The pronunciation of Greek and Latin proper names in English

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: THE OIFT OF

P i^M ft L Ulfll^,

i

I

THE PRONUNCIATION

of

Greek and Latin Proper Names

in

English

by

HENRY J. RICHMOND, A. B.

University of Michigan
Graduate School.

1905
GEORGE WAHR

PUBWSHBR AND BOOKSELLER
ANN ARBOR, MICH.

Copyright, 1905,

BY

Henry J. Richmond.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Roman Names 8

Greek Proper Names to be distinguished from

the Latin 9

Steps in Determining the English Pronunciation

of Greek and Latin Proper Names 10

Pakt I.

Onty the Nominative Case to be Pronounced

in English 11

Part II. Accent:

i. Syllables 13

ii. Quantit) r 14

iii. Accent 16

a. Primar} T 16

b. Secondar}' 17

Part III. S} r llabication:

Rule i 19

Rule ii 19

Rule iii 20

Rule iv 20

Rule v 21

Exceptions 21

Mute and Liquid 25

Exceptions 25

Summar) r of Rules of S3 T llabication. . . 27

140454

Part IV. Pronunciation :

i. Open and Closed Syllables 28

ii. Sounds of Vowels 29

Rule i ' 29

Exceptions 29

Rule ii 29

Exceptions 29

iii. Consonants 30

Patronymics 34

Endings of Greek Proper Names 36

Endings of Latin Proper Names 38

Proper Adjectives 39

Exercises 39

Exercises Selected from the English Clas-
sics 42

Miscellaneous Exercises selected from Vir-
gil's Aeneid 44

Names connected with Ancient Geography
and Histor}'.

Greece 50

Rome 54

List of words occurring in English classics 57

PREFACE.

In 1902, a group of young people who, in their
last year of university study, were pursuing special
work with a view to teaching Latin, were required
to present papers discussing various phases of the
Gallic War. In these discussions, Caesar's favorite
lieutenant was called La-bi-£-nus, La-bi-a-nus, Lab-
i-g-nus, La-bi-4-nus, La-bi-£-nus and Lab-i-4-nus.
The question suggested itself then, must students
always come groping up through the high school,
on through the university and out to teach, putting
an interrogation point after every Latin or Greek
proper name? How familiar is that awkward pause
in the translation when a proper name is neached,
the student's bewildered look as he tries to forget
his so-called i Roman method \ the timid hazarding
of something or other with a rising inflection, then
the pause for the customary correction of the
teacher.

Perhaps it would not matter so much what we
called these Greeks and Romans,- if we had no
occasion to speak of them outside of the class room,
but everywhere in the English masterpieces these
classical names are met, and every cultured English-
speaking person often finds it necessary to pronounce
them. This little book aims, then, to assist the
student of English literature as well as those who

6 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

are privileged to translate the great literar} r works
of the Greeks and Romans.

The method of using the exercises will, of course,
vary with different teachers. Special emphasis
should be placed upon syllabication (Part III).
The teacher should spell the word, taking care not
to indicate the syllables. Each student should write
the word, mark the accents, then. re- write, dividing
into syllables. The process should then be ex-
plained and rules quoted for every step.

The arrangement of the exercises in Part III is
the result of experience in the class room. The
plan is to bring first before the student the rules
which are simplest and those which are without
exception. A large number of words selected from
Caesar, involving in syllabication only the rules
already introduced, follow as exercises. The more
difficult rules are given last. In pursuance of this
plan, brevity has perhaps been sacrificed and a
strictly logical arrangement which might have
been gained by subordination, has in certain places
been disregarded. If all the exercises are taken in
order, when the book is finished students will be
able to determine for themselves the pronunciation
of every proper name in Caesar, Cicero and Virgil.

Thanks are due to Professor Walter Dennison
and to Professor George Hempl, of the University
of Michigan, for reviewing the manuscript and mak-
ing many helpful suggestions, to Professor Albert
Pattengill who proposed the preparation of the

PREFACE. 7

list of endings of Greek proper names, p. 33, and to
other members of the faculty of the University of
Michigan for kindly criticism and encouragement.

JjL. J. XV.

Pontiac, Mich.

NAMES.

Every free-born Roman who lived during the
period to which the Latin classics belong, had at
least three names — prcenomen* nomen and cognomen.
Thepranomen was the personal name given by the
parents. The number of these given names was
limited, less than twenty being in use among the
patricians in classical times. The abbreviations of
these praenomina should be familiar to even r Latin
student.

A Aulus Mam Mamercus

App Appius N Numerius

C Gaius P Publius

Cn Gnaeus Q Quintus

D Decimus Sex Sextus

K . . Kaeso Ser Servius

L Lucius Sp Spurius

M Marcus T Titus

M' Manius Ti Tiberius

The second name (twmen) was the family or
gens name like our modern surnames. The same
nomen was borne by every member of a family.

The last name {cognomen) designates the par-
ticular branch of the gens to which a person be-
longed. Many of these names were originally
descriptive of some personal characteristic. Thus

NAMES. 9

the name Rufus (red) ma} r have been given at first
to a child that had red hair or a red face, but all
significance was soon lost and the names came to
mean no more than the names Brown, White, Green
and Black mean to us.

Greek Proper Names to be Distinguished from the

Latin.

Certain Greek divinities and heroes are identified
with divinities and heroes of the Romans, but as the
myths concerning these are often of totally different
origin and as the Roman conception of the charac-
ter was quite different from that of the Greeks,
care should be taken to avoid confusion. In trans-
lating Greek, one should not call

Zeus, Jupiter;

Poseidon, Neptune;

Ares, Mars;

Hermes, Mercury;

Hephaestus, Vulcan ;
Dionysus, " Bacchus;

Eros, Cupid ;

Here, Juno;
Athene, . Minerva;

Demeter, Ceres;

Persephone, Proserpina;

Artemis, Diana;

Aphrodite, Venus;

Heracles, Hercules;

Odysseus, Ulysses.

Steps in Determining the English Pronunciation of
Greek and Latin Proper Names,

There are four steps in determining the pronun-
ciation of a Latin* proper name:

(1) . Determine the form of the nominative case,
(2). Designate all accented vowels,
(3). Divide into syllables,

(4). Determine the sounds of vowels, according
to the rules for English pronunciation.

*Greek proper names are often transliterated. They
are pronounced in the same manner as Latin proper names.

PART I

Only the Nominative Case to be Pronounced in

English.

In translating from Latin into English, we shall
often need to pronounce proper names which in the
Latin text are expressed in an oblique case. If the
word is one in common use in English and has thus
come to have an English form differing from its
original Latin nominative we shall have no diffi-
culty. Such words are said to be Anglicized. The
Latin name Pompeius^ English Pompey, is an ex-
ample. But if the word has not been Anglicized,
we must first determine the form of the nominative
case. Thus the dative or ablative endings -is will
at once suggest nominatives in -ior-ae, while these
same cases ending in -ibus will be associated with
the -es nominatives of the third declension. It
should be borne in mind that the names of peoples,
tribes, and cities often have only the plural form.

