A proposed design for the refrigeration laboratory for the greater Armour Institute of Technology

A, C, rlOVnN
K. W. VAN VALZAM

,OGY

AlvAOUR ll-^STrrUir

9 2 1

621.5

If 82

UNivERsifTy Lamm

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A PROPOSED DESIGN FOR THE REFRIGERA-

TION LABORATORY FOR THE GREATER

ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

12.

A THESIS

PRESENTED BY

ALFRED C. HOVEN AND ROBERT W. VAN VALZAH

TO THE

PRESIDENT AND FACULTY

OF

ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FOB THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JUNE 2, 1921

APPROVED

ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY . ^.^--^CT^/^/ ,^/.-.^,l

PAUL V. GALViN LIBRARY '^"'""^ °' ^'"""'"^ Engineering

36 WEST 33RD STREET

CHICAGO, IL 60616 °"" °' Enemeenn. Studies

Dean of Cultural Studies

JTixe

TAE-LE OF CONTENTS

I . INTRODUCTION

II. BUILDING

A. Mater-lal and Construction

B . Layout

III. EXPSRII'IENTAL ROOMS
A. Insulation
B' Piping

C . Machines

IV. ICE IMICING

A. Freezing Tank

B. Water Supply
C Machines

V. SMALL I.'IACHINES

A. Creamery Package Refrigerating Machine
• B. Lipman Refrigerating Machine

C. Continental Refrigerating Machine

D. Frigldaire Refrigerator

.^981

o

PLATES

PAai

Autoraat-ic Carbonic Compressor 19

York Absorption Machine 26

York Compression Machine 52

York Piping Layout - W;i,ter and Brine 36

Raw TiVater Systeui 3S

Creamery Package Compressor 43

Creamery Package Refrigerating Machine 45

Continental Refrigerating System 48

Li'pman Refrigerating Machine 52

Frigidalre Refrigerator 57

Laboratory Floor Plan 59

I. introdiictiot:

Although refrlger: tion E.nd the production
of ice by artificial means was known to the a,nc-
ientsjit is only v/ithin comparatively recent
times that improved systeris and appare^tus have
enabled operations to be carried out on a cominer-
cial basis- Fifty years ago the refrigeration in-
dustry was in its infancy but great strides have
been made since then. Last year, in America alone,
there v/ei-e over seven thousand firms directly in-
terested in the mechanical production of cold.

Few people realize the full significance of
the part this industry plays in our daily life.
Refrigerant ion machines are used for making ice,
for chilling fresh kij.led meat, for preserving
perishable foods, for conditioning of air, for mak-
ing celluloid films, and for many other industri-
al "processes. They make it possible for the
"Salty Tar" to eat fresh foods when cruising off
the South Sea Isles while his sv/eetheart sits com-
fortably in an air cooled movie house in Brookl\Ti.

4

Because the future of the Inductry depends
so largely on tho engineer, we are anxious that
the New and Greater Armour Ii'.stitute of Technol-
ogy shall have a refrigeration laboratory v/hlch
la,cks not a single detail essential to complete
experimentation. Therefore in the design of the
new laboratory our first concern has been for
completeness, '.'.'e have aimed to make the labora-
tory of the greatest possible practical value.
The units chosen, each in its class, represent
the best in modern prs.ctice. Together they cover
very thoroughly the present day methods for the
production of cold.

The wor;: done by refrigeration machines may
be divided into two general classes, as follows:

1. The Manufacture of Ice.

2. Cooliv.g by Direct Absorption of Heat.
To re-oresent the first class of work, the

new laboratory will be equipped with a tank for
the manufacture of ice by the can system, either
on direct or indirect expansion, using either raw
or distilled v/ater. The free:ring may be done by
(O an aramonia compressor, (2) a carbon dioxide

5
compressor, or (3) cin ammonia absorption machine.

The second class of work Is represented in
the three insulated rooms located at one end of
the laboratory. Each of these rooms may be cooled
'Off by any of the above mentioned machines. One
of the rooms will be equipped with ste;:,m coils
and Y/111 be used in connection with experiments
on heating and ventilating.

The equipment of the new laborf-.tory \illl
also Include three small machines of the type
used in butcher boxes, floral shops, and apart-
ment buildings. The demand for machines of this
type is growing rapidly s.nd the conpetitlon is
keen. The merchant is awakening to the fact ths.t
the ice man's muss and Irregularity are unneces-
s8.ry evils.

One machine of the household size is provid-
ed to afford data on the economy and reliability
of machines designed for this purpose. The field
is greater than Henry Ford's, but it has just been
entered.

