a false rhythm ; an in-
terruption of the natural rhythm. .

Synkope, Ger. (sm-^pe). Syncopation.

System. The several staves belonging to a score.

Systeme, Fr. (sis-^/w). Compass of an instrument. The
complete range of musical tones.

)"Is silent." A vocal or instru-
mental part so marked is silent
through a portion or all of the
number or movement in -which
the term is used.

Tattle, Fr. (/<f-uh). Tenor voice. In a vocal sense the
term is used only in church music. The tenor violin
(Viola).

Takt, Ger. (takt). Time, a measure, a beat.
Takt accent, Ger. (takt ak-tsent). Measure accent, pri-
mary accent.

Taktart, Ger. (&art). Measure, time, rhythm.
Takterstickung, Ger. (to-ter-jvfc2jr/&-oongk). Syncopation,
the omission of measures by the overlapping of two
periods or phrases.

Taktfach, Ger. (fiutefakh). A space.
Taktfest, Ger. (ta&t-fest). Steady in time.
Taktglied,6*r. (toggled). Measure note. [time.

Takthalten, Ger. ^/-hal-ten). To keep time Keeping
Taktieren, Ger. (fo-te-r j n). To beat time.
Taktierstab, Ger. (/^-ter-shtab). A baton.
Taktmassig, Ger. (takt-mte\g). In time.

o, old; 5, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French}.

102 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Taktmesser, Ger. (takt-mh-^f). Metronome.

Takt-note, Ger. (takt-no-i$) A whole note,

Takt-pause, Ger. (takt-jow-ze). Measure-rest.

Takt-schlagen, Ger. (takt jv5/0-ghen). To beat time.

Takt-stock, Ger. (Aafc-shtSk). A baton.

Takt-strich, Ger. (fo/-shtr!kh). A bar.

Takt-teil, Ger (takt-iiL). A beat or count.

Taktvorzeichnung, Ger (takt-for-jf^-noongk) ) Time sig-

Taktzeichen, Ger. (takt--kh'n). ) nature.

Tandelnd, Ger. (&2>z-demd). In a bantering, toying style.

Tantlno, ft. (tan--no). A little.

Tdnto, ft. (tan-to). As much, so much. Too. Allegro
non tanto, not too fast.

Tanz, Ger. (tants). Dance.

Tanze, Ger. (tan-tse). Dances.

Tarantella, It (tar-ran-/J/-ra). A southern Italian dance in
rapid I time. A title given to modern instrumental
pieces in I or I time, and of very rapid tempo.

Tardame'nte, //. (tar-da-z<?w-te). lingeringly, slowly.

Tardando, It. (tar-^^-do). ) gee

Tardato, It. (tar-^iz-to). )

Tardo, It. (tar-d&). lingering, slow.

Tastatur, Ger. (ifew-ta-toor). )

Tastatura, ft. (tas-ta-^-ra). ]

Tasto, It. (tas-to). Key (mechanical). Touch.

Tasto s6lo, It. (tas-to so-\o). A direction to play the part

so marked either as written or in octaves without

chords.
Tattoo. The beat of a drum at night calling the soldiers

to their quarters.
Te. For si in the tonic sol-fa system.

a, ale; a, add; &, care; a, arm; e, eve; e, end; I, ice; i, ill ;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 103

Te\ Fr. (fi). CJL

IThe skill in vocal or instrnmen-
tal performance apart from
the nmncd taste displayed;

Technique, (tgk-nek).' I the mechanical tmmng of an

^ ' artist obtained through tech-

J nical studies.

Teddeo, //. (ted-d-6). Te Deum

Tede"sca, /*. (tMZr-ka). ) -

Tede-sco,/Mte^-k6) J German -

Ttoa, //. (/J-ma). Theme.

Tempestosame*nte, It. (tem-pes-to-zsi-mSn-te). Impetuously

Tempest6so, It. (tem-pes-/J-zo). Impassioned.

T^mpo, //. (/Jw-po). Time, measure, rate of speed, beat.

Tempo-mark. The word or phrase placed at the beginning
of a movement indicating the general character and
speed desired. [before

Tempo wie vorher, Ger. (tem-po vey^rer). The time as

Temps, Fr. (tan.) Time, beat

Temps faible, Fr. (tan// fa-bl). Weak beat

Temps fort, Fr. (tan^ for). Strong beat.

Temps frappe", Fr. (tan>& f rap-pa). The down beat.

Temps leve*, Fr. ( tan// le-va). The up beat.

Tendre, Fr. (tan>5dr). Tender.

Tendrement, Fr. (tan^dr-man^). Tenderly.

Tenebrae^ Lat. (#-e-bra). Gloom, darkness.

Ten^ndo, It (te-J#-do). Holding.

T^nera, It. (tdn-e-). *.

Teneram^nte, It. (ten-e-ra-w/fw-te).

Tener^a, It. (ten-e-^-tsa). \ Delicate ' tender ^ soft

T^nero, It. (/J-ne-ro). J

6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u,

104 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Ten&e, // (te-^J-te). Hold.

Teneur, Fr. (te-nur). The melody or canto fermo in a cho-
ral or hymn-tune.
Tenir, Fr. (te-ntr). To hold.
Tenor, The highest natural male voice.
Tenor C. The lowest C in the tenor voice ; small C.

Tenor clef. The C clef placed on the fourth line.
or ii H

Tenure, It. (te-0-re). Tenor.

Tenure btiffo, It* (te-no-ie boof-io). A tenor who sing*

comic roles.