EXERCISES.

Write the nominative case of each proper name
in the following passages. Have any of these words
been Anglicised? Which ones are usually plural?
Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Ccesar, Senium Gal-
bam cum legione duodecima et parte equitatus in
Nantuates, Veragros, Sedunosque misit, qui a fin ibus

12 GREEK AND LATIN PROPEK NAMES.

Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et jlumine Rhodano
ad summas Alpes pertinent. (Caesar B. G. Ill, i. )
Socios sibi ad idbellum Osismos, Lexovios^ Namnetes*
Ambiliatos^ Morinos, Diablintes^ Menapios asciscunt;
auxilia ex Britannia arcessunt (B. G. Ill, ix. ) Qtiin-
tum Titurium Sabinum legatum cum legionibus tribus
in Venellos, Coriosolitas Lexoviosque mitt it. (B. G.
Ill, xi.)

PART II ACCENT

I. SYLLABLES.

Every word consists of one or more syllables.
The essential part of a syllable is a vowel sound
and some words consist of vowels only. Examples
of this are the proper names Io and Aea. To the
vowels in each syllable, one or more consonants
may be joined. These give form and individuality
to the syllable. Thus a word may consist of sev-
eral syllables in each of which the same vowel is
repeated and yet each syllable may sound very dif-
ferent from the others on account of the consonants
which it contains. We have, for example such a
word in the proper name Ab-ra-da-tas. Here the
body of each syllable is the vowel 0, but of the
syllables ab, ra, da and fas, each has a marked
individuality.

In the pronunciation of a word, the clear vowel
sounds are plainly heard one after another and
these seem to be joined, or rather separated, by the
less distinct consonants. Accordingly, as there are
no silent vowels in Latin, every word consists of as
many syllables as it contains vowel sounds, that is
vowels or diphthongs.

Note. — The Latin diphthongs are ae, oe y au, eu y
ei. The last two are of rare occurrence.

14 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

The last syllable of a word is called the ultima
(Latin ultima, supply syllaba), the last s}dlable but
one is called the penult, (shortened from Latin
paene 'almost' and ultima) , the second syllable
from the last is called the antepenult (Latin ante
'before' and penult) .

QUESTIONS.

Of what are words composed?

What must every syllable contain?

What is the function of a consonant in a sylla-
ble?

Does every syllable contain a consonant?

Does every word contain consonants?

Why does the spoken word natural^ seem to be
broken up into parts?

In spelling English words, are there vowels
used which are not pronounced?

Name ^ve English words which have silent
final vowels.

Are there silent vowels in Latin?

II. QUANTITY.

Syllables may be either long or short. A sylla-
ble is long if it contains a long vowel, thus the penult
is long in the word Eburovices, because the vowel /
in the penult is long. In this book, wherever neces-
sary in determining the accent, long vowels will be
marked.

A syllable is long if it contains a diphthong. The
word Lenaeus, has a long penult for this reason.

ACCENT. 15

Lastly, a syllable is long if it contains a short
vowel followed by two consonants mot a mute and a
liquid. The mutes are p, b, t, rf, k, c, g, q. The
liquids are /, r. A syllable containing a short
vowel followed by a mute and a liquid, as, pi, W,
/r, is not long, but these consonants must stand in
this order, mute + liquid. A syllable containing
a short vowel followed by a liquid and a mute, the
liquid standing first, is long. All syllables not
included above are short.

QUESTIONS.

How many syllables does each of the following
words contain? Do not try to divide the words into
syllables.

Mediomatrici Adiatunnus

Triboces Praeconinus

Treveri Eburovices
Helvetii

In the following words, (divided to indicate the
English pronunciation) which syllables are long?

Eb-u-ro-vi-ces No-vi-o-du-num

Tar-u-sa-tes Brat-us-pan-ti-um

Ga-rum-ni Bod-u-og-na-tus

Bi-ger-ri-6-nes Cam-u-log-e-nus

Au-run-cu-le-i-us Con-vic-to-lit-a-vis

La-bi-e-nus Co-ri-o-sol-i-tes

Note. — The teacher should not require students
to pronounce these words at present.

16 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

III. ACCENT.

Accent is a particular stress or effort of voice
upon certain syllables of a word distinguishing
those syllables by a greater clearness of pronun-
ciation. Every word has at least one accent and
some have two, some three and some very long
words have four; e. g., the Latin verb cogito, the
noun cogitdtio, the genitive case of the same noun
cogitatidniS) the dative plural of the same with
enclitic appended, cogitationibiisque. As we always
use the form of the nominative case when pronoun-
cing Latin proper names in English, we shall find
few words long enough to require four accents.

(a). PRIMARY ACCENT.

The primary accent, as the accent nearest the
termination* of a word is called, always falls either
upon the penult or upon the antepenult. A long
penult must be accented, but when the penult is
short the antepenult receives the accent; as, Aggnor,
Arcadia.

If the quantity of the penult is not apparent,
that is, if the vowel of the syllable is followed by
only one consonant, or by a mute + liquid we shall
need to consult a lexicon to determine the quantity

*A trisyllable with a short penult has a secondary stress
upon the ultima, but this need not be taken into account as
it does not affect syllabication.

ACCENT. 17

of the vowel.* If, however, we are reading poetry,
we can usually learn the quantity from the meter.

(b). SECONDARY ACCENT.

If only two syllables precede the primary accent,
the secondary accent is on the first syllable; as,
T&rusates, Viromandui. When more than two
syllables precede the primary accent, the second
syllable before the priman r accent, if long, receives
an accent; as, Octividnus. If the second syllable
before the primary accent is short, the syllable pre-
ceding is accented; as, DiviciAcus.

QUESTIONS.

What must we know before we can accent a
Latin word properly?

How many accents ma3 T a word of four S3 r llables
have?

When ma> r it have but one accent?

When may it have two?

Place the accents in the following names, mark-
ing the primary accent with one stroke, the second-
ary with two. Do not try to divide the words into
syllables; e. g., Adiatunnus.

*See list of ending's of Greek proper names, p. 36.

18

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Admagetobriga

Indutiomarus

Eburovices

Camulogenus

Boduognatus

Catam antaloedis

Conconnetodumnus

Nitiobroges

Orgetorix

Ariovistus

Apollo

Considius

Elusates

Labierius

Nantuates

Moritasgus

Rhodanus

Taximagulus

Tarusates

Octodurus

PART III

Syllabication.

We shall learn in another paragraph that in
giving the English pronunciation, the sounds of
the vowels in a word depend upon the way in which
the vowels and consonants are grouped to form the
syllables. It is important, then, that we learn how
to divide words into syllables correctly. The fol-
lowing rules should be mastered.