BIBLIOG-RAPKY

The Llechanlcal Production of Cold

Ewing
The Carbonic Acid Industry

G-oosman
Elements of Refrigeration

G-reene
Evaporating, Condensing, and Cooling Apparatus

Hausbra.ad
Modern Refrlgers.tion Llachines

Lorenze and Pope
MechanlcaJ. Refrigeration

Mac In tyre
Refrigeration, Cold Storage, and Ice Making

Tayler
Complete Catalogue of Ammonia Valves and Fittings

York Manufa.cturing Company

II. ^UILDIIIG

MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION

The Refrigeration Labo re-tor;: for the Nevf and
G-reater Armour Institute of TechnolOG2-^ v;ill be
located in a one story brick building, sixty feet
v.-ide and one hundred thirty feet long. The build-
ing will be fireproof throughout. The inside of
the W8.11s shall be of hollov/ tile except in th-j
offices, wash rooms, and experimental rooms. The
walls of offices and v/ash rooms will be finished
in hard plaster. The insulation, v/hich forms the
walls of the experimental rooms, is described in
the part of the thesis devoted to the rooms.

The floor will be made of eight inch concrete,
surfaced v;ith dust proof covering. The floor in
the offices will be of a selected maple.

The roof will be of the garage type, support-
ed by posts set twenty feet apart. On the roof, a
platform will be constucted directly above the
refrigerating machine to be used in cooling the
altitude chamber. This platform is to support the
atmospheric condenser to be used in connection

vfith that machine.

LAYOUT

In layin,3 out the refrigera,tion laboratory
the ohject sought was compactness v.-lthout crowd-
ing or inaccessibility. The future of the labor-
atory,with Its probable expansion and moderniz-
ing was kept constantly in view.

The entrance to the office and the labora-
tory will be at an end of the building. The off-
ice will be adjoining and connected to the vrash-
room and lavatory. The work bench will be located
jUEt outside of the wash-room. The Frigidaire re-
frigerator and two cases for exhibits will be
placed against the office wall.

The other end of the labora,tory v/ill be de-
voted to the experimental rooms. There will be
three rooms each thirty by tv/enty feet. They may
may be cooled by any of the three machines to be
located near the rooms. The Automatic Carbonic
machine will be in front of the rooms and the
York compression and absorption machines will be

9
placed near either v/:-,ll . The ice tanlc will occu.tj
the "U" fornied by these three machines.

The altitude chanber will be across the lab-
oratory from the office. It, and its equipment v/111
form a seperate unit. The small machines villi be
placed along the wall between the altitude chamber
and the Yorlc absorption mc-chine.

10

III. EXPERlIvIENTAL ROOMS

The tonnage of refrigeration devoted to
cooling by direct absorption of heat has come
to exceed that devoted to the manuf^.cture of
ice. We are gradually aproe,ching an iceless age.
In order th t the problems confronting the engin-
eer T7ho designs coll storage houses and cooling
rooms may be thoroughly studied, the nev/ labora-
tory will contain three experimental rooms.

Each room will be thirty feet long by twenty
feet T;ide. The two cold rooms will be ten feet
high, but the constant temperature room will be
twenty feet high to permit experimenting with
structures of more than one story. Each room vrill
open into the laboratory, and the room.s will also
be interconnected. The wall between the constant
temperature room end the adjoining cold room will
contain a false section '.-hlch can be removed.
This section will afford an opportunity to study
heat conductivity of large sections placed be-
tvfeen any desired difference of temperature.

An altitude chamber ha,s been provided for

11

the automotive department to be used in testing
aeroplane motors under conditions found in high
altitudes. All the necessa.ry Instruments and ap-
paratus Virill be furnished by the automotive dep-
artment. The room will be 8' x 10' x S ' . It v/ill
be cooled indirectly by a two-stage carbon diox-
ide compressor designed and built by the American
Carbonic Company. This machine is especially a-
dapted to the work which will be asked of it;
similar machines are used throughout the country
for just such work.

Experiments run in this room v/ill require
the removal of about 150 tons of refrigera.ti jn
per day..- ■ A ten ton machine is provided to be
used in connection v/ith a brine tank which forms
the inner walls of the room, and has a capacity
of 650 cu . ft. of brine. By running the refrig-
erating machine until all the brine is frozen, a
cape.clty of about I80 tons may be stored up.

A ten ton York atmospheric condenser' will
be provided for use in connection v/ith the al-
titude cham.ber and in experiments on the effic-
iency of this type of condenser.