Ten6re leggie*ro, It. (te-^re led-je-5-ro). A light tenor.
Tenore robtisto, //. (te-wJ-re ro-toos-to). A powerful tenor.
Tenor schlussel, Ger. (ten-Jr sAtds-s'l) Tenor clef.
Tenor-viole, Ger. (len-Jr-fi-J-lg). Tenor violin, viola.
Tenor zeichen, Ger. (ten-^r &f-ke'n). Tenor clef.
Tenue, Fr. (te-nu). j
Tentite, //. (ta-i><?-te). ( Held, sustained.
Tentito, It. (ta-w^to). )
Tepidam^nte, It. (ta-pe-da-^wJ-tg). In an even unimpas-

sioned style.
Ter, Lat. (ter). Thrice. A term denoting that a passage

of instrumental music, verse, or part of one in a song is

to be rendered three times.
Tercet, Fr. (te*r-sa). A triplet.
Ternary. Composed of three parts.

a, ale ; a, add; & care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice; I, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS IO$

Ternary measure. Simple triple time.

Tertia, Lat. (#r-shi-a). Third.

Tertia modi, Lat. (#r-shi-a mo-de). Third degree of a

scale.
Terz, Ger. (terts).

_, . , r .. . ,. . ,

m* 7u * '\ T k e interval of a third. Third.
Terza, //. (tdr tsa).

Tetrachord. The interval of a perfect fourth. The scale

progression of four tones comprising a perfect fourth.
Tetratone. An augmented fourth.
Thema, Ger. fr&xna). ) _

). \ Theme -

Thfeme, Fr.

Thesis, Gk. (tha-sis). The down beat, strong beat.
Third. An interval consisting of three degrees.
Example.

Major. Augmented. Minor. Diminished.

Thorough-bass. A kind of musical short-hand in which
the chords to be written or played with a given bass
are indicated by figures placed over or under the given
part

Threnody. A dirge. A song of lamentation.

Tie. A curved line joining two notes of the same pitch
intended to be rendered as one note equal in time
value to the two given notes.

Tief, Ger. (tef). Low, grave, deep.

Tierce, Fr. (ters). Third.

Tige, Fr. (teg). Stick of a bow ; drumstick.

Timbre, Fr. (tlnttr). ) tone

Timbro, ft. (/m-bro). ) ^ y

6, old; 5, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute; u, out ; u, (French).

106 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Time. Tempo; duration of notes, number and duration

of beats in a measure
Time signature. The sign placed after the clef and its

accompanying sharps or flats, usually in the form of a

fraction.

The following are the present time signatures.

Alia Breve $. Every measure contains four beats,
each represented by a half note or its equivalent.

Common time g or ^. Four beats, each repre-
sented by a quarter note or its equivalent

Alia Cappella jg or g. The same time signature
as Alia Breve. Every measure contains two
beats, each represented by a half note or its
equivalent. Sometimes incorrectly called Alia
Breve

^ Two quarter beats to each measure.

g Four eighth beats to each measure.

^ Eight eighth beats to each measure.

^ Two eighth beats to each measure.

l^g Four sixteenth beats to each measure.

^ Four beats, each represented by a dotted half

note or its equivalent
^ Four beats, each represented by a dotted quarter

f3 pH "

o note or its equivalent.

II

Four beats, each represented by a dotted eighth

note or its equivalent
Two beats, each represented by a dotted whole

note or its equivalent.

a, ale ; a, add; , care ; a, arm; e, eve ; , end; I, ice ; i, iff;

Q S

fc

P

a

g:

o

H

6

24-

OF MUSICAL TERMS IO/

Two beats, each represented by a dotted half

note or its equivalent.
Two beats, each represented by a dotted quarter

note or its equivalent.
1*6 Two beats eacn represented by a dotted eighth

note or its equivalent.
Eight beats, each represented by a dotted eighth

note or its equivalent.

I or 3 Three beats, each represented by a whole

note or its equivalent.
^ Three beats, each represented by a half note or

its equivalent.
^ Three beats, each represented by a quarter note

or its equivalent.
^ Three beats, each represented by an eighth note

or its equivalent.
^ Three beats, each represented by a sixteenth

note or its equivalent.

Three beats, each represented by a dotted half

note or its equivalent.
| Three beats, each represented by a dotted

quarter note or its equivalent
I*Q Three beats, each represented by a dotted

eighth note or its equivalent.

j| Five beats, each represented by a quarter note

or its equivalent.
|j Five beats, each represented by an eighth note

or its equivalent.

5, old; 5, odd; 6, done; oo, *** ; u,!ute; ii, &rf; ii, (French).

108 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

11

O

y? Three beats; each beat has the value of

five eighth notes.
] Three beats; each beat has the value of

five sixteenth notes.

Seven beats, each represented by a quarter note

or its equivalent.
Seven beats, each represented by an eighth note

or its equivalent.

With the foregoing table should be included the double
time signatures which seem to be much used by the
modern Russian composers, If, ft, ft, etc* The double
time signature denotes that the movement is made up
of measures in the two kinds of time indicated, without
regard to the order in which the changes occur.

Timidam6nte, If. (te-me-da-#?#w-te). Fearfully.

Timide'zza con, It. (te-me-<//-sa con). In a timorous, hesi-
tating style.

Timortfso, //. (te-mo-r-zd). Fearful, timorous.

Timorosame*nte, It. (te-mo-ro-za-wJ#-te). Timorously.

Tlnto, con, It (fen-id). Expressive.

Tirade, Fr (te-rad). A rapid run joining two melody
notes.

, It. (te-ra-ta).
J

Todesgesang, Ger. --. . ..

Todeslied, Ger. (tMWH). I A funeral SOn '

Todtenlied, Ger. (tod-fiL-led). Funeral song or anthem.
Ton, Ger. (ton). A tone, mode, key, octave-scale, pitch.
Ton abstand, Ger. (t8n <z'-shtand). Interval.

a, aU ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve; e, end ; i, ice; I, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 109

Tonarten verwandschaft, Gtr. (/<5-ar-t'n fer-/<W-shaft).
Key-relationship.

