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Psychopathia Sexualis

WITH ESPKCIAL RBHKRKNCK TO THK

Antipathie Sexual Instinct

A MEDICO-FORENSIC STUDY

Dr. R. v. KRAFFT-EBING

O. 6. PROF. KUR PSYCHIATRIE UND NERVENKRANKHEITEN AN DUR K. K. UNIVERSITÄT

WIEN

ONLY AUTHORISED ENGLISH ADAPTATION OF THE TWELFTH
GERM AN EDITION

BY F. J. REBMAN

With Authors Portrait as Frontispiece

NEW YORK LONDON

REBMAN COMPANY REBMAN LIMITED

II 23 BROADWAY 129 SHAFTESBURY AVENUE

entereu at stationers hall, 1906
By Rebman Limited, London

10 C»

PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

Few people are conscious of the deep influence exerted by
sexual life upon the sentiinent, thought and action of
man in his social relations to others. Schiller, in his
cssay "Die Weltweisen," touches upon this subject in these
memorable words: "So long as philosophy keeps together
the structure of the Universe so long does it maintain
the world's machinery by hunger and love".

From the standpoint of the philosopher sexual life
takes a subordinate position.

Schopenhauer ("Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,"
third edition, vol. iL, p. 586, etc.) considers it peculiar
that love has hitherto offered material to the poet only
and not also to the philosopher, the scant researches by
Plato, Rousseau and Kant always excepted.

Whatever Schopenhauer, and after him E. von Hart-
mann, the philosopher of the unknown, discuss about
sexual relationship, is so thoroughly incorrect and illogical
that, so far as science is concerned, empirical psychology
and the metaphysics of man's sexual existence are simply
virgin soil. Michclet's "L'amour" and Mantegazza's
"Physiology of Love" are merely clever causeries, and
cannot be considered in the light of scientific research.

The poet is the better psychologist, for he is swayed
rather by sentiment than by reason, and always treats his
subject in a partial fashion. TJie cannot discern deep
shadows, bocause he is dazed by the blazing light and
overcome by the benign heat of the subject. Although

VI PBEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

the "Physiology of Love" provides inexhaustible material
for the poetry of all agcs and of all pcoples, nevertheless
the poet will not discharge Ins arduous task adequately
without the active co-operation of natural philosophy and,
above all, that of medicine, a science whieh ever seeks to
trace all psychological nianifestations to their anatomical
and physiological sources.

In these efforts medicine succeeds, perhaps, in forming
a conneetion betwcen the pessimistic refleetions of the
philosopher of the stamp of Schopenhauer and Hartmann,1
and the gay and naive creations of the poet.

It is not intended to biüld up in this book a System of
the psychology of sexual life, still from the close study of
psychopathology there arise most important psychological
facts which it behoves the scientist to notice.

The object of this treatise is merely to record the
various psychopathological nianifestations of sexual life in
man and to reduce them to their lawful conditions. This
task is by no means an easy one, and the author is well
aware of the fact that, despite Ins (varied) far-reaching
experience in psychiatry and eriminal medicine, he is yet
unable to offer anything but an imperfected System.

The importanee of the subject, however, demands
scientific researeh on account of its forensic bearing and
its deep influence upon the common weal. The medical
barrister only then finds out howT sad the lack of our
knowledge is in the domain of sexuality when he is called
upon to express an opinion as to the responsibility of the
accused whose life, liberty and honour are at stake. He
then begins to appreciate the efforts that have been made
to bring light into darkness.

1Hortmnnni8 philosophiral conception of love (" Philosophy of
the Unknown," Berlin, 1809, p. 583) is: " Love causes more pain than
pleasure. Pleasure is only an illusion. Reason would demand the
avoidanee of love were it not for that fatal sexual instinet. Hence it
would be better to be castrated." Schopenhauer expresses the same
view in Ins work : " Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung," third
edition, vol. ii. p. 580, etc.

PBEFACE TO TUE FIBST EDITION. Vll

Certain it is that so far as sexual erimes are concerned
erroneous idoas prcvail, im just decisions are given, and
the law as well as public opinion are prima facle prejudiced
against the offender.

The scientific study of the psychopathology of sexual
life necessarily deals vvith the miseries of man and the
dark sides of his existence, the shadow of which contorts
the sublime image of the deity into horrid caricatures, and
leads astray a?stheticism and morality.

It is the sad privilege of medicine, and especially that
of psychiatry, to ever witness the weaknesses of human
nature and the reverse side of life.

The pnysician finds, perhaps, a (satisfaction) solace in
the fact that he may at times refer those manifestations
which offend against our ethical or aesthetical principles
to a diseased condition of the mind or the body. TIe can
save the honour of humanity in the forum of morality,
and the honour of the individual before the judge and his
fellow-men. It is from the search of truth that the exalted
duties and rights of medical science emanate.

The author adopts the saying of Tardieu ("Des at-
tentats aux moeurs") : "Aucune misere physique ou
morale, aucune plaie, quelque corrompue qu'elle soit, ne
doit effrayer celui qui s'est voue ä la science de l'homme, et
le ministere sacre du medecin, en Fobligeant ä tout voir,
lui permet aussi de tout dire".

He appeals to men engaged in serious study in the
domains of natural philosophy and medical jurisprudence.

A scientific title has been chosen, and technical terms
are used throughout the book in order to exelude the lay
reader. For the same reason certain portions are written
in Latin.

Vlll

PREFAOE TO TUE TWELFTTI EDITION.

Tiiis edition is entirely rewrittcn and considerably
enlarged. The (exccptionally) favourablc criticisms which
have been accorded in professional cireles to former edi-
tions are a guarantec tliat the book exercises a beueficent
influenee upon legislation and jurisprudence, and will as-
sist in removing erroneous ideas and superannuated laws.

Its eommercial success is the best proof that large
nunibers of unfortunate people find in its pages instruetion
and relief in the frcquently enigniatical manifestations of
sexual life. The hosts of letters that have reaehed the
author from all parts of the world substantiate this as-
sumption. Compassion and sympathy are strongly elicited
by the pcrusal of these letters, whieh are written chiefly
by men of refined thought and of high social and scientific
Standing. They reveal sufferings of the soul in compari-
son to which all the other afHictions dealt out by Fate
appear as trifles.

May it continue to convey solace and social elevation
to its readers.

The number of technical terms has been increased,
and the Latin language is more frequently made use of
than in former editions.

May the same kind reeeption be accorded to this
edition which was enjoyed by its predecossors. That it
may prove of utility in the service of science, justice and
humanity is the wish of the

AUTIIOR.
Graz.

PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.

The publishers sincercly trust that this translation from
the Twelfth German Edition of Psychopathia Sexualis
by Dr. R. v. Krafft-Ebing will be received with
favour by thoae for whom the book is written, and that its
readers will derive that benefit which the author had in
view.

Preparing and sifting the raatcrial for the Twelfth
Edition of this work was the final task of the late author.
When he was attacked by the fatal illness whieh carried
him off, the maniiscript was all ready for the printer.

Dr. Gugl and Dr. Stiehl, pupils and for many years
collaborators of the author, were entrusted by the family
of the deceased with the revision of the proofs.

The sale of the book is rigidly restricted to the mem-
bers of the medical and legal professions.

Any Communications intended for the translator should
be addressed to ^Translator" (Krafft-Ebing), care of
Rebman Company, 1123 Broadway, New York.

THE PUBLISHERS.

CONTENTS

PAGE

I. FRAGMENTS OF A SYSTEM OF FSYCHOLOGT OF

SEXUAL LIFE i

Force of sexual instinct, 1 — Sexual instinct the basis of
ethical sentiments, 2 — Love as a passion, 2 — Historical
development of sexual life, 3 — Chastity, 3 — Christianity,
3 — Monogamy, 4 — Position of woman in Islam, 5 — Sen-
suality and morality, 5 — Cultural demoralisation of
sexual life, 5 — Episodes of the moral decay of nations, 6
— Development of sexual desire; puberty, 7 — Sensuality
and religious fanatioism, 7 — Relation between religious
and sexual domains, 8 — Sensuality and art, 11 — Ideal-
isation of first love, 12 — True love, 12 — Sentimentality,
12 — Piatonic love. 13 — Love and Friendship, 13 — Differ-
ence between the love of the mnn and that of the woman,
14 — Celibacy, 15 — Adultery, 15 — Matrimony, 16 — Fond-
ness of dress, 16 — Facts of physiological fetichism, 17 —
Religious and erotic fetichism, 18 — Hair, band, foot of
the female as fetiches, 21 — Eye, smell, voice, psychical
qualities as fetich, 22.

H. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS 26

Puberty, 25 — Time limit of sexual life, 26 — Sexual instinct,
26-— Legalisation, 27 — Physiological development of
sexual life, 28 — Erections: Centre of erection, 28 — Sphere
of sexual ity and olfaction, 32 — Flagellation as a stimu-
laut for sexual life, 34 — Sect of flagellants, 35 — " Flagel-
lum Salutis " of Paulini, 36 — " Erogenous " (hyperaes-
thetic) zones, 38 — Control of sexual instinct, 40 —
Coitus, 40 — Ejaculation, 41.

m. ANTHB0F0L0GICAL FACTS 42

Primary and secondary sexual clmracteristics, 42 — Psychical
characteristics, 42 — Differentiation of sexes, 42— -Gynae-
comastv, 43 — Development of sexual type, 44 — Eunuchs,
40.

XII CONTENTS

PAGE

IV. GENERAL PATHOLOGY (NEUKOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL) 48

KrtHiuiuuw und importanee of pathological manifestations, 48
— Schedule ol Literature, 48 — Sexual neuroses, 49 — ln-
tluoiice* stiiuulating Che erectile tissues, 49 — Paralysis of
the erectile tissues, 50 — Temporary impotence, 50 —
Neurosia of the nerve centrea of ejaculation, 51 —
Neurose* produced by cerebral causes, 52 — Paradoxia,
i.v.t sexuul instinct outside the period of anatomical-
physiological processes, 55 — Sexual instinct in early
ohildhood, 55 — Sexual instinct reappearing in old age,
57 — Sexual pcrvcrsions in seniles due to impotence or
dcmeiitia, 57 — Ana'sthesia sexualis, i.e., absence of sexual
iUMtinct, ül — congenital, 61 — acquired, 68 — Hyper-
trsthvsia, i.e., pathologically exaggerated sexual instinct,
69 — Condition* and manifestations of this anomaly, 70 —
J'artrathesia or perversion of the sexual instinct, 79 —
Perversion and perversity, 79 — Sadism, an attempted ex-
plunation of sndisni, 80 — Sadistic lust murder, 88 — An-
thropophagy, 95 — Mutilation of corpses, 99 — Maltreat-
ment of women by cutting or flogging, etc., 105 — Deflle-
ment of femaJe persona, 113 — Symbolic sadism, i.e.,
brutal force employed against female persona, 118 —
Ideal and i Hm, 118 — Sadism practised on any other objeet,
121 — Flogging of boys, 121 — Sadistic acta on animals, 125
— Sadism in woman, 129 — Kleist's " Penthesilea," 130 —
Masochism, 131 — Essenee and clinical manifestations of
miiHochiam, 132 — Maltreatment and humiliation invited
for the purpose of sexual gratification, 134 — Passive
Hagel lation and its relations to masochism, 140 — Fre-
iiuenoy and practices of masochism, 149 — Symbolic maso-
clusm, 159 — Ideal masochism, 161 — Jean Jacaues Rous-
seau, 106 — Masochism in scientific and belletristical
literature, 169 — Latent masochism, 171 — Shoe and foot
fetichism, 171 — Koprolagnia, 186-Masochism in woman,
195— An attempted explanation of masochism, 200 —
Sexual bondage, 202 — Masochism and sadism, 213 —
Fvtichism, definition of, 218 — Cases in which the fetich
in n trnrt of the female body, 224 — Hand fetichism, 226
-Hodily defects as fetiehes, 234 — Hair fetichism, 239 —
llnir dcspoilers, 241 — The fetich is a part of female
attire, 247 — Mania for (theft of) female handkerchiefs,
255 — Shoe fetichism, 260 — The fetich consists of some
special fabric, 268 — Für, silk, velvet, gloves, roses, 274 —
Itenst fetichism, 281 — Antipathie sexual instinct, 282 —
Acquired sexual innersten in either sex, 286 — Neurotic
tnint a condition of antipathic sexual instinct, 289 —
(JradoR of acquired perversion, 289 — Simple inversion of
sexual instinct, 289 — Kviration and defemination, 297
— Insanity among the Scythians, 302 — Mujerados, 303 —
Transition to metamorphosis sexualis, 304 — Metamor-
phosig sexualis jtaranoiea. 328 — Congenital antipathic
sexuality, 335 — Various clinical forms thereof, 336--Gen-
eral Symptoms, 339 — Attempted explanation of this
anomaly, 340 — Congenital antipathic sexuality in the
male, 350 — Psychical hermaphroditism, 352 — Homo-
sexual ity, 364 — Urnings, 364— Effemination, 382 —

CONTENTS XIII

Androgyny, 389 — Congenital antipathic sewuality in the
female, 395 — Complications of antipathic sexual instinct,
439 — Diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of sexual inver-
sion, 443.

IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY 443

The man i festat ione of pathological sexual life in the various
forma and conditions of mental disturbance, 462 — In-
hibition of psychical development, 462 — Acquired mental
debility, 466 — Dementia following psychosis or apoplexy,
466 — Or injuries to the head, 466 — Or lues cerebralis,
467 — Dementia paralytica, 468 — Epilepsy, 469 — Periodi-
cal dementia, 478 — Psyckopathia sexualis periodica, 479
— Mania, 481 — Symptoms of sexual excitement in
maniacs, 481 — Satyriasis and nymphomania, 482 —
Chronic satyriasis and nymphomania, 486 — Melancholia,
492— Hysteria, 492— Paranoia, 494.

V. PATHOLOGICAL SEXUAL LIFE BEFOBE THE

CBDDNAL FOBTTM 498

Sexual crimes cndanger the common weal, 498 — On the in-
crease, 499 — Probable causes, 500 — Clinical researches,
501 — Sexual crimes not properly understood by the law
profession, 502 — Points for the proper judgment of sexual
crimes, 502 — Conditions for the cessation of responsi-
bility, 502 — Points for the psychopathological importance
of sexual crimes, 503 — Sexual crimes classified, 503 —
Exhibitionists, 504 — Frotteurs, 522 — Dealers of statues,
525 — Rape and lust-murder, 526 — Bodily injury, viola-
tion of things, cruelty to animals caused by sadism,
533 — Masochism and sexual bondage, 539 — Bodily injury,
robbery, theft emanating from fetichism, 543 — Notes on
the question of responsibility in sexual offences caused
by delusions, 549 — Immorality with persons under the
age of fourteen, 552-^Non-psychopathological cases, 552 —
Psychopathological cases, 554 — Unnatural abuse, 561 —
Violation of animals, sodomy, bestiality, 561 — Zooerasty,
563 — Unnatural sexual relations with persons of the
Barne sex, pederasty, 571 — In relation to sexual inversion,
572 — Necessity to diatinguish between pathological and
normal conditions of pederasty, 572 — Forensic opinion
on congenital sexual inversion and when pathologically
acquired, 573 — Leiter from an Urning, 574 — Reasons why
legal proceedings ngainat homosexual acts should be
stopped, 578 — Cultivated pederasty (not pathological),
585 — Causes of the vice, 585 — Social life of pederasts,
587 — A woman-hater's ball in Berlin, 590 — Various cate-
gories of male-loving men, 593 — Prrdicatio mulierum,
594 — Amor lesbicus, 007 — Necrophilia, 611 — Incest, 612
— Violation of wards, 614.

INDEX 615

I. FRAGMENTS OF A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY
OF SEXUAL LIFE.

The propagation of the human race is not left to mere
accident or the caprices of the individual, but is guaran-
teed by the hidden laws of nature which are enforced by
a mighty, irresistible impulse. Sensual enjoyment and
physical fitness are not the only conditions for the en-
forcenient of these laws, but higher motives and aims,
such as the dcsire to continue the species or the individu-
ality of mental and physical qualities beyond time and
space, exert a considerable influence. Man puts himself
at once on a level with the beast if he seeks to gratify
lust alone, but he elevates his superior position when by
curbing the animal desire he combines with the sexual
functions ideas of morality, of the sublime, and the beau-
tiful.

Placed upon this lofty pedestal he Stands far above
nature and draws from inexhaustible sources material for
nobler enjoyments, for serious work and for the realisation
of ideal aims. Maudsley ("Deutsche Klinik," 1873, 2, 3)
justly claims that sexual feeling is the basis upon which
social advancemeut is developed.

I? man were deprived of sexual distinction and the
nobler enjoyments arising thcrefrom, all poetry and prob-
ably all moral tendency would be eliminated from his life.

Sexual life no doubt is the one mighty factor in the
individual and social relations of man which disclose his
powcrs of activity, of acquiring property, of establishing a
home, of awakening altruistic sentiments towards a person
of the opposite sex, and towards his own issue as well as
towards the whole human race.

2 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALI8.

Sexual feeling is really the root of all ethics, and no
doubt of sestheticism and religion.

The sublimest virtues, even the sacrifice of seif, may
spring from sexual life, which, however, on aecount of its
sensual power, may easily degenerate into the lowest
passion and basest vice.

Love unbridled is a volcano that bums down and lays
waste all around it; it is an abyss that devours all —
honour, substance and health.

It is of great psychological interest to follow up the
gradual development of civilisation and the influence
exerted by sexual life upon habits .and morality.1 The
gratification of the sexual instinet scems to be the primary
motive in man as well as in bcast. Sexual intercourse is
done openly, and man and woman are not ashamed of
their nakedness. The savage races, e.g., Australasians,
Polynesians,Malaysof the Philippines are still in this stage
(vide Ploss). Woman is the common property of man,
the spoil of the strongest and mightiest, who chooses the
most winsome for Iris own, a sort of instinetive sexual
selection of the fittest.

Woman is a "chattel," an article of commerce, exchange
or gift, a vessel for sensual gratification, an implement for
toil. The presence of shame in the manifestations and
exercise of the sexual funetions, and of modesty in the
mutual relations between the sexes are the foundations of
morality. Thence arises the desire to cover the nakedness
("and they saw that they were nakcd") and to perform
the act in private.

The development of this grade of civilisation is fur-
thered by the conditions of frigid climes which necessitate
the protection of the whole body against the cold. It is an

lCf. Lombroso, "The Criminal "; Westermarek, "The History of
Marriage"; Flosa, " Das Weib in der Natur- und Völkerkunde," third
edition, vol. ii., p. 413-90. Joseph Müller, " Das sexuelle Leben der
Naturvölkur," 2 Aufl. 1002; derselbe, "Das sexuelle Leben der alten
Kulturvölker, 1902 (Leipzig, Grieben).

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. 3

anthropological fact that modesty can be traced to much
earlier periods among northern races.1

Another elemcnt which tends to promote the refined
developinent of sexual life is the fact that woman ceases
to be a "chattel". She becomes an individual being, and,
although socially still far below man, she gradually ac-
quires rights, independence of action, and the privilege to
bestow her favours where she inclines. She is wooed by
man. Traces of ethical sentiments pervade the rüde sen-
sual appetite, idealisation begins and Community of woman
ceases. The sexes are drawn to each other by mental and
physical merits and exchange favours of preference. In
this stage woman is conscious of the fact that her charms
belong only to the man of her choice. She seeks to hide
them from others. This forms the foundation of modesty,
chastity and sexual fidelity so long as love endures.

This development is hastened wherever nomadic habits
yield to the spirit of colonisation, where man establishes
a household. He feels the necessity for a companion in
life, a housewife in a settled home.

The Egyptians, the Israelites, and the Greehs reached
this level at early periods, so did the Teutonic races. Its
principal characteristics are high appreciation of virginity,
chastity, modesty and sexual fidelity in strong contrast
to the habits of other peoples where the host places the
personal charms of the wife at the disposal of the guest.

The history of Japan furnishes a striking proof that
this high grade of civil isation is often the last stage of
moral development, for in that country to within twenty
years ago prostitution was not considered to impair in any
way the social Status of the future wife.

Christianity raised the union of the sexes to a sublime
Position by making woman socially the equal of man and
by elevating the bond of love to a moral and religious

^According to Wcstcrmarck, op. cit., it was "not the feeling of
shame which suggested the garment, but the garment engendered
shame. The desire to make tliemaelves more attractive originated
the habit among men and womcn to cover their nakedness."

PSYCHOPATHIA ÖEXUALIS,

Institution*1 Thcnce emanates the fact that the love of
man, if eonsidered from tlie standpoint of advaneed civil i-
sation. can only be of a rnorioganiic nature and nnist rpst
upon a staple basis. Even though nature should dann

'Thia aasertion may be modified in bo far that the symboHeal and
aacraniental character of mntrimony was elearly delhu'd only by tbe
Council of Trcnt, al though the spirit of Christian! ty alwuys tended
to raiae woman front the inferior potution tvhich ahe oecupied in pre-
vioua cent urica and in the Uld Testament.

The tradition that woman was ereated from the rib of the alecp-
ing man (ace Genesis) ia one of Üb« cattfees of delay in Ihja direetiort,
for after the fall ahe m told '* Uiy will hIiu.I be aobjeef to nuia." Ac-
cording to the Öid Testament, woinan in ivsponaiM« für the fall of
man, and tbis Iwcainc the corncr-atone of Christian teaehing. Thus
the social poaition of woman had to bc neglectcd, aa it were, until
the spirit of Christian] ty had eonquered tradition and scholaatie
teueU.

It ia a remarkable fact that the goapela (barring divoree, Matt.
xix, 9) contain not a Word in favour of woinan. The elemeney ahown
tomrdi the adnlteress und the penitent Magdalen do not aflfect the
poaition of woman in geueraL Tlie epistles of St. Paul definite.y in-
sist that no thange ran be permitted in the poaition of ivoman (2 Cor.
xl. 3-12; Eph. v. 22, *' woman »hall be aubjeet to man/* and 2Zt
" woman aha 11 fear man " ) .

llow mueli the fathera of the Church are prejudiced againat
woman on ueeount of Kvc*s purt in the timptation may be easily
leamed from Tvrtiillitin, " Won um. thüii shouidst ever go in mourn-
ing and saekcloth, thy eye« filled with teurs. TJiou haa brought
about the ruin of mankind." tff. h rome has nullit but good to say
about woman. " Woman ia the gate of the devil. the road of evit, the
sting of the acorpion " ("De Cultu Feminarnm/1 i. 1).

Canon law declarea : * Man only is eraated to the image of God,
not woman; therefore woman aHall serve him and be hia handmaid ".

The Provincial Council of Maeon (sixth Century) seriously li-
euaacd tlie question whether woman had a soul at all

These opinions of the Church had a Hympathetie inflnamoe upon
the peoplea wbo embraced Chriatiaoity, Aiuoii£ the eonverted Ov
rnanie raeea the donw roluc of womau feil conaiderably (J, Falke,
iA Die ritterliche Grsi lUhaft," Berlin, I8Ö2, p. 40. He the valuatioo
of the two aexts among the Jewa, <}. 3 ftio^Bft, xvvü. 5-4),

Evi-n polygÄmy, whieh i# dlatinotly reeo^niaed in the Old Testa-
ment, (Deut. xxi. 15) ia nowher*1 in tlie New IV-Laiuent definitely
prohibited. In faet manv Chriatian prtneaa t'\g< the Mcrovingian
hingst Chlotar L, Charibert L, Pippin 1. and other Frankiah nobles)
indnlgcd in polypramy with out a proteat beinp- mmnl by the Church
al the time HVvinhold, " IM« detttachen Frauen im Mittelalter," iL,
p. 15; ef. ünger, * Marringf," etc., and Louh Brtdel, "La Femmc et
le Droit/' Paris, 1S84).

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. 5

merely the law of propagation, a Community (family or
State) cannot subsist without the guarantee that the off-
spring thrive physically, morally and intellectually. From
the moment when woman was recognised the peer of man,
when monogamy became a law and was Consolidated by
legal, religious and moral conditions, the Christian nations
obtained a mental and material superiority over the poly-
gamic races, and especially over Islam.

Mohammed strove to raise woman from the position of
the slave and mere handmaid of enjoyment, to a higher
social and matrimonial grade; yet she remained still far
below man, who alone could obtain divorce, and that on
the easiest terms.

Above all things Islamism excludes woman from public
life and enterprise, and stifles her intellectual and moral
advancement. The Mohammedan woman is simply a
means for sensual gratification and the propagation of
the species ; whilst in the sunny balm of Christian doctrine,
blossom forth her divine virtues and her qualities of house-
wife, companion and mother. What a contrast!

Compare the two religions and their Standard of future
happiness. The Christian expects a heaven of spiritual
bliss absolutely free from carnal pleasure; the Mohamme-
dan an eternal harem, a paradise among lovely houris.
Yet, in spite of the aid which religion, law, education and
the moral code offer him, the Christian (to subdue his
sensual inclination) often drags pure and chaste love from
its sublime pedestal and wallows in the quagmire of sen-
sual enjoyment and lust. _

Life is a never-ceasing duel between the animal instinct
and morality. Only will-power and a strong character
can emancipate man from the meanness of his corrupt
nature, and teach him how to enjoy the pure pleasures of
love and pluck the noble fruits of earthly existence. ^

It is an open question whether the moral Status of
mankind has undergone an improvement in our times.
No doubt society at large shows a greater veneer of

6 PSYCnOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

modesty and virtue, and vice is not as flagrantly practised
as of yorc.

The reader of Scherr ("Deutsche Culturgcschichte,,)
will gain the iniprcssion that our moral code is not so
gross as was that of the middle ages, even if only more re-
fined manners have taken the place of former coarseness.

In comparing the various stages of civilisation it be-
comes evident that, despite periodical relapses, public
inorality has made steady progress, and that Christianity
is the chief factor in this advance.

We are certainly far beyond sodomitic idolatry, the
public life, legislation and rcligious excrcises of ancient
Greece, not to speak of the worship of Phallus and Priapus
in vogue among the Athcnians and Babylonians, or the
Bacchanalian feasts of the Romans and the privileged Posi-
tion held by the eourtesans of those days.

There are stagnant and fluctuating periods in this slow
progress, but they are only like the ebb- and flood-tide of
sexual life in the individual.

The episodes of moral docay always coincide with the
progression of effeminacy, lewdness and luxuriance of the
nations. These phenomena can only be ascribed to the
higher and more stringent demands which circumstances
make upon the nervous system. Exaggerated tension of
the nervous system stimulates sensuality, leads the indi-
vidual as well as the masses to excesses, and undermines
the very foundations of society, and the morality and pur- .
ity of family life. The material and moral ruin of the Com-
munity is readily brought about by debauchery, adultery
and luxury. Greece, the Roman Empire, and France
under Louis XIV. and XV., are striking examples of this
assertion. In such periods of civic and moral decline the
most monstrous excesses of sexual lifo may be observed,
.which, however, can always be traced to psycho-patho-
logical or neuro-pathological conditions of the nation in-
volved.1

*Cf. Friedländer, "Sittengeschichte Roms"; Wicdemeister, "Der
CUnarenwahnsinn " ; Suctonius, Morcau, " Des aberrations du sens
genesique ".

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOOY OF SEXUAL LIFE. 7

Large cities are hotbeds in which neuroses and low
morality are bred, viie the history of Babylon, Nineveh,
Rome and the mysteries of modern metropolitan life. It
is a remarkable fact that among savages and half-civilised
races sexual intemperance is not observed (except among
the Aleutians and the Oriental and Nama-Hottentot
women who practise masturbation).1

The study of sexual life in the individual naturally
deals with its various phases, beginning with the stage of
puberty to the extinction of sexual feeling.

Mantegazza ("Physiology of Love") draws a beautiful
picture of the bodings and yearnings of awakening love, of
the mysterious sensations, foretastes and impulses that fill
the heart, long before the period of puberty has arrived.
Psychologically speaking, this is, perhaps, the most mo-
mentous epoch of life, for the wealth of ideas and senti-
ments erigendered through it, forms the Standard by which
psychic activity may be measured.

The advance of puberty develops the impulses of youth,
hitherto vague and undefined, into conscious realisation of
the sexual power. The psychological reactions of animal
passion manifest themselves in the irresistible desires of
intimacy, and the longing to bestow the stränge affections
of nature upon others.

Religion and poetry frequently become the temporary
haven of rest, even after the period of storm and stress is
passed. Religious enthusiasm is more commonly met
with in the young than the old. The lives of the saints2

'Friedreich ("Hdb. dei gerichtlichitrztlich, Praxis," 1843, i. p.
271) is of a different opinion, for according to him the Red Indiana
of America are addicted to the practice of pederasty. Cf. also Lom-
broso, p. 42, and Bloch, Beiträge zur Etiologie der Psychopathia
Sexualis, 2. Theil, 1903.

lCf. Friedreich (" Gerichtl. Psychologie," p. 389) who quotes nu-
merous examples. For instance, Blankebin, the nun, was constantly
tormented by the thought of what could have become of that part of
Christ which was removed in circumcision.

Veronten Juliani, beatified by Pope Pius II., in memory of the
divine lamb, took a real lamb to bed with her, kissed it and suckled
it on her breasts.

8 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUAXIS.

are replete with remarkable records of temptations. The
religious feasts of the ancients often degenerated into
orgies, or into mystic cults of a voluptuous character.
Even the mcetings of certain modern sects dissolve them-
selves simply into obseene practices.

On the contrary we find that the sexual instinct, when
disappointed and unappeased, frequently sceks and finds
a Substitute in religion.

Even where psycho-pathological conditions are diag-
nosecl beyond dispute, this relation between religious and
sexual feelings ean easily be established. The cause of re-
ligious insanity is often to be found in sexual aberration.
In psychosis a motley mixture of religious and sexual delu-
sions is observable, viz., in feraale lunatics who imagine
that they are or will be the mother of God, and especially
in persons slaves to masturbation. The cruel, sensual acts
of chastisement, violation, emasculation and even crueifix-
ion perpetrated upon seif by religious maniacs, bear out
this assertion.1

Any attempt to explain the psychological relations be-
tween religion and love must needs meet with difficulties,
for analogous instanees are met with in great numbers.

Sexual inclinations and religious leanings (if consid-
ered as psychological factors), are coniposed of two Cle-
ments.

Schleiermacher recognised the primary feeling of do-

8t. Catharine of Oenoa often burned with such intense inward
fire that in order to cool herseif she would throw herseif upon the
ground crying, " Love, love, I ean endure it no longer ". At the sanie
time she feit a peculiar inclination to her eonfessor. One day lifting
Ins hand to her nose she noticed a peculiar odour which penetrated
to her heart " a heavenly perfume tliat would awaken the dead ".

8t. Armelle and 8t. Elizabeth were troubled with a similar long-
ing for the Infant Jesus. The temptations of 8t. Anthony, of Padtia,
nre known to the world. Of significance is an old Protestant prayer:
"Oh! that I had found thee, bless'd Emanuel; that thou wert with
me in my bed, to bring delight to body and soul. Come and be mine.
My heart shall be thy resting place."

1 Cf. Friedreich, " Diagnostik der psych. Krankheiten," p. 247
etc. ; Neumann, Lehrb. d. " Psychiatrie," p. 80.

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. 9

pendence as the paramount element in religion, long before
modern anthropological and ethnographic research in the
domain of primitive causes, arrived at the same conclu-
sions.

The secondary and truly ethical element, i.e., the love
of God, enters the religious sentiment only when a higher
stage of cnlture is attained. At first, the double-faced,
now benevolent, now angry, chimeras of complicated
mythologies, take the place of the evil spirits, until they
in turn are dislodged by the benign form of the deity, the
giver of perpetual happiness, whether it be in the shape
of Jehovah as the author of all earthly blessings, or Allah
who bestows physical delight in Paradise, or Christ who
is gone before to prepare mansions of eternal light and
Miss, or Nirvana who reigns in the heaven of the Buddhist.

The primary element of sexual preference is lovg, i.e., ■■'
the expectation of unsurpassed pleasure. The secondary
element is the feeling of dependence, although it is in^-
reality the root from which spring alike, as the former
may be entirely absent. It certainly exists in a stronger
measure in woman, on account of her social position, and
the passive part which she takes in the act of procreation ;
but at times it is also found in men who are of a feminiho

type.

Religion as well as sexual love is mystical and trans-
cendental. In sexual love the real object of the instinct,
i.e., propagation of the species, is not always present to
the mind during the act, and the impulse is much
stronger than could be justified by the gratification that
can possibly be derived from it. Religious love strives
for the possession of an object that is absolutely ideal,
and cannot be defined by experimental knowledge. Roth
are metaphysical processes which give unlimited scope to
imagination.

They converge, however, in a similar indefinite focus ;
for the gratification of the sensual appetite promises a
boon which far surpasses all other conceivable pleasures,
and faith has in störe a bliss that endures for ever.

■J-

I 10 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

X In either condition the mind is conscious of the enor-

/ mous importance of the object to be obtained; thus im-

/ pulses often become irresistible and overcome all opposing

\ motives. But because neither of them can at times grasp

the real object of their existence they easily degenerate

into fanaticism, in which intensity of emotion overbalances

clearness and stability of reason. Expectation of un-

fathomed bliss is now coupled with reckless resignation

and unconditional Submission.

Owing to this conformity it happens that under high
tension one dislodges the other, or that both make their
appearance together; for every violent upheaval in the
soul must necessarily sweep along its surroundings.
Nature, always the same, draws alike lipon these two
spheres of conception, now forcing one then the other
into stronger activity, which degenerates even into acts of
cruelty either actively exercised, or passively endured.

In religious life this may assnme the shape of self-
sacrifice or self-destruction, prompted by the idea that
the victim is necessary for the material sustenance of the
deity. The sacrifice is brought as a sign of reverence or
Submission, as a tribute, as an atonement for sins com-
mitted, or as a price wherewith to purchase happiness.

If, however, the offering consists in self-punishment —
and that occurs in all religions! — it serves not only as a
symbol of Submission, or an equivalent in the exchange
of present pain for future bliss, but everything that is
thought to come from the deity, all that is done in
obedience to divine mandates or to the honour of the
Godhead, is feit directly as pleasure. Thus religious
exuberance leads to ecstasy, a condition in which con-
sciousness is so preoccupied with feelings of mental
pleasure, that distress is strippcd of its painful quality.

Exaggerated religious enthusiasm also finds pleasure
in the sacrifice of another person, when rapture combines
with sympathy.

Similar manifestations may be observed in sexual life,

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. 11

as will be shown later on under die headings of Sadism
and Masochism.

Thus the relations existing between religion, lust, and
cruelty,1 may be Condensed into the formula: Religious
and sexual hyperaesthesia at the acme of development
show the same volume of intensity and the same quality
of excitement, and may therefore under given circum-
stances interchange. Both will in certain pathological
states degenerate into cruelty.

Sexual influence is just as potent in the awakening of
aesthetic sentiments. What other foundation is there for
the plastic art or poetry? From (sensual) love arises
that warmth of fancy which alone can inspire the creative
mind, and the fire of sensual feeling kindles and preserves
the glow and fervour of art.

This cxplains the sensual natures of great poets and
artists.

The world of fancy keeps pace with the development
of sexual power. Whoever during that period cannot be
animated by the ideals of all that is great, noble and
beautiful remains a "Philistine" all his lifo. Even the
dolt trie8 his band at poetry when in love.

On the borders of physiological reaction may be
observed those mysterions processes of mattiring puberty,
which give origin to obscure yearnings and moods of
despondency and Weltschmerz, rendering life tedious, and
coupled with the impulse to inflict pain and sorrow upon
others (weak analogies of a psychological connection be-
tween lust and cruelty).

First love for ever trends in a romantic idealising
direction. It wraps the beloved objeet in the halo of
perfection. In its ineipient stages it is of a platonic
character, and turns rather to forms of poetry and history.

•This may be observed in the actual life as well as in the fiction
and the plastic arts of degenerate eras. For instance, Bernini's carv-
ing, which represents St. Teresa " sinking in an hysterical faint upon
a marble clond, whilst an nmorous angel plunges the arrow (of divine
love) into her heart." — Lübke.

12 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

With the approach of puberty it runs the risk of trans-
ferring the idealising powcrs upon persons of the opposite
sex, even though mentally, physically and socially they be
of an inferior Station. To this niay easily be traced many
cases of misalliance, abduction, eloperaent and errors of
early youth, and those sad tragedies of passionate love that
are in conflict with the principles of niorality or social
Standing, and often terminate in murder, self-destruction,
and double suicide.

Purely sensual love is never true and lasting, for which
reason first love is, as a rule, but a passing infatuation, a
fleeting passion.

Trne love is rooted in the recognition of the moral
and mental qualities of the beloved person, and is equally
ready to share pleasures and sorrows and even to make
sacrifices. True love shrinks from no dangers or obstacles
in the struggle for the undisputed possession of the beloved.

Deeds of daring and heroism lie in its wake. But un-
leas the moral foundation be solid it will lead to crime,
and joalousy often mars its beauty.

The love of the feeble-minded is based upon sentimen-
tal ity, and when unrequited results in suicide.

Sentimental love is likely to degenerate into a bur-
leaquo, especially when the sensual dement lacks force
(e.fj. the Knight of Joggenburg, Don Quixote, and many
of the minstrcls and troubadours of the middle ages).

This kind of love is nauseating and ha9 a repulsive or
ludicrous effect on others, wThilst true love and its mani-
fcstations command sympathy, respect, and even fear.

Love when weak is frequently turned away from its
real object into different Channels, such as voluptuous
poetrv, bizarre jrsthetics, or religion. In the latter case
it readily falls a prey to mysticism, fanaticism, sectarian-
ism or religious mania. A smattering of all this can al-
ways be found in the immature love of early puberty. The
poetical effusions of that period of life are only then
worthy of perusal when emanating from the pen of the
truly endowed genius.

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOG Y OF SEXUAL LIFE. 13

Ethical 8urroundings are necessary in order to elevate
love to its true and pure form, but, notwithstanding,
sensuality will ever remain its principal basis.

Piatonic love is a platitude, a misnomer for "kindred
spirits".

Since love implies the presence of sexual desire it can
only exist between persons of different sex capable of
sexual intercourse. When these conditions are wanting
or destroyed it is replaced by friendship.

The sexual functions of man excrcise a very marked
influence upon the development and preservation of char-
acter. Manliness and self-reliance are not the qualities
which adorn the impotent onanist.

Gyurhovechky ("Männl. Impotenz," Wien, 1889) is
correct in his Observation that virility establishes the ratio
of difference between old men and young, and that im-
potence impairs health, mental freshness, activity, self-
confidence and imagination. The damage Stands in
Proportion to the age of the subject and the extent of his
debauchery.

The sudden loss of the virile powers often produces
melancholia, or is the cause of suicide when life without
love is a mere blank.

In cases where the reaction is less pronounced, the
victim is morose, peevish, egotistical, jealous, narrow-
rainded, cowardly, devoid of energy, self-respect and
honour.

The Skopzes for instance after castration rapidly de-
generate.

This matter will be further elucidated under the head-
ing of "Effeminatio" (v. i.).

In the sedate matron this condition is of minor psy-
chological importance, though it is noticeable. The
biological change affects her but little if her sexual career
has been successful, and loving children gladden the ma-
temal heart. The Situation is different, however, where

14 P8YCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

sierility has denied that happiness, or where enforced
celibacy prevented the perforniance of the natural func-
tions.

These facta characterise strongly the differences that
prevail in the psychology of sexual Hfe in man and
woman, and the dissimilarity of sexual feeling and desire
in both.

Man has beyond doubt the stronger sexual appetite of
the two. From the period of pubescence he is instinc-
tively drawn towards woman. His love is sensual, and
his choico is strongly prejudiced in favour of physical
attractions. A mighty impulse of nature makes him
aggressive and impetuous in his courtship. Yet the law
of nature does not wholly fill his psychic being. Having
won the prize, his love is temporarily eclipsed by other
vital and social interests.

Woman, however, if physically and mentally normal,
and ))ro))erly educated, has but littlc sensual desire. If
it wen? otherwise, marriage and family life would be
empty words. As yet the man who avoids women, and
the woman who seeks men are sheer anomalies.

Woman is wooed for her favour. She remains passive.
Her sexual Organisation demands it, and the dietates of
good breeding como to her aid.

Neverthcless, sexual consciousness is stronger in
woman tliaii in man. Her need of love is greater, it
is continuul not periodical, but her love is more spiritual
tlian Hcnsual. Man primarily loves woman as his wife,
and thon as the mother of his children; the first place in
woumii'h heart belongs to the father of her child, the
Hoeond to him as husband. Woman is influenced in
her choico more by mental than by physical qualities.
Ah mother she divides her love between offspring and
hiiHband. Sensuality is merged in the mother's love.
Thereafter the wife aeeepts marital intercourse not so
much as a sensual gratification than as a proof of her Lus-
band's affection.

Woman loves with her whole soul. To woman love

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. 15

is life, to man it is the joy of lifo. Misfortune in love
bruises the heart of man; but it ruins the life of woman
and wrecks her happiness. It is really a psychological
question worthy of consideration whether woman can truly
love twice in her life. Woman's mind certainly inclines
more to monogamy than that of man.

In the sexual demands of man's nature will be found
the motives of his weakness towards woman. He is
ensläved by her, and becomes more and more dependent
upon her as he grows weaker, and the more he yields to
sensuality. This accounts for the fact that in the periods
of decline and luxury sensuousness was the predominant
factor. Whence arises the social danger when courtesans
and their dependants rule the State and finally encompass
its ruin.

History shows that great (states)men have often been
the slaves of woraen in consequence of the neuropathic
conditions of their Constitution.

It shows a masterly psychological knowledge of human
nature that the Roman Catholic Church enjoins celibacy
upon its priests in order to emancipate them from sensu-
ality, and to concentrate their entire activity in the pursuit
of their calling. Nevertheless it is a pity that the celibate
state deprives the priest of the ennobling influence exer-
cised by love and marital life upon the character.

From the fact that by nature man plays the aggressive
röle in sexual life, he is exposed to the danger of over-
stepping the limits set by law and morality.

The unfaithfulness of the wife, as compared with
that of the husband, is morally of much wider bearing,
and should always meet with severer punishment at the
hands of the law. The unfaithful wife not only dishon-
ours herseif, but also her husband and her family, not to
speak of the possible uncertainty of paternity.

Natural instincts and social position are frequent
causes of disloyalty in man (the husband), whilst the
wife is surrounded by many protecting influences.

Sexual intercourse is of different import to the spinster

l(> PSYCHOPATH IA SEXCALIS.

and to tlu» Utoholor. Sooioty olaims of the latter modesty,
but oxaots of tho formor ohastity as weih Modern civil-
Uation oonoodos only to tho wife that exalted position, in
whioh woman sexually furthers the moral interests of

MH'iotY.

Tho ultimato ahn, the ideal, of woman, even when she
U dra#)*od in tho miro of vice, ever is and will be marriage.
\Yomun% as» Mantvtjazza propcrly observes, seeks not only
£ratitioatton of sonsual desires, but also protection and
*up|H>rt für horsolf and her offspring. No matter how
Motu* uul man may l>o, unless also thoroughly depraved, he
aook* fm» a oonsort only that woman whose chastity he
oannot douht.

Tho omhloni and ornament of woman aspiring to this
*tato% truly worthy of herseif, is modesty, so beautifully 'Jp

dotiuod hy Mantcyazza as "one of the forms of physical
solf-ostooin."

To di aoiisa höre the evolution of this, the most graceful
of virtuos in woman, is out of place, but most likely it is
an outgrowth of the gradual rise of civilisation.

A romarkable eontrast may be found in the occasional
0X1)08111*0 of physical charms, conventionally sanctioned by
tho world of fashion, in which even the most discreet
ninidon will indulge when robed for the ball-room, theatre,
or Hiiuilnr social function. Although the reasons for such
a display are obvious, the modest woman is fortunately
no moro oonsoious of them, than of the motives which
undorlio poriodioal fashions that bring certain forms of
th»* U>dy into unduc prominence, to say nothing of corsets,
oto.

In all times, and among all races, the women are fond
of toilot and finery. In the animal kingdom nature has
dNtinguishod the male with the greater beauty. Men
dosignalo women as the beautiful sex, a gallantry which
oloarly arisos from their sensual requirements. So long
a« woman secks only self-gratification in personal adorn-
moiit, and so long as she remains unconscious of the psy-
ohologioal reasons for thus making herseif attractive, no

A SYSTEM OF FBYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE

objection ean Ix? raised against it, but when done with
the fixed purpose to please men it degenerates into co-
quetry.

Under analogous circumstaBces man would raake bim-
self ridiculoits.

Wonian far surpasses man in the natural psychoWv
of love, partly beeause evolution and training have made
Iüvo hrr proper element, and partly beeause she is ani-
mated by more refined feelings | Mantega&xa)*

Even the best of breeding eoneedes to man tfaat he
looks upun woman mainly as a meuns by which to satisfy
the cravingü of bis natura! inatmet, though it confines
bim only to tbe woman of bis ehoiee, Tlnis eivilisation
establishes a bindhig social contraet which is called mar-
riage, and grants by legal Statutes protection and support
to the wife aud her UsfML

It is iniportant, and on aecount of certain pathological
inani festut ions (to he referred to later on) indispensable, to
examine into those psyrhological events whieb draw man
mikI woman into tbat cIobg nnion whieb concentratr? rhr
fnlness of affection lipon the beloved one only to the ex-
clnsion of all other persona of tbe same sex,

If one could demonatrate design in tbe processes of
natnre — adaptation eannot be denied thenv — then the faet
of fascination by one person of the opposite sex with in-
dinVrenee towards all others, as it oecurs betweefl tarne
and happy lnvefs, would appear as a wonderful provision
to ensure monogamy for the promotinn of i t s objeet

The scientific observer finds in this farbig bond of
hearts by no ineans simply a mystery of souls, but he can
refer it nearly always to certain physical or mental pecu-
liarities by which tbe attracting power is qualifiVd,

Ilence the words fetich and fetich ism. Tbe word
fetich signifies an objeet, or parts or attributes of objeets,
which by virtue of association to sentiment, personality. dt
überhing ideas, exert a cliariu (the Portiigueee "fetisso")
or at least produee a pecidiar individual Impression whieh

18 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

is in 110 wise connected with the external appearance of
the sign, synibol or fetich.1

The individual valuation of the fetich extending even
to unreasoning enthusiasm is called fetichism. This in-
teresting psychological phenomenon may be explained by
an einpirical law of association, i.e., the relation existing
between the notion itself and the parts thereof which are
essentially activc in the production of plcasurable emotions.
It is most commonly found in religious and erotic spheres.
Religious fetichism finds its original motive in the delusion
that its objeet, i.e., the idol, is not a niere symbol, but
possesses divine attributes, and ascribes to it peculiar
wonder-working (relics) or protective (amulets) virtues.

Erotic fetichism makes an idol of physical or mental
qualities of a person or even merely of objeets used by
that person, etc., because they awaken mighty associations
with the beloved person, thus originating strong emotions
of sexual pleasure. Analogies writh religious fetichism
are always discernible; for, in the latter, the most in-
significant objeets (hair, nails, bones, etc.) become at
times fetiches which produce feelings of delight and even
ecstasy.

The germ of sexual love is probably to be found in the
individual charm (fetich) with which persons of opposite
sex sway each other.

The case is simple enough when the sight of a person
of the opposite sex oecurs simultaneously with sexual
excitement, whereby the latter is intensified.

Emotional and optical impressions combine and are
so deeply embedded in the mind that a recurring Sensation
awakens the visual memory and causes renewed sexual
excitement, even orgasm and pollution (often only in
dreams), in wrhich case the physical appearance acts as
a fetich.

Birwt, intet alia, contends that mere peculiarities,

*Cf. Max Müller who derives the word fetich etymologically from
factitiu8, i. e., artificial, insignificant.

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOG Y OF SEXUAL LIFE. 19

whether physical or mental, may have the effcct of the
f et ich, if their perception coincides with sexual emotion.

Experience shows that chance controls in a large
measure this mental association, that the nature of the
fetich varies with the personality of the individual, thua
arousing the oddest sympathies or antipathies.

These physiological facts of fetichism often account
for the affections that suddenly arise between man and
woman, the preference of a certain person to all others
of the same sex. Since the fetich assumes the form of
a distinctive mark it is clear that its effect can only be
of an individual character. Being accentuated by the
strongest feelings of pleasure, it follows, that existing
faults in the beloved are ovcrlookcd ("Love is blind") and
an infatuation is produced which appears incomprehensible
or silly to others. Thus it . happens that the devoted
lover who worships'and invests Ins love with qualities
which in reality do not exist, is looked upon by others
simply as mad. Thus love exhibits itself now as a mere
passion, now as a pronounced psychical anomaly which
attains what seemed impossible, renders the ugly beautiful,
the profane sublime, and obliterates all consciousness of
existing duties towards others.

Tarde ("Archives de 1' Anthropologie Criminelle," vol.
v., No. 30) argues that the type of this fetich (ism) varies
with persons as well as with nations, but that the ideal
of beauty remains the same among civilised peoples of the
same era.

Binet has more thoroughly analysed and studied this
fetichism of love.

Front it Springs the particular choice for slender or
plump forms, for blondes or brünettes, for particular form
or colour of the eyes, tone of the voice, odour of the hair
or body (even artificial perfume), shape of the band, foot
or ear, etc., which constitutc the individual charm, the
first link in a complicated chain of mental processes, all
converging in that one focus, love, i.e., the physical and
mental possession of the beloved.

PSYCUOPATHIA 8EXUAUS.

This fact estahlishes the existcnce of jjhtfsiological
fetichism.

Without. showlng a pathological Kondition the f et ich
may excrcise its power so long as its leading qualities
repreeent the integral parta, aud so long as the love en-
geadered by it eoniprises the entirc mental and physical
personality.

* ^STornia! love appears to us as a symphony of tones
Mfi.r Dcssoir (pseudonym Ludwig Brunn)1 in an artiele
MTbe Fetichißffl of Love/' cleverly says: —

"Normal love appears t<» us as a symphony of tones
of all lunds, It is roused by the moet vin-icd ageneie*.
It isj so to speak, polytlicistic. Fetichism rccogniseä
only the tone-eolour of a Single Instrument; it iesuea
forth from a Single motive; it is monotheistic."

Even moderate thougl^t will earry the conviction that
the term real love (m offen miöused) ean only opply
wliere the entire person of the heloved beeomea the phy-
sical and mental object of venerat ion.

Of coiirse, there is always a sensual element in love,
Le*t the dcsire to enjoy the füll posscssion of the heloved
objecto and, in union with it, to fnlfil the laws of nature.

But where the body of the heloved person is made
the sole object of love, o* if sexual pleasure only is sought
without regard to the eonimnnion of soul and mind, true
h-ve d«»rs nur rxi^t, Neirher is it fonnd among the diseiples
of Plato? who love the soul only and despise sexual en-
joyment. In the onc ease the body is the fetich, in the
other the soul* and love is fetiehism*

Instances such as these represent simply transitions
to pathological fetichism.

This assumptum ii enhaneed by another criterion of
true love, riz.t the mental satisfuetion derived from the
sexual aet.a

l"Dcutachea Monta^shlatt " Berlin, 20, 3, SO.

* M(tffn*in*tt M Kpiiiftl n^r^brtil poett#rii?iir " who find* Gratifikation
with nny «ort of womnn, is only aninifttpil by lust. Mcretricious love
iii tf Is plTOTiitnd ciinnot he R^nuiur (Sfantrgazstt). Whcwver coined
the adage: '* Suhl ata lucerrm nulluni tlist-ririim intt'f feminas/1 was

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOG Y OF SEXUAL LIFE. 21

A striking pbenomenon in fetichism is that among
the many things which may serve as fetiches there are
some which gain that significance more commonly than
others; for instance, the iiaib, the hand, the foot of
woman, or the expression of the eye. This is important
in the pathology of fetichism.

Woman certainly seems to be more or less conscious
of these facts. For she devotes great attention to her
Jiair and often spends an unreasonable amount of time
and money upon its cultivation. IIow carefully the
mother looks after her little daughter's hair! What an
important part the hairdresser plays! The falling out of
the hair causes despair to many a young lady. The
author remembers the ease of a vain woman who feil
into melancholia on account of this trouble, and finally
committed suicide. A favourite subject of conversation
among ladies is coiffures. They are envious of each
other's luxuriant tresses.

Beautiful hair is a mighty fetich with many men. In
the legend of the Lorelei, who lured men to destraction,
the "golden hair" which she combs with a golden comb
appears as a fetich. Freqnently the hand or the foot
possesses an attractiveness no less powerful; but in these
instances masochistic and sadistic feelings often — though

a cynic, indeed. The power to perform love's act is by no means a
guarantee of the noblest enjoyment of love.

There are Urnings who are potent for woraen — men who do not
love their wives, but are nevertheless able to perform the marital
" duty ". In the majority of these cases even lustful pleasure is ab-
sent; for it is simply an onanistic aet rendered possible by the aid
of imagination wThich Substitutes another beloved being. This decep-
tion may, indeed, superinduee sexual pleasure, but, rudimentary
gratification as it is, it can only arisc from a psych ic trick, just as
in solitary onanfsm voluptuous satisfaction is obtained chiefly witli
the assistanee of fancy. fa a matter of fact that degree of orgasm
which completes the lustful act is entirely dependent upon the inter-
vention of fancy.

Where psychic impediments exist (such as indifference, disgust,
aversion, fear of contagion or impregnation, etc. ) the feeling of sexual
gratification seems to be wanting altogether.

22 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXÜALI8.

not always — assist in determining the peculiar kind of
fetich.

By a transference through association of ideas, gloves
or shoes obtain the significance of a fetich.

Max Dessoir (op. cit.) points out that among the cus-
toms of the middle ages drinking from the shoe of a
beautiful woman (still to be found in Poland) played a
remarkable part in gallantry and homage. Tlie shoe also
plays an important röle in the legend of Aschenbrödel.

The expression of the eye is particularly important
as a means of kindling the spark of love. A neuropathic
eye frequently affects persons of either sex as a fetich.
"Madame, vos beaux yeux me fönt mourir d'amour."
{Moliere).

There are many examples showing that odours of the
body become fetiches.

This fact is taken advantage of in the "Ars amandi"
by wolnan either consciously or nnconscioiisly. Ruth
sought to attract Boaz by perfuming herseif. Tlie demi-
monde of ancient and modern times is noted for its lavish
use of strong scents. Jäger, in bis "Discovery of tlie
Soul," calls attention to many olfactory sympathies.

Cases are kno\vn where men liavc married ugly women
solely beeause their personal odours were exceedingly
pleasing.

Binet makes it probable that the voice also may act as
a fetich.

Belot in Jiis novel "Les baigneuses de Trouville"
makes the same assertion. Binet thinks that many
marriages with singers are due to the fetich of their
voices. He also observes that among tlie singing birds
the voice has the same sexual significance as odours
among the quadrupeds. The birds allure by their song,
and the male that sings most beautifully is joined at night
by the charmed mate.

The pathological facts of masochism and sadism show
that mental peculiarities may also act as fetiches but in a
wider sense.

A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOG Y OF SEXUAL LIFE. 23

Thus the fact of idiosyncrasies is explained, and the
old proverb "De gustibiis non est disputandum" retains its
force.

With regard to feticliism in woman, science must at
least for the present time be content with mere con-
jectnres. This much seems to^be certain, that being a
physiological factor, its effects are analogous to those
in men, i.e., producing sexual sympathies towards persona
of the sarae sex.

Details will come to our knowledge only when medical
women enter into the study of this subject.

We may take it for granted that the physical as well
as the mental qualities of man assume the form of the
female fetich. In most cases, no doubt, physical attributes
in the male exercise this power without regard to the
existence of conscious sensuality. On the other hand it
will be found that the mental superiority of man con-
stitutes the attractive power where physical beauty is
wanting. In the upper "strata" of society this Ss more
apparent, even if we disregard the enormous influence
exercised by "blue blood" and high breeding. The
possibility that superior intellectual development favours
advancement in social position, and opens the way to a
brilliant career, does not seem to weigh heavily in the
balance of judgment.

The feticliism of body and mind is of importance in
progeneration ; it favours the selection of the fittest and
the transmission of physical and mental virtues.

Generally speaking the following masculine qualities
impose on woman, viz., physical strength, courage, nobility
of mind, chivalry, self-confidence, even self-assertion, inso-
lence, bravado, and a conscious show of mastery over the
weaker sex.

A "Don Juan" impresses many women and elicits
admiration, for he establishes the proof of his virile powers,
although the inexpcricnced maiden can in no wise suspect
the many risks of Ines and chronic Urethritis she runs
from a marital union with this otherwise interesting rake.

24 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

The successful actor, musician, or vocal artiste, the
circiis rider, the athlete, and even the criminal, often fasci-
nate the bread and butter miss as well as the maturer
woman. At any rate women rave over them, and inun-
date them with love letters.

Tt is a well-known fact that the female heart has pre-
doininant weakness for militaiy uniforms, that of tho
eavalry-man ever having the preference.

The hair of man, especially the beard, the emblem of
virility, tlie seeondary symbol of generative power — is a
predominant fetich with woman. In the measure in
which women bestow special care upon the cultivation
of (heir hair, men who seek to attract and please women,
eultivato (he elegant growth of the beard, and especially
that of tho moustache.

Tho eyo as well as the voice exert the same charm.
Hing(»rH of renown easily touch woman's heart. They are
ovorwhelmed witli love letters and offers of marriage.
TcnorH liavo a dr»cided advantage.

liinvt (op. cit.) refers to an Observation of this charac-
ler niiido l)y Dumm in his novel "La maison du vent". A
woman who falls in love with a tenor-voice loses her
vi rhu».

Tili* niithor has tlius far not succeeded in obtaining
fiM'tM with rcgurd to pathological fetichism in woman.

IL PHYSIOtOGICAL FACTS.

Dürino the time of the pliysiological processes in the
reproductive glands, desires arise in the consciousness of
the individual, which have for their purpose the perpetua-
tion of the species (sexual instinct).

Sexual desire during the years of sexual maturity is a
pliysiological law. The duration of the pliysiological pro-
cesses in the sexual organs, as well as the strength of the
sexual desire manifested, vary, both in individuals and in
races. Race, climate, heredity and social circumstances
have a very decided influence lipon it. The greater sensu-
ality of southern races as compared with the sexual needs
of those of the north is well known. Sexual development
in the inhabitants of tropical climes takes place much
earlier than in those of more northern regions. In woraen
of northern countries Ovulation, recognisable in the de-
velopment of the body and the occurrence of a periodical
flow of blood from the genitals (menstruation), usually
begins about the thirteenth to the fifteenth year; in men
puberty, recognisable in the deepening of the voice, the
appearance of hair on the face and mons veneris, and the
occasional occwrence of pollutions, etc., takes place about
the fifteenth year. In the inhabitants of tropical countries,
however, sexual development obtains several years earlier
in women — sometimes as early as the eighth year.

It is worthy of remark tliat girls who live in cities
develop about a year earlier than girls living in the country,
and that the larger the town the earlier, ceteris partium,
the development takes place.

Heredity, however, has no small influence on libido
and sexual power. Thus there are families in which,

(25)

26 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXÜALIS.

with great physical strength and longevity, great libido
and virility are preserved until a great age, while in otlier
fainilies the vita sexualis devclops late and is early ex-
tinguished.

In woman the period of activity of the reproductive
glands is shorter than in man^ in whom sexual power
may last until a great age; Ovulation ceases about thirty
years after puberty. The period of waning activity of the
ovaries is ealled the change of life (climacterium, meno-
pause). This biological phase does not represent merely
a cessation of functional potency and final atrophy of the
reproductive organs, but a transfonnation of the whole
organism.

In Middle Europe the sexual maturity of man begins
about the eighteenth year, and virility reaehes its acme
at forty. After that age it slowly declines. The potentia
generandi ceases usually at the age of sixty-two, but po-
tentia cceundi may be present much longer.

The existencc of the sexual instinct is continuous
during the time of sexual life, but it varies in intensity.
Under physiological conditions it is never periodical in the
human male, as it is in animals; it manifests an organic
Variation of intensity in consonance with the collection
and expenditure of seinen. In women the degree of sexual
desire coincides with the process of Ovulation in such a
way that libido sexualis is intensified after the menstrual
period.

Sexual instinct — as emotion, idea and impulse — is a
function of the cerebral codex. Thus far no definite
region of the cortex has been proved to be exclusively
the seat of sexual sensations and impulses. This psycho-
sexual centre is nothing more than a junction and crossing
of principal paths which lead on the one hand to the sensi-
tive motor apparatus of the sexual organs, and on the other
hand to those nerve centres of the visual and olfactorv
organs which are the carriers of that consciousness which
distinguishes between the "male" and the "female".

Owing to the close relations which exist between the

PHYSIOLOOICAL FACTS. 27

sexual instinct and the olfactory sense,1 it is to be pre-
sumed that the sexual and olfactory centres lie close
together in the cerebral cortex. The development of
sexual life has its beginning in the organic sensations
which arise from the maturing reproductive glands. These
excite the attention of the individual. Eeading and the
cxperiences of every-day life (which, unfortunately, are
now-a-days too early and too frequently suggestive), con-
vert these notions into clear ideas, which are accentuated
by organic sensations of a pleasurable character. With
this accentuation of erotic ideas through lustful feelings,
an impulse to induce them is developed (sexual desire).

Thus there is established a mutual dependence between
the cerebral cortex (as the place of origin of sensations
and ideas), and the reproductive organs. The latter, by
reason of physiological processes (hypenemia, secretion of
semen, Ovulation), give rise to sexual ideas, images, and
irapulses.

The cerebral cortex, by means of preconeeived or re-
produced sensual ideas, reacts on the reproductive organs,
including hypenemia, produetion of semen, erection, ejacu-
lation. This is effected by means of centres for vasomotor
inervation and ejaculation, which are situated in the
lumbar regions of the cord, and lie close together. Both
are reflex centres.

The centre of erection {Goltz, Eckhard) is an inter-
mediate Station placed between the brain and the genital
apparatus. The nervous paths which connect it with the
brain probably run through the pediinculi cerebri and the
pons. This centre may be excited by central (psychical
and organic) Stimuli, by direct irritation of the nerve-tract
in the peduncuHs cerebri, pons, or cervical portion of the
cord, as well as by peripheral irritation of the sensory

1The olfactory centre is presumed by Ferrier (" Functions of the
Brain") to be in the repion of the gyrus uncinatus. Zuckerkandl
("Ueber das Riecheentnim," 1887), from researohes in comparatire
anatomy, concludes that the olfactory centre has its seat in the Hip-
pocampus major.

28 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

nerves (penis, clitoris and annexa). It is not directly sub-
ordinated to tlie will.

The cxcitation of this centre is conveyed to the corpora
cavernosa by means of nerves (nervi eriyentes — Eckhard)
running into the first three sacral nerves.

The action of the nervi erigentes, which renders erec-
tion possible, is inhibitory in so far as it inhibits the
ganglionic nervous mechanism in the corpora cavernosa,
lipon the action of which the smooth muscle-fibres of the
corpora cavernosa are dependent (Kölliker and Kohl-
rausch). Under the influence of the action of the nervi
erigentes, these fibres of the corpora cavernosa become re-
laxed, and their Spaces fill with blood. • Simultaneously, as
a result of the dilatation of the eapillary net-work of the
corpora cavernosa, pressure is exerted lipon the veins of the
penis and the return of 1)1 ood is impeded. This effect is
aided by the contraction of the bulbo cavernosus and erector
penis muscles, which extend by means of an aponeurosis
over the dorsal surface of the penis.

The erection-centre is under the influence of both
exciting and inhibitory innervation arising from the cere-
brum. Ideas and sense-perceptions of sexual content
have an exciting effect. According to observations made
on men that have been hung, it is evident that the
erection-centre may also be aroused by excitation of the
tract of the spinal cord. Observations on the insane and
those suffering with cerebral disease show that this is
also possible as a result of organic irritation in the
cerebral cortex (psyeho-sexual centre?). Spinal diseases
(tabes, especially myelitis) affecting the lumbar portion1
of the cord, in their earlier stages, may directly excit<
the erection-centre.

Reflex excitation of the centre is possible and frequent
in the following ways: by irritation of the (peripheraO

aLater reRearches by Müller (Klin. u. experiment. Studien, etc.,
Deutsche Zeitschr. f. N. heilkunde xxi.) seem to render it more prob-
able that the centre of erection does not He in the conus medullaris
of the spinal cord, but rather in the sacral ganglia, thus constituting
a sympathetic reflex.

FHYSIOLOGICAX FACT8.

sensory nerves of the genitale and Surround ing part* by
friction; by Irritation of the urerhu (gonorrhiBaJj oi the
rectum (ha?murrhmds, oxyuria), of the bladder (distension
with urine, cspecially in the morning; Irritation of oal-
culi) ; by distension of the vesicnlm scminalcs with seinen;
by hyponemia of the gcnitals, oceasioned by lying on the
back and thus indueing pressure of the intestines üpon
the blood-yessels of the pelvis.

The crcetion-eentre may also he cxeited by Irritation
of the nervous ganglia which are so abmnhuit in the.
prostatic tissue ( Prostatitis, introduetion of catheter, etc.).

The rxpprimoTif of (toJtz, Aöcofding Ui whom, when
(in dogs) the lumbar portion of the oord lb eeverad,
ereetion is more easily induccd, shovvs that the ereetion-
centre is also subject to inhibitory mflucnces from the
brain.

In men the fact that wtll-power and emotion-,
(fear of unsttccessful coitus, surprise inter actum sex-
uale in, etc.) may inliihit the occurrencc of erection, and
cause it? when presentj to disappear, also indicates this.

The duration of ereetion is dependent lipon the dura-
tion of its cxeiting causes (sensory Stimuli}, the absende
of inhibitory influenees, the uerrous Bnergy of the oentre,
and the early or late oocuirence of ejaculation (i\ infra).

The central point of the sexual mechanism is the cere-
bral cortex. It is jnslitiahlo to prosume that thero is a
definite region of tlie eortex (cerebral centre), whieh gives
fjÜBe to .sexual feelings, ideas and iinpulses, and is the place
of origin of the psveho-soinatic processes whieh wo deaig-
nate as sexual life, sexual iustlurfr and sexual tlesire. This
centre is susceptible to both central and pcripheral Stimuli.

Central Stimuli, in the form of organic exeitation, may
be due to diseases of the cerebral cortex. Physhilogieally
they are dominated by psych ical impressions (memory and
sensory pereeptions, läaciviom stories, touch, pressure of
the handj kiss, etc.), Auditory and olfaetory pereeptione
ccrtuinly play but a very subordinate röle. Undcr patho-

30 PSYCHOPAT1IIA SEXUALIS.

logical conditions (v. infra), the lattcr have a very decided
influence in inducing sexual excitement.1

In beasts the influence of olfactory pereeption on the
sexual sense is unmistakable. Althaus ("Beiträge zur
Physiol. und Pathol. des Olfactorius," "Archiv für Psych."
xii., IL 1) declares that the sense of sinell is iinportant
with reference to the reproduetion of the species. He
shows that animals of opposite sexes aro drawn to each
other by means of olfactory pereeption, and that almost
all animals, at the tiine of rutting, emit a .special ly distinet
odour froin their genitals. An experiinent by Schiff is
conti rmatory of this. He extirpated (he olfactory nerves
in puppies, and found that, as the animals grew up. the
male was unable to distinguish the female. Again, an
experiment by Mantegazza ("Hygiene of Lovev), who re-
nioved the eyes of rabbits and found that the defect con-
stituted no obstacle to proereation, shows how iinportant
in animals the olfactory sense is for the vita scxualis.

It is also remarkable that many animals (musk-ox,
eivet-eat, beaver), possess on their sexual organs, glands
wThich secrete substances having a very strong odour.

Althaus also shows that in man there are certain re-
lations existing between the olfactory and sexual senses.
He nientions Cloquet (uOsphresiologie,v Paris, 182(5), who
calls attention to the sensual pleasure excited by the odour
of flowers, and teils how Richelieu lived in an atmosphero
laden with the heaviest perfumes, in order to excite bis
sexual funetions.

Zippe ("Wien. Med. Wochenschrift," 1870, Xo. 24),
in connection with a case of klcptoiuania in an onanist,
likewise establishes such relations, and cites Hildcbrand as
authority, who in Ins populär physiology says: 4kIt can-
not be doubted that the olfactory sense Stands in remoto

*Cf. Albert Hagen, "Die sexuelle Osphresiologie,'' Charlotten-
burg, 1901 (Verlag H. Basdorf), a most intcresting monograph on
the relations between the olfactory senses and odours and the sexual
aets in man. Albert Moll, " rntersuchungen über libido sexuulis."
]>. 377. (Literature and studies on the olfactory sense as a stimu-
lating cause of the sexual instinet.)

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS. 31

connection with the sexual apparatus. Odours of flowers
often occasion pleasurable sensual feelings, and when one
remembers the passage in the 'Song of Solomon,' 'And my
liands dropped with myrrh, and my fingers with sweet-
smelling myrrh, upon the handles of the lock/ one finds
that it did not escape Solomon's Observation. In the Orient
the pleasant perfumes are esteemed for their relation to
the sexual organs, and the women's apartments of the Sul-
tan are redolent with the fragrance of flowers."

Most, professor in Rostock (cf. Zippe), relates: "I
learned from a sensual young peasant that he had excited
many a chaste girl sexually, and easily gained his end, by
carrying his handkerchief in his axilla for a time, while
dancing, and then wiping his partner's perspiring face
with it."

The case of Henry III. shows that contact witli a
person's Perspiration may be the exciting cause of passion-
ate love. At the betrothal feast of the King of Navarre
and Margaret of Valois, he accidentally-dried his face with
a garment of Maria of Cleves, which was moist with her
Perspiration. Although she was the bride of the Prince
of Conde, Henry conceived immediately such a passionate
love for her that he could not resist it, and made her, as
history shows, very unhappy. An analogous instance is
related of Henry IV., whose passion for the beautiful
Gabriel is said to liave originated at the instant when, at
a ball, he wipcd his brow with her handkerchief.

Professor Jäger, the "discoverer of the soul," refers to
the same thing in his well-known book (2nd. ed., 1880,
chap. xv., p. 173) ; for he regards the sweat as important
in the production of sexual effects, and as being especially
seductive.1

One learns from reading the work of Ploss ("Das
Weib"), that attempts to attract a person of the opposite
sex by means of the Perspiration, may be discerned in
many forms in populär psychology.

*See also further interesting observations on the aphrodisic ef-
fects of sweat on both sexcs. F&rö, l'instinct sexuel, p. 127. (Paris,
1899).

32 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

In reference to tliis, a custoin whieh holds among the
natives of the Philippine Islands when tliey becomc en-
gagod, as reportcd by Jagor, is remarkable. When it be-
conies ncccssary for an engaged pair to separate, they ex-
change artieles of wearing-apparel, by means of which each
becomes assured of faithfulness. These objects are care-
fully preserved, covered witli kisses, and smcllcd.

The love of certain libertines and sensnal women for
perfumes1 indicates a relation between the olfactory and
the sexual senses.

A ease mentioned by Ileschl (" Wiener Zeitschrift f.
pract. Heilkunde/' 22d March, 18(>1 ) is remarkable,
where the absence of both olfactory lobes was acconipanied
by imperfectly developed genitals. 1t was the case of a
man aged forty-fivc, in all respects well developed, witli
the exception of the testicles, wliich were not larger than
beans and contained no seminal canals, and the larynx,
which seemed to be of feminine dimensions. Evcry trace
of olfactory nerves was wanting, and the trigona olfactoria
and the furrow on the under surface of the anterior lobes
were absent. The perforations of the ethmoid plate were
sparingly present, and occupicd by nerveless processes of
the dura instead of by nerves. In the mucous membrane
of the nose there was also an absence of nerves.

Finally, the clearly defined relation of the olfactory
and sexual senses in mental diseases is worthy of notice,
for in the psychoses of l>oth sexes supcrinduccd by mas-
turbation, as well as in insanity (lue to disease of the
female organs, or during the climaetcrium, olfactory hal-
lucinations are especially frequent, while in cases where
a sexual cause is wanting they are very infrequent.

I am inclined to doubt2 that, under normal conditions,
olfactory impressions in man, as in animals, play an im-
portant rolc in the excitation of the sexual centre. On

yCf. Lat/cockt who (" Ncrvous Disoasps of Womon," 1840) found
that in women the love for musk and similar perfumes was related
io sexual exeitement.

aThe followinpr ease, reported by Binct. secms to be in Opposition
to this idea. Unfortunately nothing is said eoncerning the mental

I'JI YMol.'HrR'AL FACTS.

aocxntui trf the importancc of tliis comensm for the linder-
Standing of pathological ca&&8, it is neeessary here t© thor-
pughly coaeidw the relations exißting betwem the olfactory
and sexual senscs".

AVIth refercnee to these physiological relations it may
be mcntioncd as an interesting fact that there exists a cer-
tain hietologiefi] conformitv tetween the nose and the
genitale, for both Jiave ekectile tissue (likcwise tho
nippte).

In tonst ing physiological and clinical obeervations by
■/. N. \hh Li nzie may be found in the "Journal of Medical
Science," April, ISS4, He timls: (1) that in certaiu
uniiieti with normal olfactory organs regularly %vith mcn-
struation a swelling of the erectile tissue of the nose oc-
ciirs which dis&ppears ag&in with the flooding; (2) that
iiienstmatiotL is at timns replaced hv epistaxis, which dig-
appeara when the uteri ne flow be^ins, but in some cases
alwavs recu rs with the meiLstrual funetinns; (8) inita-
tioDfl of the nasal ovgtsig euch ae violent B&eezing, etc., oc-
cur at the tirae of sexual exciteinent; (4) Stimulation of
the genital tracts is occasioned by affections of the nasal
organs

He also observes that nasal affections in women grow
worse during the tirae of niimstniatioii; that venereal ex-
eesses produee inflammation of the Schneiden an mem-
brane, or intensifv it where it almul v eadstfc,

Ile also points OUt that inasturlmtors very frequently
suffer frorn nasal disease, are troubled with abnormal sen-
sationa of olfaction, and are subjeet to epistaxis. Aecord-
iag to bis experienoe there are affections of the nose whieh
stuhbornly res ist all treatiuent until the eoncomitant (and
Gftftsal) genital diseasc h removed*

cliaracterifttics of the ßmon« In any event, it is ccrtaiitly eonflrina-
Uxj of thi relations existJng betmMQ the olfactory and sexual

Miis)'^: —

J>., a niedical itu&tttt, was *i*nU>d on a bench In a public park*
rwuliiig n book ton pathologv). Suddenly a violent crection dis-
fcndbed bfm, He Inoked u|> tad ootioed tlmt a lady, raddent with
pcrfuinp, hail taken m Beat ttpon lln* other vnd of the lameh. D. eould
Attribute t)ii* eiritinri to notliing Imt the unconacious olfactory im*
prtwdon niade upon him. 3

34 PSYCJIOPATUIA SEXUALIS.

Other interesting observations and elucidations about
the consensus narium et gcnitalium may be fouud in a book
by Fliess recently publishcd : "Die Beziehungen zwischen
^Nase und weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen," Vienna (Deut-
icke), 1897. — Cervisct, contribut. a l'etude du tisses ercc-
tile des fosses nasales. These de Lyon 1887. Joal, revue
mensuelle de laryngologie 1888 Fevr. — Pcycr, Münch.
med. Wochenschr, 1889. 4; — Eudriss, Dissertat., Würz-
burg 1892.

The sexual sphere of the cerebral eortex may be ex-
cited, in the scnse of an excitation of sexual concepts and
impulses, by processes in the generative organs. This is
possible as a result of all conditions which excite the erec-
tion-centre by means of centripetal influcnee ( Stimulus
resulting f roin distension of the seniinal vesicles ; enlarged
Graafian follicles; any sensory Stimulus, however produced,
about the genitals; hyperaemia and turgescence of the
genitals, especially of the erectile tissuc of the corpus
cavernosum of the penis and elitoris, as a result of lux-
urious, sedentary life ; plethora abdominalis, high external
temperature, warm beds, clothing; taking of cantharides,
pepper and other spices).

Libido sexualis may also be- induced by Stimulation of
the gluteal region (castigation, whipping).1

This fact is important for the proper understanding of
certain pathological manifestations. It sometimes haj)pens
that in lx>ys the first excitation of the sexual instinct is
caused by a spanking, and they are thus incited to mas-
turbation. This should be remembered by thosc who have
the care of children.

On account of the dangers to which this form of pun-
ishment of children gives rise, it would be better if parents,
teachers and nurses were to avoid it entirely.

Passive flagelhüion may excite sensuality, as is shown

1Meibomitis, "De flapiorum usu in rc mcrii.Mi," Ix>ndon, 1765:
Boilcau, "The History of the Fhi^ollants," London, 1783; Doppct,
" Aphrodisiaque externe,'' Paris, 1788; Cooper, " Der Flagellantismus
u. d. Flagellanten; Hansen, Stock u. Peitsche in xix. Jahrhundert
(Dohrn, Dresden), 2 vols.

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS. ob

by the sects of flagellants,1 so widespread in the thirteenth
and fifteenth centuries. They were accustomed to whip
themselves, partly as an atonement and partly to mortify
the flesh (in accordance with the principle of chastity pro-
mulgated by the Church — L e., the eniancipation of the
soul from sensuality).

These sects were at first f avoured by the Church ; but,
since sensuality was only the raore excited by flagellation,
and this fact became apparent in unpleasant occurrences,
the Church was finally compelled to oppose it. The fol-
lowing facts from the lives of the two heroines of flagella-
tion, Maria Magdalena of Pazzi and Elizabeth of Genton,
clearly show the significance of flagellation as a sexual ex-
citant. The former, the daughter of distinguished parents,
wras a Carmelite nun in Florence (about 1580), and, by
her flagellations, and still more through the results obtained
by them, she became quite celebrated, and is mentioned in
the "Annais". It was her greatest delight to have her
hands bound by the prioress behind her back, and her
naked loins whipped in the presence of the assembled
sisters.

But the wrhippings, continued from her earliest youth,
quite destroyed her nervous system, and, perhaps, no other
heroine of flagellation had so many hallucinations ("Ent-
zückungen"). While being whipped her thoughts were of
love. The inner Are threatened to consume her, and she
frequently cried, "Enough ! Fan no longer the flame that
consumes me. This is not the death I long for; it comes
with all too much pleasure and delight." Thus it con-
tinued. But the spirit of impurity wove the most sensual
lascivious fancies, and she was several times near losing
her chastity.

It was the same with Elizabeth of Genton. As a result
of whipping she actually passed into a state of bacchanalian
madne8s. As a rule, she raved wThen, excited by unusual

Worvin, Hist. Denkmale des christlichen Fanatismus, Tl., Leip-
zig, 1847 ; Focrstemann, Die christlichen Geisslergescllschaften, Halle,
1828.

36 PSYCIIOPAT111A SEXUALIS.

flagellation, she believed herseif unitcd with her " ideal* \
This condition was so exquisitely pleasant to her that she
would frequently cry out, "O love, O eternal love, O love,
O you creatures ! cry out with lue : 'Love, Love V "

It is known, on the authority of Taxil (op. cit., p. 175),
that rakes soinctimes have themselves flagellated, or pricked
until blood flows, just before the sexual act, in order to
stiraulate their diminished sexual power.

These facts find an interesting conti rmation in the
following experiences, taken froni Paullinis "Flagellum
Salutis" (Ist ed., 1G98; reprint, Stuttgart, 1847): —

"There are some nations, viz., the Persians and Rus-
sians, where the women regard blovvs as a peculiar' sign of
love and favour. Strangely enougb, the Russian women
are never more pleased and delighted than when they re-
ceive hard blows from their husbands, as John Barclarus
relatcs in a remarkable narrative. A Gerraan, named
Jordan, went to Russia, and, pleased with the country,
settled there and took a Russian wife, whom he loved
dearly, and to whom he was always kind in everything.
But she always wore an expression of dissatisfaction, and
went about with sighs and downcast eyes. The husband
asked the reason, for he could not understand what was
wrong. *Aye/ she said, 'though you love me, you do not
show me any sign of it.' He embraced her, and begged
to be told what he had carelessly and unconsciously done
to hurt her feelings, and to be forgiven, for he would never
do it again. 'I want nothing,' was the answer, 'but what is
customary in our country — the whip, the real sign of love.'
When Jordan adopted the custom his wife began to love
him dearly.

Similar stories are told by Peter Pctreus, of Erlesund,
who adds that husbands, immediately after the wedding,
among other indispensable household articles, provide
themselves with a wl^p."

On page 73 of this remarkable book, the author says
further: "The colebrated Count of Mirandula, John Picus,
relates of one of his intimate acquaintances that he was

PIIYSIOLOOICAL FACT8-

an insatiable fcllow* but so lazy and incapable o£ love
that lie was praetically impotent until he hat! been roughly
handled. The n»re ho tric?d to satisfy his desire, the
heavier the blows he needod, and he eould not attain his
desire, urdese he hacl been whipped tili the blood came,
For this purpose he hacl a sui table whip made, whioh was
plaeed in vinogar the dav betöre using it. TF<* would give
this to his cmnpanion, and on bended knees heg her not to
spare bim, bitt to strike blows with it, the heavier the
better. The good eoiuit. thought this Singular man fonncl
the pleasure of love in this punishrnent. Nüi belüg a bad
man in other respects he imderstood and hat cd bis weak-
ness."

Coeliits Rhodujin relates a siimlar story, as does also
the celebrated Jurist, Andreas TinniuelL In the time of
the skilful physician, Ollen ß ran [eisen, there lived in
Munich, then the capital of the Bavarian eleetorate, a de*
bauchee who could never perform his (sexual) duties with-
out a severe preparatory beuting. Thomas Bari hei in knew
a Venetian, who had to he Waten and driven before he
could bave intercourse, just as reluetant Cupid was drivrn
by his followers with sprays of hyaeinths« A few years
ago there was in Lübeck a cheesemonger, living on Mill
Street, who, on a complaint to the authorities of unfaith-
fulness, was ordered to leave the eity. The prostitute with
whorn he had been, went to the judges and begged on bis
behalt', Telling lir.w ditheult all inlerenurse had beenme fo»
hiui. He eould do nothing until he had been niereilrsslv
honten. At first the fcllow, froin sluune and to avoid dis-
graee, would not confess, but after earnest questioning he
eould not deny it. There is said to have been a man in
the Netherlands who was similarly incapable, and eould
do nothing without blows. On the doeree of the autbori-
ties, however, he was not only removed frora lus position,
but also severely punished. A reliable friend, a physician
in an important city of the kingdom, related to nie how a
woman of bad character had told a companion, who had
been in the hospital a short time before, that sbe, with

38 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

another woman of like character, had been sent to the

woods by a man who followed tliem there, cut rods for

them, and tben exposed bis naked buttocks, commanded

them to belabour him well. They obeyed, and it is easy

to conjecture wbat bc then did with them. Not only men

have tbus been excited and inflamed to lasciviousness, but

also women, that they too might experience greater in-

tensity of pleasure.1 For this reason the Roman woman

had herseif whipped and beaten by the lupercis. Thus

Juvenal writes : —

" Steriles moriuntur, et illis
Turgida non prodest condita psycido Lyde:
Nee prodest agili palmas prasbere Luperco."

In men, as well as in women, erection and orgasm, or
even ejaculation, may be induced by irritation of various
other regions of the skin and mueous membranc. These
"hyperaesthetic" zones in woman are, while she is a virgin,fc
the clitoris, and, after defloration, the vagina and cervix
uteri.

In woman the nipple particularly seems to possess this
quality. Titillatio hujus regionis plays an important part
in the ars erotica. In bis "Typographical Anatomy,"
18G5, Bd. i., p. 552, Hyrtl cites*Val. Hildenbrandt, who
observed a peculiar anomaly of the sexual instinet in a
girl, which he called suetusstupratio. She had her mammjc
. sucked by her lover, and after a while, by constantly pull-
ing her nipples, she was enabled to suck them herseif, an
act that gave her most intense pleasure. Hyrtl also calls
attention to the fact that cows sometimes suek the milk
from their own udders. L. Brunn ("Zeitg. f. Literatur."
etc., d. Hamburg, Correspondent, 1889, Xo. 21), in an in-
teresting article on "Sensuality and Love of Kin/' points
out how zealously the nursing mother gives lierself to the
nursing of the babe, "for love of the weak, undeveloped,
helpless being".

*It is a common proeeeding for blasös and impotents to have
themselves whipped. A fow years ago mucli noiae was made about
one such amateur who died whilst being whipped by several women
in a house of Prostitution at Moscow. (Ibankow. Archives d* An-
thropol. criminelle, xiv. p. 697).

PHYSIOLOGICAI, FACT8. 39

It is easy to assume that, by the side of the ethical
niotives, the fact that the sucking may be attended by
feelings of physical pleasure plays a part. The remark of
Brunn, although correct in itself, but one-sided, that, ac-
cording to Houzeau's experience, among the majority of
animals the relations between mother and offspring are
close only during the time of nursing, and thereafter in-
different, also speaks in favour of this assumption.

Bastian fonnd the same thing (blunting of the feeling
for the offspring after weaning) among savages.

Under pathological conditions, as is shown by Cham-
hard, among others, in his thesis for the doctorate, other
portions of the body (in hysterical persons) about the
mammae and genitals may attain the significance of "hy-
peraesthetic" zones.

t In man, physiologically, the only "hyperaesthetic" zone
is the glans penis and perhaps the skin of the external
genitals.

TJnder pathological conditions the anus may become
a "hyperaesthetic" area. Thus anal automasturbation,
which seems to be only too f requent, and passive pederasty
would be explained. (Cf. Garnier, "Anomalics sexuelles,*'
Paris, p. 514; A. Moll, "Conträre Sexualempfindung," 3rd
ed., p. 369; Frigcrio, "Archivio di Psichiatria," 1893;
Cristiani, "Archivio delle Psicopatie sessuali," p. 182, "au-
topederastia in im alienato, affetto da follia periodica".)

The psycho-physiological process comprehended in the
idea of sexual instinct is composed of

(1) concepts awakened centrally or peripherally ;

(2) the pleasurable feelings associated with them.
The longing for sexual satisfaction (libido sexualis)

arises from them, This desire grows stronger constantly
in proportion as the excitation of the cerebral sphere ac-
centuates the feeling of pleasure, by appropriate concep-
tions and activity of the imagination ; and the pleasurable
sensations are increasod to lustful feeling by excitation of
the erection centre and the consequent hypenemia of the

40 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

genitals (entrance of liquor prostaticus into the Urethra,
etc.).

If circumstances favour the satisfactory Performance
of the sexual act, the ever-increasing desire is gratified ; if,
however, conditions are unfavourablc, inhibition occurs,
checks the central erectile power, and prevents the sexual
act.

To civilised man the ready presence of ideas which
inhibit sexual desire is of distinct import. The moral
freedom of the individual, and the decision whether, under
certain circumstances, excess, and even crime, be committed
or not, depend, on the one hand, lipon the strength of the
instinctive impulses and the accompanying organic sen-
sations; on the other, upon the power of the inhibitory
ideas. Constitution, and especially organic influences,
have a marked effect upon the instinctive impulses; educa-
tion and cultivation of self-control counteract the opposing
influences.

The exciting and inhibitory powers are variable quanti-
ties. For instance, over-indulgence in alcohol is very fatal
in this respect, since it awakens and increases libido sexu-
alis, while at the same time it weakens moral resistance.

The Act of Cohabitation.1

The essential condition for the man is sufficient erec-
tion. Anjel ("Arch. für Psych., viii., II. 2) calls atten-
tion to the fact that in sexual excitement not alone the erec-
tion centre is influenced but the nervous excitement is dis-
tributed over the entire vasomotor System of nerves. The
proof of this is the turgescence of tlie organs in the sexual
act, injeetion of the conjunetiva, prominence of the eye-
balls, dilation of the pupils, cardiac palpitation (resulting
from paralysis of the vasomotor nerves of the heart, which
arise from the cervical sympathetic, and the resulting dila-
tion of the cardiac arteries, and the increased Stimulation
of the cardiac ganglia induced by the consequent hype-

xCf. Roubaud, " Tratte" do Timpuissance et de la steril itg," Paris,
1878.

TUE ACT OF CO II ABITATION. 41

raemia of tlie cardiac walls). The sexual act is accom-
panied by a pleasurable feeling, which, in the male, is
evoked by the passage of semen through the ductus ejacvr
latorii to the Urethra, in consequence of the sensory Stimula-
tion of the genitals. This pleasurable Sensation occurs
earlier in the -male than in the female, grows rapidly in
intensity up to the moment of commencing ejaculation,
reaches its acme in the instant of free emission, and disap-
pears quickly post ejaculationem.

In the female the pleasurable feeling occurs later and
comes on more slowly, and generally outlasts the act of
ejaculation.

The distinctive event in coitus is ejaculation. This
function is dependent on a centre (genito-spinal), which
Budge has shown to be situated at the level of the fourth
lumbar vertebra. It is a reflex centre. The Stimulus that
excites it, is the ejection of semen from the vesiculae semi-
nales into the pars membranacea urethrce, a reflex effect
of Stimulation of the glans penis. As soon as the eollec-
tion of semen, with. ever-increasing pleasurable Sensation,
has reached a sufficient amount to be effectual as a Stimu-
lus of the ejaculation-centre, this centre acts. The reflex
motor path lies in the fourth and fif tli lumbar nervcs. The
action consists of a convulsive excitation of the bulbo-
cavernosus muscle (innervated by the third and fourth
sacral nerves), which forces the semen out.

In the female as well, at the height of sexual and
pleasurable excitement, a reflex movement occurs. It is
induced by Stimulation of the sensory genital nerves and
consists of a peristaltic movement in the tubes and uterus
as far down as the portio vaginalis, which presses out the
mucous secretions of the tubes and uterus. Inhibition
of the ejaculation centre is possible as a rcsult of cortical
influence (want of desire in coitus, emotions in general,
influence of the will).

Under normal conditions, with the completion of the
sexual act, libido sexualis and erection disappear, and the
psychical and sexual excitement gives place to a comfort-
able feeling of lassitude.

III. ANTHROPOLOGICAL FACTS.1

Every individual whose sexual dcvelopment has beeil
in accordancc with the normal process, reprcsents pliysical
and inetaphysical attributes which, as experience shows,
are typical of the sex to which the individual belongs.
These sexual characteristics are either primary (sexual
glands and organs of propagation) or secondary. The latter
are bodily and psychical and are developed only during the
period of puberty. Xow and then cases of precocious as
well as retarded sexual development are reported. As a
rule they may be found to be due to abnormal evolutionary
conditions in them, chiefly in individuals with a heavy neu-
rotic taint.

The secondary sexual characteristics differentiate the
two sexes ; they present the specific male and f emale types.
The higher the anthropological development of the race,
the stronger these contrasts between man and woman, and
vice versa.

Important somatic secondary sexual characteristics are,
the skull, skeleton, pelvis (particularly), facial types, hair,
larynx (voice), mammae, tliighs, etc.

Important psychical characteristics are sexual con-
sciousness (i.e., the knowledge of a special sexual indi-
viduality as man or woman) and a congruous sexual in-
stinct, from both of which a long series of special features
and individual peculiarities are evolved, such as psychical
dispositions, inclinations, etc.

This differentiation of the sexes and the development
of sexual types is evident ly the result of an infinite suc-

'Bardach, Die Physiologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft, 182G-40;
PI088, Das Weib, 1891, 3d edition; A. Moll, Die contrilre Sexualem-
pfindung, 3d ed. p. 3; Idcm, Untersuchungen ül^er die Libido sexualis,
1897-98.

(42)

ANTHBOPOLOGICAL FACTS. 43

cession of intermediary stages of evolution. The primary
stage imdoubtedly was bi-sexuality, such as still exists in
the lowest classes of aniraal life and also during the first
months of f oetal existence in man. The type of the present
stage of evolution is mono-sexuality, that is to say, a con-
gruous developraent of the secondary bodily and psychical
sexual characteristics belonging to the respective sexual
glands.

Observation teaches that the pure type of the man or
the woman is often enongh missed by nature, that is to say
that certain secondary male characteristics are found in
woman and vice versa, to wit, men with an inclination for
female occupations (embroidery, toilet, etc.), and women
with a decided predilection for manly sports (without the
influencing elements of early education). In both in-
stances particular cleverness in the inverted and pro-
nounced awkwardness in the originally proper occupation
will be noticed. In this class belong castrates, women with
a bass voice (abnormal development of the larynx), a
narrow pelvis, a beard, undevelopment of the mammae,
etc.

Of special scientific interest are the cases of Gynce-
comasty, i.e., the development of mammae in the male in-
dividual, with concomitant inhibited development of the
testicles during the period of puberty. Oalen described and
named this anomaly. Laurents monograph1 on this sub-
jeet is worthy of mention.

As ä rule the gynecomast is slender in build, has a
smooth face and stunted testicles, is devoid of the secondary
sexual characteristics of the man, has but little sexual de-
sire for the opposite sex, is in short a sort of a man-woman
of moral and metaphysical inferiority.

It is a remarkable fact that Gynecomasty only oecurs
in neurotically degenerated families, and must be looked
upon as the manifestation of an anatomical and f unctional
degeneration.

i Laurent, les bisexuSs, Paris, 1894; Idem, de PheYeMite" des
gynecomastes. Annales d' Hygiene, publ. 1890.

44 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

Castration never produces Gynecomasty, in which the
glandulär tissue but rarely develops, whilst the nipple be-
cornes erogenous and capable of erection as in woman. Lac-
tation has but seldom bcen observed. With involution even
the mamma* disappear. The true Gynccomast betravs
sign* of effemination — the voice is soft and has a high
piteh, the hair on the raons veneris is that of a woman, the
ftkin is soft, the pelvis wide, potency thongh weak is yet
heterosexual and libido is wanting. It cannot be denied
that. in these cases through the interruption of evolutionary
processes the sexual charaeteristies of the man have been
replaeed by those of the woman and that by this Substitu-
tion the development also of other physical and psychical
sexual charaeteristies has been influenced in the sense of
Inversion. The possible combinations, of course, vary
greatly.

An interesting and important question now arises, viz. :
"What dctcrinines the development of an individual of
that dcfinite sexual type which possesses all the charaeter-
isties of a man, or a woman ?"

One is tempted to look upon the development of the
genital glarids as the determining factor which may be
recognized even in the apparently bisexual foetus. For
llio primary sexual charaeteristies in the form of the sexual
organs an; present and may be with puberty developed into
the Hccondary sexual charaeteristies.

That the sexual glands aro important so far as the sex
itself is concerned is hardly open to controversy, but they
are not neccssarily the determining factor. For we shall
see hiter on that the seeondary charaeteristies (sexual sen-
sations, attraetion by the physical and psychical properties
of the opposite sex, and the instinet to have sexual inter-
course with persans of the o])]>osite sex) may be inverted
even at the very beginning of sexual development.

Again the experience of gynecologists allows of the fol-
lowing deduetions: Ifcgar (Nothnagel^ Pathologie, xx.
Part I., ]). »571) points out:

(1) that despite of congenital defects and rudimentary

ANT1IROPOLOUICAL FACTS.

development of the ovaries the feminine type may be thor-
oughly preserved ;

(2) that the female sexual eharacteristies are relatiwlv
independent of the ovaries as ls proved by Irans verse
Hermaphrodit ism. The okl axiom "Propter aolum ovari-
ii m mulier est qiiod est/' therefure falle.

The sex-determining momontum is niOmowa.

Tlie form of the sexual glands is therefore not the quali-
fying element of sex-determination, but we must look
rather to sexual sensations and the sexual inst [not.

All tliis directs our attention to the central domains of
that nervous plexus whieh dorn i na t es the sexual fiincti-
and which renders intermedia ry sexual grad&tiozifi between
the pure type of man and wmuan possible, quite in aeeord-
ance with the original hisexual predispositinn of the foetu>.
These grades may be due to öome inteff orange in the evolu-
thin of our present mono-sexualitv (eorrespaading physical
and psyehieal sexual eharaeterislics) based upon degener-
ative, especially heredttary degeneration conditions.

The science of 1<>-day can boflfil ol but littlc positive
knowledgo abont the ovolntiunary influenae which the va-
rious drpartments of the sexual apparatus exercise upon
eaeh other, It is natural that \ve should study the influ-
ence exereised by the rernoval or total loss of the sexual
glands upon the development or eourse of the vita sexualis.
That such an influenae exists cannot he doubted; hut tho
exfent of tlie Controlling power of peripheral faetors mighr
krgely dopend on wh.et.lier the elimination of the sexual
glands took plaee before or after the development of pu-
berty; and again due regard inust be given to the fürt that
the rise of psyehical sexual eharaeteristics may havo eon-

siderably pr« ted physical development. Facta seem to

prove that with the loss of the genital glands prcvious to
puherty the development of souiatic and psvclneal sexual
eharacteri§ties is stunted eran unto Asexwrfity* Tliis b
true as to the male and female of the human kind as well as
of domestic animals.

Mattere are different if the injury occurs after this bio-

rSY«. HOPATHU SEXUALIS*

logieal phasc. Ilere m are bomiid to find physical as well
SB psvdiical eharacteristics alreudy existini*, but their
further development becomes stunted. The mariner in
which these organ- BUcctUfib (throogfa illness of surgieal
interferenee) is of DO Import, neither is the sex it.se] f. The
only condition needed is that die development of the sec-
ondary .sexual characteristies had already begun Bfi this is
plainly dependent lipon central spheres. IIow far then
sexual development will go, depends chiefly upon the eon-
dition and the developing power* of these mitral faetors;
whilst itö direction is gorerned hy the biologieal energy of
these bi sexually predisposed centres,

If the development ran liitherto in heterosexual Chan-
nels, but was laeking in foree, the sex oxperiences snuply
a check; but if the original bisexual predisposition had not
yrt reeeived a defiuife sexual direetion> and possessed
strengt h, sexual eharai-teristies of the opposilr W« and
ander ciivuinsiances even of an inverted nattire may un-
fold, In mosi oaABfl there is but a partial dcwlupmcnt of
the charaeteristies of the opposite sex.

Analogous experienecs are made in eases in which the
sexual gf&fidfl were lodt bnur after matured puheriv. For
instance, bearded womon are ffequeatlj found in the post
mortem, minus ovaries (Dich de med. et de chirurg. prat,
art *LovarioJ* )- In a stmilar maimer pheasant hens are
found with dogencrated ovaries, hut with the plumage and
voiee of the male*1 (Discuss, de la soeiete zoologique de
Londrcs),

It is a woll-kiiown faet that luany wonien grow a beard
after tln- einmieten um and that the mir«' drops tu a Imver
register. If the elimax he reaehed very early and vitality
n malus very strong eron another (opposite) sex may bo
dcveloped. See pace 247 and cases 128 and 121).

A Hinart difference may also be fmind in eimuchs* ac-
eordmg to whether eastratinn took place beWe e-r after

I Moll, Libtilo sexanlifl, jjs 815-850, wtfctft bt i^lvps a largo
nuTiilwr of riiHPH of pervorteil dpxutil chararteristio^ of a nbyi*ical as
wt'H aa psycliical na iure, even of sexual inversion.

ANT1IEOPOLOOICAI. FACTS. 47

psychical puberty. In the latter case the vita sexualis is
by no means a blank page for sexual feeling, and sexual
instinct for the opposite sex are prescnt, although physical
and psychical sexual characteristics of the male are stunted
and femininism may take its place.

In rare cases — apparently in strongly developed bi-
sexuality — signs of inverted sexuality may appcar (Bedors
case in Cadiz of a eunuch with developed mammae).

These facts are not in favour of the exclusive effects
exercised by the sexual glands upon the development of the
vita sexualis, especially of the psychical sexual character-
istics, which no doubt belong to those central sphcrcs which
normally come into functional force with arriving puberty
and thus determine the essential criterion of the sex (sex-
ual instinct).

IV. GENERAL PATHOLOGY.1

(NEÜEOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL.)

Anomalies of the sexual fnnetions are met with especially
in civilised races. This fact is explained in part by the
frequent abuse of tbe sexual organs, and in part by the
circumstance that such functional anomal ies are chiefly
the signs of an inherited diseased condition of the central
nervous System ("functional signs of degeneration").

1Literature: Parent-Duchatclet, "Prostitution dans la ville de
Paris," 1837. Rosenbaum, " Entstehung der Syphilis," Halle, 1839 —
also, " Die Lustseuche im Alterthum," Halle, 1839. Descuret, " La
m&lecine des Passions," Paris, 1860. Caspar, " Klin. Novellen,"
1860. Bastian, " Der Mensch in der Geschichte ". Friedländcr, " Sit-
tengeschichte Roms ". Wiedcmcistcr, " Cäsarenwahnsinn ". Scherr,
" Deutsche Kultur und Sittengeschichte," Bd. i., cap. ix. Jcannel,
" Die Prostitution," deutsch von Müller, Erlangen, 1809. v. Krafft,
" Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Psychopathia sexualis,"
2 Aufl., Stuttgart, 1891. Taxil, " La Prostitution contemporaine,"
Paris, 1884. Frank Lydston, " Philadelph. Med. and Surg. Reports,
1889. Urquhardt, Journal of Mental Science, Jan. 1891. Antonini,
"Archiv, di Psichiatria," xxi., 1, 2. Cantaiano, Zeitschr. "La Psi-
chiatria," v., 2, 3. Krauss, " Psychologie des Verbrechens," 1884.
Kiernan, " Medic. Standard," Nov., 1889. Dclcourt, " Le Vice ä
Paris," 1889. Lombroso, " L'uomo Delinquente," 2 Aufl., 1878. Toul-
mouche, " Annal. d'hygiene," 1868. Giraldcs et Hortcloup, ibidem,
1876, p. 419. Eulenburg, " Klin. Handb. d. Harn- und Sexualorgane,"
1894, 4 Abthl., p. 36. Moll, " Untersuchungen über die Libido sex-
ualis," 1897; " Archivio delle psicopatie sessuali," Naples (1896)
volumc unico. Tardicu, " Des attentats aux meeurs," 7 6dit., 1878.
Emminghaus, " Psychopathol.," pp. 98, 225, 230, 232. Schule, "Hand-
buch der Geisteskrankheiten," p. 114. Marc, "Die Geisteskrankheiten,"
ii., p. 128. v. Krafft, " Lehrb. d. Psychiatrie, 6 Aufl. i., p. 77 :
"Lehrb. d. ger. Psychopathol.," 3 Aufl., p. 279; "Archiv f. Psychi-
atrie," vii., 2. Morcau, " Des aberrat ions du Rons gen£sique," Paris,
1880. Kim, " Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie," 39, Heft 2 u. 3. Lom-
broso, " Geschlechtstrieb und Verbrechen in ihren gegenseitigen Bezie-
hungen ". (Golt dummer* s "Archiv." Bd. 30). Tarnowsky, "Die krank-
haften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtssinnes," Berlin, 1886. Ball, " La

(48)

SPINAL NEUROSES. 49

Since the generative organs stand in important func-
tional relation to the entire nervous System, and especially
to its psychical and somatic functions, the frequency of
general nenroses and psychoses arising in sexual (func-
tional or organic) disturbances, is easy to understand.

SCIIEDÜLE OF THE SEXUAL NEUBOSES.

I. Peeipiiebal.

1. Sensory.

(a) Ansesthesia; (6) üyperaßsthesia ; (c) Neuralgia.

2. Secretory.

(a) Aspcrmia; (6) Polyspermia.

3. Motor.

(a) Pollutions (spasm) ; (fc) Spermatorrhoea (paralysis).

IL Spinal Neuroses.

1. Affectiom of the Erection Centre.

(a) Irritation (priapism) arises from rcflex action of
peripheral sensory irritants (e.g., gonorrhoea) ; directly,
from organic irritation of the nerve-tracts leading from
the brain to the erection centre (spinal disease in the lower
cervical and upper dorsal regions), or of the centre itself
(certain poisons) ; or from psychical irritation.

In the latter case satyriasis exists, i. e., abnormal dura-

folie Srotiquc," Pari9, 1888. S&rieux, " Recherches cliniques sur lea
anomalies de Finstinct sexuel," Paris, 1888. Hammond, " Sexual
Impotence," 1889. v. Krafft, " über sexuale Perversionen." Leyden's
deutsche Klinik, 1001, vi. v. Nchrcnk-Xotzing, Die Suggestionsthera-
pie, 1892; also, Zeitsch. für Hypnotismus, vii., H. 1 & 2, viii., H. 1.
(Literatur.) Moll, die conträre Sexualempfindung, 3 Aufl. 1889; also,
Untersuchungen üb. d. Libido sexualis, 1897-98. Hirschfeld, Jahrb.
f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen, Jahrg. i.-iv. Bloch, Beiträge z. Aetiologie
der Psychopathia sexualis, ii., Theil, 1903.

Among modern novelists who deal with the subject of sexual per-
version the French are most pre-eminent, viz.; Catulle Mendds, Pe*la~
dan, Lemonnier, Dubut de la Forest (" L'homme de joie"), Huys-
mans ("La bas"), Zola.

50 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUAL1S.

tion of erection, with libido scxualis. In reflex or direct
organic irritation, libido scxualis inay be wanting, and the
priapism inay even give rise to disgust.

(6) Paraylsis arises from the destruction of the eentre,
or of the nerve-tracts (nervi erigentes), in diseases of the
spinal cord (paralytic iinpotence).

A milder form is that of lessened excitability of the
eentre, resulting from over-stimulation (sexual execss,
especially onanism), or from alcoholic intoxication, abuso
of bromides, etc. It may also originate from cerebral
amesthesia, or that of the external genitals. Cerebral
hyperasthesia is more frequent in such cases (increased
libido scxualis, lust).

A peculiar form of diminislied excitability is shown in
those cases where the eentre responds only to certain Stimu-
li. Thus there are men to wkoin sexual contact with their
virtuous wives does not supply the necessary Stimulus for
an erection, but in whom it oecurs when the act is at-
tempted with a prostitutc, or in the form of some unnatural
sexual act. So far as psych ical Stimuli are eoncerned, they
may be inadequate (v. infra, parasthesia and perversion of
sexual instinet).

(c) Inhibition. The erection eentre may become in-
capable of funetion through cerebral influence. This in-
hibitory influence is an emotional pr<x*ess (disgust, fear
of contagion), or fear1 of impotenec. There are men who
have an unconquerable antipathy to woman, or fear of
infection, or are suffering with perverse sexual instinet.
In the latter condition are those neuropathic individuals
(neurasthenics, h^ochondriacs), frequently weakened sex-
ually (masturbators), who have reason, or think they have,
to mistrust their sexual j)ower. This idea acts as an in-

xAn intoresting instance of liow an imperative eoneeption of
non- sexual content ean exert an influence ia related by Magna n
("Ann. M<kl. Psych.," 1885) : Student, aged twenty-one, strongly pre-
disposed hereditarily, previoualy a masturbator, constantly struggles
with the nuintwr thirteen as an imperative eoneeption. As soon as
he attempts coitus the imperative idea inhibits erection and renders
the act impossible.

SPINAL NEUKOSES. 51

hibitory impulse, and makes the act with the person of the
opposite sex temporarily or absolutely inipossible.

(d) Irritable Weakness. In this condition there is
abnormal iinpressionability of the centre, but accompanied
by rapid diminution of its energy. There may be func-
tional disturbance of the centre itself, or weakness of the
innervation through the nervi erigentes; or there may be
weakness of the erector penis muscle. Cases in which crec-
tion is abortive on account of abnormally early ejaculation,
form a transition to the f ollowing anomalies : —

2. Affections of the Ejaculation Centre.

(a) Abnormally easy ejaculation from absence of
cerebral inhibition, resulting from excessive psychical ex-
citement or irritable weakness of the centre. In this case,
under certain circumstances, the simple conception of a
lascivious Situation is sufficient to set the centre in action
(high degree of spinal neurasthenia, usually resulting from
sexual abuse). A third possibility is hypcnesthcsia of the
Urethra, by virtue of which the escaping semen induces
an immediate and excessive reflex action of the ejaculation
centre. In such cases simple proximity to the female
genitals may be sufficient to induce ejaculation {ante
portam).

In cases of hypersesthesia of the Urethra (as a cause),
ejaculation may be accompanied by painful, instead of
pleasurable sensations. Usually in cases where there is
hypera?sthesia of the Urethra, there is at the same tirae
irritable weakness of the centre. Both these functional
disturbances are important in the production of pollutio
nimia and diurna.

The accompanying pleasurable feeling may be patho-
logically absent. This occurs in defective men and women
(amrsthesia, aspermia?), and, further, as a result of dis-
ease (neurasthenia, hysteria) ; or (in prostitutes) it fol-
lows over-stimulation and the blunting this induced. Tlie
intensity of the pleasurable feeling accompanying the

52 PSYCHOPATHIE SEXUALIS.

sexual act depends on the degree of psychical and motor
excitemcnt. Under pathological conditions this may
become so pronounced, that tho niovements of coitiis
assume tbc character of involuntary convulsive actions,
and even pass into general convulsions.

(6) Abnormally difficult ejaculation. It is occasioned
by inexcitability of the centre (absence of libido, paralysis
of the centre: organic, from disease of brain or spinal
cord; functional, from sexual abuses, marasmus, diabetcs,
morpbinisni), and, in this case, for the most part, in con-
nection with amesthesia of the genitals and paralysis of the
erection centre. Or, it is the result of a lesion of the reflex
arc or of pcriphcral amesthesia ( Urethra), or of aspermia.
The ejaculation occurs either not at all, or tardily, in the
course of the sexual act, or only afterward, in the form of
a pollution.

III. Cerebral Neuroses.

(1) Paradoxia, i.e., sexual excitemcnt oecurring inde-
pendently of the period of the physiological processes in
the generative organs.

(2) Ancesthesia (absence of sexual instinet). Here all
organic impulses arising from the sexual organs, as well
as all impulses, and visual, auditory and olfactory sense
impressions fail to sexually excite the individual. This is
a physiological condition in childhood and old age.

(3) Ilyperwsihesia (increased desire, satyriasis). In
this state there is an abnormally increased imprcssionabil-
ity of the vila sexualis to organic, psychical and sensory
Stimuli (abnormally intense libido, lustfulness, lascivious-
ness). The Stimulus may be central (nymphomania,
satyriasis) or peripheral, functional or organic.

(4) Parcpsthesia (perversion of the sexual instinet, i.e.,
excitability of the sexual fnnctious to inadequate Stimuli).

Sub-di visions of parwsihcsia are:

(a) Sadism. It consists in this that the association
of lust and cruelty, which is indicated in the physiological

CEREBRAL NEUROSES. 53

consciousness, becomes strongly marked on a psychically
degenerated basis, and tbat tbis lustful impulse coupled
with presentations of cruelty rises to the height of power-
ful affects. Tbis generates a force tbat seeks to mate-
rialise these presentations of faney, and wbicb is ac-
complished when hypersesthesia supervenes as a compli-
cation, or inhibitory moral counter-presentations fail to
act.

Tbe quality of sadistic acts is defined by the relative
potency of tbe tainted individual. If potent, the impulse
of the sadist is directed to coitus, coupled with prepar-
atory, coneomitant or consecutive malt reatmen t, even
murder, of the consort ("Lust murder"), the latter oc-
curring ehiefly beeause sensual lust has not been satisfied
with the consummated coitus.

If the sadist is psychically or spinally impotent, as an
equivalent of coitus, there will be notieed strangling, stab-
bing, flagellating (of women), or under circumstances
ridiculously silly and mean, acts of violence on the other
person (symbolical sadism), or also — fauie de mieux —
on any living and feeling object (whipping of school
children, recruits, apprentices, cruel acts on animals,
etc. ) .

(&) Masochism is the counterpart of sadism in so far
as it derives the acme of pleasure from reckless acts of
violence at the hands of the consort. It Springs from the
impulse to create a Situation by means of external phy-
sical force, which is in accordance with the individual
psychical and spinal stage of potency, as a preparatory
and coneomitant means to experience the voluptuous Sen-
sation of coitus, to increase it or to make it a Substitute
for cohabitation. In direct ratio of the intensity of the
perverse instinet and the remaining power of moral and
ffisthetic counter motives, it forms a gradation of the most
abhorrent and monstrous to the most ludicrous and absurd
acts (the request for personal castigation, humiliations of
all sorts, passive flagellation, etc.).

54 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

arate parts of the body or portions of raiment of the op-
posite sex, or even simply pieces of clothing-material, with
voluptuous sensations. The patbological aspect of this
manifestation may be deduced from the faet that fetichism
of parts of the body nevcr Stands in direct relation to sex,
that it concentrates the whole sexual interest in the one
part abstracted from the entire body.

As a rule, when the individnal fetish is absent coitus
becomes impossible or ean only be managed under the in-
fluence of the respective imaginary presentation, and even
then grants no gratification. Its pathological condition is
strongly aceentuatcd by the circumstance that the fetiehist
does not find gratification in eoitus itself, but rather in
the manipulation of that portion of the body or that object
which forms the interesting and effective fetich.

The fetich varies individually and is, no doubt, occa-
sioned by some incidont which determines the relation be-
tween a single impression and the voluptuous feeling.

(rf.) Antipathie Scxuality is the total absence of sex-
ual feeling toward the opposite sex. It concentrates all
scxuality in its own sex. The physical and psychical
properties of persons of the same sex alone exercise an
aphrodisic effect and awaken a desire for sexual union.
It is purely a psychical anomaly, for the sexual instinet
does in no wise correspond with the primary and second-
ary physical sexual characteristics. In spite of the fully
differentiated sexual type, in spite of the normally devel-
oped and active sexual glands, man is drawn sexually to
the man, because he has, consciously or otherwise, the in-
stinet of the female toward him, or ^ce versa.-

From the clinical and anthropological standpoint this
abnormal manifestation offers various grades of develop:
ment.

(a) In predominant homosexual instinet traces of
heterosexual (psychical) hennaphrodisia are to be found.

(b) If there is only inclination to the own sex (lio-
mosexuality) the secondary physical sexual characteristics

CEREBRAL NEUROSES. 55

are normal, but the psychical ones may point to incipient
inversion.

(c) The psychical sexual characteristics are inverted,
i.e., they are shaped in accordance with the existing ab-
normal sexuality (effeminatio-viraginity).

(d) Also the secondary physical sexual characteristics
approach that sex to which the individual, according to bis
instinct, belongs (androgyny-gynandry).

These cerebral anomalies fall within the domain of
psychopathology. The spinal and pcripheral anomalies
may occur in combination with the former; but as a rule
they affect persons free from mental disease. They may
occur in various combinations, and become the cause of
sexual crimes, for which reason they demand considera-
tion in the following description. Ilowever, the cerebral
anomalies claim the principal interest, since they very
frequently lead to the commission of perverse and even
criminal acts.

A. Paradoxia. Sexual Instinct Manifesting Itsclf Indc-
pendently of Physiological Processes.

1. Sexual Instinct Manifested in Childhood.

Every physician convcrsant with nervous affections and
diseases incident to childhood is aware of the fact that
manifestations of sexual instinct may occur in very young
children. The observations of Ultzmann concerning
masturbation in childhood1 are worthy of attention in
relation to it. It is necessary hcre to differentiate between
the niimerous cases, in wliich, as a result of phimosis,
balanitis, or oxyuris in tho rectum or the vagina, young

lLouyer-V Hier may speaks of masturbation in a girl of three
or four years, and Morcau (" aberrations du sens genSsique," 2 6dit.,
p. 209) of the same in one of two years.« See further Maudsley,
" Pliysiology and Pathology of Mind " ; Ilirschsprung ( Kopenhagen ) ,
Berlin, klin. Wochenschr./' 1886, Nr. 38; Lombroso, "The Criminal,"
case« 10, 19, and 21.

56 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

children have itching of the genitals, and experience a
kind of pleasurable Sensation froin manipulations occa-
sioned thereby, and thus come to practise inasturbatioii ;
and those cases in which sexual ideas and impulses occur
in the child as a result of cerebral processes without
peripheral causes. It is only in this latter class of cases
that we have to do with premature manifestations of sexual
instinct. In such cases it may always be regarded as an
accornpanying symptom of a neuropsychopathic consti-
tutional condition.

A case of Marcs ("Die Geisteskrankheiten," etc., ron
Ideler, i., p. 66) illustrates very well these conditions. The
subject was a girl of eight years of age, of respectable fam-
ily, who was devoid of all child-like and moral feelings, and
had masturbated froin her fourth year; at the same time
she consorted with boys of the age of ten or twelve. She
had thought of killing her parents, that she raight become
her own mistress and give herseif up to pleasure with
men.

In these cases of premature manifestation of libido the
children begin early to masturbate; and, since tliey are
greatly predisposed eonstitutiorially, they often sink into
dementia, or become subjects of severe degenerative neu-
roses or psychoses.

Lombroso ("Archivio di Psichiatria," iv., p. 22) has
collected a number of cases of children affected wTith very
decided hereditary taint, whicli belong to this category.
One was that of a girl who masturbated shamelessly and
almost constantly at the age of three. Another girl began
at the age of eight, and continued to practise masturba-
tion when married, and even during pregnancy. She was
pregnant twelve times. Five of the children died early,
four were hydrocephalic, and two boys began to mastur-
bate— one at the age of seven, the other at the age of
four.

Zambaco ("L'Encephale," 1882, Er. 1, 2) teils tho
disgusting story of two sisters affected with premature
and perverse sexual desire. The eider, R., masturbated

CEREBRAL NEUROSES PARADOXIA. 57

at the age of seven, practised lewdness with boys, stole
wherever she could, seduced her four-year-old sister into
masturbation, and at the age of ten was given up to the
practice of the most revolting vices. Even ferrum candens
ad clitoridem had no effect in overcoming the practice, and
she masturbated with the cassock of a priest while he was
exhorting her to reformation.

Cf. also Magnan, "Lectures on Psychiatry," (in Ger-
man bv Möbius, vols. ii. and iii., p. 27), giving the case of
premature and preverse vita sexualis in a girl of twelve
with hereditary taint. Other cases, ibidem p. 120-121.

2. Re-awakening of Sexual Instinct in Old Age.1

Cases in which the sexual instinct prevails until a
great age are rare. "Senectus non quidem annis sed
viribus magis sestimatur" (Zittmann). Oesterlen {Mosch-
ha, Handb.," iii., p. 18) mentions the case of a man aged
eighty-three, who was sentenced to three years' imprison-
ment by a court in Würtemberg on account of sexual mis-
demeanours. TTnfortunately nothing is said of the nature
of the crime or of the mental condition of the criminal.

The manifestation of sexual instinct in old age is not
in itself pathological.

Presumption of pathological conditions must neces-
sarily be entcrtained when the individnal is decrepit and
his sexual life has already long become extinct ; and when
the irapulse, in a man whose sexual needs were in his early
life, perhaps, not very marked, manifests itself with
greater strength, and strives for even perverse satisfaction
in a shameless and impulsive manner.

In such cases a presumption of pathological condi-
tions suggests itself at once. Medical science recognises
the fact that such an impulse depends lipon the morbid
altcrations of the brain which lead to senile dementia.
Tliis abnormal manifestation of sexual life may be the

lCf. Kim, " Zeitschr. f. Psych.," Bd. xxxix. Legrand du Saulle,
"Annal. d'hyg.," Oct., 1868.

58 PSYCHOPATH IA 8EXUALI8.

precursor of senile dementia, and makc its appearance
even long before there are any well-defined manifesta-
tions of intellectual weakness. The attentive and expe-
rieneed observer will always be able to detect in this
prodromal stage an alteration of charaeter in pejus, and
a deterioration of the moral sense accompanying the
peculiar sexual manifestation.

The libido of those passing into senile dementia is at
first expressed in laseivious speeeh and gesture. The first
objeets for the attempts of these senile subjeets of brain
atrophy and psychieal degeneration are children. This
sad and dangerous fact is cxplained bv the better oppor-
tunity they have in sueeeeding with children, but more
especially by a feeling of imperfect sexual power. De-
fective sexual power, and greatly diniinished moral sense,
explain the additional fact of the perversity of the sexual
aets of such aged men. They are the equivalents of tho
impossible physiological act.

The annals of legal medicine distinguish as such, ex-
hibition of the genitals,1 lustful handling of the genitals
of children,2 inducing them to perform manustupration on
the seducer, and performing masturbation3 or flagellation
on the victim.

In this stage the intellect may still be sufficicntly in-
tact to allow avoidance of publicity and discovery, while
the moral sense is too far gone to allow consideration of
the moral significance of the act, and resistance to the
impulse. With the progress of dementia, these acts are
more and more shamelessly committed. Then care on
aecount of defective sexual power disappears, and adults
also become the objeets of the senile passion; but the
defective sexual power necessitates equivalents for coitus.
Not infrequently sodomy results, and, as Tarnowsky (op.
CiL, p. 77) points out, in the sexual act performed with

»CWr, ride Lasfguc; "Us exhibitionistes," Union m&licale,
1871: Ist May.

'Legrand du Kaullc, ll La folie devnnt loa trihunaiix." p. 530.

»A'irn, Maschka's §t Hnndb. iL per. Med." pp. 373, 374; " Allg.
Zeitschrift f. P8Vohiat^ie,,, Bd. xxxix., p. 220.

CEBEBRAL NEUBOSES PABADOXIA. 59

geese, chickens, etc., the sight of the dying animal and
its death-struggles at the time of coitus aiford complete
gratification. The perverse sexual acts with adults are
quite as horrible, and may be explained psychologically
in the same way.

Gase 49, in the author's "Text-Book of Legal Psycho-
pathology," second edition, p. 161, demonstrates how
enormously increased sexual lust may be. during the
coursc of senile dementia. Quum senex libidinosus ger-
manam suam filiam asmulatione motus necaret et adspeetu
pectoris scissi puellce moribundee delectaretur.

Erotic delirium and states of satyriasis may oeeur in
the course of the malady, with or without maniacal
episodes, as the f ollowing case shows : —

Case 1. J. Rene, always given to indulgence in sen-
suality and sexual pleasures, but always with regard for
decorum, had shown, since his seventy-sixth year, a pro-
gressive los8 of intelligence and increasing perversion of
his moral sense. Previously bright and outwardly moral,
he now wasted his property in concourse with prostitutes,
frequented brothels only, asked every woman on the street
to marry him or allow coitus, and thus became publicly so
obnoxious that it was necessary to place him in an asy-
lum. There the sexual excitement increased to a veritable
satyriasis, which lasted until he died. He masturbated
continuously, even before others; took delight only in
obscenjB ideas; thought the men about him were women,
and followed them with indecent proposals (Legrand du
Saulle, "La Folie," p. 533).

Moreovcr, women previously moral, when affected with
senile dementia, may manifest similar conditions of great
sexual excitement (nymphomania, furor uterinus).

It may be seen from a reading of Schopenhauer,1 that,
as a result of senile dementia, the abnormally excited and
perverse instinet may be directed exclusively to persons
of the same sex (v. infra). Gratification is obtained by

1 "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung," 1850, IM. iL, p. 401 et seq.

00 PSYCHOPATIIIA 8EXUAUS.

passive pederasty, or, as I ascertained in the following
case, by inutual masturbation : —

Case 2. Mr. X., aged eighty, of high social standing,
born of a family witli hereditary taint. He was always
very HOiiHiml and a cynic, of uncontrollablc temper, and,
according to liis own confession, as a young man pre-
ferred masturbation to coitus. Ilowever, he never showed
signs of sexual porvorsion, and kept mistresses, raising a
child by ono. At tlio ago of forty-eight he married, out
of inclination, and begat six children, and never gave his
wifo cause for complaint. I eould obtain but an incom-
pleto liistory of his family. It was certain that his brother
wan suspected of love for men, and that a nephew bekäme
insano iih a result of execssive masturbation.

The paticnt's temper, always peculiar and quick, had
for yearH been growing more violent. Ile had become
excocdingly fluspicioiis, and slight Opposition to his wishes
indueed attacks of anger wliieli turned at times into actual
raviug, when he would raise his band even against his wife.
For a year thcre lia<l bcen unmistakable signs of incipient
neu ile dementia. The patient liad become forgetful, local-
ised past events incorrectly, and had false ideas of time.
For foiirtccn months it was noticed that he manifested af-
feelimi for certain male servants, especially for a garden-
er's boy. Otlierwise rüde and overbearing to servants, he
Htirfcitcfl his favourite witli favours and presents, and com-
manded bis family and his house officials to treat the boy
witli the greatest respect. The aged patient awaijted the
hour of rende/vouH in true sexual excitement. IIc sent his
family awny, that he might be with his favourite undis-
turbcd, an<l remained slmt up with him for hours; and
when the doors wen» opened again, he was found lying on
ihn bed oxhausted. TJcsides this objeet of his passion, the
patient. had intercourse e])isodically with other servants.
Tt iH certain that he enticed them, asked them for kisses,
oxhibited himself, allowed manipulation ad genHalia, and
practised mutual masturbation. By these practices abso-

CEREBRAL NKUttÜSES PAttADÖXTA* 61

Inte demoralisation was brought about in the honsehold.
The family was powerless; for any Opposition, caused
violent oiitbreaks of anger and even thrcats against his
relatives. The patient was eoinpletelv without apprecia*
tion of his perverse sexual aets; and therefore the only
ronr.se left to the afflioted family was to remove all author-
ity froin bis hands and place him in an asylum. No erotic
inelination towarda the opposite sex was observed, though
the patient oecupied a sleeping-apartment with his wife*
Witb referenee to the perverse sexuality and the defeetive
inoral sense of this rinfortunate man, it is worthy of note
that he questioncd the servants of his daughter-indaw as
to whether she had lovers.

B. — An&sthcsia Scxualis (Absence of Sexual Feeimg).

1- Äs a Gonffünilül Anomaly*

Only those cases ean be regarded as tinqnestionable
examples of ahsence of sexual instinet dependent on eere-
hnil eanses, in which, in spite of generative organs not-
mally developed and the performam-e of their funetions
(seeretion of semen, menstruation), the eorrespondiug
emotions of sexnal life are absolutely waiiting, These f une-
tionally sexless individuuls are rare eases, and? imlrcl,
always persona huviiiu: «ie^enerative defeets, in wlimn other
functional cerebral disturhanees, states of psyrhieal (tagen*
eration, and even anatonrieal sign* *,f degeneration, may be
observed.

Gase 3. K,, age 29, ci\-il servant, consulted nie on
aeeount of his abnonnal sexual condition. Being without
relatives ho wanted to niarry, hut only on rational grounds.
He claimed to have never experieneed a sensual emotion.
Sexual life was known to hhn cmly fram wliat he had
hoard other inen say ahoxit it or fmm what he had read in
erotie novels, which, however, had never made any u Im-
pression lipon him, Ile had no dislike for the

G2 rSYCHOPATIlIA SEXUALIS.

opposite sex, or special inclination towards bis own sex,
and Lad never masturbated. Since bis seventeentb year
he had at intervals nocturnal pollutions, but without con-
comitant lascivious dreams. Ercctions occurred iu tbe
morning wben waking wbicb, however, disappeared at once
af ter eniptying tbe bladder. Excepting this want of sexual
instinct K. considered bimself quite normal. No psycbical
defects could be detected. He was fond of solitude, but
of a frigid nature, without intercst in tbe arts or the beau-
tiful, but a highly efficicnt and esteeined official.

Case 4. W., age 25, inerchant, claimcd to be un-
tainted, never had a severe illness, never had masturbated,
since bis nineteenth year had but rarely pollutions, mostly
without sensual dreams. Since bis twenty-first year coilus
rarisslmus, actus quasi masturbatorius, in corpore feminae,
sine ulkt voluptate. W. declared to have made these at-
tempts solely through curiosity, and soon gave thcin up
altogether as desire, gratification, and ultimately even
erection were wanting. He never had any leaning towards
bis own sex. His deficiency did not seem to cause him any
worry. In the ethical and sesthetical field there were no ab-
normal manifestations.

Case 5. P., aged thirty-six, common labourer, was
reeeived at my clinic in the beginning of Xovember on
aecount of spastic spinal paralysis. IIc declared he camo
of a healthy family. A stutterer from his youth. Cranium
microeephalic (cf. 53 cm.). Patient somewhat imbecile.
He was never sociable, never had a sexual emotion. Tlio
sight of a woman never had anytbing enticing for him.
He never had a desire to masturbate. Erections frequent,
but only on awakening in the morning with a füll bladder,
and without a trace of sexual feeling. Pollutions very
infrequent — about once a year, in sleep — and usually
while dreaming that he was concerned with a foinale.
These dreams, however, as his dreams in general, were not
markedly erotic. He said the act of pollution was not ac-

CEREBRAL NEU&OSES AN.ESTHESIA SEXUALIS. 63

companicd by any pleasurable Sensation. Patient did
not feel this absence of sexual Sensation. He gave tho
assurance tbat his brother, aged thirty-four, was in exactly
the same sexual condition as himself, and made it seem
probable that a sister, aged twenty-one, was in a similar
State. A younger brother, he said, was sexually normal.
The examination of his genitale revealed nothing abnormal
beyond phimosis.

Further cases see V. Krafft, "Arbeiten," iv., p. 178,
179.

Ilammond ("Sexual Impotence"), even with his wide
experience, reports only the following three cases of anaes-
thesia sexualis : —

Case 6. Mr. W., aged thirty- three ; strong, healthy,
with normal genitals. He had never experienced libido,
and had vainly sought to awaken his defective sexual in-
stinct by means of obscene stories and intercourse with
prostitutes. On the occasion of such attempts he experi-
enced only disgust, with even a feeling of nausea, and
became nervously and mentally exhausted. Only once,
when he forced the Situation, did he have a transitory erec-
tion. W. had never masturbated, and had had pollutions
about once every two months from his seventeenth year.
Important interests demanded that he should marry. He
had no Horror femince, and longed for a home and a wife,
but feit that he was incapable of the sexual act. He
died unmarried in the American Civil War.

Case 7. X., aged twenty-seven, genitals normal;
never feit libido. Mechanical or thermic Stimuli easily in-
duced erection, but libido sexualis was regularly replaced
by a desire for alcoholic indulgence. Such excesses also
induced erections, and he then sometimes masturbated.
He had a disinclination for women and a loathing of
coitus. If, with an erection, he made an attempt at
coitus, it disappeared at once. Death in coma during an
attack of cerebral hypersemia.

64 TSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUAUS.

Case 8. Mrs. O., nornially devcloped, liealthy, raen-
struated regularly ; aged thirty-five ; fif teen years married.
She never experienced libido, and never had any erotic
excitement in sexual intercourse with her husband. She
was not averse to eoitus, and sometimes seemed to experi-
ence pleasure in it, but she never had a wish for repetition
of cohabitation.

In connection with such genuine cases of ancesthesia,1
there should be considered other cases in which the mental
side of the vita scxualis is a blank leaf in the life of
the individual, but where eleinentary sexual sensations
manifest themselves at least in masturbation (cf. the tran-
sitional case 7). According to Magnans ingenious Classi-
fication— which, however, is not strictly correct and
somewhat too dogmatic — in such cases the sexual life is
so limited as to be designated spinal. Possibly in some
such cases there exists virtually a mental side of the vita
sexualis, but it is very weak, and undermined by mastur-
bation before it attains developmcnt. These represent
the transitional cases from the congenital to the acquired
(psychical) anwsthesia sexvalis. This danger threatens
many masturbators of vitiated Constitution. It is psyeho-
logically interesting that when the sexual element is early
vitiated, then an ethical defect is manifested.

The two following cases, previously published by nie
in the "Archiv für Psychiatrie," vii., are given here as
illustrations worthy of consideration: —

'No doubt Swift 's, the great satirist, was a case of amrsthcsia
scxualis. Adolf Stern says in his biography of Swift (" Aus dem 18.
Jahrhundert; Biographische Bilder und Skizzen," Leipzig, 1874) :
" It seems that he was totally devoid of the sensual elements of love;
his candid cynicism, found in many of his letters, is almost definite
proof of this. Whoever properly grasps certain passages in ' Gulli-
ver's Travels,' and especially the aecount which Swift gives of the
marriage and progeny of the Houyhnhorses, the noble steeds of the
last chapterö, can scarcely doubt that this great satirist abhorrod
marriage, and never feit the inipulse which draws the soxes togother.**
Practically speaking, the enigmatical side of Swift 's ehnrnetor, and
several of his works, viz.t "T)iar>T to Stella" and "Gulliver's Travels."
can only be understood if Swift is considered sexually anflesthetie.

CEREBRAL

-AN-ESTJIE5IA SEXITAUa.

Gase 9- 1\ J., aged nineteen, atmlont; uiother waa
nervous, sister cpileptic. At the age of four, acute braiu
affection, lasting two weeks. Aa a child lie was not
affectionatc, and was cold towards his parents; as a Student
he was pceuliar, retiring, preoceupied with seif, aud given
to much reading* Well endowed nientally. Masturbation
from fifteenth year. Eccentric after puberty, with con-
tinual vacillatiun betwuen religious etithusiasm and ma-
terialism — now study mg theology, now natural seiendes*
At tbe university his fellow-students took kirn für a foul.
He read Jean Paul iltnoet exelusively, and was t cd bis
time* Absolute absence of sexual fccling toward the op-
posite sex* Once he indulged in intercourse, experienced
ao sexual fecling in the act, found eoitus absurd, and did
not repeat it* Without any emotional cause whatever, he
often had a thought of suieide. He made it the subjeet of
a philosophical dissertation, in whieb he contended that it
was, like masturbation, a justifiable aet. After repeaterl
experiments whieb Jie made on him&elf with various poi*
sons, he atteinpted suieide with fif ty-sevcn grains of opium,
but he was saved and sent to an asylum.

Patient was destitute of moral and social feelings. His
writings disclosed incrediblc frivolity and vulgarity. His
knowlcdge was of a wide ranges but his logic peculiarly
distorted, There was no trace of emotionality* He treated
everything (even the sublime) with ineornparable cynicisui
and irony. He pleaded for the justifieation of suieide with
false philosophical premises and conelusions, aud, as one
would speak of the most indifferent affalr, he declarod that
he intended to accomplish it. He regretted that his pen-
knife had been taken from him. If he had it, he would
open bis veins as Seneea did — in the bath, At one time
a friend had gh*en him instead of a poison as he siip-
posed, a cathartic. Instead of sending him to the other
woxld, it sent him to the water-cloaet Only the Great
Operator could eradicate bis foolish and fatal idea with the
sr-vtbe of death, etc.

The patient had a large, rhombic, diatorted skull, tho

PSYCHOPATH!* SEXÜAUS.

left half of the forehead being flatter than the right. The
oeelput was very straight* Ears far buek? widely projeet-
ina Aiid the external nieatus foriucd a narrow slk. üenitais
very lax \ testiclea unusually soft and small.

Now and then the patient suffered with ononiatomania.
He was eouipelled to thiiik of the most useless problems
and give himself up to interminable, distressing and worry-
ing thoughts, and becaine so f atigued that he was no longer
capable of any rational thinking. After eornc nionths the
patient was mit honie uniinproved. There he spent his
time in read ing and frivol ities, and busied himself with
the thought of founding a new System of Christianity
because Christ had been subjeet to ^raiul dehisinns and
had deeeived the world with miracles( !). After remaining
at home so nie yeara the sudden oecurrenee of a inaniaeal
outbreak brought hirn back to the asyluni. He presented
a mixture of primordial delirium of perseeution (devil,
anliehrist, perseeution, poisoning, perseeuting voiees)
and delusions of grandenr (Christ, redemption of the
world), with impulsive, incoherent aetions. After five
months there was a reruission of this intereurrent acute
mental disease, and the patient returned to the level of
his original intellectual peculiarity and moral defect.

Case 10. Rj aged thirty, jouraeyman painter, was
arrested while trying to eut off the scrotuni of a boy he
had eaught in the woods. He gave as a motive for this
act that he wished to citt it off in order that the world
should not nuiltiply. Often in his youth, with like
purpose, he had eut into bis owii genitale.

It is impossible to learn anythmg of his ancestry.
From his childbood he was mentally abnormal, violent,
never Hvely, very irritable, iraseible, sei fish and weak
minded* He hated women, loved solitude, and read much.
He Bometimea langhed to himself and did silly thitigs.
Of late years his hat red of women had inereased, espeeially
of those that were pregnant, they being responsible for
the misery of the world* He also hated chüdren, and

CEÄEBKAL NEUBOSES AN.ESTHES1A SEXTJALIS.

cursed bis father. He entertained coinuiunistic ideas,
and berated the rieh and the mini st ry and God, who
had allowed him to conie into tbe world so poor. Ho
deelared that it would be better to castrate all children
than to allow otherä to come into tbe world fated only to
endure poverty and niisery. He had always had tbe In-
tention, from bis hfteenth year, of castrating bimself, in
order that he might haveno part in inereasing imhapphiess
and adding to tbe number of men. He bated tbe feraalc
sex because it was a means of procreation. Only twice in
bis life had be allowed women to practiso mannst npration
on him, and, witb the exception of this be bad never had
anything to do witb them. Oecasionally be had sexual
desire, bot never für a natural gratirication of it, Wlien
nature did not help him, he occasionally helped bimself
by means of masturbation.

He was a powerfnl, muscnlar man. Tbe formation of
the genitals presented no abnormal ity, On tbe serotnin
and penis were mimen ms scars, the results of his attempts
at self-einascnlation, whieh, he asserted, were not Garried
"ut on Moount of pain. Genu valgum of right leg* No
Btidence of onanisrn conld l)e discovered. He was nioody,
defiant, irritable. Social feelings were absolut ely foreign
to him. With the exeeption of imperfect sleep and fre-
quent beadaches, there were no fnnetional distiirbances,

From cases of this kind, depending on cerebral eanaes,
there nmst be diatinguished others in whieh the ubsence
of fnnetion arises from an absenee of malformation of the
generative organs, as in certain hermaphrodites, idiots and
cretins.

UUzmanns1 observattons show that anaesthesta sexualis
19 not caiised simply by axprrmia. He rIiows that even in
congenital aspermia the viia scrualis and sexual power
may be entirely satisfying; an additional proof that de-

lwUeber miinnlk>he Sterilität," Wiener med. Preaie, 187S, Nr, L
*Teber Potentia generandi et erfundi/* Wiener Klinik, 1885, Heft ly
S. 5.

68 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

fective libido ab origine is to be sought for in cerebral con-
ditions.

The naturae frigidae of Zacchias are cxamples of a
milder form of ana*sthesia. They arc met with morc fre-
quently in women than in men. The characteristic signs of
this anomaly are: slight inclination to sexual intercourse, or
pronounced disinclination to eoitus without sexual equiva-
lent, and failure of corresponding psychical, pleasurable
excitation during eoitus, which is indulged in simply from
sense of duty. I have often had oecasion to hear com-
plaints from lmsbands alK>ut this. In such cases the wives
have ahvays proved to be neuropathic ab origine. Some
were at the same time hystencal.

2. Acquired Ancesthesia.

Acquired diminution of sexual instinet, extending
through all degrees to extinetion, may depend on various
causes. These may be organic and functional, psychical
and somatic, central and peripheral. The diminution of
libido, as age advances, and its temporary disappearance
after the sexual act, are physiological. The variations with
reference to the duration of the sexual instinet are de-
pendent upon individual factors. Education and manner
of life have a great influence upon the intensity of the
vita sexitalis. Intense mental activity (liard study), phy-
sical exertion, emotional depression, and sexual eontinence
decidedly diminish sexual inclination. Oontinence at first
induces inerease, but sooner or later, aeeording to con-
stitutional conditions, the activity of the generative organs
decreases, and with it libido. At all events, in a ]>erson
sexually mature, a close connection exists between the
activity of the generative glands and the degree of libido.
That this relation is not determined is shown by the cases
of sensual women, who, after the climacterium, continue
to have sexual intercourse, and may manifest states of
sexual excitement (cerebral). Also in eunuchs it is seen
that libido may long outlast the produetion of semen.

CEREBRAL NEURO8E8 — U Yi'KK.ESTH KMA.

On the other hand? hovever, expericnce teaches that
libido is essentially conditioned by the functions of the
generative glands, and that the faets mentioned are ex-
eeptioaal manifestations, As peripheral causes of diminu*
tum or oxtinetion of libido, liiay be mentioned castration.
An igem ration of the sexual glands, marasmus, sexual
excesses in the form of coitus and masturbation, and
aleoholism and ahn sc of cocaine. In the same way,
the disappcaranco of libido in general disturbancea of
nutrition (diabetes, morphinisni, etc*) may be explained.
Finally, the atrophy of the testicles shoukl be reinem -
beredj whieh has soniotimea been observed to follow focal
lesions of the brain (corebelhim).

A diminutiun of the vi tu sfwualis frora degeneration
of the tracts of the cord and genito - spinal eentre,
occnrs in diseases of the spinal cord and brain. A
central interferenee with the sexual instinet may be or*
ganically indueed by oortieal disease (dementia paralytica
in its advaneed stages) ; fnnetionally, by hysteria (cen-
tral amesthesia?) and emotional insauity (melancholia,
hypoehondria).

C- Hyper&sthesia ( Abnormal ly Ine reased Sexual Dtsirei.

One of the niost important anomal ies of sexual lifo is
an abnormal presenee of sexual sensations and presrnta-
tions from whieh necessartly arise froquent and violrnt
impulses for sexual gratiiieation, Xo doubl it is the out-
OOrae of the ediu'uh«m, nr rat hör the hwedlHg of many
eenturies that the sexual instinet whieh is indispensable
for the preservation of the race and therefore congenita 1
in every normal individiial, is not the pivdmniiuint key
in the chord of human seiitimmts, but rather forms epi-
sodes in the phvsiral and psychical life of eultured man
whh perioda of ebb and tlood tidc; is the generating ele-
Bleut of higher and nobler social and moral sentlments,
and leaves room fof other spheres of aetivity, the objeet
of whieh is the fnrtheraiiee i>f interests affeetin^ llie indi*
vi dual as well as society at large.

70 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

It is, moreover, a Statute of the moral code and of
the common law that civilised man satisfy his sexual in-
stinct only within the barriers (established in the interests
of the Community) of modesty and morality, and that
man should, under all circumstances, control this instinct
so soon as it comes in conflict with the altruistic demands
of society.

If the normally constituted civilised individual were
unable to comply with this rule, family and State would
cease to exist as the foundations of a moral, lawful Com-
munity.

Practically speaking the sexual instinct never develops
in the normal, sane individual that has not been deprived
by intoxication (alcohol, etc.) of his reason or good senses,
to such an extent that it permeates all this thoughts and
feelings, allowing of no other aims in life, tumultuously,
and in rut-like fashion demanding gratification without
granting the possibility of moral and righteous counter-pre-
sentations, and resolving itself into an impulsive, insatiable
succession of sexual enjoyments.

For the latter would at once betray a pathological con-
dition, which episodically might produce such a high
degree of sexual affection, that self-consciousness becomes
clouded, sanity impaircd, and a true psychical calamity
established which would lead to an irresistible impulse to
commit sexual acts of violence.

Such psycho-sexual extravagances have been but little
probed scientifically, though they are of great importance
for the criminal forum since the individual so affected
can scarcely be held mentally responsible. It is fortunate
for society and for the criminal doctor, who is called upon
to make the diagnosis, that these cases, in which irresistible
hypersensuality leads to the gravest and indisputably path-
ological sexual aberrations, are only encountered in that
category of human beings whom we class among the de-
generates infected with hereditary taint.

Alas, their number is by no means small in modern so-
ciety, which shows many marks of physical and psychical

t E B 1 : Itlt A I , X 1 : 1 ' K< >S ES II YPTvR.TCST 1 1 ESI A.

degeneration, especially in the centres of eulture and re-
fineruent.

Coupled with perversions o£ sexual life and sexual im-
beeility apringing from the same degenerated BOil, offen
with the aiding influenec of aloohol, the mo8t immstrous and
horrible sexual exoesses (cf. Badistn) are perpetrated
which would diflgtace hmnanity at largef eould they(he
coiumitted bv nurnial man.

Tlie coinmissiou of theso ut.rocioi.is acta by degenerated
and partiully defeetiTe individuals is the outcome of an ir-
resistiblc iinjmlsc* er delirium* The meehanism of these
aetions is indeed the property of psveliieal degencration.

The speeial act follows the dircction given bv the her-
editary or acquired Impulse and in miiny instantes Is de-
terniined by the relative potency or impotenco of the agent
This pathologica] sexual ity is a droadful Beourge fef its
victim^ for he is in <■< instant «langer uf violating the laws of
the State and of iiinrality, of loeing bis lionor, his freedoin
and even his life. Alcohol and pmlnnged sexual ahstinenco
are apt io produce in such degenerated persona at any tinie
powerfnl sexual affections.

Besides these graver manifestations of puthologieal sex-
uality wo find also milder and more numerous gradations
of hypersexualitv, to tlio lowest of which, perhaps, belong
those individuals who, impeeuninus though tbey he whilst
sextially potent, mov« in the better classes of soeiety and
have no other aim in life t.han to gratify their sexual de-
eires. These are not ifflioted iritib l pathologica! sexual
eondition, know tn control themselves in a measure^ observe
the acknowledged rules of deceney, do not compromiae
themselves, but allow no opportun! ty to pass by without
utilizing it to the utmost, An<>ther grade are the apron-
fuuttirs, the Don Juans, whoso whole existenee is an en«l-
less ehain of sensual enjovnionf and whose blunted moral
sense does not keep thein from seduetion, adultery and
even incest.

Gase II, P-, Oaretaker, age 53; married; no evi-

72 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

dence of hereditary taint; no epileptic antecedents; mod-
erate drinker ; no sign of senium precox ; appeared, accord-
ing to the Statement of his wife during the whole time of
their married life covering a period of 28 years, hypersex-
ual, extremely libidinous, ever potent, in fact insatiable in
his marital relations. During coitus he became quite bestial
arjd wild, trerabled all over with excitement and panted
heavily. This nauseated the wife who by nature was rather
frigid and rendered the discharge of her eonjugal duty a
heavy bürden. He worried her with his jealous behaviour,
but he himself soon after the marriage seduced his wife's
sister, an innocent girl, and had a child by her. In 187t3 he
took mother and child to his home. He now had two
women, but gave preference to the sister-in-law, which the
wife tolerated as a lesser evil. As years went by his libido
increased, though his poteney decreased. He often resorted
to masturbation even iramediately after coitus, and with-
out in the least minding the presenee of the women. Since
1892 he eommitted immoral acta with a girl of 16 years,
who was his ward, i.e., puellam coagere solebat, ut eum
masturbaret. He even tried to force her at the point of a
revolver to have coitus with him. The sanie attempts he
made on his own illegitimate child, so that both often had
to be protected from him. At the clinic he was quiet and
well-behaved. His excuse was hypersexuality. He ac-
knowledged the wrongfulness of his actions, but said he
could not help himself. The frigidity of the wife had
forced him to commit adultery. There was no disturbance
of his mental facultics, but the ethical elements were ut-
terly wanting. He had several epileptic fits but no signs
of degeneration.

We must concede that the degree of libido scxualis is
subject to rise and fall in the untainted individual, aecord-
ing to age, constitutional conditions, mode of life and the
various influences of health and illness of the IxkIv, etc.
Sexual desire ra]>idly increases after puberty, until it
reaches a marked degree ; it is strongest from the twentieth
to the fortieth year, and thcn slowly decreases. Married

CEKEBBAL NEUBOSES HYPEE^STHESIA.

life seenis to preserve and control the instiuct. Sexual in-
tercourse with niany persona inereases the desire.