12

INSULATION ■
All v;alln,partitlonG, floors, and ceilings
shall be made of Wonpareil corkboard, manufact-
ured by the Arnstrong Cork and Insulation
Company, and shall comply to the follov.'lng spec-
ifications :

TfALLS
Directly against the brick walls, one course
of three inch Nonpareil corkboard shall be erect-
ed in a 1/2 inch bed of Portland cement mortar,
mixed in the proportion of one part of Portland
cement to tv/o parts of clean, sharp sand, all vert-
ical joints being broken. A second course of three
inch Nonpareil corkboard shall then be erected
against the first in a 1/2 inch bed of Portland
cement, a.nd additionally secured to the first v:lth
galvanized wire nails or V700den skewers. All
joints in the second course she.ll be broken v/ith
respect to all joints -in the first course. All
joints shall be made tight.

13

CEILING-
The insulation against the ceiling chc.ll be
the same as that specified above for the v;. lis.

FLOORS
On a reasonably smooth and level concrete
ba,se, one course of tjii'ee inch ITonpareil cork-
board shall be laid dovrn In hot aspha,lt,all
trancverse joints being broken. 2 inch x 3 inch
sleepers sha,ll be laid dovrn on 38 inch centers.
Between the sleepers, a second courseof 3 inch
corkboard shall be laid on hot osphalt. All
joints in the second course shall be broken \rlth
respect to all joints in the first course. All
joints shall be made tight. The upper surface
shall be flooded v/oth hot asphalt, approximately
l/S inch thick. T.& G-. flooring shall then be
securely nailed dovm to the sleepers. Selected
maple shall be used for the flooring.

?ARTITI01TS
The insulation on partitions shall be ei-ect-
ed according to the specifics.tions laid dovni foz"

14

the v/alls except, that two courser, of tv.-o-inch
ITonparell corhboard shell be placed on each side
of the partition proper.

PIPING

The ammonia coils in the direct expansion
rooms and the brine colls in the indirect expan-
sion rooms shall be placed on each thirty foot
v^all, close up to ceilin/j;. Each coil shall be tv/o
pipes v/ide and ten pipes high, with four inches
between pipe centers. All pipes used shall be
Byers ' 2-inch Virrought iron pipe.

The piping specified above is sufficient to
remove 3'^,'^-^^'^ B.T.U. per hour with a ten degree
difference in temperature betv/een the room and
the brine or ammonia. 2.5 v/as used as the coef-
ficient of hect transmission.

15

MCHIiJES

The machines which viere chosen to cool the
experimenta,! rooms, and vfhich are also used for
ice making, represent the entire field of large
scale coumiercial refrigeration. The compression
system is represented in the Automatic and York
machines; the absorption system is represented in
the York absorption machine. By means of these
machines a comp;;,rison of ammonia and carbon diox-
ide refrigeration may be obtained. The York v/ill
be steam driven; an electric motor v;ill drive the
carbon dioxide machine.

16

AUTOI/IATIC CARBONIC RSPRICr-^R/iTING SYCTEM

The use of carbon dioxide as a refrigerating
agent is increasing ver^f rc^pidl;/,and the condi-
tions under which it is adrnitedly superior arg
becoming more numerous,. Carbon dioxide is more
powerful! than any of the other practical refrig-
erants. The saving in space vrtiich results from
this fact is often of such great importance that
it becomes the deciding factoi-.

Safety under any 3,nd all conditions is per-
haps the most valuable characteristic of this
gas; it Is non-Gxplosive,non-inflamable,and non-
asphyxiating. It is this property v/hich has led
to its almost universal adoption for use in hos-
pitals,hotels, and asylurds .

■ Because of its very low boiling point, car-
bon dioxide has come into great favor for low
temperature work. In aerona.utical experimenta.l
work and in the manufacture of films temperatures
of forty to seventy degrees belovf zero are obtain-
ed.

Taking these valuable features as a basis the

17

Automa.tic Carbonic Ilachine Company has designed
and manufactured a machined v;hich hcs every favor-
able point built into it and which applies the
natural advanta.ges of this go-s in a thoi^oughly
practical and simple way. A copy of the specifi-
cations for a three ton system d.s taken from the
contract is" given below.

18

COLIPRESSOR

The compressor shall be of the automatic
carbonic safety type, arranged with safety pockets
for the suction and discharge valves, automatical-
ly controlled stuffing box, pressure controlling
device, and safety valve.

The compressor sha.ll be lubricated in the
folloTang manner: A tvfo compartment force feed
lubricating pump of the Kills-Mc Canraa type shall
be provided. One compartment of the pump shall
be connected v/ith the stuffing box of the com-
pressor for the lubrication of the same. The
otlier compartment of the pump shall be used for
the lubrication of all bearings and moving parts
by meansof a speciaJ oil distributor with a vis-
ible oil supply going to the distributor from the
lubricating pump. Independently- oiled valve leads
shall be connected from the distributor to each
bearing and moving pa.rt.