Ton-bildung, Ger. (/<?#-&7-doongk). Vocal culture; pro-
duction of tone.

Ton-dichter, Ger. (ton-d?kh-\x). Composer.

Ton-dichtung, Ger. (ton-dffi-toongk). Composition.

Ton-fall, Ger. (##-fall). Cadence.

Ton-farbe, Ger. (ton-far --be). Timbre, quality, tone-color.

Ton-folge, Ger. (ton-fdl-&&). A series or succession of
tones.

Ton-fuhrung, Ger.' (^w^-roongk). Melodic progression.

Ton-fuss, Ger. (tffe-foos). A measure, a rhythm.

Ton-gebung, Ger. (#-^#-boongk). Intonation, tone pro-
duction.

Ton-geschlecht, Ger. (ton-&-shl$kht} t Mode.

Ton-hohe, Ger. (ton-h$-\&). Pitch.

Ton-kunde, Ger. (rt?-koonde). Sdence of music.

Tonkunst, Ger. (/J-koonst). Art of music, music.

Ton-lage, Ger. (ton-la-goS). Register, pitch.

Ton-leiter, Ger. (#-/f-ter). A scale.

Ton malerei, Ger. (ton ^iwa-le-ri). Program-music, imitative
music; tone-painting.

Ton-satz, Ger. (ton-s&tz). Composition, composing

Tonschluss, Ger. (AJ-shloos). Cadence.

Ton-setzer, Ger. (ton-set-tser). Composer.

Ton-setzkunst, Ger. (riw-j<&r-koonst). The art of composi-
tion.

Ton-sprache, Ger. (ton^shprak-Q. Tone-speech or language-
music.

Ton-stuck, Ger. (#-shtuk). A piece of music, composi-
tion.

6, old ; 8, odd; 6, done; oo, moon; u, lute; u, but; ii, (French}.

IIO PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Ton-stufe, Ger (ton-shtoo-ie). Degree of a scale.
Ton-system, Ger. (tdn-sfs-ivai). Tone system or theory of

musical tones.

Ton-unfang, Ger. (##-00#-fangk). Compass.
Ton-unterschied, Ger. (##-00-ter-shed). Interval.
Ton-verziehung, Ger. (tfJw-fer-fttf-hoongk). Tempo rabato.
Ton, Fr. (t&nA). Tone, pitch, mode, key, scale,
Ton boucfle 1 , Fr. (ton>& boo-sha). A stopped tone, as in

horn-playing.

Ton d'eglise, Fr. (iorJt da-glez). Church-mode.
Ton entier, Fr. (t6n an^-te4r). Whole tone.
Ton majeur, Fr. (ton^ flwa-zhur). Major key.
Ton mineur, Fr. (tSn>& wf-nur). Minor key.
Ton ouvert, Fr. (tonA oo-vdr). An open or natural tone, as

on a horn or trumpet.

Ton relatif, Fr. (ton rel-a-/!/"). Related key.
Tonic. "

Tonica, //. (2f^-ne-ka).
Tonika, ^r. (^ne-ka)
Tonique, Fr. (to-nek)

Tonic chord. The triad having for its root the keynote.
Tonisch, Ger. (ri?-ish). Tonic.
T6no, It. (/J-no). Key, tone.
Tonos. Gk. (^J-nos).

,

, ,- y-vx(A tone, a mode.

Tonus, Lat. (/J-niis). )

Tostam^nte, It. (tos-ta-zH#-te). Quick and bold*
Tostlssimo, It. (tos-^-se-mo). With great rapidity.
T6stO, It. (tos-to). Rapid.
Toujours, Fr. (too-zhoor). Same as sempre.
Trad6lce, It. (tra-^J/-che) Very soft, sweet.
Trad6tto, It. (tr*a-<3?^-to). Transposed, arranged.

a, ale; a, add; , care; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end : I, ue ; i, ttt;

OF MUSICAL TERMS \ 1 1

Tragen der Stimme, Ger. (tra-gn der jv&/#-me), Carry

the part or voice ; equivalent to Portamento.
Train^, Fr. (tra-na). Bound, slurred.
Trait, Fr. (tra). A phrase, passage ; vocal or instrumental

run.

Trait de chant, Fr (tra duh shan>&). Melodic phrase.
Trait d'harmonie, Fr. (tra d 'armo-ne), A chord pass-

age.

Traite*, Fr. (tra-&?). Treatise.
Trallern, Ger. (trdl-lem). To trill.
Tranquillam^nte, It. (tran-quel-la-wJ/s-te). Tranquilly.
Tranquille, Fr. (tran-keye). Tranquil.
Tranquill&za, //. (tran-quel-/<fsa). ( _ 1Vi

Tranjumita,>/. (tran-quel-^ta). i Twuputtty.
TranquUlo, ft. (tran-^/-lo). Tranquil.
Transcrit, Fr. (trans-Tare). Transcribed.
Transcription. The adaptation or arrangement of a com-

position for some voice or instrument for which it was

not intended.

Transponiren, Ger. (trans-po-ne-reri). To transpose.
Transpose. To change the pitch of a composition and

thereby place it in another key.
Trascinando, ft. (tra-she-0;#-do). See Strascinando.
Transportato, ft (trans-por-te-to). Transposed.
Trattenfito, ft. (trat-te-w^-to). Retarding the tempo.
Trauermarsch, Ger. (/n^-er-marsh). A funeral march.
Traurig, Ger. (fr<rw-rig}. Melancholy, sad
Tre, ft. (tra). Three.
Tre c6rde, It. (tra kor-d&). Three-strings. A term used in

pianoforte music denoting that the soft pedal is not to

be continued.