Since woman has less sexual need than man, a pre-
dominating sexual desire in her arouscs a suspicion of its
pathological signitieaiice. Those Hving in large eitles, who
are eonstantly reminded of sexual thnigs and ineited to
sexual enjoyment, certuinly liave inore sexual desire than
those living in the eoimtry. A dissipated, hixnriotiSj se-
dentary manner of life? preponderance of animal food, and
the eonsumption of spirita, spices, etc., have a stiumlating
influenae ou the sexual life. In wmnan the sexual iuolina-
tion is post-inenstriially inereased. At this poriod, in neu-
ropathic woiuen, the excit einen t may reach a pathological
degree-

The gfBtti libido of consumptives is remarkablej even
during the very latest stages of the disease. Sexual hyper-
ffisthesia is in my opinion a funetional manifestation of de-
generation. Whether it niay oeeur as an acquired, aeci-
dental, episodieul condition in the nntainted is worthy of
scientifie research. Exeessive libido may be periphendly
or eentrally indueed* The former manner of origin is the
more infrrquent. Pruritus and eczema of the genital« may
cause it, and likewise eerfain suhstanees, like cantharides,
whieh powerfully stimulale sexual desire.

Not infrequently in women at the climacteric period
sexual exeitement o<>curs, occasioned Py pruritus, and also
in cases whcre there is neu ropathic taint Magnan (*' An-
nales medieo-payelin].," 1885, p. 157) reports the casc of
a ladv who was afflicted in the mornings with attacks of
frightfol ereihismuB genitalis, and the ease of a mau aged
fifty-five who was formented at night by unbearable pri-
Bpisra, In eacb ease there was a neurosis*

The central origin of sexual exeitement ean often be
traeed1 in persons having neurotie taint or hysteria and in

*ln imlivtihmls in whom intenae sexual hyperBeathesia is asan-
ciated with nequireel irritable weakneaä of the sexual appnriittiH, it
happens thnt simply tit the ifght of n plearttng1 female fi^ure, without
periphere 1 Irritation of ihe ffpnitula, the psyehosextm) eentre may
excite into action not only the mechnimm of the ereetiun. Init lifo

78 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUAXIS.

the fire of her passion, when she would return to her
family again. Husband and children have no place in her
heart with her present love. The husband took her to a
foreign country. and placed her there under medical treat-
nient.

This pathological love of married women for other men
is a phenomenon in the domain of psychopathia sexualis
which sadly Stands in need of scientific explanation. The
author has had the opportunity of observing five cases be-
longing to this category. The pathological conditions were
paroxysmal, in one case repeatedly recurrent; but always
sharply distinct f rom the unaffected, healthy period, during
which deep sorrow and contrition over the occurrence were
manifested. But it was the sorrow over an unavoidable
fatality caused by psychically abnormal conditions.

Whilst the pathological conditions lasted, absolute in-
difference, even hatred, prevailed towards husband and
children, and an utter want of understanding the bearings
and consequences of the scandalous behaviour, jeopardising
the honour and dignity of wife and family, were noticeable.
It is remarkable that in all these cases the husband and
relatives had come to the conclusion that the condition was
caused by psychopathia, even before they had obtained ex-
pert opinion.

As against the "non-psychopathica!" but otherwise ab-
normally libidinous Messalinas, it is well worthy of note
that this sexual abcrration is only an episode in the life of
the otherwise honourable woman, and that the illicit intcr-
course was of a strictly monogamic character. This, and
particularly the circumstance that the unfortunate woman
was not omnium virorum mulier, but only the mistress of
one man, establishes a distinct difference from nympho-
mania. In three of the cases mentioned above, the grossly
sensual momentum wras missing, the real motive for marital
infidelity was to be found in a fetich-like charm, in mental
superior qualities, — in one case the voice of the charmer.

In two cases unmistakable proofs of hypercesthesia
sexualis and of absolute impotence towards the husband

CEBEBBAL NEUBOSES HYPEE^JSTHESIA. 75

of school, confessed that he committed masturbation in
scbool whilst sitting at his desk which, however, prevented
the act being seen by the pupils as it was encased all
around. He drank more than usual on the preceding
evening, had been provoked to anger before going to school,
and had been excited by the sight of some very pretty girls
attending his lecture. This produced a violent erection
and led to masturbation. After the act he became conscious
at once of his compromising position, but the thought that
the pupils had not noticed his excitement had helped him to
regain self-possession.

His previous conduct being without a blemish, the au-
thorities suspected a pathological condition and insisted
upon a medical examination by the author.

The facts elicited were the following: Z. came froni
healthy parents. Two close relations were epiletics. At
the age of 13 Z. suffered from a severe concussion of the
brain, which produced an acute dementia lasting three
weeks. Since that time frequent spells of irritability and
intolerance of alcohol.

At the age of 16 awakening of vita sexualis with ab-
normal vigor and pronounced sexual emotions. Lascivious
Hterature and pictures of women produced satisfying ejacu-
lation. From the age of 18 onward he indulged now and
then in coitus. But as a rule the touching of a woman's
arm sufficed to produce orgasm and ejaculation. He mar-
ried at the age of 24 and indulged in coitus three or four
times daily, and besides practised masturbation, coupled
with ideal coitus.

(See footnote on page 73).

With the birth of his fourth child (three years ago) Z.
was forced, for economical reasons, to restrain himself from
sexual intercourse as he despised anticonceptional means.
Tactus feminarum, which produced pollutio diurna, proved
unsatisfactory as did also automasturbation. He suffered
much from incessant sexual excitement, which at the end
of periods of six weeks became so strong that it affected
his mind and will power sensibly. Only masturbation

76 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXTTALIS.

kept him f rom committing sexual violence on women. He
became very irritable and easily flew into passion, yelled
and raged about the house and even beat wife and children.

It often happened now that at the height of such a spell
he would fall over and become unconscious, rattling from
the throat in a peculiar manner. After a few ininutes he
would recover again with complete amnesia of what had
happened. An attack of this kind had, however, not pre-
eeded the act with which he now stood charged, but had
occurred three days afterward.

Z. was an intelligent, decent man, most penitent and
filled with shame.

He understood quite well that he could no longer teach
at a girl's school and bewailed his unnatural, unbridled
sensuality.

He made no attempt to in any way excuse his action,
but pointed out that his nervous System had been thor-
oughly shaken of late by libido hisaiiata and overwork (les-
sons up to twelve hours daily).

Vegetative functions normal ; parietal protuberance of
cranium ; genitals large, lax, but normal.

Patellar reflexes much exaggerated.

In my report I pointed out that Z. suffered from a
pathologically exaggerated vita sexualis and most probably
from cpilepsy, and had committed the act whilst subject to
a sexual affection which depressed the power of self-con-
trol to a minimum.

Further legal proceedihgs were withdrawn. Z. was
pensioned off.

Case 13. On llth July, 1884, K., aged thirty-three,
servant, was admitted suffering with paranoia persecutoria
and neurasthenia sexualis. Mother was neuropathic ; father
died of spinal disease. From childhood he had an intense
sexual desire, of which he became conscious as early as his
sixth year. From this age, masturbation ; from fifteenth
year, faute de mieux, pederasty ; occasionally, sodomitic in-
dulgences. Later, dbusus coitus in matrimonio cum uxore.

CEICEUItAL NEUEOSES ÜYPEIUiSTIlESlA.

Now and thcn even perverse impnlse to conimit cunnilingus
and to adniinister cantharides to his wife> becanse her lihi-
do did not equal bis own. His wife died after a skort
period of married lifo. Patient's eireti instane.es beeame
straiteued, and he liad no means to indulge himself .sexu-
ally. Then niasturbation again ; etuployinent of lingua
nua's to induce ejaculation. At times, priapism and con-
ditions approaching- salyriasie. He was then driven to
masturbate in order to avoid rape. With gradually pre-
dominating sexual neurasthenia and hypoebondria caine
Ir'iii'ürial diniitMitinii nf lihitlo ttitnia.

A partlcular speeics of hyperwsthtsht sexu/aUa may be
foiiüd in feinales in whom a most impulsive desire for sexu-
al intäToerarse with certain man imperatively demands
gratifieation* No doubt "imrequitcd love" fnr another man
may often affeet the married woman who does not eitlier
psyebieally or physically {im potent in mariti) experience
eonnubial satisfaction ; but the normal, nntainted wife
guided by ethical reasons knuws how to couquer herseif.

Of course, pathologieal conditions cliauge the Situation*

Fetiehism nmst lierc be considemh Sexual impulse is
overpowering, at times periodically reeurrent. The very
attempt to overcome it produces mo&t painful attaeks of
worry and anxiety. This pathologieal want beeomes so
powerful that all considerations of shame, eonventionality
and womanly honour siniplv disappear, and it reveals itself
in fche moii shameless riianner even to the hu «band, whikt
the normal woman, endowed with füll moral eonseioiiHn SB,
knows how to eonceal the terrible secret.

Magnun ("Psychiatr. Vorlesungen") quotea two strik-
ing instaneoe from bis own experienee. One is special ly
instruetive. A young woman, niother of three children,
with a bkmeless past, but daughtcr of a lunatic, teils her
husband one day openly that s!ie is in love witli a certain
young man and that she would kill herseif if her intimate
relations with bim were interfered with, She begs per-
mission to live with him for six raonths in order to queneli

FSYCJIOPATHIA SEXÜAXIS.

the fire of her passion, when sho would return to her
family again. Husband and ehihlren have no place in her
heart with her present luve. The husband took her to a
Eoreigü country. and place J her there under medical treat-
mctit.

Thia pathological luve o£ inarried wonien for other inen
is a phenomenon in the domain of psycho pathia sexualis
which sadly Stands in need of scientific explanation. Tlie
anflior 1ms had the opporhinity of observing five cases be-
longing to this category, The pathological conditions were
paroxysmal, in one case repeatedly recurrent; but always
sharply distinet from the nnaffected, healthy period, during
which deep sorrow and contrition over the oeeurrence were
inanifested. But it was the sorrow over an unavoidable
fatal itv oaused by psych ically abnormal conditions»

Whilst the patbological eo&ditio&fl lasted, absolute in-
differeucc, oven hatred, prevailed tuwards husband and
children, and an ntter waiit of understanding tlie bcarings
and consequences of the scandalous bab&vioufj jeopardising
the honour and dignity of wife and family, were notieeable,
It is remarkable that in all these cases the husband and
relatives had come to the conchiaion that the conditiun was
caused by psyebopathia, even before they had obtained ex-
pert opinion.

As against the "non-psychopathical" but otberwige ab-
normally libidiuoiis Messalinas, it is well worthy of note
that this sexual aberrat ion is only an episode in the lifc of
the otherwise honourable woman, and that the illicit intcr-
eourse was of a strietiy monogamic character. Tbis, and
partieularly the circimistanee that the lmfortnnate wumun
was not omnium virovum mutier, but only the mistress of
one man, establiehcs a distinet difference from nympho-
mania. In three of the cases mcntioneil above, the gross] v
sensu al momentan was missing, the real inotive for marital
infidelity wras to be found in a fetich-like charm, in mental
superior qualities, — in one ease the voiee of the charmer.

In two cases unmistakablc proofs of hypcrwsth* ma
sexualis and of absolute impotence towards the husband

CEREBRAL NEUROSES PAR.ESTIIESIA OF FEELING. 79

were found, whilst the merest touch of the other man pro-
duced orgasm, and the sexual act the aeme of pleasure. Of
course, in these latter cases absolute sexual abandonment
followed.

D. Parssthesia of Sexual Feeling (Perversion of the Sex-
ual Instinct).

In this condition there is perverse emotional colouring
of the sexual ideas. Ideas physiologically and psycho-
logically accompanied by feelings of disgust, give rise to
pleasurable sexual feelings; and the abnormal association
finds expression in passionate, uncontrollable emotion. The
practical results are perverse acts (perversion of the sexual
instinct). This is more easily the case if the pleasurable
feelings, increased to passionate intensity, inhibit any op-
posing ideas with corresponding feelings of disgust ; or the
influence of such opposing coneeptions may be rendered
impossible on aecount of the absence or loss of all ideas of
morality, asthetics and law. This loss, however, is only too
frequently found where the spring well of ethical ideas and
feelings (a normal sexual instinct) has been poisoned from
the beginning.

With opportunity for the natural satisfaction of the
sexual instinct, every expression of it that does not corre-
spond with the purpose of nature — i.e., propagation — must
be regarded as perverse. The perverse sexual acts resulting
from pargesthesia are of the groatest importance clinically,
socially, and f orensieally ; and, therefore, they must here
reeeive careful consideration ; all a?sthetic and moral dis-
gust must be overcome.

Perversion of the sexual instinct, as will be seen farther
on, is not to be confounded with perversity in the sexual
act; since the latter may be induced by conditions other
than psycho-pathological. The concrete perverse act, mon-
strous as it may be, is clinically not decisive. In order
to differentiate between disease (perversion) and vice (per-
versity), one must investigate the whole personality of the

80 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

individual and the original motive leading to the perverse
act. Therein will be found the key to the diagnosis (t;. in-
f™).

Parsesthesia may occur in corabination with hyperses-
thesia. This association seems to be frequent clinically.
Sexual acts are then confidently to be expected. The per-
verse direction of sexual activity may be toward sexual
satisfaction with the opposite or the same sex. Thus two
great groups of perversions of sexual life may be distin-
guished.

I. Sexual Inclination Toward Persons of the Opposite
Sex, with Perverse Activity of the Instinct.

1. Sadism.1 Association of Active Cruelty and Violence

with Lust.

Sadism, cspecially in its rudimentary manifestations,
seems to be of common occurrence in the domain of sexual
perversion. Sadism is the experience of sexual pleasurable
sensations (including orgasm) produced by acts of cruelty,
bodily punishment afflicted on one's own person or when
witnessed in others, be they animals or human beings. It
may also consist of an innate desire to humiliate, hurt,
wound or even destroy others in order thereby to create
sexual pleasure in one'a seif.

Thus it will happen that one of the consorts in sexual
heat will strike, bite2 or pinch the other, that kissing de-
generates into biting. Lovers and young married couples
are fond of teasing each other, they wrestle together "just

'So named from the notorious Marquis de Sade, whose obscone
novels treat of lust and cruelty. In French literature the expression
" Sadism " has been applied to this perversion. Eulenburg ( " Klin.
Handb. der Harn und Sexual-organe ") uses the term " active algd-
lagnia" in connection with these phenomena.

aJ/off, Contr. Sexualempfindung, 3d ed., p. 160; Krafft-Ebing
" Arbeiten " iv., p. 106 ; Idem, Leifden's Oerman clinie, vi. Sect. 2,
p. 137; Eulenburg, Orenzfragen des Nerven-und Seelenlebens, xxi.

P. i.

SEXUAL 1NCLI NATION TüWAW) THE OFPOSlTfc SEX.

for fun*" indulge in all sorts of horseplay. The transitiüii
in hu tfaeae alavi*tic mauifestationsj which no doubl be-
long to the sphere of physiological sexuality, to the inost
inonstnms aets of desTrun Um of tbe eonsort's life can be
readtly traced,

Where the husband forces tbe wife by menaces and
otker violent ineans to the conjugal act? wo can no longer
deseribe such as a normal physiologieul mauifestation, but
mnst ascribe it to aadistic Impulses. It seems probable
that ihis sadistie fopce is developed by the natural shyness
and niiidf-sty of womiin towanls the aggressive manners <>f
tbe male, espeeially during the earlier periods of married
life and partieularly where the husband is hypersexual.
Woman no doubl derives pleasure from her innate eoyness
and the final victory of man affords her intense and refined
grntinealion, Hcmr the frequent recurrence of these little
love comedies.

A further development of these sadiatic traees may be
f • nii ikI in inen who deinand tbe sexual aet in uuusual plaees,
für this seems to offer an opportunity to him to show hil
raperiority over woman, to provoke her defense and delight
in her subsequent confuaion and abashment.

Case 14, One of my patients, hereditarily tainted, a
crank, married to an extremely lnindsome woman of very
vivaeious fcemperament, beeame impotent when he saw her
beautifulj pure white skin and her elegant teilet, but was
qnite potent witb any ordinarv wmrh, no matter how dirty
(Feiichiam). But it would happes that during a lonely
walk witb her in the coimtry lie would suddcnly Force her
to have coitus in a meadow, or behind a shrub. Tbc
stronger she refused the more excited he became witb per*-
teet potency* The same would happen in places where
there was a risk of being diseovered in tbe aet, for iustanee,
in tbe niilway train, in the lavatory of a restaurnnt. "But
at home in bis own bed be was quite devoid of cttpiäo.

In the civilizcd man of to-day, in so far as he is un-
tainted, assoeiations between tust and cruelty are found,

PSYCHOPATH IA SKXtJALlS*

but in a weak and rather rudimentary degree. If auch
therefore occur and in fact even light atrociotis nianifesta-
tions thereof, they must be attribiitcd to distorted disposi-
tions (sexual and motoric spheres).

They are due to an awakening of latent psychieal dispo-
sitionSj oceasioned by external circumstances which in no
wiae affect the normal individual. They are not aceidental
deviations of sentiment or instinct in the sense es given by
the modern doctrine of association. Sadistie sensationa
may often be traeed back to earlv childbood and exist dur-
ing a period of lifo when their revival ean by no manner
of meana be attributed to cxternal inipressions, niuch leas to
sexual temper,

Sadism rnust, therefore, like Masochism and the anti-
pathic sexual instinet, be counted among the originary
anomalies of the vita sexualis* It is a disturbance (a de-
viation) in the evolution of psychosexnal prooOBBOfl eprout-
ing f rpm the soil of psychical degeneration,

That lust and cruelty often occur together is a fact that
has long been reeognised and is frequently observed, Wri-
tera of all kinds have called attention to thia phenomenon*1

Blum rode r ("lieber Irresein," Leipzig, 183ß, p. 51)
saw a man wbo had several wonnds in the pcctoral muscle,
which a woman, in great sexual excitement, had bitten at
the aeme of lustful fecling du ring eoitUA The same author
("lieber Lust und Schmerz," Fritdrtith's "Magazin für
Seelcnkunde, 1830, ii., 5) calls espeeial attention to the
psychological conneetion between lust and murder. In re-
lation to thiB, he espeoially refers to the Indian myths of
Siva and Diirga (Death and Lust) ; to human sarrihVo willi
volüptaoae mysteriefl ; and to sexual instinct at puberty
with a lustful inipulse to snieide, with whipping, pinching,
and pricking of tbe genitals, in the blind inipulse to satisfy
sexual desire. Lombroso ("Yerzeni e Agnoletti," Roine,

lCf, also Alfred de Müsset** famous veraes to the Andnluaian
girli — "Qu'elle est auperbe en eon dfeordre — quatid eile tombe les
seina nus— ^Qn'on la voit, beeilte* &e tordre — dans ua baiser de rage et
mordre —

En Iju rinnt des mota inconnuel*'

SEXUAL INCLI NATION TOWAED THE OPPOSITE SKX,

IST I } also Ottos munenms exaniples of the oeenrrenee of n
desire to murder with greatly increased Inst

Ball cjuotes in bis "Cliniqnc St. Anne" the case of a
powerfit 1 epileptic who du ring coitus bit off pieees of Ina
ennsort'a noae and swallowed them*

Ferriam (Archiv, delle psicopatie sessnali I, 1896, p.
106) speaks of a young man who nsed to wrestle with liis
inamorata before eoitns, bit and pinehed her du ring the
act "beeanse he feit otherwisc no grafcifieation." One day,
however, he hnrt the girl too muck and ehe brought an ac-
tion against him.

On the other Land, when homicidal mania haa been ex-
eited, lust often follows. Lombroso (op. cit.) alludes to
tlie faet menhonnl hy Manicgazza, tliat to the terrors of
spuliatioii and phmder by bandits generally are added tliosö
of brutal Inst and rape,1 These examples form tranaitions
to the pronouneed pathological cases.

The examplea of the degenerate Coeaara (NVro> Tiheri-
us) are also instruetive. They took delight in having
yonthfl and maidens slaughtered before their eyes. Not less
90 is the hiatory of that monstn\ Miirsehalls Gilles de Kays
{Jacob* "Curiosites de Thistoire de France," Paris, 1858),
who was executed in 1440, on aecoiint of imitilation and
nmrder, whieh he had praetised for eight yeara on moro
than 800 children. As the raonster oonfeseed it, it was
fremi reading Suctoniufl and the descriptinna of the orgiea
of Tiberins, Caracalla, etc., that the idea was gained of
locking children in bis Castles, torturing thein, and theo
killing them. This inhuman wreteh eonfessed that in the
Kommission of these aets he enjoyed inexprcsaible pleasnre.
He had two assistants. The bodica of the unfortunate chil-

Thirinp: tho cxritement of battlc tbe idea of lust forees its woy
into eonficiousness, Cf. the deacription of a battle, by a aoldier, by
Grillparser: —

" Ami hb tbe svgnal rang out, th? armies met, breast to breast —
lust of tlie gods— here, there, tlie murderou« steel ftlaya enemy,
frfend. Given iimJ takeil— ctenth and life — with waverlng change —
ivildly raging in fre nzy ** (" Drcam a Life/1 Act L),

84 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

dren were burned, and only a number of heads of partic-
ularly beautif ul children were preserved — as memorials.

Cf. Eulenburg, op. cit. p. 58, where he gives satisfac-

tory proofs of Rays' insanity ; also, in uDie Zukunft,

vii., Jahrg. No. 26; — Bossard et Maulle, Gilles de Rays,
dit Barbe-Bleu, Paris, 1886 {Champion) ; Michelet, his-
toire de France, Tome vi., p. 316-326; Bibliotheque de
Criminologie, t. xix., Paris, 1899, p. 245.

In an attempt to explain the association of lust and
cruelty, it is necessary to return to a consideration of the
quasi-physiological cases, in which, at the moment of most
intense lust, very excitable individuals, who are otherwise
normal, commit such acts as biting and scratching, which
are usually due to anger. It must further be remembered
that love and anger are not only the most intense emotions,
but also the only two forms of robust (sthenic) emotion.
Both seek their object, try to possess themselves of it, and
naturally exhaust themselves in a physical cffect on it;
both throw the psycho-motor sphere into the most intense
excitement, and thus, by means of this excitation, reach
their normal expression.

From this Standpoint it is clear how lust impels to
acts that otherwise are expressive of anger.1 The one, like
the other, is a State of exaltation, an intense excitation of
the entire psycho-motor sphere. Thus there arises an im-
pulse to react on the object that induces the Stimulus, in
every possible way, and with the greatest intensity. Just
as maniacal exaltation easily passes to raging destruetive-
ness, so exaltation of the sexual emotion often induces an
impulse to spend itself in sensoless and apparently harm-
ful acts. To a certain extent these are psychical aecom-
paniments; but it is not simply an unconscious excitation
of Innervation of muscles (which also sometimes oecurs as
blind violence) ; it is a true hyperbole, a desire to exert

Schulz ("Wiener Med. Wochenschrift," No. 49, 1869) reports a
remarkable case of a man, aged twenty-eight, who could perform
coitus with his wife only after working himself into an artificial fit
of anger.

SEXUAL JNCL1 NATION TOTVARD THE OPPOSITE SEX. 85

the utmost possible effeet upon the individual givmg rise to
the Stimulus. The inost intense nieans, howeyer, is the in-
fliction of pain.

Through such eaees of infliction of pain during the most
Intense emotion of lust, Wfl approach the eases in which a
real injury, wound, or death is inflieted on the vi et im.1 In
fchese caaea the im pulse to crnelty whieli may aecompany the
emotion of Inst, beconies imWnncIec! in a psychopathic in-
dividual; and, at the sanie time, owing to defect of moral
feeling, all normal inhibitory ideae are absent or vveak-
enecL

Such monstrous, sadistic acte have, however, in men,
in wlmm Üiej are niuch more freqjient tlian in woinen*
a not her so u reo in pbysiulogical eonditions. In the inter-
0OUT8G of the sexes, the active or aggressive role belonga to
man ; woman reinains passive, defensive.2 It affords man
great pleasure to win a woman» to conqtier her; and in the
ars ammidi, the modesty of woman> who keeps herseif on
the defensive until the moment of surrender, is an dement
of rrreat psvchological signifieance and importance. Under
normal conditsons man meetä obstaeles whieli it is his pari.
to overcome, and for which nahire has given him an ag-
gressive ehar arter. This aggressive charaeter, however,
under pathologieal conti itions may likewise be excessively
developed, and express itself in an impnlse to subdue abso*
lntely the objeet of clesire* even to destroj or kill it,1

'ConeerninR analogous acta in rutting anlmals, vide Lombroäo^
**Thp t rimiiiaL"

JAmonp animnla it is alwaya the male who pnrauea the female
with proffers of love Playful or aetuai ßight of the female ia not
infrequently obaerved; attd then the relation is like that between the
beant of prey and the viethn.

*The eonfjueat of woman takea place to-day in the aorfal form of
courting, in seduetion anti decoption etc. From the hi&tory of emli-
Ration and anthropology we know that there have been times, as
there are aavages to-day that praetiee it, where brutal force, robbery,
or even bfowa that rendered a woman poweTlesa, were made use ot
to obtain lovee deaire. It U no&aible that tendencies to auch out-
breaka of aailiam are ntavisiW

In tbe "Jahrbücher tür Psychologie/' iL, p. 128, Schäfer (Jena)
refera to the reporta of two caaea by A. Paycr. In the flrat caae

PSYCI10PAT1UA SEXÜAUS.

I£ both these eonstituent Clements oceur together — the
abnonnally intens] iied impulsc to a vi ölen t reaction toward
the object of the Stimulus, and the abnormally intensiiied
desire to conquer the woman, — thcn the inost violent out-
breaks of sadism occun

Sadiam is thus nothing eise than an excessive and mon-
strous pathologieal intensifieation of phenomena, — posaible,
toOj in normal conditions in rudimcntul forma, — whicb ae-
Company the peyehieal rita sexually particularly in maleis,
It is of eourse not at all ncccssary, aml not even the rule,
that the sadistic individual slionld bc conscious of bis in*
stiiict. What he feeh is, as a mle, only the impulsc to cruel
and violent treatment of the opposite sex, and the colouring
of the idea of such acta with lustful foelings. Tlnis arises
a powerful inipulse to commit the imagined deedft In as
far as the actual motivea of this instinct are not eompre-
hended by the individual, the sadistic acta liave the eliar-
acter of impulsive dceds.

/^AYhen the assoeiation of Inst and cruel ty ia present, not

[only does the lustful emotion awaken the impulsc to

enielty, but vice verm; cruel ideas and aets of cruelty cause

/sexual exeitement, and in this way are used by perverse

(individuals-1

atates of #reat sexual exeitoment were Indueed by the sight of bat-
tles or of paintinga of them ; in the secon<lT by cruel torturiug of
sinn II animalg, It is added : *' The pleasure of battle und murder is
so predorninantly an nttribute of the male sex throughout the aniiiiiil
kiqgdon that there c-an he no rjueation about the close relation exist-
inR between tili* aide of tlie masculine character and male seximlity.
I believe, too, that by unprejudiced Observation T can shaw that, in
men wlio are menhilly and physieally absolutely normal, the first
indefinite and ineoniprehensible preeursors of sexual exeitement may
be indueed by the reading of exeiting seenes of the ehase and war —
i\ c.t tbey give rise to uneonseioun longin^s for a kind of satisfaction
in warlike gainen (wreatling), in whüdi the fundamental sexual im-
plitse to the most perfect and intense contaet with a companion is
expressed, with the secondary thought of eonquest more or leas
clearly deflned/*

1 It soniütimes happens that an acetdental sight of btood, etc.,
puts into motion the preformed psych ioal meehanism of tbe sadistic
individual and awaken h the instinct.

SEXUAL INCLINAT10N TQWAÄD THE OPFOSITE SEX* 87

A diflerentiation of original and acquired cases of sad-
ism ia scarcely possible. ilany individuell, taintcd ah
origine, for a long tinie do everything to conquer the per-
verse instinet, If they are potent, they are able for some
time to lead a normal vita sexuulisj often witb the assist*
ance of fanciful ideas of a perverse nature. Later, wheü
the opposing motives of an ethical and cesthetic kind have
heen gradually overeozne, and when oft-repeated experience
has proved the natural act to give but incomplete satisfac-
tion, the abnormal inst inet suddenly bursts forth. Owing
to this late expression, in acts, of an origmally perverse dis-
position, the appearances are those of an acquired perver-
sion, As a rule, it may be safely assurued tkat this psyrlio-
pathie atate exisf 8 ab origine.

Sadistic aets vary in monstrousness aecording to the
power exercised by the perverse instinet over the individual
thus afflieted, and in accordunei* witb the strength of op-
posing ideas that may be present, which nearly always are
more or less weakened by original cthirul defeetfl, horedi-
tary degeneraey, or moral insanitv. Thus there arises a
long series of forras which begins with capital crime and
ends witb paltry acts affording merely symlwlic satisfaetinn
to the perverse desires of the sadistic individuab

Sadistic acta may be fürt her differentiated aecording
to their nature; cither taking place after eonBummated
aentufl which leaves the libido nhnia nnsatisfied; or, with
diminished virility, being lindert aken to mereiy stimniate
the dimimihed power; or, finally, where virility is abso-
lutely wanting, as beeoming simply an equivalcnt for im-
po&sible coitus, and for the induction of ejaculation. In
the last two cases, notwithstanding iiupotcnre, there is still
intense libido \ or thero was, at least, intense libido in the
individual at the time when the sadistic acta lamme i
habit Sexual hypenesthosia must always be regarded as
the basis of sadistic inclinatinns. The impotence which oc-
cure so frequeiitlj in psyehopathic and neuropathic indi-
viduals here conaidered, regulting from exeesses practised
in early youtli, is usually dependent upon spinal weakneas.

88 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUAUS.

Often, too, there is a kind of psychical impotence, super-
induced by concentration of thought on the perverse act
with 8imultaneous f ading of the idea of normal satisf action.
Xo matter what the external form of the act may be? the
mentally perverse predisposition and instinct of the indi-
vidnal are essential to an understanding of iL

(a) Lust-Murder1 (Lust Potentiated as Cruelty, Murder-
ous Lust Extending to Anthropophagy).

The most horrible example, and one which most point-
edly shows the connection between lust and a desire to kill,
is the case of Andreas Bichel, which Feuerbach published
in his "Aktenmässige Darstellung merkwürdiger Ver-
brechen".

B. puellas stupratas necavit et dissecuit. With reference
to one of his victims, at his examination he expressed him-
self as follows: "I opened her breast and with a knife
cut through the fleshy parts of the body. Then I arranged
the body as a butcher does beef, and hacked it with an axe
into pieces of a size to fit the hole which I had dug up in the
mountain for burying it. I may say that while opening
the body I was so greedy that I trembled, and could have
cut out a piece and eaten it."

Lombroso, too ("Geschlechtstrieb und Verbrechen in
ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen". "Goltdammer's Archiv,"
Bd. xxx.), mentions cases falling in the same category. A
certain Phillipe indulged in strangling prostitutes, post
actum, and said: "I am fond of women, but it is sport for
me to strangle them after having enjoyed them".

A certain Grassi ( Lombroso , op. cit., p. 12) was one
night seized with sexual desire for a relative. Irritated by
her remonstrance, he stabbed her several times in the ab-

Cf. " Metzger* 8 ger. Arzneiw., herausgegeben von Remer," p
539; ** Klein'8 Annalen," x., p. 176; xviii., p. 311 ; Heinroth, " System
der psych. Med.," p. 270; Heuer Pitaval, 1855, 23 Th. (44 Fall
Blaize Ferrage").

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWABD THE OPPOSITE SEX. 89

dornen with a knife, and also murdered her father and
uncle who attempted to hold him back. Imraediately there-
after he hastened to visit a prost i tute in order to cool in
her fcmbrace his sexual passion. But this was not sufficient,
for he then murdered his own father and slaughtered sev-
eral oxen in the stable.

It cannot be doubted, after the foregoing, that a great
number of so-called lust murders depend upon corabided
hypersesthesia and paraesthesia sexualis. As a result of
this perverse colouring of* the feelings, further acts of
bestiality with the corpse may result — e.g., cutting it up
and wallowing in the intestines. The case of Bichel points
to this possibility.

* A modern example is that of Menesclou ("Annales
d'hygiene publique"), who was examined by Lasegue,
Brouardel and Moiet, declared to be mentally sound, and
executed.

Case 15. A four-year-old girl was missing from her
parents' home, 15th April, 1880. On 16th April, Menes-
clou, one of the oecupants of the house, was arrested. The
forearm of the child was found in his pocket, and the head
and entrails, in a half-charred condition, were taken from
the stove. Other parts of the body were found in the water-
closet. The genitals could not be found. M., when asked
their whereabouts, became embarrassed. The circum-
stances, as well as an obscene poem found on his person,
left no doubt that he had violated the child and then mur-
dered her. M. expressed no remorse, asserting that his deed
was an unhappy aeeident. His intelligence was limited.
He presented no anatomical signs of degeneration ; some-
what deaf and scrofulous.

Age twenty.

Convulsions at the age of nine months. Later he suf-
fered from disturbed sleep (cnuresis nocturna) ; was nerv-
ous, and developed tardily and imperfectly. With puberty
he became irritable, sliowed evil inclinations, was lazy, in-
tractable, and in all trades proved to be of no use. He grew

rSYClIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

no better even in the Houso of Correetion. He was made a
marine, but there, too, he proved useless. When he re-
turned liome he stole f roiu Ms parents, and spent his tinie
in bad company. He did not nm after women, bnt gavo
himself np passionately to nuisturhatinn, and oceasionally
indtügpd in Bodomy with bitehee. Hia mother suffered with
mania uiwistrualis pefiödicß* An nnclc was insane, and
another a dninkard. The oxamination crf M.'s hrain showed
morbid changes of the frontal lobes, üt the first and seeond
temporal eonvolutions, and of a part of the occipital Con-
ventions.

Gase 16, Alton, a Clerk in England, went for a
waJk ont of towtL He lured a child into a thiekct After-
wards at his office he made this entry in hia note-hook:
"Killed to-day a young girl; it was üne and hot" The
«■hihi was missed, searehed for, and found cut into piases,
Many parts, and aiuong them the genitals, could not ho
found. A» did not show the slightest trace of emotion, and
gave no explanatiun oj the nmfive or ei rannst an ees of his
horrihle denk He was a psychopathie individual, and oc-
cnsuuially wubject to fits of depressinn with twäiam vitw,
His falber had hud an attaek pf acute manui, A near rela-
tive snffered from niania with homicidal impulses, A* waa
executed.

Gase 17. Jack the Ripper* — On December 1, 1887;
July 7, August s, Soptembor Mo, one day in the month of
October and on the 9t h of November, 1888; on the Ist of
June, the 17th of July and the lOth of September, 1880,
the bodies of women were found in various lonely Quarten
of London ripped open and mutilated in a peeuliar fashion.
The nmrderer has never beag fonnd« It is probable that he
first eut th<> throata of his victime, tlien ripped open the
abdoman and groped amoog the intestines. In aome in-
stanees he ent off the genitals and earried them away; in
othere be only fcore Ehern to pieosi und lefi them behind.

He docs iint wem tu have had sexual intereourse with his

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWAED THE QPPOSITE SEX. 91

victime, but very likely the murdcrous act and aubsequent
mutilation of the eorpse were equivalents for the sexual
act. {McDonald^ le eriminal type, 8 edit, Lyon, 1884; —
Spitzkat The Journal of Mental and Nervous Diseases,
1888, Deeember; — Kierman^ The Medieal Standard, 1888,
Not. and Dec)

Case 18. Vacher, the Ripper.— Ob the 3 Ist August,
1895, Port alier, seventecn yeurs old, a shepherd, was
foimd naked in the ficld. The belly was ripped open and
the body liore other wounds besides, Examination showed
that the viel im had been strangied first On the 4th
August, 1897, a tramp, named Yaelicr, was arrested on
suspicion of having committed this crime. He confessed
to it as well as to numerona other acta of a similar nature
that had been perpetrated in various parts of Franee since
1894. Ile claimed that at the riinc when he committed the
erimes he suffered from temporary insanity and irrcsistible
impulsc, in faet, WAS a madman. Medical examination»
Imwever, proved that Yneher was mentis compos when he
committed these airocious deeds, fled after their commis-
si nn and had a very clear memory of the facts.

V. wras born in 1869 of honourahle parents and be-
Umged to a mentally sound faiuily, Ile nover had a severe
illness, was from his earliest infancy vieious, lazy and ahy
of vork. When twenty hc had imraorally asaaulted a small
ehihl, During bis military semce he had gaio&d for bim-
se! f a very had reputation and was in 1S9*5 discharged from
his rcgimcnt. on accoiuit of "psychical disturbances" (cou-
fused talk, perseeutioii-mania, thrcatening language, ex-
treme irrirabilitv). In IStKS he wonnded a iri rl beeausc
she refuaed to marrv bim, then made an attempt at suicide
I hfl shot himsilf tlimngh tlie right ear, whieh left him deaf
on that side and produrcd facial paralysis). He was eent
to an iusane asyhuu and there ireated for perseeution-
manin. On April 1, 1894, he was dismissed as eured. He
began to tramp about the couiitry and eomnntted the fob
lowiisg horrible crime»: On Mareh '20, 1894, he strangled

92 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

Delhomme, twenty-one years old, cut her throat, trampled
lipon her abdomen, tore out a portion of her right breast
and then had coitus with the corpse. The same atrocity,
but without ravaging the bodies, he committed on Novem-
ber 20, 1894, on a girl of the name of Marcel, 13 years
of age, and on May 12, 1895, on another girl named
Mortureux, 17 years of age. On August 24, 1895, he
strangled and then ravaged a lady of the name of Morand,
58 years old, and on the 22d he cut the throat of Allaise,
a sixteen year old girl and attempted to rip her abdomen
open. On September 29, he committed the same crime —
as later on on Portal ier — on Palet, a fifteen-year-old boy,
but in this instance he also cut off the genitals of the boy
and sexually assaulted the corpse.

On the Ist of March, 1896, he attempted rape on
Deronet, a girl eleven years old, but was scared off by
the field police. On the lOth of September, he committed
his usual atrocity on a Mrs. Mounier, just niarried, nine-
teen years of age, and on the Ist of October, on Kodier, a
shepherdess, fourteen years of age. He cut out her genitals
and carried them away. Toward the end of May, 1897,
he killed a tramp boy, fourteen years old, named Beaupied,
by cutting his throat. The corpse he threw down into a
well. On June 18th he murdered a shepherd boy, thirteen
years old, named Laurent, and committed pederasty on
the corpse. Soon afterward he made an attempt on a
Mrs. Plantier, but she was rescued. Unfortunately they
allowed him to go unpunished.

Lacassagne, Professor of Forensic Medicine in Lyon,
Pierrel, Professor of Psychiatry, and Rebatel, specialist
on insanity, wrere the experts in this atrocious murder
trial. They found no hereditary taints, no cerebral dis-
ease, nor traces of epilepsy. V. was not particularly bright,
very irascible from his earliest years, vicious and fond of
maltreating animals. No one retained him long in Service.
He entered a monastcry, but was soon dismissed as he
began to masturbate liis comrades. He eould not find em-
ployment on account of immorality and ill temper. He

SEXUAL IN CXI NATION TOWARD THE OITOSITE SEX*

was not a drinker. In the army he was fcared and
sluinned. One day when he was disappointed l>y mit. be-
ing madc a corporal, he flew into a passion, attacked his
super ior and became delirious. He was taken to the in-
firmary und thence sent to the insane asylum. His eom-
rades did not consider him normal. Du ring his spells of
rage he was uneontrollable and consideml dangerous.
Ile always threatened others with cutting their ttucoats, and
was thought capable of doing such an aet* He slept badly,
constantly dreamed of morde r, and oftcn was delirious dur-
iii£ th(s night} bo that no one cared for sleeping near him*

\t the asylum he was found to snffer fmm perseention-
niania and was eonsidered a dangeroua character, Nevor-
theless he was difimiHted as rmv<l.

Subsequently he became guilty o£ eleven murders,
whieh are aets of sadism, lu st murders. Thcy consisted of
strangling, cutting of the tbroat and ripping open fof the
alwlomen, mutüation of the eorpse, espoeially the genitals,
eventually gratification of the sexual lust on the eorpse,

It was definitoly proved that V. aeted in eold blood,
was quite conscious of his actions and suffered from no
psyehieal abnormality.

He committod the criines in various ecetions of France,
t raversing the country in every direetion.

There were no marks of anatomieal degeneration. His
genitals were normally dcvcloped. In eonfinement he was
lazy, irasciblo and quite intraefable. Out of shecr stub-
bornness and becatise he thought he had heen slighted, he
ivfuscd on one oeeasion all food for a period of seven
days. On another oeeasion he flew into a frightful rage
when permission to go to chureh was refused him. Hö
spähe eynieally of his erimes, ehowed no remorse. insisted
that they were the oiiteomc of madness and insanity,
played the insane, hoping thns to be sent to an insane asy-
lum whence escape is easier. The experta eould establish
no Symptoms of mental disiurbance.

Resnimc of the experts: — u\\ is neither an epileptie
u or subjeet to an impulsive discase. He is an imnioral.

94 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

passionate man, who once temporarily suffered from a
depressing persecution-mania, coupled with an impulse to
suicide. Of this he was cured, and thereafter became re-
sponsible for his actions. Ilis crimes are those of an
antisocial, sadistic, bloodthirsty bcing, who considers him-
self privileged to conimit these atrocities because he was
once upon a time treatcd in an asylum for insanity, and
thereby escaped well merited punishinent. He is a com-
mon criminal and there are no ameliorating circumstances
to be found in his favour." — V. was sentenced to death.
(Archives d' anthropologie criminelle, xiii., Xo. 78.)

In such cases it may even happen that appetite for the
flesh of the murdered victim arises, and in consequence of
this perverse colouring of the idea, parts of the body may
be eaten.

Case 19. Leger, vine-dresser, aged twenty-four.
From youth moody, silent, shy of people. He started out
in search of a Situation. Wandering about eight days in
the forest he there caught a girl twelve years old, violated
her, mutilated her genitals, tore out her heart, ate of it,
drank the blood, and buried the remains. Arrested, at
first -he lied, but finally confessed his crime with cynical
cold-bloodedness. He listened to his sentence of death
with indifference, and was executed. At the post -mortem
examination Esquirol found morbid adhesions between tho
cerebral membranes and the brain {Georget, "Darstellung
der Prozesse Leger, Feldtmann" etc., Darmstadt, 1827).

Case 20. Tirsch, hospital beneficiary of Prag, aged
fifty-five, always silent, peculiar, coarse, very irritable,
grumbling, revengeful, was sentenced to twenty years'
imprisonment for violating a girl ten years old. He had
attracted attention on account of outbursts of anger from
insignificant causes, and also on account of tcedium vitac.
In 1864, on account- of the refusal of an offer of marriagc
which he made to a widow, he developed a hatred toward
women, and on the 8th of July he went about with the

SEXUAL INKLINATION TOWAÄD TUE Ol1 rO SITE SEX.

intrntion of killing one of this hated sex. Yetitlam oecur-
rentem in silvam atltwU, coitum, poposeit. renitentem pros-
fnirif. jugulum fcmince comprexsit "furore capitis". Cad-
aver virffa belulce desücia r erberare voluit nequetamt m iä
perfecit, quia conseientia sua hacc fierl retuit, euliello
mammas et genilaliu desecta dornt cocia proximis dtebns
cum tjlobis comediL On the 121 li of September, when he
was arresled, the remaitiH of tliis mcal wrre foinid. ILe
gave as the motivo of this aet "inner impulse," Ho him-
self wislied to be exeeuted, because he had always bcen an
outeasfc. In confinenient be showcd great emotional irrita-
biJity and oceasional oiitbursts of f ury, preceded by refusal
of food, whieh mude Isolation, histing srvnal day% neees-
sary. It was aitfhoritatively estublished rliat (Im1 mos! of
bis earlier excesses were eoineident with outhmiks of ex-
citenient and fury (Masehka, "Prager Viertel] ahrssehrift,"
1866, L, p. 70. "Gamter bei Maschka, Handb. der
gerichtl. Mcdiein," ivM p, 489).

In other cases of lust-niurder, for physical and mental
rcaäonä ( vide supra), violation is omitted, and the sadistie
crime alone becoines the equivalent of coitus. The pro-
totype of such eases is the following one of Vcrzeni. The
life of his victini hung on the rapid or retarded oceurrence
of ejaenlation. Sirice thiö remarkablc eaac presents all
the pcculiaritics which modern science knows coneerning
tili* rchition of bist to lust-mimler with anthropophagy,
and espccially sinee it was carefully studied, it reeeives
detailed description here: —

Gase 21* Vincenz Verzeni, born in 1849 ; since Jan-
uary llth, 1872, in prison ; was aeeused (1) of an attempt
to stningle his Hüfte Marianne, fonr years ago, wliile she
lay siek in bed; (2) of a similar attempt on a niarried
woman, Arsnffi, aged twenty-seven; (3) of an attempt to
etrangle a married woman, Gala, by grasping her throat
wliile kneeling on her abdomen; (4) on suspieion of the
following imtrders :—

96 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

In December a fourteen-year-old girl, Johanna Motta,
set out for a neighbouring village bctweon seven and eight
o'clock in the morning. As she did not return, her tnaster
set out to find her, and discovered her body near the village,
lying by a path in the fields. The eorpsc was frightfully
mutilated with nunicrous wounds. The intestines and
genitals had been torn froin the open body, and were found
near by. The nakedness of the body and erosions on tho
thighs made it seem ])robable that there had been an
attempt at rape; the inoutli, filled with earth, pointed to
suffocation. In the neighbourhood of the Ixxly, under a
pile of straw, were found a portion of ilesh torn from the
right ealf, and pieces of olothing. The perpetrator of
the deed remained undiscovered.

On 28th August, 1871, a married wonian, Frigeni, aged
twenty-eight, set out into the fields early in the morning
As she did not return by eight oVloek, lier husband started
out to fetch her. He found lier a eorpsc, lying naked in
the field, with the mark of a thong around her neck, with
which she had been strangled, and with numerous wounds.
The abdomen had been ripped open, and the intestines
were hanging out.

On August 20th, at noon, as Maria Previtali, aged
nineteen, went through a field, she was followed by her
cousin, Verzeni. He dragged her into a field of grain,
threw her to the ground and began to choke her. As he let
go of her for a moment to aseertain whether anv one was
near, the girl got up and, by her supplicating entreaty, in-
duced Verzeni to let her go, after he had pressed her hands
together for some time.

Verzeni was brought Ixtfore a court. ITe was then
twrenty-two years old. Cranium of niore than average size,
but asymmetrical. The right frontal bone narrower and
lower than the left, the right frontal prominence being less
developed, and the right ear smaller than the left (by 1
centimetre in length and 3 eentimotres in breadth) ; both
ears defective in the inferior half of the helix; the right
temporal artery somewhat atheromatous. Bull-neckod ;

enormous development of the zygomm and inferior maxilta;
peuis greatly developed, f ran um wanting; slight divergent
alternating Strabismus (insufneiency of the internal rectcua
nniscle, and myopia). Lombroso concluded from theso
signs of degcneration, that there was a congenita! Arrest
of development of the right frontal hone. As seemed
probable, Verzeni had a bad ancestry— two uncles were
cretins; a thinl, nucroceplialie, beardle«, one testicle
wanting, the other atrophia The father showed traces
of pellagrous degeneration, and Lad an attack of hypo-
rhoudria pellagrom* A cousin suffored from cerebral
hypurxeiiiia ; another was a confirmed thiof,

Ycr-zenrs family was bigoted and low-minded. He bim-
se] f had ordinary intelligenee; knew how to defend himself
well; sought to prove an aiibi and east suspicion on others.
Tbere was notliing in bis past that. pointed to mental dis-
eases bnt bis cbaracter was peeuliar. Ho was silent and
juelincd to be aolitary* In prison he was cynical. He
iuasturbatcd, und niade every effort to gain sight of women*

Verzeni finally confessed bii deode and their motive.
The commissi on of tbein gave hhn an indescribably
pleasant (lustful) feeling, whieb was aceompanied by erec*
tion and ejaculatiom As soon as be had grusped bis vic-
tim by the neck, sexual Sensation* were experienced. It
was entirely the sume to hitn, with refercnce to these sen-
sations, wbether the woinen were old, young, itgly, or
beautifuL Usually, simply cboking them had satisfied
hiin, and he tben had allowed bis vietims to live; in the
two cases nientioned, the sexual satisfaction was delayed,
and lie had continned to ehoke them iintil they died. The
gratifieation experienced in this garrotting was greatcr
than in masturbation. The abrasions of the skin on Motta'a
tbighs were prodneed by bis teeth, whilst sucking her
blond in most intense lustful plcasnre. Ile liad torn out
a piece of flesh from her ealf and taken it with bim to
roast at houie; but on tbe way he lud it under the straw-
stuck, for fear bis mother might suspect bim. He also
earried pieees of the eint hing and intestines some distance,

98 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

because it gave him great pleasure to smell and touch
them. The strength which he possessed in these inoments
of intense lustful pleasure was enormous. He had never
been a fool; while committing liis deeds he saw nothing
around him (apparently as a result of intense sexual ex-
citement, annihilation of perception — instinctive action).
After such acts he was always very happy, enjoying a
feeling of great satisfaction. He had never had pangs of
conscience. It had never occurred to him to touch the
genitals of the martyrcd women, or to violate his victims.
It had 8atisfied him to throttle them and suck their blood.
These Statements of this modern vampire seem to rest on
truth. Normal sexual impulses seem to have remained
foreign to him. Two sweethearts that he had, he was
satisfied to look at; it was very stränge to him that he
had no inclination to strangle them or press their hands,
but he had not had the same pleasure with them as with
his victims. There was no trace of moral sense, remorse
and the like.

Verzeni said himself that it would be a good thing if
he were to be kept in prison, because with freedom he
could not resist his impulses. Verzeni was sentenced to
imprisonment for life (Lotnbroso, u Verzeni e Agnoletti,"
Rome, 1873). The confessions which Verzeni made after
his sentence are interesting: —

UI had an unspeakable delight in sträng] ing women, ex-
periencing during the act erections und real sexual pleas-
ure. It was even a pleasure only to smell feinale clothing.
The feeling of pleasure while sträng] ing them was much
greater than that which I experieneed while masturbating.
I took great delight in drinking Motta's blood. It also
gave me the greatest pleasure to pull the hair-pins out of
the hair of my victims.

"I took the clothing and intestines, because of the
pleasure it gave me to smell and touch them. At last my
inother came to suspect me, because she noticed spots of
ßemen on my shirt after each murder or attempt at one.
I am not crazy, but in the moment of st rang] ing my victims

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWABD TUE OPPOSITE SEX. 99

I.saw nothing eise. After the commission of the deeds I
was satisfied and feit well. It never occurred to me to
touch or look at the genitals or such things. It satisfied
ine to seize the women by the neck and suck their blood.
To this very day I am ignorant of how a woman is formed.
During the strangling and after it, I pressed myself on
the entire body without thinking of one part more than
another."

Verzeni arrived at his perverse acts quite indepen-
dently, after having noticed, when he was twelve years
old, that he experienced a peculiar feeling of pleasuro
while wringing the necks of chickens. After this he had
often killed great numbers of them and then said that a
weasel had been in the hen-coop (Lombro80,"Goltdammer&
Archiv," Bd. xxx., p. 13).

Lombroso mentions an analogous case ("Goltdammer's
Archiv") which occurred in Vittoria (Spain) : —

Case 22. A certain Gruyo, aged forty-one, with a
blameless past life, having been three times married,
strangled six women in the course of ten years. They
were almost all public prostitutes and quite old. After
the strangling he tore out their intestines and kidneys per
vaginam. Some of his victims he violated before killing,
others, on account of the occurrence of impotence, he did
not. He set about his horrible deeds with such care that
he remained undetected f or ten years.

(b) Mutilation of Corpses.

Following on the preceding horrible group of perver-
sions, come naturally the necrophiles; in these cases, just
as with lustful murderers and analogous cases, an idea
which in itself awakens a feeling of horror, and before
which a sane person would shudder, is accompanied by
lustful feelings, and thus leads to the impulse to indulge
in acts of necrophilia.

100 . PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

The cases of mutilation of bodies mentioned in litera-
ture seem to be of a pathological character ; but, with tho
exception of that of Sergeant Bertrand (v. infra), they
are far from being described and observed with accuracy.
In certain cases there may be nothing more than the
possibility that unbridled desire sees in the idea of death
no obstacle to its satisfaetion. The seventh case mentioned
by Aforeau, perhaps, belongs here.

A man, aged twenty-three, attempted to rape a woman,
aged fifty-three. Struggling, he killed her, and then vio-
lated her, threw her in the water, and fished her out again
for renewed violation. The murderer was cxecuted. The
meninges of the anterior lobes were thickened and ad-
herent to the cortex.

French writers have recorded numerous examples of
necrophilia.1 Two cases concerned monks pcrforming
the watch for the dead. In a tliird case the subject was
an idiot, who also suffered from periodical mania, and
after commission of rape was sent to an insane asylum,
where he mutilated female bodies in the mortuary.

In other cases, however, there is undoubtedly direct
preference for a corpse to the living woman. When no
other act of cruelty — cutting into pieces, etc. — is practised
on the cadaver, it is probable that the lifeless condition
itself forms the Stimulus for the perverse individual. It
is possible that the corpse — a human form absolutely
without will — satisfies an abnormal desire, in that the
object of desire is seen to be capable of absolute subjuga-
tion, without possibility of resistance.

Brierre de Boismont ("Gazette medicale," July 21 st,
1859) relatcs the history of a corpse-violator who, after
bribing the watchman, had gained entrance to the corpse
of a girl of sixteen belonging to a family of high social
position. At night a noiso was heard in the death-
chamber, as if a piece of furniture had fallen over. The

x Micken, Union m&l. 1840,— Brierre, Gaz. m4d. 1849, July 21;
Moreau (op. cit. ) p. 250, — Epaulard, " Vampyrisme (n£crophilie,
nöcrosadism, nöcrophagie ) , Lyon, 1901.

SEXUAL mCLINATlON TOWA&D TUE OPPOSITE SEX, 101

mother of the dead girl effeeted an entranee and saw it
inan dressed in bis night-shirt sprin^ing from the bed
where the body lay. It was at first thoiight that. the man
was a thief, but the real t»xplanation was soon discovered.
Tt afterwards transpired that the culprit, a man of guod
farnily, had often violated the corpses of yoiuig woraen,
\\r was sentenccd to iniprisonmcnt for lifo.

The story of a prelate, reported hv TaxiV ("La Prosti-
tution con temporal ne," p* 171), is of great interest as an
example of neerophilia. From time to time he would
visit a certain brolhcl in Paria and ordcr a prost i tute,
dressed in white like a corpse, to be laid out on a liier.
At the appointed hour be would appear in the roomt
which, in the meimfime had been elaborately prepared as
a room of mourning; then he would aet, as if reucling a
mass for the soul, and finally throw bimse] f Qpoo the
girl, who, during the whole time, was compelled to play
the rule of a corpse/

The cases in which the perpetrator injurcs and cuts
up the corpse are ctearer. Such cases come next to those
of lust-murder, in so far as cruelty, or at least an impnlse
to attaek the female body, is connected witb lust« It is
possible that a rcmnant of moral sense deters from the
cruel act on a living woman, and possibly the fancy passes
l>eyond lust-murder and rests on its result, the eorpse.
Here also it is possible that the idea of defenselessness of
the body plays a role.

Gase 23. Sergeant Bertrand, a man of delicate phy-

* A aimilar case ia related l>y Xeri (" Archivio delle paicopatie
flessu&li,'1 180ßt p. 100). A man, ßfty years of apc, used in a Lupanar
only girls who dad in white, lay motionless fei^nmK death. He
violated th* boily of Ufa own »isl<>r, imminjiionr mcntuhr in o» mOftutr
itaqtw ad cjaculat ionew ! Tlus monster had also fits of fftiHusm for
er int n pubis puel forum, and tlio trimm ingl of their flngernaila;
eating tliem caused atrong sexual emotion*.

1 Simon (** Crimcs et delits,*1 p, 209) mentions an experienee of
Lacassagne's, to wlmm a rc^pw table man said that bi wns never
intenaely exdtcd sexually except when a spectator at a funeral.

102 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

sical Constitution and of peculiar character; from child-
hood silent and inclined to solitude.

The details of the health of his family were not satis-
f actorily kno\vn ; but the occurrence of mental diseases in
his ancestors was ascertained. It was said that while he
was a child he was affected with destructive impulses,
which he himself could not explain. Ile would break what-
ever was at hand. In early ehildhood, without teaching,
he learned to masturbate. At nine he began to feel inclina-
tions towards persons of the opposite sex. At thirteen
the impulse to sexual intercourse became powerfully
awakened in him. Ile now masturbated excessively. When
he did this, his fancy always created a room filled with
women. He would imagine that he carried out the sexual
act with them and then killed them. Irnmediately there-
after he would think of them as corpses, and of how he de-
filed them. Occasionally in such situations the thought of
carrying out a similar act with male corpses would come
up, but it wTas always attended with a feeling of disgust.

In time he feit the impulse to carry out such acts with
actual corpses. For want of human bodies, he obtuined
those of animals. Ile would cut open the abdomen, tear
out the entrails, and masturbate during the act. Ile de-
clared that in this way he experienced inexpressible
pleasure. In 1846 these bodies no longer satisfied him. Ile
now killed dogs, and proceeded with them as before.
Toward the end of 1846 he first feit the desire to make
use of human bodies.

At first he had a horror of it. In 1847, being by ac-
cident in a graveyard, he ran across the grave of a newly
buried corpse. Then this impulse, with headache and pal-
pitation of the heart, became so powerful that, although
there were people near by, and he was in danger of de-
tection, he dug up the body. In the absence of a con-
venient instrument for cutting it up, he satisfied himself
by hacking it with a shovel.

In 1847 and 1848, during two weeks, as reported, the
impulse, accompanied by violent headache, to commit bru-

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWARD THE OPPOSITE SEX. 103

talities on corpses actuated him. Under the greatest diffi-
culties and dangers he satisfied this impulse some fifteen
times. He dug up the bodies with his hands, in nowise
sensible in his excitement to the injuries he thus inflicted
on himself. When he had obtained the body, he cut it up
with a sword or pocket-knife, tore out the entrails, and
then masturbated. The sex of the bodies is said to have
been a matter of indifference to him, though it was ascer-
tained that this modern vampire had dug up more female
than male corpses.

During these acts he declared himself to have been in
an indescribable State of sexual excitement. After having
cut them up, he reinterred the bodies.

In July, 1848, he accidentally came across the body of
a girl of sixteen. Then, for the first time, he experienced
a desire to carry out coitus on a cadaver.

"I covered it with kisses and pressed it wildly to my
heart. All that one could enjoy with a living woman is
nothing in comparison wijh the pleasure I experienced.
After I had enjoyed it for about a quarter of an hour, I
cut the body up, as usual, and tore out the entrails. Then
I buried the cadaver again." Only after this, as B. de-
clared, had he feit the impulse to use the bodies sexually
before cutting them up, and thereafter he had done it in
three instances. The actual motive for exhuming the
bodies, however, was then, as before, to cut them up ; and
the enjoyment in so doing was greatcr than in using the
bodies sexually. The latter act had always been nothing
more than an episode of the principal one, and had never
quieted his desires; for which reason he had later on
always mutilated the body.

The medico-legal examiners gave an opinion of "mono-
mania". Court-martial sentence to one year's imprison-
ment. (Michea, "Union med.," 1849; Lanier, "Annal.
med. -psycho.," 1849, p. 153; Tardieu, "Attentats aux
moeurs," 1878, p. 114; Legrand, "La folie devant les tri-
bun.,"p..524.)

104 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

Case 24. Ardisson, born, 1872, belonged to a family
of criminals and insane. At school he learned readily ; he
was not addicted to drink, had no epileptic antecedents,
never had an illness, but was rather weakminded. The
man who adopted him and with whom he lived, was a
raoral outcast. When A. came of pnberty he practised
masturbation, devorare solebat sperma proprium because
"it wrould be a pity to lose it." He ran after the girls, but
could not nnderstand why they shunned him. Loco quo
midieres urinaverant, lotium bibere solebat. He did not
think that there was anything wrong about this. He was
looked lipon in the village as a venal felon. With his
adopter he shared the favours of the beggar women that
stayed over night at their house. He was fond of fornica-
tion, was a mamma fetichist and loved mammas sugere.
Later on he feil to necrophily. He exhumed cadavers of
females ranging from three to sixty years of age, sucked
their breasts, practised cunnilungns on them, but rarely
coitus or mutilation. Once he carried away the head of
a woman, at another time the whole corpse of a little girl
three and one-half years old. After his ghoulish deeds he
would re-arrange the grave properly. He lived isolated by
himself, w?as at times very morose, never showed signs of
heart. As a ruie, however, he was not of an evil disposi-
tion even when in prison. Several times he worked as a
stonemason. Remorse and shame over his misdeeds wTere
unknown to him. In 1892 he had for a while acted as a
gravedigger. He deserted from the army and then took to
begging from house to house. He loved to eat rats and
cats. When arrested and returned to the regiment he de-
serted again. He was not punished because he was not
held responsible. Dismissed from the army he again be-
came a gravedigger. When a girl of seventeen who had
very prominent breasts was buried his old passion awoke
again. He unearthed the cadaver and profaned it in his
usual manner. This happened from now on very fre-
quently. The head of one woman which he took home with
him, he covered with kisses and called it his bride. He was

SEXUAL INCLINATIOJf TOWAEB TUE OPPOSITE SEX.

105

caught after he had tnkcn home the body of a child threc
and one-half years of age vvhieh he seereted in the straw.
On this he gratined his sexual desires evcn whilst the
putrid body was falling to pieeea. The stench filling the
hoiise betrayed him, Laugkingly he admitted evcrytking.
— *A. was sinall of gtature, and prognathous and feeble;
skull symmetrica] [j general trenior; genitals normal, with-
out sexual emotion; intelligenee very limited; deroid of all
inoral scnse.— A. was pleaaed with prison Üfe. {Epaulard
op. ciL)

FoUowmg lust-nmrder and violation of corpses, come
cases elosoly allied to the former, in which injury of the
virtiin of lust and sight of the victim*s blood are a delight
and pleasure. The notorioim Marquis de Sade,1 after
whom this conibination of Inst and eruelty has heen named,
was such a monster. Coitxis onlv excited him when he
COttld priek the objeet of his desire initil the blood canie.

1 Taxil (op. dt,) pives more detail ed aeeounta of this sexual
monater, which mufit hnve been a caae of habitual satyriasia, aecom-
pftttM by |>ervprse sexual instinet. Sade was so eynical that he
iictuully suii^lit to iilcnNse In- rruel Insi-ivioiignetl an.l fco Em UM
BjXMtla of a theory based upon it. He beenine so bad (among other
tliinps he made an invited Company of tadies and gen t lernen eroÜe
by muMqg to be aervcd to tbem choeolate hon bona which contuiiird
mntharides) that he was comnrittod to the insane asyluni at Charen-
loa, During the revolution of 1700 he eseaped. Theo he wrote
obscene novels filled with lust, erueliy and the moat laaeivious
tflüiatu When Bonapurte beeame OonsuL Sade made him a prespnt
of liia novcl», majrriifiecnlly botmcL TW Cfmud had thp wnrks
deatroyed and the author commltted to Charcnion a^iun, where he
iliod at the age of sixty-four, Sa<!e wart inexhauHtiblo in bis lasciv-
ioua pabHcfttiona, whieJi were mnrkedly intended for advertisemenL
Fortuna tely it ia difhVuit to-day to obtain copiea. Extant are:
M IHstoire de Justine," 4 rola. ; ** Hiatoirc de Jnliette," 6 vola. ;
Philosophie dam* le boutZoir," London, 1805* Interesting is Sade1»
biography by /. Janitif 1835.

A fteientifte a«d very thorough study of Sadisjn has reeently
fx'cn made by Drt Murdtit, " BibHotheque de criminolo^ie " xixM
1809 ( Paris, ^lasson ) . It gives an analysis and table of conteats
.»f SjidffH writings. — cf, also Dührent "The Marquis de Sade" 1900.

106 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

His greatest pleasure was to injure naked prostitutes and
then dress their wounds.

The case of a captain belongs here, mentioned by Bri~
erre de Boismont, who always coinpelled the objecfc of his
affection to place leeches ad pudenda before coitus, which
was very frequent. Finally this woinan became very
anaemic and, as a result of this, insane.

The following case, frora my own practice, very clearly
shows the connection between lust and cruelty, with desire
to shed and see blood : —

Case 25. Mr. X., aged twenty-five; father syphi-
litic, died of paretic dementia ; mother hysterical and neur-
asthenic. He was a weak individual, constitutionally neur-
opathie, and presented several anatomical signs of degen-
eration.

When a child, hypochondria and imperative coneep-
tions ; later, constant alternation of exaltation and depres-
sion. While yet a child of ten the patient feit a peculiar
lustful desire to see blood flow froin his fingers. There-
after he often cut or pricked himself in the fingers, and
took great delight in it. Very carly, erections were added
to this, and also if he saw the blood of others ; for cxample,
when he once saw the servant-girl cut her finger it gave
him an intense lustful feeling. From this time his vita
sexualis became more and more powerful. Without any
teaching he began to masturbate, and always during the
act there were memory-picturcs of bleeding women. It
now no longer sufliced him to see his own blood flow; he
longed to see the blood of young females, especially those
that were attractive to him. He could scarcely overcome
the impulse to violate two cousins and a certain servant.

Any young woinan, although not attractive, induced
this impulse when she excited him by some peculiarity of
dress or adornment, especially coral jewellery. At first he
sueeeeded in overcoming these desires; but in his imagina-
tion thoughts of blood were ever present, inducing lustful

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWAKD TUE OPPOSITE SEX. 107

excitement. An inner relation existed between thoughts
and feelings. Often there were other cruel fancies. He
imagined himself in the röle of a tyrant who had the people
shot in crowds with grape-shot. He would imagine a scene
as it would be, if enemies were to take a city and mutilate,
torture, kill and rape the young women.

When in his normal starte this patient, who had a mild
disposition and was not morally defective, was ashamed
of and horrified by such cruel, lustful fancies, wThich be-
came at once latent, when his sexual excitement was satis-
fied by masturbation.

After a few years the patient became neurasthenic.
Then simple imaginary representations of blood and scenes
of blood sufficed to induce ejaculation. In order to free
himself from his vice and his cruel imagination, he began
to indulge in sexual intercourse with females. Coitus was
possible, but only when the patient called up the idea
that the girl's fingers were bleeding. Without the assist-
ance of this idea no crection was possible. The cruel
thought of cutting was limited to the woman's hand. At
the time of greatest sexual excitement, simply the eight of
the hand of an attractive woman was sufficient to induce
most violent erections. Frightened by the populär stories
about the injurious results of onanism, he abstained and
feil into a condition of severe general neurasthenia, with
hypochondriacal dysthymia and teedium vitee. Careful
and watchful medical treatment cured the patient after a
few months. He remained mentally well for three years ;
but became again very sensual, though very seldom he was
troubled by his earlier ideas of flowing blood. He gave up
masturbation altogether, and found satisfaction in natural
sexual indulgence, remained virile, and it was no louger
necessary for him to call up ideas of blood.

The following case, reportod by Tarnowsky (op. ext.,
p. 61), shows that such lustful, cruel impulses may be
simply episodical, and oeeur in certain exceptional states
of mind in neurotic individuals: —

108 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

Case 26. Z., physician; neuropathic Constitution,
reacting badly to alcohol. Under ordinary circumstances
capable of normal coitus, but as soon as he had indulged
in wine he found that bis increased libido was no longer
satisfied by simple coitus. In this condition he was com-
pelled to prick the nates puellce, or to make stabs with the
lancet, to see blood, and feel the entrance of the blade into
the living body, in ordcr to have ejaculation and experi-
ence complete satiety of his lust.

The majori ty of those afflicted with this form of per-
version seem insensible to the normal Stimulus of woman.
In the first case (25), the assistance of the idea of blood
was necessary to obtain erection. The following is that
of a man who, by masturbation, etc., in early youth, had
diminished his power of erection so that the sadistic act
took the place of coitus : —

Case 27. The girl-stabber of Bozen (reported by
Demme, "Buch der Verbrechen," Bd. ii., p. 341). In
1829, IL, aged thirty, soldier, became the subject of legal
investigation. At different times, and in different places,
he had wounded girls with pocket-knives or penknives, by
stabbing them in the abdomen, preferably in the genitals.
He gave as a motive for thcse acts heightened sexual im-
pulse, increasing to the intensity of fury, which found
satisfaction only in the thought and act of stabbing persona
of the female sex. This impulse would pursue him for
days at a time. He would then pass into a confused mental
state, which would clear away only when the impulse had
been satisfied by the deed. In the act of stabbing he ex-
perienced the same satisfaction as that produced by com-
pleted coitus. This was increased by the sight of blood
dripping from the knife. In his tenth year the sexual in-
stinct became powerfully manifest. At first he yielded to
masturbation, and feit physically and mentally weakened
by it. Before he became a girl-stabber, he had satisfied his
sexual lust in violation of immature girls, by causing them

SEXUAL I KCL! WATION TU WARD TUE OPFOÖITE SEX. 109

to praetise inaMurbation an bim, and by sodomy. Gradu-
ally the thougbt caine tt) him how pleasurable it would be
to stab a 701mg and pretty *rirl in the genitals, and tako
delight in the sight of the blood running from thc kniffe

Among bis effect* were found copies of the objects o£
phallic eult and obseene picturea painted by himself of
Mary*« eonception, and of the "thougbt of God injected"
into the lap of the Virgin. He was eonsidered a peculiar,
very irritable man, shy of people, fond of women, moody
and glum. Of fihame and regret for bis deeds no traces
were ever found. He was apparently a person1 who had
becoine impotent through early sexual excesses, and was
thim predisposed, by the eontinuanjt^ of intense libido
sexuülis and heredity, to perversim> of sexual life.

Gase 28* In the "sixties^ the inhabitants of Leipzig
were frightened by a mau who was accustomed to attaek
young girls on the streot, s tut »hing them in the upper-ann
with a dagger. Final ly arrosted, he was recognised as a
sadist, wlio at the instant of stabbing hail an ejaeulation,
and with whom the wounding of tlie girls was an cquivalcnt
for coitus. (Wharion, UA Treatise on Mental Unsound-
ness/T § 623, Philadelphia, 1*73.)2

Impotcnee ex ist s likewise in the next three cases. It
may be psyehical, bowever, singe the prineipal tone of the
vita sexual ts lies in sadistie inolination and the normal ele-
ment.s are d ist ort od: —

Gase 29, The glrl-cutter of Augsburg (reported by

*Cf, Krauss, u Psych ologie des Verbrechens, " 1884, p. ISS; Dr.
Hofcrt *+ Annalen der Stnataarzneiknnde," 6 Jahrgang, Heft 2;

hmidt's -Jahrbücher/1 Bd. 59, p. <U.

1 According to newepaper reporta, in December, 1890, several
BimJlar attacks were made in Mainz. A younj* fei low between femr-
tuen and ftixteen years of age pt«Med against wotnen and girls and
etabbed thetu in thc Irgs with a sharp-pointed Instrument. He was
arri'fltttl, and seemed to be insane* Further detaila of the case are
not known.

110 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

Demme "Buch der Verbrechen," vii., p. 281). Bartle,
wine-raerchant. He was subject to lively sexual excite-
ment at the age of fourteen, though decidedly opposed to
its satisfaction by coitus, his aversion going so far as dis-
gust for the female sex. At that time he already had the
idea to cut girls, and thus satisfy his sexual desire. He
refrained froni it, however, because of lack of opportunity
and courage. He disdained masturbation, but now and
then had pollutions with erotic dreams of girls who had
been cut. At the age of nineteen he for the first time cut a
girl. During the act he had a seminal eraission and ex-
perienced intense pleasure. Froni that time the impulse
grew constantly more powerf ul. He chose only young and
pretty girls, and, as a ruie, asked thcm before the deed
whether they were still single. The ejaculation or sexual
satisfaction occurred only when he was sure that he had
actually wounded the girls. After such an act he always
feit tired and bad, and was also troubled with qualms of
conscience. Tip to his thirty-second year he pursued this
process of cutting, but was always careful not to wound the
girls dangerously. From that time until his thirty-sixth
year he was able to control his ini])ulse. Then he sought
to satisfy himself by simply pressing the girls on the arm
or neck, but this gave rise to erections only and not to
ejaculation. Then he sought to attain his object by prick-
ing the girls with the knife left in its sheath, but this did
not suffice. Finally, he stabbcd with the open knife, and
had complete suecess, for he thought that a girl when
stabbed bled more and suffered more pain than when
merely cut. In his thirty-sevcnth year he was detected and
arrested. In his lodgings were found a collection of dag-
gers, sword-canes, and knives. He said that the more sight
of thcse weapons, and still more the grasping of them,
gave him an intense feoling of sexual pleasure, with vio-
lent excitement. According to his own confession, he had
injured in all fifty girls. His external appearance was
rather pleasing. He lived in very good circumstances, but
was peculiar and shy.

SEXUAL iNCLItfATION TOWARD THE OPPOSITE SEX. 111

Case 30. During the raonth of June, 1896, quitc a
number of young girls had been stabbed in the genitals in
the street in broad daylight. On the 2nd of July the per-
petrator was caught in tho act VM twenty years of age,
was hereditarily heavüy tainted; when tificvn years old he
had been sexually excited to a high degree at the sight of a
woimufs buttneks, Froui that time on it was this part of
the female body which attracted liim in a sensuous manncr
and became the objeet of his erotic faneies and dreams, ac-
companied by pollutions. Soon this was coupled with the
luscivious desire to slap? pineh or ctit the genitals of women.
At the nioment when he in his drearas performed this act,
pollution took place, Soon he was tempted to transfer his
dreanis into real practise. For a while he sueeeeded in
mastering his morbid eraving, but this produeed feelings
of anxicty and a eopimis Perspiration would break out front
bis untire body. When nrgn.sm and erection became very
velumient, he would be overcome with fear and confusion
to such an exten t that the impulse to cut became irresist-
ible. At that psychieal nioment ejaculation would takc
place, and he feit relieved in body and mind. Nm/nan in
Thoinot's op. cit. p. 451. — For niore detailed aeconnt see
€hrnier in Annales d'hvgiene publique, 1900, Feb., p,
112.)

Case 3i< X IL, aged twenty-six, in 1883 came for

omisultiiimn concerning severe neiirastheiiia and hypoehon-
dria. Patient confessed that he had praetised onanism
sinee his fourteenth year, infrequentlv up to his eighteenMi
bat sinee tlntt time he hat! been unable to resiat the
impulse. Up to that time he had no opportunity to ap-
proaeh females, for he had been anxiously cared for and
never Ieft alone on aecount of being an invalid. Hfl had
had no real desire for this unknown pleasure, but he acci-
dentally learned what it was when one of his mother's
maids ent her band severely on a pane of glass, which she
had broken while washing Windows. While hclpimj to
stop the bleeding he could not keep from sueking up the

112 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

Wood that flowed from the wound, and in this act he ex-
perienced extreme erotic excitement, with complete orgasm
and ejaculation.

From that time on, he sought, in every possible way to
nee and, where practicable, to taste the fresh blood of
females. That of young girls was preferred by him. He
Hpared no pains or expense to obtain this pleasure. At first
he availed himself of a young servant, who allowed her
finger to be pricked with a needle or lancet at his request.
When his mother discovered this, she discharged the girl.
Thon he waH driven to prostitutes as a Substitute, with suc-
comm frequently enough, though with some difficulty. In
Ihn intnrvals he practised onanism and manustupration
per fnninam, which, however, never afforded him com-
plnto MuliHfaetion, but, on the contrary, caused listlessness
und *n|f-roproach. On account of his nervous diffieulties he
vinilnd iiiiiny sanatoria, and was twice a voluntary patient
In iiiHlilulioiiH. He used hydrotherapy, electricity, and
MrniiKthnning eures, without particular success. For a
I Irrin it whm poHsible, by means of cold sitz-baths, mono-
brnmutn of eumphor, and bromides, to diminish his sexual
iwlluliilily und onanistic impulse. However, when the
putlnnt fnlt IiiuiHolf free again, he would immediately fall
Itilo hin nid piiHHion, and spare no pains or money to satisfy
liU Hnxnul donim in the abnormal manner described.

Of Hpneiul internst for the scientific proof of sadism is
u ouwn rnlulnd by Moll (vide case 29, ninth edition of this
work ((Inrmun) und recently published by Moll himself in
hl* lionli on "Libido Kexualis," p. 500.

It diwIoMCH eleurly one of the hidden roots of sadism
Ihn impulH« to eomplete subjugation of the woman,
whinh hnrn bneuino eonsciously entertained. This is the
innre rotnurkublo Kineo it occurred in an individual dc-
cddndly timid, und in other respects modest and even ap-
prnhnnMivn. Tho («uho also shows clcarly that powerful
lihido whieh even impels the individual to overcome all
olmtueloK, imiy be present, while at the same time coitus is

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWABD THE OPPOSITE SEX. 113

not desired, because the principal intensity of feeling is,
ab origine, connected with the cruel part of the sadistic
(lustful and cruel) circle of ideas. This case also con-
tains weak elements of masochism (v. infra).

Cases are by no means infrequent in which men with
perverse inclinations induce prostitutes, by paying them
high prices, to allow themselves to be whipped and even
wounded by them. Works on prostitution contain reports
of them (vidc Coffignon, "La Corruption ä Paris/' etc.).

(d) Defilement of Women.

The perverse sadistic impulse, to injure women and put
contempt and humiliation upon them, is also expressed in
the desire to defile them with disgusting or, at least foul
things.

The following case, published by Arndt ("Viertel-
jahrsschr. f. ger. Medicin," N. F. xvii., H. 1), belongs
here : —

Case 32. A., medical Student at Greif swald, accu-
satus quod Herum iterumque puellis honestis parentibus
natis in publico genitalia sua e bracis dependentia plane
nudata quce antea summo amiculo (overcoat) tecta erant,
ostenderat. Nonnunquam puellas fugientes secutus easquc
ad se attractas urina oblivit. Hcec luce clara facta sunt;
nunquam aliquid hcec faciens locutus est.

A. was twenty-three years old, well built, neat in dress,
and polite in manners. Indication of cranium progeneum;
chronic pneumonia of the apex of the right lung; emphy-
sema. Pulse, 60; in excitement not more than 70 to 80.
Genitals normal. Occasional disturbances of digestion,
and hardness of the abdomen, vertigo, excessive excitement
of sexual desires, early led to onanism. The sexual desire
never was directed toward a natural method of satisfac-
tion. Occasional attacks of depression, or thoughts of de-
precation of seif, and of perverse impulses, for which he

114 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

could find no motive, such as laughing at serious things,
throwing his money in the water, and running about in the
pouring rain. The father of the culprit was of a nervous
temperament, the raother subject to nervous headaches. A
brother was subject to epileptic convulsions.

From his youth the culprit presented a nervous tem-
perament, was inclined to convulsions and attacks of. syn-
cope, and when severely scolded would fall into a State of
momentary stiffness. In 1869 he studied medicine in Ber-
lin. In 1870 he went to the war as a hospital assistant.
His letters at this time betray peculiar torpidity and soft-
ness. On his return home, in 1871, his emotional irrita-
bility was noticed at once by those about him. Thereafter
frequent complaints of bodily ailments; unpleasantness
resulting from a love affair. In Xovember, 1871, he pur-
sued his studies diligently in Greifswald. He was con-
sidered very gentlemanly. In confinement he was quiet,
calm, and sometimes self-absorbed. His acts he attributed
to painful sexual excitement, which of late had become
excessive. He declared that he had been fully conscious
of his perverse acts, and after committing them had always
been ashamed of them. He had not experlenced actual
sexual satisfaction in their commission. He obtained no
correct insight into his position. He considered himself a
kind of martyr — a victim to an evil power. Presumption
of irresponsibility, as a result of absence of free will.

The impulse to defile occurs also, paradoxically, in the
aged, when there is a reappearance of sexual instinct,
which, under such circumstances, is so often expressed in
perverse acts. Thus Tarnowsky reports (p. 76) the follow-
ing case : —

Case 33. I knew such a patient, who had a woman
dressed in a decollete ball-dress lie down on a low sofa in a
brightly lighted room. Ipse apud januam alius cubiculi
obscurati constitit adspiciendo aliquantulum feminam, ex-
citatus in eam insiluit et excrementa in sinus ejus deposuit.

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWABD THE OPPOSITE SEX. 115

Hcec faciens ejaculationem quandam se sentire confessus
est.

An officer of Vienna informed me that men, by means
of large sums of money, induce prostitutes to suffer ut Uli
viri in ora earum spuerent et fceces et urinas in ora exple-
rent.1

The following case by Dr. Pascal ("Igiene delP
ainore") seems also to belong here: —

Case 34. A man had an inamorata who would allow
him to blacken her hands with coal or soot. She then had
to sit before a mirror in such a way that he could see her
hands in it. While conversing with her, which was often
for a long time, he looked constantly at her mirrored
hands, and finally, after a time, he would take his leave,
f ully satisfied.

The following case, communicated by a physician, may
be of interest in relation to this subject : —

An officer was known in a brothel in K. only by the
name of "Oil". "Oil induced erection and ejaculation
only by having puell. publ. nudam step into a tub filled
with oil, while he rubbed the oil all over her body.

These acts lead to the presumption that certain cases
of in jury to the clothing of females (e.g., sprinkling them
with sulphuric acid, ink, etc.) depend upon a perverse sex-
ual impulse; at any rate the motive seems to be to inflict
an injury, or pain of some sort, and those injured aro
always females, and the perpetrators males. In crimes of
this kind, pains should always be taken to examine into the
vita sexualis of the culprits.

The case of Bachmann, given below, Case 120, throws
a clear light on the sexual nature of such crimes; for, in
this case, the sexual motive in the deed is proven.

1 Leo Taxil ("La Corruption," Paris, Noiret, p. 223) makes the
Barne statements. There are also men who demand introductio linguw
meretricia in anum.

116 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

Case 35. B., age twenty-nine, merchant, married,
heavily tainted, since his sixteenth year masturbation by
raeans of a pocket electric battery, neurasthenic, impotent
at the age of eighteen, for a while absynth drinker on ac-
count of unrequited lovc. One day meeting a nurse-maid
wearing a white apron such as his love used to wear, he
could not resist the temptation to steal the white apron.
He took it home and after masturbating into it burn it with
renewed masturbation. Returning to the street he met a
woman wearing a white dress. The sight of it produced
an impulse to stain the dress with ink. Having done it he
wrent home revelling in the sensual Situation thus provoked
and again masturbated. At another time strolling about
the street he amused himself with cutting the dresses of
women with a penknifc. He was arrested as a pick-pocket.
At other times a stain on a lady's dress caused orgasm and
ejaculation in him. He obtained the same results while
burning with a eigar a hole into the clothing of women
whom he passed. (Magnan, reported by v. Thoinot, at-
tentats aux moeurs, p. 434, and by Garnier, annales d' hy-
giene publ., 1900, Mareh, p. 237.)

Garnier (annales d' hygiene 1900, Feb'y-March) has
given these cases of sadism special attention reducing them
to fetichism (vide infra). This is particularly apparent
in case 35 in which the fetich consisted in a blue dress cov-
ered with a white apron. The personality of the wearer
was a matter of indifference, it was the fetich that fas-
cinated, the impulse being irresistible. Garnier calls these
cases Sadi-Fetichism and points out their social and for-
ensic importance, suggesting confinement of such unfor-
tunate individuals in an insane asylum. Destructive ac-
tions like these towards the fetich which, properly speak-
ing, is an object of desire and possession, this sadism on
lifeless objects, may be explaincd by the fact that the fetich
awakens sensual scnsations coupled in sadistic natu res with
the pleasure derived from acts of cruelty and destruction.

In fetichism, well-developed, the fetich itself — ab-
stracted from the personality of the wearer — it dominates

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWARD THE OPrOSlTE SEX. 117

per se the whole rita scxualis, h rings it into action and may
under circumstanres awaken kindred regions of a sadistic
nature which find gratification in the ticld of the (imper-
sonal) fetich. The sadistic act in itself is often enough an
eqnivalent for coitns rendered hnpossible by physical and
psychical impotence. It may be practiscd un boya, animals,
persona of the sanie sex, withont relation to pEedophilia,
zoophilia or homosexnality.

It is remarkable and seems to prove the connection with
hist-emolty tliat at the moment of the destroying act against
the fctich (cutting off giiTs tresses, stabbing women, de-
filing ladies' toilets, etc.) orgasm and ejaculation take place
in the "sadi-fetichist/*

A. Moll (Zeitsehr. f. Medicdnalboamte) has reccntly
publishcd a case which may be considcred elassical : —

An aoadriuirally onlnnvd man, age thirty-onc years,
heavily taintcd by heredity, off spring from a inarriage be-
tween blood-relations, ahvays shy and retired, used to rump
abont wfaeo growing into puberty (17) with the play-fel-
lows of his sistcr, girls abont eleven years of age, and from
the sight of their white imderwear became a "laimdry fet-
H'hist." He began to masturbate thmking of girls clad in
white garments and manipnlating during the act Kght-
coloured pieces of clotlung belonging to his female rela-
tives.

When twenty-three ycars of age he began coitns with
girls dreesed in white. At the age of twenty-five he saw a
giri'fl white dresa belüg bespattered with mud. This pro-
duced a very strong sexual emotion in him and from tbat
time Ott he feit an irresistible Impulse to defile the apparel
of women, to mish and tear it. This Impulse was par-
ticularly piovoked at the aight of women * -1 ü < 1 in white, Tic
nsed Kquor (ml maqu+cktoroii or ink and thua produeed
orgnsm a»d ejaculation. At times he had dreams of white
female imderwear which were aeeompanied by pollntion at
the moment of tonching <>r cnishing it. Insanity eould
not be established. ITe was mulcted in the mm of 50 inarks
for imlawf nlly cansing damage to personal property.

118 J'HYCJIOFATIIIA 8KXUALIS.

(u)Olher Kinds of Assault on Females — Symbolic Sadism.

Tili» forogoing gronps do not exhaust the forms in which
tlm MadiMhV iiiipulHn toward womcn is expressed. If the
impnlno \h not ovonnastoring, or if there is yet sufficient
inoriil reMiMtancn, it may happen that the perverse inclina-
tion in HatiNficd by an act that is apparently quite sense-
1i»hh and nilly, hut which has nevertheless a symbolic mean-
ing for thi1 porpotrator. This seems to be the meaning of
tho (wo following easos: —

Case 36. (Dr. Pascal, "Igiene doli' amore".) A
man was aoonstoniod to go, on a oertain day once a month,
to an inamorata and ont her "fringe". This gave him the
groatost ploasniv. Ho made no other demands on the girl.

Case 37. A man in Vienna rcgularly visited several
piwunuo* only to lathor thoir faecs and then to remove
iho lathor wiih a raxor, as if ho woro sharing them. He
nowr hurt t ho girK but booamo sexually excited and ejacu-
U:<\5 during tho piwoduro.1

^ r\> Ideal «SiIc/iVwk

Sao.ism ma\ ovonmallr manifost itsolf sololr in the im-
A*iv,a-.:iov,% -, ,, in droam puMnros whioh aooompanr the act
o* v.\a>^:rba:;on or aowmpanr tho piwoss of pollntion in

V);*; i: *w/.air,< an idoal aot onlr mar bo dno To \cant of
o^ysv, v.v.v.n o», oov.vago to pv.t it into praorifäl aorion or

^\v« \* ,v,; o:V.v> !ovlv,o; \io*;*r,^\ or it mar tv tha: \chen
*vV \ ,v$ ,;.o ,w,:»,v oi o\<u-v/.Ä::on i> womvs:s«\?. a vivid
v^.V.x,-, -.- ,;\*vw.o.v, >;-.'VxV> :o 'orovoVo r^ac^a: ory graTiiica-

now lv. .*■.»* o.i^v N.i,!-,w.; *< v,„ r\\\ av, <v;.:i>*;iv,; for ooirns.

""■»' »■■■« « »■! i. * .\«-»4, ,.■ iv,.^.«.»'v,» i)»,* ;.'^?.v. «li** «.hfj «re

SEXUAL JNCUNATION TOWARD THE OFFOSITE SEX.

110

Gase 38, D.? agent, age twenty-nine years, family
heavily taintcd, masturbation at the age o£ fourteen, coitus
nt. hventy, but without pronounced libido or satisfaction,
hereafter masturbation preferred. At iirst these acta were
accoiupanicd by the thought of a gir] whom he could mal-
treat and subject to hu mi Karting and infamous aetions*

Keading of acte of violence on women excitcd him sex-
ually. But he did not like to see blood either on himself
or on others, lle hated tlie sight of a naked woman.

He ncvcr feit iuclined to put bis Badittio ideas into ae-
tual practice for unnatural sexual intercourse he dinliked.

11c could not account for his sadistic ideas. These
itatementa be madc at a consultation for neurasthcnia.

Gase 39. Ideal sadism witb "Podex-Fetiehism."

P., age iwonty-two, of indcpondent means, heavily
tainted by heredity, by accident saw the governess chastls-
ing bis sister (fourteen years of age) ad podlcem inter
tp ttua. This made B dcep impression on him and hence-
fortli he had a eonstant desire to see and touch bis sister s
buttod» By sonie clever stratagem he sucoecded. Wbcn
soveu years old he beearae tbe play-fetlow of two sniall
girls, of whieh one wag tiny and lean, the other ratbcr
plump» He played tbe röle of the father chastising his
ehildren, Tbe lean girl he simply Bpanked over tbe clothes.
Tbe other, lunvever, allowed him to smaek her bare bottom
(she was then tcn ycurs old). Tbis gave him great sexual
plcasurc and causcd erection,

One day, after bcing ehastised in this manner the girl
Iflksd liitn to look at. her pudenda. Eut he refused the in-
vitation as this view did not interest him in the least

At tbe age of nine he heeame aequainted with a boy a
little older than him&elf. One day they came aeross a pic-
ture representing the scene of flagellation in a monk's mon-
astery, P. soon persuaded his companion to enaet the
scene. Tbc latter consented to playing the passive rölö
and found deligbt in it. This was often repeated. On one
oeeasion P. assumed the passive rolo but it gave

120 PSYCHOPATIJIA SEXUALI8.

him no pleasure. This relation between the two con-
tinued tili they grew up into manhood, and P. always ejac-
ulated during the flagellation. He dominated over his
friend, who looked upon him as a superior being. Only
twice whilst this friendship lasted did P. attempt this pro-
cedura on other persons ; once on a nurse-maid whose bare
bottom he smacked, and once in the street on a girl, eleven
years old, whose cries, however, drove hiin to hasty flight.

He never feit any inclination to masturbation, coitus
with girls, nor antipathic sexual sensations. He confined
himself to touch the buttocks of women when in a crowd,
or of girls whilst mixing with thein on the playground, to
look under the dresses of women climbing the stairs of an
omnibus or watch little girls undressing themselves.

He practised "Sadism-Fetichism". His fancy revelled
in situations in which he flagellated his younger brother, a
nurse-maid or a nun; he invented stories which always
ended in a scene of flagellation; answered advertisements
such as : "Dame severe demande eleve" and derived the ut-
most delight f rom the correspondence that followed ; made
drawings of flagellation scenes, of bare feinale buttocks,
ransaeked the libraries for books containing sadistic writ-
ings, made abstracts of the whole literature, collected
pictures referring to this favourite subject and designed
such himself in keeping with the progress he made in
developing his perversion.

The flights of his fancy rose from the exhibition of the
naked buttocks, to smacking, flagellating and even teasing
them, even to the murder of the owner. The latter act,
however, frightened him. The ever recurring ejaculations
finally brought on severe neurasthenia. Ile never could
make up his mind to seek medical advice. At last he found
a woman with whom he could have coitus as she permitted
him to flagellate her during the act.

(Regis, Archives d' anthropologie criminelle, N. 82,
July, 1899.)

Case 40. Merchant, forty years of age, abnormally

SEXUAL iNClrl NATION TOWAAD TUE OPPüSlTE 8EX. 121

early hctero- and hypcrsexuaiity. Froin his twentieth year
oecasionally eoitus and fauie de mivux inasturbation. In
eonsequenee o£ fright (surprise during coitus) psyehical
impotence. Treatment unsnccessful. This affected his
mind aud he came near to despair. He now iried imma*
fcttre girls with whom impotence could not put hini to
shame. His itioral will power, still uniinpaired, rnabkd,
him to resist thie inipulse, however, and he found satisfac-
tion to int with girls legal ly of age and no longer iimoeent,
but they raust in appearanee be youngcr than their years.
In such cases bis impotence disappeared. One day ho saw
a lady smitiug the face of her daughter> fourtecn ycars old.
This produced at onee violent erectiofi and orgasm in him.
The thouglit of it. had the same result. Froin that time he
found a mighty stimulant in seeing girls, no matter how
yonngj beaten ; even reading or hearing of maltreatment of
females had the same result.

That the retarded sadism in this case was not acquired
bnt nnlv latent ia evident from the faet that it ever existed
in an ideal form. It was part of the sensual idea predom-
imint in liiin that he introdueed "< \rfnmittite?n superiorem
m rntfinam femimit nsque ad scapulam** and roained about
within. [Other cases of ideal sadism see Moll (Libido sex-
ualis, pp, 324 and 500) j Knifft, "Arbeiten," iv. p. 163,]

(g) Sadism with Any Other Objcct — Whipping of Boys.

The sadistic acte with females just now described are
also praotised on other living, sensitive objeets, — ehildren
and animals. There may be a füll eonsciousness that the
Impulse is really dirccted towards womcn, and that only
fmde de mieux tho noarest attainable objeets (juipils) are
abused. Bnt the eondition of the perpetrator may be such
that the impulsc to cruel acta enters eonsciousness aeconv
panied only by lustful excitement, while its real ohject
(which alone ean explain the lustful eolouring of such
acte) remains latent

The first alternative suffiees aa an explanation of the

122 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

cases which Dr. Albert describes (Friedreich's "Blätter f.
ger. Med.," p. 77, 1859), — cases in which lustful teachers
whipped their pupils on the naked buttocks without cause.
We must think of the second alternative, the sadistic iin-
pulse with unconsciousness of its object, when the sight
of punishment causes spontaneous sexual excitement in the
witness and thus becomes the determining factor in his
f uture vita sexualis, as in the f ollowing cases : —

Case 41. K., aged twenty-five, merchant, applied to
me in the fall of 1889 for advice concerning an anomaly
of his vita sexualis, which made him fear invalidism and
impossibility of future happiness in marriage.

Patient came of a nervous family. As a child he was
delicate, weak and nervous. Healthy except for measles;
later on he became more robust.

At the age of eight, while at school, he saw the teacher
punish the boys by taking their heads between his thighs
and spanking thera with a ferule. This sight caused the
patient lustful excitement. "Without any idea of the
danger and enormity of onanism," he satisfied himself with
it, and from that time often masturbated, always calling
up the memory-picture of a boy being punished.

Thus it continued until his twentieth year. Then he
learned the significance of onanism, was terribly fright-
ened, and tried to overcome his impulse to masturbate; but
he feil into the practice of psychical onanism, which he re-
garded as innocuous and morally defensible, and for which
he made use of the memory-pictures of boys being whipped,
previously mentioned.

Patient now became neurasthenic, suffered with pollu-
tions, and tried to eure himself by visiting brothels ; but he
could not induce erection. Then he sought to obtain normal
sexual feelings by means of social intercourse with ladies :
but he recognised that he was entirely insensible to the
charms of the fair sex.

The patient was an intelligent man, normally devel-
oped, and of jesthetic taste. There was no inclination to

SEXUAL TNCT.INATION TOWARD TUE OPPÜSITE SEX- 123

peraons of bis own sex. 3dy adviee ermsisted of means to
combat tlic* nenrasthenia and pollntions ; intmlin KHK of
psychica] and mamial onanisni; avoidance of all sexual ex-
eitants; and, possibly, hypnotic treatment to nhiniatelv in-
duce a return of the vita sexualis to ite normal condition.

Gase 42, Abortive sadism. N,, Student, came under
Observation in Deeexnber, 181*0. Ile bad praetised mastur-
bation from early youth« Aecording to hia Statements, he
beeame sexually exet t cd when be saw bis father whip the
ehildren, and> later, when be saw bis companions wbipped
by the teaeber. Whrn b speetator of such scenes, he always
experienced lustful fcelings. He could not say exaetly
when this first oeenrred, but it may have been at about tbe
age of six. Ile could not teil exaetly whexibti begftQ to mas-
turbate, but he stated with certainty that bis sexual in-
stinet was first awakened by the punishnicnt of others, and
thns he uneonsciously came to praetise masturbation. The
patient remembered ei early that froui the age of four to
tbe age of eigbt be was frequently ^panked, and that this
eaused htm pain, never lustfnl pleamire.

Since he did not always have opportunity to See others
wbipped, be began to imagine how others were punished.
This excited bis Intf, and be would then masturbate.
Whenever he could, he managed to sce others punished at.
scfaooL Now and then he also feit desire to wliip others*
At the age of twelve he indueed a comrade to alluw bim tu
whip him. He found great sexual pleasure in it. When,
however, bis companion beat bim in return he experienced
notiang but pain,

The impulse to beat others was never very strong*
The patient experienced more satisfaetion in Alling big
Imagination with scenes of whipping. He never iridulged
in any otber sadistie acta, and never had any desire to see
blood, etc. Up to bis fiftoenth year bis sexual indulgence
CCft&isted of masiturbation, eouplcd with such faneies. After
that (danclng lessniis, Association with girls) the early
Caaoiefl disappeared almost entirely and were aecompanied

124 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

by but weak lustful feelings; so that the patient gave
them up entirely. In their place came thoughte of coitus
in a natural way, without anything sadistic.

The patient indulged in coitus for the first time "on
account of his health." He was potent, and the act
gratified him. He then tried to abstain from masturbation,
but was not successful, though he often indulged in
coitus, and with more pleasure than he had in masturba-
tion. Ile wished to be frecd from masturbation as some-
thing vicious. He had coitus once a month, but mastur-
bated once or twice every night. He was sexually normal,
excepting the masturbation. There was no neurasthenia ;
genitals normal.

Case 43. P., aged 15, of high social position, came
of an hysterical mother whose brother and father died in
an asylum. Two children of the family died in early child-
hood of convulsions. The patient was talented, virtuous,
and quiet ; but at times he was very disobedient, stubborn,
and of violent temper. He had epilepsy, and practised
masturbation. One day it was learned that P., with money,
induced a comrade of fourteen, B., to allow himself to
be pinched in the arms, genitals, and thighs. When B.
cried, P. became excitcd and Struck at B. with his right
hand, while with his left he made manipulations in tho
left pocket of his trousers. P. confessed that to maltreat
his friend, of whom he was very fond, gave him peculiar
delight; and that ejaeulation while hurting his friend
gave him mucli more pleasure than when he masturbated
alonc. (v. Gyurkovechky, "Pathol. und Therapie der
männl. Impotenz.," p. 80, 1889).

Case 44. K., fifty years of age, without occupation,
heavily tainted, satisfied his perverse sexual feelings ex-
clusively on boys of ton to fifteen years of age, whom he
seduced to mutual masturbation. At the acme of the Sit-
uation he would pieroe the lobe of the boy's ear. When
this, later on, proved inefficient, he cut off the lobe of a

SEX UAL I X OU K AT IO S T ü W AÜD T 1 1 K O P P OS I T B SE X . 125

boy's ear. Ile was arrested and scntcueed to five years'
iinprisonincnt, (Thviuot, op* cit., Jk 452.)

That in all these cases of sadistic abuse of boys there
can be no thought of a combination of sadisni and anti-
pathetic sexual instinet, as often oceurs (u, infra) in indi-
viduals of inverted soxtiality, in slmwn — asidc from the
ahn »nee of all positive signs of it — by a study of the next
group, where, in association with the object of injury, —
unitnals, — the instinct for women is seen to appear
repeatedly,

(h) Sadistic Acts mtk Animals.

In numerous cases, sadistically perverse men> afraid
of ernniual acte with human bcings, or who care only
for the sight of the suffering of a sensitive befug, make
use of the sight of dying animals, * or torture animals, to
stiinulate or excitc tbeir lust,

The case of a man in Vienna, which ir report^d by
Hofmann in his "Text-Book of Legal Jludicine," is note-
worthy in relation to this. According to the evidenee of
several prost i tu tes, bcforc the sexual act he was accus*
loined to cxcite himself by torturing and lälling elnokens
and pigeons and other birds, and, therefore, was cujled
"Hendllierr" (chickennuster)*

For the elucidation of such cases the Observation of
Lombroso is of value, according to wliom tvvo mcn had
ejaculation when thcy killcd ehickens or pigeoDB, or wrung
their necks.

Tha Bame author, in his "Uoino delinquente/' p. 201,
speaks of a poet of some reputation, who becaine power-
fully excited sexually whenevcr hc saw calves slaughtcml,
and also at the sight of bloody meat

Mtwlt'fjtjzza (ap. cit p. 114) relatcs that among degene-

rate Chinese the practice prevails to sodomise geese and

at the iimiiient of ejaculation to cut off their heads-

1 Diniitri, the hob of Ivan the Cmel, derived unapeakable pleas*
ure when wilnessing the diülh atruggles of slicep, ehiekena and
gecae. ( Bibliolh&que de Crimiiiologie, xix., p. 278.)

126 PSYCJIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

Mantegazza ("Fisiologia del piacere.," fifth ed., pp.
394, 395) mentions the case of a man who once saw chick-
ens killcd, and from that time had a desire to wallow in
their warm, steaming cntrails, because he experienced a
feeling of lust while doing it.

Thus, in these and similar cases, the vita scxualis ia
so constituted ab origine that the sight of blood, death,
etc., excites lustful feeling. It is so in the following
case : —

Case 45. C. L., aged forty-two, engineer, married,
f ather of two children ; f roni a neuropathic f amily ; f ather
irascible, a drinker; mother hysterical, subject to eclamptic
attacks. The j>atient remembers that in childhoocL he
took particular pleasure in witnessing the slaughtering of
domestic animals, especially swine. He thus experienced
lustful pleasure and ejaculation. Later he visited slaughter-
houses, in order to delight in the sight of flowing blood
and the death throes of the animals. When he could find
opportunity, he killed the animals himself, which always
afforded him a vicarious feeling of sexual pleasure.

At the time of füll maturity he first attained to a
knowledge of bis abnormality. The patient was not
exa'ctly opposed in inclination to women, but close contact
with them seemcd to him repugnant. On the advice of
a physician, at twenty-five he married a woinan who
pleased him, in the hope of freeing himsolf of his abnor-
mal condition. Although he was very partial to his wife,
it was only seldom, and after great trouble and exertion of
his imagination, that he could perform coitus with her;
nevertheless, he begat two children. In 18GG he wras in
the war in Bohemia. His letters written at that time to
his wife, were composed in an exalted, enthusiastic tone.
He was missed after the battle of Königgrätz.

If, in this case, the capability of normal coitus was
much impaired by the predominance of perverse ideas, iu
the following it seems to have been entirely repressed: —

SEXUAL INCLINATION TOWAKI) TUE OPPOS1TE SEX. 127

Case 46. (Dr. Pascal, "Igieno doli' amore ") A
gentlcman visited prost i tut es, had thcni purchase a living
fowl or rabbit, and made them torture the animal. He
particularly revelled in the sight of cutting off the heads
and tearing out the eyes and entrails. If he found a girl
who would consent, and go about it right cruelly, he was
delighted, and paid her and went his way without asking
anything more or touching her.

Interesting is the awakening of sadistic feelings to-
ward animals as related in the following case of Fere: —

Case 47. B., thirty-seven years of ago, tanner,
tainted, began masturbation at the age of nine. One day,
as he was about to niasturbate with anotlier boy at the
corner of a street, where the gradicnt was very steep, a
heavily laden dray pulled by four horses canie along. The
driver yelled at the horses and whipped them. The horses
slipped about a good deal and made the sparks fly froni
the cobble stones. This exeited B. very much and he
ejaculated as one of the horses feil. Ever afterwards a
similar occurrence would have the same effect on him
and he went in search of it. If the difficulty was overcome
without extra exertion on the part of the horse, or with-
out the U8e of the whip, B. became only cxcited and he
had to resort to masturbation or coitus to find final sat-
isfaction. Even after he was married and had childron,
sadism continued. When one of Ins childron feil ill with
chorea, B. had hysterical attacks. (Fere, Tinstinct sexuel,
p. 255).

The last two sections, g and h, show that the suffering
of any living being may become a source of perverse sexual
enjoyment to sadistically constituted persona, and that
there may be sadism with almost any [living] object.
However, it would be erroneous and an cxaggeration to try
to explain by sadistic pervers ion all the remarkable and
surprising acta of cruelty that occur, and to assume sadism

128

PSYCIIOPATHrA SEXüALIS.

as the motivc undcrlying all the horrors recorded in history
or found in ccrfain psychological manifest ations aniong
the peoples of the prosent tinie.

Cruelty arises froni varioua sources and ie natural tu
primitive man, Üoinpassion, in contrast with itj is a
secondary manifestation and acquired late. Tlie instinct
to fight and destroy, so iuiportant an cndowment in prc-
historie conditions, is long afterwards operative; and, in
the ideas engendem! by Zivilisation, like that of uthe
criininal," it finds ncw objects, so long as its original
object — "the eneniy" — still exists. That not simply the
dcath, but also torture of tlie conquered is demanded, is
in part explained by the sense of power, whieh satiafiea
itself in this way, and in part by the insatiableness of the
impulse of vengeance. Thus all horrors and historical
rijoninties may he explained without recourse to sadisiu
fwhich may often enough have been thc motive, but
should not he assumed as such, since it is a relatively
raro perversion).

At the same time, thero is still another powcrful
psychical clement to Im* takcn into consideration, which
explaina tlie attraction which ia still excrted by execu-
tiongj ete*; viz*f the pleasure which is produced hy intense
and unusnal imprcssions and rare sights, in contrast to
which, in coarse and blunted bcings, pity is silent

Bot nndrmbtedly there are individnals for whom, in
spite or even hy renson of tbeir lively compassion, all that
is connected with death and miffering has a mvsterious
iiHraetion who, with inward Opposition, and yet follow-
ing a dark impulse, occupy themselves with such things,
or «t least with pictiires and notiees of them. Still, this
is not sadisin, so long as no sexual dement enters into
eonscionsness ; and yet it is possible that, in uneonscious
lifo, slender threads eonnect such inanifestatlons with the
hidden depths of sadisra.

SEXUAL IE CLIA'ATIOJN TOWAÄD THE ÜFFÜöXTE SEX- 12t)

(/) Sodiam in 1 Vornan*

That sadisni — a pn-viraion, though often met with in
inen — ia leas freqiient in worin mi, mav l»e easily explained*
In the find plsco, sulism, in which the need of subju-
g&ttott of the opposite sex forms a constituent eleinent,
in aceordancc with ita nahirc rcpresenta i pathulogieal
intenfiification of the masculine sexual churacter; in the
raoond place, the obstacles which oppose the expression
of tliia inonatroua impulse are, of course, much grcater for
womaii than for man. Yel sadism oenirs in women, and
ii ran only be oxplained by tho primary constituent ele-
ment— the generd hyper-exeitatimi of the motor sphere.
Only twn eases have thus far been ecientih'cally studied.

Case 48* A married man prescnted hiniself with
nmuiMMiis scarfl of euts on bis armg. He told their orighi
HS followa: When ha Wiah©d to approaeh his wife, who
was yonng and somcwhat "tnrvons/' ho first had tO
make n eut in Ins arm, Then shfl wonld suck the woimd
and dnring the act become violcntly excited sexually*

This case recalls the widespread legend of tho vam-
f&ie&j the origin of which may perhaps be referred to such
sadist ic facts.1

In the second case of feminine sadism, for which I ara
indehted to Dr. Moll, of Berlin, by the eide of the perverse
impnhse, ns so freqnently happens, there is aiuesthesia in
the normal activities of sexual life; and there are ftfeo
traces of masochism (i\ trifra).

Case 49. Urs. IT., of TL, aged twenty-six, came of a

family in which nervous or mental diseases are said not to

*Tlic legend h pftpecfriTIy sprend throughout the Balkan ponin-
flula, Among the? modern (Jreckg k hu its oiigin in the niyth of the
ItitttirF und marmolt/kat — blood-suekiit^ women, tiort/w made QM of
tliia in lifo * Bride of CurinUi." Tlie verwes rafaniBg to vKinpii imu,
"suck thy hMurt'i blond,'* ete., can be llioroughlj understood only
when Lomjmml with their aneienl sourecs.

130 ' PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

have been observed ; but the patient herseif presented signs
of hysteria and neurasthenia. Although married eight
years and the mother of a child, Mrs. H. never had'desire
to i)erform coitus. Yery strictly educated as a young girl,
imtil her marriage she reinained alraost innocent of any
knowledge of sexual matters. She had menstniated reg-
nlarly since her fifteenth year. Essential abnormality
of the genitals was not apparent. To the patient coitus was
not only not a pleasure, but even an unpleasant act, and
repugnance to it had constantly increased. The patient
could not understand how any one could call such an act
the greatest delight of love, which to her was something far
sublimer and uneonnected with sensual impulse. At the
same time it should be mentioned that the patient really
loved her husband. In kissing him, too, she experienced
a decided pleasure, which she could not exactly describe.
But she could not conceive how the genitals can have
anything to do with love. In other respects Mrs. H. was
a decidedly intelligent woman of feminine character.

Si oscula dat conjugi, magnam voluptatem percipit in
mordendo cum. Gratissimum ei esset conjugem mordere
eo modo ut sanguis fluat. Contenta esset, si loco coitus
morderetur a conjuge ipsaeque eum mordere liceret.
Tarnen eam poeniteret, si morsu magnum dolorem faceret.
(Dr. Moll).1

In history there are examples of famous women who,
to some extent, had sadistic instincts. These Messalinas
are particularly characterised by their thirst for power,
lust, and cruelty. Among thom are Valeria Messalina
herseif, and Catherine de' Mcdici, the instigator of the
Massacre of St. Bartholomew, whose greatest pleasure
was to have the ladies of her court whipped before her
eyes, etc.2 (Confer above.)

^Another casn of Sadismus feminae is given by Moll, 3rd edit.
of " Die Cbntr. Sexualempfindung," p. 507. ease 29. It is the ezact
countcrpart of Masochism in man and representa the ideal desire of
the Masochist.

2 The gifted Henry von Kleist, who was beyond doubt mentally

MASOCIII8M.

181

2. Masochtsm.1 The Association of Passively Endurcd
Cruelty and Violence with Lust

Jlasochism is the opposite of sadism* Whilc the latter
is the desire to cause pain and use force> tho former is
the wish to suffer pain and be subjeeted to force«

By niasocbism I imderstand a peculiar perversion of

the psychical vUasexuaUs is whioh the individual affected,

in sexual feeling and tbought, is cotitrolled by the idca of

heilig complctely and nnconditionally subjeet to the avüI

of a person of tbe opposite sex; of being freated by tbis

person as by a master^ humiliated and abused. This idea

ia colottred by Iustful feeling; tho masoehist lives in

fancies, in which he ereates sihiations of this kind and

often attempts to realise them* By tbis perversion his

sexual instinet is often made more or less insensible to the

normal eharma of the opposite sex — incapable of a normal

vita sezualis — psychically impotent; Bat this psychioal

abnormal, give-n a masterly portrayal of oompMe feminine sadism in
liia *' Peuthesilea." In scene xxiiv Kleist describes bis heroine pur-
suing Achilles in tlic fire of !ove, and when he is betrayed into her
handa, she tears him wilh Iustful, murderous fury into pieees, and
sets hpr dogs on him : " Tearing the armour frorn hie* body* she
atrikes her teeth in bis white breast — ahe and her doga, the rivals,
Oxus and Sphynx — tbey on the riglit aide, ahe on the left; and as
I approached blood dripped from her lianda and mouth," And later,
whea Pentheallea becomes sntinted : " Did T kiss bim to death ? No.
Did I not ki&a him? Tom in pieces? Then it was a mistake; kiaaing
rhyincH wilh bitin^ [in German. Kümef Biese], and one who loves
with Ihe whole heart nullit easily mistake the one for the other,*1
In reeent literature we find the matter fre^uently treated, but par*
ticularly in Raeher-Ma&Qch*s novela, of which mentäon h made later
on, and in Ernc&t von Wildenhrueh^s u Brunhilde," Rachilde's rt Le
MarquUe de Sade/1 ete.

1 Literat urc* i\ K rafft, Neue Forschungen aus dem Gebiete der
Payehopathia Sexualis, 2 Aufl. — Jdcm, Arbeiten aus d, Gesammt-
gebiete d. Psychiatrie u, NeuropatholM iv.( p. 127-lßO, — Moll, Die
Contra re Sexualem p find ung, 3. Aufl., 270 — Eulenburg. Grenzfragen
des Nerven- und EteekBilebeQft, xix., Sadismus u. Masochismus, 1902,
Fuch*, Therapie der anomalen vita sexualis (Stuttgart, Enke) Beob.
5 and G. — 1\ Fchrenk-Xotzinfi* Die Kuggeat Jona -Therapie, 1892,—
Sendet, Viertel ja hrarhr* f. gerichtl. Med., 1893, iv, 2 (RttereftM&tt
Briefe von Masöclmten ) . — Bloch, Beitrügt" z, AetioL d. Psyebop.
sexual is, 2 Theil, Dresden, 1003,

132 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXÜALIS.

impotencc docs not in any way depend lipon a horror sexus
alterius, but lipon the fact that the perverse instinct finds
an adequate satisfaction differing froin the normal — in
woinan, to be sure, but not in coitus.

But cases also occur in wkich with the perverse im-
pulse there is still some sensibility to normal Stimuli, and
intercourse under normal conditions takes place. In other
cases the impotence is not purely psychical, but physical,
i.e., spinal; for this perversion, like almost all other per-
versions of the sexual instinct, is developed only on the
basis of a psychopathic and, for the most part, hereditarily
tainted individuality ; and as a rule such individuals are
given to excesses, particularly masturbation, to which the
difliculty of attaining what their fancy creates drives them
again and again.

I feel justified in calling this sexual anomaly "Maso-
chism,,, because the author Sache r-Masoch frequently made
this perversion, which up to his time was quitc unknown
to the scientific world as such, the substratum of his wTrit-
ings. I followed thereby the scientific formation of the
term "Daltonism," from Dalton, the discoveror of colour-
blindness.

During recent years facts have been advanced which
prove that Sacher-Masoch was not only the poet of Maso-
chism, but that he himself was afflicted with this anomaly.1
Although these proofs were communicated to me without
restriction, I refrain from giving them to the public. I
refute the aecusation that I have coupled the name of a
revered author with a perversion of the sexual instinct,
which has been made against me by some admirers of
the author and by some critics of my book. As a man
Sacher-Masoch cannot lose anything in the estimation of
his eultured fellow-beings simply because he was afflicted
with an anomaly of his sexual feelings. As an author
he suffered severe injury so far as the influence and in-
trinsic merit of his work is concerned, for so long and

1 Cf. for corroboration Sacher-Masoch, biography by t>. Eulenburg:
Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens, 1902, xxix., pp. 46-57.

MASOCHISM. 133

whenever he elirainated his perversion from his literary
efforts he was a gifted writer, and as such would have
achieved real greatness had he been actuated by norinally
sexual feelings. In this respect he is a remarkable exani-
ple of the powerf ul influence exercised by the vita scxualis
— be it in the good or evil sense — over the formation and
direction of man's mind.

The number of cases of undoubted masochism thus
far observed is very large. Whether masochism occurs
associated with normal sexual instincts, or exclusively
controls the individual ; whether or not, and to what extent,
the individual subject to this perversion strives to realise
his peculiar fancies; whether or not, he has thus more or
less diminished his virility — depends upon the degree
of intensity of the perversion in the single case, upon the
strength of the opposing ethical and testhetic motives and
the relative power of the physical and mental Organisation
of the affected individual. From the psychopathic point
of viewT, the essential and common element in all these
cases is the fact that the sex aal inst inet is directed to ideas
of subjugation and abuse by the opposite sex.

Whatever has been said with reference to the im-
pulsive character (indistinetness of motive) of the resulting
acts and with reference to the original (congenital) nature
of the perversion in sadism, is also true in masochism.

In masochism there is a gradation of the acts from
the most repulsive and monstrous to the silliest, regulated
by the degree of intensity of the perverse instinet and the
power of the remnants of moral and sesthetic counter-
motives. The extreme consequences of masochism, how-
ever, are checked by the instinet of self-preservation, and
therefore murder and serious injury, which may be com-
mitted in sadisjic excitement, have here in reality, so far
as known, no passive equivalent. But the perverse de-
sires of masochistic individuals may in imagination attain
these extreme consequences (v. infra, case 50).

Moreover, the acts to which masochists resort are in
some cases performed in connection with coitus, i.e., as

134 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

preparatory measures; in others, as Substitutes for coitus
when this is impossible. This, too, depends only upon the
condition of sexual power, which has been diminished for
the most part physically and mentally by the activity of
the sexual ideas in the perverse direction, and not upon
the nature of the act itself.

(a) The Desire for Abuse and Humiliation as a Means of
Sexual Satisfaciion.

Case 50. Mr. Z., age twenty-nine, technologist, came
for consultation because of fear of labes. Father nervous,
died tabetic. Father's sister insane. Several relatives very
nervous and peculiar. On closer examination the patient
was found to have sexual, spinal and cerebral asthenia.
He presented no Symptoms of tabes dorsalis. Questions
concerning abuse of the sexual organs brought out a con-
fession of masturbation practised since youth. In the
course of the examination the following interesting psycho-
sexual anomalies were discovered : At the age of five tho
vita sexualis began with the impulse to whip himself, as
well as with the desire to see others whipped. In this
he never thought of individuals as of the one sex or the
other. Faule de mieux he practised flagellation on him-
self, and, in time, this induced ejaculation. Long before
this he had begun to satisfy himself with masturbation,
and always during the act revelled in imaginary scenes
of whipping. ITe twice visited brothels to have himself
flogged by prostitutes. For this purpose he chose the pret-
tiest girl he could find ; but he was disappointed, and did
not even have an erection, to say nothing of ejaculation.
He recognized that the flagellation was subsidiary, and that
the idea of subjection to the woman's will was the impor-
tant tliing. He realised this on the second trial. When he
had the "thought of subjection" he was perfectly suc-
cessful. In time, by straining his imagination with maso-
chistic ideas, he performed coitus without flagellation ; but
he found little satisfaction in it, so that he performed

MASOCHISM.

135

sexual intercourse in a masoehistic way. He fonnd pleas-
ure in masoehistic seenes, in the sense of his original desire
for flagellation, only when he was flagellated ad podicem,
or3 at least, only when he called up such a Situation in
Imagination, At times of great exeitability it. was cven
suftieient if lie told stories of sncli sei -lies to a pretty girl.
\h- would thua have an orgasm, and usually ejaculation.

A very effcctual fetichistic idea was early a&sociated
with this* Ile noticed that hfl was attraeted and saristiod
only by women wearing high heels and short jackets
("Hungarian fashion"). He did not know how ho
arrived at this fetichistic idea. Boys* tegB with high heels
also pleascd him; but this cliarm was purely srsthctic,
without any sensual colouring; and he said he had never
noticed an vt hing homosexual in h inisei f. The patient
referiöd his fetiehiam tn his partiality for calves (legs)*
Ile was eharnicd hy ladies' calves only when elegant sboes
were on the feet* Nude legs — feminine nudity in general
— did not in the least affeefc him sexually. A subordinate
fetichistic idea for the patient was the human ear, It was
a lustful pleasure for him to caress the han<ls<.me rars of
people. With nien this pleasure was slight, but with
women it gave him great enjoyment

llo also had a woakness for cats* ITe thought them
simply beaiilifii], and their inovements were very attractive
to him, The siglit of a eat eould raise him from a feeling
of the deepest depression. Cats seemed to him saered; he
saw sometliing divine in theni! Ile did not know the
reason for this idiosyncrasy.

Of late he also frequently had sadistic ideas about
punisbing boys. In theso iiuaginary flagellations both
men and women played a part, but ]>artieularly the latter,
and then his enjoyment was rauch niore intense.

The patient fonnd that, hesides what he recognised and
feit as masochism, there was eomething eise which he
preferml to designate "pageism,"

Wh ile his masoehistic faneies and aefs were entirely of
a coarse, sensual nature, his "pageism" consisted of the

136 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

idea of being a page to a beautiful girl. His conception
was perf ectly chaste, but piquant ; bis relation to her that
of a slave, but absolutely pure — a mere platonic Sub-
mission. This revelling in tbe idea of serving such a
"beautiful creature" as a page was coloured by a pleasur-
able feeling, but this was in no way sexual. Ile experi-
enced in it an exquisite feeling of nioral satisfaction, in
contrast with sensually coloured inasochism, and therefore
he could but regard it as something of a different nature.

At first sight there was nothing remarkable in the
patient's appearance ; but his pelvis was abnormally broad,
the ilia were flat, and the pelvis, as a whole, tilted and
decidedly feminine. Eyes, neuropathic. He" also men-
tioned that he often had itching and lustful irritation at
the anus, and that there ("erogenous" area) ope digiti, he
could satisfy himself.

The patient was troubled about his future. Help
would be possible for him if he could but excite in himself
an intercst in women, but his will and imagination were too
weak for that.

What the patient designated as "pageism" does not
diffcr in any way from masochism, as may be seen when
it is compared with the following cases of symbolic
masochism and others; and, further, upon the considera-
tion that in this perversion coitus is avoided as an
inadequate act, and from the fact that in such cases there
is often a fantastic exaltation of the perverse ideal : —

Case 51. Ideal Masochism. Mr. X., technologist,
twenty-six years old. Mother of nervous disposition; suf-
fered from neuralgia. In the father's family a case of
spinal disease and one of psychosis. A brother suffered
from nervousness. ilr. X. had only slight infantile affec-
tions; he learned easily at school, and developcd normally.
He wras of manly appearance, but rat her weakly and under
medium size. The descent of the right testicle was im-
perfect, but could be noticed in the inguinal canal. Penis
normally formed, but rather small.

MASOCHISM. 137

. At the age of five he feit sexual excitement whilst
swinging on the cross-bar with legs crossed, and stretched
out at füll length. He repeated the exercise several tinies,
but forgot about the Sensation until he grew up to maturer
age. Ite then tried to induce this pleasurable feeling
by repeating the exercise, but without success.

At the age of seven he took part in a general fight
between the pupils of the school which he attended, after
which the victors rode on the backs of the vanquished.
This impressed X. considerably.

He thought the position of the prostrate boys a pleas-
ant one, wanted to put himself in their place, imagining
how by repeated efforts he could move the boy on his
back near his face so that he might inhale the odour of
his genitals. These thoughts, coupled with pleasurable
feelings, often recurred to him afterwards, although they
never occasioned real sensations of lust; in fact, he con-
sidered these thoughts sinful and bad, and sought to
repulse them. He claimed to have had no knowledge at
that time of sexual matters. It is remarkable that the
patient up to his twentieth year was periodically troubled
with eneuresis nocturna.

Up to the time of puberty these masochistic fancies
to lie under the thighs of others, boys as well as girls,
recurred periodically. Now the objects were chiefly
girls, but these exclusively when puberty was corapleted.
Little by little these situations gained a different mean-
ing, for soon the culminating point was the consciousness
to be absolutely subject to the will and whims of a fully
developed girl, coupled with corresponding humiliating
acts and attitudes.

For instance, X. says : —

"I am lying on my back on the floor. The mistress
Stands over my head with one foot on my breast or she
holds my head between her foet so that her genitals are
directly in a line wTith my Vision. Or she sits a-straddle
on my ehest or on my face, using my body as a table. If
I do not obey her commands promptly she locks me up

138

PSYCiiüFATlilA SEX U ALIS.

in a dark W.C. and leaves the kouse to find pleasure
elsewhere. She introduees me tu her friends as her slave
and turns ine over as such to them as a loan*

"fcähe niakes me perform the lowest inenial work, wait
lipon her wheu she arises3 in the bath et inter mhiioiievu
At times she uaes niy face for the latter purpose and
niakes nie drink af the voidanee.1'

X. ehihned that he never practically put these ideas
into effeet for fear of not realising the untieipated pleasure.

Chice onl v faye sneaked into the rooiti of a pretty house*
maid ut urinam puellw bibal; but he was too much dis-
gusted to carry out the purpose.

lle stated that he fought in vain against these maso-
chistie Impulses, considoring thera of a painful and dis-
gusting nature. They were still prevalent. He pointed
out partieularly that the hitmiliation connected with these
hnagmary acts was tlie prineipal attraetion, and that the
pleasure uteri ved from causing pain to others was never
associated with them.

He preferred as "mistrcss" a slender maiden of about
twenty years of age, with a pretty face, and wearing short
light dresses.

The ordinary intereourse with young women, dancing,
or mixed society, never impressed him.

With the period of puberty these masochistie ideas
were at times accompanied by pollutions, but only weak
emotions of lust

At one time the patient resorted to friction of the
glans penü, but he could not induce erection, mueb less
ejaculation, and instead of pleasure he produced disagree-
able paralytic feelings. This saved him from niasturlm-
tion. But after the age of twenty he often experienced
Lustful emotions with ejaculation when performing gyin-
nastic excrcises on the horizontal bar, or when elimbmg
poles or ropes. He never had a desire for sexual inter-
eourse with women or for inverted sexual actione At the
age of twrenty-six a frtend urged him to coitus, but already
on the way to the house "aaxiety, restleesncss, and deeided

MASOCIIISM.

139

disgust" crept over him. He beeame so excited, frembled
all over, and broke out into a profuse Perspiration, that
he could not corainand an erection. Rcpeated attempts
proved complete failures, but he was able to control lii^
mental and physical excitement a little better than the
first time.

Libido was never present. Masochistic imaginations
gave no assistance, because bis mental facultiea at such
times were "as if paralysed," and be "could not call
up those intense imaginary reprcsentations which ho
found necessary for an erection*" Thus he gave up all
attempts at coitus, partly because libido was absent,
and partly on account of bis utter want of confidence
in success. Only now and then he-satisfied his weak
sexual desires by the aid of gymnastie exereiseSi Oc-
casionally, however, spontaneous or superinduced maso-
i'liistic fancies (wben awake) would cause erection, but
nerer ejaculation.

Pollutions oeeurred at poriods of six weeks.

The patient was highly iutellectual, of refined man-
ners, and a little neu rast henic. He complained that when
in society the feeling ohtruded itself constantly that he was
being observed. This eaused him worry aud embarrass-
mont, altliough he wTas fully aware that all this was naught
but imagination* He loved solitude, for fear that others
might find out his sexual abnormality.

This impotcnee did not cause him pain, for he had
scarcely any desire. Nevertheless he would consider the
eure of his viia sexualis a great boon, since so much
depended upon it in social life, and he would be more seif*
possessed and manlier when auiong others.

His present existence he considered a niisery, and his
life a bürden.

Gase 52- X-, man of letters, aged twenty-eight,
tainted. Sexually hypenesthetie from ehildhood. At the
age of six he had dreama of being whipped ad nales by a
woman, Upon awakening, mtense lustful excitement -f thus

140 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUAUS.

he came to practise onanism. When eight years old he
once asked the cook to whip him. From hi9 tenth year,
neurasthenia. Until his twenty-fif th year he had dreams of
flagellation or similar fancies when awake, and indulged
in onanism. Three years ago he had an impulse to have
himself whipped by a puella. The patient was dis-
appointed, for neither erection nor ejaculation occurred.
At twenty-seven, another effort, with the thought to en-
force erection and ejaculation. This was finally madc
possible by the following artifice: While coitus was
attempted the puella had to teil hira how she flogged
mercilessly other impotent men, and threaten hira with
the same. Besides this, it was necessary for him to fancy
that he was bounch, entirely in the woman's power, help-
less, and most painfully beaten by her. Occasionally, in
order to become potent, it was necessary to have himself
actually bound. Thus coitus was possible. Pollutions
wTere aecompanied by lustful feeling only when he (infre-
quently) dreamed that he wras abused, or that he looked
on while one puella whipped the other. He never had a
real lustful pleasure in coitus. The only things in women
that interested him were the hands. Powerful women with
big fists were his preforenco. At the same time, his desire
for flagellation was only ideal ; for with his great cutaneous
sensitiveness at the most a few strokos were sufficient.
Blows from men wero repugnant to him. ITe wished to
marry. From the impossibility of asking a decent woman
to perform flagellation and the doubt about being potent
without flagellation sprang his embarrassment and desire
to recover.

Passive Flagellation and Masochism.

Case 53. 1)., age thirty-two, sculptor, hereditarily
tainted, marks of degeneration, constitutionally neuro-
pathic, neurastlienic, woakly in his earlier years. First
emotions of sexual ity at the age of seventeen ; it devel-
oped slowly and exelusively in a hetero-sexual, but maso-
chistic direction. ITe craved for floggings at the hands

M AS(M 1I1SM.

141

of a pretty womau { but 110 haud-fetichisiii). He preferrod
women uf lianghty and imperious appearanee* He ogrof
Bougfat tu put bis masoehistie desirea into real practica
He could not explain them.

ün four oceasious bfl tried coitua but without suceeas,
He practised mashirbution, whieh caused severe neuras-
thenia, aecompauied by pln»bui, wfafiienpon he sought med-
ieal ftdrioa

In three of tbe foregoizig caaos for the most part p&Bfl
flagellation wrvcs liini lliat is subjeet to this pei-ver^ion <»f
maaochiain as an expression of tbe desired Situation of
suhjectiuu to tbe womau. Tbr B&SBti mraiis is needed by
a Large aumber of mu.soehists. Jiut passive tlugelhuion is
a pmeess whicli, as is ktmwn, Iias a tnidi-ney tu induee
creetion reilexly by Irritation of tbe nerve* of tbe biittocks.1
This effect of flagellation is uaed by weakened debaucheea
to help their diminifihed power; and this perver&ity — not
perversion — is very common. U i>, therefore, neeesaary to
aseertain in what relation tbe passive flagellation of tbe
niaaoelnsts Stands to tliose diseipated individuals who are
not psyehically perverse, but physically weakenei

It is not difficult to show tbat masoehism is some-
thini^ essmtially diiferent from flagellati<ffi, and more
coiriprehensiva For tbe masoclrist the prineipal thing
is subjeet ion to tbe womau ; tbe punishment is only the
cxprrssion of this rclatbm — tbe moat intense effeet of it
he can bring upon himself. For hiin tbe aet has only a
s\ Mibolic valuc, and is a means to tlie end of mental aatis*
faetion of Ins peculiar desirea. On the otber band, tbe
individual tbat ia weakened and not snbjert to nuisoohism
and who haa bimself flagellatcd, dcsires only a mechanieal
Irritation of bis spinal centre.

Wlietber in a given caae it is simple (reflex) flagella-
tion or masoehism is inade elear by the individual's State*
mentSj and often by the seeondary circumstances. The
determination depends upon tbe following faets: —

In the firsi plaoe, tbe irnpulse to passive flagellation
J Cf. &upraf IntroducÜon.

143 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALJS.

cxists in the masoehist «6 angine. The desire is feit before
thcre has beon any experience of the iedex effect, often
tirst in dreains, as> for exaniple* in ease 55. r. infra.
^ctvmtfy. with the inasochisu as a rule. dagellation is onlv
one of many and vartous pnnishinents which come inte
Ins inind as faneies and are often realised. In these other
pnnishinents and the frequent acts expiessinjr pnrely syin-
holte humtliations which oeeur by the stde of dagellations,
thoro eaiu of eoursx\ be no thought of a reflex physical
irrilalive etfeeu Tkirdly. i: is si£ni£cant thau in the
nmsoohist when the desire*i fasellation is carried onu it
need have no aphrodisiac ereet at alh Yery often, indeed,
(höre is a inore or less oe£s« »iisappointnient ; in fact,
always* if the masoehist i> z»t s:>>>>ssfnl in his desiie to
ortete by tncans of the prearrar^i proeraniine the illit-
*ioti of the desired sit;:at>"*i < :o bc- in the wonian%$ power),
»o (hat the woman ordere»! to carry out the ae* seenis to
Im uothim; more than the exeeutive asent of his own will.
\\\ reforenoo to this importan: point, .compare the thiee
fore$*oiii£ oasos and case 5>.

Uotweon maswhism and simple •. redex^ äagellaikwu
(heiv is a relation somewhat analosous to that existing
hotwoen invorted sexr.a! inst inet ar.d acquired pederasty.
It doe-a not losten the vah:e of this opi~i ■- that, in the
uia*whist% the rtaseUation :uay also have the known r*flex
eflfevt ; or that a whipphu: reveived in eh:Mh »I may ha*e
arousod Inst for the r.rst ti:::e. ani th*.:s siinv/.taneorrsly
evoited the latent tuasoohistieaLIy cor.st:tt:tv«i ri\z <*jr*ii3iK
In this event* the case r.:t:st be eharaoter:s*>I :y :he eoe-
ditions ntcntioncd alwe t:n :er the heais o: "<x r;%cJi*'m
and "s\i>\:*b%%% in orvier to K- rnasvvhistio. I: the ietails
of the ori*:in of the case are not k:v.w:;. --ther circ^zi-
slanoos* such as those :r.entio::ed alwe ::ui;r "<y :;%wJTjf*
\v\ndd nxake it clear'y :::a.».v2:istio> This is illustritec in
the followin^ twv^ easxs: —

Case 54» A ^t:-::t of Tsr^r: >.-svji "< hi : i Tvrsoc ia
his c\^ntidenoxx ren: a house curiiü his att*.fcks» az-I iz^rorc

MASociusar,

143

ii- i^rsonnel (three prostitutes) in what was to be dono
with him. Whenever he canie there he was undressccl,
manustuprated and flagellated as ordered. He pretended
to offer resistanee, and bcgged für mercy; then, as
ordered, he was allowcd to eat and aleep. Bnt in epite
of p rötest he was kept there, and beaten if he diel not sub-
ita t, Tlius the affair wonld go on for soine days. Whrn
the aftaek was over he was dismissed, and he xeturned to
bis wife and children, who had no suspicion of Ins disease.
The attaeks oecurred once or twice a year (Tarnowsky,
opw cit)

CaS6 55. X-, aged thirty-fonr, greatly predisposed,
suffered with antipathic sexual insti.net. For varioue rea-
eons he had no opportunity to satiafy himself wirb inen,
in epite of great sexual desire, Occasionally he dreamed
that a woman whipped him, and then had a pollution,

Throngh this dream he came to have prostitutes beat
htm as a Substitute for love with men. Oceasionally he
wonld obtain a prostitnto, imdress himself completely
(while sbe was not to take off her cheraiae), and have
her trend upon him, wliip and heaf him. Qua re siuiiwt
libidine affectus pedem fämmm hmhii quod solum
Ubidinosum facere potest: htm fjnrtdadonem assequitur.
Then disgnst at the morally debamng Situation oecurred^
and he rot i red as quiokly as possible.

Gase 56, A gentleman of high standing, age twenty-
eight years, wonld go to a houae of prostitution ooee a
month. He always annnimced his Coming, with a note
rcading tlius: **Dear Veggy, I shall be with you to*mor-
tow evening betragen 8 and 9 o'eloek, Whip and knout!
Kindest regards. . . ."

He always arrived at the appointed time earrying a
whip, a knout and leather Straps, After undressing he
had himself hound band and foot, and then flogged by the
gir] on the so] es of his feet, his ealvcs and buttoeks until
ejaeulation ensued. Other desires or wishes he never ex-

144 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

pressed. The fact that he disdained coitus seems to point
to the fact that he resorted to this method simply as a
means to gratify his masochistic inclination and not as a
ruse to restore potency.

Cases occur, liowever, in which passive flagellation
alone constitutes the entire content of the masochistic
fancies, without other ideas of humiliation, etc., and
without wgll-defined consciousness of the real natnre of
this expression of Submission. Such cases are difficult to
differentiate from those of simple reflex flagellation. A
knowledge of the primary origin of the dcsire, before any
experience of reflex Stimuli (t\ supra, under "first"), is the
only thing tliat renders the differential diagilosis certain,
if vveighed with the circumstance that genuine masochists
are perverse from early youth, and that the realisation of
their desires is scarecly evcr accomplished or proves a
disappointment (v. supra, under "thirdly") ; for the whole
thing chiefly belongs to the realm of imagination.

The following is a case of typical masochism in which
the whole circle of idcas peculiar to this perversion
appears completcly dcveloped. This case, in which there
is a detailed personal description of the whole psychical
state, is diffcrent from case 49 in the llth edition only in
that there is here no thought of a realisation of the perverse
fancies, and tliat, notwithstanding the perversion of the
vita sexualis, normal Stimuli are so far effectual that sexual
intercourse is really possible under normal conditions.

Case 57. 4iI am thirty-fivc years old, mcntally and
physically normal. Aniong all my relatives, in the direct
as well as in the lateral line, I know of no case of mental
disorder. My fathor, who at mv birth was thirty years
old, as far as I know had a preference for voluptuous, large
women.

"Even in my early childhood I loved to revel in ideas
about the absolute mastery of one man over others. The
thought of slavery had something exciting in it for me,
alike wThether from the Standpoint of master or servant.

MASOCHISM.

145

That onc man could possess, seil or whip atiothcr, caused
me inteikse exeit erneut ; and in reading 'Uncle Toiu's Ca bin*
(wliirli I rratl at about the heginning of puberty) I had
eraetiofifti Partien] arly exeit ing for me was the thought
of a man being hitehed to a waggon in whieh anothtf
man sat vvith a whip, driving and whipping In in. Itnil
my twontieth year these idcas were pnrely objeetive and
Bfixleafl — Lc.j the nur in suhjugation in my faney was
another (not myself), and the master was not neeessarily a
woman. These ideas were, therefure, withuut etfeet OS mv
sexual desires — Le*, on the way in which they took practi-
ca! shape. Althcmgh these ideas eaused ereetions, yet I
have never masturbated in my lifo, and front niy nine-
teenth year 1 had epittta withont the he]p of these ideas
and withont any relatiuii to theiu. I always had a great
preferenoe for elderly, volnptuous, large woinen, thougb I
did not BCOTtl youngrr «mcs.

u After my twenty-n'rst year my ideas became objektive,
and it becamfl an essential tliing that the *rnistrcös'
should he a woinau over forty yrurs <>M, tatl and power-
fnl. Front this Ume I wob always in my faneir* (Irr suhjeet;
the 'nristress* was a rough woman, who made use of
me in every way, also sexually; who harnessed me to
a carriage and niade me take her for a drive, whoEtt J
nmst fnllow like a dog, at whose feet T mmt Tic* uaked
and hf punished — i.e., whipped — hv her. This was the
constaiit dement in uiy tdess, amuud whieh all otherfl
were gronped. In these faneies I always fonnd eadletifi
pleasurablo eonifort whieh eaused ereetion. bnt never
ejaeulatiom A§ a result of the induced sexual exeitemeut,
I would imujediaiely seek a woman, preferably one corre-
sponding exteriorly with my ideal, and have coitufl willi
her withont any aetual aid of my faneies, and some«
times also withont any thonght of thein diiring Um act.
I had, however, also inelination toward wonien of a
different kincl, and had eoitns with them withont being
inipelled to it by my faney,

"Notwithstanding all Uns, my life was not exceedingly

146

r s y C 1 1 0 P AT I I I A S E X U A LI s.

abnormal sexually; yet These ideas wero eertain to occur
periodically, and they have renmincd essen tially im-
changed. With growing sexual desire, the intervala
Consta ntly grew shorter, At the present tiine the attacks
come every two or thive weeks. If I previously wero to
have eoitus, the occurrence of the fancies would, perhaps,
be postponed, I have never atteiupted to realise my very
definite and eharaeteristie ideas — t*<tfM to eonneet them
with the world without ine — but I have contented myseif
with revelling in the thonghts, beeanse I was eonvinced
that rny ideal wmild liot nllow even au approach to
realisation. The thought of a comedy with paid pros-
titutes ahvays seemed so silly and pnrposelcss, for a pw-
soii hired by nie could never take the place of my Imagina-
tion of a 'eruel inistresa\ I doubt whether there are sadis-
ticallv eonstituted women like Sacher- Masoch's heroines.
But? if there were such women, and I had the fortune ( ! )
to find one, still, in a world of reality, intereourse with her
would i'\>r w&em onlv a faroe to nie. Indeed, I ean Bip
that, Wefe T t<> becorue the slave of a Messalina, I helieve
that owing to the other neoessary renunciations my desired
manner of life would soon pall on ine, and in mv lucid
intervals I should niake every etfort fo ohtain mv freedom
at all hazards.

"Yet I have fonnd a way in whieh to induce, in a
eertain sen«e, a realisation. After my sexual clesire has
beea intensely exeited hy revelling in my faney, I go to a
prostitate and there call up before my mind'a eye with
grcat inten sity eome scene of the kind mentioned, in
whieh I play the prlncipal role* After thinking of such
a Situation for about half an hour, with a constaiitly re-
sultsng erection, I perform eoitus with increased lustful
plcasure and strong ejaeidation, After the latter, the
vision fades away. Ashamed, I depart as quickly ad
possible, and try not to think of the affair. Then for
about two weeks I have no niore such ideas ! indeed, after
a pariieularly satisfaetory eoitus, it may happen that nntil
the next attack I have not even any sympathy whatever

MASOCJI1SM.

147

with masochistic ideas. But the next attaek is sure to
coxne sooner or later, I must, however, State that I also
have coittis without being prepared by such ideas, especi-
ally, tooj with wnincn tliat mv teqttftizited with nie and my
j>t»si f ioTij and in whose presence I ablior such faneies.
Under the lat irr circumstances, however, I am not alway*
potent, while, with masockisHc iäew, nuj n <rll.it y is per (ed.
It does not sceiu superfluoiis to add that otherwise in my
thought and feeling I am vcry uisthetic, and dcspise any-
thing like malt reatmen t of a human being. Finally« I will
not leave unmentioned the fact tliat the form of address is
of importaiice. In my fanciea it is essential that the fmift-
tress1 address nie in the seeond person (Du)9 while I
must address her in the tlnrd (Sir), Tl ns ei reu ms t an cc
of being thus familiarly addressed (Du) by a person so in-
clineil, ÜB the Expression of absolute mastery, has from
my yotith given me lnstful pleasure, and does todaj*

"I had the fortune to find a wifc who is in everything,
but especially sexually, attractivc to ine; though, as I
scarccly need say, she in no war reseinbles my masochistic
ideals. She is gentle, but vuluptuous, for without the
latter charaeterüstie I eannot conceive such a thing as
sexual eh arm. Tbe first few months of married life wero
normal sexually; the mASOchifitic attacks did not occur,
and I had almost lost all thought of masoehism. Then
came the first conti nemont and the neecssary abstinenee.
Punctually, then, with the oecurreneo of fthido came the
masochistic fancies agnin, whieh, in spitc of my great km
for my wife, nccessitated coitus with another? with the
aeeompaniment of masochistic ideas, It is here wortby
of note that coitus maritalis, whieb was later resumed, did
not prove sufiieient to banisb the masoebistic ideas, as
masochistic coitus always does. As for the essential
element in masoclusm, I am of the opinlon that the ideas
— Le,, the mental element — are the end and aini.

"If tbe realisation of the inasochistic ideas (i.e., passive
ßagellation, etc.) l>e the desircd end, then it is in Opposi-
tion to the fact that tbe majori ty of masoehists never

148 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEX U ALIS.

attempt realisation; or when this is attompted great
disappointment occurs, or at any rate the desired satis-
faction is not obtained.

"Fiiially, I should mcntion that, according to my
experieiice, the number of masochists, cspccially in big
cities, seeuis to be'quite largo. The only sourccs of such
Information are — since inen do not reveal thcse things —
Statements by prostitutes, and since they agree on the
essential points, certain facts may be assumed as proved.

"Thus there is the fact that every experienced prosti-
tute keeps some suitable instrument (usually a whip) for
flagellation, but it must be reincmbered that there are
men who have themselves whipped simply to increase
their sexual pleasure. These, in contrast with masochists,
regard flagellation as a nieans to an end.

"On the other band, ahnost all prostitutes agree that
there are many inen who like to play 'slavc' — i.e., like
to be so called, and have themselves scolded and trod lipon
and beaten. As has been said, the number of masochists
is larger than has yet been dreamed.

"As you can imagine, your chapter on this subjeet
has made a deep impression on nie. I should like to
have faith in a eure, in a logical eure, so to speak, in
aecordance with the motto: 'Tout comprendre c'est tout
guerir\

"Of course the word eure is to be taken with some
limitation, and there must be a distinetion made between
general feelings and concreto idcas. The former can never
be removed; they come like a streak of lightning, are
there, and onc does not know whence or how.

"But the practice of masochism in imagination by
means of concrete associated ideas can be avoided, or at
least restricted.

"Now the thing is changed. I say to myself : What!
you busy your mind with things which not only the
testhetic sense of others, but also your own, disapproves i
You regard that as beautiful and desirable which, in your
own judgment, is at once ugly, coarse, silly, and impossi-

MASOCHISM. 149

ble? You long for a Situation which in reaJity you can
never obtain? This opposing idea has an immediate in-
hibitory and undeceiving effect, and breaks tlie point of the
fancy. In fact, since reading your book (early this year)
I have actually not revelled in my fancy, though the
raasochistic tendencies have recurred at regulär intervals.

"I must also confess that, in spite of its marked patho-
logieal character, masoehism is not only incapable of
destroying my pleasure in lifo, but it doos not in the least
affect my outward life. When not in a masochistic state,
as far as feeling and aetion are conccrned, T am a perfeetly
normal man. During the activity of the masochistic
tendencies there is, of course, a grcat revolution in my
feeling, but my outward manner of life suffers no change;
I have a calling that makes it necessary for ine to move
much in public, and I pursue it in the masochistic con-
dition as well as ever."

The author of the foregoing lines also sends me the
f ollowing notes : —

I. "Masoehism, aecording to my experience, is under
all circumstances congenital, and never acquired by the
individual. I know positively that I was iiever spanked;
that my masochistic ideas were manifested f rom my earliest
youth, and that, as long as I have been capable.of think-
ing, I have had such thoughts. If the origin of thera had
been the result of a particular event, especially of a
beating, I should certainly not have forgotten it. It is
characteristic that the ideas were present be.fore there was
any libido. At that time the ideas were absolutely sexless.
I remember that when a boy it affected (not to say ex-
. cited) me intensely when an older boy addressed me in the
second person (Du) while I spoke to him in the third
(Sie). I would keep up a conversation with him and have
this exchange of address (Du and Sie) take place as often
as possible. Later, when I had become more mature
sexually, such things affocted me only when they oecurred
with a woman, and one relatively older than myself.

150

PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXLALIS.