RULES.

Rule 1. Two vowels coming together and not
forming a diphthong should be separated; as,
D/-#n, I-o.

Remark. — Proper names derived from Greek
third declension contracts in eus, («>«) if not Angli-
cised, should be pronounced as if ending in uce
(English pronunciation). That is, the eu does not
spell two vowels but a diphthong which in English
is pronounced like English u.

Rule 2. Two consonants (except mute + liquid)
between two vowels must be separated; as, Tar-
#e/-/i, Au5-a, Cras-sus, Bi-^rax.

EXERCISES.

Copy the following words, mark the accented
vowels, and divide the words into syllables.

20

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Caution. — Do not try to divide a word into syl-
lables until 3 r ou have marked the accented vowels,

Belgium

Commius

Acco

Crassus

Ambarri

Placcus

Appius

Galba

Arduenna

Galli

Arverni

Gallia

Ausci

Gallus

Belgae

Helvii

Cantium

Iccius

Cassius

Liscus

Celtae

Manlius

Celtillus

Marcellus

Andes

Meldi

Antistius

Narbo

Cotta

Nervii

Sextius

Plancus

Balventius

Pullo

Cassi

Voccio

Tullius

Volcae

Rule 3. When three consonants stand between
two vowels, the first two are joined to the preceding
vowel; as, Po/w£-//-nus, A/r-/u-rus, Sa/^-s/'-cer-a-
mus.

Rule 4. A single consonant between two unac-
cented vowels is joined to the following vowel; as,
Eb-u-ro-vi-ces.

SYLLABICATION. 21

Rule 5. A single consonant is regularly joined
to an accented vowel whether it precedes or follows;
as, Az>aricum. In this word, both the v and the r*
should be joined to the accented a to form the ante-
penult, A-z>ar-i-cum.

Ph^ th, and ch in Latin are aspirated mutes and
should not be separated.

EXCEPTIONS.

(a). A single consonant between the last two
vowels of a word is joined to the following vowel,
even though the penult is accented; as, Um-br6-wus.
Since (a) is without exception, students will find it
convenient to begin at the ultima to divide words
into syllables.

(b). A single consonant after an accented u is
joined to the following vowel; as, A-pu-fl-a.

(c). A single consonant after an accented 0, e
or o and before two vowels the first of which is £, /
or j>, must be joined to the following vowel; as,
A-n-o-vis-tus.

*The writing- of the consonant in the syllable with the
preceding- short vowel does not signify that the consonant
is a part of the stressed syllable. It is only a means of
showing that the vowel is short.

EXERCISES.

m

Single Consonants,

Divide the following words into syllables. Ob-
serve that rules IV and V depend upon the accent.
First mark all accented vowels.

Aduatuca

Aetnilius

Agedincum

Ambiliati

Ambivareti

Anartes

Ancalites

Arecomici

Aristius

Avaricum

Baculus

Basilus

Batavi

Bellovaci

Bituriges

Boduognatus

Bratuspantium

Cavarillus

Caemani

Caerosi

Caleti

Camulogenus

Caninius

Cavarinus

Cenabum

Cenimagni

Cabillonum

Cadurci

Cenomani

Cicero

Cingetorix

Cocosates

Considius

Convictolitavis

Coriosolites

Critognatus

Usipetes

EXERCISES.

EXCEPTION (a).

Ambiani

Misenum

Aulus

Mithridates

Bacenis

Murena

Brutus

Paetus

Caburus

Paulus

Catamantaloedis

Penates

Caturlges

Philotimus

Ahala

Picenum

Amisus

Piso

Caesar

Pius

Cato

Poeni

Cethegus

Quirites

Cnidus

Samos

Delos

Saturninus

Dives

Silvanus

Drusus

Sinope

Epirus

Tiro

Eros

Titus

Laeca

• Vibo

Libo

Xeno

Lupus

exception (b).

Ubii

Mandubii

Minucius

Turoni

Pupius

Apulia

Titurius

Curio

23

24

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Sedulius

Etruria

Sedusii

Furius

Fufius

Lucius

Grudii

Minucius

Indutiomarus

Spurius

EXCEPTION (c).

Labienus

Lucanius

Ascanius

Lucterius

Cornelius

Lutetia

Menapii

Mandubracius

Adiatunnus

Marius

Alesia

Menapii

Ambibarii

Metius

Andecumborius

Munatius

Antonius

Noviodunutn

Ariovistus

Pedius

Clodius

Petronius

Coriosolites

Ptianii

Laberius

Sempronius

Valerius

Sertorius

Fabius

Trebonius

Trebius

Volcacius

Gergovia

Verucloetius

Germania

MUTE AND LIQUID.

In general, a mute and a liquid are treated as a
single consonant, but when following an accented
vowel, not in the penult, a mute and a liquid must
be separated*; as, Bi-brax, Al-lob-ro-ges.

exceptions.

(1). After an accented u, a mute and a liquid
are not separated; as, Su-tri-um.

(2). After an accented a, e or o and before two
vowels the first of which is e, i or y a mute and a
liquid are not separated; as, Ca-la-bri-a.

EXERCISES.

Give reasons for dividing these words as follows:

Al-lob-ro-ges Bi-brax

A-tri-us Gu-tru-a-tus

Mark accented vowels. Divide into syllables.

♦The student should note that the writing- of the mute
in the stressed syllable is only a means of showing- that the
vowel is to be given its short English sound. In reality the
mute and liquid both belong- in the following- syllable. See
Hale and Buck's Latin Grammar 14, 2.

26

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Atrebates

Bibracte

Bibroci

Cantabri

Ceutrones

Diablintes

Latrobrigi

Mediomatrici

Petrocorii

Quadratus

Atlas

Publius is divided thus, Ptib-li-us.

To what rule is it an exception?

To what rule is Pub-lic-i-us an exception?

The word At-las?

Learn from this how to divide these words,

SUMMARY OF RULES OF SYLLABICATION.

1. Two vowels to be separated.

2. Two consonants between two vowels to be
separated.

3. Three consonants between two vowels to be
grouped two with the preceding: vowel and one with
the following.

4. One consonant between two vowels —

a. Between two unaccented vowels, to be joined
to the following one.

b. To be joined to a following accented vowel.

c. To be joined to a preceding accented vowel
except, —

(i) An accented //;

(ii) An accented a, e or o when the consonant
is followed b} r two vowels the first of which is e, i
oxy\

(iii) After an accented penult.

5. A mute and a liquid not to be separated ex-
cept when following an accented vowel not

a. in the penult;

b. u;

c. «, e or o as above (c. ii).

But remember At-las, Pub-li-us, Pub-lic-i-us.

PART IV.

Pronunciation.