The compressor suction and disch-arge valves
shall be of the nevf plate type.

19

20

CONDENSER

The condenser shall be of tlie shell type,
v/lth copper cooling coils, for the circulation of
the water, so arranged that the carbonic gas after
liquifaction will be cooled to the lowest temper-
ature of the incoming water, arranged in counter
current cycle.

Each condenser shell shall be designed to
meet the requirements of the rules issued by tlB
Safety Inspectors of the Cities of Chicago and
New York

BRIDIE COOLER
The brine cooler sha.ll be of the shell type
of constuction with ample copper cooling surface
to reduce the temperature of the circulating
brine to within ten (10) degrees of the tempera-
ture of the evaporating carbonic gas when the
temperature of evaporation is zero degreesFahr.

21

AUTOriATIG EXPAITSIOIT VALVE
The valve conurolllns the evaporation of the
carbonic gc.s throush the brine coolers shall be
of the automatic pressure relation type requir-
ing no hand adjustment. This valve shall ';e pro-
vided v/ith two diaphragms operated by the liquid
a.nd evaporating pressures in such a v;ay that the
valve orifice is controlled in its opening by the
action of the tv/o pressures on the two diaphragms.

WATER FLOY; CONTROL VALVE
The overflov/ v;joter from the condenser shall
be provided with a thermostatically controlled
valve in such a way that the quantity of water
is controlled and regulated in accordance with
the heat quantity going into the condenser-.
That is, the control v.-.lve shall allow, automatic-
ally, a greater amount of water to pass through
the condenser cooling coils whenever the heat

22
flow into the condenser incre:^ses,and a less
quantity of water with a decrease of heat flov;
into the condenser. This flow of water shall be
cut off automatically when the compressor is
shut do v7n, and shall start automatically when the
compressor is started.

OIL SEPERATOR
There shall be co:anected in the high press-
ure line,betY/een the compressor and the condens-
er, an efficient oil separator so arranged that
the entering gas is deflected in the direction
of its flov/, reduced in velocity so that the en-
trained oil may easily be deposited on a suitable
perforated fumiel,the gas thereafter passing in-
to the u^per pa.rt of the seperator. Suitable neans
to draw off the oil,v;ithout ca-using splashing ■. .
shall be Provided.

i^5
SCALE TRAP
A scale trap similar in design to the oil
sepax'ator shall be connected at a suits.ble lo-
cation in the suction pipe leading from the e-
vaporators to the compressor.

24
YOmi ABSORPTION REFRIGERATING SYSTEM

Absorption machiiieG viere first built to meet
the increased demand for lov/ temperature v/ork.In
many cases these machines can be installed and
operated more economicaAly than any other type.
This method of refrigerivtion is especially desir~
c.ble for the temperatures required by oil refin-
eries, fish freezers, and cold storage plc.nts.

There are man;*" cases in which greatly in-
creased economy has been obtained in existing
compression plants by using the exlicust steam
from the compression plant ;-uxiliaries in the
ammonia generator of an absorption machine. It
is often desirable to install this type of mach- ,
Ine in hotels, apartment housevS, hospitals, or elec--
trie poY/er plants, where exhaust steam is availa-
ble. A pressure of one pound gauge is sufficient
for satisfs.ctory opera-tion.

The Yorlc ".lanufac taring Company is the lead-
ing m.aker of absorption machines- The system to be
installed in the nevf laboratory will be designed
by them to raeet the following specifications:

25
GENERATOR

The generator shall be of the shell and
tube type and shall be raade of cast air furnace
iron having a tensile strength of not less than
55,000 to 60,3";0 pounds per sq.uare inch.

No rivets shall be used in any part of the
shell; all seams shall be welded, thus avoidin<j;
leakage due' to contract lor. and expan3ion.

The shell sh-:.ll be designed for use with
an external analyzer

ANALYZER .
The analyzer shall be of the extenal type.
It shall consist of a cast air furnace iron shell
providedvrith cast iron heat exchanger trays, over
which the incoming strong aqua flov/s, counter cur-
rent to the outgoing gas, coming in direct conta.ct
with the same.

26

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27

DSHYDR/iTOR

The dehydrc.tor shall be of the double pipe
type,8.nd provided \ilth all the necessary fittings,
valves, headers, sta.nds, and a drip tray. The pipin^^
shall be of selected 1 l/2" and 3" aramonia pipe.
All parts shall be made of cast close grained air
furno.ce iron.