6, eld 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon; u,2ute; u, but; u, (French}

112 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Treble. Soprano.

Treble-clef. The G clef,

Treibend, Ger. (/r*-bend). Hastening, urging, accelerando,
stnngendo.

Tremando, It. (tra-*#<i#-do). With a tremolo effect.

Tremblant, Fr. (tran^-blan^). Tremulant.

Tremblement, Fr. (tran^bl-man>5). Tiemolo, trill.

TremolandO, It. (tra-m6-/#-do). With a tremolo effect.

Tre*xnolo, It. (tfrJ-mo-16). A tone or tones rendered in such
a way as to produce a quivering or fluttering effect.

Tremol6so, It. (tra-mo-/<-zo). With a tremulous effect

Tremulieren, Ger. (tra-moo-/<?-ren). To execute a tremolo
or tnll.

Tres, Fr. (tra). Very.

Triad. A chord of three tones having a root, third, and
fifth.

Trias, Lat. (tre-ls). Triad.

Trill. An embellishment consisting of a given note rapidly
alternating with its major or minor second.

Trillo, If. (trel-lo). Trill.

Trinklied, Ger. (*r#z-led). Drinking-song.

Trio. A composition for three parts, voices, or instru-
ments.

Triole, Ger. (treble). )

Triolet, Fr. (tre-o-la). 5 lnplet '

Triomphale, Fr. (tre-6n^-fal). Triumphal

Triomphant, Fr. (tre-on^-fant). Triumphant.

Trionfale, It. (tre-on/0-le). Triumphal.

Trionfdnte, It. (tre-Sn-^w-te). Triumphant.

Tripla, It. (/r?-pla). A triplet.

Triple-croche, Fr. (tre-p'1-kro-she). A 32d-note.

a, ale ; a, add ; a, care} a, arm; e, eve ; e, end; f, ice; \ U;

OF MUSICAL TERMS

1*3

Triplet. A group of three notes of the same time value to
be performed in the time of two of the same kind and
in the regular rhythm

Tristezza, //. (tris-/<5*-sa). Melancholy, sadness.

Tritone. An augmented fourth, the
interval of three whole tones.

Trois, Fr. (trwa). Three.

Trdppo, ft. (trop-po). Too, too much.

Trub, Ger. (trub). \ _ ,

rr\ - / / */ > Sad, gloomy.

Tucket. A flourish of trumpets.

Tumultudso, It. (too-mooUoo-^-zo). Agitated, impetuous.

Tune. Melody, air,

Tudno, //. (two-riQ). A tone ; a mode.

Turca, //. (/^r-ka). 1

TuVco, //. (toor-ko). )

Turn. The sign <A3.

Written. Played.

lurjusn *

Tusch, Ger. (toosh). A nourish given by the wind-instru-
ments of an orchestra to denote welcome or applause.

A flourish of trumpets accompanied by a roll of
drums, the flourish performed three times.

Tiitta, It. (AwwMa). j

Tutti, //. (**tf-te). > Whole, all.

TuttO, //. (tooteo). J

TuttO arco, //. (foot-to ar-ko). Whole bow.

fiber, Ger. (#-ber). Over, above.

6, old ; 6, odd; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (French}*

114 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Ubergang, Ger. (uJo&c-gangk). Modulation, transition.
Uberleitung, Ger. (-ber-/f-toongk). Transitional passage.
Ubermassig, Ger. (u-b&-m3s-sig). Augmented (intervals).
Ubung, Ger. (^-boongk). Practice; exercise.
Ubungen, 6^r.(#-boon-ghen). Exercises.
Uguale, It. (oQ-gwa-ls). Equal, even, like.
Ugualita, It. (oo-gwa-le-ta). Equality.
Ugualme'nte, It. (oo-gwal-^<5r-te). Evenly, alike.
Umfang, Ger. (<?0*w-fangk) Compass.
Umkehrung, Ger. (^w-ka-roongk). Inversion.
Umore, // (00-mo-re). Humor.

Un, Fr. (an/fc). ) .

TT r- / \ ( A, or an *
Une, Fr. (iin). 3 *

Un peu plus lent, Fr. (an puh plu Iany5). A little slower.

Un, It. (oon.) \

Una, It. (<w-na). > A, or an.

Uno, It. (00-no). )

Una COrda, It. (00-na &or-da). A term used in pianoforte
music indicating that the soft pedal is to be used.

Una v61ta, It. (00-na z/J/-ta). Once.

Und, Ger. (oondt). And.

Undecuplet. A group of eleven notes of the same time-
value to be rendered in the time of six or eight of the
same kind in the regular rhythm.

Under-song. Burden, refrain.

Undulazione, It. (oon-doo-la-tse-^-ne 1 ). The vibrato effect
on bow-instruments.

Unendlich, Ger. (oon-^W-Hkh). Infinite

Ungarisch, Ger. (<ws-ga-rish). Hungarian.

Ungeduldig, Ger. (oon-ghe-afo?/-dlg) . Impatient.

Ungerade Takt, Ger. (oon-ghe-r^-de takt). Triple time.

a, ale ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end; I, tee ; I, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 115

Ungestum, Ger. (0<w-ghe-shtoom). Impetuous, stormy.

Ungleich, Ger. (^-glikh). Unequal.

Unharmonisch, Ger. (oon-har-sw^msh). Inharmonic.

Unison. Two or more tones of the same pitch. The term
is sometimes used in place of the word prime.

Unison passage. A term given to certain passages in
vocal or instrumental compositions where several
voices or instruments render the same part in unison
or an octave and sometimes two or three octaves apart

Unitamente, It (oo-ne-ta-?!<?#-te). Unitedly, jointly.