IL "Physically and mental ly I am in all respects maß-
en! ine. I have a snperabundant growtli of beard, and my
whole body is verv hairy. In my relations to the fcinale
sex that are not masoehistic tlie doininating position of
tbe man is an indispensable condition, and any attempt to
ehange it would nieet with my energetic Opposition. I
am energetic, if not over-eourageous; bnt tbe want of
courage is not manifest when my pride is injured. I am
not sensitive to events in na t uro (thiinder storms, storma
at sea, ata}*1

"Again, my masoehistic tendeneies have nothing femi-
nine or effeminate aboilt thein (!). To he sure, in theac,
tbe inclination to be soiight and desired by tbe woinan is
dominant; bnt tbe general relation desired with her is
rmt tJint in wliich a woiiiun Stands to a man, but that of
the slave tu the master, the domestie animal to ite owner.
If one regards the ultiniate aim of masoebism ivithoiit
prejudiee, it must be acknowledged that its ideal is tlie
position of a dog or horse* Both are owned by raastera
and punished by them, and the masters are responsible to
no one. Just tili s unlimited power of Kfe and death, as
exercised over slaves and domestie animals, is the aim and
end of all masoehistie idei

IIL "Tbe fmindation of all masoehistic ideas 13 lihido,
and as thia ebbs and flowa* so do the masoehistic faneies.
On tlie otber band, as soon as tlie ideas are present, they
greatly intens! fy tbe libido, I am not by natnre exees-
sivelv sensual. Howcver, when the masoehistic ideas
oeenr I am impeUed to coitns at any eost (for the most
part I am driven to the lowest woraen) ; and if tbese
Impulses are not soon obeyed, libido soon becomes almost
satyriasis. One is almost justified in looking lipon thia aa
a circidus viiiosus.

"Libido oecurs either in tbe eourae of time or as the
result of capeeial excit erneut (also of a kind that ia not

1 TMh dififerenee of eourage in tlie face of evonts in nature, on
the one band, and in tbe face of eonfiiet witli will-pwer, on tbe
otliLT, is crrtuinly rcmnrkabk', even though it is the only iitdication
of cllVinhuK y apparent in this ease.

MASiK'lllSM.

151

magochistic — e.g«, kissing). In spite of its manner of ori-
gin, this Itbido, bj virtue of the iiiasochistic ideaa it engen-
ders, ia soon transformed into a masochistic and impure
liltidü,

"Morcover, there is no doubt that externa! am deatal
impreasions, particularly loitering in the streeta of a
hirge eityt greatly intens! fy the desire. The aight of
beaiitiful and imposing female forms, in müurr as well aa
m art, is excifring. For thoae subject to niasochism — at
least du ring the attacks — the whole external world be-
comes masochistic* The l>ox on the ear administered by
the teacher to the pupil and the craek of the driver's whip
make deep iuipreasions on the masoehist, wolle they leave
him indifferent or annoy hiin when he is not in the niaso-
chistic State.

IV, "In reading Sacher-Masoch it Struck nie that in
masochiets now and then there waa also an undereurrent
of sadiatie feelmg. I have now and then diseovercd in
myaelf sporadic feelings of sadism. I mußt remark, how-
eror, that the sadistie feeiings are not so marked as the
gtaaoefaigti& Apart froin the fact that they appear but
seldonij and then onlv in a manncr m acceasorins, theso
sadistie fanciea never leave the spbere of abstract feel
andj ahove all, never take the form of concrete, connected
ideas. The effeet on libidoJ however, is the Barne with
both."

If this eaae is remarkablc on aocoirat of the eomplete
!-»pment of the p«ychical state which constitutea
masochiam, the following is noteworthy beeause of the
great oxtravagance of the acta rostilting from perversiou.
The case is alao particularly suitod to make clear thfl
reason for the subjection and hu Initiation at the hands of
the woinan, and the peculiar sexual colouring of the
resulting sitnations: —

Gase 58. Mr. 2L, offieial, aged fifty; fall, tmisculur,
healtliy. Said to come of healthy parentage, but Ins fallier

152 PSYCJIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

was thirty years older tlian his motlier. A sister, two
years older than Z., suffered with delusions of persecu-
tion. There was nothing reinarkable in Z/s external ap-
pearance. Skeleton entirely masculine; abundant beard,
but no hair on trunk. He characterised hiipself as a man
of sangnine temperament, who could not refuse others any-
thing; though irascible and quick-tempered, be was quick
to regret outbursts.

Z. claimed tbat be bad never masturbated. From his
youth tbere bad been nigbtly pollutions, in which girls
played part, but tlie sexual aet never. For example, he
dreamed tbat a pleasing woman lay heavily on bim, or tbat
as be lay sleeping on tbe grass sbe playfully walked up his
back. Z. had always been averse to coitus with women.
Tbis act seemed bestial to bim. Nevertheless, he was
drawn to women. It wras only in tbe society of beautiful
women and girls tbat be feit well and in bis place. Ho
was very gallant, witbout being forward.

A voluptuous woman of beautiful form, and particu-
larly with a pretty foot, wben seated, bad tbe power to
thrown bim into intense excitement. He was impelled to
offer bimself as a cbair, in order "to support such grand
boauty". A kick, a box on tlie ear from her, would be
beaven to bim. TIe bad a liorror at tbe tbought of coitus
with her. ITc feit tbe need to serve woman. ITe tbought
how mucb ladios liked to ride. He revellod in tbe tbought
how fine it would be to be wearied by tbe bürden of a
beautiful woman in order to give her pleasure. TTe painted
tbe Situation in all colours; tbought of tbe beautiful foot
armed with spurs, tlie beautiful calves, the soft, füll
thigbs. Every beautiful mature woman, every pretty
female foot, always excited bis imagination; but be never
betrayed tbe peculiar feelings tbat seemed to bim abnor-
mal, and was able to control bimself. But be feit no need
to fight against them ; on tbe contrary, it would have
grieved him to be compelled to give up tbe feelings that
had become so dear to him.

At the age of thirty-two Z. happened to make tbe

MASOCHI3M.

153

acquaintance of an atlruetive woman, aged twcnty-seven,
wfco hat! been wparated from hör hnsband, and whoui
he foimd in need. Ho took her and vvorked for her with-
out anv seltisli motive, for moiiths, One evening sbe
inipatieiitly demanded sexual satisfaetion from bim, and
alniust uaed violenec. Coitus was sueeessful. Z, took
the woman, lived with her, and bidulged in ooitua modw
ately, buf cottttl was mnn» n bürden than a pleasure;
erectionfl became wo; de, and he could no longer mti&fy thö
woman. Sbe finatly dnlarod that she woiild mil have
intern »urse with bim, beeaiise he only exeited without
satisfying her. Though he loved the woman verv nmeh,
he could not give np bis peenliar funoios, After Ibis he
lived wirb her only in friendly relations, and deeply re-
gretted cliat he could not serve her in the way she dösired.
Fear of how she wouhl reeeive hin propositions and a
fecling of shame kept bim front cünfessmg. He finnid a
Substitute in bis dreams. Tims, for example, hfl divamed
that he was a prond, fiery steed, ridden fay a boautiful
lady. Ho feit her weight, the bit he bad to obey, the
pressure of the thighs on bis flanks; he heard her
beautiful, jovous voiee. The exertiun threw bim iöto a
Perspiration, the toueh of the spurs did the rest, and
alwayg induced pollntion with great lustful pleasure.
Dnder the iiifliieneo. of such dreauis, seven years ago Z.
mnvanie liis rohictance, in order to experienoe such
things in re&lity. Ho was suocessful in oreating a mutable
opportun ity. He speaks of it as fullmvs: "I knew bow
to arrange it. f=o that on an oeeasion she woiild of bor own
will seat hersetf on my back.- Then I endeavoured to
mako t bis Situation as pleasant as possible> and eaeily
arranged it so that on the next oeeasion she said spon-
taaeoualy, cCome, give me a little rideP Being of tall
statu ro, both hands hrneed on a chair, T niade inv baek
horizontal, and she mounted astrido, after the manner of
a man. I tben did the l>est I eould to Imitate the move-
ments of a horse, and loved to have her treat me liko
a horse, without eonsiderntion. Sbe could beat, prick,

154

PS Y C I f O V AT 1 1 1 A SEX ü A L IS .

seoltl, or caress ine, just as she feit inclined. I could
carry on my back persona weigbing froin sixtv to eighty
ktlos* for half or three-quarters of an hour, without Inter-
ruption. At the 011 1 1 of this time I usually asked for a
rest* Du ring this the intereoursc between the nüstress
and me was perfectly hamdess, und without. any relation
to wbat had preceded. After about a quarter of an bouT
I was rested and placcd mvself again at the disposal of
the miatress. Whcn tiinc and oimunstances allowed it,
1 did thifl threc ur low times in guccession. It soinelimes
h&ppaaed that 1 praotised it both in the morning and
afternoon. After it I never feit woary or liad uncomfort-
able feelings, but on such da ja I had very liitlo a| »pctite.
Wbcn possiblo, I liked best to bare my trunk, tbat I inight
feel the ridiug-whip more sharply. The mistress had to
be deeent, I liked her best in pretty shoes and stockings,
witb short closed druwers rcaching to the knee; with the
upper portion of her person corapletely dressed, and with
hat and gloves,"

Mr. Z. fiirther said be had not performed coitus in
aeven years, but he thought he was potent. The riding was
a perfect Substitute for tbat "bestial act," even when
ejaculation was not induced.

For eight months Z. had determined fo give up bis
inasoehistic play* and had kept bi< deterniinatMÄ But
be thought that if a wonian oiily moderately pretty were to
address bim directly and say, "Come, I want to ride you,"
be would not be strong enougb to withstand the teinpta-
tion. Z, wished to know whether bis abnormality was
curable, wbether he was unworthy as a vicious man, or an
invalid deserving pity.

Even in the foregoing series of cases, with other things,
the aet of heilig walked upon has played a roh as a means
of expressing the masochistic situationa of huiuiliation and
pain. The exclusive and most extensive use of this means
for pervers < x<itation and satisfaction, wbich has caused
me to ar ränge a special group, because it forms the trän-

MASncniNM.

155

sition to another kind of perversion (vide infra (b)r is
shown in the following classical case of masochisni, re-
ported by Ilammond (op. ciLß p. 28) from an Observation
by Dr. Cox1 of Colorado : —

Gase 59, X., a model husband, very moral, the father
of soveral children» bad timea — i.e.ß attacks — in whieh be
visited brothels, ehocte two or three of the hinrest girls,
and shut h iniseif up with them. ITe ha red tbe upper
portion of hia body, lay down on the flöor, crossed bis
hands on bis abdomen, olosed bis eyes, and then liad the
girls walk over bis naked breast, neck and face, urging
them at every step to prcss bard on bis flesh with tlie
heels of tbeir shoes« Sometimea he wanted a heavier girl?
or ßome other aet still inore cruel than this proeedure.
After two or three hours he had enoiigk He paid
the girls with wine and nioney, rubbod his blue bruisea,
drcsscd himsolf, paid his bill, and went back to his busi-
ness, only to give himself the same stränge pleasure again
after a few wecks,

Occasionally it happened tliat be had one of the girls
stand on his breast, and the othors then turn her arotmd
nntil Hb akin was tom and bleedittg from the tnrning of the
beels of her sboea. Freqnently one of the girls had to
stand on bim in such a way that one shoe was over the eyes,
with tts heel pressing on one eye, while the other shoe

■d across his neek. In this position he endured the
pressure of a person weighing about 150 pounds for four or
five minutes. The anthor speaks of dozons of similar case3
that are known to him. Ilammond presumes, wirb reason,
that this man had become impotent for intercourse with
women; that in this stränge proeedure he found an equiva-
Icnt fnr eoitus; and that, when the heels drew blood, he had
pleasant sexual feelings, aecompanied by ejaculations.

Gase 60, X., gentleman belonging to upper clasa

1 " TntnsactionR of the Colorado Stntp Mpdical Society/* quoted
in tbe *' Alien ist und Neurologist/1 April, 1883, p, 345.

150 P8YCHOPATIIIA 8EXUALI8.

of «ocicty ; age sixty-six ; f ather hypersexual ; two brothers
Haiti to 1k? masochists. X. elaimed that bis masochisni dates
back to early childhood. At the age of five be asked little
girls to undress bim and spank his naked bottom. Later
on }io arranged with other boys or girls in playing teacher
wilh him to flog liirn. With the age of fifteen he began
to imagine that girls ambushed and then beat him. At
that tirne he had no idea as yet of the sexual meaning of
such proccdings, in fact he was still unaware of the vita
Hvxwd'iH. Ilis craving for being beaten by women stead-
ily incrcascd. At the age of eighteen he learned how to
satisfy it and had the first polhition during the act. When
ninctcen first eoitus with complete satisfaction and poteney
and witliout masodii.stic representations. Normal sexual
interconrHO n ri f i 1 he was twenty-one, when a girl suggested
a maHochistic scene. He accepted, and from that time
ncver had eoitus witliout a masoehistic adventure pre-
ccding it. He soon reeognized the fact that the Stimulus
procecdcd from the idea to l>e in the power of a woman
rat her than from the act of violenee itself. He succeeded
in making a happy marriage, free from masoehistic ideas,
but admitted that from time to time lie had to seek relief
in Home masoehistic act with a girl, evcn though he then
had grand childrcn. The masoehistic scene was always the
prelnde to coitns. Ile showed no psyehopathic Symptoms
and was free from other ])erversions. Ile pointed out the
freqnencv of masocliism and the clever methods often ap-
plied by so-cnllcd masscuses. According to his ex])erienee
inasoehism is of frequent occurrencc in England, and
English women are easily persuaded to praetise it.

Case 61. L., art ist, age twenty-nine; nervous diseasc
and tuhereulosis of frequent oeeurrenee in family. Vita
sexual is suddenly aroused in him at the age of seven
whilst being caned ad pod icein: i\\ ten, masturbation. Dur-
ing the act he always though t of some one flagellating him.
In later years nocturnal pollutions were always aeeompa-
nied bv dreams of flagelhitinn. The wish to lx> fWsred

MASUCHISM.

157

was ever present in bis im ml aiüce ha was ten years old,
Froin eleven to eighteen he had ineliuations t<> persona
of liis own sex, though fchay mv<r oteratepped the bounds
of boyish friendship. Du ring this homosexunl peariod he
was foteyer agitated by the desire tu be beuten by Ins
coinpanioii.

At niiirircn mit us, but without snftieient ereetion or
gratifying pleasure. His heterosexua] inclüiations were
ahvays tuwards women older than himself, lle was iu-
difierent towards young girls. His eruving for fhigellatlon
increased witb ihr m arg.

Ä1 twenty-fivc he feil vinlcntly in love witb a wuman
tuucli older than hunself, but marriage he refttsed* The
wouian mittle every erTort in her power to will liiiu over
to natural sexual iutercourse. AI though he detested tbe
State of aiFairs and professed unduing km for tlie woroan

be insisted t hat Ins sexual feelings for her wrre only of ;i
masochistie character* Novv and tbeu be siicceeded in
prrsuading ]ier to flagellale lnm.

His sexual needs being Btrong he had girla flagellate
hiiiL He elahned that flagellation was the only adequate
sexual aet during whieh he eould experienee really pli ifl
urable ejaeulutimi. Coitus was of minor importanee and
(ttily on rare occasions did ho couplt* it witb tbe acl of
flagellation^ probaUy od aooount of psychical impotenoa.

Nevertheless tbe two acts affreted bim in a diffeivur
manner* Coitus soemed to improve bini both nientally
and physieally, whilst ibigellation had bodÜy exh&UBtiüXi
and inoral depression in iti wake. He was persuaded that
niasocliism in liain was a pathologieal eotidition ; on that
ground be came for advice.

II is appearanee was tmdenlably masruline, his cnu-
duot decent and beyond criticism. Ile complained oi
cerebral neurasthenia (weakness of nünd, of will power,
absenMnindedness, irritabilitv, shyness, anxiety of mind,
pressure in the head, etc.). Genitals normal. Ereetions
only in tlie monihig.

Ile inclined to tbe belief that if he could find a wfoman

158 PSYCHOPATH1A SEXUALIS.

whom he.could love, he might strip off Ins masockistic in-
clination in wedlock.

Therapeutic advice: auto-combating of masochistic
thoiights, impulses and acts, if necessary, with the aid of
hypnotic Suggestion; strengthening of the nervous Sys-
tem, and removing manifestations of irritating weakness
by antineurasthenic treatment.

The cases of masochisin thus far described, and the
numerous analogous eases mentioned by those who report
them, form a counterpart to the previously described
Group "c" of sadism. Just as in sadism men excite
and satisfy themselves by maltreating women, so in maso-
chism the same effect is sought in the passive reception
of similar abuse.1 But Group ua" of the sadists — that
of lust-murder — stränge as it may seem, is not without its
counterpart in masochism. In its extreme consequences,
masochism must lead to the desire to be killed by a person
of the opposite sex, in the same way that sadism has its
acme in active lust-murder. But the instinct of self-
preservation opposes such a result, so that the extreme is
not actually carried out. When, however, the whole
structure of masochistic ideas is purely psychical, in the
imagination of such individuals even the extreme may be
reached, as the following case shows: —

Case 62, A middle-aged man, married, and the
father of a family, who had always led a normal vita sex-
ualis, but who came of a very nervous family, made the
following communication : In his early youth he was
powerfully excited sexually at the sight of a woraan
slaughtering an animal with a knife. From that time,
for many years, he had revelled in the lustfully coloured
idea of being stabbed and cut, and even killed, by women
with knives. Later on, after the beginning of normal
sexual intercourse, these ideas lost completely their per-
verse Stimulus for him.

1 Jnstructive instances are givcn by Seydel, " Vierteljahrsschr. f.
ger. Med.," 1893, Heft 2, pp. 275, 276.

MASOCHISM*

159

This case should be eompared with the Statements
accordiug to wbich men find sexual plcasure in being
lightly pricked with knives in the hands of women, who
at tlie samc tiinc thrcatcn tlietii with deatb.

Such fancies, perhape, give the kcy tu an nndcrstand-,
ing of the following stränge case, for which I nm indebted
to a eonnminication from Dr. Körber, of Rankau, In
Silcsia : —

Case 63* "A lady makes nie the following communi-
cation: Wln'le still a young and innocent girl, die was
married to a man of about thirty years. On their wedding
night he forccd a bowl with soap into her hands, and
without any expression of endcarment wanted her to
laiher his chin and neck (as if for shavinüh The incx-
perienced young wife did it? and wftfl not a little astonished
during the first wecke of married life to learn its Becreta in
absolutely no other form, Her husband ahvays told her
that it gave him the greatest delight to have his face
lathered by her. Later, öfter die bad sought the advice
of f ritin dg, she indiiced her luisband to perform coitns, and
hat! three ehildren in the course of tinic {by bim, fthe
statcs with every assnrance), The husband was indnstriniis
and reliable, bnt a moody man, with short temper; by
oeenpation a merehant."

It may be inferred that this man coneeived the act of
bei ng shaved (i.e., the lathering as a preparatory ineasure)
as a riidinieiitiirv, symbnlir milisation of ideas of injnry of
death, or of fancies about knives, like rhose the man pre-
vionsly mentioned bad had in bis yonth, and by meaus of
whie.ii he had been sexually exdted and satisfied. The
perfect sadistic connterpart to this rase, lookl sd lipon in
the same light, is nffered by Observation 37, which is a
case of symbol ie sadism,

Symholic Masochism.
At any rate, there is a whole group of masochists who

160 PSYCllOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

satisfy themselves with the symbolic rcpresentations of
situations corresponding with their perversion; a group
which corresponds with Group "a" and ue" of sadisni.
Thus, just as the perverse longings of the masochist may
on the one hand advance to "passive lust-murder" (to be
sure, only in iniagination), so, on the other hand, they
may be satisfied with simple symbolic representations of
the desired situations, whieh othervvise are expressed in
acts of cruelty, (this, of eourse, taken objectively, goes
much farther than the idea of being murdered, but in
fact not so far, owing to the determining subjective con-
ditions). Cases similar to G3 may be herc deseribed, in
which the acts desired and planned by the masochists have a
piirely symbolic character, and to a certain extent serve to
define the desired Situation.

Case 64. (Pascal, "Igienc delP amore".) Every
three months a man of about forty-five years would visit
a certain prostitutc and pay her ten francs for the follow-
ing act. The puclla had to undress him, tie his hands and
feet, bandage his cyes, and draw the curtains of the Win-
dows. Then she would make her guest sit down on a
sofa, and leave him there alone in a helpless position.
After half an hour she had to come back and unbind him.
Then the man would pay her and leave perfeetly satisfied,
to repeat his visit in about three months.

In the dark this man seems to have extended this
Situation of bcing helpless in tlie hands of a woman by
the aid of iniagination. The following case, in which
again a eomplicated comedy in the sense of masochistic
desires is played, is still more peculiar: —

Case 65. (Dr. Pascal, ibid.) A gentleman in Paris
was accustomed to call on certain evenings at a house
where a woman, the owncr, acceded to his ])eculiar desire.
Ile entered the salon in füll dress, and she, likewise in
evening toilettc, had to receivc him with a very haughty

MASOCHISM. 161

manner. He addressed her as "Marquise," and she had
to call him "dear Count". Then he spoke of his good for-
tune in finding her alone, of His love for her, and of a
lover's interview. At this the lady had to feel insulted.
The pseudo-count grew bolder and boldcr, and asked the
p8eudo-marquise for a kiss on her Shoulder. "There is an
angry scene ; the bell is rung ; a servant, prepared for the
occasion, appears, and throws the count out of the house.
He departs well satisfied, and pays the actors in the farce
handsomely."

Case 66. X., age thirty-eight, engineer, married,
father of three children, married life unmarred. Visited
periodically a prostitute who had to enact, previous to
coitus, the following comedy. As soon as he entered her
compartment she took him by the ears, and pulled him all
over the room, shouting: "What do you want hcre? Do
you know that you ought to be at school ? Why don't you
go to school?" She would then slap his face and flog
him soundly, until he knelt before her begging pardon.
She then handed him a little basket containing bread and
fruit, such as children carry with them to school. He
remained renitent until the girl's harshness produced or-
gasm in him, when he would call out: 'Tarn going! I am
going!" and then performed coitus.

It is probable that this masochistic comedy may have
arisen from some scenes enacted during his schooltime and
that in this wise libido became associated with them. Fur-
ther details of X.\s vita sexualis are not known. (Dr.
Carrara, in Archivio di Psichiatria xxix., 4).

Ideal Masochism.

A distinction nmst be made between "symbolic" and
^ideal" masochism. In the latter the psychical perver-
sion remains entirely within the sphcrcs of imagination
and fancy, and no attempt at realisation is made. (Cf.

162 PSYCHOPATHIA 8EXUAJ.IS.

cases 57 and 62.) Two other cases of ideal masochisni
are quoted Lere. The first is that of an individual men-
tally and physically tainted, bearing degenerative signs, in
whom mental and physical irapotence occurred early : —

Case 67. Mr. Z., aged twenty-two, single, was
brought to nie by his father for medical advice, because he
was very nervous and plainly sexually abnormal. Mother
and maternal grandmother were insane. His father begat
him at a time when he was suffering severely from ner-
vousness.

Patient was said to have been a very lively and talented
child. At the age of seven he was noticed to practise
masturbation. After his ninth year he became inattentive,
forgetful, and did not progress in his studies, constantly
requiring help and protection. With difficulty he got
through the Gymnasium, and during his time of freedom
had attracted attention by his indolence, absent-minded-
ness, and various foolish acts.

Consultation was oceasioned by an occurrence in the
street, in which Z. had forced himself on a young girl in a
very impetuous manner, and in great excitement had tried
to have a conversation with her.

The patient*gave as a reason that by conversing with
a respectable girl he wished to excite himself so that he
could be potent in coitus with a prostitute !

His father cvharacterised him as a man of perfectly
good disposition, moral but lazy, dissatisfied with himself,
often in despair about his want of success in life, indolent,
and intercsted in nothing but music, for which he possessed
great talent.

The patient's cxterior — his plagioccphalic head, his
large, prominent ears, the deficient innervation of the
right facialis about the mouth, the neuropathic expression
of the eyes — indicated a degenerate, neuropathic indi-
vidual.

Z. was tall, of powerful frame, and in all respects of
masculine appearance. Pelvis masculine, testicles well

MASnelllSM.

ig::

devcloped, penis remarkably largo, nwti< veneria with
abundant haii\ The right tcstiele miieh lower than the
left? Übe erenmsterifl reilex weak on both Bidet« The
patient was intelleetually below the average. He feit
his deficiency, eoniplained of bis indolenee, and asked to
have his will strengthened* His awkward, embarrassed
manner, timid glanees, and relaxed attitude pointed to
laaiturbatiiiii. The patient confessed that froin his seventh
year nntil a year and a half ago he praetised it, years at a
thue, from eight to ten titues daily. Until a few years
ago, whon he beeame neurasthenic (eephalic pressure, loss
of mental power, spinal Irritation, etc.), he said he always
found great sensuous ]>1 ea.su re in it. Since then this had
been lost, and the desire to masturbate had disappearech
Ile had eonstantly grown more bashful and indolent, less
energetic, and more eowardly and apprehen^ive. He had
Uttl interest in everything, and attended to Ins busincss
only from a aense of dnty, feeling very low-spirited. He
had never thougbt of coitus and from his standpoint as
an onanist, he could not linderet and how others conld find
pleasure in iL

Investigation in the direetton of invertod >exual in-
stinet gare a negative result. Ile said he never was dfmwn
toward persona of his own «ex; he ratlier thonght he had
now and then had a weak inelination for fei aal es. He
asserh-d that he eame to masturbate independently* In
this thirteenth year he first noticed ejaenlationa as a residt
of masturbatic manipulations.

It was only after long persnasion that Z. consented to
entirely imveil bis vün srjunlis, As his statemenN whieb
follow show, he mav be elassified as a case of ideal niaso-
chisin, with rudimentarv sadism. The patient distinetly
remembered that at the age of six, withonfr any cause, he
had "ideas of violence". He was compelled to imagine
that a servant girl spread bis lege apart and showed bin
genitals to another; that she tried to threw him into cold
or hot water in order to cause him paim These "ideas of
violencc" were attended with lustful feelings, and became

164 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

tho cause of masturbatic manipulations. Later the patient
called them up voluntarily, in order to incite himself to
rnasturbation. They also played a part in bis dreams;
but they never induccd pollution, apparently because the
patient masturbated excessively dnring the day.

Tn time, to thcsc masoehistic "ideas of violence"
others of a sadistic nature vvere added. At first they were
Hccnes in which boys forcibly practised onanism on one
another, or cut off the genitals. Ile often imagined him-
Mclf such a boy, now in an active, now in a passive röle.
Later he busicd himself with mental pictures of girls and
women exhibiting themselvcs to one another. He revelled
in the thought, for example, of a servant girl spreading
unothcr girl's legs apart and pulling the genital hair; or
in the thought of boys treating girls cruelly, and pricking
und pinehing their genitals.

Such ideas also always induced sexual cxcitement, but
he never expcrienccd any impulse to carry them out
aclively or to have them performed on himself passively.
It. Hiitinfied him to use them for masturbation. Later on,
whli diminishing sexual imagination and libido these ideas
and impulses had become infrequent, but their content
i'i'iiiiiiued unchanged. The masoehistic "ideas of violence"
prcdomimited over the sadistic. Whenever he saw a lady,
he lind llie thought that she had sexual ideas like bis own.
In thiH wiiy, in part, he explained bis embarrassment in
Moriiil intercourse. ITaving heard that he would get rid
of hin bunleiiHome sexual ideas if he were to aecustom
hiiiiHelf to natural sexual indulgence, he had twice at-
fempfrd eoituH, though he only experienced repugnance,
und vvuh not conti den t of success. On both occasions the
atteuipt was a fiasco. The second time he made the attempt
he feit Hiieh aversion that he pushed the girl away and fled.

The second casc is the following Observation placed
ii t. my disposal by a colleague. Even though it be aphor-
intic, it Helens particularly suited to throw a clear light on
the distinetive element of masochism — the consciousness
of nubjeetion, in its pecnliar psycho-scxual effect: —

MASOCHISM.

165

Gase 68. Z*> aged twenty-seven, artist, powerfully
bullt, of pleasing appearanee, said to be free from hered-
itary tarnt Healthy in youth, sinee liis twmtv-third year
he had beeil nervons and inelhied to be hypoehrondriaeaL
Althongh he bragged of sexual indiilgcnee he was not very
virile. In spite of assoeiatiotis with females» bis rehitioiis
with them weif) limited to innocent; attention». At the
Same timp, liis covetousncsa for warnen who were eold
toward him was reniarkahle. Sinee bis twenfy-tifth
year he had notieed tbat fomales, no matter how ugh%
always excited him sexually whenever he disenvered any-
thing domineering in fcheir eharaeter* An angry Word
from the lipB of such a woinan was snfficient to give him
the most violent orectinnw. Thus, one day be sat in a cafe
and beard the (ugly) female cashier eoold the waitera in a
Imid voiee. This threw him into the most intense sexual

itement, whieh eoon induced ojaeulation. Z. reqnired
the wnincn with whom he was to have sexual intereourse
to repnlsc and annoy him in variona ways. He thought
that only a woinan Hke the heroines of Rache r-Masorh 's
roroaneefl could chann him.

These eases of ideal mnsoehism plainly denmnstratc
that the pefflOCU afflieted with this auoinaly d<> m>l aim at
aetnally suffering pain, The term "algolagnia," therefore,
as applied hv SchtTnck-Notzlntf and i>y t\ Eulenburg to
this auoinaly; doee not signify the essenee, M** the pay-
chieal mieleus of the deinen t of masochistic aentiment and
imagination. This essenee consists rather of the lustfully
eatoured eonBcionsneea of being subjeet to the power of
anolher persun. Tfae ideal, *»r eveu aelual, emietment of
violence 011 the part of the OOHtfülliog person, !b only the
means to the end, i.e., the mUlsation of the äcnlinient.

Oasea like this, in whieh the whole perVeraion of the
vifa scxuatis is e«mtined to the Bphere <>f Imagination — to
the inner world of thought and instinet — and only aeci-
dentally comee to the knowledge of others, do not seem to
be infrequeiit. Their pmcHcot significance, like that of

166 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

masochism in general (which has not the great forensic
importance of sadism), is confined to the psychical im-
potence to which such individuals, as a rule, become
subject ; and to the intense impulse to solitary indulgence,
with adequate imaginary ideas, and all its consequences.

That masochism is a perversion of uncommonly fre-
quent occurrence is sufficiently shown by the relatively
large mimber of cases that have thus far been studted
seien tifically, as well as by the agreement of the various
Statements reported.

The works concerning prostitution in large cities also
contain numerous statements concerning this matter.1

It is interesting and worthy of mention that one of the
most celebrated of men was subject to this perversion
and describes it in his autobiography (though somewhat
erroneoiisly). From "Jean Jacques Rousseau's Confes-
sions" it is evident that he was affected with masochism.

Rousseau, with reference to whose life and malady
Möbius ("J. J. Rousseau's Krankheitsgeschichte." Leipzig,
1890) and Chatelain ("La folie de J. J. Rousseau," Neu-
chätel, 1891) may be consulted, teils in his "Confessions"
(part i., book i.) how Miss Lambercicrj aged thirty, greatly
irapressed him when he was eight years old and lived with
her brother as his pupil. Iler solicitude when he could
not immediately answer a question, and her threats to

1 Löo Taxil (op. cit., p. 228) describes masochistic scenes in
Parisian brotliels. The man affected with this perversion is there
also called " slave."

Coffignon (" La corruption a Paris") has a chapter in his book
entitled " Les Passioneis " which contains contributions to this sub-
ject.

The strongest proof of the frequency of masochism lies in the
fact that it openly appears in newspaper advertisements. For
instance, the following advertisement appeared in the ''Hannover-
sches' Tageblatt," 4th Docember, 1895: —

" Sacher- Masoch. 109,404. Ladies interested in the works, and
who embody the female characters, of this author are requested to
send their address, under No. R. 537, to the offices of this paper.
Strictest discretion." Another similar advertisement appeared in
the same mimber.

MASOCHISM*

167

punish him if he did not Icarn well, made the deepest
Impression on him. When one dav he had blows at her
hands, with tlie feeling of pain and shame he also experi-
enced sensuous pleasure, that incited a great desire to he
whipped hy her again. It was only for fear of disturbing
the lady that Rousseau failcd to make other opportunities
to experience tliis lustful, sensual feeling. One day, how-
ever, he imin teilt ionally gave cause for a whipping at Miss
Lambercier's hands. This was the last; for Miss Lam-
bercier must have noticed something of the peeullar effect
of the pimishment, she did not allow the cigbt-year-old
boy to sleep in her room any more, From this tinie
Rousseau feit a desire to have hiniself punished bv hulies
pleasing to him, ä la Lambercier, bnt he asserts that imtil
he became a youth he knew nothing of the relation of the
sexes to eaeh other. As is known, Rousseau was iirst in-
trodueed to the real mysteries of love in bis thirteenth year,
and lost bis innoeence through Madame de Warrens. Till
thon he had had only feelings and impulses attraeting him
10 womas in the nature of passive flagellation, and other
masoehistie idoas.

Rousseau describes in extenso how he suffered, with his
great sexual desires, by reason öf bis peculiar sensiiousuessv
which had umlmiUeclly been awakened by Ins whippings,
for he revelled in desire, and eould not disclose bis long-
ings. It would be erroneous, however, to mippose that
Rousseau was eoncerned merely with flagellation. Fla-
gellation only awakened xdeas of a masoehistie nature.
At least in these ideas lies the psyehological nucleus of bis
interesting study of seif. The easential element with
Rousseau was the feeling of subjeetion to the woraan,
This is elearly ahown by the *^Confessions,?* in which
he expressly einphasiges that "Etre aux genoux d'une
maitresse imperieuse, obeir ä ses ordres, avoir des pardons
ä lui deraander, etaient pour moi de tres douces jouis-
sanocs."

This passage proves that the eonseiousness of subjeö-

1G8

PSYCHOPATH 1A SKXI ALIS.

tion to and himiiliation by the woman was the moat
unportant dement,

To he snro, Rousseau was himself in error in aupposing
that this impnlse to be hnmiHated by a wmmin had ariaen
by association of ideas from the idea of flagfllation: —

"N'osant jamais deelarcr man gout, je ramusais du
moina par des rapports qui m'en conservaient Fidee".

It Is only in connectioi] witb the numerous cases of
masochisnu the existence of wbieh has now been estab-
lished, and among whieh tbere ure so many tliat are in no
wise connected witb flagellalion, sliowiu^ the priuiary and
pnivlv pflyehica] character of thifl inst.inet of snbjeetion —
it is only in oonnection witb theee oara tliat a complcte
insight into Rousseau s case is obtained and the error de-
tected into wbieh be neceasarily feil in the analysis of bis
owii rmidition.

Binei ("Revue Anthropolo^iqncV xxiv,, p. 8 66), who
analvses Konsseati1! case in detail, jnstly callfl attention to
its mssoehistic dgnifioanoe when be suys: **Ce qiraime
Rousseau dann lea feint ups, ee nYst pas senletnent le
smircil frone«', la inain lcvee, le regard severe, raftitiule
imperieuse, c*e«t anssi Fetat emotionnel, dont cos faita
H.nt la inuluetioii «>xterieure; ill airne la fVmme fiero,
dedaignen&e, V6c rasant ä ses pieds du poids de sa royale
eoler« *\

Tbe Solution of this enigmatioal psyebologieal fact
Binrt finds in Iris assnmption tliat it is an instanee of
fetielrism, only willi the differenoä that tbe objeet of tlie
fetichiam — ü., tlie ohjeet of individual attraction (fetich)
- — is not a portion of the body like a band or fqot, but a
mental peeuliarity. Thifl enthusiaam h<k «+alls "amour
spiriitttiiisic," in eontraat wirb "ummir phiMitiue" as mani-
fest rd in ordinary fetichiam*

This deduetion ia acute, bot it is only a term hy wbieh
to designate a fact, not n Solution of it, Whcther an
explanation Ei possihlr, will later oeenpy our attention*

MASOOHI8M. 169

Tliere were also Clements of masochism (and sadism)
in the French writer C P. Baudelaire, who died insane.

Baudelaire came of an insane and eccentric family.
From his youth he was psychically abnormal. His vita
sexualis was decidedly abnormal. He Lad love-affairs
with ngly, rcpulsive women — negresses, dwarfs, giantesses.
About a very beautiful woman he expressed the wish to
see lier hung up by her hands and to kiss her feet. This
enthusiasm for the naked foot also appears in one of his
fiercely feverish poems as the equivalent of sexual indulg-
ence. He said women were animals who had to be shut
up, beaten and fed well. The man displaying these
masochistic and sadistic inclinations died of paretic de-
mentia. (Lombroso, "The Man of Genius".)

In scientific literature, the conditions constituting
masochism have not received attention until recently.
Tarnowsky, however ("Die# krankhaften Erscheinungen
des Geschlechtssinns," Berlin, 1886), relates that he has
known happily married, intellectual men, who from time
to time feit an irresistible impulse to subject themselves
to the coarsest, cynical treatment — to scoldings or blows
from passive or active pederasts or prostitutes. It is
worthv of remark that, as Tarnowsky observes, in certain
oases blows, even when they draw blood, do not bring the
desired result (virility, or at least ejaculation during
flagellation) by those given to passive flagellation. "The
individual must then be undrcssed by force, his hands tied,
fastencd to a bench, etc., during which he shams Opposi-
tion, scolds, and pretends to resist. Only under such
circumstances do the blows induce excitement leadingto
ejaculation."

0. Zimmermanns work, "Die Wonne des Leids," Leip-
zig, 1885, also contributes much to this subject,1 taken
from history and literature.

1 However, the domain of masochism must be sharply differen-
tiated from the principal subject of that work, which is, that love
eontains an element of suffering. Unrequited love has always been

170

PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS,

More recently thia matter has attracted f uller attention.

A* Moll, in bis work, uDio Conträre Sexualempfin-
dumi,'1 pp. 138 and 151 et seq., Berlin, 1801, quotes a
number of cases of eomplete masoehisni in mdividuals of
inverted esexuality, and atnong them that of a man snffer*
iwg with sexual perversion, who sent written Instructions,
eontaiaing tweiity paragraphs, to a man engaged for thia
purpose, who was to treat and abnse bim like a slam

In June, 1891, Mr. Dimitri von Hlefanowsky, Deputy
Government Attorney in Jaroslaw, Russia, informed nie
that, about tbree years before, he had given bis attention
to the perversion of the viia sexualh designated "maso-
chisnv* by me, and called ^paasivism" by bim; that a
year and a half previously be had prepared a paper on the
subjeet for Professor von KowaJetü&ky for the Rnssian
"Archives of Psyehiatry" ; and that in November, 1888,
he had read a paper on this subjeet, eonsidered in its legal
and psychological aspeets, before t]ie Law Society of Moa-
cow (printed in the "Juridischer Boten," the organ of
the society, in Nos, G to 8),1

V, Schrenck-Noizing devotes in his work "Therapeut ic
Snggestions in Psychopathia Sexualis/' (Stuttgart* 1892),
eeveral paragraphs to masoebism and sadism and quotes
several observationa of his own.

Professor E. Deak of Bnda Pesth, points ont that the
favmirite thougbt of the masochist, viz. : to be used by a
feniale peTson as a beast of bürden, may be found in the
ohMndian Literature, e«g.ß in "Fantschatandra1' (Benfev,
Vol. Ii,, Book Iv.) in the form of a narrative: "Woman's
Wübb," the gist of whieh is: The wife of King Nenda (in

described as " Bweet, but aorrowful/' and poets »peak of " bliasful
pain rJ or M painful bliss^1 Tills nrnat not he con found od, na Z* doea,
with ihe manifestationa of nrnaoehiBm, any mon? tlian ehould be the
charaeteriaation of an unyielding lover as " cruel." It ia remark-
abte» however, that Hamcrlmg ("Amor und Payche," iv, Gesang)
uaea perfeot iiinaochfotjc picturos, tlage Nation, etc., to expreas thia
feeling.

1 C/. his recent paper on " PnasivisirnuA " in the ** Archives
d*AntbropoU>gie Criminelle/' 1802, vii., p. 294,

MABOCIITSM.

171

consequence of some love quarrel) was very angry with
her husband, but despite of bis raost eamest entreaties
would not be reconciled. Hg says to her: "Love, without
thee I cannot exist, I tlirow inyself at thy feet and im-
plore thee to be kind to me." She replies : uIf thou wilt
tat me put a bit in thy month, mount thee and goad thee
on to nm and neigh like a horso, I will forgive thee.'*
He did it. (Cfa Case 58 of thia book !)

Ben f ey fonnd a similar story in a Buddhistic narra-
tlve whieh is published in "Memoires sur les eontrees oeci-
dentales par llionen Thsang, traduit du Chinois par St,
Julien/' L, 124.

Sncher-NasQch'B writmgs have repeatedly been men-
tioned in tbis book,

Many perverts refer to tbis author as baving given
typical deseriptions of their psych ical conditions.

Zola haa a niasoehistic scene in bis "Nana," also in
"Eugene Ilougon." The "deeadent71 literahire of recent
timea in Franee and Gerniany oftcn has for a tbeme
sadism and masoakism. Aeeording to i>. Stefanowsky the
tendency of the Itussian nnvol lies in tbe same direetion.
Johann George Förster (1754-94) mentions in his
"Travels'* thui ihr +Au\e idea underHes the Russian folk-
lora Sieftinoirslnf tinds tbe type of the "Passivier" in an
English tragedy by Oiway: "Venire preserved,1' and re-
fers also to Dr. Luiz's "Leg feil ato res, Moeurs de la deca-
denee," Paris, 1888 (Union des bibliophile*).

Johannes Wedde ( social -demoexat agitator, died 1800),
of Hamburg, advocates in his lyrics tbe subjection of man
to woman who shoohl be mistress instead of handmaid.
{Gf. Mus 11 off mann, ''Magazin/- \\ 29, 2, 96).

A striking exainple of niasoehism may also Im found in
nortbern litcrature by /, P, Jacöbsen, "Niels Lyne."

(b) Laient Masochism — Fooi- and Shoe-Fetichisis»

Following tbe gronp of masochists is the very numer-
ous class of foot- and shoe-fetichists. Tbis gronp forms

172 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

the transition to the manifestations of another independent
perversion, i.e., fetichism itsclf; but it Stands in closer
relationship to masochisra than to the latter, for which
reason it is placed here.

By fetichists (v. page 218) I understand individuals
whose sexual interest is concentrated exclusively on cer-
tain parts of the female body, or on certain portions of
feraale attire. One of the most frequent forms of this
fetichism is'that in which the female foot or shoe is the
fetich, and becomes the exclusive object of sexual feeling
and desire. It is highly probable, and shown by a correct
Classification of the observed cases, that the majority —
and perhaps all — of the cases of shoe fetichism, rest upon
a basis of more or less conscious masochistic desire for
self-humiliation.

In Hammond's case (case 59) the satisfaction of a
masochist was found in being trod upon. In cases 55 and
58 they also had themselves trod upon. In case 59, equus
eroticus, the person loved a woman's foot, etc. In the
majority of cases of masochism the act of being trod upon
with feet plays a part as an easily accessible means of
expressing the relation of subjection.1

Case 69. Z., age 28, hcreditarily and constitutionally
neuropathic, claimed to have had pollution at the age of
eleven, when he was chastised bv his mother ad podicem.
He offen recalled tlie scene as a pleasurable experience. At
the age of thirteen he developed a weakness for ladies'

1 {Moll, " Untersuchungen über Libido 8exnali8, Bd. i., 2 Theil,
Beob. 36, p. 320.) However, against the theory that foot- and
shoe-fctichism is a manifestation of (latent) masochism, Dr. Moll
(op. cit., p. 136) raises tho object ion that it is still unexplained
why the fetichist so often prefers boots with high heels, to boots and
shoon of a particiliar kind — buttoned or Incod. To this objeetion it
may be remarked that in the first place the high heels characterise
the shoes as feminine, and in the second place, that in spite of the
sexual character of his inclination, the fetichist demands all kinds
of cesthetic qualities in his fetich; also the interest ing theories
advanced by Resiif d<* la Kretonne fhimself foot-fetiehist], and
quoted in MolVs work, op. cit., pp. 498 and 409, footnote.

MASOCinSM,

173

boots with bigb heels. He pressed theni bctween Iiiy fcbigbi
and ihus produeed ejaeulation. Tbe v^ry thought of it
guffioed fco ehVct the desired result. ilc boob ad den! to
this fancy (he idea tbat ho lav at the fect of a pretty giri
and allowed her to kick him with her pretty boots* This
cau seil cjactilation, Until he was twenty-one he never
liad deeire for coitus or the femalc genitalis. From twonty-
onfi to twenfy-tive he suffered from tuhcrculosis, diiring
which period the madochifitic inelination almost disap-
pearat After recovery he tried eoitus for tbe flrst time,
but wben he saw the nude form of the girl hia desire van-
ished oompletcly. He now coofined him^elf to bis masn-
chistic fallen s, but hoped rhat soinc day he woiild mect
with Ihe ideal woinan who by means of sadl&ttc acte might
tead him to normal sexual iiitercourse.

Such eases are nnmerous in which, witbin a fully
developcd circle of niasochistic ideas, the foot and the
ulme or boot of a woman, coneeived as a mcans of Immili-
ation, have beeome the objecto of special sexual int
Through numerous degrecs tbat are oasily discriminated
thev form tbe demonstrabk tranaition to otber cases in
which the maBoehistie inelinathms retreat morc and more
to the backgrotmd, and little by Utile paafl beyond the
threshold of cnnseimisness, while tlie internst in wouien's
shoes^ apparcutly absolutely inexplicable, alone reinains in
eonsei ousness, Frequent cases of shoedovers, which, like
all cases of fetichism, poesess forensic intcrest (theft of
sboeüi), oeeupy a position itiidway hetween masoehLsm and
fetichisra. The majori ty or all may be looked upon aa
instantes of latent masochism (the uiotive retnaining un-
conscious) in which Ihe fvmolc foot or xhoe, <i,s the mtuto-
chid's feucht bas acquired an independent significanee*

In eases 70 and 71 tbe fcmale shoe poseesses a subor-
dinatc interest, but unniistakable masochistic desirea play
an important part: —

Gase 70, JIr, X., aged twenty-five, parents healthy,

174

FSVCÜOPATUIA SEXUAL18.

never ill before? placed the followiug autobiography at
my dispoeal; HJ began to praetise onaniam at thc age of
teil, without ever having any lustful thoughts during the
act. Yet ut that tiino — I am Mira of this — the sight and
touch of girls' elegant boots Lad a peeuliar cliarm for ine;
iti\ i^reatest desire was also to wear such ßhoes. a wish
that was occasionally fulrilled at niasquerades, Eut I was
also troubled by a very different thought : my ideal was to
me myself in a position of humitiatlon; I wöutd tjladly
have beert a slave, and whipped; in short, I wished to
receive the treatiuent that one finds deseribed in many
stories of slavery. I do not know whether the reading of
such stories gave rise to my wish, or whether it arose spon-
tancously.

'Tuberty began at the age of thirtecn; with the
occtirrence of ejaeulation lustful pleasure inereased, and I
masturbated more frequently, offen two or three times a
day. From my twelfth to my sixtecnth ycar? during the
act of onanism, I always had the idea that I was foreed to
wear girls* boots. The sight of an elegant boot, on the
foot of a girl at all pretty, intoxioatod me ; I inhaled the
odour of the leather with avidiry. In order to stuell
loather during the act of onanism, I bought a pair of
leafhem cuffs> which I smdled while I masturbated- My
enthusiasm for ladies' leatbern shoeg remains the same
to-day; only, sinee my seventeenth year, it has becn
coupled with the wish to hecome a servant, to blacken
shoes for distinguished ladies, to put on and take off iheir
shoes for them, etc.

"My dreams at night arc made up of shoe-soenes:
either I stand before the show-window of a shoe-sbop
regarding the elegant ladies* shoes, — partieularly buttoned
shoes, — or I lie at a lady's feet and sniell and lick her
shoee. For about a year I have given up onanism and go
ad puellas; eoitits takes place by ineans of intense thought
of ladies- buttoned shoes; or, if neeessary, I take the shoe
of the puella tobed with me. I have never suffered from
my former onanism. I learn easily, liave a good meniory,

MASOC1II9M.

175

and have never had a headache in my life. This much
concerning myself.

"A few words about my brothcr: I am thoroughly
cnnvineed that he is also a shoe-fetichist Of the many
faets that demonstrate this to me, it is only neccssary to
mention that it is a grcat pleasure for In in to have a cer-
tain cousin (a very beautiful girl) tread lipon him. As for
the rest, I might lindert alte to teil whethcr a man who
Stands befüre a ahoe-ahop and regards the shoes on exhibi-
tion is a "foot-Iover" or not This anomaly is uneoni-
monly frequenh When in the circle of my acquaintance
I turn the conversation to the question of what woman's
charm is, I very frequently hear it said that it is much
more in attire than in nudity; but every one is careful not
to reveal bis espeoial fetich. I think an uncle of mine is
also a ßhoc-fetichist."

Case 71» Z,? twenty-eight ycars, official, comea from
neuropathie mother. Father died early; aa to his family
and bealth no Information obfainable. Z. was from early
childhood ncrvous and impressionable; began early to
masturbate on his own acc-ord ; with puberty he became
neurasthenic, avoided onanism for a while, but was trou-
bled with pollutions very frequently; recovered somewhat
at a hydropatkic Institute; experieneed atrong libido to
wards wotnan, but ncver succeeded in Dokus parllv on ae-
enunt of diffidence in his power, partly from fear of in-
fection. This npset him very much, especial ly aa he re-
lapsed faule de wtieux into Ins secret habit.

Z., diiring a searebing consultation about his vifa sex-
ualis, proved to be fetichist as well as tnasochUt, and
reveal ed interesting relations between these two anonia-
lies* He asserted that since his ninth year he had a wcak-
ness für woinen*s shoes. This, he claimed, wga caused by
seeing at that time a lady mminting a horse whilst.an
attendant held the stirrnp for her. This sight exeited him
xcvv much, it constantly recurred to his imagination. ever
increasing his lustful fcelings. Later on his sensations

176 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

during polhition wcre connected with women in high
boots. Laced boots with higli lieels charmed hiui inost
especially when this idea was associated with the lustful
thought that a woman trod lipon hira with her heel, and
that he, whilst kneeling, kisscd a woman's shoes. The
only intcresting thing about a wTonian was her shoe. Im-
pressions of odour did not play any part in this. The
shoe as such was insnfficient; it ninst be worn by woman.
Whoncver he saw a woman with laced boots he became
excited and masturbated. He believcd that he could not
command virile power with any woman unless her feet
were clad with laced boots.

Fautc de mieux he made a drawing of such a boot, and
whilst masturbating revelled in gazing at it.

The following case is not only instructive because of
the relations shown therein to exist between shoe-fetich-
ism and masochism, but is also of interest on account
of the eure of the vila scxualis brought about by the
patient himsclf.

Case 72. Mr. M., thirty-three years of age, of good
family, which on the maternal side for generations had
shown manifestations of psychical degeneration, extend-
ing even to cases of moral insanity. The mother was
neuropathic and characterologically abnormal. Himself
strong, well built, but neuropathic; began as a small boy
to ])ractisc onanism spontan eously. When twelve years
of age peculiar dreams of being tortured, whipped and
kicked by men and women, especially by the latter. When
about fourteen a weakness for women's boots came over
him. They caused sexual excitement; he was forced to
kiss and press them to him ; this produced erection and
orgasm, followed by masturbation. But these acts were
also aecompanied by masochistic ideas of being kicked
and tortured.

He recognized that his vita scxualis was abnormal,
and at the age of seventeen he sought a eure in coitus.

MASuriiisM,

177

llr fuund himself quite impotent. At cighteen another
attempt proved a failurc; he contiuued masturbation
aaaigtod by ahoe-feticbism and masoehistie f ancies.

At the age of ninetecn he heard by aeeident a man
speak of flagellation by a girl as a ineans to bring about
viril ity. IIc now feit that he had fmind hia remcdy, and
hastenod to carry out the advice jusi received, bat was
conipletely disappointcd, The whole Situation disgustcd
Iura so thoroughly that no erection reeultrd.

Ile made no more sinuhir atteiiipts, and satistied hini-
self in the aeeustomed manner. When he was twrnty-
seven he met by accident a sympathctic and galante girl,
hrciimc intimate, and coinplained to her about his irapo-
tenee. Site langhed at lum, and said that at his age and
with his Constitution this was impossible.

He gained self-eonfidenee, but only after fourteen daya
of the grcatest intiuiafv and with the aid of älioe-fetieuism
and iuasochistic faneios he obtaincd power. This tasted
sevcral months. II is eondition improved, he could do
without the secret aids, and his abnormal faneies bee&me
latent» Tuen for three years, on account of psych ical
impotente with other women, he yielded again to inastur*
bation and bis fornier feticliism. With his thirtieth year
be entered again upon synipathetic relations with another
girl; but as he feit hiiuself incapable of eoitus without the
aid of masoehistic situations, he instructed her to treat
bim as her slave. Slie played her part well, made him
kiss her feet, whipped him with a switeh, and trod upon
him* But it was all in vain. He only feit pain and
utter confnsion, and soon had these assaults diseontinued.
Ideal niasoehistic Situation«, however, aided him at timea
to aecomplish eoitus,

But he found little satisfaction under these circum-
stanees. Thcn he eanie across my book on "Psychopath ia
Sexualis/* and found out the real condition of bis anomaly-
He wrote to bis former acquaiutance and entcred again
lipon imimate relations with her, but. told her definitely
that the fonner absurd scenes of "slavery" niust not be

178

PSYCHOPATH IA SEX U ALIS.

enacted again? and that under no circumstances, even
though he request it hiniself, imist she enter upon bis
masoehigtic ideas.

In order to free himself of ahoc-fetichiam he adopted
the following plan* Ile bought a lady's elegant boot
and made daily these suggestions to hiniself whilst kissing
the boot repeatedly : lfWhy should I have erectiona
whrn kisaing tbis boot, which is after all only a piece
of ordinary leathcrf* Tide practica little by little
stripped the objeet of ita f stiehlst ic chann. The erections
disappeared, and tiually the boot impressed him only as
a boot. Intünate intercourse with the »ympathetie per-
son ran parallel witli this suggestive self-treatinent, and
althoiigh at first he could not produce viril ity without the
assistance of niasochistic ideas, these latter gradually
disappeared

He was so pleased witli bis eure that he came to thank
me for the valuable help he had found in tlio perusal of
my book, which had shown hira the right way to remedy
his defect

Sinee then he wrote that he was completely cured,
that he niet with no difficultics in bis sexual intercourse,
although froni tlme to time masochistic representations
faintly reappeared without, however, leaving any Im-
pression on Ins niind.

Gase 73< Reported by Manlegazza in his "Anthropo-
logical Studies," 1880, p. 110* X., American, of good
famüy, mentally and morally well constituted; from the
beginning of puberty eapable of heilig excited sexually
only by a woman's slioe* Her body and naked or
ßtockinged foot made no Impression on him; but the
footj when covered wTith the shoe, or a shoe alone, in-
dueed erection and even ejaculation. Sight alone was
sufficient for him in the case of elegant aboefl — i.e., shoea
of blaek leather, buttoning up the side and having very
liigb heela. Ilia sexual desirc was powerfullv excited by
touching, kissingj or pntting such ahocs on Ina feet-

MASOCHI3M,

170

Ilis enjoyment was increased hy driving nails through the
soles so that their points would penetrate bis feet while
walking. Tliis eaused liim terrtble puin, but he had real
lustful feeling at the sainc time. His grcatest enjoyinent
was to kneel down before the elegant clad feet of ludies
and have them step on him, If the wearer be ati ugly
woman, the slioes would not affeet bim, and bis fancy
would cool. If the patient had empty shoes only at bis
diaposal, his fancy would ereate a bcautiful woman wear-
ing them, and ejaculation would result. Ilis night ly
dreams were of the shoes of bcautiful women. II*1 eon-
sidered the exposure of ladies' shoes in show- Windows
immoral , wbile talk about the nature of woman seemed
to him barmless, but in bad taste. X. attempted coitus
several timee without success, ejaculation never occurred*

In the following case the masoehistic as well as the
sadistic dement is in evidence (c/. **Torture of Animals/'
under "Sadisiu") : —

Case 74. A young, powerful man, aged twenty-six.
Nothing in the opposite sex excited hia sensual feeling
except elegant shoes on the feet of a buxom woman, es-
pecially when Hiey were made of black leather? and had
high heels, The shoes without the wearer were sufficient.
lt gave him the greatest pleasure to see^ toneh and kiss
them« The feminine fönt, when bare or cnvored with a
, stocking, had no effect on him. Since childhood he had
a weakness for ladies' fine shoes.

X. was potent; duriug the sexual act the female must
be elegantly dressed and, ahove all, have 011 pretty sboes,
At the height of sexual exeitement cruel tbougbte about
the shoes arose* He was forced to think with delight of the
death agonies of the aniinal from whieh the leather was
taken» Sometimes be was impelled to take chiekens and
"ther animals with him to Phryiie, in order to have her
tread on them with her pretty shoes for bis pleasure, TIe
called this "sacrificing to the feet of Venus." At other

180 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

times he had the wonian walk on him with her shoes on,
the harder the better.

Until the previous year lt was suffieient — since he
did not take the slightest sensual pleasure in women —
to caress ladies' shoes that pleased him, thus attaining
ejacnlation and complcte satisfaction (Lombroso, "Arch. di
psichiatria," ix., fascic. iii.).

The next case reminds one of case 73, on account
of the interest in the nails of the shoes (as capable of
inflicting pain) ; and of 74, on account of the slight ac-
companying sadistic element : —

Case 75. X., aged thirty-four, married; of neuro-
pathic parentage; sulTered severely from convulsions as
a child; remarkably prccocious, but one-sided in develop-
ment (could read at age of three) ; nervous from childhood.
At the age of seven he manifested an inclination to finger
shoes, especially the nails of women's shoes. The mere
sight, but still more the touching of the shoe nails and
counting thein, gave him indescribable pleasure.

At night he gave himself up to imagining how his
cousins had their measures taken for shoes; how he
nailed horse-shoes on to one of them or cut her feet off.
In time the shoe-secnes came upon him during the day,
and involuntarily induced erection and ejacnlation. Frc-
quently he took the shoes of female oecupants of the
house; and if he touched them with his penis he had an
ejacnlation. For a long time, when a student, it was
possible for him to control his ideas and inclinations ; but
there came a time when he was compelled to listen to
female footsteps on the pavement, which, likc the sight
of the nails l>cing driven into ladies' shoes, or the sight
of shoes in the windows of the boot-shops, always swayed
him with feelings of lustful pleasure. Tic married, and
during the first months of his married life was free from
these desires. Gradually he becamc hysteropathic and
neurasthenic.

MASOC1IISM.

181

At this atage Ixe bcgim to have hysterical attaeks when
the shoemaker spoke to him of nuiLs in ladies1 shoes or o£
driving nails in the saine, The reaction was still greater
if he ehaneed to see a pretty Iady with shoes well bcset
with nails. In order tu induee ejaeulation it was only
neeessary for him to cut soles ont of pasteboard and beset
them with naila; or he wonld huy Ladies' sliues, luive
tIu-iii beeet with nails in the shop, and at honie serape
them on the ground, and final ly toneh them with the
end of bia penis. ItoPQffvör, lnsti'iil shoe-\ -isbnis occurred
spontaneously, in whieh hc satisfied himself by Masturba-
tion.

X. was otherwise intelligent, skilful in bis calliug, but
powerless in eoinbuting bis perverse ineliuatinns. Ile
presented phimo&is; penis short^ expanded at the root, and
incapable of complete erection* One day the patient
allowed himself to niastnrbate when exeited by the öigbt
of lad i es' shoes beset with nails in front of tlie window,
of a shoe^ehop, and thus becanie a criminal (Blanche
"Archiv, de Neurologie," 1882, No. 22).

Referenee may be mado hero to a ease of in verteil
sexuality, to be described later, Case 137, in whieh the
prinzipal sexual internst was in the boots of male servants.
The desire was to be trod npon by them, etc.

Gase 76, (Dr. Pascal "Igiene dell' amore".) X.,
merehunt ; from time tu time (but particnlarly in bad
weather) had the followin^ desire: Ile wotild aecost
some prost i tute and ask her to go to a shoe-shop with
him, where be wonld buy her the bandso inest pair of
shoes made of patent leather, under the condiüon that
sbe wonld put them on immediately* When this bad
taken place, she had to go about in the streßt, Walking
in mamire and niud as much as possible, in ortlcr to soll
the shoes, Tben X* wonld lead the person to a hotel,
and, ahnost before they had re&ched a roorj^ be would
cast himself lipon her feet, feeling an extraordinary plca-

182

PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

sure in licking them with his lips. When he had eleaned
the sliws In this niamier, lie paid her and went his way.

Froni thcse cases it may be plainly seen that the shoe
is the f et ich of the masoclust, and apparently beeanse of
the relation of the dressed feniale foot to the idea of heing
trod lipon and ufher acta of hunriliatiou. When, thcrefore,
in otlier cases of shoe-fctichism, the fetnale shoe appcars
ahme as the excitant of sexual desire, one is jnstitied in
presuming that masochistic motives have remained latent.
The idea of heilig trod lipon, ete*, reitmins in the depths
of nneonseions lifo, and the idea of the shoe alom\ the
ineans für such acts, rises into consciousness. Cases which
u.Milil olherwise remain wholly inexplicable are suffi-
eiently cxplained.1 Here one ha 8 to do with latent maso-
eh i sin which may ahvays be assiimed us the iinconscions
motive, when not infrequently the origin of the fetiehism
can be proved to arisc from an association of ideas with
some partienlar event, as in cases 113 and 114.

Such cases of desire for ladies* shoes, withont conscioua
motive and withont demonstrahle origin? are really innu«
merablc.2 Three cases are here given as examples: —

Gase 77, Minister, aged fifty. From time to tirae he
went to houses of prostitution urider the pretext of reating
a rooin. He entered it with a girh Then he liistfully
regarded her shoes, took one off, nsnthtlur ei mordet col*
igam Kbidine capfus. Ad genüalia denique caligam pre-
mit, ejacnlai seinen seminvque ejarulato vxillas pectusque
teritj then he awoke from his sexual ecstasy. He begged
the woman to allow hira to keep the shoe for a few days,
and always, at the appointed time, retumed it with thanks
(Canfaranot, "La Psiehiatria," v,? p, 205t). .

lCompare the instmetive case of Moll, Libido sexual is, p* 320.

*There is apparently a ©onnection betwtvn fuot-feUchisni and
the faet that i'ertnin persona of thid ktn<1, ivhom coitus does not
satisfv, or wbo nre unabJe to perform it, fintl a Substitute for it
in tritua membri inter p^des mulieri&,

MABOCHTfiM.

183

Gase 78, Z., Student, aged twenty-three ; of a
tainted faiiiily. S ister was insane; brother suffered with
hysteria viriUs, The patient, peculiar from childhood,
had fr Liquen t attacks of hypoehondriacal depression, iwdi-
um vitwt and feit tliat he was being slighted. In a con-
sultation on account of mental trouble? I found him to be
a very perverse hereditarily predisposed man, with neu-
rast henic and hypoehondriacal Symptoms. A su spiel on of
masturbation was eontirmed. Patient made interesting
diselosnres eonceming hie vita sexualis. At the age of ten
he was powerfully attracited by the foot of one of Ins com-
rades. At twelve he becanie an enthusiast for ladt es* feet*
It gave him a delightful Sensation to revel in tbe sight of
them. At fourteen he began to masturbatej thinking, at
the same time, of the beautiful foot of a lady. At tbis
time he revelled in the sight of the feet of bis three-year-
old & ister. Tbe feet of other females tliat attracted him
indueed sexual excitement. Only women*& feet — no other
part of them — interested him. The tbouglit of sexual
hüereourse with woinen excited bis disgust. He had uever
attempted coitus, After his twelfth year he had no interest
in the feet of male individuals, The style of eovering
of the female foot was indifferent to him; it was only
necessary that the person seemed to be sympathetic, The
thought of enjoying the feet of prostitutes was disgnsting
to him. For years he had been in love with his sister's
feet. If he coitld but obtain her shocs, the sight of them
powerfully excited his sensuality. Kissing or embraeing
his si&ter did not have this effect. Tlis greatest delight
was to embraee and kiss the foot of a sympathetic woraan»
when ejaeulation would result with a lively pleasurable
Sensation. Often he was impelled to toueli bis genitals
with one. of bis sister's shoes; but be had been able, thus
far, to master this impulse, espeeiaUy for the reason that
for two years (owing to progressive irritable weakness of
the genitals) the simple sight of tbe foot had induced
ejaeulation. From his relatives it was aseertained that
tlio patient had a silly admiration for the feet of Ins sister;

184 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

so that she avoided him and sought to hide her feet from
him. The patient looked upon his perverse sexual impulse
as pathological, and was painfully affected by the fact that
liis vile fancy had for its object his sister's foot. He
avoided opportunity as much as he could, and sought to
help the matter by masturbation when, as in dreams
accompanied by pollution, ladies' feet filled his imagina-
tion. However, when the impulse became too powerful
he could not avoid gaining a partial sight of his sister's
foot. Immediately after ejaculation he would become
angry with himself at having been weak again. His
partiality for his sister's foot had cost liim many a sleep-
less night. He often wondered that he could still love
his sister. Although it soemed right to him that she
should conceal her feet from him, yet he was often
irritated because the concealment caused him to have
pollutions. The patient gave assurances, confirmed by
his relatives, of being moral in other respects.

Case 79. S., New York, was aceused of being a
street-thief. Numerous cases of insanity in his ancestry:
father, brother and sister mcntally abnormal. At seven
ycars, violent cerebral concussion twice. At thirteen,
Struck by a beam. At fourteen S. had violent attacks of
headache. Accompanying these attacks, or immediately
after them, peculiar impulse to take the shoes of female
members of the family — as a rulo, only one at a time —
and hide them in some out-of-the way corner. Taken to
task, he would lie, or dcclare that he had no recollection
of the affair. Tlie passion for shoes was unconquerable,
and made its appearance every three or four months.
On one occasion he attempted to take a shoe from the
foot of one of the servants, and on another he stole his
sister's shoe from her bedrooni. In the spring two ladies
liad their shoes torn from their feet in the open street.
In August, S. left his liome early in the morning to go
to his work as a printer. A moment afterwards he tore
the shoe from a girl's foot in the open street, fled to his

MASOCHISM. 185

place of work, and there was arrested as a street-thief.
He declared that he did not know much of his act; that
it had come upon him like a stroke of lightning, at the
sight of the shoe, that he must possess himself of it, bnt
for what purpose he did not know. He had acted while
in a State of unconsciousness. The shoe, as he correctly
indicated, was fonnd in his coat. In confinement he was
so much excited mentally that an outbreak of insanity
was feared. Discharged, he stole his wife's shoes while
she was aslecp. His moral character and habits of life
were blameless. He was an intelligent workman; but
irregularity of employment, that soon followed, made him
confnsed and incapable of work. Pardoned (Nichols,
"Am. Journal of Insanity," 1859; Beck, "Med. Jurispru-
dence," vol. i., p. 732, 1860).

Dr. Pascal (op. cit.) has some similar cases, and many
others have been mentioned to me by colleagues and
patients.

(c)Disgu$ting Acts for the Purpose of Self-Humiliation
and Sexual Gratification — Latent Masochism — Kopro-
lagnia.

Whilst in the manifestations thus far described the
a>sthetic sentiment is at least, so far as appearances go,
saved, and the lustful Situation is kept within the confines
of a symbol ic or ideal character, there are many cases in
which the desire for sexual gratification by self-humilia-
tion before woman finds expression in acts which defile the
moral and asthetic feeling of the normal man.

Impressions obtained through the senses of smell and
taste, which in the normal man produce , only feelings
of nausea and disgust, are made the basis of the most
vivid emotions of lust, producing in the perverse subject
mighty impulscs to orgasm and even ejaculation.

An analogy with the excesses of religious enthusiasm
can be even traced. The religious enthusiast, Antoinette

186 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

Bouvignon de la Porte, uscd to mix with her food excreta
in order to mortify herseif (Zimmermann, op. cit., p. 124).
The beatified Marie Alacoque licked up with her tongue
the excrement of sick people to "mortify" herseif, and
sucked their festering toes. The analogy with sadism is
also of interest in this connection because here also mani-
festations in the sense of vampyrism and anthropophagy
arising from disgusting appetites of the organs of taste
and olfaction produce lustful feelings (cf. case 59, Bichel,
Menesclou, f. Beob. 18, 19, SO, 22). This impulse to dis-
gnsting acts might well bo named koprolagnia. Its
relations to Masochism (as a subordinate form) have been
indicated in case 51. The snbsequent Observation will
render them clearer.

In some cases it would appear as if the masochistic
element were unknown to the perverse subject and the
instinct for nauseating acts alone were present (latent
masochism). A striking instance of masochistic kopro-
lagnia (combined with perverse sexnality) may be found in
case 114 of the eighth edition of this work. The subjeet
of this case revels not only in the thought of being the
slave of the beloved, referring for this purpose to Sachet-
Masoclis "Venus in Furs," sed etiam sibi fingit amatum
poscere ut crepidas sudore diffluentes olfaciat ejusque stet-
core vescatur. Deinde narrat, quia non hdbeat, qua con-
fingat et exoptet, eorum loco stia^ crepidas sudore infectas
olfacere suoque stercore vesci, intet quce facta pene etecto
se voluptate pertutbari semenque ejaculari.

Case 80. Masochism — Koprolaynia. — Z., fifty-two
years of age; high position; father phthisical; family
claimed to be untainted; always nervous, only child, de-
posed to have.had pecnliar emotions since he was seven,
when by chance he saw the servants take off their boots
and stockings prcparatory to scrubbing the floors of the
house. Once he begged one of the maids to show him her
toes and feet bofore slie washcd them. When he began
going to school and reading lx>oks, he feit forcibly drawn

MASOCUISM,

to literature whieh contained descrlptiona of refined cruelty
und torturesj especially whon thcy were executed at the de-
mands of womcn. He simply devoured novela dealing
with slavery and bondage, and whtlst reading thein, he
becunie so exctted that he began masturbatinn. What
exeited h hu most was to imagine that he was the slave
of a pretty yoimg lady of Ins aequaintanee who allowed
bim after a long walk, pcdes lambere* prwcipue ptoutoä ßi
spaüü int<r digitos. He thought of the young lady as
jmrticulurly cmel and enjoying torturea and whippings
roeted out to him. These fancies were aeeoinpanied by
musturbation. At the age of fifteen whilst revelling in
such fiction, he let a poodle dog lick bis feet One day
he noticed how a pretty eervant girl in bis own honie
let a poodle dog liek her toes whilst she was reading.
This caused in him erection and ejaculation* He per-
suaded the girl to let tbia happen frequently whilst he
looked on. After a wbile he took the place of the poodle
and ejaculated every time.

I-rom his tifteenth to bis eightoenth year he was at
a boardiiig-schoo] and had no opportunity for practising
such evil habits. Ile was satisfied to exeite himself every
few weeks with the perusul of literature treating on eruel-
ties eommitted by womcn, imagining all the tinie that. he
was licking the feet of such woinen* This produeed
ejaculatiou aeeoinpanied by the highest lustful excitement
The female organs had never any attraction for him, and
he never feit sexually drawn towards inen, When he liad
attained puberty he solieited girls and bad eoitus with
them, but always sueked thetr feet before the act. Ile
would do this also, intcr actum, and asked the girls to teil
him with what cmclfies tbey would afflict him in caae
he did not liek tbeir toes quite clean, Z. affirms that he
verv often sueeeeded in this, and that the whole action
was always pleasing to the girls.

1 This dJsguatinp Impulse ia also referred to In caae 68 of the
eightli tnliikm of this work. It gcems to oceur eapedally with
koprola^niats and fotioli

188

PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

He was espcciallv attracted'by the feet of well-brod
woraen that were deforiued by narrow boots and had not
been waslml for sevenil flava, bat lie eould stomach only
"alight, natural deposits, such aa one may find lipon tho
feet of clean well-bred Ladies, also. diseolorations froin the
stockt n£.<, whilst sweatiug feet exeited him only in Imagin-
ation, but in reality disgusted hini". "Cruel torturea"
also existed for him only in Imagination as a ineaus to
exeitement ; he abhorred them and never craved for them
in n-ftlity. Nevertheless they played a pn-rminent part
in bis faney, and he mv.r neglectad to instrnct the womeu
wir!» whom he kept in taasochiatic fcoucfa hom fchey wera
to write him thrcatciihig letters. From the collect ion uf
such letiers plftced ül my diapoaal by Z. one is given here
beeause ir rlearly ÜHistrates the linc of thought and
sontiinont: —

"Lamhifor surforis prJiun muliemtn! I take tlte ut-
most deligkt in conjuring up the inoment when von will
lick my toes, espeeially after a long walk. A faeaimile of
my foot I shall send yon bochl It will intoxieaie me like
tteetaf wheo yon will liek up iny audor pedum And if von
will not do it voluntarily, I sdiall force von to it; I shall
treat von as my meanest alavB. Yon shall witness how
aiiotlier f arorittts swlorew pedvm mihi In mbH ß whilst yOD
Bhall whine like a dog under the lashes of my servants*
I shall deelare yon outlawed. I slmll find the most
exquisite jdea.su re in seeing yon in pain» breathing your
last under the most crnel tortures, lieking my toes in
extreme agony, . . . You challenge my eruelty — very
well; I shall Crash yon under my fout liko a worin. . . >
Ymu iisk ine iVn- a stock! rig? I shall woar it longer llian
llflUftL But I demand that. yon kiss it and liek it ; that you
soak the foot of it in water and then drink the latter,
If you do not carry out my plea&ure absolutely, I shall
ehaatiae yon with my riding-whip. I domand iincon-
diriimal ohedirnoe. If you do not obey, T shall have von
whipped with the knout, I shall make you walk owr
a floor well-spiked with sluirp nails, I shall have you

\1.\S(H"||1SM.

ISO

bastinaded and ea.sl tu the lions in the eage, It will
give ine ihi* utmost deligbt tu B6€ bot» the wild beasts
enjoy yonr ile-li."

In spite of such ridieulotls tirades, ordeivd bv himself,
Z. looked up*m them as a meanfl lo aatiafy Ins perrera
scxnality. These sexual nmnsirosiiies, whieh t<> him werc
only a congenital uiioinuly, he did not emisidrr uimahiral,
although he admitted theni to be di^gusting to the nor-
mally eonstitmed mau. Olherwiso he appeared fco be a
dement Bort of a man with rather reiined maimers, mit bis
otherwme ineagre seethetic sentiments wow overbalanced by
senauality whieh gmtifieil his perverse desires*

Z. gave ine an inaight into Ins eorrenpondenee with
the literarv ehainpioii erf iiiusocliism, Sache r-Moäorli.

One of tbese letters, dated L8S8, shnws h> p lnuding
the picture of a luxnrinnt woman, with imperial bearing,
only half covered with fnra und Imlding a riding-whip as
if ready to strike, Bacher-Matofch eontend* thai "the
passiuu to t>lav the alave" is widesproad, eepecially among
the Germans and Kussian-. In thia letier, the hisi.ory of
a noble Itussian is related wlio loved to be tietl and
vrhipped by eeveral beautiful wnim-n. One day he fcund
Iiis ideal in a pretty young Freneli woman and took her
to his home.

Aecording to Saeher-Maiochß a Üanish woman yiclded
her favour to m» man initil hr aeted the purt of sla
her for a considerable linie, Amanlrs coagere solebül, «/
pedfs suos et pödicßm lambeant* 8he had her adoTera put
in ehaiiii and whijiped nntil they obeyäd her lambenäo
pedes. Onee ghe had the "slave" fasteiird to her hed~
postö and t hus made hiin witness her granting the liighest
favour ii» nnolliiT. After the lattftf left her sbe had the
fettered Ltslave" whipped by her servants imtil he yielded
lautbare pödicetn domivy».

If tbese assertions wrere trtie whieh, of eoirrse, cannot
be aeeepted froin the pöet withont definite proof, they
\\Midd constitute rcniarkablo proofs of Sadismus femina-
rum. At any rate they ftPC peychoIogiCÄlly interesting in-

190 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUAIJS.

8tance8 of thoughts and sentiments specific to inasochism
(my own observations, "Centralblatt für Krankheiten der
Harn- und Sexualorgane," vi., 7).

Case 81. Z., aged twenty-f our ; Kussian civil serv-
ant; mother neuropathic, father psychopathic. Z. was in-
telligent, of refined manners, physically normal, of pleas-
ing appearance and a?sthetic tastes ; never had a severe ill-
ness. Claimed to have been of a nervous disposition from
inf ancy ; had like Ins mother neuropathic eyes and latterly
suffered from cerebral asthenic troubles. Perversio vitce
sexualis caused him much worry, bordering on despair,
deprived him of self-esteem and tempted him to suicide.

What oppressed him was the unnatural desire recurring
every four weeks for mictio mulieris in os suum. As cause
he gave the following facts, interesting on account of
their genetic importancc. When six years of age he put
his band by accident sub podicem puellce who sat next to
him in school. This caused him pleasure and he repeatedly
did so. The memory of these pleasant situations strongly
aroused his fancy.

Puerum decem annorum serva educatnx libidine mota
ad corpus suum appressit et digitum ejus in vaginam intro-
duxit. Quum postea fortuitu digito nasum ietigit, odore
ejus valde delcctatus fuit.

This immoral act developed into a lustful fancy which
made him believe vinctus intcr femora mulieris cumbere,
coactus, ut dormiat sub ejus podice et ut bibat ejus urinam.

With the thirteenth year these fictions disappeared.
At fifteen first coitus, at sixteen second, quite normal and
without fanciful representations.

Deficiente peeunia et magna libidine perturbatus mas-
turbatiom eam saiiabat.

At seventeen perverse ideas recurred. They became
more powerful and he struggled against them in vain.

At eighteen he yieldod to the impulse. Quum
mulier queedam in os ei minxit, maxima voluptate äffe eins
est. He then had coitus with the vile woman. Since then,

AFASOCIUSM.

191

he feit the neeessity to repeat the disgusting act every four
weeks.

After indulging in thia *perverse action he was ashamcd
of hiniself and disgiist overeame him. Ejaculations ac-
eompanied the act but leidem, but it produeed erections
and orgasm and whenever ejactilation missed, he gratified
himself with coitus.

During the intervals betwcen these excessive impulses
he was quite free from perverse thoughts and desires as
well as from ideal masochism and fetiehistic relations.
Libido during these intervals was but slight and easily
gratified in the normal fashion Avithout the assietance of
perverse fiction. He often travelled miles from his coun-
try seat to the eity to satisfy his cravings when these spclls
caiue over him.

Again and again the patient — refined as he was and
diagusted with his owu porversity — suught to resist the
morbid impulse, but in vain ; restlessnes^ anxiety, trem-
hling and Bomnolenee made Yifv mihf-arable, mit il he
found final release from the psychical tension in the grat-
ification of his morbid cravings at any price. He attained
this easüy, but was at once overrmne with self-reproaeh
and contenipt for himself hordering even on twdium vitw.
These mental struggles enervatcd the patient and he com-
plained of debilitv of memory, absent -mindedness, mental
impotence, and cerebral pressure. His last hope was that
medical scienco might sueeeed in froeinp: him from this
monstrous affiiction and in re-estahlishing bis nioral seif.

Case 82, Masoch ism — Fetichism — Koprolagnia.

B., aged thirty-one, offieial, familv neuropathically tainted,
nervous from early childhood, weakly, nocturna! fright*.
First poIlution at the age of sixteen. At seventeen feil
in love with a French vornan, twrmy-eight. ycars old and
anything but pretty. Had a special weakness for her
shoes. Whenever he could do so without being observed,
he would cover them with kisse*. This gave him sensu al
delights; but it never caused ejaciilation, At that time

192

PSYCIIOPATUIA SEXUALI8,

aceording tu bis Statement, he had no knowledge of the
diffcraice in sexcs. Hc conld not understand bis wcukm ><
for shoes. After he attained the age <>f twenty-two he had
(■oi f iis about once a mouth, but did iu»t derivc psych ieal
gratification froni tlie ad One dav he inet a prost itute
in the street w-hose haughty demeanor, ftBoimrting eye and
challenging iiiiin madt- a j k-«-ii1 i:ii" inipivssinn un liim, He
feit an iinjMil.se to throw hinisclf at her feet, kiss thcm, and
follow her like a dog or slave. Her "majestic" feet clad
in patent leather boots espceially eaptivated him. He
tremhled with voluptuous cxcitemeiit. Du ring tlie night
he oonld not find aleep for the thouglit of the woinan
haunl cd him. He iinaghied that he was kissing tliis
wuniairs feet Tili« fancy Buperindiiccd ejaculatiom Shy
by nature, he now rcsorted to psychical masturhation, and
having a dislike for prostitutes, he shimned beneefortb the
soeiety of women altogethen Ile revelled in the thouglit
of the pretty fuot of an hnpcrions woinan and associnted
thiö thought with tlie olfaetory impression he would re-
eeive from its proximity. In erotic dreams In* would fol-
low such women. Rain would begin to fall and tlie woman
raising her skirts would show her pretty foot, ankle and
ealfj encased in a silkexi stock ing. Ab soon as he grasped
and fondled the warm form, so soft and yct so firm, he
would ejaculate. On rainy daya he nsed to patrol the streets
to see such scenes in realitw If he saw what he came {ru-
he would carry away the inipreesion in his meuiorv arel
it becsame Um objeet of his nightly dreams and aets of
psychical masturbation. To hasten the uet he would sniff
Iüb own soeks, klag, hite and chew theooL His dreams and
libidinous ecstamea were also minglcd with fancies of a
purely masoohiatio character, e.g.t a vornan but elightly
clad stood in front of hini hnhling a whip in her band.
whilst hc knelt at her feet like a slave. Slie WOttld ent
him with tlie whip, put her foot on his neck, face or mouth,
tili he eonsented meretum inier digifos nudos pedis tjua
h( ttf otam exsugere. During this mental act he would
sniell of bis own feet, the odor of which was repulsive to

MASOCHISM. 193

him when in his normal state. He would vary these prac-
tices with acta of "podexfetichism" by using a girl's
drawers et stercus proprium naribus appo&itum. At other
times the cunnus femince would be his fetich and he would
praetise ideal cunnilingus. For assistance he would use
pieces cut from the armpits of a woman's undervest, or
stockings, or shoes. After six yeara, during which neu-
rasthenia had increased whilst the imaginative power
had waned, he lost all power to accomplish these
acts of psychical onanism and eame down to the
level of a common masturbator. Ile, later on, be-
eame acquainted with a girl of a similar inasochistic ten-
dency, and coitus beeame possible for both, but always
by having recourse to some masochistic Situation. But the
old fetiehistic fascinations reappeared and he found
greater pleasures in appeasing this perverse appetite than
in coitus, which he performed only honorig causa. The
end of this cynical sexual existence was a marriage — after
his mistress had forsaken him — with a woman who had
the same perverse inclinations as himself. They had chil-
dren, but found sexual gratification chiefly in masochistic
marital acts. (Centralblatt für Krankheiten der Harn-
und Sexual organe, vi., 7.)

Other cases of Cantarano's (loc. cit.) belong here (mic-
tio even dcfcecatio puellce ad linguam viri ante actum) con-
sumption of confects smelling like fax;es, in order to be-
come potent; and also the following case, likewise com-
municated to me by a physician : —

"A Russian prince, who was very decrepit, was ac-
customed to have his mistress turn her back to him and
defecate on his breast; this being the only way in which
he could excite the remnant of libido"

Another supported a mistress in unusually brilliant
style, with the condition that she ate marchpane exclu-
sively. Ut libidinosus fiat et ejaculare possit excrementa
feminw ore excipit. A Brazilian physician teils me of

194

PSYCM0FAT1I1A 8£XCAL1S.

several eases of defwcaüo fcminw in os ciri that have come
to hh knowledge. JSucli eases oeeur everywhere, and arc
not at all iiifrequent. All kiuds of aecretlone — saliva,
nasal mucus, and even aural cerruueo — are uscd in thiti
way and ewallowed with pleasure ; and oseula ad nates and
even tw/ «mimi are indulged in. Dr. Holt (op. eil., p. 135)
reports the sauie thing of a man atfected with invertcd
tsexuality. The perverse desire to praetise cumulinsfus,
whieh is very wide-spread* prohably ha« its root frcqucntly
in masoehistic Impulses.

Evidently the cäsc quoted by Cantarano ("La Psickia-
tria," v., p» 207) belongs hcre also, in whieh coltus is
pm-i «li<l by morsus et auccio of the woman'a tocs whieh
have not been waahed f<*r some time. Mao a ease quoted
by me in the eighth edition of this hook, cf. ibi(Lt case 68.

Stefanowshy ("Arehivcs de V Anthropologie crimi-
Belle,19 1892, vol. vii.) knows of a Russian merehant gyj
valde delerlutus fifit bibendu ae tjuiv putila lupanarü jusso
suo in ms spuertmi,

Nerij "Arefaivi® dellö peioopatie sessuali," p 198;
Workman, aged twenlY-seveii, lieavilv tuinled, tie in Tb»'
face, troubled with pliohia (rspceially agorapimbia) and
aleoliolistii. Summa ei fit voliipfas, si mcrrtr'n C$8 in </s ejus
fcBCBS et urinas cUponutoL Vitium supra corpus ocortorum
sffusum deßuens orc ad. meretrieis euwnum adpostto excipU*
Valde dilcckUitr, siß mwfuincm memtruaUm ex mgma ff-
fiuenlem augere polest, ITe is fetiehisl of ladieV glovcs and
Klippers, osculatur calccoa sororisj cujus p$d$3 sudore m$*
denf. Libido ejus hau demun maxime Ba&iotur, si a pueüü
insulhtfur, immo nru m rbendur, ul sutitftiis vxruL Dum
verberat ur, genibw tuxus veniam et dement vom puetlw
expetit, deinde masturbare meipii.

Pelanda (u£tddvU* di Psichiatria^ x.? fascicolo 3, 4)
relates the fnllowing ease: —

Gase 83, \\\, aged fWty-five, prediftpored, vvaa given
to masturbafion at the age of eight. .4 deeimo sexto anno

MABOCHISM,

I9r

lihidincs sitas hibviufa n a nlttn fetttinumm urintuti sotia*
vtL Ttutta mit roluptas urinam bibvntis id iwc alt quid
otfacetrt nee süperet, liwc fariem. After Jrinking he ah
ways experienced disgust and ill-feeliiur, and made firm
n-.-^lutiona to do it no more in the future. Onoe he had
the sarne pleasure in drinking the urine of a niue-yeur-old
boy» with whmn he onoe practisod fellatio. The patient
sntfered from epileptic insanity.

Still older eases bclong hcre, which Tardieu ("Etüde
zaSdioo-legale sur les atteutata aux hubum," p. SOG) ulv-
served in senile individuals. Hfl deseribes as "llenifleurs"
persona "tjui in iecretos locos nimirum Ihetttrontm porlicvs
ronrvnientcs quo complures femintu ad mielurivndum fe&-
tinantj per nures urinali odfur crrilftti. Ultra ifl im n t m
polluuni'\ The "StcrcorainV thfti Tasdl ("La proßtitu-
tion conteinporaine") inentions are, in rclation to this
subjeet, imiijue.

Euh idnmj rrhites furlher Bumstroue faets behmging to
tliis seelion. Oft Ziilzrr's "KHti. Handbuch der Ilam-
uiul SexualorganOj" h\, p. 47.

(d) MäBGchism in Womart.

In woman voltmtary subjeetion to tlie opposite sex ia
a phyBiologioal phenomnum. Owing t<j her passive role
in proereation and long-existent social co&<fitio&&, ideas of
Kuhjeetioii are, in wrmnm, iinrmully connected witli the
idea of sexual relations. Ihey form, m «<' -peak, the
h&rmonica which determine the toiie-quality of feminine
fecling.

Any one ennversaut with the hisforv of civilisat i<m
knows in whnt a state nf absolute snhjcction woman was
alw&ya krpt nntil a relatively high degree <>f eivilbation
was reached;1 and an nttentive observer of Hfe may still

'Tlie liiws of the early niiddle rtt*c*s gJm Hie hu-ibuml the right
to kill tlie wifr; thOM of t Im* liilcr midille si^t'H, ihe ri^ht tö foeat
her. The latter ripht was used freoly, «von by those of high stand*

196 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUAL1S.

easily rccognisc liow the custom of unnumbered genera-
tions, in connection with the passive röle with which
woman has been endowed by Nature, has given her an
instinetive inclination to voluntary Subordination to man;
he will notice that exaggeration of customary gallantry
is very distasteful to women, and that a deviation from
it in the direction of inasterful behaviour, tliough loudly
reprehended, is often aeeepted with secret satisfaction.2
Under the veneer of polite society the instinet of feminine
servitude is everywhere discernible.

Thus it is easy to regard masochism in gcneral as
a pathological growth of specific feminine mental ele-
ments, — as an abnormal intensification of certain features
of the psycho-sexual character of woman, — and to seek its
primary origin in that sex (r. infra, p. 199). It may, how-
ever, be held to be established that, in woman, an inclina-
tion to Subordination to man (which may be regarded as
an acquired, purposeful arrangement, a phenomenon of
adaptation to social requirements) is to a certain extent a
normal manifestation.

The reason that, under such circumstances, the
"poetry" of the symbolic act of subjeetion is not reached,
lies partly in the fact that man has not the vanity of that
weakling who would improve the opportunity by the dis-
play of his power (as the ladics of the middle ages did
towards the love-serving knights), but prefers to reali^e
solid advantages. The barbarian has his wife plough for
him, and the eivilised lover speculates al>out her dowry;
she willingly endures both.

Cases of pathological increase of this instinet of sub-
jeetion, in the sense of feminine masochism, are probably

ing (cf. Schultzc, "Das höfische Leben zur Zeit des Minnesangs," Bd.
i., p. 163 et seq.). Yet, by the side of this, the paradoxieal chivalry
of the middle ages stands unexplained (r. infra. p. 198).

2 Cf. Lady Milford's words in Fchillcr's "Kabale und Liebe":
" We women can only choose between ruling and servin«:: but the
highest pleasure power a (Tonis is but a miserable Substitute, if the
grater joy of being the slaves of a man wo love is denied us!"
(Act IL, Sccne L).

MASOCHISM. 197

frequent enough, but custoni represses their manifesta-
tion. Alany young women like nothing better than to
kneel before their husbands or lovers. Among the lower
classes of Slavs it is said that the wives feel hurt if they
are not beaten by their husbands. A Hungarian official
informs me that the peasant women of the Somogyer
Comitate do not think they are loved by their husbands
uhtil they have received the first box on the ear as a sign
of love.

It would probably be difficult for the physician to find
cases of feminine masochism.1 Intrinsic and extraneous
restraints — modesty and eustom — naturally eonstitute in
woman insurmountable obstacles to the expression of per-
verse sexual instinct. Thus it happens that, up to the
present tiine, but two cases of masochism in woman have
been scientifically established.

Case 84. Miss X., twenty-one years of age; her
mother was a morphia inaniac and died some years ago
from nervous disorders. Her uncle (mother's side) was also
a morphia-eater. One brother of the girl was neurasthenic,
another a inasochist (wished to be beaten with a cane by
proud, noble ladies). Miss X. had never had a severe ill-
ncss, but at times suffered from headaches. She considered
herseif to be physically sound, but periodically insane,
viz., when she was haunted by the fancies which she thus
described : —

Since her ea.rliest youth she fancied herseif being
whipped. She simply revelled in these ideas, and had the
most intense desire to be severely punished with a rattan
cane.

This desire, she claimed, originated from the fact that
at the age of five a friend of her father's took her for fun

1 Rcydel, " Viertel jahresschr. f. ger. Med.," 1893, vol. ii., quotes
afl an instance of maaochism the patient of Dieffenbaeh, who repeat-
edly and purpoaely disloeated her arm in order to experience lustful
sensations when it was being redueed, antesthetics not being known
then.

198

FSYC1IOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

across his knees? pretending to whip her* Sinee then sbe
bad longed iW the opportunity of being cancd, but to her
great reglet her wish was Bevor real ist-« L At theae periods
she imagmed herseif as absolutely helple&s and fettcred.
The nun* lnentiou of the words rt rat tan cane" and ttto
whip" caused her intense exeiternent. Only for the last
two years she aasocurted these ideas with the male sex.
Freviousdy she only thought of a severe Bchool-mistreas or
nmply a bind.

Hon ßbe wl-hrd to be the shive of a man whoin
she loves; ehe wem hl kiss his feet if he wonld only whip
her.

She did not Widerstand that these inanifestations were
of a sexual nature.

A few qun-tations from her letters are eharaeteristie as
hearing' iijhii] the masoelnMie eharacter of this case: —

*Vlu i'ormor years: I seriously conteiuplated going into
a lunatic asylum whenever these ideas worried nie. I feil
upon this idea wbilst reading how tiie director of au
insane asylum pulled a lady hy the liair fnuii her bed and
beat her with a eane and a riding-whip. I kmgcd to be
treated in a .-iinilar manner at such an instante, and have
tlierefore unconsciottsly assoeiated iny ideas with the male
sex. I liked, however, best to think of brutal, unedueated
female warders beating ine mereüeasly.

"Lying (in faney) before him, he putS one foot on my
neek whüst I kiss the othen I revel in the idea of briuir
whipped by him; but this changes oftea, and I faney
quite different scenes in which be beats rae. At times I
take the blows as so many tokens of love — he is at first
extrem ely kind and tender, and then, in the excesa of bis
love, he beats nie* I faney that to beat ine for love'fi sake
gives him tbe lrighest pleasure. Often I have dreamed
that 1 was his slave — but, niiiid yott, not bis female slave!
For instance, I have imapned tbat he was llobinson1 and
I the savage that servcd bimt I often Inok at tbe pietures
in whleh Robinson puls bis foot mi the Deck of the savage.
I uow find an exphmation of these stränge faneies: I look

MAsorinsM.

199

lipon woman in gcneral as low, far bclow inan; but I am
otherwise extremely proud and quite indoniitabJe, wheuce
it arises that I thinlt as a man (who is by natura proud
and supcrior). Tliis renders my humiliation before the
man I love tbe ruore intense. 1 havo also faneied myself
to be jus female slave; but this does not suffice, for aftcr
all evirv woiuan ran be the «luve o£ her husbaitd.

Gase 85* Miss v. X,, aged tliirty-fivo ; of greatly pre-
disposed family. For soine years she had been in tlie ini-
tial stages of paranoia persecutoria, This sprang froin
oeiebro-spinal neurasthenia, die origiD of whieh was fouud
to be sexual hyperexeitatöui, With twenty-four she was
given to liiasturbathm. As a rasalt o£ disappointmrni in
an esogageiELent, she hogan to j>t a<*t isn masturbation and
psyehical onanisiu. Inrlittufiott toirttrd p&TSQf%$ of hßf VWft
802 never Qcrurrttl. The patient says: HA& the age of
six or eight I coneeived a desire to be whippod* Sinee I
had never V>een whipped, and liad never been present when
otbeil were thns piuiishcd, I eanrmt understand how I came
to havo this stränge desire. I can only think lliaf it is
congenita!* With these idcas of belüg whipped I had a
frrliu^ ,»f jirrnüi 1 1 ^ ] l - 1 1 r s and pictured in my Faney htm
fine it wonld be to l>e whipped by one of my female friends.
I never had any thmight of being whipped by a man. I
revelled in the idea, and never attempted any actual reali-
sation of my faneies, whieli disappeared after my tenfh
year. Only when I read " Rousseau' s Confessions," at the
age of thirty-four, did I understand what my longing for
whippings meantj and that my abnormal idea< were likc
those of Rousseau.

Ön aecotint of its original character and the reference
to Rousseau, this ease may with eerfainty be ßfclled a ease
of masoehisin. Tlie fact. that it is a female friend who is
coneeived in Imagination a^ whipping her, is explained by
the rireumstance that the mnsoehistie desire was here
present in tlie mind of a ehihl before the psyebica] rrita
sezualts had developed an*] the instiiiet for the male had

200 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALI&.

been awakened. Antipathie sexual instinet is here ex-
pressly exeluded.

Case 86. A physician in the General Hospital of
Vienna had his attention drawn to a girl who nsed to call
on the medical assistants of the institution. When meet-
ing one of them she would express great delight at meeting
a medical man and ask him to at once nndertake a gyneco-
logical examination on her. She said she would make re-
sistanee, but he must take no notice of that, on the contrary
ask her to be calm and proeeed with the examination. If
X. consented, the scene would be enacted as she desired.
She would resist, and thus work herseif up into a high State
of sexual excitement. If the medical man refused to pro-
eeed any further she would beg him not to desist. It was
quite evident that the examination was only requested for.
the purpose of inducing the highest possible degree of
orgasm. When the medical man refused coitus she feit
deeply offended, but begged him to let her come again.
Money she never aeeepted.

It is apparent that orgasm was not induced by the mere
palpation of the genitals, but the exciting cause undoubt-
edly lay in the act of force, which was always demanded,
and which became the equivalent of coitus. It is evidently
a manifestation belonging in the province of masochism in
woman.

An Attempt to Explain Masochism.

The facts of masochism are certainly among the most
interesting in the domain of psychopathology. An attempt
at explanation must first seek to distinguish in them the
essential from the unessential. The distinguishing charac-
teristic in masochism is certainly the unlimited subjeetion
to the will of a person of the opposite sex (in sadism, on
the contrary, the unlimited mastery of this person), with
the äwakening and aecompaniment of lustful sexual feel-
ings to the degree of orgasm. From the foregoing it is

MASOCHISM. 201

elear that the particular manner in which this relation of
subjection or domination is expressed (v. supra), whether
merely in symbolic acts, or whether there is also a desire
to suffer pain at the hands of a person of the opposite sex,
is a subordinate matter.

While sadism may be looked lipon as a pathological
intensification of the masculine sexual eharacter in its
psychical peculiarities, masochism rather represents a
pathological degeneration of the distinctive psychical
peculiarities of woman. But masculine masochism is un-
doubtedly frequent; and it is this that comes most fre-
quently under Observation and almost exclusively makes
up the series of observed cases. The reason for this has
been previously stated.

Two sources of masochism can be distinguished in the
sphere of normal phenomena. The first is, that in the
State of lustful excitement every impression made by the
person giving rise to the sexual Stimulus, independently of
the nature of its action, is pleasing to the individual ex-
cited.

It is entirely physiological that playful taps and light
blows should be taken for caresses,1

Like the Jover's pinch, which hurts and is desired.

— Anthony and Cleopatra, v., 2.

From here the step is not long to a State where the wish
to experience a very intense impression at the hands of
the consort leads to a desire for blows, etc., in cases of
pathological intensification of lust; for pain is ever a
ready means for producing intense bodily impressions.
Just as in sadism the sexual emotion leads to a State of
exaltation in which the excessive motor excitement im-
plicates neighbouring nervous tracts, so in masochism an
ecstatic State arises, in which the rising flood of a single

'Analogen« facts are found in the animal kingdom. Pulmonata
Cuv.y for instanco, posaess a small eulcareous staff which lies hidden
in a special pouch of the body, but is at the time of mating pro-
jeeted and used as a means of sexual excitement, producing, beyond
doubt, pain.

202 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

emotion ravenously devours and covcrs with lust every
impression Coming from the beloved person.

The second and, indeed, the most important source of
masochism is to be sought in a wide-spread phenomenon,
which, though it is extraordinary arid abnormal, yet, by
no meäns lies within the domain of sexual perversion.

I here refer to the very prevalent faet that in in-
numerable instances, which oeeur in all varietics, one in-
dividual becomes dependent on another of the opposite
sex, in a very extraordinary and remarkable manner, —
even to the loss of all independent will-power; a depend-
ence which forces the party in subjeetion to acts and
suffering which greatly prejudice personal interest, and
often enough lead to offences against both morality and
law.

This dependence, however, differs from the manifesta-
tions of normal life only in the intensity of the sexual
feeling that here comes in play, and in the slight degree
of will-power necessary for the maintenance of its equili-
brium. The difTerence is one of intensity, not of quality,
as in masochistic manifestations.

This dependence of one person lipon another of the
opposite sex — abnormal but not perverse, a phenomenon
possessing great interest when regarded from a forensie
standpoint — I designate "sexual bondage";1 for the rela-
tions and circumstances attending it have in all respects
the cliaracter of bondage. The will of the ruling2 indi-

1 Cf. the author's articlc, "über gesell loch tli che Hörigkeit und
Masochismus," in the " Psychiatrische Jahrbücher," IM. x., p. 1Ö9 et
seq., whorc tliis subjeet is treated in detail, and particularly from
the forensie standpoint.

2 The expressions " slave " and " slavery," tliough often used
metaphorieally under such circumstances, are avoided here because
they are the favourite expressions of masochism, from which this
" bondage " must be strictly difterentiated.

The expression " bondage " is not to be construed to mean J. 8.
MilVs " Bondage of Woman." What MM designates with this
expression are laws and customs, social and historical facts. Here,
however, we ahvays speak of facts having peculh»r individual motives
that even conti ict with prevalent customs and laws. Besides it has
reference to either sex.

MASOCHIRM.

203

vi dual domin atos that of the person in suhjeetion, just as
the mastor's Joes that of bondsmen.

This "sexual bondage," m has been said, ia certainly
au abnormal phenomenon* It l*egina with the first devia-
tinii from the normal* The degree of dependence of one
person upon another, or of two lipon eaeh other, resulting
fnnu individual pernliarity in the intensity of motircs tliat
in tbemaehrae are normal, eonstitntes the iiormal Standard
established by law and custom. Sexnal Iwmdage ia not a
perverse mani festat ion, however; the instinetive activities
at work here are the same aa those tliat set in motiuii —
even though it be with lese violenee — the psych teal vtia
sfSitttü.s wlneh moves entirely within normal limits.

Fear of losing the eonipanion and the desire to keep
hini always content, amiable, and inclined to sexual inter*
emirse, are here the motives of the individua] in subjeetion.
An extraordinim of Inve — whieh, partieularly in

winimn, doea not always indicate an nnnsnal degree of
Renstiality — and a weak eharacter are the simple elements
of this exlraurdinarv proeess,1

The motive of the dominant individua! iä egotisni
whiob find* unlinuted room for aetion.

The maniiVstations of sexual bondage are variouä in
form, and the eases are very nrnnerems.* At every step in
life we find nien that have fallen into sexual Iwndagr.
Arnong inarried nien, hen-peeked husbands belong to this

1 Perhapg the most important element is, that by the habk of
ftubmission a klnd of ineehanieal oliedience,, without i-onBeiouäne*iä of
it» motives, whieh oporatos with autonmtic eertainty, rnay 1* eatab-
] iahet), uaving no opposing motives to eontend with, becauae it lies
Im-voikI Lba threahold of eonFciouancBB ; and it may be used by the
dominant individnnl likc an inanimate Instrument,

'Sexual bondnge, of course, playa a röte in all Hterahire.
Indeed, for the poet, the extraordinary raanifestaüona of the kzwJ
life that are not perverse form a rieh and open Held. The most
oeletmited description of mascuHnc * "bondage " jh tliat by Abb4
Prfrvftt, " Mnnon Le&cault." An exceltant deBenptjon of feminine
" boiid:iLr<*" is thnl of " lA*one Leoni/* by ffcorgr Rand. Bat first of
tili eoraea KleitV* KiUhchen von Hcilhrmin." vvho himself C&Ued it
the eonnterpart of (sadiatic) u Pentliesilea," tlatm'a "Grl«ddiffn
and many other aimilar poems also belong here.

204 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

category, particularly elderly men who marry young wives
and try to overcome the disparity of years and physical
defects by unconditional Submission to the wife's every
whim; and unmarried men of ripe maturity, who seek to
better their last chance of love by unlimited sacrifiee, are
also to be enumerated here. Here belong, also, men of
any age, who, seized by hot passion for a woman, meet
coldness and calculation, and have to capitulate on hard
conditions; men of loving natures who allow themselves
to be persuaded to marriagc by notorious prostitutes ; men
who, to rim after adventuresses, leave everything and
jeopardise their future; husbands and fathers wTho leave
wife and child, to lay the income of a family at the feet
of a harlot.

But, numerous as the examples of masculine "bond-
age" are, every observer of life who is at all unprejudiced
mnst allow that tliey are far from equalling in number
and importance the cases of feminine "bondage". This
is easily explained. For a man, love is almost always
only an episode, and he has many other and important
interests; for a woman, on the othor hand, love is the
principal tliing in life, and, iintil the birth of children,
always her first interest. After this it is still oftener her
first thonght, but always takes at least the seeond place.
But, what is still more important, man rnled by this
impulse easily satisfies it in eml)raees for which he finds
unlimited opportunities. Woman in the upper elasses of
society, if she have a husband, is bound to him alone;
and even in the lower elasses there are still great obstacles
to polyandry. Therefore, a woman s liushand means for
'her the whole sex, and his importance to her becomes very
great. It nnist also be considered that the normal relation
established by law and eustom between husband and wife
is far from being one of equality. In itself it expresses
a sufRcient predominance of woman's dependence. The
concessions she makes to her lover, to retain the love
which it would be almost impossiblo for her to replace,
only plunge her deeper in bondage ; and this increases the

MASOC1IISM. 205

insatiable demands of husbands resolved to use their
advantage and traffic in woinan's readiness to sacrifice
herseif.

Ilere may be placed the f ortune-hunter, who for money
allows hiniself to be enveloped in the easily created illu-
sions of a maiden; the sedufcer, and the man who com-
promises wives, calculating on blackmail ; the gilded army
officer and the musician with the lion's mane, who know
so well how to stammer "Thee or dcath!" as a means to
pay debts and providc a life of ease. Herc, too, belong
the kitchen-soldier, whose love the cook returns with love
plus means to satisfy a different appetite ; the drinker, who
consumes the savings of the mistress he marries; and the
man who with blows compels the prostitute.on whom he
lives to earn a ccrtain sura for him daily. These are only
a few of the innumerable forms of bondage into which
woraan is forced by her greater need of love and the diffi-
culties of her position.

It was necessary to give the subject of "sexual bond-
age" here brief consideration, for in it may be clearly
discerned the soil from wThich the main root of masochisni
Springs. The relationship of these two phenomena of
psychical sexual life is immediately apparent. Bondage
and masochism both consist of the unconditional subjec-
tion of the individual affpcted with this abnormality to a
person of the opposite sex, and of domination of the former
by the latter.1 The two phenomena, however, must be
strictly differentiated ; they are not different in degrce, but
in quality.

Sexual bondage is not a perversion and not pathologi-
cal ; the elements from which it arises — love and weakness
of will — are not perverse; it is only their simultaneous
activity that produces the abnormal result which is so

1Ca8es may occur in which the sexual bondage is expressed in
the same acts that are common in masochism. When rough men
beat their wives, and the lattcr suffer for love, without, however,
having a desirc for blows, we have a pseudo form of bondage that
may simulate masochism.

206

PSSYCJtOrATlIJA SEXlTALIB«

opposed to sclf-intnvsl, and offen to custom and law.
Tlic muiivc, in olinlienee to which the subordinated indi-
vidual acta and endures tyramiy, is the normal instind
toward woiiiun (or man), the sutirfuction of which is thc
price of boitdage, Thc acts of the person in subjcction,
by raeans of which the boiidage is expressed, arc |ht-
forrued at the cumniand of tho ruliltg individual, to sat-
isfy pelfiahne«^ etc. Für ihr snhordiuated individual
thev have no independent pnrposc; they uro only the
meana to an eaad — io obtain or n-iain poaaessioa of the
ruling individuuL Finalty, bondage is a resnlt of love
for a particular peram; it first appears when this love is
awakened.

In lnasoehisra, which is decidedly abnormal and a
perversum, this is all very differont. Thc niotivc nnder-
1 vint: the fteta und suffering of thc person in siibjeetion i*
höre the charin afforded by the tvranny in itself. There
may, at the samc thnc, be a desire for ooitufl with tlic
diuninant person, luit the Impulse is directed to the acts
which serve to expivss the tvranny, as the immediate.
objecto of gratifieation. These acts in whieh masoehisin
is expressed arc, for the individual in subjeeTioiu Bot
means to an end, as in bondage, bnt the end in them-
selveg. Finally, in masodiism the longing for subjeetion
oceurs a priori before llie uecurrence of'aii inelination to
any particular objeet of love.

The connectioTi betweeo bondage aud masoehism may
bi* assumed by reason of tho oorrospondettoe of thc iw<>
pheuomena in the objeetive condition of dependence,
notwitliötanding the differenee in their motives; and thc
transfonnation of the almormality into the perversion
probably takes place in thc followittg mannen Any *mv
living for a long iinic in sexual Immlage becomes disposrd
to aequire a slight degfee of inasoehisiu. Love that
willingly hears llie tyranny of the loved one then becomes
an immediate luve of tyranny. When thc idva of heing
it/ rannt sc d is for a Jon ff fimr closch/ aB80üi&ied w'rfh thc
lustful thoughi of thc belovcd person, the lustftd emotion

MASOCIMSM.

207

is fin-alhj Irans fvrred to (hiß frfrnnnt/ iiself, and the Irans-
fnrniütion to petvtraiöfh is OQfnpisiecL This is the mariner
In which masoeliism may be acquired by eultivathm*1

Thus a mild degree of maaoehism nmy arise from
"hondage" — beconie acquired; hut genuine, oomplete,
deep-rooted niasoeliism, with its feveriah longtog for sub-
jeetion froin tho timc of parliest youth, is congenita!

Tlir ex planati™ of the ortglB of the per Version — in*
frequent thongh it be — of fully developed niasoeliism is

1 It ia hii*h]y Uiteratingj nnd dependeut upon the nature of
bondage nnd masoehism, which essentinlly correspd&d in externa!
effeeta, that to illustmte tbc fumtv eertaln playfuU mrüiplHjriual
expreBaünu ftfe in gcneral usc; such ua " slavery," " to heai ehuiu*/'
'• bnundT" '* to hold the whift over/' " tci harncss to the triumphal
cur," u to tfe at the feot/' " henpecked/* etc, — all thingi which,
tilrially i-arräpil out, form the objeeta of «In* inasorhist1* desire.
Su* li sirmlea arc frcnjienlly und in daily lifo nnd have become tritc.
Thcy aw derired frän the lungunge of poetry. Poetry haa aiwmya
reeognized, within the gouciul ideu of the paasion of love, the dement
of depeodenee in the lover, who prmetiaea •elf-aacrlfioe ajMatttDGouify
or of neceaaity. 'Die facta of ** botulAgQ tt havo fttai ulwnys presented
themselves to the poetfcaj imugiiuitjoti. Üben the poet chooaca auch
ex^regaiona na those mcnüoned, to pieture ihr dependfenoe of the
lover in atriking jfaaflfW» hc pWQmdä vxttctly on thr aamv Unat as
do& thr masvrhiat, vh., to intenaify the idea of bis dupendenee (his
ulLiimite. aim), he ereates such Fituatiuiis in realitv. In ancient
poetry, the expreatfion "domirui" h nn«l to signify the loved one,
with a pn-ference for the simile of *( casum* in chaina" (**.#■* Horde?,
Od. iv.f 11). From antirpiity through all tlie eonturks to our own
timea {cf* Griltparscr, "Ottokar," act v*: "To rule in awivt, ;>hm^t
as sweet na to oWy") the poetry of love is lillnl witli Minilar
phraaei and elmileft. The history of the word " mlstre^a M is nlswi
itttereeting, But poetry reacts on lifc. It ia probable thul
i'ourtjy eluvalry of the middle ages nros*e in tliis \vjiy+ In ita rever-
♦ lut! for wmnen n* "miatrea k mn i t ■ »ocitty md in individual love-
nl;i<itms; its Lransforrm-e of the rel&ttoiu of feufhilism and HWAaiage
to tln' rchition betweeil the knight and bin lady; its Submission to all
feminine whims; ils love-tcsts and vowa : its düty of obediem't* to
every comm:ind of the lady — in all tbisT chivaliv appears as a sy-
teniaUc, poetieal devplopment of the "bonda^e"* of lovc+ Cert&tn
extreme Bwilifeatationit, like the derds and siifTcrin^s of Ulrich von
Lichtcn&tfin or Pirrrv Yldal in the service of thHr Ubdiea; or the
prurttfp of tbi- fmteniity of the '* Gnlois " in FraneeT wfaoee memhers
aougat mnrtyrdom in lovn and siihjfetcd tlieinsel^tti to all kinds of
snir.-riinr— -tbeae elearly ha vi? a mnsochistic charncterT and demon-
strate the natural tranafornialion of on« phenoraenon into the other.

208 P8YCHOPAT1IIA SEXUALIS.

most probably t<> be fomul in tlie assumption that it arises
froin tlic more frequent abnormal ity of "sexual bondage,''
through which, now and tbcn, this abnormalily is heredi-
tarily transferred to a psyehopathic individuell in such a
manner that it becomes tramformed into a perversion. It
has beeil previously shown how a slight displacement of
the psychical Clements under eonsideration may effect this
transition. Whatovcr offects associating habits may have
on possible cases of acquired niasochism, the same effects
are produced by the varying tricks of horedity lipon orig-
inal niasochism. !Xo new elemeiit is thereby added to
"bondage," but on the contrary the very element is deleted
which eements love and dependence, and thereby distin-
guishes "bondage" from niasochism and abnormality from
perversion. It is quite natural that only the instinetive
element is transmitted.

This transition from abnormality into perversion,
through hereditary transforence, takes place very easily
where the psyehopathic Constitution of the descendant
presents tlie other factor of niasochism, — i.e., what has
been previously called its main root, — the tendency of
sexually hypenvsthetie natures to assimilate all impres-
sions coming from the beloved person with the sexual im-
pression.

From these two olements, — from "sexual bondage" on
the one band and from the above-mentioued disposition
to sexual ecstasy, which appereeives even maltreatment
with lustful emotion, on the other, — the roots of which
may be traeed back to the field of physiological facts,
niasochism arises from the basis of psyehopathic predis-
position, in so far as its sexual hvpera?sthcsia intensifies
first all the physiological acecssories of the vita sexualis
and, finally, oulv its abnormal aecompaniments, to the
pathological degree of perversion.1

1 Tf it he eonsidered that, as shown above, " sexual bondage"
is a phenomenon oh^erved mueh innre, fmjnentlv and in a more
prönouneed degree in tlie female sex tlinn in tlie male, tlie thought
arises that masochism (if not ahvays, at least as a rule) is an

MASQCJIISM.

209

At any rato? masochisin, as a congenita 1 sexual pcr-
version, eonstihites a funktional sign of degcneration in
(almost cxelusively) horeditary taint; and this dinical
deduction is conti rmed in my cases of masix-lnsm and
sadism, It is easy to de mons träte that the peenliar,
l>^vcliic*ally anomalous direkt ion of the rita sv.rualis rcp-
reeettted in masochism is an original abnortnality, and
not, so to spcak, eultivated in a pivdisposcd indivhluul
by passive flagellation, throngh BB90citLÜon crf tde&a, aa
Jtousseau and Binet oontend- This is shown by the
numcrons cases of masoehiBin — in faet, the majority — in
whieh flagellation never appears, in whieh the perverse
Impulse is directcd exchisively to pnrclv ßymbolie acts
pxpressing rabjeetion withont any actnal intlietion of pain.
This is demonstrated by the whole series of observations,
from case 50, given here.

The sanie reault — namely, that passive flagellation is
not the nneleus around whieh all the Test 14 gath ere<1 — is
re&cbed when eloser study is given to the cases in whieh
passive flagellation plays a röle, as in cases 50 und BÄ,
Case 58 is particnlarly instrnetivc in relation to this; for
in this instanee there can be no thought of a sexually
sthrmhiting eflfeo* bv punishment reeeived in yonth. IfofO-
over, in this case, eonnection with an early experinue i-
not poftftible; for the Situation constituting the ohjeet tA
prineipal sexual inferest is absolutely incapable of heilig
carried out by a chilch

Final ly> the origin of masochism from pnrely psych ieal
elemcnts, on confronting it. with sadisin {t\ Wlffö), ii 00Ä-
\iin'ingly demonstrated. That passive flagellation ooemrs

inheritanee of the " bondage n of feminine aneestry, Thus it com es
inte 1 relation — tbongh diatant — with antiptiMiie sexual inatinet, u
& ti'juiaference to the male of a perversion roally bclonging to the
female.

It must, however, be eraphn&Uctl Liuit "bottdigt*1 also plnys tio
unimportant röte in the nuiMMilinn vita srxualix* und that masocbistil
in man may also be explaineil wtthout any such tmiMVi . m m q|
feminine Clements. It «inst also be remeinbrrtHl höre thsit jiuiMK-hiam,
«8 well as its eounterpart, sadi^m, Oeemi in irregulär combfriaüon
with nntipathic sexual instinet.

210 l'SYCIfOPATIUA SEXUALIS.

so frequently in masochism is explained simply by the
fact that it is the most extreme means of exprcssing tho
relation of subjection.

I repcat tliat the decisive points in the differcntiation
of simple passive flagellation from flagellation dependent
upon masochistic desire are, that in the former the act is
a means to render coitus, or at least ejaculation, possible ;
and that in the latter it is a means of gratification of
masochistic desires.

As we have already soen, masochists subjcct thcmselves
to all other kinds of maltreatment and suffcring in which.
there can be no question of reilcx excitation of lust. Since
such eases are nmncrous, we miist in these acts (as well
as in flagellation in masochists, having likc significancc)
scck to ascertain the relation in which pain and lust stand
to each other. From the stateinent of a masochist it is
as follows : —

The relation is not of such a nature that what cause«
physical ])ain is hcre simply perccived as physical plcas-
urc; for the person in a statc of masochistic ecstasy feels
no pain, either hecause, by roason of Ins emotional State
(like that of the soldier in battlc), the physical cffect 011
his cutaneous nerves is not apperccived, or because (as with
religious martyrs and enthusiasts), in the preoccupation
of consciousness with lustful emotion, the idea of mal-
treatment remains merely a symbol, without its quality of
pain.

To a certain extent there is overcompcnsation of
physical pain in. the psych ical pleasure, and only the excess
remains in consciousness as psychical lust. This also
undergoes an increase, since, either through reflex spinal
influence or through a peculiar colouring in the sensorium
of sensory impressions, a kind of liallucination of bodily
pleasure takes j)lace, with a vague localisation of the ob-
jectively ])rojected Sensation.

In the sclf-torture of religious enthusiasts (fakirs,
howling dervishes, religious flagellants) there is an analo-
gous State, only willi a difference in the quality of pleas-

MASOCmSM.

211

nrable feeling* Here the conception of martyrdom is also
appereeived without its pain ; for consciousness is filled
with the pleasurably eoloured idea of serving God, atoning
for sins, de serving heaven, ete., through martyrdom.

In order to give niasoehism its proper place in the
sphere of sexual pervereion, we must proceed from the
fat-t that it is a Manifestation of psyehieal characteristies
of tho feminine type transeending into pathologieal con-
ditiona, in so far as its determjnipg niarks are suffering,
snbjection to ihe will Ol othcrs, and to forco. Ainong
pouples of a lower class of eulture tho snbjection of woiiiau
is extended even to brutality. This flagrant proof of dc-
pendence is feit by wimutn even with sensual pleaaure and
aeoepted aa a tokea of love. It is probable that tlie woman
of high civilisation looks lipon the röle of being over-
shadowed by the anale eonsort as an aeeepfrable Situation
whieh forma a portion of the lustful fceling developed in
the sexual aet. The daring and aolf-confident demeanor
of man nndoubtedly exercises a sexual charm over woman.
Ir ca&lfcOt be doubtcd that the inasochist oonaiderB himsclf
in a passive, feminine röle towards his mistress and that
bis sexual gratification ts govemed by the aocoess bis il-
lusiun exprriences in the complete snbjection to the will
of the oonaort The pleasurablc feeling, call it Inst, re-
sulting from this aet diffcrs per sc in no wise from the
feeling whieh woman derivea from Um sexual aet.

The masodttistically inelined individual seeks anrl finds
an erpiivalent for bis purpnse in the faet that he endows
in his iniagination the consort with eertain niaseiiline psy-
chioal sexual charaeteristies — />., in a perverse manner,
in so far as the sadistie female partner constitutes bis
ideal,

From tbis emanatcs tho dednction that masoehism is,
properly Fp^uking, «mly a rudimentary form of antipathie
sexual instinct. It is a partial effrtniiitifioii whieh hfta
only appereeived the seeondary sexual eharacteristies of
the psyehieal rifrt w\ntnHa*

This assurnption is supported by the fact that hctero-

212 P8YCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

sexual masochists consider themselves merely as individ-
uals cndowed with feminine feelings.1 Observation shows
that they really possess feminine traits of eharacter.2 This
renders it intelligible that the masochistic element is so fre-
quently found in hemosexual men.s

In the woinan masochist also these relations to an-
tipathic sexual instinct are to be found. Cf., case 84.
Moll quotes a typical case of homosexuality in a woman
afflicted with passive flagellantism and koprolagnia :

Case 87. Miss X., age twenty-six. At the age of
six cunnilingus mutiius; then up to seventeen deficiente
occasionc solitary masturbation. Since then cunnilingus
with various female friends, at times playing the passive,
at others the active role, always producing ejaculation iu
herseif. For years koprolagnia. Maxime delectata fuit
lambendo anum feminarum amatarum, lambendo san-
guinem menstrualem amicae. The same effect had ver-
bera amicae delectae nudae et robustae ad nates. The
thought of performing koprolagnia in corpore viri was
repulsive to her. Satisfaction in cunnilingus viri she only
obtained when she imagined that the act was performed
by a woman, not by a man. Coitus cum viro she dis-
dained. Erotic dreams were always of a homosexual na-
ture and were confined to active or passive cunnilingus.
Inter osculationem mutuam maximam offert voluptatem

1 Cf. cases 57 and 58.

2 Cf. case 70 in Schrcnck-Xotzing ; case 20 in Fort, l'instinct
sexuell, p. 202.

*Cf. case 07 in Nchrcnck-Xotzing ; Moll, Contr. Sexualempfindung,
3rd edition, p. 205 (gentlcman who pestered an oflicer with letters in
which hc begged bim to be allowed to clean his boots) ; ibidem, p. 281
(gentleman who was agitated by two wishes, viz. : (1) to be a woman
that he might have coitus with the man he loved, (2) to be maltreated
by the same) ; ibidem, case 17; ditto, p. 283 (man who find» satis-
faction in the act with another man only when the latter rubs his
back with a hard brush tili the blood ilows) ; p. 284 (koprolagnia) ;
p. 317; v. Krafft, Psycop. sexual., Oth edit., case 43; 8th edit., cases
46, 114, 115; item, '.Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie, xii., pp. 339 and 351;
item, " Arbeiten," iv., p. 134.

MASOCHISM AM> SAIUSM,

213

morsus eonsortis, by preference in the lobe of tbe ear>
causing pain and subsequent swelling.

X. alwaji had leaning to male omipations, loved to
lie amoug men as one of their own, From her tenth to
her tifteenth year she worked in the brewerv ot i relative,
if posflible elad in ironsers und ■ leather apron. She was
bright, intelligent and good-nahired, and feit quite happy
in her perverse, homoaexua] axifttenoa She smoked and
tlrank beer. Feniale larvnx (Dr. Ffaifatt), small, hndly
developod breast s, largf* hands and feet, (Dr. A/o//, intern*
(Vutralblatt f. PliysioL und Patholog. der Harn- und Sex-
ual-organe. it. 8), (

Masochism and Sadism,

The perfeet eounterpart of masochism is sadism,
While in the former ihm* is a desirc to suffer and be
ftubjeeted to violenee, in the latter the wish is to infliet
pain and ilöe violonce.

The parallelism is perfeet. All the aets and Bltnations
used by the sadist in the active röle hveome the objeet of
the desire of the masochiat in tlie passive röle. In both
perversions these aets advance froni purcly Symbol ie. aets
to severe mal t reatmen t, Even mnrder, in which sadism
reaehes its aeme, finds, as is shown in ease <i2, — of
eourse, only in faney,— its passive eounterpart. Under
favoiiring ennditions, both pervemoftg may oeeur with
a normal eita sr.riutlis; in both, the aets in whieh ihry
express themselves are preparatory to coitus or Substi-
tutes for itl

lOf eourse, both hnve to eontend with opposinß- etliical and
testhetie motives in foro intprrto. After these have been ovmoim%
aetive aadism itnmp<Imtt4y romos* in coullit-t with tlte law. Tliit» is
not the ttttt willi oiisochism, ■which aecounts for the yreater fre-
queney of masouhmUc acta, Hut th* lnstinet of sei f*preservation and
ffur uf pain prevent the realisation of the Intter* The pni«üejil
signifleanre of injiKncliiö« lies only in iU relations to pawliii-LiI
impotente- while that of sadism lies beyond this, and U prineipally
forensir.

214 PSYCHOPATHIA SUXUALIS.

But the analogy does not exist simply in external man-
ifest ations; it also extends to the intrinsic charaeter of
ln>th perversion&> IJoth are to be regarded as original
l*sychopathies in mentally abnormal individuals, who, in
particular* are affeeted with psyehioal hyper&sthesia sexu-
<*/*X and» as a rule% also with other abnormalities ; and for
räch of thoso perversions two eonstituent elenients may be
demonstrated» whieh have their roots in psychical faets
lying within physiologieal limits» In iuasochism, as shown
abovo« thoso elenients lie in the faet (l) that in the State
of sexual emotion every Impression produced by the con-
xort, indepondently of the utanner of its production, is,
(ht s%\ attendod with lustful pleasure% whieh, when aeeom-
pauiod by htj{Hn.r$tht'$M &jruali$+ may go so far as to
overcompeusate all painful Sensation: and in the fact (2)
that "sexual bondage," dependent on mental faetors — in
themselvos not perverse — may; under pathologieal condi-
tious% booomo a perverse» pleasurable desire for subjection
to the opposite sex, whieh — even if its inheritanee froin
the female side tuvd not be presupposed — represents a
pathologieal degeneration of the eharaeter (really belong-
iit^r to wotuanl of the inst inet of Subordination, physiolo-
gieal iu wo man»

In harmony with this„ there aro% likewise% two eonstit-
uent elenients explanatory of sadisuu the origin of whieh
may also In» traeed haek within physiologieal Hmits. These
are: the faet ^ H that in sexual emotion, to a eertain ex-
tent as au aooompauying psyehieal exeitation« an impulse
may arise to iutluenee the objeot of desire in every possible
way and with the greatest possible intensity% whieh« in in-
dividuals sexually hypenesthetie, may degenerate into a
eraving to intliet pain: and the faet ^iM that, under path-
ologieal eonditions, man's aetive n>/«* of winniug woman
may become an unlimitod desire for subjugation.

Tims masoohism and sadism represent porfeot eounter-
parts. It is also in harmony with this that the individuals
affeeted with these perversions regard the opposite perver-

MASOCHISM AM» SAIHSM.

211

sion in the other sex as their ideal, as shown by case 57,
and also by "Rousseau 8 Coufessions".

But tbe eontrast of inasoebisni and sadism may also
l>e used to invalidate the assumption that the former has
its origin in the reflex effeet of passive flagellation, and
that all the rest is the produet of association of related
tdeas, as Binetj in hie explanation of Röusäeau's ease,
thinks, and as Rousseau hhnself believod. In the aetive
inaltreatmont forming the object of the sadisfs sexual
desire there is« in faet, HO irritatiori of bis own sensory
nerve« by the aet of maltrefttment, so tliat there can be HO
doubt of the pnrely psyehieal charaeter of flu- origlB of tili 9
per Version. Sadisin and inasoehisin, ho wever, are so re*
lated to each other, and so correspnnd in all points with
eaeb other, that the one allows, by analogy, a conelusion
für tlie otlier; and this is alone suHieient to establish the
purely psyehieal charaeter of masochiem.

According to the above-dctailcd eontrast of all the Cle-
ments and phenoinena of masochism and sadisni, and as a
ritumS of all observed c&fies, bist in the inflietion of pain
aml bist in infliet rd pain appear but &fl two different sides
of the Bftzne psyehieal proeess, of whieh the primurv and
essentia] thing h the ccmaciousnras of aetive or passive
subjeelion, in whieh the cuiiihination of enielty and lusfful
plcasure lias only a seeondary psychological signitieance.
Acta of eruelty serve to express this suhjeetion; first, b
cause they are the most extreme n\eans for the expression
of this relation; and, again, because they tepf&S&sA the
most rategue effeef that one persmi, eitlier with or without
coitus, ean exert on anotheiv

Sadisni and masnehisiii an1 the results of associations,
just the sinne as all complicata*] iiianifestations <if psych i*
Cftj life are assoeiations. For psyr-liie life eonsists, nlVr
the produetion of the simpler rlement-s of consciousuess,
siniply of assoeiations and disassociations of these de*
nients,

The Hiicf point gatned by this analysis is that sadism
and nüisoehism are not inerely the results of accidcnlal

216

PSYCHOPATH IA BEXF/AIJS

assoeiations, occasioned by cfaance or an opportune coinci-
denee, but results of assoeiations sj>ringiiiir from cause»
existing under normal eireiniisUinees, ea^ily produced
under certain conditions — e.g.^ sexual typeraeetheeia An
abnornmlly mtensified sexual instinet spreads in every
direction. It reaches into adjaceni apberes, and amalga-
toatea with tbeir content s, tlms produein** tbe patbologieal
ussocialioiiH whieb are tbe real essence of botb tbese per-
versions.1

Of conrse, tbis need not alwavs be so, for tbere are
cases of b v perlest liest a withoiit perversion. Eut tbese
cases of pun* KypGfWBthe&ia srxualts — at least, ihoae of
strikt ng inten sity* — seem to be of rarer oecurrenee than
tbose of perversion,

The eases in wbich sadisin and inasoehism oeeur «imiil*
taneously in one individuul are interesting, but tbey pre-

J Schrcnck-Xotzing, wbo in Ktii erpl&iuitloD of all perverai<ms
laya parlicular streaa upon tbe ** oeeasional momentum," gives prefer-
ence to fixe theory of acquired perversiona over t lic* congenita!, and
allows tlnj Tii:inifest«tiani of ndlam and maaochism only n subordi-
nate poKitiun. Although be admita that many casea ean only bo
explained ora the aasumption of congenita] predisposition? yet he
roiiiiinlg 1L1I BtmwnRt.<iii<v* or a limely eoineidence contro] tln-ir
ncqui remen t { op. eit. p , 170).

His argumenta are based upon obscrvntiona. Quoüng two casea
of pxtjchoputhui nvxualxs {20 and 37 of the aeventh edition) he eon-
tenilfl that the aeeidentnl gigfet of a girl bleoding or a boy belog
whipped coinrbling with a stnmg sexual emotion may be auffielen t
cause for conlinued pnthological asaoctationa.

Ag&inat Ulis it nmyt liowever, be dccinively held that in every
hypeneathetic indivblual early and atrong büxuaI emotiona have often
coineidcd with numerous hoterogeoeoua thlngs, whilat the patho-
Itifficttl astsoeiations are atteays couplcd with bat few defintte (aadUtic
and innsm histit ) thtngs. Numerout papilfl indulge in sexual
emotiona or graUfieationa during lesaona in gram mar and mathe-
mstiOB in tbe dl an TOOinj afl well aa elaewbere, without thereby con-
tracting perverao aasoeiatiuna.

From tliis elearly follows that tbe light of a whipping or aimilar
BDBIIiB niiiy provoke patbologicnl aaaoeiations already present but
latent, but tbat it eannot produee Uwm, Moreover, the arouaedt
sexual in-t i>iet ia not aasoeiated with tbe numeroua indifferent thinga
that are ever present, but only With auch as normal ly exeite djsguat.

The same Argument refera to the opinion of Bmett wbo alao
wivks (*' txplajn tbeae manifestations by aceidental nssoriationa.

ilASOCHISM AND SADISM.

217

seilt some diffieulties of explanation. Such eases are, for
instance, Xo. 47 of the seventh edition, also ?Cos. 57 and
07 of the prcseut, but cspeciully No. 29 of thc ninth edi-
tion. From the lattcr it is evident that it is espeeially
the idea of subjection that7 both actively and passively,
forms the nucleus of the perverse desires* Traces of tbe
same thing are also to be observed, with more or less clear-
Hess, in nmnv other easea. At any rate, one of the hvu
perrorsiocB is alwayw markedlv predominant.

Owing to this marked predonunaiiea of one perversion
and the later appearanee of the otber in such cases, it
inay well Im? asaumed that the predominai ing perversion
is original, and that. the otlier hftfl heen acquired in the
conrse of time* The ideas of subjeetion and maltreat-
ment, coloured with lustful pleasure, either in an active
or passive sense, have beeoine deeply imbedded in such
nn individual. Oceasionally the Imagination is teinpted
to try the same ideas in an inverted rote, Tliere inay
even be realisation of this Inversion. Such attempts in
Imagination and in aets, are, howrver, usually soon aban-
doned as inadequate for the original incUnatioit.

Masoehisin and sadism also oeenr in combimition with
antipathic sexual inst inet, and, in faet, in assoeiation with
all forma and degree* of iliis perversion. The individual
of inverted sexual ity may be a eadist aa well as a masoehiat
(>/\ cases 55 of the preseiit and 40 of the seventh edition
and muuerous cases in the subsetpient series of casea of
sexual Inversion).

Wherever a sexual perversion has developed on tbe
basis of a neuropathic individuality, sexual hypencsthcsijt,
which inay always be ussnmed to he present, may induce
thc phenomena of masoehisin and sadism — now of the
odöj now of both combined, one arising from the otber.
Thus masochism and sadism appear as the fundamental
forma of psycho-sexuul perversion, which may make their

218 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIB.

appearance at any point in the domain of sexual aberra-
tion.1

Fetichism. — The Association bf Lust with the Idea of
Certain Portions of the Female Person, or with Cer-
tain Articles of Female Attire.

In tlic oonsiderations eoneerning the psycholqgy of the
normal sexual life in the introduetion to this work it was
shown that, within physiologieal limits, the pronounced
preferenee for a eertain portion of the body of persons
of the opposite sex, particularly for a eertain form of
this part, may attain great psyeho-sexual importance. In-

1Kvery attempt to explain the facts of either sadism or maso-
ehism owing to the close eonnection of the two phenomena demon-
strated here, must also be suited to explain the other perversion.
An attempt to ofler an explanation of sadism, by J, O. Kiernan
(Chicago) (riefe '* Psychological Aspeets of the Sexual Appetite,"
Alienist and Xeurologist, St. Louis, April, 1891) meets this require-
ment, and for this reason may be briefly mentioned here. Kiernan,
who has several authorities in Anglo- American literature for his
theory, st^irts from the assumption of several naturalists (Dallinger,
DrysdalCj Rolph, Cienhoicsky) whieh eoneeives the so-called con-
jugation, a sexual act in eertain low fornis of animal life, to be
eannibalism, a devouring of the partner in the aet. He brings into
immediate conneetion with this the well-known faets that at the
time of sexual union crabs tear limbs from their bodies and spiders
bite ofif the heads of the malcs, and other sadistic acts performed
by rutting animals with their consorts. From this he passes to lust-
murder and other lustful acts of cruelty in man, and assumes that
hunger and the sexual appetite are, in their origin, identieal; that
the sexual eannibalism of lower forma of animal life has an infiuence
in higher form* and in man, and that sadism is an atavistic rebound.

This explanation of sadism would, of eourse, also explain
masocliism ; for if the origin of sexual intercourse is to be sought in
cannibalistie proecss, then lnrth the survival of one sex and the
destruetion of the other would fulfil the purpose of nature, and
thus the inst inet ive desire to be the vietim would be explained.
But it must be stated in objeetion that the basis of this reasoning
is insurticient. The extremcly eomplicated proeess of conjugation in
lower organisms, into whieh soience has really penetrated only
during the last few years, is by no means to be regarded as simply
a devouring of one individual by another (vf. Wvismann, "Die
Bedeutung der sexuellen Fortpllanzung für die Selectionstheorie,*'
p. 51, Jena, 1SSG).

KETICHISM.

219

deedj the c special power of attraction poesessed by certain
forma and peeuliartties for many men — in fact, fehc ma-
jority — may be regarded as the real principlc of individ-
n&Usm in love.

Tliis prefcrenee for certain particular physical char-
arteristics in persona of the opposite sex — by the aide of
whieh, likevvise, a inarked prefcrenee for certain psyeliical
eharactcristies may be demonstrated — follnwing Bind
(liT>n Fetischisnie dans rumour/' "Revue Philosophique,"
1887) and Lombroso (Iiitrodm-tion to the Italian edition
of the eecoad edition of this work), I have called "fetich-
ism"; becanse this enthusiasm for certain portions of the
body (or eveii artieW of attire) and the worahip of them,
in nljedienee to sexual impnlses» frequently call tu mind
the revcrenre for relica, holy objectfl, etc.* in religions cults.
This physiologieal fctiehism has already been described
in detail,

By the side of this physiologieal fcüehism, however,
there is, in the psycho-sexual spliere, an undouhted pG&ho-
hxjintL erotic fetichiam, of whieh there is already a numer-
ons scrics of cases presenting p!ienonn*iia having great
elinical and Psychiatric interest, and, under certain cir-
• liiJi^tanees also, forensie importaiiee. This pathological
fetichiam doea not eonfine itself to ecrtain parta of the
body ahme, mit it is even extended to inanimate objeets,
whieli, however, are alinost ulwaya articles of fenialr
wearing-apparel, and thns stand in close relation with the
female person.

This pathological fetiYhism is connected, throngh grad-
nal tratiHitions, with physiologieal fetichism, so that (at
leust in hody-fetieliisin) it is almost imposaible to sharplv
detine the beginning of the perversion. Moreover, the
whole field of body-fetichism does not really extcnd heyond
the limits of things which normally stimulate the sexual
instinct. Tiere the almormality consists only in the fact
that the whole sexual interesfc in coneentrated on the im*
pression made by a part. of the person of the opposite sex,
so that all other impressions fade and beeome more or leas

220

PSYCHOPATH LA SEXÜALIS.

indifferent. TherelVe, the body-fctiehist is not to be re-
garded as a monstrum per excesmm, like tlie sadist or
masoehist, but rather as a monstnnn per defeetum. What
BtixnuIftteB hiiiL is not abnormal, but rather what does not
affeet him, — the litnitation of sexual interest that has taken
piaer in bim* Of course, this limited sexual interest,
within itfl narrower limits, is usually expressed with ft
eorrespondingly greater and abnormal intens! ty*

It. wimld srem reasonable to assimie? as the distinguish-
ing mark of pathologieal fetichism, the neeessitj for the
preaextceof the fetieh as a conditio sine quanon for the
possibility of Performance of eoitus. But when the facffl
are more earefully studied, it is seen that this limitation
is really only indefinite. There are numerous cases in
which, even in the absence of the f et ich, eoitus is possible,
but incomplete and foreed (offen with tbe help of fancies
relating to tbe fetieh), and particularly unsatisfying and
exhaiisting; and, too, closer study of the distinetive sub-
jective psyehical conditions in thcsc cases showa that there
are fransitional states? passing, on tbe one band, to inere
pkysiological preferenees, and, on tbe other, to psyehical
impotenee, in tbe al>sonce of the fetieli.

It is therefore better, perhaps, to seek the pathologieal
criterion of body-fetichism in purely subjektive psyehical
statr.^. The concentration of tbe sexual interest on a cer-
tain portion of the body that has no direct relation to sex
( as have the inanume and external genital») — a pmiliarity
to be emphasised — often leads body-fetichlsts to such a
eondition that they do not retard eoitus us tbe real means
of sexual gratifieation, but rather soine form of raanipula-
fcion of that portion of tbe body that is erTeetual as a fetieh.
This perverse inst inet of body-fetiehists may be taken as
the pathologieal criterion, no matter whether aetual eoitns
is still possible or not,

Felichism of inanimair ohjrrts or arficles of dress, how-
rver, in all cases, may well tti Hg&rded IIB a pathologieal
plienomonon, sinee its objeet falls without the eirele of
normal sexual Stimuli. But even here, in the phenoinena,

FETICHISM.

221

there is a certain out ward eorrespondcnce with proeesses of
the normal jisvcliital vita w-xuaUs; the inner connection
and meaning of pathological fetichisin, howcver, are cn-
tirely differeni In the eertstic lovc of a mau mentally
normal, a handkerchief or shoe, a glove or letter, the flower
"shc gave," or a lock of hair, etc., may become the objeet
of worship, bnt only bccau.se tbey reprcsent a mne-monic
symbol of the beloved person — absent or dead — wlmse
wholc personalify is rcproduced by thern. The pathologi-
cal fetichist has no auch rdutions. Tim fctich constitutes
the entire content of bis idea. When he beeomcs aware
of its presence> sexual cxcitement occurs, and the fetich
makes itself feit.3

According to all observations thus far mado, patho-
logical fehehisni seems to arisc only on the basis of a
psychopathic Constitution that is fof the tttost part heredi-
tary, or on the basis of <m ;■ m mental diaease.

Thus it happens that it not infreqnently appears coni-
bined with the other (original) sexual perversions that
arise on the sante basis. Not brfrapiently fetiehism oecurs
in the most various forms in conibination with inverted
sexuality, sadism, and maswhism. Indeed, certain fortnfl
of body-fetichism (band- and foot -fetich Um ) probably bave
a inore or less d ist inet connection with the latter two per-
vcrsimis (i\ itifra).

But if fetiehism also rests lipon a congenital general
psychopathic disposition, yet Uns perverskm is not, like
those previously considered, essentially of an original na-
ture; it is not congenitally perfecta as wc may well assume
sadism and masochism to be.

White in the sexual perversions describod in the pre-
ceding chaptew we have met only cases of a congenital
type, herc we meet only acquired cases. Aside from the
fact that often in fetiehism the causaüve cireumstanee of

lln ZoWs "Xh6r$»a Raquin," where tlie lover repeatedly kisaes lüa
□Üstre61*B boot., UM vi\ne is (gutta ililTi ti-iu from that of shoe- and boot*
fotieliists, who, at the aiglit of every boot worn bj a lady, or even
alon«?, ans thrown into sexual uxcituniüiiL, even to t3ie exteiit of ejacu*
lation.

222

PSYCH« »l'ATJMA SEXUAL1S.

its acquirement is traoed, y<>\ tibi phyaiologicaJ conditions

are watiting, which in sadism and nniHoehisiiij by meuns of
sexual hypeniAsthesia, are inteimncd lo perTGinona, and
just i f v tlie iissiini]»tiaa of eongenital origin. In fetii'hism,
every case requires an event which affords the groiind for
the pervcrsion.

As li;t- heen said, it. is, of course, phvsiological in sexual
life to be partial to one or unotlier of womairs charms,
and to be enthusiastic aboul it ; bnt coneentration of the
entire sexual internst on such partial impression is here
the essential ihing; and für this eonecntration there must
\w a particiliar ro&aoD in eraiy individual affected« There-
forc, \ve nniy accept Bitirl'+s eonelusion that# in (he U Je of
everif feüchist (here may he assumed ic harc been sotne
eveni which determined the associafimi of hirtftä feeling
WÜh the sinfjle imprcssion* This event intist be sought for
in the thnc of eariy youth, and, as a rule, oceiira in connec-
tion with the first awakening of the vltn sr.nmlis. This
first awakening is associated with sorae partial sexual im-
pression ( sinec it h always a tliing Standing in some rela-
tton t<> wcmian),1 and stamps it for life as the prineipal
object of sexual intcresL The ciretmistances inider which
tlie association ariscs are UMiallv foTgOttöa; tbn rcsnlt of
the afieoeiatioii ahme is reiuincd. The general prediapoei-
tion to psychnpathie Btatefl and the sexual hypersosthesia of
Blieb bidividualfl are all that is original Lere.1

1 Cf. " ArWtNK1' i\\, \\ 172. Cane of ring fetichiBm; p. 174,
monrning crapt» fitn/lnsm in homoaexual irergona.

3Though Bind iop. dl.) deelarea that every sexual pLTver*iont
wühout cxct-plion, depend« apon such an " nccident ucting an a
prediaposed subjeot " {where, under prediaposition, only hyper-
«■sthesia in general ia undf rstood } , yet auch an asputupLiim ft>r uther
pervcraions tlinn fctkliiam h mit her neceaänry nor Batisfnctory. For
cxiunplc\ it is not cle&r how Ilse si^ht t>f nnntlior'a ch»sti>ciniknt
could excite &exnnlly even a tnj exei table individnalj if tho phy Bio-
logien I relitÜonahip of luat ;iii«i BTttelty hud not Ijppn dcvelop<l into
orifjinül ■ftdUm in an abnormally excitiibte indivjdusih Aj the
sadfetie und tnaBOfbi^lit: assrj<-in( Um» uro porforniett in Ibe min*! of
the »uhjeet iiom boniü^eneou» ekme&ta in adjneent eplierea* in the
»ame meaaure i& the po&tribüity of fetichi&tic a«tiOt!tationa prepared

FETICHISM. 223

Like the other perversions thus far considered, erotic
(pathological) fetichism may also express itself in stränge,
unnatural, and evcn criminal acts: gratification with the
feraale person loco indebito, theft and robbery of objects of
fetichism, pollution of such objects, etc. Here, too, it only
depends lipon the intensity of the perverse impulse and
the relative power of opposing ethieal motivcs, whether
and to what extent such acts are pcrformed.

These perverse acts of fetichists, like those of other
sexually perverse individuals, may cither alone constitute
the entire cxternal vita sexuuli-s, or oeeur parallel with
the normal sexual act. This depends lipon the condition
of physical and psychical sexual power, and the degree of
excitability to normal Stimuli that has been retained.
Wliere excitability is diminished, not infrequently the
sight or touch of the f et ich serves as a necessary pre-
paratory act.

The great practical importance which attaches to the
facts of fetichism, in aecordance with what has been said,
lies in two factors. In the first place, pathological fetich-
ism is not infrequently & cause of psychical impotenec.1
Since the objeet lipon which the sexual interest of the
fetichist is concentrated Stands, in itself, in no immediatc
relation to the normal sexual act, it often happens that
the fetichist diminishes his excitability to normal Stimuli
by his perversion, or, at least, is capable of coitus only

by the idiosyncrasics of the objeet and thus easier understood. In
nearly every instance it is impressions of parts of the female form
(including garmentt*) that are in questiou. Fetiehistic association
which originated only by inere aeeident ean only be traced in a few
special eases.

1 When young husbands wlio have assoeiated much with prosti-
tutes feel impotent in the face of the cha.stity of their young wives —
a thing of frequont oecurrence — the condition may bc regarded as a
kind of (psychical) fetichism in a wider sense. One of my patients
was never potent with his beautilul and chaste young wife, becaust-
he was aecustomed to the laseivious methods of prostitutes. When
he now and then attempted coitus with pucllis he was perfectly
potent. Uammond (op. cit. pp. 48, 40) reports a very simihir
interest ing case. Of course, in such cases, a bad conscience and
hypochondriacal fear of impotence play an important pari.

324

PSYCII0PAT1IIA SEXUALIS.

by means of coneentration of bis fancy lipon bis f et ich.
In this perveraion, and in tbe difticulty of its adeijnatr
gratitication, just as in tbe otber perversions of tbe sexual
inst inet, lit^ eonditions favouriug psychieal and physiral
onanism, which again reacts deleterionsly on tbe Constitu-
tion and sexual power, This is espeeially true in the case
■uthful individuals, and partieiilarly in the case of
tliose wboj on accomit of opposing ethieal and tcsthctie
motivcs, shrink from tbe realisation of tbeir perverse de-
sires.