The combined gas and water vapor shall enter
the annular spc.ce of the coil a,t the top, and leave
it at the botton, -vhere it shall enter the drip
trap, which will effectually separate the condens-
ed water from the ammonia g;-.,s and return it to
the generator, vhile the anliydrous t.mmonia passes
on to the ammonia condenser. The cooling water
shall be circulated counter current to the ammon-
ia, entering the inner c^il of the pipe at the bot-
tom and lea.ving it a,t the top.

GOITDENSER ^^

The condenser snail be of the double pipe
type, made of selected 1 l/4" and 2" ammonia pipe,
and provided with all the necessary stands, head-
ers, valves, and fittings.

The gas shall enter the annular spe.ce at the
top, the liquid leaving at the bottom, while the
cooling waiter enters the injier pipe at the bottom
and passes through ':he coil counter current to
the ammonia.

EXCHANGER
The exchanger shall be of the double pipe
type, made of selected 1 1/4" and 2" ammonia pipe.
It shall be so a.rranged that the strong and v/eak
liquor shall flow counter current and at high
velocity so that a good hea.t transmission shall
be obtained. The strong aqua ammonit. entering the
generator shall have a temperature not more than

29
eight degrees below the temperature in the gen-
erator.

WEAK AQUA COOLER
The \7eak aqua cjolei' shall be of the double
pipe t^'pe made of selected 1 1/4" .and 2" ammonia
pipe. The v/eak aqua ammonia shall flovf counter
current to the cooling v/ater and its temperature
on leaving shall not be more than five degrees
highei' than the tempera.ture of the cooling water,

ABSORBER
The absorber shall be of the double pipe
type of 2" and 3" selected amraonia pipe, complete
with stands, valves, headers, special gas and weak

30
aqua anmonla injection fitting/, and purging drum.
The cooling v/ater shall flov/ through the inner
pipe counter current to the weak aqua ammonia
and the amiuonla gas.

31

YORK COMPRESS lOI-I RITFRIC-ERATING IIACHIl^IE

The ainrnonia compression refrlf^erating syst-
em Is at present hj far the moct prevalent meth-
od of' refrigeration. The machine v/hich vill rep-
resent this field is now located in the present
refrigeration lahoi-jitory of the AD^mour Institute
of Technology. It is complete and is in rtood op-
f.ra.ting condition. It ha,s been used for experim-
ental purposes since 1911 vrith very satisfactory
results.

The compressor is of the single cylinder,
single acting, vertical type. It is driven by a
horizontal, slide valve direct coupled, ctem en-
gine. It is fitted with a safety head. The main
shaft is of forged and ha.mmered steel. The con-
necting rods are cast steel made in an I-beam
section. The piston ia fitted with metallic pack-
ing and the piston rod is fitted v/ith soft pack-
ing. All v/earing and bearing surfaces are fitted
with automatic oilers.

The ammonia condenser and the brine cooler
are of the double pipe type and are incased in
granulated cork to reduce the radiation losses.

32

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33

Oil which is candied over from the compres-
sor is removed by the oil separator located in
the high pressure line.

The v; eight of aniLionia. used during any run
can be determined hy mea.ns of two liquid receiv-
ers which rest on platform scales.

An exchanger has been provided so that the
system may be run dry,V'fet,or superheated.

This system will be removed to the new lab-
ora.tory and set up there with but a ver.y fev/
changes in minor details. The only addition to
the system will be the piping to the rooms.

34

ICE ■HAILING

The production of artificial ice has increased
to such an extent that,althour;^h the yearly ice
crop produces fluctuations in the price of ice,
the public is no longer dependent upon the wint-
er v^eather for its ice supply. In spite of the
hlQa cost of material, labor, and fuel, there is a
gradual decrease in the expense Involved in the
production of a ton of ice.

Tlie ice tanlc nov; installed in the present
refrigeration la,boratory y^III be moved, v/lth its
appurtenances, to the new laboratory and, connected
to the three three-tai refrigerating machines.
This tank is six by fifteen feet and has a cap-
acity of one and one half tons of ice. It contains
thirty-six one hundred pound cans. The only add-
ition to the freezing tank will be the air head-
ers for the raw water system. The insulation v'ill
be the same as how surrounds the tank.

35

WATER SUPPLY

With the development of the Internal com-
bustion engine e/ad the possibility of getting
electrical pov/ei' at a sufficiently low rate to
justify its use in the operation of ice plants,
there has come a remarkably o^uick change from
the distilled water ice plant to the raw waiter
ice plant.

When steam v/sx the most economical and sat-
isfactiry method of driving compressors, the ex-
haust steam from the driving engine vies condens-
ed, filtered, and reboiled. From the reboiler the
steam was run through another condenser into a
holding te.nk. The ice can filler was connected
to this tank.