Unita, It. (<?<7-ne-ta). ) T . , , A ,
* r, / - *.-\ ( Joined, united.
Unito, // (<w-ne-to). )

Univtico, It. (oo-ne-z'tf-ko). One sound or voice.

TTno, //. (oo-no). One. See Un.

Uno a uno, It. (oo-no a ^-no). One by one.

Un peu, Fr. (an/^ puh). A little.

Unruhig, Ger. (oon-raT-hlg). Restless,

Unter-dominant, Ger. (oon-i^C'dom^-nanf). Subdominant.

Unter halbton, Ger. (oon-ter Siatf-ton). The leading note.

Unter-leitton, Ger. (^dw-ter-/f-t5n). Dominant seventh.

Unter-mediante, Ger. (^-ter-w<J-de-aw-te). Submediant

Unter-stimme, Ger. (oon-'&t-shtfm-Ts&i* Under part.

Ut, Fr. (oot). The note C.

Ut, Lat. (ut). like, as, just as.

Ut supra, Lat. (ut j^-pra). As above.

Va, It. (va). Continue.

Va crescendo, It. (va kre-j^dfw-do). Continue the crescendo.

Vacilldndo, It. (vat-che-//z-do). A term denoting that the

passage so marked is to be rendered in a vacillating,

hesitating style.

6, old; 6", odd; 6, done; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but; u, (French)

Il6 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

VdgO, ft. (va~go). Dreamy, vague.

Valeur, Fr. (va-lur). A

Valor, Lat. (z*r/-Sr). > Value (time-value).

Valdre, It (va-/^re). )

Variante, It (va-re-o-te) and Fr. (va-re-ant). A variant.

See Ossia.

Variato, It. (va-re-a-to). )
Vari^, Fr. (va-re-5). 5 VanecL
Veeto^Ute, //. (va-w^w-te). Passionate, vehement
Vel<5ce, //. (ve-/^-che). Swift, rapid.
Veloceme*nte, It (ve-/J-che-^^f-te). Swiftly.
Velocfssimo, //. (ve-16-^^-se-mo) Very swift
Velocita, It. (ve-16-che-/). )

Vendsto, /A (ve-^j^to). Elegant, graceful
Veranderungen, Ger. (fS-r5-de-roong-en). Variations,
Verbindung, Ger. (fer-^rw-doongk) Tying, binding; com-

bination.

Vcrdcdkl, Ger. (fer-d&). Covered, concealed.
Vefddo^pelt, Ger. (fgr-^-p'lt). Doubled.
Verdop^elung, Ger. (fer-^-pel-loongk). Doubling.
Vergellcn, Ger. (fr^^T-l'n). To diminish gradually.
Vergniigt, Ger. (fer-gnugt). Cheerful.
Verhallen, Ger. (fer-y5a/-Pn). To die away.
Verhallcnd, Ger. (fer-^Alend). )

). )

Verl6schend, Ger.

Vermindert, Ger. (fer-wrw-dert). Diminished.

Verschwindend, Ger. (fer-j^w-dend). Vanishing, dying

away.

Vcrsetzen, Ger. (feT-.jv&tse'ri). To transpose.
Versetzung, Ger. (fr-j#-tsoongk). Transposition,

a, ale; a, add; , care; a, r? ; e, eve; e, <fa^; I, tee; i, ////

OF MUSICAL TERMS

Verte, Lat. (vfr-te). Turn over. See VoltL

Verve, Fr. <vdrv). Energy, spirit

Verwandt, Ger. (izwandt). Related.

Verwandte tonarten, Ger. \$&-vandt /<*-ar-ten). Related

keys.

Verweilend, Ger. (feY-w-lend). Delaying, ritenuto.
Verziert, Ger. (&r-tsert). Ornamented.
Verzierung, Ger. (fer-fc*-roongk). Ornament, grace, embel-

lishment.

Verzogerung, Ger. (fer-^-ghe-roongk). Retardation.
Vezztfso, //. (vat-r.zo). Elegant, graceful.
Vezzosamente, It. (vat-tso-za-*J#-te). Gracefully.
Vibrante, It. (ve~dran-te) f ) With a vibrating quality of
Vibrate, Lat. (ve-^ro-te). > tone.
VibrAto, It. (ve-^r^-to). A wavering effect produced by the

voice ; also on bow-instruments.
Vide, Fr. (ved). Open.
Viel, Ger. (fel). Much, great.
Vier, Ger. -(fer). Four.
Vierhandig, Ger. (/er-A3n-dXg). Four hands.
Vierklang, Ger. (yir-klangk). Chord of the seventh.
Vif, Fr. (vef). Lively, brisk.

Vigorosam^nte, It. (ve-go-ro-za-w J-te). With energy, vigor.
Vigoroso, It. (ve-go-^zo). Energetic, vigorous.
VUlareccio, It. (vel-lar-r//-sh6). Rural, rustic.
Violentamente, It. (ve-6-len-ta-^4T-te). Impetuously, vio-

lently.

Violento, It. (ve-5-/J-to). Violent.
Vista, //. (ves-ta). Sight
Vistame*nte, //. (ves-ta-zJ-te). Animatedly.
Visto, //. (z/^r-to). Lively, animated.

Of old} 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, out; u, (French}.

Il8 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Vite, Fr. (vet). Quick.

Vivace, // (ve-z/0-che). A tempo mark denoting a degree

of speed equalling or exceeding allegro.
Vivaclssimo, //. (ve-va<to-se-mo). Very fast.
Vive, Fr. (vev). See Vif.
Vive*nte, It (ve-w?-te). Animated, lively.
V'vido We-do).)
Vivo, It (tf<?-vo). ) ^ J

V6ce, It. (#<J-che). Part, voice.
VcilSe, Fr. (vwd-la.). Veiled.
Voix, Fr. (vwa). Part, voice.
Vokal, Ger. (/0-kal). Vocal.
Volante, It. (vo-/-te). Swift, light.