Secondly, fetichisrn is of great forensic imporiance.
Just as sadisiu may extend to mimlcr and tbe infliction of
bodily injury, fetichism may lead to theft and even to
robbcry for the possession of tbe des! red artirles.

Erotic fetichism bas for its objeet eitber a certain
portion of tbe body of a per&on of the opposite sex, or
a certain article or niaterial of wearnig apparel of the
opposite sex,' (Only cases of pathologieal fetiebism in
men bave thus far beeo observed, aud tbereforc only
portions of the female person and at'tirc are spoken of
hcre.) In aceordancc witb tbis? fetichiets fall into three
groups.

(a) The Fetich ts a Part of the Fcnwle Body.

Just as, in physiologieal fetichism, the eye, 1 1 1 * *■ band,
the foot and the hair of woinan frequently beeome fetichcs,
so, in the pathologieal domaiu, tbe samt» purtions of the
body becoine the sole objecto of sexual iuterest. This in-
clusive' coneentration of iuterest on these parts, by the
fiide of which cverylliinn < 1 ' feminine fades, sind ;tll ether
sexual value of wo man may sink to nlfy sn that, instead of
ooitlis, stränge manipulations of tbe f et ich heeome the
objeet of desire, — this it is that makes these cases patho-
logieal.

Gase 88, (Binet, op. ciL) X., aged thirty-four,
teacher in a gymnasiuni. In childhood he suffered from

FETICHISM. 225

convulsions. At thc age of ten he began to masturbate,
with lustfui feelings, which wcre connected with very
stränge ideas. He was particularly partial to woinen's
eyes ; bnt since he wished to imagine some form of coitus,
and was absolutely innocent in sexual matters, to avoid
too great a Separation froni the eyes, he evolved the idea
of making the nostrils the seat of the female sexual organs.
Then his vivid sexual desires revolved around this idea.
He sketched drawings representing correct Greck profiles
of female heads, but the nostrils were so large that
immissio penis would have been possible.

One day, in an omnibus, he saw a girl in whom he
thought he recognised his ideal. He followed her to her
home and immediately proposed to her. Shown the door,
he returned again and again, until arrested. X. never had
sexual intercourse.

Nose fetichism is but seldomly met with. The follow-
ing rare bit of poetry comes to me from England: —

"Oh! sweet and prefty littlc nose, so charnring unto mc;
Oh, wcre I but the sweetest rose, I'd give my scent to thee.
Oh, make it füll with honey sweet, that I may suck it all;
T'would be for me the greatest treat, a real fcstival.
How sweet and how nutritious your darling nose does seem;
It would be more delicious, than strawberries and cream."

Hand-fetichists are very numerous. The following
case is not really pathological. It is given here as a transi-
tional one: —

Case 89. B., of neuropathic family, very sensual
mentally intact. At the sight of the hand of a beautiful
young lady he was always charmed and feit sexual excite-
ment to thc extent of erection. It was his delight to kiss
and press such hands. As long as they were covered with
gloves he feit unhappy. Uy pretexts he tried to get hold
of such hands. Ile was indifferent to the foot. If the
beautiful hands were ornamented with rings, his lust was
increased. Only the living hand, not its image, caused
him this lustfui excitement. It was only when he wras

226 PSYGllOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

exhaustcd sexually by frcquent coitus that the hand
lost its sexual charni. At first the meinory-picture of
femalc hands disturbcd hiin even while at work (liinet, op.
ciL).

Binct states that such cases of enthusiasm for the
femalc hand are nuiuerous. Here it uiay bc recallcd that,
according to case 25, a man may bc partial to the female
hand as a result of sadistic impulses; and that, according
to case 52, the samc thing may be due to masochistic
dcsires. Thus such cases have inore than one meaning.
But it does by no means follow that all, or even a majori ty,
of the cases of hand-fetichism allow or require a sadistic
or masochistic explanalion.

The following intcrcsting case, that has been studied
in detail, shows that, in spite of the fact that at first a
sadistic or masochistic clement seems to have excrcised
an influencc, at the timc of the individual's maturity
and the complete development of the perversion, the
latter contained nothing of these ekmicnts. Of course,
it is possible that, in the course of time, they disappeared;
but here the assumption of the origin of the fetichism in
an accidental association meets every requirement: —

Case 90. A case of hand- fetichism, communicated
by Albert Moll. P. L., aged twenty-eight, a merchant in
Westphalia. Aside from the fact that the patienfs father
was remarkably moody and somewhat (piiek-tempered,
nothing of an hereditary naturc could bc ]>roved in the
family. At school the patient was not very diligent; he
was never able to concentrate his attention on any one sub-
jeet for any lcngth of time ; on the other hand, from child-
hood he had a great inclination for music. Ilis tem-
perament was always nervous.

In August, 1890, he came to me complaining of head-
ache and abdominal pain, which in every way gave the
impression of heilig neurast henic. The patient also said
he was destilute of energy. Only after accurately directed
questions did the patient make the following Statements

F.ETICHISM* 227

eonoBTHiag bis sexual Kfe. As far as he could remember,
the beginn ing of sexual excitement oceurred in bis scventh
war. Whenever he saw a boy of his own agc urinate and
caught sight of bis genitale, he became lustfiilly exeited,
L. states with certainty that this exeit einen t was assoeiated
with strongly aeeentuated creetions. Lcd a>tray by an-
niher boy, L, learncd to masturbate at the agc of aeven or
eight. "Bcing of a very excitahle nature/' said L., "1
praetised masturhation very frequeutly uutil my eighti rnth
war, without gaiuing any clear idea of the evil rcsults or
the moaniug of the praetiee." He was partieularly. fond
of praelising inutnal onanism with sonie of bis school-
friends, biit it was by no means an indifferent matter wlm
the other boy was ; on the ocmtraiy, only a few of bis com-
panions could satisfy hhu in this respcct To the queathm
as to what partieularly eaused hini to prefer this or that
boy, L, replied that a white, bcautifuUtf f Otfned luuul va hifi
sebool-fellow impelled hini to pruetise inutiml onanism
with hini, L, further rememhered that frequently, at the
brgtnning of the gyimiastie 16880% he would exercise by
himself on a bar standing apart. Ile did this for the
purposc of exeiting himself as niueh as possihle, and he
was so sueecssful tlrntj without ltsing bis band and without
ejaeulation — L. was still too young — he had lnstful plea-
sure. Another early event which L. reinen ibered is intcr-
esling. One dav Ins favonrite companion, N.* who prae-
tised niutual onanism with bim, proposed that L. should
try to get hold of his (N/s) penis, and he would do all
he eimld to prevent it, L, acqiiiesccd. In this way onan-
hm was directly combined with a strugglc hetween both
parties, in which N\ was ulwäjl conqucred. The Btrttggle
was finally ended in X.'s being oompelled to allow L. to
practica onanism on hini. L. assured nie that this kind of
Masturbation had given bim, as well as N., especial plcas-
ure. In this way L. continued to praetice raasturbation
TOiy frequently until his eighteenth year, Wamcd by a
friend, he theo began to struggte with all his might againöl
this evil habit, Ile became more and raore euecessfulj and

228 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

finally, aftcr the first pcrformaiicc of coitys, he stopped
the practice of onanism cntirely. But this was only ac-
complished in his twenty-second year. It now seemed
ineomprehensible to the patient — and he said he was filled
with disgust at the thought — how he could ever have found
I)leasure in performing ma8turl>ation with otlier boys.
Now, nothing could inducc him to touch another man's
genitals, the siglit of which was even unpleasant to him.
He had lost all inclination for nien, and feit attracted by
women exelusively.

It must be mentioned, howcver, that altliough L. had
a decided inclination for the female sex, he prcsented an
abnormal phenomenon.

The essential thing in woman that excited him was the
sight of her beautif ul hands ; L. was f ar more impressed
when he touched a beautif ul female band than he wrould
have been had he seen its possessor in a State of complete
nudity. The extent to which L.'s preference for beautiful
female hands went is shown by the following incident: —

L. kncw a beautiful young lady posscssed of every
charm, but her hands were quite large and not beautifully
formed, and often they were not as clean a.s L. could wish.
For this reason it was not only impossiblc for L. to con-
ceive a deeper interest in the lady, but he was not able
even to touch her. L. believed that there was nothing more
disgusting to him than dirty finger-nails ; this alone would
make it impossible for him to touch a woman who in all
other respects was most beautiful. L. formerly, as a
Substitute for coitus, induccd the purlla to perform genital
manipulation with her band until ejaculation took place.

To the question as to what there was about a woman \s
hand that attracted him in partieular, whether he sawr in
it a symbol of power, and whether it gave him pleasure to
be directly humiliated by a woman, the patient answered
that only the beautiful form of the hand charmed him;
that it afforded him no gratification to be humiliated by a
woman; and that he had never had any thought to regard
the hand as the symbol or instrument of a woman 's power.

FKTICHISM.

229

The preferenee fof the hand was still so great that tlnj
patient had great er pleasure wlien hie genital* were touched
by it that when he perfonned roitus i'n- popifUHiL Yot, tlie
patient preferred to perform the latter, hccause it seemerl
to hiiu to he natura], white the furnier acemed abnormal.
The tonch of a beantiful female band OH bis body imme-
diately cansed bim to haw ereetion; he thought that kiss-
ing and otber contacfs do Bot i WM nearly so streng an
influence. It was only of lata yeara that the patient had
performed eoitns frecpiently, bnt it had ftlw&ya been very
difficult für liim to determixte to do it. Moreover, in eoitus,
he did not find the eompläta satisfaetion he songlit, How-
ever, when he found bitttself near a vornan wlioiu he wonld
like to ßOftfiOSt, sometimes, at inere si^ht of her, his sexual
exeitement heeame »so intense that ejaeulation resnlted.
L. said expressiv that dnriuir fchif proceai he did not in-
tent ionally toueli or preflfi bis ijenitals; ejacidation um ler
.such dieiunataaeea ufforded Iura ninch more pleasnre than
he experimeod in aetiial eoitus/

To go back, the patientV dreams were never abotit
coitns. When he had polluttons at night, they were alnu-sl
always asaooi&ted with other thoiights than tbose that
oeenr to the normal man. The patienfs dreinns were of
events of bis scliool-days, when, besides the mutual onan-
ism deseribed, he had ejaeulations whenever lie heeame
anxionsly exeitod. When, for example, the teaeher die-
tated an extern] »oraneons exereise, and L. was nnable to
follow in translation, ejaenktimi often oceurred.11 The
polhitions that now oeenrred oecasionally, at night, were

1Great sexual hypera^tliesia.

aThis ia also sexual liyp^r:vsthn*ia* Any intense exeitement
affects the sexual sphere {BincV* M Dyiurainpenie generale"). CaOr
etfrning tliis Dr. \fo1t eommunimle* Üil* foUowing CM«: HA similur
thiag is deaerfbed by Mr. K., Bgfd twt*nty -aeven; meirhant. White
at iebootj and aftenvard, he often lind rjueulation with pleasurable
ffvliu** wlim he uns iri&ftd with a ispell of intemse atixipty. Bf
alnmflt everv ollicr phv-iu.il or mala] pnin exerted a »militr
inlluenee« E., as he itkted, lind a normul Hi-xual butiBit, hut auffertd
uith nervoua impotente.1*

230 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

only accompanied by dreams that had the same or a similar
subject — i.e., the events at school just mentioned. On
account of his unnatural feeling and sensibility the patient
thought he was incapable of loving ä woman permanently.
Treatment of the patient's perversion was not possible.

This case of hand-fetichism certainly does not depend
on masochism or sadism, bnt is to be cxplainod simply
on the ground of carly indulgence in liiutual onanism.
Xeither is tliere antipathic sexual instinet. Before the
sexual appetite was clcarly eonscious of its objeet, the
hands of school-fellows were used. As soon as the instinet
for the opposite sex becamc evident, the interest for the
band was transferred to that of woman.

In band fetichists, who aecording to Binet, are numer-
ous, it is possible that other assoeiations lead to the same
result.

Xext to the hand-fetiehists, naturally come the foot-
fetichists. While glove-fetichism, which belongs to the
next group of objeet-fetichism, seldom takes the plaee of
hand-fetichism, we find shoe- and boot-fetichism, of whieh
tliere are innumerable cases oecurring everywherc, taking
the place of enthusiasm for the nakcd female foot. It is
easy to sce the reason for this. The female band is
usually seen uncovered; the foot, covered. Thus th«?
early assoeiations which determine the direction of the
vita sc.rualis are naturally connected with the naked band,
but with the foot when covered.

This assumption is certainly correct with regard to
those who liave grown up in large cities, and easily explains
the scarcitv of foot-fetichism,1 which will be elueidated
by the following cases.

Case 91. Foot-fetichism. Acquired inverted sexuality.

1 Kxceptions nre tlic cases of latent inasochism in the form of
Koprolagnia in which case the fet ichist ic Stimulus is not to be
found in the clean nak€»d foot hut v contra, vf. case SO.

FETICIIISM. 231

Mr. X., civil servant, twenty-ninc years of agc; mother
neuropathic, father diabotic.

Had good mental qualities, was of nervous disposition,
but never suffered from nervous disease, showed no signs
of degeneration. Patient distinctly reealled that even at
the age of six he beeame sexually excited when be saw
the naked f eet of women, and was impelled to follow thein,
or watch them when at work.

At the age of fourteen he slipped one night into the
room where his sister slept and kissed her foot. At the
age of eight he began spontaneously to masturbate, think-
ing all the while of the naked feet of women.

When sixteen he often took shoes and stockings of
servant girls to bed with him; and whilst fingering them
excited himself into masturbation.

At the age of eighteen he began sexual intercourse
with persons of the opposite sex. Ile had füll power, and
coitus satisfied him without the aid of a fetich. For
males he had not the slightest sexual inclination, neither
had the feet of men any attraction for him.

At the age of twenty-four a great change came over
his sexual ieelings and his physical condition.

Patient became neurasthenic and began to experience
sexual inclination to males. Xo doubt excessive mastur-
bation brought about neurosis and inverted sexuality to
wliich he was led by libido nimia remaining unsated by
coitus, and by the sight (accidental or otherwise) of female
feet.

As neurasthenia (at first scxuaUs) increased, a rapid
cessation of libido, power and gratification, with regard
to women set in. Parallel with this, inclination towards
his own sex developed and his fetichism was transferred
to males.

With the age of twenty-five he had coitus cum midiere
but rarely, and without satisfaction. Ile had lost nearly
all internst in the foot of woman. The craving to have
sexual intercourse with men grew daily stronger. When
he was transferred to a large city he found the long-

232 PSYCHOPATTIIA SEXÜAL1S.

wished-for opportunity and actually revclled with intense
passioii in this unnatural love.

He ejaculated during thesc acts with the utmost volup-
tuousness. By-and-by the sight of a synipathetic man.
especially if he were barefooted, sufticed bim.

His nocturnal pollutions bad now for their object
intercourse with men, and, to be sure, in the fetichistic
sense (feet). Shoes did not interest bim. The naked foot
wras bis charm. He often feit impellod to follow men in
the street, boping to find occasion for taking off their
shoes. As a Substitute be went barefooted himself. At
times he was driven to walk along the street in his bare
feet, thereby experiencing the most intense lustf ul feelings.
If he resisted, agony, trembling, and palpitation of tbe
heart set in. Often at night s he yielded to this impulse
for hours, even in stormy, rainy weatlier, not minding tbe
many risks and personal dangers to which be exposed
himself by so doing.

He would earry the shoes in his band, became sexually
excited, and only found satisfaction in spontaneous, or
induced ejaeulation. He feit envious of navvies and tbe
poor wbo could go barefoot without attracting attention.

His happiest moments were the time which he spent
in an bydropatliic establishment, ä In Kneipp, where be
was allowed to go barefoot with the other men under
treatment.

An awkward affair, tbe rcsult of his perverse sexual
practices sobered bim. Tic sought safety from liis un-
natural sexual existence by Consulting a physician wbo
sent liim to nie.

The patient did his utmost to abstain from masturba-
tion and perverse connection with men. He underwent
treatment for neurasthenia in an bydropatliic Institute,
regained some interest in tbe gentle sex — his foot-fetich-
ism serving as a bridge — bad onee, with a degree of plea-
sure, coitus with a barefooted peasant girl wbo acceded
to his wishes, and later on visited purllas a few times but
without gratification. Then he turned again to persons

FETICHISM. 233

of Iris own sex, backslided totally, feit irresistibly drawn
to tramps and farm labourers, whom he paid for the
favour to kiss their feet. An attempt to rescue the unfor-
tunate man by suggestive treatment was wrecked on the
impossibility to remove an enervation which was beyond
therapeutic aid.

Case 92. Foot-fctichism unth continued hetero-sex-
udlity. Mr. Y., fifty years of age, bachelor, belonged to
high society. Consulted a physician on aecount of "ner-
vous" troubles. Tainted, from childhood nervous, very
sensitive to cold and heat, troubled witli delusions which
assumed the character of transient dementia per&ecutoria.
For instance, whcn he sat in a restanrant he imagined
that everybody stared at him, talked about, and made
fun of him. As soon as he rose this feeling left him and
he no longer believed his fancies.

He never feit settled for any length of time, and
movod about from one place to another. At times it
happened that he engaged rooms at a hotel, but never
went there on aecount of his peculiar delusions.

He never had much libido. All his sentiments were
heterosexual. Xow and then he found gratification in
coitus which he claimed to have been normal.

Y. admitted that his sexual life was peculiar from early
youth. Seither women nor men excited him sexually,
but the sight of female feet, be they of children or grown-
up women, would do so. All other parts of the female
body had no attraction for him.

If by chance he could see the naked feet of female
gipsies or tramps he could gaze at thein by the hour and
was driven by a "terrible" impulse terere genitalia proprio,
ad pedes Warum. Thus far he had successfully resisted
tliis im]>ulse.

What annoyed him most was to see these feet covered
with dirt. He would like to see thein well washed and
clean. Ile could not say how this fetichism originated in
him (from a communication of Professor Forel).

234 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

Moll in his recent researches in libido sexualis, p. 288,
relates a most interesting case of foot-fetichisni which
reaembles case 91 above, in so far as the patient by force
of the f et ich became homosexnal.

Shoe-fetichism also finds its place in the following
jrroup of dress-fetichism ; howcver, on account of its
derrion*frable masoehistic character in the majori ty of
ca**r«, it has becn, for the most part, described already
aUne.

leides the eye, hand and foot, the mouth and ear often
play the role of a feiich. Among others, Moll (op. cit.)
rnention« such cases. (Cf. BeloVs romance, "La Bouche
de Madame X.," which, B. atates, rests upon actual Ob-
servation.)

The following remarkable case comes under my per-
sonal oliaervation : —

Case 93. A gentleman of very bad heredity con-
fmltcd ine conceniing impotence that was driving him al-
most to despair. While he was young, his fetich was
wornen of plump form. He married such a lady, and was
happy and potent with her. After a few months the lady
feil very ill, and lost much flesh. When, one day, he tried
to re.su me Ins marital duty, he wras absolut ely impotent, and
remained so. If, however, he attcmpted coitus with plump
womeu, he was perfectly potent.

Even bodily defects become fetiches.

Case 94. X., twenty-eight years of age; family
heavily tainted; neurastheuic ; want of seif -conti dence and
frequent depression of mind, with fits of suicidal inten-
tions, which he had great trouble to ward off. The smallcst
worries threw him out of temper, and filled him with
despair. ITe was an engineer in a factory in Itussian-
Poland, a man of robust, frame, without signs of degenera-
tion. He complained of a peculiar niania, which caused

PETICIITSM.

235

Min to donbt bis snnity, Sinee bis sevcntccnth ycar he
beeaine sexually excited at the sight q£ physieal defects
in womeiij especially lamenees and disfigurod feet. Ile was
not conscious of the original asBoeaatiwe conueetion be-
tween bis lihido and thoae defects in women.

Evcr sinee puberiy he had beeu ander the bane of this
fetiehism, whicfa was puinful to himself. Normal women
had no attraetion for him. If a woinun, hmvever, waa
afflicted wirb lamenosg or with contorted or disfigured feet,
sie* exereised a powerful sensual iuttitence over him, no
matter whether she was otherwise pretty or ugly*

In bis dreams, aeconipaniod by pollutions, the forma <>f
halting womeu were over before hiin, At timos he could
not resist the temptation to iniitate their gait, which causod
vehement orgasm, with lustful ejaetilatinn. Ile rlaiiued to
ha ve strong lihido, and suffered intonsely when Ins sexual
desire remainod unsatisfiod, Despite these faots, hc had
eoitus for the first time when he was twenty-two years of
age, and then but five times, Ile feit, ho wovor, not the
suchtest satisfaction in spite of cotnplete ahilit.y. Ile
thonght it would eause him mten&e pleasure if he had the
ehanoe to mute with a halting woman. At any rate, he
eould never marry any other ihan a laine woman.

Sinee bis twentieth year the patient inanifosted fetich-
iam for garmeuts. It often sufficed him to put on female
stookings, shoes and drawors. TTe bought ailrtsh wearing
apparel at tiines and, putting it on seeretlv. brenne bist-
fully excited and rjamlated. Garments whieh had be«D
wimi hv wnnicn Iiad no attraetion for him. He would
fain prefer to wear female garb, so aa to keep np sensual
emotione, but had no» yet dared to do so for fear of being
deteeted*

Ilis vila srxualis wag reduced to these practiees. De
was defimte. in asserting (hat he never was addieted to raas-
turbation. Quito reeently he had beeil, in eonsequence of
bis neurasthenic afflietions, mueh troubled with pollutions.

Case 95, Z,, gentleman, family taintod. Even in

23ß

PSYCUOPATHIA SEXUALIS*

early ehildhood always feit great syiupathy with the lame
aud the halt II*- owd to limp about the rooin on two
bn>otiis in Heu of enitehes, or when unobserved, go limping
uImhii the siivet*; but at that time no sexual aigaificÄnce
was conpled with the idea« Ghradually the tlumght super-
yened that he wonld like **as a prettv lanie cMld" tO raeet
a pivity girl wlio would expresa syinpathy with his afflie-
tion. Sympathy from men he dbdained. Z, was brought
up in a rieh man7! hmiso by a private tutor, and claimed
tliat he was unawarc of the difference in eexes up to his
twentieth year. His feelings were eonfined to the idea of
being pitied by a pretty gid for being lame, or extending
the Bame sympathy himself to a lame girl. Graduully
erotic emotion* oaaoqiated themselvrs with thia fa&cy and
at the age of twenty he sueenmbed to a temptation and
masturbated for the first time, Thifi aet he praeti-.l
heneeforth vory often. Xeurasthenia sexually supervened
and an irritable weaknesa touk hold ol him to roch an
exten! that the very night nf a girl with a halting gait

inducod ejaculatiou. When maaturbating, or in h\> erotie
droams, the idea of the limping girl was always the eoa-
Irolling eleroent The personal ity of the halting girl was
n matter ol indilTrreiice to Z., his interest belüg solelv
oentored in tlie limping foot. Uc never had roitlis with
a girl thus afflieted. Ile never Mt an iiielination for dohig
so and did not think he could be potent under Ifae ■•ircum-
stanees. 1 1 in perverse fancies only revolved arnund mas-
irn-huiion against the foot of a halting fnnnle, At timefi
he anehnred his hop€ od the thonglit tlial he liiight sueeeed
in w hin mg and marrving a chaste lame girl, that, on ac-
esomd of his love for her, ehe wonld tnke pity on him and
tvtr him ol his crime by "transf erring his love from the
soul of her f«u»t to tlie foot of her BOHL" He sou^hl dr
liverance in tliis thought. His prosent exislence was one
of untuld misr-ry.

Case 96, Mr. V.« thirty years, civil servanf ; parents
neuropatliif. Siuce In- sevenlh year he had for u phiy-
niate a lanie girl of the satttfl age.

FETICHISM. 237

At the age of twelve, being of a nervous disposition and
hypersexually inclined, the boy began spontaneously to
masturbate. At that period puberty set in, and it lies
beyond doubt that the first sexual emotions towards the
other sex were coincident with the sight of the lame girl.

For ever after only halting woinen excited hiin sexu-
ally. His fetich was a pretty lady who, like the coinpanion
of his childhood, limped with the left foot.

Always heterosexual but abnormally sensual he sought
early relations with the opposite sex, but was absolutely
impotent with women who were not laine. Virility and
gratification were inost strongly elicited if the puella
limped with the left foot, but he was successful also if
the lameness was in the right foot. As, in consequence
of his fetichism the opportunities for coitus occurred but
seldom, he resorted to masturbation, but found it a dis-
gusting and miserable Substitute. His sexual anomaly
rendered him very unhappy, and hc was often near com-
mitting suicide, but regard for his parents prevented him.

This moral affliction culminated in the desire for
marriage with a sympathetic lame lady, but since he could
not love the soul of such a Avife, but only her defect of
lameness, he considered such a union a profanation of
matrimony and an unbearable, ignoble existence. On
this account he had often thought of resignation and
castration.

When V. came to me for advice I obtained, in my
examination of him, only negative results as regards signs
of dcgeneration, nervous disease, etc.

I enlightened the patient on the subject, and told him
that it was difficult, if not absolutely impossible, for
medical science to obliterate a fetichism so deeply rooted
by old associations, but expressed the hope that if he
made a limping maid happy in wedlock he himself would
find happiness also.

Descartcs, who himself ("Traite des Passions,"
cxxxvi.) expresses some opinions concerning the origin of

238 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SKXUALJS.

peculiar affections in associations of ideas, was always
partial to cross-eyed women, because the object of his iirst
luve Lad such a defect (Bind, op. cit.).

Lydston ("A Lecture on Sexual Perversion," Chicago,
1890J reports the case of a man who had a lovc affair
with a wonian whose right lowcr extreinity had beeu am-
putated. After Separation f roni her he searched for other
women with a like defect. A negative fetich!

A peculiar variety of body fetichism may be found in
the following case (strongly complicated with sadistic ele-
ments), in which finc white virgin skin is the fetich, and
sadism leads to lustful acts of cruelty (as an equivalent to
coitus), even to anthropophagy (cf. p. 95 et seq.), for
which the deeply degenerated and probably epilej)tic pa-
tient seeks to find a Substitute in automutilation and auto-
phagy.

Case 97. L., labourer, was arrested because he had
cut a large piece of skin from his left forearni with a pair
of scissors in a public park.

IIc confessed that for a long time he had been eraving
to eat a piece of tJie finc white skin of amaiden, and that
for tliis purpose he had been lying in wait for such a vic-
tini with a pair of scissors; but, as he had been unsuccess-
ful, he desisted from his purpose and instead had cut his
own skin.

II is father was an epileptie, and his sister was an imbe-
cile. Up to Jiis seventeenth year lie suffered from enuresis
nocturna, was dreaded bv evervlxxly on aecount of his
rough and irascible nature, and dismissed from school
because of his insubordination and viciousness.

Ile began onanism at an early age, and read with
preference pious books. Kis character showed traits of
superstition, proneness to the mystic, and showry acts of
devotion.

When thirteen his lustful anomaly awoke at tlie sight
of a beautiful young girl who had a finc white skin. Tlie
Impulse to bite off a piece of that skin and eat it became

I'ETICHISM.

239

paramount with htm. Nb other parte of the female body
excitcd him, Bfa ni'viT had any dcsirc for sexual inter-
emirse, and never attemptcd such*

llr Imped to aehicve his end easier with thc aid of
scissors than with Ins teeth, for whieh reason he ah\-ii\>
earricd a pair with him für yeara. On aeveral oooasiona
his effurts were nearly suceessful. Since the previuu.-
he fotiud ifc most ditiicult to beur Ins fuilures any longer,
whcn he decided lipon a Substitute — viz,, eaeh tinic whcn
he had unsuccessfully piirsnod i girl he wonld out a piece
of >kh\ froni Ins nwn arm, thigh or abdomen and rat it,
Tmagining Unit U was Q p%ec€ of the skin of ihr girl whom
he hat! pursucd, ho would whilst inasticatiug his own skin
ubtain orgasin and ejaetilafion.

Jlany extensive and deep woiinds and nunierous scars
were found on his body.

During thc ad o£ self-mntilatton, and for a long time
aftcrwards, he suffered severe pains, but they were over-
eompensatäd hy thc lustfnl feelioga whieh he experienced
whilst oating thc raw flesh, espeeially if the lütter dripped
with hln«id, and when he SUOCöeded in his ülnsion that it
was atfis rinfinis, The mere sight of a knife or scissors
suffieed to provoke this perverse impnlso, whieh threw
him into a state of anxiety, aeeompanied by profuse Per-
spiration, vertigo, palpitation of the heart, craving for
cutis femmm* lle rnust, with scissors in band, follow the
woman that atlraeied him, bat he did not lose eanseious-
ness or self-eontrol, for ut the aciue of the crisis he book
froni his <>\vn what was dein cd him ffOCö the lx>dy of thc
gt?l. During thc whole erisis he had erection and orgasm,
a&d Bt the verv meinen t when he hegan tO ehew the piccc of
his skin ejacnlation set in* After that he feit greatly
rclieved and eomforted,

L, was qnitc eonseious of the pathological aspect of hie
condition- Of eourse, this dangerous eharaetcr was sent
to an insane asylnm, wherc he attomptod sniclde (Magtuui
"Psychiatrische Vorlesungen").

An interesting catogory is for med by the hair-frfirh-

240 PSYCIIOPATIIIA 8EXUALIS.

ists. The transition from "admirer of woinan's hair'
within physiological liinits to pathological fetichism is
easy. The bcginning of the pathological series is forincd
by those cases in which the hair of a woman siinply makes
a sensual impression and incitcs to cohabitation. Then fol-
low those in which virility is only possiblc with a woman
who possesses this individual fetich. Possibly various
senses (sight, smell, hearing, crepitant sounds, also tonch
as with velvet- and silk-fetichists, vide infra) are drawn
into activity in this hair-fetichism as they receive lustful
impulses.

The end of the series is formed by those whom the hair
of woman suffices even when severed from the body — so
to speak, no longer a part of the living body, mit only
matter, even a mercantile article — to excite libido and
sensual gratification by way of physical or psyehieal onan-
ism, eventually nnder contact of the genitals with the
fetich.1 An interesting instance of a hair-fet ichist belong-
ing to the second category is related by Dr. Gemy, nnder
the title of "Historie des pernques aphrodisiaqnes," in
"La Medeeine Internationale," September, 1894.

Case 98. A lady told Dr. Gemy that in the bridal
night and in the night following her husband contented
himself with kissing her, and rnnning his iingers through
the wealth of her tresses. Ile then feil asleep. In the third
night Mr. X. produced an immense wig, with enormously
long hair, and begged his wife to put it on. As soon as she
had done so, he riehly compensated her for his neglected
marital duties. In tlie inorning he showed again extreme
tendemesH, whilst he caressed the wig. When Urs. X. re-
moved the wig she lost at once all eharm for her husband.

Mlarnivr (Sndi-fctichiHm, Annal. d'hyg. ) knew a degenerate
wIjoho fc*ticali was tho hair of tho Mann Ycncrifi. Hin greatest delight
wiih to t<»ar thfin out with hin leeth. II»* collerted 8|H>('iinon» and uaed
thpin for rpnpwpd Npxual gratifiration by biting and chewing them.
Ho bribwl hoiiHcnmidH of hotcls to let him Hpurrh the beds in which
ladipH had nippt for mupIi hairn. Whilst Hcarching for tlioni he be-
riitnn protieally pxeitcd nn<l trcrnblcd with happinoss when ho made
a HueroHMful find.

FETICHISM. 241

Mrs. X. recognised this as a hobby, and readily yielded to
the wishes of her husband, whom she loved dearly, and
whose libido depended on the wearing of the wig. It was
reraarkable, however, that a wig had the desired effect only
for a fortnight or tliree weeks at a time. It had to be made
of thick, long hair, no matter of what colour.

The result of this marriage was, after five years, two
children, and a collection of seventy-two wigs.

The following case, observed by Magnan and reported
by Thoinot (op. cit. p. 419), is that of a man with anti-
pathic sexual instinct, to whom the actual existence of the
fetich was a conditio sine qua non of potency.

Case 99. X., aged twenty, inverted sexually. Only
loved men with a large bushy mustache. One day he
mct a man who answered his ideal. He invited him
to his home, but was unspeakably disappointed when this
man removed an artificial mustache. Only when the vis-
itor put the ornament on the upper lip again, he exercised
his charm over X. once more and restored him to the füll
possession of virility.

In those cases in which the female hair as mere mat-
ter possesses the properties of a fetich, it not uncom-
monly happens that the fetichist seeks to possess himself
of woman's hair by unlawful acts. These form the group
of hair-despoilers, of no slight importance from the foren-
sic aspeet.1

Case 100. A hair-despoiler. P., aged forty, artistic,
locksmith, single. His father was temporarily insane,
and his mother was very nervous. He was well de-
veloped and intelligent, but was early affected with tic
and delusions. He had never masturbated. He loved

1 Moll (op. cit., p. 131) reports: " A man, X., becomes intensely
excited sexually whenever he sees a woman with the hair in a braid ;
loose hair, no matter how beautiful, cannot produce this effect."

Of cour3e, it is not justifiablc to consider all hair-despoilers
fetich ists, for in a few cascs such acts are done for the purpose of
gain — t. t\, the stolen hair is not a fetich.

:1\:1 PSYCHOPATH IA .SEX IT ALIS.

platonieally, and often busied himself with matrimonial
plan.-. He had coim* with prostitutes but rarelv, and never
feh -;aü.-n^I whh =uch intereourse — rather, disgusted.
Thrar y^ir- ago he wa- overtaken by misfortune (financial
ruin >, and Urrider. be bad a febrile disease, with delirium.
Thewr thjjxg> bad a very bad effect on bis hereditarily
predi-po-*d ijf-rvou* *y-tein. On August 28, 1S89, P. was
arr-^M] at tbe Troeadero, in Paris, */i flagranti, as he fore-
iblv mit off a yoimg girFs bair. Ile was arrested with
tbe bair in bis band and a pair of scissors in bis poeket.
He exeu^-d him^elf on tbe ground of iiioinentary mental
f«onfu-ion and an imfortuiiatc, irresistible passion; he
eoiife.-.-ed tbat he bad ten times eilt off bair, whieli he took
great d'-light in k'.-eping at bonie. On searching bis home,
«ixty-five fcwitebes and tresses of bair were found, as-
«orted in paekets. P. bad already 1kh?ii onee arrested,
on 15tb Deeember, l^^O, under similar circumstances,
but was released for lack of evidence.

P. htated tbat, for tbe last three years, when he was
alone in bis room at night, he feit ill, anxious, exeited
and dizzy, and then was troubled by tbe inipulse to toueh
female hair. When it happened tbat he could aetually
take a young girl's hair in bis hand, he feit intensely
exeited sexually, and bad ereetion and ejaculation without
touehing tbe girl in any other way. On reaehing home,
he would feel ashamed of what had taken place; but the
wish to possess hair, always aeeompanied by great sexual
plcasure, heeame inore and more j>owerful in bim. Ile
wondered tbat previously, even in the most iiitimate inter-
eourse with womcn, he had experieneed no such feeling.
One evening he could not resist the impulsc to cut off a
girFs hair. With the hair in bis band, at home, the
HciiHUous proccss was repeated. Ile was foreed to ruh bis
body with the hair and envelop bis genitals in it. Finally,
quite exbausted, he grew ashamcd, and could not trust
him.self to go out for several days. After nionths of rest
he was again impcllcd to possess himself of female bair,
indifferent as to wbose it might be. If be attained bis

1 JTH HISM.

243

end, he feit h iniseif possessed hy a supernatural power
und 11 nable to give up bis booty. If lie eould not attain
the object of his desire, he becauie greatly dcpressed,
Im med home? and there revelled in his collect ion of hair.
ll<- rotnbed and fondled it, and thus had mtense orgaßm,
satisfying hhusclf by Masturbation. Hair exposed in the
show-ca*es of hair- dressers made no Impression an him;
it required huir hanging down from a female head.

At the height of bis aet, he was in sucb a State of ex-
<iit -inent tbat be had only inipcrfeet appereeption and
gttbeequ&it fecollectiön of what he liad dune. AVhen ]n
touched the hair with the seissors he liad erectiou, and, at
the instant of entring it off, cjaculatioii. Since bis liiis-
fortune, abtrat three years ago, he liad wcaknesa of mem-
ory, was easily exhausied mcntally, and troublcd hy sleep-
lessness and night-terrors. P. deeply regretted bis crime.

Kot only hair, bnt a number of hair-pins, ribbons and
other ;i rt icles of the feminine teilet, were found in his
possession, which be liad had presented to him. He had
always had an achial ntania f^r eolleoting such tbings^ as
well as newspapers, pieces of wood and other worthlcsg
tra^h, whieh he woiihl never give up. He al-n had a
Strange and, to him, iiiexplieahle fear of passiug a eertaiu
street; if he ever tried it, it niade him ill.

Tlie opinion (incdico-legal) showed liim to be heredi-
tarily prediaposed, and proved the imperative, impulsive
and dceidedly involiuiiary eharacUr öf flu eriminal acta,
whieh had the signihYunee of an imperative aet, iiiduccd
bv an iinperative idea, with an aecompanhuent of over-
powering abnormal sexual fccling. Pardon j asvhiiu for
insane ( Voisin, Svvquet, Motzt, "Aunales d'hygieiie^
April, 1890),

Followtng ihis &M ifl B simihir one^ whieh also de-
serves Attention, for it has been well shtdied, and niay be
called ahnost classical ; and it phices also the f et ich, as well
m the original assoeiative awakening of the idea, in a clear

light

244 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

Case 101. A hair-despoiler. E., aged twenty-five.
Maternal aunt, epileptic; brother Lad convulsions. Was
fairly healthy as a child, and learned quite easily. At
the age of fifteen he Lad an erotic feeling of pleasure,
with erection, at the sight of one of the village beauties
combing her hair. Until that time persona of the oppo-
site sex had made no impression on him. Two months
later, in Paris, the sight of young girls with thcir hair
flowing down over their Shoulders ever exeited him in-
tensely. One day he could not resist an opportunity to
twist a young girl's hair in his fingers. For this he was
arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for three months.
After that he served five years in the army. During this
time hair was not dangerous for him, because not very
accessible; but he dreamed sometimes of female lieads
with the hair braided or flowing. Occasional coitus with
women, but without their hair being effective as a fetich.
Once more in Paris, he again dreamed as before, and
became greatly exeited by female hair. Ile never dreamed
about the whole form of a woman, only of heads with
braids of hair. His sexual excitement due to this fetich
had become so intense of late that he had resorted to mas-
turbation. The idea of touching female hair, or, better,
of possessing it to masturbate while handling it, grew
more and more powerfuL Of late, when he had female
hair in his fingers, ejaculation was indueod. One day he
sueeeeded in cutting hair, about twenty-five centimetres
long, from three little girls in the street, and keeping it in
his possession, when he was arrested in a fourth attempt.
Deep regret and shame. He was not sentenced. After
spending some time in the asylum, he imj)roved so far
that female hair no longer exeited him. Set at liberty, he
thought of going to his native place, where the women
wear their hair done up (Magnan, "Archiv, de Tanthro-
pol. criminelle/' v., Xo. 28).

A third case is the following, which is likewise suited
to illustrate the psychopathic nature of such phonomena:

FETICHISM. 240

and the remarkable means whieh induced a eure are
worthy of note: —

Case 102. Hafafatiehiam* Mr. X., betwöen thirty
and forty years old; of tlie higher elass of society; Single.
Caine of a hoalthy family, but from ehildhood had been
nervuus, vaeillafing and peenliar; Binde bis eighth year
he had been powerfully attraeted by iVnialr hair. This was
particularly tnic in the oasa of yoiuig girls. When he was
nine years old, a girl of thirteen seduoed him* He did noj
n m Instand it, and was not at all exeited. A twelve-year-
old sister of this girl also eourted, ktssed, and hugged bim.
He alluwed tbis quietly, beeause tbis girrs hair pleased liim
so well. When abont ten vcars * * 1 « l , he began to have erotic
lVelings at the night of female hair thflt pleased bim.
(iradually these feelings ooeurred spontaneouslv. and
nieiiiory-pictiires of girFs hair were always itnmediately
aflSOfflated with them. At the age of eleven be was taught
to masturbate by school-mates* The asaociatiTe ooraieo*
tion of sexual feelings and a fetiehistic idea were already
established, and always appeared when the patient in«
dulged in evil practiees with bis companions, Witb ad-
vaiirinix year«, the feticli grew more and more powerfuL
Even false bair began to excite him, but he always pre-
ferred natural bair_ When he eould toueh or kiss it? he
was perfectly happy. He wrote cssays and poems on the
heauty of femalo hair; he sketehed heada of hair and uutfr
turbated. After Ins fourteenth ymx he became so power-
fully exeited by his fetieh that lic had violent ereetirms. In
eimtrast with bis early taste white a boy, he waa now

eharmed onlr bv luxuriant, thiek hlaek hair, Ile ex*

< i/

perieneed intense desire to kisa such bair, particularly to
suck it. To toueh such hair afforded him but little sat-
isfaetion; be obtained much more plcasnre in looking
at it, but parli eil lasly in kisshig and sucking ifc If tbis
wnv impn-Hhlr, be wmild txwine iinhappy, even to the
extent of imdium rifrr. Theu be would attempt to n-
lieve himsclf, imagining fantastif "liair-adveiitures" and

246 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

masturbating. Not infrequently, in the street and in
crowds, he could not keep from imprinting a kiss on
ladies' heads. He would then hurry hoine to masturbate.
Sometimes he could resist this impulse; but it was then
necessary for him, iilled with feelings of fear, to ran away
as quickly as possible, in order to escape the domination
of his fetich. He was only once inipelled to cut off a girl's
hair in a crowd. In the act he was seized with fear, and
was not successful with his pocket-knife ; and, by flight,
he narrowly escaped detection.

When Jie became'mature, he attempted to satisfy him-
self in coitus with puellis. He induced powerful erection
by kissing their tresses, but could not induce ejaculation,
and coitus did not satisfy him. At the same tirae, his
favourite idea was coitus with kissing of hair; but even
this did not satisfy him, because it did not induce ejacu-
lation. Faule de mieux, he once stole the combings
of a lady's hair, put it in his niouth, and masturbated
while calling its owner up in imagination. In the dark a
woman could not interest him, because he could not then
see her hair. Flowing hair also had no charm for him;
nor did the hair about the genitals. His erotic dreams
were all about hair. Of late the patient had become
so excited that he had a kind of satyriasis. Ile was
ihcapable of business, and feit so unhappy that he sought
to drown liis sorrow in alcohol. He drank large quantities,
had alcoholic delirium, an attack of alcoholic epilepsy,
and roquired hospital treatment. After the intoxication
had passed away, under appropriate treatment, the sexual
excitement soon disappeared; and when the patient was
discharged, he was freed from his fetichistic idea, save
for its occasional occurrence in dreams. The physical
examination showed normal genitals and no degenerative
signs whatever.

Such cases of hair-fetichism, which lead to attacks on
female hair, seem to oeeur everywhere, from time to
time. In November 1890, aecording to reports in Aineri-

FETICIIISM. 247

can newspapers, several cities in the United States were
troubled by such hair-despoilers.

(b) The Fetich is an Article of Female Attire.

The great importance of adornment, Ornament and
dress in the normal vita sexualis of man k very generally
recognised. Culturc and fashion have, to a certain extent,
cndowed woman with artificial sexual characteristics, the
removal of which, when woman is seen unattired, in
spite of the normal sexual effeet of this sight, may exert
an oppositc influence.1 It should not Ix» overlooked tliat
female dress often shows a tendency to emphasise and
cxaggerate certain sexual peculiarities, — secondary sexual
characteristics (bosom, waist, hips). In most individuals
the sexual instinet awakes long before there is any possi-
bility or opportunity of intimate intercourse, and the early
desires of youth are concerned with the ordinary appear-
ance of the attired female form. Thus jt happens that not
infrequently, at the beginning of the vita sexualis, ideas of
the persons exerting sexual charms and ideas of their
attire become associated. This association may be lasting
— the attired woman may be always preferred — if the
individuals dominated by this perversion do not in other
respects attain to a normal vita sexualis, and find gratifi-
cation in natural charms.

In psychopathic individuals, sexually hypenesthetic, as
a result of this, it actually happens that the dressed woman
is always preferred to the nude female form. It may be
reealled that in case 55 the woman was not to take off her
chemise, and that it case 58, equus eroticus, the woman
was preferred dressed. Further on a similar case will be
referred to.

Dr. Moll (op. cit. second edition) mentions a patient
who could not perform coitus with puella nuda; the woman

1 Cf. Goethe/s remarks about his adventure in Geneva (" Briefe
aus der Schweiz," 1. Abtheil., Schluss).

248 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXÜALIS.

had to have on a chemise, at least. The same author (op.
cit., p. 16) mentions a man affected with inverted sex-
uality, who is subject to the same dress-fetichism.

The reason for this phenomenon is apparently to be
found in the mental onanism of such individuals. In
seeing innumerable clothed forms, they have set desires
before seeing nudity.1

A more marked form of dress-fetichism is that in
which, instead of the dressed woman in general, a certain
kind of attire in particular becomes a fetich. One can
understand how, with an intense and early sexual impres-
sion, combined with the idea of a particular garment on
the woman, in hypenesthetic individuals, a very intense
interest in this garment might be developed.

Ilammond (op. cit., p. 46) reports the following case,
taken from Roubaud (uTraite de l'inipuissance," Paris,
1876) :—

Case 103. X., son of a general. He was raised in
the country. At the age of fourteon he was initiated into
the pleasures of love by a young lady. This lady was a
blonde, and wore her hair in ringlets; and, in order to
avoid detection in sexual intercourse with lier young lover,
slie always wore her usual clothing, — gaiters, a corset, and
a silk dress on such occasions.

When his studies were eompletcd, and he was sent to
a garrison where he could enjoy f reedom, he found that his
sexual desire could be excited only under certain eondi-
tions. A brünette could not cxcite hiin in the least, and
a woman in night-clothes would stifle every bit of love in
him. In order to awaken his desire, a woman had to be
a blonde, and wear gaiters, a corset and a silk dress, — in
short, she had to be dressed like the lady who had first

1The faet that the partly veiled form is ofton more chnrming
than when it is perfectly nudo. i*. as far a« object goes, siniilur, but
quite difTerent psychioally. This depends uj)on tlie eflVet of contrast
and expeetation, wliieh are common phenomena, and in no scnst?
patliological.

FETICHISM. 249

awakened his sexual desire. He was always compelled
to give up thoughts of matrimony, because he knew he
would be unable to fulfil his marital duty with a woman
in night-clothes.

Hammond (p. 42) reports another case where coitus
maritalis could be performed only by the help of a certain
costume; and Dr. Moll mentions several similar cases in
individuals of hetero- and homo-sexuality. The cause
may often be shown to be an early association, and sucli
niay always be assumed. It is only in this way that one
can explain why a certain costume is irresistible to such
individuals, no matter who the person is that wears the
fetich. Tlius one can understand why, as Cofpgnon (op.
cit.) relates, men at brothcls demand that the women with
whom tliey are coneerned put on certain costumcs, such as
that of a ballet-dancer, or a nun, etc. ; and why thcse houses
are furnished with a complete wardrobe for such purposes.

Binet {op. cit.) relates the case of a judge who was
exclusively in love with Italian girls who came to Paris
as artists' modeis, and their peculiar costume. The cause
was here demonstrably an impression made at the time of
the awakening of the sexual instinct.

There is but a step from such cases to the complete
absorption of the whole vita sexualis by the fetich, the
possession and manipulation of which may suffice to pro-
voke orgasm and even ejaculation where irritable weak-
ness of tlie ccntrum ejaculationis prevails.

Case 104. P., thirty-three years of age, business
man, son of a mothor who suffered from melancholia and
committed suicide. He was tainted with several signs of
anatomical degeneration, was looked upon by his neigh-
hours as a "type," and had the nickname Vamoureux des
nourrices et des bonnes d'enfants.

He bccame a nuisance to these girls by his obtrusive
behaviour, picked a qnarrel with one of them who wore his
fetich, and was arrested.

250 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

He claimed to have always bcen vehemently excited at
the sight of wet-nurses and nurse-maids, but not because
they were of the female sex, but because tbey wore a cer-
tain costuine. Again, it was not ccrtain portions, but tbe
costume as a whole which attracted him. To be in the
Company of such persons was liis greatest happiness.
When he returned home from such interviews it was suf-
ficient for him to rocall the impressions just received, in
order to produce orgasmus vcnereus.

An analogous case is related by Motet. It refers to a
young man, who became sexually excited only at the sight
of a woman attired in bridal costume. The individuality
of the woman was a matter of indifferencc to him. In
order to gratify bis fetichistic cravings, he spent a great
deal of bis time at the door of a restaurant where many
weddings were celebrated (Garnier, "Les Fetichistes,
p. 59).

A third form of dress-fetichism, having a much higher
degree of pathological significance, is by far the most frc-
quent. In this form it is no longer the woman herseif,
dressed, or even dressed in a particular fashion, that
constitutes the principal sexual Stimulus, but the sexual
interest is so concentrated 011 some particular article
of female attire that the lustful idea of this object is
entirely separated from the idea of woman, and thus
obtains an independent value. This is the real domain
of dress-fetichism, where an inanimate object — an isolated
article of wcaring-apparel — is alone used for the excitation
and satisfaction of the sexual instinct. This third form
of dress-fetichism is also the one which forensically is the
most important.

In a large number of these cases the fetiches are articles
of female underwear, which, owing to their private use,
are suited to occasion such associations.

Case 105. K., agod forty-fivo, slioemaker, wTas re-
ported to be witliont liereditary taint. He was peculiar,

FETICniSM. 251

and had small mental endowmont. He was <d" inaseuline
habits, and wilhout signs of degeni-ration. Previously
blameless in conduet, on the evening of öth July, 187<s
lie was detected removing stolen female under-garments
from a place of eoneealmem. There were fouud with hilft
about 300 articles of the female toilet, amtmg thein, be~
aides ehemisea and drawers, night-caps, garten, and a
female doli, When arrested he was woaring a chemise,
Sinee bis thirteenth year he had been a slave to an Im-
pulse to itea) ffOIöto'e litten; bat, aftor bis first pnn-
islinnnt for it, he became very careful, and stole with
ivliiimient and snecess. When this longing caine over
bim, he wonld grow anxious, and Ins hoad wonld becorae
heavy* Then he eonld not resist the Impulse, cost what
it might. It was a matter of indifferente to him from
whora he took the arlieles. At night, on going to l*ed,
he wonld put on the stolen elnthing and create beautiful
women in Imagination, thus indueing ploasu rabin feelhig
and ejanilatiim. This was apparently the motive of bis
thefts ; at leaat, he had never dispoaed of any of the articles,
but had hidden thein herc and there.

He deelared that, earlier in bis life, he had indulged in
normal sexual intcrennrse with wnmen. He denied onan-
istn, pedetasty, and other sexual aets. He said he was
engaged at tweaty-five, bnt the engagement was hroken
ftmmgh im fault of Ins. Ilr was; iiK-upaUr- of gTASpltlg th$
abnormal ity of hifl eomditiou and the WTOttg of Ins aets,
(Passrur, ^ViiTteljulirssHirift f. ger. Mrdhv* N. F.
xxviiü, p- f»l ; Eratuff, 4% Psychologie des Verbrechens/*
1884, p. 100).

Case 106, JM a young huteher. When arrested he
wore tniderncalh Ins oven-oat a bodiee, a corset, a vest, a
jneket, a eollar^ a Jersey, and a chemise, also fine atoetmga
and gart cts.

Sinee he was eleven he was tronbled hy the desire to
mar a cliemise of bis ehlor sister. Whenerer he eonld do
it unnoticed he indulged in this pleasure, and smec» the age

252 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

of puberty the wearing of such a garment would bring on
ejaculation. When lie became independent he bouglit
chemiscs and other articles of fcmale toilet. In hia room
a complete outfit of fcmale attire was found. To put
on such garments was the great aim of his sexual instinct.
This fetichism had financially ruined him. At the hos-
pital he bcggcd the attending physician to pennit him
to wrear female attire. Inverted sexuality did not exist
(Garnier, "Los Fetichistes," p. G2).

Case 107. Z., thirty-six years of age, scholar; liad
never herotoforc feit intercsted in woman, only in her
attire, and never had sexual intercourse. Besides the
elegance and smartness of the female toilet in general,
certain underwear, chemises made of cambric and trimmed
with lace, silk' corsets, embroidered silk skirts and silk
stockings formed his particular fetich. It caused him
voluptuous feelings to inspect and finger such female gar-
ments at the draper's. TTis ideal was the female form in
bathing costume, with silk stockings and corset, and clad
in a mourning-dress with a long train.

ITe studied the costumes of the coureuses des rues, but
found them tasteless. Ile found more plcasure in gazing
at the shop windows, but feit annoyed because the exhibits
therein were not cliangcd oftcn enough. ITe found partial
satisfaction in holding and study ing fashion magazines,
and in buying now and tlicn single garments of excep-
tional beauty. It would bc the height of plcasure for him
if he had access to the toilet arts of the boudoir or the
fitting rooms of the dressmakcr, or if he could bc the
femme de rhamhrc of some wealthy lady of the world, and
could arrange the toilet for her. There were no traces of
masochism or homosexual inclination to be found on this
peculiar fetichist. ITe was of thoroughly manly presence
(Garnier, "La folie a Paris," 1890)/

flamm ond (op. cit.) reports a case of passionatc inter-
est in single articles of fcmale wearing-apparel. Tiere,

FETICIIISM. 253

also, thc patient's ,pleasure consisted in wearing a corset
and other femalc garmenta (without any traces of anti-
pathic sexual instinct). The pain of tight lacing, ex-
pcrienced by himself or induccd in women, was a delight;
to him, — sadistic-masochistic eleniont.

A case probably belonging here is one reported by Diez
("Der Selbstmord/' 1838, p. 24), where a young man
could not resist the impulse to tear female linen. While
tearing it, he always had ejaculation.

A combination of fetichism with an impulse to destroy
the fetich (in a certain sense, sadism with inanimate ob-
jects) seems to occur quite frequently (cf. case i20).

An article of dress, which, though it has not really a
private character, by its material and colour, as well as by
the place where it is worn, might be suggestive of under-
garments, and hence has sexual rclations, is the apron (cf.
also the metonymic use of the word "apron" for "petticoat"
in thc saying, "To chase every apron," etc.). This ex-
plains the f ollowing case : —

Case 108. C, aged thirty-seven; of a badly tainted
family; of small mental endowment; plagiocephalic. At
fifteen his attention was attracted by an apron hung out
to dry. He put it on and masturbated behind the fence.
From that time he could not see aprons without repeating
the act. If he met any one — no matter whether man or
woman — with an apron on, he was compelled to run after
the person. In order to free him from this constant steal-
ing of aprons, he was sent as a marine in his sixteenth
year. In this calling he saw no aprons, and had con-
tinual rest. When, at nineteen, he returned home, he was
again compelled to steal aprons, and, as a result, got into
serious complications, and was several times locked up.
He sought to free himself of his weakness by a sojourn of
several years with the Trappists. When he left them, he
was just as bad as bcfore. As a result of a new theft, he
underwent a medico-legal examination, and was committed
to an asylum. He never stole anything but aprons. It

2S4

PS YC IIÜPATli I A SEX L' ALIS.

was a pleasure fco liiin to revel in the uiemory of ihe first
apron he ever stole, EEi dreams wera ftlled witib ftprons.

He "ceasionally used tlic uiemory uf liin Hielte lo niake
ooitua possible, or for masturbuliun {VharaA-Müfjnan^
■Aivli. de iu'iirMl«^; 1888, Nd 13).

In a cäsö reported liv Lombrom ('"Ainori anomali prr-
coei nei pazzi," "Arelu Ji pricb-/' 1883, p, IT), analogem«
to those of tläa eeries, a bqy of very bad heredifw at the
age of foiiTj had erectiona and great sexual exeiternent at
the sigbt of white garments, partieularly underdothinß.
He was liisifiilly exeited by handling and erumpling
t hei ii. At ihe age of t6B he began to inasturbate at the
sigbt of white, staivhed linen. Ile seemed tu have luni
affected witli moral iusanity, and was executod tot iiiunler.

The following ease of peüicoai*feiichisfn is coupied
wiili i h c-ul iar eirciunstanccs: —

Gase 109. Z., aged thirty-five; civil servant ; tlie
only ehild of a nervoiis mother and a healfhy father.
From childhood he was "nervous," and at the consiib
tation Ins noiiroputhic eyes, delleate, Blendet IhkIv, fine
fVatures, very thin voiee, and aparse growth of heard at-
tracted attention. The potuml preee&ted nothmg ab-
normal exeepl Symptoms of slight lieurasthenia. Genitals
and sexual fimetions normal. Patient stuted tluit he had
only masturUited four or tive times when he was very
young, As early as at the age of thirteen, the patienL
was powerfully excited sexually by the sight of wet iVmale
dressos, wbile the same dresses, when dry, bad no pffect
opori biiih Ilis greatest delight was to h>ok &t women
with wet garmrnifl in tbe rain. If he niet a woman baving
a pleasing face under such eimiinstanees, hi- experienced
an inteiise feeling of lustful pleasure, had Brection and fett
impellcd 1o per form coitus. He stated that he bad never
bad anv deeirc to steal wet feinale dresses or to throw
water on wonum. Ile eonld give no expbmation of the
origin of bis peeulinrttv,

It is posslblc that, in this case, the sexual instinct was

FETICHISM. 255

first awakened by tho sight of a woraan as slie exposed
her charms by raising her skirts in wet weather. The
obscuro instinct, not yet conscions of its object, then
bccame directed to the wet garinents, as in other
cases.

Lovers of female handkerchiefs are frequent, and,
therefore, important forensically. As to the frequency
of handkerchief -fetichism, it may be remarked that the
handkerchief is the one article of feminine attire which,
outside of intimate association, is most freqnently dis-
played, and which, with its warin th from the person and
specific odours, may by accident fall into the hands of
others. The frequency of early association of lustful feel-
ings with the idea of a handkerchief, which may always
be presumed to have occurred in such cases of fetichism,
probably is due to this.

Case 110. A baker's assistant, aged thirty-two, Sin-
gle, previously of good repute, was discovered stealing a
handkerchief from a lady. In sincere remorse, he con-
f essed that he had stolen from eighty to ninety such hand-
kerchiefs. He had cared only for handkerchiefs, and,
indeed, only for those belonging to young women attractive
to him. In his outward appearance the eulprit presented
nothing peculiar. He dressed himsclf with much taste.
His conduet was peculiar, anxious, depressed and unman-
ly, and he often lapsed into whining and tears. Lack of
self-reliance, weakness of comprehension, and slowness of
pereeption and reflection were noticeable. One of his sis-
ters was epileptic. He lived in good circumstances ; never
had a severe illness ; was well developed. In relating his
history, he showed weaknoss of memory and lack of clear-
ness ; calculation was hard for him, though when young he
learned and comprehended easily. His anxious, uncertain
state of mind gave rise to a suspicion of onanism. The
eulprit confessed that he had been given to this practice
cxcessively since his nineteenth year. For some years, as

256 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

a result of bis vice, he had suffered with depression, lassi-
tude, trembling of the linibs, pain in the back, and disincli-
nation for work. Frequently a depressed, anxious State
of mind came over hiin, in which he avoided people. He
had exaggerated, fantastic notions about the results of sex-
ual intercourse with women, and could not bring himself
to indulge in it. Of late, however, he had thought of niar-
riage. With great remorse and in a weak-minded way, he
now confessed that six months ago, while in a crowd, he
became violently excited sexually at the sight of a pretty
young girl, and was compellcd to crowd up against her.
He feit an impulse to compensate himself for the want of
a more complete satisfaction of his sexual excitement, by
stealing her handkerchief. Thereafter, as soon as he came
near attractive females, with violent sexual excitement,
palpitation of the heart, erection and Impetus cceundi, the
impulse would seize him to crowd up against them and
faute de mieux, steal their handkerchiefs. Although the
consciousness of his criminal act never left him for a
moment, he was unable to resist the impulse. During the
act he was uneasy, which was in part due to his inordinatc
sexual impulse, and partly to the fear of detection. The
medico-legal opinion rightly gave wreight to the congenital
mental enfeeblement and the pernicious influence of mas-
turbation, and referred the abnormal impulses to a per-
verse sexual impulse, calling attention to the presence of
an interesting and woll-known physiological connection
between olfactory and sexual senses. The inability to
resist the pathological impulse* was recognised. X. was
not punished (Zippe, "Wiener Med. Wochenschrift,"
1879, No. 23).

I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. F ritsch, of
Vienna, for further facts concerning this handkerchief-
fetichist, who wras again arrested in August, 1890, in the
act of taking a handkerchief f rom a lady's pocket : —

On searching his house, 44G ladies' handkerchiefs

FETICHISM.

j;>7

wcre fotind. He stalnl thai he liad already bunied two
bündle« of theni* In the eourse of the exanmiation, it
t'urther shown that X, liad been punishod with im*
prisonmeut for fonrteen daya in 188*J für ttealing tweuty-
scvun baudkerchiefs, and again with imprisuiimem tW
fchree wceks in 18S(j for a siuülar oiime, Conceruiug los
relatives, nothing more could Ix? learned than that hifl
falber was ßubjeet tu congcstions and tbat a brolhor's
daiighter was an imbeeile and eonslitutionallv neuro-
palhie, X. had married in 187i>» and nnbarked in im
hioVpcndcnt business, and in 18S1 he inade an assigu-
mcnt Soon after that bis wife, who could not live with
bim, and with whom he did not periorm hifl niarhal
duty (deniod by X.), demanded a divorce. Thereafter he
livcd as assistant buker to bis brother. llv eoiuplnined
bitterly of an inipulse for ladies' huudkerehiefs> but when
opportunity onered, anfortnnately, he could not resist It.
In the act he experienoed a feeling of delight, aml feit as
if some ouc were forcing hira to it. Somctimes he could
restruin himself, but when tbe lady was pleasing to hiin
he yielded u* the lirst Impulse* He wuiild be wet with
sweat, partlv r'rom fear of dctcetion, and partlv 011 aecoiint
of the impulse to perform the act He said be had been
sexually cxeited by tbe sight of handkrrehiefs brhmgiug
to womcn sinee puberty. lle oould oo1 reoaU tlie exad eir-
cumstanees of this fetiehiatic association. The sexual
excitement oceasioncd by tbe sight of a lady with a
handkeivhicf hftllging out of her pockct liad coiistatilly
LnereaeecL T!ii> had repeatedly cauaed em-timi, bot m-ver

ejaeiilatiuu. After bis twentv-iirst \vai\ Im. Said, he had
iuelinatioii to normal sexual indul^nce, and had enitus
\\ ithuut difficulty without ideas of haudkerehiefs. With
Lncraaaing fetichism, tlie Appropriation of bandkerehiefs
liad ufforded liini imich innre satisfaetiou thau öOltUS. The
Appropriation of tbe handkerelnof of a lady attraetive to
hiin was the saine to bim as iniercourse with her would
havo been* In tbe act bc bad true orgasm.

I£ he could not gain possession of the handkerchief he

258 PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

desired, he would beeome painfully cxcited, trcmblc aud
sweat all over. He kept separate the liandkerehiefs of
ladies partieularly pleasing to Lim, and rcvelled in the
sight of thcm, taking great pleasure in it. The odour of
theni also gave hiin great delight, though he states that it
was really the odour peeuliar to the linen, and not the
perfume, which exeited hiin sensually. He had niastur-
bated but very seldom.

X. complained of no physieal aihnents cxeept ocea-
sional headache and vertigo. lle greatly regretted his
misfortune, his abnormal impulse, — the evil spirit that
impelled hiin to sueh eriminal aets. lle had but one
wish: that sonie one might help him. Objeetively there
were mild neurasthenie Symptoms, anomalies of the distri-
bution of blood, and unequal pupils.

It was provcd that X. had committed his crimes in
obedienee to an abnormal, irresistible impulse. Pardon.

Case 111. Z. began +o masturbate at the age of
twelve. Froin that time he could not see a womairs
handkerehief without having orgasm and ejaculation. lle
was irresistibly compelled to possess hiniself of it. At
that time he was a ehoir boy and used the liandkerehiefs
to masturbate with in the bell-tower elose to the ehoir.
But he chose only sueh liandkerehiefs as had blaek and
white borders or violet stripes running through them. At
fifteen he had eoitus. Later on he married. As a rule,
he was only potent when he wound sueh a handkerehief
around his penis. Often he preferred eoitus inier femora
feminue where he had plaeed a handkerehief. Wherever
he es])ied a handkerehief he did not rest until he came in
possession of it. lle always had a Hinüber of them in his
poekets and around his genitals (Rayncau, annales medico-
psychol., 1S95).

Sueh eases of handkerehief -f et ich ism, where an abnor-
mal individual is «lriven to theft, are very numerous. They
also oeeur in eoinbination with inverted sexual ity, as is

FETICHI8M.

259

pntwed by tbe Collowiag c*6e, which 1 borrow from page
102 of Dr. Muir* firequenüy cited work: — l

Gase 112- HündkerckUftfeUchiam in a cme of An-
tipathie sexwi instmcL IL, aged thirty-eight ; meehaniej
a powerfully built man, Ile rnade n vi tuen ms com-
plaints, — weakness of the legs, pain in the back, headaohe,

uaut uf pleasure in work, etc. The eomplaiiUs gare tue
deeided inipression o£ neuraBthenia with fcend«aoy te
hypnchundria. Qnly after tbe patient had been imder
Ür. MoWs treatnient for several numthfl did he etafce that
lie was also abnormal sexually»

K* hacl never liad any inclination wbatever £or women ;
but büTMlsohic inen, on tlie other band, had a peculiif
eharm for hhn. Patient liad masturbated finpietüly unfil
he eanie to Dr. Moll. He Isüd Barer praeiised mnlual
rmanbiin or pederasty, Ile did not tbink that In- wnuld
bave found satisfaetion in tliis, beeause, in apite uf bis
preference for nien, an artiele of white Uwn was bis Chief
erbarm, thongli tbe beauty of its owner played a roh. The
hatullcrrchtefs of handsome men partieularly uxcite-d bim
xxually. IIis greatest delight was to masturbate in incirs
hamlkerchiefs. For thia reason lie often took hLs friends'
handkerehiefs. In order to eave bimself from detection,
he alvvays left one of bis own haiidkerelnefs with bis
frienda in place of tlie one lie atole. In tbis way be soiight
to eseujie tbe suspicion of theft, by ereating Hie appearaiiee
of a ruishike. Other articles of menV linen also excited
K. sexually, but not to tbe extent that handkerebiefs

did.

*On page lfll (op. eil.) Dj\ Moll writee concerning Uua impulsc
in hetero- sexual iiulividuaU: "Tlie paaaion for handkeivliiefe may
go ho far Uiat the im iä entiruly under EU controt. A woman teils
me: ' 1 know a certai» gentleman, and when I st*e hjm. at & dleüince
I only need to draw out my handkcrcMef ho Unit it peepa out of
my pocket, and I am eertain that he will follow nie as a dog follows
Lt9 master. üo wliere I please, this gentleman will follow nie. Hh
may h© riding In a earria^e or engaged iti irnportunt bnsioess. and
yet, when he «ees my hnndkerohief lie drops everything in order to
follow meJ — L c.t my handkerehief.* n

260 PSYCIIOPATIUA SEXUAL1S.

K. had oftcn performed coitus with womeii, baving
ereetion and ejaculation, but without lustful pleasure.
Therc was also nothing which could stinnilatc thc patient
to tbe Performance of coitus. Ereetion and ejaculation
oecurred only when, du ring tlie act, he thouglit of a inan's
handkerchief ; and tliis was easier for the patient wlien
he took a friend's handkerchief with hini and liad it in his
liand during coitus. In aecordance with bis sexual per-
version, in bis nightly pollutions with lustful ideas, nien's
linen played tbe prineipal röle.1

Still far more frequent than tbe fetichism of linen gar-
ments is tliat of wumch's shoci*. These cases are, in faet,
alinost innumerable, and a great many of theni bave boen
scientifically studied. I bave but a few rejmrts at tbird
band of similar glove-fetichisni; not to speak of case
122 (vidc infra), in whicli glove-fetichisni develops itself
merely into "stuff-fetiehiaiii". (Concerning tbe reason for
tbe relative iufrequency of glove-feticliisin, vidc above a).

In sboe-feticbisin tbe elo.se rebitionship of the objoct
to the feminine person, which expbüns linen-fetichisui, is
absolutely wanting. For tliis reason, and because tberc is»
a large number of well-observed cases at band, in whicli
the fetichistic enthusiasm for tbe female shoe <>r lx>ot con-
sciously and undoubtedly arises from masochistic ideas,
an origin of a masochistic nature, even when it is eon-
cealed, may always be assumed in shoe-fetichism when,
in the concretc case, no other niauncr of origin is donion-
strable. For tliis reason the majority of the cases of

1 Anotlier case of temporary, i. c, periodieal handkerchief-
fetichism, aeconipanied by anxiety and severe sweating, is related by
Dr. Moll in tlie " Centralblatt f. d. Krankheiten der Harn- und
Sexual-organe," v., 8. Tliis niight be a case uf latent epilepsy.
{Trauma capitis at the age of teil, imbecility, repeated fainting fits,
later on partial amnesia for fetichistic conditions, aecompanied by
anxiety and sweating, etc.) In these attacks of morbid inipulse to
steal ladies' handkerchief«, whicli set in after an attack of typhus
at the age of thirty, the patient would wipe his face with the stolen
article, which act produeed ereetion, and at tinies also ejaculation.
A physician whom he consnltcd had givrn hini the advicc never to
wcar linen shirts again, as his peculiar inipulse was causod by them.

FETICIIISM.

2G1

shoc- or foot-fetiohisin have beeil givon nndor "jCaso-
cliisui. Thciv ihr cniistant masoehistie oharactor of
this form of BTütie feiiehism has been sufneiently de-
monstrated by moans <»f transit.ional enmlhinns. This

jn1« -umplimi nf ilic tn:is<M'lii>?ir charactor of shiii-i'wirhiäHi
is weakoncd and ronnn'rd milv whnv anothor aecidental
< unse tW ;m -»ssuciiii ion bi'twoeu sexual oxoitation and tho
idea of womrifs shoeg — the oeCttn*eno6 of whieh is quite
improhablc a priori — -is oapable of proof. In the two
Eollowing caseSj Imwevor, therc is sueh a demonstrablc
oonnection : —

Gase 113, Shor-fcfirJusm. Mr. v. P.j of an old and
houmirahlr family, Pole, aged thirty-two, eonsulted nie,
in 1890* mii aeeonnt of "nnnuturaHie.Ks" of bis rifa srxitafi*.
He gave the aflsaranoe tbat ho came of a perfectly hoalthy
family. Ile lind been nervous from childbood, and had
snffored wirb ühorea minor at the age of elevest* Fof ten
yeurs he liad snffored with slooplessnoss and various neu-
rastheraie ailmenta. From bis fifteonth year ho had recog-
niaed the differenee of the aexea and been eapablo of sex-
nal exeitation, At the ago of soventeon lio liad boon
sodneed liv a Freneh gmemess, but eoitns was not j»rr-
mitted; *> thaf intenee mutnal sexual earitement (lmiiual
tnnshirbation) was all that was pnssible. In this Situation
hie attention was attracted by her very elegant boota.
Thoy niado a vory doep improssion. Ilis inleivourse with
this lewd porson lasted four montha* Duriug this assneia-
tion hör shoes becanio a fetieh for the unfortunale hm\
ITe bogan to havo an intorest in ladios* shoos in goneräl,
and actually wont a1>nnt Irving to catch sight of ladies
woaring pretfy boote* The shoe-fetichism gained great
power ovor his mind. He had the governos* fttmch Ins
penls with her shoee. and tlms ejimdatinn with groat lust-
ful feoling was inimodiaiely indttoed After soparatirm
from tlio goyornoss ho wont to pu&Jfa$M wliom he made
perform tho aame inanipnlation, This was usually miiR-
oiont for aatiafaotion. Only Beldom däd lio resort fco ooitaa

282

P8YCTIOPATHIA SEXUAUS.

as an anxiliary, and inelination for it grew less and less, '
His vitft &$ualü COTfiißted of dream-pollutions, in whieh
women's shoes played the exclusive rate; and of gratifiea-
fckm with woinen** ehoea appositos ad mentulam, bitt tljis
had to be done by the piiflfa. In the society of the
oppoeite sex the onlv thing that t&temted hira was ihr
iboe, and that onlv wlicn it was elegant, of the Freneh
Style, with heels, and <if a hrilliant hlaok, like the original.
In the courea of time tue following conditions becamr
accessory: a prostitnfes shoe that was elegant and chic;
sturehed pettiooats, and block hose, if possible. Nothing
eise in woman intcrested bim, He was ahsolutely indiffer-
ent to ihr naked foot. Woman have not the slightest psy-
ehic cluirm tot liini- Hfl had ncver had inasoehistie desfags
in the aense of being trod npon. In the eonrse of ycars
his fetirhism had gainrd snrh power over him that when
lie snw a ladv in the street, of a eertain appearancc and
with certain shoes, he was so intensely exeited that he had
(o iiiiisturhatf1. Slight pressure on the penis saBkoA U)
induee ejaculation in tliis State of severe nenrasthenia.
ßhoea dieplayed in shopt, and, of lato, even advcrtise-
tihnls of shors, snfhYed to exeite him intensely. In
it&tefl of intPiise Ubidc ]ie matle use of onanism if shoes
treffe not at his immodiate coinmancK The patient quite
i;nlv recognised the pain and danger öf his eondition,
and, even when he was free from nenrasthenic ailments,
he was morally very nnieh depressed. ITe songht help of
varioim physicians. Cold-water eures and hypnotisni wnv
unsneeessfnh The inost eelehrated physicians advised
liini bl niarry. and asstired him that, as soon as he oneo
really loved a girl, he wonld be free from his fetjehism.
The patient had DO conÜdence in his futnre, bnt he fol-
bwed the ad vice of the physicians. He was emelly dis-
iippointed in the hope whieb the authorily of the physi-
cians )\>\i] ftffOtlfted in him, thongh he led to the altar a
Luly distingnished by both mental and physieal charms.
The wedding night was terrihle; he feit likc a criminal,
and did n«>t approeefa his wife. The next day he saw a

FETICHISM. 2G3

prostitute with the required chic. He was weak enough
to have intercourse with her in his way. Then he bought
a pair of elegant ladies' boots and hid them in bed, and,
by touching them, while in marital embraee, after a few
days, ho was able to perforin his marital duty. He ejacu-
latod tardily, for he had to force himself to coitus; and
after a few weeks this artifice failed, because his imagina-
tion failed. Ile feit unspeakably miserable, and would
have preferred to make an end of himself. He could no
longer satisfy his wife, who was sensual, and mnch excited
by their previous intercourse; and he saw her suffering
severely, both mentally and morally. He could not, and
would not, disclose his sccret. Ile experienced disgust in
marital intercourse ; he feit af raid of his wife, and feared
the coming of night and being alone with her. He could
no longer induce erection.

He again made attcmpts with prostitutes, and satisfied
himself by touching their shoes. Then the puella had to
touch his peuis, wlien he would have ejaculation; but,
if this did not take place, he would attempt coitus with
the lewd woman; without success, however, for ejacula-
tion would occur immediately. In absolute despair, the
patient came for consultation. He deeply regretted that,
against his inner conviction, he had followed the un-
fortunate adviee of the physicians, and made a virtuous
wife unliappy, having deeply injured her, both mentally
and morally. Could he answer God for continuing such
a marriage? Even if he wcre to discover himself to his
wife, and she were to do everything for him, it would not
help him; for the familiär perfume of the demi-monde was
also necessary.

Aside from his mental pain, this unfortunate man pre-
sented no remarkable Symptoms. Genitals perfectly nor-
mal. Prostate somewhat large. Ile complained that
he was so under the domination of his boot-idoas that he
would even blush when boots were talked about. nis
whoie Imagination was given up to such idoas. Whon he
was on his estate, he often suddcnly had to go a distance

264 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALI8.

of teil miles to the city, to satisfy his fetichism at shoe-
shops or with puellis.

This pitiable man could not bring himself to take
treatment; for his faith in physicians had been greatly
shaken. An attcmpt to ascertain whether hypnosis and
a removal of the fctichistic association by this means,
were possible, proved abortive on account of the mental
excitement of the unfortimate man, who was exclusivcly
controlled by the thought that he had made his wife un-
happy.

Case 114. X., aged twenty-four, from a badly taint-
ed family (mothor's brother and grandfather insane, one
sister cpileptic, another sister subject to migraine, parents
of excitable tempcrament ) . During dentition he had
convulsions. At the age of seven he was taught to mas-
turbate by a servant-girl. X. first experienced pleasure
in these manipulations cum illa puclla forluUo pcdc calce-
olo tecto penem tetigit. Thus, in the predisposed boy, an
association was established, as a result of whieh, from that
time on, merely tlie sight of a woman's slioes, and, finally,
merely the idea of them, suffieed to indnce sexual excite-
ment and erection. Ile now mastnrbated whilc looking at
women's shoes, or whilc calling them np in imagination.
The shoos of the schoolmistress excited him intensely, and
in general he was affcctcd by shoes that were partly con-
cealed by female garments. One day lie conld not keep
from grasping the tcacher's shoes — an act that cansed him
great sexual excitement. In spite of punishment he could
not keep from performing this act repeatedly. Finally,
it was recognized that there must bo an abnormal motive
in play, and lie was sent to a male teacher. Tic then
revelled in tlie memory of slioe-scencs with his former
school-mistress, and thus had erections, orgasms, and, after
his fourteenth year, ejaculation. At the same time, lie
masturbated whilc thitiking of a woman's shoc. One day
the thought came to him to increase his pleasure by using
such a shoe for mnsturbation. Thcrcafter hc frequently
took shoes secretly, and used tliem for that purpose.

FETICUISM.

2C5

KoAxng eise in a woman could excite him : the thonght
of ooitue tilled htm with hormr. Alen did not interest
bim in any way. At the as^* <rf eightecm he opGOftfJ 8 shop^
and, anioiig otlier things, dcalt in Ladies1 shoes* He Vffifi
exeited sexually by tuting shoes for bis female patrons,
or by inanipulating ähoee thut came for meiidiiig. One day
wliilc il^ing iliis In- Imd im epileptie attack, and, aoon ftfter,
another white practising onanism in bis customary way.
Tben he recognised for the first time tbe iiijury to bealth
oauaed by bis iexnal praetioes. He tricd to overoonie bis
onanisni, sold no more shoes, and st.rovc to free hiuisrlf
from the abnormal assoeiation betwcen womea'a sboee and
the sexual funetion. Tlicn frequent pollutions, with erolie
dreams aboiit «hoc«, occimvd, and the epileptie attacks eoü-
tinncd. Though devoid of the slightcst feeling for tbe
female sex, he detennined on marriage, whieh seemed to
him to be the only remedy.

He married a preltv young lady. In spitc of livcly
eroetions whrn he thonght of bis wiftifa ahoes, in attcmpts
at cohabitation he WM aksolutoly inipotent, becanse his
di st äste for coitus and for closc intorconrse in general was
für more powerfnl than tbe iniluence of the shoe-idea,
whieh imhieed sexual exeitement, On aecount of bis im*
potenee, the patient applied to Dr. Ilammoud, who treated
hü epilepav with bromides, and ndvised him to hang a shoe
up over bis bed, and look at it fixedly dtiring eoitus, at tbe
samc thne imagining bis wife to ts a shoe* The patient
beeame free from epileptie attacks, and potent so that he
OOllld liave ooittu ahout onee a weck. Ilis sexual excita-
tion by women'fl ahoea also grew lesa and lesa (Hammond,
"Sexual Tmpotencc").

These two cases of ahoe-fetiehism,1 whieh apparently

*Other cnnen of ÜMM-feUchta» with out ditfcailt rriatiom to

nmsochism an? gfftlft by Atehrimer, u A Congenital Criminah"
" Archiv f. Psycliiulrip ir Kfemo KnmfcrfHtelflt/1 Bd. 28t p. 350. TUls
^me CA»e wa« dednrrd hy Kurethi, "FotMolijsnuKs oder Kiirmliitinn,"
ihidrr Bd. 28, p. MU} to be Mtmitation; lint the rcuaon» givt'ii w
trivial und ensily rcfuted« fid* UlO Moll, u (*nt(*rfluohungi>n über
libidü sc^unliq/* C«W 32.

266 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

dopend upon subjectivc accidontal assoeiations, as is thc
case in fetichism gencrally, do not offer anything startling
with reference to their objective cause, because, in the
former case, it is only a matter of partial impression of
the gcneral appearance of woman, and in the latter, a
partial impression of the exciting manipulation.

But there are cases — up tili now only two have been
closely observed — in which the determining association
has deeidedly not l>een bronght about by any eonneetion
of the nature of the object with the otherwise normally
exciting cause.

Case 115. Shoe-fetichism. Kurella, in his "Xatur-
geschichte des Verbrechers/' p. 213, tri od to prove that
this man was an imposter wlio invented an interesting
nervous disease as a pretense for making.a living by fraud.
The author arrived at a different result.

O., born in 1805, student of thoology, was tried before
a magistrate as a fraud and mendicant. He came from
a heavily tainted family, was afflicted with shoe-fetichism,
had from his twenty-tirst year periodical episodes in which
he was irrcsistibly forced to rmi away and give himself up
to drinking-bouts, althougli by doing so he knowingly
jeopardised liis position and property. Wlien in the army
he repeatcdly desertod and bccame a veritable degenerate,
an enigma to his superiors, for at times his conduct was
exemphiry and bevond blemish.

Examined before a commission of army medical men,
he was declarcd to sufTer from "periodical insanity," in-
herited bevond doubt. In consequence this "congenital
criminal" was dismisscd from sorvice. TIe sank decper
and dcepcr in the mire, l)ecame a tramp, lived on his wits,
and was confined several times in an insane asyluin.

The author found a pronounced asymmetry of the
skull, and also tlie right foot mucli larger than the left,
etc.

O. was able to trace his shoe-fetichism back to Ins
eighth year. At that tinie lie lind frequently ai school

FETICIII8M. 267

let things fall on the ground so that he might have a cause
for coraing near to the lady teacher's foot. Periodically
the image of a woman's shoe impressed him so greatly that
he could not resi$t the impulse to run away.

This same inipulse had been the cause of his vagrancy.
He held himself responsible for any punishable acts ho
was guilty of. The author tested him as to the existence
of liis shoe-fetichism and found dcfinite proof that the
same was not simulated. Kurella had assumcd that the
shoe-fetichism of the patient was a mere invention, in fact,
had derived the idea from reading the author's book,
"Psychopathia Sexualis," as other critics have done on
similar occasions.

It became quite evident that O. had never seen or
heard of the book. (Cf. the original report of Kurella,
in which his reasons for stamping O. a criminal, are given
in extenso.)

The scientific obscrvations made by the author in this
case were based upon the following points, viz. : hereditary
taint, asymmetry of the skull and other signs of degenera-
tion, sexual perversion with periodical psychical manifes-
tations in which irresistible perverse impulses forced the
patient to abnormal thoughts and acts.

Even during his lucid intervals, O. should not be held
responsible for Ins actions, sincc ncrvous disturbances and
otlier psychical anomalios in the shape of normal defects
formed part of his degenerative psychopathic Constitution.

O. suffered from an inherited degenerative mania, and
was to be considered a danger to society (Alzheimer,
Archiv, f. Psychiatrie, xxviii., 2).

Gase 1 16. L., aged thirty-seven, clerk, from tainted
family, had his first erection at five years, when he saw
his bed-fellow — an aged relative — put on his night-cap.
The same thing occurred later, when he saw an old servant
put on her night-cap. Later, simply the idea of an old,
ugly woman's head, covered with a night-cap, was sufficient
to cause an erection. The sight of a cap or of a naked

268 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

woman or man only made no impression, tmt the mere
touch of a night-cap induced crection, and sometimes even
ejacnlation. L. was not a masturbator, and had never
been sexually active until bis thirty-sceond year, when he
married a young girl with whom he had fallen in love.
On his marriage-night he remained cold until, from neces-
sity he brought to his aid the mcmory-pieture of an ugly
woman's head with a night-cap. Coitus was immediately
successful. Thereafter it was always necessary for him
to use this means. Since childhood he had been subject
to oeeasional attacks of depression, with tendency to sui-
cide, and now and then to frightfnl hallucinations at night.
When looking out of a window, he beeame dizzy and anx-
ious. Ile was a perverse, peculiar, and easily embarrassed
man, of bad mental Constitution (Charcoi-Magnan, "Arch.
de neuro!.," 1*82, No. 12).

In this very peculiar case, the simultaneous coinci-
dence of the first sexual citation and an absolutely hetero-
geneous impression seerns to have deterinined the associa-
tion.

Ilammond (op. eil.') also nientions a case of accidental
associative fetichism that is quite peculiar. A married
man, aged thirty, who, in other respects, was healthy,
physically and montally, is said to have suddenly lost his
sexual power after nioving to another housc, and to have
regained it as sonn as the fumiture of the sleeping-room
had been arranged as it was before.

There is a third prineipal gronp of fetichists who have
as a fetich neither a portion of the female body nor a part
of female attire, but some particular mafrrial wliich is so
used, not because it is a material for female garments, but
because in itself it can arouse or increase sexual feelings.
Such materials are fiirs, rrivets and silks.

These cases differ from the force;oinff instances of erotic

PETiCUISM.

269

dreas-fetichiam^ in this, that these inuterials, mdike tVmale
linon, du not have any cloflfi rrfation to thc fömate body ;
and, unlike ftfcoefl and glovea? fcitey are not related to nr-
tain parts of the person which have peenliar symbolic Gig*
nihVaiK'e. llorrovrr, (bis fetiehisni eaimot bfi dae to an
aceidental association, l i k t * that in the eases of the night-
eupö and the arrangement of the sleeping-room ; fol these
C&86S form an entire groiip having the Banne objeet. It
must be presumed that ccrtain tuetilc sensatione (a kind
of tiekling irritatiun which Stands in some di staut relation
to lustfnl sen>atioiis O, in hypt ra satbeÜC individuals> für-
uitih the oeeasion for the origin of this fetichisin.

The following is a personal Observation of a man af-
fccted with tliiä pecttliAf fetichism: —

Gase 117. S* N., aged thirty-seven; of a Neuro-
pathie faniily; nenropatliir GOBfititutioiL He in ade the
followiiig Statement: "Froni my tarliol yoütb I have ab
waya had a deeply rooted partiality for fnrs and velveta,
in so far that thcse niateriuls cause me sexual exeitement,
and the sight and toueh of theiu givc ine Instfnl pleasurc.
I ran reeall no event that caused thifl peealiarity (snrh as
iln- ^i imiltainous occurrence of the firat sexual excitatioo

and an inipressimi of these inaterlals, — i, i\ß first cxeitatiun
by a woinun dres^ed in tlicm) ; in fuct, I ciinnut iviiieinber
w!n iL thifl < hiliu-insm begun. Eowever, by this 1 wonld
00t excludc the pussibilily of such an ewnt,— -of an acei-
dental eonneetion in a first Impression and conBeqnent
aseoeiAtioRj bat I tbink it vcry improbable that such a
(hing took place, hccaiise I believe such an 00CU2TßH0e
would have deeply impressed ine. All I knovf is, that
even when a small cbiid I had a lively deaire to ßöe and
stroke fürs, and thiis had an obscure sexual plousurc.
With the first oeeurrenec of deiinite sexual ideas, — L<\f the
direetion of sexual thoughts to wouiau, — tlie peenliar pre-
ference for woinen dressed in Hindi oxateriftle \\u< pro« nt.
Kinee tben? up to mature inanhood, it bas reniained im*

270 FSYCHOPATHIA SEXCAUS.

diang'rd. A wonian wearing für» or velvet, or, even bet-
Xftfj U>th, excites nie uiiicb inore quiekly and intensely than
one devoid of tbese auxiliarics. To be stire, tbese uiaterials
an* not a conditio sine qua non of excitation; the desire
oceurs also witbout them in resj>onse to tbe usual Stimuli ;
but tbe fcight and, particularly, tbe toucb of tbese fetieb-
inaterial» form for nie a j>owerful aid to otber normal
Stimuli and intensify erotic pleasure. Often merely tbe
higbt of only a passably pretty girl dresscd in tbese ma-
terials cause* nie vivid excitement, and overeomes me coui-
pletely. Even tbe sight of my feticb-materials gives me
pleasure, but tbe toucb of tbein mucb more. (To tbe
penetrating odour of fürs I am indifferent — rather, it is
unplcasant — and it is endurable only by reason of tbe
association witb pleasing visual and tactile impressions.)
I bave an intense longing to toucb tbese materials
wbile on a woinan's person, to stroke and kiss them,
and bury my face in tbcui. My greatest pleasure is,
inlcr actum, to see and feel my feticb ou tbe woinan's
Shoulder.

VFur, or velvet alonc, exerts on me tbe effect described,
tbe former much inore intensely tban tlie latter. The
comhinat ion of tbe two has tbe most intense effect. Again,
f (finale gamients made of velvet and für, seen and toucbed
wben off the wearer, cause nie sexual excitement ; indeed,
though to a less cxtent, the sanie effect is exerted by fürs
or rohes baving no relalion to female attire, and also by
tbe velvet and plush of furniture and draperv. Merely
pictures of costumes of fürs and velvet are objeets of erotic
interest to ine; indeed, the very Word "für" has a magic
charm, and immediately calls up erotic idcas.

"Für is such an object of sexual interest to nie that a
man wearing für that is effect ivc (r. infra) makes a very
unplcasant, repugnant, and disgusting impression on nie,
such as would he made on a normal person by a man in
the costume and attitude of a ballet-dancer. Siniilarly
repugnant to nie is the sight of an old or ugly wonian clad

FETICIIISM. 271

in beautiful fürs, bccause contradicting feelings are thus
aroused.

"This erotic dclight in fürs and vclvct is soinething
entirely different f roin simple sesthetic pleasurc. I havc a
very lively apprcciation of beautiful female attire, and, at
the same time, a particular partiality for point-lace; but
this is purely of an a?sthetic nature. A woman dressed in
a point-lace toilctte (or in other elegant, elaborate attire) is
more beautiful than another; but one dressed in my fetich-
material is more charming.

"Fürs, however, exercise on me the effeet described
only when the für has very thick, fine, smooth and rather
long hair, that Stands out like that of the so-called bearded
fürs. I have notieed that the etfect depends lipon this. I
am entircly indifferent not only to the ordinary, coarse,
bushy fürs, but also to those that are commonly regarded
as beautiful and precious, froin which the long hair has
been removed (seal, beaver), or of which the hair is natu-
rally short (erminc) ; and likewisc to those of which the
hair is overlong and lies down (monkey, bear). The speci-
fic effeet is exerted only by the standing long hair of the
sable, märten, skunk, etc. Now, velvet is made of thick,
fine, standing hairs (fibres) ; and its effeet may be due to
tliis. The effeet seems to dopend upon a very definite im-
pression of the points of thick, fine hair upon the tenninals
of the sensory nerves.

"But how this peculiar impression on the tactile nerves
is related to sexual instinet is a perfeet enigma to me. The
fact is, that this is the case with maiiy inen. I would also
«täte expressly that beautiful female hair pleases me, but
plays no more important part than the Äther charms; and
that while touching für I have no thought of female hair
(the tactile Sensation, also, has not the least resemblance
to that imparted by female hair). There is never associa-
tion of any other idea. Für, per se, arouses sensuality in
me, — how, I cannot explain.

"The more &\sthotic effeet, the beauty of costly fürs,
to which every one is more or less susceptible, and which,

272 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXÜALIS.

since Raphael's Fornarina and Reuben's Helene Four-
ment, has been used as the foil and frame of fcmale beauty
by innumerable painters; wlrich also plays so important a
röle in fashion, — the art and sciepce of feinale dress, — this
a?sthetic effect, as has been remarked, cxplains nothing
here. Beautiful fürs have the same a?sthetic effect on
nie as on normal individuals, and affect rae in the same
way that flowers, ribbons, precious stoncs, and other Orna-
ments affect every one. Such things, when skilfully used
enhancc feinale beauty, and thus, under certain circum-
stances, may have an indirect sensual effect. They never
have a direct, powcrful, sensual effect on nie, as do the
fetich-materials mentioned.

• "Though in me, and, in fact, in all 'fetichists,' the
sensual and a?sthetic effect must be strictly differentiated,
neverthclcss, that does not prevent me froin demanding in
my fetich a whole series of wsthetic qualities in form, style,
colour, etc. I could give a lengthy description of these
qualities demanded by my tastes ; but I omit it as not being
cssential to the real subjeet in band. I would only call
attention to the fact that erotic fetichism is complicated
with purely sesthetic tastes.

"The specific erotic effect of my fetich-materials can
be explained no bettcr by the association with the idea
of the person of the female wearing them, than by their
aosthetie impression. For, in the first place, as has been
said, these materials, as such, affect me when cntirely
isolated from the body; and, in the second place, articles
of clothing of a much more private nature, and which
undoubtedly call up associations, exert a much weaker
influence over me. Thus the fetich-materials have an
independent sensual value for me. Why, is an enigma
to me.

"Feathers in woraen's hats, fans, etc., have the same
erotic fetichistic effect on me as fürs and velvet (similar
tactile Sensation of airy, peculiar tickling). Finally, the
fetichistic effect, with much less intensity, is exerted by

FETXC1IIBM.

273

other smooth materials (satiu and silk) j but rough goods
(eloth, flannel) have a repeüitig effect

"In eonelusion, I will mentiou that somewhere I read
an article by Carl Votß on inicroccpbalic men, according
to which these creatures? at tbe sight o£ fürs, ru&hed for
thein and itroked tbein with every Manifestation of de-
light. I ain far froin uny thought, on tliis ground, to see
in widespread fur-fctiehism an atavistic retrogrcssion to
tbe taste of our bairy ancestors. Every eretin, with tbat
sisaplicity belonging to ifs condition, touches anytbmg
tbat pleases hiin, and tbe act is not nirt-'ssarily of a sexual
iiature ; just as many normal inen likc tu stroke a cat and
tbe like, or even vclvet fürs, and are not thus excited
sexually/*

In tbe literature of this subjeet, there are a few casea
belonging here: — '

Gase 118. A boy, aged twelve, beeame powerfully
excited sexually, wnen, by diuncc, hc covered bim seif with
a fox-skim From that tarne on tbere wae masturbatiun
with tbe employment of fürs, or by means of taking a
furry dog to bed. Ejaculation would result, aometimes
followed by an hysterical attack. His nocturnal pollu-
tions were induced by drearning tliat he lay entirely cov-
ered up in a soft skim Ile was absolutely insuseeptible
to Stimuli coniing from men or women. Ile was neu-
rastbenicj suffered with dclusioiis of being watelied, and
tbought that every one noticed bis sexual anomaly. Ile
bad iwdium üitcu on aecount of ibls, and ünally beeame in-
sane. ile bad niarked taint ; bis genitals were impcrfeetly
formed, and he presented other signs of degeneration
(Tarnowskyj op. cit.t p, 22).

Gase 119. C, was an especiallover of velvct Hc
was attraeted in a normt] way by beautiful women, but it
particulariy excited bim to h«?e Um porson with whom
he bad sexual intercourse dressed in velvet. In this> it

274 P8YCJIOPAT1IIA SEXUALIS.

was remarkable tliat it was not so much the sigbt as the
toucli of the velvct tbat caused the excitation. C. told
ine that stroking a woman's velvet jacket would excite him
sexually to an extent scarcely possiblc in any other way
(Dr. Mull, op. ciL, p. 127).

A pbysician communicated to mc the following
case : —

In a brothel a man was known under the naine of
''Velvet". He would dress a sympathctic puella with a
gar n tont made of black velvet, and would exeite and satisfy
bis sexual desires simply by stroking bis face with a corner
of her velvety dress, not touching any other part of the
person at all.

Another authority assures nie that this weakness for
fürs, vclirts and silks and fcalhcrs, is quite common among
masochists (cf. case 50). *

The following is a very peculiar case of material-
fetichism. It is combined with the impulse to injurc the
fetich, which, in this case, represents an dement of sadism
toward the woman wearing the fetich, or impersonal
sadism toward objects, which is of frequent occurrence
in fctichists (cf. p. 253). This impulse to cause injury
made this a remarkable criminal case: —

Case 120. In July, 1891, Alfred Bachmaii, aged
twenty-five, locksniith, was brought before Judge N., in
the second terin of the criminal court, in Berlin. In
April, 1891, the police had had numerous complaints,
aecording to which some evil band had cut women's

lln the novela of Nacher-Masoch, für plays an importnnt röle ;
in fact, it serves asa title in some of them. The explanation given
is that für (erniin) is the symbol of »overcignty, and therefore the
fetich of the men deseribed in these novels, seems unsatisfactory and
far-fetched.

FETICJfl&M.

275

«In ->es with a very sharp Instrument. In the cvening of
25t li April, they were successful in arresling the perpe*
trator in the pcrson of the aecused. A policenian notieed
how the aecused preesed, in a retnark&ble magner, against
u lady in the Company of a gcntlcinanr while they wen'
going throiigh a passage. The offieet roqncstcd the lady
to examine her dkrotB» white he held the man imdcr
suspiciom It was ascortalned that the dress had reeeived
quite a long g]it, The aecused was taken to the Station,
where he was examined. Besides a sharp knife, wlrich
he eonfessed he nsed for cutting dresses, two silk stfihes,
stich as ladies wear ou their dresses, were fottnd on In m ;
he also eonfeseed that he had taken tbeae from dresses
in erowds, Finally, the examination of hi,s person brougfat
tu lighl ■ laoVs Silken neck-aearf, The ftOCUSed said he had
fomid this. Sinee Ins statement in this casc couhl not bc
refutedj coniplaint was thcrefuiv made to res! on the rcsult.
of ihe search; in two ingtanoes in which oomplaixtt was
rnade by the inj n red pnrtirs Ins aeis were designated as
injury to property, and in two other iustaneos ae theft
The aecused, a man who had been often punished heforc,
with a pale, expressionlc^s f;nv, before the judge, gave a
>trim<ri' explanation of liis eiügm&ticft] sctioß, A majori
eook had onee thrown hini downstaira when he was
hegging of her, and sinee that tiiue he had entertaim d
great liatred of the whole feuiale sex. There was a doubfc
about bis responBibüity, and he was therefore examined
by a pbysieian. The medieal expert gave the opraion at
the final trial t hat there was no rcason to regard the
aecused as insane, thougfa hc was of low intelligencc.
The eulprit defended himself in a peculiar mannen An
irresistible impulse foreed him to approaeh woraen wear-
ing silk dresaes. The touch of dlh matcrial gave htm a
fvvling of dvlujhl, and this went so far that, while in
prieOB for exuminatiim, he had been excited if a sllk tliread
happencd to pass through bis fingers while ravellinti
Judge Müller eonsidered the aecused to be simply a dan-
gerous, vieious man, who should be made harmlcss for a

276

PÖYCHOLVATIUA SEX U ALIS.

long time. 11c advist.'d imprisonmcnt for Qgie vear. The
oourt senteiieed bim to six motitlis* iniprisoinnentj with
losa of honour für a year.

A olaseical ease of niaterial-fetichism (ailk) In tlie

following related by Dr. i\ G arnier: —

Gase 121. On 22nd September, 1881, V, was ar-

rested in the streets of Paris whüst he inturfered with
the silk dresses of a ladj in a mann er whieh aroused the
Buapicion of liia being a piek-pocket At fifBt he was very
niueh confuaed, bnt final 1\% aftcr many vain excuses, niade
a clean confession of bis "xoaziia"» Ile was twentv-iniie
v^ars of age, an assistant in a buokscller's shop; bis falber
was a drnnkard and a religious zealot, bis niotlier of ab-
normal rliaracter. She wished to inake a priest of bini.
Since bis early youth he feit au instinclive impulse — con-
genita! as he bclieves — to touch silk. When at the age
of twelve as a eboir boy he was allowed to wcar a ailk
sasli, he eonld not often enough finger it. Ile could not
describe the peculiar Sensation which he experieneed in
doing so. Later on he became acquainted with a ten-
year-old girl for vvhoni he had a childiah affeethm. Wben
on Sundays be niet tbis girl elad in a silk dress, he was
impelled to lovingly pnt bis anns aroimd her and toueh
her silk dress. Later he found exceeding great ph-asore
in gazing at the silk gOWXta exposed in a dressmaker's
shop and tu feel them,

Wben they gave bim remnants of silk material, he
would basten to pnt tliem next tu bis body, which aet im-
mediatelv produeted ereetiim, orgasm and even ejaeulation.
These loetful desircs made liim uncasv, so tliat he chmbtrd
bis voeation to the priesthood and obtaiiied hie discharge
from the seminurv. In oomfieqttenoa of habitual mastur-
bation be was at tbat time very neurasthenie. His silk-
fetiebisni swaved liim as «rar* Only wben a woinan wore
a silk gnwn COuld ahc «'liitrm hi in.

Even wben u ehihl, ladiefl willi silk gmvns played a

FKTirnisM.

277

prominent part in bis dreams; later on the latter were
accompanied hy polliitions* On aeeount of hia natural
shyness be did not resort to eoitus until latcr in life,
and then ho eonld otdj mooeed in it with a woman
dressed in silk. He nnieh proferrod to mix with erowds in
the street and there touch the silk gowns of ladies, which
always produeed ejacnlation accompnniod hy powerful
orgasma and intmse histfnl feeliaga. YYhat gratified him
men th:in Whig with the prettiest. woman was to put
on a silk petticoat whon going to bed.

The forensic inedieal opiniou deelared him to be a
heavily tuintod snbjeet who gavo way to abnormal
desires under the strahl of morbid Impulses. Pardon
( ''Dr. Utinihv, "Annales d'hygiene publique," 3C Serie,

XXIX«| 5).

The following ease of kid-glovc-feürhism tfl peculiarly
adapted to shovv the origin of fetiehistic assoeiations as
well as the enormous infhienee permanently exercised hy
such an association, although itself based upon a psychico-
jdivsical and morbid predisposition.

Gase 122. Hr. Z., an American, thirty-three yeara
of age, mamifactiirer, for night years enjoying a happy
niarried lifo, hlossed with offspring; consuUed me für a
peculiar trouhlesome glovo-fctiehism. He deapisod lii m-
self on aeeount of it, and eaid it brought him well nigh
to the verge of despair and even insanity.

He elaimed to come of thoroughly sound parents, bnt
sinco infaney had been neuropathie and very exci table.
T5y nature he was very sensual, winkst bis wife was very
frigid,

At the age of nine, he was sedueed by schoolmates to
praetise masturbation, whieh gratified htm immen^olv,
and he yielded to it with passion.

Ome 'luv wlieii sexually excitod he found a small bag
of ehainuis; skin. Ho slripped it over bis lnembrum and
experienced thereby great sensual ploasitrc. After that

278 PSYC1IOPATHIA SEXÜALI8.

he used it for onanistic manipulations, put it around his
scrotum and carricd it about with him day and night.
This aroused in him an unusual interest for leather in
general, but particularly for kid gloves.

With puberty this centered entirely in ladies* kid
gloves, whieh simply fascinated him. If he touched his
penis with one such glove it produced crection and even
ejaculation.

Men's gloves did not excite him in the least, although
he loved to wear them.

In consequence, nothing about woraan attracted him
but her kid gloves. These were his fetich. They must
be long, with many buttons, and if worn out, dirty and
saturated with Perspiration at the . finger-tips, they were
preferable. Women wearing such, even if ugly and old,
had a particiliar charm for him. Ladies with silk, or
cotton gloves did not attract him. He always looked at
her gloves first when mceting a lady. As for the rest
he took very little interest in the female sex.

When he could shake hanüs with a lady gloved with
kid, the contact with the soft, warm leather would cause
erection and orgasm in him.

Whenever he could get hold of such a glove he would
at once retire to a lavatory, wrap it around his genitals
and masturbate.

Later on when visiting brothels he would beg the
pvella to put on long gloves provided by himself for that
purpose, which act alone would excite him so nnich that
ejaculation cnsued forthwith.

Z. became a collector of ladies' kid gloves. Ile would
hide away hundreds of pairs in various places. These
he would count and gloat over in his spare time, "as a
miser would over his gold," place them over his genitals,
bury his face in a pile of them, put one on his band
and then masturbate. This gave him more intense pleasure
than coitus.

He made Covers for his penis of them, or suspensories,
wearing them for days. He preferred black, soft leather.

FETICHISM. 279

He would fasten ladies' kid gloves around his waist in
such a fashion that they would, apron-like, hang down
over his gcnitals.

After marriagc this fetichism grew worse. As a rule
he was only virile when he put a pair of his wife's gloves
during coitus by her Jiead so that he could kiss them.

The aeme of plcasure was when he could persuade his
wife to put on kid gloves and tlms touch his genitals
previous to cohabitation.

Z. feit very unhappy on aecount of this fetichism, and
raade repeated but vain attempts to free hiinself of the
curse.

Whenevcr he came across the word, or the picture
of a glove in novels, fashion-plates, advertisements, etc.,
he wras simply fäscinated. At the theatre his eyes were
riveted on the hands of the actresses. Ile could scarcely
tear himself away from the show-windows of glove-dealers.
He often would stuff long gloves with wool or some
such material to raake them resemble arms and hands.
Then he would make tritus membri inter brachia talia arti-
ficialia, until he had achieved his objeet.

It was his habit to take ladies' kid gloves to bed with
him and wrap them around his penis until he could feel
them like a large lcathern priapus between his legs.

In the larger towns he bought from the cleanors ladies'
gloves whieh had not been called for, but preferred those
most soiled and worn. Twice he admitted to have yielded
to the temptation to steal such gloves, although in every
other respeet he was absolutely correct. When in a crowd
he must touch ladies' hands whenever possible. At his
office he allowed no opportunity to pass without shaking
hands with ladies, in order to feel for "at least a second
the soft, warm leather". His wife must wear as much as
possible kid gloves or such made of chamois, with which
he provided her lavishly.

At his office he always had ladies' gloves lying on his
desk. Not an hour passed in which he did not touch

280 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

and stroke thcm. Wlien especially excited (sexually) he
put such a glove in Iris mouth and chewed it.

Other articles of the female toilet, likewise other parts
of the female body besides the hand, did not attract him.
Z. feit much dcpressed about this anomaly. Ile feit
ashamed to look into the innocent eyes of his children,
and prayed God to protect them from this curse of their
father.

The object of fetichism may also be found in a thing
which only by sheer accidcnt stands in relation to the body
of woman, as may be gathered from the following instance
related by Moll. 1t proves, morcover, how by the merely
aecidental association of an appereeption with a parallel
sexual emotion — based, of course, upon a special psychic
process — the object of such appereeption may hecome a
fetich which in its turn may some day disappear again.

The theory of association in connection with original
perverse manifestations (based on organo-psyehical mo-
tives) seems herc quite acceptnblo. The same may be
said of the data relating to masochism and sadism.

Case 123. B., thirty years of age, apparently un-
tainted, refincd and sensitive ; great lover of flowers ; liked
to kiss them, but without any sensual motive or sensual
excitement; rather of natura frigida; did not bofore twen-
ty-one practise onanism, and subscqucntly only at periods.
When twenty-onc he was introducod to a young lady wlio
wore some large roses on her bosom. Ever sinco then
large roses dominated over his sexual foolings. TIe in-
cessantly bought roses; kissing them would produce erec-
tion. He took them to bed with him although he nevor
touched his genitals with them. ITis pollutions honcofortli
were aecompanied by dreams of roses. TTe would dream
of roses of fairy-like beauty and, inhaling thoir fragrance,
have ejaculation.

He became secretly engaged to his "lady of roses,"
but the platonic relations grew colder, and when the

FET1CIIISM.

281

Engagement was broken off the rnse-fetidiism suddmly
und |)cnii;mi']itly disappearcd. It never returued, even
when he heeame again engaged after a long spell of
mrhmcholia (vi* 3/o£f, "Contralk f. d. Krankheiten der
Harn- und Sexual-organe," v., 3).

(d) B&asi-fetichfank

In dose relation to shiff-fetiehism, certain ea^es innst
be considere.fi in whieh heiists ix^ivise an apbtodiflieal
i&fltteooe owr human baings. One Eeefe tempted to call
it Ztmpiitfiii Btoi

Thii perverwimi seems to be rooted in u fati&hUm the
objeet of which ia the skia of the baaat.

The transmitting medium of this fetiAiani nmy,
ptiritapa, be fotind in a peeuliar idiosynerasis of the
taetilf ihtvis whieh, by touehing furn ur aniniul skins,
produees peeulisz and lustful emotiona (analogous to
hair-, hruid-, vetvet«, und Bilk-fetichiam). Tliis may,
perhaps, also explain tlmt peealia? hobhy for catfl and
dogs at times inet with in sexually pn-vn-nd persona
(ritlr especially eaae 118). The following caae, ooining
mider niy personal Observation, seems to favorir Ibis as-
snmption.

Gase 124. Zoophilia rrottra, fet.ichism. Mr. N. N\,
Iwenty-unr yeaw of age, from a nenropathjeully tainted
family, himsclf eongenitally nnnmpathie. Even a< a
diild he often feit impelled to perform at times cpiite in-
different actions for fear of enconntering fiome uiiloward
event, He learned easily, never bftd a severe illnesx, and
early a gmat bye for dornest ie animals* espeeially dogs
and rata, beeause when petting them be experieiuied lustfnl
eniotkms. For years he imlulged in this play with ani-
mals, whieh sensually stimnluted him, althongb in an
imtoeent fashion, as it wera When be arrived at the age
of pubert; be raoognisod the innnorulity of his aets and
tried tn f^ee bimself i'nnn the habtt Hr* roaeeeded in this,

282 PSYCHOPATHIE SEXUAL1S.

but henceforth he was troubled in Ins dreams by such
situations which produccd pollutions. He then began
onanism. At first he practised it by manipulation accom-
panied by the idea that he was petting and stroking ani-
mals. After soine time he arrived at psychical onanism,
produeed by vividly imagining such situations, and ac-
companied by orgasin and ejaculation. This made him
neurasthenic.

Ho claimed that sodomitic idcas never entered Ins
mind, that the sexus bestiarutn never influeneed Ins fancies
or actions, in faet he had given it no thought.

He never had homosexual instinet ; but heterosexual
desires were not foreign to him, though he had never
indulged in eoitus beeause of want of libido (ex masturba-
tione et neurasihenia!) and from fear of infeetion. He was
drawn only to women of lithe figure and with a proud

The usual Symptoms of eorobro-spinal neurasthenia
were present. Patient was of slight build and anamiic. He
was groatly eoneerned to know whetlier Ins lost virility
could be restored, as this would raise bis waning self-
esteem.

Suggestions how to avoid psych ie onanism, to remove
neurasthenia, to strengthen the sexual eentres, to satisfy
the vila scxiuilis in the normal way as soon as this should
be possible and sueeessful.

Iipierisis. No besliality, but fetiehism. Verv likely
the petting of domestie animals eoupled with an abnormally
premature rifa sexualis eoincidcd with a prima ry sexual
emotion — probably original ing from taetile Sensal ions —
and thus ostablished an assoeialion belween the two faels
which by repetition beeame ])ermanent ("Zeitschr. f. Psy-
chiatrie/' Bd. 50).

Antipathie Sexuality.

After the attainment of eomplete sexual development,
amon" the most eonslant elemenls of self-eonseiousness in

AKTIPATHIC SEXIWMTY,

283

ihr imliviflual are tlie knowlcdge of rcpresonting a definite
sexual jh rsim:ili i y and \\w eongeiousness r>f desire, during
tlu? period of physiologiea! aetiviiy of tho reproduktive
Organa (produethm of semcn and ova), fco porform sexual
acta corresponding with that sexual personality^ — acta
which, consciously or uncnnsciously* havo a pmrreative
purpoae,

The sexual inst inet and desire* save for indiatinefc
foclinga and Impulses, reniain latent imtil tlie period of
dcvclopment of flu1 sexual orgnns. The cliüd is grit< rix
nrutrius; and thonghj du ring thia lalent period/ — when
sexual ity has not yel risen into elcar eqnsciousness7 ia bvit
virtnally prosin r, and unoonn«*eted witlt pnwerful organio
Sensation«, — abnormally early exdtatton of tho genitale
may occur, cithor sprmiunomisly or aa a rcsult of externa!
infliicnee, and find Batlsfaetimi in masturbatiou ; yet,
notwithstundin^ 1 Ijis, tho pxyrhirtjf rolaHnn to persona of
the oppoeite sex is siill abäolntafy wantingj and the sexual
acta dliring tliis period cxlribit innre or Irss a retlcx spinal
eharaofer.

Tlie existcnco of innoecnce, or of sexual neutrality, ia
llie innre reiuarknhir, since vory early in educatiuu, oinploy-
ruent, dross, etc., tho eliild undcrßoca a ditferentiation froin
ehildren of the opposite sex. These impreasions remain,
In »wovor, devoid of psychiml si^nifieanoe, heeause lln-v
apparently are sirippod of sexual meaiinig; f<»r tlie central
organ (rorhj) of sexual emotione and ideaa ia not yrr
capuhlc of aolivity, OWlDg to ita undevclnpcd condition.

With the* ineeption of anatnmioal and functhmal
dovolnpment of l\\o genetative organa, and the differen-
tiation of form belonging to räch aex, which gocs band
in hand with it (in tho bov as well as in the girl), rudi-
mentfl of a mental feeling rnrrosponding with the sex
are devolopcd; and in tliis, of Rmree, edueafion and
cxtemal influcneos in geäeral have a powerful offoct upnn
tlie individtial, who now begins to observe.

If the sexual development ia normal and ttndisturbed,
a dofinite character, covreapanding writh llie aex, is dovel-

284

PSYCHOPATH IA SEX U AUS,

opod. (Vrtain well-aVfinod inelinations and reactions in
intereoitrse with peraons <>f tbe oppoctite «ex arise; and
it 18 payehologieally worthy of aote with what relative
rapidity eacb individnal psyehical type eorreeponding with
the sfx ig evolved.

While modosty, for instance, du ring ehildhoorl, is
essentially but an uncoinprehendcd and inenmprehensible
exaethm of educatiosi and imitation, expressed but in»-
perfeetly in the innocence and naiveie of the child ; in
the youth and maiden it beeomes an imperative reqnire-
menl nf si ]f -respeei ; and, if in anv wav it is oftViidcd»
intense vaso-uiotor rcacüon (hlushing) and psyehical
emotion 9 are induced.

ff the original Constitution is favouxablo and normal,
and facto rs injurious to the psycho-scxual development
BXtiffliM no adverse luflueneo, then a psycho-soxual
Personality is developed whieb is so nnchangeable and
oorreeponda so completely and harmoniously with the sex
of the ind l vi dual in quostion, that suhsoquent loss of the
generative Organa (as by castratiou), or the climaciermm
or eenility, eannot essentially alter iL

Thia, howovor, nmst imt he hiken as a declaration that
the eastrated man or woman, the youth antl the ftged
man, the inniden and ihn matten, tlie impotent and the
potent man, do not differ essentially froin each other in
their psyehical existenco.

An interesting and important quesüon for what follows
is, whether the pcriphcral inlluenees of ihe generative
glands (teötee and uvarics), or central cerebral citnditions,
are flu* determining Caetera in psycho-sexua! development.
The faet that congenita! deficieney of the generative
glands, r>r removal of them Iwfore puberty, liave a great
influence on physical and psyeho-sexual development, so
lhat the latter is stiuited and aesinnes a type nrnro closdy
rcRcmhling the nppositc sex (eunuehs, eertain viragoes,
ete»), betotens tlieir great impertance in ihis roepeet

Thal tlie physical proecsses taking place in the genital

ANTIPATIIIC SEXÜALITYi

B85

organs are only eo-operativc, and not the exclusive fuetors,
in the process of devclopinent of the psycho-sexual char-
acter, is shown by ihe faet that, notwithstandi ng a normal
anatomical and physiologieal Btate of these organs, a sexual
instinct may be developed which is the esact oppositc of
that eliaractcristic of the sex to which the individual
bclongs.

In this case, the cause ia to be aought only in an anoni-
aly of central conditions, — in an abnormal psycho-sexual
Constitution. This Constitution, ha far as its anatomical
and f unctional foundation is concerncd, is as yet unknowu.
Since, in nearly all such eases, the individual tainted with
ant 1 jiatliic sexual instinct displays a neuropathie predispo-
aition in several directions, and the latter may bc brought
into relation with hereditary degenerate conditions, this
unomaly of psycho-sexual feeliiig may be call cd, clinically,
a f unctional sign oi; degeneration. This inverted scxuality
appeare spontaneously, without externa! cause, with tho
developiuent of sexual life, as an individual manifestation
of an abnormal form of the piia se.niolis, having tho force
of a congenita! plunomenon ; or it dsvetopa upon i sexuulity
the beginn mg of which was normal, as a result of very
dcJintte injuriuus inmienees, and thus uppears as an ac-
quired anornaly. lipon what conditions this migiuaticul
phenomenon of acquired homo-sexual instinct depends,
remains still unexplaitied, and is a mere matter of hypo-
thesis, Careful exaniination of the so-ealled acquired
makes it probable that the mvdisposition — also
present here — consists of a latent homo-sexualitv, or? at
any rate, bi-sexuality, which, for its manifestation, re-
quirea the influence of accidental exciting causes to rouse
it from its dormant State.

Tu so-called antipathic sexual instinct there are degrees
of the phenomenon which mute correspond with the de-
grees of prodispnsitiun of the individuals. Tims, in the
milder eases, there is simple hercnaphroditigm ; in more
pruiumnecd cases, only homo-srxuul feclmg aud iit&tilLCt,
but limited to the viia se&ualis; in still more oomplete

286 PSYCHOPATI1IA SEXUALIS.

cases, the whole psychical personality, and even the bodily
sensations, are transforined so as to correspond witli thc
sexual in version; and, in the complete cases, the physical
form is correspondingly altered.

The following division of the various phenomena of
this psycho-sexual anomaly is made, therefore, in accord-
ance with these clinical facts.

A. Homo-sexual Feeling as an Acquired Manifestation in
Both Sexes.

The determining facto r here is the demonstration of
perverse fceling for ihe same sex; not the proof of sexual
acts with the same sex. These two phenomena must not
be confounded with each other; perversity must not be
taken for perversion.

Perverse sexual acts, without being dependcnt upon
perversion, often come under Observation. This is espe-
cially true with reference to sexual acts between persons
of the same sex, particularly in pederasty. Here parces-
thesia scxualis is not necessarily at work; but hypenvs-
thesia, with physical or psychical impossibility for natural
sexual satisfaction.

Thus we find hoino - sexual intercourse in impotent
masturbators or dcbauchccs, or faule de mieux in sensual
men and women under iiuprisonment, on ship-board, in
garrisons, bagnios, boarding-schools, etc.

There is an immediate return to normal sexual inter-
course as soon as the obstacles to it are removed. Very
frequently thc cause of such teniporary aberrat ion is
masturbation and its results in youthful individuals.

Xothing is so prone to contamiiiate — under certain
circumstances, even to exhaust — the source of all noble
and ideal sentiments, which arise of themselves from a
normally develoj)ing sexual instinet, as the practicc of
masturbation in early years. It despoils the unfolding bud
of perfumc and beauty, and leaves bchind only the eoarse,
animal desire for sexual satisfaction. If an individual,

IJoMu-SEXCAL FEE LI NO IN IIOTII SEX ES,

287

1 1ms depraved, reaebcs ihe age of maturifw t ] i < re is
wauting in him that a>iheiic, ideal, pure and free impulss
whieh draws the oppwite sexea togelher, Thä glow of
sensual sensibilitv wanos, and the inelinatiun tu ward tlio
opposile sex is wcakened, Tliis defeet inihienees the
moralß, the character, £aucy, feeUog and inst inet of the
VMiillit'nl uiiistuthaiMr, male or feiuale, in an uufavourable
niaimer, even causing, under certain ciraupstaaeefl, the
desire for ihe opposite sex to sink Im nil ; so that masturba-
liou is preferred to tlie natural mode of satisfaetion.

Soiuetiiues the development of ihe nobler sexual fuel-
iii^s tu ward the opposite sex suffura, un uecotmt of liypo-
chruiidriacal fear of infeetion in sexual intercourse; or
OB accoimt of an actual infeetion j vr as a result of a faulty
uducation whieh points out such dangers and rxajrgerates
them, Aguin (cspecially in femalea), fear of the result of
eoiius ( pregnaney ) , or abhorrence of men, bj reason of
pbysica] ose moral defects, may direct int*» perverse Chan-
nels an inst inet that makes ltself feit witli abnormal in-
teaaity. On the oiher huud, prämature und perverse
sexual satisfaetion injures not increlv the iniiul, bat also
the body; inusitiuch as it induces neuroses of the sexual
apparatus (irritable weakness of the centrea governing
ereetioö and ejaculation; defective pleasurabie fccliug in
coitus, ct<\)> white, at the saine time, it maintains Imagin-
ation and lihido in conti nuous excitenient.

Aliiiost every maaturbatoy at last rcaches b point
\vhcrc\ frighteaed on learning the rftsults o£ (he rioe, or on
experiencing them (neuruslhciiia), öf led hy exaniple or
seduetion to the opposite sex, he wishea to free hiniself
of Üje vice and je-inslalo bis vltn scntnlis.

The moral and mental couditions are here the mo*t
unfavourablc possible* The pure glow of sexual feeling is
deatroyed; the fire of sexual instinet is wanting, and seif-
confidence is lost; for everv niasturbator is more or less
timid and eowardly. If the vouthful sinner at last eornes
to make an attempt at eoitua, he is either disappointed
because enjoyment is wanting, on aecount of defective

288

TS Y C II O PA T 1 1 1 A HEXÜ ALI 8.

sensual feoling, or he \s laeking in the physieul strengtb
seary to accompIUh tbe aet. Tkis fiasco has a fatal
cffect, and leada to absolute payehifsa] bnpofcenoe. A bad
emiseience and Hie niemory of pAfit ftiilurcs prevent sue*
eees in any fürt her attcinpts. The ever preeent libido
$&ewaH$j howeveT, deiuands satisfaetionj and this moral
and mental perversion separates furtlier and furtlier from
woman.

Für vnrinus ivasons, Iiowever^nefUJfasälCIlic COmplatatSj
bypochondriural fear of rcsults, etc.), the individual is
also kept from Masturbation. At ti iu.es, under auch eir*
cumstanees, bestiality is resorted ta. Intern >ni\so witb the
same sex is tbcn near at band, — as tbe rcsult of seduetion
or of tbe feelings of friendship whieh, on the level of patho-
logicft] M-xuality, easily assoeiate themaelves witb sexual

frrlin--.

Passive and mutual onanisin now become the equivalciit
of tbe avoided act If tbere is a seducer, — wbich, un-
fortunately oftcu happenö, — then the eultivated pederast
is producedj — Le.ß a man who performs quasi aets of onan-
ism witb persona of bis own sex, and, at tbe satne time,
i\v\.< and prefers hiinself in an aetive role corresponding
witb bis real sex; who is mentally indifferent not only to
persona of tbe opposite sex, but also to those of bis own.

Sexual aberration reaehes this degree in the normally
eoiistituted, unfainfrd, mentally bealthy individual No
case has yet been demonstrated in wbich perversity has
been transfonned into per Version — i.e., hito an Inversion
of tbe sexual instiüct.1

lOarmvr ("Anomulies Sexuelles," Paria, pp. 508, 509} reporta
two cnses (uases 222 and 223) tliat urt* apparently opposed to this
aBsumption, particiitarly Ihn first, in wlüch despair about the unfaith-
fulnesa of a lovtT led the individual to sab mit to the seduetions of
mei^ But the case ilaelf dearly showa that this individual never
found plea&urc in homo-scxual acts. In caae 223, the individuell was
effeminated ab arigirivt or was at least a psychical hermaphrodite.

Thoae who hold to the opiniem that the origin of homo sexual
feeüngs and Lnittact is fnwid to bc exeluaively in defective education
and other psydiolopical influences axe eutirely in error.

An uniainted male may be raiaed ever so much Uke a female,

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELINO IN BOT II ÖEXES.

289

With talnted individuals, the matter is quite differeiit.
The hiii'iit perverse svMiulity is developed imder the iutiti-
enee of neunuslbema induced by niasturbalinii, abstinente,
or otherwise,

(Jradually, in cuntaet Witt persons of the same sex,
sexual ixritafioii by thein is induucd. Related ideau are
'eolonred with Ittstful fcclings, and &waken eorresponding
desires. This deeidedljr dcgenerate reactloii is th« begin-
ning of i pfoeeBfl <»f physieal and mental transformalbnu
a deserlption of which is attompted in what, follows, and
which is one *rf ibc moet interesting psyrhobtgieal pbenoxn-
cna tbat ha vc been obsorved. Tbis metamorphosis pre-
sents differeiit stages, or degrees«

h Dcgree: Simple Reversal of Sexual Fecling.

This degree is attained when a person exercises an
aphrodisiac effeet over another person of the Mmfi ßes
who recipTÄCfttee the sexual foeling. Charaetcr and in-
stinet, hfcwevcr, still correspond with the sex of the Indi-
ana a fomnle tike a male, but they will not Weome homo-tM^ul
The natural disjmtititm is thv det er m innig e<*nditit}ti ; not edueätion
ftml other accidental cirenrn Starters, likc seduetion* Thrrc es in be no
t benign t of nntipathic sexual inst inet save when the person of the
same »ex pxerts a psycho *e\iml faflttCHOH over the individual, and
thua bring» about libido am! arj,MMn, — i. t\. has a psvchicftl atlnic-
tion, Those cases are quite different in which, /tfu/e de rnifiur, with
great sensuality and a defective erst belle sense, tbe boily of n person
of the same sex b used for an onmuatic aet (not for eoitus in a
psych ieal aensel.

in bin exeeüenl monograph, Moll ehows very eiearly and eon-
vineingly the importance of original prediapogition in contrasl with
exciting causca {rf. op* cit., pp, 212-231). He knows " mariy cases
whcre early sexual jntereourse with men was not eapuble c»f imluring
perversion." Moll signifieantly saya, für t her s 'M know of such an
epidemie (of mütual onanism ) in a Berlin sehool, where a peraon,
who Li now an nvu>rt wbnm&witj introduced nuttual annahm»
Tbough I now know the names of very many Urnings in Berlin^ yrt
I enulil not aseertain^ even wilh anything like probability, thnt aniung
all tbe pupils of tbat achoo] at tbat tinie there was one that had
boeome an Urning; but, on the uther band, 1 have quite crrüiin
kru^vk'dge tbat many of thoae pupila are now normal aexiiallv. in
fecling and intercourse.

290 PSYCHOPATUIA SEXUALIS.

vidual prcsenting the reversal of sexual fccling. He feels
himself in the active röle; he recognizes his iiupulsc
toward his own sex as an aberration, and finally sceks
aid.

With episodical improvement of the neurosis, at first
even normal sexual feelings may reappear and assert
theniselves. The following case seeuis well suited to
exemplify this stage of the psycho-sexual degeneration : —

Case 125. Acquired Antipathie Sexual Instinct. "I
am an official, and, as far as I know, come from an nn-
tainted family. My father died of an acute disease; niy
mother, still living, is very nervous. A sister hau bect\ very
intensely religio us for some ycars.

"I myself am tall, and, in speech, gait and manner,
give a perfectly masculine impression. Measles is the
only disease I have had; but since my thirteenth year I
have suffered with so-called nervous headaehes.

"My sexual life began in my thirteenth year, when
I became acquainted with a boy somcwhat older than
myself, quocum alter alterius genital ia tangendo delectabar.
I had the first ejaculation in my fourteenth year. Seduced
to onanism by two older school-mates, I practised it partly
with others and partly alone; in the latter case, however,
always with the thought of persons of the female sex. My
libido sexualis was very great, as it is to-day. Later, I
tried to win a pretty, stout servant-girl who had very
large mammcu; id solum assceutus suin, ut nie pnesente
superiorem corporis sui j)artem enudaret mihique conec-
deret os mammasque osculari, dum ipsa penem uieum
valdc erectum in nianum suain reeepit eunupie trivit.

"Quamquam violentissime coitum rogarein hoc solum
conecssit, ut genitalia ejus tangerem.

"After going to the university, I visited a brotliel and
sueeeeded writhout special effort.

"Then an event oecurred which brought about a eluinge
in nie. One evening I accoiii])anied a friend honie, and
in a mild State of intoxication I grasped hiiii ad genitalia.

HOMO-SEXUAL FEEL1XU IN UOTI! SEXES.

Ek Enadfl but slighi Opposition, I then wuut up i<* hi^
room with bim, 1.1 ziel we praetised mutual niusturbauom
Froiu that time we indulged in it quite frequantly; in
faet, it came to immissio peius in os, with reralta&t ejueu-
lafiutis. But it is Strange that 1 was not at all in luve with
this persoii, but passicmutuly in luve with anuther friend,
ncar whoiu 1 üever fdl the slighteal sexual excitement, a&d
whum 1 aever connected wilh sexual malt* rsT eten in
thought. My Visits tu bruthels, where I was gludly re-
ccivcd, becanie more infreipient ; in my friend I found
a Albfltittttöj aud did uut desiru sexual iutercourse witli
wuiueiL

u\Ye never praelisrd pederasty, Thal WOfd was not
even known betwecn us, From 1 1 1 e beginniug of ihis rela-
tion with luv friend, I agaiu lnasturbated inore frr^uently,
and naturally the thoilgfat of females nredrd murc and

inore into the barkgruund, and I thought enore and more
ahont yonng, hamlsunic, etltmg inen wilh the Uurgefit p

sible genitale* I prefenvd youug fellows, from sixteen to

Iwenty-five years old, wühout bean.ls, bot ihey had l<>
be liaTidsoiue and eleam Vonng lab dieeaed in

trousers of Manchester eloth or En^lish leather, partic-
nlarly masons, eepecially exeiied ta&

**Person8 in my own ]>ositiuii had hardly any effect <m
mej but, at the si<rht of um* a£ thuse strapping fellows of
the lower class, 1 experinicud uiarked sexual exeiteinent.
It secnis tu nie that the kmeh of sueh trcmseTQ, the open-
lug öl them and the gr&sping <rf Che penis, ftfl well Hfl
kissin^ the felluw, wouW be the greateei deligbt Mv
eensibility to feiuale ehanns is soinewhat diilled ; yet in
sexual iiitorcmirso with a woiium, partienlurly when she
has well-devdoped nnunmc, I arn alwaye potent withunt
the help of Imagination. I have never attempted to make
Üae of a young labourer, or tlie like, for flu- satirfaetion of
iny evil desiiee, and never shall ; but I often feel a longim*
to do it I often impress on mvsi-lf the mental Image oi
such a man, and then masturlmte at In

"I am absolutely devoid ol taste fof female work* I

292 PSYCHOPATUIA SEXUALIS.

rather like to move in fcniale society, bnt dancing is
rcpugnant to nie. I have a lively intcrest in the fine arts.
That my sexual sense is partly rcversed is, I believe, in
part due to greater convenience, which keeps nie from
entering into a relation with a girl; as tlic latter is a
matter of too much trouble. To be constantly visiting
houses of prostitution is, for sesthetic rcasons, rcpugnant
to mc ; and thus I am always returning to solitary onanism,
wliicli is very difficult for nie to avoid.

"Hundreds of tinics I have said to myself that, in
order to have a normal sexual sense, it would be neces-
sary for nie, first of all, to overcomc my irresistible passion
for onanism, — a practice so rcpugnant to my &»sthetic
feeling. Again and again I have resolved with all my
might to fight this passion; but I am still unsuccessful.
When I feit the sexual impulse gaining strcngth, instead
of seeking satisfaction in the natural manuer, I prefcrred
to masturbate, because I feit that I would thus have more
enjoyment.

, "And yet experience has taught nie that I am always
potent with girls, and that, too, without trouble and with-
out the vision of masculine genitals. In one case, how-
ever, I did not attain ejaculation because the woman — it
was in a brothel — was devoid of evcry charm. I cannot
avoid the thought and severe self-accusation that, to a
certain extent, my inverted sextiality is the rcsult of
excessive onanism ; and this cspecially depresses nie, be-
cause I am compcllcd to acknowlcdge that I scarcely feel
strong enough to overcome this vice by the force of my
own will.

"As a rcsult of my rclations for years with a fellow-
student and pal, mentioned in this eommunication —
which, however, began while we were at the university,
and after we had been friends for seven years — the im-
pulse to unnatural satisfaction of libido has grown much
stronger. I trust you will permit the description of an
ineident which worried me for months : —

"In the summer of 1882, I made the acquaintance

IIOMU-SEXUAL FERJ-INO IN BOTIt SE3CES.

293

of a companion six years younger than myself, wbo, with
sevoral others, hat! beeö introdiieed to me und niy ae-
quaintaiices. I very aoon feit a decp interest in thi»
handsome man, who ww unusually well-proportioned,
süm, and füll of health. After a few weekfl of associa-
tion, this liking ripcned into friendsliip, and at last into
passionate love, with feelings of the most intense jealousy*
I very soon noiieed that in this love sexual excitation was
also tetf marked; und, notwithatanding my detrnnilia-
tion, aside from all others, to keep myself in check in
relation to this man, whom I respeetrd sn highly for Ins
superior charaeter, one night, after fror indulgrnrr in
beer, as we were enjoying a boftlc of Champagne in my
Boom, and drinking to good, tnie and laeting friendship,
1 yielded to the irresistible Impulse to embraco htm, etc,
"Wlien I saw him next day, I was so ashanied that
I oonld not look him in the face, I feit the deepest rcgrct
for my action, and aeeused Inyself bitterly for having thus
Kiill ilmI this frieudshtp, whieh was to he and remain so
pure and prrrious. In order to prove to him that I hat]
lost eontrol of myself only momentarily, at the end of
the semester I urged him to make an exeurmon with me;
and after smne reluctancr, the reason of wliirh wae only
too clear to nie, he conteoted. Several nichts wc slept
in the same room without any attempt 011 my part to
repeat rny aetion. I wished to talk with him abotit the
event of that. night, but T eould not bring myself to it;
even whon, during the next sernester, we were separated,
I ronld not induce myself to write tu him on (he snlvjcct ;
and vvhrn T visitrd him in Mureh at X., it was ihr same.
And yet I feit a great desirr to clear up tliis dark point
by an open Statement. In Oktober of the saine year I
was again in X., and Ulis timn found ronrage to »peak
without reserve; indeed, T askrd him wby Im had not
resisted me, Hr answered that, in part, it was because
he wishrd to pteaäe iu*\ and, in part, nwing to the faet
that he was sotuewliat apathetie as a result of bring a
little iiitoxieatril I rxplained to liim my ronditinn, and

294 PSY'CUOPATIEIA SEXUALIS.

also gave him "Psychopathia Sexualis" to read, express-
ing the hope that by the force of my own will I should
becomc fully and lastingly master of my unnatural im-
pulse. Since tbis confession, the relation between tbis
friend and nie has been the most delightful and happy
possible; there are the most friendly feelings on botb
sides, which are sincere and true; and it is to be hoped
that they will endnre.

"If I 8honld not improve my abnormal condition, I
am determined to put myself under your treatment; the
more beeause, after a eareful study of your work, I can-
not count myself as belonging to the category of so-called
Urnings; and also beeause I have the firm eonviction, or
hope, at least, that a strong will, assisted and combined
with skilful treatment, could transform me into a man
of normal fecling."

Case 126, Ilma S.,1 aged twenty-nine; single, mer-
chant's daughtcr; of a family having bad nervous taint.
Father was a drinkor and died by suicidc, as also did the
paticnt's brother and sister. A sister suffered with con-
vulsivc hysteria. Mother's father shot himself while in-
sanc. ilother was sickly, and paralysed after apoplexy.
The patient never had any severe illness. She was bright,
enthusiastic and dreamy. ilenses at tlie ago of eigliteen
without difficulty; but thereaflor they were verv irregulär.
At fourteen, chlorosis and eatale])sy froin fright. Later,
hysteria gravis and an attack of hysterieal insanity. At
eighteen, relations with a young man which were not pla-
tonie. This nian's love was passionatoly returned. From
Statements of the patient, it seemed that slie was very
sensual, and after Separation from her lover practised
masturbation. After tliis she led a romantic lifo. Tn order
to earn a living, slie put on male clothing, and became a
tutor; but slie gave up her place beeause her mistress,
not knowing her sex, feil in love wijli her and eourted her.

1 Cf. nuthor's *' Exporimental Study in t.ho Domain of Hyp-
notism," third «lition, 1SSI3.

llnMo-SKXUAL f RELING IN BOTH SEX HS. %VO

Then sho baeame b railway employee. In the Company of
her conipanions, in ordcr to conceal her sex, she was nun-
pollod to visit brothels with them, and hrar the most vul-
gär storics. This Ix nun« &o distasteful tr> hör that she
gave up he? place, rosnmed 1 1 1 *■ garments of a female, and
agaitt ftougbt to carn her living, She was arrostod for
thrfi, and (m aecount of severe hystero-epilepsy was sent
§to the hosnituL There inelination and impulse toward the
samt? sex were diseovered. The patient bocatne trouble-
«ome on aecount of pasainnaitc love for female mirses and
patients.

Hör sexual Inversion was oonsidered congenital. With
regard to this, the patient made sonie in forest ing State-
ments : —

**I am judged mcorrectly? if it is thought that I feel
myself a man toward the feinale sex, Tn inv whole thought
and fecling I am mueli inoro a wöflPUttU Oid I not love
my consin as only a woinan ean love a man ?

**The ehange of my fediogs original cd in this, that» in
Pesth, dressod as a man, I had an opportun ily to observe
my eonsin. I saw that I was wholly deeeivod in bim. That
gave. mo terrihle licart-pangs. I know thnt I eould never
love anotber man; that I Ixdongod to tbose wbo love bnt
onoe, Of similar effoet was the faet that, in the Society
of my coinpamoiiö at tlie railway, I was compolled to hear
the most offensive langnage and Visit the most disrepnta-
ble liouses. As a resnlt of the msight into nicivs motives,
gained in this way, I took an tinconquorahle dislike fco
them, However, since I am of a very passionato natnro
and need to havo lome bring person on whoni to dopend,
and to whom I ean wholly surrender myself, I feit myself
moro and niore powerfnlly drawn toward intelligent womon
and girls wbo were in sympathy with me,"

The atttipathic sexual instinet. of this patient, which
was eloarly acquired, expressed itself in a stormy and de-
eidedlv sensual way, and was fiirfhor angmented hv mAft-
hirfaation; beoavaa conatant ermfrol in hospitals mado sex-
ual satisfaction with fbe satno *ex uapOASlble. Chararter

29G PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

and occupation rcmained feminine. There were no man-
ifest ations of viraginity. According to information lately
reccived by the author, this patient, after two years of
treatment in an asyhim, was entirely freed from her neu-
rosis and sexual inversion, and discharged cnred.

Case 127. Mr. X., aged thirty-five, single, civil
servant; motlier insane, brother hypoehondriacal.

Patient was healthy, strong, of lively sensual tempera-
ment. He had manifested powerful sexual instinct abnor-
mally early, and masturbated while yet a small boy. He
had coitus the first time at the age of fourteen, with en-
joyment and complete power. When fifteen years old,
a man sought to seduce him, and performed manustupra-
tion on him. X. experieneed a feeling of repulsion, and
freed hiinself from the disgusting Situation. At maturity
lie committed exeesses in libido, with coitus; in 1880 he
became neurasthenic, being afflicted with weakness of erec-
tion and cjaculatio prcccox. He thus became less and less
potent, and no longer experieneed pleasurc in the sexual
act. At this period of sexual decadence, for a long time
he still had what was previously foreign to him, — still
ineompreliensible to him, — an inclination for sexual inter-
course with imraature girls of tho age of twelve or thir-
teen. His libido inereased as virility diminished.

Gradually he developed inclination for bovs of tliirteen
or fourteen. He was impelled to approacli them.

Qnodsi ei occasio data est ut tangere posset pueros qui
ei placuere, penis vehementer se erexit tum maxime quum
crura puerorum tangere potnisset. Abhinc feminas non
cupivit. Xonnunquam feminas ad coitum coi:git sed erectio
debilis, cjaculatio pnematura erat sine ulla voluptate.

Xow only youths interested him. He dreamed about
them and had pollutions. After 1882 he now aud thon
had opportunity coneumbrre atm juvenihus. This led to
powerful sexual excitement, whicli he satisfied bv nias-
turbation. Tt was quite exce])tional for him to venture
touching his bed-fellow and iudul&nng in mutual mas-

HOMO-SEX TAL FEELINO IN ROTH SEXES.

297

turbation. He shunned pederasty. For the most part, he
was coinpelled to satisfy bis sexual needs by nieans of
ßolitary Masturbation. In the act he eallcd up the vision
of plca.sing boys. After sexual intercourse with such böys,
he always feit strengt hened and refreshe.fi> bot morally
depressed ; because the« waa eonsciousness of having
perforaied a perverse* indecent and puimhable act. lle
found it painful that bis disgusting Impulse was inore
powerful than Ins will.

X- thought. that his love for his own sex had resulted
from grcafc cxcess in natural sexual intercourse, and be-
nioaned his Situation. On the oecasion of a coiisultation,
in Deeember, 1H$1>, Im a.sked nie whether there were any
means to bring hiin baek to a normal sexual eoiiditimi,
since he had no real horror ftmiiur, and would very gladly
marry.

This intelligent patient, free from degenerative signs,
prpsented no abnormal Symptoms exeept those of sexual
and spinal neurast lienia in a modemta degree.

//. Degree: Eviraiion and Defcminatiön,

Ifj in cases of antipathic sexual instinct thus developed?
no restoraticm occurs, then AßGp and lasting rransfornia-
tions of the psyrhiml pprsoualitv muy odßUt. The pro©
rninpleting itself in this wav inay 1>p brh-tlv designated
eviratian {defeminolion in woman). Tbe patient imder-
gries a deop ehangp of eharacter, partieuhirly in his feelings
and iwlinations, which tbus beeome those of a female.
After thil, be also feels hitnself to be a woman during the
sexual act, hna deflife only tot passive sexual indnlgence,
and, linder eertain ciivumshmees, sinke to the lere] of a
prostitufp. Tu this eondirion of deep and more lasting
psvebo-sexuul trainrformation, tbe mdividual is like uuto
tbe (coügmitßA) Urning of high grade. The possibilitv of a
reatoration of the previoua mental and sexual personality
seeins in sueh a case, preduded.

298 PSYC1IOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

The following case is a classical examplc of this variety
of lasting acquired antipathic sexual instinct : —

Case 128« Seh., aged thirty, physician, one day told
me the story of his life and malady, asking for explana-
tion and advice concerning certain anomalies for his vita
sexualis. The following description gives, for the most
part verbatim, the details of the autobiography ; only in
sorae portions it is shortened : —

"My parents were healthy. As a child I was sickly;
but with good care I thrived, and got on well in school.
When eleven years old, I was taught to masturbate by my
playmates, and gave myself up to it passionately. Until
I was fiftecn, I learned easily. On aeeount of frequent
pollutions, I beeame less eapable, and did not get on well in
school, and was uneertain and embarrassed when called
on by the teacher. Frightened by my loss of capability,
and recognising that the loss of semen was responsible for
it, I gave up masturbation ; but the pollutions beeame
even more frequent, so that I often had two or thrce in a
night. In despair, I now consulted one physician aftcr
another. Xone were able to help me.

"Sinoc I grew weaker and weaker, l>y reason of the
loss of seinen, with the sexual appetitc growing niore and
more powerful, I sought houses of prostitution. But. T was
there unable to find satisfaction ; for, even though the
sight of a naked female pleased me, neither orgasm nor
erection oecurred ; and even manustupration by the puvlla
was not ea]>al)le of indneing erection. Searcely wouhl I
leave the house, when the impulse would seize me again,
and I would have violent erections. I grew ashamed
before the girls, and ccased to visit such houses. Thus a
couple of years passed. My sexual life consisted of pollu-
tions. My inclination toward the oppositc sex grew loss
and less. At nineteen T went to the university. The
theatre had more attractions for me: T wished to beemne
an actor. My parents were not. willing. At the mefro-
polis I was compelled now and then to visit. girls with my

HOMO-SEXTAL FKELINO IN BOTll SEXES,

290

eomrades. I feared such a Situation; beeanse I knew tliat
eoitns was impossihlr for m<% and beeanse my frienda
might diseovcr my impotenec. Therefore, I avoidt-d, as
far as penible, the danger of becoming the butt of their
jokes and ridieule,

"One evening, in the opera-honse, an oM gentleman
f;iI rn*sir nie. Ile courted ine. I laughed lic-artily at the
foolißh old man, and entered into bis icke* Exinopinato
genitalis iura prehendit, quo facto statiin penia nieus se
erexit Frightened, I demanded o£ him what be mennt.
He said lhat he was in love with nie. Having heard of
hennaphrodites in the elinics, I thought I had one before
nie, and hecame enrions to see bis genital«. The old man
wus very willing, and wen! wirb ine to the water eloset.
Sienti poneni maxininm ejns creetinn adspexi, perterritns
effngi.

"This man followed me? and made stränge proposaU
which I did not nnderstand, and repelled. Ile did not give
inr :inv rest. I loa med the seerets of male love for males,
and feit tliat niy sexuality was exeited by it. But I
resisted tho shamcfnl passion (as I then regarded it) and,
for the next three years, I rrmained free from it. Döring
this time I repeatedly attempted eoitns with girls in vuin.
My attempts to free myself of my impotenee bv means of
niedieal treatinent were also in vain, Onee, whrn my
libido scxualis was tronbling ine again, I reealied what
the old man had. told nie: tbat inalc-loving inen were accus-
toined to ineel im tlie E. Pnunonadi'.

After a hard strnggle, and witb benting hoart, I wmf
tlun\ made the aeqnaintance of a blonde man, and allowed
myself lo be sedneed. The first ttep was taken, Thiß
kind of sexual love was aaüsfactory to mc. I always pre-
ferred to be in the arms of a strong man. The satisfaction
eonsisted of mutnal mannstnpration ; oeeasionnlly in
osfulum ad penem aUerius. I was then twentv-three years
old. Sitting, togetber with my comrades, on the bedi of
patients in the clinie dnring the Ieetnres, exeited me so
intensely tbat I conld seareely listen to tbe leetures. In

800 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

the same year I entered into a formal love-relation with a
merchant of thirty-fonr. We lived as man and wife. X.
played the man, and feil more and more in love. I gave
up to him, but now and thcn I had to play the man. After
a time I grew tired of him, becamc unfaithful and he
grew jealoua. There were terrible scenes, which led to
temporary Separation, and finally to actual ruptiire. (The
merchant afterwards became insane, and died by suicide.)

"I inade many acquaintances, and loved the most or-
dinary people. I preferred those having a füll beard,
wlio were tall and of middle age, and ablc to play the active
role well. I developed a procdtis. The professor thought
it was the result of sitting too much whilc preparing for
examinations. I developed a fistula, and had to undergo
an Operation ; but this did not eure me of my desire to let
myself be used passively. I beeame a pliysician and went
to a provineial town, where I had to live like a nun. I
developed a desire to move in ladies' society, and was
gladly weleoiued there; becausc it was found that I was
not so one-sided as most men, and was interested in
toilettes and sueh feminine things. Ilowcver, I feit very
unha])py and lonesome. Fortunately, in this town, I made
the aequaintance of a man, a 'sister,' who feit like me.
For soinc time I was taken eare of by him. When he
had to leave T had an attaek of despair, with depression,
which was aceompanied by thoughts of suicide.