In the new laboratory, the driving unit of
the York compressor will furnish the stei.m for
the distilled water method of making ice. All
the apparatus necessary for the operation of such
a system is installed in the old laboratory.

The rapidly increasing demand for raw water
plants makes it inpera-tive that the nev; labora-

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*

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■ ']■ -

1

1

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P/Pffs/G L/iYOUT

PfSTILLED \A//ITEf? » BRINE

37

tory contain apparatus necessary for the nicinufac-
ture of ice from raw v/ater. Because of its sim-
plicity and economy of operation, the York high
pressure air system has been chosen to prevent
the formation of y/hite or snov/ ice.

The air is drawn into the electrically
driven compressor from a header extending above
the roof. It is brought up to the necessary press-
ure, virhich depends upon the temperature of the
brine, is discharged into the receiver, and passes
through the vrater cooled dehumidifier, to the brine
cooled dehumidifier.

This dehumidifier is of the shell and tube
type. The brine is circulated through the coils,
and the air passes around them. In cooling the
air the moisture is frozen off. The brine cooler
is in duplicate so that the frost on one set of
colls can be ths.wed off v;hile the other is doing
the final work of cooling. This is done by allov/-
ing the air from the water section to pass up
through one chamber and dovm through the other.
The brine is not circulated through the first
chamber and the air, being warmer than the frost

38

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39
or Ice on the coils, melts it as it passes up
through the chamber; then it cr3£Sf;s over into
the other shell and comes into contact v;ith the
coils through which the brine is being circulated,
It is thus cooled to the temperature required to
dry it sufficiently for use in the ice can. llhen
the temperature of the air leaving the second
chamber begins to rise, the four-way cock is throwr
over,and the direction of flow is reversed. The
brine is made to flow through the other coil;.. A
reversal is necessary about twice a day.

An electrically driven centrifu^^al pump is
provided to circulate the brine.

The apparatus to be Installed will be large
enough to use in connection v/ith experiments in-
volving air conditioning.

lilACHINES
A complete description of the machines used
for ice making is given In the secti.>n devoted
to the experimental roo:ns. Any one of the three
raa-chines may be used for makin,--^, ice.

40

SIiTALL REFRIGERATION I.IACHINES

The ton:ia{~e of reirlgere.tion produced "by
snail refrigeration machines will perhaps never
equal that of the large machines, but the number
of men required to make and sell them and to
supply the necessary service, will soon undoubted-
ly, be far greater. The long felt need for depend-
able, efficient refrisercttlon,by the merchant who
does not conduct an exten.slve business, has been
fulfilled in the machines now built for his needs.

Uncertainty of both prices and deliveries -
poor, inefficient refrigeration, and conseajaently
spoiled products - constitute a fev: of the many
losses sustained through being everlastingly with-
in the power of the ice man; all of them work to
the menace of those dispensing perishable goods.

The thousands of merchants who today are pro-
fiting and benefiting in many ways through the a-
gency of nechanical refrigeratijn would not re-
turn to the use of ice for refrigeration any more
than they viould re- employ the ancient lethods of
keeping charge accou its on a spindle, or weighing

41

their products ^by the sense of touch.

The equipment of the new laboratory will in-
clude three rnachinec suitable for groceries or
mcrkets and one refrigerator designed for house-
hold use. A detailed description of each of these
machines with its advantages and tie field it cov-
ers is given belov/. Together they cover this branch
of foechanical refrigeration very thoroughly.

42

CREAMERY PACKAGE RT^FRlGSRATINrT SYSTSi
TYPE G

The Creamery Package Manufacturing Company
was one of the first to engage in the manufacture .
of refrigerating machines. Their staff of service
and installation engineers are the peer, in length
of experience and ski'i.ljOf any similar organiza-
tion in the country. In general design the machines
are small and compact and take very little room
for the tonnage developed. They are ideal for belt-
ing direct to electric motors. The Type C repre-
sents the best in tv/in cylinder vertical design
for this caoacity. The wide popularity of these
refrigerating systems is excellent testimony to
the efficiency of this method. TAiile each unit
has its own distinctive features, the ammonia com-
pressor is of course the most important.

CP vertical ammonia compressors, "master-built
are of the single acting, enclosed, self-oiling type.
They are built of semi-steel and are designed f )r
long and constant use. The bearings are exceeding-
ly large and are readily renev/ed. A specially de-

'45

CREAITTIRY PACICAG-E COMPRESSOR

44

signed fly-v/heel, halving the spokes at the side of
th.e rlrn, brings the center of tlie weight over the
bearing, v/hlch Is the stuffing box gland. This
gland has a bracket support from the base of the
machine thus avoiding the use of an outboard, bear-
ing on the compressor shr.ft beyond the fly-Y/heel.
The crank shaft has tv/o bearings. All bases are
cast with a sediment pocket at the bottom to keep
the oil ;: s clean as posfjible.