Volata, //. (v5-/a-ta). -j , , M

TTI^+ & /-* /, / +s\ (^ short vocal trill or run.
VoUte, ^. (vo-/* te). S A genes Qf noteS4

Volatlne, It. (vo-la-^-ne). )

Volkslied, Ger. (/o^-r-led). Folk-song.

Voll, Ger. (foil). Full.

Vdlta, It (z/<p/-ta). A turn or time (ending), as prima

volta, first time ; secondo volta, second time.
V61ti, It. (w/-te). Turn over.

V61ti stibito, It. (vfff-tS ^^-be-to). Turn over at once.
Volubilm^nte, ft. (vo-loo-bel-^Jw-te). Fluently.
Voluntary. A title given to the various organ pieces used

to open a church service.
Vom, Ger. (fom). From the.

Vorder satz, Ger. (/Jr-der sats). First subject or theme.
VOrgeiger, Ger. (for^?-gher). Leader, first violin.
Vorfcalt, Ger. (Jor-halt). Suspension.
Vorhaltslosung, Ger. (/r-halts-/r-soongk). Resolution of

a suspension.

a, ale; a, add; &, care; a, arm; e, eve; e, end; \ y ice; i, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 119

Vorher, Ger. (jfo--her). Before, previous.

Vorig, Ger. (fer-ig). Preceding, previous.

Voriges Zeitmass, Ger. (for-\g$ /.wif-mass). Tempo, primo.

Vorschlag, Ger. (/w--shlag). A general term for the various

kinds of accented appoggiatura.

Vorsetzzeichen, Ger. (fir-slts-tstPn). Chromatic sign.
Vorspiel, Ger. (ivr-stipel). Overture, prelude, introduction.
Vortrag, Ger. (y^r-trag). Style, interpretation.
Vox, Lat. (v5x) Voice.
Vue, Fr. (vu). Sight
Vu6ta, //. (voo-*-ta).
Vuoto, /A (voo-^to).

Wankend, Ger. (^^-kend). Hesitating, wavering
Warme, Ger. (z/J^-me). Warmth (feeling).
-Webmuth, Ger. (z'^-moot). Sadness, melancholy.
Webmuthig, Ger. (vab-?-tig). Sad.
Welch, Ger. (vikh). Tender, soft, minor.
Weinend, Ger. (z/f-nend). Weeping.
Weit, Ger. (vit). Broad.

Wcltliche lieder, Ger. (w/rfIkh-8 /^-der) Secular songs.
Wenig, Ger. (z/J-nig). Little.
Wie, Ger. (ve). As
Wie oben, Ger. (ve ^-ben). As.
Wie vorher, Ger. (ve^/^r-her). As at first, as before.
Wie aus der Feme, Ger. (ve ows dery?r-ne). As from a dis-
tance (echo).

Wieder, Ger. (/-der). Again. [tion.

Wiedergabe, Ger. (z^-der-g'a-be). Performance, interpreta
Wiederholung, Ger. (z^-der-^-loongk). Repetition.
Weiderzeichen, Ger (z/^-der-j^kh'n). Repeat.

o, old; 5, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (FrencK).

120 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Wiegenlied, Ger. (^-gen-led). Cradle-song.
Wind-band. The -wind instruments of an orchestra.
Wood-wind. The orchestral wind instruments that are

made of wood, as the flute, oboe, clarinet, etc.
Wortklang, Ger. (zwtf-klangh). Accent ; tone.
Wnchtig, Ger. (vu&&-iig). Weighty ; with strong emphasis
Wunderlioh, Ger. (zww-d'r-Kkh). Odd, capricious.
Wiirde, Ger. (vur-de). Dignity.
Wuthend, Ger. (ww^-end.) Frantic, furious.

Zart, Ger. (tsart). Delicate, tender.

Zartlich, Ger. (te&rtiXkh). Tenderly.

Zeffiroso, If. (tsef-feV^zo). Zephyr-like.

Zeichen, Ger. (&f-kh'n). A sign.

Zeit, Ger. (tsit). Time. Also the same as taktteii

Zeitmass, Ger. (/jiir-mass). Tempo.

Zeitwerth, Ger. (/jiif-virt). Time-value.

Zelosam^nte, It. (tsa-/^z"a-a-te). Enthusiastically.

ZeWso, //. (tsa-/^zo). Enthusiastic, ardent.

Ziemlich, It. (^^-Hkh). Rather, somewhat.

Zierlich, Ger. (^r-Hkh). Elegant, graceful, delicate.

Zigeunerartig, Ger. (r~goyn-<ir-1Ig). Gypsy-like.

Zinf6nia, It. (tsen^ne-a). A symphony.

Zingarlsca, It. (tsen ga-rr-ka). A Gypsy song or dance.

Zingar&ca, It. (tsen-ga^-ka) )

Zingare*sco, It. (tsen-ga-r^ko). 5

Zitternd, Ger. (^rf^tern'd). Tremulous, trembling.

Zittlno, It (tset-^-no). Silence.

Zogernd, Ger. (fc^-ghernd). Retarding, lingering, hesitating-

. .

it. Haitm6;

a, ale ; a, add ; i care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; S, end; \ r ice ; I, ill;

OF MUSICAL TERMS 121

Zunehmend, Ger. (tsoo-*fcf-mend). Crescendo.
Zuruckhalten, Ger. (tsoo-ru&-tiaZ-t'n). To retard.
Zuruckhaltend, Ger. (tsoo-rWa/-tend). Ritardando.
Zuruckhaltung, Ger. (tsoo-rw>&-^a/-toongk). Retardation.
Zwei, Ger. (tsvi). Two.
Zweihandig, Ger. (^z/f-han-dig). Two hands.
Zweistimmig, Ger. (/j^F-shtim-nug). For two parts, or

voices.