"When it became impossible for me to longer endure
the town, I became a militarv surgeon in the capital.
Then» 1 began to live again, and offen made two or three
ae(|uain1auee.s in one day. I had ncvor loved bovs or
young j>eo|)le; only fully developed ukmi. The thought of
fallitig into the hattds of the police was frightful. Thus
far I have es<*a])ed the clutches of tlie blaekniailer. At the
same time, I could not keep myself from the gratifieation
of my ini]>ulse. After some montlis T feil in love with an
ofticial of forty. T remaitted true to him for a year, and
we lived like a pair of lovers. T was the wife and was
formallv eourted bv the U>ver. One dav I was transferred

HOMO-SEXUAL FEEl.INÜ IN BOTH SEXICS,

301

to a suiall tovvn. Wfl wert' in drspair. The last night was
Bpent its ccmiinmilly ki$£ing and caressiug 0©e anolher.

"In T* I was unspcakably unhappy, in spitc of some
"sisters* whom I fouud. I eould not forget my lover. In
order to satisfy my sexual desire, wiüeh eried fa* satis-
faetion;, I ehose soldiers. Moiicy obtained meu ; but thev
reinained cold, and I had no enjoymeni vvilh theui. I
was snceessfnl in heilig retransferred to the capital, where
there was a new luve relatioii, but mueh jealoirsy ; becauaö
my luver likcd to go into ihc societj of 'Bisters; aud was
prond and coquettish. There wafi a rupture. I WBM vrrv
unhappy and very glad to be transferred from the capital.
I 110 w stayed in Cj aloue and in despair. Tvvo infautry
privates were brought into Service, Uti t wifli the same
imsatisfarlurv rcsults. When shall I ever Und trne love
again!

"I am over medium height, well dcvcloped, and look
somewhat aged ; and, therefore, when I wish to maka
eonquests 1 use the arts of tlie toilet. My iminner, move-
ment and face are maseuHne. l*hv<irallv I feel as voutb-
ful as a buy of twenty. I luve the theatre, and especially
art My inteivst in the stage i* in the aetresSW, whose
every movement and gesture I notice and eritieisc.

"In the society of gentlemen I am silent and eiu-
barrassed, while in the BOciety **f those like myself I atn
free, witty, and as fawning as a rat if a man is svmpathctic.
l( I ain without love, 1 hemme deeply incluueholic; but
the favonrs of the firat haudsome man dispel my depres-
sion* In otlier ways I am frivolous am! very ambitioiis.
My profession u aothing to ine. Uasculine pursuits do
not intens! me, I prefei oovelfl and going to tlie theatre*
I ani cnVminate, sensitive, easily nioved, easily injiuvd
and nervous. A sudden noise inakes niv whole bodv trem-
blc, and I have to collect myself in order to keep from
crying out"

Eemarka: The foregoing case is ccrtainlv one of ac-
quired autipathic sexual inst inet, since the sexual instinet

302 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

and impulse were originally directed toward the female
sex. Seh. became neurasthenic through masturbation.

As an accompanying manifestation of the neurasthenic
neurosis, lessened impressionability of the erection-centre
and consequent relative impotence developed. As a result
of this, sexual sensibility toward the opposite sex de-
creased, with simultaneous persistence of libido scxualis.
The acquired antipathic sexual instinet must be abnormal,
since the first touch by a person of the sanie sex is an
adequate Stimulus for the erection-centre. The perverse
sexual feeling becomes complete. — At first Scli. feit like a
man in the sexual act ; but inore and more, as the change
progressed, the feeling and desire of satisfaction changed
to the form which, as a rule, characterises the (congenital)
Urning.

This eviration induces a desire for the passive röle,
and, further, for (passive) pederasty. It makes a deeper
impress on the character. The character becomes femi-
nine, inasmuch as Seh. now prefers to move in the society
of actual females, has an increasing desire for feminine
occupations,-and indeed makes use of the arts of the toilet
in order to improve Ins fading charms and make "con-
quests".

The foregoing facts concerning acquired antipathic
sexual instinet and effemination find an interesting con-
firmation in the following etlmological data: —

Herodotus already describes a pcculiar discase which
frequently aflFccted the Scythians. The discase consisted
in this: that inen became effeminate in character, put
on female garments, did the work of women, and even
became effeminate in appearance. As an explanation of
this insanity of the Scythians,1 Herodotus relatcs the myth

lCf. Sprengelf "Apologie des Hippokrates," Leipzig, 1792, p. 611;
Friedreich, " Literargesehichte der psych. Krankheiten," 1830, p.
31; Lalle m and, "Des pertes seminales," Paris, 1S30, i., p. 581 ; yyaten,
" Dictionn. de mSdecine," xi. £dit., Paris, 1858, Art. ** Eviration et

HOMO-SEXUAL FEEUNG IX HOTII BBXXS.

303

that the goddcss Yenns, uugered by tlic pliindcring of the
fcmple at Asealon by tho ScythiaüSj had inadc wotnen of
diese phmderers and their pusterity,

Rippocrätes* not believing in supcrnatural diseases ru-
eogniscd that impotenee was bore a causative factor, and
explained it, thoiigh incornrilv, as due tu llie cnstom of
the Seythians tu imw themaelvefl Med hebi&d the ears in
order to eure discase. superindueed by eoustant horse-back
riding. lle tbought tliat these veius were oi great Import«
ance in the prc&ervatiou of tbe sexual powers, and that.
whes tlnv wirc ggveredj unpotenee was Lnduced. Since
tbc Seythians eonsidered their impotenee dne tu divine
puni>bmnit and incurable, they put on tbc clottnng of
females, and lived as wotnen among woincn.

It is worthy of note that, aeeording to Klaproth ("Reise
in dein Kaukasus." IJcrlin, 18 12, v^ p. 285) and Chotom-
ski, even at tbe prefieni timc impotenee is very frequent
among tbc Tartars, as a result of riding uiisaddled horaea.
The saiue La ubserved among tbe Apachea and Navajos
of the western conti nent whu ride cxccssivTely, seareely
gteff going on foot, und are rcmarkablc for flmall genitälfl
and mild libido and viril ity. 8pr*nffel, Lalle mand and
Nystcn recognise tbe faet that excessive riding may be
inj urious to tbe sexual organs.

llammond reports analogous obaefv&tio&a of great in-
terest concerning tlie Pueblo Indiana of New Mexico.
These descendants of the Azters enliivatc so-ealled "niu-
jeradoSj" of which vvvry Pueblo tribi» requires one in tlie
rcligious cereinonies (actual orgies in the spring), in which
pederasty plays an iinportant part. In order to cultivate
a "mujerado," a very powerful man is chosen, and he
is made to masütrbate excessively and ride constantly.
Gradually sueb irritable weakness of ihr genital organa is
engendered that, in riding, great loss of semen is indueed.
This condition of irritability passes into paralytic im«

Maladie dpa Seytbes": Uamndon, "De U ttatladie des Scythw";
" Annal. m£dfco-p&yriio)V' 1877, Mars, p, 161 ; Flammond, "Amerika
Journal of Ncurdogy and Paydüatry," August, 1882.

■

304 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

potence. Then atrophy of the testicles and penis sets in,
the hair of the beard falls out, the voice loses its depth
and compass, and physical strength and energy decrease.
Inclinations and disposition bccpine feminine. The "mu-
jerado" loses his position in socicty as a man. He takes
on feminine manners and customs, and associates with
women. Yet, for religious reasons, he is held in honour.
It is probable that, at other times than during the festivals
he is used by the chiefs for pederasty. Hammond had
an opportunity to examine two "mujerados". One had be-
come such seven years before, and was thirty-fivc years
old at the time. Seven years previous, he was entirely
masculine and potent. He had noticed gradual atrophy
of the testicles and penis. At the same time he lost libido
and the power of erection. He differed in nowise, in
dress and manner, from the women among whom Ham-
mond found him. The genital hair was wanting, the
penis was shrunken, the scrotum lax and pendulous, and
the testicles were very much atrophied and no longer
sensitive to pressure. The "inujerado" had large mammee
like a pregnant woman, and asserted that hc had nursed
several children w?hose mothers had died. A second umu-
jerado," aged thirty-six, aftcr he had boen ten years in
the condition, presented the same peculiarities, though
with less development of mamma: Like the tirst, the
voice was high and thin. The body was plump.

///. Degree: Stage of Transition to Metamorphosis Sex-
ualis Paranoia.

A further degree of development is represented by
those cases in which physical Sensation is also transformed
in the sense of a transmutatio sexus. In this respect the
following case is unique : —

Case 129. Autobiography. "Born in Hungary in
1844, for many years I was the only cliild of my parents ;
for the other children died for the most part of general
weakness. A brother of later birth is still living.

JlnAlOHEXlAL PEEL.] 3(1 IN ROTH SEXEW.

305

"I come of a family in whieh nervous and mental
diseases have beeil numerous. It l< said thut I was very
pretty as a little child, with blonde locke and transparent
skin; very obedient, qniet and inodest, su that I was taken
everywhere in tlie soeiety of lad! es witbout any offen ce on
my part.

"With a very aetive imagination— my eneuiy tlirougli
life — my talents developed rapidly. I eould read and write
at t he age of four; my memory reaehes hark fco mv tbird
year. I played witL everything that feil into my hands, —
with leaden soMiers, or stones? or ribbons from a toy-shnp ;
bot a mach ine for working in wood, that was given to rae
as a pfesentj I did not like* I liked best to be at home
with my niothgr, who was e very t hing to nie. I bad two
or ihree friends with whoin I got on good-naturedly; fallt
I liked to play with her sisters quite as well, who always
treated nie like a giri, whieh at first did not emb&rraM ine.
I nmst have already been on the road to beöome just like
a girl; at least, I can still well reineinher how it was
always said: "Ile 18 not intended for a 1k\\\* At this I
tried to play the hoy, — imitatrd mv companione in evejy-
tliing, and tried to surpass tbem in wildness. In this I
sueeeeded. Therc was no tree or hnilding too hi^h for
me t<* reaeh its top. I took great delight in soldiers. I
avoided i-irls innre, beeause I did not wiah to play with
their playtliings; and it always annoyed me that tbey
treated me so much like one of themselves.

"In the soeiety of mattirc people, Imwever, I was
always modest, and, also, always regarded with favomv
Fantastie dreams about wild animals — whieh onee drovo
in«1 tat of bed witbout wakin^ nie — freqneutly troubled
rne. I was always very simple but very elegant ly dressed,
and thus deroloped a taste for benutifal elothing. It seems
peeuliar to me that, from the tlme of my sehool-days, I
had a partiality for ladies' gloves, whieh I put on seeretly
as often as I eonld. Thus, when onec my inother was
about to give away a pair of gloves, I EQ&de great Opposi-
tion to it, and told her, when she asked whv I acted >•«,

306 PSYCIIOPATJUA SEXUALIS.

that I wanted tliem myself. I was laughed at ; and froru
that tinie 1 took good care not to display my preferencc
for female things. Yet my delight in thein was vcry great.
I took cspecial plcasure in masqucrade costumes — i.e., only
in female attire. lf I saw them, 1 envied their owners.
What seemed to nie the prettiest sight was: two young
men, beautifully dressed as white ladies, witli masks on;
and yet I would not Inive shown myself to others as a girl
for anytliing; 1 was so afraid of being ridicnled. At sehool
I worked very hard, and was always among the lirst.
.From childhood niy parents taught nie that dnty cahie
first; and they always set nie an cxample. It was also a
plcasure for nie to attend school; for the teaehers were
kind, and the eider pupils did not plague the younger ones.
Wc left niy ürst home; for my father was comj)cllcd, on
aecount of his business, — whicli was dear to him, — to sepa-
rate from his family for a year. Wc movcd to Gerniany.
Hcre there was a stricter, rougher nianner, parlly in
teaehers and partly in pupils; and I was again ridicnled
on aecount of my girlishncss. My schoolniates went so
far as to give a girl, who had exactly my features, 1113'
naine, and nie hers; so that I hated the girl. But I later
camc to bc on terms of friendship witli her aftcr her
niarriagc. My niothcr tried to dress nie clcgantly ; but
this was repugnant to nie, becausc it inade nie the
objeet of taunting. So, finally, I was dclighted when 1
had correet trousers and eoats. But witli these camc a
new annoyanec. They irritated my genitals, j)articularly
when the cloth was rough ; and the touch of tailors while
measuring nie, 011 aecount of their tickling, which ahnost
convulsed nie, was uneiidurable, particularly about tln*
genitals. Thcn I had to praetise gymnastics; and I
simply could do nothing at all, or only inditfcrently the
things that cv(»n girls can do casily. Wliile batliing T was
troublcd by fecling ashamed to undress ; but 1 liked to
bathe. Until my twclfth year [ liad a great weakness in
my back. I learned to swim late, but ultimatcly so well
that I took long swinis. At thirteen I had pubic hair, and

HOMO-8EXUAI, FEELING IN BOTII SEXES. 307

was about six feet tall ; but my face was feminine until
my eighteenth year, when my beard camc in abundance
and gave nie rest from resemblance to woman. An
inguinal hernia that was acquired in my twelfth year,
and cured when I was twenty, gave nie niuch trouble,
particularly in gymnastics. Besides, from my twelfth
year on, I had, after sitting long, and particularly while
working at night, an itching, burning and twitching,
extending from the penis to my back, which the acts of
sitting and standing increased, and which was made
worse by catching cold. But I had no suspicion what-
ever that this could be connected with the genitals. Since
none of my friends suffered in this way, it seemed stränge
to me; and it required the greatest patience to endure it;
the more owing to the fact that my abdomen troubled me.
"In scxualibus I was still perfectly innocent; but now,
as at the age of twelve or thirteen, 1 had a definite feeling
of preferring to be a young lady. A young lady's form
was more pleasing to nie; her quiet manner, her deport-
ment, but particularly her attire, attracted me. But I was
careful not to allow this to be noticed ; and yet I am sure
that I should not have shrunk from the castration-knife,
could I have thiis attained my desire. If 1 had been asked
to say why I preferred female attire, I could have said
nothing more than that it attracted me powerfully; per-
haps, also, I seemed to myself, on aecount of my uncom-
monly white skin, more like that of a girl. The skin
of my face and hands, particularly, was very sensitive.
Girls liked my society; and, though I should have pre-
ferred to have been with them constantly, I avoided them
when I could ; for I had to exaggerate in order not to ap-
pear feminine. In my heart I always envied them. I was
particularly envious when one of my young girl friends got
long dresses and wore gloves and veils. When, at the age
of fifteen, I was on a journey, a young lady, with wliom I
was boarding, proposed that I should mask as a lady and go
out with her; but, owing to the fact that she was not alone,
T did not acquiesce, much as I should have liked it. While

:;ns

rSYCllnlWTJilA SEX HAI IS.

on Ibis jonrney, I was pleused at seeing hoys in tun1 eitv
wearing bloußCB with Bhort shwe.s and the arma bare. A
lady elahoralcly divssed was like a gnddess tu nie; and if
even her band toucbed mc coldly 1 waa happy and envi-
mi\ and only too ghtdlv would have put mv-elf in her
place in thc bcantiful garmenta and lovcly form. X«
thcleaSj I atndied aasiduously, and passed through thc
Realschule and thc Gymnasium in nine ycars, passing a
good iinal exaininathm. I reinembcr, when fiftecn, to have
first expressed to a feiend thc wish n> be I girL In answer
to bis qiiestion, I conld imi giW thc reason wliy- At
sovontirii 1 p*[ iuto fast BOCiety; 1 drank beer, smoked,
and tried to joke with waiter-girlß* The latter likcd iny
ßoeiety, bnt they ulways treatod mc as if I wore petii-
OP&te» I could not take daneing lessons, they rcpcJlcd mc
so; bnt if I could have gerne sa a maak, it would bave becn
diifcrent. My frieiuis loved nie dcarly ; I hafed only mg,
who lednoed mc into oniniam* Shame on tbose day.%
which injuria] mo W life! I practieed it qnite frcqnently,
but in it seemed to mysclf likc a double man. I cannot
deseribe the feelhig; I think it was masculine, bnt mixed
with feminine Clements* I could not approach gtrla; I
feared thenij but they werc not stränge to mc. They im-
pteaaed tae as belüg nmre likc myself ; l envied theni. I
wnnld have dciiicd invsolf all plcasures if, aftcr iny classes,
at Imme I conld have been a ^irl and thus have gone out.
Crinoline and a smoothly-tittiiig glore were iny ideals,
With every ladv\s goWD I saw I fancied how I should feel
in it, — ue*j m a lady, I bad no incliuation toward men.
Bnt I remamber tliat I was somewhat lovingly attaehed
to a verv lmiidsrnne friend with a girFs face and dark hair,
though 1 think I bad ii<» other wisb tban that wc both
might be girK

MAi the high-scliool I finally once had coitus; hoc
modo semd, mc libentiiis gab pnella coneuhuisse et penem
meum cum eunno mutatnm iiialuisse. To her astonish-
ment, thc girl bad to treat me as a girl, and did it will-
ingly; bnt sbe treated mo as if I werc she (ahe was still

HO MO-SEXUAL FEELING IN BOT1I SEXES,

nno

quite inexperiencedj and, therefore, dld not laugh at
ms),

"When a Student at times I wa$ wikL but I always
feit that I assnxned thifl wBdneaa as a mask« I drank and
duelledj but I could not take lessons in dancing, bccause
I was afraid of betraying myself. My friendships wen*
close, but without other thoughts* It pleased nie most
to have a friend masked as a lady, or to study tbe ladies*
coshunes at a ball. I linderst ood such things perfectly.
Gradtially I began to feci like a girl.

"On aeeount of lmhappy eircumstances, I twiee at-
tempted suicide. Without any eause I oneo did not sleep
for fourteen daya, had many halhicinations ( Visual and
auditory at the same tinio)> and was with botii tlic? living
and tbe dead. The latter habit of tluraght remains. I
also had a friend (a lady) who knew ray hobby aud put
on my gloves for me ; but she always looked lipon ine
as a girl. Thus I understood women better than other
men did, and in wliafc they differed froni inen; so I was
always treated märe feminarutn — as if they had found in
me a female friend. On the whole, I eould not enduro
obeoemty, and indulged in it myself only out of bi\
doeio when it was nwssary. I soon overeame my aversion
to foul odoura aud bloo<U and even Hkcd ihem. Only sonn'
things I conld not Iook at without nausea. I was want-
ing in only one respect : I eould not linderst and my own
eondition, I knew that I had feminine inelinations, but
believed that I was a man, Yet I donbt whether, wTith
the exception of the aüempts at eoitus, whieh never gave
me pleasnre (whieh I aseribe to onanisin), I ever ad ml red
a woman without wishing I were she; or without aaking
myself whether I should not like to he the woman, or
be in her attiro. Obstetries I learned wilh diffieulty (I
was ashamed fnr the expoaed girls, and had a feeling
of pity for them) ; and even now T have to overeome
a feeling of fright in obstefrical eases ; indeed, it has
faappened that I tboiight T frh tbe traetion myself.
After filling several positions suceessfully as ,a physieian,

310 PSYC1IOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

I went through a military campaign as a volunteer
surgeon. Riding, which, while a student, was painfiü to
me, because in it the genitals had more of a feminine
feeling, was difh'cult for nie (it would have been easier
in the female style).

"Still, I always thougbt I was a man with obscure
masculine feeling; and wbenever I associated with ladies,
I was still soon treated as an inexperienced lady. When
I wore a uniform for the first timo, I should have innch
preferred to have slipped into a lady's costume, with a
veil ; I was disturbed when the statcly uniform attraeted
attention. In private practice I was snceessful in the
three principal branches. Then I made another military
campaign ; and during this I came to nnderstand my
nature; for I think that, sinee the iirst ass ever made,
no beast of bürden has ever had to endure with so mnch
patienee as I have. Decorat ions were not wanting, but
I was indifferent to them.

"Thus I went through life, such as it was, ncver satis-
fied with myself, füll of dissatisfaction with the world,
and vacillating between sentimentality and a wildness
that was for the most part affectcd.

"My • expcrionce as a candftlate for niatrimony was
vcry peculiar. I should have ])referred not to marry, but
family circumstances and praeticc forced me to it. 1
married an energetic, amiable lady, of a family in which
female government was rampant. I was in love with her
as mucli as one of us can be in love — i.e., wliat we love
we love with our wholo hearts, and live in it, even though
we do not show it as much as a genuine man does. We
love our brides with all the love of a woman, almost as
a woman might love lior bridogroom. But T cannot say
this for myself; for I still bolieved that. I was but a
depressed man, who would come to himself, and find him-
self out by marriage. But, even on my marriage night, I
feit that I was only a woman in man's form ; sub femina
loeum meum esse mihi visuni est. On the whole, we
lived contented and happy, and for two years were child-

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING IN BOTH SEXES. 311

less. After a difficult prcgnancy, during which time I
lay at the point of death in the eneiny's own country, my
wife gave birth to our first boy in a difficult labour, — a
boy still afflieted with a melancboly naturo. Then came
a second, who is very quiet ; a third, füll of peculiarities ;
a fourth, a fifth ; and all bave the predisposition to neuras-
tbcnia. Sinec I always feit out of my own place, I went
much in gay society; but I always worked as niuch as
human strength would endure. I studied and operated;
and I expcrimented with many drugs and methods of
eure, always on myself. I left the regulation of the house
to my wifc, as she understood housekeeping very well.
JVIy marital duties I performed as well as I could, but
without personal satisfaction. Since the first coitus, the
masculine position in it has been repugnant, and also
difficult for nie. I should have much preferred to have
the other rule. When I had to deliver my wifc, it almost
broke my heart ; for I knew how to appreciate her pain.
Thus we lived long together, until severe gout drove me
to various baths, and made me neurasthenic. At the
samc time, I became so anoemic that every few months I
had to take iron for some time; otherwise I would be
almost chlorotic or hysterieal, or both. Stenocardia often
troubled me; then came unilateral cramps of chin, nose,
neck and larynx; hemicrania and cramps of the dia-
phragin and ehest muscles. For about three ycars I had
a feeling as if the prostate were enlarged, — a bearing-down
feeling, as if giving birth to something ; and also pain in
the hips, constant pain in the back, and the like. Yet,
with the strength of despair, I fought against these com-
plaints, which impressed me as being female or effeminate,
until three years ago, when a severe attack of arthritis
complotely broke me down.

"But before this terrible attack of gout oecurred, in
despair, to lessen the pain of gout, I had taken hot baths,
as near the temperature of the body as possible. On one
of these occasions it happened that I suddenly changed,
and seemed to be near death. I sprang with all my

312

rSTCHOPATillA SEXUALIS,

remaining strength out of the liath ; I liad feit exactly like
b woman wirb iibido, This happened wlien the extraet
of Inj i an licvmp came into vogne, and was highly prized.
In i state of fear of a threatmed atiaek of gout (feeling
perfcetly indifferent about life), I took three or four tiines
Hie usual dose of it, and alinost died of hashish poison-
ing. Convuleive laughter, a feeling of nnheard of strength
aud swiftness, a pecnliar feeling in brain and eyes, millions
of sparks Streaming froni the brain fhrough the skin, — all
tliese feelings oeenrred. But I cotüd not foree myself to
epeak. All af onee I saw myself a woman from my tooa
to tny breast ; I felty as before while in the bath, that tlie
gen if als had shr unken, the pelvis broadened, the breasta
ewollen oitl ; a feeling of unspeakable delight came ovor
nie. I closed my eyes, so that at least I did not see the
face chaiiged. Mj physician looked as if be had a gigantic
potatü instead of a head ; my wife bad tbe füll moon on
her thorax. And yet, I was strong enough to briefly
record my will in my note-book wlien both left the rooni
for a short tirae*

"But wbo eonld describe my frigbt when, on the next
morning, I awoke and found myself feeling as if com-
pletely ehanged info a woman; and wlien, on stand ing
and Walking, I feit Vulva and mammee! When at last I
raised myeelf out of Led, I feit that a oomplete trans-
formatioii had taken place in me, During my Lllnedfl a
visilor said: *He is too patient for a man'* And the
visitor gave me a plant in bloom, which seemed stränge,
but pleased me. From that tinie I was patient, and
would do nothing in a hnrry; but I becarae tenaeious,
like a cat, though, at the same time, mild, forgiving and
no longer bea ritig enmity, — in sbort, I bad a woman*!
dispoaitimi. During the last siekness I had many Visual
and anditory halhieinations,— spoke with the dead, etc.;
saw and heard familiär spirits; feit like a donble person ;
but, wliile Iying ill, T did not notiee that the man in mo had
betin extinguiahed. The eliange in my disposition was a
piece of good fortune, for T bad a stroke of paralysis which

TU »MO-SEXUAL FEELIXO IN EOTfl SEXES.

313

would ccrtainly have killed mc had I heen of my former
disposition ; but now I was rreoncilcd, for I no longer
rceognized myself. Owing to the faet that I »tili often
confon&ddd neurasthenie Symptoms with the gouU I took
n um v batlis, uxitil an ltehing of tlie skin, with the feeling
of Scabies, instead of beim; diminislied, was so inen > i
that I gave up all externa! treahnent (I was made more
aml more aiuemie by the baths), and hardenod niyself as
best I coukL But the imperative female feeling rematned,
und beeame eo Btrong that I wear only the m$ek of a man,
and in everything eise feel like a woznan; and gradually I
have lost meinory of the former imlividuality, AVhat was
left of ine by tbe gout, influonza ruined entirely-

"Presmt cotuHHon: I am tall, sligbtly bald, and the
heanl is growing gray* I Ijegin to etoop. Since having
inflnenza T have lost aboitt one-fourth of my sl reugl b.
Owing to a valvulär lesion, my faee looks aoniewhat m\ ;
füll beard ; chronic! eonjunetivitis; more musoular tban
fat. The Irfi fool seems to be developing varieose veins,
and it often goea to sleep; but it is not really thlekened,
tliongb it seems to be,

"The mammary region, though amall, swells out por-
ceptibly, Tbe abdomen is feminine in form; the feet are
plaeed like a woman\s, and tbe ealves, eta, are feminine;
und it ii tlie same with arms :m<l b*nd& T ean wear ladies'
böse and gloves 7lA to 7M in size, I also wear a eorset
witttout annoyance. My weight varies betweeu lf>8 and
1S4 pouncls, (Trine withnnt alhumen or sngar, but tt eon-
tains an exeess of urie aeid. Hut wben there is not too
much Brie aeid in it, it ia elear, md almoat as clear as wahr
after anv i-xeitciuenL Beweis usually regulär, Imt sbould
they not be, tlien come all the lymptoml <»!' female ooneti«
pation. Kleep is poor, — for weeks at a time only of two
or three hours1 duration. Appetite quite good ; Imt, on
tbe wbole, my stomaeh will not !>ear more than that of a
strong woman, and reacts to irritating food with cutaBfiOttfl
emption and buraing in the Urethra. Tbe skin is white,
and, for the most pari, feels quite sniooth; there bas bocu

■

314 PSYCIIOrATHIA SEXÜALIS.

unbearable cutaneous itching for thc last two years; but
during tlie last few wecks this has diminished, and is now
present only in tlie popliteal Spaces and on the scrotum.

"Tendency to pcrspire. Perspiration was previonsly
as good as wanting, but now thcre are all the odious pecu-
liarities of the female Perspiration, particularly about
the lower part of the body ; so that I have to keep myself
cleaner than a woman (I perfume my handkerchief, and
use pcrfumed soap and cau-dr-Cologru*).

"General feelintj: I feel like a woman in a man's form ;
and even though I often am sensible of the man's form,
yet it is alwavs in a feminine sense. Tims, for example,
I feel the penis as elitoris; the Urethra as Urethra and
vaginal orifice, whieh alwavs feels a little wet, even when
it is actually dry; the scrotum as lahia majora; in short, I
alwavs feel the vulva. And all that that means one alone
can know who feels or has feit so. But the skin all over
my body feels feminine; it reeeives all impressions,
whether of touch, of warmth, or whether unfriendly, as
feminine, and I have the sensations of a woman. I cannot
go with bare hands, as both heat and cold trouble nie.
When the timc is past when we mon are permitted to carry
sun-umbrellas, I have to endure great sensitiveness of the
skin of my face, until sun-umbrellas can again be used.
On awakoning in the morning, I am confused for a few
moments, as if I were secking for myself; then the impera-
tive feeling of being a woman awakens. I feel the sense
of the vulva (that one is therc), and alwavs greet (he day
with a soft or loud sigh ; for I have fear again of the play
that must be carried on throughout the day. I had to
learn everything anew ; the knife — apparatus, everything
— has feit di ff erent for the last three years; and with the
change of museular sense I had to learn everything over
again. I have been suecessful, and only the use of the saw
and bone-chisel are difhVult; it is almost as if my strength
were not quite sufficient. On the other band, I have a
keener sense of touch in working with the cu rette in the
soft parts. It is unpleasant that, in examining ladies, I

HOMO-SEXUAL FK KLING IN ÜOTH 8EXES,

315

oft en f eel 1 1 1 e i r Ben sati * :m s ; bn t t h i s , in d ee d , d nes n ot r e pel
them* The inost unpleasaiit thing I experienee is fcetal
movement For a long time — several mouths — I was
Iroubled by reading the thoughta of both sexes, and I still
bave t<» figbt against it. I ean endure it better with
womea ; with inen it is repngnant Three yeara ago I
hnd mit yet eonscionsly geen the world with a womaivs
eyes* thie change in the relation of the eyes to the hratn
came alnii>st snddenh\ with violent headaehe, I was
with a lady whose sexual feeling was reversed, when sud-
denly I saw her cfaanged in the sense I now feel tny^elf,—
vit*r she as man, — and I feit myaclf a woman in contrast,
with her; so that I left her with iü-coaoealed raxatiogi*
At that time fthe had not yet come tu rinderst and her own
condition perfeetly*

*'Since then, all my sensory irnpressions are as if they
wen? feminine in form and relation, The cerebral System
almost immediately adjnsted itself to the vegetative; so
that all my ailments were manifested in a feminine waj\
The sensit iveness of all nerves, partienhirly thut of the
auditoTy und oliaetory und frigeinimil, inereased to a eon-
dition of iiervousness, If only a window fdamnied, I was
frightened inwardly; for a man darc not trenible at sneh
things. If food is not absohitely fresh, I pereeive a cadav-
6T0US odour. I ermld never depend on the trigeminus;
fof the puin wonld Jump whimsically from oafi bnmeh of
it to another; from a tooth to an eye. Bat, sinee my
transformation, I bear tootliaehe and migraine inore easily,
aml have lesa feeling of fear with stenoeardia. It Beemus
to me a stränge fact that I feel myself to he a fearful,
weak being, and yet, when danger threatens, I am rather
cool and enll^cted, and this is true in dangerous Opera-
tions* The stomaeh rebels against the slightest indiacre-
tion (in fernale diet) that is eommitted without thoughl <>f
the female nature, either by rnetns or other Symptoms;
hut particularly against ahuse of alcoholica. The Indis-
position after intoxicatiori that a man who feelii like a
woinan experienees is mueh worse than nny a staden!

316

PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

coulcl got u p. It aeems to nie almost as if one feeling
Iikf> a woman were cntirelv enntrolled by the vegetative
systenn

"Small as iny nipples are, iliry jemand room, and I
feel as tbottgh the pelvia were female; and it is the same
pubertv the nipples swelled and pained, On this aeenunt,
the white shirf, the waisteuat and the eoat trouhle ine. I
feel as thongh ihe pelvis were female; und it is the same
with t hr* aims and natea, At first tlie oemsB of a female
abdoman was tmuhlesome to me; for it. eannut 1>ear
trouserBj and it always poeseeaes oi indtices tlie feminine
feeling. I also have the imperative feeling of a waiat It
is as if I were rohhod of iny own skin, and put in a woman's
skin that titted tue perfeetly, bnt whieh folt cverytliing as if
it covered a woman; and whose sen&ations passed Thrmigh
the man's hody, and exterinmated ihe ma seid ine element.
The testes, even thongh not atrophied or degenerated, aiti
still no longe* festes, and often eause nie pain, with the
feeling tliat they beloiur in the abdoroen, and should be
fastened there; and their mobility offen bothers nie,

"Every fmir weeks, at the time of the füll inoon, I
have the molimen of a woman for five days, physieally and
mentally, only I \h> not bleed ; bnt T have the feeling of a
loss of fluid; a feeling lliat tlie genitale and abdomen are
( intrrnnlly ) BWOÜeto, A very pleasant period eomea when,
afterward and later in the interna] of a day <*r two, the
physiologieal desire for proereation eomes, whieh with i» II
power penneates the wuman. My whole body is then filled
with thfs aenaation, ns an immersed pieee of sugar is Glied
with w:ifei\ ur as fnll as n soaked spotige. It is like this:
firstt a woman lo&giug for love, and then, for a man ; and,
in faet, the desire, as it Beexns to ma, is innre a hinging to
he poaaeased tban a wish for eoitua The intenee natural
instinct or the feminine eonenpiseenee »»vereomes the feel-
ing of modeety, so fhal indireetly coitus is desired, T have
iKvir feit «Miittis in a niaseuline way tnore than three times
in my life; and even if it were sn in general, T was always
indifferent about it P*uf, during the last fhree years, I

HOMO-SEXtTAL FI J UM. 1\ BQTB SKXI-:s. 317

have cxporii-iu-ed it passivcly, like a woman ; in fuet, often-
timcs with the feeling of i'rmihhu' cjaculation ; and I al-
\\;ivs feel (hat I am irapregnated, 1 am always faligued
as a wmmm 16 ;ti ler it? und offen feel ill, as a man Etevttf
does. Somctimcs it e&med ine such greaf pleasiire that
there is nothing with whieh I eaii eninpare it; it ia t 1 1« -
mo.st hlissful and powerfnl feeling in ihr world ; at that
moment the woman is siuiplv a vulva that b&s dcvourod the
whole person.

"During the last three yoars I have ncvcr lost for au
instant the feeling of being i wmnaiu and nuw, owing to
habit, t.his is im langet tmioymg d> me, thongh du ring
tlii» pdriod I have feil debe£ed ; for a man eouM endure
to £ed like a woman withont a desire for enjoymeiü; but
wnen desires conie, the happiness ceasßfll Then oome
the burning, the heat, the feeling of tttrgü* of tlie genitals
(when the pcnis is not in u state of ereetion the genital»
do not play any part). In case of ixtteoae drsire, the
feeling of sueking in tlie vagina and vulva is really terrible
— a helliah pain of Ilist hardly to he emlurod, Tf I then
have opportuni ty to perfonn coitus, it is better; but,
owing to döfective senae <>f being posaessed hy the other,
it does not affnrd complete satisfaetkm; the feeling of §ter-
ility coines with itfl weight of shanie, added to the feeling
of passive copulation and injured Dtodeflty* I srcin al-
niost like a prostitutc. Reasom does bot give any help;
the imperative feeling of fenrininity dominates and rules
evervthing. Tlie difficulty in rarrying 011 one's oceupn-
tion, nnder such cirnunstanees, is rasily appreeiated; but
it is passable to force onefa seif to iL Of rourse, it is
almost inipossihle to sit, walk, Of lit-1 down; at leasl. any
onc of these eamurt tfe endured long; and with the coiislaiit
touch of the trousers, cUv, it iö unendimihle.

Mlffarriage then, except during rmtus, wbero the man
has to feel hiinself a woman, is like two women livimr
together, one of whoiu regards börself a^ in the mask of
a man. If the periodieftl Molimina feil to oeeur, then
come the feelings of pregmuu-y ur of sexual satiety, wlneh

318 PSYCIIOPATHIA 8EXUALI8.

a man never experiences, but which take possession of tue
whole being, just as the fecling of femininity does, and arc
repugnant in theinsclves ; and, therefore, I gladly welcome
the regulär molimina again. When erotic dreams or idcas
occur, I see myself in the form I have as a woman, and
see erected organs presenting. Since the anus feels fem-
inine, it would not be hard to become a passive pederast;
only positive rqligious command prevents it, as all other
deterrent ideas would bc overcome. Since such conditions
are repugnant, as they would be to any one, I have a
desirc to be scxless, or to make myself sexlcss. If I had
bcen Single, I should long ago have taken leave of testes,
scrotinii and penis.

"Of what use is female pleasurc, when one does not
conceive ? What good comes froni excitation of female
lovc, when one has only a wife for gratitication, even
though copulation is feit as though it were with a man?
What a terrible feeling of shame is caused by the feminine
Perspiration ! IIow the feeling for dress and ornament
lowers a man ! Even in his changed form, even when he
ean no longer fceall the masculine sexual feeling, he would
not wish to be foreed to feel like a woman. Ile still
knows very well that, herctofore, he did not constantly
feel sexually; that he was merely a human being unin-
fluenced bv sex. Now, suddenly, he has to regard his
former individuality as a mask, and constantly feel like
a woman, only having a change when, every four weeks,
he has his ])eriodical sickncss, and in the intervals his
insatiable female desire. If he could but awake without
immediately being foreed to feel like a woman! At last
he longs for a moment in which he might raise Ins mask;
but that moment does not come. He ean only find
amelioration of his misery when he ean put on somc bit
of female attire or finery, an under-garment, etc. ; for he
dare not go about as a woman. To be compelled to fulfil
all the duties of a calling with the feeling of being a
woman costumed as a man, and to see no end of it, is
no trifle. Keligion alone saves froni a great lapse; but it

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING IN BOTII SEXES. 319

does not prevent the pain when tcmptation affccts the
man who feels as a woman; and so it must be feit and
endured! When a rcspectable man who enjoys an un-
usual degree of public contidence, and possesses authority,
must go about with bis vulva — iinaginary though it be;
when one, leaving his arduous daily task, is eompclled
to examine the toilvtte of the first lady he meets, and criti-
eise her with feminine eyes, and to read her thoughts in her
face; when a Journal of fashions possesses an interest
equal to that of a scientific work (I feit this as a child) ;
when one must conecal his condition from his wife, whose
thoughts, the moment he feels like a woman, he can read
in her face, while it becomes perfectly clear to her that
he has changed in body and soul — what mnst all this be?
The misery caused by the feminine gcntleness that must
be overcome? Oftentimes, of course, when I am away
alone, it is possible to live for a time more like a woman;
for example, to wear fcnuile attire, cspecially at night, to
keep glovcs on, or to wear a veil or a mask in my room,
so that thus there is rest from excessive libido. But when
the feminine feeling has once gained an entrance, it im-
peratively demands recognition. It is often satisfled with
a moderate concession, such as the wearing of a bräcelet
above the cuff; but it imperatively demands some con-
cession. My only happincss is to see myself dressed
as a woman without a feeling of shame; indeed, when
my face is veiled or masked, I prefer it so, and thus think
of myself. Like every one of Fashion's fools, I have a
taste for the prevailing mode, so greatly am I trans-
formed. To become aecustomed to the thought of feeling
only like a woman, and only to remeniber the previous
manner of thought to a certain extent in contrast with
it, and, at the same time, to express one's seif as a
man, requires a long time and an infinite amount of
persistence.

"Kevertheless, in spite of everything, it will happen
that I betray myself by some expression of feminine
feeling, either in sextialibus, when I say that I feel so and

320

P5YCHOPATHIA SEX LT ALIS.

so, cxpressing what a man withont the female feeling
cannot know; or whcn I acaidentally betray that finale
attire in my taleiit. Before womwi, of course» this does
not aniount to anything; for a woimm is greatly tfattcred
when a man miderstands somcthing of her matters; bot
this must not be displayed to ray own wife, IIovv fright-
ened I onee was when my wifc Bald to a fricnd tliat I liad
great taste in ladies dress! IIow a liaughty, stylisli lady
was afitonished when, aa sho was about to inake a gpeat
error in the rduralion of her little dangfater, I describcd
to her in writing and verbal ly all tho feminine feelings!
To be snre, I lied to her, saving tbut iny knowledge liad
been gleaned from letters* Bnt her eonlidence in nie is
as great as ever; and the ehild, who was on the road to
insaniiy, is rational and bappy. Sho had confessed all the
feniinine inclinations as sins; now she knows what, as a
girl, >br nnist bear and eontrol by will and rcligion; and
she feek tliat shc is human. Both lailies wonld laugh
heartily if they know tliat I had ouly drawn ob mv own
ßad experience. I mnst also add that I now have a Jiner
sense of leinperuhiro, and, beside», a sense of the elastieity
of tho skin and tension of the intestincs, etc., in patients,
thaf was nnknown to nie before; tliat in Operations and
autopsies, poisonons ihiids more readily penetrate my (un-
injured) skin. Every antopsy causes nie pain; examina-
tion of a prost hüte, or a woman having a diseharge, a
caneerous odonr, or the like, is actnally repugnant to me.
In all reapeetf I am now nnder the inflnence of antipathy
aiid aympathy, from the sensc of colonr to my judgment of
a person. Wonicn usuaBy sec in eaeli other the periodical
sexual dispoaition ; and, therefore, a lady wcars a veil, if
«he is not always acenstomed to woar one, and usually
slie perfumoft herseif, even though it be only with handker-
chief or gloves; for her olfnetory sense in relation to her
own sex is intense. Odours have an ineredible effeet on
the feniale organism; tlms, fnr example, the odours of
violeta and roses qniet ine, while others disgust me; and
with Ylang-Ylang T cannot contain myself for sexual ex-

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING IN BOTH SEXE8. 321

citement. Contact with a woman sccnis homogeneous to
me; coitus with my wife scems possible to me bccausc she
is somewhat masculine, and has a firm skin ; and yet it is
more an amor lesbicus.

"Besides, I always fcel passive. Oftcn at night, when
I cannot sleep for excitemcnt, it is finally accomplished,
si fcmora mca distensa habco, sicti mulier cum viro von-
cumbcns, or if I lie on my sidc; but an arm or thc bed-
clothing must not touch the mammcv, or there is no
sleep; and there must be no pressure on the abdomen.
I sleep best in a chemise and night-robe, and with gloves
on ; for my hands casily get eold. I am also comfortable
in female drawers and petticoats, becausc they do not
touch the genitals. I liked female dresses best when
crinolines were worn. Female dresses do not annoy the
femin ine-feeling man; for he, like every woman, feels
them as belonging to bis person, and not as something
foreign.

"My dearest assoeiate is a lady suffcring with neuras-
thenia, who, sinee her last confinement, feels like a man,
but who, sinee I explained these feelings to her, coitu
abstinct as mueh as possible, a thing I, as a husband, dare
not do. She, by her example, helps me to endure my
condition. She has a most perfeet memory of the female
feelings, and has often given me good advice. Were she
a man and I a young girl I should seek to win her; for
her I should be glad to endure the fate of a woman. But
her present appearance is quite different from what it
formerly was. She is a very elegantly dressed gcntleman,
notwithstanding bosom and hair; she also speaks quickly
and coneisely, and no longer takes pleasure in the things
that please me. She has a kind of melancholy dissatis-
faction with the world, but she bears her fate worthily
and with resignation, finding her eomfort only in religion
and the fulfilment of her duty. At the time of the menses,
she almost dies. She no longer likes female society and
conversation, and has no liking for delicaeies.

"A youthful friend feit like a girl from thc very first,

322 PSYCiiorATiiiA sexualis.

and had inclinations towards the male sex. His sister
had the opposite condition; and when the uterus demanded
its right, and she saw herseif as a loving woman in spite of
her maseulinity, she cnt the matter short, and committed
suicide by drowning.

"Since complete effemination, the principal changes I
have observed in myself are: —

"1. The constant feeling of being a woman from top
to toe.

"2. The constant feeling of having female genitals.

"3. The periodicity of the monthly molimina.

"4. The regulär occurrence of female desire, though
not directed to any particular man.

"5. The passive female feeling in coitus.

"6. After that, the feeling of impregnation.

"7. The female feeling in thought of coitus.

"8. At the sight of woraen, the feeling of being of
their kind, and the feminine interest in them.

"9. At the sight of men, the feminine interest in them.

"10. At the sight of children, the same feeling.

"11. The changed disposition and much greater pa-
tience.

"12. The final resignation to my fate, for which I have
nothing to thank but positive religion; without it I should
have long ago committed suicide.

"To be a man and to be compelled to fcel that rhaque
femme est futuee ou eile desire d'etre is hard to endige."

The foregoing autobiography, scientifically so import-
ant, was accompanied by the following no less interesting
letter : —

"Sir, — I must next bog your indulgence for troubling
you with my coinmunication. I lost all eontrol, and
thought of myself only as a monster before which I myself
shuddered. Then your work gave nie courage again ; and
I determined to go to the bottom of the matter, and
examine my past life, let the result be what it might. It

HOMO-SEXL'AL FEELING IK BOTH Bl X KS.

323

seeined a duty of gratitude to you to teil von the reault of
my recollection and Observation, siuee I had not seen any
description by you of an analogous case ; and, finally, I
also thouglit it niight perliaps interest you to learn, from
thc pen of a phyaiciaii, how such a worthless human, or
mascnline, belüg thiuks and feels under the weight of the
imperative idea of heing a woman.

"It is not perfect ; hat I no longer have the strength
to refleet more upon it, and have 110 desire to go into
the matter more deeply. Mueh is repeated ; but I beg
jW to remember that any mask may be alluwed to fall off,
partieu la rly when it i« not voluntarily worn, luit enforced*

"After read mg your work, I hope that, if I ftilfil my
duties as physieian, eitizen, father und husband, I niay
still count myself among Immun beings who do not deserve
nierely to be despieed. ■

"Finally, I wished to lay the result of my recollection
and refleet ion before you, in order to show that one tbink-
ing and feeling like a wotnan can still he a physieian. T
consider it a great injustice to drbar woman from Medi-
eine. A woman, tbrougb her feeling* gets on tiie traek of
many ailmeuts whieh, in apite of all skill in diagnosis, re-
maiii obseure to a man; at leaat, in the diseases öf women
and chihlren, If I eoiild have my wa\\ I shonld have
every physieian live the life of a woman foi three months;
then he would have a better Widerstand mg and tumv ron-
sideration in matten affeeting the half of humanity from
which he com es; then he would learn to value the great-
ness of woman, and appreciate the difficulty of her lot."

Remarks: The hadly tainted patient \\d> originally pey*
cho-sexually abnormal, in that, in character and in the
sexual aet, he feit as a female. The abnormal Jeeling
remained pnrely a psyehieal anoinaly unfil three years
agöj wlicn, owing to severe neurasthenia, it reeeived over-
mastering support in imperative bodily sonsatinns of a
transrnutatlo sr.nts. whieli now domimite eonseimisness,
Then, to the patienfs hoiTor, he feh bodily like a woman;
and, under the Impulse of Ins imperative feminine sensu-

324 PSYC1IOPATIIIA SEXÜALIS.

tions, he expcrienced a complcte transformation of his
former masculine fceling, thought aud will ; in faet, of his
wliole vita sexualis, in the scnsc of eviration. At the same
time, his "qgo" was able to control thcse abnormal psycho-
physical manifestations, and prevent descent to paranoid, —
a remarkable cxaniple of imperative feclings and ideas on
the basis of neurotie taint, which is of great value for a
comprehension of thu manner in which the psycho-sexual
transformation may be accomplished. In 1893; three
years later, this unhappy eolleagnc sent nie a new aeeount
of his present State. This eorrespondcd essen tially with the
former. His physical and psyehieal feelings were abso-
hitely those of a woman; but his intellectual power« were
intact, and he was thus saved from paranoid (vide infra).

A counterpart to this case, which is of clinical and
psychological moment, is tliat of a lady as given in : —

Gase 130. Mrs. X., daughter of a liigh official. Her
mother died from nervous disease. The fatlier was un-
tainted, and died from pnenmonia at a good old age. Her
brothers and sistors liad inferior psychopathic dispositions ;
one brother was of abnormal character, and very neuras-
thenic.

As a girl Mrs. X. had deeided inclinations for boys'
sports. So long as slie wore short dresses she used to rove
abont tlie fields and woods in the frorst manner, aml
elimbed the most dangerons rocks and eliffs. She had 110
taste for dresses and finery. Once, when they gave lier a
dress made in boys' fashion, she was highly delighted ;
and when at scliool they dressed her np in boys1 elothes
on the occasion of some theatrieal perforinance, she was
filled with bliss.

Otherwisc nothing hetrayed lier homo-sexnal inclina-
tions. Up to her marriagc (at the age of twentv-ono) she
eould not recall to mind a single instance in which she folt
herseif drawn to persons of lier own sex. Men wen;
eqnally indifferent to her. When malured slie had many

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELIXG IN BOTII SEXES. 325

adinirers. This flattered her greatly. However, she
chiiincd that the differcnce of the scxes never entered lier
miiid ; she was ouly influenced by the difference in the
dress.

Wlien attcnding the first and only ball she feit interest
only in intelleetual convcrsation, but not in dancing or the
dancers.

At the age of eighteen the menses set in without diffi-
enlty. She always looked upon menstruation as an un-
nceessary and bothersome function. Her engagement with
a man who, though good and rieh, yet possessed not tlie
slightest knowledge of woman's nature, was a matter of
utter indifference to her. She had neither sympathy for
nor antipathy against matrimony. Her connubial duties
were at first painful to her, later on simply loathsome.
She never experieneed sexual pleasure, but became the
mother of six ehildren. When her luisband began to
observe coitus interruplus, on account of the prolific conse-
(juences, her religious and moral sentiments were hurt.
Mrs. X. grew more and more neurasthenic, peevish and
unhappy.

She suffered from dcsccnsus uteri, erosions on the
portio vaginalis, and beeame amrmic. Gynecological treat-
niont and visits to water ing-plaees procured but slight im-
provements.

At tlie age of thirty-six she had an apopleetic stroke,
which eonfined her to bed for two years, with heavy neu-
rasthenic ailments (agrypnia, pressure in the head, palpi-
tation of the heart, psych ieal depression, feelings of lost
physical and mental power, border ing even on insanity,
etc.). During this long illness a peculiar change of her
l>sy(;]ncal and physical feelings took place.

Tlie small talk of the ladies visiting her about love,
teilet, finery, fashions, domestic and servants' affairs dis-
gusted her. She feit mortified at l>eing a woman. She
could not even make up her mind again to look in the
niirror. She loathed combing her hair and making her
toilet. Much to the surprise of her own people her hither-

326 PSYCHOPATHIA 8EXUALIS.

to soft and decidedly feminine features assnmed a strongly
niasculine character, so much so that she gave the impres-
sion of being a man clad in female garb. She complained
to her trusted physieian that her periods had stopped, —
in fact, she had nothing to do with such functions. When
they recurred again she feit ill-tempered, and found the
odour of the menstrual flow most nauseating, but definitely
refused the use of perfumes, which affected her in a similar
unpleasant nianner.

But in other ways she feit that a peculiar change had
come over her entire being. She had athletic spells, and
great desire for gymnastic exercises. At tirnes she feit as
if she were just twenty. She was startied, — when her
neurasthenic brain allowed of thought at all, — at the flight
and novelty of her thoughts, at her quiek and precise
method of arriving at conclusions and forining opinions,
at the curt and short way of expressing herseif, and her
novel choiee of words not alwavs beeoining a lady. Even
an inelination to use curse words and oaths was notieeable
in this otherwise so pious and correet woinan.

She reproached herseif bitterly, and grieved because
she had lost her femininity, and seandalised her friends by
her thoughts, sentinients, and aetions.

She also perceived a change in her body. She was
horrificd to notice her brcasts disappearing, that her pelvis
grew smaller and narrower, the bones becaine more mass-
ive, and her skin rougher and hanler.

She refused to \vear any more a lady's night-dress or a
lady's cap, and put away her bracelets, earrings and fans.
Her maid and her dressrnaker noticed a different odour
eoming from her person ; her voiee also grew deeper,
rougher, and quite niasculine.

When the patient was finally able to leave her bed, the
female gait had altered, feminine gestures and movements
in her female attire were foreed, and she could 110 longer
bear to wear a veil over her face. Her fonner j)eriod of
life spent as a woman seemed stränge to her, as if it did
not belong to her existence at all ; she could play no longer

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING IN BOTÜ SEXES. OS i

the rule of womait. She assunnsl niure and innre "the
<l m niete r of a man. She experienced stränge feelings in
her abdomen ; and cornplamed to the physieian attending
her that she could feel no langer tke internal organs of
generation, that her body was eloscd tip, the region of h&t
genitale enlarged, and often hat! the Sensation of possessing
a peiiis and scrotum. She showed, also, nnmistakable
Symptoms of male libido. All those observations affected
her deeplVj filled her witli horror, and depressed her so
mueh that an attaek of insanity was apprehended. But
by incessant efforts and kind advice the family physieian
finally sncceeded in calming the patient and piloting her
safely over this dangerotis point, Lirtle by little she gained
her eqnilibrium in this nnvrl, stränge and morbid physieo-
psychieal form, She took pains in perfonning hör dnties
as housewife and mothen It was interesting to observe
the truly inanly iirmiiess of will whieh she developed, bnt
her foriner softness of ebaraeter had vanished. She as-
snmed the role of the man in her house, a ctrcumstanee
whieh led to many disseiisions and misunderstandings,
She became an enignia whieh her hushand was unable to
solve,

She eomplained to her physician that at times a
"bestial masciiline Vthido" threatened to overeonie her,
whieh made her despondent, Marital intereoorse with
the husband appeared to her most repulsive— in faet,
impossible, Periodically the patient experienced feminine
emotions, -but thev bee&Dfi searecr and weaker as time
\veni by. At stiel i periods she became conseions again of
her feinale genitale and breasts, but tbese episodes affected
her painfully, and she feit that such a "second tnm-
Imitation" would be tinbearable, and wotild drive her to
insanity.

She now became reomieilcd to her irmusmulallo scrus.
brought about Kv her severe illness, and bore her fate with
resignation, finding imtch nipport in her religions con-
vietions.

Wliat affeeted her most keenly was the faet that, like

328 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

an'actress, she must move in a stränge sphere — i.e, in that
of a woman (Status Praesens," Sept., 1892).

ZT7. Degree: Metamorphosis Scxualis Paraiioica.

A final possible stage in tliis disease-process is the de-
lusion of a transformation of sex. It arises on the basis
of sexual neurastbenia that bas developed into neurasthe-
nia universalis, resulting in a mental disease, — paranoid.

Tbe following eases sbow tbe development of the inter-
esting neuro-psychological process to its beigbt : —

Gase 131. K., aged thirty-six, male, Single, servant,
reeeived at tbe elinic on 2(>th Fel)ruary, 1889, typical
ease of paranoia persecutoria, resulting froni neurasthenia
sexualis, with olfaetory hallucinations, sensations, ete.

He came of a predisposed family. Several brotbers
and sisters were psyehopathie. Patient bad a hydro-
cephalic skull, depressed in tbe region of tbe rigbt fon-
tanelle; eyes neuropatbie. ITe bad always been very
sensual; began to niasturbate at nineteen; bad eoitus at
twenty-three ; begat tbree illegitimate ebildren. He gave
up furtber sexual intereourse on aeeount of fear of
begetting rnore ebildren, and of being unable to provide
for tbem. Abstinenee proved very painful to liim. Ile
also gave up masturbation, and was tben troubled wätb
pollutions. A year and a balf ago he became sexually
neuraslhenie, bad diurnal pollutions, became thereafter ill
and miserable, and, after a time, generally neurastlienic,
finally develo])ing paranoia,

A year ago he began to have parcesthetic sensations, —
as if there were a great coil in the place of bis genitals:
and tben he feit that bis scrotum and penis wen» gone, and
that bis genitals were changed into those of a female.

He feit the growth of liis breast»; that bis hair was
that of a woman ; and that feminine garments were on bis
body. He tbought himself a woman. The people in the
street gave utterance, to eorresponding remarks: "Look

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING IN BOTI1 SEXES.

329

at the woman! The old blowhard!" In a half-dreauiv
State, he had the feellng as if he played the part of a
woman m ooitus with a man, whieh eaused bim tlw doüiJ
lively feeling of pleasnre, During his stay at the olinic,
a rcinission of the pamnoia occurred, and, at the same
tlnie, a marked improvement of the neu rast henia« Then
the feelinga and ideas due to a developing mcttinutrpho&is
sexualig disappeared.

A more advanced case of eviration, oti the way to a

transformatio sexus pa-ramticn* is the following: —

Gase 132* Franz St., aged thirty-throe ; sehool-
tcacher, Single ; probably of tainted family; uhvuys aeuro-
puthic; emotional, timid, intolerant of aloohol; bägan to
masturbate at eighteeu* At thirty there wero maniti -i;e
tions of nmrasthenia sexually (polhitions with eOKtftequenf
fatigue, soon beginn mg to oecur du ring the day; pain in
the region of the sacntl plftgus, 6tc ). Gradually, spinal
Irritation, pressure in the head, and cerebral neuraslhenia
wert* adderL Sineo the tagumiBg of 1885 the patient had
given ii p coituSj in which he no longer experutieed pleas-
urable feeling* He masturbated frapiently.

In 1S8S he began to have delusions of suspicion. He
noticed fcbat he was avoided, and tliat he had itnpleasam
odofiffl about bim (olfuetory lndlueinatlons). In this way
he explained the altered attitude of people, and their
sneezing, eougbing, etc.

He couUl smel 1 eorpses and foul urinc. He reeognised
the cause of his bad sinells in in ward pollutions. He
rccognised thcse in n feeling he had as if a fluid flowed
iip froin tbe Symphysis toward the breast. Patient soon
left the clinie.

In 1889 he was again reeeived in an advanced stage of
Paranoia madurbaiörifi parMcutoria {delusions of phi
persccution).

In the beginning of May, 1889, tbe patient attraefed
notice» in that he was cross vvhen he was addressed n^

330

PSYC11UIVAT1UA SEX U ALIS.

"miater\ He protested against it because he was a
womau. Voices told him this. He notieed that bis
breast* were growiug. So me weeks betöre, others had
tout-hcd him in a sensual manuer. He heard it said that
he was a whorc, Of Ute, dreams of pregnancy* He
dreamed that, as a woniaii. he indulged in coitus. He feit
Hu- imraissio pvnis, and, during ihe hallueinatory aet, also
a feeling of ejaeulation.

Head straight; facial form long and narrow; parietal
eminenees prominent; genitale normally developed*

The following case, observed in tlie a^ylum at Illenau,
is a pertioent example of lasting delusional alteration of
sexua 1 con sei ousne ss : —

Case 133, Meiamorphosis sexnalis paranoica* X*
aged Twenty-three, single, pi anist, was received in the asy-
him at Illenau in the last part of Qetober, 1865* He came
of a family in which therc was said to be no hereditary
taint ! but tliere was phthisis (fatber and brothör died of
pulmonary tuberculosis). Patient, as a chüd, was weakly
and du 11, though especially talented in music. He was al-
ways of abnormal eharaeter; silent, retiring, unsocial, and
sullen. He practised Masturbation after fifteen. After a
few years neurast benic Symptoms (palpitation of the heart,
lassitude, occasional pressure in the head, etc.) and also
hypochondriaeal Symptoms were manifested. During the
last year he had worked with groat ditEcnlty. For about
six naoatha neurasthenia had increased. He comphüned
of palpit&tion of the heart, pressure in the head, and
sleepl"— i)' m ; was very irritable, and seeiued to be sexually
excited. He deelared that he must marry for bis health.
He feil in love with an ariiste, but alinost at thß same
time (September, 1SG5), feil ill with paranoid persecutoria
(ideofl of enemies, derision in the street, poison in f ood ;
v-lKtaeles were plaeed on the bridge to keep htm from
going to bis inamoraiü)* On aeeount of increasing ex-
citeiuent and confliets with those about him that he eon*

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELIN« IN BOTH SEXES.

331

sideml inimical to him, he was taken to the asylum. At
first he presented the picture u£ a typical paranoid pcrsc-
culoria with Symptoms of sexual, and later general, neuras-
thenia, though the drlusions of persecution did not rest
lipon this neurotic foundation. It was only occasionally
that the patient heard auch sentences as this: "Now the
seinen will be drawn froni him. Kow the bladder will be
cut out."

In the eourse of the years 18GG-G8, the delusions of
persecution became less and less apparent, and were for
the nioet part replaced by erotic ideas. The soniatic and
mental basis was a last log and powerful excitatiou of the
nexual sphere, The patient feil in love with every wornan
he saw, heard voiees which told him to approach her, and
beg to be allowed to marry, deelaring that, if he were
not given a wife, he would waste away, Willi cuntinu-
ance of inasturbatiou, in 1869, signs of futnre effemination
made themselves manifest "He would, if he should get
a wife, love her only platomcally." The patient grew
more and niore peeuliar, lived in a cirele of erotie ideas,
saw prostitntion praetised in the asylum, and now and
then heard voiees whieh imputed immoral conduet with
women to him. For this reason he avoided the society of
women, and only associated with them for the sake of
musie when two witnesses were with him.

In the eourse of the year 1872, the neurasthenie con-
dition beeame markedly increased. Now paranoia perse-
cutoria again came into the foregroimd, and took on a
elinical eolouring from the neurotic basis. Olfaetory
hallucinations oecurred. Magnet ic influences were at work
on lüm — "magnefic waves produced by striking an anvil,J
(fake Interpretation of sensations due to spinal asthenia),
With eontinued and intenee sexual exeitement and exeess
in mastnrbation, the proeess of erTeniination eonstantlv
progressed. Only episodieally was he a man and inclined
toward a woman, eomplainirtg that the shameless Prosti-
tution nf rlie nien in the bouae made it impoosibk for a
lady to eome to him. He was dying of magnett eally pois-

332 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALI8.

oned air and unsatisfied lovc. Witliout love he could not
live. Ile was poisoncd by lewd poison tliat affected his
sexual desire. The lady whom lie lovcd was surroimded
here by tlie lowest vice. The prost itut es in the house had
fortune-chains ; that is, ehains in which, witliout moving,
a man can indulge in lustful pleasure. Ile was ready
now to satisfy liimself with prostitutes. Ile was possessed
of a wondcrful ray of thought that cmanated f roni liis eyes,
which were worth 20,000,000. Ilis compositions were
worth 500,000 francs. With these indieations of delusions
of grandeur, thore were also those of persccution — the food
was poisonod by venereal exerements; lie tasted and
smelled poison, heard mfamous aecusations, and asked for
applianees to close his ears.

Froin August, 1872, howcver, the signs of cffemination
beeame more and more frequent. Ile acted soniewhat
affectedly, dcclaring that lie could no longer live ainong
men that drink and smoke. Ile thought and feit like a
wonian. Ile niust thenceforth be treated like a woman and
transferred to a female ward. Ile asked for confections
and delicate desserts. Occasionally, on aeeount of tenes-
mus and cystospasm, lie asked to be transferred to a lying-
in hospital and treated as a woman verv ill in pregnancy.
The abnormal niagnetisni of maseuline attendants had an
unfavourable effect on him.

At times he still feit liimself to bo a man, but in a way
which indicated bis abnormally altered sexual feeling. He
pleaded only for satisfaetion by means of masturbation,
or for niarriage witliout eoitus. Marriage was a seusual
institution. The girl that he would take for a wife must
be a masturbator.

Aboi\t the end of December, 1872, his personal ity be-
eame completely feminine. From that time he remained
a woman. Ile had always been a woman, but in his baby-
hood a Freneh Quaker, an artist, had put maseuline geni-
tals on him, and by rubbing and distorting his thorax had
prevented the development of bis breast s.

After this he demanded to be transferred to the female

• HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING IN BOTH SEXES. 333

department, protection from men that wished to violate
liim, and asked for feniale clothing. Eventually he also
desired to be given employment in a toy-shop, with crochet-
ing and embroidery work to do, or a place in a dressmaking
establishment with female work. From the time of the
transformatio scxus, the patient began a new reckoning of
time. He conceivcd his previous pcrsonality in memory
as that of a cousin.

He always spoke of himself in the third person, and
called himself the Countess V., the dearest friend of the
Empress Eugenie; asked for pcrfumes, corsets, etc., He
took the other men of the ward for girls, tried to raise a
head of hair, and dcmandcd ''Oriental Hair-Remover,"
in order that no one may doubt his gender. He took de-
light in praising onanism, for "shc had been an onanist
from fifteen, and had never desired any other kind of
sexual satisfaction". Occasionally neurast henic Symptoms,
olfactory hallucinations, and persecutory delusions were
observcd. All the events up to the time of Deceniber, 1872,
belonged to the pcrsonality of the cousin.

The patient's delusion that he was the Countess V.
could no longer be corrccted. Shc proved her idontity by
the fact that the nurse had cxamined her, and found her to-
be a lady. The countess would not marry, because she hated
men. Since he was not provided with female clothing and
shoes, he spent the greatest part of the day in bed, acted
like an invalid lady of position, affectcdly and modestly,
and asked for bon-bons and the like. His hair was done up
in a knot as well as it allowed, and the beard was pulled
out. Breasts were made of rolls of bread.

In 1874 caries began in the left knec-joint, to which
pulmonary tuberculosis was soon added. Death on 2nd
December, 1874. Skull normal. Frontal lobes atrophic.
Brain ansemic. Microscopical (Dr. Schule). In the su-
perior layer of the frontal lobe, ganglion cells somewhat
shrunken; in the advcntitia of the vessels, numerous fat-
corpuseles; ganrjlia unchanged; isolated pigmcnt particles
#nd colloid bodies. The lower layers of the cortex normal.

334 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

Genitals very largo; testicles small, lax, and showed no
change microscopically on section.

The deliision of sexual transformation, displayed in its
conditions and phases of development in the foregoing
case, is a manifestation remarkably infrequent in the
pathology of the human mind. Besides the foregoing
cases, personally observed, I have seen such a case, as an
episodical phenomenon, in a lady having sexual inversion
(case 118, of the seventh edition of this work), one in a girl
affected with original paranoid, and another in a lady
8uffering with original paranoia.

Save for a case briefly reported by Arndt1 in his text-
book, and one quite superficially describcd by Serieux
(uRecherches Clinique," p. 33), and the two cases known
to Esquirol* I cannot reeall any cases of delusion of sexual
transformation in literature.

I have already mentioned the interesting relations ex-
isting between the facts of delusional transformation of
sex and the so-called insanity of the Scythians.

Marandon (" Annales medico-psychologiques," 1877, p.
161), like others, has erroneously prcsumed that with the
ancient Scythians tliore was an actual delusion, and that
the condition was not inerely that of eviration. According
to the law of empirical actuality, the delusion, so infre-
quent to-day, must also have been very infrequent in an-
cient times. Since it can only be conceived as arising on
the basis of paranoia, therc can be no thought of its en-
demic occurrence ; it ean only be regarded as a superstitious
manifestation of eviration (the result of anger of the
goddess), as is also evident from the Statements of Ilippo-
crates.

The facts of the so-called Scythian insanity, as well as

1 An abstract of thia may be found in case 103 of the ninth edition
of thia book.

2Cf. ibid., cases 104 and 105.

HOMO-SEXTTAL FEELING AS ABNORMAL MANIFESTATION, 335

the facta lately learned aboüt the Puehlo Indiana, are also
worfchy of note amhrojmlogieaHy, in so far as atrophy of
the testes and genitals in generale and approxiinatiou to
the female type, phjeieallj and mental lv\ werc observed.
This Is the more remar kable, since, in tuen who have lost
thcir procreative organs, such a reveraal of instinct is qnite
as unusual as in Wümen, mufaiis mutandisj after the nat-
ural or artificial clitrwcteric.

B. Homo-Sexual Feeling as an Abnormal Congenital
Manifestation.1

The esspntial feature of this Strange mani festat ion of
the sexual Hfe is the want of sexual sensibilitv for the
opposite sex, even to the extent of hovror, while sexual
inelination and im pulse toward the same sex are present.
At the same fime, the gen it als are normal ly developed, the

* Bibliography (besides works mentumed liereafter) i Tardieu,
,+ De* Attentats aux moeurs/* 7 eUit., 1878, p. 210, — Bofmann,
"Lehrb. d. ger, Med./' 0 Aufl., pp. 170, 887 ♦— Gley, "Bett* philo^
sophique," 1884, No. I.—Magnan, w AnnaL med- psycho!, /' 1885, p.
458. — Shaw and Ferrix, " Journal of Nervoua and Mental Diseases/*
1883, April, No. 2.— Bernhardt, " Der Umnismus," Berlin t Volks-
buchhandlung), 1882, — 0hwüH*r3 "De rinversion de l*itiatjnot sex-
uH/T Paris, 1885. — llitti, H G*f& hebdnm* de mAleeine et de chirurg./'
1878, 4. Januar. — TamaA&ia, M RivintH aperim,** 1878, pp. 07-117, —
Lambroso, '* Archiv, di PsichiAtr./* 188L — Charcot et Magnant
''Archiv, de neurologie/* 1882, Nr. 7, 12. — Motlf *■ Die eonträre Sex-
ual empfind ung/' Berlin, 3rd edit,, 1899 (numerous bibliographie
referenees). — Chevalier. u Archivea de ranthropologie criminelle»*'
vol. v,T No. 27; vol. vi., No. 31. — Rtiu&s, " Aberrations du aons
gänGalque/* " Annalos d'hygiene publique,1* 1886.— Saury7 " Etüde
clinique sur la folie her&iitaire/1 1880, — Brouardel, " Gaz. des hop-
ituiix," ISHO and 1887. — TMcr, '* T/in^hnct MSUd ebas l'homiin' *\
cbez les animaux/1 1889. — Carlier, M Lea deux proslitutions/* 1887* —
Lacasangne, art. ib Päderastie/* in the '4 Diction. eneyclopeMique." —
Vibert, art. " PSderastie,'* in tbe '* Dietion. med, et de ehirur^i
Coutagtte, " Lyon medical,1* 1880, Nos, 35, 30. — Blumer, u Americ.
Journ. of Insanity" July, 1882.— V. K rafft t " Zeitseh r. f Psychiatrie,"
No. 38, — Rhimewtork* art. " C'ontrftre Sex ualeniji findung," *' Realetl'
eyclop. d. ges. Heilkunde," 2 Aufl. vi,— Brvuardeli 4* Gaz. des
liopileaiix," 1887.— Än>Är, " Inau^ural dissert.," Würzburg, 1888.—
Hofman, art, " Paederastie/' " Realeneyclop. d. ges. Heilkunde/* 2

336 PSYCHOPATHIA 8EXUALI8.

sexual glands perform their functions properly, and the
sexual type is coinpletely differentiated.

Feeling, thought, will, and the whole character, in
cases of the complete developraent of the anomaly, corre-
spond with the peculiar sexual instinct, but not with the
sex which the individual represents anatomically and
physiologically. This abnormal mode of feeling may not
infrequently be recognized in the manner, dress and
calling of the individuals, who may go so far as to yield
to an impulse to don the distinctive clothing corresponding
with the sexual röle in which they feel t heinsei ves to be.

Anthropologically and clinically, this abnormal mani-
festation presents various degrees of development : —

1. Traces of hetero-sexual, with predominating homo-
sexual, instinct (psycho-sexual hermaphroditism).

2. There exists inclination only toward the same sex
(homo-scxuality).

3. The entire mental existence is altered to correspond
with the abnormal sexual instinct (effemination and
viraginity).

4. The form of the Ixxly approaehes that which
corresponds to the abnormal sexual instinct. However
actual transitions to hermaphrodites never occur, but, on
the contrary, complotolv differentiated genitals; so that,
just as in all pathological pcrvcrsions of the sexual life,

Aufl. xv. — Tarnoicsky, " Die krankhaften Ercheinungen des Ge-
schlechtsinnes," Kerlin, 1886. — Magnan, ** »Seance de l'academie de
meVlecinc du 13 Janvier," 1885, idem, "Annales me<lico psychol.," 1886
("Anomalie» du sens genital"; " Discussion sur la folie h6r€d-
itaire"). — Kcricux, "Recherche» cliniqucs sur les anomalies de
l'instinrt scxuel," Paris, 1880. — Chevalier, " L'invcrsion sexuelle,"
Lyon, Pari«, 1893. — Ladame, " Revue de rhypnotisme," Sept., 1889. —
I'eycr, " Münch. med. Wochenschrift," 1890, Xo. 23.— Lewin,
"Neiirolog. CVntralhlatt," 1891, Xo. 18.— F. Schrenck-Xotzing, "Die
Nuggestions-therapic," etc., Stuttgart. — Eulenburg, op. cit., p. 66,
" Homo-sexuelle Parerosie." — Raffalovich, " Die Entwickelung der
Homo-nc\ii;t]itiIt," Uerlin, 1895, — idem, " Uranisinc et Unisexualite*,"
Pari«», HSG. — V. Schrenck-Xotzing, " Klin. Zeit- und Streitfragen,"
ix. 1 (Wien, 1895). — Laupts, "Perversion et perversite* sexuelles,"
Paris, 1S90. — Lrgrain, " Des anomalies de l'instinct sexuel," etc.,
• Pari», 1890.

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING AS ABNOKMAL MANIFESTATION. 337

thc cause, must be sought in the brain (androgyny and
gynandry).

The first definite Communications1 concerning this
enigmatical phenpmenon of Xature are made by C asper
("lieber Nothzucht und Päderastie," C asper s "Viertel-
jahrsschrift," 1852, i.), who, it is true, classcs it with
pederasty, but makes the pertinent remark that this
anomaly is, in most cases, congenital, and. at the samo
time, to be regarded as a mental hermaphroditism. There
exists here an actual disgust of sexual contact with women,
while the iniagination is filled with beautiful young men,
and with statues and pictures of them. It did not escape
Casper that in such cases emissio penis in anum (peder-
asty) is not the ruie, but that, by means of other sexual
acts (mutual onanism), sexual satisfaction is sought and
obtained.

In bis "Clinical Xovcls" (1803, p. 33) Casper gives
the interesting confession of a man showing tliis perver-
sion of the sexual instinet, and does not hesitatc to assert
that, aside from vicious iniagination and vice, as a result of
over-indulgence in normal sexual intercourse, there are
numerous cases in which "pederasty" has its origin in
a remarkable, obscure impulse, which is congenital and
inexplicable. About the middlc of the "sixties" a certain
assessor, Ulrichs, himself subjeet to this perverse instinet,
declared, in numerous articles, under the nom-de-plume

1 Dr. Moll, of Berlin, called my attention to the fact that in
Moritz's " Magazin f. Erfahrungsseelenkunde," vol. viii., Berlin, 1791,
references are made to antipathic sexual instinet in man. In fact, two
biographies of men are there reported who manifested an enthusiastic
love for persons of tlieir own sex. In the second case, which is par-
ticularly noteworthy, the patient himself explains his aberration by
the fact that, as a child he was caressed only by grown persons, and
as a boy of ten or twelve years only by his school-fellows. " Tliis,
and the want of association with persons of the opposite sex, in me
caused the natural inclination toward the female sex to be entirely
diverted to the male sex. I am still quite indifferent to women."

It cannot be determined whether such a case is one of con-
genital ( psycho-sexual hermaphrodisia ? ) or acquired antipathic
sexual instinet.

338

PSYCUÜIMTHIA 8EXUAHS.

"Xuma Kuuiantitis,1 that the sexual mental life was not
connected with the bodily sex; that there wcre male in-
di vi du als that feit like womeii toward tuen (anlma mulie*
ffi-is in corpun' viril t inclu&d)* He called thcse people
"Urnings" and demanded not hing less thau the legal
and social recognition of this sexual love of the Urnings
as congenita] and, therefore, as right ; and the permissioii
of marriage uniong theni/ Ulrichs failcd, however, to
pro vc that this certainly congenita! and paradoxieal sexual
feeling was physiological, and not pathologieaL

Qtiesinger ("Archiv t Psychiatrie," L, p. 851) threw
the lirat ray of light on these faets, anthropalogieally and
clinically by pointiitg out the marked beredifary taint
of the individnal in a case wbich came under bis own
Observation.

Wb owe thanks to Wesiphül ("Archiv f, Psychiatrie,**
Ü«, p. 73) for the first systetnatie cousideratiun of tbe
manifestation in queatiüXi, whieh he defined aa "congenital
reversal of tbe sexual feeling, with conseiousness of the*
abnormal! tv öf the inanifeshiriim," and designated with
the nauie, since generally accepted> of antipathic sexual
msHneL At i)n* Barne time, he began a series of cases,
wbich up to this tiine bas nutnbered about 200, those
reported in this monograph not being inrluded.

Westphai leaves it mideeided aa to whether antipathic
sexual feeling is a Symptom of a neuropathte or of a
Psychopathie condition, or whether it may oecur as an
isolated tnani festat iorcu He holds fast to tbe opinion that
the conditiem is einigen ital.

From tbe cases puhlished up to 1877 I have desig-
nated this peculiar sexual feeling as a funetiona! sign
of degeneration, and as a partial manifestation of a
neuro- (psycho-) pathic State, in most eases hereditary, — a
supposition whieb bas found renewed confirmation in a

' N Vindpx, Indusn, Yindieta, Fonnatrix, Ära speif Gladiua
füren**' (Leipaig, H Matthes, 1SÜ4 and 2805); Vlrwhs, " Kri tische
Pfeile/' 1879, in rommisaiüt), by H. Crönlein, Stuttgart, Augusten-
straase, 5,

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING AS ABNORMAL MANIFESTATION. 339

consideration of additional cases. The following pecu-
liarities may be given as tbe signs of this neuro- (psycho-)
pathic taint : —

1. The sexual life of individuals thus organized raani-
fests itself, as a rule, abnormally early, and thereafter with
abnormal power. Not infrequently still other perverse
manifestations are presented besides the abnormal method
of sexual satisfaction, which in itself is conditioned by the
peculiar sexual feeling.

2. The psyehical love manifest in these men is, for
the most part, exaggerated and exalted in the same way
as their sexual instinct is manifested in consciousness,
with a stränge and even compelling force.

3. By the side of the functional signs of degeneration
attending antipathic sexual feeling are found other
functional, and in many cases anatomical, evidences of
degeneration.

4. Neuroses (hysteria, neurasthenic, epileptoid states,
etc.) co-exist. Almost invariably the existence of tem-
porary or lasting neurasthenia may be proved. As a rule,
this is constitutional, having its root in congenital condi-
tions. It is awakened and maintained by masturbation or
enforced abstinence.

In male individuals, owing to these practices or to
congenital disposition, there is finally neurasthenia sex-
ualis, which manifests itself essentially in irritable w-eak-
ness of the ejaculation centre. Thus it is explained that,
in most of the cases, simply embracing and kissing, or even
only the sight of the loved person, induce the act of ejacu-
lation. Frequently this is accompanied by an abnormally
powcrful feeling of lustful pleasure, which may be so in-
tense as to suggest a feeling of "magnetic" currents pass-
ing through the body.

5. In the majority of cases, psyehical anomalies (bril-
liant endowment in art, especially music, poetry, etc., by
the side of bad intellectual powers or original eccentricity)
are present, which may extend to pronounced conditions
of mental degeneration (imbecility, moral insanity).

340 PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

In mauy Urnings, either temporarily or pernianently,
insanity of a degenerative character (pathological emo-
tional states, periodical insanity, paranoid, etc.) makes its
appearanee.

(5. In alniost all cases \vhcre<an examination of the
physical and mental peculiarities of the ancestors and
blood relations lias been possible, neurosis, psychoses,
degenerative signs, etc., liave been found in the fainilies.1

The depth of cougenital antipathic sexual feeling is
shown by the fact tliat the lustful dreain of the niale-loving
Urning has for its content only male individuals; that of
the female-loving woman, only female individuals, with
corresponding situations.

The Observation of Westphal, that the consciousness of
one congenitally defective in sexual desires toward the
op])osite sex is painfully affected by the impulse toward
the saine sex, is true in only a numk»r of cases. Indeed,
in manv instances, the consciousness of the abnormalitv
of the condition is wanting. The majority of Urnings are
happy in their perverse sexual feeling and impulse, and
unhappy only in so.far as social and legal barriers stand
in the way of the satisfaction of their inst inet toward
their own sex.

The study of antipathic sexual feeling points directly
to anomalies of the cerebral Organisation of the affected
individuals. The very fact that in tliese cases, with few
exceptions, the sexual glands are found quite normal,
anatomically and functionally, seems to favour tliis
assumption.

Tliis enigmatical inanifestalion in the nature of man
has led to many attempts of explanation.

Among lay persona, it is called vice; in the language

1 Tarnowsky (op. ci/., p. 34) records a casc which shows that
antipathic sexual feeling, as a cmiromitant manifestation with
neurotic degeneration, may also nfleet the descendants of j)arents
having no neurotie taint. In tliis instanee, Ines of the parents played
a part, as in a siniilar ease of Schah (" Viertel jahrsschr. f. ger.
Med."), in which the perversion of the sexual desires stood in causal
relation with an arrest of psyehical development, caused by
traumatism.

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELIXO AS ABNORMAL MANIFESTATION. 341

of tlic law, crime. Those taintcd with it, althöugh recog-
nising it as an abnormality, claim for it the saine rights
and privilegcs that are aecorded to normal ( hetero-sexual )
love, on aeconnt of its being based lipon a freak of nature.
From Plato down to Ulrichs, in antipathie sexual cireles,
this stand point is niaintaimed. Plato's "Banquet," ehap-
ters viii. and ix., are quoted for that purpose, viz.: "There
is no Aphrodite« without an Eros. But there are two
goddesses. The older Aphrodites eame into existence
without a mother; being the danghter of Uranos she is
ealled Urania. The younger Aphrodites is the danghter
of Zeus and Diana and is ealled Pandemos. The Eros
of the former iniist, therefore, be Uranos, that of the
latter Pandemos. With the love of Eros Pandemos the
ordinarv human beings love; Eros Uranos did not choose
a female but a male; this is the love for boys. Whoever
is inspired with this love turns to the male sex." From
many other places in the classies the impression may be
won that Uranic love attained a higher position even
than her sister. More reeent explanations of the homo-
sexual instinet have emanated from philosophers, psycho-
logists and natural seien tists.

One of the most peeuliar explanations is advanced by
Schopenhauer ("Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung"),
who seriously eontends that nature seeks to prevent old
men (i.e., over fifty years of age) from begetting ehildren,
since experienee teaehes that these never turn out good.
For this purpose nature in her wisdom has turned the
sexual instinet in old men toward their own sex! The
trreat ])hilosopher and thinker evidently was not aware
that sexual Inversion, as a rule, exists ab origine, and that
pederasty, oeeurring in the Senium, is only sexual per-
versity, but by no means proves the presenee of perversion.

Bind attempts to explain these peeuliar manifestations
from a psyehological Standpoint, thinking (with Condillac)
to reduee them — together with »other bizarre psychieal
pheuomena — to the law of assoeiation of ideas (i.e.,
association of ideas with seutiments in statu nascendi).

342 PSYCUOPAT1I1A SEXUALIS.

This clever psychologist assumes that the instinct not
as yet sexually differentiated is deterniined by the coin-
cidence of a vivid sexual emotion with the simultaneous
sight or contact of a person of the opposite sex. In
this manner a raighty association is created, which takes
root by repeating itself, whilst the original associative
process is forgotten or becomes latent. Even to-day v.
Schrench-N otzing and others lean to this opinion, in their
efforts to explain the inverted sexual instinct (chiefly
when acquired) ; but it cannot withstand serious criticisra.
Psychological forces are insufticient to explain manifesta-
tions of so thoroughly degenerated a character (vide infra).

Chevalier ("Inversion Sexuelle," Paris, 1893) rightly
demurs against Bittet that these attempts at psychological
explanations explain noither the precocity of homo-sexual
impulses, i.e., such as have cxisted long before sexual
feelings werc associated with imagination, nor the aver-
sion towards the opposite sex, nor early appearance of
secondary psych ico-sexual manifestations. Xevertheless,
Binet's subtle remark that the lasting presence of such
associations is only possible in predisposed (tainted) indi-
viduals is worthy of note.

Xeither do the explanations attempted by physicians
and naturalists prove anything to satisfaction. Glcy
("Revue philosophique," January, 1S84) maintains that
those afflicted with inverted sexual instinct have a female
brain ( !) but masculine sexual glands, and that an existing
morbid condition of the brain deternünes the sexual life,
whilst e contra and normally the sexual glands influence
the sexual cerebral functions. Magnan ("Annales med.
psychol.," 1S85, p. 4.">8) also speaks of a female brain in
the body of a man and vice versa. Viridis ("Memnon,"
1868) comes closer to the point when he speaks of an
anima muliebris virili corpori innali, and thus seeks to
explain congenital effeminatio. According to Mantegazza
(op. cit. 1880, p. 100), anatomical anomalics exist in such
persons in so far as the natural plexus of the genital nerves
terminates in the rectum, thus misdirecting thither all

HOMO-SEXUAL FKELIXG AS ABNORMAL MANIFESTATION. 343

lustful desires. But siirely nature nevcr U giiilty of such
exrora or "sallux". Xeüher does shq bürden u niasculiiie
body with a feiualc braim The autbor of this hypothisis,
otherwise so acute, quite overlooks the fact that thr
individuals given to sexual Inversion, as 11 rule, abbor
the use of the anus— viz.ß pederasty. Mantegazza reverts,
§M ^ support for his hypothesis, to the communioutiuns
which he reeeivod from a well-known prominent author,
who assured Lim that he was not as yet satißfied in Ins
own uiind whether he derived greater ploasnre from eoitus
than froni defaxration. Even if wo ad mit the correetness
of tbis statement, it would only prove that itfl author vu
sexually abnormal, and that he derived but a minimura of
pleasurc from eoitus* Moreover? one would come to the
conclusion that the muenus membrane of Ins rectum was,
in some abnormal manner, erogenous.

Bernhardt ("Der Uranismus/' Berlin, 1882) casually
found in five effeminati ("Patiiici") ahsewo of sprrmoio-
zoaf in four eases not even spenn crystals, and thotight to
find the Solution of tliis "enigmu of many thousand vears"
in the assumption that the pfifft irtLs was a "monstcr of
the feminine sex, having nothing eise in common with
the male than the male genital*, which in some ca&es are
even only imperfectly developed". This author eould not
even base his contentiou upon an autop-v, which, no doiibt,
would have eventually estabKshed a ease of hermaphrodit-

isiIL

Those practising aetive viraghrity and gynandry he
styles aa umonsters of masculiiu- gende7 in Opposition to
which the passive tri bade is as perfeet a woman as the
aetive pa?dicator is a perfeet man".

The au t hör of this hook Las made an attempt to utilisc
facts of heredity for an explanation of this anomaly,
Proeecding from the experience that mamfestations of
sexual porversion are frequently found in the parents, he
suspeeta that the various grades of congenital sexual
Inversion represent various grades of sexual anomaly
inherited by birtli, acquired by asceudency, or otherwise

344 PSYCHOPATH IA REXUALIS.

developctl. In this connection, thc law of progressive
heredity mnst also be considered.

All attcmpts at cx])lanation madc liithorto on the
ground of natural philosophy or psyehology, or those of
a mercly spcculative character are insufficicnt.

Later researchcs, however, proceeding on cmbryo-
logieal (onto- and phylogenetic) and anthropological lines
secm to promise good results.

Emanating froni Frank Lydston ("Philadelphia Med.
and Snrg. Recorder," September, 1888,) and Kiornan
("Medical Standard/' Xoveinber, 1888), they are based
(1) on the faet that bisexual Organisation is still found in
the lower animal kingdom, and (2) on the supposition that
mono-sexuality gradually developed from bisexuality.
Kiernan assumes in trying to snbordinate sexual inversion
to the category of hermaphroditism that in individuals thns
affected retrogression into the earlier hermaphrodisio
forms of the animal kingdom may take ])lace at least
fnnetionally. These are bis own words: "The original
bisexuality of the aneestors of tlie raee, shown in the
rudimentary feniale organs of thc male, eould not fail to
occasion functional, if not organic reversions, when mental
or physieal manifestations were interfered with by disease
or congenital defect. It seems certain that a fcminily
functionating brain can oecupy a male body and vice versa.

Chevalier (op. cit., p. 408) proceeds from the original
bisexual life in the animal kingdom, and the original
bisexual predisposition in tlie human fretus.

According to hiin thc difference in the gender, with
marked physieal and psyehieal sexual character, is only
the result of endless processes of evolution. The psycho-
physieal sexual difference runs parallel with the high level
of the evolving process. The individual bring must
also itself pass tlirough thesc grades of evolution; it is
originally bisexual, but in the struggle between the male
and fen uil e Clements either one or the other is conquered,
and a monosexual being is evolved which corresponds with
tlie type of the present slage of evolution. Hut traces of

HOMO-SEXUAL FEEL13Ü ÄS AHNOliM AI. MANIFESTATION. 345

the conqnored sexuality remuin. Untier certain circum-
stanecs, theae coractirGB sexweis lütenta may gain Darwiivs
signitieation, Le^ thev may provoke niauifestations of
inverted sexuality, Chevalier doaa not, however, look
lipon such processes as a retrogression (atavism), in the
sense of Lombroso's opinion and that of others, lmt rat her
considers theiti with Lacassa(/tir as disturbances in the
prescnt stage of evolution,

If the strukture of this opinion is conti mied, the fol-
lowing anthropological and historical facts may be
evolved : —

1. The sexual apparatua eonsists of (a) the sexual
Irlands and the or^atis of reproduction ; (h) the spinal
mitres, whieh aet either as a check or a Stimulus lipon
(a) ; (c) the cerebral regions, in whieh the psyebical
processes of ihe rihi srxitalis are enacted.

Since the original predisposition of (a) is of a bisexual
character, the same unist be claliued for (h) and (>).

2> The tendeney of nature in the present stage of
evolution is the reprodnetion of monosexual individuals,
and the law of experience teaches that that cerebral centre
is normal ly dcveloped whieh corresponds with the sexual
glands ("Law of the Sexual Homologous Development").

3, This destruetion of antipathic sexual itv is at present
not yet completed. In the same manner in which the
Processus vermifonnis in the intestinal tube points to
former slages of Organisation, so niay also be found in
the sexual apparatus— in the male as well as in the
female — residua, whieh point to the original onto- and
phvlogenetic bisexuality, not to speak of hermaphrodisic
nudforniations, whieh may be looked lipon merely as
partial execsses of development, or disturbances in the
fnnnafion of the sexual Organisation, and espeeially of
the t tff ritfif iipnifals.

The residua referred to are, in the male, the utriculus
mascttlimts (reinnants of the "Müllersche Gänge1') and
the nipple, in woman the paroophoroB (reinnants of the
original renal portions of the Wolffian bodiefl), and the

346

psvrnotwTuiA sexüalis.

epoophoron (rcmnants of WolfTa ganglia, and analogous?
with the cpididymis in the male). Beir/rl, Klebs, Fürst und
others have foimd in the human female suggestions of the
Wolttian bodies in tlic* shape of the su-ealled Gartnerian
canals, which in the female ruminants are regularly present
in the lateral wall of the uicms.

4. Besides, a long line of clinical and ant hropologieal
facts favour this a&sumption,

I will only call attention to the not infrequent cases
of individuals with churacters of mixed ' or (in the
aense of sexual Inversion) predoininating physieal and
psyehical sexuality (**female inen and male woinen"), to
the appearancc of the female character (psychically and
phvsieally) in inen, ocmaequenl upon castration (runuchs),
and of the male character in wonutn after the reiuoval of
the ovarici in early youth, also to the manifestations of
viraginity in ctimax prwcox, and even to the developnient
of a second gen der.

Professor Kaltcnbach gives a remarkahle instance of
such a second (antipathic) nla scsualLs. developed lipon
climax prwcox*

"On the 17th of Febriiary, 1892, he consiilted nie about
"a woman, thirty years of age, nmrried two years, who
formerly had irregulär menstruation-."

Since June, 1891, a sudden series of mantfestations
which correspondcd with the proeess of maseuline puberty,
viz.j füll heard, hair of the head inueh darker, eyebrows
and pubis ßtrongly developed, ehest and abdomen covered
with hair as in man,

Tncrea-( d aetivity of the sudoriparous and sabaeeous
glands, rpon ehest, back and face strong miliary and
aene developments, wbilst formerly the tint was elassically
white and tmooth, Change of voiee — formerly rieh
BOpllUtO, now a "lieutenant's voiee". The entire facial
expression cbanged. Oomptete change of carriage: ehest
broad, waist gone, abdomen prominent with adipose tissue, (
short thick-set neck, maseuline all wer* Lower part
of face broad, breast s flat and maseuline. Psychical

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING AS ABNORMAL >! ANIFESTATTON'. 347

ebanges: formerlv mild and tractable, nuw energetic,
hard to control, even aggressive. From the begixmiug
of marriage 110 adequate sexual desire, but HO traces of
inversion.

In the sexual organs also liighlv interesting changes
may be fonnd. "Thna tbis young woman has cbanged
lato a man, to all inten ts and purposea."

llv explanation of the case: —

"Climax prtvcox. loss of fanner feminine sexuality.
Physical and paychieal development of male sexuality,
hitherto latent. Interesting Illustration of the bi-sexual
predisposition, and of ibe possibility of continued existence
of a second sexuality in a latent State, under eonditions
hitherto unkiiowii."

Unfortnnately, I eould obtain 110 furtlier infonnation
about the subsequent inetaninrphosis of this case. or the
presence of probable bereditarv taint.

Vi de also cases 129 and 130- In these severe neu ras-
tbenia was the causa fing element of trtmsmutatio sexitSj
based lipon heavy taint; the ehange, however, bring only
psycbiealj and not affecting the physical sexual character.

5. These manifestarions of inverted sexuality are
evidently fonnd only in peisons wirb onjatue taint,1 In
normal constitutions the law of nunio-sexual development,
homologous with the sexual glands, remains intaet. That
Ibe cerebral centre is developcd ander other conditions,
quite independent from the peripheral sexual organs (in-
eluding the sexual glands), is evident from the cases of
bermaphroditism (at least, so far as pseudo-hennaphrodi-
tism is coneerned), in which the law referred to above re-
maina intaet in the sense of mono-sexual development,

1T1h? resenrehra in zoology, by Klaus t" Koologif" lS9lf p. 490)
ahow that, In tbe lower gradra of the an i mal wnrld, not only
hermaphroditisni exiats, but thnt also ( pbymological t \ sexual ex-
clmngp in one und tbe sanie individua! may take place. Klaus stateti
that the i -ffmothoidetr {etasaified under cruatacea) perform in tbe
first part oi their life tbe Functions of the male, and in tbe second
part under mntiyp evi*n seeondary, changes of the sexual eharaeter
those of tlie fei n nie.

348 Psychopath ia sextalis.

analogous to the sexual j^lands. In hermaproditismus
verus, however, pliysically as well as psychieally, a mutnal
influence of both centres obtains, and thus also a neutral-
isation of the vita amoris, assuming evcn a State of asex-
uality, and a tendency to pliysically and psychieally com-
bine and put into Operation both these sexual eharacters.

But hermaphroditism and sexual inversion stand in no
relation to each other. This is clear from the fact that
the hermaphrodite (or, praetically speaking, the pseudo-
hermaphrodite) follows the law of evolution quoted above,
and does not off er inverted sexuality, whilst, on the
other hand, herniaphroditisin has never been anatomically
observed in cases of antipathic sexual instinet. This
followTs, without further argument, from the difference of
the conditions under which they originate, for in sexual
inversion we must look for the cause in central (cerebral)
defects, and in hermaphroditism in the anomalies affecting
the peripheral sexual apparatus.

The facts quoted seem to support an attempt of an
historical and anthropological explanation of sexual inver-
sion.

It is a disturbance of the law of the development of
the cerebral centre, homologous to the sexual gland9
(homo - sexuality), and cventually also of the law of
the mono-sexual formation of the individual (psychieal
"hermaphroditism"). In the formor rase it is the centre
of bi-sexual predisposition, antagonistic to tlio gender
represented by the sexual gland, which in a paradoxical
manner conquers tliat originally intended to be superior;
yet the law of mono-sexual development obtains 1

In tlie other case victory lies with neither centre; yet
an indication of the tendency of mono-sexual development

1 A mono-sexual psychic apparatiis of generation. in a mono-
sexual body which belonps to the opposite sex, does, of course, not
mean a " feminine soul in a maseuline brain/' or vice versa — this
would simply contradict all monistic and scientific thought; neither
a feminine brain in a maseuline body — this contradicts every
anatomical fact — but only a fcminiAe psycho-sexual centre in a
maseuline brain, «ind vier versa.

HOMO-SEXUAL FEELING AS ABNORMAL MANIFESTATION. 349

rcniains, in so far tliat onc is prcdominant, as a rulc the
opposite. This is the more remarkablc since it Las not
the support of a corresponding sexual gland — in faet, not
even a peripheral sexual apparatus, anotber proof that tho
cerebral centre is autonomous, and in its development
independent of the sexual glands.

In the first case it must be assumed that the centre
wliich by right should have concpiered was too weak.
This fact may be recognized in the subsequently weak
Ubido in the sexual character, but fcebly niarked in the
physical and psychical conditions.

In the second case both centres were too weak to
obtain victory and superiority.

This defect of the natural laws must, froni the anthro-
pological and clinical standpoint, be considered as a man-
ifestation of degcneration. In fact, in all cascs of
sexual in version a taint of a hereditary character may
be established. What causes produce this factor of taint
and its activity is a question wliich cannot be well
answered by science in its present stage.1

Therc are plenty of analogous cases to be found in
tainted individuals. For the Symptoms of influences
disturbing physical and psychical evohition, and plainly
to be found in the germ of proereation, exliibit themselves
in many other manifestations of a dofective or perverse
character (signs of anatomical, functional, somatic and
psychical degcneration).

The antipathic sexual inst inet, is only the strongest

1 Joseph Müllrr, in a clever brochurc ("Ueber Gamophagy,"
Stuttgart, 1892) öfters an inducement for further research in this
direction. He advances the opinion that by a certain law, established
by necessity, and transcending in normal fashion, a Union of the
organs and their qualitios is eftected. This union would explain how,
in the struggle of tho development of mono- and bi-sexuality, those
organs and their qualities süßer the common fate of conquest or
defeat whioh l>elong togetlior as a whole with regard to their
functional capacity. The defect of the Clements connecting the
organs during the struggle for superiority in beings subjeet to
organic taint could only be explained as a negative result of this
hypothetical law.

350 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXÜALIS.

mark left by a whole series of exhibitions of the partial
development of psychical and physical inverted sexual
characters (vide supra), and one inay be easily permitted
to say: The more indistinct the psychical and physical
sexual characters appear in the individual, the deeper it
is below the present level of perfect homologous mono-
sexuality obtained in the evolution of manifold thousands
of years.

The cerebral ccntre mediates the psychical and, in-
directly, also the physical sexual characters. The various
grades of congenital antipathic sexuality will be found to
correspond with the intensity of various grades of taint.

The same holds good with regard to ''acquired'' sexual
inversion, which exhibits itself only later in life. Un-
tainted man will never become sexually inverted through
onanism or seduction by persons of the same sex; for, as
soon as the extrinsic influences cease, he returns to normal
sexual functions. The tainted individual, however, wrhose
psycho-sexual centre is originally weak, is in a different
Position. All possible psychical and physical deficiencies,
especially neurasthenic, are able to impair his wt?akened
sexuality, homologous though it may have been hitherto
to the sexual glands. These evil influences may render
him furtliermost psychically bi-sexual, then invertedly
mono-sexual, and eventually may cffeet even eviratio {de-
feminatio), by way of producing physical and psychical
characters of sexuality, in. the sense of predoniinating
antipathic, or the dcstruction of original, centres. On
page 280, etc., I have tried to show in how far neurasthenia
may give the inipulse for the development of antipathic
sexuality.

Congenital Antipathic Sexual Instinct in Man.

The sexual acts bv means of which male Urnings seek
and find satisfaction are multifarious. Then» are indi-
viduals of tinc feeling and strength of will who sometimes
satisfy themselves with platonic love, with the risk how-

CONGEXITAL ASTIFAT« IC SEXUAL IXSTINCT IN MAN. 351

ever, of beeoining nervous (neu rast benic) and insane as a
reault of this enforced abstinente. In other iustances, für
the same reasons whieh may lead normal individuals to
avoid coitusj onuntsm, füllte de tu 'was, is indulged in.

In Urnings with nervous Systems eongenitally irritable,
or injured by onanism (irritable weakness of the ejacu-
lation centre), simple embraces ov caresse*, with bf without
eontact of the genitale, are suffieient to induce ejaculation
and consequent Satisfaktion, In less irritable individuals,
the sexual act consists of nianustupration by tbe loved
person, or mutual onanism, or Imitation of eoiius between
the tliighs. In Urnings morally perverse and potent, quoad
ercctionem, tbe sexual deerire i* eatisfied by pedetasty^ — an
act, however, whieh is repugnant to perverted individuals
tbat are not defective morally, much in the same way as
it i< to normal men. The statement of Urnings is remark-
able, tbat the adequate sexual act with persona of the
same sex gives them a feeltng of great satisfaction and
aecession of itrength, while satisfiiotiuii !>v solitary onan-
ism, or by enforced coitus with a woraan, affects thein in
an wrfavoiirable way, making them miserable and increaa-
luix their neurasthenic Symptoms.

As to tlie fmpienev1 of tb<? occürrence of the anomal \\
it is diftieult to reach a just conelusion, since those affected
with it not often break from their re^erve; and in criminal
essea tbe Urning with perversion of sexual instinct is usual-
]y clftssed with tbe person given to pederasty for simply
vieious rea*m*. Aeoording to Caspr/s and Tardicits, as
well as my own, experience, this anomaly is much more
frequent than reported eases would lead us to presume,

1 Tlirtt iiivti ^ion nf \he seacilftl instinct is not iiiirommoii is
prorprl, among other thin^a, by tbe ctmwiflUacCB tbftl it is frropiently
the Bubject in noveU. The neuropnthic fmimtaünn of this sexual
pervcrMim does not escape the writern. This theme is treated in
npriiiäin ütcrature in ,l Fritlultn'j* hehritjchp Ehe/* by Wtibnmd; in
"' Uri<<k>u-Briick oder Licht im ßchfttt«*/* by Eutmrh (traf Stadion;
Sil ho by Haltt Hin fffoffcr, " Prinz Klotz,." The nlrieat ttrnfng romance
is prcihably tluit publik icd h\ /'< ttunius nt Rome, under tbe Empire,
ander the title " Satyricon."

352 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

Ulrichs ("Kritische Pfeile," p. 2, 1880) dcclares that,
on an average, there is one person affected with antipathic
sexual instinet to every 200 mature inen, or to every 800 of
the population; and that the percentage among the Mag-
yars and South Slavs is still greater, — Statements which
may be regarded as untrustworthy. The subjeet of one
of my cases knows personally, at his home (13,000 inhab-
itants), fourteen Urnings. Ile further declares that he is
acquainted with at least eighty in a eity of 60,000 inhabi-
tants. It. is to dl> presumed that this man, otherwise
worthy of belief, makes no distinetion between the congen-
ital and the acquired anomaly.

I. Psychical Hermaphroditism.1

The eharaetcristie mark of this degree of inversion of
the sexual instinet is that, by the side of the pronounced
sexual instinet and desire for the same sex, a desire toward
the opposite sex is present; but the latter is much weaker
and is nmnifested episodically only, while homo-sexuality
is primary, and, in time and intensity, forms the most strik-
ing feature of the vita sexualis.

The hetero-sexual instinet may be but rudimentary,
nuinifcstiug itself simply in unconscious (dreani) life; or
vopisodieally, at least) it may be powerfully exhibited.

The sexual instinet toward the opposite sex may be
»tivngthened by the exereise of will and self-eontrol ; by
uiuriil trentment, and possibly by hypnotic Suggestion; by
huprovement of the Constitution and the removal of
thuvosrs ( neurastlienia) ; but especially by abstinence from
tuaMurlmtion.

llowover, tliere is always the danger that homo-sexual
iVelhigN in that they are the most powerful, may become
|iprnuiueutt imtl lead to enduring and exelusive .antipathic

1 1'/ mithor**« work, " 1'cber psychosexualeft Zwitterthum," in
llu» " httt'titiitlnttnlc* (Vntralblatt f. d. Physiologie u. Pathologie der
Munt \\\w\ SoxMrtlorjrrtiw," Bd. i., Heft 2.

PSYCKICAL HEBMAPHBODITISM. 353

sexual instinct. This is especially to be fearcd as a result
of the intiuences of masturbatiou (just as in acquired in-
version of the sexual instinct) and its neurasthenia and
conscquent exacerbations ; and, further, it is to be found
as a consequence of unfavourable experiences in sexual
intercourse with persons of the opposite sex (defective feel-
ing of pleasure in coitus, failure in coitus on account of
weakness of erection and premature ejaculation, infection).

On the other band, it is possible that icsthetic and
ethical sympathy with persons of the opposite sex may
favour the developnient of hetero-sexual desires. Thus
it happens that the individual, according to the predonii-
nanec of favourable or unfavourable influences, experiences
novv hetero-sexual, now homo-sexual, feeling.

It seeins to nie probable that such hermaphrodites
from constitutional taint are rather numerous.1 Since they
attract vcry little attention socially, and since such secrets
of married life are only exceptionally brought to the knowl-
edge of the physician, it is at once apparent why this in-
teresting and practically important transitional group to
the group of absolute inverted sexuality has thus far
escaped scientific investigation.

llany cases of frigiditas uxoris and mariti may possibly
depend upon this anomaly. Sexual intercourse with the
opposite sex is, in itself, possible. At any rate, in cases
of this degree, no horror sexus alterius exists. Here is a
fertile field for the application of medical and moral thera-
peutics (r. infra).

The differential diagnosis from acquired antipathic
sexual instinct may present difficulties; for, in such cases,
so long as the vestiges of a normal sexual instinct are not
absolutely lost, the actual Symptoms are the same (v.
infra) .

In the first degree, the sexual satisfaction of homo-

1This idea is supportcd by the Statements of an unmarried
Urning, which Dr. Moll, of Berlin, kindly communicated to me.. He
could report a nuinber of cases of lüs acquaintance, in which married
men had also " relations " with men.

354 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

sexual iuipulses consists in passive and mutual onanism and
coitus inter femora.

Case 134. Antipathie sexual instinet wilh sexual sat-
isfaction in hetero-sexual intercourse. 3dr. Z., aged thirty-
six, consulted me on accouut of an anomaly of bis sexual
feelings, which had become a matter of anxiety to him
in connection with an intended marriage. Patient's father
was neuropathic, and suffered with nightmare and night-
terrors. Grandfather was also neuropathic; father's
brother an idiot. Patient's mother and her family were
healthy and normal mentally. The patient liad three
sisters and one brother, the latter being subjeet to moral
insanity. Two sisters were healthy, and enjoying happy
married lives. ,

As a child, the patient was weak, nervous, and subjeet
to night-terrors, like Ins father; but he never had any
severe illness, except coxitis, as a result of which he limped
slightly. Sexual impulses were manifested early. At
eight, without any teaching, he began to masturbate.
From his fourteenth year, ejaculation. He was mentally
well endowed, and his prineipal interest was in art and
literature. He was always weak muscularly, and had no
inclination for boyish sports and later for niaiily oecupa-
tions. He had a certain interest for feniale toilettes, Orna-
ments, and oecupations. From the time of puberty tbe
patient noticed in himself an inexplicable inclination
toward male persons. Youths of the lowest classes were
most attractive to him. Cavalry men espocially excited
his interest. He experienced a htstfu] desire to ]>ress him-
self against such individuals from behind. Occasionally,
in crowds, it was possible for him to do this; and in such
an event an intense feelin«: of pleasure passcvl over him.
After his twenty-second yoar, on such occasions, he now
and then had an ejaculation. From that time ejaculation
oecurred when a sympathetic man laid his band on the
patient's thigh. He was now in great anxiety lest he
might sometime assault a man sexually. People of the

PSYCH IC AL HERMAPHRODIT! SM,

351

lower classes, wearing tight, brown trouaera, wnv eapec-
iully dsngeronu for bim. llis groatetät. pleasnre would be
to embraee such a man and presa himself to him; but,

imiWtunately, the morftüty of bis counfry did not allow
Sttöh a thing. Pederasty seomcd disgusting to him,

It gave him great pleasure to gain a sight of the gen-
ifals of males. He was ahvays oompelled to lock at tIhi
genitals of every man he inet. In circuses, theatres? etc.»
only male perfonaers hiterested him* Patient bad never
notieed any inelination for worncn, He did mit ftVoid
titeln, even danoed witb them on occamon, but he ncver
feit the slightest sensual excitation under such cireum-
stances,

At the age of twenty-eight the patient was neuras-
thenic as a resnlt of bis excessive masturbation.

Thon freqttent pollutionB in aleep occurred, wbieb
weakened him vcry inneh. It was only oceasionullv that
Iin dreamed of men when be bad pollntioiis; and never
of women. A lascivious dream-pieture (pederasty) had
oecurred but onee. Ile dreamed of death-seenes, of being
attacked by dog?, etc. After these, as before, he suffered
with great Ubido 8exuaU& Offen thero eamc up before
him such lascivious thoughts as gloating over the death of
animals in the slaughterdionse, or allowitig himself to be
whipped by boy»; but be ahvays overcame such desires,
and also the impiilse to dress in a military uniform.

In order to eure himself of masturhaf imi, and to thor-
miglily satisfy his lihirfo, he determined to frequcnt brüf li-
eb. Ile first attempted sexual intercoitrse witb a wonian
when twcnty-one, after over-nidiibrmee in wi&e. The
beauty of the female form, and female nudity in generale
made no impression on him. However, he was ahlc to
cnjov the aet of e&ttus, and thereafter he visiled brolhcls
regularly for "pnrposes of health."

From this time he tnok great pleasurc in hearing men
teil stories of their sexual rektions with the oppnsite aex.

Ideas of flagelhitiou wonhl abo eome to him while in
a brothel, 'but the re teil Hon of such f anwies was not essen-

356 PSYCHOrATHIA SEXUALIS.

tial for the perfonnance of coitus. Ile considered sexual
intercourse with prostitutes only a rcinedy against the de-
sire for masturbation and inen, — a kind of safety-valve to
prcvent compromising himself with some man.

The patient wished to marry, but feared not only that
he could have no love for a decent wonian, but also that
he niight be impotent for intercourse with her. llence
bis thought and need of medical advice.

Tlie patient was very intelligent, and, in all respeets,
was of masculine appearanec. In dress and manner he pre-
sentcd nothing that would attract attention. Gait, voice
and franie, — the pelvis espccially, — masculine in character.
Genitals of normal development. The normal growth
of hair for a male was abundant. The patient's relatives
and friends had not the slightcst suspicion of bis sexual
anomalies. In bis inverted sexual fancies he had never
feit himsclf in the roh of a woman toward a man. For
some years he had bccn cntirely free from neurasthenic
troubles.

The question as to whether he considered himself a
subjeet of congenital sexual inversion he could not answer.
It seems probable that there wras a congcnitäl weak inclina-
tion for the opposite sex, with a greater one for the same
sex, which, as a result of early masturbation in conse-
quence of the homo-sexual instinet, was still more weak-
ened, but not reduced to nil. With the cessation of mas-
turbation, the feeling for wonieii beeame in a measure
more natural, but only in a coarscly scnsual way.

Since the patient cxplaincd that, for reasons of family
and business, it was necessary for hiin to marry, it was
impossiblc to eliminate this delicate point.

Fortunately, the patient confined himself to the ques-
tion as to bis virility as a husband; and it was necessary
to roply that he was virile, and that he would probably be
so in eonjugal intercourse with the wife of bis choiee, —
at least, if she wero to be in mental sympathy with him;
moreover that he could at all times improve bis j)ower by
exercising his imagination in the right direction.

PSYCHICAL HEBMAPHBODITISM. 357

The main object was to strengthen the sexual inclina-
tion for the opposite sex, which was defective, but not ab-
solutely wanting. This could be done by avoiding and
opposing all hoino-sexual feelings and Impulses, possibly
with the help of the artificial inhibitory influences of hyp-
notic Suggestion, (removal of honio-sexual desircs by Sug-
gestion) ; by the excitation and exercise of normal sexual
desires and impulses; by complete abstinence from mas-
turbation, and eradieation of the remnants of the neuras-
thenic condition of the nervous System by means of hydro-
therapy, and possibly general faradisation.

Case 135. V., age twenty-nine, offieial ; father hypo-
chondriae, mother neuropathic; four other children nor-
mal ; one sister homo-sexual.

V. was very talented, learned easily and had a most
excellent religious education. Very nervous and emo-
tional. At the age of nine he began to masturbate of his
own accord. When fourteen he recognised the danger
of this practice and fought with some success against it;
but he began to rave about male statuary, also about young
men. When puberty set in, he took slight interest in
women. At twenty, first coitus cum muliere, but though
potent, he derived no satisfaction from it. Afterwards
only faute de mieux (about six times) hetero-sexual inter-
course.

He admitted to have had very frequently intercourse
with men (masturbatio mutua, eoitus inter femora, inter-
dum in os). He took either the active or passive röle.

At the eonsultation he was in despair and wept bitterly.
He abhorred his sexual anomaly, and said that he had des-
perately battled against it, but without success. In woman
he found only moderate animal satisfaction, psychical
gratification being totally absent. Yet he craved for the
happincss of family life.

Excepting an abnormally broad pelvis (100 cm.) there
was nothing in his character or personal appearance that
lacked the qualities of the masculine type.

358 psyciiopaThia sexualis.

Case 136. K, age 30; in thefamily on his mother's
side there were several cases of insanity.

Both parents were neurasthenic, irritable and exci table,
and lived unhappily together.

K. had from his early eliildhood sympathy only for
men, chiefly for male servants.

Pollutions at the age of fourteen, often coupled with
homo-sexual dreams.

Descriptions of bullfights and tortures of animals
greatly excited hiin sexually.

When fifteen he began, of his own accord, auto-mas-
turbation. At the age of twcnty-one, homo-sexual inter-
course with men (only mutual masturbation). Off and on
psychical onanism assoeiated with thoughts of men.

His inclinations to woinen were of a transient nature.
When pressed to enter wedlock he could not decide in its
favour.

Ile never had coitus cum muliere partly because he
had no eonfidence in his virility, and partly from fear of
infection.

For years he was highly neurasthenic, which rendered
him for whole periods psychically unfit for any kind of
work. He was listless and devoid of energy, but in struc-
ture and personal appearance masculine. Gcnitals normal.

Advice: Treatmcnt for neurasthenia, cnergetic combat
with homo-sexual desires, society of ladies, eventually coi-
tus condomatus. Wedlock, whcn suited, as his Station in
life demanded it.

After four months K. returned. He had conscien-
tiously actod upon the medical advicc, was successful in
coitus, dreamcd of woinen, disdaincd the idea of sexual
relations with men, but during the heated season still ex-
perienced homo-sexual impulses (due to exacerbation of
neurasthenia, superinduced by the bot weather).

He hoped to marry at an early date, and antieipated
much happiness from the married State.

Case 137. Psychical hermaphroditism. Hetero-sex-

PSYCHICAL 1IERMAPIIRODITISM.

350

ual feeling early interfered with by Masturbation» but epi-
sodically very Inteuse. Homo-sexual feeling ab origme
perverse (sexual excitation by inen 's boots),

Sfo X., nf high social position, aged twenty-eight, came
to nie in September, 1887, in a despairimj inood, to con-
sult nie on aeeount of a pervers ion of his vita sexualis,
which made life scem almost unbearable to hitu, and which
had rcpeatedly brought hin* near to siüeide. The patient
came of a f amily in which neuroses and psyehoses had been
of freqnent oecurrenee. In the fathcr's family there had
been marriage between first eousins for three generations.
The father was said to bave been a healthy man, and to
have livrd mm-ally in marriage. Ilowever, his father's
proference fr*r fme-looking servanfs soenied remarkable to
the son. The mothor's family was described as eccentric.
The mother's grandfather and great-grandfather died mel*
ancholic; her sister was insane; a daughter of the grand-
father's brother was hysteriea!, aud had nymphomania.
Only three of the mnther's twelve brothers and eisten
married. Of ih(^i\ one brother was homo-sexual, and al-
ways nervous as a result of exceaeive masturbation, The
patient 's mother was said to have been a bigot of small
mental endowment, nervous, irritable, and inclined to mel-
ancholia.

Patient had a sister and a brother. The brother was
neuropathie and frcquenliy melanchnlio; and, though
inature had m-ver shown the dighted trän* of sexual
inelinations. The sister was an acknowledged beauty, and
imich Bought by gentlemen. This lady was married, but
ehildless, as reported, owing to the impotence of her hns-
band, She had tlwftya been indifferent to the attentions
shown her by rnen, but was charrned bv female beauty,
and aetually in love with sorae of her female friends,

With respeet to hirnself, the patient asserfed that when
fonr venrs old he dreamed of haudsome jöekeys wearing
.^hining boote. Ile never dreamed of women when he grew
olden His nightly pnllutions were ahvays induced by
"boot-dreams". From his fourth year he had a peculiar

3G0 rSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

partiality for mcn, or, more correctly, for lackeys wearing
shining boots. At first thcy only excited his interest, but
with development of bis sexual functions, tbe sight of
tlicm caused powcrful erections and lustful pleasure. It
was only servants' boots tbat affectcd bim; tbe sarae kind
of boots on persons of like social Station were without
effect on bim. In a bomo-sexual scnse, tbere was no sexual
imptilse connected with tbese situations. Even the tbougbt
of such a possibility was disgusting to bim. At times, how-
ever, he bad sensually coloured ideas — such as being his
servant's scrvant, and drawing off bis boots; tbe idea of
being stepped on by bim, or of baving to blacken his boots.
was most pleasing. Tbe pride of tbe aristocrat rose up
against such thougbts. In general, tbese notions about
boots were disgusting and painful to bim.

Sexual instinct was early and powerfully developed.
It first found expression in indulgence in sensual thougbts
about boots, and, after puberty, in dreams accompanied by
pollutions; otberwise, mental and physical development
was undisturbed. Patient was well endowed mentally —
learned easily, finished bis studies, and became an officer.
On account of bis distinguished, manly appearance and
his high position, he was much sought in society.

Ile characterised himself as a clever, quiet, strong-
willed, but superficial man. Ile asserted tbat he was a
passionate bunter and rider, and tbat he bad nevor bad
anv inclination for feminine pursuits. In tbe society of
ladies lic bad always been reserved; dancing always tired
bim. Ile never bad an interest in any lady of high social
position. As for women, only tbe buxom peasant girls,
such as are tbe modeis of painrers in Korne, bad taken bis
fancy. ITe bad, bowever, never feit anv sexual interest
even in such representatives of tbe female sex. At the
theatre and circus only male performers bad attracted bim ;
but, at tbe same time, thev caused bim no sensual feelings.
As for men, only tbeir boots excited bim, and, indeed,
only wben the wearers belonged to the servant rlass and

PSYCIIICAL IIEKMAPIIRODITISM. 361

were handsome men. Men of his own position, wearing
ever so fine boots, were absolutely indifferent to him.

With reference to bis sexual inclinations, the patient
was still uncertain whether he feit these niore toward the
opposite sex or his own. He was inclined to think that
originally he had more inclination for women, but that this
sympathy was, in any ease, very weak. He stated with
certainty that the sight of a naked man made no impres-
sion on him, and that the sight of male genitals was even
repugnant to him. As for woman, this was not exactly the
ease; but even the most beautiful feminine form did not
excite him sexually. When a young officer, he was now
and then compelled to aceompany his comrades to brothels.
He was the more easily persuaded to this, since he hoped
by this means to get rid of his vile partiality for boots;
but he was impotent unless he brought the thought of
boots to his aid. Under such circumstances, the aet of
cohabitation was normally performed, but without pleasur-
able feeling. Patient feit no impulse to intercourse with
women, always requiring some external cause — i.e., per-
suasion. Left to himself his vita sexualis consisted in rev-
elling in ideas about boots, and in corresponding dreams
coupled with pollntions. As the impulse to kiss his ser-
vant's boots, to draw them off, etc., became more and more
connected with these dreams and ideas the patient deter-
mined to use every means to rid himself of this disgust-
ing desire, which deeply wouiided his pride. At thattime,
being in his twentieth year, and in Paris, he recalled a
very beautiful peasant girl, who lived in his distant home.
He hoped, with her assistance, to free himself of his sexual
perversion. He went home, and tried to win the girl's
favour. He asserted that at that time he was deeply in
love with this person, and that the sight of her, or the
touch of her dress, gave him sensual pleasure; and, when
she once kissed him, he had a powerful erection. After
about a year and a half, the patient succeeded in gaining
his desires with this person.

362

räYcaopATiiiA si-,\i ina

He was potent, but ejaeulated fardily ( ten to twenty
ininutes), and iiever had u pleasurahle feeling in the aet.

After abmit a vear and ■ half of sexual mterconrae
with this girlj bis luve für bei givw eold, becuuse he did
not find her so "iine and pure" BS \w wished. From this
time it was necessary for him to call lipon ideus al»»ut boots
for help, whieh had been latent, in Order to he potent in
sexual inteiVMur.-e with her. In proportion as hie power
failed, these ideas ftrose sputitaneously. Thereafter he had
coitua with other womern Now and then, espeeially when
the woman was in sympathy with him, the aot took place
without any assistance of imagination.

It onee happened that the patient committed rape.
It is re mark üble that on this Single? occaskm he had a pleas-
urable feeling in the (fnrced) aet. Immediately after the
deed he had a feeling of disgust. When, an liour after the
foreed indulgence, he had eoitue with the saiue woman,
with her consent, he experieneed no feeling of pleasure.

With the decliiif of virility — ij\, when it was niain-
tained only with ideas about boots— Libido for the opposite
sex decreased* The patient's slight libido and weak in-
clination for woinen were cvideneed by the faet that, while
he still susiaiii'd sexual relations with the peasant girl,
he began to masturbate. Ile learned the vice from
"Bof»isäeau*fi Confeaeionß/' the book aeeidentally falling
into bis hands. The boot-faneies imiuediately linked tbem-
selves with corresponding impulscs. Ile tlien had violent
erections, masturbated, and ejaeulation affordcd him a
lively feeling of pleasure, whieh was denied to him in
coitus; and at tim he feit himself nientally brighter and
fresher, as a result of masturbatiom

In time, however, Symptoms of sexual, and later on of
general ueurastheiiia, with spinal Irritation, appeared. Ile
then temporarily gave up Masturbation, and scmght bis
first !ove; but she was now more than ever indifferent to
In in. Since he finally beeame impotent, even when he
called ideas of boots to bis assistanee, he gave up womcn
entirely^ and again praetised inasturbation, whicb pro-

PSYCH R\U* KKEMAPILRÜDITISM. 303

tected hirn from the impulse to kiss and blacken, etc., ae*
vanis* boots* At the same time, he feit Ins sexual position
keenly* He again occasionally atteiiipted coitus, and was
suecessful m it as soon M be thought of blackened buots.
After conti mied abstiuence from inasturbatinn, be was at
tiines suecessful in coitus withoitt any artificial aid.

The patient said that bis sexual needs wcre intens?.
If no ejaeulation liad takcn place for a long rimo, he be-
came congestive, psych ically mucb excited, and torraented
bv repugnaut Images of boots, so that he was foreed to
have coitus, or3 preferably, to uiasturbate.

During the past year big mural position became most
painfully complicated by the faet that, as the last of a
wealthy line of high position, and at the importunatr de*
sire of his parents, he niust inarry. The bride was of rare
beauty, and mentally in perfeet Sympal hv with him: but,
as a woman, she was as indifferent to him as any other*
.Esthctically sbe satisfied bim "as any work of art would" ;
in his eyesj she was siuiply ideal, To hononr her in a
platonic way would be happiness worth sü'iving for; but
to possess her as a wife was a painful thought. He was
certain befördernd that with her he would be impotent,
save with the belp of ideas of boots. To use such nieans,
bowever, was in Opposition to his respeet and his moral
and a?stbetic feelings fnr tbe lady. Wrre he to soil her
with such tboughts, she would lose, in his eycs, all bei
festhetic value; and then he would becoine impotent for
her, and she would become repugnant to bim. Tbc patient
considered bis position one of despair, and confessed that
he had of late been repeatedly near suicide.

He was a man of mucb intelligence, and decidedly of
inasculine appearanee, with abundant growth of heard,
deep voiee, and normal genitale The eye had a neuro-
pathie exprcssion. No ngm of dcgeneration, Symptoms
of spinal neurasthenia. It was possible to reas*ure the
patient, and give him hope of his future.

The medical advice eonsisted in means for combating
the neurasthenia, and the interdiction of masturbation and

3G4 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

indulgence of tlie fancy in images of boots, in the hope
that, with the reinoval of the neurasthenia, cohabitation
withont ideas of boots would become possible ; and that, in
time, the patient would become morally and physically
capable of marriage.

In the latter part of Oetober, 1888, the patient wrote
to me that he had resolutely resisted masturbation and his
imagination. In the interval he had had but one dream
about boots, and searcely a pollution. He had been free
from hoino-sexual inclinations, but, in spite of this, there
was often considerable sexual excitement, without any-
thing like adequate libido for woman. In this deplorable
Situation, he was now compelled by circumstances to marry
in three months.

2. Homo-Sexual Individuais, or Urnings.

In contradistinetion from the preeeding group of
psycho-sexual hermaphrodites, there are here predominant,
ab origine, sexual desires and inclinations for persons of
the same sex exclusively; but, in contrast with the follow-
ing group, the anomaly is limited to the vita sexualis, and
does not more deeply and seriously affect character and
mental personality.

The vila sr.rualis of these Urnings, mufatis mufandis,
is entirely like that in normal hetero-sexual love; but, since
it is the exact oppositc of the natural feeling, it becomes
a caricature, and the more so as these individuals, at the
same time, and as a rule, are subjoet to hypcrcrslhesia sex-
ualis; for which reason, their love for their own sex is
emotional and passionate.

The urning loves and deifies the male objeet of his
affcctions, just as the normal man idcalises the woman he
loves. He is capable of the greatest sacrifiee for liiin, and
experionces the ])angs of unhappy, often unrequited, love;
he suflFers from the disloyal ty of the belovcd ol.)ject, and
is subject to jealousy, ot<\

The attention of the male-loving man is given only to

HOMO-SEXUAL INDIVIDUALS. 365

male dancers, actors, athletes,- statues, etc. The sight of
female charms is indifferent to him, if not repulsive. A
naked woman is disgusting to him, while the sight of male
genitals, hips, etc., affords him infinite pleasure.

Bodily contact with a syinpathetic man induces a thrill
of delight; and, since such individuals are in most cases
sexually neurasthenic (congenitally or from onanism or
enforced abstinence from sexual intercourse), under such
circumstances ejaculation is very easily induced, which
even in the most intimate intercourse with wonien cannot
be induced at all, or only by median ical means. The
sexual act with a man, in many instanccs, affords pleasure,
and leavcs behind a feeling of comfort. Should the Urning
be able to force himself to coitus, in which, as a rule, dis-
gust has the effect of an inhibitory character, and makes
the act possible, then bis feeling is something like that
of a man compelled to take disgusting food or drink. How-
ever, experience teaches that not infrequently Urnings be-
longing to this group marry, either from ethical or social
considerations.

Such unfortunates are relatively potent, in so far that
in marital intercourse they incite their imagination, and,
instead of thinking of their wives, they call up the image
of some loved male person. But for them coitus is a great
sacrifice, and no pleasure. It makes them, for days after,
nervous and miserable. If such Urnings, by means of
powerful Stimulation of their fancy, or under the influence
of alcoholic drink, or by erections induced by an overfilled
bladder, etc., are not enabled to overcome the inhibitory
feelings and idcas, then they are entirely impotent; while
the mere touch of a man may induce intense erection, and
even ejaculation.

Dancing with a woman is unpleasant to an Urning,
but to dance with a man, especially one with an attractive
form, is to him the greatest of pleasures.

The male Urning, if he possess higher culture, is not
opposed to non-sexual intercourse with woman, when by

866

PSYCHOPATH IA SEX LT ALIS.

mind and reh'nemeni they make conversation charraing.
It is only wo raun in her sexual rolc that he abhors.

In rhis degree of sexual dcgcncration, ebaracter and
occupation correspond with the sex which the iri<lividual
represenfcs. Sexual perversiou remahis an iaol&ted anom-
aly of tlie mental being of the individual, deeply affecting
the social existence. In acc rdance wirb this, these indi*
viduals feel themselves during tbfl sexual act in the same
roh which would naturally Le theirs in hetero-sexual inter-
course.

However, transitions to group 3 oceur, iiiasimich as
sometimes the passive r&U which corresponds with horno-
sexual fe einig is tliought o£ of desired, or at least forma
the subjeet of dreams. Moreover, leaninga to oecupations
and rendencies of taste aro raanifested which do not cor-
respond with the sex of the individual. In manv cases
one £ets the Impression thaf such Symptoms are arrifieial,
the result of edueational influences; in other cases, that
they represent deeper acquired dege neratiuJis of the orig-
inal anomaly, superindueed by perverse sexual aetivity
(ma&tiirbation), and analogous to The eigns of progressive
degeneration observcd in acquired sexual Inversion,

Regarding the muriner of sexual satisfaction, it niu>r
be stated that with manv male Urninge, the mere embraee
is sufhVient to indiK-e ejunilathm. subjeet as they are to
irritable weakness of the sexual apparatus. In cases of
sexual hypersesthesia, and of panesthesia of the moral
sense, great pleasure is afforded by iutcreourse with persona
of the lowest conditio^,

On the same hasis, deshtä ro coinmit pederasty (active,
of course) and other situ Mar aberrat ions ooeur, ihough it
is but sei dorn, and apparently only in cases of moral defeet
and by reason of libido mimia in individnuls especially
passionate, that active pederasty is indulged in.

The sexual desirc of mattire Urnings, in contradüHne-
tion U> o!d and dtrrrpit debütichees, trho prefer boys (and
iiiduh/c tu pederasty by preferenre)i serms nerer io be
directed tu jmmature males. Onlv for want of better

HOMO-SEXUAL INDIVIDUALS. 367

material, and in case of violent passion, does the urning
bccome dangerous to boys.

Case 138. Z., age thirty-six, wholesale mercliant;
parcnts vvere said to have been healthy ; physical and men-
tal development normal; irrelevant children's diseases; at
foufteen onanism of Ins own accord ; began to rave about
boys of bis own age when fifteen. Xever took the slight-
est notice of the opposite sex.

At twenty-four he went for the first time to a brothel,
but took to flight when he saw the nude female figure.

At twenty-five sexual intercourse with men of bis own
stamp (fervent enibraces with ejaculation, at times mutual
masturbation).

For business reasons, and with a view to eure bis abnor-
mal passion, he married at the age of twenty-eight a lady
endowed with many physical and mental charms. By the
aid of imagination (thinking of intercourse with a hand-
some young man), Z. sueeeeded in being potent with his
wife, whom at heart he loved passionately. This strain,
however, superinduced neurasthenia. When a child was
born he gradually withdrew from his wife, who was any-
how endowed with a frigid nature, chiefly because he was
haunted by the fear of proereating offspring afflicted with
his own anomaly.

Homo-sexual feelings and thoughts began to sway him
again, which he sought to eradicate by means of mastur-
bation.

He feil in love with a handsome young man, but over-
came the weakness at the cost of his own health as the
severe struggle brought on a pronounced attack of cerebral
neurasthenia. He came to me for advice, as his homo-
sexual tendency had become too powerful to be resisted any
longer. He was afraid that his secret affliction might be
discovered, thus rendering his position in society impossi-
ble. Like many of his fellow-sufferers he had taken to
drink. Although he found that alcohol relieved his nerv-

368

FIOPATHIA SKXIA! [8,

ouä disorders (physical weakneaa, psythical inertn&aa aml
depression), Ins libido was increaaed*

Z, was a man of reiiimd thought, mentally well en-
dovvedj in appearance maacüline and normal Ile deeply
deplored bis poattiott and loathed hls wuakness to attto-
maaturbatiGii (at times aLjo lnutual).

Mutual Idaaefl and embraceeaatisfiedhim. Moraüy, he
said, he bad sank s?o low that he would feig» abanumi bim*
seif to thi* perorse paeaiois weie it not fof tie ooaaidera-
tioii hc )iad für his wife und ehild*

)lv advioe ms to streuuoiiely combat tbeae bomo-fiexual
unpolses, perforin his marital datiea wheaever p^fisihle7
isvhru iilcolinl and masturbation, which inerea&es homo*
aexuaJ feelmga and kills the luve für woma», and undefgo
t real turnt, rar nrura-thenia, If ho could not und rrlief
and ihe Situation hemme nnbearahle he mibt eoniine hhn-
self to kisses and embraees with the male.

Gase 139. Y., age tliirly-six, merchant; iiioiImt

chopathic; Bieter heult hy; brotber ocuropE^chopathicL

V- was early drawn to persona of liis own sex, at first

Ifool* arid |iluviti:iit> ; with ihr advrnt nf piiberty tn

ad alte; oever to persona of ihe oppoeito sei whoae rhuniiB

liad in» interest for bim. Ar the age of *ix ho feit annoyed

at not bring a girl, Dolls and girLs* gatnes he always pre-

ferred.

At turlw ;i ecl Imate aedneed him to mastnrhafo.

TIis dreat&a (with poHiithms when ririlc) were exeluaively
of an Iioiiim --r\nal ebaraeft j\ J I r ■ practiaed imitiiul Ettia-
turhation with mm, ooitna inter faemora, • ■xerprionally
anecto membri alterina. ESe bad feit a pronounced poaition
a the active or passive roh in tbä aeh Karely and
only fautt da mause ooifoa cum muliere. He was potent
when he thought dnring the aet of a man, bttl nrwr expo*
rieneed real pleasnre. The srxnal art with a wonian ap~
[m :ir<d to him as a miserable atlbttituta for the homo-scxual
aet, Dnring reeent years intimate n-Intions with a yoimg
man.

HOMO-SEXUAL IXDIVIDUALS. 369.

V. acknowlcdged thc abnormality of his vita sexualis.

Genitals normal. Secondary physical and psych ical
sexual charactcristics thoroughly masculine. No patholog-
ical conditions. Arrested for having committcd mutual
masturbation, he was tried, found guilty and sent to prison.
He feit Ins sentence keenly, but only because it brought
dishonour to him and his f ainily. He could not heli> fecling
and acting in his abnormal manner.

Case 140. IL, age thirty, member of high society;
mother neuropathic.

When a boy he feit dravvn to his schoolmates. At the
age of fourteen a playmate older than himself committed
paedicatio on him. He liked it, but nevertheless feit pangs
of conscience and never allowed the act to be repeated
again. Later on he practised mutual masturbation. As
neurasthenia increased it sufficed when he embraced and
pressed a eompanion to himself to produce ejaculation. He
confincd himself to this method when seeking satisfaction.
He never had a liking for persons of the other sex and was
unconscious of his anomaly. At twenty he madc some at-
tempts, apud puellas, in order to eure his vita sexualis.
Up to that time he had looked upon his abnormal prac-
tices merely as a youthful aberration. He was potent in
eoitus, but derived no gratification from it, for which rea-
son he turned to man again. His weakness was for young
men eighteen to twenty years of age. He had no sympathy
for men older than that. He never played a well defined
role in his relations with other men, but his social Situa-
tion affected him keenly. He was forever haunted by the
fear of detection, and said he eould never survive the
shame of it. There was nothing in habits or behaviour
which betrayed antipathic sexual instinct. Genitals nor-
mal. No signs of degeneration. He had no faith in ever
changing his abnormal sexuality. For women he had no
taste whatsoever.

Case 141. Y., age forty, manufacturer; father neu-

370 PSYCHOPATIL1A SEXUALIS.

ropathic; died of cerebral apoplexy ; mothers family with
taint of insanity; two other children of the family, though
sexually normal, were constitutionally neuropathic. At
eight masturbation of bis own accord. At fifteen he feit
drawn to other handsome boys of bis own age, of vvhom he
sednced several to masturbation. With puberty he was
attracted by youths öeventeen to twenty years of age, but
they niust be beardless and have pretty, soft and girl-like
features. Girls had no charm for him.

He soon recognized the pathological eharacter of his
vita sexualis; but he considered bis method of satisfying
his abnormal needs as in aceordancc with nature and feit
no remorse. To touch a woman was loathsome to him. He
had twice attem]>ted coitus, but without sucecss. In like
manner, he looked lipon aiito-inasturbation as a filthy act.
He averred that he had honestly striven to strip off this
dreadful impulse, which made an onteast of him before the
wholc world. l>ut all his cfforts weve in vain, for he feit
forced by nature to seek satisfaetion in his own manner.
He always played the active röle and conti ned himself en-
tirely to acts not proscribed by the law of the land. Yet
he became involved in sonic atfair, lost his position, whieh
was one of confidenee and good reinuneration, became a
vagabond nntil he dceided to cross the ocean and begin a
new life. Being clever and houourable he succeeded.

AVhen h'rst I inet Y., he was in despair and firmly con-
templated suicide, espeeially sineo a mcdical man had
failcd with hvpnotic treatment, on account of Y. not
reaeting to Suggestion.

He was inclined to nenrasthenia. Penis small. No
pathological Symptoms. Masculinc in evcrv respect.

Case 142. T., ac;e thirty-four; merchaiit ; mother
neuropathic and weakly; father healthy. At the age of
nine a schoolmato tanght him lmw to masturbate. Jle
practised mutual masturbation with his brother, who slept
with him in the same bed; once receptio membri in os.
On one occasion, when yet a lx>y, it ha))pened quod lambit

HOMO-SEXUAL INDI VI DUALS.

871

locnm qua prius miles urinaverat. At fourteen ürst love
for a sehoolmate of ten. At the age of seventeen he
took a didike to handsome young men, and centred bis
äfftet um in deerepid old iin'ii.

One night he heard bis aged father "give a groan of
H-xiial satisfaetion," This excited him iinmeneely as he
imagraed Ms father performhig the maritat act. Sinee
that tiine the picture of old men perforniing the homo-
eexual act enlivened Ins dreams (with pollmion), and was
present in Ins Blind du ring mastnrbation. The older, the
inore deerepid and feeble the old man was, when he saw
Buch, the strenger his sexual exeitement would be even
im In ejaeiilatiniL At tweitty- ihrer he soagbt a eure with
a pmstitutr; bat erectioD fuilrd him, and he made no other
attempts. Young men and hoys left him callous.

At twentv-ninr he emireived a riolent love for an old
jnan whoui he aeeompanied for yewna od hla daily walk«,
Intimate relations were, bowever, precludecL But he often
liad ejaculations on these walks. To free himself of this
humiliating Situation be 00©fi inun? went to a prost i tute,
btit it proved a fiasco. lle now feil upon the idea to hirc
a deerepid old man, take him along and niake him have
coitus wThilst he looked on* This caused ereetion in him,
and he was able to hawe coitns himself. The act, howevn\
gave him HO plcasure, but he feit psycliieally relieved,
especiallv when he was potent in the absenee of the old
man, But this did not last long. He beeame sexually and
generalis neurasthenic, depressed, slry und impotent, and
gave himself 11p to psvehieal onanism eoupled with
thoughts of old men in homo-sexual Situation*,

T. was masciiline in appearance, and presented no
special marks beyond his heavy sexual nennet henia.

Gase 143. Z., age twenty-eight, inerehant; father
very nervons and irritable; mother bysteropathic. He
was himself eonstitntionally nervous, suffered froni enure-
sis to Ins eighteenth year, and was a frail hoy. Proper
physical development really began only when he was

372 PSYCIIOrATIIIA sexuaj/is.

twenty years of age. The first sexual cmotions he experi-
enced when, a boy of eight, he witnessed other boys being
caned ad podiecm. Although he feit compassion for the
boys, he yet had a feeling of lustful pleasure pervading his
whole body. Some time afterwards he was late for school
and on tho way the anticipation of a caning ad podicem
excited him so niuch that for a short time he could not
move and had a violent.erection.

At elevcn he feil in love with a abcautiful, blond boy
who had wondrously lovely, intelligent and lustrous eyes."

It gave him imniense pleasure to see this boy home,
and he often craved for kisses and caresscs from him. But
he recognized the unbeeoming nature of this desire, and
did not allow the boy to have an inkling of them.

At that time he inet a girl once, two years his junior,
who pleased him so much that he eovered her with kisses.
This, however, remained a solitary episode.

At thirteen he was seduced to onanism. But he did
not cultivate the habit, as he found protection in his "more
refined feelings for young mon" and disdained to "drag
his pure, divine love" in the gutter.

At seventeen he beeame desperately enamored with a
companion "with lovely brown eyes, noble features and
dark complexion". Ile suffered initold tortures through
this unhappy love for two and one-half years, when he
was separated from his companion. If ever he were to
meet him again, the old fire would be certain to flare up
anew. On two other occasions he feil in love with com-
rades, but not so violently as in the first instanec. At
twenty hc had coitus, but derived no pleasure from the act.
He continued his relations with women for the purpose
of avoiding masturbation, to appear ]>otent and to mask.
his homo-sexual tendency.

Altliough he had no horror frmimr, women did not
excitc him. "A woman is a work of art, a statue."

Endowed with a strong will ]x>wer he was able to mas-
ter his abnormal inclination. But. his sexual position ap-
peared to him unsatisfaetory, cspecially as he looked upon

IIOMO-SEXÜAL IXDIVIDUALS. 373

coitus as a coarsely sensual enjoyment, and erection became
difficult.

In the consultation no abnormal signs could be de-
tected. He appeared to be virile and mentally sound.

Case 144, P., age thirty-seven; raother very nervous,
suffered frora migraine. As a boy he was subject to attacks
of hysteria gravis. Was alvvays drawn to handsome young
men and became highly excited when he could see their
genitals. With puberty he practised mutual masturbation
with men; but they must be about twenty-five to thirty
years old. He played the female role in the sexual act.
He loved with the whole intensity of woman, and only
posed as a man like an actor on the stage. Other boys
sneered at him on account of his girlish ways and habits.
In the hope of correcting his vita scxualis he married. He
forced himself to coitus with the wife and produced po-
tency by imagining her to be a young man. They had
one child. But he himself became neurasthenic, his imag-
ination waned and he became potent. For two years
he avoided coitus, resumed his homo-sexual practices and
was apprehended by the police in the act of mutual mas-
turbation with a young man.

He pleaded that prolonged sexual abstinence had un-
duly excited him when he saw the genitals of a man and
in his confusion he had yielded to the impulse.

There was no amnesia. Thoroughly virile. Decent
appearance. Genitals normal. Short imprisonment.

Case 145. N., aged forty-one, unmarried. Father
and mother near relatives, but both psychically normal.
An uncle on the father's side was insane. N.'s brothers
were hypcr- and hetero-sexual. At the age of nine he feit
strong inclinations to other boys. At fifteen mutual mas-
turbation and coitus inter femora.

At sixteen a love affair with a young man. His homo-
sexual love developed, so he claimed, just as the love affairs
between man and woman do in novels.

374

PSVClluPATlllA SEXUAUß,

Only handsome young inen of the age of tweniy to
twenty-i'uur attracted tum. Ilis erotic dreams were solely
honio-sexuaL He playcd the female role, also in actual
intercourse with inen.

11 is soul was of feminine eliaracter, so he said, Ile
never cared for boys' games, only for cooking and girls'
wink. Manlv spurts und smoking and drinkiug he dis-
dftined. He led a varied life, served a& cook in a foreign
ctHiiitry and gare -n-.u Batiafaction; bat be tost in- placti
because he eiitered upou u love-affair with the son of bis
eraployer.

Ät twcnty-two be recognized the aboormality of hia
sexual jiosition* Ile becama ularmed and began to fre-
quent brothels to eure himaelf of bis perverse habits, but
erection absolutely failed bim.

Wben his family diseovored the truc state of affairs he
became confused with shame and uiade an attempt on his
own life, But he recovered, went abroad (cast out by bis
family), disgnsted with himself and bis unhappy life. His
only hope was that with old age relief would couie. Ile
came for medieal ad vice to find "hononr and rest" The
seeondary physical sexual chameteristics were quite nor-
mal üiul of the ma^euline type. < ionitals normal. He
tbougbt of castration or entering a monastery.

Advice: Suggestive trcatment.

Gase 146- On a Stimmer evening, at twTilightf X.
Y,, a physician of a city in North Germany, was detected
by a watchman while committing a misdemeanour -with a
countryman in a field. He was practising Masturbation
on bim, and tlien meniutam alius in os snum immisit. X.
escaped legal proseeution by flight The atithorities dia-
missed the complaint, beeause there had been no public! ty,
and bmiusc itumissio mcmhri in cm um had not taken place*
Aniong X,Js effects was found an extensive eorrespond-
ence of a perverse sexual character, which showed that
be had had perverse intercourse for years with all daaaei
of people,

UuMm-SKMAL [MIIYIDUAZ-S, öib

X. carne of a neu ratio fcunily. Ilis paterual grand-
father died by suieide white insaue, Ilis father was a
weakj peeuliar man. Üne brother inasturbated at the age
of two. A eousin was sexually perverse, and praetised
perverse acte, similar to those of 2L, while a youth; he
beeauie weak-nünded, und died o£ spinal disease. A pater-
iiiil great-uncle was au herinaphrodite. llis luother s si^ter
was insane. His mother h taid to have been healthy. X.Js
brother is nervo us and irascible.

XM lüeawiie, was nervous as a ehild. The mewing of
a cat would create great fear in him; and if one but imi-
tated the voiee qf a cat h& would ciy buterly, and run
to others for protection. Slight ]»h v.sical distnrbance
caused violent fever. He was a qiiiet, dreamy child, of
exoitable Imagination, bat of slight mental capabilities.
He did not indulge muefa in bovish gauies; he preferred
feminine piirsuits. It. gave him eapecial pleasure to eurl
the hair of tlie housemaid or of his brother.

At thirteen X, went to an Institute. There he prac-
tiaed mntual Masturbation, seduced his comrades, and his
eynical eonduet made him uninanageable ; m that hc had
to be taken home. At that time the parents foimd love-
letters with laseivions contents, showing perverse sexualily.
Fruiu tlie ige of seventeen be ßtttdied ander the st riet
surveillance of a profe^sor in a gymnasiuui. He made but
sad progrega in tearning, Ile had only a latent for inttsic.

After finishing hla studies, the patient entered the uni-
versity at the age of nineteen, There he attracted attention
by bis eynical charaeter and his assoeiation with young
persons who were thought to be given to mascnline love.
He hegan to be dandified; wore *triking eravats, and low
cut Shirts; he foreed his feet into nnrrow sllO&Sj anil cnrled
his hair in a remarkable way. This peculiarity disappeared
when he left school and returned home.

At the agc of twenty-iora be was for a long time nen-
rasrhenie. From that time until bis twenty-ninth year
he was earnest and skilf ul in bis profession ; hnt he avoided

37G psychopatiiia sp:xitalis.

the society of thc opposite sex, and constantly associated
with men of doubtful character.

The patient woiild not allow a personal exaniination.
In writing, he made the excnse that this would be of no
use, because his impulse to his own sex had existed from
Ins earliest childhood, and was congenital. He had always
had horror femina*, and had never beon inclined to avail
.himself of the charms of women. Toward men he feit
himself in the rule of a man. He recognised his impulse
toward his own sex as abnormal, and excused his sexual
indnlgence as being the result of an abnormal natural con-
dition.