In the English pronunciation, the quantity of a
vowel depends upon —

(a) the accent,

(b) position in an open or a closed syllable.

Note. — A vowel originally long in Latin may not
have its long sound when pronounced in English.
Original Latin quantity has nothing to do with
English pronunciation save as it determines accent.

I. OPEN AND CLOSED SYLLABLES.

A syllable ending in a vowel is called an open
syllable. A syllable ending in a consonant is called
a closed syllable. In the following words which
syllables are open, which closed?

Labienus Sotiates

Ubii Taximagulus

Ceutrones Tectosages

Adiatunnus Metiosedum

Caleti Mercurius

Belgium Cenomani

Arethusa Cadurci
Ambivariti

PRONUNCIATION.

29

II. SOUNDS OF VOWEI<S.

The long and short sounds of English vowels
are given by the Century Dictionary as follows:

a long as in fate,

a short

as in. fat,

e " " " eve,

e

met,

i 4< " " ice %

• 1 4

• l

" fin,

o " " " note,

O

not,

u " " " use,

u

us,

y" " " " fly,

y

abyss

Rule 1. A vowel in a closed syllable has its
short English sound.

EXCEPTIONS.

(1). E in final es has its long English sound as
in Andes, Gates.

(2). When an accented syllable is closed by an
r followed by another consonant not r, the vowel a
• in such a syllable has the sound of a in farther,
e has the sound of e in confer, /'has the sound of / in
Virgil, o has the sound of o in Norway, u has the
sound of u in burly; e. g., Nar-bo, Mi-ner-va, Cir-ce,
Otf-pheus, Tur-nus.

Rule 2. A vowel in an open syllable has its
long English sound, but when the syllable is unac-
cented the sound is obscure.

EXCEPTIONS.

(1). A in an unaccented open syllable has an
obscure ah sound as in America.

30 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

(2). /in an unaccented open syllable not initial
or final, has its short English sound, /ending an
initial syllable before an accented syllable begin-
ning with a consonant varies between /as in idea
and /, as in directory. I after an accented a, e, o or y
and before a vowel is a semi-vowel with the sound
of English y in yet; as, Pompeius, pronounced Pom-
pg-yus.

2^has in all cases the same sound as /; e. g.,
E-ri-phy-le (y = f), Eryx (y = /).

Ae and oe have the same sound as e; e. g., Phae-
dra (ae — e), Daed-a-lus (ae = £), Phoe-bus (oe = r),
Oed-i-pus (oe = £).

Au has the sound of au in cause; as, AuluS.

An unstressed is short; as, Augustus.

III. CONSONANTS.

In general, the consonants have the same sounds
as in English.

EXERCISES.

Copy the following words marking the accented
vowels. Then divide into syllables and pronounce.

Acco Ambibarii

Adiatunnus Ambiliati

Aedui Ambiorix

Aemilius Ambivareti

Alesia Ancalites

Ambarri Andecomborius

Ambiani Andes

PRONUNCIATION.

31

Note. — Final es is pronounced like the English
word ease.

Anartes
Antonius

Apollo
Aquitani

Note. — u in gu* and gu is a consonant, the first
syllable of Aquitani is thus closed.

Aquitania

Arar

Arduenna

Arverni

Atrebates

Atrius

Ariovistus

Aristius

Arpineius

Aurunculeius

Avaricum

Axona

Note. — x =ks, the first syllable of Axona is closed,

Basilus

Batavi

Bibracte

Bibrax

Britanni

Brutus

Gaius

Noreia

Pedius

Pompeius

Catamantaloedis

Cassivellaunus

Italia

lulus

Iaera

Iasius

Idaeus

Idalia

Idomeneus

Boduognatus

Cabillonum

Caburus

*Qu and gu are subject to the rules governing mute +
liquid (see p. 25).

32

GREEK AND I.ATIN PROPER NAMES.

Rule. — Before e (ae, oe), i and jy, c and g have the
so-called "soft sound" (like s and j). Ch always
has the sound of k.

Cingetorix

Caesar

Cherusci

Chalcis

Chimaera

Caerosi

Cantabri

Cimberius

Cimbri

Claudius

Cocosates

Commius

Conconnetodumnus

Condrusi

Gergovia

Chary bdis

Germania

Gutruatus

Casticus

Convictolitavis

Coriosolites

Cotta

Crassus

Critognatus

Daci

Diablintes

Diviciacus

Divico

Rule. — C, s and / immediately preceded by an ac-
cent and followed by two vowels, the first of which
is i, (y) have the sound of sh, but t following s, tor x
keeps its pure sound, /in the accented syllable be-
fore these consonants, has the short English sound.
When t = s/i, the following i is silent, e. g. Venetia
is pronounced Ve-ng-sha not Ve-ng-shi-a.

Venetia
Sulpicius
Cassius
Antistius (ex)

Gobannitio
Vocontii
Vesontio
Lucius

PRONUNCIATION.

33

Iccius

Domitius

Helvetii

Metius

Dumnorix

Durocortorum

Durus

Eburones

Eburo vices

Eleuteti

Elusates

Eporedorix

Eratosthenes

Nitiobroges

Metiosedum

Dubis

Donnotaurus

Esuvii

Fabius

Valerius Flaccus

Gabali

Gabinius

Galba

Galli

Gallia

Trebius Gallus

Rule, — When a word begins with a group of con-
sonants which is not used initial^ 7 in English, as
Mn n Tm, Phth, Ps, the consonant or the combinable
group of consonants nearest the first vowel is pro-
nounced, the other consonants are silent; as, Phthia,
pronounced Thi-a.

Mnestheus Cnidus

Tmolus Gnaeus

Phthia Ptolemaeus

Ptianii Tmaros

PATRONYMICS.

Certain Greek proper names called patronymics
are frequently found in Latin poetry. A patro-
nymic is a modification of a father's or ancestor's
name borne by a son or descendant. We should
translate these names 4 son of 'daughter of, pro-
nouncing the nominative case form of the noun
from which the patronymic is derived. (For the
forms of patronymics see a Latin grammar. Hale
and Buck 207, 3; Bennett 148, 6; Allen and Green-
ough 164, b; Harkness 342).

Which of the following words have been Angli-
cized? Decide upon a translation for the patro-
nymics.*

Antonius Philippus

Athenae Britannia

Octavianus Matrona

Orpheus Narbo

Padus Massilia

Sabis Thebae

Sequana Atrides

Vulcanus Catilina

Aeacides Cecropides

Aegyptus Theseus

*See a vocabulary to Virgil. Students who have not
read Virgil may omit patronymics.

PATRONYMICS.

Aeneades

Tiberis

Alcides

Corinthus

Alpes

Creta

Amphitryoniades

Tydides

Rhenus

Gorgfo

Saturnus

Ulixes

Roma

Priamides

Anchisiades

Karthago

Aornos

Pelides

Sicania

Plutoti

Getiava

35

ENDINGS OF GREEK PROPER NAMES.