These compressors are provide! vrith a scale
trap on the suction line, and also have a gas trap
in tjie suction line In the cylinder, providing a
large supply of gas to drav/ on v/hen the cylinder
is being refilled on the suction stroke. All mach-
ines are provided v;ith by-passes for reversing the
operation and. pu.mping out all pi',rts of the systen
for repairs. These machines are provided v/ith saf-
ety devices Avhich viill prevent liowlng gaskets in
case the com'iressor is started up v/ithout opening
the discharge valve. Suction gas pockets are con-
nected to the base of the machine so that any oil
coming back to the machine is e-utomatically trap-

45

CREAI.iERY PACKAGE REFRIGERATING I.'IACHINE

Sice \^i£rv\<

CREAMERY PACKAGE REFRIGEI^TILTC- imCHiWE

46
"ped in the base of the compressor.

The C? verticc.l compressor is deslsned viith
a double trunk piston, the bottom pi.rt serving as
a cross-head aiid the upper part servinrr as the
piston proper. Both are provided v/ith rings and
equinpei vjith mutiple poopet valves. The valve
lift is quick and the opening is large- The valves
are made of tool steel.

This compressor h:.s no clearance at high
speeds. Its cylinders have safety heads which are
perfectly flat on the bottom and its pistons are
perfectly flat on top. The piston of this compress-
or can be adjusted for clearance by shimming up
the crank pin boxes- Hence at every revolution all
the gas which has been drav/n into the cylinder is
compressed and completely discharged. Because of
this non-clearance feature the GP compressor oper-
ates at the same high efficiency at low tempera-
tures -s it does Y/hen operating at high tempera-
tures .

47

C01'ITII\TEMTAL REFRIGERATING- SYSTEI;!

Continental machinery is designed and man-
ufactured v.'ith the one idea, that dependable and
satisfactory service is remembered long aftei"
price is forgotten. For durability and econofiiy
their line of refrigerating machinery is excelled
by none. The continental self-contained refriger-
ating unit combines the entire high side in one
machine.

The continental is a cerni- enclosed machine.
In operating it there is no ammonia in the crank
case to nix with the lubricating oil. -he ammonia
Is taken directly into the cylinders througii the
pipe manifold. Therefore there is no possibility
of pumping lubricating oil from the crank case
over into the cooling coils- Flooding of the cool-
ing coils with oil a,nd thereby cutting their re-
frigerating effect is impossible.

Any part of the continental may be inspected
by simply closing the suction and discharge stop
valves on the manifolds, and removing the crank

48

CONTIIIENTAL REFRIGERATING SYSTEM

49
case door, the plates of the cylinder nec':s,and the
cylinder heiA.

The continental 1b built with. a crocs head
similar to that of a steam enj^ine. This causes a
straight vertical movement of the piston which
prevents side thrust on the cylinder vralls.

The stuffing box betv?een the cylinder and
the crank ca.se prevents the ammonia from entering
the craiilr case. This stuffing box is of special
design and is pa.cked v/ith 3. combination of fric-
tionless packing, one side of which is in contact
v;ith the piston rod, and a diagona^lly shaped flex-
ible packing which contracts and expands accord-
ing to the pressure exerted upon it.

One of the best features of the continental
is the adjustment for clearance. This is accomp-
lished bymeans of a lock nut and threaded piston
rod.

The shaft is made of a solid steel forging,
very liberally proportioned, giving ample strength
and assuring continuous service.

The continenta.l is equipped v/ith feather
weight suction and discharge valves. All valves

50

and their seats are easily removable for grindin^j.

Safety heads are provided to prevent the possibil-
ity of an accident in case of a charge of liquid
being C8.rried over into the cylinder.

The lubrication is automatic. The crank case
oil lubricates the main bee^rin^s, the connecting
rod bearings, and the cross-head. The oil from the
mechanical lubricator is pumped directly into the
space in the stuffing box which is occupied by
the spring. Ammonia in the cylinder acts as a par-
tial lubricant and the piston rod,v;orking in a
bath of oil carries sufficient oil to the cylin-
der to effect perfect lubrication there.

The condenser used in these units is of spec-
ial compact design in which the condenser and the
liquid receiver are combined. The co^nbina-tion is
located in the base and is easily accessible
through large liand holes.