Since his flight, X. lived out of Gerinany, in Southern
Italy, and, as I hoard from a letter, now, as bofore, he
indulged in perverse love. X. was an earnest, stately man,
of masculine features, well-grown beard, and normally de-
veloped genitals. Dr. X. furnished nie a short time ago
with his autobiography, of which the following is worthy
of mention: —

"When, at tlie age of seven, I entered a private school,
I feit very uncomfortable, and found very little sympathy
with my companions. Only toward one of them, who wras
a very handsome ehild, diel I feel attraeted, and I loved
him wildly. In childish games I always knew how to
arrange it so that I could appear in feminine attire; and
my greatest pleasnre was to form intrieate coiffurcs for
our servant-girls. I often regretted that I was not a girl.

*'My sexual instinet awakened when I was thirteen,
and from the momont of its appearanee it was directed
toward youthfnl, strong men. At first I was not really
certain that this was abnormal, but conseiousness of it eame
when I saw and hoard how my companions were charac-
terized sexually. I began to masturbate at the age of
thirteen. At soventeen I loft home and went to the gym-
nasinm of a large capital, where I was put to board with
a married professor of the gymna^ium, with who.-e son T
afterward had sexual rolations. Tt was with him that I
first had sexual satisfaction. Thereafter I made the ac-

HOMO-SEXUAL INDIV1DUALS. 377

quaintance of a young artist, who very soon noticed that
I was abnormal, and confessed to me that he was in the
same condition. I learned froin hiin that this abnormality
was very frequent; and this knowledge overeame the
trouble that I had had in supposing that I was alone in
my abnormality. This young man had an extensive ac-
quaintanee with persons in like condition, to which he
introduced me. There I became the object o£ general
attention, for on all sides I was declared to be very attract-
ive physically. I soon became insanely loved by an old
gentleman; but, not finding him to my taste, I endured
him but a short time, and then gave ear to a young and
handsome officer who lay at my feet. Ile was really my
first love.

"After passing my final examination, at the age of
nineteen, free from the disciplinc of school I niade the
acquaintance of a great niiuibcr of people like myself, and
among them Karl Ulrichs (Numa Numantius).

"When, later, I took up the study of medicine, and
associated with many normal youths, I was often in a posi-
tion where I was compelled to visit public prostitutes.
After having consorted to no purpose with various pros-
titutes, some of whom were very beautiful, the opinion was
spread among my acquaintances that I was impotent, and
I strengthened this by telling of previous sexual excesses.
At that time I had numerous external relations with per-
sons who prized my physical peculiarities, which were
considered very beautiful. The result of this was, that I
was exciting somebody all the time; and I received such a
mass of love-letters that I was often in embarrassment.
The acme of this was reached later, when, as a physician,
I lived in the hospital. There I moved about like a cele-
brated persoTi, and the scenes of jealousy that took place
on my account almost led to the discovery of the whole
thing. Shortly after this, I feil ill with an inflammation
of my shoulder-joint, from which I recovered after three
months. During this illness I received subcutaneous in-
jections of morphine several times daily, which were sud-

;;:*

PSYCMOPATII1A SEX U ALIS,

denly diseonrinued, and whieh 1 practised thereafter
eecretly alter inj recovery* For the purpose of special
study, I spent some months in Vieima, before eiitering into
private practica, and there, by means of some reeomiuen-
datiuiis, I gaiued eutrauce to various circles of people like
myself, 1 there leamed tbat the abnorm ulity in ijuestion,
in its various forma, i* spreftd ilimugh the Lowei blasses
as weil as the higher, and that those who are approachable
fof uiuiuy are not infrequently met among the higher
elasses.

"Wben I established myself in the eountry, I hoped
to cnre myself of the morphine habit by ineans of cocainej
und (heu I becfitne h victiin of eueaine, of whieh, only
after three relapses, I was able to rid myself (about two
wai\s ago). In niy poaition, it was iinpossible for me 1o
find sexual satisfaetinn, and I noticed with pleasnre tbat
tbe uee of eocaine had overcome my desire. When, on
tbe first oecasion, at the urgent rcquest of my aunt, I had
emaneipated myself from eocaine, I Travel led for a iVw
weeks in order to improve my health, tbe perverse Im-
pulses were again awakencd in ihcir old Btrength, and,
one evening, while out in the fields by the city amusing
myself with a tnant I noticed that I had been detected by
the authoritics and advertised; bnt that the act of whieh
I was accused was not punishable, in accordance with the
opinion expressed by fche highest eonrt of tbe German
kingdom. I had, therefore, to be eareful; for already tbe
annoimeeuieHt of tbe crime had been heralded ou all sides*
I saw that after this I should be compelled to leave Ger-
many, and find i new bome where neither the law nor
public opinion WOuld be OppOSed to that Impulse, whieh,
like all abnormal instincts, could not be overcome by the
will- Sinee I was never deeeived for a nioment about
the matter, in reeogruzinir my impulses as opposed to social
nsages, I repeatedly attemphd i hoeome master of them;
but by these efforts tbey were inereased in power, This
same Observation has been connuunieatcd to nie by ae-
quaintances. Since I was exclusively drawn toward strorjg,

HOMO-SEXUAL 1 NDIVIIHW LS.

379

youthful and inasculine individuals, and they were very
seldom inclined to yield to my wishus, I was coiiipelled
to buy thein. Sinee my desire was limited to persans of
the lower elasses, I was always able to und such us were
purehasable with mouey, I hope that the follovving State-
ments will not awaken your repugnanee, At first 1 in*
tended to omit theni; but, ior the completeness of this
cüminimieation, I may ine lüde tliem, sinee they serve to
enrich the clinieal materiah I am eoinpelled to perforni
the sexual act in the following way: —

4iPene juvenil in os reeepto, ita ut commovendo ore
ineo effeeerim, ut is quem cupio, semen ejaculaverit,
sperma in perinieum exspuo, femora comprimi jubeo et
penein meum ad versus et intra feniora eompressa immitto.
Dum hsec iiunt, necesse est, ut juvenis nie, quantuni potest,
ampleetatur. Qua1 prius nie feeifise narravi, eaudeui mihi
affer unt voluptatern, aesi ipse ejaeulo, Ejaeulationem
I tene in anuiii imuiiüeudo vel manu terendo RSBequi, mihi
nequaquam anwinim est.

"Sed inveni, qui penem meum reeeperint atque ea
facientes, quse supra exposui, effecerint, ut libidines raeee
plane sint saturata*.

"Coneerning my person, I must still mention the fol-
lowing: I am 1H<3 eentimetres tali, of niasculine appear-
ance, and with the exception of abnormal irritability of
the skin, healthy. My bair and beanl are bkek and Huck.
My genitals are of medium size and normal ly formed. I
am able, without anv trace of fatigue, to perforni the
sexual art from four to six times in twenty-four hours.
My lifo is very regulär. I use aleobol and tobacco verv
sparingly. I play the piano quite well, and some of my
unpretentioiis couipositinns have beeil muefa applauded. T
have lately finished a novel, which, as my first work, has*
been verv favonrablv eriticised bv ray friends, The storv
hftQ ^venil Problems taken from the life of Urnings in the
subjeet-matter.

"Among the large number of fellow-sufferers that are
personully knowu to me, I have naturally been in a posi-

380 PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

tion to make observations concerning the condition and
the degrces of abnormality ; and, perhaps, the following
Communications may bc of servicc to you : —

"The most abnormal tliing that I am acquainted with
was the inipulse of a gentleman who lived in Berlin. He
preferred, above all others, young fellows with uhwashed
feet, which he would lick passionately. A gentleman in
Leipzig was similar to him; who, where it was possible,
would linguam in anum inimittere, preferring the parts to
be uncleaned. Several have assured nie that the sight of
riding-boots or of parts of military uniforms induced such
excitement in tliem that spontaneous ejaculation resulted.
A man in Paris compelled a friend vt in os ei mingat.

"With referenee to the dogree in which many feel
themselves as women, which is with me not the case, two
persons in Vienna are examples. They bore feminine
names. One is a barber who calls himself 'French Eaura;'
the other was formerly a butcher, who calls himself 'Sel-
cher-Fanny'. Both of tlicm never missed an opportunity
during the carnival time, to show themselves in very fan-
tastic feminine masks. In Hamburg there is a person that
many people believe to be a woman, because he always
goes about the house in feminine attire, and only occa-
sionally loaves the house, and always in such clothing.
This man wished to stand as godmother at a christening,
and, as a result of it, gave rise to great scandal.

"Feminine timidity, frivolity, obstinacv and weakness
of character are the rule in such individuals.

"Several cases of perverse sexuality are known to me
in whom epilepsy and psychoses are present. Hernias are
remarkably frequent. In practice many persons come to
nie to be treated for diseases of the anus, because of ree-
ommendation by friends. I saw two syphilitic and one
local chancre, and ?everal fis*ures; and at present I am
treating a gentleman for eondylomata of the anus, which
form a rounded tumor as large as a fi^t. Ono case of
prima ry affection of the «oft palate I saw in Vienna, in a
young man who used to frequent fancy-dre>s balls in girl's

HOMO-SEXUAL INDIVIDUALS. 381

attire, and cntice young men; he would t'hen pretend that
he was meiistriiatiiig, and thus induce the others to use
him per os. The assertion was made that in this way he
had deceived fourteen men in one evening. Since, in none
of the publications concerning antipathic sexuality that I
have seen, I have found anything concerning the inter-
course o£ pederasts among themselves, I venture to com-
municate something concerning it in conclusion: —

"As soon as individuals that are affected with inverted
sexuality become acquainted, there is a detailed narration
of their experiences, loves and seductions, as far as the
social diffcrence between them allows such entertainment.
Only in very few cases is this amusement uncommon with
new acquaintances. Among themselves, they call them-
selves 'aunts'; in Vienna, Bisters'; and two very mascu-
line public prostitutes in Vienna, whoin I accidentally
beeame acquainted with, and who lived in a perverse sex-
ual relation with each other, told nie that for the corre-
sponding condition in women the name 'uncle* was used.
Since I became conscious of my abnormal instinet I have
met thousands of such individuals.

"Almost every large city has some meeting-place, as
well as a so-callcd promenade. In smaller cities there
are relatively few 'aunts,' though in a small town of 2300
inhabitants I found eight, and in one of 7000 cighteen of
whom I was absolutely sure, — to say nothing of those
whom I suspected. In my own town of 30,000 inhabitants
I personally know about 120 'aunts'. The greater number
of them, and I especially, possess the capability of judging
another iiimiediately as to whether they are alike or not,
which, in the language of the 'aunts/ is called 'reason-
able' or 'unreasonable'. My acquaintances are often as-
tounded at the certainty of my judgment. Individuals
that are apparently absolutely masculine I recognize as
'aunts' at the first sight. On the other band, I am able to
behave myself in such a masculine way that, in circlcs to
which I have becn introduced by acquaintances, there is

382

PSYCHOPATH IA SEXÜALJS-

a doubt as to my gennineness. Whea I am in the mood,
J ran aet exactly like a girl.

"Sinee the majori ty of *aimts/ like niyself, in 110 way
regret their abnormal ity, bnt would be sorry if the condi-
tiou were to be ehanged; arni, mureover, sim-e the oongeni-
tal com Urion, aceording to my own lind all other expcri-
enee, cannot be inrlueneed, all uur hope rests upon the
poesibility of h cbange of the lavvs with referenee to it, so
that only rape or the coinmission of public offence* when
tliis cau be proved af the same time? ahall be punishable."

3. Effemination.

There are varimi* iransiiions fnun the foregoing Oi
to those raaking up tiüa eategory, etiaracteriaed l>y the
degree in which the psychieal poraonality, especiallj in
general manner of feeling and indinations, is influenced
hv the abnormal sexual feeling. In Ibis group are fully
developed uases in whieh males are females in feeling; and
vice versa woraeö, males. This abnormal ity of feeling
and of development of the eharacter is often apparent in
childhood, The bey likes to spend his time with girla,
play with dolls, and help his mother about the housej he
likes to eookj sew, knit; he develops tastes in female
töüettes, and eveo becomes ilie adviser of his sisters* As
ho gfüwa ulder lie eschewa sinoking, driuking and nianly
Sports, and, on the contrary* ßjlds pleasure in adornment
of persans, art-, belli -A Ü res, etc., even to the extent of
giving himself entirely to the cultivatinn of the beantifnh
Since woman posse^es parallel inclinations, he prefers to
move in the soeiety of wo tuen.

If he can azurne the role of a female at a masquerade
it ia his greatest delight. lie seeks to please his lover, so
in gpeftk, by stmlionslv trying tu repreaent what pleas«
the fenmle-luvintr man in tlie opposite sex — inodesty, sweet-
nes9? taste for cestheties, poetry, ete, ErTorts to approacb
the female appearance in gait, attitude and attire are fre-
quently seen.

[IM \|] NATION. 383

"With rcference to the sexual feeling and malmet of
the.se Urnings, so thoroughly permeated tu all their mental
beiug, the inen, withuiit exeeption, feel themsidves to be
feniales. Tims they feel theniselvcs tu be antagonbtie to
persona of their ovvn sex ctnistilutrd like theinselves, as o£
course, iliey are like them in form. JSut, un the other
handj they are drawn toward thom <>f ili»-ir nun sex that
are honio-sexual or sexually normal. The same jealousy
which occnrs in normal sexual Hie also occura herc, when
rivalry is threatencd; and, indeed, sinee they are, as a ruie,
bypersesthetic sexually, this jealonsy isofteu bmndless.

In cases of eompletely developed inverted sexual ity,
heteru-sexual luve i> luuked npnn aa a tliing absolntely in-
comprehensible; sexual intercOUTße wilh a persmi of the
opposite sex is onthinkable, Linpoäsible. Buch im atteiupt
briiigs on the inhibitory eoncepi of disgust or even horror,
whieh makea erectlon impossible, Only two of njy cases
transitinnal tu the third category were ahle? tvith the aid
ol Imagination whieh made tbe fexnale in ipiesrion assuine
the rote of man, h» have coitiis for the time being; but
the aet, whieh yielded DO gratitieation, was a great sacri-
fice, and afforded 110 pleasure.

In homo-sexual intereourae erTetninated man feels him-
seif in thf ad always as a woman. The meana of indul-
genee, wliere there h irritable weakness of the ejacnlation
*eentre, are simply suecuhus, or passive coitu$ inter femoraj
in other eases, passive inasturlnuion, or ejüeuktÜo riri dt-
Jfrti in ort*. Some havr ji d-sirc fr-r passive prderasty ;
occasionally a desire for aetive prderasty oeenrs. In one
attempt of this kind, the man desfcted beeause of the dis-
gust whieh seiml him when the aet lvinhnled him of
coitus.

There /ras never inctination for immature persans (ioy-
loet\) Not infreipiently there were only platonie desires.

Gase 147. E., aged thirly-nm\ s.*n ->f an inveterate
drunkard. No other taint In the farnily. Grew up in a
village, At the age <tf six he began to feel hnppy when

384

FfiYCHOFJlTHIA S1X! 'ALIS.

in the Company of men with beard& Al the age of eJeven
lic began to Und whenever he inet i bandaome man, und
tliuv»l not lo^k at them. He waa al ease when in the com-
pany of wniiicn. Qe wore giiTa garmente up to hia Mf*
entli year, and was vrry tuihappy when lic was deprived
of them. Occupation ia the kitehen and about the hoitsc
lic liked best II is Bchool thne passed witliout efeota.
Xow and thon he had inthnale likiug für a ccrtain acliool-
matßj hui tbifl wore off*

Drausu rf nun n itL betitle clud in Line elotbee beoanie
more Erequent.

He j'»iiH'd SO atliletic ^oeiety tfajlt lic nii^hl COttW
with wen, likcd to go to balla, üo\ od tcoounl of the girtft,
wfiu uero a matter of indifferente to bim, but to Bee the
fiae inen, thinking üll the lime that be wdfl in the einbrach
of mir of them. He feit lonely, bowever, and dieaatUfied,
and grudually beeune conecioua öl beilig quite unlike the
other young feBows. AU hie fchoqghts and aims were to
lind a man who could fove him.

Ai seTenteen he was sedtteed by anuther man to mutual
masturbetion« Delight, shame and fear were the reeetfon.
He reeognized tlie almonnahty of lik sexual fceiuigs, b©>
Cime depreaaedj Game near cotnntitting suieide. He Baally
beoame reconeiled with his al »normal position and craved
for uieii, bul heing *diy bv uature he found but utile op- m
portunity. He feit uneaay when girli Boughl his Company,
When twenty-six lie wenl to ßve Ul a large eity and imw
found plentv of opportnnitiea for bomo-eexual intero>m > .
Für M>me tinie he Imd with n not her man of hlfl own age
as liushitiid and wife. He feit happy in the rofi ol vornan.

nal jrratifieatimi was obtained by mutual wa-hn hation
and coituä intcr fernem.

lii w§i g akilful workman, well hkrd, and in eppeoi*
aneo and behaviour maseuline. Genital« normal, No
sign gencration,

IIi> younger brotber wafl aho bomo-eexnali

Twn sistete, whd both died yoaog, avoided men, never

EFFEMINATION,

385

cared for work in the kitchen, but prefcrrcd that in the
s table, and were skilful in all handierafta of men.

Case 148- C, age twenty-eight, gentlenian of lei-
sure; father neuropatbic; niother very nervous. One
brother suffened front paranoia, a not her wlls psyehicully
degenerated. Tkree yonnger membera of the fainily were
normal.

C, was neuropatbically t.ainted; sligbt oonvulaive tic.
As long as he can reniember lie feit drawn fco male per-
sona, at first only to bis schoolmatc*. When puberty set
in he feil in love with male teachera, who used to visit at
the house of his parents. He feit himself in the female
rSte, lüs dreums, witli polhitimis, were always about raen,
He was gifted in musie and poetry and loved the theatre.
For seienee, espeeially nnitheniatics, he hat! 110 talents and
passed his final rxaniinations only with ilittieiilty* Psychic-
ally, he deelared, he was a womnn. Loved to phiy with
dulls and rmieenied himself bv prefenmee with wouian's
affairsj disdaining all the pursuits of men, He liked best
the society of young girk? beeause they were sympathetic
and ha<l an aftinity of muL When in the Company of men
he was shy and cnnfnsed like a maiden. He never
sinoked, and dbliked aleoholie drinks. He feign would
have liked to spend his time in eooking, knitting and em-
broidering. He had no libido. Sexual intereourse with
men only a few times, although his ideal was to play the
rnfr of the woman on such occaeions* Coitufl einn muJiere
he abhorred. After reading "Psychopa thia Scxualis/' he
beeame alarmed, was afraid of Coming in coxtfiict vvith the
poliee and avoided sexual rehitions with nun. But pollu-
tions beeame very frequent» and neurasthenia supervened*
He came for medieul ad vice.

0« had an almndant beard, and was nf a drridedly mas-
culine type, exeepting soft features and a remarkably fine
skin, Genitals normal, except a dchVirnt desreusus of
one of the testicles. Tti hi^ beluiviour, gait, and appearance
notbing unusual, tbough he had the illusion that everybody

:;m;

PSYCHOPATH IA SEX U ALIS.

notieed bis abnormal sexual proelivity. Ile shunned soci-
for thut reason. LusrivnuLs talk lnade him bhish 1 1 k c*
a niaiden. Once when someone turned the topic of con*
ver^atkm BS untipathie sexual insfiiiet, be fainted, Music
brought ou a beavy Perspiration all over hU bocly, Upon
doset Bequaiatanee he showed pejehioal femimnity; he
was as timid a* a girl, and without a vestige of indepeml-
ence. Kervous re^tlessnessj convulsiva de, mnueruus neu-
rasthenic complicationi put mi bim the stamp of a con^ti-
tutioaally tainted neuropathic individual.

Case 149. B., watter, forty-two years of age, im-
mamedj waa ßent t<> me b* bia own physieian (with wbotn
lie bad fallen in love), as a ease of sexual Inversion, R
gave readily in modesl Language an ftcoount of Itis pffti
mihtirtti and especially sesttufis. He seemed pleased to
obtain at biet an authentie explanation of bis abnormal
state which he bad ahvays eonsldered a disease.

B. poBsessad no knowledge of bis grandparenta The
father was of an irascible, exci table nature, a drinker, and
of streng sexual wants. After heget ting twenty-fonr ehil-
dren with the »m« woman, he obtained a divoree, and
after that bad tbree ehildren by his houaekeeper. Tbe
mothe? was a healthy woman. Of tbe twenty-four
ehildren only six are ttow anumtr ih«- livin^ several of
whotn snffer fmtn oervoufl nffertkms, but are sexually nor-
mal* exeept one aster who for ever runa after tbe men,

IL daimed to have ahvays been delicate and eickly.
\[[- vüa »sxualiu awoke at the age of eight He began
to masturbate and drrivrd iimcb pleasure' fr« im penem
aliorttrn puerortm in o.v arrigere. At tbe age <*f twelve he
began to fall in low* with man, preferriug those in the
thirlies and with niousturbe. llis sexual needs at that
period were extraordinary and erections and poltutiana
were frequent. He maaturbated daily, thinking of some
man wlmin he k>ve<L II is amhition was always penem
riri in os arritjpre, which thought caused ejaeulation ao
companied by the iitmost Inst Bnt only twelve timea

EFFEMINATION.

»81

tlitis far lunl he Leen ffuccessful in this. I fo never feit

nausea at the pcnis of others if they were sympathetie; on
the contrary. Active as well as passive pederasty dis-
gusted him thoroug'hly aiid he never accepted euch üffera.
Du ring the perverse aet he played the röle of woman, 1 1 1$
love for sympathetir men uns boundkss. He eould d<» ;mv-
thiügfor the man wboxn hci tlins l<»vi*d> und whiu beholding
hiin he tremhlrd with excitcnuur and lustful fceling-.

When aineteea he was several times lured by bis com-
pankms to a brothel, bat eoitus did not plea&e hiru and
only at the moment of ejaeulation did he experienee a sort
of gnitihVatimi. lle eould only be virile with wojnao
when lie thonght of her du ring the aet as the mair wlmm
ho loved. Ho mueh rat her wcmld have preferred the
wnniaii to alh)W him imwissio penis fn os ; but she refused,
Fuftfr ilc mieux be indulged in eoitus; twiee even lie wa?
a father. The youiiger of the two ehüdreBj now a girl of
ei gilt, has already bi-gun masturbation and inutual uiian-
ism, whieh fact troubled him very nmck Was there no
reniedy for this?

Patient said that towards inen he always feit trimself
to he of feminine type (this also du ring sexual intercourse).
His idea wa? that flu- sexual perversion originated ham
tlie fact that his father when begetting bim wished to
a girl. The other ehihlren of the family always
teased him on aeeount of his girlish wav> and manners».
To sweep the roonis and wash the dishes were ever pleasant
occupatimis for him. His housework was always inueh
admired and pimised because lie was eleverer thau the girls.
AVlienever he eould he would dou girl's attire* At the
ManH-r/rns ballfl he always wore the female nia-k. He
made a eapital eoquette on aeeount of his female natnre*

Drinking, Smoking, manlv sportfl and occUpations never
suited him, hut. be was paaaionately fnnd of aewing and
w;i> often upbraided an aeeount of Ins weafcneaa far dnlls
wben a boy< When at tlie rireus or the theatre his atten-
tion was only drawn to the male perforniers. lie had an

388

FÖYC1IOFATIIIA SEXFALIS»

irreeiatible deeJre to loiter almut W.C'a. in order to get a
look at the nien's genital*.

Fetnale cbarma never uttracted him. Coitne was only
ble wli.n aided by the tbcmght of a beloved man.
Xi^fiimal pollnttODfl wen- always produced by lascivions
dreani* ahout nien.

D.sjiitr nunurons sexual exeeaaea B. bad never suf-
fered from näura&thenia teamaHs; neither were there Symp-
toms of iicmra-f litiiia of nny kind.

Features delieate; apane iid« wbiskera and moustaehe,
whieh began to grora only when be was tweaty<€igjbi His
externa! appenram'e, exeepting a Hght, swingühg gait? did
not iudicata fernab natiire. He obaenred that be was
often teased on nceotlftf *>f bis wemÄniah camage. Ufa
manners wene higbly modest Genital* Urge, mH deveb
oped, quite. normal, witli abundancc <»t' hair; pelvia mas-
culine. Crauium rachitic, eligfatly hydroeephaJic; parietal
bcmefl rather bulging» Cniuiteiiunri* exeeptionallj imaH.
Patient said he wa? easily provokod to wmtli.

Gase 150» Taylor hud OCOftStOCI to exanunc a ccrtaiu
Eliza Edwarde, iged twenty-fcnir. 1t was discovcn-d that
sbe was of nmsculine sex, E. had worn female elothing
from her fourteenth year, und had ftlflc l»ni an actTÄ»*
The hair «li worn long, öfter f Ijc- iduuiut <>f femules, and
parted in the raiddle. The form of the face was feminine,
bnt otherwiae t In- body was maaculine The be&rd was
carefully pulled out. The iim^uline, wdl-dereloped gen*
if als were fixed in an upwanl poaitioB hy lll artful hand-
The condition of the nini- indteated paarig peder-
uty (Taylor, *lle& Jump* is7:i, iL, p, 473).

Gase 151. Au official of middle ige, who for eome
years liad been happy in family Bfe, and wu manied to a
virtuoti? woman, presented a pmiliar manifestation of anti-
patbie sexual feeling,

One dayt ibrOUgfa the Uldbcffttloil of a pro-titute, the

wing leaiida] beearoe pwbüc: Abont omc« :i week X,

andeogynV. 389

would appoar in a liouse of prostitution, and there dress
himself up as a woman, always requiring, as a part of his
costume, a coiffure. When his toilet was completed, he
would He down on the bcd, and have the prostitute perform
manustupration. But he very much preferred to have a
male person (a servant of the house). This man's father
was heriditarily tainted, had been insane several times,
and was alflicted with hypercesthesia and parcesthesia sex-
ualis.

4- Androjyny.

Forming direct transitions from the foregoing groups
are those individnals of antipathic sexuality in whom not
only the character and all the feelings are in accord with
the abnormal sexual instinct, but also the frame, the feat-
ures, voice, etc.; so that the individual approaches the
opposite sex anthropologically, and in more than a psychi-
cal and psycho-sexual way. This anthropologieal form of
the cerebral anomaly apparently represents a very high de-
gree of degeneration ; but that this Variation is based on an
entirely different ground than the teratological manifesta-
tion of hormaphroditism, in an anatomical sense, is clearly
shown by the fact that thus far, in the domain of inverted
sexuality, no transitions to hermaphroditic malformation
of the genitals have been observed. The genitals of these
persons always prove to be fully differentiated sexually,
though not infrequently there are present anatomical signs
of degeneration (epispadiasis, etc.), in the sense of arrests
of development in organs that are otherwise well marked.

There is yet wanting a sufficient record of cases belong-
ing to this interesting group of women in maseuline attire
with maseuline genitals. Every experienced observer of
his fellow-men remembors maseuline persons that were
very remarkable for their womanish character and type
(wide hips, form rounded by abundant development of
adipose tissue, absence or insufficient development öf beard,
feminine features, delicate complexion, falsetto voiee, etc.).

390 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

In persons belonging to the fourth group, and in cer-
tain ones in the third, forming transitions to the fourth,
there seems to be a feeling of shame (sexual) toward per-
sons of the same sex, and not toward those of the opposite
sex.

Case 152. Androgyny. Mr. v. TT., aged thirty, Sin-
gle; of neuropathic mother. Xervous and mental diseases
were said not to have occurred in the patient's family, and
his only brother was said to be mentally and physically
completely normal. The patient developed tardily physi-
cally, and, therefore, spent inuch of his time at the sea-
shore and elimatic resorts. From ehildhood he was of neu-
ropathic Constitution, and, according to the Statements of
his relatives, unlike other boys. His disinclination for
masculine pursuits and his preference for feminine amuse-
menfs were early remarked. Thus he avoided all boyish
games and gymnastic exercises, while doll-play and femi-
nine occupations were particularly ])loasing to him. Sub-
sequently he develo])ed well physically, and escaped severe
illnesses, but he remained mentally abnormal, incapable of
an earnest aim in life, and deeidedly feminine in thought
and feeling.

In his seventeenth vear pollution occurred, became
more frequent, and finally took place during the day; so
that the patient grew weak, and manifested various ner-
vous disturbances. Symptoms of nruraslhcnia spinalis
made their appearance, and lasted for somc years, but they
became milder with the decrease in the number of pollu-
tions. Onanism was denied, but was very probable. An
indolent, effeminate, dreamy habit of thought had become
more and more noticeable ever since pnberty. All eflForts
to induce the patient to take up an earnest pursuit in life
wen» in vain. His intellectual funetions, though formally
quite und i stürbet!, were never equal to the inotive of an
independent character, and the higher ideals of life. He
remained dependent, an overgrown ehild ; and nothing
more clearlv indicated his original abnormal condition than

ANUROOVNYp

391

an actual ineapability to takc rare of money, and Iris own
confession that he had ao al*ilit y to ose money reasonably;
that as Bodo as he had money he wasted it for curios, toilet-
articleSj and the like,

Incapable as he was of a reasonable use of money, the
patieut was no more eapable of loarinn* a social existence,
indeed, he was iueapable of galning an insight into its
sign ifiea nee and vahie.

He leamed very poorly, spemling bis fcUBö in toilettes
and artistic nothings, particularly in paintiog, for which
he evinced a eertain eapahilitv; bttt in this dinetion hc
a^GOxnplisbed nothing, since he was wanting in persever-
ance. He could not be brougbt to take up any earnest
thought; he had a mind oiily for externate, wag always
distraeted, and serious things ipiiekly wearied bim. Pre-
posterous acta, senselesa journcys, wasto of money and
debta repeatedly oectirred througboul the courae of bis later
life; and evcn fojp the&Q positive fanltfi in bis lifo he was
wui i ring in widerstand iiig. He was self-willed and intracta-
ble, and never did well when an atteinpt was ttt&da to
pnt bim on bis feet and point out to him bis own interests.

With these manifestations of an original abnormal and
defeetive mind? there were notable indicfitiona of perverse
sexual feeling, whieh wcre also indicated in the somatic
habitm of the patient. Sexually, the patieut feit like a
woman toward nien, and had mclinations toward people of
bis own sex, with indifferente, if not actnal di^inelination,
for females*

In bis twenty-«tvrmd year it was asserted that he had
sexual intercourse with women, and was aide to perform
the act of ooitns nonnally; bot, partly on aecount of in-
ereaaa of neu rast henic Symptoms wbich was occflsioil&l
nfter cnitus, and pnrtly on aeeount of fear nf infeetion —
but really by reason of a want of satisfaction — he soon
ceased to indnlge in -neb intercottFSfe Ooncerning hU
abnormal sexual condition, be was not quite clear; he was
conscioits of an inclination toward the male sex, but eon-
fessed, only in a shame-faced way, that he had certain

392 PSYCIIOPATUIA SEXUALIS.

pleasurable feclings of friendship for masculine individ-
uals, which, howevcr, were not accompanied by any sensual
feelings. The feniale sex he did not exactly abhor; he
could even bring himself to marry a woman who could
have an attraction for him, by means of similarity in
artistic tastes, if he could but be freed from conjugal
duties, which were unpleasant to him, and the Performance
of which made him tired and weak. He denied having
had sexual intereourse with men, but his blushing and
embarrassment, and, still more, an occurrence in N., where
the patient some time before provoked a scandal by at-
tempting to have sexual intereourse with youths, gave him
the lie.

His external appearance also, habitus, form, gestures,
manners and dress were remarkable, and decidedly recalled
the feminine form and characteristics. The patient, how-
evcr, was over middle height, but thorax and pelvis were
decidedly of feminine form. The body was rieh in fat;
the skin was well groomed, delieafe and soft. This im-
pression of a woman in masculine dress was further in-
creased by a thin growth of hair on the face, which was
shaven, with the exception of a small moustache; by the
mincing gait; the shy, eflFeminate manner; the feminine
features; the swimming, neuropathic expression of the
eyes; the traces of powder and paint ; the curtailed cut of
the clothing, with the bosom-like prominence of the upper
garments; the fringed feminine cravat ; and the hair
brushed down sinoothly from the brow to the temples. The "
physical examination made lindoubted the feminine form of
the body. The externa] genitals were well developed, though
the left testicle had remained in the canal ; the growth of
hair on the mons veneris was thin, and the latter was
unusualhj rieh in fat and prominent. The voire was high,
and with out masculine timbre.

The oecupation and manner of thought of v. IT. were
decidedly feminine, lie had a boudoir and a well-supplied
toilet-table, at which he S])ent many hours in all kinds
of arts for beautifying himself. ITe abhorred the chase,

ANDBOGYNY. 393

practice with arms, and such masculine pursuits, and
called himself an cesthete; spoke with preference of his
paintings and attempts at poetry. He was interested
in feminine occupations, in which — e.g., cmbroidery —
he engaged, and called his greatest pleasure. He could
spend his life in an artistic and »sthetic circle of ladies
and gentlemen, in conversation, music and sesthetics.
His conversation was preferably about feminine things, —
fashions, needlework, cooking and household work.

The patient was well nourished, but ansemic. He was
of neuropathic Constitution, and presented Symptoms of
neurasthenia, which were maintained by a bad manner of
life, lying abed, living in-doors, and effeminateness.

He coraplained of occasional pain and pressure in the
head, and had habitual constipation. He wras easily fright-
ened ; complained of occasional lassitude and fatigue, and
drawing pains in the extremities, in the direction of the
lumbo-abdominal nerves. After pollutions, and regularly
after eating, he feit tired and relaxed; he was sensitive to
pressure over the spinous processes of the dorsal vertebra?,
as also to pressure along accessible nerves. He feit peculiar
sympathies and antipathies towards certain persons, and,
when he met poople for whom he had an antipathy, he
feil into a condition of peculiar fear and confusion. His
pollutions, though later on they occurred but seldom, were
pathological, in that they occurred by day, and were im-
accompanied by any sensual excitement.

Opinion.

1. Mr. v. II., according to all observations and reports,
was mental ly an abnormal and defective person, and that,
in fact, ab oricjine. His antipathic sexual instinct repre-
sented a part of his abnormal physical and mental condi-
tion.

2. This condition, in that it was congenital, was in-
curable. There existed defective Organisation of the high-
est cerebral centres, which rendered him incapable of

394 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

leading an independent lifo, and of obtaining a position in
lifc. His perverse sexual instinct prevented him from
exercising normal sexual f unetions ; and tliis was attended
by all the social consequences of such an anomaly, and
the danger of satisfaetion of perverse impulses arising out
of his abnormal Organisation, with consequent social and
legal conflicts. Fear of the latter, however, could not be
grcat, since the (perverse) sexual impulse of the patient
was weak.

3. Mr. v. II., in the legal sense of the word, was not
irresponsible, and neither üt for, or in need of, treatment
in a hospital for the insane.

It was possible for him — though but an overgrown
child, and incapable of personal independence — to live in
society, even under the care and guidance of normal
individuals. To a certain extent, it was possible for him
to respect the laws and restrictions of society, and to judge
his own acts; but, with respect to possible sexual errors
and conflicts with criminal laws, it must be emphasised
that his sexual instinct was abnormal, having its origin
in organic pathological conditions; and this circumstance
should have been eventually used in his favour. On ac-
count of his notorious lack of independence, he could not
be dischargcd from ]>arental caro or guardianship, inas-
inuch as otherwise he would be ruined financially.

4. Mr. v. TL was also physically ill. He presented
signs of sliglit amvmia and of neurast henia spinal is.

A rational regulation of his manner of lifo and a tonic
regimen, and, if possible, hydro-therapeutie treatment,
seemed necessary. The suspicion that this trouble had its
origin in early niasturbation should lx» entertained, and
the possibility of the existence of spennatorrho?a, that is
of iin]>ortaiice etiologically and therapeutically, was proba-
ble. (Personal case. Zeit sehr. /. Psychiatrie.)

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN. 395

CONOENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IX WoMAN.1

Science in its present stage has but few data to fall
back on, so far as the occurrence2 of homosexual instinct
in woman is concerned as compared with man.

It would not be fair to draw from this the conclusion
that sexual inversion in woman is rare, for if this anomaly
is really a manifestation of functional degeneration, then
degenerative influences will prevail alike in the female
as well as in the male.

The causes of apparent infrequency in woman may be
found in the following facts: (1) It is more difficult to
gain the confidence of the sexually perverse woman; (2)
this anomaly, in so far as it leads to sexual intercourse,
inter fem Inas, does not fall (in Germany at any rate) under
the criminal code, and therefore remains hidden from
public knowledge; (3) sexual inversion does not affect
woman in the same manner as it does man, for it does
not render woman impotent; (4) because woman (whether
sexually inverted#or not) is by nature not as sensual and
certainly not as aggressive in the pursuit of sexual needs
as man, for which reason the inverted sexual intercourse

1Literaturc: Havelock EUis, "Alienist and Neurologist," April,
1895; Moll, " Conträre Sexualempfindung," seeond edition, p. 322. —
Moll, Conträre Sexualempfindung, 3rd ed., p. 504. — Moraglia, Neue
Forschungen aus d. Gebiet der weiblichen Criminalitüt. — v. Krafft,
Jahrb. f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen, iii., p. 20.

* Observations : (1) Wcstphal, " Arch. f. Psych.," ii., p. 73;—
(2) Gock, op. cit., No. 1.;— (3) Wise, "The Alienist and Neurol-
ogist," January, 1883; — (4) Cantarano, "La Psichiatria, 1883," p.
201; — (5) Sörieux, op. cit., obs. 14; — (6) Kiernan, op. cit.; — (7)
Müller, Friedrcich's "Blatter f. ger. Med./' 1891, Heft 4.;— (8-19)
Moll, " Conträre Sexualempfindung,*" 2 Aufl. Beob., 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
23;— (20) Mcyhöfer, " Zeitseh. f. Medicinalbeamte," v., 16;— (21-22)
Zuccarelli, " Inversione congenita in due donne," Napoli, 1888; —
(23-33) Moll, "Untersuchungen über Libido sexualis," Fälle 10-12,
40-44, 47, 56, 57;— (34-36) Havelock EUis, op. cit.;— (37) Petita e
Urso, "Archiv, delle psichopatie sexuali," p. 33; — (38) Penta, ibid.,
p. 04. — (39-40) FcW6, l'instinct sexuelle, observ. 15, p. 242, observ. 22,
p. 291. — (41) Case Urban of the 18th Century, reported by Moll,
Contr. Sexualempfindung, 3rd ed. p. 533. — (42-43) v. Krafft, Jahr-
bücher für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, iii., p. 27 and 29.

396 P8YC1IOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

among women is less noticeable, and by Outsiders is
eonsidercd mere friendship. Indeed, there are cases on
record (psychical hermapÄroditism, even homosexuality)
in which the causcs of frigiditas uxoris remain unknown
even to tlie husband.

Certain passages in the Bible,1 the bistory of Greece
("Sapphic Love"), the inoral history of ancient Rome
and of the lliddle Ages,2 offer proofs that congressus in-
tersexualis feminarum took place at all times, the same
as it is practised now-a-days in the harem, in female
prisons, brothels and young ladies' seminaries (vide infra,
amor lesbicus).

Still it must bo adniitted that many of these cases
are to be reduced to causes of perversity and not per-
version.8

The chief rcason why inverted sexnality in woman
is still covered with the veil of mystery is that the homo-
sexual act so far as woman is concerned, does not fall
under the law.

I cannot lay sufficient stress upon the fact that sexual
acts between persons of the same sex do not necessarily
constitute antipathic sexual instinet. The latter exists
onlv when the physical and psychical secondary sexual
characteristics of the same sex exert an attracting influ-
ence over the individual and provoke in him or her the
impulse to sexual acts.

1 Paul, Epist. ad Rom. a Ploss, op. cit.

8 lt is a remarkable fact that in fiction, lesbie love is frequently
used as the leading theme, viz.f Diderot, "La Religieuse"; Balzac,
44 La lillft aux yoaux d'or "; Th. (lautier, " Mademoiselle de Maupin ";
Fcydeau, "La Comtess« de ehalis"; Flaubert, 4* Nalamnibo "; Belot,
44 Mademoiselle (linuid, nia fennne"; Raehilde, "Monsieur Venus."

Tlie heroines of tliese (lesbie) novelles appear to the beloved
persons of the same sex in the eharacter and tlie röle of a man; their
love is most intens»».

The oldest case of sexual inversion recorded thus far in Germany
is one of viraginity clatin*; as far back as the beginning of the
eighteenth eentury. It is that of a woman wlio was married to
another woman cohabiting with the eonsort by means of a leathern
priapus. Vide Dr. Midier in Friedreich'a " Rlütter f. ger. Med.," 1891,
Heft 4.

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN. 397

I have through long experience gained the impression
that inverted sexuality occurs in woman as frequently
as in man. But the chaster education of the girl deprives
the sexual instinct of its predominant charaeter ; seduction
to mutual masturbation is less frequent; the sexual in-
stinct in the girl begins to develop only when she is, with
the advent of puberty, introduced to the society of the
other sex, and is thus naturally led primarily into hetero-
sexual Channels. All these circumstances work in her
favour, often serve to correct abnormal inclinations and
tastes, and force her into the ways of normal sexual in-
tercourse. We may, however, safely assume that many
cases of frigidity or anaphrodisia in married women are
rooted in undeveloped or suppressed antipathic sexual
instinct.

The Situation changes when the predisposed feraale is
also tainted with other anomalies of an hypersexual char-
aeter and is led through it or seduced by other females to
masturbation or homosexual acts.

In these cases we find situations analogous to tliose
which have been described as existing in men afflicted
with "acquired" antipathic sexual instinct.

As possible sources from which homosexual love in
woman may spring, the following may be mentioned:

1. Constitutional hypersexuality impelling to auto-
masturbation. This leads to neurasthenia and its evil
consequences, to anaphrodisia in the normal sexual inter-
course so long as libido remains active.

2. Hypersexuality also leads faute de mieux to homo-
sexual intercourse (inmates of prisons, daughters of the
higher classes of society who are guarded so very care-
fully in their relations with men, or are afraid of im-
pregnation, — this latter group is very numerous). Fre-
quently female servants are the seducers, or lady friends
with perverse sexual inclinations, and lady teachers in
seminaries.

3. Wives of impotent husbands who can only sexually
excite, but not satisfy, woman, thus producing in her

398 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

lihido insatiata, recourse to masturbation, pollutiones fem-
ina?, neurasthenia, nausea for coitus and ultiniately disgust
with the male sex in general.

4. Prostitutes of gross sensuality who, disgusted with
the intercourse with perverse and impotent raen by whom
they are uscd for the Performance of the most revolting
sexual acts, seek compensation in the sympathetic embrace
of persons of their own sex. These cases are of very fre-
quent occurrence.

Careful Observation among the ladies of large cities
soon convinces one that homosexuality is by no means a
rarity. Uranism may nearly always be suspected in fe-
males wearing their hair short, or who dress in the fashion
of men, or pursue the sports and pastimes of their male
acquaintances ; also in opera singers and actresses, who
appear in male attire on the stage by preference.

So far as the clinical aspect is eoncerned I may be
brief, for this anomaly shows the saine qualifications alike
in man and woman, mutatis mutandis, and runs through
the same grades. Psychico-hermaphrodisic and many
homosexual women do not betray their anomaly by ex-
ternal appearances nor by mental (masculine) sexual
characteristics. Remarkable, however, it is that Dr.
Flatau (Moll, op. cit., p. 334) in examining the larynx of
twenty-three homosexual women found in several of them a
decidedly masculine formation.

In tlie transition to the subsequent grade, i.e., that of
viraginity (analogous to effemhiaiio in the male) strong
preference for male garments will Ix- found. In drearns,
but also in the ideal or real homosexual funetion, the
individual in (juestion plays an indifferent sexual röle.

Where viraginity is fully developed, the woman so
acting assumes definitely the masculine role.

In this grade modesty finds expression only towards
the same but not the opposite sex.

In such cases the sexual anomaly offen manifests itself
by strongly marked characteristics of male sexual ity.

The female Urning mav chieflv be found in the haunts

CONGENITA!, SEXUAL INVERSION IX WOMAN. 309

of boys, She i.s tlie rival in ibeir play, preferring tbe
rockiug-horsej play iüg at sokliers, rte., to dnlls and other
girlish oecupations. The toilet is nrgleeied, and rough
boyiah manners are aflfeeied. Love for art finds a Sub-
stitute in tbe pursuits of the scionces. At tinies smoking
and drinking are eultivuted even with paaeioxL

Perfumes and sweofmoats are disdained. The con-
seimisness of being a womau and thus to be doprived of
the gay College Hie, or to be barred out froin the military
career, produees painful refleetiou-,

The maseuline soul, heaving in the female bosom,
finds pleasure in the pursiüt of inanly Sports, and in
manifestations of oonrage and bravadn. There is a strong
desire to indtato the male fashion in dressing the hair
and in genoral attire, under favonrablo riiviitnstaneos even
to don male attire and impuso in iL Arrests of woinen
in iihiTs Hut hing are by no means of rare oeeurrence.
A. ease of a wo man wbo for years suecessfully posed as
a man (hunter, sohlior, ete.,) is related by MUlber in
Frivdrüiclt** "Blätter"; another by Wise (op. riL) and
others.

The idoals of mch viragines are certain female char-
aoters who ill tbe past or tbe presont have cxcelled by virtue
of genins and brave and noble ddedfi*

Gyrifindrif repnsmts the extreme gr&de of degenerative
boniosexualitv. JPhe woiuan of this type poaaeaaea of the
feminine qitalitios unlv the genital organs; thmight, senti-
ment, actione even externa! appearance are those of the
man.

Often enongb does one cimie across in life euch
charaetors, whoso frame, pelvifi, galt, appearanee, eoarse
maseuline featuros, rough deep vöiea, etc., hetray rather
the man than tbe vornan. Moll (op* cif. p, 881) haa given
niaiiv intrn-sling itamfl abmit the mode of life led by these
men-woiiien, and abtrat the way in wliieh they satisfy
their sexual needs.

Nufatix trtffanflish tlie Situation is the same as with the
manduving man* These creatures seekj find, reeognise.

400 PSYCHOPATH IA SEXÜALIS.

love one another, often live together as "father" and
"mother" in pseudo marriage. Suspicion may always
be turned toward homosexuality wben one reade in the
advertisenient columns of the daily papers: "Wanted, by
a lady, a lady f riend and companion".

Numerous psychical heniiaphrodites of the female
gender, and even homosexualists, enter upon matrimony
with men partly on account of being ignorant of their
own anomaly, and partly because they wish to be pro-
vided for. Some of these marriages linger on in a way,
the husband, perhaps, being psychically sympathetic, thus
rendering the inarital act possible to the unhappy wife.
But in most cases, when one or two children have been
bora, she seeks nnder all kinds of pretexts to avoid the
connubial duty.

More frequently, however, incompatibility wrecks these
unions. Homosexual intercourse continucs after marriage
just the same as with the homosexual man.

When viraginity prevails marriage is impossible, for
the very thought of coitus cum viro arouses disgust and
horror.

The intersexual gratifieation among these women
seems to be reduced to kissing and embraces, which seems
to satisfy those of weak sexual instinct, but produces
in sexually neurasthenic females ejaculation.

Automasturbation, faule de micux, seems to occur in all
grades of the anomaly the same as in men.

Strongly sensual individuals may resort to cunnilingus
ormutual masturbation.

In grades 3 and 4 the desire to adopt the active röle
towards the beloved person of the same sex seems to in-
titethe use of the priapus.

Case 153. Psychical hermaphrodifism. Mrs. X.,

tveoty-six years of age, suflFored from ncurastlienia. She

VH teeditarily taintod, suflFored j)eriodicalltv from delu-

^^ ghe had been married s(;ven voars, had two healthy

tfkbe&y * boy of six and a girl of f our years, Success in

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVEBSION IN WOMAN. 401

gaining the confidence of the patient. She confessed that
she always inclined more to persons of her own sex, and
that, although she esteeraed and liked her husband, sexual
intercourse disgusted her. Since the birth of the younger
of the two children she had prevailed upon him to give it
up altogether. When at the seminary she interested her-
seif in other young ladies in a manner which she eould only
describe as love. At times, however, she also found her-
seif drawn to certain gentlemen, and especially of late
her virtue had been sorely tried by an admirer to whose
advances she was afraid she inight succnmb, for which
reason she avoided being alone with him. But such
episodes were only of a quite transient character as com-
pared with her passionate liking for persons of her own
sex. Her whole desire was to be kissed and embraced by
them and have the most intimate intercourse with them.
She suffered much from nervousness because she could
not always realise these desires. The patient is not
avvare of this inclination to persons of the same sex being
of a sexual character, for beyond kissing, embracing, or
fondling them she would not know what to do with them.
Patient thought herseif to be of a sensual nature. It was
likely that she was addicted to masturbation.

She considered her sexual perversion as "unnatural,
morbid."

There was nothing in the behaviour or the manners or
the external appearance of this lady which in the least
betrayed her anomaly.

Case 154. Psychical hermaphroditism. Mrs. M.,
forty-four years of age, claimed to be an instance illus-
trating the fact that in orte and the same human being, be
it man or woman, the inverted as well as the normal di-
rection of sexual life may be combined. The father of this
lady was very musical, generally possessed considerable
talents for art, was a great admirer of the gentle sex, and
liimself of exceptional beauty. He died, after repeated
apoplectic attacks, with dementia in an asylum. His

402 PSTCHOPATIUA SZXUALEä.

brother was neuropsychopathic, as a ehild was afflicted with
somnambuüsm, and Iater on with hyper&sthesia sexualis.
Although married and father of several married sons, he
feil desperately in love with Airs. iL. then eighteen years

öf age? and attempted to abdnct her.

Her grandfather ( on the paternal side) was very ec-
eentric and a well known artist, who had originally stadied
theology. bot for love of the dramatic art beeame a mimic
and singer. He was given to exoess in Baccho et Yenere,
extravagant and fond of splendour, and died at the age of
forry-nine from ap*)pl*:jria cerebrL Her mothers father
and her morher borh died of pulmonary phthisis.

She had eleven brothers and sisters, but only six sur-
vived. Two brothers died at the age of sixteen and twenty
of tnbercnlosis. One brother was suffering from laryngeal
phrhisis. Four living sisters the same as Mrs. M. were
phy.rically like unto the father. very nervous and shy.
Two younirer sisters were married and in good bealth. and
both had healthy children. Another one, a niaiden, was
suffering from nervous affection.

Mrs. M. was the mother of four children. mostly deli-
cate and neuroparhic.

There was nothing of importance in the history of the
pati*rr\- ehi!dh«K*-L She learned easily. had gifts for
poefry ar.»i sr--rhKifs. was soniewhat affeeted. loved to
read no:v-> and sentimental literature, was of neuropathic
eon-tru":»-.ri and very sensitive to ehancos of temperature,
the .-IL'!.*'--* dranshr would make her nVsh ereop. It is
noteworhy. b.wever. that one day when ten years of age
-he fanei"«! L'-r in« »r her « 1 1 • I m»t love her. Thereupon she
put a l'.r of -'ilphnr matrlu-s in her enffee and drank it to
make h'T-elf iü. in order r«> draw her mother's love to
herseif.

PuUrry b'-gan wirhout diiKrulty at the age of eleven,
with --ijh'ftjTir.rir regulär iiif-n-os. Even previous to that
period sexual life had awakt-m-d, whieh ewr since was
very potent. The fir.-t sentiments and emotions. lay in
the homosexual direction. She eoneeived a passionate,

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN. 403

though platonic, affection for a young lady, wrote love-
songs and sonnets to her, and never was happicr than
when, lipon one occasion, she could admire the "charms
of her beloved" in the bath, or when she could gaze
upon the neck, Shoulders and breasts of this lady whilst
dressing. She could resist only with difficulty the desire
to touch these physical charms. When a girl she was
deeply in love with ItaphaePs and Guido Reni's Madonnas.
She was irresistibly impelled to follow pretty girls and
ladies by the hour, no matter how inclement the weather
might be, admiring their air of refinement and watching
for a chance of showing them a favour, giving them
flowers, etc. The patient asserted that up to her nineteenth
year she had not the slightest knowledge of the difference
of sexes, since she had been brought up by a prudish old
maiden aunt like a nun in a cloister. In consequence of
this crass ignorance she feil a victira to a man who loved
her passionately and insidiously betrayed her virtue. She
became the wife of this man, gave birth to a child, and
led an "eccentrically" sexual life with him, but feit sat-
isfied with the sexual intercourse. A few years later
she became a widow. Since then her affections again
turned to persons of her own sex, the principal reason for
which was, the patient averred, the fear of the results of
sexual intercourse with man.

At the age of twenty-seven she entered upon a second
marriage with a man of infirm Constitution. It was not
a love match. Thrice she became a mother, and fulfilled
all the conditions of maternity; but her health ran down,
and du ring the latter years her dislrke for coitus ever
increased, chiefly on account of her husband's infirmity,
al though her desire for sexual gratification remained
strong.

Three years after her second husband's death; she dis-
covered that her daughter by the first husband, now nine
years of age, was given to masturbation and going into
decline. She read an article about this vice in the Ency-
clopcedia, and now could not resist the temptation to try

404 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS. .

it herseif and thus beeame an onanist. She hesitated to
give a füll account of this period of her life. She stated,
however, that she beeame sexually so excited that she had
to send her two daughters away from home in order to
preserve them from something "terrible". The two bojs
could reinain at home.

J>atient beoame neurasthenic ex masturbationc (spinal
irritation, pressure in the head, languor, mental constipa-
tion, etc.) at times even dysthymic, with worrying teedium
vitep.

Her sexual inelinations turned now to woman, now
to man. Hut slie eontrolled herseif, suffered milch from
her abstinence, especially sinee she resorted to mastur-
bation on aeeount of her neurasthenie afflietions only at
the last instanee. At the age of forty-four — still having
regulär periods — the patient suffered from a violent pas-
sion for a young man with whoin, on aeeount of her avoea-
tion, she was bound to be in eonstant contact.

The patient did not offer anything extraordinary in
her external appearanee, though graeeful of build, she was
slight of form. Pelvis deeidedly feminine, but arms and
legs large, and of pronouneed maseuline type. Female
boots did not really fit her, and she had quite erippled
and malformed her feet by foreing tliem into narrow
shoes. Genitals quite normal. Exeepting a descensus
uteri with hyperlrophy of the vaginal portion, no changes
were noticeable. She still elaimed to be essentially homo-
sexual, and declared that her inelination and desire for the
opposite sex were only ])eriodieal and grossly sensual. AI-
though she had srYong sexual feelings- towards the man
aforementioned, yet her greatest and noblest pleasure she
found in pressing a kiss upon the soft check of a sweet
girl. This pleasure she enjoyed offen, for she was the
"favouritc aunf among these udear ereafures," to whoin
she rendered the serviees of the "eavalier" unstintingly,
always feeling herseif in the rnle of the man.

Case 155, Ilomosexuality. Miss L., fifty-five years

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN. 405

of age. No Information about her father's family. The
parcnts of her motlier vvere described as irascible, ca-
pricious and nervous. One brother of her motlier was an
epileptie, another eccentric and mentally abnormal.

Motlier was sexually hypera?sthetic, and for a long
time a messalina. She was considered to be psychopathic
and died at the age of sixty-nine of cerebral disease.

Miss L. developed normally, had only slight illnesses
in ehildhood, and was mentally well endowed, but of a
neuropathic Constitution, emotional, and troubled with
numerous fads.

At the age of thirteen, two years previous to her first
menstruation, she feil in love with a girl-friend (s<a dreamy
feeling, quite pure of sensuality" ) .

Her second love was for a girl older than herseif who
was a bride; this was accompanied by tantalising sensual
desires, jealousy, and an "undefined consciousness of mys-
tical impropriety". She was refused by this lady and
now feil in love with a married woman, who was a mother
and twenty years her senior. As she controlled her sensual
emotions, this lady never even divined the true reason of
this enthusiastic friendship which lasted for twelve years.
Patient described this period as a veritable martyrdom.

Since she was twenty-five she had begun to mastur-
bate. Patient seriously thought that, pcrhaps, by marriage
she might save herseif, but her conscience objected, for
her children might inherit her weakness, or she might
niake a sincere husband unhappy.

At the age of twenty-seven she was approached with
direct proposals by a girl w?ho denounced abstinence as
absurd, and plainly described the homosexual instinct
which ruled her and was very impetuous in her demands.
She suffered the caresses of the girl, but would not con-
sent to sexual intercourse, as sensuality without love dis-
gusted her.

Mentally and bodily dissatisfied the years fled by,
leaving the consciousness of a spoiled life. Now and then
she became enthusiastic about ladies of her acquaintance,

400 PSYCHOPATHIA SLXUALIS.

but controlled herself. She also rid herseif from mastur-
bation.

When she was thirty-eight years of age she became
acquainted with a girl nineteen years her junior, of ex-
ceptional beauty, who caine from a demoralized family,
and Lad been at an early age seduced by her eousins to
mutual masturbation. It could not be asecrtained whether
this girl A. was a ease of psychical heniiaphrudisin or of
acquired sexual inversion. Tbe foruier hyix)tliesis seenis
tlie likelier of the two.

Tbe following is taken from an autobiographv of Miss
L.:—

"Miss A., my pupil, Ijegan to sliow nie her idolatrous
love. Slie was sympatheric to the highest degree. Sincc
I knew that she was entangled in a hopeless love affair
with a dissolute fellow and eoutinued intimate intereonrse
with demoralised female eousins, I decided not to repulse
her. Coinpassion and the couvictimi that she was surely
drifting into moral decay determined nie to suffer her
advanees.

"I did not consider her affeetion as dangerous, as I did
not think it possible that (considering her love aflFair) in
oxe soul two passious (one for a man and another for a
woinun) eould exist simultaiieously. Moreover, I was
eertain of my power of resistanee. I kept, therefore, Miss
A. about ine, renewed my moral resolut ions, and con-
sidered it to be my duty to use her love for nie for en-
nobling her eharaeter. The folly of this T soon found
out. One day whilst 1 lay asleep Miss A. took oetfasion
to satisfv her lust on nie. Although I woke up just in
time, T did not have the moral strength to resist her. I
was highly exeited, intoxieated as it were — and she pre-
vailed.

**\Vhat T suffered immediately after this oeeurrence
beggars deseription. Worry over the broken resolut ions,
wliieh to keej) l had made such strenuous efforts, fear of
deteetion and subsequent. eonteni])t, exuberant jov at last
to 1k* rid of the torturing watehings and Ion «rings of the

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAX.

407

Single State, unsprukablo seiisnal plea-uiv, wrath against
the evil compankm, mingled with feelinga of the deepest
tenderneafl towards her. Miss A, ealmly smiled at tny
excitement, und with cftreaaee soothed tay angcr.

"I aecepted the Situation, üur intimaey lasted fof
years. We practised inutual inasturlmtion, 1 >n t in.1 vor to
6X0648 or in a cynical fashion.

"Little by little thifi sensual eompanionship ceased.
Alias A.'s tendemess weakened ; niiue, however, reiuained
as before, although I feit no longer the same sensual
eravings. Miss A. thought nf niarriuge, partly in order to
find a Lome, but especially because her sensual desires had
turned into tho normal paths. She sueceeded in iindhig
a husband. I sineerely hope she will make hiin happy,
but I doubt it. Tiuis 1 liave the prospcct Ijefore nie to
linger on the same joyless, peaceless life as it ever was in
y out h tul days.

"It is with sadness that I reine ml ier the years of our
luv mg Union, It does not disturb tny ennseionre. to have
had sexual intoreour.se with Miss AM for I sueeumbed to
her seduetion, having honestly endeavourod to save her
from nioral min and to bring her up an educated and
inoral being. In this I honest Iy think I have sueceeded
after all, IJesidos, I rest in the thought that the nioral
code is established only for normal hu maus, but is not
hinding for anomalies. Of eourse, the human being who
is endowed by nature with sent iments of refinement, but
whose Constitution is abnormal and outside the OQQTOtt-
tionalities of society, ean nevor be truly happy, But I
oxporieneed a aad trampiillity und feit happy when I
thought. Miss A, to be so too.

'"This is the history of an unhappy woman who, by
the fatal capriee of nature, is deprived of all joy of lifo
and made a victim of sorrow."

The author of this woeful story was a lady of great
refinement. But she had eoarse feutuns, ji powerful but
Tlmmghout feminine frame. She passod throngh the
rlimtirtcrium without troublc, and sinee then had been

408 PBYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

entirely free from sensual worry. Sexually she had never
played a defined röle towards the woman she loved; for
men she never feit the slightest inclination.

Her Statements about the family relations and the
health of her paramour, Miss A., establish a heavy taint
beyond doubt. The father died in an insane asylum, the
mother was deranged during the period of her climac-
leriurn, neuroses were of frequent oeeurrenee in the family,
and Miss A. herseif suffered at times heavily from hystero-
pathy, with hallucinations and delirium.

Case 156. Homosexuality. S. J., age thirty-eight,
governess. Came to ine for medical advice on account
of nervous troublc. Fat her was periodically insane, and
died from cerebral disease. Patient was an only child.
She suffered early from anxiety and alarniing fancies,
e.g., that she would wake up in a eoffin after it had been
fastened down; that she would forget something when
going to confession, and thus receive holy communion
unwortliily. Was often troubled with headaches, very
excitable, easily startled, but notwithstanding had a great
desire to see exciting things such as funerals, etc.

From the earliest youth she was subject to sexual
excitement, and spontaneously practised masturbation.
At the age of fourteen she began to menstruate. Her
periods were offen accompanied hy colicky pains, intense
sexual excitement, neuralgia and mental depression. With
the age of eighteen she gave up masturbation successfully.

The patient never expcrieneed an inelination towards
a person of the opposite sex. Marriage to her only meant
to find a hoine. Vau she was mightily drawn to girls.
At first she considered tliis affection merely as friendship,
but she soon recogniscd from the intensity of her love
for girl friends and her deep longings for their constant
Society that it meant more than mere friendship.

To her it is inconccivable that a girl eould love a man,
although she can comprehend the feeling of man toward
woman. She always took the deepest interest in pretty

CONGENITA!. SEXUAL INVEUSIÜX IN W'dMAX.

400

girls and ladies, the sight of whoni eaused her intcnsc
exeitement. Her desire was ever to embrace and kts^
these dear ereat u res, She never dreamed of men, alwavg
of girls only* OPo wd in lnoking at them vvas the acme
of pleasure. Whenever she lost a "girl friend" she feit
in despair.

Patient claimed that idn* never feit in a defined role,
even in her dreains, tmvurds her girl friends. In appear-
anee slie was thoroughly feminine and niodest Feminine
pelvis, large mamma?, no iiidieation of beard.

Gase 157, Homosex-uality, Urs. R., tged thirty-five,
of high social position, was brought to me in 1886 by her
husband fof ad vice.

Father was a physicians very nenropatbic. Patcmal
grand father was healtby and normal, and reaebed the age
of ninety-six. Facta coiiceruing pateraal grandnioiher
are wanting* All the ehildren of father s familv were said
to have been nervoits. The puticnt's mntlier was nervous,
and suffered with asthnia, The mother's parents were
healthy. One of the raother's sisters had inelaneholia.

Frozn Iht tenth year patient had been snbjeet to
liabitual headache, With the exception of mc-usles, she
had no illness, She was gifted, and enjoyed the best of
training, having especial talent for mnsic and langnages,
It becaine necessary for her to prepare herseif for the
work of a governess, and dnring her earlier years she
\\A> ment&Uy ovorworked. She passed throngli an attaek
of inelaneholia sihe ilclirio, of some months* dnration, at
seventeen* The patieot asserted that she had always had
sympathy only for her own sex, and fonnd only an a?sthetic
interest in inen* She never had any taste for feinale work,
Aa a little girl, she preferred to play with boys.

She said she remained well nntil her twenty-seventh
year. Then, witbout externa! eausr, sin* beeame depressed
and eonsidered heffleH a had, sinful person, had no plea-
snre in anything, and was slecpless. Dnring this time of
illness she was also troubled with delusions: she nmet

410

rS YC 1 [OPA T 1 1 1 A SEX LT ALIS.

tliiiik of her deetb and that of her relatives. luvovery
after about five months. She then beeame a guven !(•.<>,
was uvrrworked, but reniailied well, exeept for oeensional
neuraethenio Symptoms and spinal irritation,

At twenty-eight she to&ds the aequaintance of a lady
fivc years yoimger than herseif. She feil in love with
Ikt, and her love was returned, The love was verv sensual,
and safisfied hy nnitnal masturbatmn. ikl loved her as
a god} bera ia a noble soul," she Bald, when she mentioned
thia love-boiuh It lasted four years and was ended by the
(unfortimate')mamage of her friemh

In 1885, after mneh emotional strain, the patient bo-
canie ill with Symptoms of hystero-neiirasthenia (dyapep-
sia, spinal Irritation, and tonic spasmodie attacks; attaeks
of homiopia with migraine and transitory aphasia;
prurütis pudendi ei ani), Iu Fcbmary, 1880, these synip*
f ' »ms disappeared.

In Mareh she beeame aeqtiainled with her prcsent
hii>haiid, whom she married withont taking mueh tinie
fof reflection; tot he was rieh, mmeh in luve with her,
and liis eharacter was in sympatby with her own.

On *kh April, she read the aentföutej "Death inisses
no one,J- Like a llash of lightning in a clear sk\% the
former delusions of deatli returned. She was forced fco
Oieditate on thß most horrible manner of death for
herseif and tlmse about her, and ennstantly unagioed
death-scenes, She lost rest and sleep, and took no
pleamire in anything. Her eondition inrproved. Late in
Mays 1886, she was married, bnt was still troubled by
painful thoughts at that. time: that she would bring
inMnrtune on her husband and tlmse about Ikt.

First eoitns ob ftth dune, lssfi. She was deeply de-
d MtMi-ally by it* Sho had no such coneeption
of matrimonv, The hiLshand, who really loved Ins wife,
did all he eould to qulet her. He eonsulted physicians,
who flu night all would be well after pregnancy. The
husband was unable to cxplain the peeuliar behaviour
of Ins wife. She waa friendly toward hini, and suffered

CONGENITA!. 8EXÜA1. I N V KIJSIDX TN VOMAN. 411

bis carcsses. In eoiliis, whicb was aotually earried ottt,
she was ciuirclv passive, und aftex the act sin* was tiivd,
exhausted all day long, nervous, and truiibled with spinal
Irritation.

A hridal tour brought about a meeting with her old
friend, who had lived in an unbappy marriage for three
years» The two Jadies trembled with joy and exeiteiuent
as ihey sank into eaeh uther's arms, and beeame insepar-
able, The husband saw tbat this friendly rclation was
a peculiar one? and hastcned thoir depavtnre. Ile liad an
opportunity of aseertaining, through the corrcspondence
of his wife with this friend, tbat the letters intcrchanged
wcrc Jike those of two lovers.

Mrs, R. beeame pregnaxit Du ring pregnaney tbe
remains of dcpression and delnsions disappeared. Iu
September, during about th<" ninth weck of pregnaney,
abortion took place. After tbat, renewed Symptoms of
bystero-neurasthenia. In addition to this, there were
anleflexio et laiero-positio clextra uteri, ana'mia, et atonia
ventriculi.

At tbe consiiltation the patient gave tbo impression
of a very neuropathic, tainted persnn. The neuropathic
expression of tbe eyes eannot be describcd. Appeurancc
entirely feminine. Witli tbe exception of a very uarrow
arehed palate, there was no skeletal abnormality. With
difficulty the patient conhl be brought to gwt the details
of lier sexual abnormality. She eomplained that she had
married without knowing what marriage k'tween men
and women was. She lnved her husband dearly for bis
mental qualitiea, bnt marital intereourse wu a pain to
her; sbe did it unwillingly, without cver finding any
satisfaction in it. Post actum, all day long ab« was weary
and exhausted, Sincc the a1x>rtion and the interdietion
of sexual intereourse by the physicians, >li<* had beeo
better; bnt she thought of tbe fnture with borror. She
esteemed her hushand, and lnved bim mentally; bnt she
would do anything for tiitnf if be wonhl bot avoi<l her
sexually in the fnture. Sbe hoped to bave sexual feelin^

412

PKYCHOPATllIA SEXUAL!».

for bim itt tiiur*. When he played the violin* sbe seeined
Co Ut*\ the Uginnnig of au i ml marlon for hini that was
aometking tnore thaii friendship; but it was only tran-
titory, and ehe eould get no «jssurance for the fiitnre
in it, Her greatest happiness was in correspondence wilh
: .rtiirr lofer. She feit that this wa^ wrang, but she
could not give it up; for to do so made her miserable.

Gase 158* H^mc$esuclit^, lüei X., of the middle
elaas in a largo citv. At the end of mv Observation^ she
was Cweir of age.

lis eonaidered a beauty; mueh adtnired by men;
decid oaual; a born A*pu*ia; refused all proposals

of niarriage. Sbe reciprooafed, however, the advances of

-dmirer* a youthful seholar, entertained relations with
liiui, that ia die alluwed hini to kiss beer, but not

aa a lover. Wlicn on on> n, Mr. T, thought he bad

obtained the aim of bis attention*, sbe begged hiin under
deatat, alleging that her refusal was not based
lipon moral pri&rfpfas, but rooted in deeper psvchical
TfBfflPfu Bttbeequently epislulary correspondenee between
the two diacloaed Lhe axiatenee of aexual invcr&ion,

llrr fatln : i i n tO drink, her mother hystero»

pttttie. Bhe hen-clf waa of n< mopathic Constitution» bad a
lmat and the appearanee of an exreptumally hand-
lotn« wcsßMOXi but was atrikingl} manniab in her mannera,
liad tfiusciiline taste**, lovi*d gym&aatice and horschark
exe reine, siuokod, and h&d maskuline earriage and gait>
Sli» wotild like to go on tl

BöCCfitlj «he caused mxuAi talk r»n accoimt of her en-
thusiaatic friendsliips wirli v^miir hidies. On« yoiuig lady
live«! witli bar. Tbey ilapt in the aame l**d.

Dp td her puberty Miss X. claimed to have been sex-
ually indifferent

Ai ihr ige "f ftiVttltMl, wbilal at | spa, die made the
aequaiatwee of i young foreigner whosc "royal" appetr*

anee fa^einated her* S1hi was bappy wlnn, mi a eertain
»«^■i^ioii, ehe could difiO« wiih liiiti tbi whole evening.

CONGEXITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAX. 413

The next evening at twilight she happened to witness the
revolting scene of this charming young man right opposite
from her window in the shrubbery of the gardens futuare
more bestiarum niuliereni quondam inter menstruationem.
Aspectu sanguinis currentis et libidinis quasi bestialis viri
Miss X. was horrified, almost annihilated, and feit it
difficult to recover her mental balanee. For a long time
she lost her sleep and appetite, and from that time she
saw in man only the embodiment of coarse vulgarity.

Two years later, in a public park, she was approached
by a young lady who smiled and looked upon her in such
a peculiar fashion that she feit a thrill through her soul.

The day after, Miss X. was irresistibly impelled to go
to the park again. The young lady was already there,
and seemed to be waiting for her. They greeted each
other like old acquaintances ; talked and joked together,
made fresh appointments, and when the wcather became
too inclement they met at the boudoir of the young lady.

"One day," Miss X. relates in her confidential revela-
tions, "she led nie to her divan, and whilst she was seated
I knelt down at her feet. She fastened her timid eyes
upon nie, stroked away the hair from my forehead, and
said, 'Ah ! if I only could love you once really ! May I V
I consented, and whilst wc thus sat together, gazing into
each other's eyes, we drifted into that current which al-
lows of no retreat. . . . She was enchantingly beauti-
ful. All I wished was to possess the power of the artist
to immortalise that form upon the canvas. To me it was
a novel experience. I was intoxicated. We abandoned
ourselves to each other without restriction, drunk with
the ravages of scnsual feminine pleasure. I do not believe
that man can ever grasp the exuberance of such piquant
tenderness; man is not sufficiently refined; he is much
too coarse. . . . Our wild orgy lasted until I sank down
exliaustod, powerless, unnerved. I feil asleep on her bed.
Suddenly I awoke with an unspeakable thrill, hitherto
unknown to nie, running through my whole being. She
was upon me — cunnilingum perficiens — the highest plea-

414 FSYCIIOPATHIA SEXITJLLlä.

gnre for her, tandem mihi non licebat altrom quam oecoloe
dare ad mammas, whieh caused her to qmver convulaively.

''This intercourse lasted for a whole year. when the
removal of her father to another city separated us.r*

Miss X. admitted that in this homoeexual intercourse
she alwavs feit in the role of man towards the woman.
and that on one oocasion, faute de mieux, she granted
cunnilingus to one of her male admirers.

Case 156. Homosexuality. Mrs. C\. aged thirty-two
wife of an otheial. a Iarge, not uncorucly woman, feminine
in appearanee. came of a neuropathic and emotional
mother. A brorher was psyehopathic, and died of drink.
Patient was ahvays peeuliar, obstinate, silent, quick-teni-
pered, and eccentrie. The brothers and sisters were ex-
citable people. Pulmonary phthisis had been frequent
in the family. When only a girl of thirteen, witli signs
of great sexual excitement, she attracted attention by
enthusiastic love for a female friend of her own age. Her
education was strict, though the patient seeretly read many
novels, and wrote innumerable poems. She married at
eighteen to free herseif from unpleasant eireumstances
at home.

She said she had alwavs heen indifferent toward men.
In faet, she avoided balls. Female statues pleased her.
Her greatest happiness was to think of marriage with
a beloved woman. She was not aware of her sexual
pecnliarity until marriage, and the thing had remained
inexplieable to her. Patient did her marital duty, and
l>ore three rhildren, two of whom were subject to con-
vulsions. She lived pleasantly with her husband, but she
esteemed liiin only for his moral qualities. She gladly
avoided coitus. "I should have preferred intercourse with
a woman."

Vntil l*7ft she had been neurasthenie. On the occa-
sion of a sojourn at a watering-place she made tlie ac-
quaintanee of a female Urning, whose history I have
reported as case 0, in the "Irrenfreund," Xo. 1, 1S84.

CONGENITA L SEXUAL INVKRSIUX IX WuMAX,

415

The patieiit eanie home a changed person. Her
husband said: 44She was 110 kmger a wonum, no hmgßx
liad any love for nie and the ehiklron, and would liave
im nrnre nf marital approaches. She was inflamed with
passionatc love for her female friend, and had taste fe
nothing eise*" After the husband forbade her lover the
house, there was intereha u<re uf lettera with such expres-
eiona in them as *fMy dmv! I live only for von, my
soul." There wrre meetings and frightful oxeitement
when an expeeted ler Ter did imt oonie. Tlrt relation w«i
in nowise platonic. From eertain indicatioiis it was pr« ■
siuuahle that mutual masturbatiou wa« the means of eexual
satisfaction. Tliia relation lasted until 18S2y and inade the
patient deeidedly neural thenie*

She absolutely negier tod the honse, and her husband
hired a wumaii of sixty yean aa a housekeeper, and also
a governess for the childreti. Tlie patient feil in love
witli botb? who, at least, allowed eareeaefi, and profited ma-
terially through the lave of their mistn

In the latfer part *>t' lvs:^ OS 006011214 of developing
pulmonary tuhereulosis, she had to go south. There she
heearne aequainted with a KiK-dan lady of forty yeara, and
feil passionately in love with her; but she did not meet
with a return of love in her seilte, um* dav in.-aiiity be-
came manifest !3he thoiight the Rii?#iun lady a nihilist;
that she was magneNsed by her; and she presented formal
persecutory delusions. She rled, was caught in an Italion
city, and placed in a boepital, where she eoon bec&me qqiet
Again she worried the lady with her love, feit herseif very
unhappy, and plnnned suieide.

When she retnrned home she was greatlv depressed
became she did not have the lady, and was hnrsh toward
her family. A dehmve, erotk State of exciteraent came
on about the end of May, 188+, She datieed, shouied.
and ealled herseif a man; demandsd her forme? lover, and
said she w*as of rovul hlood. Rhe eseaped from the house
ia male attire, and was takcn h> the asvlmu in a state of
croto-maniaeal exeilement. After B f<w daya ÖM exulta-

416 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

tion disappeared. The patient became quiet, and made a
desperate attempt at suicide; after it she was in great an«
guish of mind with tocdium vitcc. The perverse sexual
feeling grew less and lcss notieeable as tuberculosis pro-
gressed. The patient died of phthisis in the beginning of
1885.

The examination of the brain presented nothing unu-
sual so far as architecture and arrangement of convolu-
tions were coneerned. Weight of brain 1150 grammes.
Skull slightly asymmetrical. Xo anatomical signs of de-
generation. External and internal genitals without anom-
aly.

Case 160. (Homo-sexuality in Transition to Viva-
ginity.) Mrs. v. T., wife of a manufaeturer; age twenty-
six; niarried only a few months; was brought by her
husband for consultation because after a banquet she had
fallen upon the neck of a lady guest, covered her profusely
with kisses and caressed her like a lover, thus causing a
scandal.

Mrs. T. said that she had before their marriage ex-
plained to her husband her antipathic sexual feelings, and
had told him that she esteemed him solely for Ins mental
qualities. She acce])ted her conjugal duties merely as a
matter of unavoidable necessity. Her only condition was
that she should be incubus. In this position she obtained
a sort of gratification, for she imagined his body to be
that of a beloved woman in succahus.

Her brother was neuropathic, of feminine type, suf-
fered from hysteria, and was very weak in his sexual needs;
one of his sisters, it was said, bought her conjugal rights
from her husband for a sum of mohey, giving him füll
liberty to find sexual satisfaction elsewhere. The mother
was hyper-sexual, and known as a "Messalina. She made
her daughter sleep in the same bed with her tili she reaehed
the age of fourleen. At fifteen v. T. was seilt to a girFs
school. Being extraordinarily bright, she learned quickly
and soon dominated over all the other girls in her form.

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN. 417

At the age of seven she had a psychical trauma when
a friend of the family exhibited himself before her.

Menses began at twelve, were regulär and without
nervous concomitants. At that age she began already to
be powerfully drawn to other girls. Although for several
years she never associated these yeamings with sexual feel-
ings, she yet looked lipon them as an anomaly. She only
feit bashful when undressing in the presence of persona
of her own sex. At twenty the sexual instinct awoke. At
onee she turned to girls for gratification, avoiding men
entirely. She had sensual love affairs with girls by the
scores. When she returned home froui school, having no
supervision and plenty of money, she found it easy to give
her passion füll sway. She always feit like a man towards
woman. Masturbatio femina> dilectre was the common
occurrence in her orgies, until a female cousin taught her
the mysteries of Lesbian love. She now coupled the act
with cunnilingus. She always played the active röle, and
never allowed others to satisfy themselves on her own body.
Homo-sexual woman she disdained. She gave preference
to unmarried wonien of high standing endowed with men-
tal gifte, of voluptuous, Diana-like figure, but of modest
and retiring disposition. (Sensual wonien she did not care
for.) Whenever she met such a woman, she would be-
come erotically so excited that she feil upon her person
like a hungry wild beast. She said that at such moments
everything appeared to her in a reddish gleam, and con-
sciousness was obliterated for the'time being. Her nervcs
were easily unstrung, and she could not master her feel-
ings.

At the age of twenty-three she became acquainted with
a young woman who, to all appearances, was not homo-
sexual, but very hypersexual, and could not find sexual
satisfaction on account of impotence in her husband. The
relations with this woman stiinulated T.'s homo-sexuality
to a very high pitch and increased her sexual neods. She
furnished an a]>artment away from home, where she had
regulär orgies cum digito et lingua, sometimes for hours,

418 PSYC1IOPAT1IIA SEXÜALIS.

until she herseif collapscd in a State of exhaustion. She
had a love atfair with a drcssmaker's inodel with whom
&he had herseif photographed in rnan's attire, visited, in
the saine costuine, with her plaees of auiusemcnt and was
finally arrested on one of these oceasions. She escaped
with a warning and gave up male attire out-of-doors.

A year before her inarriage she had a period of melan-
cholia. At that time she meditated suieide, and wrote a
farewell letter to an intimate lady friend, a sort of con-
fession, f rom which a few passages are given :

"I was born a girl, but a misdirected education forced
my fiery imagination early into the wrong direction. At
twelve I had a mania to pose as a boy and court the atten-
tion of ladies. I reeognised this abnormal impulse as a
mania, but, like fate, it grew with the years. The power
to rid myself of it was lost. It was my hashish, my happi-
ness, and grew into an overpowering passion. I feit like
a man, forced to play the active röle. My exuberant dis-
position, fierce sensuousness and deep-rooted perverse in-
stinet gradually forged nie into the chains of Lcsbian love.
I took a eertain interest in man, but a single touch by a
vornan made my whole nervous system tremble. I have
suffered untold tortures in the bane of this passion.

"The reading of French novels and laseivious compan-
ions taught ine all the tricks of perverse erotics, and the
latent impulse became a conseious perversity. Nature has
made a mistake in the choiee of my sexuality and I iimst
do a life-long penance for it, for tlie moral power to suffer
the unavoidable with dignity is lost. Irresistibly I have
l)een drawn into the maelstrom of passion and shall be
swallowed up by it

"I languished for your sweet l)ody. I was jealons of
your Victor as one rival is of the other. In inv jealousy
I suffered the tortures of hell. I hated that man unto
death. I cursed my fate that made ine a woman. I was
satisfied t(^ ]»lay a stupid comedv before you, t<> endovv
von with an artificial menibrum. It only increased the
heat of my passion. Courage failed nie to teil you the

CONGENITA!. SEXUAL IPTVEKSIUN IN WOMAN,

419

trutb, beeause it would have beeil so miserable and ludi-
crous. Now you know all. You will not despise me,
though; you will ooly feel what I have suffcrecl. All iny
joys resemble more a momentan' in luxioat km than the real
gold of happiness. It was all hu t an Illusion* I have fooled
life and Jife has fooled nie. We are quits- I say good-hvr,
Think sometimes in tbe hour of happiness of your poor,
conucal fool who loved ycm Iruly and 00 WCÖ . • • "

The viia sexual is of thia wmnan oontained also traees
of masochism and sadisrn. If tbe woman whom she wor-
ein ppcd bad ehided or eveti Struck ber, it wonld have been
a delight, — so she claimed — and at rh<i t i nie of sexual ex-
citeinen t she feit more like biting than kis^ing tbe object
of her love.

She was highly eultured and intelleetual, feit ber false
position painfully, Imt rather on aeeount of ber family
than ber own seif. She Iooked lipon it all as fate, over
wbieh she bad no controt She hewailed it and deelared
herseif ready to do anything to rid herseif of this perversion
and beeoine a true wife and good muther? for she wouhl
take good eare that ber ebild were brongbt tip in the rigbt
way. She wonld do everything to reeoneile her Inisband
and perform her niarital duties, but Ai*- eould not boar
his ruoustache, and she must first rid b erseif of her un-
fortunate impulsive passion.

The physical and psyehical seeondary sexual charac-
teristics were partly maseuline, partly feminine. Ik-r
love for Sport, amoking an<I drinjdng, her preferenee for
clotbes eut in tbe fashion of men, her laek of skill in and
liking for female occupations, her love for the study of
obtnse and philosophical subjects, her gait and carriage,
severe features, deep voicc, robust skeleton, -powerful mns-
eles and absonee of adipose layers bore the stamp of the
masculine character. The pelvia also (small hips), dia*
tantia spinarum 22eru., eristarum 26, troehanterum 31f ap-
proaehed the rnaseuline figure. Vagina, nterus, ovari
normal , clitoris rather large, Main in ee well developed,
hair on mons veneria female.

WTCHOPATtn* SFXÜALKL

I tent her to an bydropathic e*tabli*hment, wheie an
experieoeed colleafrue socceeded in a few months to free
y miau- nf and suggestive treatment,

from her booio-texual afflietion. She became a decent,
texnally at feast, neutral person. The relatives with whom
übe Itml afrrrw-ar*!- for a coasiderable Urne found her be-
bartonr abeolutclv coireet

Case 161. Yiraginity. Miss X.t twenty-rive years
of age. Parenta aiipj>osed to be heiilrhy. Her hrutherc
and aiatera wer© all ncuropathie. Tbree of her aiateca were
toarri m Wtl fWj talenred, especially in the tine arts*

i in b^r childbood *he pnferred jdajing at

aoldioia arid oilier IiovV gamea; she ma boM and tom-

ih, :ifi<l rried even to excel her Httle companions of
tbti Otlltt KX. Bba narer liad a liking for dolls, needle-
arork of doraeatic dutiea* Puberty at fiftoen. She soon
Call in luve with jroong Ladies, but only in a platonie Haifa*
ion, ft aj i "reapectable girl." For aev&ra] yoata sinee

bar lUndo waa very stiong. She eouhl hardly restrain
1fr II<*r dreanis wert» of a laasmoui charaeter. only
h I m p i i t femalea, with herseif in the ruft- of man, She was
de*perately in love wifh a vornan of forty, whom she tor-
rneatod with Imt jealotu conduct.

Mimh N. vraj indifiewol to oaett sin- ooold safely live
with ti man in the same room, whilst towards persons of
her own IfiX ftbfi v\;i* mos) hashfül.

She waa ijiiite conacjoua of her patnological eondhiun,

Uaacnline teatures, deep vnire, nmnly gait, witbout

, -mall mammie; rn*pjn'<l her hair short, and made the

impreatjon uf a bim in womia'a elothes,

Case 162. Viraginity* 0. Et, niaid-servant, aged

uffered from the time of her developinent

with original paranoia and hjateria. As a raalf of her

delujtion*, her life bad been Bomewhai mma-ntie, and in

tf in Switserland, irtiere aba hid gerne on accomtl ol

di;lii»ionH of perseention, she eaina under the observ«

CONGEISITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN*

421

of the authorities. On this oeeasion it was aseertained that
IL was affected with sexual inversiom

Concerning her parents and relatives, there was no In-
formation at band. R. iüetted that, with the exception
of an inrlammation of the lungs at the age of sixteen, she
had never been severely UL

First menstruation at üfteen, without any diffieulties;
thereafter it was very often irregulär and abnornially ex-
cessive* The patient deelared that she never had had
inelinations toward the opposite sex? and had never allowed
the approach of a man. She never eoukl understand how
her friends could deseribe the beauty and amiability of
men. But it was charming and inspiring for her to i in-
print a kiss on the Ups of a beloved Female friend* She
had a love for girls that was ineomprehensible to her*
She had passionately loved and kissed some of her female
friends, and she would have given up her life for them.
Her greatest delight would have Wen to have eonstantly
lived with such a friend and absolutdy poa&eesed her.

In this she feit toward (he beloved girl Hke a man.
Even as a little ehild she had an inclination only for the
play of boys, and she loved to hear shooting and inilitary
niusic, was always niuch excited by them, and would
gladly* have gone as a woldier. The chasc and war have
1- rn her ideals. In the theatre only feminine performers
interested her, She knew very well that t li<* whole of this
inclination was unwomanly, but she could not help it. It
had always been a great plea&ure for her to go about in
male etat hing, and in the saiue way she had always pre-
ferred nuisculnie work, and had shown unusual skill in it;
whilc with referenoe to feminine ooeitpations, especially
handiwork, she had to say the eontrary. The patient had
also a weakness for Smoking and spirits. On acoount of
persecutory delusions, in order to rid herseif of her per*
secutions, the patient had often gerne about in mal« attire
and played the part of a man* She did this with such
(natural) skill that, as a rufe, she was able to deeeive pco-
ple concerning her sex.

PäYCHüPaTHIA &EXCAUS-

It Jj anthoritatively established that in 1884 for a
long tirne the patient wem abont in male attire, nqw in
the garments of a civilian, tiow in the uniform of a lieu-
tenant ; and in August of the &ame year, dressed as a male
üervant, ^be fled to Switzerland through delusions of per-
secution* Tbere ehe found Service in a merchanfs faniily
and feil in love witli the daughter of the house, **the beau-
tiful Anna/" who, on her ade, not recogoUing the sex of
R., feil in love with the liantUome young man,

Concerning thi* epi*ode fbe patient made the follow-
: characteriatic «Utement: "I vrat madlv in love with
Anna. I don't know how it eame aUiut, and I eannot pnt
inv^elf right eoneernmg tili- impuUe. In this fatal love
- the reason why I played flu- ruh of a man m long,
I faave never yet fd1 nnv love for a man, and I believe
»hat my luve i* for the fcniale and not the male sex. I
ean in nowise tinderstand my eonditinn."

Frum Switzerland B, wrote letters bouie to her friend
Aiiielia, whieh were produeed ut the examination. Thev

an* totten ibowi&g paaaion&te luve, whieh. goea beyond
tbe boünda of friend*hip* She apostrophises her friend:
■\\l_v Sowerj mn <-f my beart, longiag of ray soul"* She
w;jr lief greatett happmess OD earth; her heart was hers*
And in her letterfl to her friend9! parania she wrote: MYout
tOOj -fiould watch my ffiower,' für if she should die I also
would be unable to endure life'\

For the purpose of investipiting her mental condition,
II. reniainet] for some time in an asyhim. On one oeca-
sion, when Anna was ullowed to pay R. a visit, there was
D0 e&d r*f passionate embraees and kisses. The visitor
aeknmiied^d freely that thev had befbfffl seeretly eiu-
braced and kiased in the same. way.

R. waa a tall, slim, atately peroon, of feminine form in
all peapacta, bttJ max-nline featuresu Cranium regulär;
n<> aiuituiuiral aigni of degeneraliun. Genital» normal and
imlieative of virginity. R. made the Impression of a mor-
tilly pure and n Kniest pernon. All the eireuiml ances in-
■ated that she had <»nly Lndnlged in plifrfllfo fatal Eye

COXGENITAI. SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN.

423

and appearance were iudicative of a neu rast henic person.
Severe hysteria, oeeaskmal eataleptoid attaeks, with vision-
ary and delirioua states. Thfi patient was very easily
broiight into a State of somnambul bin bv hypuofie inilu-
enee, and in this condition was BBBoepttble to all possible
siiggestions* (Persona] ease. "Fritdreieh'B Blätter/'
1881, Heft i.)

Gase 163, Viraginity. Miss O., twenty-three years
of age, Mother conatitntionally and heavily hystcropathic.
Möther'fl falber insane. Falber s fainily niitainted«

Fatber died early of pneumouiai Patient was brought
to me by her trnstee beeause she ran away recently froin
home in male attire in order to rove through tbe world
and become an "artiste", Very gif ted tu music.

For Beveral years she attracted innch attention by her
bohl, mannish lw?baviour, and by wearing her hair and
atfire in male fasbiom Since she was tbirteen she was
demonstrative in her love for girl friends, wfaom she often
weftried with fervent embraces.

She did not seek to conceal her passionate fondness
for persona of her own sex. Gaiined tlmi since her thir-
h year she was f ully eonsei nus of the fact that she
eonld love only women, She feit as a man towards woman;
thongh she looked like a man, and wonld imich rather wear
mens elotbes.

A short time ago she soriously asked a relative who
was in the poliee department to ohtain permission for her
to go abotit in male attire.

Her erotie dreams dealt only with intimate intereourse
with female friends. She never took the slightest interest
in men, and never tliought of marriage.

Sbe feit cpiitc happy in her abnormal sexual condi-
tion, and did not recognise it as pathologicai Sha could
noi enniprehend that her sexual instinet differed from that
of other women,

The eircninferenee of tbe head was 51 cm. Frame
qnite feminine; bat the feet were exceptionally large and

424 PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

niorc of inasculine type. Carriage, attitude and gait quite
masculino. Female voice. Monthly periods regulär since
her tliirteentli year.

Case 164. (Viraginity.) On the 5th of October,
1898, tho police brought to my clinic W., age thirty-six,
a charwoman, for examination as to her sanity. She had
engaged herseif to a young girl under the pretext that she
was a man and belonged to an aristocratic family. Exam-
ination proved this to be a classical case of original Para-
noia. When she was live she imagined that the couple
with whom she lived were only her foster parents, at
eighteen that she came from a distinguished family, at
twenty-nine that her father was a king, her niother a
eountess. Circumferenee of cranium 53 cm., parietal
bones slightly bulging. Ears abnormally small, of uneven
size, misformed, the right lobe joined groin-like to the
cheek, the left properly developed. Palate very narrow
and steep. Teeth carious, many missing (Rachitis). Stat-
ure medium size, willowy. Chest strongly arched. Waist
and region of hips smaller than in the normal. A promi-
nent gynecologist examined the pelvic regions and found
a small pol vis, narrow at the inferior outlet, in form almost
typically inasculine. Ilium less inclincd than in the nor-
mal.

The hard lines and severe fcatures of the face gave it
a rat her masculine appearance. Her hair was cut short.
Gait and bearing inasculine. Skin very rough, adipose
layers sparte, mamniffi stunted. (icnitals normal, hymen
intact. She was louth to speak of her vita sexualis, but
wanted an explanation why she hacl no desire for inen and
only for persona of her own sex. "Her genitals could not
be right." Menses from the ajre of sixteen, but the flow
of blood came but seldom, and even then very spaisely.
With the advent of puberty inclinations to persons of her
own sex. She never was sensual. Her sexual ideas were
always about the female sex in general, never concentrated
on an individual. In this wise she had lived with another

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVEBSION IN WO MAX.

425

girl of her own age; but their relations had been those of
«ish-is ; srxuül acts had never taken place between them.
She feit towards other wonien as a man does; she loathed
the idea of sexual intercourse with a man. When a ehilj
she preferred playing with boys, When playing at "rob-
ben" ahe would be tlie eaptaiu and eho»e a girl for ber
wifc, but withmit anv srxuul moinent. At sixteen she
thought alte peowiaaod the qualities of a man* She was
then in a eonvent and there learned froin a woman inas-
turbation. The tliought of this wotuan was ilw&jü pres-
ent when ehe liutsturbated, and acted as a sexual Stimulus.
Later on she thought of other iVmales during the actj but
without deeided individuality.

At thirty-three she heeame neu rast henie, gave up the
practiee sueeessfnily. She bewailed the fact that she was
oo1 bom a man, as she hated feminine things and dress
generally. Would much rather have been a soldien
Sweet meats sin- disdaioed, preierring ■ eigt*. She was a
bright, intelligent persom Lurvnx and voioe feminine.
She became nmvineed ihat ehe eould nol mairy a woman
and upon pmmise tö eonquer her perverse sexual iuclina-
tions she was dfaraiaaed.

Gase 165* Miss X., aged thirty-eight, consulted me
late in the fall of 1881, on aeeount of severe Bpi&fil Irri-
tation and obstinate alecplessne*s, in tfttnbfttf&g whieh bH<
had beeome addieted to morphine and ehloraL Her mother
and Bister were nervous sufferers, but the rest of the fnm-
ily were healthy* The trouble dated frorn a fall ou her
huek in 1878, at whieh time tbe patient was trrriblv
frightened, though, when a giri, she had been subject to
nniM-ular erainps and hysterieid Symptoms, Kollowing
this shoek, a nourasthenie aiul rical neurosia devel-

oped, with predomiuatiug spinal irritation ami sleeplcss-
nees. Episodieally, hysterical paraplegia, lasting as long
as eight months, and hysterieal hallueinatory delirium,
witli eonvulsive attaeks, oceurred. Tu the eourae of rbia^
Symptoms of morphin ism were added. A stay of some

42G

PSYCHOPATHIA ÖEXUALIS.

inonths in the hospital relieved the latter, and considerably
iiuproved the neu rast heu ic aeurosie, in the treatmem Ol
whieh general faradisation exerted a remarkably favour-
able intiuence.

Even at the first nieeting? the patient produccd a re-
lnarkable Impression by reason of her attire, features and
eondnct. She wore a gentleman'a hat, her bair cloaely cut,
eye-glasses, a gentleman's cravat, a eoat-liko outer gar-
itiniT of musonlnie eut that reached well down over her
gown, and boots with high heels. She had coarse, some-
what maseuline feature«; a harsh, deep voice; and made
rather the Impression of a man in female attire tban that
of a lady, if oue but overlooked the bosoni and the derid-
edly feminine form of the pelvis. Döring the long tune
that she was observed, tbere were never signs of erotism,
When questioned concerning her attire, she would only
respond that the style she eh ose suited her better. Gradu-
ally it was ascertained from her that, even when she was
a srnall girl, she had had n preference for horses and
niasculino pursuits, and never any interest in feminine
oecupation& Latex she developed a partienlar pleasure in
reading, and prepared herseif to be a teacher. Daneing
had never pleased her; it had always seemed silly to her.
The haltet had never interested her. Her greatest pleasuro
had always beeo in the cireus. UntU her siekness, in
1872, she hatl neither had inelination for persons of the
Oppoaife nor of those of her own sex. Froin that time
she had, what. was remarkable to herseif, a pecnliar
friendship for females* particularly for young ladiea;
and she had a deeire, and aatisfiöd it, to wear hats and
coats of maseuline style. Since 1869, she had worn her
hair short, aml parted it oti the side, as men do. She as-
serted that. she was never sexually excited in the Company
of men, but that her friendshtp and self-sacxihee for
patlietie ladies was nnlxmndedj while from that tirae she
also experieneed repngiianee fr>r gen t leinen and their So-
ciety,

Her relatives reported that, before 1872, the patient

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN. 427

had a proposal of marriage, which she refnsed ; and that
when she returned frorn a sojourn at a water ing place, in
1874, she was sexually rhimp-d, and oceasionally showed
that she did not rogard herseif as a female.

Sinee that timc ehe would associate oiily with Ladies,
had a kind of Love-relation with one or afiother, and made
remarks whieh indicated that. she looked upon herseif as
a man. This prcdüection for women was decidedly more
than mere friendship, sinee it expressed itself in tears,
jealousy, etc.

When, in 1S747 she was stopping at a watering place,
a young ladv, who took her for a man in disguise, feil in
love with her, AYhen tliis lady married, later, the patient
was for a long time depressed, and spoke of nnfaithful-
ness. Moreover, sinee her illness, her relatives were strack
hv her clesire for maseuline attire, her niaseidine conduct,
and disinclination for feminine pursuits ; while, previously,
at least sexually» she had presented not hing unusual.

Further investigatirrti showed that the patient had a
love-relation, which was not piircly platonie, with the lady
deseribed in case 159; and that. she wrote her affectiohate
letters like those of a lover to his beloved. In 1S87 I again,
saw the patient in a Sanatorium, where she had been plaeed
on account of hystero-epileptic attaeks, spinal Irritation,
and morphin ism. The inverted sexual fcelhig existed un-
changcd. und only by the inost eareful watching was the
patient kept froui i in proper advances towTard her fellow-
patients.

Her condition remained quite nnchanged imtil 1SS9.
Then the patient began to fail, and she died of "exhaus-
tion," in August, 1SS9. The autnpsy showed, in the vege-
tative organs, amyloid degeneration of the kidneys, fibroma
of the uterus, and cyst of the left ovary. The frontal bone
was imicli thiekened, uneven on the inner surface, with
mimerous exostoses; dura adhereut to vault of cranium.
Long diameter of skull, 175 milliiuetres; lateral diameter,
148 millimetres; weight of the oedematous, but no atro-
phied brain, 1 175 gramnies. The mciünges delicate, easily

428

rsyrnoi'ATjiiA bexualis.

remowd. Omi*x pftle. CVmvolutions broad, not miraer-
ous, regularly arranged. Notliing abnormal in cerebclhim
und great ganglia.

Case 166, Uynanänj? History : On 4 th November,
1889, the father-iu-law of a certain OotmteeB V., eoro-
phuned that the latter had swindled hiin out of 800f*,
linder the pretenee of requiring a boitd as secretary of
a stock Company» It was ascertained that Sandor had
entrred into matrimonial coutraets and escaped frorn the
miptials in tlie spring of 1889; and, more than this, that
this ostensible Coimt Sandor was no man at all, but a
woman in male attire— Sarolta (Charlotte),, Coimtess V*

S. was arre&ted, and» on account <if deception and
forgery of public documents, hnmght. to examination. At
the first Hearing S, confeaaed that she was boni on the
<ith Sept., 1800; that she was a female, Catholic, Single,
and worked as an anthorcss under the name of Count
Sandor V.

From the autobiography of this man-woman I Have
gleaned the following remarkable facta that have been
i ndependent.lv confinne'd : —

S, eame of an ancient, noble and highly respected
family of Hnngary, in which there had been ecc{mtricit.y
and familv pcenliarities. A Bister of the maternal grand-
mother was hvsterieal, a somnambulist, and lay seventeen
years in bed, on acconnt of fancied paralysis, A seeond
great-aunt spent seven ycars in bed, on aoemint of a faneied
fatal illneas, and at the same time gave balls. A third had
the whim that a ecrtam table in her mlon was bewitched.
When anything WM laid on this table, she woiild beeome
groatlv exeited and er\% "Bewitched! bewitebed !" and
rnn with the object iiir« » B room which she ealled the "Black
( foamber/' and tbe feey of which she never let out of her
hands. After the death of this lady, there were fonnd in
this chamber a number of shawK ornanients, bank-notes,

1 Of. the exjwrt medir-aj opinion of tlü* raae, by Dr. Birnhmkert
in " FriedTeirh'B Blätter f. gei\ Med+/f 18A1, Heft 1.

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN. 429

etc. A fourth great-aunt during two ycars ditl not leave
her room, and neither washed herseif nor coinbed her hair;
then she again made her appearanee. All these ladies
were, nevertheless, intellectual, finely educated and
amiable.

S.'s mother was ncrvous, and could not bear the light
of the moon.

She inherited niany of the peculiarities of her father's
family. One line of the fainily gave itself up alinost
entirely to spiritualism. Two blood relations on the
fathcr's side shot themselves. The majority of her male
relatives were unusuallv talented; the feniales were de
cidedly narrow-minded and domesticated. S.'s father had
a high position, which, however, on account of his eccen-
tricity and extra vagance (he wasted over a million and a
half), he lost.

Among many foolish things tliat her father encouragcd
in her was the fact that he brought her up as a boy,
called her Sandor, allowed her to ride, drive and hunt,
admiring her muscular encrgy.

On the other Land, this foolish father allowed his
second son to go ahmt in female attire, and had him
brought up as a girl. This farce eeased when the son
was sent to a higher school at the age of liftcen.

Sarolta-Sandor reinained under her father's influence
tili her twelfth year, and then came under the care of her
eeeentrie maternal grandniother in Dresden, by whom,
when the masculinc play becamo too obvious, she was
placed in an Institute and made to wear female attire.

At thirteen she had a love-relation with an English
girl, to whom she represented herseif as a boy, and ran
away with her.

Sarolta returned to her mother, who, however, could
do nothing, and was compellcd to allow her daughter to
again become Sandor, wear male elothes, and, at least
once a year, to fall in love with persons of her own sex.

At the sanifi time S. reeeived a eareful education and
made long journeys with her father, of eourse always as a

430

PÖYCUUPATiUA SEXÜALIS.

yonng gentleman. She early bccame independent and
viaited cafe$ß even those of doubtful character, and, indeed,
boasted one day that in a brothel she had had a girl sitting
on each knee, EL waü offen intoxicated, had a passion for
uiusculine Sports and was a very skilful fencer.

She feit herseif drawn parücularly toward actrcsses,
or others of similar position, and, if possible, toward those
who were not very yonng, She asserted that she never
had any inclination für a youug man, and that she had
feit, from year to year, an increasing dislike for young
men.

"I preferred to go into the soeiety of ladies with ngly,
ill-favoured nien, so that none of them could put me in
the shade. If I noticed that any of the men awakened
the sympathies of the ladies, I feit jealous. I preferred
ladies who were bright and pretty; I could not endure
them if they were fat or mnch inelined toward men* It
delighted ine if the passion of a lady was diselosed im der
a poetic veiL All immudesty in a wonnin was disgusting
to me, I had an indeserihable aversion for female attire, —
indeed, for everything feminine, bufonlv in us far as it
concerned me; for, on the other band, I was all enthu-
siasm for the beautifnl sex/'

Durin£ the last teil years S. had lived almoat con-
stantly away from her relatives, in the gnise of a man.
She had had many liaisons with ladies, travelled much,
Bpent mnch, and made debts.

At the same time she carried on literary work, and was
a valued collahorator on two noted Journals of the capital»

Her passion for ladies waa very changoable; con-
stancy in love was cntirely wanting,

Only onee did such a tkümn last three years. It was
years before that S-, at Castle G., made the aequaintance
of Emma E., wbo was ten years older that herseif. She
feil in love with her, made a marriage contract with her,
and they lived together as man and wifc for three years
at the capitaL

A new love, whieh proved fatal to S,, caused her to

CONGENITA!. SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN.

431

MM r her matrimonial relations with E* The latter would
not have it so« Only with the great.es t saeritiee was S*
able to purchaae ber freedoin from E,> whü still looked
lipon herself as a divorced wife> and regarded herseif ua
tlie Countesa V»! That S. also had the power to exeite
passion in other woinen was shown bv the fact that wbeu
sbe (before her marriage with E.) had grown tired of a
Miss D., aftcr havihg spent thoiiaands of guldeng on her>
she was thrcatened with shooting by D. if she should be-
eojue untrue.

It was in the simimer of 1887, whilc at a watering-
place, that S. made the aequaintanee of a distinguished
official'fi fainily. Iinmediately she feil in love with the
daughter, Marie, and her love was returned.

Her inother and cousin tried in vain to break up
this afTair. Döring the winter the lovers eorresponded
zealously* In April,, 1SS8, Count S. jiaid her a visit, and
in May, 1889, attained her wish; in that Marie — who,
in the meantime, had giveu np a position as teacher—
hecanie her bride in the presence of a f riend of ber lover,
the eeremony being performed in an arbour, bv a psendo-
priest, in Ihingary. S*, with her friend, forg^d the mar-
riage certificate. The pair lived happily, and, without
the interference of the father-in-law, thie false marriage^
probahlv, would have lasted mneh longer, It is reniark-
able that, during the comparatively long existence of the
relation, S. was able to deceive completely the family of
Iier bride with regard to her trne aex*

S* was a passionate srnoker, and in all respects her
tastes and pasaiona were maseuline. Her letters and
even legal doeuments reaehed her under the addreefl o£
"Count S." She often spoke of having to drill. From
remarka of the father-indaw ir seems that S. (and she
afterward eonfes.sed it) knew how to Imitate a serotum
with handkerchiefs or gloves stuffed in th<- trousers. The
father-in-law also, on one orvusimi, notieed somcthing
like an ereeted mein bor on bis fiitnre son-in-law (probably
i priapUf)- She also oceaaionally remarked that she was

432 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

obliged to wear a suspensory bandage while riding. The
fact is, S. wore a bandage around the body possibly as a
means of retaining a priapus.

Though S. often had herseif shaved pro forma, the
servants in the hotel where she lived wcre convinced that
she was a woman, beeause the charnbennaids found traces
of menstrual blood on her linen (which S. explained, how-
ever, as haemorrhoidal) ; and, on the occasion of a bath
which S. was accustomed to take, they claimed to have
convinced themselves of her real sex by looking through
the key-hole..

The family of Marie make it seera probable that she
for a long time was deeeived with regard to the true
sex of her false bridegroom. The following passage in
a letter from Marie to S., 2Gth August, 1889, speaks in
favour of the incredible simplicity and innoconce of this
unfortunate girl: "I don't like children any more, but
if I had a little Bezcrl or Patscherl by my Sandi — ah,
wThat happiness, Sandi mine!"

A large number of manuscripts allow conclusions to
be drawn concerning S.'s mental individuality. The
chirography possesses the character of firmness and
certainty. The characters are genuinely masculine. The
same peculiarities repeat themselves everywhere in their
Contents — wild, unbridled passion ; hatred and resistance
to all that opposes the heart thirsting for love; poetical
love, which is not marred by onc ignoble blot, enthusiasm
for the beautiful and noble; appreciation of science and
the arts.

Her writings betray a wonderfully wide ränge of
reading in classics of all languages, in citations from
poets and prose writors of all lands. The evidence of
those qualified to judge literary work shows that S.'s
poetical and literary abilitv was by no means small. The
letters and writings concerning the relation with Marie
are psychologically worthv of notico.

S. s])oaks of the happiness there was for her when
by M.'s side, and expresses boundless longing to see her

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVEBSION IN WOMAN. 433

beloved, if only for a moment. After such a happiness
she could have but one wisli — to exchange her cell for
the grave. The bittcrest thing was the knowledge that
now Marie, too, hated her. Hot tears, enough to drown
herseif in, she had shed over her lost happiness. Whole
quires of paper are given up to the apotheosis of this
love, and reminiscences of the time of the first love and
acquaintance.

S. complained of her heart, that would allow no reason
to direct it; she expressed emotions which were such
as only could be feit — not simulated. Then, again, there
were outbrcaks of most silly passion, with the declara-
tion that she could not live without Marie. uThy dear,
sweet voice; the voice whose tone perchance would raise
me from the dead; that has been for nie like the warm
breath of Paradise! Thy presence alone were enough
to alleviate my mental and moral anguish. It was a
magnetic stream; it was a peculiar power your being
exercised over mine, which I cannot quite define; and,
therefore, I cling to that ever-true definition: I love you
because I love you. In the night of sorrow I had but
one star — the star of Marie's love. That star has lost
its light; now there remains but its shimmer — the sweet,
sad niemory which even lights with its soft ray the
deepening night of death — a ray of hope."

This writing ends with the apostrophe: "Gentlemcn,
you learned in the law, psychologists and pathologists,
do me justice! Love led me to take the step I took; all
my deeds were conditioned by it. God put it in my
heart.

"If he created me so, and not otherwise, am I then
guilty; or is it the .eternal, incomprehensible way of
fate? I relied on God, that one day my emancipation
would come; for my thought was only love itself, which
is the foundation, the guiding principle, of His teaching
and His kingdom.

"O God, Thou All-pitying, Almighty One! Thou
seest my distress; Thou knowest how I suffer. Incline

434

PSYC1IOPATU1A ÖEXUALIS.

Thyself to nie; extend Thy helping band to me, deserted
by all the world« Only God is just IIow beauüfully
does Victor Hugo descxibe this in bis * Logo) nies du
Si&cle' ! Ilow sad do Mendelssohn^ words sound to
ine: 'Xightly in dreains 1 see theeT*

Though S* knew tbat none of bor writings reached
her lover, slie did not grow tired writing <>f her pain
and deligbt in love, in page after page of deifieation of
Marie, And to induee one more pure Hood of tears, on
one still, clear Stimmer evening, when tbe lake was iglow
with thc settutg sun like malten gold, and the bells of
ISt* Anna and Jlaria-Worth, blending in hanmmious mel-
ancholy, gave tidings of rest and peaee, sbe WTote: **F©f
Üxal poor Soul, for tliis poor heart tbat bcats for tliee tili
the last breath".

Personal examination: The first ineeting wbicb the
experts had with S. was in a measure, a tiiue of embarrass-
inent to both sides; for them, beeause perhaps S.'s some-
what dazzling and forced maseuline carriage impressed
them; for her, becanse ehe tlumglit sbe was to be niarked
wirb the stigma of moral insanity, Sbe had a pleasant
and intelligent faee, wbicb, in spite of a certam delicacy
of features and dirnimitivcness of all its parts, gave a
ileridedly maseuline impression, had it not beeil for the
absence of a ruoustache. It was even diffieult for the
experts to realise that they were eoncerned with a woman,
dcspitc the faet of female attirc and conslunt. assoeiaTimi ;
while, on tbe otber band, intercourse with tbe man Sandor
was mueh more free, natural, and apparently eorretft
The aeeused also feit this, Sbe immediately became more
open, more commtinicative, more free, as soon as sbe wa-
treated Hke a man*

In spite of her inclination for the female sex, wbieb
had been present from her larllest years, she aftaerted tbat
in her thirteenth year sbe first feil a traee of sexual feeling,
whieh expressed itself in kisses, embraees, and caresses,
with sexual jileasure, and this on tbe occasion of Iht
elopement with the red-haired English girl from the Dres-

CQNGKNUW1. SEX0AL INVERSION IN WO MAX.

4:iri

den Institute. At that time feminine forms exelusively
appeared to her in dream-pietures, and evcr sinee, in
BOOdual dreanis, she feit herseif in the Situation of a man,
und oecasionally, also, at such time«, oxperienccd ejacu-
lation*

She knew not hing of solitary or inutual ouanisnL
Such a thing seemed very disgnsting to her, and not
conducive to nianliness. She Lad, also, never allowed
herseif to be touchcd od genitalia by otbers, hecause it
would have revealed her great secret. The menses began
at seventeen, imt were always seanty and without pain,
It was piain to be seen that S. had a horror of speaking
of menstruation ; that it was a thing repugnant to her
masculine eonsei ousness and feeling. She reeognised the
abnormality of her sexual inclinations, but had no desire
to have them changed, sinne in this perverse feeling she
feit botli well and happy. The idea of sexual intereourse
with men disgnsted her, and she also thought it would be
imposgible.

Her modesty was so great that she would prefer to
sleep among men rat her than among women. Thus,
when it was necessory for her to ans wer the calls of
nature or to change her linen, it was necessary for her to
ask her companion in the cell to turn her face to the
window, that she might not see her«

When oeeasionally S. came in contaet with this com-
panion,— a woman from the lower walks of life, — she
experienced a sexual excitement that inudo her Mush.
Indeed, without heing asked, S. related that she was
overcome with actual fear when, in her cell, she was
compelled to foree herseif into the unusual femule attire,
Her only eomfort was that ehe was at least allowed to
keep a shirt. Remarkable, aud what also speaks for the
significance of olfaetory sensations in her rtht sr.rwifisw is
her Statement that, on the oeeaslons of Marie's absence,
she had sought ttiose plaees on whieh Marie's head was
aeeustomed to repose, and smelled thein, in ordor to ex-
perience the delight of inhaling the odour of her hair*

430

PSYCHOPATH! A SEX l.\\ US.

Among women, those who were beantiful, or voluptuous,
or quite yomig, did not particularly interest her, The
physieal charms of worncn she made snbordinato. Ab
by magnetie attraction* she f*?lt herseif drawn to those
between twenty-four and thirty. Sho found her sexual
satUfact km exchisively in corpore femintv (never in her
own person), in the form of mannst upration of the beloved
womau, or eunnilingus. Oceasionally she availed herseif
of a stocking stuffed with oakuni as a priftpna These
admissions were made only unwiUingly by SM and with
apparent shame; just as in her writings immodesty or
eynicisni are never found.

She was religimis, had a lively interest in all that is
noble and beantiful,- — mcn excepted, — and was very sensi-
tive to the opinion others entijrtained of her morality.

She deeply regretted that in her passlon she made Ma-
rie unhappy, and regarded her sexual feelings as perverse,
and such a love of one woman for an« A her, auiong normal
individuals, as morally reprehensible. She had great
literary talent and an extraordinary meniory* Her only
weakness was her great frivolity and her incapability to
inanage money and property reasonably. But she was
ermscioiis of this weakness, and did not care to talk
about it.

She was 153 centiinetres toll, of delicate build, thin,
but remarkably muscular on the breast and thighs. Her
gait in female attire was awkward. Her movements were
powerful, not unpleasing, though they were somewhat
masculine and lacking in grace, She greeted one with
a firm pressure of the band. Her whole carriage was
decided, finn and somewhat self-conscious* Her glanee
was intelligent; mien somewhat diffident. Feet and hands
remarkably small, having remained in an infantile stage
of (levelopment. "Exlensor snrfaees of the extremities
remarkably well eovered with haii\ while there was not the
slightest trace of beard, in spite of all sharing experi-
ments. The hips did not correspond in any way wirb
those of a female. Waist wanting. Pelvie so slim and

CONGENITA!, SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAX

437

so little prominent , that a line drawn from tlie axilla to
the corresponding kuee was straight — not eurved in ward
by a waist or out ward by the pelvis. Tlie skull slightly
oxyeephalie, and in all its measurements bclow tlie aver-
age of tlie feiuale skull by at Icast one centimetre.

Cireumferenee of the head 52 centimetres; OOöipital
half circumfereiiee, 24 eentinietres ; iine from ear to ear,
over the vertex, 23 centimetres; anterior half-eircuinfer-
anee, 28,5 centtmetres ; line from glabella to oeeiput, 30
centimetres; ear-chin line, 26.5 centimetres; long diam-
eter, 17 centimetres; greatest lateral diaineter, 13 centi-
metres; diameter at auditory nieati, 12 centimetres; zygo-
matic diaineter, 11-2 centimetres- Upper jaw strikingly
projeeting, its alveolar proecss projeeting beyond the under
jaw about 0.5 centimetre, Position of the teeth not fully
normal ; right upper canine not developed. Mouth remurk-
ably emall ; ears prominent; lobes not differentiated, pasa-
mg over into the skin of the check, Ilard palate, narrow
and high ; voiee rough and deep; inanmue fairly developed,
soft and without secretion. Mons veneris eovered with
thick, dark hair. Genitale eompletely feminine, without
trace of hermaphroditic appearanee, but at the st age of
developraent of tbose of a ten-year-old girL The labia
majora touehing eaeh other almost eompletely; labia
minor a having a cock's-comb-like form, and projeeting
under ÖM labia majOfE. CKtorij sniull und very sensitive.
Frenuluni delieate; perineinu very narrow; introitus
vagina* narrow; inucous meuibrane normal. Hymen want-
ing (probably congenitally) ; likewise the earnin'nhv myrti-
fonnes. Vagina so narrow that tbe Insertion of a mein-
brum virile would be irapossible, also very sensitive; ößl1-
tainly coitus had not taken place. Uterus feit, th rough the
rectum, to be about the size of a walnut, imraovable and
retroflected.

Pelvis generally narrowcd (dwarf-pclvis), and of de-
culedly nuisculiuc typi\ Distance between anterior su-
perior spines 22.5 centimetres (instead of 20.3 centi-
metres). Distance betweeo the crests of the ilii, 2tf.5

438

PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

centiinetres (instead of 29.3 eentirnetres) ; between the tro-
chanters, 27.7 eentirnetres (31); the externa] conjugate
diameter, 17.^ rrinimetres (19 to 20); therefore, tbe in-
ternal eonjugate, presumably, 7.7 eentirnetres (10,3), On
account of narrowness of the pelvia, die dircction of tbe
thighs not convergent, a3 in a woman, but straight

The* opinion givea showcd that in S. there was a
oongenitally abnormal Inversion of tbe sexual instinet,
whichj indeed, expressed itself, anthropologieally, in ano-
nialies of developnient of the body, depending upon great
hereditary taint; further, that tbe eriniinal aets of 3.
had their foundation in her abnormal and irresistible
sexuality.

S/fi diaracteristic expressions — "God put love in my
heart. If He created nie so, and not otherwise, am I,
then, guilty ; or is it the eternal, incomprebensible vvay
of fate V} — are really justified.

The court granted pardon, The "countess in male
attire," as sbe was called in flu* newspapers, returned
to her honie, and again gave berself out as Count Sandor.
Tier only distresa was her lost happiness with her beloved
Marie.

A married woman, in Brandon, Wisconsin, whose
case is reported by Dr, Kiernan (uThe Medical Standard/*
1888? November and December), was more fortunate.
She elopedj in 1883, with a yonng girl, married her, and
lived with her as husband undisturbed.

An interesting "historical" exumple of androgyny is
a case reported by Spiizka ("Chicago Medieal Review,"
20th August, 1881), It was that of Lord Cornbury,
Govemor of New York, who lived in the reign of Queen
Anne. Ile was apparently affected with moral insanity;
was terribly lieentioiis, und, in spite of bis high position,
eould not keep himself from going about in the streets
in female attire, coquetting with all the allurements of a
prost itute.

In a picture of bim tbat bas been preserved, bis narrow
brow, asymmetrieal face, feminine features, and sensual

( OXUEMTAL SKXl'AL iXVEKSinN IN WOMAN,

439

mouth at once altraci attention« It is certain that he
never actually rcgarded himself as a wo man.

CüMplicaliöii$ of Äidtpüthlc Sexual Instinct.

Moreovei\ in individuals afflieted with sexual iuver-
>h m> in r herasei ves, the perverse sexual feeling and indina-
tion raay be complicata! with other perverse manifesta-
tions» Thus hcre, with referenee to the activity of the in-
st inet, there may be acts qnite analogous to acts indidged in
by individuak in perverse satisfaetion of the instinct, but
wliOj at the same time, bave a natural inclination toward
persona of the opposite sex.

üwlng to the circumstanee that abnormally increased
sL-xiiality is almost a regulär aecornpaniment of anti-
pathic sexual feeling* acts of lustful sadistic eruelty in
the satisfaction of libido are easily possible, A remarkable
example of this is the case of Zastrow (Casper-Liman, 7*
Auflage, Bd. i.> p, 1G0; ii.? p, 487), who bit one of his
victims (a boy), tore his prepuce, slit the anus, and
strangled the child.

Z. carae of a psyehopathie grandfather and melan-
eholie mother. His brother indulged in abnormal sexual
pleasures, and committed sincide.

Z. was a congcnitul Urning, and in habitm and oecups-
tion masculine. There was pliimosis- Mentally, he was
a weak, perverse, socially useless man» He had koiror
fenrince, and, in his dreanis, he feit himself like a woraan
toward a man* He was painfully conscious of his want
of normal sexual feeling and of his perverse instinct, and
souglit satisfaction in mutual onanism, with frequent
deaire for pederasty.

Similar sadistic feelings of this kind, in those afflieted
with antipathie sexual instinct, are fmmd in some of the
foregoing histories (cf* cases 128 and 129 of this edition,
and case 06 of the sixth edition ; also Moll, "Oontr, Sex*
ualempfindnng," second cdition, p. 1S9; v. Krafft, "Jahrb.

440 P8YCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

f. Psychiatrie," xii., pp. 337 and 389; Moll, ''Unter-
suchungen über Libido sexualis," cases 20 and 27).

As examples of perverse sexual satisfaction dependent
on antipathie sexual instinct, niay be mentioned the Greek,
who, as Athenäus reports, was in love with a statue of
Cupid, and defiled it, in the temple of Delphi ; and besides
the monstrous cases reported by Tardieu ( "Attentats," p.
272), the terrible one reported by Lombroso ("IAiomo
delinquente," p. 200), of a certain Artusio, who wounded
a boy in the abdomen, and abused him sexually by means
of the inci&ion.

Cases 92, 110 and 115 (eighth edition) show that
fetichism may also occur with antipathie sexual instinct ;
moreover a case of shoe-fetichisni related by ine in "Jahr-
bücher f. Psychiatrie," xii., 1 ; Moll, op. ext., second edi-
tion, p. 179 ; Garnier, "Les Fetichistes," p. 98.

The following case, taken from Garnier, is a classical
example of boot-fetichism. At tinies masochisni forms a
complication of sexual inversion Cf. Moll, second edition,
p. 172 (case 12) and p. 190; Hern, "Internat. Centralbl.
f. d. Physiol. and Pathol. der Harn- und Sexualorgane,"
iv., Heft 5 (homosexuality in a woman with passive Hagel -
lantism and koprophagia) ; v. K rafft, case 43 in sixth
edition of this book, also case 137 of this edition and
114 of eiglith edition; ditto "Jahrbücher für Psychiatrie,"
xii., p. 339 (homosexuality, abortive masochisni), p. 351
(psych, hermaphrod. masochisni).

Case 167- Homosexuality. X., twenty-six years of
age, of the Upper class, was arrested for having prac-
tised masturbation in a public park. By heredity heavily
tainted; skull abnormal; was peculiar from earliest youth ;
psychically abnormal; at tlie age of ten he began to show
a peculiar interest in patent leather shoes; began to mas-
turbate at thirteen, but in order to proeure ejaculation
he had to fasten bis eyes upon patent leatlier shoes. He
never feit any inclination towards woman, and when, at
the age of twenty-one, he once attempted coitus at a

CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMAN. 441

brotliel dcrived no satisfaction from the act. With the
twenty-fourth ycar bis houiosexual instinct began to
assert itself uiore and more. But he feit himself drawii
only to young inen who wore elegant clothes and patent
leather boots. Thinking of such inen, he masturbated.
Ilis ideal was to live with such a man and practice mutual
masturbation. Unable to realise his wishes, he would
introduce a ball into his anus, and moving it in and out
fancy himself to have coitus with his ideal young man
wearing patent leather boots. Simultaneously he would
masturbate. During this imitation of passive pederasty
he would wear drawers made of red silk. For some time
he was wont to stick notices on public buildings to this
effect : "My nates are at the disposal of handsome gentle-
men who wear patent leather boots". Whilst writing
such notices and looking at his own patent leather shoes,
he would have an erection. Since his sixteenth year,
whcn young men began to interest him, he had cyes only
for their patent leather boots. He lovcd to loiter about
the show-windows of l>oot shops and the drilling-grounds
of the military school, where he had opportimity for ad-
iniring the officcrs in their patent leather boots. One
day he bought a pair for himself and became quite in-
toxicated by gazing at them. The very smell of them
was suflicient to excite him very much sexually. He
finally put them on, that in them he might make con-
quests; but he was not successful. Xow he used them
for another purpose. He wrould masturbando ejaculate
into them. The most intense lustful pleasure he derived
when he put, during this act, one of the shoes to his anus
or inter femora, rubbing it about there. "When one day
X. found a defect on the Uppers of one of these shoes,
which he always saved most carefully, he was very de-
jected. He looked upon himself as a person who has
just discovered the first wTrinkle in the face of his beloved.
One day when in the park he thought that a young man
mado advances to him according to his own desire; he
was highly elated, and could not resist to expose his per-

442

l'SVt IlMPATHIA SEXI'AI.IS.

son, He was arrested, l>ut not senteneed. He wafe sent to

an insanc asylurn (Garnier, "Les FctiehisU's," p. 114)*

In general, the acquired cascs are charaeterised in
thut:—

1. The homo-sexual instinet appears as a secondary
faetor, und ftlwayfl may be refenvd to hinuenoes (mas-
turbatie aeujras&enti, mental) which difttnrbed normal
sexual sutisfaetkm, 1t is, however, probable that here, in
spite of power fnl seimial libido, the fccling and inclination
for tbe opposite sex are vveak ah origine, especially in a
spii'itnal and a&tbetio aense,

2, The honiosexual inst inet, so long as inversio sexualis
has not yet taken place, is looked lipon, by the in di vi dual
affeeted, aa vieious and abnormal, and yielded to only
faule da mieux*

S, The hetcrosexiial instinet long rcmains predominant,
and the impossibility to satisfy it gives puin. It weakens
in Proportion us tbe hmnoH-xnul feeling gains in streng th.

Oii the other band, in congenital eases: —

(a) The honiosexnal instinet is tbe wie thut omirs
primarily, and Ixvomrs dmainunt in tbe vitü SßXUßlid* It
appears as tbe natural manner of satisfaction, and also
dominates the dreamdifc of the individuah

i Tlie heterusexual instinet falls eompletely, or, if
it should make its appearance in the history of the indi-
viduul ( psvHio-sexnul hermuphrodiusm ), it is still but an
cpisodieal phenomenon which has no root in the mental
Constitution, and is essentially hut a means to satisfaction
of sexual desire.

The differentiation of the above groups of eongenital
inverted sexuaiity from one another, and from the cases
in which the anonmly is acquired, will, after the foregoing,
present no diifieulties.

The prognosis of the cases of acquired antipathie sexual
instinet is, at all events, much more favourable tban that
of the congenital cases. In the former, the oeenrrence
of effemination — the mental inversion of the individual, in

ASTIFAT HtC SEXUAL INSTIN CT*

443

the scnse of perverse sexual feeling — ig the liiiiit beyond
which there Is no longer hope of beneiit from therapy. In
the congenital cases* the various eategories established in
this hook form as many stages of psyeho-sexual taint? and
benefit is probable t.mly wir hin the category of the psychical
hermaphrodites, thmight possible (vide the ease of Sekrenb*
Natmng) in that of the Urnings.

The Prophylaxis of these conditions becomes tliua the
more important — for the congenital cases, prohibition of
the reproduction of such imf ortunates J for the acquired
cases, protection from the hvjurioiut influences which expe-
rieooe teftcbea may lead to the fatal Inversion of the sexual
instinct

Xumerous prcdlsposed individuals meet this sad fate,
because parenta and teaehers have no suspicion of the
danger which masturbation britigs in its train to children.

In many sehooh and acadeinies masturbation and vice
are aetually enltivated. At present much too Utile atten-
tion is given to the mental and inoral peeuliarities of the
pupils.

If only the tasks are done, nothing more is asked.
That many pupik are tbus ruined in body and soul is never
considered.

In obedience to affected prudery, the vita sexualis is
niade a mystery to the developing youth, and not the slight-
est attention given to the exeitations of bis sexual instinct.
How few familv physicians an? evcr ealled inT dnring the
years of development of children, to give advice to their
patients that are often so greatly predisposed !

It is thmight that all must l>e Ieft to Nature; in the
ineantime, Nature rises in her power, and leada the help-
u n protect ed innocent into dangerous by-paths.

Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapie of Antipathie Sexual

Instinct

The diagnosis of antipathie sexual instinet is of great
clinical and* partieularly, forensie, import. At the first

PSYCHOPATH IA SFATALIS.

glance, it opens some dim'oultics, rince tbe Symptoms are
ratber of a subjcctive natura and lhe perverse aets offer
so uumy aspects wbich may meaii perversion as well as
perversity. Mueb depends on tbe veraeity of tbe pationt,
und tluit leaves in many cases much to be desirecL Auto*
biographiea are to be Taken cum ffrano mlis, and sbould
be discounted. Nevertheless tbe expert will soon be able
to weed out exaggeration and untrutlu Antipathie sexual
instinet is such a complieated psychical anomaly that only
the experieneed specialist can quickly distinguish between
trurli and tietion.

True knowledge is easiest aseertained from those who
despair of their existenee, meditate suieide (which fre-
quently is found in those who have eultured miuds and
realbo tbe anomaly of their posiüon), but as a last resort
com© to the lncdical man for ad vice; also frora those who
iui- eonfmnted witfa legal proceedingBj <>r who through cir-
cnmstances are forced into niarriage and doubt their
virility, These patients have an urgent need for help, and
will teil the tritt h. In strong contrast to these really 1111-
fortunate beings stand those, generally of but little ethioul
and intellectual value, wlio seek to enrich medical
knowledge by fatuous gossip about their disease. Every
ease of genuine hoiimsexuality has ita etiology, its concoin-
itant physical and psychical symptomä, its reactions npon
the whole psychical heilig, and miist be reduoed to an ab-
normal sexual instinet which is dlainetrieally opposed to
the physical sex of the affeeted individual, as it can be
explained upon that basis only. The diagnosis is to be
found in the inarnnesis, the a&tiology, tbe rita anteaeta,
the psyeho-sexua! developtncnt of the case. To form a
clear opinion it 1>r1ioovps to jtulire tbe case from the stand-
point of the anthropological elinieal hiatory of its devel-
opment, and to collect synthetieally all the various detaüs.

Tlie opinion will then he as definitely established as in
any otber elinieal ca*

The firat important point based lipon ripe experience
is the fuet that antipathic sexual instinet as an anomaly

ANTITATIIIC SEXUAL INS'I

4 1 r.

of sexual life is only foitnd in individuals wbo are taint cd,
as a rule? hereditär ily* In foro partieular stress should be
laid upon this point. In all cases in whieh anaumesis bas
heen proved, this tarnt will be midily found. Per se, this
proof is of 110 value, f<>r perversity also grows in tbiw eoil.
But it assunies iniportanee when Ehe aame frailty is found
to earist in niveral members of tbe saine famüy or appears
in the form of other pn-versions of the sexual litV eh her
in the individual himself under eonsidcratiou, or in other
meinbers of bis family. Offen enough the patient p*e-
sents other psych ical or neurotie anomalics, even psyelneal
diseases, defccts or such like. They are so freqnent and
nunierous that one is often led to doubt whclln r the man-
ifest ation under Observation helongs in the spbere of neit-
ropathia or that of psychopathia.

These neurotie and psyehopathic manifestations de-
niuiul a most earefnl serutiny as to their meaning. \<>i
uncommonly they are signs of taint or degeucratiou of
equivalent value with antipathie sexual instinct» or they
may be reactions emanating from externa] defects to which
tainted individuals are more subjeet than normal man is,
often indirectly depending on antipathie sexual instinct
oq the ground of pajühüml confliets in whieh theae irafor-
tunates are freiniciwly implicated bv virtue of their sexual
perversions; or they inav be fouml to spring frnrn the im-
perfect or perverse gratification of their sexual needs
(onanism).

Certain it is that these persons are, as a rnle, also
abnormal ßo far as charaeter is eoncemed. They are neither
man nor woman, a mixture of both, wilh seeomhirv \)?y-
ehieal and physieal eharacteristies of the one as well as tlie
other sex, whieh grow out of the intorfcring infhiences of
a bisexual prediaposition and disturb the development of a
well defined and comp] et c being. Hut this peenliarity is
only found in fully developed cases, A psyehical di
prr se is not a necessary adjunct to antipathie sexual in-
stinct. All nations and all eras have produeed perverse

44(5

PSVCHOPATIUA 8SXI \I.IS

men, whose renown and greatness adorn the history of
their mothcr country or that of the world.

This abnormality must not be looked lipon as a patho-
logical condition or as a crime, bot tbe dorelopmeut of the
vita sexualis with its reacting effects lipon the mind and
the mural sense; it inay proceed with the same harmoiiy
and Batisfying influenee as in the norraally disposed, u fnr-
tbcr argument in favonr of the assimiption that Antipathie
sexual inati.nct is an equivalent for lictrrosexualit.y. If
othieal and intellectnal defecta are present, they may bö
looked lipon mercly as complicated anomal ies rcsulting
from the taint.

An iinjMirtant factor is precocity in sexual life, which
together with its antithesis> i.e., retarded puberty, is the
distinguishing mark of a degenerated Constitution. It ia
i [iiite another thing when the vita sexitalis takes an inverted
course at an early period, particularly at a time when evil
inlluenees or had examplea caimot be at work. For in-
stante, when little boys prefer male adults to their female
relations, or ahow a predilection for girls* gaines and oe-
cupations or partikular skill in ftewt&g, knitting, embroid-
ering, etc., or inelination for feniale tojlet, find pleasure in
wearing girls* clothmg, chorae girls* charaeter* in private
theatricals or in masquerades and betray great eleverness
in inipersonating the female cbaractcr, etc.

Homoscxual acta (mntual Masturbation, etc.) previous
to puberty are no proof of antipathic sexual ity. They
may spring from liypersexuahty, precocity or some exter-
na] influences. They do not neccssurilv lead to inverted
sexuality, only then when the individual is predisposed,
It is at the time of puberty that the vita sexualis is devel-
oped and receives its dircction for tbe rest of life. An
uneonseious dcsire for sexual union, offen enoilgh sfiniu-
lated by individuals of tbe same sex, brings the playmates
together, tickling and otjier tartile irritations — quite apart
from the genuine sexual inst inet — lead to acts of mastur-
bation in corpore virili, but they are not eoupled with psy-
ch ieal feelings in the sense of homosexual acta* The same

ANTIPATHIE SfcXUAL 1NSTINCT.

447

analogous manifestations may be observed In young ani-
inals,

But rarely antipatbic scxuality develops from these
horseplays. Puberty teaches the youthful sinner in know
bis true sex soon enough. From the sexual inst inet, based
upon a series of physieal und psyehical attr actione, erna-
nntes the sexual leaning to persona of tbe opposite gender,
and the variier hoinoscxual encotmters are remembered
with shame and confusion. But the homosexual aet com-
milted afi$r puberty hae set in, is the dedaive step in the
wrong direetion. The Stadium of sexual differentiation
eovers sometimes a long period and often reaehes far be-
yond that of phyaical sexual developinent.

Of great value in diagnosiug a case is to ascertain tbe
dream-life and that of sleep in the patient. The true
Status of tbe sexual inst inet is here often pitifully por-
trayed. Nocturna 1 polhitions are found to be eolonred (a)
in cases of psyehical henuaphroditism predonrinantiy, (b)
in all tbe other gradrs of the im 01 naiv exclusively in the
sense of homosexuality. In casea of effeminatio (viragin-
ity) tbey are acconipanied by drcani-pi etil res deliueating
tbe passive (in man) or tbe aetive (in woman) ruh* in tbe
sexual act.

Tbe presenee of physieal or psychieal abnormal cbar-
acteristies may aid diagnosis if they are coupled with other
more distinetive Signa. By themsclves tbey prove nothing,
as they are also found in individunls not tainted, for in-
stance, in gynsecomasts, hearded women, etc., etc.

In the welbpronouneed cases of antipatbie sexual in-
stinet (offeminatio aritl viraginity) tbe physieal and psy-
chieal characteristies of inverted scxuality are so plentiful
that a inistake cannot oecur. Tbey are simply men in
women's garb, and women in men*s atttre, espccially if they
liavc füll freedoni of act hm. Psychically they eon.sider
themselvos to brloini to the opposite sex, We have seen
women Urnings in the army, and mm Urnings among tbe
wuitresses in restaurants. They aet, walk, gesticulate and
behave in ovevy way exaetly as if they were persona of tbe

448 * PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

sex which they simulate. I have known male Urnings
who excelled woman in wiles, loquacity, coquetry, etc.,
etc.

In pronounced cascs bashfulness and timidity in the
presence of persons of his own sex will be observed in the
homosexual individual.

That Urnings know each otlier instinctivcly is a fable.
They recognize one another by their gait, natural shyness
and by signs just the same as normal persons of opposite
sexes do if they go adventurc hunting.

The higher grades of homosexuality sliow horror feiii-
inae to the extent of absolute impotence. Imagination
sometimes assists in producing erection and rendering coi-
tus possible. Diagnosis is definitely established when abso-
lute proof is at hand that a homosexual person is perina-
nently attracted by a person of the same sex and led to a
sexual act with that person, the act granting füll satisfac-
tion to the sexual instinct, whilst similar attractions do not
exist in persons of the opposite sex, and if the disgust for
persons of the opposite sex is insuperable.

The distinction between congenital and acquired (or
rather retarded) homosexuality is considered to be of theo-
retical and therapeutical value.

Some authbrs claim that congenital homosexuality
does not exist, but that tlüs anomaly is acquired from oth-
ers. But I cannot accept their argumenta, for they do
not cxplain the presence of the distinguishing Symptoms so
often found in the earlicst ycars of the individuals af-
flictod, i.e., at a period in which external influences may bo
considered to be absolutely exeluded.

Case 168. Taken from Mall "Libido Scxualis," ease
G9, p. 72(1. A young man, thirry-four ycars of age, was
from age seventeen drawn to young inen, and liad no
liking for girls. ITe was an effeminated cliaractor, had a
girl's nickname, and played with dolls. AVhen drunk he
allowcd men to masturbate him. AVlien so.ber, liowever
he would not permit it, becausc he thought it stupid.

AXTIPATJIIC SEXUAL INSTIN CT,

449

To parents and teaehers> the experienees detailed in
tbis and numerous < »t her scientific werke <m Masturbation,
present val nable Suggestion-,

Educators are offen too "naive" in tlieir views, and
tluir power of Observation is too limited Lu notice the sexual
abuses rampant among the boys entrusted to their care
und praetieed e?eö diiring lesson time. In a iVw eseep-
tional eases thev lmvc oven beeome seduoTs o& boys.
Everjthing that is calculated to undnly further tbe devel-
opuient of the ritt aexualis — such as prolonged sinin^ 011
the form, the nse of alcoholic drinks, etc. — should be
strietly avoided. A Jboy with inverted sexual itv should bo
rigidly exeluded froin all public edueational institutions
for boys and sent to a hospitul for nervous disorders, Boyfl
simnld not be permitted to slcep together at home. Swim-
ining lessons and bathing en masse should be under the
careful and strict supervisnm nf a corupetent person.

Seither should a child with antipatliic sexual instinet
be placed under the isolated tuitioii <>f a tntur or private
master, for frequently the tirst objeet of homosexual love
is tbe instmetor at home- Care should be taken that
tainted ("hildren are not earessed :md fo&dled by persans
of rhe sann* sex, Flagvllatio ad podicem shonld never be
permitteA

The best place for children that are perversely (sex-
ually) inclincd is the public acbool whcre eo-educatiou of
the sexes prevails. An earlv preference for ^anies, oeett-
pations and pastimes <rf fche oppoftite sex should be StrOBgly
diseonnfenanrvd und mtdfdicted, llasturbation shnuhl be
carefully watehed in both sexes. Early signs of Antipathie
sexual instinet should at onoe be nntieed, and hypnotic and
suggestive tmümenf applied, for tliere is iiiore hupe for
eradicating the evil in its variier stagea than when the in-
diviihml so tainted has already been (oat in the (juagmire
of sexual perversiom

The Hnes of trratment. when antipathic sexual instinet
exists, are the following:—

450 PSYC1IOPATIIIA SEXUALI8.

1. Prevention of onanism and removal of other influ-
eiices injurious to the vita sexualis.

2. Cure of the neurosis (neurasthcnia sexualis and uni-
versalis) arising out of the unhygienic conditions of the
vita sexualis.

3. Mental treatment, in the sense of combating homo-
sexual, and encouraging heterosexual, feelings and im-
pulses.

The momentum of the treatment lies in fulfilling the
third indication, particularly with reference to onanism.

Only in very few cases, where acquired antipathic
sexual instinct has not progressed far, can the fulfilment
of 1 and 2 be suffioient, as a case fully reported by the
author in the "Irrenfreund," 1885, Xo. 1, proves. Cf.
case 128, ninth edition of this book.

As a rulo, physical treatment, ovon though it be rein-
forcod morally bv good advice with roforonoc to the avoid-
ance of masturbation, the rcpression of homosexual feel-
ings and impulsos, and the encouragemont of hcterosexual
dosires, will not prove sufticient, evon in cases of acquired
sexual inversion.

Ilere a method of mental treatment — hypnotic Sugges-
tion— is all that can really benefit the patient.

I know of but ono case in which auto-suggestion proved
successful, cf. caso 129, ninth edition.

As a rulo, only Suggestion Coming fvom a svcond per-
son, and that by means of hypnosis, promisos suocoss.

Tu such caso?, tlio objeot of post liypnotic su^gostion
is to remove the impulse to masturbation and homosexual
feelings, and to oncourage hotorosexual enmtions with a
sense of virility.

A proroquisitc is, of course, the possibility to induce
hypnosis of sufticient intensity. 1t is, unfortunately, in
theso very cases of nourasthonia that this provos impossi-
blo, sinco the subjoot is often cxcited, ombarrassed, and
in no eondition to concentrate tlio thoughts.

liy reason of the great benefit that can bo given to
such unfortunatcs, and with Ladamv's case in viow (r.

ANTIPATHIC SEXUAL INSTINCT. 451

infra), in all such cases, everything should be done to force
hypnosis — the only uieans of salvation. The result, in the
three f ollowing cases, was satisf actory : —

Case 169. Antipathie sexual instinet acquired
through madurbation. Mr. X., merchant, aged twenty-
nine. Father's parents healthy. Nothing nervous in
father's faniily.

Father was an irritable, peevish old man. One brother
of the father was a man-about-town, and died unmarried.

Mother died in third confinement, when the patient was
six years old; she had a deep, rough, masculine voiee, and
coarse appearance. Of the children, one brother is irri-
table, "melancholic," and indifferent to women.

When a child, patient had scarlet fever with delirium.
Up to Ins fourteenth year he was light-hearted and social,
but, after that, quiet, solitary, and "melancholic". The
first trace of sexual feeling appeared in his tenth or elev-
enth year, and at that time he leamed masturbation from
other boys, and practised mutual onanism with them.

At the age of thirteen or fourteen, ejaculation for the
first time. Patient had feit no evil results of onanism until
the last three months.

At sehool he leamed casily, but was troubled with head-
aches. After the age of twenty, pollutions, in spite of
daily practice of onanism. With pollutions oecurred "pro-
creative" dreams, as man and wife might perform the act.
In his seventeenth year he was seduced into mutual onan-
ism bv a man having a love for men. He found satisf ac-
tion in this, inasmuch as he was always very passionate
sexually. Tt was a long time before the patient again
sought new opportunities for intercourse with males. He
did it. simply to rid himself of semen.

He feit no friendship or love for the person with whom
he had intercourse. He feit satisfaction only when he
played the passive rölr — when manustupration was prac-
tised on him. When the act was once completed, he had
no respect for the individual. If it happened that, later,

452 P8YCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

he canie to respect the man, then he ceased to indulge in
the act with him. Later it became indifferent to him
whether he masturbated or had masturbation practised on
him. When he himself practised onanisin, he always
thought of pleasing men practising onanism on him dur-
ing the act. He preferred a hard, rongh hand.

The patient thought that, had he not been led astray,
he would have arrived at a natural mode of satisfaction of
his sexual desires. He never feit love for Ins own sex,
tfaough he had pleased himself with the thought of loving
men. At first he had had sensual inclinations toward the
opposite sex. He had taken pleasure in dancing, and he
had been pleased with women, but he had taken more
pleasure in the figure than the face. He had had erections
at the sight of women that pleased him. He had never
attempted coitus, for fear of infection; whether he was
potent or not with women, he did not know. He thought
he could be so no longer, because his feeling for women
had grown cold, especially during late years.

While previously, in his sensual dreams, he had had
ideas of both men and women, of late years he had dreamed
only of approaches to men ; he could not remomber that
he had dreamed, in late years, of sexual relations with a
woman. At the theatre, as well as in the circus and ballet,
the feminine figure had always interested him. In mn-
seums, masculine and feminine statues had affected him
equally.

Patient was a great smoker, a beer-drinker, loved male
society, and was an athlete and skater. Anything dandi-
fied wras repugnant to him, and he had never feit any de-
sire to please men ; he would even have preferred to j)lease
women.

He now feit his position to be painful, because onanism
had obtained the upper hand. Masturbation, that had
previously been practised without evil effects, now began
to disclose its bad results.

Since Jnly, 1889, he had suffered with neuralgia of
the testicles. The pain occurred particularly at night; and

ANTIPATHIC SEXUAL INSTINCT. 453

at night there was also trembling (increased reflex excita-
bility).

öleep was not refreshing, and he would wake up with
pain in the testicles. He was inolined, now, to indulge
more frequently in onanism. He was afraid of the con-
sequences of the habit. He hoped that his sexual life
might still be turned into normal Channels. Now, he
thought of the future; he had a relation with a girl, who
was attractive to him, and the thought to possess her as
a wife was pleasing.

For five days he had abstained from onanism, but he
eould scarcely believe that he would be able, with his own
strength, to overcome the habit. Of late he had been
very much depressed, having lost all desire for work, and
become tired of life.

Patient was tall, powerful, well nourished, and had a
thick growth of beard. Skull and skeleton normal. Knee-
jerks very prompt ; deep reflexes in upper extremities much
increased. Pupils dilated, equal, and acted promptly.
Carotids of equal calibre; hypersesthesia urethrae; cords
and testicles not sensitive ; genitals normal.

The patient was calmed, and given hope for the future,
provided that he gave up onanism and attempted to trans-
fer Ins sexual desires from persons of his own sex to
females.

Hip-baths (24° to 20° R.) ; extr. Secal. cornut. aquos.,
0.5; antipyrin, 1.0 (pro die)] pot. brom. 4.0 (evenings),
were ordered.

13th December. To-day the patient canie, in a dis-
turbed condition of mind, complaining that, unaided, he
was unable to resist the impulse to masturbate, and he
asked for help.

A trial of hypnosis induced a condition of deep lethargy
in the patient.