Many Greek proper names are compounds of
familiar Greek words. One part of the name may
be the name of a god as Zeus, Apollo, the other
part, a word implying" the favor of the god or some
attribute. Thus the name Apollodorus is made up
of the two words Apollo, and -dorus connected with
Swpov 'gift,' hence 'gift of Apollo'. Diodorus
shows the same ending with the word Aios, the
genitive case of the noun Zcvs. Again, a Greek
proper name may be composed of an adjective, as
'good' (dya06s) or 'beautifurCtfaAos) and a noun telling
in what respect the person named is good or beau-
tiful as, Agathobulus, 'good in counsel' (/fovA.17), Cal-
libios, 'beautiful in life' (/frbs). And so many others
which the pupil will be interested to search out.
But the importance of thrs to us in pronouncing
proper names lies in the fact that the same word is
used as an ending in a very large number of com-
pounds. And so, by learning the quantity of the
penults of a few of the most common endings, we
shall be able to pronounce a very large number of
words without the help of a lexicon. The follow-
ing are some of the most important endings.

ENDINGS WITH LONG PENULTS.

-anor (-avw/o connected with &vyp, man) Cleanor,
Nicanor.

ENDINGS OF PROPER NAMES. 37

-bulus (Povkrj, counsel) Thrasybulus, Critobulus.
-demus (&?f">s, people) Nicodemus, Aristodemus.
-d5rus (8w/oov, gift) Apollodorus, Theodorus.
-laus (kaos, people) Menelaus, Archelaus.
-medes (f«7&>s, cunning) Ganymedes, Archimedes.

-nicus (yUyi victory) Andronicus, Thessalonica.
-nica J

-timus (Ttfwy, honor) Philotimus, Theotimus.

ENDINGS WITH SHORT PENULTS.

-ag6ras (ayo/oa, assembly) Anaxagoras, Pythagoras.

-bius (/&>s, life) Macrobius, Zenobius.

-crates (k/ocitos, might) Socrates, Hippocrates.

-critus (*cptT05, chosen) Democritus, Theocritus.

-dicus (8ti«y, right) Prodicus, Demodicus.

-d6tus (-Soros, given) Herodotus, Diodotus.

-ggties (yei/05, race, descent) Hermogenes, Diogenes.

-I6chus (^6x°*i ambush) Thrasylochus, Nausilochus.

-machus (p^xy, battle) Nicomachus, Telemachus.

-mgnes (/tews, force) Theramenes. Hippomenes.

-n6us (vo&s, mind) Alcinous, Antinous.

-phanes (^avrjs (<jmw<o) root <£<*, light) Aristophanes,
Diophanes.

-philus (<KA.os, dear) Theophilus, Demophilus.

-pdlis (irokis, city) Amphipolis, Acropolis.

-sthSnes (crflew, strength) Antisthenes, Demos-
thenes.

-stratus (or/wrrds, army) Pisistratus, Callistratus.

-xgnus (f«/05, guest-friend) Proxenus, Polyxenus.

38 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Endings of Latin Proper Names,

It is difficult to classify Latin proper names with
regard to the quantity of the penult. The follow-
ing: will be found helpful:

1. Many Latin proper names are formed from
names of places by addition of -anus or -Inns; as,
Africanus, Latinus.

2. Many Latin proper names end in -ulus, per-
haps a diminutive ending; as, Lentulus, Regulus.
These should be carefully distinguished from Greek
names ending in -bulus (see p. 37), for in the Latin
ending the penult is short.

3. A vast number of Latin proper names end in
-ius. The penult is invariably short. These are
for the most part old Roman family names; as, Octa-
viuSy Fabricius; though a few are frcenomina ; as,
Serums^ Lucius.

PROPER ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives derived from proper names are much
more numerous in Latin than in English. For this
reason, care should be taken to avoid clumsy trans-
lations. Only proper adjectives that are in common
use in English should be used in translating Latin.
The English possessive case or the objective case
with 0/will often be found the equivalent of the
Latin proper adjective. Thus, we may translate
Atticus, Attic or Athenian; Romanus, Roman; Bri-
tannicus, British; Hiberus, Spanish but Hectoreus,
Hectors or of Hector; Nereius, of Nereus.

exercises.

Name the proper adjectives in the following
selections. Translate.

Aquitania a Garumnajiumine ad Pyrenaeos montes
pertinet. B. G. I, i.

Boios, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum
Noricum transierant .... socios sibi adsciscunt.

B. G. I, v.

Cuius legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui l?e//o
Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. B. G. I, xiii.

Publius Sextius Baculus quern Nervico

proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus diximus.

B. G. Ill, v.

40 GREEK AND LATIN PROPEK NAMES.

Germanico bello confecto, multis de causis Ccesar
statuit sibi Rhenum esse transeundum. B. G. IV, xvi.

Hoc deus in nympha Peneide fixit, at illo
Laesit Apollineas traiecta per ossa medullas.

Ovid, Metam. I, 473.

Nulla mora est; adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas.

Ovid, Metam. I, 369.

Semina turn primum longis Cerealia sulci's

Obruta stint. Ovid, Metam. I, 123.

Quo simul acclivo Clymeneia limite proles

Venit Ovid, Metam. II, 19.

Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis
Cor mihi, quodque lev is causa move ret, erat.

Ovid, T. IV, x, 65-66.

Ergo qua licuit genitor cunctatus ad altos
Deducit iuvenem, Volcania munera, currus.

Ovid, Metam. II, 105-106.

Quae pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arcc,

Ingemit Ovid, Metam. I, 163.

Dumque /eras sequitur, dum saltus eligit aptos
Nexilibusque plagis silvas Erymanthidas ambit,
Incidit in matrem Ovid, Metam. II, 498-500.

Victa labore fugae* spectans Peneidas undas,
k Fer, patei? in quit, K opemP

Ovid, Metam. I, 544.

Venit et ad ripas, ubi ludere saepe solebat,
Inachidas. Ovid, Metam. I, 639.

41

PROPER ADJECTIVES. 41

Non servata fides, cineri promissa Sychaeo!"

Verg. Aen. IV, 553.

Nos, patria incensa, divcrsa per aequora vectac,
Stirpis Achilleae fastus iuvcncmgue superbum,
Servitio enixae, tulimus.

Verg. Aen. Ill, 325-327.

Turn Satumius haec domitor maris edidit alti:
"Fas onine est, C^tAerea, meis te fidere regnis"

Verg. Aen. V, 799-800.

Aut Agamemnonius scaenis agitatus Orestes.

Verg. Aen. IV, 471.

Turn vero omne mi hi visum considcre in ignes.
Ilium et ex into verti Neptunia Troia.

Verg. Aen. II, 624-625.