Zwischen, Ger. (/jz/M-en). Intermediate, between.
Zwischenspielj Ger. (rc>M-en-shpel). Interlude, intermezzo.
Zwischen-stille, Ger. (fsv&&-en-s&tfc\e). A pause.

o, old; 6, odd; b,done; oo,moon; ^lute ; u,6uf; ii, (French).

ABBREVIATIONS

A. Alto.
Accel

. _ , Accelerando.
Accelo. )

Ace. j

ACCOM. > Accompaniment.

Accomp. )

Accres. Accrescendo.

Adg. or Ad. Adagio.

Ad lib. Ad libitum.

Affett Affettuoso.

Affrett. Affrettando

Ago. or Agit. Agitato.

AUo. Allegro

AlPott. ) ,.., rt
tit** ( All'ottava.
AlPSva. )

Al seg. Al segno.

And 11 ^. Andantino.

And te . Andante.

Animo. Animato.

Arc. Coll'arco, or Arcato.

Ard. Ardito

Arpo. Arpeggio.

At. -I

A tern. > A tempo.

A temp. )

127

128 ABB RE VIA TIOWS

Aug. 7 Augmented,
Aug n . J By augmentation,

B. Basso, bass.

Bar. Baritone.

B. C. Basso continue.

B. 6. Basso generale, or Bassus generalis.
Bl. Blasinstrumente.

Br. Bratschen.
Brill. Brillante,

C. I time.

Jj AIJa Breve time ; also Semi Breve or double time.
C. a. Coll'arco.
Cad. Cadenza.
Cal. Calando.
Calm. Calmato.
Cant. Canto.
Cantab. Cantabile.
C. b. Contrabasso.
C. B. Col basso.
Cb. Contrabasse.
C. D. Colla destra.
'CeUo. Violoncello.
Cemb. Cembalo.
C. F. Canto fermo.
Ch. Choir, choir-organ.
Chal. Chalumean.
Chor. Chorus.
C. 1. Canto primo.
C. Ir. Col legno
Clar. Clarinet.
Clarino.

ABBRE VIA TIONS 1 29

Clartto. Clarinetto.

Co. Come.

Col c. Col canto.

Coll'ott.

C.8va. ' Coll ' ttava -

Com. Comodo.

Con espr. Con espressione.

Cor. Cornet or Corno.

Co. So. Come sopra.

C. P. CoUa parte.

Cres.

- i Crescendo.
Cresc.

C. S. Colla sinistra; also come sopra,
C to . Concerto.

C. VOC. Colla voce.

Dal. S. Dal segno.

D. C. Da capo.
Decresc. Decrescendo.
Delic. Delicamente.
Dest. Destra.

Diap. Diapason, or Diapasons.
Dim. Diminuendo, diminution.
Div. Divisi.
Dol. Dolce.
Dolcis. Dolcissimo.
Dopp. Pcd. Doppio pedale.

Energ. Energicamente.
Espr., or Espress. Espressivo.
Exp., or Expr. Orgue expressif.

f . or for. Forte.
g. Fagotto.

1 30 ABB RE VIA TIONS

Falset. Falsetto.
ft or fif . Fortissimo.
Fl. Flauto.
Flag. Flageolet.
F.O.

, Full organ.
F. Org. ) 6

fp. Forte piano.

Fz. or Forz. Forzando.

Ged. Gedampft.
G. 0. ) Great organ
G. Org. ) Grand orgue.
Grand. Grandiose.
Graz. Grazioso.
Gt. Great organ

Hauptw. Hauptwerk (Great organ).
Haut Hautboy.
H. C. Haute-contre (high tenor).
Hlzbl. or Hzbl. Holzblasei.
Hptw. or H. W. Hauptwerk.
Hr. or Hrn. Horner.

Incalz. Incalzando.
Intro. Introduction.
Inv. Inversion.

K. F. Kleine Flote

Leg. Legato.
Legg. Leggero, Leggiero.
L. H. Left hand, Imke hand.
Lo. Loco.

ABBREVIATIONS 131

Luo. Luogo.
Lusing. Lusingando.

Maesto. Maestoso.

Magg. Maggiore.

Man. Manual.

Mane. Mancando.

Marc. Marcato.

M. D. Mano destra, or main droite.

Men. Meno

Met. Metronome.

Mez. Mezzo.

Mf . Mezzo forte.

Mfz. Mezzo forzando.

M. G. Main gauche.

M. M. Maelzei's metronome.

Mod., Modto. Moderato.

Mor. Morendo.

Mp. Mezzo piano.

M. S. Manuscript, Manosinistra,

M. V. Mezza voce.

Ob. Oboe

Obbl. Obbligato.

Oberst. Oberstimme.

Oberw. or Obw. Oberwerk.

Oh. Fed. Ohne Pedal.

0. M. Obermannal.

Op. Opus

Opp. Oppure.

Orch. Orchester, orchestra.

Org. Organ.

Ott, Ova, 8a or 8ya. Ottava.

1 3 2 ABB RE VIA TIONS

0. W. Oberwerk.

Ped. Pedal.
Perd. Perdendosi
pi piii forte.

P. F. )

' f Pianoforte.

Irlte. )

Piang. Piangendo.

Pianiss. Pianissimo.

Pizz. Pizzicato.

pmo,, pp., ppp., pppp. Pianissimo.

Prin. Pnncipal

Raddol. Raddolcendo.

Rail. Rallentando

Recit. Recitative.

n., rfz., rinf., rinfz. Rinforzando.

R. H. Right hand, rechte hand.

Rilas. Rilasciando.