He was given the following suggestions: —

1. I can not, must not, and will not masturbate again.

2. I abhor the love of my own sex, and shall never
again think men handsome.

454 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

3. I sball and will become well again, fall in love with
a virtuous woman, be happy, and inake her happy.

14th December. While out Walking to-day, patient
saw a handsorne man, and feit himself powerfully drawn
toward bim.

From tbis time tbere were hypnotic sittings every
second day, with tbe above suggestions.

18tb December (fourth sitting), somnainbulism oc-
curred; the inipulse to onanism and interest in men dis-
appeared. \

At the eighth sitting "complete virility" wTas added to
the above suggestions. The patient feit himself morally
elevated and physically strengthened. The neuralgia of
the testicles had disappeared. Ile now found that he was
without sexual feeling.

He now believed himself free from masturbation and
inverted sexual inclination.

After the eleventh sitting he thought further help was
unnecessary. He wished to go homc, and marry. He feit
well and potent. Early in January, 1890, treatment
eeased.

In March, 1800, the patient wrote: "I have since had
several oeeasions on which it has been necessary for nie
to use all my moral strength in order to overcome my
habit, and, thank God, I have been sueccssful in freeing
myself from this vice. Several times I have had oppor-
tunity for sexual intercourse, and I have found pleasure
in it. I look ealnily on my happy future/1

Other cases suecessfully treated by Suggestion may be
found in Weffcrstrand, Der Hypnotismus und seine An-
wendung in der praktischen Modicin, 1801, p. 52 u. ff.; —
Beruhet m, "IIypnotismc,,, Paris, 1801, etc., p. -4>8.

The foregoing details of the sueccssful results of hyp-
notic Suggestion, in cases of acquired sexual iuversion,
make it seem possible that those unfortnnates who are
afflicted with congenital perversion may be helped in some
degree by the same means.

Of course the proposition is different as regards cases

ANTIPATHIC SEXUAL INSTINCT.

455

of a congenita 1 anomaly. To correct a morbid psycho-
sexual existenee is a most diftieult problem.

The most favourable eases are those of pstfrhosrximl
hermaphrodiiism in whieh at least rudimentary hetero-
sexual feelings tuay be strengthened by Suggestion and
brought into active praetice.

Gase 170, Mr. von X., aged twenty-five, landed
proprietär. He eanie of a Neuropathie, iraseible father,
vvbo was said to luive beeu sexually normal. III* uiother
was nervoiiSj as were her two sisters. Alaternal gratid-
mother was nervous, and niaternal grandfuther a nnuK
miich given to yenery. Patient was like bis niother, and
an only ehild. Fmtu birth ho was weak, suffered inuch
wirb migraine, and was ucrvous. lli' passrd tlmmgh
eral illnesses* At fifteen he bcgan masturbation, without
having been taught.

rntil bis seventeenth year he never had feeling for
men, or, in faet, aöj sexual indinution; but at this time
desire for men arose. ITe feil in love with a conirade.
Ilis friend returnod his love. Tbey entbraced and kksed
and indulged in mutnal onanisra- Occa^iunally patient
praetised eoitus intif fvaiom viri, ITe abborred pederaaty,
Lascivious dreams were coneerned only with men. In
eircus and theatre males alone iutcrested him. The inelin*
ation was for those of about twemv years. Ilandsnnie, tall
forms were entieiiig to hiiii- Given these eonditions, he
was quite indifferent to other eharacteristics of the men.
In his sexual affairs with men bis part was always tbat of
a man.

After his eighteenth year thc patient was alwaya a
sourcc of anxiety to bis highly rospeetod parents, for be
then began a love-affair with a male waiter, who fleeeed
bim and made bim an objeet of remark and ridieule. He
was taken home. He ronsnrted with aervants and hostlers.
He caused a scandal He wTas sent away to Travel about.
In London he got into a "hlaekmailing scrape," but suc-
c£eded in escaping to his home.

456 PSYC1IOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

He profited in no way by this bitter experience, and
again showed disgraceful inclinations toward men. Pa-
tient was sent to me to be cured of his fatal peculiarity
(December, 1888). Tall, stately, robust, well-nourished,
of masculine build; large, well-formed genitals. Gait,
voice, and attitude masculine. Pronounced masculine pas-
sions. He smoked but little, and only cigarettes; drank
little, and was fond of confectionery. He loved music,
arts, sesthetics, flowers, and nioved in ladies' society by
preference. He wore a mou stäche, the face being otlier-
wise cleanly shaved. His garments were in nowise re-
markable. He was a soft, blase fellow, and a do-nothing.
He would lie in bed mornings, and could scarcely be made
to rise before noon. He said he had never regarded his
inclination toward his own sex as abnormal. He looked
lipon it as congenital; but, taught by his evil experiences,
he wished to be cured of his perversion. He had little
faith in his own will. He had tried to reform, but always
lapsed into masturbation, which he found injurious, inas-
much as it caused (slight) neurasthenic Symptoms. There
was no moral defect. Intelligence was a little below the
average. Careful education and aristocratic manners were
apparent. The exquisite neuropathic eye betrayed a ner-
vous Constitution. The patient was not a complete and
hopoless urning. He had heterosexual feelings, his sen-
saal inclinations toward the oppositr sex, however, were
manifested but weakly and infrequrnfh/. When nineteen,
he was first taken to a brotliel by friends. He experienced
no horror femince, had officient crections, and some pleas-
ure in coitus, but not the instinctive delight he experienced
while embracing men.

Since then, patient asserted that he had had coitus six
timcs, twice sua spontc. 11c gave the assurance that he
was always capablo of it, but lie did it only faule de mieux,
as he did masturbation, when the sexual inipulse troubled
him, as a Substitute for intercourse with men. He had
thought of the possibility of finding a sympathetic lady $nd

ANTIPATHIC SEXUAL JA »TIN CT,

457

inurrying her. He would regard marital cuhahitation acd
ata t inen ce from intereourse with men as liard dutir*.

Since there were rudimeiits oi heterosexual feelings
present? and the oase could out be looked upon as kopeless,
it seemed that treatinent was indieated, The indkations
were clear enougb, but there was üo support for tliem in
tili.* will of the indolent patient, so unconscious of bis owu
position. It lay near to seek support for the iuoral tnflu-
ence in bypnosis. The ful filmen t of this hope seemed
doubtful, because the fanmns Hansen had tried several
times, in vain, to hypnotise him.

At the sanie tinie, by reason of the most important
social interests of the patient, it was necessary to make
another attempt, To my great snrpri.se, Bvrnhetm's pro-
cedura i&duced inimrdiately a eondition of deep lethargy,
with possibility of post-hypnotic Suggestion.

At the seeond sitting somnambulism was indueed by
merely looking at him. The patient easily yielded to Sug-
gestion s of all kinds; indeed, contractu res were indueed
bv sdukiui: Um. \\*< \\'d< awaki nrd bv ruuuting three.
Awakened, patient had aumeaia foi all the events of the
hypnotic State. Ilypnosia w^as indueed every seeond or
third day for the eoiinminication of hvpnotie silggest iona.
At the same Urne, moral and bydro-therapeutic measures
were employed.

The hypaotw suggestions were as follows:

1. I abhor ouanism, because it inakes me weak and
miserable.

2. T üo longer kmve inclinatioü toward men; for love
for men is against religiun, nature and law,

3. 1 feel an melination toward womän; for woman is
lovely and desirable, and created for man.

During the sittings the j>atieut ahvays repeated nr-
halim these BttggBfltioiia. After the fotirth sitting it was
noticeable, that, when taken into society, he paiel eourt to
ladies. Shortly afler tliat, when a fanions prima-douna
sangj he was all enthusiasm fof her. Sotne days later the
patient sought the address of a brothel.

438

PSTCHOI'ATIIIA SEXÜALJS.

Vet he preferred the societj of young gentleiuen ; bat
the uiost carefül watching failed to reveal anythmg sus-
pkioua.

17th Febmary. Patient asked to be allowed to in-
duJge In coitus, and was vny well satisfied with hu expe-
rienoe with one ö£ tfaa df-wi-mundt s.

IGtli Marchi ITp t< » this uiik\ hypnosia twiee a week.
The patient always passed into deep soninambulism by
Bimply bring looked at, and, at request, repeated the sug-
gestinns. He was auaeeptible to all kinda of post-hypnotic
Suggestion, and, in the Wiking statt-, knew not the least
of the influences exerted on hiiu in tbo hypnotic State*
In the bypnotio eondnion hr alwgya gftT« the assurance
tbat he was free from onanisiu and sexual feeling for men.
Kineo he gave the eante auawers in hvpnosis — <\g.t that on
euch and such a dato he praetised OUftoi Hm for the last
titne, and that he was too tnuch linder the will of the
physieian to be able to lie — hiä aasertions deservcd 1>elicf ;
the inore, sinee he looked well und was free from all neu-

raatb&nic Byznptoxtta, and, in the »ociety of men, not the
slighfr | 'ieion rested on liitn. An open, free, and

inanly bearing was devcloped.

Moreover^ stnee, of bis own will, ha nuw and t.hen. in-
dnlged in coitus with pleasnre, and oeeasional pollntioos
were indueed by las&vioufl dreatoa whirh eoneerned
woinen, thero ooizld be n<» doubl <»f the favonrable rhange
uf his riitt st. malis; and it was presurnabh* that llie. hyp-
BOtic imiis had developed into auto-snggeetivt* in-

clinittions. which directed Ins feelings, thoughts and will.
Probablv the patient will ahvays remain a natura fritjida;
btit he mute oftec ipoke <>f marriage, and i*f Ins inten t ton
to win a wifr ftfl BOOI3 as he had beeoine aeqnainted with a
sympathetie lady. Treahnent was stoppedi ( Autbor's own
"] nimmt. (YnlralbL für dir Physiol. und PathoL

der Bank- and Bexumlorgane" Band u)

In Julj, 1689, T receiVftd a letttf from bis father, teil-

cne <>f bia aon'a good henlth and erocfaeb

On 24tfa M;i\, L890j by rhiMinftj I inet my former

ANTIPATIIIC SEXUAL INSTINCT. 459

patient, while on a journey. His bright, healthful appear-
ance allowed the most favourable opinion of his condition.
He told nie that he still had sympathetic fceling for some
men, but never anything like love. He occasionally had
plcasurable coitus with women, and now thought of mar-
riage.

I hypnotised him, in the former manner, to try him,
and asked for the commands I had given him. In a deep
condition of somnambulism, and in the same tone of voice
as formerly, the patient repeated the suggestions he had
received in December, 1888 — an excellent example of the
possible duration and power of post-hypnotic Suggestion.

Other cases may be found in the eighth edition, cases
137, 138, 140, 141 ; and ninth edition, case 183, of this
book.

•The cases quoted by the author, as well as those given
by Ladame, in which Suggestion removed the homosexual
instinet, or, at least, neutralised it (as a protection from
shame and law), seem to afford a proof that even the
gravest cases of congenital sexual inversion may be bene-
fited by the application of hypnotism.

Wetterstrand (cf. Schrenck, op. eil., case 49) Bern-
heim (cf. Schrenck, case 51), Müller (cf. Schrenck, case
53), Schrenck (op. cit., cases 66, 67), report even complete
success in displacing the homosexual by the heterosexual
instinet coupled with virility. Schrenck (op. cit., cases
62, 63) sueeeeded also in cases of effeminatio.

But only when hypnotism produces deep somnambu-
lism, deeided and lasting results may be hoped for, which,
after all, are nothing more than suggestive training, not
a real eure. They are marvellous "artefaeta" of hypnotic
science practised on abnormal human beings, but by no
means "transformations" (cf. Schrenck) of a psychosexual
existence.

Very instruetive in this respect is a case related by
Schrenck, the representative of which after effected "eure"
says of himself : "I am ever conscious of a certain insu-

460 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

perable coercion which does not rest lipon moral principles,
but must, as I believe, be referable directly to treatment".
At any rate such ucures" afford no proof whatsoever
against the assumption of original conditionality of sexual
inversion.

It is necessary here to warn the reader against illusions
about the true value of hypnotic therapy.

Attempts have been repeatedly made to question the
riglit of the medical adviser to treat cases of antipathic
sexuality. The ad vice given to the unfortunates so af-
flicted was to become reconciled with their anomaly and
to eschew homosexual intercourse. In some cases in which
the libido was woak or the sense of morality was not en-
• tirely blunted, success has been aehievcd. It was pointed
out to these unfortunate beings that there are many other
dreadful afflictions, such as trigeminus neuralgia or malign
tumours, which man must bear with resignation. This
view involves, however, a defective knowledge of the
meaning and bearing of antipathic sexual instinct, in so
far as this affliction means nothing more or less than a
hopeless existence, a life without lovc, an undignified
comedy before human society, and moral and psychical
marasmus if the advice is adopted; on the other band,
eventual loss of social position, civic honour and liberty
are involved.

Castration is out of the question, because it is difficult
to justifv such an Operation, for the antipathic sexual in-
stinct with its psychical tortures, cannot be extirpated bv
this process even though the libido sexualis be diminished.

To confine such people in an insane asylum is a mon-
strous idea. Justification for it can only then exist if the
perverse individual suffers also from a psychosis which
renders confinement imperative.

Another objection which has been made against treat-
mcnt is that the weal and weif are of society is jeopardized
in so far as an opportunity is given to taint(»d individuals
to propagate their perversions.

This objection appears comical in the face of the fact

ANTIPAT1IIC SEXUAL INSTINCT. 461

that no one has yet thought of prohibiting the.marriage
of the congcnital libcrtine or habitual drunkard. My ex-
perience teaches me that the sexual perverts in general
by no mcans constitute the worst type of degeneration.
The progeny of individuals thus tainted, which I have had
occasion to observe, has offered no pronounced manifesta-
tions of neuropathic Constitution or taint.

Psychopathia sexualis is not often met with as a family
failing or a mark of heredity.

The number of cases which have been really cured of
this anomaly will always be limited, because many of these
unfqrtunatcs refrain from taking into their confidenee even
the medical man. Others despair beforehand of the effi-
ciency of treatment, whilst some who practise homosexual
intercourse and find satisfaction in it, hesitate to exchange
their method for something uncertain. Again others de-
mur for fear of bccoming potent, and thus transmitting
their own weakness to the offspring. Others present psy-
chical impediments which seem insurmountable, or they
do not react to hypnotic influence or Suggestion, thus ren-
dering treatment futile.

If an individual afflicted with antipathic sexual in-
stinct, for ethical, social or any other reasons, demands
treatment, surely it cannot be denicd him. It is the sacred
duty of every medical man to give advice and aid to the
best of his ability and knowledge whenever it is asked for.
The health and welfare of the patient must ever be para-
mount to that of society at large. Hygiene and Prophy-
laxis enable him at all times to recompense the Community
for any damage he may have done in an isolated case.

Moreover in the majority of cases the patient is quite
satisfied when he beeoincs sexually neutral, and under
these circumstanccs medical skill has rendered a signal Ser-
vice to both society and the individual himself.

IV.— SPECIAL PATIIOLOGY.

tue manifestation of abnormal sexual life in the

various forms and states of mental

disturbance.

Arrest of Mental Development.

Sexual life in idiots is, generally speaking, but slightly
developed. It is wanting entircly in idiots of high grade.
In such instances the genitals are frcqucntly small and
deformed, and menstruation is late or does not occur at
all. There is cither impotence or sterility. Even in
idiots of low grade, sexuality is not prominent. In rare
cases it is manifested with a certain periodicity, and then
with greater intensity. It may then find expression in
sudden impulses, and be violcntly satisfied. Perversions
of the sexual instinet do not seem to occur at the lowest
levels of mental development.

When the desire for sexual satisfaction is opposed in
these cases, great passion is excited, with danger of mur-
derous assault on tlie persons attacked. It is to be ex-
pected that idiots should not exercise choiee, and even
attempt to satisfy the sexual instinet on their nearest
relatives.

Thus Marc-Ideler reports tlie case of an idiot who
attempted to rape his sister, and had almost strangled
her when he was discovered.

Friedreich reports an analogous case ("Friedrcich's
Blätter," 1858, p. 50).

I have repeatedly had occasion to give opinions in
cases of attempts to rape little girls.

4G2

ARREST OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT. 463

Giraud ("Annal. med. psych.," 1885, Xo. 7) also re-
ports a case of this kind. Consciousness of the significance
of the act is always wanting; but an instinctive know-
ledge that such obscene acts are not publicly permitted
is often present, and causes the act to be undertaken in
a deserted place.

In imbcciles the sexual instinct is usually developed
as in normal individuals. The moral inhibitory ideas are
cloudy, and, therefore, the sexual impulse is more or less
openly manifested. For this reason imbeciles are sources
of disturbance in society. Abnormal intensity and per-
version of the sexual instinct are infrequent.

The most frequent manner of satisfying the sexual
desire is onanism. The weak-minded seldom make sexual
attacks on adults of the opposite sex.

Sexual satisfaction with animals is frequently at-
tempted. The great majority of cases of injury (sexual)
to animals must be attributed to imbeciles. Children are
quite often their victims.

Emminghaus ("Maschka's Ilandb.," iv., p. 234) draws
attention to the frequency of unrestricted manifestation
of sexual instinct, which comprises open masturbation,
exhibition of the genitals, attacks on children and those
of the same sex, and sodomy.

Giraud ("Annal. med. psychol.," 1855, No. 1) has
reported a whole series of immoral attacks on children1 : —

1. H., aged seventeen, imbecile, enticed a little girl into
a barn, by giving her nuts. There he exposed her genitals
and showed his own, making movements of coitus on
the child's abdomen. He had no idea of the moral sig-
nificance of the act.

2. L., aged twenty-one; imbecile; degenerate. While

1 For numcrous cases, "v. Henke'8 Zeitschr.," xxiii., "Ergänzungs-
heft," p. 147; Combcs, "Annal. m4d. psychol.," 1866; Liman,
"Zweifelh. Geisteszustände," p. 389: Caspcr-Liman, " Lchrb., 7,
Auflage," Fall 295; Bartels, " FriedrciclCs Blätter f. gerichtl. Med.,"
1890, Heft 1.

464 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

he was watching cattle, Ins sister of eleven years, with a
playmate of eight years, came and told him how some
unknovvn man bad attempted to do them violence. L.
led the children to a deserted house and attempted coitus
with the younger child, but let her go because immission
was unsuccessful, and because the child cried out. On
the way home he promised to marry her if she would
not say anything. At the trial he thought that by marriage
he could right the wrong he had done.

3. G., aged twenty-one, microcephalic, imbecile, had
masturbated since his sixth year, and practised active
and passive pederasty. He had repeatedly tried to per-
form pederasty with boys, and attacked little girls. He
was absolutely without an understanding of his acts.
His sexual desires were manifested periodically and in-
tenselv, as in animals.1

4. B., aged twenty-one; imbecile. While alone in a
forest with his sister of nineteen, he demanded that she
allow coitus. She refused. He threatened to strangle
her, and stabbed her with a knife. The frightened girl
wrenched his penis, and he then left her and quietly
went on with his work. B. had a deformed, microcephalic
skull, and had no sense of the significance of his act.

Emminghaiis (op. cit., p. 234) reports the case of an
exhibitionist : —

Case 171. A man, aged forty, married, had for six-
teen years becn accustomed to exhibit himself in parks, at
dusk, to little girls and servants, and drew their atten-
tion to himself by whistling. After having boen frequently
punished for it, he avoided the places, but he carried on
his practice elsewhere. Hydrocephalus. Mental weakness
of slight degreo. Jlild sentence passed.

Case 172. X., of tainted family ; imbecile; defective

1 Other eases of pederasty, v. Caspcr, " Klin. Novellen," Fall 5;
Combes, "Annal. mecl. psychol.," July, 1866.

ABBEST OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT. 465

and perverted in intellect, feeling and will. For help
and protection he was brought before an oflicer. It was
complained that he had repeatedly exposed his genitals
to servant-girls, and had shown himself at Windows with
the upper portion of his body naked. No other mani-
festations of inverted sexual instinct. No onanism re-
ported (Sander, "Archiv f. Psych.," p. 655).

Case 173. Pederasty with a child. On 8th April,
1884, at ten o'clock, a. m., while X. was sitting in the
street, holding a boy of eighteen months on her lap, a cer-
tain Vallario approached and took the child from X., say-
ing he was going to take it for a walk. He went the
distance of half a kilometre, and returned, saying that the
child had fallen from his arms, and thus injured its anus.
The anus was torn, and blood was pouring from it. At the
place where the deed was done, traccs of semen were
found. V. confessed his horrible crime, and, at Ins final
trial, he acted so strangely that an examination of his
mental condition was made. He had impressed the
prison attendants as being an imbecile. V., aged forty-
five, mason, defective morally and intellectually, dolicho-
microcephalic ; narrow, deformed facial bones; the halves
of the face and the ears asymmetrical ; brow low and re-
treating; genitals normal. V. showed general diminution
of cutaneous sensibility, was imbecile, and had no idcas.
He lived in the present, had no ambition, and did nothing
of his own will. He had no desires and no emotional feel-
ing. He had never had coitus. Nothing more could be
ascertained about his vifa scxualis. Proofs of intollectual
and moral idioey, due to microcephaly ; the crime was
ascribed to a perverse, uncontrollable sexual impulse. Sont
to an asylum (Virgilio, "II Manicoraio," v: year, No. 3).

A case mentioned by L. Meyer ("Arch. f. Psych.," Bd.
i., p. 10:]) shows how female imbeciles may indulge in
shameless prostitution and immorality.1

1 V. Sander, " Viert eljnhrsschr. f. ger. Med.," xviii., p. 31 ;
Caspcr, "Klin. Novellen," Fall 27.

466 FSYCIIOPATMIA SEXUALIS,

States of Acquired Mental Weakness.

The nunierous anomalies of tlie rita mwuuHs m senile
dement!» have beeil described in the seetion on ** General
Pathology", In other conditions of acquired mental
weakness — those due to apoplexy; trauma capitis; to the
seeondary stages of payehoeea; or to iriflamuiatory pro-
oeBaefl tu the eortex (Ines, paretie dementia), — perversions
of the sexual inst inet seem to be inf mpicnt ; and here
the immoral sexual acts seem to depend on abnormal ly
increased or uirinbibi ual feeling, whieh, in itself,

is not abnormal.

1, Dementia Consecutive to Psychoses.

I top r ("Klin. Novellen,1* Fall 31) reports a case that
belongs here. It is that of a physician, aged tliirty- three,
who attempted rape on a child. He was weakened
mentally, as a result of hypochondriacal melaucliolia.
He excused Ins deed in a very silly way, and had no
appreeiation of the moral and eriminal meani&g of the
aet, whieh was apparently the result of a sexual Impulse
that could not be eontrolled on aeeount of bis mental

\vr:il<n<

Case 21, in Lim uns. "Zweifelhafte Geisteszustand
is an analogem rase (dementia after melaneholia; offenee
against mortis by exhibition).

2. Dementia After Apoplexe

Case 174. B., aged fifty-two* II«.* p&BBed throngh a
cerebral attaek, und was no longer able to earry on his
busiuess as a inerrhant.

One day, in flu1 tbaacoe of bis wife, he loekcd tw<*
gtrh in the bouse, gevti them Üqeora to drink, and theo
earried out sexual acta witli the childran, Ile eomuianded
them t<* Bay nothing, aiul went to bis busim-ss, The
medieal expert established mental weoknass, result int:

STATES OF ACQUIRED MENTAL WEAKNESS. 467

from repeated apoplexies. B., who, up to this time,
had been well-behaved, says he committed the criminal
act because of an uncontrollable and incomprehensible
impulse; and that, when he came to himself, he was
ashamed, and sent the girls away. Since his apoplectic
attack, B. had been weak-minded, incapable of business,
and hemiplegic; but, soon after arrest, he made an un-
skilful attempt at suicide. He often cricd ehildishly.
His moral and intellectual energy in opposing his sexual
impulses was certainly much weakened. Xo sentence
(Giraud, "Ann. med. Psychol.," March, 1881).

3. Dementia After Apoplexy of Head.

Case 175. K., when fourteen years old, was injured
on the head by a horse. The skull was fractured in
several places, and several pieces of bone required removal.

From that time K. was weak mentally, iraseible, and
ill-tempered. Gradually he developed an inordinate and
truly beastly sensuality, which drove him to the most
immoral acts. One day he raped a girl of twelve, and
strangled her for fear of discovery. Arrested, he confessed.
The medical experts declared him responsible, and he
was executed.

The autopsy revealed ossification of almost all the
sutures, remarkable asymmetry of the halves of the skull,
and evidences of healed fraetures. The affected hemi-
sphere had bands of cicatricial tissue running through
it, and was one-third smaller than the other (Friedreich's
"Blätter," 1885, Heft 6).

4. Acquired Mental Weakness, Probably Resulting
from Lues.

Case 176. X., officer, had repeatedly committed
immoral aets with little girls; among other things, he
had induced them to perform manustupration on him,
had exposed his genitals, and handled theirs.

468 PSYCHOPATHIA 8EXUAL18.

X., formerly healthy, and of blameless life, was in-
fected with Syphilis in 1807. In 1879 paralysis of the
left abduccns occurrcd. Thereafter mental weakness was
notieed, with a change of his disposition and character.
Headache, occasional incoherence of speech, failure of
power of thought and logic, occasional inequality of pupils,
and paresis of the right facial muscles, were observed.

X., aged thirty-seven, showed no trace of lues when
examined. The paralysis of the left abducens was still
present. The left eye was amblyopic. He was inentally
weak. Concerning the trial that was before him, he said
it was nothing but a harmless misunderstanding. Indi-
cations of aphasia. Weakness of memory, particularly
for recent events. Superficial emotional reaetion ; rapid
exhaustion of memory and ability to speak. Proved:
that the ethical defect and the perverse sexual impnlse
are the Symptoms of an abnormal condition of brain
induced by lues.

Suspension of criininal proeeedings (personal case,
"Jahrbücher für Psychiatrie").

5. Paretic Dementia.

Here the sexual life is usually abnormally affected ; in
the ineipient stages of the disease, as well as in episodical
states of excitement, it is intensified, and sometimes per-
verse. In the final stages libUJo and sexual power usually
become n/7.

Just as in the prodromal stage of the senile forms, one
sees here, in connection with more or less evident losses
in the inoral and intellectual sphercs, expressions of an
apparently intensified sexual instinet (obseene talk, las-
civiousness in intercourse with the opposite sc>x, thonghts
of marriage, fre<|uenting of brothels, etc.), whieh is char-
acteristic of the clouding of consciousness.

Seduction, abduetion and public scandal are here tho
order of the day. At first there is still some appreciation
of the circumstances, though the cynicism of the acts is

EPILEPSY. 469

striking enough. As the mental weakness increases, such
paticnts becoine criminal by reason of exhibition, mastur-
bation in the streets and attcmpts at iininoral aets with
children.

If conditions of mental excitement come on, attcmpts
at rape are committed, or at least, grossly immoral aets, —
the patient attacks womcn on the street, appears in public
in very imperf ect dress ; or, half-elothed, tries to force bis
way into stränge houses, to cohabit with the wife of an
acquaintanee, or to marry the daughter on the spot.

Xumcrous cases belonging to tliis category are cited
by Tardieu (" Attentats aux moeurs") ; Mendel ("Progres-
sive Paralyse der Irren," 1880, p. 123) ; Westphal ("Arch.
f. Psych., vii., p. 622) ; and a case by Petrucci ("Annal.
med. Psychol.," 1875) shows that bigamy may also occur
hcre.

The brutal disregard of consequences with which the
paticnts in the advanced stages attcmpt to satisfy their
sexual needs is characteristic.

In a case reported by Legrand ("La folie," p. 519), the
fatbcr of a family was found masturbating in the open
street. After the act he consumed his seinen.

A patient seen by nie, an officer, of a prominent family,
in broad daylight, made attacks on little girls at a water-
ing-place.

A similar case is reported by Dr. Regln ("De la
dynamie ou exaltation fonctioniiclle au dobut de la paral.
gk," 1878).

Cases reported by Tarnowsky (op. clt., p. 82) show that
also pederasty and bestiality may occur in the prodromal
stages and course of this malad v.

"O^

Epilepsy.

Epilepsy is allied to the acquired states of mental
weakness because it often leads to them, and then all the
possibilities of reckless satisfaction of the sexual impulse
that have been mentioned may occur. Moreover, in

470 PSYCJIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

many epileptics the sexual instinct is very intense. For
the most part it is satistied by masturbation, now and
then by attacks on ehildren, and by pederasty. Perver-
sion of the instinct with perverse sexual acts seems to be
infrequent.

Much more important are the numerous cases in
literature in whieh epileptics, who, du ring intervals,
present no signs of active sexual impulsc, but manifest it
in connection with epileptic attacks, or du ring the time
of equivalent or post-epileptic exceptional mental states.
These cases have scarcely yet been studied clinically, and
forensically not at all; but they deserve careful study.
In this way certain cases of violence and rape would be
understood, and legal murders prevented.

From the follovving facts it will certainly be clear that
the cerebral changes whieh accompany the epileptic out-
break may induce an abnormal excitation of the sexual
instinct.1 Besides, in the exceptional mental states of
epileptics, they are unable to resist their impulses, by
reason of the disturbance of conseiousness.

For years I have known a young epileptic, of bad
heredity, who, always after frequent epileptic seizures,
attacks Ins mother and tries to violate her. After a time
he conies to himself, and has no recollection of Ins aets.
In the intervals he is very strict in morals, and has but
slight sexual inclinatiou.

Some years ago I became acquainted with a young
peasant, who, during epileptic attacks, masturbated shame-
lessly, but during the intervals was above reproach.

Simon ("Crimcs et delits," ]). 220) mentions an epilep-
tic girl of twenty-three, well educated, and of the best
morals, who, in attacks of vertigo, would shout out ob-

1 Arndt ('* Lehrb. d. Psych," p. 410) especially cniphasises the
passionate element in epileptics: "I have known epileptics who
behaved in a most sensual way toward their mothers, and others who
were suspected by their fathers of sexual interconrse with the
mothers." But when Arndt declares tliat, wherever there is a
peculiarity of the sexual life, thought of an epileptic element sliould
come into consideration, he is in error.

EPILEPSY. 471

scenc words, then raise her dress, make lascivious niove-
ments, and try to fear opcn her undergarments.

Kiernan ("Alienist and Neurologist," January, 1884)
reports the case of an epileptic who always had, as an
aura, the vision of a beautiful wonian in lascivious atti-
tudes, whieh induced ejaculation. After some years, with
treatment with potassimn bromide, the vision was ehanged
to that of a devil attacking him with a pitchfork. ' The
instant this rcached him, he becanie unconscious.

The sanie author speaks of a very rcspectable man
who had, two or three times a ycar, epileptic attacks of
furor and dysthymia, with iinpulses to pederasty, which
lasted a week or two ; and of a lady who, with epilcpsy that
came 011 during the climacterium, had sexual desire for
hoys.

Case 177. W., of good heredity, previously healthy ;
before and aftcr the attack, sound nientally, quiet, kind,
temperate. On 13th April, 1877, he had no appetite. On
the 14th, in the presence of Ins wife and ehildren, he de-
inanded coitus, first of his wife's friend, who was present,
then of his wife. Taken away, he had an epileptoid attaek ;
aftcr this he became wildly maniacal and destructive,
threw bot water on those that tried to approach him; and
threw a child in the stove. Then he soon became quiet,
but for some davs remained confuscd, and finallv came
to himself with no recollection of the events of his attack
{Kowalcwsfry, "Jahrbücher f. Psych.," 1S79).

Another case, examined by Caspar ("Klin. Novellen,"
p. 2G7), may be attributed to epilepsy (latent). A respect-
able man attacked four women, one after another, in the
open street (one before two witnesses), and violated one
of them, "notwithstanding that his young, pretty and
healthy wife" lived hard by.

The epileptic significance of the sexual acts in the
following cases is unequivocal : —

472 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

Case 178. L., an oflicial, aged forty; a kind husband
and father. During four ycars he liad offcnded public
morals twenty-five tinics, for which he had to endure
long imprisoniiicnt.

In the first sevcn complaiiits he was accused of expos-
ing Ins genitals to girls from eleven to thirteen years
old, while passing thein on horseback, and calling their
attention by obscene words. Whilc in confinement, he
had exposod bis genitals at a window which opened 011
a poj>nlar street.

L.'s fatlier was insanc; bis brotber was once met 011
tbe stroet wearing only a sbirt. During bis military
Service L. had had two attacks of severe faiuting. Since
1859 he liad suffered with peculiar attaeks of vertigo, at
such tinies becoming weak, treuiulous, and deathly pale ;
it grew dark before bis eyes, he saw bright stars, and was
forced to get snpport in order to keep upright. After
violent attacks, great wcakness, profuse sweating.

Since 1801 he liad been very irritable, which, respeeted
though he was as an oflicial, caused bim nnich trouble iu
his work. Ilis wife noticed tbe change in hiin. IIc had
days when he would run about the housc as if insane,
holding his head between his hands, striking the wall, and
complaining of headache. In 18G-1 he feil to the ground
four times, lying there stiff, with eyes oj)en. Confused
states of consciousness were also proved to have occurred.

L. declared that he had not the slightest remem-
brance of the crime of which he was accused. Observa-
tion showcd further and niore violent attacks of epileptie
vertigo. L. was not sentenced. In 1875 ])arctic dementia
developed with rapidly fatal results (Wcstphal, "Areh. f.
Psych.," vii., ]). 11 o).

Case 179. A rieh man of twenty-six had lived for
a year with a girl with whoin he was very niuch in love.
Ile cohabited but rarcly, but was never perverse.

Twice during the year, after excessive indulgenee in
alcohol, he had had c|)ile])tie attacks. One evening after

EPILEPSY. 473

dinner, at which he had taken much wine, he hurried to
the house of his mistress, and into her sleeping-apartment,
although the servant told hiin she was not at home.
From there he hastened into a rooin where a boy of
fourteen was sleeping, and began to violate him. At the
cry of the child, whose prepuce and hand he had injured,
the servant hurried to them. He left the boy and raped
the maid; after that he went to bed and slept twelve
hours. When he awoke, he had an indistinct remera-
brance of intoxication and coitus. Thereafter there wrere
repeated epileptic attacks (Tarnowsky, op. dt., p. 52).

Case 180. X., of high social position, led a dissolute
life for some time, and had epileptic attacks. He be-
came engaged. On his wedding day, shortly before the
ceremony, he appeared on his brother's arm before the
assembled guests. When he came before his brido, he
exposed his genitals and began to masturbate. He was
at once taken to an expert in mental disease. On the
way he constantly masturbated, and for some days was
actuated by this impnlse, which gradually decreased in
intensity. After this paroxysm the patient had only a
confused reinembrance of the events, and could give no
explanation of his acts (Tamowsky, op. cit., p. 53).

Case 181. Z., aged twenty-seven ; very bad heredity;
epileptic. He violated a girl of eleven, and then killed her.
He lied about the deed. Absence of memory, i.e., mental
confusion at the time of the crime, was not proved. Pug-
liese, "Arch. di Psich.," viii., p. 622).

Case 182. V., aged sixty; physician; violated chil-
dren. Sentenced to imprisonment for two years. Dr.
Marandon later on proved the existence of epileptoid
attacks of apprehensiveness, dementia, erotic and hypo-
chondriacal delusions and occasional attacks of fear (Lacas-
sagne, "Lyon, med.," 1887, No. 51).

Case 183. On 4th August, 18X8, H., aged about

474 PSYC1IOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

fifteen, was picking gooseberries with several little girls
and boys as her cornpanions. Suddenly she threw L..,
aged ten, to the ground and exposed her, and ordered A.,
aged eight, and O., aged five, to bring about conjunctio
membrorum with the girl, and they obeyed.

II. had a good character. For five years she had been
subject to irritability, headache, vertigo and epileptic
attacks. Her mental and physical development had been
arrested. She had not nienstruated, but she manifested
menstrual mollmena. Her mothcr was suspected to be
epileptie. For tliree months IL, after seizures, had
frequently done stränge tliings, and afterward had no
remembrance "of them.

IL seemed to have been deflowered. Mental defect was
not apparent. She said she had no remembrance of the
act of which she was accused. According to her mother's
testimony, she had an epileptic attack on the morning of
4th August, and she had been, on that account, told by her
mothcr not to leave the house (Pürkhaucr, " Friedreich* s
Blätter f. ger. Med.," 1879, IL 5).

Case 184. Immoral acts of an epileptic in states of
abnormal unconsciousness. — T., revenue collector; aged
fifty-two; married. He was charged of being guilty of im-
morality with boys for the past seventcen years, by practis-
ing niasturbation on them, and by inducing theui to carry
out the act on himsclf. The accused, a respected officer,
was overcome by the terrible crinie attributed to him, and
declared that he knew nothing of the deeds of which he
was accused. His mental integrity was questionable.
His family physician, who had known him twenty years,
emphasised his peculiar, retiring disposition and his
mercurial moods. His wife asserted that T. once tried
to throw her in tlie water, and that he sometimes had
outbreaks in which he tore off his clothing, and tried to
throw himsclf out of window. T. knew nothing of these
attacks. Other witnesses testified to stränge changes of
mood and peculiarities of character. A physician reported

EPILEFSY.

475

the Observation of oceasional attacks o£ vertigo and con-
wlmom in hinu

T.'s grandfather was insum- ; liis father was affectcd
with chronic aleoholism, and of late years had Lad epilcp-
tiforra attacks* The father 's hrother was insane, and had
killed a relative while in a delirious State. Anotber uncle
of T. had killed lriinself. Of T.'s three ehildren, ono
was weak-minded, another cross-eyedt and the third was
subject to cojivulsions. The aeeused asserted tbat he had
occasional attacks in which conseionsness was so reduced
that he did not know vvhat he was about. These attacks
were nshered in bv an anro-like pain in the back of bis
neck. He was then impelled to go ont in the aiK He
did not know where he weilt, liis wife had perfectly
satisfied bim sexually, For eighteen years he had had
chronic eezema (aotual) of the scroluin, whieh had ofteu
caused him to have extruordinary sexual cxcitement.
The opiniona of the six expcrts were contradietory (sane,
— attacks of latent epilepsy) ; the Jury disagreed, aml he
was di simssed. Dr. Legrand du SüUÜ*M who was called as
an expert witness, fonnd tliat, until bis twenty-seeond
year, T. had nrinated in bed from ten to ei^hteen times a
year, After that time the cmm-sis nocturna had ocased ;
but, from that time, states of mental confnsion, lasting
from an bonr to a dayT had occurred oecasi^nallv, and they
Icft the patient without any remeinbrance of them. Soon
T. was arrested again for public immorality, and sentenced
to imprisonment for fifteen months. In prison he grew
sick, and apparently nmch weaker mentally, For tlns
reason he was pardoned, bnt the mental weakness in-
creased. T, was notieed to have repeated spileptoid oon-
vulsions (tonic convulsion with tivuior and loei of con-
BdkmsaßSß) (Auzouy, "Annal- med. psychol., 1874, Nov.;
Legrand du Saulle, "Etudc med. legale/' etc., p. 99).

The foll&wifig cases of immoral aets with chUdren, ol>-
serred hy the author and reported in "Friedreich's Blät-

476

PSYCIIOPAT1IIA SEX U ALIS*

ter," will scrve to conclode this group,1 s»» important in its
leg&] Hearings. It is the more imporlant, in that a »State
of unoonBciouenese was establiahed at the time of the aet,
and beeause, for allicd reusons, the faßte related in Latin
sbow how a complicata! and reüned act beeomes possible
in auch a State of unconsciousness.

CaS6 185* P.j aged fortv-nine; inarried. hospital
benetieiarv. He was aeeuaed of having eominitted the
followiug terrible acta with two girls, — IX, aged ten, and
G-, aged nine,— whom he had Laken to bis work-shop on
25 tb May, 1883.

D. tcstified: **I was in the moadow with G. and my
sister J.» aged three. P. called ns into bis shop and
fastened the door. Turn 008 exosenlabatnr, linguatn in
üs uieiim domittcre tentabat feciernqu« mihi Iambebal ;

änlit ine in gvexnroin, braeas apentit, vestes meas
sublevavit, digitis me in griiitaHhiigi titillubat et membro
vnlvani mcaiu f ricabat itsi nl binnida tierem. Whon I
cried, he gave me twelve kreuzers, and threateiied to shoot
me if T exposed bim. At last he tried to persnade me to
coine again the next day."

G- testified: "P. nates et genitalia D. ,re exosculatus,
iisdem me eonatibus aggrossus est, Deinde filiolum
quoqne tres annos natu m in inanus aeeepturo osculatns
eat nndatumque parti sine virili appreaait Postea qna?
nobis essent nomina interrogavit ae censiüf, genitalia
D-.se ineis mnlin esse major«. Quin etiain nos impulit,
nt menihriiin snnm intucremur, manitms comprehendt
mns et viderenuis, quantopere id esset ereetmn."

At bis examin at.ion, 29th May, P. said be had bnt an
indistinet reeollection of baving fondlcd, caressed and
made presents to a Httle girl a short time before, If he
had done anything more, it must have been in an irre-
sponsible eondition. Besides, he had enffered for years

1 Cf. also Littiart; "Zweifelhafte Geteteözustütule," Fall 0;
La*£gue, " ExliibitioniaU, Union meM," 1377; Flnll und Chnmbard^
"Art Somnambulisme" ("Diot. des acienc. möil./1 1981).

EPILEPSY. 477

with weakness in his head as result of an injury. On
22nd June he knew nothing of the events of 25th May,
and nothing of his examination on 29th May. This
aranesia was shown also on cross-examination.

P. carae of a faraily affected with cerebral disease; a
brother was epileptic. P. was forinerly a drinker. Years
before he had actually received an injury to his head.
Since then, from time to time, he had attacks of mental
disturbance, introduecd by moroseness, irritability, ten-
dency to alcoholic excesses, apprehension, and delusions of
persecution sufficient to induce threats and deeds of vio-
lence. At the same time he would have auditory hvpenes-
thesia, vertigo, headaehe and cerebral congestion, — all this,
with great mental confusion and amnesia for the whole
period of the attack, which sometimes lasted for weeks.

During the intervals he was subject to headaehe,
which started from the seat of injury on the head (a
small scar in the skin over the right temple), which was
painful on pressure. With exacerbation of the headaehe
he became very irritable, morose to an extent that in-
clined him to suieide, and nientally like one drunk. In
1879, while in such a State, he made an impulsive attempt
at suieide, of which he afterward had no remembrance.
Soon after this, being sent to hospital, he gave the im-
pression of being epileptic, änd for a long time was treated
with pot. bromide. At the end of 1879 he was taken
to the infirmary, no actual epileptic attack having been
observed.

During his lucid intervals he was a virtuous, indus-
trious, good-natured man, and had never shown any sex-
ual excitement; and, until this time, never sexual incli-
nations, even during his mental confusion. Moreover,
until lately he had lived with his wife. At the time of
the criminal act he had shown signs of an approaching
attack, and had asked the physician to prescribe pot.
bromide.

P. asserted that, since the injury to his head, he had
been intolerant of heat and alcohol, which immediately

478

PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIÖ,

brotight on beadache and coufusion. The inedieal exami-
nation proved tbe tmth of his assertions about mental
we&knesa, irritability and poor eleep«

If pressure were niade at tbe se&t of the trauina, P.
becanie eongestedj irritable, confused and trembled all
over; be appeared excited; consdousness was disturbed,
and remained so for honrs*

At Limes, when be was free froni the sensations that
started from tbe sear, be seemed kindt free, wilHng and
opexij though be was mental ly weak and elondy. P. was
not senteneed { nV< "FriedreicWs Blätter" for füll report)-

Periodical Insanity.

Jn*t as in cases of Q0B~periodic&] inania, an abnormal
intensity or a notireahle pruminence of the sexual sphere
is very often inanifested in the periodical attacks ( r. infra,
«Maiiia*)-

Tbe following ease, reported bv 8&rv06S ("Aroh* f.
Psych/'), shows that it then iiüiv ;j!m> be perverted; —

Gase 186, Catherine W«, aged sixteen ; she had
n-»t yet menßtniAted ■ previoualy healthy* Father very
irascible,

Seven fpeekf before admSseiOD (3rd December, 1872),
melaneholic depression and irritability. 27 tb November,
maniacal out break, Innung iwo davs; tbereafter, melan-
eholic* 6th December, normal conditioiL

i'hh December (twenty-eigbt days after tbe tirst
mantacal attaek), «ilenT, &y9 depreeaed* 27th December,
exaltation (jolly, laughing, etc*), with violenl love for an
attendant (female)- ftW Dccemlwr, suddenly melan-
eholic eatalepsy, whieb disappeared ufter two hours. SSOth
Januarw 1873, uew attaek likr tbe previotw one, A simi-
lar one <m Isth I'Ybniurv, with traget of mensea. Tbe
p&tisnt Ii;j<1 do PecoUectioö whitever tot what ooeurred m
th** pAnnjunsj and hhishod scariet with agtanislimezil and
shamc when t*»ld «In ml tlirtn.

PERIODICAL INSANITY. 479

Thereafter there were abortive attacks, which entirely
disappeared, to give place to the normal mental condition
in June.

In a case reported by Goch ("Arch. f. Psych." w),
which was probably circular insanity, in a man of very
bad heredity, during the State of exaltation there was
manifestation of sexual feeling for men. In this case,
however, the patient thought himself a girl, and it is ques-
tionable whether the sexual inclination was induced by the
delusion or by an antipathic sexual instinct.

In connection with these cases of abnormal manifesta-
tion of the sexual instinct are those which, as a Symptom
of mania, manifest an abnormal and frequently a perverse
sexual instinct in an impulsive way, analogous to dipso-
mania, while in the intervals the sexual instinct is neither
intense nor perverse.

Quito a genuine case of such periodical psychopatlüa
sexualis, connected with the process of menstruation, is
the following reported by Anjel ("Arch. f. Psych." xv.,
Heft 2) r—

Case 187. A quiet lady, near the climacterium.
Very bad heredity. In her youth attacks of pctit mal,
Always eccentric, quick-tem])ered ; very moral; childless
marriage.

Several years ago, after a violent emotional disturb-
ance, a hystcro-epileptic attack, with post-epileptic insanity
of several weeks' duration. Thereafter there was sleep-
lessness for several months. Following this, there was
always menstrual insomnia, and the impulse to embrace
and kiss boys of ten, and fondle their genitals. During
this excitement there was no dcsire for coitus; certainly
not for intercourse with adults.

The patient often spoke openly of this impulse, and
asked to be watched, as she was not to be trusted. In the
intervals she anxiously avoidcd all talk of it, was very
modest, and in nowise passionate sexually.

480 PSYCHOPATHIA 8KXUALI8.

With reference to the still imperfectly known cases of
psriodical psychopathia sexualis of this kind Tamowsky
(op. dt., p. 38) has made valuable contributions, though
his cases were not all of a periodic nature.

Tamowsky reports cases where married, cultured men,
the fathers of f amilies, were, f rom time to time, oompelled
to perform the most terrible sexual acts, while diiring the
intervals they were sexually normal, abhorred their parox-
ysmal sexual acts, and shuddered before the expectation of
their repetition.

If a new paroxysm came on, the normal sexual instinct
disappeared; a State of mental cxcitement arose with in-
somnia, and thoughts and impulsefe to commit the perverse
sexual acts, with anxious confusion and an increasing im-
pulse to the abhorred indulgence. In this State the act
was a relief, because it ended the condition. The analogy
with dipsomania is complete.

For other cases (of periodical pederasty), vide Tarnow-
sky, op. dt.y p. 41. The case there reported, on page 46
belongs in the category of epilepsy.

The following case, reported by Anjel (Arch. f.
Psych.," xv., Heft 2), is one of the most typical of the
convulsive-like occurrence of sexual excitement : —

Case 188. A gentleman of high social position, aged
forty-five ; generally rcspccted and beloved ; hercdity good ;
very moral; married fifteen years. Previously sexually
normal, the father of several healthy children, and living
in happy matrimony. Eight years ago he had a sudden
fright. For some weeks thereafter he had a feeling of
apprehension of cardiac attacks. Then came attacks, at
intervals of several months or a year, of what the patient
called his "moral catarrh". He became sleepless. After
three days, loss of appetite, increasing irritability, stränge
appearance; fixed stare, staring into space; paleness,
changing with redness ; tremor of the fingers ; red, shining
eyes, with peculiar glassy expression; and violent, quick
manner of speech. There was a desire for girls of from

MANIA. 481

five to tcn years, even for his own daughters. He would
bog his wife to guard the children. For days at a time,
while in this State, he would shut himself in his room.
Previously he was compelled to pass school-girls on the
street, and he found a peeuliar pleasure in exposing his
genitals before them, by acting as if about to urinate.

For fear of exposure, he shut himself in his room,
morose, incapable of movement, and torn by feelings of
fear. Consciousness seemed to be undisturbed. The at-
tacks lasted from eight to fourteen days. The cause of
their return was not clear. Improvement was sudden;
tliere wgs great desire for sleep, and, after this was satis-
üed, he was well again. In the interval there was nothing
abnormal. Anjel assumed an epileptic foundation, and
considered the attaeks to be the psychical equivalents of
epileptic convulsions.

Mania.

With the general exeitation that here exists in the psy-
chical organ, the sexual sphere is likewise often implicat-
ed. In maniacal individuals of the female sex, this is the
rule. In certain cases, it may be questionable whether
the instinct, which, in itself, is not intensified, is simply
recklessly manifested, or wliether it is present in actual
abnormal intensity. For the most part, the latter is the
true assumption — certainly so where sexual delusions and
their religious equivalents are constantly expressed. In
accordance with the degrees of intensity of the disease, the
intensified instinct is expressed in different forms.

In simple maniacal exaltation in men, courting, frivol-
ity, and lasciviousness in speech, and frequenting of
brothcls, are observed ; in women, inclination for the So-
ciety of men, personal adornment, perfumcs, talk of mar-
riage and scandals, suspieion of tho virtue of other women ;
or tliere is manifested the religious equivalent — pilgrim-
ages, missionary work, desire to become a monk or the

482 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUAL1S.

8ervant of a priest; and in this case there is much talk
about innocence and virginity.

At the height of mania there may be seen invitations
to coitus, exhibition, obscenity, great excitation at sigbt
of women, tendency to smear the person with saliva,
iirine, and even fseces; religio-sexual delusions, — to be
under the protection of the Holy Ghost, to have given
birth to Christ, etc. ; open onanism and pelvic movements
of coitus.

In maniacal men care must be taken to prevent sharae-
less masturbation and sexual attacks on women.

Nymphomania and Satyriasis.1

The description of these eonditions is simply an annex
to the attempt made on page 09 to explain hypercvsthesia
sexualis, in so far as \ve take into consideration temporary
sexual affccts emanating theref roin, no matter whether thev
are occasioned by abstinence or aro of a permanent cliar-
acter. They may become so predominant that they com-
pletely swav the field of imagination and desire, and im-
])eratively demand the relief of the affect in tlie correspond-
ing sexual act. In acute and severe cases, cthics and will-
power lose their Controlling influence entirely, while in
chronic and milder cases restraint is still possible to a
certain degree. At the nemo of paroxysm hallucinations,
delirium and benumbed consciousness make their appear-
ance, and offen continue during a prolonged period.

1 Literatiire: Bienville, Traite! de la nympli., Amsterdam, 1771;
Louyer-Villrrniay. art. nymphonianic, dict. dos seionces med.» xxx.,
p. 563; Magnet y dict. en (>0 vol. (vol xxxvi., p. 580) ; Meyer Alexis,
de» rapports conjugaiix, Paris, 1882, 7 AI.; (iuibout, traitö elinique
des malad, des femmes, Paris, 188(J; Irard. la fcmine pendant la
Periode menstruelle, 181)0; Marc, die <ici>.teskraiikheiten, übersetzt
von ldeler, ii., p. 138: Ideler, (Irundriss der Kerlonheilkunde, ii., p.
488; Foville. dict. de inAi. et de cliirurcli. pratique; Legrand du
Haulle, la folie devant des tribun., 1804; Ball, la folie erotitpie, 1888;
Alorcau, aborrations du sens «jejidsicpie, 1884; Thoinnt. attentats aux
moeurs, p. 487; Legrand du Saullr, les liystenques, 1883.

NYMPHOMAN IA AND SATYÄIAH1S.

4S3

Such cases have led to the Classification of nympho-
mania as a proper psyehieal discase. But this is an error,
fof nymphrunania is only a Syndrome within the sphere of
psyehieal dcgeneration. As such it may manifest itself
as an acute parozysmic condition, analogous to dipsomania,
frequently eoinciding with menstrual phases, rceurring
either in stated periodical eieles, or at irregulär intervals.
Or it may be a coniplieation ur eombination of other condi-
tions and appear episodically in dementia 9eniÜ83 rUmac-
teric psychifsis, mania in degencrates, and delirium acutum
("acute deadly nyniphomania").

Morean (op. cit.) reports an interestingease. A young
girl became suddcnly a nymphoinaniae wlien forsuken by
her betrot hed ; she revclled in cynical songs and expree-
sions, and lusoivious attitndeB and gestures. She refused
to put on her garments, bad to be held down in bed by
museular men (!) and furiously demanded coitus. In-
somnia, congestiou of the facial nerves, a dry tongue, and
rapid pulse. Within a few daya leihal collapse.

Löityer-YiUermiUj (op. <:!t.): Miss X-, aged thirty;
modest and derent, was auddenly seized with an attack of
nymphomanift) miKiiiited deshv foi sexual gratification,
obseenc delirium. Peath from esbftiistioB within a few
days. Of* three other eases with deadly reeult by Maresch,
Paychiatr, Centralblatt, 187 1.

Chronic Nymphomauifi tfl more frequently met with,
but seems to oeeur only in individuals psychically degener-
ated. It is the result of sexual hypersesthesia and exacer-
bation* Ihcreof reaching even to the State of sexual affeeta
whieb manifest themsi lves in impulsive acts, or, in milder
cases, are eomplicated wirh de] n sinn s. These, however,
need not by neecssity lead to involuntury acts, in as much
as ethical consideratlons may coimtcrhaknee the milder
forins "f sexual exeitement and, morcover, recourse to aoli-
tary mashirhai ton as a means of temporary relief is here
ahvays possihle.

These milder cases of nymphomania claim our sym-
pathy not less that those unfortunate women who by irre-

484 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

sistible impulses are forced to sacrifice feminine honour and
dignity, for they are f ully conscious of their painful Situa-
tion, they are a toy in the grip of a morbid imagination
which revolves solely around sexual ideaa and grasps even
the most distant points in the sense of an aphrodisiac.
Even in their sleep they are pursued by lascivious dreams.
In the daytime the slightest cause will produce a crisis in
which a veritable erithismus cerebralis sexualis, coupled
with painful sensations (pressure, Vibration, pulsation,
etc.,) in the genitals torments them. Temporary relief
comes in time in the shape of neurasthenia genitalis, which
reacts promptly on the centre of ejaculation and readily
causes pollutions in lascivious dreams, or soine erotic crisis
when awake. Füll gratification, however, they cannot find
any more than those of their unfortunate fellow-sufferers
who abandon themselves to men. This anaphrodisia ex-
plains to a large extent the persistence of the sexual affect,
i.e., that nymphomania which heaps crisis upon crisis.

Neurasthenia sexualis, which inhibits orgasm and
sensual gratification, no doubt, fully explains this anaphro-
disia which restrains the beneficent assuagement of sexual
emotione, yet maintaining an incessant craving (libido in-
satiata), forces the woman, morally devoid of all power of
resistance, to auto-masturbation or psychical onanism, and
eventually as a Messalina to prost i tu tion in which to find
satisfaction and relief with one man after another.

This neurasthenia is often caused by an abnormally
early and powerful sexual instinct, which prescribes onan-
ism; or it may be reduced to enforced continence with
strong coexisting sexual appetite.

Case 189. Mrs. V., from earliest youth mania for
men. Of good ancestors, highly cultured, good-natured,
very modest, blushed easily, but always the terror of the
family. Quando quidem sola erat cum homine sexus alte-
rium, negligens, utrum infans sit an vir, an sonex, utnim
pulcher an teter, statim corpus nudavit et vehementer
libidines suas satiari rogavit vel vim vel nianus ei injecit.

NYMPHOMANIA AND SATYHIASiS.

4s;»

Marriage was resortcd to as a eure, Mari tum quam max-
ime amavit, neque tarnen sibi t ein pe rare potuit. quin a
quolibet viro, si solum apptehenderat, seu verso, eeu rner-
cennario, -eu discipulo eoitum cxposceret..

Nuthing could eure her of this ffliiing. Even when
she was a grandmother, she still remained a Messali na«
Pun-mii ipiomliirii duodeciiu aunos natum in eubieultun
allectum stuprare voluit. ile tote himself away and fled,
and bis brother gave her a severe punishment. But it
was all in vain, \Yhen sent to a convent she was a model
of good conduet and eommitted not the slightest act of
indiscretiom Bm the nioment she returned home. she
resumec] her perverse practices. The fatnilv seilt hur away,
giving her a Miiall allnu She wurked hard to earn

the money she needcd for "Irving her lovers*1' In look-
ing at the trimr neat matron of sixty-h've years of age? with
her modest manners and a tarnt annable disposition, no
one could ever suspect hovv shariielesslv needy in her sexual
life she was even theri.

At last she was sent to an insane asylum, where she
lived tili May, 1858, when in her seveuty-tliird year, she
suecumbed to a stroke of cerebral apoplexy. Hrr UA\n-
viour at the asylum when under BUCTfiiÜailfig, was beyond
reproaeh; hut if left to herseif she utilized every oppor-
tun! ty iu the same o!d fashion even to within a fow days
before her death. So other sigus of mental anomaly could
be deteeted in her. (Tnhri, "füll* liieide/')

Gase 190- Chronic lujmphomnma. Mrs. £., age
forty -srvm. An uncle on father's side insane. Father
suffered from self-coneeit and was givon to sexual excea&
A brother of the patient died from acute cerebral Inflam-
niation. Always nervous, eoeentric, crotic, began eoitufl
at the age of ten. Married at nineteen. Although her
husband was virile, she maintained a aumber of male
friends. Fully conscious of die ahomi nable nature of her
eonduet, she was powerless in restraining her insatiable ap-
petite. She kept up appearances, however. Later on sho

486

l'S Y C 1 1 n I ' AT 1 1 1 V ^ K X V A LI B,

clanned that she had suffered front a "monoman ia for

IHi'll."

She had six confineinenis. One day she was tbrown
frnm a earriage and sustained concusaion of tlie braiii.
This causrd mehnielmlia and paranoia peinecutoria* Wifh
approsehing elimacterium the mensßB becaine frcquent and
very profuse, but the libido gradually diaappeared. Sliglit
degree of deseensus uteri and prolapsiH azii.

Chronic condfriona of nymphomania are apt to weaken
public tnowility and lead to offenees against decemry. Woe
unto tlie man who falls into the ineshes of such an in sat ia-
hte Messaliiia* whose sexual appetite is never appeaaed*
Heavy ncurasthcuia und impotenee are the inevitable con*
sequenees* These unfortunate women disseminata the
spirit of lewdiiess, deinoralize their surroiindings, become
a dangor to boys, and are liable to corrupt girls also, for
there are hornosexual nvinphomaniaes as well.1 By expos-
ing their feminine obarms, even by exhibition, they Iure
inen. Nvinphomaniaes endowed with the world's riehes
purehase lovers. In many instantes they resort to Prosti-
tution.

The eonditions of 8aiyria6%6 in men are analogous to
nymphomania, It is a central disturbanee, either of an
Meute eharacter or chronic* In tlie acute stage it may lead
tu hallucinations of erotie eontent, and vvliere emupensa-
tion of the sexual Effect is rendered impossible, to furious
mania, delirium acutum.

This pathological sexual afTeet, stigmati-ed by abnormal
intensity and duration, fills the wbole psychieal life. Oe-
eurrences of the eomnionest and most indifferent nature
are taken as sensual hints or suggestions. The lustful
colouring of thonghte, idcas or natural pereeptiona by the
senses is Btronglj exaggerated, At the acme of the crisis
the patient is in a "rut-like" condition, in whieh conscious-
nesa k chmded and a general pbysical excitenient, similar
o> That du ring eoitus {cf, p. 40) pervades the wbole

* Thotnot, uttentntfl aux nimmt», p. 408.

NYMI'HOMANIA A.Mi SATY lil ASIS.

487

frame, Ejakulation may lie eoneatcnated with a renewed
phase of orgasiu in which. the genital Organa retain a per-
lnunent turgesmice (priapiam). The individual unHicted
with eatyriftflia is i'orever 1-xpnsml tu the poril of cominit-
ting rape, thus beeoming a i'niiiiimn i]:tita'-r in iil! pei'Sims

of the oppotite sex. Fouifl r/r mimm be resorts to mastur-
bation and sodoiny. Luckily s&tvriasi* is a rare di.-ease.
It is not due to pokoning with caiitharides, as souie eluiin,
which only produees priapism, that is to say, though at
first eausing erotie sensations and ereetion, after repeated
düse^ it producta the opposite effect.

Analogous with nvrnphomania chronica mitis condi-
tionsof a mild ntyriasis exist in meii,(ehiefly after Abusus
Wm-ris) wlm sutfer from neuraathenia scxualis cm niasuir-
batione and subse<|uent impotetice, yel an the b!atob oi
an insatiable libido. The hnagination — the same as in
acute cases — is highly excited and conscionsness is com*
pletely filied with obscene pictures and sitnations* The
whole train of though t, the entire rcalm of desire in theso
inen is directed to sexual mallers, tmpotonoe and anaphro*
disia asaieted hv perverse fancies lead theni to the worst
perversitiee poesibls in the sexual act and renuVr them
particularly daxtgoroitf to childrea, They pvo nfiVnce by
exhihition, by mastnrbatiou and by sexual acta with per-
sona uf the other sex in public. They are lascivious in
speech and revel in tilthy langnage, etc.

Safyriasis mitis ii often observed in the ineipient stages
of dementia paralitica and senilis.

Gase 19L Batt/riasia* Delir. ocutum bx ohwUnentia.

On the 2ftth of May, 1882, R, age twenty-three, unmar-
ried, cobbler, w^aa reoeived at the Psychiatric clinie at
Graz. Pather iraseible, mother neuropathic, uncle on
mother's side insane.

Patient n^ver lmd a severe illness, was not addieted to
drink, bnt sexual] v vrry needy. Five days previously he
wn- attacked with an acute psyehical diseaae. Tn bto&d
dayligbtj and in the preaenoe of two wjtnoBooo3 he müde

488 PSYCHOPATHIA SEX U ALIS.

two separate attempts at rape, went into a fit of delirium,
raving about obscene matters when arrested, constantly
masturbated, and became a raving maniac with violent
motoric irritabilitv and fever. Treatment with ergotine
brought relief.

On Jannary 5th, 1888, he was again arrested in a fit
of raving mania. On the 4th, he had been morose, irrita-
ble, squeainish, sleepless. He became furious when he
was foiled in two assaults on women. On the 6th his con-
dition became very much aggravated, heavy delirium acu-
tum (disturbance of consciousness, jactation, crinching of
teeth, facial contortions and other motoric manifestations,
temperature 40.7°). Masturbation as if by instinct. Re-
covery under treatment with ergotine tili the llth of
January.

When restored to health again he gave some interesting
details about his illness.

His sexual needs were always very great. Coitus at
sixteen. Continence caused headaches, great psychical
irritabilitv, dislike for work, laziness, sleeplessness. Hav-
ing no opportunity for coitus he resorted to masturbation,
once or twice daily.

For two months he had had no sexual intercourse.
As sexual excitement increased, masturbation failed as a
means of coni])ensation, but the desire for coitus became
more vehement than ever. At the acme of the attack his
memory failed him. In his normal State he was a decent
man and looked upon his state as a pathological condition
which filled him with alarm for the future.

Case 192. On the afternoon of 7th July, 1874,
Clemens, engineer, being on his way, on business, from
Trieste to Yienna, left the train at the town of Brück, and,
passing through the town to the neighbouring village of
St. Ruprecht, attempted a rape on an old woman, aged
seventy, whom he found alone in a house. He was seized
by the neighlmurs and arrested by the l<x»al police. At his
Hearing he declared that he had tried to find the pound,

Ei V AI P H O IC A N I A A X D S A T Y B 1 A SIS.

4V.I

in order to satisfy bis sexual desire with a biteh. TIe said
thflt he often suffered with such sexual excitement Ile
did not deny bis aet, but excused it as tbe reault of tli
The heut, the motiOD of tbe cars, and anxiety ftbüHt bis
fainily, to wbora he wished to go, had eonfused bim and
made him ill. Shanie and remorsr were not shoWQ. lli>
conduct was open, his niien gaj; eyes red and bright, head
bot, tongH6 coated; pulse füll, soft, beating uver KM);
iingers somewhat trenniluiis. The Statements of the ae-
cused were preise, but hurried; bis glance uncertain, and
wirb an unmistakahle expression <d laset viousness. Tu tbe
ine die al expert suramoned to examine him he gave tbe
Impression of one auffmag with diaeaae — as if he wnv in
tbe beginniDg of aleoholic insnnity.

C. was forty- livr yrars old, married, father of oue ehild.
He did not know what diseases bis pan«nts ur other mein-
bers of his faniily had. In childhood he was weak and
aeuropathic At tbe age of tive bis head was injutvd liv
a blow with a hoe. A scar one-half cm, broad by one
ein. long^situated on the right parietal aml frontal bnm-s
dated from tbat injitry. The Im nie was bere somewiial
dcpressed, The overlying skin was united to tbe b<me.
PltittUiti at this point eaused pain» whieh radiated ak>ng
rhr lower branch of the trigemimis. This spot was also
at times spnnfuneonslv painfnL Tn bis youth be puffered
"fainting spells"; before puberty, pneumonia, rheumätism
and intestinal catarrh, At the age of seven he experieneed
a peeuliar incliiiation far meu — />., fot a eertatn supermr.
Whenever be saw this man be had a peeuliar feeliug in
his heart; kiaaed ihe gTOUttd he walked on. At ten he feil
in love with a eertain deputw Lafer be had an enthusiasm
for inen, thongh it was entirelv phitonie. He began to
uiasturhate at the age of fmirteen; first intereourse iv
fiifrriK Tlien tlio earlier manifestatinns <>f iuverted sexual
feeling disappeared entirely, At tbat tinie be patmed
through a peeuliar acute p^vehopathie conditio», whieli he
described as a kind of clatrvoyance. From fifteen, hiemor-
rhoids, with Symptoms of abdominal plethora. \Yhen he

490

PSYCH OPATHIA SEXUALIS.

bad profuse hajmorrhoidal ha?morrhage, which oceurred
usually eterj three or four weeks, he was better. At
other times he was constantly in a eondition of painful -
ual exeitemeuT, whieh ha BÄtisfied partlj by uieans of onan-
ism and partly by coitus. Everv wonian he met excited
bim; even when he was amoug feinah? relatives he was im-
pelled to make indecent proposala. Sotnethnes it was possi-
ble for bim to master bis desire; somethnes he was driven to
indecent acts. If, after these, he was ejected from the
house, it seenied perfectly rigbt to him; for he thought
tbat he needed such correction and support against his
powerful im pulse, whieh was a bürden to him. Kg period-
icity In this sexual exeitement was recognisable.

l'tjtil 1861 he couunitted excesses in venery and Avas
several times infected with gonorrhcpa und chaneres. In
1861, marriage. lle was sexually satisfied, but Infame a
bürden to bia wife on Becxmnt of bis great sensualirw In
1 s<;4 he passed tbrough an attack of niania in the hospital
at Fiume, and in the same year he again feil ill, and was
taken to the insane asyluni at Ybbs, wbere he remained
nntil 1867. There he suffered with reeurrent niania, ac-
cotnpauied by grefif sexual excitenient He said tliat in-
testinal ealurrh and anxiety were the cause of Ins ilhi»
at tbat kirne,

Xhereaftef he was well, but he suffered much on ac-
count of bis excessive sexual desire, If he were abseilt
from his wife but a short time the impulse beeame so
powerful tbat man or animal was indifferent to bim for
the satisfaction of. his lust. In summe r these im pul«
were much strongcr, and were always aceompanied by ab-
dominal plerhora. Something that he remembered In
medieal reading made bim tbink that in his case the gan-
güonie System was more powerful than the cerebral, In
October, 1873, on aeeount of business, he had to leave hia
wife. From that time nntil Easter, with the exceptio*! of
oecasional masturbation, there was no sexual indulgence,
After ibai he made use of women as well as bitches. From
the middle of June nntil 7t h of July, he bad no oppor-

KTMPHOMANtA AND 9ATYBIASIR.

491

tvinity for sexual indulgence. He feit nervously coEcited,
relaxed, and as if be were going eruzy. Of lata he had
slepl badlw A longing l"«»r liis wiiV, who livcd in Yieima,
drove him to leave his Business* He obtained leave of ab-
senee. The heat and the noise of the traiu confused him,
and he eould no loiiger hold out against Ins sexual exeite-
ment and the pressure of blood in bis abdomen, Kvi-ry-
thing daaced before his eyes. He left the cur at Brück,
and was absolutely confused, not kuowing where he went ;
and for a moment the thougbt canie to him to throw hiin-
self in the water; everything appeared as in a inist before
bis eyes. Then he saw a woman, expoeed bis genitals, and
tried to einbrace her. She eried for help, and thus he was
aiTrstrd.

After the attempt it suddenly beeame elear to him
wlmt he had done* He openly eonfessed Ins crime,
which he remeiubered in all its details, bnt which seemed
to him to be something abnormal. He eould not belp i(.
For sonie days after tbis Ü. suffered with headache and
congcstions, and was now and then excited and restless,
and slept badly. His mental functions were undisturbed,
bot be was, ueverthelcss, a congenitaliy pee&liftT man,
with a charaeter weak and devoid of energy* The fftciftl
expression had something laseivious and peeuliar abont
it, Ile suffered with haemorrhoids. The genitale pre-
eeüted notbing abnormal. The eranium was narrow and
retreating at the forebead, Body largc and well nourished.
With the exception of dtarrhcea, there was no disturbance
of the vegetative fimetions.

Gase 193, Für three years farmer DM nniversally
respeeted, married, aged thirty-five, had manifested states
of sexual exeitement with inereasing freqiiency and
severity, whieh du ring the past year had become true
paroxysms of satyriasis. It was impossible to diseover
hereditary or other organic causes. D. was conipelled at
times, when Ins sexual exeitement was excessive, to per*
form the sexual aet from teil to fifteen times in twenfv-

492 PSYCllOPATIIIA SKXUALIS.

four hours, without deriving any feeling of satisfaction.
Gradually he developed a condition of gencral nervous
hyper-irritability (erethisme gener al) with increased emo-
tional irritability to the extent of pathological outbreaks
of anger, and impulse to over indulgence in alcohol, which
induced Symptoms of alcohol ism. His attacks of satyri-
asis became so violcnt that eonsciousness was interfered
with, and the patient raged about in blind impulse to
sexual acts. He demanded that his wife give herseif to
other inen or to animals in his presence; that she allow
copulation with him, presentibus filiabus, because this
would afford him greater enjoyinent. Memory for the
events of tliese attacks, in which the extreme irritability
even lcd to outbreaks of maniacal rage, was entirely want-
ing. I). himself thought that he must have had moments
in which he no longer had control of his senses, and without
satisfaction from his wife would have boen compelled to
seize the next best female. After an attack of violent
emotion these attacks of sexual excitement suddenly dis-
appeared (Lentz, Bulletin de la societe de med. mentale de
Belgique, 2s o. 21).

Mclancholia.

The thoughts and feelings of melancholiacs are not
favourable for the excitation of sexual desires. At the
same tiino, these patients sometimes masturbate. In mv
experience such cases have always been hereditarily pre-
disposcd and previously given to onanism. The act did
not seem to be so much due to a lustful desire as to be
induced bv habit, eniuii, anxiety and the impulse to changc
temporarily the painful mental condition.

Hystcria.

In this neurosis the sexual lifo is very frequentlv
abnormal ; indeed, always in predisj)osed individuals.
All the ])ossible anomal ies of the sexual function may

NYMPHOMAJSIA AÄD BATYKIASIS. 493

•

occur hcre, with sudden cliangcs and pcculiar activity;
and, on an hereditary degencratc basis and in moral
imbecility, they may appcar in the most perverse
forms. The abnormal change and inversion of the
sexual feeling are never withont effect upon the patient's
disposition.

The following case, reported by (Jiraud, is one of this
nature worthy of rcpetition : —

Case 194. Marianne L., of Bordeaux. At night,
white the household was asleep under the influenee of
narcoties whieh she had administered, she had given the
ehildren of the house to her lover for sexual enjoyrnent,
and made them witnesa imnioral acts. It was found that
L. was hysterieal (hemiamesthesia and convulsiva attacks),
but before her illness she had becn a moral, trustworthy
pcrson. Since her illness she had become a shameless pros-
titute, and lost all moral sense.

In the hysterieal the sexual sphere is often abnormally
excited. This exciteinen t may be intermittent (men-
strual ?). Shameless prostitution, even in married women,
may result. In a milder form the sexual impulse ex-
presses itself in onanism, going about in a room naked,
smearing the person with urine and other filthy things, or
wearing male attire, etc.

Schule ("Klin. Psychiatric," 188(5, p. 237), finds very
frequently an abnormally intense sexual impulse "which
disposes girls, and even women living in happy marriage,
to become !Mcssalinas".

The author cites known cases in which, on the wed-
ding-journey, attempts at flight with inen who had been
accidentally met were made; and respected wives who
entered into Uaisons, and sacriiieed evervthing to their
insatiable impulse.

In hysterieal insanity the abnormally intense sexual
impulse may express itself in delusions of jealousy, im-

494 PSYCHOPATH 1A SKXUALIS.

founded accusations against mcn for immoral acts,1 hallu-
cinations of coitus," etc.

Occasionally frigidity may occur, with absence of lust-
ful feeling — (lue, for the most part, to genital aneesthesia.

Paranoia.

Abnormal manifestations in the sexual sphere, in the
various forms of paranoia, are not infrequent. Many of
these cases are devcloped on sexual abusc (masturbatic
paranoia) or sexual excitement; and, according to experi-
ence, in individuals psyclücally degenerate, with other
funetional signs of degeneracy, the sexual sphere is, for the
most part, deeply implicated.

In paranoia religiosa and crotica the abnormally in-
tense and, under certain circumstances, perverse sexual in-
stinct is most clearly manifested. In the tirst variety,
however, the condition of sexual excitation is expressed
not so much in a direct method of satisfaction of the
sexual desires as (there are exceptions) in platonic love —
in enthusiastic udmiratinn of a person of the opposite sex
who is pleasing icsthetically. Under certain circumstanccs,
the enthusiasm is for an imaginarv j)erson, a portrait, or a
statue.

A love for the opposite sex that is weak and purely
mental also, often has its basis in weakness of the genitals
due to long-continued masturbation ; and, under the guise
of virtuous admiration for a beloved person, great lascivi-
ousness and sexual perversion are often eoneealed. Epi-
sodically, especially in woinen, violent sexual excitement
may occur as a nyinphomania.

For the most part, paranoia. religiosa rests upon sexual-
ity which manifests itself in a sexual impulse abnormally

1 Vide rase of Mcrlac, in the author's " Lolnb. d. ger. Psycho-
patliol.," 2 Aufl., p. 322; Morel, " Traue" des malad, mentales," p.
C87 ; Legrand, " La folie," p. 337 : Proeess La Ronciere, in " Annal.
d'hyg.," 1 Serie, iv.; 3 Serie, xxii.

a The ineubus in the witch-trials of the middle agos depended on
them.

PABANOIA.

195

early and intmse. The libido tinds watisfaetion in ums-
mrhahuu or religiona ftttthmria&nij the objed <*f wbieh inay
be a eertain minister, samt, etc,

The pswlm -pathologieal relatiou- hetwe&a the sexual
and religiona domains have been dtaeribed in detail on
p« 10 et seq.

Apart from masturbaih>n, sexual erimes BVG relatively
frequeut in religious paranoia,

M<ur\s work ( p. 1 00) contains a remarkabh* exainple
of religious insanity.

Uirand ("AnB&L med. psycho!;") hftfl ivported a ease
of imiuorality with a little gtrl by a religious paranoiac,
aged forty-thrce, who was teniporarily erotie. Here, also,
belongs a casc of ineesfc (Liman, " Viertel jahrsssehr, f* gen
Med/')*

Case 195» IL impregnated bis daughter, Jlis wiiV,
lnother of eighteen ehildrm, and hrrself pregnant by her
liusbandj lodged the coniplaint. Ifc bad had religious
Paranoia for two years. "It was revealed to nie that I
shonld be^et the Eternal Son wtth luv daughter. Then a
man of fiVsh and blood would ariso. by \\\y faitli, who would
be 1800 years ohh He would be a bridge between the Old
and the Xew Testament/ ' This eimmiand, whieh be
deemed divine, was the cause of bis inline art.

Sexual aets that have a pathologioal motive sometimes
oeeur in persecutory paranoia.

Gase 196* A woman of thirty lind, unde; promise
of monoy and food, entired a boy of tive, who played near
her, liandled bis genitals, and then atteinpted eoitus. She
wTas a teaHier wbo had beeil betrayed and then cast off.
Previously morah jfor same fcizne »he had given hereelf to
Prostitution. The explanntion of her immoral cbaogB
was given, when it was found that $hv bad vartous delu-
sions of perseeution, and thoiiuli» >lie was under the seeret
influenae of her seducer, who impelled her to sexua! acta.

496 PSYCIIÖPATIIIA 8KXUAL1S.

She also believed that the boy had been pnt in her way
by her seducer. Coarse sensuality as a motive for her
crime came less into consideration, as it. would have been
easy for her to satisfy sexual desire in a natural way
(Küssner, "Berl. klin. Wochenschrift").

Case 197. Immoral Acts With Children — Paranoia,
On the 26th of May, X., agcd forty-six, raihvay official,
was arrested in the act of sucking the penis of a boy eight
years of age in the public highway. On the way to prison
he committed the same offence on a fellow prisoner, who
was riding in the same vehicle with him; and again on
another prisoner. Ile was sont to the Psychiatric ward of
the hospital, whcre he made similar attempts. He was
then isolatcd.

The medical examination proved paranoia persecuioria,
developed from constitutional neurasthenia. X. was hcav-
ily tainted by heredity. ITis illusion was that the admin-
istration under which he had served were persecuting him
and tricd to force him to resume his former dilti es. He had
noticed that persons who were friendly to him, especially
his superiors, tried to show him a way in which he coukl
rid himself of this fear of persecution. They did so by
putting a finger in tlieir mouth and sucking it. Still
plainer were the suggestions of his ehums who, pointing to
a (log, i.e., meaning himself, would speak of "licking."
This started the idea in him that if he could be appre-
liended in the act of licking somebooVs genitals, his su-
periors would become disgusted with him and dismiss him
from service, in which way lie would regain his freedoin.

For a long time he could not muster up courage enough
to comniit such an act, but the idea became so strong that
at first he resorted to rumiiliiifjus with prostitutcs, who in-
vited him with cunning looks to this dclcrtable feast. As
these women, however, refused to denounee him to tho
authorities, he attacked bovs and girls — t 1h* sex was im-
material — who, he fancied, invited him by gesturcs to the
act. Ile could not understaud, however, wliv he should

PARANOIA. 497

come in conflict with the police by committing an act whicli
was suggested to him by bis superiors in office, — and all
tbis in spite of the continued persecution of the railway
administration.

It is stränge that X. sbould have had recourse to such
an abominable and nauseating sexual act and not to theft
or soine other act of disbonesty, unlcss it is explained on
the ground of an increasing neurasthenia, coupled with a
perversion of the sexual instinct and subscquent impotence.
He was always hypersexual, with an heterosexual predis-
position, suffered för years from neurasthenia sexualis,
and derived no satisfaction from coitus. As in tinie erec-
tion became difficult, he had consulted several physicians,
who advised abstinence. His excessivre libido rendered it
difficult to follow tbis advice, and impotence prevented
coitus. Tbis suggested cunnilingus, wbich granted a cer-
tain amount of sexual gratification and at times even pro-
duced ejaculation. This also compensated bim for the
nausea he experienced during the act and paved the way to
bis folly on cbildren.

He claimed that in this act he found sexual satisfac-
tion, but tbe cbief object for it always was to rid4himself
of persecution by bis supcrior9. Tbis passion calmed down
under treatment at tbe hospital, and he became a decent
man when put under domestic supervision.

C aller re (".Perversions sexuelles eboz les persecutes,"
in "Annal. medico-psyehol.," March, 188C) has reported
similar cases, — tbe case of a patient who, suffering with
paranoia sexualis persecutoria, tried to violate bis sister,
giving as a reason that the impulse was given him by
Bonapartists.

In anotber case a captain, suffering with delusions of
persecution by electro-magnetism, was driven to ped-
erasty, — a thing he abhorred. In a similar case tbe perse-
entor impelled to onanism and pederasty.

V. PATHOLOGICAL SEXUALITT IX ITS LEGAL
ASPECTS.1

The laws of all civilised nations punisli those who com-
mit perverse sexual acts. lnasmueh as tlie presorvation
of chastity and niorals is one of tlie most important reasons
for tlie existenee of tlie Commonwealth, tlie State cannot
be too careful, as a protector of morality, in tlie struggle
against sensuality. This eontest is unequal; because onlv
a certain number of the sexual crime« can be logally com-
batted, and the infractions of the laws by so powerful a
natural instinct can be but little influenced by punishment.
It also lies in the natnre of the sexual crimes that but a
part of them ever reach the knowledge of the authorities.
Public sentiment, in that it looks upon them as disgraceful,
lends much aid.

Criininal statistics prove the sad fact that sexual crimes
are progressively increasing in our modern eivilisation.2
This is partieuhirly the case with immoral acts with chil-
dren under the a<re of fourteen.

Casprr (Clinical novels), <lrew attention to this <le-
plorable fact early in the sixties of tlie li)th contury. As
a criminal physician (Berlin) he had fifty-two eases of
crimes against. morality under Observation from 1842-57
but during the deeade of 18.">2-1 SOI the number rose to 138.

1 /?. Wciabrorf, " Die Sittlichkeit «verbrechen vor dem Gesetz,"
Berlin, 1801 ; Dr. Pastpialc Petita. " I pervertimenti sessuali nell*-
uomo," Xapoli, 1803; Kcjjdcl, "Die Beurtlicilung der perversen Sex-
ualvergehen in foro," " Yiertcljahrsschr. für #er. Med.," 1803, Heft
2; Yiazzif ** renti scssuali " (" Biblioteea antropolo^ico-giuridica ••) •
Archivio di Psichiatria, vol. xix.. fase. 1., " Strafgesetzbücher und
Unzuchtsdelikte." — r. Rchrcnk-Xotsinq, Archiv f. Krimi nalanthropol
Bd. 1, II. 1. * l

2Cf. Casprr, '* Klin. Novellen"; Lombroso, " Ooltdamnicr'a
Archiv," Bd. xxx.; Octtinyvn, "Moralstatistik," p. 401.

408

PATHOLOGICAL SEXUALITY 131 ITS LEGAL ACT» TS. ! 99

Aceording to the "Comples renrfus de la justice cWmv
«ßHtJ ru France" during the period of 1826-1 840, "niim-
iats aux moeurs" formed onlv 20 pCt Cent- of the kriminal
proeecdings, whilst. from 1856*40 the average rose to 53
per cent. Sexual atrocities on children were but 1*13 of
all cases tried befüre the eriminal forum from 1826-30,
but 1*3 during the period of 1856-60.

0 düngen (*'M oralst aristik") qnotes 188 cases of stup-
runi on children conmiirted in France in 1836, bnt 805 in
1867,

Moreau ( "Aberrat ions du sens genesique" ) quotes, for
tlie year 1872, 682 casee of immoral attacks on children
in Franee, for the year IS 76 their numher WM 875,

In England ßimilar drdiets oö children numbered 167
für tlie period IS 30-34, and 1395 for the period 1855*57,

In Prussia, aeeording to OcUin<jent sexual atternpts
were in tbe proportion of 325:925; sexual crimea in the
proportioö of 1477:2945. Orfloff also finda ("dio straf-
baren Handlungen") «i ecmsideimbl« inercase in immoral
offen*"« - un children nnder tlie age of fourtcon. W« are
indebted to Tkoinöi for interesring Statist iea of naoral
offences dealt with bv iln> crimiuul eonrts of France (at-
tentata aux moeurs et perversinns dos Bens genital, 1898,
Paris). Sexual crimiuul cs&sefl Beens to have beru on tbe
wanc in France* Tliere were in L&60 630 (2.3 to a
population of 100,000) offender« sfiateneed; in L89S only
679 (1.7 to a population of 100,000), Tbe proportion
of criuies committed on adulfs and children was in 1860
180:650 ( 1 :3.6), whilst in 1892 it msetn 78:601 (1:7.7 k
In 1885 it reached the highesf ßoi&t, viz. : 1 ;Ö,5.

Tbl- moraliai seea in these sad faefs nothing but the
decaj of general morality, and in some insiunces comes to
the conclusion that the present mildness nf tbe law« pun-
ishing sexual erimes* in comparison with their severity in
past Centimes, is in part responsible for this,

The medical investigator is driven to tbe conclusion
tbat this man ! fest ation of modern social lifo Stands in
relation to tbe predominating nervous ronditiou of later

500 PSYCJIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

generations, in that it bcgets defcctivc individuals, excites
the sexual instinet, lcads to sexual abuse, and, with con-
tinuance of laseiviousness associated with diminished sex-
ual power, induces perverse sexual acts.

It will be elearly seen from what follows Low such an
opinion is justified, espccially with respect of the increas-
ing mmiber of sexual crimes committed on children.

The relative inerease of sexual deliets on children
seems to point to an advanee in the pliysical decadence
(impotence) and psychieal degeneration of the adult popu-
lation.

This view seems to be supported by Tardicu, Brouardel
and Bernard, who find that attacks on children are more
frequent in large cities, whilst thosc on adults, especially
rape, oeeur more often in the eountry.

The Statistical facts compiled by Tardicu and Brouar-
del, aecording to which the proportion of sexual offences on
children is in ratio with the age of the offender, i.e., the
older the criminal the younger the victim, and the circum-
stance that acts of immoral ity by very old men are only
committed on children, seem to demonstrate that irnpoteniia
ctrundi and moral decay {dementia senilis) are the funda-
mental causes of these horrible crimes.

It is at onoc evident, from the foregoing, that neuro-
pathic, and even psychopathic, states are largely determin-
ate for the comniission of sexual crimes. Tiere nothing
less than the resj)onsil>ility of niany of the men who com-
mit such crimes is called in question.

Psych iatry cannot be denied the credit of having re-
cognised and proved the psycho-pathologieal significauce of
numerous inonstrous, paradoxical sexual acts.

Law and Jurisprudence have thus far given hut little
attention to the facts resulting from investigations in
psycho-pathology. Law is, in this, opposed to "Medicine,
and is constantly in danger of jmssing judgment on in-
dividuals who, in the light of scienee, are not responsible
for their acts.

Owing to this superficial treatment of acts that deeplv

PATHOLOGICAL SEXUALITY IN ITS LEGAL ASFECTS, 501

concern thc Internets and welfare of soeiety, it becomes
very easy for justice to treat a delinquent, who is as dan*
gerous to society as a murderer or a wild beast, as a crimi-
nal, and, after pimishnient, rek-ase hiiii to prey on soeiety
again j on the other band, scientific iiivestigation shows that
a man mental ly and sexually dcgeueiftta ab angine, und
therefore irresponsible? iniist bc removed from society for
life, but not as a punishiuent

A judge who eousidera only the crime, and not its per*
petrator, is alvvaya in danger of iujuring not only import-
ant interesta of society (general morality and aafety), but
also those of the individual (honour).

In no domain of criininal law Ls co-operation of judge
and medical expert so nmch to be desired as in that of
sexual delinqueneies ; and here only antbropological and
elinieal investigation can atford light and knowledge,

The nature of the act can never, in itself, detenuine a
deeision as to whether it lies within the limits of raental
pathology, or within the bounds of mental pbysiology.
The perverse act Joes not per sc indicate perrersion of in-
slincL At any rate, the most monstroufl and moat perverse
sexual acts have heen committed by persans of sound miml.
The perrersion of feelnifj ntttxf he shoirtt U* he pathologirtlL
This proof is to be obiained by learning the cooditioiia
altending itfl development, and by prnving it to be part
of an existing general neuropathic or psychopathic Kondi-
tion.

The species facti is important; but it, too, allows only
presumptions, since the sanie sexual act, aeeording as it
is cominitted by an epileptie, paralyt.ic, or a man of sound
mind, takes on other featurcs and peculiarities, in aecord-
ance with tlie manncr m wbiefa it ia done,

Periodieal ivninvnce of the act under identieal circum-
stances, and an impulsive manncr in carry ing it out, give
rise to weighty presumptions that it is of pathologieal sig-
nificance, The deeision, however, must follow after re-
f erring the act to ils psyebological inotive (abnonnalities
of thought and feeling), and after fibowing this elementary

502 rSYCIIvTATUlA SEXIAU&

anomal v :o ho hu: oiit >y:iip:«»in ..f a gt-neral neuropathit

WL«.i::i'C — vi: her an arn-*: ».»f mental dfveh:»piiient, or a
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PATIIOLOGICAL SEXUAL1TY IN ITS LEGAL ASPECTS. 503

and the mental mechanism too much disturbed to allow
the opposing ideas, virtually prcsent, to exert their in-
fluenee.

3. When the sexual instinet is perverse (states of
psych ical degeneration). It may, at the same time, be so
intensified as to be irresistible.

Cases of sexual delinquency that oecur outside of states
of mental defect, degeneration, or disease, can never be
exeused on the ground of irresponsibility.

In many cases, instead of an abnormal psych ical condi-
tion, a neurosis (local or general) is found. Inasmnch as
the (ransitions from a neurosis to a psyehosis are easy,
and cleinentary psychical disturbances are frequent in
the former, and constant in profound perversion of the
sexual life, the neurotic affection — e.g., impotence, irritable
weakncss, etc. — exerts an influence on the motive of the
incriminating act ; and a just judge, notwithstanding the
lack of legal irresponsibility due to mental defect or dis-
ease, will reeognize the circumstances which ameliorate
the heinousness of the crime.

For various reasons the practieal Jurist will, in all cases
of sexual crimes, call inedical experts to make a Psychiatric
examination.

To be sure, Ins own conscience and judgment must be
the guides when necessity makes tliem his only reliance.
linder the following circumstances indices are given which
point to a pathological condition : —

The aecused is senile. The sexual crime is commit-
ted openly, with remarkable cynicism. The manner of
obtaining sexual satisfaction is silly (exhibition), or cruel
(mutilation or murder), or perverse (necrophilia, etc.).

From what experience teaches, it may be said that,
among the sexual acts that oeeur, rape, mutilation, peder-
asty, amor lesbicus, and bestiality may have a psycho-
pathological basis.

In case of lust-murder — in as far as its ulterior objeet
goes beyond the murder itself — and likewise in caäes of
mutilation of corpses, psychopathic conditions are probable.

504 .. PSYCHOPATIIIA 8EXUAUS.

•

Exhibition and mutual masturbation seem to indicate
tlie probable existence of pathological conditions. Mas-
turbation of another and passive onanism may occnr in
connection with senile dementia and inverted sexual feel-
ing, but also with mere sensuality.

Cunnilingus and fellare (penem in os mulieris arri-
gere) bave not thus far been shown to depend upon psycho-
pathological conditions.

These horrible sexual acta seem to be committed only
by sensual men who have becorae satiated or impotent
from excessive indulgenee in a normal way. Pcedicatio
mulierum does not seem to be psychopathic, but rather a
practice of married men of low morality, who wish to
prevent pregnancy; and of satiated cynics in non-marital
sexual indulgenee.

The praetical importance of the subjeet makes it neces-
sary that the sexual acts threatened with punishment as
sexual crimes be considered by jurists from the Standpoint
of the medico-legal expert. Thus there is an advantage
gained, in that the psycho-pathological acts, aecording to
circumstances, are plaeed in the right light by comparison
with analogous acts that fall within the domain of physio-
logical psycliology.

I. Offence Against Morality in the Form of Exhibition.1

(Austrian Statutes, $516; Abridgment, §195. German Statutes, §183.)

In nian's present coudition of civilisation, modesty is
a cliaracteristic and motive so firnily fixed by centuries
of oducation that presumptinn of a psycho-pathological
element necessarily arises when public decency is coarsely
offended.

1 Boissier et Lachaux, " Perversions sexuelles ä forme obs6dante,**
" Archive« de Neurologie," 1893, October; Schäfer, " Viertel jahrsachr.
f. gerichtl. Med.," 3 Folge, x., 1. — Thoinot, attentats aux moeurs,
1S98, p. 366-398;— Seiffer, Arch. f. Psych. Bd. 31, H. 1 and 2. —
Gramer, Die Beziehungen des Exhib. zum §51. des deutsch. Stfgsb.,
Zeitschr. f. Psych. 54, p. 481. — Hassenge. Der Exhibitionismus, Inaug.-
Dissert., Berlin, 18»6.— Uochc, Xeurolog. Centralbl., 1896, 2.

OFFKNCE AGAINST MOEALITY. Ö05

The prcsumption is justifiable that an individual wlio
has in this way offended public decency and bis own self-
respect was incapable of (idiots) or had lost the feelings of
morality (states of acquired mental weakness) ; or that he
acted while in a clouded State of consciousness (transitory
insanity, states of partial consciousness).

A very distinctive act which belongs here is that of
exhibition (exposure). The cases thus far recordod are
exclusively those of men who ostentatiously expose their
genitals to persons of the opposite sex, whom in some in-
stances they even pursue, without, however, beeoming
aggressive.

The silly manner of this sexual activity, or really
sexual demonstration, points to intellectual and moral
weakness: or, at least, to temporary inhibition of the
intellectual and moral functions, with excitation of libido
dependent upon a decided disturbance of consciousness
(abnormal unconsciousuess, mental confusion), and at
the same time calls the virility of these individuals in
question. Thus there are various categories of exhibi-
tionists.

The first category includes acquired states of mental
weakness in which, owing to the causative cerebral (or
spinal) disease, consciousness is clouded, and the ethical
and intellectual functions are interfered with; and in
which there can be no resistance made to a sexual desire
that has either always been intense or that has been
intensified by the disease-process. At the same time
impotence exists, and no longer permits expression of the
sexual instinet in violent acts (rape), but only in acts that
are silly.

The inajority of reported cases1 fall in this category.

1 La&tgue, "Union M&licale," 1877, May; Laugier, " Annal. d'hy-
giene publ.," 1878, No. 106; Pelande, " Pornopaths," " Arcliivio di
Psichiatria," viii. ; Schuchardt, " Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeamtc," 1890,
Heft 6. — Duchateau, Bulletin de la soci^te* de m6decine de Gand, 1897,
Febr.-March. — Garnier, Annal. mÄdico.-psychol. 1894, Jan.-Feb. —
Vigouroux, ibidem. — Hoppe, Vierteljahrsschr. f. gerichtl. Med., 3.

506 PSYCHOPATHIA BEXUAUS.

They are those of individuals afflicted with senile demen-
tia, paretic dementia, or mental defects due to alcoholism,
epilepsy, etc.

Case 198. Z., high official, aged sixty; widower,
father of a family. He gave offence in that, diiring
fourteen days, he had repeatedly exposed his genitals at
his window, to a girl of eight years who lived opposite
him. After a Jfew months, under like circumstances, this
man repeated his indecent act. At his examination he
acknowledged the depravity of his action, and-could give
no excuse for it. Death, a year later, due to cerebral
disease (Lasegue, op. cit.).

Case 199. Z., aged seventy-eight ; Seaman. He
had repeatedly exhibited Ins genitals on children's play-
grounds and in the neighbourhood of girls' schools. This
was the only way in which he was active sexually. He
was married, and the father of ten children. Twelve
years previously he had suffered a severe head-injuiy, •
which left a deep scar, indenting the bone. Pressure on
this scar caused pain ; at the same time his face would flush,
his expression become fixed, and he would grow som-
nolent, with convulsive movements in the right Upper
extreniity (apparently epileptoid State in connection with
cortical disease). Moreover, there was senile dementia
and advaneed senium. It is not reported whether the
exhibition coincided with epileptoid attacks or not. Senile
dementia proved; pardoned (Dr. Schuchardt, op. cit.).

Pelanda (op. cit.) has reported a innnber of cases of
this kind: —

1. Paralytic, aged sixty. At the age of fifty-eight he

Folge xx., 2. — Leppmann, Die Sachverständigenthätigkeit, p. 101.

Rayneau, Annal. m£d.-pych. 1895, May- June. — r-on Rchrenk-Notsing,
Arch. f. Criminalanthropol. Bd. i., H. 2 and 3, Fall 4 u. 5. — Strxi**-
mann, Vierteljahrs, f. geriehtl. Med., 3. Folge, 10 Bd.

OFFENCE AGAINST MORALITY. 507

bcgan to exhibit himself to women and cbildren. In the
asyliim at Verona, for a long time thereaftcr, be was
laseivious, and also attempted fellatio.

2. A drinker, aged sixty-six, suffering w'itb folie cir-
culaire. Ilis exbibition was first notieed in chureb during
divine Service. His brotber was likewise an exbibitionist.

3. A drinker, predisposed, aged forty-nine. He was
ahvays verv excitable sexually ; in an asvlum on aecount
of chronic alcoholisms He exbibited himself wbenever he
saw a woman.

4. A man, aged sixty-four ; married ; f ather of f ourteen
cbildren. Great predisposition. Kachitic, microcephalic
bead. For years be bad been an exbibitionist, in spite of
repeated punisbment.

Case 200. X., merebant, born in 1833 ; single. He
bad repeatedly exbibited himself to cbildren, or even
urinated at the same time; once, under these circum-
stances, be had kissed a little girl. Twenty years pre-
viously X. had had a severe attack of mental disease,
bisting two years, in whieb he was said to have had an
apoplectic attack. Later, after loss of his fortune, he
gave himself to drink, and of late years had often appeared
absent-minded. His condition was that of alcoholism,
Senium preecox and mental weakness. Penis small; plii-
mosis; testicles atropbic. Proof of mental disease; par-
doned (Dr. Schuchardt, op. cit.).

Such cases recall the lascivionsness of youtliful, sexu-
ally excited persons that are still more or less boyisb;
but also that of many mature cynics of low morality, who
find pleasure in defiling the walls of public closets, etc.,
with drawings of male and female genitals, — a kind of
ideal exbibition wbich, however, is still widely separated
from actual exhibition.

Another category of exhibitionists is made up of epilep-
tics.1 Tbis category is essentially to be distinguished from

1 Instructive case reported by MorselU, " Bolletino della R.
Accademia medica di Genova," vol. ix. (1804), fasc. 1.

508 PSYCIIOPAT1IIA SEXUALIS.

the foregoing, bccause a conscious motive for the exhibition
is wanting; and it appears nuicli niore likc an impulsive
act which, without any consideration of exterual eireum-
stances, is perfonnod as if it were an abnormal organic
neeessity.

At tlie timc of the act thcre is always a State of im-
perfeet consciousness ; and thus is explained the fact that
tlie unfortunate individual, without consciousness • of the
meaning of his act, or, at least, without cynicism, does it
in obedicnce to a blind inipulse. On regaining eonseious-
ness, he regrets and abhors it if there is not permanent
mental weakness.

The prime motive in tliis State of imperfeet eonseious-
ness, as with other impulsive acts, is a feeling of appre-
hensive oppression. If a sexual feeling become assoeiated
with it, then the ideas are given a certain direction in the
sense of a corresponding (sexual) act.

ITow sexual ideas verv easily arise temporarily in epi-
leptics may be understood from the discussion on p. 4GS.

If however, such an association has once been fornied ;
if a particular act has taken place in an attack — it is the
more easily repeated in every subsequent attack ; for, so
to speak, a known track has been established in the path
of motivity.

The feeling of anxiety, with the state of imperfeet eon-
seiousness, causes the assoeiated sexual impulse to appear
as a command — an inner foree, which is acted upon in
a purely impulsive manner and in a State of absolute
irresponsibility.

Case 201. K., a subordinate offieial, aged twentv-
nine; of neuropathie family; living in happy marriage ;
father of one child. Ile had repeatedly, especially at dusk,
exhibited himself to servant-girls. K. was fall, slim, pale,
nervous and hasty in manner. There was imperfeet mem-
on/ of the crimes. Since cbildhood there had been fre-
quent severe congestive attacks, with intense flusbing of the
face, a rapid, tense ]>ulse, and a iixcd, absent. stare. At

OFFEJXCE AüAl^ST MOKAL1TY. 509

the same time there were, now and then, confusion and
vertigo. In this (epileptic) exceptional State K. would
answer only aftcr repeated questioning, and then it was as
if he were ivahing from a dream. K. stated that he had al-
ways feit excited and restless for some hours before his
criminal acts, and experieneed a feeling of fear, with
oppression, and congestion of the head. In this condition
he had often been giddy, and experienced an indistinet
feeling of sexual excitement. At the height of sueh states
he had left the house, without any purpose in view, and
exposed his genitals anywhere. When he had reaehed
home again, he had had but a dreamy remembranee of
what had oecurred, and feit very weak and depressed.
It was also remarkable that, while exhibiting his genitals,
he had used lighted inatches to make them visible. The
o]>inion was to the effect that the criminal acts depended
npon epilepsy, and were imperative impulses; but he was,
nevertheless, sentenced, with the assuiuption of extenuat-
ing circumstances (Dr. Schuchardt, op. cit.).

Case 202. L., aged thirty-nine; single; tailor. His
father was probably a drinker; he had two epileptic
brothers, one of whom was insane. The patient himself
had slight epileptic attacks, and from time to time states
of imperfect consciousness, in whieh he ran about aim-
lcssly, and thereafter did not know where he had been.
He was considered a moral man, but he was now aecused
of having exhibited and played with his genitals in a
stränge house five or six times. His remembranee of
these acts was very imperfect.

On aecount of repeated desertion from the army (pro-
bably likewisc in epileptic states of imperfect conscious-
ness), L. had been severely punished. In imprisonment
he became insane with "epileptic insanity," was sent to
the Oha rite, and from there discharged "cured". As far
as the criminal acts were concerned, cynicism and wanton-
ness could be excluded. That they were committed in a
State of imperfect consciousness was probable from the fact

510 PSYCJIOPATI1IA SEXÜALIS.

among other things, that to the policeman who arrested
him, the "imbecile" appeared to be in a remarkably cloudy
State of mental consciousness (Liman, ''Vierteljahrsschrift
f. ger. Med.," X. F. xxxviii., Heft 2.)

Case 203. L., aged thirty-seven. From 15th October
to 2nd November, he had many times given offence by
exhibiting himself to girls in daylight in the open street,
and even in schools, into which he forced himself. It
happened oceasionally that he wanted the girls to perform
manustupration or allow eoitus, and, when refused, he
performed masturbation before thein. In G., in a public-.
house, he rapped with his exposed penis on the window
so that the ehildren and servant-girls in the kitchen were
forced to see it.

After his arrest it was aseertained that since 1S7G L.
had very frequently caused trouble by exhibitions, but
had always escaped punishment, owing to the demonstra-
tion of mental disease by physicians. On the other hand,
he had been punished for desertion and t lieft in the anny,
and, later, once, as a civilian, for stealing cigars. L. had
repeatedly been in asylums on account of insanity (at-
tacks of insanity?). Besides, he was often remarkable on
account of his changeable, quarrclsoine character, ocea-
sional excitement and ineonstancy.

L.'s brother died of paralysis. Ue himself presented
no degenerative signs; no epilej)tic antecedents. At the
time of Observation he was neither insane nor mentally
weakencd.

He behaved himself very well, and expressed great
regret for his sexual crimes, which he explained in this
wise: though not a drinker, he oceasionally had an im-
pulse to drink. Sooii after beginn ing, eongestion of the
head, vertigo, restlessiu^ss, anxiety and o])]>ression came
on. He then ]>assed into a dreamy State. An irresistiblc
impulse now forced him to cxpose himself; and he then
experieneed a feeling of relief and breathed more easily.
When he had once exposed himself, he knew nothing

OFFENCE AGAINST MORALITY. 511

moro of what lie did. As precursors of such attacks, he
had often, a sliort tinie bcfore, had flamcs before the eyes
and vertigo. For the time'of his elouded state of con-
sciousness he had but an obscure, dreamy memory.

It was only after a time that sexual ideas and impulses
had beeome associated with these apprehensive, cloudy
states of consciousness. Years ago, in such states, with-
out niotive and with great danger, he had deserted; onec
he had juniped from a third-story window; on another
occasion he had left a good position to wander about aim-
lessly in a neiglil)ouring eountry, whcre he was at once
arrested for exhibition.

When outside of his abnormal periods, L. onee bccame
intoxicatcd, there was no exhibition. In the lucid state
his sexual feeling and intercourse were perfeetly normal
(Dr. IIotzcn,"Friedrcich's Blätter," 1890, Heft ^6).

A clinical group that very nearly approaehes the epi-
leptic exhibitionists is made up of certain neurasthenic
individuals, in whom, likewise, there may oecur attacks
(epileptoid ?) of imperfect consciousness1 in connection
with a feeling of apprehensive oppression ; and with tliis
sexual imj)ulses may be associated, resulting in acts of
exhibition having an impulsive character.

Case 204. Dr. S., academic teacher, had aroused
public indignation by bring seen repeatedly running about
in the Zoological Garden at Berlin, before ladies and chil-
dren, with his gen itals. hanging out. R. admitted this,
but denied all thought or consciousness of causing public
offence, and excused himself.by saying that his running
about with exposed genitals afforded liim relief from ner-
vous excitoment. Mother's father was insane, an<l died
by suicide; his mother was constitutionally neuropathic,
a somnambulist, and had been temporarily insane. Ile

1 Cf. v. Krafft, " Uober transitorisches Irro«ein bei Neurasthen-
ischen," " Irren freund," 1883, No. 8; and "Wiener klin. Wochen-
schr.," 1891, No. 50.

512 PSYCIIOI'ATIIIA SEXUALI8.

was neuropathie, had been a somnambul ist, and liad liad
continuous avorsion to sexual intercoursc with females.
In bis youtb lie praetised onanism. He was a neuras-
tlienic man, shy, torpid and easily beeame embarrassed and
confused. Ile was sexually ahvays muck excited. Fre-
quently be dreamed tbat be was runniiig al>out with ex-
poscd genitals, or tbat, dressed only in a sbirt, he hung
from a horizontal bar with bis bead downward, so that the
sbirt feil down, exposing bis erected penis. Ilis dreams
would induee pollution, and be would then have rest for a
few days or an entire week.

In bis waking state also tbe impulse would often
conic upon bim, just as in bis dreams, to run about with
exposed genitals. As be was about to expose himsclf, he
would beeome very bot, and then he would run ainilessly
about. The meinber would beeome moist with seerction,
but ])ollution was never induced. Finally, wben it had
beeome flaeeid, he would put it up, and then come to
himself, glad if no one had seen him. In sueli eonditions
of exeitement he secmcd to be in a dream ; as if intoxicatcd.
lie had never had the intention to offend women. S. was
not epileptie. Ilis deelarations had the impress of tnith.
Ile had aetually never followed or spoken to women while
in this eondition. Frivolity and eoarseness were exeludod.
No doubt S.'s aet was due to pathologieal Sensation and
idea; and S. was in a eondition of pathologieal distnrbaucre
of mental aetion at the time of the eommission of bis aets
( Ijlman. "Yierteljahrssehrift für geriebtl. Med.," X. F.
xxx. viii., lieft 2).

Case 205. X., aged thirty-eight ; married ; father of
one ebild. Always sullen and silent. SufTered frequently
with headache. IVr// neuntslhrnir, though not insane.
Ile was trouble<l mueh at night by polhitions. ITe had
repeatedly followed slmp-girls, for whoin he had lain in
wait, exposing and handling bis geuitals. In one ease be
even followed a girl into a shop (Trorhon, "Areh. de l'an-
thropologie erimiiielle," iii., p. 250).

OFFE^OE A(JA1ATST MOÄAL1TY.

iia

In the following ease the exhibitian seems subsidiary
to tlit* impulsive desire to satisfy sudden, intense libido by
meaus of masturlmtion: —

Gase 206. K., coaelnnan, aged forty-nme; Yienna;
marrictl since 18 GG ; childless. Fatber neuropathic and
giveu to sexual excesses; died of cerebral disease. lle
presented no degeneratiw siun-.

At the age of twenty-nine he suffered a severe coneus-
sion by falling from a height. X[> to that time the vita
sexual ix had Leen normal. Sinei* ilicn, however, cvitv
three or ftmr inonths he had been soized with very painful
sexual excitement, aeeompanied by an iuteu.se desire to
masturbate. A feeli ng of weariness and discomfort, with
a desire for aleoliolic indulgence, preeedcd this. In the
intervals he was sexually eold, and had but very infrequent
desire for Ins wife, wbo, moreover, for five yeära had been
ßiök and ineapable of eohahitation.

lle gave the assurance that, as a young man, he never
masturbated, and that, in the intenmla betweeu his attacks,
he had uever thought of satisfy ing himsclf sexually in this
way.

The inipulse to masturbutc dnring the attaek was ab
ways excited by certain feminine eharms — short cloak,
pretty foot and ankle, elegant appearance. Age made no
difference; even Httle girls exeited htm. The inipulse was
sudden and uneonquerable* It. deseribed the Situation and
act as characteristieally impulsive* He had often tried to
resist it ; but then he would grow hot, terrihly frigbtened,
his head would biira, and ho would seein to bc in u fög j
but he never lost eonseiousneBB» At the same time ho
wonld have violent, darting pain in the testirhs and sper-
matic eorda He regivtted it, but had to confess ihat the
inipulse was stronger than bis will. In sueli a Situation
it foreed him to masturbate, no matter where he migbt
be. After ejaculation he would become cahn, and regain
bis self-controL lle regarded it as a terrible affliction.
Defencc showcd that Tt. had been pnnished six times for

514 PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

similar offenccs — exhibition and masturbation in the open
street. Although an examination into his mental condi-
tion by cxperts was demanded by his counsel, the court
refused it on the ground that the proceedings had raised
no doubt as to his responsibility.

On 4th November, 1889, It., wliile in his worst condi-
tion, happened to be in the street as a crowd of school-
girls went by. This awakened his iinconquerable impulse.
There was not time to run to a closet, he was too excited.
There was immediate exhibition, masturbation in front of
a house — great scandal and immediate arrest. It. was not
weak-minded, and had no etliieal defeet. Ile bemoaned
his fate, deeply regretted his aet, and feared new attacks.
He regarded his condition as abnormal — as a fate against
which he thought he was powerless.

He thought himself still virile. Penis abnormally large.
Cremasteric reflex present; patellar reflex increased.
Weakness of the sphincter of the bladder, that had existed
for some years. Various neurasthenie ditficulties.

The opinion showed that It. was subjcct to the influ-
ence of abnormal conditions, and had acted impulsively.
Patient was sent to an asylum, froin which he was dis-
charged after a few months.

In the foregoing case the important point, clinically,
lies not in the neurosis that is present, but rather in the
impulsive character of the aet (exhibition dependent on
masturbation).

AVitli the enumeration of the eategories of imbeciles,
of mentally wcakem'd individuals, and of the exhibition-
ists that are in a neumtic, (epileplie or neurasthenie) state
of benumbed consciousness, apparently the elinieal and for-
ensic side of this plienomenon is still unexhausted ; in
addition to these, there is another class, the represcnt-
atives of which., oirinrj to deep hereditär y toinl (hereditär y
der/enerafire neurosis?), are impelled to periodical and
verv impulsive exhibition.

With reference to these conditiuns of psych opathia

OFFEKCE AOAINST MORALITY. 515

sexualis pcriodica (cf. "Periodical Insanity,") in whicli the
accidentally awakened impulse to cxhibition is but a par-
tial manifestation of a clinical whole, like in dipsomania
pcriodica the craving for drink, Maynan,1 from whom I
borrow the following instructive eases, justly lays the
greatest stress lipon the impulsive, periodical feature of
these abnormal impulses; and no less upon the fact that
they are often aecompanied by terrible anxiety, whicli,
after the realisation of the impulse, gives place to a feeling
of relief.

These facts, and, no less, the clinical picture of de-
generacy that, for the most part, is referable to injurious
conditions that are hereditary, or that exercise an in-
jurious effect on the development of brain in early years
(rachitis, etc.,) are, medico-legally, of decisive importance.

Case 207. G., aged twenty-nine, waiter in a cafe.
In 1888, while standing under a church-door, he exhibited
himself to several girls working opposite. He confessed*
the act, and also that, many tinies, in the same place and
at the same time of day, he had been guilty of the same
criine, having been punished for it the year before with
imprisonment for one month.

G. had very nervous parents. Ilis father was mentally
unstable and very irascible. Ilis mother was at times in-
sane, and suffcred with severe neurotic affection.

G. had always had nervous twitching of the face, and
constant alternation of causeless depression, with t(cdium
rit(v, and periods of elation. At the ages of ten and fifteen,
for slight cause, he wished to coinmit suieide. When ex-
cited, he had siinilar twitching of the extremities. He
presented constant general analgesia. In prison he was at
first beside himself with shame about the disgrace he had
brought on bis family, and said he was the worst of men,
doserving the severest punishment.

Until his nineteenth year G. had satisfied himself with

1 " Reclierclics sur les Centres Nerveux," 2e sörie, Paris, 1893.

516 PSYCHOPATILIA SEXUALIS.

solitary aud mutual Masturbation, and, on one occasion,
he bad practised onanism with a girl. From that tiine,
working in a cafe, the female custoiners had cxcited him
so intensely that ejaculation was often induced. He suf-
fercd with alniost constant priapism, and, as his wife
statcd, in spite of coitus, it often disturbed liis rest at
night. For scven years he had repeatedly exhibitod him-
self at his window, and also exposed himself naked to
female neighbours living opposite.

In 1883 he married for love. ilarital intercourse did
not satisfy his needs. At times his sexual exeitcment was
so intense that he had headache, and seemed confused,
like one drunk, stränge and incapable of work.

In one of these attacks he had recently exhibited him-
self before ladies in two strcets of Paris (12th May, 18S7).
Since then he was fighting a desperate battle against
these morbid impulses which had now beeoine ahnost per-
manent, and when at their lieight made him morose and
confused, and caused him to weep all night. In spite of
all efforts he baekslided again and again. Opinion : Proof
of hereditary degeneration with delusions and irresistible
impulses ("perversion delirante du sens genital''). Par-
don (Magnan, "Arch. de Panthropologie criminelle,''* v.,
Xo. 28).

Case 208. B., aged twenty-seven ; of neuropathic
mother and alcoholic father. II c had one brother who
was a drinker; and a hysterieal sister. Four blood rela-
tions on paternal side were drunkards, one female eousin
is hysterieal.

After his eleventh year, onanism, solitary or mutual.
After his thirteenth year, impulses to exhibition. He at-
tempted it at a street urinal ; he feit pleasure in it, but
also immediately twinges of conscienoe. Tf he attempted
to oppose his impulse thereafter, he beeame apprehensive,
and had a feeling of oppression in bis ehest. When a
soldier, he was often impelled to expose himself, under
various pretexts, to his com ra des.

OFFENCE AOAINST MORAX1TT,

617

After Ins sevonteenth year he had sexual congress with
wonien* It gave bim great pleasure to show bimse! f
naked before them. He coiitinued bis exhibitkm on the
Street. »Sinee he eould but infrequentlv eouiit on female
spectators at urinals, he changed bis place to ehufehes.
In order to exhibit himself at sneh plaees, he always had
to strengt lien bis courage by drinking. Under tbe in-
fluence of spirits, the impulsiv at uther times controllabie
with difficulty^ becaiue irresishble. He was not scntenced.
I In lost bis position, and then drank more. Not long
after, he was again arrested für exhibition and mastur*
bation in a ehurch {Magium, ibid.1).

Case 209, X.> aged thirty-five; barber's assistant.
Repeatedly pimished for offence against decency, he was
again arrested; for, during three weeks he had been
hanging a round girls? sehools, trying to attraet the at-
tention of the pupils, and, when lie bad succeeded in
thiSj bad exhibited himself. Oeeasionally he liad promised
them nioiiev, with the wonK "Habeo mcntnlairi puleher-
rimum, venite ad nie nt cum lainbiitis\

At bis oxamination X. cotifessed evervthing, hnt did
not know bow it had corae about lie was the most
reasonable of men in otber respects, but bad the impulse
to commit this erime, and eould not, overeome it.

In 1870, when in ibe nv\u\\ he w&i oaee out on leave,
and had run around exbibiting himself to ehildreii: im-
prisnument for a year. The saiue crime in 18S1. Ile
chased ihr erying eliildron, and "stured" at tbem : im-
prisoninent of one war and three months. Two daya
affer bis diseharge, ho &aid tu two little girls: 4*Si men-
tulam meam videre vultis meenm in baue tabernam vem-
atis*\ Jle denied tlrese words, and elainied d nuikcnness ;
imprisnntnent für three months.

In 1888 renewed exhibition; during tbe aet ho said
Bothing. At bis examinalion he stated that, since a severe

3 Analogous caiet Boitsier et Lachaux, M Archive* de Neurologie,"
I8«>3t Oettiber.

518 PSYCIIOPATJLIA SKXUALIS.

illness, eight years previously, be had suffered with such
excitations : imprisonment for one month.

In 1884 exhibition before girls in a churchyard ; again
in 1885. He deelared: "I understand my crime, but it
is like a disease. Wben it comcs over nie, I cannot keep
from such acts. It sometimes happens tbat, for quite a
long tinie, I am free from tliese inclinations." Imprison-
ment for six months.

Discharged on 12th August, 1885, be had a relapse on
15th August. The same excuse was givon. This time he
undcrwent medical examination. Tbc examination re-
vealed no mental disturbance. Sentenced to tbree years.
After disebarge, a series of new exbibitions. On this
occasion, examiuation revcaled tbe following: —

His fatber suffered with chronic alcoholism, and was
said to ha ve been guilty of tbe same crime. Motber and
a sister nervously ill, and tbe wbole family of excitable
temperament.

From his seventh to his eighteenth year A\ suffered
with cpileptic convuhions. First cobabitation at sixteen;
later, gonorrha?a and, it was stated, Syphilis. After tbat,
normal sexual intercourse until bis twenty-first. year. At
tbat time he often had to pass a plavground, and at times
would urinate tberc ; and it bappened tbat tbe cbildren
watched him out of curiosity.

He noticed, occasionally, tbat being watched in tbis
manner caused him sonial excitemeut, induced ereetion
and even ejaculation. He now found moiv pleasure in
this kind of sexual gratiiication, and became indifferent
about coitus; satisfying himself only in this nianner. He
feit tbat all his tbought was ruled bv this, and be dreamed
only of exbibitions, with pollutions. His attomj)ts to con-
trol his impulse became more and more ineffectual. It
came over him with such force tliat lie noticed nothing
around bim, and saw and hcnrd nothing, and was like one
udevoid of reas(Hl,, — like "a bull trying to butt bis bead
througb a wall".

X. had an abnormally hroad bead; sinall ])cnis; tbe

OFFENCE AGAINST MORALITV. 519

left testicle deformed. Patellar rcflex absent. Symptoms
of neiiraathenia, especially cerebral. Frequent pollutions.
For the most part, bis dreams were about normal coitus,
%only infrequently about exbibition before little girls.

With reference to his sexual acts, he stated that the
impulse to seek and approach little girls was primary ; only
when he had succeeded earum intentionem in sua geni-
talia nudata transferre, erectionem et ejaeulationem fieri.
Ile did not lose consciousness in the act. After it he was
troubled about his deed, and, if undiscovered, said to
himself, "Once more I have escaped the authorities".

In prison he did not have the impulse; there, he was
troubled only with dreams and pollutions. In freedom he
had daily sought opportunity to satisfy himself with ex-
bibition. He would give ten ycars of his life to be free
from the thing; "this life of eonstant anxiety, this alter-
nation between freedom and imprisoninent, is unendur-
able".

The opinion assumed a eongenital (?) perversity of the
sexual instinct, with unmistakable hereditary taint, neuro-
pathic Constitution, asymmetry of cranium, and defective
development of the genitals.

It is also worthy of remark that the exhibition began
when the epilepsy ceased; so that one might think of a
vicarious phenomenon.

The sexual perversity developed, with predisposition,
through accidental association of ideas of sexual content
(children looking at him urinating) with an act that, in
itself, was purposeless.

The patient wras not sentenced, but sent to an asylum
(Dr. Frey er, "Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeanite," 3 Jahrg.,
Xo. 8).

Case 210. At nine o'clock at night, in the spring of
1891, a lady, in great trepidation, came to the policeman
in the city park of X., with the statement that a man,
absolutely naked in front, had approached her from the
shrubbery, and she had run away frightened. The officer

520

PßYC 1 1 0 PATB1 A S 1 : X I ' ALIS,

went at onee tu the place indieated, and found a man,
wlio exposed ventrem et genitalio nuda* He atternpted to
i acape^ hü% waa overtaken and arrested. He stated that
he had beea sexually exeited hv aleobol, and had beeo cm
the point of going to a prost hüte. On bis way t.hrougli
rlu: park, bowevef, Le recalled the fad thai exhibition
gave bim mncli greatcr pleasnre than was afforded. him
by coitus, in which he seldom, and only fautt ax, in-

dulged. After drawing up bis shirt, he posted liimself in
the shrubbery, and wfaeu two women eame üp tbe path he
approachcd tbem with exposed genitale In such exkibi-
tion he had a pleasurablc feeling of wannt h, and the blood
mounled to bis liead,

The acctised worked in a factory, and bis employor
Etated thal he waa fahhfnh thrifty, &ober und intelligent.

In 18SG B. had been pu&iehed becauae 1h* had twioe
exhibited bimself publicly, — once in broad daylight and
once at night, under a straet lamp.

B., age *>7, Bingle, made a peeuliar impression owing
to bis dandified dress and affeeted mannen His eyes
had a neiirupathio, lauguishing expression; around bis
niontk plaved a amile of ftelf-aatisfaction. lle was said to
come of healthy parents. A sister of bis father and one
of bis muiherV wen- insam*. Others of tlieir relatives
w i * re 1 1 1 otigl 1 1 rel i gl oualy ececnt ric.

B, had never had «ny severe illneas. From ehiklhood
he waa eoceatric and imaginative. He loved romain
about knights and others, was entirely absorbed by tbem,
and even went so far as to identify himself in faney with
the heroes. He always thought bimself a little better
than others, and thought much of elegant dress and
nnianients; and when he strntted ubont on Sundays he
imagined himself a high ofikäah

B, had never sbown epileptic Symptoms. In youtU
moderate ifidnlge&ce in masturbation ; later, moderate
indolgenea in eoitus, Previously, never any perverse
sexual feelings ur impnlses. Retired mnnner uf life; in
leisure hourfi, reading (populär novels, heroie tales, Dumas

OFFKNCK AOA1XST MOKALITY

521

and olhers). B* was not a drinker. Exzeption ally he
made bimself a kind of pnnch, by wbich he was always
excited sexually.

For sonie years, with nmrked deerease of lihido, after
auch aleoholie indulgenee, he had developed the "aceursedly
*illy tbought" and the desire genitalia adspeelui feiuhi-
ant m p u hlicr vsh ihr re .

If he got into this State he feit warm., bis heart heat
violenily, blood rafihed to Ins head, and he eould theo tto
longer resist the iinpulse. He heard and saw nothing
more, and was absolute]}- abeorbed in bis bist* After ward
he had often poimded bis erazy bead with hin fifcts, ind
h'rinly ivsnhvd never fo do auch a thing again ; but the
crazy ideas had always returaed,

In bis exhihition Ins peius bec&me only half-ereeted,
and ejaeulation never occurred ; <wn in eoitus it. was al-
waya tardy. In exhihitimi he was satisfied with genitalia
suo af!spicrn\ and he had the lustful thought that this
sight rottet he very pleasant to women, sinee he hitnself
liked bo much to see genital^ fcrninßrum* He was eapable
of eoitns only when the puella showed herseif very partial
to him ; without this he preferred rather to pay and go
without doing anything. In bis dreams he exhibited hiua-
self to youiig, vohiptnous woinen.

The medieo-le^ul opinion reoognieed the hereditary
Psychopathie eharacter of Um eulprit, and the perverse,
impulsive desire to perform the ineriminating aets; and
pointed out, further, the remarkabk fad that in R? who
.was otherwise sober and saving, the Impulses to indiilge
in aleobel depemled on abnormal eonditions that reeurred
periodically and foroed hitn to indulge, That, du ring bis
attaeks, B* was in an exeeptional psychieal Btate, »n a kind
of mental eonfusion, and absolutely absorbed in hil per-
verse sexual fancy, was elearly shown by the sjxrirs facti.
Tbus was explainetl the faet that he beeame aware of the
approaeh of the poliee only when it was too bite tO trv
to eseape. In this hereditary and degenerate impulsive
exhibitionism, it is interesting to nute how the perverse

522 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

sexual impulse is awakened from its latency by the in-
fluenee of aleohol.

The foregoing cases seein to justify the assumption of
a psycho-pathological meaning of ^exhibition" in the sense
of sexual demonstration.

A forensieally important variety of exhibition, which,
clinically speaking, rests for eertain lipon a similar neu-
rotic and degenerate foundation, and which expresses itself
in a pcculiar act, conditioncd by vio^nt Ubido (hyperces-
thesia sexualis), associated with diininished virility, is
made up of the so-called frotteurs.

The three following cases, borrowed froin Magnan (op.
cit.), are typical: —

Case 211. D., age forty-four; hereditarily predis-
posed; drinker, and suffering with lead poisoning. Until
the last year he had masttirbated inuch, and often drawn
pornographic pictures and shown theni to his acquaint-
ances. He had repeatedly dressed himself as a woinan in
secret.

For two years, after beconiiiig impotent, he had feit
desire, while in crowds at dusk, merrfulam denadnre
eamque ad mit es mulieris crassissimc irrere. Onee, when
discovered in the act, he had becn sentenced to imprison-
nient for four months.

His wife kept a milk-sliop. Itcrum iterumque sibi
temperare non potuit quin (jenifalia in ollatn lade com-
pleiam merqeref. In the act he feit lustful pleasurc, "as
if touched with velvet". He was cynical enough to use
this milk for himself and the customers. During im-
prisonment aleohol ic perseeutory insanitv developed in
him.

Case 212. M., age thirty-one; married six years;
fatlier of four cliildren; badly predisposed ; subjeet to
melancliolia at times. Three years before, he was dis-
eovered by his wife with a silk dress on, niasturbating.

OFFENCE AGAINST MORALITY. 523

One day he was discovered, in a shop, in the act of frot-
tage on a lady. He was very repentant, and asked to be
severely pimished for his irresistible inipulse.

Case 213. G., age thirty-three; badly predisposed
liereditarily. At an onmibus Station he was diseovered
in the act of f rottage with his penis on a lady. Deep re-
pentance; but he stated that at the sight of a noticeable
posieriora of a lady, he was irresistibly impelled to practise
f rottage, and that he became eonfnsed and knew not what
he did. Sent to an asylum.

Case 214. A frotteur. Z., born in 1850 ; of blame-
less life previously; of good fainily; private official. He
was well to do financially; nntainted. After a short mar-
ried life he became a widower, in 1873. For some time
he had attracted attention in clmrches, because he crowded
n p behind women, both old and young indifferently, and
toyed with their ubustles". Ile was watched, and one day
he was arrested in the act. Z. was terribly frightened,
and in despair about his Situation; and, in making a füll
(Konfession, he begged for pardon, for nothing but suieide
remained for him.

For two years he had been subjeet to.the unhappy
iinpulsc to go in crowds of people — in clmrches, at box-
offices of theatres, etc. — and press up behind females and
manipulate the prominent portion of their dresses, thus
producing orgasin and ejaculation.

Z. stated that he was never given to masturbation,
and had never been in any way perverse sexually. Since
the carly death of his wife, he had gratified his great
sexual desire in temporary love-affairs, having always had
an aversion for prostitutes and brothels. The impulse to
f rottage had suddenly seized him, two years ago, while he
liappened to bo in church. Though he wras conscious
that it was wrong, he could not help yielding to it
immediatcly. Since then he had been excitable to the
posteriora of females, and had been actually impelled to

524

FSYCHOPATHIA HKXrALlS.

seek opportun ity for frottagr. The only thing im women
tliat excited bim was tlie "bnstle"; every other pari oi
tue body and attire was a matter of iadifference to hilft j
neither did he niind whether the wmuan was old ur young,
beautiful or ugly. Binee thia bogan, he bad had no tnope
incliiiutioii iW iniinral gratihVarion, Of late f roitage
seenes had appenred in his dreams,

Ihiring his acts ha was fully eonscious of his Situation
and the act* and tried to perform it in such a way as to
atiraet as Utile attention aa possible, After hii aet he
was ahvays ashatned of what he had dinu\

The medieal exainination revealed ii" >ign of mental
disease or mental weafcness, hut Symptoms oi murustheniä
BSXUGÜB — ex abst'tm n( in libidinosa { i) — which was also
proved by the cifcumatance tliat cvcn the mere toneh of
tho fotifh with the troaxposed genitale Bufficed to mduce
ejaculation. Apparently Z., woakened sexually and dis-
trusting bis viril ity, and yet libidinous, had come to prao-
tise frottagt hy baving the sight of posieHora feminm fall
together aceidentally with sexual öxcitemenl ; and this asso-
ziative eoiubination of a perception with a feeling per-
rnitted the former to attain tho signifieaneo of a fetick

Whelher fliese froiteurs { if eoneldered as inen who
in oonaequence of disturbod virility haw U-emne either
i^mporarily or permanently hypr'rsexnally degenorated)
aliould oome linder the eategory of exhibitionists, or should
he rlassifh-d wiili the iet ulilsts, as Garnier does (4iLes
feticliistes/' p, TS), can hiirdly he decided on aeeonnt of the
limited nnmher of öaaea thns far observed.

The point whether denudotio geniialium takes place or
not, cannot affeet iliis drei sinn, fnr it may drpend in the
fr&ttaur on the intensity of the orgasra which may lead
even to lustful ecstasy, or also from externa! eireumsfaneos
favourablo to this loalh seine Impulse, The very fact that
11p tili now in pathological fetichism the fetieh lias nerer
had refen-nre fco partes genitales or the snrrounding parta
seeins to npsot Gomie/s Üaeory ns to fetichism of nate*
ff min (P (rf. p. 218),

OFFENCE AÖAIN8T MOKAIJTY. URO

The simplest explaiiatiou seems tu be that "f rottage3'
is a masturbatorial act of a hypersexual individual who
1^ mit-ertain about bis virility iu corpore femifUB. This
would also explain the motive of the assault being made
not ad anieriora but ad posteriore (cf* ease 211), That
fetichißm may be involved seems to follow froni ease 212,
whieh elearly pruves silk-fetiehism, Vety likely the lady
in qiiesiiou wore a silk gmvn, and rhe isdeeeni attack was
direeled lipon the ihr.-s, m-t the na res. In rase 214 the
act is evidently qualified by the "lmstle" and not by the
partieular part of the body.

As an aet whieh offenda public morals, and whieh is,
therefurc, punishable, the riohitlori of statues — a whole
mtu's i)f esoea o£ whieh Moreau (pp* cif>) haa collected
from ancient and modern times — iiiay be emnnerated here.
Tljrv afBj im fort unately, given too much like aneedotes
to allow satisfaetory judginent of the tu, They always
give tlie Impression öi being p&tbologieal — like the story
of i young mtu (related by Luci&fius und *s7. Clemens,
of Alexandria ) who made use of a Venus of Pruxiteh
the gratiiieation of bis lust; and the ease of Clisyphns,
who violated the slatue. of u goddess in the Temple of
Samos, after huving plaeed a pieee of meat on a eertain
part In modern times, the "Journal L'eveneinent" of
4th Mareh, IS 77, relates the story of a gardener who fdl
in low wirb a statue of the Venus of Jlilo, and was dis-
eovered attempting eoitus vvith it, AI auy rate, these easea
stand in ettologieal relation with ahnnnnally intens«.! libido
and defeetive virility or tfrurage, er lack of oppörtunity for
normal sexual gratifieation.

The same tliing imist be assumed in the ease of the
ßO-cal!ed "vöy0W#,#1— i.e., raen who are so eynieal that

* Dr. Moll calU fehlt perversion (?) roisnscoptu ( f rot« fis&£%
tohabitation; and axeKTtev, to look). Merze jewsky in hia " gyn£-
oologi* m&iicol egale," rdates the cnse of nn old ÖMtfillan who, in
orde* to excitc liinisdf, madV hia aervants to violate women and
girla in bis prcstnce. {Ivankow, Archiv* d'Antbropolog. criminelle,
xük, p. 697.)

526 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

they seek to get sight of coitus, in order to assist their
virility; or who seek to have orgasm and ejaculation at
the sight of an excited woman. Concerning this moral
aberration, which, for various reasons, cannot be further
described liere, it will suffice to refer to Coffignons book,
"La Corruption ä Paris". The revelations, in the domain
of sexual pervcrsity, and also perversion, which this book
makes, are horrible.

2. Rape and Lust-Murder.

(Austrian Statute», §>*125, 127; Austrian Abridgment, §192; German
Statutes, §177.)

By the term rape, the Jurist understands coitus, ont-
side of the marriage relation, with an adult, enforced by
means of threats or violence ; or with an adult in a condi-
tion of defencelessness or unconsciousness ; or with a girl
under the age of fourteen years. Immissio penis, or, at
least, conjuneiio membrorum (Schütze) is necessary to
establish the fact. To-day, rape on children is remarkably
frequent. Hof mann ("Ger. Med.," i., p. 155) and Tar-
dieu (" Attentats") report horrible eases.

The latter establishes the fact that, from 1S51 to 1875
inclusive, 22,017 cases of rape came before the courts in
France, and of tliese 17,057 were coinmitted on children.

The crime of rape presumes a temporary, powerful
excitation of sexual desire, induced by excess in alcohol or
by some otlier condition. It is highly improbable that
a man morally intact would comniit tliis most brutal
crime. Lomhroso (GoUdammcr's "Arch.'") considers the
majori ty of mon who commit rape to be degenerate, par-
ticularly when the crime is done on cliildren or old women.
ITe asserts that, in inany such nien, he lias found actual
signs of degeneraey.

It is a fact that rape is very often tlie act of degenerate

male imbeciles,1 who, under some circumstances, do not

even respect tlie bond of blood.

»"Annal. meVlioo- psycho!., " 1840, p. 515: 1863, p. 57; 1864, p.
215; 18G(), p. 253.

BAPE AND LUST-MUKDER. 527

Cascs as a rcsult öf mania, satyriasis and cpilepsy have
occurred, and are to be kept in mind.

The crime of rape inay be followed by'the murder of
ihe victini.1 There may be unintentional murder, murder
to destroy the only witness of the crime, or murder out of
lust (v. supra). Only for cases of the latter kind should
the term lust-murder" be used.

The motives of lust-murder have been previously con-
sidered. The cases given in illustration are characteristic
of the manner of the deed. The presumption of a murder
out of lust is alvvays given whcn injuries of the genitals
are found, the character and extent of whieh are such as
could not be explained by merely a brutal attempt at
coitus; and, still more, when the body has been opened,
or parts (intestines, genitals) torn out and are wanting.3

Lust-murders dependent upon psychopathic conditions
are never committed with accomplices.

Case 215. Weak-mindcdness; cpilepsy ; attempt at
rape ; murder. On the evening of 27th May, 1888, a boy
eight years old, Blasius, was playing with other children
in the neighbourhood of the village of S. An unknown
man came along and enticed the boy into the woods.

The next day the boy's body was found in a ravine,
with the abdomen slit open, an incised wound in the
cardiac region and two stab-wounds in the neck.

Since, on 2 Ist May, a man answering to. the descrip-
tion given of the murderer of the boy had attempted to
treat a six-year-old girl in a similar manner, and had only
accidentally been prevented, it was presumed to be a case
of lust-murder.

It was proved tliat the body was found in a heap, writh
only the shirt and jacket on ; also that there was a long
incision in the scrotum.

Suspicion feil upon a farm-hand, E. ; but, on con-

1 Cf. the cascs of Tardieu, " Attentats," pp. 182-92.
a Cf. Holtzendorff, •* Psychologie des Mords."
•Tardieu, "Attentats/ case 51, p. 188.

5^8

PSYC1IOPATHIA SEXUALJS.

limitation with tlie ehildren, it was not possible to identify
him witli tlie stranger wbo had entieed the boy into
the WOodft Bemdea, with the help of his sister, he proved
an aliin.

The untiring e frort s of the officers hrovight new evi-
dence to light, and finally E. CGnieseedL He had entieed
the girl into the wonds? thrown tef down, exposed her
genitale, and was about to abuse her; lwt, as ehe had an
eruption on her head and was erying loudly, his desire
cooledj and he Hed.

After he had entieed the toy into tlie woods, uiider
the pretext of showing him a bird's nest, he was tukcn
with ■ desire to abuse him. Sinee the boy refused tu take
off his trousers, he did it for In in ; and when the boy began
to cry out he stuhbed him twiee in the neck. Then he
made an ineision, just ab^ve tlie pnbes, in Imitation of
feniale genitale, in order b. use it tu satisfv bis bist Hut,
sinee the body grew cold innnediately, he lost his desire,
and, deftoillg bis kuife and bände near the body, he fled.
Whe» he saw the 1>ov dead, be was tilled with fear, and
his meniber becaine flaccid.

Diiring Ins cxamhiathm E, toyed apathetieally with a
rosary. lle had aeted in a State «it" mental weakn«
He conld not understand how he came to do such a thing*
He mnst have been beside himself ; for he often became
so weak in bis head that he wonld ftlmoßt fall down.
Previnus nuploycrs rcport that he had periods when he
was cnnfuscd and stubbom, doing no work all day, and
avoiding otherfl.

His father stated that E. fcarned with difficulty, was
nnskilfnl at work, and often so obstinate tbat one did
not dare to pnnish him. At auch tinies he wonld not eat,
and occasionally ran away and rcraained froni home for
days. At such times he also seemed qirite lost in thoughf ,
screwed his faee iip, and said senseless things.

When a youth, he still sotnetimes wetted the bed, and
often came home from sehool with wTet or soiled elothing.
He was very restless in sleep, so that no one eould sleep

RAPE AND LÜST-MÜRDEE. 529

beside bim. He bad never bad playinates. He had never
been crucl, bad, or iniinoral.

His mother gave similar testimony; and furtber, that,
in his fifth year, E. bad convulsions for tbe first time,
and once lost tbe power of speecb for seven days. Some-
time about his seventh year he once had convulsions for
forty days, and was also dropsical. Later, too, he was
of ten seized in sleep, and he of ten tbcn talked in his sleep ;
and mornings, after such nights, tbe bed was found wet
through.

At tiraes it was impossible to do anytbing with bim.
Since his mother did not know whether it was due to
viciousness or disease, she did not venture to punish bim.

Since tbe convulsions in his seventh year, he bad failed
so in mind that he could not learn even the common
prayers; and he also becamc very irascible.

Neighbours, persons prominent in the Community, and
teachers State that E. was peculiar, weak-minded, and
irascible; that at times he was very stränge, and apparently
in an exceptional mental State.

The examinations of the medical experts gave the fol-
lowing results : —

E. was tall, slim, and poorly nourished. His head
measured 53 centimetres in circumference. The cranium
was rhombic, and in the occipital region flattened.

His expression was devoid of intelligence; his glance
was fixed, expressionless ; his attitude was careless, and his
body was beut for ward. Movements were slow and heavy.
Genitals normally developed. E.'s whole appearance
pointed to torpidity and mental weakness.

There were no signs of clegenerative marks, no abnor-
mality of tlie vegetative organs, and no disturbances of
motility or sensibility. Ilc canic of a perfectly healthy
family. He knew nothing of convulsions or of wetting
his bed at night, but he stated that, of late years, he had
had attacks of vertigo and loss of mind.

At first, he denied the murder point blank. Later, in
great contrition, before the examining judge, he confessed

530 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

all, and gave a clear motivc for bis crime. He had never
had such a tbought beforc.

He had been given to onanism for years; he even
practised it tvvice daily. He stated tbat, for want of
courage, he had never ventured to ask coitus of a woman,
though in dreams such scencs exelusively passed before
hini. Xeitber in dreams nor in the waking State had he
ever had perverse instincts; partieularly no sadistic or
antipathic sexual feelings. The sight of the slaughter of
animals had never interested bim. When he enticed the
girl into the woods, bis dcsire, of coursc, was to satisfy
bis lust with her; but bow it bappened tbat he tried such
a thing with a boy, he could not explain. Ile thougbt
he must bave been out of bis mind at tbat time. The
night after tlie murder he could not sleep on account of
fear; he had twice confessed already, to ease bis con-
science. He was orily afraid of being hanged. Tbis
sbould not be done, as he had done the deed in a weak-
minded condition.

He could not teil why he had cut open the boy's
abdomen. It had not occurred to bim to grope among
the intestines, sinell them, etc. He stated tbat, after the
attempt on the girl in the day time, and in the night, after
the murder of the boy, be had convulsions. At the time of
bis crime be was indeed conscious, but be had given no
thougbt to wbat be was doing.

He suffered much with beadacbe; could not endure
beat, tbirst, or alcobol ; there were times when he was
perfectly confused. The test of bis intelligenec sbowed a
high grade of weak-mindedness.

The opinion (Dr. Kauhncr, of Graz) sbowed the im-
becility and neurosis of the accused, and niade it probable
tbat bis crime, for wbich be liad only a gcneral recollec-
tion, had been coniniitled in an execptional (pre-cpileptic)
mental state, qualified by tlie neurosis. Under all circum-
stanccs, E. was considered dangerous, and probably would
require coinmitinent to an asylum for life.

BAPE AND LUST-MURDEB. 531

Case 216.1 Bape on a Utile girl btj an idioL Death
of the viel im.

On the evening of the 3rd of September, 1889, Anna,
aged ten years, daughter of a labourer, went to tlie village
church, distant alK>ut two miles, but did not return. The
following day her body was found about fifty paees from
the niaiii road, in a copse. The face was turned to the
ground ; the mouth was gagged with nioss ; signs of a
eriminal assault about the anus.

Suspicion feil upon a young labourer, K., nineteen
years of agc, beeause he had on the Ist of September
attempted to entiee tlie cliild in the wood when she wTas
return ing from church.

K. was arrested. At first he denied the deed; but
afterwards made a complete eonfession. Ile liad strangled
the ehild, and when she stopped kicking and resisting,
actum sodomitieum in ano infantis perpefravit.

During the preliminary examination no one had raised
the question as to the mental condition of this monster;
in consequence, when shortly before the trial counsel de-
fending liiin asked for an examination of the mental con-
dition of his dient, Ins request was refused on tlie ground
"that the previous proeeedings contained nothing wrhich
could Warrant the plea of insanity".

By aeeident, counsel for the defence sueeeeded in es-
tablishing the fact that tlie great grandfather and the
paternal aunt of the aecused had been insane; that the
father was an inveterate alcoholist since earliest youth
and a cripple on one side of the body. These facts were
verified during the trial.

But it made no impression. The defence finally pre-
vailed upon the medical ad viser of the court to suggest
that K. be sent for Observation to an insane asylum for a
per i od of six weeks.

The opinion of the physician at the Institute estab-

1 Cf. the oomplete medico-lepal opinion on thia case reported in
" Fricdreich's Blatter," 1891, Heft 6.

532 PSYC1IOIWTIIIA SEXUALIS.

lished K.'s idiocy, thus rendcring liim irresponsible for bis
deed.

He appcared insipid, stolid, apathetic; had forgotten
nearly all he had ever learned at school; neither by voice
or mien he betrayed the slightest emotions of compassion,
contrition, shame, hope, or fear of the future. His face
was iminovable as a niask.

Head quite abnormal ; bullet-shaped. Proof that the
brain was diseased already during the foctal period or
during the earliest years of development.

lipon this report K. was permanently interned at the
asyhim.

Through the indef atigable efforts of a brave lawyer
the court was saved froni committing a judiciary murder,
and the honour of society was snstaincd.

Case 217. Lust-murder; moral imbccility. A man
of middle age; born in Algeria; said to be of Arabic de-
scent. Had served for several years in the eolonial troops ;
had then shippcd as a sailor between Algeria and Brazil,
and later on, in the hope of Unding lighter employment,
had gone to North America. He was known among
his acquaintances as being lazy, cowardly and bmtal.
Several times he had beeil sentenced for vagrancy; it was
said that he was a thief of the lowcst kind ; that he
knocked atanit with women of the lowest class, and made
common cause with them. His perverse sexual relations
and acts were also well known. On several occasions he
had bitten and beaten women with whom he sexually
conversed. According to the description given of him,
the authorities thought thev had secured a certain nn-
known party who had scared at night the women in the
streets by einbracing and kissing them, and had the nick-
name of "Jack the Kisser".

Tic was a tall man (over six feet), slightly bent for-
ward. Low forehea<l, verv ])roniinent che(»k bones, massive
jawbones; small, narrow, inflamed eyes, piercing look :
big feet, hands like birds' claws ; shambling gait. His

TORTURE OF ANIMALS DEPENDENT ON SADISM. 533

arms and liands were tattooed all over. Remarkable was
the picture of a woman in eolours, around whieh the
name "Fatima" was inscribed, because tattooing the fe-
malc form upon the body is considered to be disgraceful
aniong the Arabs of the Algerian armv; and prostitutes
generally liave a cross tattooed in their skin. His general
appearanee gave the impression of a low grade of intelli-
gence.

X. was eonvicted of the mnrder of an elderly female
with whoni he had spent the night. The corpse bore
various wonnds, sonie remarkable for their length; the
abdomen was ripped open, pieees of the intestines were
cut out, so was one of the ovaries ; other parts were strewn
around about the corpse. Several of the wounds were like
crosses ; one was in the shape of a ereseent. The nmrderer
had strangled his vietim. Ile denied the doed, and every
inclination to comniit such an act (Dr. MacDonald, Clark
University, Mass.).

3. Bodily Injury, Injury to Propcrty, Torture of Animals
Dependent on Sadism.

(Austrian, §§ 152, 411; Germnn, § 223 [bodily injury]. Austrian,
§§ 85, 403; («erman, § 303 [injury to property]. Austrian
Police Regulations; CJerman Statutes, § 360 [torture of ani-
mals].)

Aside from lust-inurder, described in. the foregoing
seetion, as milder expressions of sadistic desires, iinpulses
to stab, flagellate or defile females, to flagellate boys, to
nialtreat animals, etc., also oecur.

The deep degenerative significance of sueh eases is
clearly demonstrated by the series of examples given imdcr
''General I:>athology,^ Such mentally degenerate indi-
viduals* should they be unable to control their perverse
impulses, eould only be objects of care in asylums.

Case 218. Sadism on boys and yirls commilfrd by
a moral idiot.