42 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

The following- selections from the English class-
ics may be found useful as exercises. The accent
is readily determined from the scansion.*

Is it not strange, Canidius,
That from Tarentum and Brundusium

He could so quickly cut the Ionian sea; ?

Shak. Ant and Cleo. Ill, 7.

•

*Who now are levying
The kings of earth for war: he has assembled
Bocchus, the king of Libya; Archelaus
Of Cappadocia; Philadelphos, king
Of Paphlagonia; the Thracian king, Adallas;
King Malchus of Arabia; King of Pont;
Herod of Jewry; Mithridates, king

Of Comagene; Polemon of Amyntas

Shak. Ant. and Cleo. Ill, 6.

This is Trebonius.

He is welcome hither.
This, Decius Brutus.

He is welcome too.
This, Casca; this, Cinna; and this
Metellus Cimber.

Shak. Jul. C. II, i.

*Note that poets often use Anglicized forms and forms
shortened for sake of the metre. To such the rules do not
apply. See Tennyson's Princess II, 69, 'Palmyrene,* Mil-
ton's Comus, 135, 'Hecat.'

PROPER ADJECTIVES. 43

My mother Circe with the Sirens three.

Amidst the flowery-kirtled Naiades

Culling their potent herbs and baleful drugs,

Who, as the) r sung, would take the prisoned soul

And lap it in Elysium: Scylla wept,

And chid her barking waves into attention,

And fell Charybdis murmured soft applause.

Milton, Comus.

In name of great Oceanus;
By the earth shaking Neptune's mace,
And Tethys' grave majestic pace,
By hoary Nereus' wrinkled look,
And the Carpathian wizard's hook,
By scaly Triton's winding shell,
And old soothsaying Glaucus' spell,
By Leucothea's lovely hands,
And her son that rules the strands,
By Thetis' tinsel-slippered feet,
And the songs of sirens sweet,
By dead Parthenope's dear tomb,
And fair Ligea's golden comb,
Wherewith she sits on diamond rocks,
Sleeking her soft alluring locks.

Milton, Comus.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES,
Selected from Virgil's Aeneid,

Abaris

Ancus

Abas

Androgeus

Acestes

Andromache

Achaemenides

Antandros

Achates

Antenor

Acheron

Antheus

Achilles

Antiphates

Acidalia

Anubis

Acragas

Aphidnus

Actor

Araxes

Adamastus

Arcadia

Adrastus

Arcturus

Aeneas

Ardea

Aeolia

Argiletum

Aeolus

Argos

Agfenor

Argus

Alcander

Arisba

Alcanor

Arpi

Allecto

Asilas

Aletes

Assaracus

Alpheus

Astyanax

Amata

Athesis

Amycus

Atii

Anchlses

Atys

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.

45

Aulis

Camilla

Aurora

Capys

Ausonia

Cares

Automedon

Cannae

Aventinus

Carmentis

Avernus

Cassandra

Bacchus

Caucasus

Bactra

Caulon

Baiae

Celaeno

Barcaei

Centaurus

Barce

Ceraunia

Belus

Cerberus

Beroe

Ceres

Bitias

Cbalybes

Bola

Cbaon

Boreas

Cbaonia

Briareus

Cbaos

Brontes

Charon

Butes

Circe

Buthrotum

Cisseus

Byrsa

Citbaeron

Cacus

Cloanthus

Caedicus

Cloelia

Caeneus

Clonius

Caere

Cluentius

Caicus

Clytius

Caieta

Cocles

Caleb as

Cocytus

Calliope

Coeus

Camerina

Cora

46

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Coroebus

Deiphobus

Corus

Delos

Corynaeus

Demoleos

Corythus

Diana

Cressa

Dido

Cretheus

Didymaon

Creusa

Dindyma

Crinlsus

Diomedes

Cumae

Diores

Cures

Dolopes

Curetes

Donusa

Cybele

Doryclus

Cybelus

Doto

Cyclades

Drances

Cyclops

Drepanum

Cyllene

Drusus

Cymodoce

Dryopes

Cymothoe

Dulichium

Cynthus

Dymas

C) T prus

Electra

Cythera

Elis

Daedalus

Elissa

Dahae

Elysium

Dardania

Emathion

Dardanus

Enceladus

Dares

Entellus

Daunus

Epeos

Decius

Epirus

Deiopea

Epytus

Deiphobe

Erato

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.

47

Erebus

Ganymedes

Eridanus

Gela

Erinys

Geldni

Eriphyle

Geryones

Erulus

Getae

Erymanthus

Glaucus

Erymas

Gradivus

Eryx

Gyaros

Etruria

Gyas

Evadne

Gygfes

Evander

Haemon

Eumelus

Halius

Eumenides

Halys

Euphrates

Hamraon

Europa

Harpalyce

Eurotas

Hebrus

Euryalus

Hecate

Eurypylus

Hecuba

Eurystheus

Helenor

Eurytion

Helenus

Fabricius

Helorus

Fadus

Helymus

Faunus

Hercules

Feronia

Hermione

Fidena

Hippocoon

Gabii

Hyades

Galaesus

Hylaeus

Galatea

Iaera

Gallus

Iarbas

Ganges

Iasius

48

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES,

Icarus

Monoecus

Ilus

Musaeus

Inachus

Mycenae

Iopas

Nautes

Iphitus

Nisaee

Laocoon

Noemon

Laodamla

Numicius

Lapithae

Oechalia

Latinus

Oileus

Latium

Orestes

Latona

Ortygia

Lausus

Palaemon

Lavinia

Palamedes

Leda

Pasiphae

Liber

Patavium

Libya

Peneleus

Licymnia

Penthesilea

Liger

Pentheus

Lipare

Phaedra

Locri

Phaethon

Lucifer

Phegeus

Lyaeus

Phlegethon

Lynceus

Phoebus

Maeander

Phoenix

Maia

Pholoe

Malea

Pirithous

Menelaus

Polites

Menoetes

Polyphemus

Mezentius

Polypboetes

Mnestheus

Praeneste

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.

49

Pygmalion

Pyracmon

Pyrrhus

Quirinus

Rhadamanthus

Rhaebus

Rhesus

Rhipeus

Scylaceum

Strophades

Tatius

Thalia

Thymoetes

Tisiphone

Torquatus

Tydeus

Xanthus*

Zacynthus

'(Initial x has sound of z.)

NAMES CONNECTED WITH ANCIENT GEOG-
RAPHY AND HISTORY.

Greece.

The following lists have been prepared for the
use of classes in history. The arrangement of the
words is intended to preserve their proper associa-
tion.