51

LI?:.IA^! REFRICtERATING r.IACHINE

The Lipman Line has met with great favor
among small merchants throughout the country be-
Cc'.use of its compactness, smooth running, and econ-
omj^. The Lipraan machine is full -automatic and
many of the company's sales have been replacements
of much larger hand operated machines. There is
no longer any doubt but that the auto matic mach-
ine is the most satisfactory solution of the
small merchant's problems.

The Model T^'^O v;as chosen from the Lipman Line
as a typical small-store automatic machine. This
machine has a capacity of lOOOpounds of refriger-
ation per day. The s-ntire high side is erected
on a rigiil attra-ctive stand. All pai-^ts are easi-
ly accessible. The control sv/itches are operated
by an electrical contact exp^-nsion thermostat.

The compressor is vertical, single cylinder,
and single acting. It is an enclosed type. It is
belt driven by an electric motor. The belt tens-
ion is kept constant by a counter weight.

An efficient oil separator is provided in

52

LIPLIAN REFRIGERATING- MACHINE

the high pressure 2^s line.

The condenser is of the shell and coil type;
the cooling water runs through the coll and the
ammonia flows through the shell counter current
to the coolinf^, w?.ter.

54
THE ICELESS REFRIGERATOR

Housekeeping TiethodG have been completely re-
volutionized in the past tvio decades. Llodern in-
vention has turned the labor of the housekeeper
into a real pleasure, -he electric stove starts
and stops its cooking ;7ith a turn of a sv/it3h,
the vacuum cle.,ner keeps the house spick and span
and the electric washer takes the drudgery out of
"blue "londay". And nov^ we have the iceless refrig-
erator.

The iceless refrigerator is ecsentia-ly a
machine for keeping food dry and at a constant
temperature of thirty-eight to forty- four degrees
Fahrenlieit. It is a scientific fact beyond argu-
ment that food spoils rapidly due to gera grovfth
at temperatures of fifty degrees or more. To prop-
erly preserve food so that bacteria cannot flour-
ish, the temperature must be kept beloy? forty-five
degrees. The ordinary ice box is an inefficient
and unsatisfactory food preserver because the tem-
perature is always too high and because it for-
ever varies with the varying quantity of ice and

the flucbuo.tion of outbade tern ^er'atures • The In-
side temperature cannot be c.ntrolled.

A Frigidaire v/as selected as the laboratory's
household Tiachiae. The Frigidairs Corporation is
a division of -the G-eneral Motors Corporation. No
Seles are made outside of the territory covered
by Frigidaire service. The principle data concern-
ing this refrigeratoi'' is given below.

5'' ■
FRIGIDAIRE •
Model B-9

Total V/eiG^T-t - 855 lbs- '

Total Outside Volu:::e - 37.5cu. ft.

Total Inside Food Gapacit^^ - 9 cu. ft.

Exterior Dimensions - 25" x 39" x 67".

Interior Dimensions

Large Food Compartment - ■ 38 1l/l6 x 14 5/8

X 18 1/2, inches.
Small Food Compartment - 15 1/8 x 16 1/2
X 18 1/2 inclies-

Total Refrigerating Capacity - 700 B.T.U./hr.

Type of Condenser - Water Coil.

Refrigerating Chamber - A jacketed expansion

unit or boiler filled vath brine made up of
calcium chloi'ide and w-ter- This brine tanlc
vreighs about one hundred pounds when charged.

Brine Tanl^ Temperature - Average 20 degrees F.
It is controlled by a methyl chloride fill-
ed gas thermostat which stops the compressor
at 16 degrees •: nd starts it at 24 degrees.
This control is located in the brine tank.

57

Model "B.9'

1 . Ice Drawers

2 . Temperature Damper

3. S;-nltary Lining

4. ?/ater Control

5« Shelves

6. Storage Space

7 . Rubber Seals

8. Starting Control

58

Ice Making - Thi-ee trays of ''hree pounds cap-
acity are recessed into the brine tank. The
maximum time of freezing is eight hours;
the cost is about one ce.it for tv;enty four
cubes .

Compressor - T\70 cylinder, piston type, driven

through four to one gear reduction by a 1/4
horae power motor.

Pood Compartment Temperature - 33 to 44 degrees.

Pood Compartment Control - Thermostatic damper,
controlling circulation of air.

Percent Operating Time - 20 to 25,^

Normal I.Iotor Load - 250 v/atts.

Cost of Electricity - About 6</. a day @ 4^ per
Kilowatt hour.

Quantity of Water Usod - About 20 cu.ft. per day.

Cost of Water - 'i)4.38 per year 3 60^2'' per 1,000
cu, ft.

^9

M£CH. £/VG. 0£PT

^K