K., fourteen years and five months old; killed a small

534 PSYCJIOPATItIA SEXUALIS.

boy in a cruel manner. The trial developed the following
details: Tvvo cases of murder; a long series of cases
(seven) in which K. liad cruelly torturcd little boys. All
these children ranged in age from seven to ten years. K.
would Iure them into a hidden place, strip thein naked,
bind them band and foot, tie them against some object,
gag the inouth with a handkerchief and then beat them
with a stick, a strap or a pieee of rope, slowly, pausing
for minutes — grinning all the time without nttering a
word. One of the boys he forced imdcr threat of death
to repeat the Lord's Prayer twiec, to j>romisc under oath
secrecy and to repeat curse words and oaths after him.
In another instanee he pricked the boy's eheeks with a
needle, played with bis genitals, and stabbed him in the
pubic region; he then ordered him to lie on bis storaaeh
when he wonld juiup on bis back, dancing all over the
body ; final ly he stabbed him in the nates and dug bis teeth
into them. Another bov he bit in the nose and stabbed
him with a knife.

The eighth victiin, a little girl, he enticed into his
mother's shop, feil upon her from behind, and clapping
one band over her mouth, cut her throat with the other.
The body was found in a dark corner, covered over with
ashes and nianure. Tlie Iiead was severed from the body,
the flesh cut away from the bonos, the whole body covered
with cuts and wounds. The largest cut was on the inner
side of the left thigh, penetrating through the genitals into
the abdomen. Auotlier cut extended from the fossa iliaca
obliquely across the abdomen. The clothes and linen were
torn and cut into shreds.

The corpse of the ninth victim was found with the
throat cut across, blood was flowing from the eyes, the
heart was piercod by iimumerable stabs. A number of
thrusts were found in the abdomen. The scrotum was
ripped open, the testicles were lianging out, and the glans
penis was cut off.

K. had first lured the bov to him as he had done the
little girl, cut his throat and then stabbed him all over.

TOR1TUK OF AMMANS DMPKNUKXT OK BAfclSM.

53^

K,? whose licndihirv n>mlhi<»ns wore n^t known, had
oeen suffering froin a severe illnesa du ring tho wliole of
his first M\ir'ä existenee? and thus had boeoine very nnn'h
fiii;iriflt&d. He began to reeovei% and it is clainiod that
since then he was not ariiicted with had Itcalth, excepting
frerpicnt comphiints alxmt pain in ihe head and eyes and
vertigo, nntil he was eleven, when he went throngh a "se-
vere illness," whieh madc him delirious. Headaehes would
suddenly seize him, so that he would ruu awav frutn plav,
and return only alter a Coii>id<'nible ink-rval When asked
on such occasions ahont bis eonduet, he would slowly an-
swer, -Ify head, my hcud".

He was intraetable, d isobedient and beyond control.
Showcd suddon and extreme monds, desires and oplnions.
When three years old he was one day seen to torture a
chieken with a knife. He licd with every appearunce of
trutli. At school he was a ilistnrbing elemeut, iiiaking
faees, constantlv talking to himself ; was obstinate and dis-
reflpectfuL Fönirinnent to him was injustice ; he was roni-
tnif. In tho house of mrrection he was secluded, preoceu-
piod with himself, suspicimis, disliked by his runirades — in
faet without any clniin, Ttis intellectual powers wero good ;
he possessnl sagaeity, reason and a good inemory. He
showed great defect in tho othieal dircction* He betrayed
tmt fhe slightest signs of sorrow or penitenee for his deeds,
or the least eonscionsness of his ivsponsibility. Only for
his mother he seemed to have a sort of tender feeling. He
cotild assign no object for his aetions. Ile oalmly dis-
onssed his chances : "they would not eondomn him to
death beeanse he was onlv fourteen vears of age; hereto-
forc they had not been wont to hang boys of his age,
and surely they would not make a beginning with him".
What motive ho had in his d«/r<1s cannot be aseertained
from him. Once he said that read mg a desrription of
the tortnres visited upon their vietims by tho Red Indiana
had tempted him to imitate them, Ile had even once
thought of mnning away from home to join the Indiana.

536 PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

Wlienever he espied a victim bis imagination would be
filled with pictures of cruel actions.

On the morning of such davs he would alwavs wake
up with vertigo and pressure in the liead, which condition
would last all day.

As physical anomalies only an exceptionally large penis
and very big testicles are mentioned. Mons veneris com-
pletely and thickly covered with Jiair ; in fact, the genitals
were fully developed like those of an adult. Xo Symptoms
of epilepsy (Dr. MacDondld, Clark University, Mass.).

Case 219. Sadism; bodily injury. B., seventeen
years of age, tinsmith, bought on the 4th January, 1893,
a long knife; went to a prostitute, had repeatedly sexual
intercourse with her, gave her inoney, and raade her sit
undressed on the edge of the bed. He now stabbed her
slightly three times in the ehest and abdoinen whilst his
membrum was ereeted. When the girl began to yell and
people came to her assistance, B. fled, but immediately
gave himself up to the police. At first he said he had
stabbed the girl in a quarrel, but afterwards stated he had
had no motive for his deed. Several blood relations of
his father had been insane. B. was not tainted, not a
drunkard, had not gone through any severe illness, never
masturbated, but had practised eoitus for two years.
Genitals normal. Seemed, under Observation, mentally
normal ; was ashamed of his aetion, to which the experts
pro]>erly ascribed a sexual motive. In spite of definite
proof of mental sanity, he was released (Coutagnc, "Annal.
med. psych.," 1893, July, Aug.).

Case 220. Acts of violence emanating from sadism.
M., sixty years of age, owner of several millions, happily
married, father of two daughters, one eighteen, the other
sixteen years of age, was convicted of seduetion of minors
and acts of violence on females. He was aecustomed to
go to tlie house of a proeuress, where he wras known as
Vhomme qui pique, and there, lying upon a sofa in a pink

TOBTUBE OF ANIMALS DEPENDENT ON SADISM. 537

silk dressing-gown, lavishly trimmed with lacc, would
&wait his victims— puellas tres nudas. They had to ap-
proach bim in single file, in silence and smiling. They
gave him needles, cambric bandkerchiefs and a whip.
Kneeling before one of the girls, be would now stick about
a hundred needles in her body, and fasten with twenty
needles a handkerchief lipon her bosom; this he would
suddenly tear away, whip the girl, tear the hair from
her mons veneris and squeeze her mamrnce, etc., whilst the
other two girls would wipe the Perspiration from his fore-
head and strike lascivious plastic attitudes. Xow excited
to the highest pitch, he would have coitus with his victim.
Later on, for the sake of economy, he was satisfied to per-
form his brutality with one girl alone. This girl feil in
consequence into a severe illness, and in her distress asked
him for help. Ile reported this "extortion" to the police,
who, on their part, made inquiries, and brought a charge
against him. At first he deniod the facts, but convicted,
expressed his surprise that such a fuss should be made
about a mere trifle. M. was described as a man of re-
pulsive appearanee, with receding forehead. He was sen-
tenced to six months' imprisonuient, a fine of 200 francs,
and 1000 francs damages to his victim ("Journal Gil
Blas," Aug. 14 and 16, 1891).

A less revolting case, that of a young man, is related
by Ferrioni, "Archivio delle psicopatie sessuali," i., p. 106,
1896. This young sadist would first wrestle with the girl
in order to bring about virility and would, inter actum, bite
and pinch her in order to produce satisfaction. But one
day he bit the girl so hard that she brought an action
against him.

Case 221. Murder through sadism. Married man,
at the time of this crime thirty years of age. Ile had lured
a girl to the bell tower of the church of which he wras
the sexton and there killed her. Circumstantial evidence
forcing him to admit the deed, he confessed to another

533

PSVCHOPATiriA SEXUALIS.

shiiilar murder. l^tli corp$9fl ßhowed numerous contu-
sions about tlie fieshy parts of the head, fractures of the
skull, cxtravasations under tho dura muh r and in the bram.
No otber bodily injiu'ies were foundj Lhe genital orgaas
were intaei

Sperma 1 $ Uli Tis were found on the uiiderwear of the
crimiuaL who was arrested soon after the deed was
eommitted, L, waa doscrihed as of pleasing appearanoe,
of dark eomplexion, beardlcss. No details about his
hereditary relations, antecedens, vita se&ualis ante acta,
etc.

His tnotive, aeeording to his own ad i Mission, was "lust
of the enteilest and most abominable kind" (Ür. MacDon*
atdj Clark University, Mass.).

Guittebeau* Professor at the Veter inary College at
Berne, has colleeted a number of cases of horrible sadistic
acta of violenee on dimib brutes.

1. Injuries to the vagina in aix eows. Off ender un-
knowrt

2; Mortal injuries on four calves and goats, conimitted
hv a yout.li, niueteen years of age, with the sharp point elf a
stick. Ile Lad hecoine an imbecile at. the age of four
throngli meningitis. Ile confessed that the aet was one of
Sexual Inst. Conflidered irrcsponsible.

3, Bepeated and numerous injuries to eows and goats
in the aims and in the vagina, bv a stable-hoy (age twenty-
four) with a stick He confessed that when milking or
otborwise attending the enimala he bccaine sexual W ex?
eited* had violent erectiona and sensations of fear. At
first he Ußed bis band, and then a stick, which he would
introduce into the orifice. It was always an impulsive
aet and only at such timea when he suffered from sleep-
lessness and nervons and sexual exciteinen L After the
act he was always tormenied by pangs of consciencc but
could not help relapsing into the same fault. Considered
ir responsable,

(Schweizer Archiv f. Thierheilkunde, lieft 1, Jahrg. 1889.)

MASOCHISM AND SEXUAL BONDAGE. 539

4. A similar offence (in imitation of the former) in
the same stable by a feeble-minded cowherd, eighteen
years old, on the rectum of an ox.

Case 222. X., age twenty-four. Parents healthy,
two brothers died from tuberculosis, one sister suffered
from periodical fits. X. began to experience at the age
of eight pleasurable feelings with erection when he pressed
his abdomen against the form in school. He often did
this. Later he practised mutual masturbation with a
schoolmate. First ejaeulation at the age of thirteen. In
the first attempt at coitus (when eighteen) he was im-
potent. He continued auto-masturbation. When reading
a populär book describing the dreadful consequences of
onanism, he became very neurasthenic. A water eure
brought improvement, but a second attempt at coitus proved
a fizzle. Return to masturbation. In time this failed
him, too. He would now pick up a living bird by the bill
and swing it around in the air. The sight of the tortured
animal provoked erection and when the flapping wing
touched his penis, ejaeulation would ensue with enormous
sexual lust. (Dr. Wachholz, Friedreich's Blätter, f.
gerichtl. Med. 1892, 6 Heft, p. 336.)

See also, Murder through Sadism. Rivista Sperimen-
tale, 1897, xxiii., p. 702, and 1898, xxiv., fasc. I.—Kölle,
ger. psych. Gutachten, Fall 4. p. 48.

4. Masochism and Sexual Bondage.

Masochism1 may wider certain circumstances attain
forensic importance, for modern criminal law no longer

aAs Herbst ("Handb. d. österr. Strafrechts, Wien," 1878, p. 72)
remarks, there are, nevertheless, crimes conditioned by the absence of
assent on the part of the injured individual whicli eease to be such
as soon as the injured individual has given consent — e. g.f theft, rape.

But Herbst also enumerates here the limitation of personal
f reedom ( ? ) .

Of late a deeided change of views on this point has taken place.
The German criminal law regards the consent of a man to his own

540 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

reeognises the prineiple volenti non fit injuria, and the
present Austrian Statute in § 4 says expressly: "Crimes
may also be committed 011 persons who demand their com-
mission on themselves".

Psychologically speaking, the facts of sexual bondage
are of greater criminal importanee (cf. p. 181).

If sensuality is predominant, or in other words, if a
man is held in fetich-thraldom and bis raoral power of
resistanee is but weak, he may by an avaricious or vin-
dictive woman into whose bondage his passion has led him
be goaded on to the very worst crinies. The following
case is a striking instance : —

Case 223. Murder of a family through sexual bond-
age* N., soap manufacturer in Catania ; thirty-four years
of age; previously of good charaeter; stabbed his wife in
her sleep to death on the 21st of December, 1886, and
strangled his two daughters, one seven years and the
other six weeks old. At first he denied the deed, tried
to throw suspieion upon others, but ünally confessed to
all the details and begged to be hanged.

N. came of a sound family, was healthy himself, a
good business man and highly respeeted ; married well, but
for several years was under the fascinating influenee of a
mistress who had captivated and completely controlled him.

He had kept this matter a secret from the world and
his wife.

By playing on his jealousy and declaring that by
marriage alone he eould for the future possess her, this
monster of a woman had brought the weak and infatuated
N. to »beoome tlie murderer of his wife and ehildren.

death of such importanee that a very difierent and much milder
punishment is inllicted under such circumstances (§ 216) ; and it is
the same in Austrian law (Austrian Abridgment, § 222). The so-
called double suieido of lovers was the act considered. In bodily
injury and deprivatinn of freedom, the consent of the victim must
also reeeive consideration at the band» of the judge. Certainly a
knowledge of masochism is of importance in making a judgment of
the probability of asserted consent.

MASOCHISM AND SEXUAL BONDAGE. 541

After the deed he had induced Ins young nephew to fetter
bim as if he himself were the victim of the villains and
under the threat of death commanded him to silence.
When the neighbors came in he played the role of the
unhappy, maltreated father.

After a full confession he showed the deepest contri-
tion. During the two years of the subsequent trial, N.
never showed signs of mental derangement.

His mad love for the mistress he could only explain
as an infatuation. He never had cause to find fault with
his wife. There were no traces of abnormal or perverse
sexual instinct in this exceptional criniinal. His sorrow
and contrition over the deed gave suffieient proof that
no moral defect was present. His mental eondition was
declared to be sound. Exclusion of irresistible inipulse
(Madalari, "II morgagni," 1890, Feb.).

Case 224. Sexual bondage in a lady.

JVlrs. X., thirty-six years of age; mother of four
children. Came from a neuropathie and heavily-tainted
mother. Father psychopathic. She began to masturbate
at the age of five, had an attack of melancholia at the
age of ten, during which period she was troubled with the
delusion that she could not go to heaven on account of
her sins. This made her nervous, excitable, emotional,
neurasthenic. At the age of seventeen she feil in love
with a man who was denied her by her parents. She
now showed Symptoms of hysteria. AVhen twenty-one
she married a man by inany years her senior who had
but little sexual appetite. Her conjugal relations with
him never satisfied her; coitus produeed severe erethismus
genitalis which she could not satisfy with masturbation.
She suffered tortures from this libido insatiata, yielded
more and more to onanism, became heavily hystero-
neurasthenic, capricious and quarrelsome, so that marital
relations grew ever colder.

After nine years of mental and physical anguish, Mrs.
X. succumbed to the blandishments of another man in

542 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

whose arms she found tbat gratification for which she
bad so long languished.

But now she was formen ted with tbe consciousness
of having broken ber marriage vow, often feared she
would become insane, and only the love for her ehildren
prevented her from conimitting suicide.

She scarcely dared to appear before her husband whoin
she highly esteemed on account of bis noble character,
and feit dreadful qualms of conscience because she had
to coneeal the awful secret from him.

Altbough she found füll gratification and immense
sensual pleasure in the arms of the other man, she had
repeatedly made attenipts to give up this liaison. Her
efforts were in vain. She got deeper and deeper into the
bondage of this man, who recognising and abusing his
power had merely to dissemble as if he would leave her
in order to possess her witbout restraint. Ile abused this
bondage of the miserable woman only to gratify his sexual
appetite, gradually even in a perverse manner. She was
nnable to refuse bim any demand.

When Mrs. X. in her despair came to me for pro-
fessional advice she deelared tbat she could no longer
continue such a life of misery and angnish. An insuper-
able libido, disgusting to herself, drew her to this man,
whom she could not love but as little do without, whilst
on the other band she was constantly tormented with the
danger of discovery, and with self-reproach on account
of her offence against the law of God and man.

The greatest .mental pain was caused by the thought
of losing her paramour, who often tbreatened to leave her
if she did not yield to his wishes, and who controlled her
so thoroughly tbat she would do any t hing and everything
at his bidding.

The soundness of mind in the horrible case 223 and
in many other analogous cases caiiuot. be called in ques-
tion. As matters stand now-a-days when tbe public cannot
comprehend the more refiued analysis of the motives in

BOBBEBT AND THEFT DEPENPENT ON FETICHISM. 543

a tragedy and when the law profession escbevvs psychology
in favour of logical formalism, it can hardly be expected
that judge and jury will regard the weight of sexual bond-
age — especially as in tliis condition tbc inccntive to tbe
crime is not a morbid one and the intensity of the incentive
itself cannot be dealt with.

Nevertheless in such cases it behoves to consider
whether the accused was possibly still susceptible to
counter-motives or whether these were excluded from an
effective presence. If the latter be the case it would be
equivalent to a disturbance of the psychical equilibrium.

Xo doubt in these cases a sort of acquired moral weak-
ness is produced which impairs the soundness of mind.
Sexual bondage should certainly constitute a cause for
leniency in crimes committed through its agency.

5. Bodily Injury, Robbery and Theft Dependent on
Fetichism.

(Austrian, §190; German, §249 [robbery]. Austrian, §§ 171, 460;
German, §242 [theft].)

It is seen from the section on fetichism, under "Gen-
eral Pathology," that pathological fetichism inay become
the cause of crimes. There are now recognised, as such,
hair-despoiling (cases 81, 82, 83) ; robbery or theft of
female linen, handkerchiefs, aprons (cases 86, 87, 91, 93) ;
shoes (cases 66, 93, 94), and silks (case 99). It cannot
be doubted that such individuals are the subjects of deep
mental taint. But, for the assumption of an absence of
mental freedom and consequent irresponsibility, it must
be proved that there was an irresistible impulse, which,
either owing to the strengt h of the impulse itself or to
the existence of mental weakness, rendered control of the
criminal perverse impclling force impossible.

Such crimes and the peculiar manner in which they
are carried out — wherebv thov differ verv much from
common robbery and theft — always demand a medieo-
legal examination. But that the act per se does not by

544 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

any means necessarily arise from psycho-pathological
conditions is shown by the infrequent cases of hair-
despoiling1 siraply for the purpose of gain.

Case 225. P., labourer, age twenty-nine. Family
heavily tainted. Emotional, irritable, masturbated since
childhood. When ten years old he saw a boy masturbate
into a woman's handkerchief. This gave the direction to
P.'s vita sexualis. He stole handkerchiefs from pretty girls
and masturbated into them. The mother tried every means
to break him of this habit ; she admonished him, took the
stolen handkerchiefs away and bought him new ones, all
in vain. He was canght by the police and punished for
theft. He then went to Africa and served in the army
with an excellent record. On his return to France he re-
sumed his old practices. He was only potent if the puella
held a white handkerchief in her hand during the act. He
married in 1894 and sustained his virility by grasping a
handkerchief during coitus.

The fetichistic crisis ahvays came suddenly, like a
paroxysm, especially at moments of laziness. He would
feel out of sorts, psychically moody and sexually excited
and impelled to masturbate. Soon the fancy-picture of a
handkerchief would appear and take füll possession of his
thoughts and feelings. If at that period he should catch
sight of a woman's handkerchief he would choke with fear,
palpitation of the heart would set in, he would tremble
and profuse Perspiration would break out all over his body.
Although conscious of the risk involved, he was irresistibly
forced to steal the handkerchief. He was arrested on one
such occasion, but the examining physician declared him
irresponsible. During the time of detention he was free
from the obsession. He hoped to master his weakness in
future. The number of handkerchiefs he had stolen he

1 According to Austrinn law, this crime should fall under $ 411,
as elight bodily injury: aecording to the German criminal law, it ia
bodily injury (cf. Liszt, p. 325).

BOBBEBY AND TIIEFT DEPENDENT ON FETICHISM. 545

estimated to be one lmndred. He used each handkerchief
only once and tlien tlirew it away. (Magnan in Thoinot,
attentats aux moeurs, p. 428.)

Case 226. Handkerchief-fetichism; repeated thefts
of handkerchief s belonging to women.

D., forty-two ycars of age, man-servant, single, was
sent on llth March, 1892, by the policc to the district
asylum of Deggendorf (Xiederbayern) for Observation of
his mental faculties.

Ile was 1.G2 in. high, muscular and well fed. Head
8iibmicrocephalic ; expression of face blank. The eye
distinctly neuropathie. Genital organs normal. With
the exeeption of a moderate degree of neurasthenia and
increased patellar reflexes, there was nothing abnormal in
D.'s nervous System.

In 1878 D. reeeived his first sentence of one and a
half years' imprisonment at Straubing for stealing hand-
kerchiefs.

In 1880 he stole a handkerchief from a tradeswoman
in the yard of an inn, and was senteneed to fourteen days.

In 1882 he made an attempt in the public road to
pull the handkerchief from the band of a peasant girl.
Charged with attempted robbery, he was found not guilty
on the strength of medical opinion, which stated weak-
ness of mind and a morbid disturbance of the mental
faculties tempore delicti.

In 1884 he was tried before a jury for having com-
mitted, under similar circumstances, robbery of a woman's
handkerchief, found guilty, and senteneed to four years'
imprisonment.

In 1888 he took in the public market-plaee a hand-
kerchief from the pocket of a woman. Sentence, four
months.

In 1889, for a similar offence, nine months.

In 1891, ditto, ten months. Otherwise his record
shows only a few fines or detentions at the police Station

546 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

for carry ing a concealed weapon (a knife) and for va-
grancy.

All tbe thefts of bandkercbiefs were committed from
young feniales, chiefly in broad daylight, in tbe presence
of other people, and so clumsily and iinpudently that each
time he was arrested on tbe spot. In the proceedings not
the sligbtest traces of tbeft of otber articles, ever so small,
can be found.

On tbe 9tb December, 1891, D. was once more re-
leased from jail. On the 14th he was caught stealing the
handkerchief from a peasant girl in a crowd at the annual
fair. He was at once arrested, and upon searching bim
the police found two more white handkerchiefs belonging
to women.

On former occasions also whole collections of women's
handkerchiefs had been found on bis person (1880, thirty-
two pieces; 1882, fourteen, nine of which he wore next
his skin; on another occasion twenty-five. In 1891 seven
white handkerchiefs were found upon bim).

When questioned as to tbe motive for stealing hand-
kerchiefs, he always said that he was drunk at the time,
and had taken the handkerchiefs for a joke.

The handkerchiefs found upon bim be claimed to have
bought or swapped for something eise, or he said women
with whom be had relations had given them to bim.

Under Observation D. showed weakness of mind, ap-
peared run down through vagrancy, drink and masturba-
tion, but good-natured, obedient, and by no nieans afraid of
work.

Ile knew notbing of bis parents, grew up without
supervision; when a child be made a living by begging;
at thirteen be was a stable-boy, and was used at fourteen
by others for pederasty. He declared that at a very early
period be feit tbe sexual instinct very strongly; began
early to have coitus and to practise masturbation. When
be was fiftecn, a coachman had told bim that great
pleasure could be derived by applying tbe handkerchiefs
of young women ad genitalia. He tried it, found it to be

ÄOBBERY AND TIIEFT DEPENDENT ON FETICHISM. 547

the case, and now sought to obtain in all manner possible
such handkerchiefs. This craving became so strong that
wherever he saw a pleasing yonng woman with a hand-
kerchief in her hand or visible in her pocket violent sexual
excitement would seize him, and he was impelled to make
his way to this woinan and take the handkerchief away
from her.

When sober he generally contrived to resist this
impulse for fear of punishment. But when he had drink
in him he could not resist. When serving in the army
he had often induced young and pleasing girls to give
him their handkerchiefs that had already been in use,
and to exchange them for others after he had used them
for a while.

When he slept with a girl he generally exchanged his
own handkerchief for the girl's. Often he had bought
handkerchiefs that he might exchange them with those
used by women.

New and unused handkerchiefs had no effect on him.
The girl must have carried it about and used it before it
excited him sexually.

In order to bring unused handkerchiefs into contact
with women, he would at times throw them in the road
in front of a woman Coming towards him, that she might
step on it (this is taken from the proceedings). Once he
feil upon a girl, pressed a handkerchief against her neck,
and ran away.

As soon as he came into possession of a handkerchief
that had been touched by a woman, he would have erection
and orgasm. He would then put the handkerchief ad
corpus nudum, or preferably ad gcnitalia, and thus pro-
duce a pleasurable ejaculation.

He never asked such women to have coitus with him,
partly because he feared a refusal, chiefly, however, be-
cause he preferred the handkerchief to the girl.

D. made all these confessions with great reserve, and
piecemeal. Kepeatedly he broke into tears and refused to

548 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

say more because "he was so ashamed of himself". "I
am not a thief, and have never stolen a penny's worth
even when I was in dire distress. I never could have
brought myself to seil one of these handkerchiefs. I am
not a bad man. Only when I do these stupid things I am
beside myself."

The favourable opinion given by the authorities of the-
asylum attributed his misdeeds to an abnormal mental
condition producing a morbid, irresistible impulse to com-
mit these acts, coupled with weakness of intellect in a
moderate degree. Free pardon f rom thef t.

Case 227. Violation of ladies' toilets emanating
from stiiff'fetichism.

X., heavily tainted (great uncle insane, father a
drunkard, sister an idiot), was arrested in an office whilst
pushing np against ladies, he was cutting with a pair of
scissors pieces of für, velvet or cloth from their apparel.
In his pockets and in his room a big lot of such cuttings
was found.

X. had shown since his tenth year a wreakness for
woolly and fluffy materials. Even the very sight, but
especially the touch, of them would bring on orgasm and
ejaculation. Fur particularly had this effect on him, and
after that satin. The lattcr aecounted for the faet that in
his collection a number of cuttings of satin ribbons were
found.

He induced lustful emotions by plaeing the stolen
pieces of stuff next to his skin. If ejaculation was not
spontaneous he assisted with masturbation. Woman in
her capacity as woman, or sexual intercourse with lier,
had no charni for him (Garnier, "Les Fetichistes per-
vertes," p. 49, Paris, 1896).

SEXUAL OFFENCES CAUSED BY DELUSION. 549

Notes on the Question of Responsibility in Sexual
Offences Causcd by Delusion.1

The question of delusion in those sexual affeets which
occur in fetichism, sadism and exhibition, offers many diffi-
culties. The all important point is to find the motive for
the act resulting either froin fetichism or sadism, for it is
a sexual delict — likely an equivalent for irapossible coitus
— and not a theft for instanee, that claims our attention.
The offender, from shame over Ins act, is apt to mislead
the examining judge. Particular stress should be laid upon
the fact that the act emanated from an irresistible impulse,
a delusion which voids responsibility. The patient, al-
though not fully robbed of consciousness, is yet unable
to shake off the delusion and finds relief only in committing
the imperative act, which as a rule is accompanied by
strong paroxysms of fear and anxicty. The organic source
of this fear may be found in powerful somatic vasomotoric
manifestations. Of psychical importance is the conscious-
ness that the mind is inhibited in its power of forming
free thoughts, that the will powTer is impaired and quite
impotent in the presence of the delusion. This may be
accompanied by hypersexual ity, and the affect of fear may
be overeompensated by an anticipated pleasurable feeling.
Thus the patient, though conscious of the wrongfulness of
the act and its consequences determines to end the Situation
by yielding to the impulse, which is, aftcr all, the only
psychologically possible wray out of the difficulty. The
offender is merely an automaton, the slave of a driving
idea.

The Situation is an organic force, an impulse to rid
himself of an intolerable position involving his very ex-
istence. As a matter of fact with the committal of the
deed, beneficent freedom from the constraint and the pre-
dominating idea is experieneed. Delusions in the nar-

1Abstracta from a papcr read before the International Congress
at Paris.

550

PS Y C UO FAT 1 1 1 A SEX 17 ALIS*

rower sense3 cardinal ejmptoma o£ which are tlie presence
of eonsciousness, stmggle against the prevailing inipulse-
and fear, must not be confounded with :

1, The sexual ach of p&ychically defective individuals
in whoni the sensu al appetite by virtue of ethieal and in-
telleetual insufficiency finde prompt satisfaefion in some
adequatr sexual act, but without psvchieal affects, or a
conflict with moral principlea.1

2, Impulsirr sexual aels commilted hy hearily dct/en-
rraled indiriduah by virtue of pre-eminent sexual feelings
in hyperast hosia sexual is. These feelings suddenly grow,
even in statu nasccndi, into a powerful sexual affect to the
ocehision of the ipheres of will power and consciousness,
into a sexual deluaion eoloured with tlie character of a

hieal reflex, or a quasi psyehieal convulsion.

Alcohol and prolonged sexual abstinente are the provo-
eative canses of such affect s in nianv d« piir-ratcs, The
«-nrresponding aets of violence consist, as a rule, in rape.3
They originate from epileptical1 and hysterieal neuroses
or from over-indulgenee in alcohol, wliilst nets emanating
from drlnsions maintain clinical relations to neurasthenia*

3, The sexual arfs (chiefly exhihiüon) which are com-
mitUd under ezceptional episodical psyehieal conditions
with or witliout delirium and hallucniations, These oeeur
in individuuls affiieted with general neuroses (epilepsy,
livsteria) or almholism, when conseiousneBS is clouded and
memory paralysed. They generally present the eharacter
of an impulsive act*

These perversions niay be observed in heterosexual as
well as in homoscxuul individuals; Hkewise in those wbo
are sexually impotent or otherwise.

The perversions oceurring in tlie Performance of the

*Cf. rases 211, 212, 213, 214, 221, 225, 22Ö, 228* (Gasen by
Marc, Ideler t Friedreich } Oiroud,)
*Cf. CÄ&es 10, 23.
JCf. cases 12, 172, 17-1, 173, 17Ö.— Chevalier, l'inversion sexuelle,

p. 362; lea epileptkjties, p. 8L
*Cf. cnws ims-200.

SEXUAL OFFENCES CAÜSED BY DELUSION. 551

sexual act or any other act that serves as an equivalent for
coitus consist (a) in heterosexual, potent individuals: in
imaginary representations of tlie female sexual organs.
(Raymond et Janet, necroses et idces fixes iL, p. 1G2) ;
gazing at the genitals of women (Petres et Regis, "ob-
sessions," p. 40) ; tenere genitalia propria ad pedes femin-
arum (case 76); mictio mulieris in os aegroti (case 68);
bestiality (cases 199, 201, 203) ; periodical pederasty
(Tarnowsky).

(6) In heterosexual, impotent individuals in sadistic
acts.

In homosexual individuals the same manifestations
may be observed only mutatis mutandis.

The question of responsibility in the individual case
depends on the psych ical conditions by which the offender
was actuated. In many instances the culprit is devoid of
all moral worth and ethical and intellectual understanding,
is, in fact, in the transitory stage of becoming a psychically
defective sexual criminal. In other instances prolonged
sexual abstinence was the motive power which led to the
criminal act, or the complicating influences of alcohol with
its erogenous and demoralizing effects (chiefly in exhibi-
tion cases). Forensic responsibility in these cases is de-
termined by the question whethcr the offender succumbed
to an irresistible impulse or not. In how far the offender
is to be held accountable for having consciously and in
reckless manner impaired Ins moral will power by intox-
ication is for the Jurist to decide. If the act is the result
of a delusion, it cannot be considered in the light of a pun-
ishable act.

An episode of psych ical perversion especially when
manifested in the form of a delusion, can impossibly be
designated as a mental disease, it is rather a temporary
confusion of consciousness, a morbid state of the mind, a
transitory disturbance of the psychical life.

Nevertheless the offender is a danger to the common
weal and welfare and the interests of society are best

552 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

served by liis confinement in an insane asylum, wliere ab-
stinence from alcohol is enforced and proper treatment
(if necessary hypnotic Suggestion) offers promises of a
final eure.

6. Violation of Individuais Under the Age of Fourtccn.

(Austrian Statutes, §§ 128, 132; Austrian Abridgment, §§ 189, 191»;
German Statutes, §§ 174, 176'.)

By violation of sexually immature individuals, the
Jurist understands all the possible immoral acts with
persons under fourteen years of age tbat are not com-
prehended in the term "rape." The term violation, in the
legal sense of the word, comprehends the most horrible
perversions and acts, which are possible only to a man
who is a slave to lust and morally weak, and, as is usually
the case, lacking in sexual power.

A common feature of these crimes, committed on
persons that really still belong more or less to childhood,
is that they are unmanly, knavish, and ofteri silly. It
is a fact that such acts, excepting pathological cases, like
those of imbeciles, paretics, and senile dements, are almost
exclusively committed by young men who lack courage
or have no faith in tlieir virility; or by roues who have,
to some extent, lost their power. It is psychologically
incompreliensible that an adult of füll virility and mentally
sound should indulge in sexual abuses with children.

Non-Psychopathological Cases.

Xon-psyehopathological cases of immoral acts with
children may be summarized as under:

1. Dcbauchecs who have tasted all the pleasures of nor-
mal and abnormal sexual pleasures with woman. The
only motive for the infamous act can be found in a morbid
psyohical craving to create a novel sexual Situation and to
revel in the shamo and confusion of the child victim. A

VIOLATION OF IXDIVIDÜALS ÜXDER AGE OF FOUETEEN. 553

subordinate motive may be sexual impotence with tbe adult
seeking a new Stimulus in the extraordinary coitus with
an immature feinale. If virility also fails in this instance,
sexual contact with boys is very likely resorted to, cspe-
eially in the form of pederasty. In large cities the niarkets
for these filthy needs are well stocked. (Cf. Tardieus
revelations of Paris, and Tarnowsky's of St. Petersburg.)
C asper teils us that lewd mothers often prepare their lit-
tle daughter for the use of these libertines.

2. Young men who are afraid of the adult female or
are diffident about their own virilitv. These are ehieflv
recruited from the bands of masturbators suffering from
psychical impotence or some irritable weakness of the sex-
ual organs whieh render coitus cum muliere impossible and
seek a compensating equivalent in the manipulation of the
female organs in the child which as a rule suffices to pro-
duce orgasm and ejaculation in themselves. If potency is
still unimpaired, immissio penis will be attempted in al*
inost every ease.

Casper in his "Clinical Novels,"1 cases 4 and 5, shows
that even brothers have proved dangeroua fiends toward
their little sisters.

3. A large percentage of cases is represented by lewd
servant girls, governesses and nursemaids, not to speak of
female relatives, who abuse the little boys entrusted to their
care, for sexual purposes2 and often even infect them with
the gonorrhocal poison.

The cases in which lascivious tutors, governesses, etc.,
cane or spank their pupils without provocation, are open
to investigation as to the pathological condition of the
malefactor.3

1 Tardicu, attentats aux moers; Casper, Klinical Novels, ease 1;
Maschka, Handbuch, iii., p. 175; Casper, Viertel jahrschr., 1852, Bd. 1,

* Lop, Arehives d'antropol. crimin., x.. 55, Annales d'hygiöne,
xxxv., p. 462 ; Bernard, attentats il la pudeur sur les petites filles.
These de Lyon, 18SG; New York Med. Journ., 1893, 13 December.

4 Albert, Friedreich's Blätter f. ger. Med., 1859, p. 17.

554: PSYCKOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

The manner in which acts of iiumorality are committed
011 children differs widely, especially where libertines are
concerned. They consist chiefly in libidinous manipula-
tions of the pudenda, active manustupration (using the
child's hand for onanism), flagellation, etc. Less frequent
is cunnilingus, irrumare in boys or girls, psedicatio puel-
larum, coitus inter femora, exhibition. The possibilities
in this direction are inexhaustible.

The finer feelings of man revolt at the thought of
counting the monsters among the psychically normal mem-
bers of human society. Tlie only presumption is that these
individuals have suffered shipwreck in the sphere of
morality and potency. This should not, however, preclude
the moral responsibility of the perpetrator, as sheer nioral
depravity may be at the bottom of the act, especially in
individuals oversated with natural sexual intercourse, in
lascivious characters or drunkards. Judgment of the act
should ever l>e guided by the monstrosity and the degree in
whicli it psychically and physically differs from the
natural act.

PsychopatJwlogical Cases.

A 'great number of these cases, however, certainly
depend lipon pathological states.

A review of the psyeho-pathological cases of immorality
with children shows that the largest number may be re-
duced to conditions of acquired mental weakness. First
of all wo niust montion dementia senilis1 {Kirn, "Allg.
Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie," 39, p. 217), then chronic alcohol-
ism,2 paralysis,3 mental debility due to epilepsy,4 injuries

1 Cases, No. 1G3, 104, 1G5 quoted in this book.

2 Lcppmann, "Die Sachverstundigenthiitigkeit," p. 96; Lombroso,
" Arcliivio di psichintrin," viii., p. 510.

8Cf. supra, page 4G8, and my "Arbeiten," Heft 4, p. 96 {Incest,
immorality with children.)

4 Cases 181, 182, supra; Liman, "Zweifelhafte Geisteszustände,"
case 6.

VIOLATION OF INDIVIDUALS UNDEB AGE OF FOUBTEEX. 555

to the head and apoploxy,1 lues cerebrir Then follow the
original mental defects,3 and states of degeneration.4

The cause of these offences may also be found in
states of morbid unconsciousness.

Xot infrequently these outrages on morality are due
to overindulgence in alcoholic stimulants or epilepto-
psychical conditions of an exceptional eharacter, at times
also to error sexus aut persona?. They may be explained
on the ground of the sexual excitement concomitant with
these conditions, especially in epileptic subjects.5 Itape
and pederasty are of frequent occurrence under these
circumstances. In the states of psychical weakness the
point whether virility is at command decides as to the
quality of the sexual act.

In addition to the aforesaid eategories of moral rene-
gadcs, and those afflicted with psychico-moral weakness —
be this congenital or superindueed by cerebral disease or
episodical mental aberration — there are cascs in which
the sexually needy subject is dra\vn to children not in
consequence of degenerated morality or psychical or phy-
sical impotence, but rather by a morbid disposition, a
psycho-sexual perversion, which may at present be named
pcedophilia erotica*

In my own experience I have come across four cases
only. They all refer to men. The first case is of more
vahie than the others for it appears in the form of platonic
love ; but it manifests its sexual eharacter in the f act that

»Cases 174, 175.

»Oase 176.

*Caspcr'8 " Klin. Novellen," p. 101, 103, 272; Leppmann, op. dt.,
p. 115; Henke's, " Zeitschr." xxiii., " ErgHnzungsh.," p. 147; cf. supra,
pp. 445, etc.; 501, etc.

* Vidc supra, cases 103 and 104, lOth ed. and 209 supra, " Viertel-
jahrsschr. f. ger. Med., N. F. xlix., 2.

' Tide supra, cases 178, 179, 184, 185.— Also v. Krafit "Arbeiten,"
iv., p. 97 (Schändung von Kindern im epil. Dämmerzustand des
Thäters).

• Cf. author's original article in Fricdreich's " Blatter f. ger.
Med., 1890, and "Arbeiten," Heft 4, p. 105.

556 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXÜALIS.

this (paranoic) lover of children is only stimulated by
little girls. He is quite callous towards the grown-up
woman and, as it appears, a hair-fetichist. (In the other
cases it came to libidinous acts.)

Observation No. 2 represents a man tainted by here-
dity. Since the time of puberty (which came very late at
the age of twenty-four) sensual emotions towards little
girls of five to ten years of age. The very sight of such
a girl brought on ejaculation ; a touch f rom her absolute
sexual paroxysm with only a succinet rccollection as to
its duration. The marital act gave a slight gratifieartion,
thus enabling hiin to control Ins desire for little girls for
a time. But a heavy neurasthenia supervened (chiefly
due to coitus interruptus) when he became a criminal
either becauseJiis moral powers of resistance slackened, or
his sexual appetite increased in volume.

The third case is a man tainted by heredity and con-
stitutionally nourasthenic ; cranium abnormal, never had a
normal inclination to the adult woman ; but in coitus was
like an animal at rutting time. To immorally touch little
girls gave this man the highest possible pleasure. He be-
came pa?dophilic only at the age of twenty-five.

~My fourth case is a man, tainted, who has ever founcl
sexual charm only in immature girls. Mature wornen
had but. little attraction for him. When impotence (e
tabe?) and dementia paralytica set in he could no longer
resist the morbid impulse.

The eases quoted here under the head of " pcedophilia
erofica" in the sonse of sexual perversion have the follow-
ing traits in common : —
• (1) The individual afflicted is tainted.

(2) The affection for immature persons of the opposite
sex is of a prima ry nature (quite in Opposition to the
debauchec) : the imaginary representations are in an ab-
normal manner and very strongly indeed marked by lustful
feelings.

(%) The libidinous acts — if you exelude the one case
in which virility was present — consist only in immodest

VIOLATION OF INDIVIDUALS UNDEB AGE OF FOUBTEEN. 557

touches or inanustupration of the victim. Xevertheless
they adduce the gratification of the subject, even though
ejaculation be not attained.

The following cases taken from Magnan ("Lectures
on Psychiatry") show clearly that this pcedophilia erotica
occurs also in women.

Magnan s first case is a lady twenty-nine years of age,
tainted by heredity ; has delusions and phobias.

Since eight years strong desire for sexual union with
one of her (five) nephews. First her desire is directed
towards the oldest when he was five years of age. She
transferred this desire to each of them in turn as they
grew 11 p. The sight of the ehild in question was sufficient
to produce orgasm and even pollution. She was able to
resist her inclination, whieh she cannot explain. She had
no inclination for mature men.

The seeond case is a woman thirty-two years of age,
mother of two children; heavily tainted by heredity; sep-
arated from her husband on account of brutal treatment.

For several months she had neglected her children,
had visited a friend's house every day, and always at the
time when the son of the house was returning from school.
She hugged and kissed the ehild, and at times said that
she was in love with him and wanted to marry him.

One day she told his mother that the boy was ill and
unhappy. She wanted to cohabit with him in order to
eure him.

She was forbidden the house, but laid siege to it.

One day she tried to force her way in, when she was
sent to an asvlum, where she continued to rave about the
boy.

That pcedöphilia Prot im niay oeeur periodically is de-
monstrated by AnjeVs Observation (vide supra, eases 187
and 188).

In the sphere of antipathic sexual instinet this perver-
sion is by no means rare. In the same measure in which
the former is an equivalent of the heterosexual instinet,
so in this instance the predilection for the immature is

558 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

equally abnormal and exceptional. Practically speaking,
acts of immorality committed on boys by men sexually
inverted are of tlie greatest rarity.

I have already laid stress upon this fact in my pam-
phlet "Der conträr Sexuale vor dem Strafrichter," second
edition, p. 9. I have pointed out there that the real
seducer of youth is the weak-minded man, though born
sexually normal; the roue who is impotent or at least
sexually perverted and morally depraved; the senile man
who is morally enfecbled but sexually excited.

Under such aceidental conditions, the sexually in-
verted individual may also eventualis become a danger to
boys (cf. case 127 of the present and 109 of the ninth
edition of this book) ; but this has nothing to do with
pcedophilia, for the very reason that in these cases the
boys were pubertati proximi, whilst in cases of genuine
pcedophilia the subject is drawn only to the sexually quite
immature. The second case of Magnan seems to be the
most instructive in this regard, for in it the desire turned
in each instance from the older boy to the younger one as
he grew to the age of three to five years.

The following case, reported by Pacotte and Raynaud
("Arehives d'Anthropologie criminelle," x., p. 435), may
be looked upon as a proof that pafdoph ilia erotica may also
occur in cases of antipathie sexual ity.

Case 228. X., thirty-six years of age, Journalist;
heavily tainted by heredity; ethically and intellectually
defective; since early youth afflicted with epileptoid spells;
intolerant of alcohol; face asymmetrical ; never cared
for womaii; masturbated since he was eighteen ; attempts
at coitus found liim cold and impotent.

But boys of ten to fifteen years of age excited him
very much. Although he was conscious of the criminality
of the act, he could not resist the impulse to piedicate
with them. Oftentimes he was sated with their "enchant-
ing looks and their sweet smiles".

Xeither adult nor little girls possessed any charms

VIOLATION OF INDIVIDUALS UNDKB AGE OF FOUBTEEN. 559

for him. Only at the agc of twenty-two, when a boy
twclve years old forccd sexual intcreourse upon him, he
beeame paedophilic. At that time ho refuscd his sedueer,
but soon he could resist no longer the desire awakencdin
him by that incident, although he was repeatedly scn-
tenced and iniprisoned for this offence. Ilis life was
blighted by this unfortunate weakness, and he made
several attempts at suicide.

Expert opinion established congenital sexual inver-
sion, and, within the liniits of homesexuality, a special
anomaly, viz., exclusive love for boys of a certain age and
of delicate Constitution.

It was claimed that degenerative mental disturbance
aflfected the soundness of his mind and rendered him a
danger to the conimunity.

X. was inconsolable over Ihe result of his trial, for he
was sent to an insane asylum. He had anticipated a free
pardon.

In my "Arbeiten' (Heft 4, pp. 119-124) I have pub-
lished three other cases of paxlophilia erotica, which came
under my personal Observation. Two other cases in my
possession have never been published. It seems to me as
if all these cases might be reduced to fetichism. This
would at once account for the paradox apparent in the
manifestations of paedophilia erotica. It can only be ex-
plained on the ground of heavy taint, for a strongly
marked degenerative predisposition can always be found
in these individuals. That these cases are not of every-day
occurrence and require a fetichistic impulse, may also ac-
count for their rarity.

Pseudopa'dophilia — occurring in individuals who have
lost libido for the adult through masturbation and subse-
quently turn to children for the gratification of their sexual
appetite — is much more frequently observed. (C/. case
106 of the tenth edition of this book.)

Another classical case may be found in mv "Arbeiten,"
Heft 4, p. 125.

560 PSTCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

Irrcsponsibility should, as a rule, not be claimed in
these casos, for experience teaelies that psedophilic impulses
can be mastered, unless a weakening or total loss of will
power has been superinduced by pathologieal conditions,
such as nenrasthenia gravis gr dementia paralitica. A
plea for ameliorating circumstances, however, may be indi-
cated. Nevertheless a eriminal enquiry should always be
made in flagrant cases of pa?dophilia erotica. The question
of responsibility in concreto facto depends entirely on the
synthetic comprehension of all the charaeteristics of the
individual involved. Ilypersexuality, overindulgence in
alcoholic drinks, moral weakness, etc., sliould be carefully
considered as they frequently counteract the freedoin of
atfion.

At any rate these unfortunate beings should always
be looked upon as a common danger to the weal and wel-
fare of the Community, and put under strict surveillance
and medical treatment. The proper place for such per-
sons is a sanitarium1 cstablished for that purpose, not
the prison.2

That a eure is possible is evidenced by two severe
cases which came under my Observation and treatment.

Unfortunately the ])resumption that psycho-pathologi-
cal conditions are present cannot always be proved. But
the fact that pathologieal moments are not wranting, should
be carefully weighed. At any rate, a thorough investiga-
tion of the mental statns of the individual must be made.
This is especially the case when old men seduce cliildren.
Moral and intellectual idioey, heavy psych ical degenera-
tion, defects springing from acquired organic causes and
mental aberrations are frequently at the l)ottom of these
excesses. The beginning of dementia senilis or paralitica
is not always as yet sufficiently pronounced to allow of a
proper diagnosis. Proper care must therefore be exer-
cised.

1 Fuchs, Therapie der anomalen vita sexnalis, p. 11.
3 Cf. Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie, 58, 4.

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 561

7. Unnatural Abusc (Sodomy).1

(Austrian Statutes, § 129; Abridgment, § 190; German Statutes,

§ 175.)

(a) Violation of Animals (Bestiality).8

Violation of animals, inonstrous and revolting as it
seems to mankind, is by no means always due to psycho-
patholbgical conditions. Low morality and great sexual
desire, with lack of opportunity for natural indulgence,
are the prinzipal motives of this unnatural means of
sexual satisfaction, which is resorted to by women as well
as by men.

To Poldk we owe the knowledge that in Persia bestial-
ity is frequently practised because of the delusion that
it eures gonorrhoea; just as in Europe an idea is still
prevalent that intereourse with ehildren heals venereal
disease.

Experience teaehes that bestiality with cows and
horses is none too infrequent. Oceasionally the aets may
be undertaken with goats, bitches, and, as a ease of Tar-
dieus and one by Schauenstein show ("Lehrb., p. 125),
with hens.

1 1 follow the usual terminology in deseribing bestiality and
pederasty under the general term of sodomy. In Genesis ( chap. xix. ) ,
whence this word comes, it signifies exclusively the vice of pederasty.
Later, sodomy was often used synonymously with bestiality. The
moral theologians, like St. Alphonsus of Ligouri, Gury, and others,
have always distinguished correctly. i. c, in tlie sense of Genesis,
between sodomia, t. e.f coneubitus cum persona ejusdem sexus, and
bestialitas, t. c, coneubitus cum bestia {cf. Olfers, " Pastoralmedicin,"
p. 78).

The jurists brought confusion into the terminology by establish-
ing a " Sodomia ratione sexus " and a " Sodomia ratione generis."
Science, however, should hcre assert itself as ancilla theologice, and
return to the correet usage of words.

3 For interesting historie**, vidc Krauas, " Psychol. d. Ver-
brechens/' p. 180; Maachka, *• Hdb.," iii., p. 188; Uofmann, " Lchrb.
d. ger. Med.," p. 180; Rosenbaum, " Die Lustseuche," 5th edition, 1892.

562 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

The action of Frederick the Great, in a case of a
cavalryman who had committed bestiality with a mare,
is well-known : "The fellow is a pig, and shall be reduced
to the infantry".

The intercourse of females with beasts is limited to
dogs. A monstrous example of the moral depravity in
large cities is related by Maschka (Handb.," iii.) ; it is
the case of a Parisian female who shovved herseif in the
sexual act with a trained bull-dog, to a secret circle of
roues, at ten f rancs a head.

Case 229. In a provincial town a man was caught
in intercourse with a hen. He was thirty years old, and
of high social position. The chickcns had been dying one
after another, and the man causing it had been "wanted"
for a long time. To the question of the judge, as to the
reason for such an act, the accused said that his genitals
were so small that coitus with women was impossible.
Medical examination showed that actually the genitals
were extremely small. The man was mentally quite sound.

There were no Statements concerning any abnormali-
ties at the time of puberty, etc. {Gyurkovechky, "Männl.
Impotenz/' 1889, p. 82).

Case 230. On the afternoon of 23d September,
1889, W., aged sixteen, «hoeinakers apprentice, caught
a goose in a neighbours garden, and committed bestiality
on the fowl until the neighbour approached. On being
accused by the neighbour, W. said, "Weil ! Is there
anything wrong with the goose?" and then went away.
At his examination he confessed the act, but excused
himself on the ground of teniporary loss of mind. Since
a severe illness in his twelftli vear, he several times a
month had attacks, with heat in his head, in which he
was intensely excited sexually, eould not hei]) himself
and did not know what he was doing. lle had done the
act during such an attack. He answered for himself
in the same way at the trial, and stated that he knevv

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 563

nothing of tbe species facti cxcept from the Statements
of the neighbour. His father states that W., who comes
of a healthy family, had always been sickly since an attack
of scarlatina in his fifth year, and that, at the age of
twelve, he had a febrile cerebral disease. W. had a good
reputation, learncd well in school, and later helped his
father in his work. He wftS not given to masturbation.

The medical examination revealed no intcllectual or
moral defect. The physical examination revealed nor-
mal genitals; penis relatively greatly developed; marked
exaggeration of the patellar reflexes. In other respects,
negative result.

The historv of the condition at the time of the deed
was not to be depended upon. There was no proof of
previous attacks of mental disturbanee," and there were
none during the six weeks of Observation. There was
no perversion of the vtta sexualis. The medical opinion
allowed the possibility that some organic cause (cerebral
congestion), dependent lipon cerebral disease, may have
exercised an influence at the time of thecommission of
the criminal act. (From the opinion of Dr. Fritsch, of
Vienna.)

But there is another group of cases falling well within
the category of bestiality, in which decidedly a patho-
logical basis exists, indicated by heavy taint, constitutional
neuroses, impotence for the normal act, impulsive manner
of performing the unnatural act. Perhaps it would serve
a purpose to put such cases under the heading of a special
appellation ; for instance, to use the term "bestiality" for
those cases which are not of a pathological character, and
the term "Zooerasty" for those of a pathological nature.

Case 231. Impulsive sodomy. A., aged sixteen;
gardener's boy; born out of wedlock; father unknown;
mother deeply tainted, hystero-epileptic. A. had a de-
formed, asymmetrical cranium, and deformity and asym-
metry of the bones of the face ; the whole skeleton was also

564

PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

deformcd, asymmetrlcal and small. Frau childhood he
was a masturbator: always morose, npathetic, and fond
of solitude; very irritable, and p&tbologioal in Ins emo-
tional reaction. He was an imhecüe, probably inuch re-
dueed physically by masiurlmtioii, and iieurasthenic
Moreovera lie prescntcd hysteropathie Symptoms (limita-
tion Cft tlie visual Seid, dysehromfttopßia; dirainiition of
tlie senses of sinell, taste and hearing on the right side;
ansestliesia of the right testicle, clavus, etc.).

A. was eonvicted of having eommitted masturbation and
sodomy on dogs and rabbits, When twelve yeara old he
eaw how boys masturbated a dqg< He imitated ifr, and
thereafter be eould not kccp froin abusing dogs, cats and
rabbits in this rile man tut. llueh more frequently, how-
ever, he eommitted sodomy on female rabbits, — the only
anirnals rbat had a charm für him. At dusk he was
accustomed to repair to Ins master's rabbit-pen in order
to gratify bis vile desire. Rabbits witb tom rechinis were
repeatedly found. The act of bestiality was always done
in tiie same manner. Thnv were actual attaeks which
Game on every eiglit weeks> always in tlie cvening, and
always in the same way. A. wonld become very xmcom-
fort ab] f\ and have a fecling as if soine onc were pounding
bis head. Ile feit as if "losing his reaaoa. He stniggled
against the imperative idea of committing sodomy with
the rabbits, and tbos lind an increasing feeling of fear and
intensifieation of hcadaehe nntil it beeame imbearable. At
the height of the attack tbere were sounda of bells, eold
Perspiration, trembling of the knecs, and, finally, loss of
resistive power, and impulsive performance of the perverse
act. As aoon as tbis was done be lost all anxiety; the
nervons cyele was completed, and he was again master of
himself, deeply asbamed of the deed, and fearful of the
retnrn of an attack. A. stated that, in such h conditio©, if
Galled apon to choose between a woman and a female
rabbit, he could inake choiee only of the latter. In thfl
tntervals, also, of all domestic animala be is partial only
to rabbits. In bis exceptional states simple caressing or

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 565

kissing, etc., of tlie rabbit sufficed, as a rule, to afford him
sexual 8atisfaetion ; but soraetimes he Lad, when doing
this, such furor sexualis that he was forced to wildly per-
form sodomy on the animal.

The acts of bestiality mentioned were the only acts
which afforded him sexual satisfaction, and they consti-
tuted the only manner in which he was capable of sexual
indulgence. A. declared that, in the act, he never had a
lustful feeling, but satisfaction only, inasmuch as he was
thus freed from the painful condition into which he was
brought by the imperative impulsc.

The medical evidence' easily proved that this human
monster was a psychically degenerate, irresponsible in-
valid, and not a criminal (Boeteau, "La France medicale,"
38th year, No. 38).

Case 232. X., peasant, aged forty; Greek-Catholic.
Father and mother were hard drinkers. Since his fifth
year patient had epileptic convulsions — i.e., he would fall
down unconscious, lie still two or three minutes, and
then get up and run aimlessly about with staring eyes.
Sexuality was first manifested at seventeon. The patient
had inclinations neither for women nor for men, but for
animals (fowls, horses, etc.). He had intercourse with
hens and ducks, and later with horses and cows. Never
onanism.

The patient painted pictures of saints; was of very
limited intelligence. For years, religious paranoia, with
states of ecstasy. He had an "inexplicable" love for the
Virgin, for whom he would sacrifice his lifc. Taken to
hospital, he proved to be free from infirmity and signs of
anatomical degeneration.

He always had an aversion for women. In a single
attempt at coitus with a woman he was impotent, but
with animals he was always potent. He was bashful before
women ; coitus with women he regarded almost as a sin
(Kowalewsky, "Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie," vii., Heft 3).

566 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

Case 233, T., thirty-five years of age. Father an
inebriate; mother psychopathic. Never had a severe
illness ; never showed special peculiarities. At the age of
nine immorality with a hen ; later on with other dornestic
animals. When he began to have sexual relations with
women his bestial desires disappeared. Married when
twenty, and found sexual satisfaction.

When twenty-seven he began to drink. Then his
former perverse inclinations were awakened. One day he
took a she-goat to a neighbouring village to have her.
covered. He feit a strong desire to commit sodomy with
her, but he at first overcame the impulse. Palpitation of
the heart, pain in the ehest, and a violent orgasm made
him suecumb. T. declared that these bestial acts gave
him greater lustful gratification than coitus cum femina.

His acts of bestiality remained unnoticed. He was
finally sent to an insane asylum on aecount of delirium
tremens, when, during his examination upon admission,
he made the above revelations (Boissier et Lachaux, "An-
nah medico-psychoh," July-August, 1893, p. 381).

In the explanation of zooerasty great difficulties are
encountcred. The attempt to reduce it to fetichism, as is
possible in zoophilia erotica (cf. p. 281), has utterly
failed.

It is questionable whether zoophilia can ever lead to
sexual acts with beasts (eventually bestiality). If it be in
reality a feticliistic manifestation, this possibility cannot
be based upon the present knowledge of fetichism.

Even in the case of zoophilia eroiica fetischistica (p.
281), acts of bestiality were never committed ; in fact, the
sex of the animals there in question was never considered.
The only thing that at present can be done is to consider
zooerasty as an original perversion of the vita sexualis,
and place it on the sanie level with antipathic sexuality.

The following case, although it is only rudimentary

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 567 "

and abortive, sceins to support this theory and to establish
complete unconsciousness of the motive of the irnpulse.

Case 234. Y., twenty years of age, intelligent,
well educated ; claimed to be free f rom taint by heredity ;
physically sound except evidences of neurasthenia and
hypercesthesia Urethra?; said he never masturbated. Always
fond of animals, especially dogs and horses. Since the
age of puberty increased love for animals, but sexual
ideas in connection with sport seem to have been absent.

One day when he inounted a mare for the first time
he experieneed a Sensation of lust ; two weeks later, on a
similar occasion, the same Sensation with erection.

During his first ride he had ejaculation. A month
after the same thing happenod. Patient feit disgusted
at the occurrence, and was angry with hiinself. He gave
up the saddle. But from now on pollutions almost daily.

When he saw inen on horseback, or dogs, he had erec-
tions. Almost every night he häd pollutions accompa-
nied by dreams in which he rode on horseback or was
training dogs. Patient came for medical advice.

Treatment with sounds removed the hypercesthesia
urethrce and diminished pollutions. The patient followed
reluctantly the advice of the physician to have coitus,
partly on aecount of dislike for women, partly on aecount
of diffidence in his virility.

He niade abortive attempts at coitus, but could not
even bring about an erection, which, however, took place
the moment he saw a man on horseback. This depressed
him ; he considered his condition abnormal beyond remedy.

Continued medical treatment. A further attempt at
coitus was successful with the assistance of fancied images
of riders and dogs, which stimulated erection.

Patient grew more virile; his love for animals wancd;
erections at the sight of riders and dogs disappeared,
nocturnal pollutions with dreams of animals became less
frequent; he dreamed now of girls. Erection, which at
first did not support cjaculatio prwcox, and pathological

568 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

coitus grew normal under treatment with sounds. Patient
found normal sexual gratification, and was frecd from his
perverse sexual impulse (Dr. Haue, "Wien. med. Blätter,"

1887, Xo. 5).

The preceding case justifies the assumption of an
original perversion, for instead of the idea of the normal
objeet (woman), it is the idea of animals (dogs and horses)
frequently seen whieh awakens sexual feelings and desircs.
There may have been a latent sadistic dement in the
case, for, at least in the vita sexualis of the dreams, the
riding of horses and the training of dogs played a prom-
inent part.

The follöwing case, that of a stuprator bestiarum, is of
pathological interest.

Case 235. Mr. X., forty-seven years of age, of high
social position, cainc to me for advice on aecount of a
troublesome anomaly of his vita sexualis. He was about
to be married and in his present condition considered it
morally impossible to enter lipon matrimony.

X. was evidently heavily tainted — his father, two of
his sisters and one brother were highly neurotic. The
inother was presumed to have been a healthy woman.

The sexual instinet awoke early in X. ; he began to
masturbate spontaneously at the age of eleven.

He was decidedly hyperscxual, practised Masturbation
with passion, and at the age of fourteen he forgot him-
self so far as to sodomise bitches, mares and otlier fe-
male animals. He ascribed these aets to excessive sexual
desire and to want of opportunity to satisfy his cravings
in the normal way — he spent his childhood and boyhood
in a lonely part of the country and later on he visited
a boarding school.

X. admitted that he was qui'te conscious of the abomin-
ation of his acts, and said that he fought with all his
will power against these bestial im])iilses. But the greod,
the lust, the pleasure which they gave, always over-

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 509

powered him. When grown up to manhood he never
liad homosexual desires, uor did he feel an inclination
for wonian.

Up to this part of his confession the opinion seems
justified that his bestiality was not a perversion, but only
a perversity which found root in his habits.

But it strikes one as peculiar that his erotic dreams
were always about bestial intercourse, and that when at
the age of twenty-five he sought to improve his condition
by coitus cum midiere, he derived not the slightest gratifi-
cation from it, although he w:as quite potent and the
puella pleasing and synipathetic.

Ile had thesame experience at other attempts wThich
he repeatedly made during the subsequent twenty-two
years. Ile described coitus as a mere mechanical act
devoid of lustful excitement. He might as well have
coitus with a piece of wood. It simply disgusted him,
whilst cum bestia he experienced the height of pleasure.

The mere sight of animals excited him wildly. The
society of ladies caused him ennui. When he went with
a girl she had to resort to all kinds of manipulations to
prepare him for the act.

For two months previous to his first visit to me X.
had exerted all his will power to resist the impulses to
masturbation and bestiality.

He was physically a peculiar being, evidently a degen-
ere supericur. There were no Symptoms of anatomical
degeneration, no traces of neurasthenia.

I made strong suggestions to be on his guard against
masturbation and bestiality, and to seek more the society of
ladies; prescribed anaphrodisiacs, advised frugality, slight
hydrotherapy, plenty of open-air exercise, steady oecupa-
tion, and had the satisfaction to learn that the patient at
the end of ten months experienced a slight gratification
in repeated sexual intercourse cum femina and that he was
almost free from his former perver.se desires.

570 PSYC1TOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

An analogous case is reported by Moll, "Libido
sexualis," p. 421.

Another remarkable case of zooerasty is published by
Howard ("Alienist and Neurologist," 1896, vol. xvii., 1.).
It refers to a young man of sixteen years of age who found
sexual gratification only with pigs.

The rarity of cases of real zooerasty seems to be re-
markable. But this may be explained by the ease with
which they are kept secret.

The present state of our knowledge does not permit
of a final judgment as to whether zooerasty is an original
anomaly or a perverse condition acquired through fetich-
istic influences.

Moll (Libido sexualis, p. 432) is inclined to the belief
that it is an arrest of unindifferent iatod sexuality coupled
with hypersexual ity directed to beasts (analogous to mas-
turbatory impulses) and that this craving for sexual deal-
ings with beasts is permanent and does inhibit the devel-
opment of libido towards the human female. Practically
speaking, sexual feeling and psych ical potency seem to
be absent, even the power to differentiate between the
male and female beast as an object for sexual accomplish-
ment. Cf. Iloward's case, in which only a certain species
of aniinal was preferred.

The forensically important distinction between bestial-
ity and zooerasty can never be ditficult in concreto.

Whoever seeks and finds sexual gratification exclusively
with animals, although the opportunities for the normal
act are at band, must at once be suspected of a patho-
logical condition of the sexual instinct. At any rate more
so than the sexually inverted person, for in sexual acts
with animals the psychical infection is wanting, i.e., the
possibility of the perversion of one part leading to tlie
perversity of the other.

It may be assumed, however, that the number of cases
of zooerasty as compared with those of sexual inversion
is unequally smaller. This follows a priori from the

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 571

character of both these perversions. The zooerast as
compared with the sexual invert is much farther removed
from tlre normal object. This would qualify the perver-
sion of the fornier as a much graver condition — because
more degenerative — than that of the latter.

(b) With Persons of the Same Sex (Pederasty; Sod-
omy in its Strict Sense).

German law takes cognizance of unnatural sexual
relations only between nien; Austrian, between those of
the same sex; and therefore, unnatural relations between
women are punishable.

Among the immoralities between men, pederasty
(immissio penis in anum) claims the principal interest.
Indeed, the Jurist thought only of this perversity of sexual
activity; and, according to the opinions of distinguished
Interpreters of the law (Oppenhoff, "Stgsb.," Berlin, 1872,
p. 324, and Rudolf and Stenglein, "D. Strafgesb. f. d.
Deutsehe Reich," 1881, p. 423), immissio penis in corpus
vivum must take place to establish the criminal act covered
by § 175.

According to this interpretation, legal punishment
would not follow other improper acts between male per-
sons, so long as they teere not complicated with offence to
public decency, with force, or undertaken with boys under
the age of fourteen. Of late this interpretation has again
been abandoned, and the crime of unnatural abuse between
men is assumed to have been committed when merely acts
similar to cohabitation are performed.1

xHow diflicult, unpleasant, and dangerous it may be for the
judge to form a proper judgment of these " coitus-like " acts for the
establishment of the objective fact of the crime is well shown by an
article on the punishableness of male intercourse, in the " Zeitschr.
f. d. gesammte Strafrechtswissenschaft., Bd. vii., Heft 1, as well as
by a similar one in Friedreich's " Blätter f. ger. Medicin, 1891, Heft 6.
Vide, further, Moll, " Contrllre Sexualemplindung, p. 223 et seq., and
Bernhardiy 4% Der Uranismus," Berlin, 1895; ran Erkelens, "Straf-
gesetz u. widernatürl. Unzucht," Berlin. 1895. — Schäfer, "Vierteljahrs,
f. gerichtl Med.," 3 Folge, xvii., Heft 2.

572 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

The study of antipathic sexual instinct has placed male
love for niales in a very ditferent light from that in which
it, and particularly pederasty, stood at the time the Statutes
were framed. The fact that there is no doubt about the
pathologieal basis of many eases of inverted sexual instinct
shows that pederasty may also be the act of an irresponsi-
ble person, and makes it necessary, in court, to examine
not merely the deed, but also the mental condition of the
perpetrator.

The principles laid down previously mu§t also here be
adhered to. Xot the deed, but only an anthropological
and clinical judgment of tlie perpetrator can perniit a
decision as to whether we have to do with a perversity
deserving punishinent, or with an abnormal perversion of
tlie mental and sexual life, which, under certain circum-
stanees, excludes ])imishment.

The next legal question to settle is whether the anti-
pathic sexual feeling is congenital or acquired; and, in
the latter case, whether it is a pathologieal perversion or
a moral perversity.

Congenita! sexual inversion oecurs only in predisposed
(tainted) individuals, as a partial manifestation of a defect
evidenced by anatomical or functional abnormalities, or by
both. The case becomes clearer and the diagnosis more
certain if the individual, in character and disposition,
seems to correspond entirely with Ins sexual peculiarity ;
if tlie inclination toward persons of the opposite sex is
entirely wanting, or'horror of sexual intercourse with
them is feit; and if tlie individual, in the Impulses to
satisfy the antipathic sexual instinct, shows other anomalies
of the sexual sphere, such as more pronounced degenera-
tion in the form of periodicity of the impulse and impul-
sive conduet, and is a neuropathic and psychopathic
person.

Another question concerns tlie mental condition of
the urning. If tliis be such as to remove the possibility
of moral responsibility, thon the pederast is not a criminal,
but an irresponsible insane person.

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 573

This condition is apparently less frequent in congenital
Urnings. As a rule, these cascs present elementary psy-
chical disturbances which do not remove responsibility.

But this does not settle the question of responsibility
in the Urning. The sexual instinct is one of the most
powerful organic needs. There is no law that looks upon
its satisfaction outside of marriage as punishable in itself ;
if the urning feels perversely, it is not his fault, but the
fault of an abnormal condition natural to him. Ilis
sexual instinct may be testhetically very repugnant, but,
from his morbid Standpoint, it is natural. And again, in
the majority of these unfortunates the perverse sexual
instinct is abnormally intense, and their consciousness
recognises it as nothing unnatural. Thus moral and
aesthetic ideas fail to assist them in resisting the instinct.

Innunierable normally constituted men are in a posi-
tion to renounce the gratification of their lihido without
suffering from it in health. Many neuropathic indi-
viduals, — and Urnings are almost always neuropathic, —
on the contrary, become nervously ill when they do not
satisfy the sexual desire, either as Xature ])rompts or in a
way that to them is perverse.

The majority of Urnings are in a painful Situation.
On the one hand, there i« an impulse toward persons of
their own sex that is abnormally intense, the gratification
of which has a good effect, and is natural to them ; on the
other hand, there is public sentiment, which stigmatises
their acts, and the law which throatens them with dis-
graceful punishment. Before them lies mental despair, —
even insanity and suieide, — at the very least, nervous
disease; behind them, shame, loss of position, etc. It
cannot be doubted that, under these circumstanoes, states
of stress and compulsion may be ereated bv an unfortu-
nate natural disposition and Constitution. Society and
the law should understand and appreciate these facts.
The former should pity, and not despise, these unfortu-
nates; the latter must cease to punish them, — at least

574 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEX U ALIS,

while they remain within the limits which are set for the
activity of their sexual instinct.

As a confirmation of the opinions and demands con-
ceming these step-children of Xature, it is pennissible to
reproduce faere the memorial of an Urning to the author.
The writer of the following lines is a man of high position
in London: —

uYou have no idea what a constant stmggle we all —
particularly those of us who have the most mind and
finest feelings — must endure, and how we suffer under
the prevailing false ideas about us and our so-called
'immorality'.

"Your opinion that the phenomenon under considera-
tion is priraarily due to a eongenital 'pathologicaF dis-
position will, perhaps, make it possible to overcome
existing prejudiees, and awaken pity for j>oor, 'abnormal'
men, instead of the present repugnance and contempt.

"Much as I believe that the opinion expressed by von
is exceedingly bcneficial to us, I am still compelled, in the
interest of science, to repudiate the word 'pathological* :
and you will permit me to express a few thoughts with
respect to it.

"Under all eircumstanees the phenomenon is anom-
alous; but the word 'pathological' conveys another
meaning, which I cannot think suits this phenomenon: at
least, as I have had occasion to observe it in very niany
cases. I will allow, a priori, that, among Urnings, a far
higher proportion of cases of insanity, of nervous exhaus-
tion, etc., may be observed than in other normal men.
T)oes this increased nervousness fiecessarily depend upon
the character of urningism, or is it not, in the majority of
cases, to be ascrihed to the effeet of the laws and the pre-
judiees of society, which prnhihit the indulgence of their
sexual desires, depend ing on a congenital peeuliarity,
while others are not thus restrained?

"The youthful Urning, when he feels the first sexual
promptings and naively expresses them to his comrades,

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 575

soon finds that he is not nnderstood ; he shrinks into
himself. If he teils his parents or teacher what moves
him, that which is as natural to him as svvimming is to
a fish is described as wrong and sinful, and he is told
it must be fought and overeome at any price. Then an
inner conflict begins, a powerfnl repression of sexual in-
clinations; and the more the natural satisfaction of desire
is repressed, the more lively the faney bccomes, and paints
the very pictures that the wish is to banish. The more
energetic the charaeter that carries ön this inner confliet,
the more the whole nervous System must suffer. Such
a powerfnl repression of an inst inet so deeply implan ted
in us, in my opinion, develops the abnormal Symptoms
which are observed in manv Urnings; but this does not
necessarily follow from the urning' s disposition.

"Some conti nue tlie conflict for a longer or shorter
time, and thus injure themselves; others at last come
to the knowledge that the ]>owerful instinct born in them
cannot possibly be sinful,. and, therefore, they cease to
try to do the impossible — the repression of the instinct.
Then, hovvever, begin constant suffering and excitement.
Whena normal man soeks satisfaction of sexual inclina-
tion, he knows how to find it easily; it is not so with
the urning. He sees men that attract him, but he dares
not say — nay, not even betray by a look — what his feel-
ings are. He thinks that he alone of all the world has
such abnormal feelings. Naturally he seeks the society
of young men; but he does not venture to confide in
them. Thus he comes to provide himself with a satis-
faction that he cannot otherwise obtain. Onanism is
practised inordinately, and followed by all the evil results
of that vice. When, after a time, the nervous System has
been injured, the abnormali ty is again not the result of
urningism, but it is produeed by the onanism to which
the urning resorts, as a result of the public sentiment
that denies him opportunity to satisfy the sexual instinct
that is natural to him.

"Or let us suppose the urning has had the rare for-

576 PSYC1IOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

tune to soon find a person like himself ; or that he has
been introduced by an expcrienced friend to the events
of the world of Urnings. Thcn he is spared much of the
inner conflict; but, at the same tirae, fearful eares and
anxieties' follow his footste]>s. Now he knows that he is
not the only one in the world that has such abnormal
feelings; he opens his eyes and wonders that he meets so
many of his kind in all social circles and in all callings;
he also learns that, in the world of Urnings, as in the
other, there is prostitution, and that nien as well as woracn
can be bought. Thus there is no longer any want of
opportunity for sexual satisfaction. But here how differ-
ently the experience is gained from that obtained in the
normal manner of sexual indulgence!

uLet us consider the happiest case. After longing all
one's life, the friend of like feeling is found. But he can-
not be approached openly, as a lover approaches the girl
he loves. In constant fear, both must conceal their rela-
tions; nay, even intiniacy that might easily excite sus-
picion — especially should they not be of like age, or should
they belong to different classes — must be kept from the
world. Thus, even in this relation, is forged a chain
of anxiety and fear that the secret will be betrayed or
discovered, which leaves them no joy in the indulgence.
The slightcst thing that would not affect others makes
them tremble with fear that suspicion might be excited
and the secret discovered, and destroy social position and
business. Could this constant anxiety and care be en-
dured without leaving a trace, without. exerting an influ-
ence on tlie entire nervous sy stein ?

"Another less fortunate man does not find a friend of
like feeling, but falls into the hands of a handsomc man,
who sought him until the secret was discovered. Xow
the most refined hlackmail is extorted. The unfortunate,
persecuted man, brought to the alternative of paying or
of losing his social position, and hringing disgrace on
himself and his family, pays ; and the more he gives, the
more voracious the vampire becomes; until at last there

UNNATUBAL ABUSE SODOMY. 577

remains nothing but absolute financial ruin or dishonour.
Who can wonder that nerves are not equal to such a
terrible struggle !

"They give way; insanity comes on, and the miser-
able man at last finds the rest in an asylum that he could
not find in the world. Another, in the same Situation,
driven to despair, finds relief in suicide. It cannot be
known how many of the suicides of young men are to
be attributed to this combination of circumstances.

"I do not think that I am in error when I declare
that at least one half of the suicides of young men are
due to such conditions. Even in those cases where Urn-
ings are not persecuted by a heartless villain, but where
a happy relation between two men exists, discovery, or
even the fear of it, very often leads to suicide. How
many officers, how many soldiers, having such relations
with their subordinates or companions, in the moment
when they have believed themselves discovered, have sought
to escape the threatened disgrace by means of a bullet!
And it is the same in all callings.

"Therefore, if it must be admitted that, among Urn-
ings, more mental abnormalities and more insanity are
actually observed than among other men, yet this does
not prove that the mental disturbance is a necessary ac-
companiment of the urning's condition, and that the
latter induces the former.

"According to my firm conviction, by far the greater
number of cases of mental disturbance or abnormal dis-
position observed in Urnings are not to be attributed to
the sexual anomaly; but they are caused by the existing
notions concerning Urnings, and the resulting laws, and
dominant public sentiment concerning the anomaly. Any
one with an adequate idea of the mental and inoral suffer-
ing, of the anxiety and care that the Urning must endure ;
of the constant hypocrisy and secrecy he must practise in
order to conceal his inner instinct; of the difficulties that
meet him in satisfying his natural desire, — can only be
surprised that more insanity and nervous disturbance does

578 PSYCHOPATI1IA SEXUALIS.

not occur in Urnings. The greater part of these abnormal
states would not be developed if the Urning, like another,
could find a simple and easy way in which to satisfy his
sexual desire, — if he were not for ever troubled by these
anxieties !"

De lege lata, as far as the urning is concernecL the
paragraph with reference to pederasty should not be ap-
plied without the proof of actual pederasty; and psychial
and somatic abnormalities should be examined by experts
with respect to an estimate in the individual of the ques-
tion of guilt.

De lege ferenda, the Urnings wish a repeal of the para-
graph. The Jurist could not consent to this, if he ii
to remember that pederasty is much inore frequently i
disgusting vice than the result of a physical and mental
infirmity; and that, moreover, many Urnings, though
driven to sexual acts with their own sex, are vet in
nowise compelled to indulgo in pederasty, — a sexual act
which, under all circumstances, must stand as cynical,
disgusting, and, when passive, as decidedly injurious.
Whether for reasons of expediency (difficulty of fixing the
guilt, encouragement of blackmail, etc.), it would not be
opportune to strike from the Statutes the legal punishment
of the male-loving man is a question for the jurists of the
future.1

My reasons for abolishing the laws above referred to
are the following: —

(1) The offences referred to in these laws generally
spring from an abnormal psychical condition.

(2) Only a most carefnl medical examination can dis-
tinguish cases of sheer perversity from those of patholo-
gical perversion. As soon as the individual is cliarged
with the offence he is socially ruined.

(3) The majori ty of Urnings are the victims of a per-
verse instinet of abnormal quality. In qualifying the sex-

1 Cf. the author's pamplilet " Der contriir Sexuale vor dem Straf-
richter." Leipzig and Vienna (Deutike), 2 Aufl., 1895.

UNNATUBAL ABUSE SODOMY. 579

ual instinct they are irresistibly forced by physical com-
pulsion.

(4) Many Urnings are incapable of considering their
sexual instinct as unnatural; on the contrary, their own
appears to them the natural act, and that permitted by
law as contra naturam. The inoral ineans of correction
which niight prevent the sexual transgression are there-
fore wanting.

(5) The definition as to what constitutes an immoral
offence is defective, and allows the judge too much latitude.
In Germany, for instance, the interpretation of § 175
growing more subtle and ingenious every day, gives direct
proof of the uncertainty of its proper legal understanding.

The deed in itself ought to be decisive in this matter,
and the verdict should be in accordanee with it. (As a
rule, the motive is scareely ever scrutinised.) But how
is this to be established? For the deed is, as a rule,
committed in secret and in the absence of witnesses.

(6) Theoretical criminal reasons for the retention of
the paragraph are never advanced. It does not deter
from crime and has no corrective influence, for patho-
logical manifestations are not removed by penal remedies.
Decidedly it is not an atonement for a criminal act which
can only under certain and mostly false presumptions be
considered as criminal, and thus may lead to acts of gross
injustice. It must be remembered that in many civilised
countries this paragraph no longer is in vogue, that in
Germany it only exists as a concession to public morality,
whilst the latter is based on false principles, and frequently
mixes up perversion with perversity.

(7) In my opinion, public morality and youth are suffi-
ciently protected, in Germany at any rate, by other para-
graphs of the Statutes; and I incline to the belief that
paragraph 175 does more härm than good, in so far as it
favours and abets blackmail — one of the basest and vilest
vices.

Of course, the blackmailer may be punished, but he
has always the one chance in his favour, that his victim

580 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

will never resort to the extreme measure of appealing to
the law. If it comes to the worst the scoundrel is con-
fined to prison for a short time without running the risk
of losing the honour which he never possessed, whilst his
victim has lost all, i.e., his good name and the respect of
others, is thus ruined and often brought to self-destruction.

(8) If the German law-maker should deem public
morality endangered by the abrogation of § 175, surely the
extension of § 176, 1, to male persona as well should be
8ufficient (at present this paragraph deals only with im-
moral acts committed on females either with force or under
threats). The "Code penal franeais" has such a para-
graph. Eventually the age of fourteen years mentioned in
this paragraph 17G, 3, and beyond which immoral actions
committed on youthful persons go unpunished, might be
raised to a higher figure. This would also benefit the
female portion of society, who scarcely possess at the
age of fifteen sufficicnt maturity of mind and judgment
to protect themselves against the evil. Moreover by this
act a more efficient protection would be given to young
people in general (say up to the cnd of the sixteenth
year) than is now granted by § 175, which after all is
only directed against pederasty (and according to more
recent interprctation against other acts of a coitus-like
nature) whilst it regards onanism and other immoral acts
with impunity. Perverse people but seldom endanger the
morality of the young by pederasty, but much more fre-
quently by other acts of immorality. Beyond a certain
age, say eighteen, when a sufficicnt degrec of moral and
intellectual ripeness has been attained, the law has neither
the right nor the duty to impugn immoral acts which are
committed inicr maren, portis clausis and consensu mutuo.
The individual himself is responsiblc for such acts, for
they do not violate either public or private interests.

What has been said de lege lata concerning congenital
sexual inversion and its relation to the law is also appli-
cable to the acquired abnormality. The accompanying

UNNATUBAL ABUSE SODOMY. 581

neurosis or psychosis should have much diagnostic and
forensic weight with reference to the question of guilt.

It is of high psychopathological and, under circum-
stances, also of criniinal intercst that individuals of anti-
pathic sexuality when unfortunate in their love affairs,
or when nieeting with deception on the part of the be-
loved, are subject to all those psychical reactions in the
shape of jealousy and vindictiveness which occur in the
love affairs between man and woman; nay, often ever
lead to deeds of violence to revenge the affront or to punish
the robber of happiness.

Nothing eise could prove more clearly the constitu-
tionality of these inverted sexual feelings; their doininat-
ing power over sense, thought and aspiration, and their
complete Substitution for hetero-sexual normal feeling and
development. A case of such unrequited and betrayed
love is the following taken f rom recent American criminal
acts, the report of which was sent to me by Dr. Boeck of
Troppau.

Case 236. A sexually inverted girl kills the girl she
loves because she was rejected. ,

In January, 1892, Alice M., a young girl belonging to
one of the best families of Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A.,
killed in the public street of that town her girl friend,
Freda W., also of the best society. She made several
deep gashes in the neck of the girl with a razor.

The trial elicited the following f acts : —

Alice inherited taint froin her mother — an uncle and
several cousins in the first degree were insane — the mother
herseif was psychopathic, had puerperal dementia after
each confinement, the worst attack following the birth of
the seventh child, i.e., Alice, now a prisoner — afterwards
she declined mentally suffering from dementia persecu-
toria.

A brother of the aecused suffered from mental derange-
ment for some time after an alleged sunstroke.

Alice was nineteen years of agc, of medium height, not

582 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

pretty. The face was childlike and "almost too small for
her size," and asymmetrical, the right facial side was more
developed than the left, the nose "of striking irregular-
ity," the eye piercing. She was left-handed.

With the beginning of puberty, severe and continued
headaches were of frequent occurrence; once a month
she suffered from epistaxis, often up to within the very
latest period from attacks of tremor. On one occasion
she lost consciousness during one of these attacks.

Alice was a nervous, irritable child, and very slow in
physical development. She never enjoyed children's or
girls' garaes. When she was four to five years old she
took much pleasure in tormenting cats, suspending them
by one leg.

She preferred her younger brother and his games to
her sisters; she vied with him in spinning tops, playing
baseball and football, or shooting at targets, and in many
silly pranks. She loved to climb trees and roofs, and was
very clever in this sport. Above all things she loved to
amuse herseif in the stable among the mules. When she
was six to seven her father had bought a horse, and she
took great delight in feeding and tending it, and rode
about the paddock astraddle on its back like a boy, with-
out a saddle. Later on she would also groom the horse
and wash his hoofs. She would lead him along the street
by the halter, gear him up in the buggy, and became quite
an expert in harnessing him when required.

At school she was slow and faulty, incapable of con-
tinued oconpation with the same subjoct, did not grasp
things easily, and had no meniory. For music and draw-
ing she had not the slightest talent, and hated feminine
occupations. She never cared for reading, and could
boar neither books or newspapers. She was stubborn and
capricious, and was considered by her teachers and friends
as an abnormal being.

When a child she did not care for boys, and had no
companions among them; later on she never cared for
mcn, and had no lovers. She was quite indifferent towards

UNNATURAL ABUSE SODOMY. 583

the young men, even abrupt, and they looked upon her as
being "cracked".

But "as far as she can reinember" she had an extra-
ordinary love for Freda W., a girl of her o\vn age, daughter
of a friend of the family. Freda was a tender and sweet
girl; the love was mutual, but more violent on the part
of Alice. It increased from year to year until it became
a passion. A year previous to the catastrophe Freda's
family moved away to another town. Alice was steeped
in sorr&w; a very tender love correspondence now ensued.

Twice Alice went to visit Freda's family, during which
time the two girls, as witnesses attested, showed "disgust-
ing tenderness" for each other. They were seen to swing
together in a hammock by the hour, hugging and kissing
each other — "they hugged and kissed ad nauseam". Alice
was ashamed of doing this in public, but Freda upbraided
her for this.

When Freda paid a visit in return, Alice made an
attempt at killing her; she tried to pour laudanum down
her throat whilst asleep. The attempt failed because
Freda woke up in time.

Alice then took the poison herseif before Freda, and
was taken violently ill. The reason for the attempted
murder and suicide was that Freda had shown some in-
terest in two young men, and Alice deelared she could
not live without Freda's love, and again "she wanted to
kill herseif in order to find release from her tortures and
make Freda free". After recovery they both resumed the
amorous correspondence, even with more fervour than
before.

Soon after this Alice proposed marriage to Freda. She
sent her an engagement ring, and threatened death if she
proved disloyal. They were to assume a false name and
fly to St. Louis. Alice would wear men's clothes and
earn a living for both ; she would also grow a moustache,
if Freda were to insist upon it, as she feit confident that
by shaving frequently she could succeed in this.

Just before the attempted elopement the plot was

584 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXTJAUS.

discovered and prevented ; the "engagement ring" was
returned together with other love tokens to Alice's mother,
and all intercourse between the two girls was stopped.

Alice was completely broken up. She lost her sleep,
refused food, became listless and confused (at the shops
had the purchased goods put down to the name of her
beloved). The ring and other love tokens — among thera
a thimble of Freda's filled with the latter's blood — she
concealed in a corner of the kitchen, where she spent
hours in contemplating these objects, now burstiAg into
peals of laughter, now into floods of tears.

She became emaciated, the face assumed an anxious
expression, the eyes showed "a peculiar stränge lustre".
When she learned of an intended visit by Freda to Mem-
phis she firmly resolved to kill her if she could not possess
her. She stole a razor from her father and carefully
concealed it.

In the meantime she started a correspondence with
Freda's admirer, simulating friendship for him in order
to find out his relations to Freda, and kept herseif in-
formed about thein.

All attempts to see her or hear from her made by Alice
during Freda's sojourn in Memphis failed. She waylaid
Freda in the street and once almost succeeded in carrying
out her purpose had not an accident prevented her. On
the very day, however, when Freda was leaving town and
on her way to the steamboat Alice overtook her.

She feit mortally hurt because Freda, although Walk-
ing alongside of the buggy in which she herseif was riding,
never spoke a word to her, but only gave her a glance
now and then. She jumped from tlie vehicle and cut
Freda with the razor. When Freda's sister tried to beat
her off she became frantic and blindly cut deep gashes
into the poor girl's neck, one reaching almost from ear to
ear. Whilst everybody was busy about Freda she drove
off furiously through the streets. When reaching home
she immediately told her mother what had happened.
She could not comprehend the awfulness of the deed;

CULTIVATED PEDERASTY. 685

she was cold and unmoved at the consequences pointed
out to her. But when she heard of the death and the
funeral of her beloved Freda and realised her loss she
burst into tears and passionate wailings, kissed the picture
of the dead girl and spoke as if she were not dead but
still alive.

During the trial her callous behaviour Struck every
one; the deep sorrow of her own people did not affect
her in the least; she showed absolute indifference to the
. ethical points of her deed.

At moraent8, however, when her passionate love for
Freda and her jealousy woke up, she yielded to boundless
grief and emotion. "Freda has broken her faith!" "I
have killed her because I loved her so!" The experts
called in the ease found her mental development on a
level with that of a girl of thirteen to fourteen years. She
comprehended that no children could have sprung from
her "union" with Freda — but that a "marriage" between
them would have been an absurdity she would not admit.
She absolutely denied that sexual intercourse between the
two (even mutual masturbation) ever took place. But
nothing definite about this point or about her vita sex-
ualis per acta could be learned. A gynsecological exam-
ination of her person was not made.

The verdict was insanity ("Memphis Medical Month-
ly," 1892).

Cultivated Pederasty.1

This is one of the saddest pages in the history of human
delinquencies.

The motives that bring to pederasty a man originally

1 For interesting histories and notes, v. Krauss, " Psychol. des
Verbrechens," p. 174; Tardieu, "Attentats"; Maschka, " Handb.,"
iii., p. 174. This vice scenis to have come through Crete from Asia
to Greece, and, in the tinies of classic Hellas, to have been widespread.
Thence it spread to Rome, where it flourished luxuriantly. In Persia
and China (where it is actually tolerated) it is widespread, as it also
is in Europe (cf. Tardieu, Tarnovcsky, et dl.).

586 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUAUS.

sexually normal and of sound mind are various. It i8
used temporarily as a means of sexual satisfaction fav&e de
mieux — as in infrequent cases of bestiality — where absti-
nence f rom normal sexual indulgence is enforced.1 It thus
occurs on shipboard during long voyages, in prisons, in
watering-places, etc. It is highly probable that, among
men subjected to such conditions, there are Single indi-
viduals of low morals and great sensuality, or actual Urn-
ings, who seduce the others. Lust, imitation, and desire
f urther their purpose.

The strength of the sexual instinct is most markedly
shown by the fact that such circuinstances are sufficient
to overcome repugnance for the unnatural act.

Another category of pederasts is made up of old roues
that have become supersatiated in normal sexual indulg-
ence, and who find in pederasty a means of exciting
sensual pleasure, the act being a new method of Stimula-
tion. Thus they temporarily renew their power, that
has been psychically and physically reduced to so low
a State. The new sexual Situation makes them, so to
speak, relatively potent, and renders pleasure possible that
it is no longer found in the normal intercourse with
womcn. In time power to indulge in pederasty also
flickers out. The individual may thus finally be reduced
to passive pederasty as a Stimulus to make possible tein-
porary active pederasty; just as, occasionally, flagellation
or looking on at obscene acts (Maschkas case of inutilation
of animals) is resorted to for the same purpose.

The termination of sexual activity expresses itself in
all kinds of abnse of children — cunnüingus, fellare. and
other cnormities.

This kind of pederasts is the most dangerous, since
they deal mostly with boys, and ruin them in body and
soul.

1 Lombroso (''Der Verbrecher, p. 20 et seq.) shows that also, in
case of animals, intercourse with the same sex occurs where normal
indulgence is impossible.

CULTIVATED PEDERASTY. 587

In reference to tbis, tbe experiences of Tarnowsky (op.
cit., p. 53 et seq.), gathered from society in St. Petersburg,
are terrible. The places where pederasty is cultivated are
institutes. Old roues and Urnings play tbe röle of seducers.
At first it is difficult for tbe person to carry out tbe dis-
gusting act. Fancy is made to assist by calling up the
image of a woman. Gradually, witb practice, the un-
natural act becomes easy, and at last the individual, like
one debased by masturbation, becomes relatively impotent
for women, and lustful enough to find pleasure in the
perverse act. Such individuals, under circumstances, give
themselves for money.

As Tardieu, Hof mann, Simon and Taylor show, such
fiends are not infrequently found in large cities. From
numerous Statements made to nie by Urnings, it is learned
that actual prostitution and houses of prostitution for
male-loving men exist in large cities. The arts of coquetry
used by these male prostitutes are noteworthy — ornament,
perfumes, feminine styles of dress, etc., to attract pederasts
and Urnings. Tbis imitation of feminine peculiarities is
spontaneous and unconscious in congenital and in some
acquired cases of (abnormal) antipathic sexual instinct.

The following lines are of interest to the psychologist,
and may give the officers of the law important clues con-
cerning the social life and practice of pederasts: —

Coffignon, "La Corruption ä Paris," p. 327, divides
active pederasts into "amatcurs" "entreteneurs" and "sou-
teneurs".

The "amateurs" ("rivettes") are debauched persons,
frequently of congenital sexual inversion, of position and
fortune, who are forced to guard themselves against detec-
tion in the gratification of their homosexual desires. For
this purpose they visit brothels, lodging-houses, or the
private houses of female prostitutes, who are usually on
good terms with male prostitutes. Thus they escape
blackmail.

588 PSYOHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

Some of these "amateurs" are bold enough to indulge
their vile desires in public places. They thus run the
risk of arrost, but in a large city little risk of bläckmail.
Danger is said to add to their secret pleasure.

The "entreteneurs" are old sinners who, even with the
danger of falling into the hands of blackmailers, cannot
deny tliemselves the pleasure of keeping a (male) "mis-
tress."

The "souteneurs" are pederasts that have been pun-
ished, who keep their "Jesus/9 whom they send out to entice
cu8toraers ("faire chanter les rivettes"), and who then, at
the right moment if possible, appear for the purpose of
plucking the vietim.

Not infrequently they live together in bands> the mem-
bers, in accordance with individual desire, living together
as husbands and wives. In such bands there are formal
marriages, betrothals, banquets and introductions of brides
and groom8 into their apartments.

These "souteneurs" train up their "Jesus".

The passive pederasts are "petits Jesus/' "Jesus/* or
"aunts".

The "petits Jesus" are lost, depraved children, placed
by accident in the hands of active pederasts, who seduce
them, and reveal to them the horrible means of earning a
livelihood, either as "entretenus" or as male street-walkers,
with or without "souteneurs".

The slyest and choicest "petits Jesus" are those trained
by persons who instruct these children in the art of female
dress and manner. •

Gradually they emancipate tliemselves from teacher
and master, in order to become "femmes entretenues" not
infrequently by means of anonymous denunciation of
their "souteneurs" to the police.

It is the object of the "souteneur" and the "petit
Jesus" to make the latter appear young as long as possible
by means of all the arts of the toilet.

The limit of age is about twenty-five years; when
they all become "Jesus" and "femmes entretenues" and are

CULTIVATED PEDERA5TY.

589

then often sustamed by several "souleneurs** The "Jesus"
fall into three categories; ufilles galantes" i.e., ihose that
have fallen agsin i 1 1 1 ^ > the hands of a "Houtetteur" j "pii t-
rewses" (ordinary street-walkers, like their female col-
leagues) j and udomestiqu6&J**

The ' dornest uptcs*' hire tbemselves out to active
pederasts, ei t her to gratify tbeir desires or to obtaiu "petits
Jesus" for tliem.

A sub-group of these "dornest iques" is formed by such
nf them as enter the serviee of "petits jesus** as "fvmmes
de chambre". The prinzipal object of these "domestiques"
is to QBB their positions to obtain eotnpromising knowl-
edge, with which they latcr prartise blackinail, and thus
assiire themselves ease in tbeir o!d age.

The most horrible class of active pederasts is made up
of the "aunts" — i.e., the "souteneurs" of (male) prosti-
tutesj — who, tliougb normal sexually, are inomlly de-
praved, and praetise pederasty (passive) «mly for gain or
for the purpose of blaekmail.

The wealthy "amntcurs" have their renniona and
places of meeting, wliere the passive ones appear in female
attire, and horrible orgies take place. The waiters, mwär
Clans, etc., at sneh gatherings are all pederasts. The
"fittes galantes" do not venture, exeept duriiig the carnival,
to show themselves in the street in female attire; but they
know how to lond to their appearanee soraething indiea-
tive of their calling by naeans of style of dress, etc* They
entice by means of gesture, peeuliar movements of their
hands, etc., and !ead their vi et i ms to hotels, baths, or
brothels.

What the autbor says of bhiekmail iö generalis kimun.
There are cases where pederasts have allowed their entire
forttme to he wrang f mm them,

That these monstrosities of large cities in rhe ahapti
of "petits Jesus" are not only the productions of pj
aional training, btit radier of a degenerated i
tion is apparent from the i
(**Les bisexucs," Paris, 1894). He

590 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

of his book under the title of uHermaphroditisme artifi-
cier> manifestations of "effemination" and "infantilisme" .
Thcy rcfer to boys who with incipient puberty show no
furthcr development of the frame and the genital organs,
have no growth of hair about the face or pubes, do not
change the voice and are retrograde in their mental
faculties. Often it happens that in such cases secondary
physical and psychical female characteristics of sexuality
are developed. A post mortem of such "petits garroches"
(Brouardcl) reveals a small bladder, mere rudiments of
the prostate, ahsenoe of the ischio and bulbo cavernosi
muscles, infantile penis, and a very narrow pelvis.

They are beyond doubt heavily tainted individuals who
have experieneed at the time of puberty a sort of rudi-
mentary sexual change.

Laurent (p. 181) makes the interesting remark, that
from the ranks of these "Infantiles" and " Effeminates" the
professional [xissire pederasts (" petits Jesus") are re-
eruited.

It is evident, therefore, that these human monstrosities
are predestined for and trained, so to speak, in their abomi-
nable career by degenerative and anthropological factors.

The following notice from a Berlin newspaper, of
Februar \\ 1SS4, which feil into my hands by aeeident,
seoms suited to show something of the life and customs of
pederasts and Urnings : —

"The Woman~hat<r$' Ball. — Almost every social de-
ment of Berlin has its social reunions — the fat, the bald-
headed, the baehelors, the widowers — and why not the
woman-haters i This speeies of men, so interesting psy-
ohologically and none too edifying. had a great ball a few
days ago. 'Grand Vienna Fancy Press Ball/ — ran the
notiee. The sale of tiekets is very rigorous: they wish to
bo very exelusive. Their reiuiezvous is a well-known
dancing-hall. We enter the hall about midnight. The
nierry dancing is to the strains of a tine orchestra. Thiok
tobaevo-suioke. veiüng the gasüghts, does not allow the de-
tails of the moving mass to becouie obvious: only duriM

CÜLTIVATED PEDERASTY. 591

the pause between the dances can we obtain a closer view.
The maaks are by f ar in the inajority ; black dress-coats and
ball-gowns are seen only now and then.

"But what is that ? The lady in rose-tarletan, that
just now passed us, has a lighted cigar in the corner of
her mouth, and puffs like a trooper; and she also wears
a small, blonde beard, lightly painted out. And yet she
is talking with a very decollete 'angeP in tricots, who
Stands there, with bare arms folded behind him, likewise
smoking. The two voiccs are masculine, and the conver-

sation is likewise very masculine; it is about the 'd

tobacco smoke, that permits no air'. Two men in female
attire! A conventional clown Stands there, against a
pillar, in soft conversation with a ballet-dancer, with his
arm around her faultless waist. She has a blonde 'Titus-
head' sharp-cut profile, and apparently a voluptuous form.
The brilliant ear-rings, the necklace with a medallion, the
füll, round Shoulders and arms, do not permit a doubt of
her 'genuineness/ until, with a sudden movement, she
disengages herseif from the embracing arm, and, yawning,
moves away, saying, in a deep bass, 'Eniile, you are too
tiresome to-day !' The ballet-dancer is also a male !

"Suspicious now, we look about further. We almost
suspect that here the world is topsy-turvy ; f or there goes,
or, rather, trips, a man — no, no man at all, even though
he wears a carefully trained moustache. The well-curled
hair; the powdered and painted face with the blackened
eyebrows; the golden ear-rings; the bouquet of flowers
reaching from the left Shoulder to the breast, ornament-
ing the elegant black gown; the golden bracelets on the
wrists; the elegant fan in the white-gloved hand — all
these things are anything but masculine. And how he
toys with the fan! How he dances and turns and trips
and lisps ! And yet kindly Nature made this doli a man.
He is a salesman in a large sweet shop, and the ballet-
dancer mentioned is his 'colleague'.

"At a little corner-table there seems to be a great
social circle. Several elderly gentlemen press around a

592 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

group of decollete ladies, who sit over a glass of wine and —
in the spirit of fun — make jokes that are none too deli-
cate. Who are these three ladies? 'Ladies!' laughs my
knowing friend. 'Well, the one on the right, with the
brown hair and the short, fancy dress, is called "But-
terrieke/' he is a hairdresser; the seeond one — the blonde
in a singer's costume, with the necklace of pearls — is
known here by the name of "Miss Ella of the tight-rope,"
and he is a ladies' tailor ; and the third — that is the widely
celebrated "Lottie".'

"But that person cannot possibly be a man? That
waist, that bust, those classic arms, the whole air and
person are markedly feminine !

"I am told that 'Lottie' was once a bookkeeper.
To-day she, or, rather, he, is exclusively 'Lottie/ and
takes pleasure in deceiving men about Ins sex as long as
possible. 'Lottie' is singing a song that would hardly
do for a drawing-room, in a high voice, acquired by years
of practice, which many a soprano might envy. 'Lottie'
has also 'worked' as a female comedian. Now the quon-
dam bookkeeper has so entered into the female röle that
he appears on the street in female attire almost exclu-
sively, and, as the people with whom he lodges state, uses
an embroidered night-dress.

"On closer examination of the assembly, to my as-
tonishment, I discover acquaintances on all hands: my
shoemaker, whom I should have taken for anything but a
woman-hater — he is a 'troubadour,' with sword and plume ;
and his 'Leonora,' in the costume of a bride, is accus-
tomed to place my favourite brand of-cigars before me
in a certain cigar-store. 'Leonora,' who, during an inter-
mission, removes her gloves, I recognise wTith certainty
by her large, blue hands. Right! There is my haber-
dasher, also; he moves about in a questionable costume
as Bacchus, and is the swain of a repugnantly bedecked
Diana, who works as a waiter in a beer-restaurant. The
real 'ladies' of the ball cannot be described here. They
associate only with one another, and avoid the woman-

CULTIVATED PEDERASTY. 593

hating men ; and the latter are exclusive, and amuse them-
selves, absolutely ignoring the charms of the women."

These facts deserve the careful attention of the police,
who should be plaeed in a position to cope with male Prosti-
tution, as they now do with that of women.

Male prostitution is certainly much more dangerous to
society than that of females; it is the darkest stain on
the history of humanity.

From the Statements of a high police official of Berlin,
I learn that the police are conversant with the male demi-
monde of the German capital, and do all they can to sup-
press blackmail among pederasts — a practice which often
does not stop short of murder.

The foregoing facts justify the wish that the law-
maker of the future may, for reasons of utility, at least,
abandon the prosecution of pederasty.

With reference to this point, it is worthy of note that
the French Code does not punish it so long as it does
not become an offence to public decency. Probably for
politico-legal reasons, the new Italian Penal Code passes
over the crime of unnatural abuse in silence, as do the
Statutes of Holland and, as far as I know, Belgium and
Spain.

In how far such cultivated pederasts are to be regarded
as mentally and morally sound may remain an open ques-
tion. The majority of them suffer with genital neuroses.
At least in these cases there are the stages of transition to
acquired pathological antipathic sexual instinct (see p.
286). The responsibility of these individuals, who are
certainly much lower than the women who prostitute them-
selves, cannot, generally speaking, be questioned.

The various categories of male-loving men, with respect
to the manner of sexual indulgence, may be thus char-
acterised in general : —

The congenital Urning becomes a pederast only excep-
tionally, and eventually resorts to it after having practised
and exhausted all the possible immoral acts with males.

594 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

Passive pederasty is to hiin the ideally and practieally
adequate form of tbe sexual act. He practises active
pederasty only to please another. The most important
point here is the congcnital and unchangeable perversion
of the sexual instinet.

It is otherwise with the pederast by cultivation. He
has once acted normally sexually, or at least had normal
inclinations, and occasionally has intercourse with the
opposite sex. ITis sexual perversity is neither congenital
nor unchangeable. He begins with pederasty and ends in
other perverse sexual acts, induced by weakness of the
eentres for ercction and ejaculation. At the height of his
power his sexual desire is not for passive, but for active
pederasty. He yields to passive pederasty only to please
another; for nioney, in the röle of a male prostitute; or
as a means, when virility is declining, to make active
pederasty still occasionally possible.

A horrible act, that must be alluded to, in conclusion,
is pcedieatio mulierum,1 and even uxorum. Sensual indi-
viduals sometimes do it with hardened prostitutes, or
even with their wives. Tardicu gives examples where
men, uSually practising coitus, sometimes indulged in
pederasty with their wives. Occasionally fear of a repeti-
tion of prc«rnancy may induce the man to perform and
the woman to tolerate the act.

Case 237. Imputation of pederasty that was not
provtd. llesume from the legal proeeedimrs: —

On 30th !May, 1SS8, S., chemist, of IL, in an anony-
mous letter, was aecused bv Ins stepfather of having im-
moral relations with G., aged nineteen, the son of a butcher.
S. reeeived the letter, and, astounded by its eontents, has-

xCf. Tardicu, "Attentats." p. 198: Martinenu, "Deutsche Med.
Zeitung," 1SS2, p. !»: Yirvhotr's •'Jahrb./' 1881. i.. p. 533: Coutagnc.
*' Lyon Medkal." Xos. 35, 3f». Eulenburg in " Zülzcr's Klin. Handh.
d. Harn- u. Sexual -organe," iv. Ahtlieil.. ]). 4.">, relates cases of his
own exjK'iienee, in which womeii brought actione for divorce on the,
ground that the husband, in order to avoid offspring, practised
prd.catio only.

CULTIVATED PEDEBASTY. 595

tened to Ins master, who promised to proceed discreetly
in the matter, and to ascertain from the authorities what
was being said about it by the public.

On the next morning, G., who lived in the house of
S., was arrested. At the time he was suffering from
gonorrhoea and Orchitis. S. tried to induce the authori-
ties to release G., and advised caution, but he was refused.
In Ins statement to the judge, S. said that he became
acquainted with G. on the street, three years previously,
and then saw no more of him until the fall of 1887, when
he met him in his father's shop. After Xovember G.
supplied S.'s kitchen with meat — Coming in the evening
to get the order, and bringing the meat the next morning.
Tims S. gradually got well acquainted with G., and came
to have a very friendly feeling for him. When S. feil ill
and was, for the most part, confined to his bed until the
middle of May, 1888, G. gave him so much attention that
S. and his wife .were much attracted to him on account
of his harmless, child-like and happy disposition. S.
showed and explained to him his collection of curiosities,
and they spent the evenings pleasantly together, the wife
also being usually present ; besides, S. and G. experimented
in making sausages, jelly, etc. In February, 1888, G.
feil ill with gonorrhoea. S., being his friend, and having
studied medicine for several terms, took care of G., pro-
cured medicine for him, etc. In May, G. being still ill,
and, for several reasons, inclined to leave home, S. and
his wife took him into their own home to care for him.
S. denied the truth of all the suspicions that had been
raised by this revelation, and defended himself by pointing
to Ins life of previous respectability, his education, and to
the fact that G., at the time, was suffering with a disgust-
ing, contagious discase, and thut he himself had a painful
affection (nephritic calculus, with occasional attacks of
colic).

Opposed to this statement of .S.'s must be mentioned
the facts that were brought out in court, and which led
to conviction in the first trial.

596 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS. •

The relation of S. to G. had, by reason of jts obvious-
ness, given cause for remark by private individuals, as
well as by those in public houses. G. spent aluiost all bis
evenings with S.'s family, and, finally, canie to be quite
at honie there. They took walks together. Once, while
out on such a walk, S. said to G. that he was a pretty
fellow, and that he (S.) was very fond of him. On the
sarae occasion, there was also talk of sexual matters, and
also of pederasty. S. said he touched on these subjects
onlv to warn G. With reference to the intercourse at
home, it was proved that occasionally S., while sitting on
a sofa, embraced G., and kissed him. This happened in
the presence of the wife, as well as of the servant-girls.
When G. was ill with gonorrhoea, S. instructed him in
the method of using a syringe, and, at the time, took the
penis in his hand. G. testified that S., in answer to bis
question why he was so fond of him, said, "I don't know
niyself". When, one day, G. reinained away, S., with
tears in his eyes, complained of it to him when he re~
turned. S. also told him that his marriage was unhappy,
and, in tears, begged G. not to leave him; that he must
take the place of his wife.

From all this resulted the just accusation, that the
relation between the two men had a sexual direction.
The fact that all was open and known to everybody, aecord-
ing to the complaint, did not speak for the harmlessness
of the relation, but more fcr the intensity of the passion
of S. The spotless life of the accused was allowed, as
well as his honesty and gcntleness. The probability of
an unhappy marriage, and that S. was of a very sensual
nature, was shown.

Du ring the course of the trial, G. was repeatedly ex-
amined by the medical experts. He was scarcely of
medium size, pale, and of powerful frame; penis and testi
cles were very perfectly developed (large).

In consonance with the accusation, it was found that
the anus was pathologically changed, in that there were
no wrinkles in the skin about it and the sphincter was

CUl/TIVATED PEDERASTY. 597

relaxed; and it was presumed that these changes pointed
to the probability of passive pederasty.

The conviction was based on these facts. The judg-
ment passed recognised that the relation existing between
the culprits did not necessarily point to unnatural abuses,
any more than did the physical conditions found on the
person of G.

However, by reason of the combination of the two
facts, the conrt was convinced of the guilt of both culprits,
and held it proved: "That the abnormal condition of
G.'s anus had been caused by the frequently repeated in-
troduction of the penis of S. and that G. voluntarily per-
mitted the Performance of this immoral act on himself."

Thus the conditions of § 175, R. St. G. B., seemed to
be covered. In passing sentence there was consideration
of S.'s education, which made him appear to be G.'s
seducer; in G.'s case, this fact and Ins youth were given
weight; and the previous respectability of both was held
in view. Thus S. was sentenced to imprisonment for eight
months, and G. for four nionths.

They appealed to the Supreme Court at Leipzig, and
prepared themselves, in case the appeal should be denied,
to collect evidence sufficient to call for a new trial.

They subjected themselves to examination and Ob-
servation by distinguished expcrts. The latter declared
that G.'s anus presented no signs of indulgence in passive
pederasty.

Since it seemed of importance to those interested to
make clear the psychological aspect of the case, which
was not touched on at the trial, the author was intrusted
with the examination and Observation of S. and G.

Results of the Personal Examination, from llth to
13th December, 1888, in Graz: — "S., agcd thirty-seven ;
two years married, without children. Ex-director of the
City Laboratory of II. He comes of a father who is said
to have been nervous, owing to great activity; who had
an apoplectic attack in Iris fifty-seventh year, and died,

598 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

at the age of sixty-seven, of another attack of apoplexy.
His mother is living, and is described as a strong person,
who has been nervous for years. Her mother reached
quite an old age, and is said to have died of a cerebellar
tumonr. A brother of the mother's father is said to have
been a drinker. The paternal grandfather died early, of
softening of the brain.

"S. has two brothers, who are in perfect health.

"He states that he is of nervous temperainentj and has
been of strong Constitution. After articular rheumatism,
which he had in his fourteenth vear, he suffercd with
great nervousness for some months. Thereafter he often
suffered with rheumatic pains, palpitation, and short-
ness of breath. These Symptoms gradually disappeared
with sea-bathing. Seven years ago he had gonorrhoea.
This disease beeame chronic, and for a long time caused
bladder difficulty.

"In 1887 he had his first attack of renal colic, and he
had such attacks repeatedly during the winter of 1887
and 1888, until 16th May, 1888, when quite a large renal
calculus was passed. Since then his condition had been
quite satisfactory. While suffering with stone, during
coitus, at the moment of ejaculation, he feit severe pain
in the Urethra and the same pain when urinating.

"With reference to ins life, S. states that he attended
the Gymnasium until he was fourteen, but after that,
owing to the results of his severe illness, he studied pri-
vately. He then spent four years in a cheniist's shop,
and then studied medicine for six semesters at the Uni-
versity, serving, in the war of 1870, as a voluntary hos-
pital assistant. Since he had no certificate of graduation
from the Gymnasium, he gave up the study of medicine,
and obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy. Then
he served in the Museum of Minerals in K., and later as
assistant in the Mineralogical Institute of H. Thereafter
he made special studies in the ehern istry of food-stuffs, and
five years ago beeame director of the City Laboratory.

"He makes all these Statements in a prompt, precise

CULTIVATED PKDERASTY. 599

manner, and does not think long about his answers; so
that one is more and more led to think that he is a man
who loves and speaks the truth — the more, since, on the
following day, his Statements are identical. With reference
to his vita sexualis, S., in a modest, delicate and open
way, states that in his eleventh year he began to have a
knowledge of the differenee of the sexes, and for some
time, until his fourteenth year, was givcn to onanism.
He first had coitus at eighteen, and thereafter indulged
moderately. His sensual dcsire had never been very great,
but, until lately, the sexual act had been normal in every
way, and accompanied by gratifying pleasurable feeling
and füll virility. Since his marriage, two years ago, he
had cohabited with his wife exclusively. He had married
his wife out of love, and still loved her, having coitus with
her at least sevcral times a week. The wife, who was
also at hand, confirmed these Statements.

"All cross-questioning with reference to a perversion of
sexual feeling toward men S. answered repeatedly in the
negative, to repeated examination, and that without con-
tradiction or any thought of the answers. Even when,
in order to trap him, he is told that the proof of a perverse
sexual instinct would be of avail in the trial, he sticks to
his Statements. One gains the important impression that
S. has not the slightest knowledge of the facts of male-love.
Thus it is leamed that his lascivious dreams have never
been about men; that he is intercsted only in female
nudity; that he Hked to dance with ladies, etc. Xo traces
of any kind of sexual inclination for his own sex can be
discovered in S. With reference to his relations with G.,
S. expresses himself exactly as he did at his examination
before the court. In explanation of his partiality for G.,
he can only say that he is nervous, and a man of feeling
and great sensibility, and very sensitive to friendlincss.
During his illness he had feit very lonesome and depressed ;
his wife had frequently been with her parents; and thus
it had happened that he had become friendly with G., who
was so gentle and kind. TIe still had a weakness for him,

600 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALI8.

and feit remarkably quiet and contented while in his So-
ciety.

"He had had two such close friendships previously:
when he was yet a Student, with a corps-brother, a Dr.
A., whom he also embraced and kissed; later, with a
Baron M. When it happened that he could not see bim
for a few days, he became depressed, and even cried.

"He also had a similar feeling and attachment for
animals. Thus he had mourned the loss of a poodle that
died a short time ago, as if it had been a meraber of the
family; he had often kissed the animal. (On relating
this, the tears came to his eyes.) His brother confircned
these Statements, with the remark, with reference to his
brother's remarkable friendship for A. and M., that in
these instances there was not the slightest suspicion of
sexual colouring or relation. The most careful and de-
tailed examination of S. gave not the slightest reason for
such a presumption.

"He states that he never had the slightest sexual feel-
ing for G., to say nothing of erection or sexual desire. His
partiality for O., which bordered on jealousy, S. explained
as due merely to his sentimental temperament and his in-
ordinate friendship. G. was still as dear to him as if he
were his son.

"It is worthy of note that S. stated that when G. told
him about his love adventures with girls, it had hurt him
only becausc G. was in danger of injuring himself and
ruining his health by dissipation. He had never feit hurt
himself by this. If he knew a good girl for G., he would
be glad to rejoice with him and do all he could to promote
their marriage.

"S. states that it was first in the course of his legal
examination that he saw how he had been careless in his
intercourse with G., by causing gossip. His openness he
explained as due to the innocence of their friendship.

"It is worthy of note that S.'s wife never noticed any-
thing suspicious in the intercourse between her husband
and G., though the most simple wife would instinctively

CULTIVATED PEDERASTY. 601

notice anything of that nature. Mrs. S. had also made
no Opposition to receiving G. into the house. On this
point 8he remarked that the spare-room in which G. lay
ill was on the second floor, while the living apartments
were on the fourth ; and, f urther, that S. never associated
alone with G. as long as he was in the house. She states
that she is convinced of her husband's innocence, and that
she loves hira as before.

"S. states freely that formerly he had often kissed
G., and talked with him about sexual matters. G. was
much given to woinen, and in friendship he had often
warned hiin about sexual dissipation, particularly when
G., as often happened, did not look well. He had once
said that G. was a handsome f ellow ; it was in a perfectly
harmless relation.

"The kissing of G. had been due to inordinate friend-
ship, when G. had shown him some particular attention,
or pleased him especially. In the act he had never had
any sexual feeling. When he had now and then dreamed
of G., it was in a perfectly harmless wray."

It appeared of great importance to the author to form
also an opinion of G.'s personality. On 12th December
the desired opportunity was given, and G. was carefully
examined.

G. was a young man, aged twenty, of delicate build,
whose development corresponded with his years; and he
appeared to be neuropathic and sensual. The genitals were
normal and well developed. The author thought he might
be permitted to pass over the condition of the anus, as he
did not feel called upon to pass judgment upon it. Pro-
longed association with G. gave one the impression that
he was a harmless, kind, and artless man, light-minded,
but not morally depraved. Nothing in his dress or man-
ner indicated perverse sexual feeling. There could not
be the slightest suspicion that he wras a male courtesan.

When G. was introduced in medias res, he stated that S.
and he, feeling their innocence, had told the matter as it
actually was, and on this the whole trial had been based.

602 PSYCHOPATHIA 8EXUALIS.

At first, S.'s friendship, and especially the kissing,
had seemed reniarkable, even to him. Later he had con-
vinced himself that it was merely friendship, and had
then thought no more about it.

G. had looked upon S. as a father-like friend; for he
was so unselfish, and loved him so.

The expression "handsome fellow" was made when
O. had a love-affair, and when S. expressed his fears
about a happy future for G. At that time S. had com-
forted him, and said that his (G.'s) appearance was pleas-
ing, and that he would make an eligible match.

Once S. had complained to him (G.) that his wife was
inclined to drink, and burst into tears. G. was touched
by his friend's unhappiness. On this occasion S. had
kissed him, and begged for his friendship, and asked him
to visit him frequently.

S. had never spontaneously directed the conversation
to sexual matters. G. once asked what pederasty was, of
which he had heard much while in England; and S. had
explained it to him.

G. acknowledged that he was sensual. At the age of
twelve he had been made acquainted with sexual matters
by schoolmates. He had never masturbated, had first
had coitus at the age of eighteen, and had since visited
brothels frequently. He had never feit any inelination
for his own sex, and had never cxperienced any sexual
excitemcnt when S. kissed him. He had always had
pleasure in coitus normally performed. His lascivious
dreams had always been of women. With indignation,
and pointing to his desccnt from a healthy and respectable
family, he repelled the insinuation of having been given to
passive pederasty. Until the gossip about thein carae to
his ears, he had been innocent and devoid of suspicion.
The anal anomal ies he tried to explain in the same way
that he did at the trial. Auto-masturbation denied.

It should be noted that Mr. J. S. claimed to be no less
astonished by tlie charge against his brother of male-love
than tliose more elosnly associated with him. Yet he

CUI/TIVATED PEDERASTY. 603

could not understand what attached bis brother to G. ;
and all the explanations wbich S. made to bim concerning
his relation to G. were vain.

The author took the trouble to observe S. and G.,
in a natural way, while they were dining, in Company
with S.'s brother and Mrs. S., in Graz. This Observation
revealed not the slightest sign of improper friendship.

The general impression which S. made on me was
that of a nervous, sanguine, somewhat overstrained in-
dividual, but, at the same time, kind, open-hearted, and
very emotional.

S. was physically strong, somewhat corpulent, with
a symmetrieal, brachycephalic eranium. The genitals were
well developed; the penis somewhat bellied; the prepuce
slightly hypertrophied.

Opinion. — Pederasty is, unfortunately, not infrequent
among mankind to-day; but still, occurring among the
peoples of Europe, it is an unusual, perverse, and even
monstrous manner of sexual gratification. It presumes
a congenital or acquired perversion of the sexual instinct,
and, at the same time, defect of moral sense that is either
original or acquired, as a result of pathological influences.

Medico-legal science is thoroughly conversant with
the physical and psychical conditions from which this
aberration of the sexual instinct arises; and in the con-
crete and doubtful case it seems requisite to ascertain
whether these empirical, subjective conditions necessary
for pederasty are present. It is essen tial to distinguish
between active and passive pederasty.

Active pederasty occurs : —

I. As a non-pathological phenomenon : —

1. As a means of sexual gratification, in case of great
sexual desire, with enforced abstinence from natural sexual
intercourse.

2. In old debauchees, who have become satiated with
normal sexual intercourse, and more or less impotent, and
also morally depraved; and who resort to pederasty in
order to excite their lust with this ncw Stimulus, and aid

604 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXÜALIS.

their virility that has sunk so low psychically and physi-
eally.

3. Traditionally, among certain barbarous races that
are devoid of morality.

II. As a pathological phenomenon : —

1. lipon the basis of congcnital sexual inversion, with
repugnance for sexual intercourse with women, or even
absolute incapability of it. But, as even Casper knew,
pederasty, under such conditions, is very infrequent. The
so-ealled Urning satisfies himself with a man by means
of passive or mutual onanism, or by means of coitus-like
acts (e.g., coitus inter femora) ; and he resorts to pederasty
only very exceptionally, as a result of intense sexual de-
sire, or with a low or lowered moral sense, out of desire
to please another.

2. On the basis of acquired pathological sexual inver-
sion : —

(a) As a result of onanism practised through many
years, which finally causes impotence for women with
continuance of intense sexual desire.

(&) As a result of severe mental disease (senile demen-
tia, brain-softening in the insane, etc.) in which, as experi-
ence teaches, an inversion of the sexual instinct may take
place.

Passive pederasty oecurs: —

I. As a non-pathological phenomenon : —

1. In individuals of the lowest class, who, having had
the misfortune to be seduced in boyhood by debauchees,
endured pain and disgust for the sake of money, and be-
came depraved morally, so that, in more mature years,
they have fallen so low that they take pleasure in being
male prostitutes.

2. Under cireumstanecs analogous to those of I., 1 —
as a remuneration to another for having allowed active
pederasty.

II. As a pathological phenomenon: —

1. In individuals affected with sexual inversion, with

CULTIVATED PEDEBASTY. 605

endurance of pain and disgust, as a return to men for the
bestowal of sexual f avors.

2. In Urnings who feel toward men like women, out
of desire and lust. In such female-men there is horror
femince and absolute incapability for sexual intercourse
with women. Character and inclinations are feminine.

The empirical facts that have been gathered by legal
medicine and psychiatry are all included in this Classifi-
cation. Before the court of medical science, it would be
necessary to prove that a man belonged to one of the
above categories in order to carry the conviction that he
was a pederast.

In the life and character of S., one searched in vain
for signs which placed him in one of the categories of
active pederasts which science has established. He was
neither one forced to sexual abstinence, nor one made
impotent for women by debauchery; neither was he con-
genitally male-loving, nor alienated from women by mas-
turbation, and attracted to men through continuance of
sexual desire; and, finally, he was not sexually perverse
as a result of severe mental disease.

In fact, the general conditions necessary for the occur-
rence of pederasty were wanting in him — moral imbecility
or moral depravity, on the one hand, and inordinate sexual
desire on the other.

It was likewise impossible to classify the accomplice,
G., in any of the empirical categories of passive pederasty;
for he possessed neither the peculiarities of the male pros-
titute nor the clinical marks of effemination; and he had
not the anthropological and clinical Stigmata of the female-
man. He was, in fact, the very opposite of all this.

In order to make a pederastic relation between the
two plausible medico-scientifically, it would have been
requisite for S. to present the antecedents and marks of
the active pederasts of I., 2, and G., those of the passive
pederasts of IL, 1 or 2.

The assumption lying at the basis of the verdict was
from a psychological standpoint, legally untenable.

606 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

With the same right, every man might be considered
a pederast. It remains to consider whether the explana-
tions given by Dr. S. and G. of their remarkable friend-
ship are psychologically valid.

Psychologically it is not without parallel that so senti-
mental and eccentric a man as S. — without any sexual
excitement whatever — should entertain a transcendental
friendship. It suffices to recall the friendship of school-
girls, the self-sacrificing friendship of sentimental young
persons in general, and the partiality which this sensitive
man sometimcs showed even for domestic animals — where
no one would think of sodomy. With S.'s mental ehar-
acter his extraordinary friendship for the youth G. may
be easily comprehended. The openness of this friendship
permitted the conelusion that it was innocent, much rather
than that it depended lipon sensual passion.

The defendants succeeded in obtaining a new trial.
The new trial took place on 7th March, 1890. There was
much evidence presented in favour of the accused.

The previous moral life of S. was generally acknowl-
edged. . The Sister of Charity who cared for G. in S.'s
house, never noticed anything suspicious in the inter-
course between S. and G. S.'s former friends testified to
Ins morality, his deep friendship, and his habit of kissing
them on meeting or leaving thein. The anal abnor-
malities previously found on G. were no longer present.
Exports called by the court allowed the possibility that
they had been due simply to digital manipulations ; their
diagnostic value in any case was contested by the experts
called for the defence.

The court recognised that the imputed crime had not
been proved, and exonerated the defendants.

LESBIAN LOVE. 607

Lesbian Love.1

Where the sexual intercourse is between adults, its
legal importance is very slight. It could come into con-
sideration only in Aiistria. In connection with urningism,
this phenomenon is of anthropological and clinical value.
The relation is the same, mutatis mutandis, as between
men. Lesbian love does not seem to approach urningism
in frequency. The majority of female Urnings do not act
in obedience to an innate impulse, but they are developed
under conditions analogous to those which produee the
Urning by cultivation.

These "forbidden friendships" flourish especially in
penal institutions for females.

Kraussold (op. cit) reports: "The female prisoners
often have such friendships, which, when possible, extend
to mutual manustupration.

"But temporary mutual gratification is not the only
purpose of such friendships. They are made to be endur-
ing — entered into systematically, so to speak — and intense
jealousy and a passion for love are developed which could
scarcely be surpassed between persons of opposite sex.
When the friend of one prisoner is merely smiled at
by another, there are often the most violent scenes of
jealousy, and even beatings.

"When the violent prisoner has been put in irons, in
accordance with the prison regulations, she says *she has
had a child by her friend'."

We are indebted to Parent-Duehatelet ("De la Prosti-
tution," 1857, vol. i., p. 159), for interesting Communica-
tions concerning Lesbian love.

xCf. Mayer, " Friedreich' 8 Blätter," 1875, p. 41; Krausold,
"Melancholie und Schuld," 1884, p. 20; Andronico, "Archiv di psich.
scienze penali ed anthropol. crim.," vol. iii., p. 145; Chevalier,
" L'inversion sexuelle," Paris, 1803, p. 217 (searching description of
" sapphic love" in modern Paris). — Moraglia, op. cit., p. 24.

ÜÖS P8TCHOPATHIA SEIT ALI*.

Aeer#rding to thi* experienced au:iw>r. repngnanre rbr
the rn//*t diagnsting and perverse acts ( eoint* in axiTIa.
ore, inter rnarnrna*, etc.; which men perform oa proerinrtes
i«t not infreqiienf.lv responsible for driving these anforni-
nafe creatiires to Lesbian love. From hi* Statements It
in aeen tbat it h essentially prostitntes of great sensnality
wbo, miäafiafied with intercourse with impotent or per-
verse men, and impelled by their disgnsting practica
corne to indulge in if.

Beaide* these, there are prostittites wbo let themselves
be known aa given to tribadism; persona who have been
in prifton for years, and in these hot-beds of Lesbian
love, ex abatinentia, acquired this vice.

It im intereating to know that prostates hate thoee
wbo practiee tribadism, — just as men abhor pederasts;
bnt female prinoner8 do not regard the vice as indecent.

Varc.nl mentionfl the case of a prostitnte who, while
intoxicated, tried to force another to Lesbian love. The
latter bccarne ho enraged that she denounced the indecent
wornan to the police. Taxil (op. cit., pp. 166, 170) reports
similar instances.

Manleyazza ("Anthropol. culturhistorische Studien,"
p. 1)7) hIho find« that sexual intercourse between women
Iiiih espeeially the nignificancc of a vice which ariscs on the
basis of unsatisfied liyperwsthesia sexualis.

In niany eases of this kind, however, aside from con-
genita! sexual Inversion, one gains the impression that,
just as in men (vidc supra), the cultivated vice gradually
leads to ae(|uired antipathic, sexual instinct, with repug-
nanee for sexual intercourse with the opposite sex.

At leasf 1'arcnt's eases were probably of this nature.
The eorrespondenee with the lover was quite as sen-
timental and cxnggerated in tone as it is between lovers
of the opposite sex; unfaithfulness and Separation broke
the heart of the one abandoned ; jealousy was unbridled,
and led to hloody rcvenge. The following cases of Lesbian

LESBIAN LOVE. 609

love, by Mantegazza, are certainly pathological, and pos-
sibly examples of congenital antipathic sexual instinct: —

(1) On 5th July, 1777, a woraan was brought before a
court in London, who, dressed as a man, had been married
to three different women. She was recognised as a woman,
and sentenced to imprisonment for six months.

(2) In 1773, another woman, dressed as a man,
courted a girl and asked for her band; but the trick did
not succeed.

(3) Two women lived together as man and wife for
thirty years. On her death-bed the "husband" confessed
her secret to those about her.

Coffignon (op. cit., p. 301) makes later statements
worthy of notice.

He reports that this vice is, of late, quite the fashion,
partly owing to novels on the subject, and partly as a
result of excessive work on sewing-machines, the sleeping
of female servants in the same bed, seduction in schools
by depraved pupils, or seduction of daughters by perverse
servants.

The author declares that this vice ("saphism") is met
more frequently among ladies of the aristocracy and pros-
titutes.

He does not differentiate physioldgical and pathological
cases, nor, among the latter, the acquired and congenital
cases. The details of a few cases, which are certainly
pathological, correspond exactly with the facts that are
known about men of inverted sexuality.

The saphists have their places of meeting, recognise
each other by peculiar glances, carriage, etc. Saphistic
pairs like to dress and ornament themselves alike, etc.
They are then called "petites soeurs".

Moraglia makes a strong distinction betvveen Cunnilin-
gus and Tribady.

The former (Cum. Hing us) he generally finds in woman
with normal sexual instinct but hypersexual feelings, i.e.,
in girls who have no opportunity for, or are afraid of

610 PSYCHOPATH IA SEXUALIS.

•coitus, pregnancy), or in married women whose sexual
desires remain unsatisfied in consequence of the husband's
inipotence or of anaphrodisia ex masturbatione. Here it
is not a matter of love or intense jealousy, unless it be in
individuals with acquired antipathic sexual instinct— but
only an ephemeral union for the purpose of mutuaUy to
satisfy libido, coupled with all sorts of other concomitant
acts to obtain the means desired.

Tribady (tritus mutuus genitalium appositorum) is
according to this author, practised only by women of anti-
pathic sexual instinct as a means of sexual satisfaction in
a permanent bond of love in which the active individual
always assumes the male character toward the female con-
sort. These women are much more subtle and persevering
in their campaigns of conquest and coquetry with hetero-
sexual women than man ever can be under similar fre-
versed) circumstances.

If this assumption be true, this method of sexual inter-
course would establish at once an easy means for diagnos-
ing perversity from perversion. The individuals referred
to by the author were, without exception, either viragos or
gynandrics.

Chevalier very drastically characterises the perversity
and distinguishes it from the perversion in the following
words (cf. "L'inversion sexuelle," p. 2G8, Paris, 1895) : — •

". . . . que Ton soit pederaste ou lesbienne par sur-
excitation des sens epnises, par avilissement mercantile, par
besoin d'une 'trompe la faim,' par faiblesse d'csprit ou
dilettantismc; il ressort de cette analyse que Panomalie
ne nait pas avec l'individu, que Fenfance l'ignore, qu'elle
ne sc montre guere d'un seul coup, mais peu ä peu, gradu-
ellement, ä un certain äge, apres des pratiques sexuelles
normales, qu'elle nVst ni permanente, ni absolue, qu'elle
se concilie avec la pleine conscience et l'integrite de
Fintelligcnce, quelle peut s'amender et disparaitre, qu'elle
ne s'aecompagne primitivement d'aucune tare physique

NECBOPHILIA. 611

011 psychique saillante, qu'clle n'a pas d'autre criterium
objectif que le fait lui-mcme, qu'elle n'est ni fatale ni
irresistible dans ses impulsions, qu'elle constitue enfin im
etat particulair d'origine plus sociale qn'individuelle.

"Dcfaut d'instinctivitc, de spontaneite, d'incoereibilite*,
d'imutabilite, absence ou posteriorite des defectuosites
organiques et mentales correlatives, acquisition tardive et
artificielle, premcditation des actes, conscience; genese
d'ordre mesologique, necessite d'nne initiation. prealable,
et surtout nulle trace d'heredite, ce sont bien lä les carac-
teres de la passion pure, du vice sans alliage. Somme
toute: rien de pathologique ; ou doit donc prevenir, ou
peut donc repriiner."

8. Necrophilia.1

(Austrian Statutes, $ 300.)

This horrible kind of sexual indulgence is so monstrous
that the presumption of a psychopathic State is, under all
circumstances, justified; and Maschkas recommendation,
that the mental condition of the perpetrator should always
be investigated, is well founded. In any case, an abnormal
and decidedly perverse sensuality is required to overcome
the natural repugnance which man has for a corpse, and
permit a feeling of pleasure to bc experienced in sexual
congress with a cadaver.

Unfortunately, in the majority of the cases reported,
the mental condition was not examined ; so that the ques-
tion whether necrophilia is compatible with mental sound-
ness must remain open. But any one having knowledge
of the horrible aberrations of the sexual instinct would
not venture, without further consideration, to answer the
question in the negative.

lCf. Maschla, "Hdb.," iii., p. 191 (good liistorical notes) ;
Legrand, "La folie," p. 521.

612 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.

9* Incest.

(Austrian Statutes, $ 132; Abridgment, $ 189; German Statutes.

§ 174.)

The preservation of the moral purity of family life is
a product of civilisation ; and feelings of intense dis-
pleasure arise in an ethically intact man at thougbt of
lustful feeling toward a member of the same family. Only
great sensuality and defective ideas of laws and morals
can lead to incest.

Both conditions may, in tainted families, be opera-
tive. Drinking and a State of intoxication in men; weak-
mindedness which does not allow the development of the
feeling of shame, and which, under certain circumstances,
is associated with eroticism in females — these facilitate
the occurrence of incestuous acts. External conditions
which facilitate their occurrence are due to defective Separ-
ation of the sexes among the lower classes.

As a decidedly pathological phenomenon, the anthor
has found incest in states of congenital and acquired
mental wTeakness, and infrequently in cases of epilepsy1
and paranoia.

In many of the cases, probably a majority, it is not
possible, however, to find a pathological basis for the act
which so deeply wounds not only the tie of blood, but
also the feeling of a civilised people. But in many of the
cases reportcd in literature, to the honour of humanity,
the presumption of a psychopathie basis is possible.

Case 238. Z., age fifty-one, Superintendent, enam-
oured with Ins own daughter since her puberty. She had
to leave home and reside with relatives abroad. He was a
peculiar, nervous man, somewhat given to drink, without
manifest taint. He denied being in'love with his daughter,
but the latter stated that he acted and behaved towards her
like a lover. Z. was very jealous of every man who ever
approached his daughter. He threatened to commit suicide

1 Vallon, Annal. M£d. Psych., 1804, p. 116. (Immoral assault by
a fathcr on his own little daughter.)

INCEST. 613

if she ever married, and on' one occasion proposed to her
that they should die together. He knew how to arrange
things so that he could be always alone with her, and over-
whelnied her with presents and caresses. No signs of
hypersexuality. Did not keep a mistress and was looked
lipon as a very decent man.

In the Feldtmann case (Marc-Ideler, vol. i., p. 18),
where a father constantly made immoral attacks on his
adult danghter, and finally killed her, the unnatural father
was weak-minded and, besides, probably subject to period-
ical mental disease. In another case of incest between
father and daughter (loc. cit., p. 247), the latter, at least,
was weak-minded. Lombroso ("Archiv, di Psichiatria,
viii., p. 519) reports the case of a peasant, aged forty-two,
who practised incest with his daughters, aged, respectively,
twenty-two, »ineteen, and eleven; he even forced the
youngest to prostitute herseif, and then visited her in a
brothel. The medico-legal examination showed predispo-
sition, intellectual and moral imbecility, and alcoholism.

There was no mental examination in the case reported
by Schürmeyer ("Deutsche Zeitschr. für Staatsarznei-
kunde," xxii., Heft 1), in which a mother laid her son of
five and a'half years on herseif, and practised abuse with
him; and in that given by Lafarque ("Journ. Med. de
Bordeaux," 1874), where a girl, aged seventeen, laid her
brother, aged thirteen, upon herseif, brought about mem-
brorum conjunctionem, and performed masturbation on
him.

The following cases are those of tainted individuals : —

Legrand ("Ann. mcd.-psych.," May, 1876) mentions a
girl, aged fifteen, who seduced her brother into all manner
of sexual excesses on her person; and when, after two
years of this incestuous practice, her brother died, she
attempted to murder a relative. In the same article there
is the case of a married woman, aged thirty-six, who hung
her open breast out of a window, and indulged in abuse
with her brother, aged eighteen; and also the case of a
mother, aged thirty-nine, who practised incest with her

614 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALIS.

son, with whom she was madly in love, became pregnant
by bim, and induced abortion.

A second case publisbed by Kölle and taken from a
criminal psycbiatric opinion of the psycbiatric clinic of
Zurieb refers to ineest committed by a father on his im-
becile adult daughter. This man suffered from chronic
alcobolism.

Thoinot (op. cit.) reports a case of a nymphomaniac
(age 44), who made an attempt at suieide on aecount of
unrequited love to her own son, 23 years old. She pestered
him with kisses and caresses, tried one nigbt to force him
to coitus, which he refused. Otber similar attempts fol-
lowed with periodical spells of sanity. When all her
efforts had failed she made an attempt on her own life.

Another case reported by Tardieu is still more horrible.
A chronic nymphomaniac mother, apparently homosexual,
often masturbated her little daughter, 12 years of age, for
hours in the middle of the night, in vagina et ano. During
that time she was highly excited.

Through C asper we know that depraved mothers in
large cities sometimes treat their little daughters in a
most horrible fashion, in order to prepare them for the
sexual use of debauchees. This crime belongs'elsewhere.

10. Immoral Acts with Persons in the Care of Others
as Wards; Seduction (Austrian).

(Austrian Statutes, §131; Abri dement, §188; German Statutes,

§ 173).

Allied to ineest, but still less repugnant to moral sen-
sibility, are those cases in which persons seduce those
entrusted to them for care or education, and who are more
or less dependent lipon them, to commit or suffer vicious
practices. Such acts, which especially deserve le^al pun-
ishment, seem only exceptionally to have psychopathic
significance.

INDEX.

Adultery, 15.

Amor leabicus, 503, 607.

— acquired, 608.
Anawthesta sexualls, 61.

— congenital, 61.

— acquired, 68.
Androgyny, 337, 389.
Anthropologlcal facta, 42.
Anthropopnagy, 95.
Aphrodlsla, 29.

Antipathie sexual lnstlnct, 282.

— acquired, 286.

— congenital, 335, 350.

— t reatmen t of, 450.

— compllcatlons wlth other per-

verslons, 339.

— dlagnosis of acquired, 339.
of congenital, 350.

— ezplanatlon of, 339.

— In the male, 350.

— In tbe female, 395.
prognosls of, 443.

— Prophylaxis of, 443.

— therapy by Suggestion, 350.

— Symptoms of neuropatnic talnt,

336.
Anlmals, vlolatlon of, 561.
Apoplexy, 466.

Beast fetlchism, 281.
Bestlallty, 561.

— dlfference between »ooerasty

and, 570.
Blarkmalling, 579.
Bodlly InJury, 533.
Body, vlolatlon of, caused by fetlch-
' Ism, 543.

— — by sadlsm, 539.
Bondage, 539.

Boys, love for, 383.

Celibacy, 15.

Chrlstlanlty, posltlon of woman in,

5.
CUmacterliun, 14, 26.
Coltus, 40.
Coquetry, 16.
Corpses, vlolatlon of, 90.
Crime*, sexual, 498.

— character pathological, 501.

— responslblllty In, 500.
Cruelty and lust, 80, 86.

— endured and lust, 131.
Cunnlllngus, 504.

(61

Defemikatiok, 297.
Uefllement of women, 113.
Dementia paralitica, 468.

— periodlcal, 478.

— mental due to apoplexy, 466.

— due to injuriea to the head,

466.

— due to Ines centralis, 467.

— consecutlve to psychoses, 466.

— paretlc, 468.
Development, psychlcal lmpedlments

of, 462.
Dlagnosis, 443.

Effemination, 382.
EJaculatlon, centre of, 51.

— affectlons of, öl.
Kpilepsy, 469.
Erectlon, 28.

Erectlon centre, affectlons of, 49.
Erogenous zones, 38.
Evlratlon, 297.
Exhlbltlonlsts, 504.

— heredltary degenerates, 514.

— neurasthenicB, 511.

— acquired, mental debility of,

505.

Fanaticism, religious, 7.
Fellare, 504.
Ketlch, 18.

— anlmals, 281.

— apron, 253.

— dress, 247.

— ear. 224.

— eye, 224.

— foot, 21, 230.

— für, 274.

— hair, 245.

despollers, 241.

— band, 21, 226.

— bandkerchiefs, 255.

— in woman, 24.

— kid gloves, 274.

— material, 260.

— mouth, 224.

— nose, 225.

— odour. 22.

— pettlcoat. 254.

— physlcal defects, 234.

— relatlons of other sexual per-

verslon, 226.

ÖJ

616

INDEX.

Fetich, shoe and foot fetichism as
latent masochism, 171.

— shoes, 260.

— silk, 274.

— skln, 238.

— soul, 21.

— velvet, 274.

— volce, 22.
Fetichism, 18, 218.

— as an acquired perveralon, 230.

— of beasts, 281.

— erotlc, 18.

— explanation of, 218.

— essence of, 221.

— of the hair, 245.

— of things and clothes, 247.

— of parts of the body, 224.

— physiological, 18.

— rellglous, 18.

— robbery, theft, 543.

— vlolatlon of the body, 543.
Flagellation as aphrodlsla, 34.

— caused by masochism, 140.
sadism, 105.

Flagellants, 35.
Fondness of dress, 16.
Frottage, explanation of, 522.
Frotteurs, 522.
Friendahip, 13.

GlRL-STABBING, 108.

Gynandry, 399.
Gynecomasty, 43.

Hair despollers, 241.
Hermaphrodltlsm, psychlcal, 352.

— psycho-sexual, 336.
Homosexuality (vidc Antipathie

sexuality), 286.

Homosexual feellng as an abnor-
mal congenital manlfesta-
tlon. 335.

Hypera?sthesia sexual, 69.

Hypersesthctic zones, 38.

Hysterla, 492.

Ideal sadism, 118.
Impotence, 13.

— psychical, due to fetichism,

223.
Immorality, 502.
Incest, 612.
Injury to women, 105.
Insanity among the Scythlans, 302.
Instlnct, sexual. 1, 27.

control of, 40.

in chlldren, 52.

in old age, 57.

Inversion, sexual, in woman, 395.

KOPROLAGNIA, 185.

Love, 13.

— for boy8, 383.

— for dress and flnery, 17.

— Lesblan, 607.

— passionate, 2.

— platonic, 13.

— sapphic, 607.
Lust, murder. 88. 526.

— . in the sexual act, 51.

Maltreatmbnt of women, 105.
Mania, 481.
Masochism, 131.

— and antipathlc sexuality, 217.

— as original abnormal lty, 214.

— of Baudelaire, 169.

— desire for maltreatment and

humlllatlon, 134.

— essence of, 131.

— explanation of, 200.
by Binet, 168.

— flagellation, 140.

— foot and shoe fetichism, 171.

— ideal, 161.

— latent, 185.

— of Jean Jacques Rousseau, 166.

— symbol ical, 159.

— and sadism, analogy, 213.

in the same lndlvldual, 215.

relatlon to sexual bondage,

206.

— in woman, 195.
Masturbation, consequences of, 286.

— impulsive, 286.

— mutual, 288.
Matrlmony, 16.
Maturlty, sexual, 26.
Melancholla, 492.
Menopause, 14, 26.

Mental deblllty consequent upon

p8ychosl8, 466.

due to specific dlsease, 466.

Menstruation, 26.

Mctamorphosis sexualis paranoica,

328.
Modesty. 3. 16.
Monogamy, 4.

Morallty. temporary decline of, 6.
Mujerados. 303.

Necrophilia, 611.
Neurasthenics, 511.
Neurosis, sexual, 49.

— cerebral, 52.

— peripheral, spinal, 49.

Nose, relation to sexual spheres,

32.
Nymphoman la, 482.
Non-psychopathological cases, 552.

Olfactory sense and sexual

spheres, 32.
Offence against morallty (exhibl-

tion), 504.

INDEX.

617

Paedicatio mulierum, 504.
Paedophllla erotlca, 555.
Pagl8m( 130.
Paradoxla, sexual, 55.
Parsssthesia of sexual instlnct, 70.
Paranoia, 404.
Pederasty, 571.

— actlve, G03.

— cultivated, 585.

— not pathological, 603.

— passive, 604.

— pathological, 604.
Pathology, special, 402.
Pathological sexuality In Its legal

aspects, 408.
Perfumes, 32.
Perversion, 70.
Perverslty, 70.
Physlology of sexual Hfe, 26.
Polygamy, 5.

Polygamy of Christian prlnces, 5.
Prognosls, 443.
Property, InJury to. 533.
Prostitution of men, 593.
Psychology of sexual Hfe, 1.

— dlfference between man and

woman, 14.
Psychopathia sexualis periodica,

470.
p8ychopathologlcal cases, 554.
Puberty, 26.

Rape, 526.

Religion and sensuallty, 8.
Hobbery due to fetichlsm, 543.
Hesponslblllty, 549.

Sadism, 80.

— and antlpathlc sexuality, 217.

— of any objeet, 121.

— boy whlpping, 121.

— corpse defliers, 90.

— defllement of female persona,

113.

— essen ce of, 118.

— Ideal, 118.

— and masochlsm, analogy, 213.
In the same lndlvldual, 214.

— lust murder, 88.

— symbollc, 118.

— In woman, 129.

Sadlstlc acts perpetrated on ani-

mals. 125.
Satyrlasls, 482.
Scythians, dementia, 302.

Sexual Instlnct, homo-sexual, 282.

perverslons of, 79, 462.

basis of aesthetlc sentl

ment, 12.

In chlldhood, 52.

In old age, 57.

as physiological process, 39.

psychlcal lnhlbltory, 462.

elementa in development of,

462.
social, 1.

— Hfe, pathological In hysteria,

492.

perlodlcal dementia, 478.

manla, 481.

melancholla, 492.

Paranoia, 494.

Seductlon, 614.

Skopzes, 13.

Sodomy, 561, 571.

Statues, defllement of. 525.

Sweat, 31.

Symbollc sadlsm, 118.

Theft, caused by fetichlsm, 643.
Treatment, 443.
Torture of anlmals, 533.

Unnatubal abuse, 561.
Urnings, 3G4.

— forensic, 571.

— sexual acts of, 337.
Uranlsm, 398.

Violation, 552.

— of statues, 525.

— of anlmals, 561.

— of wards, 614.

— of indivlduals under the age of

fourteen, 552.
Vlraglnlty, 308.
Vita «ixualis, morallty, 2.
Voyeurs, 522.

Woman, 3.

— Position In Christian Church,

In Islam, 5.

— congenital sexual Inversion In,

395.

Zoxes, erogenous (hyperesthetlc).

38.
Zooerasty, 561. 570.

— deflnltlon of. 561.
Zoophilia erotico, 281, 566.

LANE MEDICAL LIBRARY

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

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