Rip. Ripieno

Risol. Risoluto.

Ritard. Ritardando,

Rit., Riten. Ritenuto.

Salic. SalicionaL

Scherz. Scherzando.

Seg. Segue.

Sem. or Semp. Sempre.

Sf., sfz., sff. Sforzando.

Sim. Simile.

Sin. Sinister

Sinf. Sinfonia.

S. int. Senza mternjzione,

ABB RE VIA TIONS 133

Slent. Slentando.

Smorz. Smorzando.

Sos., Sost. Sosteimto.

Sp. Spitze.

S. P, Senza pedale.

S'pir. Spirituoso.

S. S. or Sord. Senza sordini

S. T. Senza tempo.

Stacc. Staccato.

St. D. or St. Diap. Stopped diapason.

Stent. Stentando.

String insruments.

Streichinstrumente.
String. Stringuendo.
Sw. Swell-organ.
Sym. Symphony.

X. C. Tre corde.
Temp. Tempo.
Tempo I. mpo primo.
Ten. Tenuto.

Str.}

T. P. Tempo primo.

Tr. Trill, trumpet.

Tratt. Trattennto.

Trem. Tremolando, Tremulant.

Tromb, Trombe. Trombont

Tromp. Trompete.

T. S. Tasto solo.

XT. C. Una corda.
TJnis. Unisono.

1 34 ABB RE VIA TIONS

Va. Viola.

Var. Variation.

Vc., Velio, VUo. Violoncello

Viol., VI., Vno. Violino.

Viv. Vivace.

V. S. Void Subito.

Vv., Vin. Violini.

ABBREVIATIONS BY NUMBERS AND
WORDS,

A 2 Both instruments rendering the same part in unison.
10 First voice or instrument.
no. Second voice or instrument.
jwa prima.
imo Primo.

C. Seconda Corda.
C. Terza Corda.
C Quarta Corda.
4*0 Quartetto.
3*0- Qumtetto.
6tto Sestetto.
7* Septetto.

SIGNS.

. Dot. Staccato. No longer used as a sign of sforzato.
t i Staccatissimo. Martellato.
-i- Forte tenuto. Marcato.
..... Mezzo staccato. Portamento.

Written. Played.

/ * n

ABB RE VI A TIONS

135

Two or more dots placed above a note, in violin music,
indicates the number of notes of equal time-value into which
the given note is to be divided.

t^T"Tt> Mezzo legato.

. . , . . Sign used in vocal music denoting that the notes
2 under which the sign is placed are to be sung to
one syllable.

T\ Hold.

Jf Repeat the chord or figure (Abbreviation).

Written.

^

|Ot, or ||O>|| Breve, or Double note ; time-value

equal to two whole notes.
Written,

(Abbreviation.)

Played.

S

(Abbreviation.)

136

ABB RE VIA TIONS

A form of tremolo in which the lower note alternates with
the upper note as rapidly as possible, the treniolo having
the time-value of one whole note.

(a)

The four notes at (a) are played in the same manner as
the chord (b).

(Abbreviation ) Direct. Continue the figure.

r Commonly called " whole rest," which is, however,
rather misleading, inasmuch as the sign indicates one of two
meanings, either the whole measure is silent, or a part of
the measure equal in time- value to a whole note is silent

(a)

S

(d)

i

The " whole rest " at (a) (b) (c) and (d) indicates that the
whole measure is silent.

^m

Example (e) is a quotation from the Missa Papae Mar-
celli by Palestnna , it is in Alia Breve time. The rest in the
first measure has the time-value of a whole note.

AB&RS VIA TIONS

Written.

<w r

The double G clef, used in some choral works for the
tenor part ; it denotes that the part is to be sung an octave
lower than written.

True Pitch.

. r r r

i

Written.

^ : {* 1 J

(Abbreviation.)

C^? Sva bassa.

Played.

ifi:

Written.

P 11 ?^ r

=

=*=-

f| (Abbr

8 ~*

8

5 5
Played.

o: /4-

i

]

| ^ \ i ,

-J-

i J

138

m

AB8R& VIA TIONS
Written.

* * ^U ( Abbreviation *)

Played.

Broken chords ; beginning with the lowest note, the re-
mainder follow in succsssion as rapidly as possible.

The g and d in the second measure are played like a
broken chord ; the b is held over u from the first measure
(Pianoforte music).

r* (a) , (b)

(c) (d)

-af 1 1 -

11

10 1

frh II "~.

*r 1

(a) Two measures rest ; (b) four measures rest ; (c) seven
measures rest ; (d) ten measures rest, or more, according to
the number given.

i

Stopped notes for the horn.

ABB RE VIA TIONS 1 39

, See Segno,
(a) /w, (b) >Mv, (c) <AS>, (d), tremu (e) /vw), (f) (>vw/.
(a) Inverted mordent; (b) mordent; (c) turn; (d), (e),
(f), trill.

First ending; second ending.

==- or < Rinforzando. A v > Sforzato.

' or Ped. | Modern signs for using the

damper (loud) pedal of the pianoforte.

".: Crescendo. _ Decrescendo.

TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS IN
SONATAS.

Anhang (Ger ) Coda. (Abbr Anh )
Durchfuhrungssatz (Ger) Development. (Abbr. DS.)
Hauptsatz (Ger) Principal theme (Abbr. HS )
Mittelsatz (Ger.) Middle theme. (Abbr. MS.)
Ruckgang (Ger) Returning passage. (Abbr Rg.)
ScKIuss-satz (Ger ) Close (Cadence). (Abbr. Schls )
Seitensatz (Ger ) Secondary theme. (Abbr. SS )
Uebergang (Ger.) Transition. (Abbr Ug.)
Zwisschenatz (Ger ) Intermediate theme. (Abbr.

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