Geographical

Peloponnesus
Achaia 30, 2*
Elis 27, 4, c, iii

Alpheus 27, 1; 16, a

Peneus 16, a

Cyllene

Olympia 30
Messenia 27, 4, c, ii

Pylos

Sphacteria 27, 4, c, ii

Messene
Laconia 27, 4, c, ii

Taenarus 30

Sparta

Eurotas

Argolis

Arg-os

Nauplia 30

Tiryns 30

Hermione 13

Epidaurus 30

Mycenae 30
Corinthia

Acrocorinthus
Sicyonia 32, 2

Sicyon 32, 2
Arcadia 27, 4, c, ii

Mantinea

Tegea32, 1; 21, 5, c

Megalopolis

*The references are intended to help over hard places.
They indicate pages and rules in this book.

GREECE.

51

Megaris

Megara
Attica

Pentelicus

Hymettus

Sunium 27, 4, c, i

Cephissus

Acropolis

Parthenon

Piraeus 30
Boeotia 32, 2

Helicon

Cithaeron 30

Leuctra 25

Plataeae 30

Orchomenus 32, 1

Aulis 30
Phocis

Parnassus

Delphi

Elatea
Locris

Amphissa

Naupactus 30
Doris 27, 4, c, iii

Oeta 30
Aetolia 27, 4, c, ii

Calydon
Acarnania 27, 4, c, ii

Actium 32, 2

Thessalia 27, 4, c, ii
(Thessaly)

Peneus

Pindus

Pelion 27, 4, c, ii

Olympus

Thermopylae

Pharsalus

Larissa

Iolchos 13

Tempe 13
Epirus

Dodona
Macedonia

Pydna

Chalcidice 32, 1

Olynthus

Potidaea 30
Cyclades

Paros 27, 4, c, iii

Naxos
Delos 27, 4, c, iii

C} r nthus
Aegina
Salamis
Euboea 30

Chalcis 32, 1
Lesbos

Mytilene 13

Meth)-mna

52

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Chios 32, 1
Samos 27, 4, c, iii
Cythera 32, 1
Zacynthus 32, 1

Cephallenia 27, 4, c, ii

Ithaca

Leucas

Corcyra 32, 1

Historical.

Hellenes 31, 1

Lycurgus

Draco

Solon

Areopagfus 21, 5, c

Pisistratus

Croesus 30

Clisthenes 31, 1

Mardonius 21, 5, c
Aristides 31, 1
Themistocles 31, 1
Miltiades 31, 1
Marathon
Xerxes 49
Darius
Leonid as
Thermopylae
Artemisium 32, 2
Salamis

Eurybiades 31, 1
Pausanias 21, 5, c
Plataeae

Mycale
Cimon 32, 1

Pericles 31, 1
Aeschylus 30
Sophocles 31, 1
Euripides 31, 1
Aristophanes 37
Herodotus 37
Thucydides 32, 1
Phidias
Ictinus
Socrates 37
Zeno

Epidamnus
Actium 32, 2
Plataeae
Potidaea
Cleon

Nicias 32, 2
Mytilene 13
Brasidas
Amphipolis

HISTORICAL.

53

Thucydides

Mantinea

Sparta

Alcibiades 31, 1

Sicilia

Sellnus

Gylippus 32, 1

Decelea 32, 1

Miletus

Samos

Cyzicus

Conon

Callicratidas

Argimisae 32, 1

Lysander

Aegospotami

Thrasybulus 37
Phyle
Critias 32, 2

Xenophon 49

Plato

Coronea

Epaminondas
Leuctra
Cynocephalae
Mantinea
Agesilaus* 37

Philip

Amphipolis

Pydna

Potidaea 30

Philippi

Demosthenes 31, 1

Aeschines

Olynthus

Philocrates 31, 1

Amphissa

Elatea

Chaeronea

Socrates 37

*au in Greek ending* -laus (p. 37) is not a diphthong-.

54

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Rome.

Abbreviated names should be pronounced in full.

Romulus
Numa Pompilius
Tullus Hostilius
Ancus Marcius
Tarquinius Priscus
Servius Tullius
Tarquinius Superbus

Carthage

(Carthago)

Messana

Agrigentum 32, 1

C. Duilius

Mylae

Ecnomus

Panormus

Hasdrubal

L. Junius Brutus

L. Tarquinius Collatinus Hamilcar 15

App. Claudius 8

Sp. Maelius 21, 5, c Hannibal

C. Servilius Ahala C. Flaminius

L. Quinctius Cincinnatus Trasimenus

21
Veii 30, 2
C. Licinius 8
T. Manlius Torquatus
P. Decius Mus 32, 2
M\ Curius Dentatus 8

Tarentum

P} r rrhus*

Epirus

C. Fabricius 32, 2

Q. Fabius Maximus

Cunctator
C. Terentius Varro 32, 2
Cannae
Capua

M. Claudius Marcellus
Nola
P. Cornelius Scipio Af ri-

canus Major
Zama

*rh = Gr. p. The // is silent in the English pronun-
ciation.

ROME.

55

T. Quinctius Flamininus Teutones 31, 1

Cynocephalae

Perseus

L. Aemilius Paullus

Pvdna

Marius

Aquae Sextiae 30

Vercellae

C. Servilius Glaucia 32, 2
L. Appuleius Saturninus

P. Cornelius Scipio Aem- 30, 2
ilianus Africanus Minor

Carthago {Carthage) Mithridates 31, 1

L. Mum mi us
Corinth

Numantia

Scipio Aemilianus Nu-
manticus

Ti. Sempronius Gracchus

32, 1
P. Scipio Nasica
C. Sempronius Gracchus
M. Livius Drusus
M. Fulvius

Jugurtha

C. Marius 21, 5, c

L. Cornelius Sulla 21, 5, c

Cimbri 32, 1

Sulla

Marius 21, 5, c

Cn. Octavius 8

L. Cornelius Cinna 32, 1

Q. Sertorius 21, 5, c

Spartacus

M. Licinius Crassus

Tigranes
L. Lucullus

M\ Acilius Glabrio 25, 2
Cn. Pompeius (Pompey)
11

L. Sergius Catilina ( Ca-
tiline) 11
M. Tullius Cicero
P. Clodius 21, 5, c

56

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

C. Julius Caesar 8

Q. Horatius Flaccus

Pompeius 30, 2

(Horace)

Crassus

P. Ovidius Naso ( Ovid)

Pharsalus

Tiberius 21, 5, c

Caligula

M. Junius Brutus

Claudius

C. Cassius

C. Trebonius

Nero

D. Brutus

L. Seneca

Tellius Cimber 32, 1

Piso

M. Antonius 21, 5, c

Galba

C. Octavius 21, 5, c

Otho

Lepidus

Vitellius

Philippi

Vespasianus ( Vespasian )

Cleopatra 27, 5, a

11

Actium 32, 2

Titus

Domitianus (Domitian)

Caesar Octavianus

11

Augustus

Nerva

Maecenas 32, 1

Trajan

P. Vergilius Maro

Hadrian 27, 5, c

( Virgil)

Antoninus Pius

M. Aurelius 21, 5, c

A LIST OF WORDS OCCURRING IN ENGLISH

CLASSICS

Tennyson's Princess

Chimeras

Psyche 32, 1

Pallas

Artemisia

Rhodope 13

Clelia 21, 5, c

Cornelia 21, 5, c

Agrippina

Lucumo 21, 5, b

Lucius Junius Brutus

Danaid*

Aspasia 21, 5, c; 32, 2

Ganytnedes 37

Here 13

Memnon

Diotima 37

Corinna

Caryatid*

Mnemosyne 33

Cassiopeia 30

Persephone 13

Hades 31, 1
Aglaia 30, 2
Nemesis
Cato
Pan-a-e
Lethe 21, th
Hebe 13
Hortensia 32, 2
Sirius
Tom) r ris

Pope's Rape ot the Lock
Damon 21, 5, a
Phoebus 30
Diana

Sc3'lla

Nisus

Ul} r sses

Thalestris

Dido

Pallas

Mars

*See note p. 42.

58

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Latona

Hermes

Maeander

Proculus

Berenice

Apollo

Thyrsis 29, 1, (2)
Hecate 13
Acheron 32, 1
Ulysses

Milton's Com us

Daphne

Helena

Erebus

Meliboeus 30

Amphitrtte 13

Anchises 31, 1

Dryades

Mercury*

Jove*

Hesperus

Adonis 21, 5, a

Comus

Bacchus 32, 1

Phoebus 30

Iris

Circe 13

Narcissus

Naiades 30, 2

Scylla

Chary bdis

Hebe

Milton's Lycidas
Damaetas 30
Orpheus 19, 1, Rem.
Hebrus 25
Amaryllis
Neaera 30
Phoebus 30
Arethuse
Mincius 32, 2
Hippotades
Panope 13
Alpheus 16, a

•

Milton's II Penseroso

Morpheus 13

Memnon

Cynthia

Hermes 31, 1

Plato

Pelops

Musaeus

Pluto

*See note p. 42.

ENGLISH CLASSICS. 59

Milton 's V Allegro Thy rsis

Cerberus 32, 1 Thestylis

Euph rosy tie Hymen

Bacchus Orpheus

Aurora Pluto

Hebe Eurydice 13
Corydon

INDEX.

Abbreviation, 8

a, sounds of, 29

a, e or o, 20, 25, 27

Accent, 14, 16, 17

Adjectives, proper, 39

ae, diphthong, 13, 30

Aeneid, selections from, 41

Anglicized, proper names, 11

Antepenult, 14

Aphrodite, 9

Appius, abbreviation of, 8

Ares, 9

Artemis, 9

Aspirated mutes, 21

Athene, 9

an, diphthong, 13, 30

Aulus, abbreviation of, 8

Bacchus, 9

C, abbreviation, 8

c like s, 32

c like sh y 32

Caesar, 11, 39

Case endings, 11

Century Dictionary, 29

Ceres, 9

ch like k* 32

Closed syllables, 28

Cognomen i 8

Consonants, 30

to be separated in syllabi-
cation, 19, 27

use of, in syllables, 13

Cn., abbreviation, 8

D., abbreviation, 8

Demeter, 9

Decimus, abbreviation of, 8

Diana, 9

Dionysus, 9

Diphthongs, Latin, 13

Divinities, 9

*, 29

e before r, 29

ei 9 13

Endings of Greek proper

names, 36
English classics, 42, 57
Eros, 9
es y proper names ending in,

29,31
en, 13
cus, proper names ending

in, 19
Exercises, 11,14, 15, 17, 19, 21,

22, 25, 30, 34, 39, 42, 45, 50
X like/, 32

Gaius, abbreviation of, 8
Geographical names, 50
gens name, 8

Gnaeus, abbreviation of, 8
Greek divinities, 9

proper names, 10, 36

historical and geographical
names, 50
Hephaestus, 9

Hercules, 9

Here, 9

Hermes, 9

Heroes, 9

History classes, exercises

for, 50
/, 29, 30
/, silent, 32

semi- vowel, 30

short before c, s, and /, 32
Juno, 9
Jupiter, 9
K., abbreviation, 8
Kaeso, abbreviation of, 8
Latin names, ending's of, 38
Liquids, 15
Long- vowels, 14
Lucius, abbreviation of, 8
M., abbreviation, 8
M\ " 8

Main., " 8

Mamercus, abbreviation of, 8
Manius, " " 8

Marcus, " " 8

Mars, 9
"Mercury, 9
Meter, 17

Milton, exercises from, 43
Minerva, 9, 29
Mn, initial, 33
Mutes, 15
Names of peoples, plural, 11

connected with ancient his-
tory and g-eography, 50
N., abbreviation, 8
Neptune, 9
Nometiy 8

Nominative case, 11

Numerius, abbreviation of, 8

o before r, 29

Oblique case, 11

Objective case with of, 39

Odysseus, 9

oe, 13, 30

Ovid Metam., 40

Open syllable, 28, 30

P., abbreviation, 8

Patricians, proper names in

use among, 8
Patronymics, 34
Penult, 14

ending's with long", 36

with short, 37
Persephone, 9
phth, initial, 33
Poseidon, 9
Possessive case, 39
Praenomen, 8
Primary accent, 16
Pronunciation, 28

steps in determining-, 10
Proper adjectives, 39
Proserpina, 9
Ps, initial, 33
Publius, 26, 27
Publicius, 26, 27
Q., abbreviation, 8
qu, 31
Quantity, 14

in Latin, 28
Quintus, 8
Romanus, 39
Rules for syllabication, 19

for pronunciation, 28

s like shy 32
Secondary accent, 17
Semi-vowel, 30
Ser, abbreviation, 8
Servius, " of , 8

Sex., " of , 8

Sextus, " of, 8

Shakespeare, select ions from,

42
Silent vowels, 13, 37
Sp., abbreviation, 8
Spurius, " of, 8

Summary of rules of syllabi-
cation, 27
Syllabication, rules for, 19
Syllables, nature of, 13
number of, in word, 13
long-, short, 14
quantity of, 14
T., abbreviation, 8
/ like sh, 32
Tennyson, 42, 57
Three consonants, 20

Ti., abbreviation, 8

Tiberius, abbreviation of, 8

Titus, " 8

Tm y initial, 33

u before r, 20, 29

Ultima, 14

Accent, upon, 16

Ulysses, 9

Uncombinable consonants,33

Venus, 9

Virgil's Aeneid, 41

exercises selected from, 44
Vowels, use of, in syllables,

13

to be separated in syllabi-
cation, 19, 27

quantity of, 28

sounds of, 29
Vulcan, 9
x = ks, 31
Xy initial, 49
y = f, 29, 30 ;

Zeus, 9

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